u rwanda ni igihugu giherereye muri afurika yo hagati mu karere k ibiyaga bigari munsi y umurongo wa koma y isi umurwa mukuru w u rwanda witwa kigali iki gihugu gikunze kwitwa icy imisozi igihumbi gikoresha indimi eshatu ikinyarwanda igifaransa icyongereza ikiswahili ururimi rw igihugu ni ikinyarwanda ubutegetsi bw u rwanda burigenga ubuyobozi bufite intego igamije guteza imbere abaturage kandi imiyoborere y igihugu ntabwo ishingiye ku idini ibirango by igihugu cy u rwanda ni inkingi ikimenyetso mpamo cy inyandiko z ubuyobozi intego n indirimbo y igihugu intego y umutegetsi ni ubumwe umurimo gukunda igihugu indirimbo y igihugu ni rwanda nziza ni igihugu kidakora ku nyanja kiri muri afurika yo hagati mu karere bita ak ibiyaga bigari u rwanda rufite ibirunga bitanu ibiyaga makumyabiri na bitatu n imigezi myinshi imwe akaba ariyo soko y uruzi rwa nil u rwanda rufite ubuso bwa km ubutaka bukaba bwihariye km amazi agafata km abaturage babarirwa hafi ya national institute of statistics of rwanda ubwo rero ni abantu kuri buri km u rwanda rubarirwa mu bihugu bituwe cyane kurusha ibindi muri afurika imipaka n ibihugu by ibituranyi bikurikira ni km burundi mu majyepfo km tanzania mu burasirazuba km uganda mu majyaruguru km na repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo km u rwanda rufite ibihe by imvura bibiri itumba kuva gashyantare kugera muri gicurasi umuhindi kuva muri nzeli kugera muri mutarama mu misozi ibihe biri mu rugero hajya haba ubutita rimwe na rimwe hakaza n urubura rw imbonekarimwe igihugu gifite imiterere y ubutaka itandukanye yiganjemo ibirunga mu majyaruguru kikaba gikikijwe n ikiyaga cya kivu mu burengerazuba parike national y ibirunga iri mu birunga mu misozi miremire n amashyamba biri mu majyaruguru iyo pariki ifite ingangi zizwi cyane kw isi nk inyamaswa nini cyane zizwi ku kwita ku miryango yazo hari inyamaswa nini n into naho ikiyaga cya kivu mu burengerazuba kikaba gifite umusenyi mwiza mu nkengero zacyo ku kibuye kivu ikaba itatswe n uturwa twinshi ahantu ha mbere haciye bugufi mu rwanda ni mu kibaya cya rusizi kikaba kiri ku butumburuke bwa metero uhereye ku nyanja naho ahantu harehare cyane gusumba ahandi ni ikirunga cya kalisimbi gifite ubutumburuke bwa metero mudasiru pariki nasiyonali igihugu cy u rwanda kigabanyijemo intara n umujyi wa kigali intara zigabanyijemo uturere imijyi imirenge n utugari umujyi wa kigali ugabanyijemo uturere imirenge n utugari kugeza muri u rwanda rwari rugabanyijemo intara cumi n ebyiri na komini ijana na cumi n esheshatu izi zari umujyi wa kigali intara ya kigali ngali intara ya gitarama intara ya butare intara ya gikongoro intara ya cyangugu intara ya kibuye intara ya gisenyi intara ya ruhengeri intara ya byumba intara y umutara intara ya kibungo ariko ibi byarahindutse kuva ku itariki ya mutarama muri porogaramu yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage no kuvugurura ubutegetsi muri rusange mu gihugu ubutegetsi bwite bwa leta bwagabanyijwe mu matsinda matoya u rwanda rugabanywamo intara eshanu zagabanyijwemo nazo uturere mirongo itatu uturere natwo tugabanyijwemo imirenge magana ane na cumi n itandatu n utugali ibihumbi bibiri n ijana mirongo ine n umunani igihugu cy u rwanda kigabanyijemo intara enye n umujyi wa kigali amazina umubare n ibyicaro by intara n iby umujyi wa kigali bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira abanyarwanda benshi ni abayoboke b amadini akomeye ariyo ubukirisitu abagatolika abaporoso abapresibuteliyani n abangilikani n ubuyislamu aya madini niyo shingiro ry abemera imana kuva mu gihe cy ubukoloni ikindi kigaragara ni uko abenshi batumva ukuntu wamenya imana n umugambi idufiteho utari muri aya madini yavuzwe haruguru kiliziya cyane cyane kiliziya gatolika niyo yashinze imizi mu rwanda abanyarwanda benshi ni abagatolika rero kiliziya ifite uruhare runini mu buzima bwa buri munsi hari andi madini nayo y abakirisitu mu rwanda ariko ntabwo akomeye nka kiliziya gatorika iri dini niryo rya mbere ryinjiye mu rwanda riyobowe na musenyeri hirth wo mu muryango w abapadiri beramu w abapadiri bera bazanywe mu rwanda n abadage bayobora icyo gihe bategekaga u rwanda u burundi na tanzaniya y icyo gihe abadage barindaga abapadiri bera bizera ko naho bazashyigikira ubutegetsi bw abadage irohat mu rwanda ibarura ry abaturage rya ryagaragaje ko amadini ahagaze mu buryo bukurikira muri iki gihe abagatolika abaporotesitanti bari mu madini atandukanye abadivantisite andi madini ya gikirisito abatagira idini n abayisilamu indi myemerere iri barura riragaragaza ko by abatuye u rwanda biyemerera ko bafite idini babarizwamo ibi biratwereka ko amadini ari rumwe mu nzego z imiyoborere ihuza abantu benshi kuko amenshi muri ayo madini atandukanye cyane n idini gakondo kuko yo ahuza abayoboke bayo kandi akabaha gahunda y imitekerereze ndetse n imyitwarire ibendera ry igihugu rigizwe n amabara atatu icyatsi kibisi umuhondo n ubururu ubukungu bw u rwanda bugizwe ahanini n ubuhinzi abenshi mu bahinzi batunzwe n ibyo bahinga ubukungu bukaba buhura n icyibazo cy uko abantu ari benshi kurusha ubutaka buhari kuba u rwanda rudakora ku nyanjya bikaba byongera ibyo bibazo kubera ko bituma igihugu kitagera ku masoko mpuzamahanga cyangwa kibagerayo bigoranye ibihingwa ngengabukungu bya mbere ni ikawa icyayi n ibireti ibi n ibyamasoko mpuzamahanga mu gihugu ibihingwa bihaboneka muri byo ni ibitoki imyumbati amasaka imboga n ibirayi ariko ntibihagije ku isoko ryo mu rwanda ibindi bitumizwa mu mahanga ibindi byongera ku ntungamubiri ku banyarwanda ni amatungo inka ihene n intama muri politiki u rwanda rwayoborwaga n umuryango w abibumbye mbere yuko rukolonizwa n ababirigi kugeza rubonye ubwigenge ku itariki ya nyakanga ni repubulika iyoborwa na perezida ikaba inagendera kuri demokarasi y amashyaka menshi itegekonshinga rishya ryemejwe ku itariki ya gicurasi umukuru w igihugu ni perezida paul kagame naho umukuru wa guverinoma ni minisitiri w intebe édouard ngirente guverinoma ishyirwaho na perezida u rwanda ni igihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi y amashyaka menshi amashyaka ya politike mu gihugu n abayayobora ni aya parti démocratique chrétien pdc iyobowe na alfred mukezamfura parti social démocratique psd iyobowe na vincent biruta union démocratique du peuple rwandais udpr iyobowe na adrien rangira mouvement démocratique républicain mdr yasheshwe ikaba yarayoborwaga na kabanda célestin parti démocratique islamique pdi iyobowe na andré bumaya parti libéral pl iyobowe na prosper higiro na front patriotique rwandais fpr iyobowe na paul kagame hari n andi mashyaka yahagaritswe kubera ko atemewe n amategekop ayo ni parti socialiste rwandais psr na parti pour le progres et la concorde ppc na parti pour le renouveau démocratique ayo mashyaka ari ukubiri hari ayo bamwe bita partis nationaux ni ukuvuga amashyaka yari afite abayoboke benshi yari asakaye mu gihugu cyangwa mu duce tunini akagira n uburyo bugaragara bwo kwamamaza ibitekerezo byayo n abayobozi batwaye bagaragara tuvuge ayo mashyaka ayo ari yo n igihe yavukiye hari n andi mashyaka akabakaba makumyabiri ataragize uburemere byayo tumaze kuvuga ndetse urebye neza amwe n amwe muri ayo mashyaka mato yegamiye ayo ane manini ayo mashyaka matoya ni aya iki gice kiraganira kuri sosiyete sivile yo mu rwanda ariko irashimangira ku mateka yayo uko iteye n amashami yayo aba mu rwanda iki gice kiranagaragaza imibereho ya sosiyete sivile imigenderane ifitanye na leta y u rwanda ndetse n abaterenkunga ingorane ihura nazo iki gice kandi kiranagaragaza imbogamizi uwo muryango uhura nazo urebye ibibazo uyu muryango uhura nabyo mu byerekeye kumvisha akamaro kawo ni umuryango w ubukorerabushake ufata umwanya hagati y umuryango nyarwanda na leta hari amashyirahamwe atandukanye yigenga yashizweho n abantu ku giti cyabo kugira ngo babungabunge amahame n imico yabo ubundi inshingano z uwo muryango ni kuwinjizamwo imiryango y abakozi bo mu nzego zose baba abunganira avocats za kiriziya koperative amashyirahamwe y abana n abagore n andi mashyirahamwe ashinzwe imibereho myiza y abaturage igitabo cya bibiliya cyangwa bibiliya ntagatifu ni igitabo cyaturutse ku mana ubwo igitekerezo cy imibereho ya kirisito ari ukuzuza ubuhanuzi igitekerezo cy imibereho ye cyanditswe mbere y uko avuka ubuhanuzi bwo mu isezerano rya kera bushyira ahagaragara imibereho ya kirisito urupfu no kuzuka kwe mbere y uko bibaho isezerano rishya ni igitekerezo cy imibereho ye nk uko byari byarahanuwe abahanuzi bo mu isezerano rya kera babayeho hagati y imyaka magana atanu n igihumbi na magana atanu mbere y ivuka rya kirisito bavuze ingingo nyinshi zifatika zerekeye imibereho ya mesiya bibiliya iboneka yose uko yakabaye cyangwa ibice byayo mu ndimi zisaga kandi ibyo byatumye igera ku bantu basaga ku ijana by abatuye isi ugeranyije buri cyumweru hatangwa za bibiliya zisaga miliyoni hacapwe kopi zibarirwa muri za miriyari giha intera nini cyane mu gukundwa gusomwa kugurwa no kwandikwa cyane kurenza ibindi byose biri kuri uru rutonde hacapwe ibitabo bigera kuri miriyari na miriyoni by icyo gitabo kitwa bibiliya bibiliya ku murongo wa interineti ibitabo bitanu bibanza bya bibiliya byitwa iby amategeko kuko birimo amategeko imana yahaye aba isirayeli ikoresheje mose nubwo harimo n inkuru yuko byagenze mose niwe wa byanditse ibitabo bitanu byambere mw isezerano rishya matayo mariko luka na yohana bitwereka imiryango n ubuzima bwa yesu kristo igitabo gikurikiraho aricyo ibyakozwe n intumwa gikbiyemo amateka y itorero rya mbere tugiye kwiga kur ibi bitabo by amateka mw isezerano rishya iy ingingo iragaruka kunkuru ndetse no kwishusho rusange rya bibiliya kubindi bikoreshwa ukeneye ibisobanuro byimbitse ndetse no gusobanukirwa birushijeho reba adamu na eva adamu ni ishusho mu gitabo cy itangiriro muri bibiliya y igiheburayo no muri korowani no mu myizerere ya gikristo dukurikije imigani y irema y amadini ya aburahamu niwe muntu wa mbere mu itangiriro na korowani adamu n umugore we birukanwe mu busitani bwa edeni bazira kurya imbuto z igiti cy ubumenyi bw icyiza n ikibi uburyo butandukanye bwo kurema no gusobanura bibiliya buvuga ko adamu ari umuntu wamateka ibimenyetso bya siyansi ntibishyigikira igitekerezo cy uko abantu bose bakomoka ku muntu umwe ijambo adam rikoreshwa kandi muri bibiliya nk izina umuntu ku giti cye nk umuntu kandi mu buryo rusange nk abantu adamu wo muri bibiliya umuntu abantu yaremewe kuva adamah isi kandi itangiriro ryerekana uruhare runini rwubucuti hagati yabo kuko adamu yatandukanijwe nisi kubwo kutumvira kwe ubukirisitu cyangwa ubukirisito cyangwa kristendomu bakristo ubukirisitu ni imyemerere y ibya yezu kirisitu cyangwa yesu kirisito uwemera ibyo akabikurikiza bamwita umukirisitu ubufatanye bw itorero peresibiteriyene mu rwanda n andi matorero ya gikirisito mu rwanda nk uko byemezwa na twagirayesu na butselaar gushaka imibanire myiza n andi matorero byatangiye n ivuka ryayo mu nka kimwe mu biranga epr kuri ibyo abamisiyoneri bo muri usambaro bagiranye umubano n abamisiyoneri gatulika b abapadiri bera abamisiyoneri b ababirigi bagiranye umubano na church missionary society cms kimwe mubikorwa bari bahuriyeho ni uguhindura inyandiko ntagatifu mu rurimi rw ikinyarwanda ubufatanye n imibanire myiza hagati y amatorero y abaporetesitanti mu rwanda byatumye habaho inama y abaporitesitanti mu rwanda ishami ry ivugabutumwa ry abaporotesitanti riri i butare byatumye itorero peresibiteriyene rigira uruhare rufatika mu bikorwa byinshi biranga iryo huriro igisigo cya sekarama ka mpumba posted by dusamana j claude phone from école des sciences louis de monfort de nyanza naje kubara inkuru yaraye i murori kwa nyiramuyaga na muhaya murorwa yacyuye amahano za busunzu zirayishoka ikabamburwa n ibihunyira ruhangwambone rwa ruhoramumagambo umuswa urayanitse mu kigunda yapfuye urwa ruvuzo yo yigeraga mfizi ya makuka ikayigerera i buringeri yacitse nka mushunguzi yaguye mu rukobo nk impabe yatsinzwe nka karihejuru naje ntabara impuha impundu ziravuga umurenge mu mirambi ya kigali ziranamije ku muturagasani kandi mbara inkuru ntikuke y uko wakukiye muteri mutabazi ugatema ibyaro amajosi ngiyo ya sugi irasogombwa amahanga irahinga iz amakeba nkavuga imyasiro wasiye nyamiringa mirindi ya rumeza wayambikiye agashungo iyo ngoma yawe nimuyihe rugari yibonereho ruhangwambone nyibaze ay icyo kirara kitagira umuraza mu mirambi ya rubaho cyaroye kikica umukenya kitaramara kabiri kimbwire undi waryiswe iryo zina akaba umuhutu akaba umutunzi akazisazira nyuma nandetse we ruhangwambone rwa ruhuzambone uba udateze amarengero ugacurisha imihoro nimuyihe rugari yibonereho ruhangwambone nyibaze ko amazina yari menshi mukurora ukisunga iriheze rya ruhararaburozi rwa mpinga yo muguha impaka uwatwambuye yuhi imvano yava ku ki ntizi ko rugaju ari we waduteye imbehoy isuri maze tugasanganwa imana ibura mwabo ikabona twebwe iyacu ni rubanguka rwacyamuye ibihugu ni we rugira wahonokaga mu buhinda na none niberwe ayigire intindo ayitegeke nka rwuma maze ive mu rweguriro zirishe nirembe ayigire insezo ayisenyere ijabiro ijabo rishire izaze akuya kayirenze yicuza ayo yakoze ikungagizwa mu myiri bayinyaze nimuyihe rugari yibonereho ruhangwambone izaza yumva amatare ayivuga mu mutwe mu mpinga ya butare amatwi yazibiranye mu minyago mutukura itekanye na mukeshajabiro nimuyihe rugari yibonbereho ruhangwambone izaza ishorejwe amacumu mu mpinga ya gatsibo amacumu yabaye inkwaruro mazi ishime ko itagira ubwami i bwangaguhuma kwa gahaya ubwo yisunze izina ritagira amarengero amajyo azayibera amabuye nimuyihe rugari yibonereho ruhangwambone izaza yumva insengo zivuga iwacu mu ngoro umuryasenge uyirya yabuze amaboko yo kwishima mu gihumbi izaba yayakonje mutukura yayageretse ku ya mutega w inkanda ruhangwambone nimuyihebe nta nkandagiro ikizeye nimuyihe rugari yibonereho ruhangwambone mbese wowe ntiwahagiye ku y i butembambuto kwa mataremato yaje gutegura ino matungo ayigira intindo nimuyihe rugari yibonereho ruhangwambone mbese wowe ntiwahagiye ku y i buvuganyanzara kwa kivugabagore yahanzwe no kuvuga rimwe akarimi kayo kagwa mu matsa uzarebe aho izingiye mizinge ntikizirikana ay imusizi mba ndi ishami ryabyaye nyirarugaju nimuyihe rugari yibonereho ruhangwambone mbese wowe ntiwahagiye ku y i busobanyamakaraza kwa gisababahutu iri ni ishavu ringana aya mazi rikayirara mu muroha yarahebye n abayiyagira ngo bayihe ubuhura igumye iganye na ntega bateze inyenga rero simbeshya ni ko ntanga abagabo benshi ba mikore rukabuza arumva na nkozimyambi sinzakaraba no kwa rujyo makomere arabizi na makuba na rukaniramiheto simbeshya uzahagira ku rw i bumpaka uzatwika ari umugero rugina ikarwubika rugahinduka umugina tanzaniya cyangwa repubulika yunze ubumwe ya tanzaniya izina mu giswayili jamhuri ya muungano wa tanzania izina mu cyongereza united republic of tanzania n igihugu muri afurika y iburasirazuba umujyi mukuru wa tanzaniya witwa dodoma tanzaniya tnz ni icyitonderwa igiswahiri agace k ibiyaga bigari irahana imbibi na uganda mu majyaruguru kenya mu majyaruguru y uburasirazuba ibirwa bya comoro n inyanja y ubuhinde mu burasirazuba mozambique na malawi mu majyepfo zambiya mu majyepfo y uburengerazuba n u rwanda u burundi na repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo mu burengerazuba umusozi wa kilimanjaro umusozi muremure wa afurika uri mu majyaruguru y uburasirazuba bwa tanzaniya ibisigazwa byinshi by ibinyabuzima byavumbuwe muri tanzaniya nk ibinyabuzima bya pliocene bimaze imyaka miriyoni ubwoko bwa australopithecus bwabaye muri afrika yose hashize imyaka kugeza kuri n ibisigazwa bya kera cyane byo mu bwoko bwa homo tubisanga hafi y ikiyaga cya olduvai nyuma yo kuzamuka kwa homo erectus mu myaka miriyoni ishize ikiremwamuntu cyakwirakwiriye ku isi kera nyuma mu isi nshya na ositaraliya munsi y ubwoko bwa homo sapiens homo sapiens nayo yarengeje afurika kandi ikurura ubwoko bwa kera bwakera nubwoko bwikiremwamuntu amwe mu moko ya kera azwi akiriho hadzabe asa nkaho yakomotse muri tanzaniya kandi amateka yabo yo mu kanwa aributsa abakurambere bari barebare kandi babaye aba mbere mu gukoresha umuriro imiti kandi babaga mu buvumo nka homo erectus cyangwa homo heidelbergensis wabaga mu karere kamwe mbere yabo nyuma mu gihe cy amabuye na bronze abimukira mbere ya kera muri tanzaniya barimo abavuga cushitike y amajyepfo bimukiye mu majyepfo bava muri etiyopiya y ubu na nilote y amajyepfo harimo na datoog wakomotse mu karere gahana imbibi na sudani y amajyepfo na etiyopiya hagati y imyaka na ishize urupapuro rwa izi ngendo zabaye mu gihe kimwe no gutura kwa mashariki bantu ukomoka muri afrika yuburengerazuba mu kiyaga cya victoria no mu kiyaga cya tanganyika nyuma yaho bimukiye mu bindi bihugu bya tanzaniya hagati yimyaka na ishize ubutegetsi bw abadage bwatangiriye ku mugabane wa tanzaniya mu mpera z ikinyejana cya igihe ubudage bwashingaga afurika y uburasirazuba bw ubudage ibyo byakurikiwe n ubutegetsi bw abongereza nyuma y intambara ya mbere y isi yose umugabane w igihugu wategekwaga nka tanganyika hamwe na archipelago ya zanzibar hasigaye ububasha bw abakoloni nyuma y ubwigenge bwabo mu na izo nzego zombi zishyize hamwe mu zishyiraho repubulika yunze ubumwe ya tanzaniya ibihugu byari byinjiye mu muryango w ubwongereza mu kandi tanzaniya iracyari umunyamuryango wa commonwealth nka repubulika imwe umuryango w abibumbye wavuze ko abaturage ba tanzaniya mu mwaka wa bagera kuri miliyoni ukaba ari muto ugereranije na afurika y epfo bityo kikaba igihugu cya kabiri gituwe cyane giherereye mu majyepfo ya ekwateri abaturage bagizwe n amoko agera ku y indimi n amadini igihugu cyigenga cya tanzaniya ni repubulika ishingiye ku itegekonshinga rya perezida kandi kuva mu umurwa mukuru wacyo ni dodoma aho ibiro bya perezida inteko ishinga amategeko na minisiteri zimwe na zimwe biherereye dar es salaam ahahoze ari umurwa mukuru igumana ibiro byinshi bya leta kandi niwo mujyi munini mu gihugu icyambu gikuru ndetse n ikigo cy ubucuruzi kiyoboye tanzaniya ni igihugu cy ishyaka rimwe gifite ishyaka rya demokarasi chama cha mapinduzi ku butegetsi tanzaniya ni imisozi kandi ifite amashyamba menshi mu majyaruguru y uburasirazuba aho umusozi wa kilimanjaro uherereye bitatu mu biyaga bigari bya afurika biri muri tanzaniya mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba hari ikiyaga kinini cya afurika ikiyaga kinini cya afurika n ikiyaga cya tanganyika ikiyaga kinini cyane cyo ku mugabane wa afurika kizwiho amoko yihariye y amafi mu majyepfo hari ikiyaga cya malawi inkombe y iburasirazuba irashyushye kandi itoshye hamwe na zanzibar archipelago ku nkombe gusa agace ko kubungabunga menai bay ni agace kanini ka zanzibar karinzwe isumo rya kalambo riherereye ku mugezi wa kalambo ku mupaka wa zambiya ni isumo rya kabiri ridasubirwaho muri afurika ubukirisitu ni ryo dini rinini muri tanzaniya ariko kandi hari umubare munini w abayisilamu n aba animiste indimi zirenga zivugwa muri tanzaniya kikaba igihugu gitandukanye cyane mu ndimi muri afurika y iburasirazuba igihugu ntigifite ururimi rwemewe nubwo ururimi rwigihugu ari igiswahiri igiswahiri gikoreshwa mu mpaka z abadepite mu nkiko zo hasi no mu rwego rwo kwigisha mu mashuri abanza icyongereza gikoreshwa mu bucuruzi bw amahanga muri diplomasi mu nkiko zisumbuye no mu rwego rwo kwigisha mu mashuri yisumbuye ndetse n ayisumbuye nubwo guverinoma ya tanzaniya iteganya guhagarika icyongereza nkururimi rwibanze rw inyigisho ariko bizaboneka nk amasomo atabishaka abagera kuri ku ijana by abanyatanzaniya bavuga igiswahiri nk ururimi rwa mbere naho abagera kuri ku ijana bavuga ururimi rwa kabiri kigali ni umurwa mukuru w u rwanda ni umujyi uherereye hagati mu gihugu ukaba ufite abaturage mu mwaka wa ni wo mujyi nkingi w ubukungu n umuco by igihugu imihanda yose yo mu gihugu ni ho itangirira akaba ari yo nkingi ya transiporo ibiro bya za ministeri n ibya perezida wa repubulika biri muri uyu mugi by umugi ni uduce tw icyaro kigali yashinzwe mu mu gihe cy ubukoloni bw abadage ubudage ushinzwe na richard kandt ariko ntiwigeze uhinduka kapitali y u rwanda kugeza igihe ubukoloni bwarangiriye indépendance muri umurwa mukuru akaba ari naho umwami yabaga muri icyo gihe wari nyanza ariko umugi mukur w abakoloni wari butare icyo gihe yitwaga astrida butare yabonwaga nk aho ari wo mujyi wahinduka kapitali y u rwanda rwigenga ariko kigali iza guhitwamo kubera ukuntu iherereye hagati mu gihugu guhera taliki ya mata kigali yabaye isibaniro rya genocide cyangwa ethnic cleasing aho abatutsi barenga miliyoni bishwe bazira ubwoko bwabo nubwo umugi washenywe mu gihe cya genocide ubu urimo kwiyubaka ku ntambwe ishimishije imyunyu ngugu kimwe na za vitamini ni ingenzi ku buzima bw umuntu imyunyu ngugu yihariye by uburemere bw umubiri w umuntu imwe muri yo igomba kuboneka buri munsi kandi ku rugero ruhagije aho twavuga nka sodiyumu umunyu potasiyumu kalisiyumu feri manyeziyumu na fosifori nk uko aya makuru akomeza abivuga ngo ubusanzwe umubiri ukenera umunyu kugira ngo ugire uruhare mu kuringaniza ubwinshi bw amazi mu mubiri régulation de l eau umubiri wongera kandi gukenera umunyu mu mikorere y imyakura no mu mikorerere myiza y inzira zijyana ubutumwa ku bwonko aha gatatu umunyu wongera gukenerwa mu mubiri ni mu mikorere myiza y inyama zitwikiriye amagufwa umunyu wo mu gikoni uba ugizwe n umunyu ngugu wa sodiyumu na n uwa chlore cl aya makuru kandi avuga ko ubwinshi bw umunyu ngugu wa sodiyumu bushobora guteza ibibazo bitari bike mu mubiri aha bavuga ko iyo ukabije kuba mwinshi ushobora gutuma habaho ubwiyonegre bw umuvuduko w amaraso mu buryo butunguranye kandi ukaba wanakwangiza impyiko mu gihe ukabije kuba mwinshi uyu munyu kandi mu gihe uhuye n amazi bikagera ku mubiri bishobora kwangiza uruhu aha bavuga ko bikunze kubaho mu gihe umunyu uhuye n icyuya cyabaye amazi iyi mvange kandi yangiza amaso ariko mu gihe kitari kinini iyi myunyu kandi mu gihe igeze mu myanya y ubuhumekero ishobora kuyangiza rimwe na rimwe igatera inkorora cyangwa guhumeka nabi aha bavuga ko ari bibi cyane ko umunyu wagera mu maso kuko ushobora gutera ubuhumyi buhoraho ihene izina ry ubumenyi mu kilatini capra aegagrus hircus ni itungo dore ihene ya sehene kariya kana mubona ni sehene uyiragiye ayiragira neza yataha bakayimukamira amata yayo bayita amahenehene aha bavuga ko ihene ishobora kurisha ibyatsi byinshi bitandukanye mu gihe kimwe uko kurisha mu rwuri ihene irisha ibyatsi bitandukanye bityo zikaba ishobora no kurya imwe mu mirama y ibiti yatakaye ku butaka bikaza kuzita mu mahurunguru izo mbuto zaciye mu nda y ihene zihakura ubushobozi bwo guhita zimera mu butaka zihuye nabwo mu gihe biriwe n amatungo cyane cyane bikiri bito ntibiba bigisakaje utubuto twabyo dutuma bihora bizamuka mu murima mbere y uko icyo gihingwa kizamuka aha basanga ihene ari ingenzi mu kugabanya ibyo byatsi kandi ahanini usanga zo zibishobora kurusha andi matungo akenshi ubworozi bw ihene bugamije cyane cyane kongera umusaruro w inyama mu mwaka wa niho hatangijwe igikorwa cyo kuzana mu rwanda amasekurume y ihene z ubwoko bwa boer zivuye mu gihugu cy afurika y epfo hagamijwe kuvugurura ubwoko bw ihene busanzwe bw inyarwanda ubu tukaba tumaze kugeza mu rwanda amasekurume ifoto iri kuri page ikurikira irerekana ubwo bwoko n amasekurume yamaze kugera mu rwanda hagati ya na urubuga ku micungire n imiyoborere ya interineti igf ni urubuga ruhurirwamo n abantu b ingeri zinyuranye bafite aho bahurira n ibikorwa bya ig baganira cyane ku bibazo by ingamba za politiki y imicungire n imiyoborere ya interineti ishyirwaho rya igf ryatangajwe ku mugaragaro n umunyamabanga mukuru w umuryango w abibumbye muri nyakanga nyuma ritangira gukora mu ukwakira ugushyingo nyuma y inama yari igamije kwegera uwo ariwe wese ufite icyo yamara muri iki gikorwa yahamagajwe muri gashyantare umunyamabanga mukuru wa onu yashyizeho itsindangishwanama mag mu magambo ahinnye n ubunyamabanga buhoraho n inkingishingiro za igf amakuru arambuye ku mahame y imikorere ya mag n ibishingirwaho mu gutoranya abayigize bikubiye muri the summary report of its gashyantare meeting available at ivugururwa ry ubunyamuryango bwa mag ibiro by umuryango w abibumbye biri i jeneve mu busuwisi ku wa kanama byavuguruye ubunyamuryango bwa mag mu rwego rwo gutegura inama ku rubuga ku micungire n imiyoborere ya interineti izabera hiderabadi hyderabad mu buhindi india a total of members among them new have been appointed which represents of its membership nitin desai continues to be the chairman for itsindangishwanama source un department of public information united nations office in jeneve kugira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza access ed online at kaminuza nkuru y u rwanda nur mu magambo ahinnye y icyongereza cyangwa unr mu magambo ahinnye y igifaransa izina mu gifaransa université nationale du rwanda izina mu cyongereza national university of rwanda ni yo kaminuza nini mu rwanda ibarizwa kuri s e mu mujyi wa butare yashinzwe mu mwaka w ishingwa na guverinoma y u rwanda ku bufatanye n abakristu b abadominikani bo mu mujyi wa québec mu gihugu cya kanada ikimara gushingwa iyi kaminuza yatangiranye amashami facultés atatu gusa ari yo ishami ry ubuganga ishami rijyanye n ubumenyi bw umuryango sciences sociales n ishami nderabarezi science de l éducation yatangiranye kandi abanyeshuli n abarimu muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yo muw iyi kaminuza yaguyemo inzirakarengane nyinshi ndetse ikurizamo no gufunga ifungura mu mwaka w ikimara gufungura ururimi rw uburezi rwahise ruba icyongereza kigakoreshwa hamwe n igifaransa mu mwaka w uburere bwatangwaga muri kaminuza bwibanze ku bumenyi ngiro science n ikoranabuhanga ndetse n ubumenyamuntu humanités bikigishwa mu rurimi rw igifaransa n icyongereza guhera mu mwaka w abanyeshuli bigaga muri iyi kaminuza babarirwaga kuri naho abarimu bakaba dore amatariki y ingirakamaro n ibikorwa byabayeho muri kaminuza y u rwanda kaminuza y u rwanda ifite amashami ari yo ikimera izina ry ubumenyi mu kilatini plantae ni ikimera kizima igice cyacyo umurama cyangwa igice gituma cyororoka u rwanda rucumbikiye ibimera by amoko menshi anyuranye kubera urusobe rw imiterere y igihugu n urw ikirere ruhanitse kuva mu burengerazuba kugera mu burasirazuba ibimera bito bizamura amazi mu miheha yabyo plantes vasculaires bibarirwa hafi mu moko aturuka mu turere dutandukanye bitewe n imiterere nyabuzima y ahantu amoko hafi y ibimera bigira uburabyo bituruka mu rwanda abonwa nk akomoka muri albertine rift muri ayo moko cyimeza hafi yihariwe n u rwanda amoko aboneka gusa mu rwanda no muri kongo y uburasirazuba naho amoko yabonetse gusa mu rwanda no mu burundi inkoko izina ry ubumenyi mu kilatini gallus gallus domesticus ni itungo isake ubuke amasake inkoko y igitsina gabo inkoko z amagi inyama y inkoko ubworozi bw inkoko bugamije kongera inyama n amagi kubera indwara y ibicurane by ibiguruka ituragiro rya rubirizi ari naryo ritanga icyororo cy inkoko mu rwanda ryafunzwe kuva muri kugeza mu mpera za mu ntangiro za niho iryo turagiro rya rubirizi ryongeye gufungura no kuzana imishwi iturutse mu mahanga yo korora no kuvanaho icyororo cy inkoko z amagi n inyama uyu mwaka wagiye kurangira aborozi b inkoko bamaze kugezwaho imishwi y ubwoko bw inkoko zitera amagi n izitanga inyama n ubwo ituragiro ryari rifunze aborozi b inkoko bakomeje gutumiza imishwi hanze y igihugu uganda kenya ku buryo muri hatumijwe imishwi n amagi umusaruro ukaba utangiye kongera kugaragara ku isoko ry imbere mu gihugu inka izina ry ubumenyi mu kilatini bos primigenius taurus ni itungo inyana izina mu cyongereza calf kubungabunga ubwoko bw inka z inyambo nk uko bigaragara gahunda z ubworozi zose zigamije kongera umusaruro intensification hakoreshejwe amoko y amatungo atanga umusaruro mwinshi ku butaka buto ibi birasaba kubangurira ku bwinshi inka z inyarwanda hafi ya zose ku bwoko bw amata friesian jersey muri gahunda yo kongera umukamo inka y inyarwanda izwi kuba igira umukamo muto ariko nanone izwiho kugira inyama nziza less cholesterol ari nacyo gituma mu bihugu byinshi batangiye kujya bayitwaraho icyororo mu rwego rwo kubungabunga izo nka z inyambo kugira ngo ubwo bwoko butazazima hashyizweho amashyo atatu y inyambo z amashashi zatoranyijwe muri uganda zikaba zororewe gako mu bugesera na karama muri nyagatare ifoto ikurikira iragaragaza amashashi y inyambo yororewe mu rwuri rwa karama guteza imbere ubworozi bw inka z inyama ubworozi bw inka z inyama nabwo ntabwo bwibagiranye aborozi batuye mu murenge wa ndego mu karere ka kirehe batangiye guhuza ubutaka bwabo bagamije kugira inzuri nini zakororerwaho inka z inyama leta izabafasha kubona icyororo cy izo nka byaba ari ukuzigura mu mahanga cyangwa hakoreshwa intanga ndetse n insoro z ubwoko bwa bonsmara na brahaman zamaze kugurwa no kugezwa mu gihugu n izindi zose zishobora gutumizwa hanze abikorera ku giti cyabo nabo leta irabashishikariza korora ibimasa bivuye mu ma farms y inka zitanga amata bakabibyibushya ku buryo byatanga inyama indwara z inka muri rusange ziterwa n udukoko nka virusi bacteria n ibihumyo hano hari zimwe mundwara zifata inka uburenge iyi ndwara iterwa n agakoko ka virusi ituma itungo ricika integer rikagira n umuriro ifata ururimi iminwa igikanu amaguru amacebe n amabere akagira ububabare kuyigenzura ukongera isuku no gukingira akenshi kuyihagarika biragora iyo yagaragaye kubera ibyo ni byiza kwica izarwaye indwara ya tuberculosis ni indwara iramba iterwa na bacteri yi ndwara irakaze cyane kuko n abantu bayandura bayikuye kunka inyuze mu mata no kubikomoka ku mata kuyigenzura gufata ingamba zo gushyira mu kato no gupima bihoraho iyi ndwara amatungo adwaye agomba gushyirwa mukato kandi akabagwa gutera imiti yica udukoko buri gihe indwara ya lung plague pleuropneumonia ni indwara iterwa n agakoko ka virusi ituma itungo rikorora rigacika integer mbere y uko ripfa ishobora kugenzurwa ushyira amatungo adwaye ukwayo indwara ya rinderpest cattle plague ni indwara ikaze iterwa n agakoko ka virusi ibimenyetso harimo kutamera neza mu gifu bigatera guhitwa umuriro mwinshi gusohora imyanda ivanze n amaraso no gucika integer muri rusange ku matungo kuyigenzura ishobora kuvurwa ukoresha urukingo rwo kwirinda no gushyira amatungo adwaye ukwayo indwara y inzoka murizo harimo flukes inzoka zo mumazi n inzoka zo kubutaka ibimenyetso harimo kutarya kuyigenzura guhora wica inzoka isuku nziza guhindura aho kororera indwara y umusinziro trypanosomiasis iyi ndwara iterwa n isasi yitwa tsetse udukoko dushwanyaguza ingingo zo mu maraso ibimenyetso harimo muri rusange gucika intege n umuriro mwinshi kuyirinda bishobora wica amasasi ya tsetse no gukingira ishobora kugenzurwa ushyira amatungo adwaye ukwayo no kuyabaga udukoko tubeshwaho n inyamanswa utu dukoko duto dutwara indwara ariko udukoko dukaze ni nka ikirongwe amasazi n inda ikirongwe nicyo kiboneka cyane kandi gitera cyane umuriro uburyo butatu bwo kugenzura udukoko kugira aho ziba hasukuye kogesha amatungo amazi yica udukoko guhozaho umwotsi wirukana udukoko ikiraro ni ingenzi ku matungo n uburyo bwo korora bwerekana ubwoko bazifashisha ubwoko bw ibiraro burimo ibice bitatu hari aho bubaka hato hagatanga umusaruro mwinshi aharinganiye n ahanini ariko hatanga umusaruro muke ubwoko bubiri bwambere busaba kubaka ikiraro gifite igisenge n uruzitiro mugihe ubwoko bwa gatatu budasaba ikiraro kubera ko ureka ubushyo buke bwakijyambere cyangwa ntabwo babureka bukarisha mu gisambu ikibitandukanya ni igihe amatungo amara ari hanze y ikiraro igi ubuke amagi kurya amagi menshi kenshi ni ukuvuga ngo urengeje amagi mu cyumweru na byo bishobora gutera kanseri y amabere mu gifu ibihaha urwagashya umura agahu koroheye ko muri nyababyeyi gategura ururenda rurinda nyababyeyi no mu mirera ntanga y abagore abayarya cyane bakunda kurwara uruhu ubugora kwishimagura imvuvu kuribwa mu nda imvururu mu mara impiswi ubuhwima iyo igi rihuye n amatoto y inkoko rikimara guterwa rihura na microbe yitwa salmonella itera kuribwa mu mara na tifoyide amagi afite umunyu mwinshi agakena muri potasiyumu ni cyo gituma akwiriye kwirindwa n abarwaye indwara y umutima amagi atera kanseri yo mu maraso cyane ku bagore ni na yo atera kanseri yo mu gifu si byiza kuyaha umwana utari wuzuza umwaka igiti ubwinshi ibiti kiri mu muryango w ibinyabuzima kiramera kigakura kikaba cyarabya cyakwera imbuto hanyuma kikazasaza cyakora ntigishobora kwiyimura aho kiri igiti kigizwe n imizi n igihimba n amashami n amababi n indabyo zibyara imbuto imizi ifatisha igiti mu butaka ikabuvanamo ibigitunga igihimba gitangirira ku butaka kigakura kijya hejuru igiti gihumekera mu mababi aho ibiti biri ari byinshi bahita ishyamba bavuga ko amashyamba akurura imvura akanarwanya isuli ibiti bigira akamaro kenshi hari ibyera imbuto nk amacunga amapapayi indimu amatunda marakuja za avoka imyembe n ibindi byinshi hari n ibyubakishwa amazu n amateme hakaba n ibisaturwamo imbaho zikabazwamo ibikoresho by amoko menshi hakaba n ibicanwa hari n ibiti bitanga igicucu kuburyo abagenzi bashobora kwikinga izuba baruhuka bamara gutora akabaraga bagakomeza urugendo mitarayeze mitrailleuse ni yo yari igezweho mu gihe cy intambara ya mbere y isi icyo gihe inganda zashyize ingufu mu gucura ibikoresho by intambara muri rusange ariko bakaba bari bamaze imyaka bari mu kugerageza niba babigeraho guhera mu ubumenyi n ikoranabuhanga byakoreshejwe bidasubirwaho mu nzego nyinshi cyane cyane izifite aho zihurira n imirwano inganda zicura ibyuma n ikoreshwa ry ubumara byatumye abahanganye ku rugamba bagira ingufu mu kwirinda umwanzi ka gerenade grenade kari gasigaye ari ako kwitwaza mu kwikiza umwanzi ku buryo butunguranye igihe iyi ntambara yabaga havumbuwe ibintu byinshi harimo igisasu kiremereye cyarashwe mu canons antiaériens ni ukuvuga uburyo bwo kuyobya ibisasu n indege biri mu kirere kuyobora indege ziri mu kirere itumanaho hagati y abari ku rugamba n abayobozi babo n ibindi ariko nyine ibyo byose bikajyana no gutwara ubuzima bw abantu pariki ya nyungwe cyangwa pariki nasiyonali ya nyungwe ni ishyamba cyimeza riri mu majyepfo y iburasirazuba bw u rwanda kandi riri hejuru y inkombe z ikiyaga cya kivu iryo shyamba rifatanye na pariki nasiyonali ya kibira yo mu gihugu cy u burundi kandi rishobora kuba ari ryo shyamba ry inzitane ryo mu misozi minini kandi miremire muri afurika yose ryari rifite ubuso bwa km mu mwaka w i iryo shyamba riri mu misozi ifite m na m kandi ririmo amoko menshi y ibimera abana n amoko anyuranye y inyamaswa agizwe ahanini n inyoni n ingunge ishyamba cyimeza rya nyungwe ni kimwe mu bigega by amazi y u rwanda ritanga hafi by amazi y u rwanda ikindi kandi isoko ry uruzi rwa nili iri muri iryo shyamba amakuru dukesha rdb avuga ko iyi pariki ya nyungwe ifite ubuso bungana na kilometerokare hafi mu misozi y agahebuzo yo mu majyepfo y u rwanda pariki ya nyungwe ni ishyamba rirusha ayandi ubugari mu mashyamba yo mu misozi mu karere ka afurika y iburasirazuba no hagati akaba ari nayo yabayeho mbere y izindi yahereye mu gihe cyiswe icy ubutita période glacire ni igice gikize mu runyurane rw ibimera ishyamba rigizwe n amoko arenga y ibiti n urwunge rw ibiti by indabyo harimo n igiti cy inganzamarumbo lobelia n izindi zitatse amabara menshi umubare w abanyarwanda basura pariki ya nyungwe ngo uragenda wiyongera ibi ngo bikaba biterwa n uko muri pariki ya nyungwe hubatswe urutindo rwo mu kirere aho ugenda witegeye ishyamba ryose ibyo byatangajwe n umuyobozi bwa pariki ya nyungwe wanasabye abanyamakuru gufata iya mbere mu gusura iyi pariki kugira ngo babashe gutangaza ibyiza bitatse u rwanda nabo ubwabo babisobanukiwe rdg ivuga ko iri shyamba ricumbikiye inyoni z agahebuzo mu rwanda nyungwe irimo amoko agera kuri y inyoni muri yo amoko aboneka mu mashyamba macye y ikibaya kigali cya albertine inyoni z akataraboneka ziri mu nyoni za nyungwe harimo ikinyoni kinini cy ubururu bita turaco inyoni iteye ubwuzu z ubururu umutuku ndetse n icyatsi zijwigira ziva mu giti zijya mu kindi nk urugero rw ibisiga bisa nk ibishuhe iyo witegereje neza muri pariki ya nyungwe ubona ko habonekamo amoko y inguge zibaho mu mutuzo muri iyi pariki yose izi nguge zibera muri iri shyamba amwe moko agize izi nguge ashobora gusurwa na ba mukerarugendo andi yo ntabwo asurwa izi nguge zikurura abakerarugendo benshi kuko hari amwe muri aya moko y inguge utasanga ahandi ku mugabane w afurika uretse mu rwanda uru rutonde twarusanze mu nzu y ububiko bw ubumenyi bwerekeye iyi pariki ya nyungwe iherereye ku uwinka dore amwe mu moko y inguge ziri muri pariki ya nyungwe icyondi cercopithecus lhoesti igihinyage inkomo colobus angolensis ruwenzori inkima cercopithecus mitis doggetti kandti inyenzi impundu pan troglodytes schweinfurtii muri iyi pariki ya nyungwe kandi ushobora kuhabona andi moko y inguge atandukanye arimo umukunga cercopithecus ascanius schmidti cercopithecus aethiops igishabaga cercopithecus albigena johnostonii galago zo mu burasirazuba galago ntoya n inini ndetse n igitera nyungwe irushaho kuba agahebuzo kubera inguge zayo muri rusange zirimo amoko harimo n izisa n umuntu cyane bita impundu tutibagiwe inguge y ubwoko bw ibyondi cercopithecus lhoesti hamwe n amagana y ubushyo buteye ubwuzu z inkomo colobus angolensis ruwenzori uretse muri iyi pariki y igihugu ya nyungwe inzovu zo muri pariki nasiyonali y akagera zazanywe mu mwaka w zivanywe mu bugesera icyo gihe zari zikiri nto gusa muri izo nzovu twavugamo nka mutware helico na mwiza kuko ari zo zashoboye kumenyera ariko izindi ziguma ari inyamaswa z ishyamba ukinjira muri parike ya nyungwe usanganirwa n umwuka mwiza uhehereye akayaga gatuje gaherekejwe n utujwi tw inyoni n impumuro nziza y indabyo ziganje muri iyo parike wakebuka hiryo hino ugahuza amaso n utunyamanswa twiza cyane duteye ubwuzu bityo ukumva wakomeza kwihera ijisho mu ishyamba rya nyungwe uhasanga amoko y ibimera harimo amoko y ibishihe amoko ya orchidées indabo z agahebuzo amoko y inyoni orchidées indabo z agahebuzo harimo amoko gakondo twababwira ko iryo teme ryubatse muri metero uvuye ku butaka rikaba rireshya na metero ni ryo rya mbere rigeze muri afurika y iburasirazuba rikaba ndetse irya muri afurika nzima nyuma ya gana na afurika y epfo iryo teme rifasha abasura pariko kuyireba bayihereye hejuru ku buryo bifasha mu kureba amaso ku yandi utunyoni ndetse n inkende biba muri iryo shyamba amahwa ya kasi izina ry ubumenyi mu kilatini pinus kesiya ni igiti gikura vuba cyo muri aziya kitajya kiboneka hanze y aho gihinze ibiti bigira uburebure buri hagati ya metero na n igihimba gishobora kugera kuri metero y umubyimba buri shami rigira amahwa atatu rimwe rimwe rifite hafi ya santimetero na z uburebure imbuto z ibi biti mu ishusho ry umutemeri zigira uburebure buri hagati ya santimetero kugera ku noneho intete zikagira hagati ya santimetero kugera kuri inkomoko y amahwa ya kasi ni mu karere ka himalaya uhereye mu majyaruguru y uburasirazuba bw ubuhinde muri iki gihe hakurwa imbaho gusa mu misozi ya kasi na naga muri leta ya megalayi na manipuru mu bushinwa mu ntara ya yunani buruma miyanimari amajyaruguru ya tayilani lawosi viyetinamu layi cawu langi soni cawo bangi kuwangi ninihi no muri filipine luzoni amahwa yo muri filipine aboneka mu bwoko bwa pinus insularis mu bushinwa haboneka ubundi bwoko bwitwa amahwa ya yunani pinus yunanensis ingagi izina ry ubumenyi mu kilatini gorilla kwiga iby inguge ni ugusesengura ubuzima bw inguge iri ni ishami ry ibinyabuzima rikaba rifitanye isano rya bugufi n ibijyanye no kwiga imiterere y ikiremwa muntu ubu ni ubumenyi bw inguge ku muntu w iki gihe genus homo cyane cyane umuntu wo mu gihe tugezemo homo sapiens ubwo bumenyi bubumbira hamwe kwiga ibisamuntu birimo abakurambere ba muntu hamwe n ubundi bwoko bw inguge zo muri afurika ubumenyi bwo kwiga inguge bugezweho ni ubuhanga buhambaye ubwo bumenyi buhera ku kwiga imiterere y abakurambere b inguge hamwe aho zikunze kwibera ibijyanye n imitekerereze yazo n imivugire yazo ibi byafashije cyane mu kurushaho ku kumenya ibanze ry imyifatire y umuntu n ibijyanye n iyo myifatire ku bakurambere ba muntu amoko menshi y inguge hari byinshi ahuriyeho n abantu ariko ingagi zo ni akarusho ibirenge n intoki byazo biteye nk iby abantu kurusha ubundi bwoko bwose bw inguge ingagi zimara igihe kinini ku butaka kurusha izindi nguge zose niyo mpamvu ibirenge byazo bishobora kugenda nta kibazo ibi ubibonera cyane ku ngagi zo mu birunga umubare munini w izo ngagi uba mu gace k afurika yo hagati mu karere k ibirunga byo mu rwanda repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo na uganda abayobozi b ibi bihugu bafatanije n imiryango iharanira gusigasira urusobe rw ibinyabuzima bakaba barakoze ibarura ryasanze muri hazaba hari ingagi zigera kuri mu gihe muri zanganaga na iyi mibare ikaba ituma ku isi yose ubu habarirwa ingagi zigera kuri uyu mubare nk uko ubuyobozi bw i bihugu bibamo ingagi bubivuga ukaba wariyongereye bitewe n ingamba zafashwe zo kurwanya abahiga inyamaswa ibi bikiyongera no ku kurwanya itwika ry amashyamba pariki y igihugu y ibirunga cyangwa pariki y ibirunga pariki y ibirunga y u rwanda pariki nasiyonali y ibirunga pariki iri mu majyaruguru y uburengerazuba bw u rwanda iyi pariki ni nayo ibonekamo ingagi zo mu misozi cyangwa zo mu birunga yemejwe bwa mbere mu mwaka wa muri icyo gihe yari agace gato hagati y ibirunga bya kalisimbi bisoke na mikeno niyo pariki nkuru y igihugu yashinzwe bwa mbere muri afurika mu mwaka wa iyo pariki yongerewe ubunini kuko yahise ifata ubutaka bw u rwanda ndetse na congo mbiligi ariyo repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo uyu munsi icyo gihe iyi pariki yahise igira ubuso bungana na km ibyo byakozwe mu rwego rwo kuyihinduramo parc albert yacungwaga n abakoloni b ababiligi dore ko ari nabo bakoronizaga ibyo bihugu byombi nyuma y uko congo ibonye ubwingenge mu ndetse n u rwanda mu pariki y igihugu y ibirunga yahise icikamo ibice bibiri buri gihugu kigira agace gicunga ku ruhande rw u rwanda iyo pariki yahise itangira kugabanuka ubunini kuko abaturage batangiye kuyisatira bashaka aho gutura no guhinga mu mwaka wa iyi pariki yabaye intangiriro y ubushakashatsi ku ngagi bw umunyamerikakazi wabaye ikirangirire mu bushakashatsi bw ibidukikije diana fossey akigera muri pariki y igihugu y ibirunga yahise atangiza ikigo cy ubushakashatsi yise karisoke research centre hagati ya karisimbi na bisoke guhera ubwo igihe cye kinini yagifataga muri pariki kandi akeshwa kuba yarahesheje agaciro ingagi zo mu rwanda asaba ko zitabwaho ku rwego mpuzamahanga diana fossey yiciwe mu rugo iwe mu mwaka w azize abashimusi batazwi yari amaze igihe akumira ahambwa muri pariki y ibirunga hafi y ikigo cy ubushakashatsi yari yarashinze pariki y igihugu y ibirunga yaje kubamo umutekano mucye ubwo intambara yatangiraga hagati y abahoze ari ingabo z u rwanda n ingabo za fpr inkotanyi ku buryo mu mwaka wa hagabwe igitero ku cyicaro gikuru cy iyo pariki biza gutuma ibikorwa bya ba mukerarugendo ndetse n ubushakashatsi bwakorerwaga muri iyo parike bihagarara ibikorwa by umutekano mucye byarakomeje bitewe n abahoze mu ngabo zatsinzwe bacengeraga baturutse muri congo ihana imbibe n u rwanda mu majyaruguru ibyo bikorwa by ubugizi bwa nabi byahagaze mu bihoshejwe burundu n ingabo z igihugu cy u rwanda iyi pariki irimo urusobe rw ibinyabuzima nk ibimera ndetse n inyamaswa ibimera bigenda bitandukana bitewe n ubutumburuke hari ishyamba ry imisozi migufi igice cyaryo kinini cyarahinzwe hagati ya metero na z ubutumburuke hari ishyamba ryo mu bwoko bwa neoboutonia naho ku butumburuke bwa metero kugeza kuri hari ishyamba ry urugano rwo mu bwoko bwa arundinaria alpine riri ku buso bubarirwa kuri bya pariki yose ku butumburuke bwa metero kugera kuri ahanini ku bice by imisozi bikonja byo mu majyepfo y uburasirazuba hari ishyamba ryo mu bwoko bwa hagenia hypericum ribarirwa kuri bya pariki yose iri shyamba ni rimwe mu mashyamba manini muri afurika rifite ibiti byo mu bwoko bwa hagenia abyssinica ibimera byo ku butumburuke bubarirwa hagati ya metero na rigaragaramo cyane ibiti byo mu bwoko bwa lobelia wollastonii l lanurensis na senecio erici rosenii rikaba ribarirwa ku bugari bwa bya pariki yose kuva kuri metero kugeza kuri z ubutumburuke ibyatsi ni byo bihagaragara hagaragara kandi igisambu cy ibyatsi binini ndetse n icy ibito ishyamba risanzwe n ibiyaga bito ariko ibi byose bibarirwa ku buso buto mu rwego rw isi iyi pariki izwi cyane ku ngagi zo mu misozi gorilla beringei izindi nyamaswa z inyamabere zigaragara muri iyi pariki ni inguge zo mu bwoko bwa inkima cercopithecus mitis kandti inzovu loxodonta africana impyisi z amabara zo mu bwoko bwa crocuta na impongo tragelaphus scriptus iyi pariki kandi irimo inzovu n ubwo ari nke harimo amoko y inyoni byibura muri yo na y ibisanira byayo akaba ari yo aboneka cyane mu birunga no mu misozi ya rwenzori muri pariki nasiyonali y ibirunga usangamo y ibimera harimo amoko ya zirinzwe mu rwego mpuzamahanga y inyamaswa zonsa harimo ingagi zo mu misozi zirenze amoko y inyoni amoko y ibikururanda n imitubu n amoko y udukoko igazeti ya leta ya repubulika y u rwanda izina mu cyongereza official gazette of the republic of rwanda izina mu gifaransa journal officiel de la république du rwanda igazeti ya leta ya repubulika y u rwanda isohoka buri wa mbere w icyumweru amafaranga y ifatabuguzi ry umwaka wose ayo kugura inomero imwe n ayo kwandikishamo inyandiko arihirwa mu kigo cy igihugu cy imisoro n amahoro rra uwishyuye yerekana urupapuro yishyuriyeho kugira ngo serivisi ishinzwe igazeti ya leta imukorere icyo yishyuriye ifatabuguzi ry umwaka wose rirangirana n umwaka wishyuriwe kandi kwishyura bigakorwa mbere y ukwezi kwa mutarama k umwaka ufatirwa ifatabuguzi abishyura batinze barakirwa bagahabwa numero zasohotse batarafata ubuguzi iyo zihari zaba zarashize ntibagire icyo babaza cécile kayirebwa yavutse kuwa ukwakira ni umwanditsi umusizi n umuririmbyikazi w umunyarwanda cecile kayirebwa ni umuvukarwanda wa mbere werekanyeko umuziki utazanywe mu rwanda n abazungu yamenyekanishije ubwiza bw umuziki gakondo w u rwanda mu mahanga kandi kugeza n ubu ntawe uramuhiga ariganwa ariko ntarashyikirwa cécile kayirebwa yavutse muri i kigali kuri iki gihe abantu bari babayeho mu mahoro nubwo u rwanda rwari ku ngoyi y umukoloni se yayoboraga chorale ya paroisse akanigisha abana be indirimbo mu kinyarwanda n ikilatini ageze muri secondaire yabaye umwe mu bashinze rwandan song and dance circle ni bwo yatangiye kuririmba indirimbo gakondo atangira no guhimba ize bwite yishimisha azitura inshuti ze cyangwa azinyujije kuri radio rwanda akazi ke nka assistante sociale katumye ahura n abantu bo mu bice bitandukanye by igihugu n ubwiza bw umuco gakondo n ubuvanganzo bitandukanye yatangiye gukorana n abaririmbyi n abacuranzi cyane cyane ab inanga nk umuntu ujijutse yatangiye kubona ko umuziki gakondo nyarwanda ushobora kuzatakaza agaciro afata icyemezo cyo kuwuteza imbere no kuwumenyekanisha hose utarazimira n ubwo yakoze iki gikorwa kitoroshye ariko yababajwe cyane n ubwicanyi bwabaye mu rwanda aho interahamwe zicaga abatutsi n abahutu bashira mu gaciro mugihe fpr inkotanyi zari zatangije intambara yo kubohoza i gihugu kayirebwa nawe yatakaje abantu benshi yari azi ikindi ni uko muri iyi album yaririmbaga ubwiza bw u rwanda nk igihugu abana bacyo bagomba kwitangira no kubanamo mu mahoro muri iyi album harimo indirimbo nka rwanamiza tarihinda kana inkindi mundeke mbaririmbire urusamaza rubyiruko umulisa cyusa ndare na umunezero nyuma ya cecile kayirebwa yagaragaye nk umuntu waririmbaga indirimbo zikurura amacakubiri mu banyarwanda izo ndirimbo zirimo amarenga acibwa aganisha mu kunnyega abahutu bivanze n agasuzuguro no kurata abatutsi mu buryo bwuzuyemo ubwishongozi n ubwirasi zimwe muri izo ndirimbo harimo inzovu ubumanzi ngire nte na mpore wararaye umuco w ivangura wakomeje kuranga kayirebwa watumye mu itorero rye hatarangwamo umuhutu n umwe ikindi cyavuzwe kuri kayirebwa ni ugucuruza abangavu b abanyarwanda mu bihugu by i burayi bagakoreshwa nk indaya ibi byatumye abanyarwanda benshi bamuzinukwa bigera aho mu mwaka wa byandikwa ko ari kwanduranya mu zabukuru aho yaregaga ibitangazamakuru byo mu rwanda ko ngo bicuranga indirimbo ze batamwishyuye muri ayo mahari kayirebwa yanarezemo isosiyeti ya rwandaair ko ngo icuranga indirimbo ze nta ruhushya mu ngendo z indege zayo zerekeza muri nigeria noheli izina mu cyongereza christmas izina mu gifaransa nol ijambo noheli rikomoka ku ijambo ry igifaransa nol naryo ryakomotse mu kilatini natalis bivuze amavuka mu cyongereza noheli ikaba christmas mu cyongereza iri jambo ni inyunge compound aho rigizwe na christ na mass aho rikomoka ku cyongereza cya kera christemass nabyo biva ku cya kera cyane cristes msse ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu naryo rikaba rikomoka mu kigereki n ikilatini aho cristes bikomoka ku kigereki christos namsse rikava ku lilatini missa mu bihugu bindi bigira umubare muto w abakristu naho ngo ntibibuza ko uyu munsi wa noheli uba ari konji igihugu nka korea ahagaragara umubare muke w abakristu ngo usanga bizihiza noheli ku buryo budasanzwe kuko mu gihugu hose uhasanga imitako y uyu munsi ibihugu bitizihiza umunsi wa noheli ni nk igihugu cy ubushinwa havuyemo hongo kongo na macao ubuyapani arabiya sawudite aligeriya tayilande nepali irani turukiya na koreya ya ruguru revolusiyo ya kabiri ya yatangiranye n ihirikwa ku butegetsi bwa perezida grégoire kayibanda na général juvénal habyalimana umukuru w ingabo z igihugu akaba na minisitiri w ingabo muri gouvernement ye akanaba n umuhutu mugenzi we kayibanda n abajyanama be bakomeye bahise bafungishwa ijisho yishwe n inzara imyaka itatu ishize urebye habyalimana yakomeje umugambi wari warateguwe na mugenzi we wamubanjirije gutoteza no guheza abatutsi mu kuyobya uburari ahisha igisirikare cye kugirango yemeze abantu ubutegetsi bwe nk umusivili habyalimana yahimbye ishyaka rye mouvement révolutionnaire national pour le développement mrnd mu ibi byahurije hamwe ingufu za revolution ya kabiri mu rwanda imyaka itatu nyuma yahoo mu habyalimana atangaza ko ishyaka rye ariryo shyaka ryonyine rya politike mu rwanda habyarimana yagumye ku butegetsi mu rwanda imyaka ikurikiyeho kugeza ku italiki ya mata prof chris maina peter mata ni umwarimu w amategeko akaba ariwe ukuriye komite ishinzwe gufasha mu by amategeko muri kaminuza ya dar es salaam niwe umaze gusimburwa ku mwanya w inama y ubutegetsi ya kituo cha katiba akanaba umwe mu bari bagize inama y ubuetegetsi ya kituo cha katiba niwe wari ayoboye misiyo yo mu rwanda yanditse ku burenganzira bw ikiremwa muntu n amategekonshinga mu karere k iburasirazuba imirimo ye irimo the goldenberg affair in kenya a peoples opinion with justice samuel wako wambuzi and prof joseph oloka onyango constitutionalism transition african and eastern european perspectives wwith prof joseph oloka onyango constitutional review process in kenya a report of a fact finding mission compiled and edited with prof edward f ssempebwa and constitutionalism in east africa progress challenges and prospects with kivutha kibwana and nyangabyaki bazaara iyi mirimo yose yakozwe mu rwego rwa kituo cha katiba edith kibalama ni umuyobozi wa porogaramu muri kituo cha katiba ni umunyamatageko wo mu rwego rwo hejuru ubizobereyemo akaba afite ll b na ll m yakuye muri kaminuza ya makerere kampala uganda yakoze ubushakashatsi anagira uruhare mu bintu by itegekanshinga n uburenganzira bw ikiremwamuntu muri uganda no mu karere ka afurika y iburasirazuba ibitabo yanditse zirimo opening up into a cul de sac the state of constitutionalism in uganda in in jjuuko frederick ed constitutionalism in east africa progress challenges and prospects in kampala fountain publishers and kituo cha katiba and affirmative action and the status of women in uganda volume no east african journal of peace and human rights huripec makerere university kampala uganda kituo cha katiba kck yatangijwe mu mwaka wa itangirana umugambi wo kwinjiza amatwara yo gukora amategeko nshinga na n imiyoborere ya demokarasi mu karere ka afurika y iburasirazuba kck itanga ubwisanzure ku baharanira inyungu zitandukanye abari mu by amashuri n abanyapolitiki mu kwitabira ibiganiro mu bitekerezo byo kwisuzuma ku bibazo by ingutu bitandukanye bifite akamaro muri iki gihe imurongo wa kck n uguharanira ko imiryango itegamiye kuri leta yakwitabira imitunganyirize y imiyoborere ikanigisha umuco wa demokarasi ihuje n ibyifuzo n ibyo rubanda rusanzwe rukeneye kandi ikanakrurikirana y uko imiyoborere ya demokarasi ikoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi guhera mu rugo bigakomereza ku kazi mu kagali lmu gihugu no muri afurika yo hagati muri rusange kck iyoborwa n inama y ubutegetsi igizwe n banya kenya uganda tanzaniya ndetse na zanzibar ubunyamamabanga bwayo ubu ubukaba bukorera i kampala muri uganda muri iyi myaka itatu ishize kck yakoze misiyo z ubushakashatsi muri zanzibar kenya na uganda misiyo yo muri kenya yari iyobowe n umukuru wa komisiyo ya uganda ishinzwe ivugurura ry itegekonshinga prof frederick ssempebwa misiyo yo muri uganda yari iyobowe n uwari umujyanama wumuryango w abibumbye muri liberia prof haroub othman wo muri zanzibar miyiyo yo muri zanzibar yari iyobowe na hon abubaker zein umwe mu bagize komisiyo yo kuvugurura itegekonshinga rya kenya raporo z izo misiyo zose zarafashije cyane mu mirimo irimo gukorwa yo guteza imbere amategeko nshinga misiyo yo mu rwanda nayo yari muri urwo rwego abagize misiyo bwa mbere baje mu rwanda kva ku itariki ya kugeza ku ya kamena misiyo ikurikira yabaye kuva ku itariki ya kugeza ku ya nyakanga impanvu ya misiyo ya kabiri yari iyo kuganira nabo bireba bose misiyo ya mbere itari yabashije kubona ku nshuro ya mbere cyane cyane imiryango ishinigye ku kwemera n izindi minisiteri z ifatizo misiyo yo kwimenyereza no kubonana n abantu batandukanye yari yakozwe ishingiye kuko uretse ko hari imipakaisanzwe u rwanda rwari rumwe na afurika y iburasirazuba urebeye ku misanire y imico indimi n imigenzo y abatuye afurika y iburasirazuba n abanyarwanda kubera izo mpanvu ibibazo by u rwanda ni ibibazo bya afurika y i ubrasirazuba bikbba bikeneye igisubizo kimwe nka afurika y i burasirazuba icya kabiri uhereye kuko u rwanda rwari rugiye kwinjira mu muryango w ibihugu bya afurika y iburasirazuba bye kenya uganda na uganda mu byo bise east african community eac umuryango w ibihugu by iburasirazuba bw afurika kck nk umwe mu bafatanyije na eac n indi miryango itari iya leta ong yumvise ari inshingano zayo gushyira u rwanda muri gahunda zayo icya gatatu jenoside mu rwanda yazahaje cyane abaturage b u rwanda inasiga ingaruka zikomeye mu mibereho y abanyarwanda nubwo habayeho imbaraga zishimishije mu gusana u rwanda nk igihugu kck yasanze ari ngombwa gushimangira kurushaho umugambi wo kurusana hondurasi cyangwa repubulika ya hondurasi ni igihugu cyo muri amerika yo hagati gifite ubuso bungana na km ndetse n abaturage bagera kuri abaturage bacyo ni ubwoko bw abamestizos bagera kuri na ba kavukire bagera kuri ari bo abamisikitos abapech abajikakis ndetse n abarenkas n abirabura bagera kuri ndetse n abera bagera kuri ururimi rukoreshwa muri rusange ni icyesipanyole nkuko hari n izindi ndimi za kavukire idini ikomeye cyane ni iya gaturika y i roma hagakurikiraho n utundi tutsiko natwo tugize ubutumwa bw ivugurura bwageze muri hondurasi mu mwaka ari na bwo mwene data silivestre cabanillas ndetse n abandi babwiririshaga ubutumwa ibitabo bahatangizaga uwo murimo mu mwaka wa itorero ryahawe ibyangombwa n ubuyobozi bwa leta yaho kandi uhereye ubwo ni bwo honduras yahindutse umubibyi w imbuto muri amerika yo hagati yose perezidansi y amerika cyangwa perezidansi ya leta zunze ubumwe z amerika izina mu cyongereza white house iyo nzu mwumva bita white house tugenekereje mu kinyarwanda ni ukuvuga ingoro y umweru ni ingoro irimo ibiro n ahantu ubaye perezida wese wa leta zunze ubumwe za amerika usa agomba gukorera akanaturamo we n umuryango we iriya ngoro iri mu mujyi wa washington dc district of columbia irimo n ibiro by abandi bakozi bakora muri perezidansi ibibuga ubusitani pisine aho barebera amacinamico amafirimi n ibindi byiza byinshi ku isi yose babona iyo ngoro nk ikimenyetso gikomeye cy ubutegetsi bwa usa n igitinyiro cy igihugu urebye ukuntu umutekano wayo ucunzwe dore ko hari impuguke zivuga ko hari ibyogajuru bikora gusa akazi ko gucunga umutekano wayo amateka y iriya nzu atangirana n igihe perezida wa mbere wa usa bwana george washington yajyaga ku butegetsi mu icyo gihe yakoreraga muri hotel zari mu mujyi wa new york izo hotel ni iyitwaga samuel osgood yayibayemo kuva muri mata kugeza muri gashyantare ndetse n indi yitwaga alexander macomb yakoreyemo kuva muri gashyantare ukageza muri kanama mu kuboza perezida george washington yasinye itegeko ry inteko ryavugaga ko icyicaro cy ubutegetsi cya leta ya usa kigomba kuba mu mujyi wa philadelphia by agateganyo mu gihe cy imyaka ubwo bateganyaga ko iyo myaka ihagije kugira ngo icyicaro gikuru cya leta y amerika kibe kirangiye kuzura i washington dc umujyi wa philadelphia wamukodeshereje hotel yihariye yo gukoreramo yitwaga robert morris kuva muri nzeri kugeza mu werurwe perezida george washington yabaye muri hotel yitwaga market street iyo hotel ngo yaje kuyikorera ivugurura ryamuhaye igitekerezo cy uko white house izaba isa george washington afatanyije n umuhanga we wari ushinzwe gutunganya imijyi witwa pierre l enfant nibo bahisemo aho white house perezidansi y amerika yubatse ubu ngubu inyandiko zigera ku leta zunze ubumwe z amerika zandikiye cyangwa zandikiwe n ibihugu byo hanze zimwe muri zo zikubiyemo amabanga ya diplomatie akomeye zashyizwe ahagaragara n urubuga rwa internet wikileaks kuri iki cyumweru ku buryo hari amwe mu mabanga akomeye yashyizwe ku karubanda nk igihe arabia saudite yandikiraga leta zunze ubumwe izisaba kugaba igitero kuri iran amakuru dukesha afp aratumenyesha ko white house yamaganye ishyirwa ahagaragara ry izo nyandiko ivuga ko rishobora guteza akaga ivuga ko iki gikorwa cya wikileaks gishobora guteza ibibazo ku bantu bamwe na bamwe bishobora no kubaviramo kwicwa ibinyamakuru byinshi bikomeye byo ku isi nta yindi nkuru ikomeye iri kuvugwa kurenza igikorwa cya wikileaks ikinyamakuru new york times cyo cyatangaje ko izo nyandiko zigaragaza ku buryo busesuye imiterere y ibivugirwa hanze y amanama hagati ya leta zunze ubumwe za amerika n ibindi bihugu ndetse n imikorere ya za ambasade za amerika ku isi yose mu nyanja y u buhinde hakambitse abasirikare b abafaransa bashinzwe gukurikiranira hafi u rwanda ndetse n ibihugu birukikije ubu bukaba ari bumwe mu buryo bushya bwashyiriweho gukurikiranira hafi ibihugu bya afurika nk uko byashyizwe ahagaragara n urubuga wikileaks rukomeje kumena hanze amabanga ya bimwe mu bihugu by ibihangange ku isi by umwihariko leta zunze ubumwe za amerika igikorwa kizwi giheruka cyakozwe n ingabo z abafaransa mu rwanda ni opération turquoise mu ubwo ingabo z abafaransa zigera ku zambukaga zikinjira mu rwanda zinyuze mu burengerazuba bw u rwanda bavuga ko bari bagamije kurinda abaturage b abasivile ariko icyegeranyo cyashyizwe ahagaragara n u rwanda muri kanama cyiswe raporo mucyo cyabigaragaje ukundi kuko cyashinje izo ngabo kugira uruhare mu bwicanyi bw abatutsi ndetse no gufata abagore b abatutsikazi bari barokotse ku ngufu umupira w amaguru izina mu cyongereza football ni umukino muri iki gihe hari byinshi bivugwa ku buryo amategeko y umupira w amaguru asigaye ateye ibi akenshi bigaragara iyo igitego cyanzwe nibwo abafana bava ku kibuga bijujuta bikomeye cyane bavuga ko bibwe maze bakishyiriramo abasifuzi nyamara abasifuzi baba barengana kuko akenshi iyo babonye ibyabereye mu kibuga neza bitabacitse baba bakurikije amategeko ya fifa nkuko abivuga iyo witegereje neza ukareba itegeko rya rivuga amakosa hari byinshi ritwereka nko mu gika cyaryo cya mbere aho basobanura ikosa icyo ari cyo abantu bakunda umupira w amaguru uko bigenda ahantu hose ku isi hari coach umutoza ushinzwe ibyo mu kibuga hakaba team manager umyobozi ushinzwe kumenya ibibazo by abakinnyi ndetse n uburyo bahagaze ku mikinire coach umutoza afite ushinzwe kumenya forme manager ushinzwe kumenya uko abakinnyi bahagaze z abakinnyi akamenya ni ba coach umutoza atanga imyitozo akanahuza coach umutoza na direction ubuyobozi nk iyo hari ikibazo ariko mu guhamagara abakinnyi ni coach umutoza ubahamagara ariko team manager ushinzwe kureba uburyo abakinnyi bahagaze aba yararangije kumubwira abafite forme abahagaze neza donc ni ukuvuga by umvikana ko ari ibintu bitatu bitandukanye kandi team manager ushinzwe abakinnyi hari n abatamushaka bagashyiraho directeur technique umuyobozi ushinzwe tekinike ikipe nkuru y igihugu cy u rwandamu marushanwa mpuzamahanga ya ruhago iri mu nshingano za federasiyo y umupira w amaguru mu rwanda kandi ikaba imwe mu zigize federasiyo nyafurika y umpira w amaguru muri afrika amavubi ahanini yitoreza muri stade amahoro iherereye i kigali mu murwa mukuru w u rwanda amavubi yitabiriye bwa mbere amarushanwa y igikombe nyafurika cya ruhago muri umukino wa mbere amavubi yaguye miswi na guinea igitego kimwe kuri kimwe nyuma yaje gutsindwa na tunisia ibitego bibiri kuri kimwe ndetse itsinda repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya congo igitego kimwe ku busa nyamara ibyo ntibyari bihagije ngo u rwanda rukomeze kuko rwaje gusezererwa mu mikino ya fifa u rwanda rugaragazwa n ijambo rwa iri jambo rikoreshwa kandi na fifa caf ndetse na cecafa u rwanda rwakunzwe kurangwa kandi n ijambo rr bisobanuye repubulika y u rwanda cyangwa république du rwanda mu rurimi rw igifaransa rhapidophyllum hystrix ni kimwe mu bwoko bw amamesa bwihanganira cyane ubukonje hari ubwoko bumwe gusa mu bwoko bwa rhapidophyllum ahantu aya mamesa akunda kwibera ni ahantu hatoshye mu gace k amajyepfo y iburasirazuba bwa leta zunze ubumwe za amerika ikindi kandi yishimira ubukonje bwo hasi bwa dogere munsi ya zero ni igihingwa cyaba ahantu hose ku isi cyanecyane i burayi ni ubwoko kukomeye bw amamesa bugira uburebure hagati ya metero kugera kuri kikagira amahwa menshi akurura ku ruti rapidofilumu hisitirikisi ni amamesa agira uduti turandaranda tukagira utubumbe ku ruhu utu duti twinshi tugenda twihuza tugafatana tugakora uruti rw umubyimba ugenda uhindagurika nyuma y igihe uru ruti rufatanye cyane ruvamo igihimba kidashobora kwinjirwa mo amazi parajubaea torallyi ni imikindo myiza cyane kandi ibasha guhangana no kwihanganira ibihe bibi cyane icyakora ihingwa gake cyanye hanze y ubuturo bwayo kimeza na abanyabusitani bitewe nimbuto zayo nini cyane bivugako ubwikorezi bwacyo bwo mu bwato buhenze ubuturo bwayo kimeza ni boliviya ni kimeza muri boliviya gikura muduce twumagaye kandi dufite ivumbi ryinshi hagati y ibibabaya by ubuhinde k ubutumburuke bwa metero na uvuye kubutumburuke bw inyanja niyompamvu iyi mikindo aricyo kimera cyambere kwisi gishobora gukurira ku ubutumburuke burebure cyane aho ariho hose ku isi ni gakeya cyane ubushyuhe bujya hejuru ya c kandi akenshi usanga kuri ubu butumburuke nijoro haba hari ibihu byinshi cyane ubushyuhe usanga bugera hasi ya ni ukuvuga c mugihe cy ukwezi kwa nyakanga na kanama igihe cy impeshyi kandi igipimo cy imvura mugihe cy umwaka kingana gusa na metero ni ukuvuga m ikigori ubuke ibigori izina ry ubumenyi mu kilatini zea mays izina mu cyongereza maize cyangwa corn izina mu gifaransa mas ni ikimera n ikiribwa abahinzi bo mu murenge wa gashali ho mu karere ka karongi mu ntara y iburengerazuba bararira ayo kwarika kubera ko imbuto y indobanure y ibigori bateye mbere itabashije kuva mu butaka kubera imvura yabaye nkeya muri ako gace ko mu cyahoze ari superefegitura ya birambo twibutse ko intungamubiri ziri mu bigori ubariye ku magarama ari izi zikurikira amazi angana na garama garama za kalisiyumu karoli muri garama zingana na harimo kandi amagarama by ibinyasukari gararama bya lipide gr bya vitamine a bya vitamine b na miligarama za b miligarama za vitamine b na pp miligarama za acide gras miligarama z umunyu ngugu na gr za fibre gr z umunyu ngugu wa feri garama za potasiyumu garama za manyeziyumu gr za sodiyumu na garama za fosifori ikigori ni kimwe mu binyampeke bigaragara mu ifunguro ry ibanze rya hafi kandi rifatiye runini umubiri w umuntu nk uko urubuga rwa interineti doctissimo fr rubivuga ngo icyo kiribwa kigirira akamaro gakomeye umubiri w umuntu kuko gikungahaye ku bitera imbaraga byinshi n ibyubaka umubiri biringaniye inzobere mu mbonezamirire zo mu kigo cya mississippi zivuga ko icyo gihingwa gikize cyane kuri amido ndetse kikaba gifite inkomoko muri korombiya aho abaturage baho ba kera bagifataga nk ikiribwa cy ibanze icyo kiribwa cyaje gukwirakwira muri afurika i burayi n ahandi kikaba cyarafashe umwanya ukomeye mu binyampeke byahingwaga icyo gihe nk ingano ndetse n uburo aho ibyo binyampeke byavagamo ibintu byinshi bitandukanye nk igikoma ubugali n ibindi kurya cyane icyo kinyampeke udakuraho ariko ngo si byiza kuko bishobora gutera indwara ya pelle agra ni ukuvuga indwara y uruhu iterwa no kubura vitamine pp ibyo ariko ngo bikaba biterwa n ubutamenya bushingiye ku buryo icyo kinyampeke cyakagombye gukoreshwa ubundi ifu y icyo kinyampeke ngo ikennye kuri proteyine za ngombwa umubiri ukeneye ariko ushobora kuba wazikura mu bindi biribwa ndetse bitanahenze bityo ibyo bikaba byaherekeza ifunguro ryiganjemo ibigori ariko kandi bitewe n ikoranabuhanga rimaze gutera imbere igihingwa cy ibigori ngo gisigaye kivangwa n ibindi biribwa bityo ngo bigatanga indyo nziza kandi ikize ku ntungamubiri zose icyo gihe ikigori kiribwa gitetse cyangwa bakifashisha ifarini yacyo aho bakoramo amoko menshi anyuranye y ibiribwa rimwe na rimwe babanje kubicisha mu mavuta ikindi kandi hashobora kwifashishwa ifu igashyirwa hejuru y inyama maze ukabishyira mu mavuta nk uko biri mu muco gakondo w abanyamerika bafite inkomoko mu buhinde ikilatini izina mu kilatini lingua latna ni ururimi rwavugwaga kera zo mu bice by amajyepfo yo mu burayi mu karere ka latium mu gihugu kigari cya roma ya kera ubu ni mu butaliyani uru rurimi ni rwaje kubyara indimi nyinshi harimo igifaransa igisipanyola igitaliyani n izindi ubu ntirukivugwa uretse ko hari ibitabo byinshi kandi byuzuye ubuhanga byanditswe mu kilatini bikiboneka n ubwo rutagikoreshwa ariko hari umwihariko kuri leta ya vatikani na kiliziya gatolika nirwo rurimi rwa leta rukoreshwa mu nyandiko mpamo ibyo byabaye umuco kuva mu bisekuru byo hambere na n ubu niko bikimeze biturutse ku mateka ya kiliziya imaze gushinga imizi mu murwa w abaromani igifaransa nicyo rurimi rwa dipolomasi muri leta ya vatikani n ubwo hari ababangukirwa n igitaliyani ntago ikilatini ari ururimi rwera ku bagatolika nk uko hari bamwe babigoreka ndetse nyuma ya konsili ya kabiri ya vatikani amasengesho missa byahinduwe mu ndimi abakirisitu gakondo babasha kuvuga bityo na hano iwacu mu rwanda byinshi byahinduwe mu kinyarwanda ikiyaga cya kivu ni ikiyaga kiruta andi mazi yose y u rwanda ibiyaga bya burera na ruhondo byegereye ikigo cyita ku ngagi cyo mu ruhengeri ibyo biyaga bidakunze kwitabwaho bifite amazi menshi y urubogobogo bikikijwe n imisozi hamwe n amasumo maremare hafi yabyo hakaba ibirunga bigaragaza uburanga bw agahebuzo kure y ibyo by ibanze ba mukerarugendo bashobora kunaga akajisho ku biyaga by u rwanda bibafasha kumenya imibereho y abakurambere b abanyafurika aho niho abasare bavugamo amato akoze ku buryo bwa gakondo ababyeyi bambaye imyenda y amabara menshi batumura agatabi mu nkono z itabi z ibiti abacuranzi bakirigita iningiri gitari gakondo ikindi kandi ubuzima bw inyoni nabwo buteye amabengeza ibishuhe byambuka binyerera ku mazi magari imisambi itinyitse n amakamba yayo isokoza amababa yayo mu bishanga byo hafi aho naho umwami w abarobyi ari we nyiramurobyi aba yibereye ku nkombe nk umutako mu nkengero zayo hari imijyi itatu ariyo gisenyi kibuye na cyangugu iyo mijyi ihuzwa n umuhanda utoroshye w ibitaka uzengurutse icyo kiyaga wahuranya mu mirima y imyaka no mu mashyamba atoshye mu kugaragaza isuku hejuru y amazi y urubogobogo kuhatemberera ni rwo rugendo rwa gakondo rubaho muri afurika yose hari n ingendo z amato zihuza iyo migi itatu gisenyi ari nawo mujyi urusha amajyambere iyo migi yindi y ubukerarugengo wibereye hafi ku buryo kujyayo uturutse muri pariki y ibirunga bitwara igihe gito kiri munsi y isaha ku modoka uwo mujyi wibereye ku nkengero z umucanga ukikijwe n imikindo ihuhera hamwe n amahoteli yubatswe kera mu gihe cy ubukoroni zerakana ishusho y ikirere cyiri hafi y imirongo ngengamirasire koko ku kibuye mu majyepfo yacyo imirimo y aba mukerarugendo ishingiye cyane cyane ku macumbi agezweho yubatse ku nkengero ku misozi itwikiriwe n amahwa nk uko bimeze ku misozi ya alpe umujyi wa cyangugu wo utandukanye n iyo ya mbere uri hafi y ishyamba rya nyungwe aho ubukerarugendo butandukanye buteye imbere bitewe n imiterere yaho ifite utudendezi twiganje mu bibaya kwitegereza inyoni kuba u rwanda ruherereye mu kibaya kigari cya albertine rukagira amashyamba menshi hamwe n imisozi miremire bituma haba ibidukikije bikurura ubukerarugendo nubwo ari ruto hafi kms kuva iburasirazuba iburengerazuba kuri km kuva amajyaruguru amajyepfo rubarirwamo amoko arenga y inyoni ukanahasanga kandi nanone inyoni nyinshi ziboneka gusa mu bibaya bya albertine kurusha ibindi bihugu byose byo hanze uretse repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo ibishanga n ibiyaga byo muri pariki y akagera icumbikiye imisambi y agahebuzo kandi ni hamwe mu hantu ishobora kuboneka ku buryo bworoshye byongeye kandi mu kagera uhasanga urwunge rw amoko menshi y minyinya n urufunzo hamwe n inyoni zifite mu maso hatukura iminwa miremire izifite iminwa y umweru cyangwa y umukara zibera mu kiganiro cy ubucuti izifite imirizo y umweru cyangwa igaye n izindi nyinshi amacumbi ry akagera ririmo kuvugururwa uretse hari n ayandi yacumbikirwamo mu gihe cyo gusura iyo pariki ni urugendo rw ingirakamaro gusura inyoni ntoya zifite amashyo yo kuzishyigikira y inyamabere nini zirimo imvubu inzovu na twiga mu majyepfo y iburengerazuba mu masaha make uvuye mu kagera pariki y ishyamba rya nyungwe ni icyanya kigari cy ishyamba ry isugi rimwe mu mashyamba magari ya kimeza muri afurika ryiberamo amoko arenga y inyoni harimo amoko y umwihariko w ako gace ubworozi bw amafi n uburobyi kuva mu mwaka w umusaruro w amafi wagiye wiyongera buhoro buhoro kugera mu mwaka wa mu mwaka w umusaruro wagabanutseho gato mu gihe cyakurikiyeho kuva mu mwaka wa kubera ko hakozwe ibikorwa byinshi bigamije kongera umusaruro w amafi umusaruro wagiye uzamuka buri mwaka ku buryo bukurikira muri habonetse toni muri habonetse toni muri habonetse toni muri habonetse toni muri habonetse toni muri habonetse toni muri habonetse toni muri habonetse toni muri habonetse toni muri habonetse toni imbonerahamwe igaragaza uko umusaruro w amafi wagiye wiyongera harwanyijwe isuri ku misozi yegereye ibiyaga hashyizweho abarinzi b ibiyaga na za komite zo kubungabunga uburobyi zigizwe n abarobyi ubwabo hatanzwe amahugurwa menshi n ingendoshuri ku bakora umurimo w uburobyi n ubworozi bwo mu mazi bigamije kubongerera ubushobozi kugirango bashobore kuzamura umusaruro uturuka kuri uwo murimo hakozwe inyigo yo gutunganya no gucunga neza ibiyaga by imbere mu gihugu inyigo yakozwe yagaragaje ko uburobyi bwonyine budashobora guhaza abaturarwanda ku mafi uko byagenda kose akaba ariyo mpamvu u rwanda rugomba gushyira ingufu nyinshi mu bworozi bw amafi mu byuzi mu bidendezi no mu bigobe by ibiyaga mu buryo bushoboka bwose hakoreshejwe imbuto y amafi nziza itanga umusaruro mwinshi kandi vuba ni muri urwo rwego hashyizweho ishami rya gatatu ry umushinga paigelac rizakorera mu ntara y amajyepfo n iy iburengerazuba rikazateza imbere by umwihariko ubworozi bw amafi mu byuzi no mu bidendezi muri izo ntara zombi hakurikijwe iyo nyigo haguzwe imbuto y amafi ya oreochromis niloticus tilapia nilotica imu gihugu cya uganda ikaba yarakuwe mu kiyaga cya albert filozofi izina mu cyongereza phylosophy gusobanukirwa n ikibazo cy ingenzi cya filozofi gitandukanya abafilozofe philosophers kikabaha n umurongo wo kumva no gusobanura ibintu uyobora ikiganiro akwiye kumenya ko abahugurwa batinya filozofi ariko bakaba bifuza kuyimenya niyo mpamvu akwiye kubaza ibibazo byoroshye agahera kubyo bazi kandi bivugiye agana ku bishya n ubwo ubumenyi bwa mbere ku isi bwari filozofi kandi n ubu filozofi akaba ari imwe mu nyigisho zigwa abanyarwanda benshi bayitwara nk isomo rikomeye cyane bumva filosofi ari inyigisho ikwiye guhabwa abahanga kabuhariwe ndetse n uwayize bamureba nk umuntu wasarishijwe n ubwenge bwinshi buvangitiranye hari n aho usanga abafilozofe bitwa abasazi ibizongwe n andi mazina mu by ukuri asesereza filozofi ni ubumenyi bw isi universe n amategeko ayigenga isi igizwe na kamere nature umuryango w abantu society n igitekerezo thought filozofi rero ni ubumenyi busubiza ibibazo byose umuntu yibaza kuri kamere umuryango w abantu n igitekerezo kubera ariko ko umuntu ariwe usumba byose filozofi ni ubumenyi bwose ku muntu n ibimukikije filozofi isobanura imibanire y abantu n ibintu abantu n abandi n ibintu n ibindi kugira ngo isi irusheho gusobanuka filozofi yagabanijwemo ibice binyuranye by ubumenyi buri gice kikigwa mu buryo bunonosoye ibyo bice ni nka physics chemistry geology astronomy biology psychology sociology etc mu by ukuri ibyo byose hamwe n ubundi bumenyi bigize ubumenyi bugari bwitwa filosofi umuntu yagize ubushake bwo gusobanukirwa isi kuva amaze kuba umuntu ubwo nibwo yatangiye kwibaza ku abantu ba mbere babonaga umuntu avuka agakura agasaza akarwara agapfa n ibindi bakabyibazaho bikabashobera babonaga imvura igwa izuba riva inkuba ikubita imigezi itemba n ibindi byinshi nabyo bakabyibazaho ariko bikababera urujijo ibi byatumye batinya ibintu bimwe ndetse batangira kubisenga ikintu cyose batashoboraga gusobanukirwa bavugaga ko ubwo hagomba kuba hari ikintu gifite ububasha buhanitse kigomba kuba kigenga ibyo byose ubwo nibwo kwemera imana byavutse nibwo kandi havutse imana nyinshi bitewe n akarere abantu babagamo n ingorane bahuraga nazo mu buzima bwa buri munsi imana y uburumbuke imana y izuba iy imvura n izindi umuntu yavuga ko ibibazo abantu ba mbere bibazaga n ibisubizo batangaga atari filozofi kuko filozofi yibaza ku kibazo mu buryo bucukumbuye igatanga ibisobanuro birambuye binonosoye kandi bitanga umurongo detailed and systematic ndetse no kuba abantu bibaza ibibazo bitandukanye kandi bagatanga ibisubizo bitandukanye nabyo ntibibagira abafilozofe umufilozofe ni umuntu ufite ubuhanga bwo gusesengura ibibazo rusange biri muri kamere umuryango w abantu n igitekerezo mu buryo burambuye kandi bunonosoye agashyiraho n umurongo wo kubisobanura n ubwo rero abantu nka ba nyirabiyoro bibazaga bati ko mbona bucya bukira amaherezo azaba ayahe ntabwo byabagize abafilozofe iyo umwana yibaza aho aca iyo avuka ntabwo aba yabaye umufilozofe gushyirwa ku murongo kwa filozofi systematisation byatangiye kera nko mu myaka ishize ancient ages antiquités filozofi nka system yatangiye kubaho mu bihugu byari biteye imbere kurusha ibindi icyo gihe mu buryo bwo kuyobora igihugu political organization ubukungu economy imibanire social n umuco culture ibyo bihugu byari bimaze kugira leta state n inzego z ubusumbane mu baturage class differentiation ibyo bihugu ni nka misiri ubushinwa ubuhindi ariko cyane ubugereki igisubizo babonera icyo kibazo ni cyo kibatandukanya kikabaha n umurongo wo gutekerezamo no gusobanura isi n ibiyirimo byose icyo kibazo ni muri ayo mazi y imishyuhira harimo imyuka nka nh co ch etc iyo myuka yashongeye mu mazi biravanga co iragabanuka za glucides amasukari ziriyongera ayo masukari yaje kwivanga na oxygne bibyara alcool aldéhydes cétones na acides organiques byaje kuvamo nh acides aminés protéines bitinze biza gufatana n imyunyu sels havuka igitonyanga cyitwa coocervate gifite ubushobozi bwo gukurura no kumira utuntu duto turi mu mazi nyuma y imyaka coocervate yabyaye protozoaires organismes unicellulaires nka algues bleues virus amibes bactéries etc n ubu ziriho izi protozoaires zaje kubyara metazoa organisme pluricellulaire ziba zikanabyarira mu mazi izishobora kuba kubutaka ariko zigatera amagi mu mazi izishobora kuba no kubyarira kubutaka etc intambwe yanyuma yabaye urwego rwitwa mamalia mammifres zifite ubushyuhe températures budahinduka zitwita zikonsa urub abemera materialism bavuga ko ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko isi ikirere izuba n inyenyeri byose bigizwe na eléments zigera kuri kandi kera cyane bikaba byari byibumbiye hamwe mu gacu disc kaje guturitswa n ubushyuhe bugaturutsemo havamo amabango etoiles yagurukiye ahantu hatandukanye bitewe n aho buri bango ryagiye températures amabango amwe yabaye solides liquides cyangwa gaz iryo turika ryitwa le big bang ryaba ryarabaye mu myaka ishize wand ibango ryitwa isi ryari rigizwe ahanini n urusobe rw imyuka yiganjemo amazi ho agera kuri ryatangiye kuzenguruka ibango ryitwa izuba maze iyo si igenda itakaza imyuka n amazi bijya hagati yayo n izuba bityo ikirere hagati y isi n izuba cyuzuye iyo myuka kiba kirabonetse uko isi yagiye yegerana kuruhu rwayo hagiye hakonja naho mu nda harushaho gushyuha bituma ibiyigize bishonga en fusion maze byipanga hakurikije uburemere densité ibiremereye cyane bijya hasi ibyoroshye bijya ku ruhu kubera ubushyuhe imyuka ntiyihanganiye kuguma imbere y urwo ruhu ahubwo yaturikije uruhu rw isi yigira hanze mu kirere atmosphre nyuma y imyaka iyo myuka yabyaye igihu cyagiye gikonja kibyara imvura yaguye imyaka ibihumbi amazi yuzura mu binogo byasizwe na wa mwuka wapfumuye uruhu rw isi bityo havuka inyanja n ibiyaga ari nabyo byabaye isoko y ubuzima itsembabwoko ry abayahudi izina mu kiyahudi leta y abadage grodeutsches reich yakoze gahunda yo kurimbura imbaga y abayahudi igeze kuri hagati ya na bishe n abanazi n abandi babafashije mu budage no mu burayi bwose bwari bwigaruriwe na leta ya hitler irondakoko ryibasiye abayahudi bita antisémitisme ni ryo rikuru cyane ryabaye mu madini mu bukungu muri politike no mu muco leta ya hitler niyo yarigize ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside batangira kwirukanwa mu budage bamwe barahava abasigaye baricwa mu bihugu byose byari byatsinze pologne autriche urss france pays bas belgique grce yougoslavie n ahandi jenoside y abayahudi yitwa shoah bivuga gutsembwatsembwa destruction totale destruction absolue catastrophe écrassante hari n igihe bakoresha ijambo holocauste bivuga gutangwaho igitambo une immolation entirement consommée ayo magambo ariko ashobora no gukoreshwa ku zindi jenoside zabaye ahandi abayahudi ndetse n abandi bishwe n abanazi bagiye bakusanyirizwa mu bigo byitwa camps de concentration ariko hari n ibindi byitwaga ibigo by imirimo camps de travail hakaba ibindi byitwaga iby imfungwa z intambara camps pour prisonniers de guerre ndetse habaga n ibyo bitaga iby agateganyo camp de transit hakaba ariko cyane cyane ibigo by urupfu camps d extermination ou de la mort byose hamwe byari hafi ibizwi cyane ni buchenwald bergen belsen mauyhausen auschwitz birkenan chelmo treblinka belzec sobidor na majdaneki urupfu rw umwihariko rw abayahudi ni ukwicishwa uburozi bwa gaz bafungiranaga abayahudi mu bikamyo bifungiranye hose cyangwa mu byumba binini bifungiranye hose bakoherezamo uburozi bw umwuka wa gaz zyklon b bagapfa nyuma y iminota abayahudi bicanywe n abandi bantu batari abayahudi bamwe bazize ibyo bakoraga abandi kubera ibyo bangaga gukora cyangwa gusa kubera icyo baricyo abo ni nk abakomunisti abasosiyalisti abaliberali abasendikalisti abitwa homosexuels abo mw idini rya témoins de jéhovah abitwa tsiganes abandi bishwe ari benshi ni imfungwa z intambara z abasovietike hishwe hafi abandi bishwe ari benshi ni aba slaves bo muri u r s s no muri pologne hishwe hamwe hagati ya na y abaturage abantu bose bazize jenoside y abanazi bageze kuri harimo z abayahudi hagati ya na y abatsiganes n abandi bagizwe cyane cyane n abaslaves georg wilhelm friedrich hegel kanama ugushingo yemeraga ko igitekerezo aricyo cyatanze matter kubaho kandi ko aricyo nkomoko y ibintu byose biri mu isi kamere umuntu naza phenomena icyo hegel yarushije abandi ba idealists bamubanjirije ni uko we yemeraga ko igitekerezo cyagiye gihinduka gifata isura zinyuranye imiterere n ibindi biturutse ku makimbirane yari akubiye muri icyo gitekerezo kuva kibayeho hegel yavugaga ko urwego rusumba izindi zose mw ihindagurika ry igitekerezo ari umutimanama w umuntu n ubwo hegel yari idealist niwe mufilozofe wa mbere wavumbuye ko iterambere rishingiye ku makimbirane ariko yemeza ko ibyo bishoboka ku gitekerezo gusa absolute ideal l idéal absolu yabonaga iterambere ry igitekerezo naho umuntu akaba akambaro kacyo gusa hegel niwe wabanje kuzana filozofi y impinduka y ibintu dialectics dialectique ludwig feuerbach cyangwe ludwig andreas feuerbach nyakanga nzeli niwe wa mbere wagize igitekerezo cy uko mu bintu byose byigwa na filozofi umuntu ariwe wa mbere kuko ariwe mukuru w ibintu byose bigize kamere nature yaneguye cyane igitekerezo cya hegel cya absolute ideal yerekana ko absolute ideal ya hegel ari ubwenge bw umuntu hegel yatandukanyije na nyirabwo abuhindura akantu gafite ubuzima gatozi ngo maze karangije kihinduramo isi yagaragaje kandi ko igitekerezo gishingiye kuri matter kandi ko kitahinduka hatariho matter ludwig yari materialist yemeje kandi ko umuntu ari we urema imana imana itarema umuntu kuri we ngo iyo umuntu ananiwe kumenya gusobanura gukora no gutunganya ibyo yagombaga yihangira ikindi kintu aturizamo agashyira mu maboko ibyo byose byamunaniye bityo akiha morale ko icyo yahanze imana ari cyo kizabitunganya mu gihe gikwiye leta zunze ubumwe z amerika mu mvugo ya rubanda abenshi bakunze kuvuga amerika izina mu cyongereza america cyangwa leta zunze ubumwe izina mu cyongereza united states ni leta zunze ubumwe zo muri amerika y amajyaruguru kuva muri igizwe na leta icyo gihugu kihariye kw ijana by ubutaka bw amerika y amajyaruguru kikaba ari n icya gatatu mu bunini kw isi nyuma y uburusiya na kanada leta zunze ubumwe zavutse mu ntara z ubukonde bw abongereza kuri leta ziyigize ziri ku murwa wa amerika alaska na hawaii biri kure kimwe n ibindi birwa by intara zegereye mu bya politiki urugero puwerito riko na gwami mu mwaka wa niho izo ntara zibohoje leta zunze ubumwe z amerika zituwe nabimukira bakomoka mu bihugu by i burayi n abakomoka ku bantu bazanywe ari abacakara bazanywe gukorera abanyaburayi mbere y uko habaho inganda ba kavukire baho hasigaye bake bakomoka ku bacitse kw icumu ry imirwano hagati y abimukira na ba kavukire gakondo kubera ubwiyagure bw igihugu mu gice cy uburengerazuba no kuzamuka mu by inganda leta zunze ubumwe z amerika zazamutse vuba mu gaciro mu bindi bihugu mu kinyejana cya nicya nyuma yo gutsindwa kw ironda koko ryo mu burayi intambara yiswe iya kabiri y isi yose no gusenyuka kwa leta zunze ubumwe bw abasowijeti leta zunze ubumwe nizo zonyine leta nyiri ububasha superpower yasigaye kw isi ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw abanyarwanda n abavuga ikinyarwanda badatuye u rwanda ikinyarwanda kivugwa mu rwanda no mu burasirazuba bwa repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo ibindi bihugu bikikije u rwanda bifite indimi zijya gusa n ikinyarwanda ikinyarwanda gisa n ikirundi ururimi rw i burundi rukanasa n igiha cyo muri tanzaniya itegekongenga iso kin ikinyarwanda gifite umwanya ukomeye mu mibereho y abanyarwanda ni rwo rurimi ruha abanyarwanda ubushobozi bwo kuranga isi kugaragaza imbamutima gushyikirana baganira bungurana ibitekerezo no kugezanyaho ubutumwa ururimi rw ikinyarwanda rufite uruhare rukomeye mu guhamya umunyarwanda udafite isoni n ubwoba by umuco we kandi utisuzugura umuco w u rwanda ukeneye abawurinda n abawubungabunga ngo hato imico y amahanga itawumira iyo nshingano rero ni iy abanyarwanda ubwabo inzira ya mbere iriho ni ukwigisha ikinyarwanda ikinyanduga si cyo kinyarwanda cyonyine uretse ko abapadiri bashatse kwandika ikinyarwanda bahera ku kinyanduga kuko abacyanditse bari i kabgayi kwigisha ikinyarwanda bihamye rero ni ugushimangira ubunyarwanda ni ugushyikiriza umwana w u rwanda ibyo abakurambere bahanze bakabisigira umunyarwanda wese ho umurage bityo kwiga ikinyarwanda bikaba guhura n ibyo kibumbatiye uko giteye ubugeni gihetse umuco n imyumvire y abanyarwanda ibi bisobanura ko kwigisha ikinyarwanda ari ugufasha umwana w u rwanda kugicengera ari mu miterere yacyo no bwiza bwacyo uko cyemerera ukivuga gutaka imvugo ye kwigisha ikinyarwanda rero bikwiye kuba umwanya wo guha umunyarwanda ubushobozi bwo kwirinda kumirwa n amahanga ibyiza agisangamo akabyamamaza ibyo anenga akabikosora akagikungahaza ngo gihangane n iterambere isi ihorana ikinyarwanda kandi gifitemo amagambo menshi asa nayo mu rurimi rwitwa ikizulu rw abirabura bo muri afurika y epfo urugero umuntu abantu ingwe amazi umutwaro ingata inyama inyoni iminwa marume umukwe abatwa ikinyarwanda kigizwe n inyuguti a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v w y z izi nyuguti zirimo ibice indagi zivamo ibihekane bigizwe n inyuguti ebyiri eshatu ndetse hari n ibigizwe n inyuguti bikongerwaho nabyo buri gihe inyajwi kugirango bivugike neza umuryango w ibihugu by iburasirazuba bw afurika eac izina mu cyongereza east african community ni umuryango uhuriwemo n ibihugu ari byo u burundi kenya u rwanda tanzania na uganda mu gihe ibi bihugu bigize uyu muryango bishyigikiye ko habaho leta imwe bihuriyeho amperereza yakozwe ku banyatanzaniya yagaragaje ko batabishyigikiye tanzanita ifite ubutaka bunini binaruta ubw ibindi bihugu byose byose muri uyu muryango biteranye kandi abanyatanzaniya bakaba banafite ubwoba ko ubutaka bwabo bwazigarurirwa n abaturage bakomoka mu bindi bihugu bigize umuryango n ibihugu by iburasirazuba bwa afurika ibura ry ubutaka buhagije ni ikibazo kiriho muri afurika y iburasirazuba by umwihariko muri kenya aho amakimbirane yabereye i mount elgon yabaye mu mwaka wa yahitanye abantu barenga abandi barenga bakavanwa mu byabo uyu muryango washyizweho mu wa ukaba igizwe na kenya tanzania uganda watangiye mu by ukuri mu wa ubwo arusha muri tanzania haberaga imihango yo gushyiraho ubunyamabanga bukuru bwawo kuko amarembo y ubukungu bw u rwanda yerekeza mu uburasirazuba ni cyo cyatumye ku wa nzeri u rwanda rwarasabye kwinjira muri east african community u rwanda rwemerewe mu kuba umunyamuryango uyu muryango ugamije gushimangira ubufatanye hagamijwe imibereho myiza y abaturage imikoreshereze myiza y umutungo kamere no kurengera ibidukikije gushimangira uruhare rw uburinganire mu iterambere guharanira amahoro umutekano n imibanire myiza y ibihugu bigize uwo muryango guharanira kugera kuri customs union single market gushyiraho urubuga rumwe ruhuriweho n ibihugu bigize uwo muryango political federation umuryango w ubukungu bw afurika yo hagati cyangwa uyu muryango w ubukungu bw ibihugu byo muri afurika yo hagati eccas cyangwa ceeac izina mu cyongereza economic community of central african states izina mu gifaransa communauté économique des états d afrique centrale ni umuryango ugamije guteza imbere ubufatanye mu by ubukungu bw ibihugu by afurika yo hagati intego zawo ni ukugera k ubwigenge ibihugu bihuriyeho kuzamura ikigero cy imibereho y abaturage batuye ibihugu biwugize no guharanira ko hatabaho ihungabana ry ubukungu binyuze mu bufatanye burimo umucyo uyu muryango w ubukungu bw ibihugu byo muri afurika yo hagati wavutse mu wa ugizwe n ibihugu byo muri ako karere harimo n u rwanda ceeac eccas igamije guteza imbere ubukungu bw ibihugu mu rwego rw ubuhinzi n ubworozi umutungo kamere ubucuruzi inganda itumanaho gutwara ibintu n abantu guharanira imibereho myiza y abaturage gukuraho imisoro n amahoro gushyiraho politiki y urujya n uruza rw abantu gushyiraho ikigega cy ubufatanye bugamije iterambere gufasha ibihugu bikennye kurusha ibindi ceeac ubu ifite gahunda yo kuvugurura imikorere mu rwego rw ubukungu no gukemura ibibazo bihungabanya amahoro n umutekano umuryango ugamije iterambere ry afurika y amajyepfo cyangwa umuryango w ubukungu bw ibihugu byo muri afurika y amajyepfo sadc mu magambo ahinnye y icyongereza izina mu cyongereza southern african development community muri mata ni bwo havutse inama yitwaga southern africa development coordination conference sadcc igamije gukura ku ngoyi ya gikolonize na politike ya apartheid ku bihugu bikikije afurika y epfo iyo nama ni yo yaje kuvamo sadc nk uko izwi ubu ku wa kanama i windhoek muri namibia intego z ingenzi z uyu muryango ni ubusugire ubufatanye amahoro n umutekano uburenganzira bwa muntu demokarasi no kubaka igihugu kigendera ku mategeko ubureshye no gusangira ibyiza n inyungu bituruka ku kwishyira hamwe gukemura amakimbirane binyuze mu bwumvikane n ibindi ibihugu bigize sadc birateganya gukuraho imisoro n amahoro free trade area mu wa bityo rikaba isoko rimwe ryagutse umuryango w abibumye un cyangwa uno mu magambo ahinnye y icyongereza onu mu magambo ahinnye gifaransa izina mu cyongereza united nations cyangwe organisation des nations unis ni wo mugari ku isi ukaba warashyizweho muri kamena ubu ukaba ugizwe n ibihugu umuryango w abibumbye ugamije ibi by ingenzi bikurikira kubumbatira amahoro n umutekano ku isi gukumira ibikorwa byose bigamije guhungabanya umutekano mu rwego rw akarere no ku isi hose guteza imbere imibanire myiza y ibihugu ishingiye ku ihame ry ubureshye bw abantu imbere y amategeko kugera ku bufatanye mpuzamahanga nyabwo hakemurwa ibibazo bishingiye ku bukungu imibereho ubumenyi uburenganzira bwa muntu n ibindi u rwanda ruzirikana izi ntego zose twavuze haruguru kandi rutanga umusanzu warwo ku gihe kabone n ubwo hari byinshi runenga imikorere y uyu muryango cyane cyane inama ishinzwe amahoro ku isi security council conseil de sécurité iyi nama ni yo ishinzwe ibikorwa bya buri munsi bijyanye no kubumbatira amahoro n umutekano ku isi ariko mu wa ntabwo yagaragaje ubushake bwo gukumira cyangwa se guhagarika jenoside bitewe n inyungu za bimwe mu bihugu n amashyirahamwe y amahanga anyuranye cyane cyane bimwe mu bihugu bitanu bifitemo icyicaro gihoraho permanent seat membre permanent ubu harasuzumwa uburyo bw ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya raporo y akanama k umuryango w abibumbye izwi ku izana rya raporo carlson perezida w ako kanama hamwe n iy akanama k umuryango w ubumwe bw afurika organization of african unity oau organisation de l unité africaine oua ku bijyanye n uruhare rw amahanga mu kudahagarika no kudakumira jenoside yabaye mu rwanda mu wa harasuzumwa kandi n uburyo un onu yavugururwa muri rusange cyane cyane hagakurwaho veto power droit de veto kandi umubare w ibihugu bigize iriya nama ukongerwa afurika ikabonamo imyanya ibiri ihoraho iki kiganiro cyasobanuye impamvu ari ngombwa ko u rwanda rwinjira mu miryango mpuzamahanga yo mu rwego rw akarere urwa afurika ndetse no mu rwego rw isi cyane cyane muri iki gihe cy ikomatanyabukungu cyerekanye uburyo iyo miryango yagiye ishyirwaho n intego igamije mu nzego zinyuranye zirimo urw ubukungu umutekano imibereho myiza n ibindi cyagaragaje kandi akamaro iyo miryango ifitiye u rwanda n ako imwe muri yo yirengagije kugirira u rwanda mu bihe bikomeye rwahuye na byo gusiramura ni uburyo bumwe bugendanye n isuku ikorwa ku mubiri w igitsina gabo by umwihariko ku bwambure bw umugabo cyangwa mu yindi mvugo havugwa igitsina cy umugabo cyangwa igitsina cy umwana w umuhungu ubundi ku bantu bari mu miryango cyangwa ibihugu bakora icyo gikorwa baba bumva ari ibintu bisanzwe ariko ku bandi bakomoka aho bidakorwa baba babona biteye ubwoba kuko rimwe na rimwe ntibaba bazi akamaro kabyo gusiramura rero bivugwaho byinshi nifuje ko guhera uyu munsi umenya amakuru nyayo kuri byo kuko birakureba niba atari wowe bazabaho ni umugabo wawe musaza wawe murumuna wawe n abandi ni uburyo babaga agahu ko ku gitsina cy abagabo pénis ako gahu kaba gapfundikiye umutwe w igitsina gland iyo kavanyweho umutwe usigara hanze ahanini abagabo basiramuye bagira uburyohe mu gihe cy imibonano bungana n ubwabadasiramuye ariko rimwe na rimwe ahabazwe mu gihe cyo gusiramura hasigara inkovu hari abagabo usanga bibangamiye cyangwa bakababara mu gihe cy imibonano bitewe n uburyo iyo nkovu yakize hari abantu usanga barwanya iki gikorwa mu bihugu byateye imbere kuburyo bakora amashyirahamwe abirwanya kubwabo banga ko abana babagwa kandi ntabyo baba basabye bakaba bumva ko bajya bareka abana bagakura akaba aribo bihitiramo kwisiramuza igihe bumva babishatse mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y amajyambere aho amazi atoroshye kubona gisiramura bifasha mu buryo bw isuku kuko hari umwanda ugenda wibika munsi y agahu gapfundikiye umutwe w igitsina iyo rero igitsina gisiramuye uwo mwanda ntawubaho ku badasiramuye bari ahantu hahora amazi ni ngombwa koga buri munsi maze ugasunika agahu gapfundikiye igitsina kugirango woze umwanda wibika munsi yako gusiramura ni ugukuraho uruhu ruto ruzengurutse igitsina cy umugabo uhereye ku mutwe wacyo ukaba ari umuco wamamaye cyane mu bayahudi bitewe n imyemerere yabo aho basiramuraga umwana w umuhungu umaze iminsi avutse mbere y ubugimbi puberté buri gihugu kigira umwihariko wacyo gusiraura birababaza cyane niyo mpamvu abaganga batera ikinya anesthésie ugiye gusiramurwa hari igihe gusiramura bikorwa nko kuvura urugero nk igihe agahu gapfundikira igitsina gafashe cyane kuburyo kanga gusubira inyuma ngo umutwe usohoke icyo gihe bivurwa no gusiramura abayisilamu ndeste n abayahudi naho aba gatolika catholique abaporo protestantisme na budisite bouddhisme ntabwo bakegeka icyo gikorwa umugabo usiramuye asohora nk umundi mugabo wese udasiramuye gusiramura ntacyo bihindura ku gusohora ntibyongera igihe ntibinakigabanya nko kuba waracitse akaguru bitewe n impanuka runaka cyangwa ugacika akaboko cyangwa amaguru abiri cyangwa yombi cyangwa se ubundi bumuga bwose waba ufite bitewe n impanuka ariko ibindi bice byose by umubiri bikora ibyo byose twavuze ntibyakubuza kwisiramuza kuko ntacyo byaguhungabanya ku buzima bwawe usanganywe n ubumuga busanzwe abantu babubona nko guhuma amaso kuba ikiragi kuba utumva n ubundi bumuga bwose tutarondoye mubona ikigamijwe ahangaha ni ukumvikanisha uko aba bantu bose twavuze bemerewe gusiramurwa igihe cyose abaye ari igitsina gabo twavuze ku mwana ufite icyumweru kimwe cyangwa se ukivuka tuvuga no ku musore n umugabo ndetse n abasaza n abo muri abo twavuze bahuye n ubumuga umusomyi yakwibaza ati gusiramurwa uri umwana no gusiramurwa uri mukuru ikiza ni ikihe byose ni byiza ku bantu bakuru biterwa n igihe ubimenyeye kandi ugahita ubishyira mu bikorwa ibyiza tubona ni uko basiramurwa bakiri bato kuberako icyo gihe usiramuwe ntashobora kwitoneka ikindi kiza muri byo iyo amaze gukura agasanga asiramuye yumvako ariko yavutse kuberako aba atazi igihe yasiramuriwe ariko uko agenda akura igihe kiragera akabimenya abibwiwe n abandi cyangwa se nawe ubwe igihe kiragera akazabyimenyera ko abona ba bahungu bavuka basiramuye ahubwo basiramurwa bakimara kuvuka kandi nawe ubwe aba abyibonera kubera ko aba amaze gusobanukirwa buri kimwe cyose aha rero kumvikanisha ko buri mugabo wese atisiramuza yakwihutira kwisiramuza kuberako ari isuku kuri we nk uko twigeze kubivugaho haruguru kuko birinda n indwara zandurira mumibonano mpuzabitsina nku ko muri buze kubisanga muri iki gitabo igihe habayeho imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye nta gakingirizo ibyago byo kwandura sida ku mugabo usiramuye ni bike ugereranyije n udasiramuye biterwa n uko gusiramura bituma umubiri ugize umutwe w igitsina ukomera igihe umutwe ugipfundikiwe na kagahu ubaworoshye cyane uko koroha niko guha inzira virusi itera sida mu gihe cy imibonano idakingiye ariko ntibivuzeko abasiramuye batayandura n ubwo bo atari cyane nk udasiramuye nk uko bitangazwa n umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa wa komisiyo y igihugu yo kurwanya sida cnls dr anita asiimwe ngo iyi gahunda yakorewe igeragezwa mu turere twa nyanza na musanze aho byagaragaye ko byitabiriwe n umubare w abantu benshi kugirango iyi gahunda ibashe gushyirwa mu bikorwa neza kirota kyampof umuhuzabikorwa muri cnls yatangaje ko guhera tariki ya ukuboza haratangira guhugurwa abaforomo muri buri kigo nderabuzima abaforomo ndetse n abaganga mu bitaro aho bazaba bahabwa amahugurwa ku gikorwa cyo gusiramura iki gikorwa kizajya gikorerwa ku bigo nderabuzima ndetse n ibitaro kandi bikorwe nta gahato igitsina cy umugabo cyangwa imboro umwanya mwibarukiro w umugabo ku ishusho urabona imyanya ndangagitsina y imbere n inyuma ku muhungu urabona imboro imiyoborantanga umuyoborankari uruhago imiyoboramasohoro n amabya igitsina cy umugabo kigizwe n umukaya woroshye n imitsi myinshi y amaraso iyo amaraso menshi ageze mu gitsinagabo kirabyimba kigashyukwa igitsina cy umugabo ni cyo gisohora inkari n amasohoro iyo umuhungu akoze imibonano mpuzabitsina igihe cyo kurangiza asohora intanga zivanze n amasohoro ushobora kwizera ko ayo masohoro asohotse mu gihe cy imibonano mpuzabitsina atarimo inkari kubera ko uruhago ruba rufunze mu gihe imboro iba ihagaze amabya abiri ari mu gasaho nk uko bisanzwe rimwe iruhande rw irindi mu mabya ni ho hakorerwa intanga ngabo ni na ho zibikwa intanga ngabo zinyura mu miyoborantanga ziva mu mabya zisohoka zigisohoka mu mabya zihita zivanga n amasohoro yakorewe mu miyoboramasohoro indwara ya peyronie iva ku kubabara kugenda kuba mu gihe cy imibonano mpuzabitsina ibyo bigatuma habaho ahantu hakomeye habuza igitsina kwirambura neza mu gihe gifashe umurego érection maze bigatuma cyigonda ibi nibyo kenshi bitera ububabare bw igitsina ibimenyetso by indwara ya peyronie gukomereka kuvunika kw ahantu hatuma igitsina kibasha gufata umurego aho hakaba haherereye munsi y uruhu ibi bishobora guterwa n impanuka uku gukomereka gushobora no gutuma umuyoboro w inkari wangirika cyangwa se ukanacika ibimenyetso bijyanye gukomereka trauma nko mu gihe cy impanuka ibintu bidasanzwe bisohoka mu gitsina cyangwa ibintu bisohoka mu gitsina badasanzwe discharge écoulement bwa mbere na mbere bishobora guterwa n indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina cyane cyane iyitwa chlamydia izo ndwara kandi zishobora no kwandurira mu mibonano yo mu kanwa sexe oral cyangwa yo mu kibuno priapisme ishobora guterwa n abantu ku giti cyabo igihe biteye imiti yo kugirango igihe cyo gushyukwa kibe kirekire ibyo bikorwa kenshi n abafite ikibazo cyo kudatinda cyangwa se batanashyukwa namba gukomereka kw umutsi wo mu gitsina bigatuma uba utagishoboye gukamura amaraso aza mu gitsina mu gihe cyo gushyukwa imiti nka anticoagulants neuroleptiques na psychotropes nayo ishobora gutera icyo kibazo gutwara neza igitsina no kwirinda kugihungabanya kugikomeretsa no kukibabaza igihe igitsina cyakomeretse fata barafu glaons ushyire mu mwenda maze ukoze ku gitsina ahakomeretse hanyuma hagarika imibonano maze unywe imiti igabanya ububabare nka paracetamol cyangwa se brufen kuri priapisme naho fata agatambaro ushyiremo barafu ushyire ku gitsina nibiramuka byanze nyuma y isaha imwe igitsina kigifite umurego ihutire kwa muganga kuko ibi bishobora kwangiza ibigize igitsina bituma gifata umurego érection kanseri y ibere cyangwa kanseri y amabere imiryango imwe n imwe cyangwa ubwoko bumwe bakunze kurangwa na kanseri y amabere ni ngombwa rero gusuzumwa buri gihe na muganga wawe kanseri y amabere ni imwe mu makanseri yibasiye abagore gusa inkuru nziza ni uko ushobora kuyirinda ndetse no kuyivumbura byoroheje kuyivumbura bizafasha mu by ukuri mu kurokora ubuzima bwawe imiryango imwe n imwe cyangwa ubwoko bumwe bakunze kurangwa na kanseri y amabere ni ngombwa rero gusuzumwa buri gihe na muganga wawe kanseri y amabere ni imwe mu makanseri yibasiye abagore gusa inkuru nziza ni uko ushobora kuyirinda ndetse no kuyivumbura byoroheje kuyivumbura bizafasha mu by ukuri mu kurokora ubuzima bwawe imibereho y umuntu ishobora kugira uruhare mu gutuma yongera kurwara kanseri y ibere bwa kabiri abantu bigeze kurwara kanseri y ibere bagakira baba bafite amahirwe menshi yo kongera kurwara iyi kanseri bwa kabiri kurusha abagore baba batarigeze kuyirwara na rimwe ariko kandi nanone ahanini bikaba biterwa nukouyu muntu aba abayeho nubwo bitari byasobanuka neza bimaze kugaragara ko imibereho mibi ari kimwe mu bituma kanseri y ibere igaruka twasanze abagore bafite umubyibuho ukabije baba bafite amahirwe yo kongera kuyirwara abagore banywa inzoga byibura icupa rimwe ku munsi baba bafite amahirwe naho abagore banywa itabi baba bafite amahirwe angana na yo kongera kurwara kanseri y ibere ubu bushakashatsi kandi bwasanze abagore basanzwe banywa itabi bakanywa n inzoga mu cyumweru baba bafite amahirwe yo kongera kurwaya iyi kanseri nta kabuza abahanga berekanye ko kuba ufite umubyibuho ukabije cyangwa se unywa inzoga bifitanye isano no kwiyongera mu mubiri ku musemburo bita estrogen kandi iyi estrogen yongera umuvuduko wa kanseri y ibere itabi ryo basanze rifite uburozi bwita carcinogens buba mu mwotsi kandi ritera ingaruka mbi ku buzima vitamini b cyangwa vitamine b aho ikomoka ibinyampeke cyane cyane ibimeze céréales germés umuceri amatunda cyane cyane mu maronji amacunga amashereka n amata y inka umutonore wa soya lantiye lentilles ubuki ingorane zibaho iyo yabuze habaho imivurungano mu bwonko irangwa no kuribwa mu mutwe rimwe na rimwe w uruhande rumwe ibijaganyuro mu ntoki no mu birenge guhondobera kugira ibyuya birenze urugero nta mpamvu igaragara kugabanuka k ubushyuhe bw umubiri habaho kandi imivurungano mu nzira y ibiryo irangwa no kubura ipfa ryo kurya anorexie kugira iseseme kuruka kugabanuka kw imisemburo yo mu gifu n amara bigakorana imbaraga nke kwituma impatwe constipation habaho n imivurungano mu mikorere y inyama z umubiri irangwa no gucika intege kuremara bimwe mu bice by umubiri paralysie hari n imivurungano mu migendere y amaraso irangwa no guhumeka nabi ubura umwuka umutima ukabyimba gucika intege iyi vitamini irakenewe cyane mu mikorere myiza y ubwonko ubwonko bw inyamaswa zikururuka reptiles buzibashisha kumenyera vuba aho zigeze n ibihe zirimo ni yo mpamvu muzasanga izo nyamaswa zihindagurika mu bushyuhe bw umubiri bitewe n uko aho ziri hashyushye cyangwa hakonje ubw inyamswa bita inyamabere bukazibashisha kwiyoroshya ntizigire amahane ariko ubwonko bw umuntu ni bwo bwonyine bushoboye guhimba ibishya no gukundana nyakuri kuva kera cyane uruyuki rw urunyamirimo l abeille ouvrire rukora uruhererekane rw ibyo rushinzwe ariko kuri gahunda zitajya zidahinduka mu gice cy inyuma cy ubwonko twagereranya n uruhu rwabwo cortex cérébral ni ho habikwa ibyo washyize mu bwonko ngo uzabyibuke agace k inyuma werekera hasi région occipitale ni ko kibuka ibyo wabonesheje amaso les informations visuelles naho agace ko hejuru no mu mpande aharinganiriye n igufwa ryo hejuru n irya nyiramivumbi région pariétotemporale ko kabika ibyavuzwe les informations verbales mu by ukuri utwo duce dukora umurimo watwo ku manywa activité diurne ariko na nijoro usinziriye uri mu nzozi le sommeil paradoxal avec rves na byo birushaho gushimangira ibyinjiye mu bwonko kugira ngo uzabyibuke kugira ngo umuntu yibuke ubwonko bwo mu mutwe bubigiramo uruhare rukomeye nk agace k ahagana mu gahanga lobe frontal by umwihariko kagira umumaro wo guhitamo ibyo wibuka kagahitamo ibigomba kubikwa mu bwonko kubisesengura no kubitunganya kugira ngo intekerezo zihamanye n ibikorwa inzoka zo mu nda abana bakunze kurwara izo nzoka bakazandura cyane cyane binyuze mu kanwa bitewe n imikino yabo n isuku yabo igoranye kuyibakorera izo bakunze kurwara cyane ni asikarisi ogiziyire amibe teniya n izindi zitera guhitwa cyane nka jiyaridiyaze na tirikusi giardias et trichuris iyo umwana adakeye mu maso ple agakunda kurakara nta mpamvu akabura ipfa ryo kurya iyo adasinzira neza akaryama ashikagurika kandi agataka uburyaryate mu kibuno ni ngombwa kwihutira kumuvuza inzoka zo mu nda umwana ashobora kwiyanduza na we ubwe iyo yishimaguye mu kibuno ashobora gusigarana mu nzara z intoki ze amagi y inzoka maze atasukurwa neza mbere yo kurya akamira ayo magi hamwe n ibyokurya cyangwa akayamira igihe ashyira intoki ze mu kanwa iyo ayo magi ageze mu mara avamo izindi nzoka ziyongera ku zo asanganwe ni ngombwa rero gusenya urwo ruziga ruhoraho cercle vicieux akenshi izo nzoka n amagi yazo zijya zisohokera mu kibuno ku bana b abakobwa zishobora no kugera ku myanya ndangagitsina y umwana bikamutera uburyaryate butuma yishimagura cyangwa akarwara indwara zifata mu myanya ndangagitsina y inyuma izo nzoka zishobora no gutera uburwayi bw akanyama k agafuka gato kaba ku iherezo ry urura runini ari bwo apandisite ndetse bigatera n amara kuziba akifunga occlusions intestinales indwara yo kugagara ingingo ni ukugabanuka cyangwa guhagarara k ubushobozi bwo kwikunjakunja cyangwa kwinyeganyeza kw inyama z umubiri w ibiremwa byigenza ku bwo kwangirika lésions kw agace runaka k ubwonko gakoresha urwo rugingo ariko kandi tumenye ko habaho n ubushobozi buke bw inyama z umubiri biturutse ku gucika kw imitsi ikomeye cyane itarimo umwenge ifatisha inyama z umubiri ku magufwa utwo dutsi twacika urugingo ntirwihine ni two bita tendons hakabaho kutihina neza kw ingingo z umubiri ankylose des articulations ariko kandi iyo byatewe no guterwa ikinya cyangwa kujya muri koma kurwara cyangwa kugira impanuka kugeza ubwo umera nk uwapfuye ibyo ntibishyirwa muri urwo rwego rw uburwayi bwo kugagara ingingo iyo ndwara ihindagura amazina bitewe n aho yafatiye bayita emipleji hémiplégie iyo yafashe uruhande rw umubiri rw iburyo rwose cyangwa urw ibumoso bayita parapleji paraplégie iyo yafashe igice cyo hepfo y ikiyunguyungu no ku gice kiba ku iherezo ry urura runini kimeze nk agafuka kabanza kwitekeramo imyanda y amabyi mbere y uko asohoka bahita rectum n ako gace karafatwa bayita omopleji homoplégie iyo hamugaye urugingo rumwe gusa bayita parezi parésie iyo ingingo zitamugaye burundu paralysie incomplte iyo umubiri utumva ibiwukozeho babyita kugwa ikinya anesthésie perte de la sensibilité au tact iyo utumva ibiwubabaza perte de la sensibilité la douleur babyita analjezi analgésie iyo ubushobozi bw umubiri bwo kumva ibiwukorakora burenze urugero babyita ipersitezi hypersthésie ku wo yafashe inyama z urugingo ziragagara raideur musculaire ou contracture urugingo rukaba rwananuka atrophie icyo gihe hashobora kubaho uburwayi bugagaza inyama z amaguru bita imbwa bikababaza cyane crampes douloureuses ikawa izina ry ubumenyi mu kilatini coffea ni igiti ikawa yageze mu rwanda ahagana mu mwaka wa ariko ubushakashatsi kuri iki gihingwa bwatangiye mu mwaka ubwo hageragezwaga imbuto zitandukanye z ikawa zivuye muri mulungu repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo ikawa ubu ifata umwanya wa kabiri mu bihingwa nyuma y icyayi mu kwinjiza amadovize ariko ihura n ibibazo by ibyonnyi n indwara uburyo bwo guhinga budatunganye n imbuto zidafite umusaruro uhagije kunywa ikawa bigira rukuruzi yo gutera kanseri yo mu ruhago yo mu mabere cyangwa ibiturugunyu tumeur ni utubyimba tubanziriza kanseri n ubwo abantu benshi usanga batinya ikawa kubera ko izamura umuvuduko w amaraso habayeho ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu gihe cy imyaka ku bagore bafite imyaka iri hagati ya na banywaga ikawa maze basanga bararwaye indwara ya diyabete baje gusanga ikawa ifasha mu kwirinda diyabete kuri ku banywa uturahuri tasses cyangwa ku munsi kuri abanywa uturahuri ku munsi naho abanywa uturahuri ku munsi ikabarinda kuri bikaba bigaragara ko abanywa uturahuri cyangwa aribo barindwa ku kigero cyo hejuru mu bundi bushakashatsi bwa études sur la santé des infirmires bwakozwe ku bantu benshi barimo abagabo n abagore batarwaye yaba diyabete yaba kanseri cyangwa se n indwara z umutima bagiye bareba uburyo banywamo ikawa nyuma y imyaka ibiri na nyuma y ine nyuma abarwaye diyabete bari abagabo n abagore aho naho bamenye ko caféine iboneka mu ikawa ifite uruhare mu kurinda indwara ya diyabete yaba ku bagore cyangwa se no ku bagabo bakaba banavuga ko ari byiza ku bamaze kurwara diyabete kunywa ikawa kuko ifasha mu bijyanye n uko umubiri wakira umusemburo wa insuline ndeste n uburyo umubiri wihanganira glucose igisigaye ku bashakashatsi akaba ari ukumenya buryo ki irinda iyo ndwara gusa ni ngombwa kwirinda gukabya nta kurenza uturahure cyangwa ku munsi kanada izina mu cyongereza no mu gifaransa canada ni igihugu kinini cyane giherereye mu gice cyo mu majyaruguru y umugabane wa amerika ya ruguru gikikijwe n inyanja ya atalantika mu burasirazuba inyanja ya pasifika mu burengerazuba n inyanja ya arikitika mu majyaruguru nicyo gihugu cya kabiri kinini ku isi mu buso nyuma y u burusiya aho gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare kanada ihana imbibe na leta zunze ubumwe z amerika mu majyepfo no mu majyaruguru y uburengerazuba ukaba ariwo mupaka muremure ku isi ubusanzwe kanada yari ituwe n abasangwabutaka kugera mu kinyejana cya ubwo abafaransa n abongereza bazaga kureba uko hameze nyuma baje kuhatura rero mu nkengero za atalantika abo basangwabutaka baje gushegeshwa bikomeye n indwara zari ziturutse i burayi ubu hasigaye mbarwa kuri ubu iki gihugu gituwe n abaturage basaga miliyoni nicyo gihugu abantu bajya guturamo cyane bikaba akenshi biterwa n impamvu z ubukungu cyangwa hakaba hari ababa basanzeyo abo bafitanye isano mu mwaka wa abafaransa baretse colonies zose bari bafite muri amerika ya ruguru nyuma y intambara yiswe guerre de sept ans mu mwaka wa kanada yahinduwe intara ifite ubwigenge bucagase icibwamo intara aha ni naho hatangiriye ukwigenga gusumbyeho byatumye kanada itacyometse cyane ku bwongereza mu mwaka wa kanada yinjiye muri société des nations nk igihugu ukwacyo kitari mu bwongereza naho mu mwaka wa kanada iba kimwe mu bihugu byashinze loni kuri ubu kanada igizwe n intara arizo ontario québec alberta nova scotia nouveau brunswick manitoba colombie britannique ile du prince edouard saskatchewan na terre neuve na labrador kanada kandi igizwe na teritwari territoires québec niyo ntara nini kurusha izindi ikaba ari nayo ituwe cyane nyuma ya ontario ikaba ivugirwamo igifaransa cyonyine nk ururimi rwemewe mawe mu mashyaka yahoo akaba anifuza ko iyo ntara yakwikura kuri kanada ikigenga ibendera rya kanada rizwi cyane rikaba ari umweru n umutuku hagati harimo ishusho ry ikibabi cy igiti cyitwa érable ushobora gusanga henshi muri icyo gihugu kikaba cyinatanga umutobe uryoshye sirop d érable kanada ni igihugu kivugirwamo indimi zemewe igifaransa n icyongereza ubwo uwo gouverneur général yageraga mu rwanda bamwe mwumvise ko yavugaga ijambo mu rurimi rumwe akongera akabivuga mu rundi ibi bikaba biterwa n iyo politiki yo kubahiriza izo ndimi zombi bilinguisme kanada iyoborwa nk ubutegetsi bushingiye ku nteko ishinga amategeko aho kuba ku mukuru w igihugu nk uko bimeze ahandi henshi ku isi muri iyi minsi twagiye twumva intiyo gouverneur général aho kumva perezida ibi biterwa n uko ubundi kanada iyoborwa n umwamikazi w u bwongereza akaba gusa yoherezayo gouverneur général wo kumuhagararira kuri ubu gouverneur général ni madamu michalle jean akaba ari na we waje mu rwanda minisitiri w intebe ni nk aho ariwe mutegetsi ukomeye uba uri muri kanada aturuka mu ishyaka ryatsinze amatora yo mu nteko kandi niwe ushyiraho guverinoma ankanayihindura kanada iri mu miryango nka g umuryango uhuza ibihugu bikize ku isi g umuryango uhuza ibihugu bikize ku isi otan ocde omc commonwealth francophonie oas apec na loni onu kanada ni kimwe mu bihugu bikize kandi bikomeye ku isi ubukungu bwayo bushingiye cyane cyane ku mutungo kamere n ubuhahirane na leta zunze ubumwe z amerika bituranye kanada ifite amashyamba arimo ibiti bikenerwa cyane ikungahaye kandi kuri peteroli na gaz hari amabuye y agaciro atandukanye kandi akenerwa nka zinc uranium n ayandi icyayi izina ry ubumenyi mu kilatini camellia sinensis ni ikimera icyayi gitera umubiri imbaraga kandi hari byinshi cyungura ubuzima nko gutuza no kuruhuka mu gihe wumva icyayi kitaryohereye ushobora gushyiramo ubuki aho kugirango ushyiremo isukari nyinshi mu rwanda icyayi cyabaye igihingwa ngenga bukungu mbere ya icyayi bagemura mu mahanga gitangira guhingwa muri kuva icyo gihe icyayi nacyo cyiri mu bihingwa ngenga bukungu byinjiza amadevise menshi mu gihugu nyuma y ikawa aho igiciro k ikawa ku masoko mpuzamahanga kigwiriye mu myaka ishize icyayi ni cyo kiri ku mwanya wa mbere mu kwinjiza amadevise kugera hejuru y ibigurishwa mu mahanga byose icyayi cyatangiye guhingwa mu rwanda muri kuva icyo gihe umusaruro wacyo ugenda wiyongera bihagije kuva kuri toni muri kugera kuri muri kuri toni mu ugahebuza rwose kugera kuri toni muri hejuru ya z umusaro wacyo ugurishwa mu mahanga ariko kigize agace gato cyane mu isoko mpuzamahanga gahwanye na toni miliyoni gusa icyayi gihingwa mu mabanga y imisozi miremire ku butumburuke buri hagati ya m na m no mu bibaya byumukije neza ku butumburuke hagati ya m na m icyayi gihingwa mu turere ku buso bwa ha mu majyaruguru iburengerazuba no mu ntara y amajyepfo icyayi kigomba guhingwa hafi y inganda zigitunganya kuko kigomba kujya gutunganyirizwa mu ruganda nyuma y amasaha make kimaze gusoromwa akarere ka rutsiro ni kamwe mu turere tugize intara y iburengerazuba bw u rwanda kari ku birometero mirongo itatu na bine km uvuye ku biro by intara n ibirometero ijana na mirongo itanu km uvuye mu murwa mukuru w igihugu kigali akarere ka rutsiro gaherereye mu majyaruguru y intara y iburengerazuba iburasirazuba bwako hari akarere ka ngororero na karongi iburengerazuba hari igihugu cya repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo mu majyaruguru hari akarere ka ngororero na rubavu naho mu majyepfo hakaba akarere ka karongi akarere ka rutsiro gatuwe n abaturage ibihumbi magana abiri na mirongo itandatu na bine na magana atatu na mirongo itandatu ku buso bwa km ni ukuvuga ubucucike bw abaturage kuri km imwe muri bo urubyiruko rwonyine ruri munsi y imyaka makumyabiri n itanu rukaba rubarirwa muri by abatuye ako karere kugira ngo buri muturage abone aho gutura akarere kafashe icyemezo cyo kubahiriza uburyo bushya bw imikoreshereze y ubutaka hashingiwe kuri politiki yo gutura mu midugudu iyi politiki ishingiye ku kibazo cy ubutaka buto koroshya uburyo bwo kugeza ku baturage ibya ngombwa mu buzima nk amazi amavuriro amashuri uburyo bw itumanaho kwirindira umutekano ubwabo n ibindi akarere ka huye ni kamwe mu turere umunani tugize intara y amajyepfo mu rwanda akarere ka huye gahana imbibi n akarere ka nyanza amajyaruguru akarere ka nyaruguru amajyepfo akarere ka nyamagabe iburengerazuba n akarere ka gisagara i burasirazuba akarere ka huye kazwi na none kuba gafite inzu ndangamuco y u rwanda ni mu karere ka huye kandi dusanga amahoteri menshi mu gace kahoze kitwa butare umujyi w akarere ka huye ni umwe mu mijyi yunganira umujyi wa kigali ubukungu bw akarere ka huye bushingiye ku buhinzi n ubworozi ubukerarugendo ubucuruzi n inganda mu buhinzi mu karere ka huye hera ibihingwa ngandurarugo ibishyimbo ibigori urutoki umuceri n ibindi mu bihingwa ngengabukungu mu karere ka huye hera igihingwa cya kawa ni na ho dusanga ikawa ya maraba yamamaye mu ruhando mpuzamahanga mu akarere ka huye uhasanga ibikorwa by ubukerarugendo nk ingoro ndangamurage musee ibisi bya huye ishyamba ry arboretum amahoteri n ibindi akarere ka huye ni ho hari igicumbi cy uburezi  kuko mu karere ka huye  tuhasanga kaminuza n amashuri makuru kaminuza y u rwanda ishami rya huye catholic university of rwanda cur na seminari nkuru ya nyakibanda mu karere ka huye hari amashuri yisumbuye n amashuri abanza mu karere ka huye tuhasanga ibitaro bya kaminuza chub ibitaro by akarere ka huye bya kabutare amavuriro yigenga farumasi n ibigo nderabuzima izina ry ubutore indatirwabahizi akarere ka nyanza ni kamwe mu turere umunani tugize intara y amajyepfo icyicaro cy ubuyobozi bw akarere kiri mu murenge wa busasamana ari naho hari icyicaro cy intara y amajyepfo akarere ka nyanza gafite ubuso bwa km kakaba gatuwe n abaturage batuye mu mirenge igizwe n utugari n imidugudu akarere ka nyanza gahana imbibi n uturere twa ruhango huye nyamagabe na gisagara two mu ntara y amajyepfo akarere ka bugesera ko mu ntara y iburasirazuba kakanakora kuri repuburika y uburundi akarere ka nyanza kagizwe n imisozi iciye bugufi iburasirazuba no hagati n imisozi ifite ubutumburuke buri hagati ya m na m mu burengerazuba gafite kandi ibibaya bigari bikikije inzuzi za mwogo iburengerazuba n akanyaru iburasirazuba mu karere ka nyanza hera ibihingwa binyuranye iby ingenzi bikaba ari ibigori umuceri ibishyimbo imyumbati na kawa imiterere y imisozi yako ituma kagira urunyurane rw ubushyuhe n ubukonje climat bituma ubworozi muri rusange ubw inka by umwihariko bugenda neza mu karere ka nyanza kandi habonekamo amabuye y agaciro nka koluta na gasegereti mu murenge wa nyagisozi igice kinini cy akarere ka nyanza ni icyaro ariko gafite umujyi wa nyanza umwe mu mijyi yambere yubatswe mu gihugu ariko utarigeze utera imbere ku buryo bugaragara kuva mu myaka y uwo mujyi n ubwo utateye imbere mu myubakire n ubucuruzi uganjemo amashuri menshi yisumbuye ya leta ndetse n ay ababyeyi akarere ka nyanza gafite umwihariko wo gusurwa cyane na ba mucyerarugendo kubera ubwiza nyaburanga buharangwa akarere ka ngoma gaherereye mu ntara y iburasirazuba umurwa wako ni kibungo gahuje imipaka n akarere ka rwamagana mu burengerazuba bwa ruguru na kayonza mu burasirazuba bwa ruguru bugesera mu burengerazuba kirehe mu burasirazuba hamwe na repubulika y u burundi mu majyepfo aka karere kagizwe n imirenge cumi n ine ariyo ikirere cy akarere ka ngoma kigira ubushyuhe bwa degere c ubwinshi bw imvura ni hagati ya metero ubuhehere buraringaniye ubutaka bukozwe n umucanga no munsi y ubutaka hakozwe n ishwagara nyinshi akarere ka ngoma gafite amahoteri meza ashobora kwakira abantu batandukanye harimo n abacishirije uwo ariwe wese ashobora kuba yabona igitanda n ifunguro rya mu gitondo mu macumbi mato ari mu mugi wa kibungo ubu hari amahoteli akomeye muri aka karere ayo ni centre st joseph na hoteli dereva ibimera bisanzwe by akarere ka ngoma byiganjemo ubwatsi bugufi nicyo kimera kiganje muri afurika y iburasirazuba inyamaswa zo mu karere ka ngoma kagizwe n inyoni z ubwoko butandukanye ibikururanda n ubundi bwoko bw inzoka butandukanye igice kinini cy izo nyamaswa kiri agace kadatuwe ko muri ako karere akarere ka nyagatare ni kamwe mu turere tugize intara y iburasirazuba igabanwemwo imirenge utugari n imidugudu akarere kari k ubuso bwa kilometero kare akarere ka nyagatare gahana imbibe n igihugu cya uganda mu majyaruguru tanzaniya iri iburasirazuba mu majyepfo hari akarere ka gatsibo m uburengerazuba hakaba akarere ka gicumbi akarere ka nyagatare kagizwe muri rusange n imisozi migufi usanga ahanini ifite ubutaka budatoshye kubera igihe kirekire cy izuba rihera muri kamena kugera kugera mu kuboza akarere ka nyagatare gaherere mu bibaya bifite ubutumburuke bugera kuri metero iyo miterere y ubutaka ikaba ijyanye cyane n ihingwa rya kijyambere bikorohera nabahingisha amashini cyangwa ibimasa akarere ka nyagatare kagira imvura nkeya kakagira n ubushyuhe kagizwe n ibihe bibiri igihe cyambere n igihe kirerekire cy izuba gifata amezi kugera kuri icyo gihe gifite ibipimo by ubushyuhe buri hagati ya c na c iboneka ry imvura rirahindagurika buri mwaka ibipimo by imvura biri hasi cyane nukuvuga ko bingana na mm ku mwaka ibi ibipimo ntabwo bihagije cyanek ubuhinzi n ubworozi akarere ka nyagatare gafite imiyobora mike y amazi usibye umugezi wa muvumba unyura mu karere ka nyagatare imigezi y akagera n umuyanja byo bigize imbibi n ibihugu nka tanzaniya n ubugande ibyo bikaba bituma ntawundi mugezi abaturage bashobora kwifashisha mu buhinzi n ubworozi hari n utundi tugezi duto nka nyiragahaya kayihenda karuruma nyagasharara na kaborogota kubera ibura ry imigezi n inzuzi n imiyoboro y amazi bitera ikibazo cy ibura ry amazi kubaturage n amatungo akarere ka nyagatare kagizwe n igice kinini cya pariki y akagera isangamo umubare w inyamaswa nk imbogo impala n izindi tuhasanga kandi n ubwoko bw inyoni zitandukanye akarere gafite kandi n utundi tunyamaswa nk inkende ingurube z ishyamba n izindi mu mugezi wa muvumba ho habamo imvubu umurenge wa mageragere ni umwe mu mirenge igize akarere ka nyarugenge ni umurenge wahoze mu cyari akarere ka butamwa mbere y ivugururwa ry ubutegetsi umurenge wa mageragere ufite ubuso bwa km n abaturage ugizwe n utugari turindwi nyarufunzo kankuba mataba nyarurenzi runzenze ntungamo na kavumu n ubwo mageragere iri mu mujyi wa kigali abaturage bayo bafite ubuzima bw igiturage abo baturage barahinga kandi ingufu bakoresha mugutegura ibiribwa ni inkwi muri iyi gahunda y umwaka umwe umurenge uzita kubikorwa bizacyemura ibibazo abawutuye bose bahura nabyo ibi byose kandi umurenge uzabikora utibagiwe ko bigomba kuba ibikorwa birambye ni ukuvuga ko mu bizakorwa byose hazitabwa mu kubungabunga ibidukikije harwanywa isuri kandi hanarindwa amashyamba ibindi ni uko isuku izakomeza kuranga abaturage ba mageragere kandi nk uko bizwi ko umuturage ariwe shingiro ry amajyambere hazakorwa ibishoboka byose ngo abaturage barindwe indwara z ibyorezo nka sida na malariya nizindi ndwara ziterwa nisuku nke cyangwa imirire mibi kandi banakangurirwe kujya mu bwisungane mu kwivuza imishinga izashyirwa mu bikorwa muri uyu mwaka ni iyo ku baka gereza nkuru ya kigali kugeza amazi meza kubaturage gusana ibiro bytimurenge amashyiga ya kijyambere gushinga ishami rya banki yabaturage kandi bunguka ubumenyi mu gukora imirimo itandukanye abaturage bazakangurirwa kuzigama gutegura udushinga duto maze ibi bizatume bivana koko mu bukene ku bijyanye n nkiko gacaca uyu mwaka uzarangira amadosiye y abaregwa yaramaze kuburanishwa umurenge ushyize imbere imikorere myiza mu gutanga service vuba kubawugana umurenge ukaba usaba inkunga y abawutuye bose ngo iyi gahunda izashyirwe mu bikorwa umurenge wa kanyinya ni umwe mu mirenge igize akarere ka nyarugenge ni umurenge mushya mu mugi wa kigali kuko wahoze mu cyari akarere ka shyorongi mbere y ivugururwa ry ubutegetsi umurenge wa kanyinya ufite ubuso bwa km n abaturage ugizwe n utugari dutatu taba nyamweru na nzove n ubwo kanyinya iri mu mujyi wa kigali abaturage bayo bafite ubuzima bw igiturage abo baturage barahinga kandi ingufu bakoresha mugutegura ibiribwa ni inkwi muri iyi gahunda y umwaka umwe umurenge uzita kubikorwa bizacyemura ibibazo abawutuye bose bahura nabyo ibi byose kandi umurenge uzabikora utibagiwe ko bigomba kuba ibikorwa birambye ni ukuvuga ko mu bizakorwa byose hazitabwa mu kubungabunga ibidukikije harwanywa isuri kandi hanarindwa amashyamba ibindi ni uko isuku izakomeza kuranga abaturage ba kanyinya kandi nk uko bizwi ko umuturage ariwe shingiro ry amajyambere hazakorwa ibishoboka byose ngo abaturage barindwe indwara z ibyorezo nka sida na malariya kandi banakangurirwe kujya mu bwisungane mu kwivuza imishinga izashyirwa mu bikorwa muri uyu mwaka ni iyo kugeza ku baturage amashanyarazi kubaka ishuri ry incuke kongera ibyumba ku kigo cy amashuri abanza cya nzove n ibindi iyi mishinga izatuma abaturage benshi babona akazi kandi bunguka ubumenyi mu gukora imirimo itandukanye bamaze guhembwa abaturage bazakangurirwa kuzigama gutegura udushinga duto maze ibi bizatume bivana koko mu bukene ku bijyanye n nkiko gacaca uyu mwaka uzarangira amadosiye y abaregwa yaramaze kuburanishwa uyu mwaka kandi uzarangjra abaturage b umurenge wa kanyinya bafite amashyiga arondereza inkwi umurenge ushyize imbere imikorere myiza mu gutanga service vuba kubawugana umurenge ukaba usaba inkunga y abawutuye bose ngo iyi gahunda izashyirwe mu bikorwa umurenge wa kimisagara ni umwe mu mirenge icumi igize akarere ka nyarugenge umurenge wa kimisagara uri mu marembo y umujyi wa kigali kandi uhana imbibi n imirenge ya ufite ubuso bungana na km n umubare w abaturage bangana na ugizwe kandi n utugali dutatu aritwo kimisagara katabaro kamuhoza utugari twose tugizwe n imidugudu ingo zigize umurenge zingana na abaturage bagize umurenge wa kimisagara batunzwe ahanini n imirimo ihemba ubucuruzi buciriritse ndetse n ibimina bibafasha kugera ku gishoro nk uko umurage ari ishingiro ry ubukungu igihugu cyacu giteho byinshi akwiye gusigasirwa ahabwa ibyangombwa by ibanze birimo ubumenyi no kurindwa indwara n ibindi bya muhungabanya kugirango iyi mihigo igerweho ningombwa ko habaho ubufatanye hagati y abaturage n ubuyobozi bityo buri wese agatanga umusanzu we umurenge wiyemeje gutanga serivisi nziza kandi zihuse utibagiwe no guteza imbere ibikorwa by amajyambere akarere n izindi nzego z ubuyobozi zizadufasha kugera ku ntego ukeneye kumenya umurenge wa kimisagara byisumbuyeho wabaza umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa umurenge wa muhima ikaze ku rubuga rw umurenge wa muhima umwe mu mirenge icumi igize akarere ka nyarugenge nyuma y ivugurura ry imitegerekere y igihugu ugizwe n utugari turindwi aritwo nyabugogo kabeza tetero amahoro kabasengerezi rugenge n ubumwe utwo tugari natwo tukaba tugizwe n imidugudu umurenge wa muhima uhana imbibi n imirenge ya kimisagara gitega na nyarugenge n imwe mu mirenge y akarere ka gasabo ukaba ufite ubuso bungana na km n abaturage dukurikije ibyatangajwe n ibarura rusange ryo mu mwaka w ni ukuvuga ko uwo murenge utuwe ku bucucike bw abaturage km ibi bikaba bisobanura imiturire y akajagari irangwa muri uwo murenge tubifurije ku rwungukiraho byinshi mu bijyanye na serivisi ndetse n amakuru ajyanye n umurenge wanyu u rwanda rufite intara enye ziyongeraho umujyi wa kigali ari zo intara y amajyepfo intara y amajyaruguru intara y uburasirazuba n intara y uburengerazuba intara ihuza guverinoma n uturere ikagenzura niba imigabo n imigambi ya leta bishyirwa mu bikorwa mu rwego rw uturere ni nayo kandi ireba uburyo imiyoborere n imirimo bihagaze muri rusange ku rwego rw uturere buri ntara iyoborwa na guverineri ushyirwaho na perezida wa repubulika bikemezwa na sena ministeri y ubutegetsi bw igihugu imiyoborere myiza amajyambere rusange n imibereho myiza y abaturage minaloc ishimishijwe no kumenyesha abaturarwanda bose ko nyuma y ivugurura ry inzego z ubutegetsi bw igihugu mu rwanda tuzaba dufite intara enye n umujyi wa kigali uturere mirongo itatu n imirenge magana ane na cumi n itandatu intara uturere imirenge utugari imidugudu uruzi rwa nili izina mu cyarabu rubarirwa ku burebure bwa kilometero n ubugari bwa kilometero muri rusange rufatwa nk ururerure ku isi kandi ni rwo ruzi runini mu zitemba zerekeza mu majyaruguru y afurika igihugu cya misiri tuzi neza ko gitunzwe n uruzi rwa nil uru ruzi rero rukaba rufite isoko iva mu bihugu byinshi aribyo etiyopiya sudani rwanda tanzaniya yuganda uburundi repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo eritereya na kenya nili igizwe imigezi ibiri minini nili yera izwi ku izina rya bahr al jabal muri sudani na nili y ubururu yinjiza amenshi mu mazi y uruzi rwa nili ikaba ari na yo ikeshwa ifumbire iboneka mu gishanga nili inyuramo uruzi rwa nili y umuhondo yellow nile ni rwo rwahuzaga nili nini n imisozi ya ouadda yo muri cadi y uburasirazuba mu myaka ya za kugera mu mbere y ivuka rya yesu igice cyayo gisigaye kizwi ku izina rya wadi howar intara y amajyaruguru iherereye mu majyaruguru y u rwanda ikaba ihana imbibi na intara y amajyaruguru ifite ubuso bwa kirometero kare n abaturage barenga igice kinini cy intara y amajyaruguru kigizwe n imisozi miremire igaherwa mu mujyaruguru yayo n uruhererekane rw ibirunga iteganya gihe rimeze neza rigizwe n imvura isanzwe mu gihe cy umwaka n amahumbezi mu gihe kinini cy umwaka uretse mu mezi abiri gusa ya gicurasi na kamena mu cyi haba hari izuba naryo ridakanganye cyane intara y amajyaruguru yashyizweho hakurikijwe itegeko no of rishyiraho inzego z igihugu cy u rwanda iyi ntara yakozwe hakomatanyijwe icyari intara ya ruhengeri byumba n igice cy amajyaruguru cy icyahoze ari kigali ngali kuri ubu intara y amajyaruguru igizwe n uturere aritwo burera gakenke gicumbi musanze rulindo na imirenge utugari n imidugudu inteko ishinga amategeko y u rwanda yagiyeho nyuma y ibihe by inzibacyuho binyuze mu matora yabaye ku itariki ya nzeri kugeza tariki ya ukwakira yatangiye imirimo yayo ku itariki ukwakira nyuma y irahira ry abagize imitwe yombi inteko ishinga amategeko y u rwanda igizwe n imitwe ibiri umutwe w abadepite na sena umutwe w abadepite ugizwe n abadepite bakomoka aha hakurikira amateka y inteko curio mu gihe u rwanda rwiteguye amatora y abadepite agiye kuba kuwa mbere tariki ya nzeri amwe mu mateka y inteko ishinga amategeko y u rwanda ntajya avugwaho cyane aya ni amwe mu mateka twabakusanyirije yaranze iyi nteko muri rusange kuva yabaho kugeza ubu mbere y umwaduko w abakoloni u rwanda rwagiraga umuco utaragiraga inyandiko ni ukuvuga ko amateka amategeko yafatwaga mu mutwe cyangwa akagirwa akamenyero muri icyo gihe nta mategeko yabagaho ahubwo habagaho amateka yacibwaga  mu gihe u rwanda rwiteguye amatora y abadepite agiye kuba kuwa mbere tariki ya nzeri amwe mu mateka y inteko ishinga amategeko y u rwanda ntajya avugwaho cyane aya ni amwe mu mateka twabakusanyirije yaranze iyi nteko muri rusange kuva yabaho kugeza ubu mbere y umwaduko w abakoloni u rwanda rwagiraga umuco utaragiraga inyandiko ni ukuvuga ko amateka amategeko yafatwaga mu mutwe cyangwa akagirwa akamenyero muri icyo gihe nta mategeko yabagaho ahubwo habagaho amateka yacibwaga n umwami bakagira bati umwami yaciye iteka amenshi mu mateka yacibwaga yabaga agendeye ku mitegekere y umwami wabaga yimye ingoma yashoboraga kugirwa inama n abamwegereye cyangwa abiru ariko ikigaragara ni uko nta nama yabagaho ngo igiye kwiga ku itegeko ryashyirwaho mu gihe u rwanda rwahabwaga u bubiligi ngo burugeze ku bwigenge tutelle rwahise rugendera ku mategeko y ababiligi amwe na mwe yagezwaga mu rwanda agahindurwa bijyanye n imibereho n umuco by abanyarwanda mu gihe hari n andi yagumaga uko yaje bitewe n umuyobozi cyangwa umu administrateur wabaga ariho mu myaka ya nibwo habaye impinduka mu rwanda hajyiyeho akanama k igihugu k u rwanda na guverinoma y agateganyo ku itariki ya ukwakira guverinoma y u rwanda ya mbere mu mateka yarwo ikimara gushyirwaho nibwo hahise hategurwa amatora y abagize inteko ishinga amategeko ku itariki ya ukuboza nibwo hafashwe icyemezo ko inteko ishinga amategeko y u rwanda izagirwa n umutwe umwe ikitwa assemblée legistrative ku itariki ya mutarama nibwo inteko ishinga amategeko yatoye perezida wa republika nawe wari ubaye uw intango mu mateka y urwa gasabo ku itariki ya nyakanga ya nteko yitwaga assemblée legistrative yahinduye izina maze yitwa assemblée nationale kugeza ubwo iyo nteko yaseswaga ku nyakanga ubwo habyarimana yakoraga kudeta coup d etat agahirika kayibanda u rwanda rwari rumaze kugira inteko zari zaratowe ku itariki ya nzeri itariki ya ukwakira no ku itariki ya nzeri ubwo hakorwaga amatora ya mbere ku itariki ya nzeri mu nteko harimo imyanya icyo gihe iyo myanya ikaba yari irimo amashyaka ya parmehutu ryari rifite imyanya unar ifite imyanya na aprosoma yari ifite imyanya naho inteko ishinga amategeko yari yaje gutorwa ku itariki ya ukwakira yo ikaba yari irimo imyanya kandi bose ari aba parmehutu gusa ari naryo ryonyine ryari ryatanze abakandida uwo mubare w abari bagize inteko ishinga amategeko ni nawo wagumyeho ku nshuro ya haba amatora mu andi matora y abagize inteko ishinga amategeko y u rwanda yagombaga kuba mu ariko kubera umwuka mubi wa politiki wariho icyo gihe ntabwo yabaye ni nabwo muri uwo mwuka habayemo kudeta ku itariki ya nyakanga habyarimana juvenal yafashe ubutegetsi ahirika kayibanda gregoire iyo kudeta yakurikiwe n ihagarikwa ry inzego zose n iseswa ry inteko ishinga amategeko ari nabwo havukaga republika ya kabiri iyo republika ya kabiri niyo yashyizeho ikiswe inama y igihugu y amajyambere conseil national de development cnd iyo yo ikaba icyo gihe yari igizwe n abadepite batowe mu matora yo ku itariki ya ukuboza bagatangira imirimo yabo ku itariki ya mutarama inama y igihugu y amajyambere cyangwa se inteko yatowe ku itariki ya ukuboza igatangira imirimo yayo ku itariki ya mutarama yo yarimo abadepite icyo gihe itegeko nshinga ryagennye manda y imyaka ari nayo yagendeweho n inteko yatowe ku ukuboza igatangira imirimo yayo ku mutarama icyo twabibutsa ni uko abari bagize cnd inama y igihugu y amajyambere bose baturukaga mu ishyaka rimwe rukumbi rya mrnd itegeko nshinga rya mbere ry u rwanda ryashyizweho ku itariki ya mutarama ryaje gusimbuzwa ku itariki ya ugushyingo kuva ryashyirwaho itegeko nshinga ry u rwanda ryagiye rihindurwa inshuro nyinshi ku mpamvu zitandukanye kugeza mu ryari rimaze guhindurwa inshuro zigera kuri eshanu nko ku itariki ya kamena ku itariki ya gicurasi no ku itariki ya ukuboza inteko ishinga amategeko y inzibacyuho ni imwe mu nzego nkuru z igihugu zateganyijwe n amasezerano y arusha yashyizweho umukono ku itariki ya kanama hagati ya guverinoma y u rwanda n ishyaka rya fpr inkotanyi ayo masezerano akaba yarahaye iyo nteko ishinga amategeko inshingano zikurikira gushyiraho amategeko kumenya no kungenzura ibikorwa bya guverinoma inteko ishinga amategeko y inzibacyuho yashyizweho ku itariki ya ugushyingo irangira muri kanama inteko y inzibacyuho ijyaho nyuma ya jenocide ikaba icyo gihe nta bakozi nta n ibikoresho bihagije yari ifite byose byari ugushakisha kuko n ingoro yakoreragamo yari yarasenyutse iyi nteko yashyizweho hagendeye ku masezerano y arusha nk uko yujujwe ku bireba inteko ishinga amategeko n itangazo rya fpr inkotanyi ryo ku itariki ya nyakanga hamwe n amasezerano yo ku itariki ya ugushyingo hagati y imitwe ya politiki ya frp mdr pdc psd pdi psr pl na udpr yerekeye ishyirwaho ry inzego z ubutegetsi z iguhugu itangira inteko ishinga amategeko y inzibacyuho yari igizwe n abadepite baturuka mu mashyaka ya politiki ataragize uruhare muri genocide yakorewe abatutsi harimo kandi n abadepite bahagarariye ingabo z igihugu hakurikijwe ivugururwa ry itegeko nshinga rya republika y u rwanda ryo kuwa ugushyingo umubare w abadepite waje kwiyongera ugera kuri bitewe n abadepite bongewemo bahagarariye urubyiruko na bahagarariye abari n abategarugori ikijyaho inteko ishinga amategeko ikaba yarashyizeho amategeko ahanini yari ajyanye n igihe igihugu cyarimo cyane cyane agamije kugisana mu buryo bwose urwego rw ubukungu imibereho y abaturage politiki ubutabera n ibindi naho ibirebana no kumenya no kugenzura ibikorwa bya guverinoma ibyo bikorwa byatangiye mu cyane cyane ko n amategeko abigenga yagoranye gushyirwaho bikaba byarasabye ko abahagarariye inteko ishinga amategeko n abahagarariye guverinoma bahura kenshi kugira ngo bashobore kumvikana ku ngingo zimwe na zimwe batabonaga kimwe itegeko ngenga rigena uburyo inteko ishinga amategeko igomba kumenya ikanagenzura imikorere ya guverinoma ryatangajwe ku itariki ya mata na prezida w inteko ishinga amategeko ashingiye ku bubasha ahabwa n itegeko nshinga mu ngingo yaryo ya d y amasezerano y arusha mu gice cyerekeye igabana ry ubutegetsi inteko ishinga amategeko y inzibacyuho kandi yari ifite inshingano zo gutora bamwe mu bayobozi bo mu nzego z imirimo ya leta ni muri urwo rwego batoye perezida paul kagame bafatanije n abagize guverinoma ku itariki ya mata banatora abandi bayobozi banyuranye barimo perezida na visi perezida b urukiko rw ikirenga abakomiseri mu makomisiyo y igihugu n abandi ku birebana n imiterere y inteko ishinga amategeko y inzibacyuho icyo gihe yari igizwe n inzego z ingenzi arizo inteko rusange biro y inteko inama y abaperezida b amakomisiyo amakomisiyo ahoraho urwego rw abakozi mu gihe cy inzibacyuho inteko ishinga amategeko y inzibacyuho yakoreraga mu bihembwe buri gihembwe cyagombaga kumara amezi n ukwezi kw ikiruhuko ariko byagaragaye kenshi ko ibyo biruhuko byajyiye bikoreshwa hatumizwa ibihembwe bidasanzwe kubera imirimo myinshi ijyanye cyane cyane no gutora amategeko kuva mu kugera umwaka w inteko ishinga amategeko y inzibacyuho watangiraga ku itariki ukuboza bihereye ku itariki yateraniyeho bwa mbere mu gihembwe gisanzwe mu mwaka ariko kugira ngo gahunda z ibihembwe by inzibacyuho zihuzwe n izindi gahunda z igihugu itangira ry umwaka w inteko ishinga amategeko y inzibacyuho ryaje kwimurirwa ku itariki ya mutarama kandi rikanayoborwa na perezida wa republika uboneraho no kugeza ku baturarwanda ubutumwa bujyanye na gahunda z igihugu z uwo mwaka inteko ishinga amategeko y inzibacyuho yabayeho kugeza ubwo hajyagaho inteko noneho yari imaze gutorwa hagendeye ku itegeko nshinga rya republika y u rwanda kuva mu iri tegeko nshinga rikaba ryari ryatowe ku itariki ya gicurasi mu matora rusange y abanyarwanda bose rikanashyirwaho umukono na perezida wa republika ku itariki ya kanama ari nabwo ryatangiriraga gukurikizwa inteko ishinga amategeko nshya yari imaze gushyirwaho n itegeko nshinga yo noneho ikaba yari itandukanye n izindi nteko zose u rwanda rwagize kuko yo yaje igizwe n imitwe nk uko byateganywaga muri iryo tegeko nshinga hari umutwe w abadepite n umutwe w abasenateri iyi mitwe yombi ikaba ari nayo ikigize inteko ishinga amategeko y u rwanda kugeza ubu muri uwo mwaka wa nibwo bwa mbere mu mateka u rwanda rwari rugize inteko ishinga amategeko igizwe n imitwe ibiri ibihe u rwanda rwabayeho nta nteko ishinga amategeko rufite kugeza ubu mu rwanda habaye ibihe bibiri igihugu cyamaze kitaragira inteko ishinga amategeko inshuro ya mbere yabaye ubwo habyarimana yakoraga kudeta maze ahagarika inzego zose zariho kuva ubwo yayikoraga ku itariki ya nyakanga kugeza mu icyo gihe cyose kingana n imyaka u rwanda rukaba rwarabagaho nta nteko ishinga amategeko rufite inshuro ya kabiri yabaye kuva tariki nyakanga kugeza ku itariki ya ukuboza muri uwo mwaka n ubundi kubera iki abantu bakunze kwita ingoro y inteko ishinga amategeko cnd nk uko twabibonye hejuru mu habyarimana yashyizeho inama y igihugu y amajyambere mu gifaransa ikaba conseil national de development mu magambo ahinnye cnd inama y igihugu y amajyambere yakoraga nk inteko ishinga amategeko cnd yakoreraga mu nyubako urukiko rw ikirenga na ministeri y ubutabera bikoreramo ubu icyo gihe hitwaga palais de jeunesse urukiko rw ikirenga rwo icyo gihe ntirwabagaho ingoro y inteko ishinga amategeko yatangiye kubakwa mu yuzura mu ari nabwo yatashwe ku mugaragaro gusa abadepite bagize inteko ishinga amategeko bo binjiye gukorera muri iyi ngoro mu ntango za ubwo ako kanama cnd kimukiraga muri iyi ngoro nibwo rero abantu bakomeje kuhita muri cdn jenoside yakorewe abatutsi igitangira ingoro y inteko ishinga amategeko yarasenywe icyo gihe ingabo za guverinoma ariko cyane cyane abasirikare bari bashinzwe kurinda perezida habyarumana bayimisheho ibisasu bya rutura byaturukaga ahanini muri camp gp ikigo cy abasirikare barinda perezida iyi ngoro ikaba yararaswaga kuko yari icumbikiye ingabo za fpr inkotanyi n abanyapolitiki bahagarariye uwo mutwe bari baraje mu rwanda mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano y arusha yasinyirwaga arusha muri tanzaniya kubera ko iyi ngoro yari yangiritse cyane nyuma ya jenoside inteko ntiyashoboye kubona aho ikorera byoroshye abadepite gusa nibo bakoreraga mu cyumba cy inteko rusange yabo no mu biro bimwe na bimwe mu gihe iyi ngoro yarimo isanwa sena ikimara kujyaho mu yabanje gukorera mu nyubako ya telecom ku kacyiru kuko ingoro y inteko nyirizina yari ikirimo gusanwa sena ikaba yarinjiyemo mu ngoro y inteko ishinga amategeko mu nyuma y isanwa ryagoranye byanditswe na joseph curio noruveje cyangwa norvege izina mu kinyanoruveji bokml norge izina mu kinyanoruveji nayinorusiki noreg n igihugu mu burayi umurwa mukuru ni oslo muri noruveje hari imyaka cumi y indero y intango umwana wese ategerezwa kwiga bisigura yuko ababyeyi bategerezwa kurungika abana babo mu mashure bakanakora kuburyo imyimenyerezo bahawe bayikora ishure ritoya n ishure rikuru ritangura vyigwa kuri gusa kandi ubutegetsi bw agace ubamwo buriha ibitabo vy amashure y abana w umwana wabo maze bagafata ingingo niba umwana wabo azogira iki noruveje nk ururimi rwa mbere canke urwa kabiri umunyeshure ashobora guhindura akava mu ki noruveje nk ururimi rwa kabiri akaja mu masomo asanzwe akoresha iki noruveje mu gihe cose azoba yiga igiswahili cyangwa igiswahiri na igiswayili cyangwa igiswayiri ni ururimi rwa kenya tanzaniya ubugande rwanda burundi na zayire itegekongenga iso swa ururimi rw igiswahiri ni rumwe mu ruzahuza abaturage benshi batuye mu bihugu bigeze umuryango w ibihugu by iburasirazuba eac aribyo u burundi n u rwanda nubwo ibyo bihugu bifite amateka amwe ariko bikaba bitandukanywa n uburyo byakoronejwe ibyo bigatuma bivuga indimi zitandukanye cyane cyane icyongereza kivugwa mu bihugu bitatu byakoronijwe n abongereza aribyo uganda kenya na tanzaniya naho u burundi n u rwanda byakoronijwe n u bubiligi bikavuga igifaransa usanga ururimi rw igiswahili ari rwo abaturage benshi abize n abatize bahuriraho mu buzima bwa buri munsi akaba ari narwo rurimi ruvugwa cyane mu mibanire y abatuye eac cyane cyane urwo rurimi rukaba rukoreshwa mu bucuruzi mu muziki mu mikino mu madini n ahandi naho igifaransa n icyongereza bikavugwa mu buzimam mu buyobozi mu rwego mpuzamahanga igiswahili gifata intera kirushaho gukoreshwa dore ko ubu kibarirwa mu ndimi zigenda zirushaho kuvugwa n abantu benshi cyane cyane mu nganda ubuhahirane n ubucuruzi izo mpamvu zose nizo zatumye ikinyamakuru izuba rirashye ryegereye abanyarwanda batandukanye mu duce twose tw igihugu mu rwego rwo kumenya uko bafata urwo rurimi n uruhare babona rwagira mu kuzahuza abatuye eac dore ko unasanga abanyarwanda batari bake bavuga igiswahili igiswahili kigizwe n inyuguti a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v w y z ifilimi htel rwanda paul rusesabagina ni umunyarwanda uvugwa muri filimi yitwa htel rwanda aho bavuga ko yagiriye neza impunzi zari zarahungiye muri hotel yari akuriye yitwa mille collines mu gihe cya jenoside y abatutsi muri mata amakuru dukesha urubuga rwa rna aravuga ko uyu mugabo wakinnye muri iriya film afite izina rya rusesabagina paul aho yabashije gukiza abantu batagira ingano muri htel des milles collines nkuko bigaragara muri iyo film azaba ari mu rwanda kuwa akazaba ari ku munsi mpuzamahanga w ibidukikije tubamenyeshe ko don cheadle yavuze hirya no hino ibijyanye no kurengera ibidukikije akanasaba abayobozi b ibihugu gusinya amasezerano ajyanye no kurwanya ibyuka buhumanya ikirere aha hakaba ariho umuryango w abibumbye wahereye umuha uriya mwanya w icyubahiro nta gushidikanya ko filimi hotel rwanda yamenyekanishije jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu kurusha uko ibindi bitangazamakuru byo ku isi yose byabikoze iyo filimi yakozwe na hollywood igakinwa n abakinnyi bakomeye kandi b ibirangirire yazengurutse isi imenyekanisha jenoside mu by ukuri ni imfashanyigisho iboneye yo kwifashisha mu gutanga amasomo kuri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi isi yose irebereye twari twishimiye ko abanyaburayi abanyamerika abanyaziya n abanyafurika bo mu byiciro binyuranye bose bashaka kumenya jenoside kwitandukanya n abakoze icyo cyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu no kumenya ukuntu batereranywe n umuryango mpuzamahanga twizeraga ko ibi bizatuma ntibizongere ukundi batahwemye gusubiramo nyuma ya jenoside y abayahudi iba ukuri koko iyo filimi ivuga muri make ku mpamvu zateye jenoside ari ukuvangura no guhindura abatutsi ba nyirabayazana b ibibi byose ibi akaba ari na byo byorohereje abahutu b intagondwa gukora jenoside iyo filimi kandi igaragaza ko habayeho abahutu b intwari bitandukanyije n ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside bakarokora bamwe mu benegihugu b abatutsi umwe muri abo bantu bavugwa akaba yaba ari paul rusesabagina ugaragazwa nk intwari muri iyo filimi atangira ingendo ze paul rusesabagina yubahirizaga intego ya filimi ari yo kumenyekanisha jenoside y abatutsi no gutandukanya abajenosideri b abahutu n abandi banyarwanda ndetse no kwemera intwari nk uko rusesabagina yerekanwa muri iyo filimi nyamara uko yumvaga agenda atumbagira mu ikuzo paul rusesabagina yatangiye gufata undi murongo no kwigisha ibindi bintu bitandukanye n ubworoherane n ubwiyunge ubwo atangira gukwirakwiza inyigisho zipfobya zihakana iyo jenoside yakagombye gusobanura uko twagiye dukurikirana ibiganiro bye twasanze agenda ateshuka cyane ku ntego nkuru ya filimi ibyo bikaba bishobora gushegesha imitima ya benshi cyane cyane mu rubyiruko rwari rwaramaze kwishyiramo ko ku isi habonetse intwari nyakuri dore zimwe mu ngingo dushaka kugaragaza amazi atari yarenga inkombe adela abayo atete ndash abewe ndash abijuru ndash abera ahoraho ndash abamahoro ndash abariza ndash abayizera ndash akiduhaye ndash akimana ndash akizanye ndash akeza abayisenga abimana ndash aganze ahwishak amizero atone akayisenga ahirwe asifiwe bazatoha ndash bazimya ndash benda ndash beraho ndash bicura ndash bihoyiki ndash binama ndash birasa ndash bisamaza ndash bisangwa ndash biseruka ndash biseseme ndash bucagu ndash bucyana ndash bucyanayandi ndash bugingo ndash bugirande ndash buhigiro ndash bukuba ndash bumari ndash buregeya ndash busanane ndash bushayija ndash busyeti ndash buzizi ndash bwakira ndash bwankoko ndash bwimba ndash byagutunga ndash byemero ndash byiringiro ndash byukusenge ndash beza butare cyubahiro cyizere cyimbo gatare gahamanyi gabiro gatete gatesi gatoni gakwaya gahizi gashugi gakwerere gusenga ganza gatoya gahozo gwiza gabirwa gatera gahigi gatabazi gaju gashayija gakwavu gapira gasasu gatarayiha gasabo gakwaya gatanazi gatera gatoya gakuru gisa gwiza gwizinkindi gasarabwe gihozo gihana giramata gasore gasana gasagamba habanabakize habarurema habinshuti habyarimana hagenimana habimana haguma hagumimana hakizabera hakizamungu hakizimana hakorimana harerimana havugimana hitimana hategekimana habanabashaka hitayezu hitiyaremye harebamungu higiro haguminshuti hirwa ishimwe iranzi iradukunda izabayo indebere ikuzwe impano irakoze izere ineza isimbi iriza isaro isheja ihirwe ihimbazwe iriho izabayo imanishimwe iranzi izibyose iyadukunze irimaso irinatwe ingabire ihorere ishami ijabo ishya inema imena ingeri inganji ihoza ihumure ihogoza ingenzi intsinzi kabagambe m ndash kabahita m ndash kabalisa m ndash kabanda m ndash kabandahe m ndash kabandana m ndash kabango m ndash kabano m ndash kabarira m ndash kabatsi m ndash kabayita m ndash kabayiza m ndash kabeja ndash kabengera m ndash kabera m ndash kabibi m ndash kabukwisi m ndash kaburame m ndash kabuto ndash kadamari f ndash kagaba m ndash kagabo m ndash kagaju m ndash kagambage m ndash kagame ndash kagame m ndash kageruka m ndash kageza m ndash kagoro m ndash kagoyire m ndash kagurukiza m ndash kagwenyonga f ndash kalisa m ndash kamabera f ndash kamagaju f ndash kamali m ndash kamanzi m ndash kamariza f ndash kamasa m ndash kamatali m ndash kambayire f kamegeri m ndash kamikazi f kamiya m ndash kamondo f ndash kamongi m f ndash kampayana m ndash kampirwa f ndash kampogo f ndash kamugema m ndash kamugire f ndash kamugunga m ndash kamuzinzi m ndash kamwenubusa m ndash kana m ndash kanamugire m ndash kanayoge m ndash kandagaye m ndash kandeke m ndash kandekwe m ndash kangeyo f ndash kanimba m ndash kankera f ndash kankuyo f ndash kankwanzi f ndash kanobana m ndash kantamati f ndash kantengwa f ndash kanyamahanga m ndash kanyamanza m ndash kanyambuga m ndash kanyamugenge m ndash kanyangira ndash kanyarengwe m ndash kanyarutoke m ndash kanyemera m ndash kanyenzi m ndash kanzayire cyanzayire ndash karamuka m ndash karake m ndash karama m ndash karambizi m ndash karangwa m ndash karangirwa m f karani m ndash karege m ndash karegeya m ndash karekezi m ndash karema m ndash karemangingo m ndash karengera m ndash karenzi m ndash karenzo m ndash karera m ndash karikurubu m ndash karima m ndash karinganire m ndash karinijabo m ndash karuranga m ndash karuretwa m ndash karyabwite ndash katabarwa m ndash kataka ndash kataramuka m ndash kavaruganda m ndash kavuna ndash kavuna n ndash kavutse m ndash kayabo m ndash kayibanda m ndash kayigi m ndash kayigumire m ndash kayihunda m ndash kayihura m ndash kayijamahe m ndash kayijuka ndash kayijuka m ndash kayinamura ndash kayiranga m ndash kayirebwa f ndash kayishema m ndash kayisinga m f ndash kayisire f ndash kayitaba m ndash kayitakibwa m ndash kayitana ndash kayitankore m ndash kayitare ndash kayitesi f ndash kayitsinga ndash kayonde m ndash kayonga m ndash kayumba m ndash kibuye m ndash kidedeli ndash kimanuka ndash kimenyi m ndash kimizi m ndash kimonyo m ndash kinyoni m ndash kirazi m ndash kiroha m ndash kiromba m ndash komeza ndash kurazikubone ndash kwizera kamanayondash karamira karasira kimuri kwihangana kamirindi kageme kalitanyi kalisa kamariza kamikazi italic text inyuguti m mabano m ndash mafene m ndash maganya m ndash magayane m ndash mageza m ndash makombe m ndash makuza m ndash mambo m manzi m ndash masabo m ndash mashira m ndash matabaro m ndash matata m ndash matene m ndash mavugabandi m ndash mazimpaka m ndash mbanda m ndash mbarutso m ndash mberabahizi mbishibishi m ndash mbungira m ndash mfuruta m ndash miburo m ndash migabo m ndash migezo m ndash minega m ndash mirasano m mirimba m ndash miseke m ndash mpambara m mpabuka m ndash mpitabakana m ndash mpogazi m ndash muberuka m ndash mucumangendo f ndash mucyo f nash mudenge m ndash mugabukenga m ndash mugabushaka m ndash mugarura m ndash mugenzi m ndash mugemahica m ndash mugemana m ndash mugemanshuro m ndash muhakwa m ndash muhigirwa m ndash muhikira m ndash muhimpundu f ndash muhire m ndash muhirwa m ndash muhongeshanseko f ndash muhongerere f ndash muhongerwa f ndash mujijima m ndash mujinya m ndash mukabagire f ndash mukama m ndash mukamisha f ndash mukamugema f ndash mukamusana f ndash mukamusoni f ndash mukamuyango f ndash mukandamage f ndash mukangamije f ndash mukansanga f ndash mukantagara f ndash mukanyangezi f ndash mukanyarwaya f ndash mukanyemazi f ndash mukanyonga f ndash mukarage m ndash mukaremera f ndash mukarutabana f ndash mukarutesi f ndash mukaruziga f ndash mukazayire f ndash mukiga m ndash mukunzi mukurira m ndash mukuralinda m ndash mukwende m ndash mukwiye m ndash mulenzi m ndash mulindabigwi m mulindwa ndash munana m ndash munanira m ndash mundere m ndash munyagasheke m ndash munyakarambi m ndash munyakayanza m ndash munyampundu m ndash munyandamutsa m ndash munyangoga m ndash munyangango munyengango m ndash munyanziza m ndash munyaneza m ndash munyarigoga m ndash munyanyebinja m ndash munyentwali m ndash munyeragwe m ndash munyeshyaka m ndash munyeshya f munyeyinga m ndash munyinya m ndash mupagasi m murame m ndash murangamirwa f ndash murangira m ndash murara m ndash murasandonyi m ndash murekatete f ndash murekezi m ndash murera mureramanzi murutamanga m ndash musafiri m ndash musaniwabo m f ndash musabyimana m ndash museruka m ndash musinga m ndash musomakweli m ndash musonera m ndash musoni m ndash musheshembugu f ndash mushonganono f ndash mutabagisha m ndash mutabaruka m ndash mutambarungu m f ndash mutambuka m ndash mutamuriza f ndash mutagisha m ndash mutangana m ndash mutara m ndash muteteri f ndash mutegwaraba f ndash mutumwambazi f ndash mutumwinka f ndash mutungirehe m ndash muvunyi m ndash muyenzi m ndash muzungu f m mwemezi m ndash mwerekande m ndash mwiza f ndash mbonyebyombi m munyabarenzi mihigo manzi mahoro mugwaneza marara maniraho muhawenayo mugenga muheto naho m ndash nayigiziki m ndash ncamihigo m ndash ndabakenga m ndash ndabambalire f ndash ndagije m ndash ndagijimana m ndash ndahindurwa m ndash ndahiro m ndash ndakaza m ndash ndakorerwa m ndash ndamage m ndash ndangamyambi m ndash ndanguza m ndash ndateba m ndash ndayambaje m ndash ndayisenga m ndash ndayitabi m ndash ndayizigiye m ndash ndekezi m ndash ndengejeho m ndash ndikumwenayo m ndimbati m ndash ndimukaga m ndash ndimurwango m ndash ndinda m ndash ndizeye m ndash ndongo m ndash ndori m ndash ndorimana m ndorindagiye ndungutse m ndash ngabo m ndash ngabonzima m ndash ngaboyisonga m ndash ngamije m ndash ngango m ndash ngarambe m ndash ngarure m ndash ngegera m ndash ngendandumwe m ndash ngirabakunzi m ndash ngiruwonsanga m ndash ngoga m ndash ngomanzungu m ndash ngurumbe m ndash ni yi bizi m ndash ni yi shaka m ndash niyitegeka m ndash nibishaka m ndash nicyolibera m ndash nijimbere m ndash nikwigize m ndash niyo u ndash niyonzima m ndash nkangabeshi m ndash nkangabarashi m nkera m ndash nkerabera m ndash nkerabigwi m ndash nkeragasani m ndash nkeragusenga m ndash nkeragutabara m ndash nkerahayo m ndash nkeramahame m ndash nkeramigambi m ndash nkeramihigo m ndash nkeramugaba m ndash nkerarugira m ndash nkeratabaro m ndash nkezabera m ndash nkomati m ndash nkongori m ndash nkoronko m ndash nkotanyi m ndash nkubiri m ndash nkubito m ndash nkundabakize m ndash nkuranga m ndash nkurunziza m ndash nkusi m ndash nsabimana m ndash nsanzabaganwa m ndash nsanzabera m ndash nsanze m ndash nsanzurwimo m ndash nsekalije m ndash nsenga m ndash nsengimana m ndash nsengiyumva m ndash nshogozabahizi m ndash nshuti m ndash ntabahwana m ndash ntabomvura m ndash ntabyera m ndash ntaganda ndash ntaganda m ndash ntagara m ndash ntagugura m ndash ntahobari m ndash ntakamaro m ndash ntakavuro m ndash ntamabyariro m ndash ntamahungiro m ndash ntamakemwa m ndash ntamavukiro m ndash ntambabazi m f ndash ntambara m ndash ntampuhwe m ndash ntandayera m ndash ntango m ndash ntashamaje m f ndash ntawe m ndash nteturuye m ndash nteziryayo m ndash ntibenda m ndash ntibihangana m ndash ntidendereza m ndash ntigashira m ndash ntijyinama m ndash ntirushwa m ndash ntukamazina m ndash ntukanyagwe m ndash ntuyahaga m ndash nyabunyana f ndash nyabyenda m ndash nyagahakwa m ndash nyagakecuru f ndash nyagasaza m ndash nyagatare m ndash nyagisaza m ndash nyakabwa m ndash nyakarashi m ndash nyakazungu m ndash nyamacumu m ndash nyamadigi m ndash nyaminani m ndash nyampame ndash nyampinga f ndash nyamubi m ndash nyamucenshera m ndash nyamutezi m ndash nyamwasa ndash nyandwi m ndash nyanebyiri m ndash nyangezi ndash nyanzira m ndash nyaritwa m ndash nyatanyi m nyarwa m ndash nyemazi m ndash nyetera m ndash nyinawisugi f ndash nyinawumuntu f ndash nyirabaritonda f ndash nyirabundibundi f ndash nyirahuku f m ndash nyirahwandari f ndash nyirahwehwe f ndash nyirakigeri f ndash nyirakigwene f ndash nyiramashashi f ndash nyiramavugo f ndash nyiramongi f ndash nyiramugwahashashe f ndash nyiramugwera f ndash nyirankera f ndash nyirankomo f ndash nyirantamati f ndash nyirawera f ndash nyirayuhi f ndash nyirimbirima f ndash nyiriminega f ndash nyirimiringa f ndash nyirindekwe m ndash nyiringabo m ndash nyiringango m ndash nyiringondo ndash nyiringondo m ndash nyirinkindi m ndash nyirinkwaya m ndash nzabamwita ndash nzabanita ndash nzabonariba m ndash nzabonimana ndash nzamba m ndash nzamwita m ndash nzanana m ndash nzaramba m ndash nzarubara m ndash nzayihorana m ndash nzigamasabo m ndash nzigira m ndash nzira m ndash nziraguseswa m ndash nzirorera m ndash nzayisenga ntawumenya ongera ndash ohereza rangira m ndash rebero m ndash rekeraho m ndash ribakare m ndash ribanje m ndash ribarabaje m ndash ribaye m ndash ringuyeneza m ndash rinigumugabo m ndash rizinde ndash rizinde m ndash rubaduka m ndash rubagenga m ndash rubagumya m ndash rubanda m ndash rubangisa m ndash rubangura m ndash rubashamuheto m ndash rubayiza ndash ruberanziza m ndash ruberwa m ndash rubibi m ndash ruboneka m ndash rubuye m ndash rucekeri m ndash rucinya m ndash rucogoza m ndash rudacogora m ndash rudahigwa m ndash rudakemwa m ndash rudasingwa m ndash rudasumbwa m ndash by rudatsikira m ndash rufagari m ndash rufali m ndash rufuku m ndash rugamba m ndash rugege m ndash rugemintwaza m ndash rugerimisare m ndash rugerinyange m ndash rugero both rugina m ndash rugira m ndash rugiramasasu m ndash rugoboka m ndash rugomwa m ndash rugumire m ndash ruhabura m ruhama m ruhamiliza m ndash ruhamya m ruhamyambuga m ndash ruhamyandekwe m ndash ruhashya m ndash ruhinankiko m ndash ruhorahoza ndash ruhorahoza m ndash ruhumuliza m ndash rujindiri m ndash rugandura m ndash rukabu m ndash rukara m ndash rukeba m ndash rukebesha m ndash rukemampunzi ndash rukeribuga m ndash rukikamoso m ndash rukimirana m ndash rulinda m ndash rumanyinka m ndash rumiya m ndash runuya m ndash rupali m ndash rurangirwa m ndash ruremesha m ndash ruribikiye m ndash rusagara m ndash rusangwa m ndash rusatsi m ndash rushemeza m ndash rushingabigwi m ndash rushonda m ndash rusiha m ndash rutagarama m ndash rutagayisasa m ndash rutagengwa m ndash rutagiragahu m ndash rutanga m ndash rutaremara m ndash rutarindwa m ndash rutayisire m ndash rutebuka m ndash rutegamihigo m ndash rutegera m ndash rutenderi m ndash ruterandongozi m ndash ruti m ndash rutinywa m ndash rutirwicyugu m ndash rutiyomba m ndash rutsindintwarane m ndash rutsinga ndash ruvunantwali m ndash ruvusha m ndash ruzibiza m ndash ruzindana ndash ruzindana m ndash rwabigwi m ndash rwabugiri ndash rwabugiri m ndash rwabukumba ndash rwabukwisi m ndash rwabutogo ndash rwabutogo m ndash rwabyuma m ndash rwagafirita m ndash rwagaju m ndash rwagasana m ndash rwagasore m ndash rwagatare m ndash rwajekuruha m ndash rwakayiru m ndash rwakigarama m ndash rwalinda m ndash r rwamakuba m ndash rwamasirabo m ndash rwampungu ndash rwamu m ndash rwamuhizi m ndash rwamulinda m ndash rwamuningi ndash rwamurindi ndash rwangombwa m ndash rwanyagasore m ndash rwasa m ndash rwasamanzi m ndash rwasibo m ndash rwasubutare m ndash rwego m ndash rwema m ndash rwibutso m rwidegembya m ndash rwigema ndash rwigema m ndash rwigemera ndash rwigemera m ndash rwirungu m ndash rwitsibagura m ndash rrr rwiyamirira m ndash rwogera m ndash rwubahuka m ndash rwubusisi ndash rwubusisi m ndash ryabonyende m ndash ryamukuru m ndash ryangombe m ndash ryumugabe m ndash ruzagiriza m ndash rusengamihigo m ndash ruzibiza m ndash rwamamara rutagarama sakindi ndash sendashonga ndash semaramba semugeshi ndash serundari ndash sekabanza ndash simburudari ndash sakindi m ndash samukondo m ndash samvura m ndash sangwa m ndash saro f ndash sayinzoga m ndash sebatigita m ndash sebera m ndash sebununguri m ndash seburikoko m ndash sebuto m ndash secyavu m ndash secyugu m ndash sedogo m ndash sefuku m ndash sekanyambo m ndash sekida m ndash sekinanka m ndash semahe m ndash semajege m ndash semavenge m ndash seminega m ndash semuhanuka m ndash semukanya m ndash sendagari m ndash sendarasi m ndash sendashonga m ndash sendinga m ndash sengoro m ndash senguge m ndash sentabyo m ndash sentashya m ndash senteteri m ndash senyabuzana m ndash senyamadari m ndash senyamibwa m ndash senyana m ndash senyanzobe m ndash senyombyi m ndash serubuga m ndash serudonyori m ndash serugarukiramfizi m ndash serukenyinkware m ndash seruvumba m ndash sesonga m ndash setukuru m ndash sezibera m ndash sezirahiga m ndash shami m simbiyara m ndash sindayigaya m ndash sindikubwabo m ndash singirankabo m ndash sisi m ndash sibo m ndash siridiyo m ndash sindikubwabo m ndash siboyintore m ndash simbizi m ndash subika m ndash sunzu m ndash shami m shamukiga m ndash sharangabo m ndash shumbusho m ndash sheja m shema m ndash shenge f shumbusho m ndash shyaka m ndash shyerezo m ndash shyirambere m ndash shamika f songa m sangano m tegera tumwizere twagirayezu twagirumukiza twagirimana twahirwa twambaze tumushime tuyirate tuyisenge tuyishime turabumukiza f teta tuyisabe twamugize twayigize udahemuka m ndash ugirimfura m ndash ukobizaba m ndash umuberwa f ndash umukumburwa f umugaba f ndash umugwaneza f ndash umuhire f umulisa f ndash umutangampundu f ndash umutesi f ndash unyuzimfura m ndash uramukiwe m ndash urayeneza m ndash urujeni f ndash ushizimpumu f ndash uwabandi f ndash uwajeneza u ndash uwamahoro f ndash uwanyirigira f ndash uwashema f uwayo u ndash uwibambe f m ndash uwihanganye m ndash uwingabire f ndash uwishema m ndash uwitonze f umutoniwase f umutoniwabo f ndash uwonizeye f ndash umubyeyi u ndash uwizeye usanase uwimpundu ufitinema uwamaliya umumararungu uwisheja uwimana uuwihirwe uwera uwankana uwayo dr alexandre kimenyi avuka i rwanda ni umwe mu bagize amahirwe yo kwiga amashuri makuru mu gihe cye mu mwaka w nibwo yagiye kwiga muri leta zunze ubumwe za amerika ntiyabashije kugaruka mu rwanda bityo n abo yahasize ntibongeye guhura nawe ukundi benshi muri bo bahitanywe na jenoside yaje kubona ubwenegihugu bwa amerika akomerezayo imirimo ye nk umwarimu w indimi n ubuvanganzo mu buzima bwe yafashe umwanya munini wo gutekereza kwiga no gukora ubushakashatsi ku mahano n ubugome ndengakamere ikiremwamuntu kigirira ikindi hirya no hino ku isi yatangiye no gutegura inyigisho courses lectures zibyerekeyeho yanyuze mu nzira z inzitane kugira ngo abashe kurangiza amashuri ye nk uko yabyifuzaga ingagi zo mu birunga cyangwa ingagi zo mu misozi ingagi zo mu misozi miremire izina ry ubumenyi mu kilatini gorilla beringei beringei ni bumwe mu bwoko bw inyamaswa buri gucika cyane ku isi ubu habarwa ingagi zo mu birunga zigera kuri ku isi yose kandi zose ziherere mu majyaruguru y igihugu cy u rwanda mu majyepfo ya uganda ndetse no mu burasirazuba bwa repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo muri iyo pariki kandi harimo andi moko y ibinyabuzima gakondo n andi arinzwe mu rwego rw amasezerano mpuzamahanga abuza ubucuruzi bw amoko y ibinyabuzima biri hafi gucika burundu cites ingangi zabazwe ni izo muri pariki eshatu arizo pariki y ibirunga y u rwanda pariki y ibirunga ya repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo na parc national des gorilles de mgahinga yo muri uganda nyamara hari izindi ziri mu ishymba ry inzitane rya bwindi rya pariki y igihugu cya uganda abayobozi kandi basobobanuye ko iri barurwa ryakozwe mu rwego rwo kumenya uko ibintu byifashe ndetse no kureba uko ingagi zimerewe ibyavuye mu ibarura bikaba ari bumwe mu bushakashatsi bukomeye buzaba buhari bwerekana ubuzima bw izi ngagi ndetse n uko zibanyeho mu miryango yazo ibarura ryakozwe mu birunga kuva muri werurwe kugeza muri mata uyu mwaka ryerekanye ko umubare w ingagi wiyongereyeho mu myaka irindwi ishize ni ukuvuga ko zagiye ziyongeraho buri mwaka iri barura ryasanze hari ingagi zo mu misozi ziri mu miryango hamwe n izindi ngabo zigiye zibana ibarura ryaherukaga kuba muri ryari ryabonye ingagi kugeza kuri uyu munsi ushyizemo n ingagi zari zabazwe muri mu ishyamba rya bwindi n zindi enye zabuze ababyeyi zikaba zirererwa mu kigo cyo muri repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo umubare w ingagi zo mu misozi zizwi ku isi ni ingagi zo mu birunga zagiye zibasirwa n intambara zo mu karere n ubushimusi mu myaka ishize zamenyekanye cyane kubera nyakwigendera dian fossey zikaba ari kimwe mu bintu bikururura ba mukerarugendo benshi mu karere mu ishyamba ry ibimera byiza cyane biri mu birunga bigabanya u rwanda na uganda niho habarizwa ingagi zo mu birunga zikunda gusurwa cyane ku isi iyi pariki ifite ubwoko bw ingagi nyakwigendera dian fossey yapfuye agerageza kurwana ku buzima bwazo ingagi zo mu birunga zisigaye zigera kuri kandi ibimera bihora bitoshye nibyo bituma zidakomeza gucika ku isi iyi pariki igizwe n ubwoko butandukanye bw ibimera aho usanga hari ishyamba ry ibimera bito ndetse harimo n ibiti binini bitandukanye bibereye ijisho ingagi zo mu birunga nk ubundi bwoko bw inguge ziba mu mashyamba agwamo cyane imvura kereka impundu chimpanzé nizo zishobora gutura mu bice bya savannah ubutaka buriho ibimera bigufi kandi imvura idakunda kugwaho cyane ingagi zibaho zimuka buri gihe kuko zicumbika ahantu zibasha kubona ibyo kurya ahanini zirya ibimera kandi zikabirya ari byinshi ingagi zigira amenyo ameze nk aya abantu niyo mpamvu zishobora gukanja ibyatsi byinshi ingagi z ingabo zikuze zigira amenyo manini zikoresha iyo ziri kurwana na zigenzi zazo iyi nkongi yibasiye iki gice cy ishyamba yatangiye kuwa gatandatu nk uko bitangazwa n ibiro ntaramakuru by u rwanda ngo nta kintu kizwi neza kuba cyarateye iyi nkongi ariko ngo bishoboka kuba ari abavumvu bateye iyi nkongi ariko ngo nta numwe uratabwa muri yombi ibindi byerekana ko iyi nkongi yatewe n uko ari ikirere cyateye iyi nkongi kuko hari hari ubushyuhe bwinshi mu mwaka wa nibwo umushinga gorille des montagnes watangiye maze ingagi zo mu birunga ziherereye mu gice cy u rwanda zitangira kumenyerezwa gusurwa naba mukerarugendo kuva kugeza umubare w ingagi zo mu birunga wariyongereye ziva kuri zigera kuri abantu bamwe bakeka ko ubukerarugendo bwaba bwaragize uruhare muri uku kwiyongera kw ingagi ubwo mariko polo ndash mutarama yari agarutse mu mugi yari atuyemo wa venice soma venise nyuma y imyaka myinshi yari amaze mu burasirazuba incuti ze zatekereje ko ingendo ze ndende zatumye aba umusazi yababwiye ibitekerezo batashoboye kwizera mariko yari yanyuze mu mugi wuzuyemo ifeza n izahabu yari yarabonye amabuye y umukara ashya nyamara nta muntu n umwe wari warigeze yumva iby amahindure yaka mu birunga yari yarabonye umwenda udashya n ubwo wawujugunya mu muriro nyamara nta muntu n umwe wari warigeze yumva ibya bene iyo myenda bita abestos yavuze ibyerekeye ibiyoka binini bifite uburebure bwa metero icumi bifite inzasaya nini cyane ku buryo zishobora kumira umuntu amatunda afite ubunini bungana n umutwe w umuntu kandi akagira imbere hererana nk amata n ibintu bitemba biva mu butaka bishobora gutuma amatara yaka nyamara nta muntu n umwe wari warigeze abona ingona zo mu ruzi amatunda y ibiti bya koko noix de coco cyangwa peteroli baramusetse ubwo bumvaga ibyo bitekerezo hashize iminsi myinshi ubwo mariko yari aryamye agiye gupfa umwe mu ncuti ze utaravugaga rumwe na we wari hafi y aho yari aryamye yamubwiye kwivuguruza akabwira abari aho ko ibitekerezo yababwiye byose byari ibinyoma gucura k umugore ni igihe umugore ageze aho atakigira imisemburo mu mubiri we ituma intanga zidakorwa n umubiri we akaba atashobora gusama ni ibintu bisanzwe biba k umugore iyo atangiye kugeza mu myaka ya za mirongo itanu akenshi igihe kiringaniye cyo gucura k umugore kiba hagati y imyaka n imyaka bavuga ko umugore yacuze kare iyo acuze mbere y imyaka mirongo ine bakanavuga ko yacuze atinze iyo bibaye arengeje imyaka mirongo itanu n itanu ugucura k umugore bibanzirizwa no kubura imihango rimwe na rimwe cyangwa ntizire igihe kubera ikibazo cy umusemburo wa progesterone udahagije nyuma umugore atangira kuva buhoro buhoro no kubura imihango igihe kirekire bimwe mu bimenyetso biboneka ku bagore bari gucura kumva ufite icyunzwe mu mubiri kubira ibyuya cyane kutabona ibitotsi kugira umushiha depression kugabanuka kw inda ibyara atrophie vaginale gucika intege kuribwa umutwe guhindurwa kw imisatsi guta ibiro guhinduka kw agatuza nkuko bisobanurwa mu bitabo byinshi ugucura kujyana na bimwe muri ibi bikurikira igihe umwana w umukobwa atangira kujya mu mihango umubare w inda cyangwa gukoresha uburyo buringaniza urubyaro nta ruhare bifite ku gihe cyo gucura kurwaragurika bikunda kuba iyo umugore yacuze akenshi biba bijyanye n ibimenyetso byayo n izindi ndwara zijyanye n izabukuru mu bihugu byose kuboneka kw ama kanseri y ibere n izindi zo mu myanya ndangagistina ku mugore byiyongera hamwe n imyaka kandi bikarushaho iyo umugore yacuze kanseri y ibere ikunda kuboneka mu myaka hagati ya na iboneka ku bagore batangiye imihango bakiri bato cyane ku bagore bacuze batinze no kubafite umubyibuho ukabije bitewe n ubwinshi bw umusemburo witwa oestrogene ugereranyije ya za kanseri za nyababyeyi cancer de l endomtre ya za kanseri z udusabo cancer de l ovaire na ya za kanseri z inkondo y umura ukuboneka kwa kanseri y inkondo y umura bituma biba ngombwa ko buri mugore wese wacuze ayisuzumisha mu burayi no muri amerika uburenganzira bw ikiremwa muntu ntibwubahirizwa mu bigaragaza uburyo ibyo bihugu byigize ikitegererezo cy uburengenzira bw ikiremwamuntu ahubwo aribyo bibubangamiye ni ibikorwa bya kinyamaswa biherutse gukorerwa abanyeshuri bo mu bwongereza n ibikorerwa abaturage b ubufaransa na amerika byerekanwa mu matelevizio bikabonwa n abantu bose ku isi ariko ntihabe hagira ukopfora ikegeranyo cyakozwe guhera mu mwaka kugeza ubu kirerekana ko abantu bagera kuri bamaze kwicwa n ibikoresho bikoreshwa na polisi ya amerika mu guhagarika abakora imytigaragambyo ibikorwa by ubugome bukabije abaturage ba palisitina bakorerwa n ubutegetsi ruvumwa bw abazayuni ba isiraheri ubwo butegetsi bumaze imyaka myinshi bwica abaturage b icyo gihugu urubozo bashyira mu kato abaturage b intara ya gaza abana n abagore muri iyo ntara bakaba bicwa n inzara nta n imiti ibavura bagira ariko akaba ntawamagana icyo gihugu ibyo byose ni urugero rugaragaza ko ikitwa na biriya bihugu uburenganzira bw ikiremwa muntu ntakindi biricyo uretse urwitwazo bakoresha barwanya uwo bashaka kurwanya bakanajujubya uwo bashaka kujujubya mu izina ry uko baharanira uburenganzira bw ikiremwa muntu abitwaza ko baharanira uburenganzira bw ikremwamuntu nibo bitwaza ubwo burengenzira batera ibihugu bikennye no kurasa abaturage babyo bakoresheje intwaro zikomeye bakica muri ibyo bihugu inzirakarengane zirimo abana abagore n abasaza urugero rw ukuri rw ibyo tumaze kuvuga ni ikegeranyo cya vuba aha kivuga ko yuran yakoreshejwe n ingabo za amerika mu ntambara irwana muri iraq na afuganisitani yatumye muri ibyo bihugu haduka ibyorezo by indwara zidasanzwe zica benshi muri ibyo bihugu icyo kegeranyo cyakomeje kivuga ko muri biriya bihugu amerika irwanamo ibirema byiyongera n abana bavukana uburema bakaba bamaze kuba benshi ku buryo mu myaka mike iri imbere muri biriya bihugu hazajya havuka abana bake badafite ubusembwa batewe n intwaro zikoreshwa mu mirwano ihabera muri ako kanya amerika iba iri kubangamira uburengenzira bw ikiremwamuntu iba yiyita ko ari igihugu cya demukrasi kinaharanira uburenganzira bw ikiremwamuntu n ibyo byose umuryango mpuzamahanga wananiwe kumvisha icyo gihugu ko kigomba gufunga agasho gahonyererwamo uburenganzira bw ikiremwamuntu ka gwantanamo na ka abu gurayib ubundi illuminati biva ku ijambo ry ikilatini illuminatus bivuga umurikiwe cyangwa ushagawe n urumuri illuminati rikaba riri mu bwinshi pluriel plural abantu bose bavuga amateka ya illuminati bemeza ko ari agatsiko k ibanga secret society kashinzwe na adam weishaupt wari umwarimu muri kaminuza ya ingolstadt muri bavire bayer mu budage hari tariki gicurasi kuvuga kuri illuminati ni ibintu bitoroshye byasaba kwandika ibitabo kandi n ubundi byarakozwe ndetse bimwe na bimwe twarabisomye cyane cyane the satanic bloodlines of illuminati cya fritz springmeier na cosmic trigger the final secret of the illuminati cya robert anton kugirango umenye illuminati kandi bisaba kuba uzi ibindi bintu byinshi byerekeranye n udutsiko tw ibanga secret societies bityo bikaba biri bunsabe kugenda nsa nk utandukira gato ngende mvuga kuri utwo dutsiko tundi uwo mugabo yari asanzwe ari mu muryango wa freemasonry franc maonnerie uyu ukaba ari umuryango n ubu ukiriho uhuza abantu batandukanye bahuriye ku ibanga ubwabo bazi bonyine gusa ikizwi nuko badasenga imana ahubwo bemera uwo bita umwubatsi mukuru w isi le grand architecte de l univers ibi abakristu bakaba babifata nko gusenga shitani icyo twababwira nuko freemasonry idashingiye ku idini kuko habamo abakristu abayisilamu n abo mu yandi madini imana yashyizeho uburyo bwo kuyigandukira bunyuranye kugira ngo igerageze abagaragu bayo ese baba mu bakurikira irari ryabo cyangwa baba mu bumvira itegeko ry imana uko kuyigandukira igushyira mu byiciro bikurikira ibibuza ibyo umuntu akunda nk igisibo kuko kibuza ibikundwa aribyo ibyo kurya ibinyobwa n ibindi bimunezeza nk imibonano ku bashakanye n ibindi ubutungane bw umutima buba mu kwerekera kwawo ku mana no kuyikunda bimaze kugaragara ko ibyo kurya ibinyobwa imvugo kuryama guhura n abantu cyane bituma umuntu atakaza ibimuhuza n imana bikamwongerera kuba kure y impuhwe zayo niyo mpamvu imana yategetse igisibo kugira ngo kibarinde ibibi bityo bagire umutima udafite irari ariryo nzitizi zo kugandukira imana ibategeka gukora icyicaro cya itikafu mu misigiti kigamije kwiyegereza imana inabategeka kurinda indimi zabo kuvuga ibidafite umumaro inabategeka igihagararo mu ijoro gifitiye umubiri n umutima akamaro igisibo ni ukwigomwa kurya kunywa imibonano mpuzabitsina ku bashakanye n ibindi bibujijwe uwasibye kuva umuseke utambitse kugeza izuba rirenze wagambiriye gusiba no kwiyegereza imana impamvu z itegekwa ry igisibo igisibo ni inzira ituma habaho gutinya imana ukora ibyo yategetse ukareka ibyo yabujije igisibo kimenyereza umuntu uburyo bwo kurinda umutima no kureka ibibi byawo kikanawutoza kwirengera inshingano no kwihangana mu gihe cy ibibazo igisibo gituma umuyislamu abasha kwiyumvamo ububabare buri kuri mugenzi we ushonje ibyo bigatuma arushaho gutanga no kugirira neza abakene n abatindi bityo bigatuma habaho urukundo n ubuvandimwe hagati y abakire n abakene igisibo cyeza umutima kikawusukura kiwukura mu bikorwa bidahwitse mu gisibo niho haboneka ikiruhuko k urwungano ngogozi kikaruruhura mu guhora rwuzuriwe bikarufasha kugarura ingufu urwego igisibo cy ukwezi kwa ramadhani gifite muri islamu igisibo ni inkingi imwe mu nkingi eshanu zigize islamu imana yagitegetse mu mwaka wa kabiri nyuma y iyimuka ry intumwa y imana iva imakka ijya imadina intumwa y imana ikaba yarasibye igisibo cya ramadhani inshuro icyenda mu buzima bwayo ukwezi kwa ramadhani niko kwezi gufite imigisha n ibyiza kurusha andi mezi yose uko ari cumi n abiri n amajoro icumi ya nyuma y uko kwezi akaba ariyo meza kurusha amajoro icumi y ukwezi kwa dhul hidja kuko mu majoro icumi ya ramadhani habonekamo ijoro rya al qad ri rifite ibyiza biruta iby amezi igihumbi n iminsi icumi ya mbere ya dhul hidja iruta iminsi icumi ya nyuma ya ramadhani n umunsi wa idjuma niwo mwiza mu minsi y icyumweru n umunsi w igitambo ukaba umunsi mwiza mu minsi yose y umwaka n ijoro rya al qadri rikaba ijoro ryiza mu majoro yose y umwaka igisibo cya ramadhani ni itegeko kuri buri muyislamu ugimbutse ufite ubwenge ushoboye kuba yasiba utari ku rugendo yaba umugabo cyangwa umugore udafite imiziro nk imihango ibisanza n ibindi imana ikaba yarategetse abayislamu gusiba nk uko yabitegetse abababanjirije imana iragira iti yemwe abemeye mwategetswe gusiba nk uko byategetswe abababanjirije wenda mwarushaho gutinya imana qur an imana iragira iti mu by ukuri qor ani twayimanuye mu ijoro ry icyubahiro al qad ri ese ni iki cyakumenyesha iryo joro iryo joro ririmo ibyiza biruta iby amezi igihumbi imana irimanuramo abamalayika bari kumwe na djibrumusozo uruyuki ubuke inzuki izina ry ubumenyi mu kilatini apis ni udusimba tw inigwahabiri tutagira amagufwa turangwa n umubiri ugizwe n ibice bitatu byuzuzanya aribyo umutwe ugaragaraho uduhembe tubiri tuzifasha guhuririza ibirukikije amaso manini abiri azifasha kureba n umunwa mu muzinga hashobora kubamo ingabo kandi zikagaburirwa n intazi akamaro kazo ni ako kwimya urwiru gusa kandi urwimije urwiru ruhita rupfa ingabo ntiziryana si byiza ko ziba nyinshi mu muzinga kuko zirya ubuki kandi zidakora uruyuki ni agakoko gato kaguruka gakora ubuki amoko y inzuki azwi cyane ni ayo mu bwoko bwa apis mellifica apis dorsata apis florea na apis cerana cyakora inzuki zikunze gukoreshwa mu buvumvu ni izo mu bwoko bwa apis mellifica nazo zikaba zigabanyijemo ibice byinshi ukurikije uturere zigenda zibonekamo muri zo hari muri izo nzuki zose iziboneka mu rwanda ni izitwa apis mellifica adansoni n ubwo nta bushakashatsi bwakozwe muri urwo rwego hari ubundi bwoko bw inzuki bita mu kinyarwanda ubuhura mellipona depressives izo nzuki ntizigira urubori nta n ubwo zubaka ibinyagu ahubwo zishyira ubuki mu bihuku by imiswa mu binogo byafukutse mu biti cyangwa mu myenge igenda isigara mu nkuta z amazu inzuki zibaho ari umuryango urimo inzuki za ngombwa kandi ziziranye ziba zikuriwe n urwiru urwiru rurangwa n ubunini bwarwo ruba ari rwo rwonyine rw urugore rubyara kandi rwima inshuro imwe rwibikamo intanga ngabo zizahura n intanga ngore rufite rurama imyaka ine kandi rutera amagi ibihumbi bibiri ku munsi ntiruryana rugaburirwa n impashyi igikoma cy urwiru gelée royale iyo rushaje rutera amagi make bigatuma inzuki ziba nke mu muzinga icyo gihe ruvanwa mu muzinga maze impehe zisigaye zikirerera urundi ni byiza kurusimbura nibura buri myaka ibiri kandi bigakorwa mu gihe gitangira izuba urwiru rushobora kororerwa hanze y umuzinga rukazashyirwamo nyuma inziru ntizibana mu muzinga zirarwana kugeza rumwe rupfuye mu muzinga hashobora kubamo ingabo zikagaburirwa n impashyi akamaro kazo ni ukwimya urwiru gusa urwimije ruhita rupfa ingabo ntiziryana iyo ari nyinshi mu muzinga si byiza kuko zirya ubuki kandi zidakora akenshi urwiru rushaje rubyara ingabo nyinshi hari ubwo impashyi zanga kuzigaburira zikazirukana cyangwa zikazica mu ntangiriro z igihe cy izuba gusa nibwo urwiru rutera amagi avamo ingabo gusa abantu bakunda cyane ubuki kubera ukuntu buryoha cyane ariko nanone ibikomoka ku nzuki byose bifitye abantu akamaro kubera ko bivura indwara nyinshi abanditsi b ibitabo bavuga ko ubworozi bw inzuki ari umwuga umaze igihe kinini cyane uzwi hari bamwe bemeza ko hashize imyaka miliyoni eshanu inzuki zibayeho ku isi abandi bavuga ko babonye ibisigazwa by inzuki zabayeho imyaka mbere y ivuka rya yezu bamwe ndetse bemeza ko hari amoko y inzuki yororerwaga mu misiri imyaka mbere y ivuka rya yezu ahagana mu kinyejana cya nibwo bamwe mu bagoronome olivier w i sennes yatangiye kwita ku nzuki mu gitabo cye yise theatre d agriculture et menages des champs nyuma y aho ubworozi bw inzuki bwafashe imyaka myinshi kugira ngo bugere uko tubuzi ubu muri icyo gihe padiri mukuru w i carlsmark muri silesie yahimbye umutiba wa kijyambere ufite amakaderi bashobora gukura mu mutiba bakayasubizamo nta kibazo cyakora uwo mutiba wagiye usubirwamo na langstroth ariwe wahimbye umutiba wa kijyambere wanitiriwe izina rye ubu ukaba warageze n iwacu i rwanda hari n abandi bagize ibyo bagenda bongeraho nk uwitwa dadant layens n abandi ubworozi bw inzuki bwagaragaje ko bushobora guteza imbere ababukora bubushyizemo imbaraga ariko cyane cyane bitaye ku buryo bwo guhakura ubuki bufite isuku kandi butarimo umwotsi mu rwego rwo gufasha abari muri uyu mwuga no kuwuhindura kugira ngo ujye uzanira inyungu abawukora muri leta yafashaije kugura imitiba igenewe kugezwa ku bavumvu leta kandi yabafashije gushyiraho urwego rw igihugu ruhuza abavumvu conseil national pour la sauvegarde des abeilles kugira ngo babone uko bazajya bungurana ibitekerezo kuri uyu mwuga no ku masoko bakoherezaho ubuki basaruye muri iyi myaka itanu ishize umusaruro w ubuki ukaba wiyongera ku buryo bushimishije figure irerekana uburyo umusaruro w ubuki wiyongereye kuva kuri toni muri kugeza kuri toni muri umukino wa yoga ni umukino yoga imaze koko kwamamara nubwo inkomoko yayo ari mu buhinde ntibyayibujije gushinga ibirindiro mu bushinwa mu buyapani amerika mu burayi ndetse no muri afurika mu rwagasabo naho ntiyahatanzwe uretse ko itaramenyekana byimazeyo kutamenyekana ahanini bigaragarira mu bisubizo abanyarwanda batanga iyo babajijwe icyo bazi kuri yoga bamwe bagira bati yoga ni nk umikino nka za karate abandi bati itera imbaraga zirenze iza muntu bityo ikaba iri satanique hari n abavuga ko yoga ari ukujya mu mwuka maze ntihagire ikintu na kimwe utekereza concentration totale abandi bati ni idini ry abahinde yoga ni ijambo riri mu rurimi rw igisansikiriti rikaba rivuga guhuza guhuza umubiri gatekerezi na espri body mind and spirit binyujijwe mu gusubiramo imyitozo ngororamubiri asanas ndetse no kwiyinjiramo noneho umuntu akamenya ukuri kuri muri we uwo ari we bityo akamenya n abandi yoga igizwe n imyitozo itandukanye y umubiri yo guhumeka yo gutekereza ndetse n iyo gukora no kuvuga yoga rero ni imyitozo ifasha umuntu mu buzima bwa buri munsi kuko imufasha kuyobora gatekerezi ye mind control iyo rero amaze kumenya neza gatekerezi ye aba noneho ashobora kubaho guhumeka gutekereza kuvuga gukora no gukunda bya nyabyo ishyaka ppr imvura parti populaire rwandais ni ishyaka rya politiki mu rwanda ishyaka rpp imvura rirasaba ibihugu byose bikomeye byose ku isi gufasha abanyarwanda guca akarengane kari mu rwanda gahonyora uburenganzira bw ikiremwa muntu nta nkomanga mu ibaruwa ndende iryo shyaka ryandikiye ibihugu byishi bikomeye byo hirya no hino kwisi harimo n imiryango mpuzamahanga ndetse n abantu kugiti cyabo bishuti magara za kagame isaba ko bamwumvisa akemera ibiganiro n abatavuga rumwe nawe akubaha demikarasi rpp imvura yakomeje ivuga ko batabara u rwanda inzira zikigendeka hato rutazagwa mu bibazo rwaguyemo muri aho rwatakaje abantu barenga miliyoni abandi batagira ingano bagahunga igihugu cyabo bagata ibyabo n aba bo muri abo bose iryo shyaka ryandikiye abakuru b ibihugu na za guverinoma bagera kuri bamaze kwandikira perezida kagame bamumenyasha ibyo iryo shyaka risaba mu iriyo baruwa ndende ikinyamakuru umuvigizi gifitiye kopi iryo shyaka riravuga ko u rwanda rutigeze rugira amahoro abaturage bakomeje guhura n ikibazo kitotezwa kuburyo bukomeye kubera ubuyobozi bubi ibyo byose byagiye bigira uruhare mu mibereho mibi y abaturage b u rwanda bamwe bakicwa abandi bagahunga ishyaka fpr ryatangiye urugamba rufite intego zo kugarura amahoro no gucyura impunzi ndetse no kubaka leta n igihugu kigendera ku mategeko cyubaha uburenganzira bw ikiremwa muntu kandi kigendera ku mahame ya demokarasi ishyaka fpr inkotanyi fpr mu magambo ahinnye y igifaransa izina mu gifaransa front patriotique rwandais ni ishyaka rya politiki mu rwanda leta iyobowe na fpr yashyizeho iminsi mikuru umunsi w intwari gashyantare umunsi wo kwibuka jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mata umunsi w ubwigenge nyakanga umunsi wo kwibohoza nyakanga n umunsi wo gukunda igihugu ukwakira muri gahunda yo gucengeza ubumwe hagati y amoko kimwe no guha abayobozi urubuga rwo kwibutsa abanyarwanda ko bagomba kurwanya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside itegekonshinga ryasubiwemo muri ryaciye imvugo yose yerekeranye n amoko ingingo ya kimwe no guhana umuntu wese uvangura amoko cg upfobya jenoside ingingo ya fpr kandi yahinduye muri amazina y uturere mu nzengo zose z ubutegetsi kuva ku mirenge kugeza mu ntara muri gahunda yo gukingira abacitse ku icumu no kubibagiza aho ababo baguye ikawa ya maraba ikawa ni kimwe mu bihingwa ngengabukungu gifite isoko ryo hanze y igihugu kikazamura ubukungu bw u rwanda ndetse ngo kikaba kinakundwa cyane kubera uburyohe budasanzwe hakunze rero kubaho amarushanwa yo kumva ikawa iruta izindi mu buryohe bikitabirwa n inzobere mu kuyumva akaba ari muri bene nk ayo marushanwa ikawa ya maraba yabaye iya mbere ndetse ikabona n igihembo mu kagari ka maraba umurenge wa shyembe ho mu ntara y amajyepfo niho hera iyo kawa ifite umwihariko w uburyohe budasanzwe imvaho nshya yanyarukiye muri uwo murenge kureba uko abahinzi ba kawa yaho babayeho niba kuba yitwa ko ari iyambere bibagiraho ingaruka nziza cyangwa biherera iyo aho twabasanze ni kuri koperative abahuzamugambi hakaba hari na labolatwari ibafasha kurobanura ikawa kuri iyo koperative twasanze batoranya ikawa batubwira ko uretse kuyihinga koperative ibaha n akazi kandi ikabahemba ku buryo ngo ikibazo cy ubushomeri muri uwo murenge cyagabanutse ngo barashimira perezida wa repubulika ko muri iyi manda ishize hari aho bavuye bakaba bafite n aho bageze ngo kubera gahunda leta yashyizeho zo kwibumbira mu makoperative ndetse n izo kubaka inganda kuko byabagabanyirije imvune ndende bagiraga ubwo bari bagikoresha uburyo bwo hambere bwo gusya n urusyo gusa ngo byaba byiza cyane bongerewe imashini bityo umusaruro ukiyongera usaid ikigo cy abanyamerika gitsura amajyambere cyerekanye ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku buhinzi yafashije abanyarwanda gushakira amasoko mu bihugu by uburayi na leta zunze ubumwe z amerika muri ibyo bicuruzwa harimo ikawa ya maraba urusenda ifu y imyumbati y i butare umutobe w amatunda bita agashya n inzoga ikoze mu ikawa yo mu rwanda yengerwa muri amerikai iyo nzoga icyakora ntiratangira gucururizwa mu rwanda runyankore rukiga runyankore rukiga byanditswe mw ijambo rimwe ritandukanijwe n akarongo icyabiteye ni ukubera ko uru rurimi ari ururimi rumwe koko kano karongo hamwe n amagambo abiri runyankore na rukiga birerekana na none ko n ubwo ari ururimi rumwe rutavugwa n abantu bamwe abanyankore rero n abakiga iyo bavuga nabo barumvikana neza n ubwo umwe amenya ko uwo bavugana ari umukiga cyangwa umunyankore mbese ni kimwe n ikinyarwanda n ikirundi dukurikije amategeko y isesengurandimi ikinyarwanda n ikirundi ntabwo ari indimi ebyiri zitandukanye ahubwo ni ururimi rumwe rufite amazina abiri kubera ko abaruvuga badatuye hamwe urunyankore n urukiga nabyo ni cyo kimwe kubera ko bamwe batuye ukwabo abandi bakaba batuye ukwabo ariko ubundi barumvikana neza usibye utuntu duke duke nk uko amagambo avugwa ateye cyangwa icyo asobanura hano rero turerekana ko uru rurimi rusangiye n ikinyarwanda ibintu byinshi icyambere kubera ko izi ndimi zitwegereye icya kabiri kubera ko ziri mu muryango umwe witwa uw abantu igikuyu cyangwa ikikuyu izina mu gikuyu gky ni ururimi rumwe mu zinini zo muri kenya itegekongenga iso kik izindi zifite abantu benshi zo mu muryango w abantu ni igikamba n ikiruya haba ni umuryango witwa nilotiki urimo ikimasayi kalenjini n ikijyaluwo igikuyu gisangiye ibintu byinshi n ikinyarwanda kubera ko zombi ziva indimwe ariko na none hari na byinshi by umwihariko zisangiye bitaboneka mu zindi ikizwi cyane ni itegeko rigenga imivugire y ingombajwi ryitwa irya dahl dahl s law riraza kuboneka hepfo mu ngero ziza gutangwa muri iyi nyandiko ndibanda cyane ku magambo izi ndimi zombi zisangiye imiterere y amagambo hamwe n amategeko agenga imivugire y uru rurimi ikiluba ni ururimi rw abaluba itegekongenga iso lub abaluba batuye mu ntara ebyiri za kongo ari zo katanga na kasayi abaluga ni ubwoko bunini cyane muri kongo nyine ubundi bwoko bunini ni abakongo batuye mu bihugu bitatu ari byo kongo brazzaville kongo kinshasa na angola uru rurimi abanditsi bamwe barwita iciluba abandi itshiluba abandi na none ikiluba ni rumwe mu ndimi enye zikoreshwa mu nyandiko za leta n iz amashuri izo zindi zemewe ni igifaransa igiswahili n ilingala kuko ruri mu muryango w indimi zitwa iz abantu rusangiye amagambo menshi n ikinyarwanda imiterere y amagambo n interuro hamwe n amategeko agenga uko ururimi ruvugwa rimwe na rimwe hari ubwo iyo miterere iba idahuje kubera ihinduka ry indimi ariko ibyo ntibibe bitangaje kuko uko guhinduka gukurikiza amategeko abazobereye mu buhanga bwo gusesengura indimi baba bazi amagambo yerekeye ibice by umubiri kenya izina mu giswayili kenya cyangwa jamhuri ya kenya izina mu cyongereza kenya cyangwa republic of kenya n igihugu muri afurika kuri kilometero kare sq mi kenya nicyo gihugu cya kinini ku isi ku buso bwose igihugu gituwe n abaturage barenga miliyoni kenya ni cyo gihugu cya gituwe cyane umurwa mukuru wa kenya n umujyi munini ni nairobi mu gihe umujyi wacyo wa kera n umurwa mukuru wa mbere ari umujyi wa mombasa uri ku nkombe umujyi wa kisumu n umujyi wa gatatu munini kandi ni n icyambu cy imbere ku kiyaga cya victoria ibindi bigo byingenzi byo mumijyi birimo nakuru na eldoret kugeza mu kenya ni ubukungu bwa gatatu mu bukungu muri afurika yo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara nyuma ya nijeriya na afurika y epfo kenya ihana imbibi na sudani y amajyepfo mu majyaruguru y uburengerazuba etiyopiya mu majyaruguru somaliya mu burasirazuba uganda mu burengerazuba tanzaniya mu majyepfo n inyanja y ubuhinde mu majyepfo y uburasirazuba igice cy igihe kigizwe n amezi cumi n abiri uhereye kuri mutarama kugeza mu ukuboza umwaka ushobora kugira iminsi cyangwa bitewe n uwo ari wo uwo munsi umwe uranga cyangwa ubura uturuka ku kwezi kwa gashyantare kugira iminsi makumyabiri n umunani cyangwa makumyabiri n icyenda bitewe n umwaka buri myaka ine ukwezi kwa kabiri guhindura umubare w iminsi ikaba ni ukuvuga ko imyaka itatu ikurikiranye igira ukwezi kwa gashyantare kw iminsi maze umwaka ukurikiyeho ugahita uhindura ikaba imyaka yose igabanyika na kane igira iminsi naho itagabanyika na kane ikagira ingero umwaka mu rwanda ugabanyijemo ibihe bine by ingenzi ari byo urugaryi itumba icyi umuhindo bitandukanywa n imigwire y imvura bernard makuza wavutse nzeri ni umunyapolitiki wo mu rwanda wabaye minisitiri w intebe w u rwanda kuva ku ya werurwe kugeza ku ya ukwakira yabaye kandi perezida wa sena y u rwanda kuva ku ya ukwakira kugeza ku ya ukwakira se wa makuza yari anastase makuza wabaye minisitiri mu gihe cya grégoire kayibanda kimwe na se bernard makuza yitabiriye seminari nto ya saint léon ya kabgayi makuza yari umwe mu bari bagize ishyaka riharanira demokarasi mdr mbere yuko ishyaka risenywa ku ya mata kubera amateka yaryo yo guteza imbere ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside makuza yeguye ku kuba umunyamuryango wa mdr mbere yo kugirwa minisitiri w intebe mu muri manda ye ya minisitiri w intebe makuza yerekanye ko nta shyaka abarizwamo makuza yari ambasaderi w u rwanda mu burundi hanyuma aba ambasaderi mu budage mbere yo kugirwa minisitiri w intebe muri werurwe ishyirwaho rye kuri uyu mwanya wa nyuma na perezida pasteur bizimungu ryakurikiye ukwegura kwa minisitiri w intebe pierre célestin rwigema wari wanenzwe cyane mu binyamakuru byo mu rwanda ndetse na bamwe mu badepite makuza yagumye ku buyobozi bwa guverinoma nshya yitiriwe ku ya werurwe yari igizwe n abaminisitiri n abanyamabanga batandatu ba leta ku ya ukwakira perezida kagame yashyizeho pierre habumuremyi asimbuye makuza kuba minisitiri w intebe makuza ahubwo yagizwe sena muri sena makuza yabaye visi perezida ushinzwe amategeko no kugenzura guverinoma nyuma yaje gutorerwa kuba perezida wa sena amajwi kuri ashyigikiwe kandi nta mukandida utavuga rumwe n ubutegetsi arahira ku ya ukwakira frank habineza yavukiye i mityana muri uganda mu ni umunyapolitiki w umunyarwanda ni umwe mu bashinze ishyaka parti vert démocratique aribera perezida wa mbere kugeza n ubu ni we ukiriyobora amashuri ye yayize muri kaminuza nkuru y u rwanda i butare yashinze ishyaka parti vert démocratique muri kanama iri rikaba ritavuga rumwe na leta iyobowe na fpr benshi mu bashinze parti vert démocratique ni abahoze ari abanyamuryango ba fpr bakaza kuyivamo muri werurwe habineza yabaye umutumirwa w icubahiro muri kaminuza ny afurika yita ku bidukikije y i rabat muri maroke iyi nama yari mu rwego rwo kugirango amashyaka aharanira kubungabunga ibidukikije yo muri afurika ahurize hamwe imbaraga ukwezi kwakurikiyeho yahise atorerwa kuba perezida wa komite nshingabikorwa mu ishyirahamwe ry amashyaka aharanira ibidukikije muri afurika ishyaka parti vert démocratique leta y u rwanda ntiraryemerera gukora byemewe n amategeko ibi bikaba byaratumye rititabira amatora y umukuru w igihugu yabaye muri kanama ibi kandi byatumye iri shyaka ritabasha kujya ribona uburenganzira bwo gukora amanama mu kwakira imwe mu manama y iri shyaka yahagaritswe na polisi y igihugu muri nyakanga visi perezida w iri shyaka andré kagwa rwisereka yatahuwe yaciwe umutwe habineza yasabye ko habaho iperereza mpuzamahanga ryigenga rwanda nziza ni indirimbo y igihugu cy u rwanda rwanda nziza gihugu cyacu wuje imisozi ibiyaga n ibirunga ngobyi iduhetse gahorane ishya reka tukurate tukuvuge ibigwi wowe utubumbiye hamwe twese abanyarwanda uko watubyaye berwa sugira singizwa iteka horana imana murage mwiza ibyo tugukesha ntibishyikirwa umuco dusangiye uraturanga ururimi rwacu rukaduhuza ubwenge umutima amaboko yacu nibigukungahaze bikwiye nuko utere imbere ubutitsa abakurambere b intwari bitanze batizigama baraguhanga uvamo ubukombe utsinda ubukoroni na mpatisbihugu byayogoje afurika yose none uraganje mu bwigenge tubukomeyeho uko turi twese komeza imihigo rwanda dukunda duhagurukiye kukwitangira ngo amahoro asabe mu bagutuye wishyire wizane muri byose urangwe n ishyaka utere imbere uhamye umubano n amahanga yose maze ijabo ryawe riguhe ijambo itangazo mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu cyangwa itangazo mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bw ikiremwamuntu itangazo mpuzamahanga ry uburenganzira bw ikiremwamuntu itangazo mpuzamahanga ry uburenganzira bwa muntu itangazo mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bwa muntu itangazo ryamamaza hose agaciro k umuntu udhr mu magambo ahinnye y icyongereza izina mu cyongereza universal declaration of human rights taliki ya cumi y ukwa desembri mu mwaka wa niwo munsi ikoraniro rusange rya umuryango w abibumye onu ryemeje likanamenyesha itangazo ryo kwamamaza hose ibyerekeye agaciro ka muntu ikoraniro rusange ryasabye ibihugu byose bili muli l onu gukora uko bishoboye kugira ngo iryo tangazo lizatangirwe ku mugaragaro ryamamare hose kandi lisobanurwe cyane cyane mu mashuli ali amato ali ayisumbuye mu bihugu byose ibyigenga n ibigitegekwa ikoraniro rusange lilibutsa ko ingingo ya abantu bose bavuka aliko bakwiye agaciro no kwubahwa kimwe bose bavukana ubwenge n umutima bagomba kugilirana kivandimwe ingingo ya umuntu wese akwiye kwemererwa kwafite agaciro n uburenganzira bwose bwahamijwe muli ili tangazo nta muntu uzongera gucishwa ku wundi ku mpamvu gusa z ubwoko ibara ry umubili idini yemera cyanga se ibitekerezo afite muli politique no mu zindi ngingo ntawe uzazira igihugu akomokamo ubworo amavuka cyanga se indi mimerere yindi kandi nta muntu uruta undi ngo kuko baba bakomoka mu bihugu batareshya ali abaturage b ibihugu byigenga cyanga se bigitwarwa bikiyoborwa n ibindi bose ni abantu kimwe ingingo ya umuntu wese agomba kubaho gushyira akizana no kutarengana ingingo ya nta muntu ukwiye guhinduka imbohe cyanga umuja kugira abantu abaja cyanga se kubacururuza biraciwe rwose ingingo ya nta muntu ugomba kugilirwa urugomo kuzira agashinyaguro kwicwa urupfu rubi n izindi inyoni zo mu rwanda u rwanda ni kimwe mu bihugu bya mbere bicumbikiye inyoni harimo amoko yazo atandukanye yamaze kwandikwa amoko y inyoni zo mu rwanda asa n akendera inyoni ifite umunwa umeze nk urukweto bita shoebill balaeniceps rex cyangwa bec en sabot mu ndimi z amahanga yabonetse mu kagera inyoni ifite umunwa umeze nk urushinge runini rurerure bita grauer s rush warbler bradyptrus graueri cyangwa la paruline pointe de grauer mu ndimi z amahanga yo muri pariki y igihugu y ibirunga muri nyungwe no mu bishanga bya rugezi apalis kungwe apalis argentea muri nyungwe n ubwoko bw igihunyira cyo mu bihugu bya afurika cyangwa muri kongo phodilus prigoginei cyabonetse mu nkengero z ikiyaga cya kivu juvenal habyarimana werurwe wa kigali mata ya yari umunyapolitiki rwanda moko hutu yari mu ntambara na moko abatutsi yiswe kudatsindwa kinani muri kiaruanda ururimi nyamukuru rw igihugu habyarimana yari perezida w igitugu mu rwanda kuva mu kugeza apfuye agenda mu ndege ye bwite yicwa na misile urupfu rwe rwabaye mu gihe cy intambara yo mu rwanda kandi byongera amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko muri ako karere bituma haza jenoside yo mu rwanda mu nyakanga ya leta uwurimo mwanya wa minisitiri w ingabo mu rwanda yatanze coup guhirika perezida wayo grégoire kayibanda n ishyaka rye ku butegetsi mu parmehutu kayibanda yari mubyara we akaba na perezida wa mbere watowe mu nzira ya demokarasi ku butegetsi bushya habyarimana yafungiye mubyara we n umugore we ahantu hihishe bivugwa ko ari inzu hafi ya kabgayi aho bivugwa ko bishwe n inzara nyuma y imyaka itatu citation isabwa mu habyarimana yashinze ishyaka rya mrnd national revolutionary movement for development nk umuyobozi atangaza ko ariryo shyaka ryemewe n amategeko mu gihugu igihugu cyagumye mu maboko y ingabo kugeza igihe itegeko nshinga rishya ryemejwe mu na referendum muri icyo gihe yongeye gutorwa nk umukandida wenyine ibintu byagarutsweho buri myaka itanu byatangiye gukurikizwa mu na ku ikubitiro yari yaratsindiye abahutu n abatutsi mu kwerekana ubuyobozi budashaka gushyira mu bikorwa politiki izashimisha abayishyigikiye gusa cyane cyane abahutu ariko umugabane we ntiwakomeje akomeza kwerekana politiki yagaragazaga iz uwamubanjirije kayibanda yongeye gushiraho ibipimo byo kubona imyanya ya kaminuza n ibiro bya leta bibabaza abatutsi ubwo yatoneshaga itsinda ry abayoboke rigabanuka andi matsinda y abahutu yasuzuguwe n umuyobozi w igihugu cyabo yafatanyaga n abatutsi guca intege ubutegetsi bwe mu kubera igitutu cyaturutse ahantu hatandukanye umufatanyabikorwa mukuru w u rwanda n umuterankunga w imari ubufaransa abatanga amafaranga menshi imf na banki y isi hamwe n abaturage bacyo basaba ko habaho ijwi ryinshi n impinduka mu bukungu yemeye kwemerera aya mahugurwa biturutse mu yandi mashyaka ingingo nyamukuru intambara yo mu rwanda mu kwakira fpr rwanda patriotic front yatangiye kwigomeka kuri guverinoma ya habyarimana iturutse mu gihugu cy abaturanyi cya uganda itera intambara y abenegihugu fpr yari ingabo zigizwe ahanini n abatutsi baba mu mahanga bari barahoze mu gisirikare cya uganda benshi mu myanya ikomeye batererana imbaga n ingabo za uganda bambuka umupaka ku ya mata indege bwite ya habyarimana indege ya falcon impano ya minisitiri w intebe w ubufaransa jacques chirac yarashwe na misile ubwo yari igiye kugwa ku kibuga cy indege cya kigali abaperezida b amoko abiri y abahutu ndetse n ibihugu bituranye bapfuye bazize iyo mpanuka habyarimana ubwe ukomoka mu rwanda na cyprien ntaryamira ukomoka mu burundi wamuherekeje mu rugendo n ubwo uwanditse icyo gitero atarasobanurwa ku mugaragaro byabaye mu rwego rw intambara y abenegihugu yatewe no gucikamo ibice hagati y amoko ye n abatutsi biganisha kuri jenoside mu rwanda mutagatifu pawulo uzwi cyane na none ku izina ry ikiyahudi saul of tarsus kinyarwanda sawuli w i tarisisi yari intumwa umwigishwa nubwo atari muri zigishaga ubutumwa bwiza bwa kiristo mu kinyejana cya mbere afatwa nk umuntu ukomeye wabayeho mu gihe k intumwa abigishwa mu myaka ya za kugera muri za nyuma y urupfu rwa kiristo yashinze insengero nyinshi muri aziya n uburayi yifashishije ko yari afite ubwenegihugu bw abayahudi n abaromani byatumye yoroherwa no kugeza ubutumwa kub abayahudi n abaromani icyarimwe isezerano rishya muri bibiliya rigaragaza ko mbere yuko mutagatifu pawulo ahinduka akaba umukiristu yari afite inshingano yo guhiga bukware abari abigishwa ba yesu mu gace ka yelusalemu ati ndi umuyahudi navukiye i tarisi ho muri silisiya ariko narerewe muri uyu mugi nigishwa na gamaliyeli antoza kwita byuzuye ku mategeko y abasekuruza imana nyirwanira ishyaka nk uko namwe murirwana uyu munsi natoteje abantu bakurikiraga iyi nzira kugeza ubwo mbica mboha abagabo n abagore mbashyira mu buroko umuherezabitambo mukuru hamwe n abakuru b umuryango ni bo ntanzeho abagabo bo bampaye inzandiko nshyikiriza abavandimwe bacu b i damasi ubwo najyagayo ntumwe kuboha abariyo no kubazana i yeruzalemu kugira ngo bahanwe nuko igihe nkiri mu nzira negereje kugera i damasi ako kanya amanywa ava urumuri ruturutse mu ijuru rurangota nikubita hasi maze numva ijwi rimbwira riti sawuli sawuli urantotereza iki ndasubiza nti uri nde nyagasani iryo jwi rirongera riti ndi yezu w i nazareti uwo uriho utoteza bagenzi banjye twari kumwe babonye urumuri ariko ntibumve ijwi ry uwo tuvugana ni ko kubaza nti nkore iki se nyagasani nyagasani aransubiza ati haguruka ujye i damasi ni ho bazakubwira ibyo wagenewe gukora byose ariko kubera ko icyezezi cy urwo rumuri cyari cyampumye amaso abo twari kumwe bagombye kundandata ngera i damasi aho i damasi hakaba umuntu witwa ananiya yari umuntu wubaha imana agakurikiza amategeko kandi agashimwa n abayahudi bose bari bahatuye aza kundeba maze arambwira ati sawuli muvandimwe humuka ako kanya ndahumuka maze ndamureba nuko arambwira ati imana y abasekuruza bacu yakugeneye kumenya icyo ishaka kubona intungane no kumva ijwi ryayo bwite ugomba rero kuyibera umugabo mu bantu bose ubamenyesha ibyo wabonye n ibyo wumvise none se kandi utegereje iki haguruka wambaze nyagasani ubatizwe kandi uhanagurweho ibyaha byawe mahanga mwese nimusingize uhoraho miryango mwese mumwamamaze kuko urukundo adukunda rutagira urugero n ubudahemuka bwe bugahoraho iteka ivanjili ya mutagatifu mariko ni bwo ababwiye ati nimujye mu isi hose mwamamaze inkuru nziza mu biremwa byose uzemera akabatizwa azakira utazemera azacibwa dore kandi n ibimenyetso bizaranga abazaba bemeye mu izina ryanjye bazirukana roho mbi bazavuga indimi nshya bazafata inzoka nibagira kandi icyo banywa cyica nta cyo kizabatwara bazaramburira ibiganza ku barwayi bakire ikinyadeneta izina mu kinyadeneta dene dhh izina mu cyongereza dene tha dene dha south slavey ni ururimi rwa northwest territories alberta na british columbia muri kanada itegekongenga iso xls umujyi wa burdur izina mu giturukiya burdur n umujyi wa turukiya n umurwa mukuru w intara ya burdur abaturage burdur anche una nota imprecazione che il buon ratta il pazzo fa quando un suo studente prende un resit ratta il pazzo popolare capo indiano della trib ies si pi noto per la sua incompetenza in qualsiasi materia che sia parte dello scibile umano porco il clero proprio vero peggio di lui fa solo il notissimo capo supremo della congrega il ceera freegna esso delirando durante le lezioni di materie arcaiche quali la macro ekonomia strugge i suoi studenti fino a succhiargli tutta la linfa vitale a tutto ci vada aggiunto che senza inequivocabile ombra di dubbio dio un porco igitoki ubwinshi ibitoki cyangwa igitoke ubwinshi ibitoke izina ry ubumenyi mu kilatini musa acuminata musa balbisiana ni igiti urubuto n ikiribwa igitoki ni igihingwa ngandurarugo kiboneka kuburyo butagoye kuburyo n umuturage wo mu cyiciro cya mbere aba ashobora kukigaburira umuryango we kigira amoko atandukanye imishaba ibitoki bitekwa mu mavuta inyamunyo kiribwa gtgosheje mumazi ariko gishobora no gutekwa ifiriti kamaramasenge kiribwa nk imineke gros michel imineke poyo imineke fiya n ibindi byinshi igitoki kiri mu byo kurya biribwa cyane kandi kenshi mu ngo nyinshi zo mu gihugu cyacu by umwihariko iburasirazuba aho usanga ari ryo funguro nyamukuru bagira ese wari uzi impamvu imineke iba irimo isukari nyamara wahekenya igitoki ntuyumvemo burya biterwa nuko habamo amidon starch idapfa gushwanyaguzwa na za enzymes zo mu gifu bityo aho gukoreshwa nk isukari mu mubiri igakora nka fibre iyo rero umuneke uhiye ya amidon niyo ihindukamo isukari wumva iryohereye mu muneke si ibyo gusa kuko igitoki tugisangamo izindi ntungamubiri zinyuranye nka fibre umunyungugu wa potasiyumu na vitamin b habonekamo kandi phosphore ubutare magnesium na zinc ndetse na vitamin c bitewe nuko mu gitoki dusangamo amidon igoye gushwanyaguzwa iri mu gifu bituma kurya igitoki byafasha mu kugabanya ibiro kuko uwakiriye atinda gusonza nuko bigatuma umubiri we utwika ibinure byinshi kurya igitoki bituma umubiri urushaho kuzamura igipimo cya insulin bityo bikarinda kuba wagira isukari nyinshi ari byo bitera indwara ya diyabete kuba kandi harimo vitamin b bifasha mu kuringaniza isukari by umwihariko ku bafite diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa iterwa n isukari nyinshi mu maraso mu gitoki kuba harimo fibre ndetse na amidon igoye gushwanyaguza bituma kiba cyiza mu igogorwa no kurinda gutumba nyuma yo kurya gifasha kandi mu kurwanya indwara ziterwa na bagiteri zishobora gufata mu nzira y igogorwa uko amidon itinda mu mara kubera kudapfa gushwanyagurika bituma za bagiteri zo mu mara nziza zikora umusemburo ziyifashishije nuko ukica bagiteri mbi zatera indwara zinyuranye zo mu mara harimo na kanseri ishobora gufata mu mara kurya ibitoki bifasha umubiri gukoresha no gukamura izindi ntungamubiri ziturutse mu bindi wariye by umwihariko bifasha umubiri gukoresha kalisiyumu n indi myunyungugu igitoki kiribwa mu buryo bunyuranye aho ushobora kugiteka mu buryo buzwi nka agatogo za fibres zirimo hamwe na amidon nibyo bifasha mu kugabanya igipimo cya cholesterol mbi mu maraso niyo mpamvu abantu bafite cholesterol iri hejuru bagirwa inama yo kurya igitoki kenshi kuko bizatuma igabanyuka kuba kirwanya cholesterol mbi kandi birinda kuba imitsi yakifunga bityo bikarinda umutima kuba watera nabi bikanarinda indwara y umuvuduko udasanzwe w amaraso ukunze guturuka ku kwifunga kw imitsi y amaraso ibi kandi kibifashwamo no kuba gikungahaye kuri potsiyumu ibitoki bikize kuri vitamin b bikaba ari byo bituma biba ifunguro ryiza mu gutuma ugira insoro zitukura nyinshi bityo ukagira amaraso ahagije mu mubiri wawe akandi kamaro ko kubirya ni uko gifasha umubiri gukoresha ibinure ubitse bigahindukamo ingufu umubiri ukoresha kandi kuba harimo vitamin b bituma enzyme zikora neza akazi kazo ko gushwanyaguza ibyo wariye bityo umubiri wose ugakora neza igitoki gifasha mu kuringaniza amazi n imyunyu mu mubiri bityo bigafasha impyiko kuko akazi kazo ka mbere ari ukuyungurura amaraso no kuringaniza amazi umubiri ukeneye kurya igitoki bifasha mu kurinda indwara zinyuranye zishobora gufata impyiko harimo na kanseri y impyiko igitoki gishobora no kuribwa gikaranze mu mavuta nk ifiriti kuba igitoki gituma umubiri udatakaza amazi bituma kiba cyiza mu mikorere y ubwonko dore ko bugizwe n amazi ku gipimo cyo hejuru kandi kugabanyuka kwayo bikaba bibangamira imikorere myiza yabwo ubwacyo cyifitiye enzymes zifasha mu kurwanya impiswi kimwe n izindi ndwara ziterwa n ibyo kurya byanduye nka shigellosis kubirya nyuma yuko urwara impiswi bigufasha kuyikira vuba gusa ntuzibagirwe n indi miti igenewe kurwanya impiswi ibitoki birimo tryptophan ikaba poroteyine ihindurwamo serotonin uyu ukaba umusemburo w ibyishimo serotonin ifasha kuruhuka no kumva muri wowe utuje hano unabishoboye igitoki wagihekenya kuko niho tryptophan iba ari nyinshi kurenza mu gitetse na salade y igitoki burya ibaho ikaba nayo ifite akamaro aho kugura ibyo kwisiga bihenze gerageza guhekenya igitoki iyo ari kibisi kiba kirimo vitamin a ikaba ingenzi mu gutuma ugira uruhu rucyeye kandi runoze igitoki kibamo kandi potasiyumu ikaba izwiho gufasha amagufa gukura neza no gukomera by umwihariko ku bana bakiri bato no ku bageze mu zabukuru uretse aho twavuze ko ubishoboye wagihekenya ubusanzwe igitoki kiribwa gitetse ushobora kugiteka maganda cyangwa impogora aha ni hahandi ugicanira mu mazi kidatonoye ukagitonora gihiye ukaba wateguye isosi yo kukirisha kucyotsa nabwo bikaba bikorwa kidatonoye ukagitonora gihiye ibi bikunze kuboneka mu tubari ushobora kugiteka cyonyine cyamara gushya ukagikoramo umunyigi nkuko usonga ubugari ubundi ugategura isosi yo kukirisha umunyige nawo uraryoha iyo ufite isosi nziza kugiteka bisanzwe mu mazi ari byo twakita kugitogosa noneho ukavangamo ibirungo ushaka byose ndetse washaka ukanakaranga ushobora kandi kugiteka ifiriti gusa twibutse ko ifiriti kubera ubushyuhe bw amavuta ishobora kwangiza zimwe mu ntungamubiri by umwihariko vitamin c umutingito w isi na tsunami mu buyapani cyangwa umutingito na tsunami mu buyapani umutingito udasanzwe mu buyapani izina mu kiyapani thoku chih taiheiy oki jishin ni umutingito na umutingito udasanzwe tsunami tariki ya werurwe ku gipimo cya mw wahitanye abantu hejuru ya i thoku mu buyapani igihungu cy ubuyapani ubu cyirimumazi abira kikaba gikeneye ubufasha bwinshi kandi bukomeye cyane kuko cyibasiwe cyane na cyakibazo cy amazi aremereye ndetse n umutingito udasanzwe tsunami ubuyapani bukaba bukomerewe cyane kuko bikomeje gusatira mu murwa mukuru tokyo tsunami ikaba ifite umuvunduko ukomeye cyane kuko ntaho aya mazi agera ngo hagire igisigara akaba abanzirizwa n umutingito ugashegesha ibintu byinshi nk amazu yemwe nayitwa ko akomeye hanyuma hakaza amazi menshi cyane kdi aremereye agatwara byose mu buyapani hari ikindi kintu cyasandaye ku mashini ya kabiri y uruganda rukoresha ingufu nukleyeri ku munsi wa kane nyuma y uko rwangijwe n umutingito w isi ibyo byateje ubwoba ko ibyuma by urwo ruganda bishobora kurekura imyuka yanduza icyo kintu cyasandaye muri iki gitondo cyo ku ya y ukwa mu mwaka w ku ruganda rw ahitwa fukushima cyaje gikurikira ikindi cyasandaye umunsi umwe n iminsi itatu mbere y iyo taliki ibibazo kuri urwo ruganda byatangiye ubwo umutingito w isi na tsunami yaje iwukurikira byatumye amashanyarazi abura kuri urwo ruganda icyo kibazo cyatumye ibyuma bikonjesha imashini kugirango zidashongeshwa n ubushyuhe bwinshi zidakora abategetsi bo mu buyapani bari kugerageza gusubiza ibintu mu buryo ku ruganda rukora ingufu za nuclear ruri i fukushima rwasinzikajwe n umutingito w isi hamwe na tsunami kuwa w icyumweru gishize tubibutse ko muri iyi minsi igihugu cy ubuyapani kitorohewe namba n umutingito umaze guhitana abarenga gusa abapfa bo biyongera buri munsi ku buryo umubare wabo ugenda urushaho kwiyongera uko umunsi ushira ku wa gatanu w icyumweru gishize igihugu cy u buyapani gisanzwe kizwiho kwibasirwa n imitingito inshuro nyinshi buri munsi cyahuye n umutingito ukabije kuko wari ku rwego rwa ku gipimo cya richter ukaba ariwo wa munini kuva mu mwaka wa uwo mutingito waturutse mu nyanja ya pasifika uteza tsunami yageze kuri kilometero mu buyapani rwagati cyane cyane mu gice cy amajyaruguru ashyira uburasirazuba ababuriwe irengero n abapfuye barenga kandi ingaruka zikomeje kwiyongera aho inganda zimwe na zimwe za nucléaire zangiritse zigateza ubushyuhe bukomeye mu kirere uretse gukora ku buyapani ariko uwo mutingito wahinduye imiterere y isi n ubwo bitagaragaye cyane nk uko bitangazwa na the u s geological survey uwo mutingito wasunitse ubutaka bw u buyapani ubwigiza kure y inyanja ho metero zirenga ugereranyije na mbere birashoboka ko bitagaragarira amaso ko amasaha y umunsi yiyongereye ariko abahanga mu by ubumenyi n imiterere y isi geophysique barabyemeza ko ubu umunsi utakireshya nk uko wareshyaga ibi ni nyuma y umutingito wabereye mu gihugu cy ubuyapani uriya mutingito wagize ingaruka ku bintu byinshi cyane inkombe z inyanja zarahindutse ibirwa bimwe na bimwe birazimira ubutaka busa n ubwimutse bugana mu gice cya ruguru cy isi hemisphere nord ku buryo ubungubu igihe isi yamaraga yizenguruka rotation kiyongereyeho amasegonda imibare ya nasa iki gihe ni gito ariko gishobora kuzagira ingaruka nko guhinduka kwa kalendari amasaha n ibindi ingaruka z uyu mutingito zirenze kure cyane iz uheruka muri shili umutingito wo muri sumatra wari wateye umunsi kugabanuka ho amasegonda guhera mu mwaka wa iki nicyo cyago kigize ingaruka zikomeye ku isi naho abayapani bo baremeza ko iki ari cyo cyago batazibagirwa nyuma yo kuraswa kw imijyi ya nagasaki na hiroshima yarashwe n abanyamerika muri ni inyoni ijya kuba nini yirabura irangwa n amabara abiri umukara wiganje n ibara ry umweru mu gituza abanyarwanda bagereranya na karuvati icyiyoni ni inyoni izwiho kumenya kwihahira kandi iraramba cyane mu muco w u rwandabakunze kubicamo umugani batebya iyo bashaka kuvugako umuntu ari mukuru cyane bavuga ko afite imyaka nk iy icyiyoni iyi nyoni ubusanzwe ireshya na cm cyangwa ishora gupima garama ziri hagari ya na bitewe n aho yakuriye n ibyo irya tubamenyeshe ko icyiyoni kirya byose ibyiyoni tubona mu rwanda no muri kano karere sibyo byonyine bibaho kuko hari n ibiba muri aziya no muri groenland kandi byo biba ari binini cyane umunwa wacyo uba ukomeye kandi ufite ingufu kuko bigifasha kubaga inyama zo kurya no kwica ibikoko runaka nk imbeba uruvu ibiharangara inzoka n ibindi kubera ko hari amoko menshi y ibyiyoni ntuzagire  ngo byose biba bifite amababa y umweru ku ijosi hari ibindi biba bisa n umukara hose kimwe mu bintu abahanga bakundira icyiyoni ni uko kigira uruhare runini mu gusukura aho kiba ibyiyoni bikunda kurya imyanda abantu baba bataye cyangwa ishobora kubagiraho ingaruka mbi hari abantu bavuga ko icyiyoni kiri mu nyoni zizi ubwenge kurusha izindi kuko kiibasha kwikemurira ibibazo gikoresheje intoki zacyo amoko y ibyiyoni amwe n amwe abasha kwigana amajwi rukana y ibikoko cyangwa abantu rimwe abahanga bigeze kugerageza ubwenge bw icyiyoni bagafa intongo y inyama bayizirika ku mugozi utambitse kugira ngo iriya nyoni ibashe kugera kuri iriya nyama yagombaga kugenda hejuru yawo akirinda kugwa kandi igakora ibishoboka byose iriya nyama yagwa cyarabikoze kandi ngo nticyari cyarabitojwe mbere kizwiho kandi kwiba ibintu runaka kitanakeneye haba mu kubaka icyari cyangwa gukoresha ikindi kintu icyo aricyo cyose ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko  ibyiyoni  bikiri bito bigira amatsiko cyane ibyiyoni bikuru bikunda gushishikazwa n ibintu bibumbabumbye kandi by umuhondo kuko ngo bituma bitekereza ko byaba ari amagi ya bigenzi byabyo ubwo bitegerezaga ibyiyoni mu ishyamba aho byari bituranye n ibirura abahanga baje gusanga mu masaha runaka ibyiyoni bijya byigana ibirura iyo biri kumoka  kandi ngo ibi basanze ari uburyo biriya bikoko byombi birushanwamo kuririmba ibyiyoni bitera amagi ahantu hihishe ahari byanga ko izindi nyoni nini  byazaza kubirira amagi gusa bihura n akaga k inzoka hamwe n ibihangara biyarya iyo hatabayeho kuyacungira umutekano iyo bimaze guturaga ariya magi ibyana bitangira kwiga kuguruka hakiri kare ariko biri kumwe na bya nyina ubusanzwe kimwe mu byerekana ko inyoni zatangiye kumenya ubwenge ni uburyo ziguruka kuko bituma zibasha kujya kwishakira icyo kurya abahanga baje gusanga ibyiyoni bucana inyuma rimwe bigeze kwitegereza icyiyoni k ikigabo ubwo cyasuraga ikigore gusanga nta kigabo gihari hanyuma kiracyimya iyo icyiyoni cyabengutse ikigore mbere yo kubana birabanza bigashaka ikibanza bizubakamo icyari hanyuma bikabona kubana kubera ko birya byose bishaka ikibanza bikurikije ubwinshi bw ibiryo biboneka mu  karere bituyemo ubwinshi cyangwa ubuke bw ibiribwa nibwo bugena uko ahazahwirwa icyari hazaba hangana icyari kiba cyubakishijwe udushami duto tw ibiti ibyatsi imigozi ishishuye ku biti ndetse n icyondo mu gice cy imbere haba hashashemo ibyatsi byoroshye amababa ndetse n ubwoya bw inyamaswa runaka gutera amagi biba mu mpera ya gashyantare kandi ibyiyoni bitera amagi ari hagati y atatu n arindwi ibyana bita bya nyina bikajya kwibeshaho nyuma y iminsi ubusanzwe abahanga bemeza ko icyiyoni iyo cyorowe aribwo kiramba kuko gishobora kumara imyaka ariko iyo kiba mu gasozi ntikirenza imyaka hagati ya na pome izina ry ubumenyi mu kilatini malus domestica izina mu gifaransa pomme ni igiti urubuto n ikiribwa uru rubuto rwa pome ruba mu muryango w ibimera witwa rosaceae pome ni urubuto ruzwi cyane mu ngere mberabyombi cyane cyane ku mugabane w uburayi aho abaturage bamaze igihe kirekire barurya naho bimwe mu bihugu by afurika nk u rwanda bikaba bibonye izi mbuto vuba ndetse zikaba zigihenze cyane nubwo usanga igiciro cyazo kiri hejuru usanga ari zimwe mu mbuto zikunzwe na benshi cyane ku isi naho muri afurika zigakundwa n abifite ahanini usanga izi mbuto zikundirwa kuba zikungahaye kuri vitamini c aya makuru avuga ko muri garama z urubuto rwa pome habamo ubushobozi bwa anti oxidant bungana n ubwa garama za vitamini c ibonetse mu zindi mbuto cyangwa ishobora gutangwa nk umuti kwa muganga aya makuru avuga ko atari byiza guhata uru rubuto rwa pome mbere yo kururya kuko igishishwa cy inyuma ari cyo gikungahaye cyane muri vitamini c kurusha uduce tw imbere aya makuru akomeza avuga ko nibura byakabaye byiza umuntu ashoboye kurya urubuto rumwe rwa pome ku munsi ibi bishobora gutuma atagira ibibazo bikomoka ku kurya ibinyamavuta byinshi binakungahaye kuri cholesterol ubugari cyangwa ubugali ugali ni ibiryo ubugari bw imyumbati ntibugaragaramo intungamubiri zihagije aya makuru avuga ko ubusanzwe imyumbati ubwayo igira intungamubiri zitandukanye ariko kugira ngo igere ku rwego rwo gukora ubugari bisaba ko ibanza gutonorwa ikinikwa ikanumishwa ku zuba ibi bituma nta gishya umubiri ushobora gukura mu bugari bitewe n inzira zose bucamo kugira ngo bube bwagerwa ku rwego rwo kuribwa nk uko aya makuru akomeza abivuga ngo mu gihe urebye nko ku byubaka umubiri proteins usanga ubugari bubonekamo bike cyane ku buryo ntacyo byapfa kungura umubiri ibitera imbaraga nabyo ni ikindi gikenerwa mu mubiri ariko usanga nabyo ari bike cyane mu bugari muri rusange ubworozi bw inkoko zaba iz amagi cyangwa se iz inyama ntibusaba ahantu hanini ho kororera bukaba bukemura ikibazo cy ubutaka buke mu by ukuri ubworozi bw inkoko bukwiranye n igihe tugezemo cyo kubyaza umusaruro mwinshi ubutaka buto dufite urebye ubworozi bw inkoko uburyo bifashisha mu cyaro naho bareka inkoko murugo zonyine ntibaziteho cyangwa zikitabwaho gacye kuva ku munsi umwe kugeza ku byumweru imishwi y inkokoz inyama igomba gushyirwa ahantu hashyushye kugira ngo ushyushye imishwi ushobora gukoresha imbabura cyangwa se amatara y amashanyarazi ubushyuhe bugomba kuba buringaniye atari bwinshi cyane ariko na none atari buke cyane imishwi ubwayo irabikwereka a iyo hakonje cyane imishwi yegera imbabura b haba harimo ubushyuhe bwinshi imishwi igahunga imbabura c iyo hari umuyaga imishwi yigira uruhande rumwe naho haba hari ubushyuhe buringaniye d imishwi ikaba imerewe neza yisanzuye nk uko bigaragazwa n igishushanyo gikurikira ubworozi bw inkoko z inyama ni ubworozi bumara igihe gito cyane bityo bukazanira uwabukoze inyungu ku buryo bwihuse inkoko z inyama zariye neza zikabona n ibya ngombwa byose zikeneye zishobora gutanga umusaruro nyuma y iminsi mirongo itanu gusa ni ukuvuga mu gihe kitageze ku mezi abiri icyo gihe inkoko imwe uyibaze iba ipima ikilo n igice kg kuva ku cyumweru cya kugeza inkoko zishaje zirya ibiryo byagenewe inkoko zitera aliment super ponte mbere y ibyumweru ngo inkoko zitangire gutera umworozi agomba gushyira mu nzu y inkoko udusanduku zizateramo kugira ngo zizatangire gutera zaratumenyereye iyo inkoko zatangiye gutera umworozi agomba kunyura mu nzu yazo nibura inshuro eshatu ku munsi kugira ngo akuremo amagi yatewe ubworozi bw inkoko z amagi burashimishije cyane nyuma y amezi ane gusa inkoko ziba zatangiye gutanga amagi inkoko imwe yatangiye gutera ishobora kugeza ku magi ku mwaka kandi ishobora kurenza umwaka itera amagi rero nta kibazo cyayo kuko igihe utabonye isoko ry ako kanya ushobora kuyabika icyumweru kirenga mu bushobozi bwawe inkokokazi imaze umwaka itera igomba kuvanwa mu bworozi nb izi ngero zishobora guhinduka cyane bitewe n akarere inkoko zirimo ndetse n ubwoko bw inkoko ibiryo bikenewe ku nkoko z inyama o imishwi y inko z amagi igomba gushyirwa ahantu hashyushye ushobora gukoresha imbabura cyangwa se amashanyarazi ubushyuhe bukenewe ku nkoko z inyama ni nabwo bukenewe ku nkoko z amagi o ibigwana by inkoko z amagi ni ukuva ku cyumweru cya cyenda kugeza ku cyumweru cya ni muri kiriya gihe inkoko zigomba gukurikiranwa hagakorwa inking zose zabugenewe isuku ikitabwaho ibiryo n amazi nabyo bikaba bihagije inkoko zitangiye gutera amagi icyitonderwa iyi nyandiko tuyikesha igitabo agenda y umuhinzi cya cyateguwe na minisiteri y ubuhinzi n ubworozi abaturukiya cyangwa abaturkiya izina mu giturukiya trkler cyangwa trkiye trkleri umuturukiya trk umuturukiyakazi trk kadn ni ubwoko bwa turukiya no muri shipure y amajyaruguru kuva abaturukiya bafata ubuyobozi bw ahagenzurwa cyangwa higanje abayislamu kugeza mu kinyejana cya bahebuje cyane mu bugome no kutagira imbabazi kurusha abarabu igitero cy abaturukiya ahagana mu burasirazuba cyahagaritswe n abamongoli baje bava muri aziya yo hagati ku ngoma ya genghis khan uyu kandi yayoboye ingabo nyinshi cyane yambuka igipande kinini cya aziya yitwaje itoroshi n inkota imigi by imigi minini n imito iratwikwa miliyoni z abantu bicwa urw agashinyaguro muri abao bapfuye by abakristo ni abo muri aziya y iburengerazuba mu majyepfo y inyanja y umukara asie mineure inyamaswa cyangwa inyamanswa igikoko ubuke ibikoko igisimba ubuke ibisimba izina mu kilatini animalia u rwanda rucumbikiye ubwoko bw inyamaswa zonsa butandukanye harimo cumi na bumwe bubangamiwe muri iki gihe kandi nta na bumwe buhakomoka muri bwo harimo amoko y inkima hagati ya na harimo igice cy ingagi zo mu misozi zituye ku isi zikiriho gorilla gorilla berengei ayandi moko y inkima agizwe n inkima ifite mu maso hameze nk ah igihunyira cercopithecus hamlyni inkima yo mu misozi cercopithecus hoesti muri nyungwe inguge pan troglodytes muri nyungwe no muri gishwati n icyondi cercopithecus mitis kandti cyabonetse muri pariki y igihugu y ibirunga inyamaswa z inyamabere ni nyinshi mu ziganje mu zigarara mu rwanda ndetse cyane cyane muri za pariki ziatndukanye urugero aha twavuga nk impundu impundu ni zimwe munyamaswa zo mugasozi zifite uturango tujya gusa n umuntu kuko yo ihuza dna n umuntu kigero cya igira ibiro biri hagati ya na uburebure bwa sentimetero abahanga bayita pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ni inyamabere zigenza amaguru abiri ni inyamaswa zisurwa cyane na bamukerarugendo benshi mu rwanda kuko ziri mu yamaswa zisigaye ahantu hacye cyane ku isi harimo parike ya nyungwe no mu ishyamba rya gishwati umuryango witwa biocoor biodiversity conservation organization wita ku rusobe rw ibinyabuzima utangaza ko impundu ari inyamaswa izi ubwenge kandi bishoboka ko mu minsi iri imbere zishobora kuzatobora zikavuga umuyobozi w uyu muryango akaba n inzobere mu bijyanye n inyamanswa dr imanishimwe ange avuga ko impundu ari inyamaswa zishimishije kuko iyo witegereje neza imiterere yazo usanga by akarango k impundu bisa neza n iby abantu ni umukinyi wabayeho mu mateka w umupira w amaguru kandi ukomeje kubaka izina mu bijyanye no gutoza zinedine zidane kamena izina mu cyarabu ni umukinnyi w umufaransa wagacishijeho m umupira w amaguru wakinaga nka nomero ya mu kibuga mu ikipe y igihugu y ubufaransa akaba yarakoze amateka mu makipe nka cannes  bordeaux  juventus na real madrid yaje kubera umutoza ndetse akayayifasha gutwara ibikombe bikomeye harimo n icya uefa akaza kwegura ku wa kane gicurasi yatowe nk umukinnyi mwiza ku mugabane w uburayi na uefa golden jubilee poll yakinnye umukino wa mbere mu ikipe y igihugu taliki ya kanama mu mukino wa gicuti wahuzaga ubufaransa na  czech republic aho yinjiye mu kibuga asimbura agafasha ikipe ye kunganya ibitego nyuma yo gutsinda ibitego bibire wenyine mu ikipe ya bordeaux mu ikipe ya juventus mu ikipe ya real madrid mu ikipe y igihugu y ubufaransa muri real madrid umurenge wa rubona ni umwe mu mirenge igize akarere ka rwamagana uherereye mu majyepfo y akarere ukaba uhana imbibi n umurenge wa mwulire mu majyaruguru munyaga na kigabiro mu burasirazuba nzige mu burengerazuba n akarere ka ngoma mu majyepfo aho bigabanywa n ikiyaga cya mugesera umurenge wa rubona ugizwe n utugari dutandatu ari two umurenge wa rubona ufite ubuso bwa km ukaba utuwe n abaturage bageze ku ibigo by amashuri yisumbuye agahozo shaloom youth village groupe scolaire rubona ybe na école secondaire de mabare ybe gs nawe ibigo by amashuri y imyuga tubona vocational training centre former cfj ibigo by amashuri abanza ep nawe ep mabare ep byinza ep rubona ikigo nderabuzima ikigo nderabuzima cya rubona yehova jhwh mu giheburayo imana ifite amazina menshi y icyubahiro ariko izina ryayo ni rimwe gusa iryo zina ni yehova muri bibiliya nyinshi izina ry imana ryagiye rikurwamo maze risimbuzwa amazina y icyubahiro umwami cyangwa imana ariko igihe bibiliya yandikwaga izina yehova ryagaragaragamo incuro zigera ku yeremiya yesaya bibiliya ya king james version urupapuro rwa mu bisobanuro handitse ngo aho uzasoma amazina ngo umwami na imana mu nyuguti nkuru mu mwandiko w umwimerere w igiheburayo ni yehova urugero itang na american standard version yakoresheje izina yehova aho abahinduzi benshi barikuye bakarisimbuza umwami na imana bibiliya y igiswayili ya union version urupapuro rwa kane handitse ko bavanyemo izina yehova bagashyiraho umwami n imana bibiliya ubuhinduzi bw isi nshya irimo izina yehova aho rikwiriye hose incuro zirenga repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo izina mu gifaransa république démocratique du congo n igihugu cya afurika yo hagati kiri epfo ya repubulika ya kongo cyahoze cyitwa kongo kinshasa umurwa mukuru w icyo gihugu witwa kinshasa hatuwe mo abantu bangana na miliyoni icumi zirenga icyo gihugu gifite imijyi myinshi ndetse n intara nyinshi ibihugu bifite imipaka na kongo kinshasa ni repubulika y afurika yo hagati na sudani y epfo mu majyaruguru ubugande u rwanda uburundi na tanzaniya mu uburasirazuba zambiya na angola mu majyepfo ndetse na repubulika ya kongo mu uburengerazuba kuva mu mpera z ikinyejana gishize hariho abantu bangana na miliyoni umunani bapfuye kubera intambara yatangiye hafi ya perezida uhobora icyo gihugu yitwa joseph kabila muri repubilika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo havugwa indimi enye igiswahili ikilingala ikiciluba n ikikongo ariko kugirango abanyekongo babyumvikane ururimi ruvugwa cyane cyane n igifaransa kera icyo gihugu cyakolonijwe n ababiligi kugeza igihe cyabonye ubwigenge bwe mu mwaka wa mu mwaka wa mobutu sese seko wahoboraga icyo gihugu kuva imyaka itandatu yahinduye izina rya repubulika iharanira ya kongo ku izina rya zayire ariko imyaka makumyabiri n itanu nyuma yo uko mobutu ahindura iryo zina ingabo za kabila se wa joseph bakoze coup d état mu gihe mobutu yabaga mu gihugu cya maroc mu bitaro mu kwezi kwa gicurasi icyo gihe rero bahita bahindura izina ku irya kera nyuma y ubwigenge muri akarere ka gakenke gaherereye mu ntara y amajyaruguru ubuyobozi bw akarere ka gakenke bukorera mu mujyi wa gakenke muri km uvuye muri centre y ubucuruzi ya gakenke kuva i kigali kugera gakenke ni km hafi na ho kuva mu mujyi wa musanze uvuye mu majyaruguru ni km about the district ibyerekeye akarere a imiterere y akarere ka gakenke aho gaherereye akarere ka gakenke ni kamwe mu turere dutanu tugize intara y amajyaruguru y u rwanda gafite ubuso bungana na km imirenge utugari n imidugudu akarere ka gakenke gatuwe n abaturage ku bucucike bw abaturage population density kuri km imwe pop km muri bo igitsina gore kirangana na by abaturage bose b akarere na ho igitsina gabo kirangana na by abaturage bose batuye akarere ka gakenke gapfura cyangwa anjine ni indwara iterwa na bagiteri yitwa sitereputokusi y itsinda a anjine yibasira umuhogo n amaraka amaraka ni udusoko tubiri two mu muhogo duherereye ahagana inyuma h umunwa anjine ishobora nanone gufata agasanduku k ijwi inkanka ibimenyetso rusange biyiranga birimo umuriro ububabare bwo mu mihogo bituma bayita uburwayi mu mihogo n k udusoko twitwa inturugunyu nyamagege zo mu ijosi anjine itera by uburwayi bwo mu mihogo mu bana anjine ikwirakwira binyuze kwegerana n abantu barwaye iyo indwara kugira ngo hamenywe neza ko umuntu arwaye anjine hakenerwa ko hakorwa ikizamini cyitwa igenzura ry uburwayi bw umuhogo nubwo iki kizamini cyaba kidakozwe ikekwa ry uko umuntu yaba arwaye anjine rishobora kumenywa biturutse ku bimenyetso imiti ya antibiyotiki ishobora gufasha umuntu urwaye anjine antibiyotiki ni imiti yica bagiteri ikunda gukoreshwa mu kwirinda ugukomerezwa nk ukw ibicurane bikaze kurusha kugabanya iminsi y uburwayi ibirangandwara bimenyerewe by anjine ni ukurwara mu mihogo umuriro urenza dogere c f amashyira ururenda rw umuhondo cyangwa icyatsi rugizwe na bagiteri zapfuye n udusoro tw amaraso twera ku maraka n ibyimba ry inturugunyu nyamagege hashobora kubaho ibindi birangandwara nk umuntu urwaye anjine agaragarwaho n ibirangandwara kuva ku munsi umwe kugera kuri itatu nyuma y uko ahuye n umuntu uyirwaye anjine iterwa n ubwoko bwa bagiteri yitwa sitereputokusi beta hemolitiki yo mu itsinda rya a gas izindi bagiteri cyangwa virusi bishobora na byo gutera ububabare bwo mu mihogo abantu bafatwa na anjine mu buryo butaziguye begeranye n umurwayi indwara ishobora gukwirakwira ku buryo bworoshye igihe abantu bateraniye hamwe ingero z amakoraniro zirimo abantu bari mu igisirikari cyangwa mu mashuri bagiteri ya gas ishobora kumiranira mu mukungugu ariko muri icyo gihe ntishobora kurwaza abantu iyo bagiteri ziri mu bidukikije zikomeje ubuhehere zishobora kurwaza abantu mu gihe kigera ku minsi bagiteri zihehereye zisangwa ku bintu nk uburoso bw amenyo izi bagiteri zishobora kuba mu biribwa ariko ibi ntibikunda kubaho cyane abantu barya ibiribwa bashobora kurwara cumi na kabiri ku ijana by abana badafite ibirangandwara bya anjine bafite gas mu mihogo yabo ubusanzwe urutonde rwitwa igipimo gihinduye cya centor gifasha abaganga gufata icemezo cy uko tbashobora kuvura abantu barwaye uburwayi bwo mu mihogo igipimo cya centor gifite ibipimo cyangwa amagenzura y ubuvuzi atanu cyerekana uburyo bishoboka ko umuntu arwaye anjine inota rimwe ritangwa kuri kimwe muri ibi bishingirwaho ikizamini cyitwa igenzura ry uburwayi bw umuhogo ni uburyo bw igenzi kugira ngo hamenyekane niba umuntu arwaye anjine iki kizamini gitanga icyizere kuva kuri kugeza kuri ku ijana y igihe habaho ikindi kizamini twitwa ikizamini cya anjine cyihuse cyangwa radt ikizamini cya anjine cyihuse kibangutse kurusha igenzurandwara zo mu mihogo ariko kivumbura indwara ku buryo bwizewe kukigero cya ku ijana gusa by igihe cyagenwe ibizamini byombi bishobora kwerekana igihe umuntu atarwaye anjine bishobora kwerekana ibi ku kigero cyizewe cya ku ijana by igihe mu gihe umuntu arwaye igenzurandwara zo mu mihogo cyangwa ikizamini cya anjine cyihuse bishobora kuranga niba umuntu arwaye anjine abantu batagaragaza ibirangandwara ntibakwiye gupimwa indwara zo mu mihogo cyangwa ikizamini cya anjine cyihuse kuko abantu bamwe bafite bagiteri zitera anjine mu mihogo yabo ubusanzwe nta ngaruka izo arizo zose bibateye aba bantu kandi ntibakenewe kuvurwa anjine ifite bimwe mu birangandwara nk iby izindi ndwara kubera iyo mpamvu birakomeye kumenya niba umuntu arwaye anjine nta igenzurandwara zo mu mihogo cyangwa igenzura ryihuse rya anjine rikozwe iyo umuntu afite umuriro n uburibwe bwo mu mihogo biherekejwe n inkorora ibimyira byindi mu mazuru impiswi n ugutukura no kumva ububabare mu maso biba bishoboka ko yaba arwaye ukurwara mu mihogo guterwa na virusi iyandura ukubyimba mu mihogo ishobora gutera ububyimbe bw inturugunyu ziri mu umuhogo na ukurwara mu mihogo umuriro ndetse ikaba yatuma amaraka aba manini iri genzura rishobora kwemezwa na igenzura ry amaraso nti habaho ariko ivura ryihariye bwa uburwayi bwo mu mihogo bwandura abantu bamwe bafatwa na anjine kurusha abandi gukuramo amaraka ni bumwe mu buryo bwo kurinda aba abantu gufatwa na anjine gufatwa na anjine inshuro eshatu cyangwa nyinshi mu mwaka umwe bishobora kuba impamvu nyayo mu gukuraho amaraka gusa ariko nanone gutegereza biba byiza aho kwihutira kuyakata anjine akenshi imara iminsi mike nta kuvurwa kuyivurisha indwanyamikorobi bituma ibirangandwara bizimira byihuse mu gihe cy amasaha impamvu y ingenzi ituma ivurishwa indwanyamikorobi ni uko bigabanya ingorane zo kuba umuntu yagira uburwayi bukaze urugero ni indwara y umutima izwi nka ibicurane bikaze cyangwa urukorakorane rw amashyira mu muhogo ruzwi nka ikibyimba cyo mu mihogo indwanyamikorobi zikora neza iyo zitanzwe m nyuma yo kugaragara kw ibirangandwara imiti igamije koroshya ububabare ishobora gufasha ku bubabare buterwa na anjine iyi miti akenshi ibamoitari siteroyidali cyangwa isanzwe izwi nka asetaminofene ingirabuzimafatizo na zo ni ingenzi nka lidokayine ikoreshwa mu gutanga ikinya mu myorohera asipirine ishobora gukoreshwa ku bantu bakuze si byiza guha asipirine abana kubera ko ishobora gutuma barwara indwara ifite ibimeneyetso bigaragara ko byica ya reye penesiline v ni inzitiramikorobi ikoreshwa cyane muri leta zunze ubumwe za amerika mu kuvura anjine irakoreshwa cyane kubera ko nta ngorane iteza ikora neza kandi ntigura amafaranga menshi amogisiline ikoreshwa kenshi mu uburayi mu ubuhinde birashoboka ko abantu bandura ibicurane bikaze kubera iyo mpamvu umuti uterwa mu rushinge witwa penesiline benzatine g ni wo ukoreshwa buri gihe antibiyotiki igabanya igihe ibimenyetso byagombaga kumara impuzandengo iri hagati y iminsi itatu n itanu antibiyotiki igabanya ubu burebure ho hafi umunsi umwe iyi miti igabanya kandi ikwirakwira ry iyi ndwara imiti ikoreshwa kenshi mu kugerageza kugabanya ubukare budakunda kugaragara burimo ibicurane bikaze gusesa ubuheri ku mubiri cyangwaubwandure bw umubiri ibyiza bya indwanyamikorobi bikwiye kuringanizwa n izindi ngaruka zishobora gutera kuvurwa hakoreshejwe indwanyamikorobi antibiyotiki ntibikwiye gukoreshwa ku bantu basanzwe bafite ubuzima buzira umuze bagizweho ingaruka zo kuba bafashe imiti indwanyamikorobi antibiyotiki zikoreshwa kuri anjine kurusha uko hitezwe biturutse k uko anjine iteye n umuvuduko ikwirakwiriraho imiti ya eritoromisine n indi miti yitwa makorolide ikwiye gukoreshwa ku abantu bafite ubwivumbure bw umubiri bukaze aho gukoresha penesilini sefalosiporini zishobora gukoreshwa ku bantu batagira ubwivumbure bukabije bw umubiri ubwandu bw umubiri butewe n agakoko ka siterebutokoki bushobora nanone gutera ukubyimba kw impyiko uburwayi bw impyiko bworoheje indwanyamikorobi antibiyotiki ntizigabanya amahirwe y iyi miterere ibirangandwara bya anjine akenshi bikira bivuwe cyangwa bitavuwe mu gihe kiri hagati y iminsi itatu n itanu ukuvura hifashishijwe abtibiyotiki bigabanya ingorane zo gutuma indwara ikara bishobora nanone gutuma bitorohera ikwirakwira ry indwara abana bashobora gusubira ku ishuri mu masaha nyuma gufata antibiyotiki za mbere ibi bibazo bikaze bishobora guterwa na anjine anjine ishyirwa mu itsinda ryagutse ry uburibwe bwo mu mihogo cyangwa gapfura abantu bagera kuri miliyoni bafatwa n uburwayi bwo mu mihogo muri leta zunze ubumwe za amerika buri mwaka inyinshi mu ndwara z uburibwe bwo mu mihogo buterwa na virusi bagiteri yo mu bwoko bwa sitereputokusi beta hemolitiki yo mu itsinda rya a itera kuva kugeza kuri ku ijana by uburwayi bwo mu mihogo mu bana itera kuva kuri kugeza kuri ku ijana by uburwayi bwo mu mihogo mu bantu bakuze ubu burwayi akenshi bugaragara mu igihe cy ibukonje kigiye kurangira no mu ntangiriro z igihe kimeze nk umuhindo indwara y umusinziro nyafurika cyangwa indwara yo guhondobera ni indwara indwara ifata abantu n amatungo iterwa n umugera uva mu dukoko twitwa trypanosoma brucei umuntu ashobora kwandura ubwoko bubiri bwayo trypanosoma brucei gambiense t b g na trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense t b r t b g niyo ifata abarwayi ku ijana bayandura ayo moko abiri aterwa akenshi no kurumwa n isazi ya tsetse irwaye ikaba yiganje mu bice by ibyaro mu mizo ya mbere iyo indwara ikigaragaza bwa mbere umurwayi ahinda umuriro akarwara umutwe akumva uburyaryate n ububabare mu ngingo indwara yigaragaza nyuma y ibyumweru bitatu umuntu arumwe n isazi ya tsetse mu byumweru bikurikiyeho cyangwa nyuma y amezi ibimenyetso byo ku ntera ya kabiri byigaragaza mu buryo umuntu asa n udasobanukiwe n uko yiyumva ingingo ze ntabashe kuziyobora akagira ibinya ntasinzire neza mu kuyisuzuma bapima agakoko mu kazinga k amaraso cyangwa mu mashyira ava mu ntobo amatembabuzi yo mu ruti rw umugongo ni yo bapima akenshi ngo babashe gutandukanya niba indwara ikiri ku ntera ya mbere cyangwa igeze ku ntera ya kabiri kwirinda ko yahinduka igikatu bisaba ko abaturage yugarije bakorerwa ibizami by amaraso bagapimwa t b g iyi indwara ivurwa bitagoranye iyo igaragaye mu maraso hakiri kare mbere y uko igaragaza ibimenyetso by uko yaba yarakwirakwiriye mu mitsi imiti bayivuza ikiri ku ntera ya mbere ni pentamidine cyangwa suramin ku ntera ya kabiri bitabaza eflornithine cyangwa bakungikanya nifurtimox na eflornithine iyo ari t b g naho melarsoprol yo ikoreshwa mu kuyivura ku ntera yaba igezeho iyo ari yo yose ikaba ariko by umwihariko yitabazwa mu kuvura t b r iyo itangiye gutera izindi ngaruka ziremereye iyi ndwara yiganje cyane cyane mu turere tumwe twa afurika yo mu majyepfo ya sahara ikaba yugarije abaturage bakabakaba miliyoni mu bihugu mu mwaka wa yahitanye abantu bagera ku umubare ukaba wari wagabanutse ugereranyije n a bantu yahitanye muri abantu babarirwa kuri nibo bayanduye kuri ubu muri bo bayanduye mu mwaka wa muri abo bayanduye abarenga ku ijana ubasanga muri repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo ahantu hatatu h ingezi yigeze kuba icyorezo mu mateka ya vuba ubwa mbere ni kuva mu mwaka kugeza ni muri uganda no mu kibaya cya kongo ubwa kabiri ni hagati ya na mu bihugu byinshi by afurika amatungo na yo urugero ni nk inka ashobora gusanganwa iyi ndwara yarayanduye indwara ya ebola evd or ebola irangwa no kuvira imbere no guhinda umuriro ehf ni indwara abantu barware bayitewe n agakoko ka ebola ibimenyetso nyir izina byayo bitangira kugaragara guhera ku minsi ibiri kugera ku byumweru bitatu umuntu yandujwe n ako gakoko akagira umuriro akababara mu muhogo akaribwa mu mitsi no kurwara umutwe by umwihariko agira iseseme akaruka kandi agahitwa hakurikiraho gucika intege k umwijima n impyiko iyo indwara igeze kuri urwo rwego abantu bamwe batangira kuvirirana amaraso ako gakoko gashobora kwandurira mu maraso cyangwa amatembabuzi ava mu mubiri w inyamaswa yanduye akenshi kaboneka mu nkende cyangwa mu ducurama ikwirakwizwa n umwuka ikanyanyagira ahantu hadukikije n ubwo nta nyandiko iriho ibinononsora bakaba bakeka ko yazanywe n uducurama noneho tukayikwirakwiza kandi two ikaba yari itaratangira kutugaragaraho iyo umuntu amaze kwandura na we atangira kuyikwirakwiza mu bandi bantu abagabo bayanduye mu gihe bakiriho bashobora kuyanduza biciye mu masohoro mu gihe nk icy amezi abiri kugira ngo babashe kuyisuzuma kuko ibimenyetso byayo nyir izina bisa nk iby izindi ndwara nka malariya kolera n izindi ndwara ziterwa n agakoko zirangwa no kuva amaraso no guhinda umuriro zigomba kubanza gutandukanywa na yo kugira ngo ibivuye mu isuzuma byemezwe amaraso yafashwe apimwamo udukoko ndwanyamubiri udukoko rna cyangwa ako gakoko ubwako kuyirinda bisaba kuyibuza gukwirakwira iva mu nkende zanduye no mu ducurama twanduye yinjira mu bantu kugira ngo ibyo bikorwe ni ugusuzuma izo nyamaswa niba zaranduye izanduye zikicwa kandi imibiri y izishwe igatwikirwa cyane ku buryo bwabigenewe guteka inyama zigashya ku buryo bwabigenewe kwambara imyenda ikingira umubiri mu gihe umuntu akorakora inyama nabyo byafasha kwirinda kimwe n uko wakwambara imyenda ikingira umubiri ugomba no gukaraba intoki mu gihe wegeranye n umuntu wanduye ibipimo by amatembabuzi n iby uruhu rw umubiri by abantu banduye bigomba gukorwaho mu bwitonzi budasanzwe nta muti wihariye wo kuvura iyi ndwara imbaraga zo gufasha abantu bayanduye zishyirwa mu kuba wabaha nk ibinyobwa bibarinda umwuma amazi yo kunywa arimo agasukari gake n umunyu cyangwa kubatera serumu mu mutsi iyi indwara ifite igipimo cyo hejuru cy abantu ihitana akenshi ihitana hagati ya na y abanduye agakoko kayitera indwara ya ebola evd yabonetse bwa mbere muri sudani no muri repuburika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo t iyi ndwara ku bw umwihariko iboneka mu bihugu by akarere k ibihugu bikikije koma y isi byo muri afurika yo munsi ya sahara kuva muri ubwo yagaraga bwa mbere muri abantu benda kugera ku buri mwaka baranduye kugeza ku munsi wa none igihe yabonetse cyane kuruta indi myaka ni muri iyi minsi ebola yagaragaye muri muri afurika y uburengerazuba ubwandu bwagaragaye muri gineya sierra leone liberiya bukanagaragara muri nigeriya kugera mu kwezi kwa munani abantu barenga banduye bamaze kuboneka imbaraga kuri ubu zirimo zirashyirwa mu gushaka urukingo ariko rero byumvikane nta rukingo na rumwe rwari rwaboneka ibisazi by imbwa ni indwara ikomeye iterwa na virusi yibasira ubwonko bw umuntu cyangwa izindi nyamaswa zigira amaraso ashyushye ibimenyetso by ibanze bishobora kuba umuriro no gutitira kw ahantu harumwe ibyo bimenyetso bikurikirwa n ikindi kimenyetso kimwe cyangwa byinshi aribyo guhubuka mu bikorwa kutagira rutangira mu myitwarire gutinya amazi kudashobora kunyeganyeza ibice bimwe by umubiri kuvangirwa no guta umutwe nyuma y igaragara ry ibimenyenyetso ibisazi by imbwa akenshi birangizwa n urupfu igihe cyo kwandura iyo ndwara nicyo kugaragaza ibimenyetso ubusanzwe kiri hagati y ukwezi kumwe n amezi atatu aliko iki gihe gishobora guhinduka bikagaragara mu gihe kiri munsi y icyumweru kugeza ku mwaka urenga igihe gihindagurika bitewe n uburebure bw intera virusi igomba kugenda kugira ngo igere mu mitsi yo mu bwonko rwagati indwara y ibisazi by imbwa yanduza abantu iturutse ku zindi nyamaswa kwandura biba iyo inyamaswa ishishimuye cyangwa ikaruma indi nyamaswa cyangwa umuntu urukonda rw inyamaswa yanduye narwo rushobora kwanduza indwara y ibisazi by imbwa igihe urwo rukonda ruhuye n igice cy umubiri w umuntu cyangwa w inyamaswa gifite urukonda abantu benshi barwara ibisazi by imbwa akenshi ni ababa barumwe nazo ref name who mu bihugu bibonekamo imbwa zirwaye ibisazi izirenga ku ijana akenshi ziba zariwe n izindi mbwa muri amerika impamvu nyamukuru itera ibisazi ni ubucurama kandi abantu bari munsi ya ku ijana barwaye ibisazi biterwa no kuribwa n imbwa inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bw imbeba ntizikunze gufatwa n ibisazi by imbwa virusi y ibisazi by imbwa igenda igana mu bwonko inyuze mu myakura ishamikiyeho iyo ndwara ishobora kugaragazwa n igipimo cyo kwa muganga igihe ibimenyetso byatangiye kugaragara gusa porogaramu zishinzwe kugenzura no gukingira inyamaswa zagabanije umubare w imbwa zishobora gufatwa n ibisazi mu turere tumwe na tumwe tw isi gukingira abantu mbere y uko bandura nibyo bikwiriye cyane ku bantu bugarijwe n icyo cyorezo igice cy abantu bibasirwa cyane harimo abantu bakora mu bucurama cyangwa abamara igihe kirekire mu turere tw isi dukunze kubamo indwara y ibisazi by imbwa mu bantu bigeze bibasirwa n indwara y ibisazi by imbwa urukingo rwayo ndetse rimwe na rimwe umuti w ibyo bisazi bifite akamaro mu kwirinda indwara mu gihe yakingiwe mbere y uko ibimenyetso bitangira kugaragara kogesha isabune n amazi mu gihe cy iminota aharumwe cyangwa ahanoshwe n inzara cyangwa gukoresha umuti wica udukoko nabyo bituma indwara y ibisazi by imbwa yirindwa abantu bake gusa nibo babashije gukira indwara y ibisazi nabwo ari uko bavuwe ku buryo bwimbitse bwitwa milwaukee protocol buri mwaka ku isi yose indwara y ibisazi by imbwa ihitana abantu bari hagati ya na abapfa bazira iyo ndwara barenga ku ijana kandi babarizwa muri afurika na aziya indwara y ibisazi by imbwa iboneka mu bihugu birenga kandi ku migabane yose uretse muri antarkitika abantu barenga biliyoni baba mu turere tw isi tubamo indwara y ibisazi by imbwa mu gice kinini c uburayi na ositarariya indwara y ibisazi by imbwa iboneka mu bucurama honyine mu bihubu bito bito by ibirwa nta ndwara y ibisazi by imbwa ihaba na busa murakaza neza kuri page y umurenge wa rutunga umurenge wa rutunga ni umwe mu mirenge igize akarere ka gasabo ukaba ugizwe n utugari aritwo ukaba ugizwe n imidugudu umurenge wa rutunga ufite ubuso bungana na km ukaba utuwe n ingo zigera n abaturage bagera ku umurenge wa rutunga uhana imbibi n imirenge ya amajyaruguru umurenge wa rutare na rwamiko yo mu karere ka gicumbi amajyepfo umurenge wa nduba na bumbogo yo mukarere ka gasabo uburasirazuba umurenge wa bukure mu karere ka gicumbi na gikomero yo muri gasabo uburengerazuba umurenge wa ntarabana mu karere ka rulindo umurenge wa rutunga kandi niwo uherereyemo agace kitwa gasabo ari naho inkomoko y urwanda ndetse n ikiyaga cya muhazi uhageze wahasanga bimwe mu ibimenyetso bigaragaza amateka y urwanda kizito mihigo wavukiye i kibeho tariki ya nyakanga gashyantare i kigali ni umuhanzi umucuranzi n umuririmbyi w umunyarwanda kizito mihigo yavutse kuwa gatandatu tariki ya nyakanga i kibeho umwe mu mirenge y akarere ka nyaruguru mu cyahoze ari perefegitura ya gikongoro mu ntara y amajyepfo y u rwanda ni umwana wa gatatu mu bana batandatu ababyeyi be buguzi augustin na ilibagiza placidie bamureze mu bukristu gatolika afite imyaka icyenda yatangiye guhimba uturirimbo tw abana maze nyuma y imyaka itanu aza kuvamo umuhanzi w indirimbo za kiriziya gatolika uzwi mu rwanda mu mwaka wa ise umubyara buguzi augustin yishwe muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu binyamakuru bitandukanye kizito mihigo yakunze kuvuga ko gucika ku icumu rya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi biri mu byamuhaye inganzo y ubutumwa aririmba amaze kugira imyaka ubwo yigaga mu mwaka wa mbere muri seminari nto ya karubanda i butare yahimbye indirimbo nyinshi ziririmbwa muri kiliziya gatolika mu rwanda mu mwaka wa ubwo yari afite imyaka kizito mihigo yari afite indirimbo zirenga za missa mu mwaka wa yagize uruhare mu ishyirwa mu manota ry indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu mu mwaka wa yagiye kwiga muzika mu burayi maze mu kwezi kwa cyenda aza kubona impamyabumenyi dfe diplme de fin d etudes mu ishuri rya conservatoire de musique de paris mu bufaransa yigishije muzika mu ishuri ryisumbuye institut provincial ryo mu bubiligi kuva mu mwaka wa kugeza muri kizito mihigo afite indirimbo zigera kuri ziganjemo izo mu kiriziya gatorika kuva yagera ku mugabane w u burayi uyu muhanzi yatangiye guhimba n izindi ndirimbo zitari iza kiriziya ahubwo zitanga ubutumwa bw amahoro n ubwiyunge muri sosiyete cyane cyane mu banyarwanda izagiye zimenyekana ni nka mu mwaka wa kizito mihigo yashinze fondation kizito mihigo pour la paix kizito mihigo peace foundation kmp iharanira amahoro n ubumuntu mu bantu iyi fondation yashinzwe hagamijwe ubukangurambaga ku bumwe n ubwiyunge ikoresheje ubuhanzi muri za gereza no mu mashuri kmp kandi yakoraga ibyitwa ikiganiro mpuzamadini cyahuzaga abanyamadini batandukanye kuri radiyo na televiziyo by igihugu mu isaha imwe mu cyumweru yahariwe y ikiganiro kitwa umusanzu w umuhanzi cyategurwaga na fondation kmp muri kanama kizito mihigo yahawe n umufasha wa perezida wa repuburika madamu jeannette kagame igihembo cyagenewe urubyiruko rw indashyikirwa cyrwa award muri mata kizito na fondation ye bahawe n ikigo cy igihugu cy imiyiborere rgb igihembo cy amafaranga y u rwanda miliyoni umunani nk umuryango utari uwa leta ukora ibikorwa bishyigikira imiyobore myiza kizito mihigo ni ingaragu kandi nta mwana afite ni umukirisitu gatorika n umukunzi wa karate na sinema kuva mu mwaka wa yagiye yandikwa n ibinyamakuru by imyidagaduro byo mu rwanda nk umwe mu basore bakurura abakobwa benshi mu gihugu muri yavuzweho urukundo rw ibanga hamwe n umuririmbyikazi miss jojo ariko babajijwe n itangazamakuru bose barabihakana tariki ya mata polisi y igihugu yerekanye uyu muhanzi ivuga ko yamufatiye mu byaha byo kugambanira ubutegetsi buriho na perezida wa repubulika y u rwanda paul kagame imbere y itangazamakuru kizito mihigo yarabyemeye abisabira imbabazi kuvuga ko kizito mihigo yafashwe byatangajwe amaze iminsi irenga icyumweru aburiwe irengero n ubwo polisi y u rwanda yari yabanje kuvuga ko itazi aho uyu muhanzi yari ari mu cyumweru cyabanjirije iyerekanwa rye urubuga wikileaks ruzwiho kumena amabanga ya za leta zitandukanye zo ku isi rwavuze ko kizito mihigo yari yafashwe tariki ya mata ni ukuvuga iminsi icumi mbere y uko polisi imwerekana gufatwa kwa kizito mihigo kandi byabaye amaze gusohora indirimbo yitwa igisobanuro cy urupfu iyi ndirimbo ntiyashimishije abategetsi b u rwanda kuko yahise ibuzwa gucurangwa igisohoka ndetse ikurwa no kuri internet mu nkuru zijyanye n ifatwa rya mihigo ndetse n urubanza rwe ibinyamakuru mpuzamahanga nka bbc televiziyo al jazeera televiziyo france radio france internationale na radio france inter byagarutse kenshi kuri iyo ndirimbo bigaragaza ko uyu muhanzi ashobora kuba yarazize amwe mu magambo ayigize muri iyi ndirimbo ifite iminota isaga icumi harimo amagambo nka jenoside yangize imfubyi ariko ntikanyibagize abandi bantu nabo bababaye bazize urugomo rutiswe jenoside nta rupfu rwiza rubaho rwaba jenoside cyangwa intambara uwishwe n abihorera uwazize impanuka cyangwa uwazize indwara abo bavandimwe bose ndabasabira ndi umunyarwanda ijye ibanzirizwa na ndi umuntu nyuma y ifatwa ry uyu muhanzi wari uzwi nk inshuti ikomeye y ubutegetsi bw u rwanda n umutoni wa perezida paul kagame havuzwe byinshi mu itangazamakuru abantu ku giti cyabo babivuga kwinshi imiryango mpuzamahanga n ibihugu bimwe na bimwe bigira icyo bitangaza umunyamakuru w umubirigi colette braeckman yanditse ko kizito mihigo yafashijwe na perezida paul kagame kwiga ibijyanye na muzika mu burayi avuga ko azi kizito mihigo ku giti cye kandi ko atiyumvisha uburyo yakora ibyo ashinjwa musenyeri joseph andré léonard umushumba wa arikidiyosezi ya buruseri nawe yavuze ko yatunguwe cyane no kuba kizito mihigo yarafashwe nk umugizi wa nabi ati bibeshye ku muntu jyewe sinshobora kubona muri kizito mihigo umuntu wagirira nabi igihugu ikinyamakuru the huffington post cyo cyatangaje ko abenshi mu bakurikirana ifatwa n urubanza by uyu muhanzi bavuga ko kizito mihigo yategetswe kwemera ibyaha ashinjwa no kubisabira imbabazi kugira ngo abe yarekurwa icyo kinyamakuru kikavuga ko n ubwo yabyubahirije ntacyo byamumariye kuko atarekuwe nk uko yari abyiteze nyuma y ifatwa rya kizito mihigo n abo bareganwa imiryango mpuzamahanga itandukanye nka fédération internationale des ligues des droits de l homme fidh reporters sans frontires amnesty internationale na human rights watch yanenze imyitwarire y inzego z umutekano z u rwanda zabanje guhisha abakekwa mbere yo kuberekana fidh yavuze ko idasobanukiwe neza ifatwa rya kizito mihigo mu migambi yo guhungabanya umutekano kandi azwi nk umuntu uharanira amahoro leta zunze ubumwe z amerika n ubwongereza byavuze ko bihangayikishijwe n ifatwa ry uyu muhanzi n abo bareganwa amerika yasabye leta y u rwanda kugenera kizito mihigo na bagenzi be urubanza rw intabera kandi mu rwanda hakubahirizwa uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo n ubw itangazamakuru tariki ya ugushyingo nyuma yo gusubikwa inshuro ebyiri nibwo urubanza rwa mihigo rwatangiye kizito mihigo yongeye kwemera ibyaha byose ashinjwa avuga ko abyicuza kandi abisabira imbabazi abareganwa na kizito mihigo bose uko ari batatu baburanye bahakana ibyo baregwa ndetse bakavuga ko bakorewe iyicarubozo muri uru rubanza ubushinjacyaha bwasabiye kizito mihigo igihano cyo gufungwa burundu tariki ya gashyantare urukiko rukuru rwa kigali rwakatiye uyu muhanzi igihano cy imyaka icumi y igifungo rwamuhamije ibyaha byo kugambirira kugirira nabi ubutegetsi ariko rumukuraho icyaha cy iterabwoba tariki ya nzeri nyuma yo kureka ikirego cy ubujurire yari yaratanze mu rukiko rw ikirenga umuhanzi kizito mihigo yahawe imbabazi na perezida wa repuburika paul kagame mihigo yasohotse muri gereza ari kumwe na madamu victoire ingabire umuhoza umunyapolitiki nawe wari umaze imyaka mu buroko indwara y igisebe cy umufunzo buruli ulcer izwi kandi ku izina rya bairnsdale ulcer searls ulcer cg daintree ulcer ni indwara yandura iterwa na mikorobe yitwa mycobacterium ulcerans mu ntangiliro yo kuyandura hagaragara akabyimba cyangwa igice cy umubili kibyimbye aliko bitagaragaza ububabare nodule aka kabyimba gashobora kuvamo igisebe ku mubili ulcer igisebe gishobora kuba kinini muko kinjiye mu mubili kurusha uko kigaragara ku ruhu rw umubili gishobora kandi gukikizwa n ububyimbe bw uruhu uko indwara igenda ikura amagupfa ashobora kugerwaho nayo akandura igisebe cy umufunzo gikunda kwanduza amaboko n amaguru umuliro ntukunda kugaragara m ulcerans iyi ndwara ivubura uburozi buzwi ku izina rya mycolactone bugabanya cg bugakuraho ubudahangarwa bw imikorere y ibanze y umubili bigakulikirwa no gupfa k udupande tw umubili bita death udukoko two mu muryango umwe kandi dutera indwara y igituntu n iy ibibembe amazina akulikira y utwo dukoko ni m tuberculosis na m leprae uko indwara igenda ikwirakwira ntibiramenyekana neza amasoko y amazi ashobora kugira uruhare mu ikwirakwizwa ry indwara kugeza mu mwaka wa nta rukingo rukwiliye rwali ruraboneka iyo abantu bavuwe kare umuti wa antibiotiki antibiotics uvura neza mu rwego rwa nyuma y ibyumweru umunani ubuvuzi akenshi bugizwe n imiti ya rifampicin na streptomycin clarithromycin aliko akenshi moxifloxacin niyo ikoreshwa mu mwanya wa streptomycin ubundi buryo bwo kuyivura bugizwe no kubaga no kuvanamo ikibyimba cutting out nyuma y uko ubwandu bukira igice cy umubili nyilizina gisigarana inkovu ibisebe by umufunzo bikunda kuboneka mu byaro by afurika yo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara cyane cyane mu gihugu cya cote d ivoire aliko ishobora no kuboneka muli aziya mu burengerazuba bwa pasifika ndetse n ubwa za amerika ubwandu bwagaragaye mu bihugu birenga buli mwaka haboneka ubwandu buli mu kigero kili hagati y ibihumbi bitanu n ibihumbi bitandatu iyi ndwara kandi iboneka mu mubare w inyamaswa zitali abantu albert ruskin cook niwe wabaye uwa mbere mu gushyira ahagaragara ibisebe by umufunzo mu mwaka wa umushumba mukuru xuecheng yavutse mu mwaka w ahitwa xianyou mu ntara ya fujian yinjiye mu rusengero mu agirwa unusaseridoti n umushumba dinghai aba intumwa y umushumba mukuru yuanzhuo yabonye impamya bumenyi y ikirenga mu ishuri ry akademi ya buda mu bushinwa mu w hanyuma yongera kubona impamya bumenyi ya doctora honoris caura mu bumenyi imitegekere mu burezi muri kaminuza ya mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya mu gihugu cya tayilandi mu mwaka wa yabonye igihembo cya zahabu y amahoro cy atish dipankar muri bangladesh mu mwaka wa ahabwa izina izina rya docteur wa tripitaka n inama ya ba bhikhshus na sanghas y abahinde mu mwaka wa ubu umushumba mukuru xuecheng umushumba mukuru xuecheng ni umwe mu bagize inama ngenzura mikorere ya politike ya komite ya repubulika y abaturage b abashinwa akaba uwungirije umuyobozi mukuru wa bagize inama nkuru y urubyiruko rw abashinwa akaba sokereteri generali w inama ya gatatu y aabashinwa y iyobikamana n amahoro umuyobozi wungirije w akademi y ababudisite y abashinwa akaba umuyobozi mukuru w ishuli rikuru ry ubushakashatsi mu bumenyamuntu n iyobokamana mu ishuli rikuru nderabarezi rya beijing akaba umushumba mukuru mu rusengero rwa guanhua putian mu ntara ya fujian w urusengero rwa famen fufeng intara ya shaanxi aka n umushumba mukuru w urusengero rwa longquan muri beijing part i umubumbe wa mars ni umwe mu icyenda igaragiye izuba ukaba wegeranye n uwacu w isi ni umubumbe wa kane uvuye ku izuba kandi ukaba umubumbe wa kabiri muto nyuma ya mercury mu cyongereza bawita roman god of war kinyarwanda imana y intambara y abaromani bawita kandi umubumbe utukura kubera ibara ryawo ritukura rigaragarira amaso ya muntu ntabindi bikoresho byifashishijwe mars kandi niho cumbi rya olympus mons ikirunga kinini cyane kurusha ibindi kandi kikaba n umusozi wa kabiri muremure cyane muri sisiteme y izuba kuri mars haba ukwezi kwa phobos n ukwa deimos phobos na deimos n amezi abiri afite ishusho nto kandi itaringaniye bishoboka ko yombi phobos na deimos akomoka ku ma asteroids yafashwe kuri mars nkuko byagenze kuri eureka trojan yo kuri mars abahanga bakaba bemeza ko ushobora kubaho ubuzima ugereranyinje n indi mibumbe yose igaragiye izuba ukuyemo isi tubona virusi itera sida ni agakoko kambura umubiri ubudahangarwa virusi ya sida ica umubiri intege ikawambura ubudahangarwa maze igatera ubwandu bw indwara iyo itavuwe hakiri kare virusi itera sida itera indwara zitandukanye bikarangwa no gucika intege k umubiri ku buryo uba utakibasha guhangana n indwara ari nabwo umurwayi bivugwa ko arwaye sida abantu banduye virusi itera sida iyo nta miti bafata igabanya ubukana bwayo bashobora kumara imyaka itatu gusa iyo umuntu yanduye virusi itera sida afashwe n izindi ndwara z ibyuririzi kandi nta miti igabanya ubukana anywa icyizere cy ubuzima ni umwaka umwe abantu banduye virusi itera sida baba bagomba gufata imiti kugira ngo bakumire gupfa vuba nyuma yo kwandura kwambere umuntu ashobora kutabona ibimenyetso byayo cyangwa ashobora guhura nigihe gito cyindwara zimeze nk ibicurane grippe ubusanzwe ibi bikurikirwa nigihe kirekire nta bimenyetso byigaragaza iyo ubwandu bugenda bwiyongera mu mubiri bubangamira cyane ubudahangarwa bw umubiri bikongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara zisanzwe nk igituntu kimwe n izindi ndwara zibasira umubiri mu buryo butunguranye ndetse n ibibyimba bitamenyerewe ku bantu basanzwe bafite ubudahangarwa buhagije mu mubiri wabo ibi bimenyetso byigaragaza nyuma yaho ari nabyo bikomeye nibyo bituma umurwayi bivugwa ko yanduye sida kenshi bigaragazwa cyane no gutakaza ibiro byinshi kuburyo bugaragarira ijisho virusi itera sida ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane n imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye harimo n ibikorwa byo gutingana bashyira ibitsina mu kibuno nababishyira mu kanwa ku bahuje ibitsina guterwa amaraso yanduye inshinge zikoreshwa kwa muganga batera imiti mu mubiri w umurwayi umubyeyi utwite akaba yayanduza umwana atwite iyo adafashe imiti ku gihe iyo umubyeyi abyaye cyangwa binyuze mu konsa amatembabuzi asanzwe nk amacandwe ibyuya n amarira ntabwo byanduza virusi itera sida virusi itera sida ni imwe muri za virus zibarizwa mu itsinda ry amavirusi azwi ku izina rya retrovirus uburyo bwo kwirinda virusi itera sida burimo imibonano mpuzabitsina ikingiye gahunda zo gukoresha neza inshinge zujuje ubuziranenge kuvura abanduye hamwe no gukoresha imiti nka prophylaxis mbere na nyuma yo gukora iminonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye iyo ari umwana uvutse yanduye virusi itera sida we na nyina umubyara bahabwa imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida nta muti cyangwa urukingo rwa virusi itera sida ruhari ariko imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida ishobora gutuma umuntu abaho igihe kirekire byenda kungana kimwe nk abantu basanzwe bazima batayanduye nibyiza gutangira gufata imiti no kwivuza no kwisuzumisha buri gihe ukimara kumenya ko wanduye hatabayeho kuvurwa impuzandengo yo kubaho nyuma yo kwandura ni imyaka muri abantu bagera kuri miliyoni babanaga na virusi itera sida bituma hapfa abantu abagera kuri miliyoni muri bo baba mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo ya afurika hagati y igihe sida yamenyekanye mu ntangiriro ya za na iyi ndwara yateje urupfu rw abantu bagera kuri miliyoni ku isi hose virusi itera sida ifatwa nk icyorezo icyorezo cy indwara kiboneka ahantu hanini kandi kigenda gikwirakwira virusi itera sida yavuye mu zindi nyamaswa yerekeza ku bantu bo muri afurika yo mu burengerazuba bwo hagati mu ntangiriro kugeza no hagati mu kinyejana cya ubwandu bwa sida bwamenyekanye bwa mbere n ikigo cya leta zunze ubumwe z amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara cdc mu kandi hamenyekana igitera sida ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida byagaragajwe mu ntangiriro y imyaka icumi ya mbere y uwo mwaka virusi itera sida yagize uruhare runini muri sosiyete iba indwara ndetse n isoko y ivangura iyi ndwara kandi igira ingaruka zikomeye mu bukungu hariho imyumvire myinshi itavugwaho rumwe ku birebana na virusi itera sida nko kwizera ko yanduzwa gusa no guhuza ibitsina mu buryo busanzwe iyi ndwara yateje impaka nyinshi mu banyamadini harimo n umwanya wa kiliziya gatolika yo kudashyigikira ikoreshwa ry agakingirizo mu rwego rwo kuyirinda yatumye habaho ubuvuzi budasanzwe ku rwego rwa kiganga ku rwego mpuza mahanga ndetse igenerwa n inkunga nyinshi zitandukanye kuva yamenyekana mu myaka ya za hariho ibyiciro bitatu by ingenzi bigaragaza ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida kuremba bikabije kuremba bikurikiranye no kurwaragurika kenshi bidakira no kugera mu cyiciro cyaho umubiri ubura ubudahangwara mu buryo bukabije mu ikubitiro kwandura virusi itera sida icyo cyiciro cyitwa acute hiv igihe virusi itera sida iba ifite ubukana bwinshi mu mubiri cq kwandura mu gihe cy ibanze aho virus iba ifite imbaraga nyinshi mu mubiri irimo gushaka gukwirakwira mu mubiri hose abantu benshi barwara ibicurane cyangwa indwara isa na mononucleose nyuma y ibyumweru nyuma yo kuyandura naho abandi nta bimenyetso bifatika bafite ibimenyetso bibaho muri byabantu bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida kandi mubisanzwe harimo umuriro mwinshi ukabije uzamuka buri kanya ibibyimba mu kanwa kumuka no kuryana mu muhogo guhubuka kubabara umutwe kunanirwa cyangwa ibisebe byo mumunwa no mu ku gitsina indwara z uruhu zizana ibiheri bigaragara muri y abayanduye byigaragaza mu buryo bw uduheri twinshi turi kumurongo umwe kandi twinshi tubyimbye gakeya kandi tudasanzwe abantu bamwe na bamwe barwara indwara zitandukanye muriki cyiciro ibimenyetso byo mu gifu nko kuruka cyangwa impiswi bishobora kubaho ibimenyetso nko kurwara imitsi ingingo zigacika inege igihe ibimenyetso byiyerekana biratandukanye ariko mubusanzwe ni icyumweru kimwe cyangwa bibiri bitewe n imiterere yabyo idasanzwe ibi bimenyetso ntibifatwa nkibimenyetso simusiga byabanduye virusi itera sida ndetse nibibazo bibonwa na muganga cyangwa ibitaro bikunze gusuzumwa nabi nkimwe mundwara zandura zifite ibimenyetso byinshi byenda gusa niyo mpamvu birasabwa ko virusi itera sida yakekerwa cyane mu bantu bagaragaza umuriro mwinshi udasobanutse ushobora kuba ufite isano n ingaruka zo kwandura ibimenyetso byambere bikurikirwa nicyiciro cyitwa clinical latency cyangwa virusi idakira hatabayeho kuvurwa iki cyiciro cya kabiri ku bantu banduye virusi itera sida bisanzwe ariko bativuje habe namba gishobora kumara imyaka igera kuri itatu kugeza ku myaka ugereranije imyaka umunani mugihe mubisanzwe hari ibimenyetso bike cyangwa bitagaragaye mbere hafi yiki cyiciro kirangiye abantu benshi bahura numuriro mwinshi udasanzwe guta ibiro ibibazo byigifu no kubabara imitsi hagati ya na byabantu nabo barwara utubyimba two mu kwaha duhora twizana ibice by umubiri byaguka cyangwa bibyimba mu buryo budasobanutse kwaguka kurenze uburyo busanzwe kw imyanya ndangagitsina uretse mu kibuno mumezi arenga atatu kugeza kuri atandatu nubwo abantu benshi banduye virusi itera sida bafite virusi itagaragara kandi mugihe hatabayeho kuvurwa amaherezo bizatera sida kubura burundu ubudahangwarwa bw umubiri kwirwanaho ku ndwara umubare muto hafi ugumana urugero rwinshi rw utunyabuzima twubatse ubudahangarwa bw umubiri w umuntu twitwa cd t t helper cells udafite imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida irenze imyaka itanu abo bantu bashyizwe mu rwego rwa hiv controllers cyangwa long term nonprogressors ltnp irindi tsinda rigizwe nabagumana uko virusi zigaragaza mu mubiri wabo muburyo butajya bumenyekana habe namba cyangwa butigaragaza byihuse kandi badakoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi ari nabo bakunze kwitwa elite controllers cyangwa udashobora kumenyekana udafite imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida bene abo bari ku kigero kiri kuri kugeza kuri y abanduye ashobora ndetse no kwibasirwa n indwara zitunguranye ziterwa n udukoko nka bacteria virusi ibihumyo n udukoko dutandukanye zisanzwe zikumirwa zikarindwa na bwa budahangarwa bw umubiri mu bantu bazima indwara zandura ziterwa ahanini n ibinyabuzima bikunze kubaho mu bidukikije by umuntu izi ndwara zirashobora kwanduza umubiri wose zikawibasira zikawuca inege ababana n ubwandu bwa sida bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura kanseri zitandukanye ziterwa na virusi harimo na sarcoma ya kaposi lymphoma ya burkitt lymphoma y ibanze yo hagati na kanseri y inkondo y umura sarcoma ya kaposi ni kanseri ikunze kugaragara iboneka ku kugeza kuri by ababana na virusi itera sida kanseri ya kabiri ikunze kwibasirwa cyane ni lymphoma ikaba ari yo nyirabayazana w urupfu rw abantu bagera kuri babana n ubwandu bwa sida kandi ni cyo kimenyetso cya mbere cya sida muri kugeza kuri izi kanseri zombi zifitanye isano na herpesvirus ya hhv kanseri y inkondo y umura igaragara cyane ku bafite sida kubera ko ifitanye isano na papillomavirus ya muntu hpv kanseri ifata ya layer urububi ruhuza igice cy imbere cy amaso n igice cyera cy ijisho nayo ikunze kugaragara ku banduye virusi itera sida byongeye kandi ababana n ubwandu bwa sida bakunze kugira ibimenyetso byo kwibasirwa n umuriro mwinshi udasanzwe uzamuka buri kanya utajya ugabanyuka ibyuya byinshi cyane cyane nijoro kubyimba lymph node utubyimba two mu kwaha n amabinga guhorana ubukonje bukabije imbeho gutitira intege nke no gutakaza ibiro byinshi cyane indwara y impiswi iza buri kanya ni ikindi kimenyetso gikunze kugaragara kiboneka ku bantu barwaye sida bashobora kandi kwanduzwa n ibimenyetso bitandukanye byo mu mutwe ndetse no mu mitsi bidafitanye isano n ubwandu bwa kanseri virusi itera sida ikwirakwizwa n inzira eshatu z ingenzi guhuza ibitsina mu buryo budakingiye ibice by umubiri w uwanduye indwara ya sida twahungabanye nk ibisebe bivamo amatembabuzi n amaraso ndetse no kuva amaraso ku mubyeyi iyo atwite ndetse no mu gihe umubyeyi atwite umwana ashobora kumwanduza mu gihe cyo kubyara umubyeyi wanduye ava amaraso arimo abyara akivanga n amaraso y umwana binyuze ku mukonda ikiriri cyangwa konsa uruhinja ku mubyeyi wanduye nta kaga ko kwandura virusi itera sida binyuze mu mazirantoki ururenda rw amazuru ibimyira amacandwe ibyuya amarira inkari cyangwa kuruka keretse iyo byivanzemo n amaraso yanduye virusi itera sida birashoboka kandi ko umuntu yakwandura impurirane y ubwoko bwa virusi itera sida burenze bumwe bikunze kwitwa hiv superinfection uburyo bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera sida ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibitsina n umuntu wanduye hakorwa imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye icyakora umuntu wanduye virusi itera sida ufite virusi itagaragararira ibyuma biyipima bitewe no kuvurwa igihe kirekire nta byago afite byo kwanduza abandi virusi itera sida binyuze mu gukorana nabo imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye kuba hari abantu banduye virusi itera sida itagaragarira ibyuma biyipima byamenyekanye cyane mu itangazo ry ubusuwisi ryo mu biteza impaka no kutabivugaho rumwe kuva icyo gihe byaje gukorerwa ubushakashatsi bwimbitse biremezwa ko bibari ndetse bishoboka ku isi hose uburyo bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera sida ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibitsina n umuntu wanduye hakorwa imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye hagati y abadahuje igitsina ariko uburyo bwo kwandura buratandukanye mu bihugu kugeza mu abantu benshi banduye virusi itera sida muri amerika babaye mu bagabo baryamanye n abagabo by abanduye virusi itera sida ku bagabo bafite imyaka n abayirengeje na by indwara nshya muri amerika abagabo bahuje ibitsina bafite imyaka kugeza kuri bangana na by abanduye virusi itera sida mu bagabo bose bari mu kigero cyabo na by indwara nshya mu bagabo bose bahuje ibitsina ndetse n ibitsina byombi abagabo bagera ku b abagabo bahuje ibitsina banduye virusi itera sida mu gihe by abagore bahindura ibitsina transgender banduye muri amerika ku bijyanye n imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye ibigereranyo by ingaruka zo kwandura virusi itera sida ku gikorwa cy imibonano mpuzabitsina bigaragara ko byikubye inshuro enye kugeza ku icumi mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga make ugereranyije no mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga make ibyago byo kwandura abagore ku bagabo bingana na kuri buri gikorwa naho kwanduza abagabo ku bagore ni kuri buri gikorwa ibigereranyo bihwanye n ibihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi ni ku gikorwa cyo kwanduza abagore ku bagabo na kuri buri gikorwa cyo kwanduza abagabo n abagore ibyago byo kwandura bivuye mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ni byinshi cyane bivugwa ko kuri buri gikorwa haba mu mibonano mpuzabitsina idahuje igitsina ndetse n abaryamana bahuje igitsina nubwo ibyago byo kwandura biva mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ku bahuje ibitsina ari bike biracyahari ibyago byo kwakira imibonano mpuzabitsina mu kanwa byavuzwe ko ari hafi ntabyo ariko byagaragaye ko hari abantu bake banduye binyuze muri ubwo buryo ibyago kuri buri gikorwa byagereranijwe kuri ku bakira imibonano mpuza bitsina mu kanwa oral sex mu bihe birimo uburaya mu bihugu bikennye cyane ibyago byo kwandura abagore ku bagabo byagereranijwe ko ari kuri buri gikorwa naho kwanduza abagabo ku bagore ni kuri buri gikorwa ibyago byo kwandura byiyongera iyo umuntu yanduye indwara zisanzwe zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina hamwe n ibisebe byo mu gitsina ibisebe byo mu gitsina bigaragara ko byongera ibyago inshuro zigera kuri eshanu izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina nka mburugu kilamidiya tirikomunasi na vaginose ya bagiteri zifitanye isano no kwiyongera gake mu byago byo kwandura ubwiyongere bw ubukana bwa virusi itera sida mu mubiri w uwayanduye viral load ni ikintu cy ingaruka zikomeye mu kwanduza virusi itera sida binyuze mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ndetse biciye mu kwandura hagati y umwana na nyin umubyeyi we mu mezi y ibanze mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura virusi itera sida ubwandu bw umuntu bwikubye inshuro cumi n ibiri bitewe n ubwiyongere bw ubukana bwiyo virusi itera sida afite mu mubiri we viral load niba umuntu ari mu cyiciro cye cyanyuma yaho yanduriye virusi itera sida ibipimo byanduza bikubye inshuro umunani abakora imibonano mpuzabitsina bicuruza mu bikorwa by uburaya harimo n abacuruza imibiri yabo by umwuga byemewe pornography bafite ibyago byinsho byo kwandura virusi itera sida imibonano mpuzabitsina ikabije mu buryo bwo gukubana kw ibitsina nta bunyerere cyangwa ububobere buhagije mu gitsina rough sex irashobora guteza kwiyongera kw ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rikubiyemo ibikorwa byo gufata kungufu gusambanya undi ku gahato no gusambanya abana bakiri bato sexual assualt naryo rishobora guteza ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera sida kubera ko udukingirizo tudakunze kwambarwa muri ibyo bikorwa by ubugome bigatera gukomereka mu gitsina ku bagore n abakobwa no ku gitsina ku bagabo n abahungu cyangwa gukomereka mu kibuno kubakorerwa ibikorwa byo gufatwa ku ngufu n abatinganyi bikongera ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera sida ndetse bikaba byanatera ibyuririzi by indwara zindi zandurira mu gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina akabirwarira hamwe n ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida uburyo bwa kabiri bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera sida ni uburyo bunyuze mu maraso yanduye n amatembabuzi yivanzemo ayo maraso yanduye kwandura biciye muri ubu buryo birashobora guterwa no gusangira inshinge mugihe cyo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge bacisha mu kwitera inshinge mu mitsi gukomeretswa n inshinge mu gihe ruri guterwa ufite ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida guterwa amaraso yanduye cyangwa ibikomoka ku maraso yanduye cyangwa inshinge zikoreshwa mu buvuzi ariko zitujuje ubuzira nenge hamwe n ibikoresho bidafite ubuziranenge bidafite umutekano uhagije wo kubibika mu buryo bwiza mu byuma bibihanaguraho imyanda sterilizers ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusangira urushinge mugihe cyo gutera ibiyobyabwenge mu mitsi hagati y abakoresha ibyobya bwenge ubwabo biri hagati ya na kuri buri gikorwa ugereranije ku gipimo cyo hagati average ni ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida ku binyuze k urushinge rwatewe umuntu wanduye virusi itera sida bivugwa ko ari hafi kuri kuri buri gikorwa kandi ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida binyuze ku rurenda rw amatembabuzi ruvanzemo amaraso yanduye virusi itera sida ni hafi kuri kuri buri gikorwa izi ngaruka zirashobora ariko kugera kuri mugihe ayo maraso ari muri urwo rurenda rw amatembabuzi yaturutse kumuntu ufite ubwikorezi bwinshi bwa virusi itera sida n umwenge cyangwa igisebe ari kinini mu mubiri kuri wawundi wandujwe muri leta zunze ubumwe za amerika abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bagejeje kuri by abanduye virusi itera sida mu ndetse no mu turere tumwe na tumwe abantu barenga bitera ibiyobyabwenge banduye virusi itera sida virusi itera sida yanduza hafi binyuze mu guterwa amaraso yanduye blood transfusion mu bihugu byateye imbere ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida ni bike cyane munsi ya kimwe cya kabiri cya miliyoni aho hakorwa uburyo bwo gutoranya abaterankunga no gusuzuma virusi itera sida mu maraso atangwa blood donations urugero mu bwongereza ibyago bivugwa ko ari umwe muri miliyoni eshanu naho muri amerika yari imwe muri miliyoni muri mu bihugu bikennye cyane kimwe cya kabiri cy amaraso ni yo yonyine ishobora gupimwa mu buryo bukwiye guhera mu kandi bikaba bivugwa ko abagera kuri banduye virusi itera sida muri utwo turere baturuka ku guterwa amaraso yanduye n amatembabuzi avanze nayo maraso yanduye bigereranywa kuri na byanduye kwisi birashoboka kwandura virusi itera sida mu guhinduranya ingingo z umuburi zitangwa kwa muganga implants nubwo ibi bidasanzwe kubera kwipimisha mbere ko bikorwa gutera imiti hifashishijwe inshinge zidafite umutekano bigira uruhare muri virusi itera sida muri afurika yo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara mu hagati ya na byanduye muri kano karere byatewe no gukoresha inshinge zidafite umutekano zo kwa muganga ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima rivuga ko ibyago byo kwandura biturutse ku gutera inshinge muri afurika ni hari n ingaruka zo kwandura virusi itera sida zikomoka ku kubaga indembe kubyaza no kuvura no kubaga amenyo muri kano karere abantu baterwaho ibishushanyo ku mibiri yabo tattooing gutobora ibice by umubiri bitandukanye no gukomeretsa ibice by umubiri wabo binyuze mu ndasago scarification bafite ibyago byo kwandura nubwo nta bushakashatsi buhari bufatika bubyemeza imibu ndetse nutundi dukoko ntibishobora kuba impamvu yo gukwirakwiza ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida virusi itera sida irashobora kwanduza umwana mu gihe umubyeyi amutwite igihe cyo kubyara cyangwa binyuze mu mashereka amwonsa bigatuma umwana na we yandura virusi itera sida kugeza mu mwaka wa kwandura virusi itera sida mu buryo bwiswe verticle transmission binyuze mu dukoko twa bagitiriya na virusi mu gihe umubyeyi atwite umwana cyangwa arimo kubyara ni by abana bayandura mugihe hatabayeho kuvurwa virusi itera sida ku mubyeyi wanduye ibyago byo kwanduza umwana mbere cyangwa mugihe cyo kuvuka ni naho kubonsa amashereka ni ubuvuzi butangwa ku mubyeyi ukimenya ko yanduye ariko atwite bugabanya ibyago byo kwanduza umwana we akimutwite no mu gihe cyo kumubyara kugeza munsi ya imiti igabanya ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida iyo ifashwe na nyina cyangwa umwana bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura ku bonsa ibiryo bigaburirwa umwana iyo byivanzemo n amaraso yanduye virusi itera sida mbere yo kubihekenya birashobora guteza ibyago byo kwandura virusi kuri uwo mwana niba umugore atavuwe virusi itera sida akamara imyaka ibiri yonsa uruhinja nabyo bitera ibyago byo kwanduza umwana we bigera kuri bitewe n ubwiyongere bw urupfu rw impinja bukomoka ku kutonsa mu bice byinshi byo mu bihugu biri mu nzira y amajyambere ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima rirasaba ko konsa byihariye hagati y umubyeyi n uwo mwana we umwe gusa cyangwa gutanga kwifashisha amata yo mu bikombe nk imfashabere abagore bose bazwiho kuba banduye virusi itera sida bagomba gufata imiti igabanya ubukana ubuzima bwabo bwose virusi itera sida niyo nyirabayazana w indwara zitera umuburi kubura ubudahangarwa ari nabyo byitwa sida virusi itera sida ni ubwoko bwa retrovirus yibanda cyane mu kwangiza abasirikare barinda umubiri w umuntu bitwa cd t cells macrophage na dendritic cells yangiriza byimazeyo mu buryo buziguye ndetse n ubutaziguye abo basirikare batuma umubiri ugira ubudahangarwa bitwa cd t iyo virusi itera sida ibarizwa mu bwoko bwa lentivirus nabwo bubarizwa mu cyiciro cyitwa retroviridae virusi zo muri ubu bwoko bwa lentivirus zisangiye ibintu byinshi biziranga imiterere yabyo ndetse n ibijyanye n ubutabire bw ibinyabuzima bubiranga ibinyabuzima byinshi biri mu cyiciro cy inyamaswa zonsa zikunze gufatwa no kwandura nama virusi ari muri ubu bwoko bwa lentiviruses ari nabyo bikunze gutera indwara z igihe kirekire ndetse zimara igihe mu mubiri zirimo gukura ubu bwoko bwa virusi zibarizwa muri lentiviruses zigira ububasha bwo kwandura bwinjira mu mubiri ari imbumbe kandi bwiteguye kwanduza bwiyambitse urububi ruzirinda rwa rna genome iyo zinjiye mu mubiri ako kanya rwa rububi ruzirinda rwa rna genome ruhita ruhindagura imiterere yarwo reverse transcribed rugahinduka adn ifite kopi ebyiri ya virusi nyayo itera uburwayi byitwa reverse transciptase bizanana na ya genome virusi mu bigize virusi nyuma yo kwihindagura yisanisha na adn ziri mu mubiri mu buryo bwo gukora kopi zisa neza ihita yinjira mu dutafari twubatse umubiri twitwa nucleus cells tugahita twisanisha neza nkatwo mu rwego rwo kwiyorobeka no kwihisha mu mubiri binyuze mu buryo bwitwa integrase nibigize umubiri yinjiyemo virusi iyo imaze kwinjira neza muri twa dutafari tugize umubiri cells ihita yirinda kugira ibitero igaba ku mubiri ako kanya kugirango abasirikare baha ubudahangarwa mu mubiri batayivumbura bagatangira kuyirwanya hari nubwo virusi iyo imaze kwinjira mu mubiri ihita ikoresha ubundi buryo bwitwa transcribed ari nabwo bwo kubasha kwiyubura ikikoramo kopi nyinshi z amavirusi bisa kimwe ya rna genomes afite naza poroteyine z ama virusi byishyize hamwe bikirema mu imbere muri za cells zigakomeza gutubuka gutyo zikaba nyinshi mu mubiri viral load virusi itera sida ubu yamenyekanye ko ikwirakwira iciye mu basirikare barinda umubiri bawuha ubudahangarwa ba cd t biciye mu nzira ebyiri zibangikanye gukwirakwiza mu imbere muri cells ubwayo aribyo byitwa cell free spread cyangwa gukwirakwizwa yanduza za cells zitandukanye ku bwinshi ari nabyo byitwa cell to cell spread mu gukwirakwiza biciye mu buryo bwa cell free spread virusi ziva mu ngirabuzimafatizo virus particles bud zituruka mu basirikare banduye ba t cells zinjira mu maraso nandi matembabuzi avanze namaraso hanyuma zikanduza utundi dusirikare turinda umubiri kwandura twa t cells uko zijyenda zihura nazo gutyo gutyo kugeza zikwirakwiye mu mubiri hose iri kwirakwizwa rya virusi mu mubiri uko rigenda ryikoramo kopi nyinshi biri mu bintu birwanya bigaca inege imiti n ubuvuzi bujyanye no kuvura amavirusi ubwoko bubiri bwa virusi itera sida bwaranzwe na virusi y ubwoko bwitwa vih na vih virusi ya vih ni virusi yavumbuwe bwa mbere kandi yabanje kwitwa lav cyangwa htlv iii ni virusi ifite ubukana kandi yandura cyane kandi niyo nyirabayazana w ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida ku isi yose ugereranije na virusi yo mu bwoko bwa vih izwiho kwandurwa n abantu bake kubera ubushobozi buke ugereranije bwo kwandura ubwoko bwa virusi ya vih igarukira muri afurika y iburengerazuba iyo virusi imaze kwinjira mu mubiri habaho igihe cyo gutubuka kwayo zikaba nyinshi mu buryo bwo kujyenda zikoramo kopi nyinshi byihuse biganisha kuri virusi nyinshi mumaraso viral load mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura virusi urwego rwa virusi itera sida rushobora kugera kuri miliyoni nyinshi za virusi kuri mililitiro yamaraso mu mubiri iki gisubizo kijyana nigabanuka ryagaragaye mumibare y abasirikare barinda umuburi indwara bitwa cd t virusi ikomeza kugira ubukana kubera imiterere yayo yo gutuma havuka utundi dusirikare cells twitwa cd t tuza twica burundu twa dusirikare turinda umubiri kutandura indwara tukabyara za antibody zirwanya umubiri ziwuca intege cyangwa seroconversion igisubizo gifatika mu isuzuma ryutwo dusirikare twa cd t nicyo cyerekana uko ubwandu bw indwara bujyenda bugabanyuka cyangwa bwiyongera mu mubiri nubwo bitarinda burundu virusi itera sida amaherezo virusi itera sida irwanya ba basirikare barinda umubiri indwara ikajyenda ibica ibagabanya ubwinshi bakaba bakeya mu mubiri cd t kugeza ubwo umubiri ubura ubudahangarwa bigatera indwara z ibyuririzi kwibasira umubiri muburyo buzorohereye abasirikare ba t cells ni ingirakamaro mubisubizo byubudahangarwa bw umubiri kandi bitabaye ibyo umubiri ntushobora kurwanya indwara cyangwa kwica udusirikare twamaze kuba kanseri mu mubiri uburyo abasirikare ba cd t cells bagenda bashira mu mubiri bugiye butandukanye yaba mu ikubitiro umubiri ukinjiramo virusi itera sida ikikoramo kopi nyinshi ndetse no mu bihe bwo kurwaragurika cyane mu byiciro bitandukanye mu cyiciro cy ibanze cyo kwandura virusi itera sida hifashishwa udusirikare twanduye twabaye kanseri mu mubiri twa cd t ari natwo tugira uruhare mu kugabanuka k udusirikare turinda umubiri twa cd t nubwo umubiri ubwawo wabigiramo uruhare mu gihe wirwanaho wica udukoko turi mu mubiri mu buryo bwitwa apoptose nayo ishobora kubitera iyo virusi ziyongereye mu mubiri umurwayi akagera mu cyiciro cyo kuremba bikabije no kurwaragurika indwara z ibyuririzi zitandukanye bituma habaho gutakaza buhoro buhoro ubushobozi bwimikorere yubudahangarwa bwo kubyara abasirikare bashya ba t cells ari nabyo bituma bagabanyuka cyanecd t nubwo ibimenyetso byo kubura ubudahangarwa biranga sida bitagaragara imyaka myinshi nyuma yuko umuntu yanduye igice kinini cyo gutakaza abasirikare ba cd t kibaho mugihe cyicyumweru cya mbere cy ubwandu cyane cyane mumitsi yo munda kibamo uturemangingo turwanya indwara zo mu mubiri twita lymphocytes mu mubiri impamvu virusi itera sida yibanda cyane kuri ako gace ko munda intestinal mucosa ni ukubera ko virusi itera sida ikora za poroteyine z ubwoko bwa ccr ikoresha mu kwibasira yinjira ihungabanya abasirikare barinda umubiri indwara ba cd t kandi ako gace k imitsi yo munda kagizwe cyane nizo poroteyine kuruta za poroteyine ziba mu maraso imihindagurikire yihariye ihindura imiterere ya za poroteyine za ccr iyo ziboneka mu buryo bwombi bwa chromosomes birinda cyane kwandura virusi y ubwoko bwa vih virusi itera sida ishakisha kandi ikarandura byimazeyo ccr zigaragaza mudusirikare turinda umubiri twa cd t mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura iyo virusi kuko nibwo iba ifite ubukana bwinshi abasirikare barinda umubiri ba cd t ni nako batangira kurwanya iyo virusi itera sida ari nako irushaho kubica bikihutisha kujya mu cyiciro cya kabiri cyo kuremba no kurwaragurika buri kanya bidakira clinical latent phase uko virusi itera sida irushaho kwikoramo kopi nyinshi ikibasira umubiri wose ni nako umubiri ubura ubudahangarwa kurushaho ibyo byose bigateza uruvangitirane rw ibibazo byo mu mubiri bituma habaho gusohoka kwa pro inflammatory cytokines ni nabyo ndetse bifitanye isano mu guteza indwara zo munda nk igifu kubera urububi igisenge kigize amara gikomeza kujyenda cyangirika cyane iyo habayeho kuremba cyane virusi itera sida isuzumwa hifashishijwe ibizamini bya laboratoire hanyuma bigakorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso cyangwa ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe ikigo cya leta zunzwe ubumwe z amerika cya preventive services task force gishishikariza abantu bose kuva ku myaka kugeza ku myaka kwisuzumisha virusi itera sida harimo n abagore bose batwite byongeye kandi kwipimisha bishishikarizwa cyane abantu bafite ibyago byinsho byo kuyandura cyane abasuzumwa bagasanga baranduye izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuza bitsina mu bice byinshi byisi kimwe cya gatatu cyabanduye virusi itera sida babimenya ari uko igihe cyamaze kurenga bamaze gutaka ubudahangarwa bw umubiri kuburyo bwigaragaza bukabije abantu benshi banduye virusi itera sida bakunze kurangwa n imisemburo mu mubiri yabo irwanya ibice by umubiri antibodies ni ukuvuga seroconvert bibaho mu byumweru bitatu kugeza kuri cumi na bibiri nyuma yo kwandura bwa mbere gupima virusi itera sida mbere ya seroconversion bikorwa mugupima hiv rna cyangwa p antigen ibisubizo bigaragaza ubwandu positive byabonetse nyuma yo gupima za antibodies cyangwa ibizamini bya pcr byemezwa na antibody itandukanye cyangwa na pcr gusuzuma no gupima antibody ku bana bari munsi y amezi bikunze gutanga ibisubizo bitari bya nyabyo kubera za antibodies bakomora ku babyeyi babo ziba zikiri mu mibiri yabo bana kubw izo mpamvu ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida bishobora gupimwa gusa hifashishije gupima pcr za hiv rna cyangwa adn cyangwa binyuze mu gupima antigen p henshi ku isi hari icyuho n ibura ry ibikoresho bihagije byo gupima ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida hifashishijwe agakoresho ka pcr yizewe kandi abantu mu bihugu byinshi bitishoboye bategereza kugeza ibimenyetso byigaragaje cyangwa umwana akuze bihagije kugirango bapimwe neza za antibody muri afurika yo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara hagati ya na abaturage bari hagati ya na bari bafite amakuru ahagije kuri virusi itera sida muri hagati ya na by abagabo n abagore bo mu bihugu byo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara nibo babashije kwisuzumisha ibi byagaragaje ubwiyongere bugaragara ugereranije nimyaka yashize uburyo bubiri bw ingenzi bwo kuvura bukoreshwa mu gushyira mu byiciro indwara zanduye virusi itera sida n indwara zifitanye isano na virusi itera sida hagamijwe gukurikirana abanduye gahunda y ikigo mpuza mahanga gikurikirana ubuzima who gikurikirana umunsi kuwundi imiterere ya virusi itera sida n indwara zigashamikiyeho n ikigo gikurikirana kinakakumira indwara zandura cya cdc uburyo gishyira mu byiciro ibirebana na virusi itera sida kubera ko gahunda y ikigo cya who idasaba ibizamini bya laboratoire ikwiranye n imiterere y imikoreshereze ihura n ibihugu biri mu nzira y amajyambere aho ishobora no gukoreshwa mu gufasha kuyobora imiyoborere y amavuriro nubwo zi gahunda zitandukanye sisitemu zombi zemerera kugereranya intego zimibare ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima ryatanze icyifuzo cya mbere ku gisobanuro kirebana na sida mu kuva icyo gihe oms yakomeje gahunda yo kuvugurura ibyiciro bitandukanye inshuro nyinshi igisobanuro giheruka cyemeranyijweho ku isi hose ubu oms ikaba iheruka kugisohora mu sisitemu ya oms ikoresha ibyiciro bikurikira ikigo cyo muri leta zunze ubumwe z amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara cdc nacyo cyashyizeho uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro virusi itera sida kandi byavuguruwe mu na ubu buryo bushyira mu byiciro virusi itera sida hakurikijwe kubara abasirikare baha umubiri ubudahangarwa cd count no kugenzura ibimenyetso byigaragaza kandi busobanura ubwandu mu matsinda atanu mu barengeje imyaka itandatu ni mu rwego rwo kugenzura isuzuma rya sida rikomeje gukorwa nubwo nyuma yo kuvurwa umubare wa wabasirikare barinda umubiri ba cd t wazamutse ukagera kuri kuri l yamaraso cyangwa izindi ndwara zishamikiye ku bimenyetso bigaragaza sida ziba zamaze gukira gukoresha agakingirizo mu buryo buhoraho kandi igihe kirekire bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera sida ku kigereranyo kingana na iyo agakingirizo gakoreshwa buri gihe n abashakanye muri bombi umwe ariwe wanduye undi ari atanduye bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera sida ku kigereranyo kiri kuri ku mwaka hariho ubushakashatsi bushimangira ko agakingirizo k abagore gashobora gutanga urwego rumwe rwo kurinda gukoresha imiti yifashishwa mu gutuma mu gitsina hazamo ububobere yitwa gel nka tenofovir yifashishwa mu kuvura indwara ya sida rimwe na rimwe indwara y umwijima ya hepatitis b igakoreshwa mbere yo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina bijya bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera sida kugera ku kigereranyo kingana na mubagore bo muri afrika binyuranye no gukoresha imiti yica intanga ngabo nka nonoxynol kuko iyo izwiho kongera ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida bitewe nuko ituma mu gitsina no mu nnyo hazamo udusebe gusilamura abagabo muri afurika yo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara bigabanya kwandura virusi itera sida ku bagabo badahuje igitsina hagati ya na mu gihe cy amezi kubera ubwo bushakashatsi ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima ndetse na unaids bashishikarije abagabo kwisiramuza muri mu rwego rwo gukumira virusi itera sida binyuze ku bwandu buturuka ku mugore wanduye yanduza umugabo utanduye mu turere twa afurika twiganjemo umubare munini wabanduye virusi itera sida icyakora ntibivugwaho rumwe ku bijyanye nimba kwisilamuza birinda umugore utanduye virusi itera sida iyo aryamanye n umugabo wanduye virusi itera sida usilamuye ndetse nta mibare izwi cyangwa ifatika ivuga ko byarinda abahuje ibitsina b abagabo bakora imibonano kwandura virusi itera sida mu bihugu byateye imbere umuryango mpuzamahanga urwanya virusi urasaba ukanashishikariza ko abagabo bose bakora imibonano nabo badahuje igitsina bagomba kwisilamuza ndetse nabakora imibonano mpuzabitsina nabo bahuje igitsina ko byaganirwaho nkuburyo bwo guhitamo kwirinda virusi itera sida abahanga bamwe batinya ko hashobora kuvuka imyumvire ituma umubare munini wabantu wakwitabira ibikorwa byo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye bitwaje ko gusilamurwa ari urukingo rubarinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida porogaramu zishishikariza kwifata no kurinda ubusugi n ubumanzi ku bakobwa n abahungu ntabwo bigaragara ko zigira umusaruro mwiza uhagije kandi ufatika mu kwirinda virusi itera sida hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko umusaruro wizo nyigisho udahagije habe namba inyigisho zihagije zitangwa ku bumenyi bw imyororokere mu mashuri zishobora kugabanya imyitwarire ishobora guteza ibyago byinshi byo kwijandika no kwiyandarika mu bikorwa by ubusambanyi umubare munini wurubyiruko rukomeje kwishora mubikorwa byinshi bishobora guteza ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida nubwo bahabwa inyigisho zihagije kuberana n ubwandu bwiyo virusi kuko babitesha agaciro ko kumva ko nabo bashobora kwandura ubujyanama butangwa no gupima kubizana kubihabwa ku bushake ntabwo bigabanya ibikorwa byo kwijandika no kwiyandarika mu busambanye kubamaze gupimwa bagasanga batanduye ahubwo bituma abapimwe bagasanga banduye bakunda gukoresha udukingirizo n imibare ikazamuka mu buryo bwigaragaza serivisi zinoze zo kuboneza urubyaro bigaragara ko byongera umubare wo gukoresha imiti yo kuboneza urubyaro mu bagore bamaze kumenya ko bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida nta makuru agahije azwi niba kuvura izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina bifite akamaro mu gukumira virusi itera sida gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida mu bantu babana n ubwandu bafite abasirikare barinda umubiri cd count bagejeje kuri l ni uburyo bwiza cyane bwo kurinda kwanduza abo baryamana nabo ingamba zizwi nko kuvura bisa nko kwirinda cyangwa tasp tasp ifitanye isano no kugabanuka inshuro kugeza kuri ibyago byo kwandura imiti irinda kwandura virusi itera sida yitwa profhylaxis prep ikoreshwa mbere yo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina hamwe numuti ukoreshwa buri munsi wa tenofovir hakoreshejwe cq hatanakoreshejwe umuti wa emtricitabine bigabanya ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera sida hagati y abantu bafite amahirwe menshi yo kwandura nk abagabo bakora imibonano nabo bahuje igitsina ndetse n abaryamana umwe abizi ko yanduye undi abizi ko atanduye ndetse no murubyiruko rwo muri afurika bene ubu buryo bushobora kurinda nabakoresha inshinge bitera imiti ibiyobyabwenge babicishije mu mitsi nyuma y ubushakashatsi bwakoze bukagaragaza ko habayeho kugabanyuka ku kigereranyo kivuye kuri kugeza kuri ku gipimo cy imyaka y abantu person years ikigo cy amerika gishinzwe gahunda zo kwirinda indwara gishishikariza ko abantu bafite ibyago byinsho byo kwandura virusi itera sida ko bakwiye gukoresha imiti ya prep uburyo rusange bwo kwirinda muri gahunda z ubuzima no kubwitaho bifite ingaruka nziza mu kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida gahunda zishyirwaho mu gukumira kwitera ibiyobyabwenge biciye mu mitsi hakoreshejwe inshinge no kuzisangira no gahunda zo gufasha kuvura abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bagahabwa ingurane nziza zo kubavura rehabilitation therapy biri mu bintu bihambaye bigabanya ibyago by ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida imiti irinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida ifatwa mu masaha ari hagati ya na ku muntu ukeka ko cyangwa wahuye n amaraso arimo ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida cq amavangiro yo mu gitsina yanduye iyo miti yitwa prophylaxis pep gukoresha umuti ufata rimwe wa zidovudine bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida inshuro eshanu nyuma yo gukomeretswa n urushinge kugeza mu gahunda yo gukoresha imiti irinda kwandura virusi itera sida muri leta z unze ubumwe z amerika yashyizeho imiti y ubwoko butatu bwo kwifashisha ari bwo tenofovir emtricitabine na raltegravir kuko ibyo bishobora kugabanya ingaruka kurushaho imiti ya pep ishishikarizwa gufatwa byihutirwa cyane iyo habayeho igikorwa cyo gufatwa ku ngufu cq gusambanya umwana cyane iyo ukekwaho icyo cyaha akekwaho kuba yanduye virusi itera sida ariko bikunze gutera impagarara no kutavugwaho rumwe cyane ukekwaho icyaha ubuzima bwe busanzwe butazwi nimba yaranduye cyangwa se ari muzima igihe cyo kwivuza gikunze kuba ibyumweru bine kandi bikunze kuba bifitanye isano n ingaruka zizahaza uyikoresheje aho imiti ya zidovudine ikoreshwa hafi bagirwaho ingaruka yo kugira isesemi umunaniro guhangayika kumutima no kubabara umutwe gahunda yo kurinda umubyeyi kwanduza umwana virusi itera sida zishobora kugabanya ibyaho byo kwandura ku kigereranyayo kiri hagati ya ibi ahanini bikubiyemo gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida mugihe umubyeyi atwite na nyuma yo kuvuka k umwana no gushyiraho gahunda yo gusimbura ibere umwana akagaburirwa hakoreshejwe insimbura bere nka bebelo aho kumwonsa iyo gahunda yo kwifashisha insimbura bere ishoboka byoroshye kubigeraho hari ingurane ndetse ari nta mabura kindi abikumira kandi kubigeraho bikaba byoroshye umubyeyi usanganywe ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida agomba kwirinda byimazeyo konsa umwana we ariko konsa umwana ni ibintu byingenzi muri ya mezi y ibanze kugirango umwana abashe gukura neza iyo biri ngombwa iyo bibaye ngombwa ko umwana yonswa muri ayo mezi y ibanze ni ngombwa ko umwana akomeza gufata imiti ya prophylaxis kugirango arindwe kwandura virusi itera sida ayanduzwa na nyina binyuze mu kumwonsa mu mwaka wa igihugu cya cuba cyabaye icya mbere mu gukumira no kurinda umubyeyi kwanduza umwana virusi itera sida kugeza ubu nta rukingo ruraboneka rwa virusi itera sida kugeza amagingo aya urukingo rukiri mu igeragezwa ruhari rukoreshwa kandi rugaragaza ko rufite uburyo rugabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida ni urwitwa rv rwavumbuwe mu mwaka wa ndetse rugaragaza ko rugabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida kugeza ku kigereranyo kingana na ibi bikaba bitera ibyiringiro byejo hazaza mu muryango wubushakashatsi bwo gukora urukingo rukora neza kurushaho haracyakorwa izindi nkingo zigerageza zishingiye ku rukingo rwa rv ndetse birakomeje kugeza ubu nta muti uhari nta rukingo rurinda virusi itera sida umuti uyivura uhari ni ugizwe n imiti ikomeye yizewe ku kigero kinini igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida yitwa haart highly active antiretroviral therapy ufasha kurinda ko indwara ya sida yihuta gukura no gukomera cyane ikwirakwiza ubukana buzahaza umuburi ubuzima kugeza mu mwaka wa abantu barenga miliyoni bakiriye bene iyi miti mu bihugu bikennye n ibiciriritse uyu muti ukubiyemo imiti ikumira ikanavura indwara z ibyuririzi bya sida kugeza mu mwaka wa mu kwezi kwa werurwe abarwayi babiri bari banduye virusi itera sida niba bamaze kuyikira burundu kwihutira gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida mu cyumweru cya mbere nyuma yo kwisuzumisha bigaragaza ko bitanga amahirwe menshi n icyizere cyiza mu kuyivura yaba mu bantu barangwa n ubukene nabafite ubuzima buciriritse imiti ikomeye yizewe ku kigero kinini igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida yitwa haart ifatwa mu buryo bwo kuyivanga gukomatanya bikunze kwitwa cocktails bukubiyemo imiti igera ku moko atatu iri mu byiciro bibiri by imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi antiretroviral agents mu ikubitir ryo kuvura habanza gukoreshwa uburyo bwa non nucleoside revers transcriptase inhibitor nnrti hiyongereyeho ubundi buryo bubiri bwa nucleoside analog analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor nrtis nrti zisanzwe zirimo imiti ya zidovudine azt cyangwa tenofovir tdf na lamivudine tc cyangwa emtricitabine ftc uhereye muri dolutegravir lamivudine tenofovir yashyizwe ku rutonde n umuryango w ubuzima ku isi nk umurongo wa mbere uvura abantu bakuru hamwe na tenofovir lamivudine efavirenz mu bundi buryo bwakwifashisha kuvura abantu bakuru gukomatanya imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi nka protease inhibitor pi bikoreshwa mu gihe imiti ifatwa mu buryo buvuzwe haruguru bitarimo gutanga umusaruro mwiza ufatika ku murwayi wanduye ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima na leta zunze ubumwe z amerika batanga amabwiriza ashishikariza abantu gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida harimo n abagore batwite bakayitangira kuyifata byihuse bakimara gupimwa hatitawe ku mubare wabasirikare barinda umubiri cd count iyo uwanduye atangiye gufata imiti ni byiza ko yirinda kuyihagarika cyangwa kurambirwa kuyifata abantu benshi bapimwa bagasanga baranduye bikunze kubaho byaratinze gutangira imiti kubera kwipimisha bakererewe uburyo bwiza bwo kwivuza ni uburyo bw igihe kirekire bukoresha plasma hiv rna count ibara munsi ya kopi kuri buri ml ikigero gifatirwaho kumenya nimba ubuvuzi bwa virusi itera sida burimo gukora neza bupimwa mu gihe cy ibyumweru bigera kuri bine igisubizo cyaza kiri munsi ya kopi kuri buri ml hakurikiraho gufata ibizamini buri mezi atatu cyangwa atandatu kandi ibyo biba bihagije igenzura ridahagije rifatwa ko za plasma hiv rna count rirenze kopi kuri buri ml ukurikije ibi bipimo mu kuvura virusi itera sida bitanga icyizere mu kurwanya ubukana bwa bwayo mubantu barenga mumwaka wambere wo kwisuzumisha no kwivuza inyungu zo kwivuza zirimo kugabanuka kw ubukana bwa virusi itera sida mu mubiri kuburyo bitagera aho bizahaza ubuzima ku kigero cyo kubura ubudahangarwa mu mubiri ari nacyo cyiciro byitwa ko umuntu arwaye sida ndetse no kugabanya ibyaho byo gupfa vuba mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y amajyambere abantu bavurwa mu buryo bwiza kandi hakiri kare bibatera kugira ubuzima buhagaze neza bw umubiri no mu mitekerereze muzindi nyungu ziri mu kwivuza hakiri kare bigabanya by ibyago byo kwandura igituntu ku banduye virusi itera sida izindi nyungu ziri mu kwivuza no gutangira imiti kare bigabanya ibyaho byo kwanduza abaryamana n uwanduye n ibyago by uko umubyeyi yakwanduza umwana atwite cyangwa mu gihe cyo kubyara cyangwa ku mwonsa kugirango umurwayi arusheho kumererwa neza biterwa n uburyo yiha gahunda yo gufata imiti bijyanye n imyifatire ye agomba guhindura mu mabwiriza ahabwa na muganga zimwe mu mpamvu zituma hatubahirizwa gahunda zo gufata imiti neza kandi ku gihe harimo kubura uburyo bwo guhabwa imiti n ibigo by ubuvuzi ubuzima kubura gahunda zirimo gufasha abarwayi kwiyakira no kubaganiriza uburwayi bw imitekerereze no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge amoko atandukanye y ubuvuzi n umubare mwinshi w imiti ifatwa igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida n ingaruka zo kubikoresha nabyo biri mu bintu bituma abanduye bacika intege zo kubahiriza no gukomeza gufata imiti ku gihe hamwe n uko igiciro cy iyo miti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida byabigiramo uruhare byabari bakeneye iyo miti bayibonaga kandi baturuka mu bantu babayeho mu bihugu bikennye n ibiri mu buzima buciriritse mu mwaka wa ndetse ubwitabire bwo gufata imiti usanga bungana yaba mu bihugu bikennye ndetse n ibihugu byateye imbere hari ingaruka ziterwa no gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida zimwe muri izo ngaruka harimo umubiri kunanirwa gukora uturema ngingo dutuma umubiri ugira amavuta ahagije lipodystrophy syndrome dyslipidemia na diabete ifata urwagashya cyane kubakoresha protease inhibitor ibindi bimenyetso bikunze kugaragara harimo impiswi hamwe n ubwiyongere bw indwara zifata umutima ubuvuzi bushya bugezweho buzwiho ingaruka nke kubafata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida imiti imwe n imwe irashobora kuba ifitanye isano no gutera ubumuga buvukanwa bityo bikaba bidakwiriye abagore bateganya kubyara kuba bayikoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida ihabwa abana bakiri bato itandukanye nihabwa abantu bakuze ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima rishishikariza kuvura abana bose bari munsi y imyaka itanu abana bari hejuru yimyaka itanu bavurwa kimwe nkabantu bakuru amabwiriza ya leta zunze ubumwe z amerika ashishikariza kuvura abana bose bari munsi y amezi na buri wese ufite ibipimo bya hiv rna bingana na ml ufite imyaka iri hagati y umwaka umwe n imyaka itanu ikigo cy ubuvuzi cy ibihugu by uburayi ema cyasabye ko habaho uruhushya rwo kwamamaza ku miti ibiri mishya igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida arv rilpivirine rekambys na cabotegravir vocabria kugira ngo ikoreshwe hamwe mu kuvura abantu bafite virusi itera sida yo mu bwoko bwa hiv ubu bwoko bw iyi iti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida nibwo bwa mbere buje mu buvuzi bwigihe kirekire hifashishwa gutera inshinge ibi bivuze ko aho kuba ibinini bya buri munsi abantu batera inshinge buri kwezi cyangwa buri mezi abiri gukomatanya inshinge za rekambys na vocabria bigamije kubungabunga ubuvuzi ku babantu bakuru bafite virusi itera sida itagaragara mumaraso ubwinshi bwa virusi itera sida bugaragara ku gipimo cya kopi ml babifatanyije hamwe nubuvuzi bwabo bwa arv kandi mugihe virusi itigeze itera imbaraga zo kurwanya icyiciro runaka cy imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida yitwa non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor nnrtis na integrase strand transfer inhibitors ini ingamba zo gukumira indwara z ibyuririzi ziratanga icyizere mu bantu benshi banduye virusi itera sida usibye kunoza indwara zubu ubuvuzi hifashishijwe gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida biri mubigabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara z ibyuririzi abakuze ndetse n urubyiruko babana na virusi itera sida ndetse no kubafata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida kabone no ku batagaragara ko banduye igituntu cyangwa a ashobora kuba bafite umutwaro wo kuba baranduye igituntu bagomba gufata ubuvuzi bwa isoniazid preventive therapy ipt bagakorerwa ikizamini cyuruhu gipima igituntu kugirango harebwe nimba hakenewe guhabwa ubuvuzi bwa ipt inkingo z indwara z umwijima za hepatitis a na b zishishikarizwa guhabwa abanduye virusi itera sida mbere ko bagira ibyago byo kwandura bene izo ndwara z umwijima gukoresha imiti y ubwoko bwa trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis bana bakivuka bari hagati yibyumweru bine na bitandatu byamavuko no guhagarika konsa abana bavutse kubabyeyi banduye virusi itera sida birashishikarizwa cyane ku badafite amikoro ahagije birashishikarijwe gukumira pcp mugihe abasirikare barinda umubiri ba cd babarwa ku gipimo kiri munsi ya ul no mubasanganywe pcp cyangwa abigeze kuyirwara abantu bafite ubudahangarwa mu mubiri immunosuppression buhagije bashishikarizwa gufata imiti ya toxoplasmose na mac ingamba zikwiye zo gukumira zagabanije umuvuduko w izi ndwara ku kigero cya hagati ya na urukingo rw ibicurane n urukingo rwa pneumococcal polysaccharide rukunze gusabwa ku bantu banduye virusi itera sida kandi bifite ingaruka nziza zigaragaza ku buzima bwabo iyo bayifashe ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima oms ryatanze ibyifuzo bijyanye n intungamubiri zikenewe ku bamaze kwandura virusi itera sida muri rusange indyo yuzuye ni nayo ishishikarizwa abanduye virusi itera sida gufata indyo yuzuye ifite intunga mubiri zihagije kurwego rwa rda ku bantu bakuru banduye virusi itera sida ni inama nziza itangwa n ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima oms gufata cyane vitamine a zinc na iron bigira ingaruka zitari nziza ku buzima bwabamaze kwandura virusi itera sida kubantu bakuze nta nubwo ari byiza keretse niba hari ibigaragaza ko byagabanutse mu mubiri gufata indyo z inyongera diatary supplmentation yuzuye kubantu banduye virusi itera sida kandi bafite imirire idahagije cyangwa indyo idahagije bifasha gushimangira ubudahangarwa bw umubiri cyangwa kubafasha gukira indwara zimwe na zimwe icyakora ibimenyetso byerekana inyungu rusange muburwayi cyangwa kugabanya impfu zabazira indwara ya sida ntabwo bifitiwe ubushakashatsi kuri byo hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza inyungu k ubuzima bwamaze kwandura visuri itera sida iyo bafashe indyo y inyongera irimo intungamubiri ya selenium ku bagore batwite n abonsa banduye virusi itera sida indyo z inyongera zirimo amoko atandukanye ya za vitamine byongera umusaruro ku buzima bwiza ku babyeyi ndetse n abana niba umubyeyi utwite cyangwa wonsa yagiriwe inama yo gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida kugira ngo yirinde kwanduza virusi itera sida umwana atwite yonsa gufata amoko atandukanye ya za vitamine ntizigomba gusimbuzwa ubwo buvuzi hariho ibimenyetso bimwe byerekana ko abana bato banduye virusi itera sida bafata indyo y inyongera irimo vitamine a igabanya impfu ndetse ikongerera gukura neza muri leta z unze ubumwe z amerika abagera kuri banduye virusi itera sida bakoresha uburyo butandukanye bw ubuvuzi bwuzuzanya cyangwa ubundi buryo bw inyongera imikoreshereze yayo ntabwo ifitiwe ubushakashatsi bw imbitse bwemeza imikorere yayo neza nta bimenyetso bihagije byemeza ikoreshwa ry imiti gakondo cyangwa imiti ikomoka ku bimera nta bimenyetso bihagije bihari bishyigikira ikoreshwa ry urumogi mu gutera ubushake bwo kurya no kubyibuha k umubiri byashyizwe mu kinyarwanda bikuwe ku rwandiko rw umwimerere rusangwa ku murongo ukurikira laptop mudasobwa imwe kuri buri mwana in english one laptop per child or olpc ni gahunda idaharanira inyungu yashyizweho ifite intego yo guhindura uburezi bw abana ku isi iyi ntego yari kugerwaho aruko hakozwe kandi hagakwirakwizwa ibikoresho by uburezi mu isi ikiri munzira y amajyambere ndetse hagashyirwamo porogaramu ninyigisho muribyo bikoresho   umushinga wa olpc washimwe henshi ndetse uba ntamakemwa uyu mushinga washimwe kubw imashini zigiciro gito zikoresha umuriro muke ndetse wizeza ubufatanye mu rwego rwa za minisiteri mu bihugu byinshi aho za mudasobwa zikoreshwa nka kimwe mu ishingiro ry uburezi gushyiraho ahantu hafasha gukoresha mudasobwa nta kijijinganya mu rurimi urwo arirwo rwose ndetse byumwihariko nta bumenyi mu rurimi rw icyongereza bakiriye ibitekerezo byinshi harimo ibirebana na gahunda yabo ndetse nibijyanye n uburyo bwabo nk imfashanyo kuzikoresha muburyo bworoshye umutekano wazo ibizikorerwaho nubuzima bwite bwabyo   habimana jean dieu school construction engineer in gakenke district bsc in civil engineering from national university of rwanda born on th in cyabingo sector gakenke district from to kamisave primary school from to o level kagogo secondary school from to a level in math phys at musanze sciences school from teacher of physics and mathematics in kagogo secondary school from january to september eplm in national university of rwanda from january to october applied sciences in national university of rwanda where i got bsc in civil engineering from december to july work in rwanda education board as school construction engineer in burera district under contract from october to august work in burera district as school construction engineer under contract fondation kizito mihigo pour la paix bakunze kwita fondation kmp ni umuryango utari uwa leta washinzwe mu mwaka wa n umuhanzi kizito mihigo intego yawo ni uguharanira amahoro n ubwiyunge nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi muri guhera mu mwaka wa ku bufatanye na ambassade ya leta zunze ubumwe za amerika hamwe n umuryango world vision international fondation kmp yatangiye ubukangurambaga mu mashuri yo mu rwanda no muri za gereza zose zo mu gihugu muri kanama kizito mihigo yahawe igihembo na madamu jeannette kagame kubera ibikorwa by iyi fondation biharanira amahoro n ubwiyunge muri werurwe kmp yahawe igihembo igihembo n ikigo cy igihugu cy imiyoborere rgb nk umwe mu miryango itari iya leta ikora ibikorwa bifasha igihugu mu miyoborere myiza fondation kmp yahagaritse ibikorwa byayo muri mata ubwo umuhanzi kizito mihigo yafungwaga na leta ashinjwa ibyaha byo gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi bwa fpr inkotanyi na perezida wa repuburika paul kagame ishyirahamwe ry abaganga kw isi wma ni inkusanyamashyirahamwe ry igenga kandi mpuzamahanga y imiryango y abaganga b umwuga mu bihugu bitandukanye bityo rihagarariye abaganga ku isi yose  ryatangijwe kuwa nzeri   rirakura  kugeza ku banyamuryango b ingaga z abaganga mu bihugu bitandukanye muri irishyirahamwe cg umuryango wma washinzwe ku wa nzeri ubwo abaganga bo mu bihugu bitandukanye bahuye bwa mbere mu nama rusange y iri shyirahamwe i paris uy umuryango wubatswe hagendeye ku gitekerezo cy umuryango w abaganga w abongereza mu mu nama yabereye i london kugirango hatangizwe umuryango mpuzamahanga w abaganga wazaga gusimbura ishyirahamwe ry abanyamwuga mpuzamahanga b abaganga ryari ryahagaritse imirimo yaryo bitewe n intambara y isi yose ii mu buryo bwo koroshya ubufasha bw amafaranga buturuka mu b anyamuryango mu inteko nyobozi yatangije ubunyamabanga bwa wma mu mujyi wa new york mu buryo bwo koroshya imikoranire n umuryango wabibumbye ndetse n ibindi bigo b iwushamikiyeho  ubunyamabanga bw iri shyirahamwe wma bwagumye new york kugeza mu igihe ku mpamvu z umutungo no kugirango bakorere hafi ya geneve nk umujyi uzwiho kugira imiryango mpuzamahanga myinshi yigenga who ilo icn issa etc bwavuye aho bwari bujyanwa mu bufaransa ahitwa ferney voltaire abanyamuryango  bahuraga mu nama y umwaka ariyo yaje kwitwa world medical assembly inama rusange   kuva muntangiriro wma yagaragaje kwita cyane k ubuvuzi bunoze  muri rusange ndetse no ku isi yose ikaba nyambere mugushyiraho amabwiriza anoze ku baganga bose bo ku isi n isesengura ry amagambo ari mu ndahiro ya hippocrates ryaje kwemerwa mu nama rusange ya ii mu i geneva  inteko rusange yemeje iyo ndahiro ivuguruye bayita inyandiko y i geneve nanone mu nama rusange ya ii raporo ku ibyaha by intamabara n ubuvuzi yarakiriwe ibi byateye inteko gushyiraho akanama kiga kandi kagategura amabwiriza y ubuvuzi mpuzamahanga ngenderwaho  akaba yaraje kwemerwa nyuma yo kuyemeranyaho mu nama rusange iii mu na nyuma yo kwemeza izi nyandiko ebyiri wma yakomeje guhabwa amakuru yo kutubahiriza amabwiriza agenga ubuvuzi ibyaha byakozwe n abaganga mu bihe by intambara   kwigira cg gukorera ubushakashatsi ku bantu mu buryo butemewe n ibindi bibazo bijyanye no kutubahiriza amabwiriza ndetse n amategeko agenga umwuga w ubuvuzi ibi byateye inteko gushyiraho akanama gahoraho ku bijyanye n amabwiriza agenga ubuvuzi mu akanama ariko kakomeje no gukora kuva icyo gihe nkuko ushobora kubibona mu nyandiko z ishyirahamwe wma n amakuru yayo agezweho ni rwo rwego rukuru rufata ibyemezo muri iri shyirahamwe wma ruhura buri mwaka rugizwe n abanyamuryango baturutse mu bihugu binyamuryango nabagize ururgaga abofosiye n abahagarariye abanyamuryango bigenga associate members inteko nkuru itora buri mwaya ibiri abagie urugaga baturutse mu turere dutandatu tugize umuryango ku isi ari two afurika asiya uburayi amerika y abalatino amerika y amajyaruguru na pasifika iteko rusange kandi itora umuyobozi president buri mwaka ari we uhagararira umuryango mu nama n ibirori umuyobozi utowe nuvuyeho bakora kuburyo ubonetse ariwe uhagararira umuryango buri myaka ibiri  ururgaga rwa wma  ukuyemo abayobozi presidents batora uhagararira umuryango mu buryo bwa politiki nkuhagarariye ibikorwa by umuryango  umunyamabanga mukuru ari we mukozi uhoraho mu bunyamabanga utorwa n urugaga ubunyamabanga bw ishyirahamwe buherereye in ferney voltaire france iruhande n umujyi wa geneva icyongereza igifaransa n icyesipanyol  unizo mdimi zikoreshwa n ishyirahamwe kava ryatangira gukora wma ifite ibyiciro by abanyamuryango bikurikira andi makuru y abanyamuryango ushobora kuyabona ukanzehano wma ikora ku bintu bitandukanye wma ikora no kuri ibi bikurikira wma ukora kandi kuri gahunda z uburezi nka prison medicine course kwigisha abagororwa kubijyanye nimiti amasomo kubijyanye n igituntu kigikatu ethics course on microbial resistance bafatanyije na kaminuza ya george mason na international society for microbial resistance zimwe munyandiko z amategeko n ibyashyizwe ahagaragara n ishyirahamwe ry abaganga ku isi wma zimwe ziri mu ndimi zitandukanye ushobora kuzibona ukanazibika uzikuye ku rubuga  murizo harimo ishyirahamwe ry abaganga ku isi riri mu miryango yihuje kuva kumasosiyete y ubuvuzi n amashyirahamwe nindi miryango y ubucuruzi nubwo byose bitarimo uru rubuga rutanaga ishusho y ishyirahamwe rya wma ndetse n imikoranire   wma aft umubkano  n umuryango mpuzamahanga with kubuzima world health organization who n umuryango mpuzamahanga ubwawo united nations nets n udushami two dutandukanye twita k ubuzima ishyirahamwe ry abaganga kw isi wma ni inkusanyamashyirahamwe ry igenga kandi mpuzamahanga y imiryango y abaganga b umwuga mu bihugu bitandukanye bityo rihagarariye abaganga ku isi yose  ryatangijwe kuwa nzeri   rirakura  kugeza ku banyamuryango b ingaga z abaganga mu bihugu bitandukanye muri irishyirahamwe cg umuryango wma washinzwe ku wa nzeri ubwo abaganga bo mu bihugu bitandukanye bahuye bwa mbere mu nama rusange y iri shyirahamwe i paris uy umuryango wubatswe hagendeye ku gitekerezo cy umuryango w abaganga w abongereza mu mu nama yabereye i london kugirango hatangizwe umuryango mpuzamahanga w abaganga wazaga gusimbura ishyirahamwe ry abanyamwuga mpuzamahanga b abaganga ryari ryahagaritse imirimo yaryo bitewe n intambara y isi yose ii mu buryo bwo koroshya ubufasha bw amafaranga buturuka mu b anyamuryango mu inteko nyobozi yatangije ubunyamabanga bwa wma mu mujyi wa new york mu buryo bwo koroshya imikoranire n umuryango wabibumbye ndetse n ibindi bigo b iwushamikiyeho  ubunyamabanga bw iri shyirahamwe wma bwagumye new york kugeza mu igihe ku mpamvu z umutungo no kugirango bakorere hafi ya geneve nk umujyi uzwiho kugira imiryango mpuzamahanga myinshi yigenga who ilo icn issa etc bwavuye aho bwari bujyanwa mu bufaransa ahitwa ferney voltaire abanyamuryango  bahuraga mu nama y umwaka ariyo yaje kwitwa world medical assembly inama rusange   kuva muntangiriro wma yagaragaje kwita cyane k ubuvuzi bunoze  muri rusange ndetse no ku isi yose ikaba nyambere mugushyiraho amabwiriza anoze ku baganga bose bo ku isi n isesengura ry amagambo ari mu ndahiro ya hippocrates ryaje kwemerwa mu nama rusange ya ii mu i geneva  inteko rusange yemeje iyo ndahiro ivuguruye bayita inyandiko y i geneve nanone mu nama rusange ya ii raporo ku ibyaha by intamabara n ubuvuzi yarakiriwe ibi byateye inteko gushyiraho akanama kiga kandi kagategura amabwiriza y ubuvuzi mpuzamahanga ngenderwaho  akaba yaraje kwemerwa nyuma yo kuyemeranyaho mu nama rusange iii mu na nyuma yo kwemeza izi nyandiko ebyiri wma yakomeje guhabwa amakuru yo kutubahiriza amabwiriza agenga ubuvuzi ibyaha byakozwe n abaganga mu bihe by intambara   kwigira cg gukorera ubushakashatsi ku bantu mu buryo butemewe n ibindi bibazo bijyanye no kutubahiriza amabwiriza ndetse n amategeko agenga umwuga w ubuvuzi ibi byateye inteko gushyiraho akanama gahoraho ku bijyanye n amabwiriza agenga ubuvuzi mu akanama ariko kakomeje no gukora kuva icyo gihe nkuko ushobora kubibona mu nyandiko z ishyirahamwe wma n amakuru yayo agezweho ni rwo rwego rukuru rufata ibyemezo muri iri shyirahamwe wma ruhura buri mwaka rugizwe n abanyamuryango baturutse mu bihugu binyamuryango nabagize ururgaga abofosiye n abahagarariye abanyamuryango bigenga associate members inteko nkuru itora buri mwaya ibiri abagie urugaga baturutse mu turere dutandatu tugize umuryango ku isi ari two afurika asiya uburayi amerika y abalatino amerika y amajyaruguru na pasifika iteko rusange kandi itora umuyobozi president buri mwaka ari we uhagararira umuryango mu nama n ibirori umuyobozi utowe nuvuyeho bakora kuburyo ubonetse ariwe uhagararira umuryango buri myaka ibiri  ururgaga rwa wma  ukuyemo abayobozi presidents batora uhagararira umuryango mu buryo bwa politiki nkuhagarariye ibikorwa by umuryango  umunyamabanga mukuru ari we mukozi uhoraho mu bunyamabanga utorwa n urugaga ubunyamabanga bw ishyirahamwe buherereye in ferney voltaire france iruhande n umujyi wa geneva icyongereza igifaransa n icyesipanyol  unizo mdimi zikoreshwa n ishyirahamwe kava ryatangira gukora wma ifite ibyiciro by abanyamuryango bikurikira andi makuru y abanyamuryango ushobora kuyabona ukanzehano wma ikora ku bintu bitandukanye wma ikora no kuri ibi bikurikira wma ukora kandi kuri gahunda z uburezi nka prison medicine course kwigisha abagororwa kubijyanye nimiti amasomo kubijyanye n igituntu kigikatu ethics course on microbial resistance bafatanyije na kaminuza ya george mason na international society for microbial resistance zimwe munyandiko z amategeko n ibyashyizwe ahagaragara n ishyirahamwe ry abaganga ku isi wma zimwe ziri mu ndimi zitandukanye ushobora kuzibona ukanazibika uzikuye ku rubuga  murizo harimo ishyirahamwe ry abaganga ku isi riri mu miryango yihuje kuva kumasosiyete y ubuvuzi n amashyirahamwe nindi miryango y ubucuruzi nubwo byose bitarimo uru rubuga rutanaga ishusho y ishyirahamwe rya wma ndetse n imikoranire   wma aft umubkano  n umuryango mpuzamahanga with kubuzima world health organization who n umuryango mpuzamahanga ubwawo united nations nets n udushami two dutandukanye twita k ubuzima inanc ciftci wavukiye mu murwa mukuru wa turikiya ankara kuya mata yavutse afite inzozi zo kuzakora ibijyanye nubucuruzi inzozi ze zaje kuba impamo ubwo inanc ciftci yararangije amashuri muri kaminuza yo muri istanbul mu mwaka wa akaba yaratangiye gukora ubucuruzi mu bihugu bigiye bitandukanye ku isi bwana inanc ciftci ubwo yiyemeje gushorimari mu bijyanye nuburezi mu mwaka wa inanc ciftci yashinze sosiyete yitwa inanc telecom communication service ikora ibijyanye nitumanaho ndetse nikoranabuhanga aho iyi sosiyete yarifite inzobere zisaga nyuma yaho asuye u rwanda mu kwezi kwa kamena agashimishwa naho u rwanda rugeze rwiyubaka ndetse akishimira icyerekezo igihugu gifite inanc ciftci yiyemeje gushorimari mu bijyanye nuburezi ndetse aba umwe mubashoramari bashinze kaminuza ya kigali university of kigali mu mwaka wa inama yabaminisitiri yarateranye yemeza ko bwana inanc ciftci ahagararira inyungu zu rwanda muri istanul turkey mr inanc ciftci iburyo ari kumwe numuyobozi wikigo cyigihugu cyiterambere clare akamanzi inanc ciftci yashishikarije abashoramari bo muri turikiya gushora imari mu rwanda ndetse abereka ko nta gihombo na kimwe bagira mu gihe bahashoye amafaranga ku ikubitiro abashoramari baturutse muri turikiya bahise bashora imari mu bijyanye nubukerarugendo ubuzima ubwubatsi nibijyanye ningufu zamashanyarazi yuhi v musinga amazina ye y amavuko musinga yari umwe mu bategetsi ba nyuma b ubwami bw u rwanda yabaye mwami nyuma y iyicwa rya murumuna we basangiye nyina mibambwe iv mu yashyigikiye kungurana ibitekerezo n abakoloni b abadage ariko ahura n ubuyobozi bw abakoloni bw ababiligi igihe bwakiraga manda y umuryango w ibihugu mu gutsindwa n ubudage mu gihe intambara ya mbere y isi yose buhoro buhoro yambura mwami uburenganzira bwe ashaka gushyira idini gatolika mu rukiko rwa nyanza ababiligi barangije kwirukana umwami ku ya ugushyingo bashinjwa kwikunda no kwifuza ku ya ugushyingo umwami yirukanywe mu gihugu cy abaturanyi cya kongo mu bubiligi azarangiza iminsi ye i moba naho umuhungu we igikomangoma charles rudahigwa yitwa mwami wo mu rwanda ku ya ugushyingo ku izina rya mutara iii rudahigwa mutara iii rudahigwa werurwe nyakanga yabaye umwami w u rwanda kuva kugeza yimye ingoma ku ya ugushyingo nyuma yuko se yuhi v musinga akuwe ku butegetsi guverinoma y abakoloni b ababiligi iminsi ine mbere niwe mwami wa mbere w u rwanda winjiye mu idini rya gatolika yabaye umugatolika mu maze afata izina rya gikristo charles léon pierre se yari yaranze kwanga kujya mu bukirisitu kandi kiliziya gatolika yo mu rwanda yamufata nk umuntu urwanya abakristu wahagaritse ibikorwa byo gukwirakwiza ubukristu mu rwanda rudahigwa yari yarigiye rwihishwa ubukristu ayobowe n umuyobozi wa kiliziya gatolika yo mu rwanda léon classe kuva mu kandi we ubwe yari yarateguwe n ababiligi kugira ngo asimbure se mu yeguriye igihugu cye kristo maze ahinduka ubukristo nk idini ry igihugu kigeli iv rwabugiri ugushyingo yari umwami w ubwami bw u rwanda mu mpera z ikinyejana cya yari umwe mu bami b abanyiginya baheruka ku ngoma yari ku butegetsi yari yarakomotse ku gisekuru cye mu binyejana bine byabanje kugeza kuri gihanga umwami wa mbere w amateka w u rwanda ibikorwa byabo byizihizwa mu mateka yari umututsi ku izina ry amavuko rya rwabugiri niwe mwami wa mbere mu mateka y u rwanda waje guhura n abanyaburayi yashyizeho ingabo zifite intwaro yakuye mu budage kandi abuza abanyamahanga benshi cyane cyane abarabu kwinjira mu bwami bwe rwabugiri yarushijeho kugenzura ubutaka amatungo n abantu bo muri afurika yo hagati rwabugiri ntiyashoboye kugeza ubutegetsi bwe ku bwiyongere bw butaka gusa ahubwo yanashimangiye ubutegetsi mu ntore za politiki zamenyekanye nk abatutsi b amoko mbere ahanini bari abatware baho ubu bari bagize umuyoboro wemerera umwami kwubaka ubumwe bw igihugu mukarere gashya rwabugiri yabaye umwami hagati y imyaka yatanze yapfuye mu gushyingo ubwo yari mu rugendo muri leta ya kongo yigenga nyuma gato yo kuza k umushakashatsi w umudage count gustav adolf von gtzen umuhungu we wamureraga mibambwe iv rutarindwa yatangajwe ko ari umwami ukurikira harry lillis crosby tacoma amerika ku ya gicurasi alcobendas espanye ku ya ukwakira uzwi cyane ku izina rya bing crosby yari umuririmbyi w umunyamerika crooner akaba n umukinnyi ufite umwuga w ubuhanzi wo mu kinyejana cya kabiri yatekerezaga ko inyenyeri ya mbere ya multimedia bing crosby nigikorwa cyagurishijwe cyane kandi cyatsinze cyane mu kinyejana cya kwisi crosby yari umuyobozi mu kugurisha amajwi kurutonde rwa radiyo no kwinjiza amafaranga menshi umwe mu bantu bakomeye kandi bakomeye bo mu kinyejana cya ku isi yari umwe mu bahanzi ba mbere ba multimediya hagati ya na crosby yari afite ibicuruzwa byiza cyane bidasanzwe hamwe na alubumu ye amanota menshi kuri radiyo ndetse na firime zizwi ku isi akenshi afatwa nkumwe mubakinnyi ba muzika bazwi cyane mumateka kandi nijwi ryabantu ryanditswe kuri elegitoroniki muri iki gihe icyamamare mu buhanzi bwa crosby ni rusange ni ngombwa cyane kuvuga ko yari umwe mu bashishikarije abandi basemuzi bakomeye b abagabo bamushyigikiye nka frank sinatra perry como dean martin john lennon elvis presley michael bublé bamwe bing crosby yagurishije inyandiko zirenga miriyari kwisi yose kugeza ubu birashoboka ko wagurishijwe cyane mumateka ndetse nindirimbo yagurishijwe cyane kwisi yitwa noheri yera hamwe na kopi zirenga zagurishijwe kwisi yose crosby yari azwi cyane kandi azwi cyane hagati mu kinyejana cya rwagati ku isi ku buryo ubushakashatsi bwakozwe icyo gihe bwerekanye ko crosby yari azwi cyane kandi yubahwa kurusha papa piyo wa xii icyo gihe imbonerahamwe yatsindiye iracyashimishije amakarita ku giti cye harimo yakinnye niba ubaze inshuro nyinshi noheri yera yatsinzwe ibyo byazana iyo mibare igera kuri kurusha the beatles na elvis presley hamwe crosby yari afite imbonerahamwe zitandukanye buri mwaka hagati ya na wongeyeho afite inshuro zitandukanye zizwi cyane muri wenyine bing crosby yafashe amajwi arenga yafashwe amajwi yubucuruzi hamwe na radio zigera ku hiyongereyeho urutonde runini rwerekana amafilime na televiziyo niwe muhanzi wanditswe cyane mu mateka bing crosby yatsinze amanota no ku rutonde harimo imitwe ya kabiri n iya gatatu kuri noheri yera kurusha beatles ifite na elvis presley ufite amajwi ye yageze ku rutonde inshuro arenga frank sinatra na elvis presley hamwe crosby yari ijwi ryindirimbo zatowe na oscar enye muri zo zatsindiye igihembo cya akademiki cyindirimbo nziza sweet leilani ubukwe bwa waikiki noheri yera holiday inn swinging ku nyenyeri genda inzira yanjye na muri cool cool cool of nimugoroba hano haza umukwe bing crosby yahawe inyenyeri eshatu kuri walk walk of fame ya hollywood imwe yo gufata amajwi imwe kuri radio n indi ya firime bing crosby niwe muhanzi wanditswe cyane mu mateka hamwe n indirimbo zigera kuri zagurishijwe ku isi ibyo bikaba byagezweho ko nta muntu urimo frank sinatra elvis presley the beatles na michael jackson wegereye guhuza crosby yanditse amajwi ane muri grammy hall of fame iki kikaba ari igihembo kidasanzwe cyashinzwe mu mu rwego rwo guha icyubahiro amajwi afite ireme n amateka félicité niyitegeka yavutse mu i vumbi muri komini ya runyinya muri perefegitura ya butare puisne yumuryango wabana félicité yize mumashuri abanza ya astrida hanyuma yiga ayisumbuye muri save mumashuri acungwa nababikira arangije amasomo ye mu myaka ya za félicité yahawe inshingano yo kuba umwarimu n umugenzuzi mu majyaruguru y igihugu mu ishuri rya muramba yahawe icyo gihe na auxiliaires de l apostolat nanone yitwa demoiselles gukosora kwa nyundo byari bimaze gushingwa kandi bihabwa umwepiskopi wo mu rwanda nyiricyubahiro aloys bigirumwami félicité yavukiye mu muryango ufite kwizera kwabo kwageragejwe ise simon sekabwa yari gatigisimu félicité abaye umugore wa mbere w umunyafurika watangiye umwuga we nka auxiliaires de l apostolat afite intego yo gukorana bya hafi na musenyeri auxiliaires de l apostolat yitwaga kinyarwanda abakobwa ba musenyeri abakobwa ba musenyeri nyiricyubahiro bigirumwami yohereje félicité i lourdes kugira ngo ahugurwe aho ikigo cy amahugurwa ku isi cy abafasha ba apostolate giherereye tugarutse mu rwanda félicité yabaye umwe mu bayobozi ba auxiliaires de l apostolat umuyobozi wa mbere w ishuri rikuru notre dame d afrique wa nyundo umwepiskopi yamwohereje i lourdes mu kugira ngo ajyane na bashiki be bo muri afurika bafite gahunda imwe yagarutse nyuma yimyaka itandatu ashingwa kuyobora ubuyobozi bwa centre saint pierre ikigo cya diyosezi ishinzwe amahugurwa n umwiherero wa auxiliaires de l apostolat icyubahiro cye cyambutse umupaka kugera i goma muri zayire uwahoze ari repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo aho yakoranye na bashiki be bo mu rwego rumwe félicité yahoraga yifuza kwitangira umurimo w abandi cyane cyane ku babikeneye cyane yaba abahutu cyangwa abatutsi azabigaragaza hamwe n ubuzima bwe muri jenoside yabereye mu rwanda mu mu gukora urutonde rwintwari zigihugu abayobozi basanze ubutwari bwe mubuzima bwe bwose bwamwemereraga urutonde kandi yeguriwe kuba intwari yigihugu ibi byatewe n icyemezo cy inama y abaminisitiri yabaye ku ya nzeri guhana kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage dex ni uburyo bwo guhanahana amakuru bukora mu buryo bwo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage ni ukuvuga nta buyobozi bukuru kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi byemerera urungano rw urungano rwo gucuruza amafaranga kwinjira mu gitabo kuri switcheo guhana kubera ko abakoresha badakeneye kohereza umutungo wabo mu kuvunja guhana kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage bigabanya ibyago by ubujura buva mu bucuruzi bw ivunjisha kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi birashobora kandi gukumira ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga cyangwa ibicuruzwa byahimbwe binyuze mu bucuruzi bwo gukaraba kandi ntibizwi kuruta guhanahana gushyira mu bikorwa kumenya ibyo umukiriya wawe asabwa hariho ibimenyetso bimwe byerekana ko kungurana ibitekerezo byegerejwe abaturage byagize ikibazo cy ubucuruzi buke ndetse n isoko ry isoko umushinga x protocole yo kubaka ihererekanyabubasha hamwe no guhinduranya ibintu bigerageza gukemura iki kibazo bitewe no kubura inzira ya kyc kandi ntaburyo bwo guhindura ibikorwa abakoresha barahomba niba bigeze bibasirwa ijambo ryibanga cyangwa urufunguzo rwihariye birashobora kugira ibice bikomatanyirijwe hamwe aho kugenzura kugenzura kuvunja bikiri mu maboko yubuyobozi bukuru urugero rugaragara ni idex ibuza abakoresha leta ya new york gushyira ibicuruzwa kuri platifomu muri nyakanga bancor yoherezwa mu nzego zegerejwe abaturage ngo yibwe kandi ihomba igihombo cy amadorari m mbere yo guhagarika amafaranga muri tweet charlie lee uwashizeho litecoin yagize icyo avuga avuga ko kuvunja bidashobora kwegerezwa abaturage niba bishobora gutakaza cyangwa guhagarika amafaranga y abakiriya bugesera ni akarere kamwe m uturere mirongo itatu tugize igihugu cy u rwanda bugesera iherereye mu intara y iburasirazuba ahagana mu majyepfo ashyira iburasirazuba akarere ka bugesera gatuwe n abaturage bagera kuri ibarura rusange ry abaturage ryo muri bugesera igabanyijemo imirenge cumi n itanu akarere ka bugesera ni akarere karimo karatera imbere kuburyo bugaragara umutekano ugaragara muri kano karere uri muri bimwe bikurura abashoramari kuhashyira ibikorwa by indashyikirwa twavuga nk umushoramari wo muri leta ya qatar wemeye gushora imari mu mushinga wo kubaka ikibuga cy indege mpuza mpuzamahanga akarere ka bugesera ni kamwe mu turere tugize igihugu cy u rwanda gaherereye mu ntara y i burasirazuba umujyi w akarere ka bugesera ni nyamata kubera umutekano urangwa muri kano karere inzego zose zirangwamo iterambere rishimishije inyubako zigendanye n igishushanyo mbonera amashuri meza mu byiciro byose amavuriro meza amahoteli yujuje ibisabwa kuburyo abagenderera kano karere ntacyo bahabura ikindi gishimishije muri kano karere ni iyubwa ry ikibuga cy indege mpuzamahanga kizunganira icyari gisanzwe giherereye mu ntara y umujyi wa kigali aka karere kubatswemo inzibutso zishyinguwe akarere ka bugesera kagabanijwemo imirenge gashora juru kamabuye ntarama mareba mayange musenyi mwogo ngeruka nyamata nyarugenge rilima ruhuha rweru and shyara akagera ni imwe muri pariki nasiyonali z igihugu cy u rwanda iyi pariki iri ku buso bwa kilometero kare ikora ku akarere ka kayonza nyagatare na gatsibo mu burasirazuba bw u rwanda ni imwe muri pariki z igihugu zisurwa cyane na ba mukerarugendo benshi ikaba ari na yo nini mu rwanda pariki y akagera iri hafi nigihugu cya tanzaniya n uruzi rw akagera pariki y akagera igizwe n ibiyaga byinshi harimo n ikiyaga cy ihema cyakuye izina ku babiligi bahashinze amahema ubwo bashakishaga isoko ya nil inyamaswa muri pariki y akagera ugenda uzisanga ahantu bitewe n impamvu eshatu arizo aho inyamaswa ibonera umutekano aho ikura ibyo kurya n aho yabonera ubuhehere ndetse n amazi abasura pariki y akagera bavuga ko banezezwa n ubwoko bw inyamaswa buyibarizwamo cyane inyamaswa eshanu nini z inkazi  arizo inkura intare imbogo inzovu n ingwe akagera gatuwe n amoko y inyoni agera kuri parike y akagera igizwe kandi n ibiti by iminyinya ndetse n andi moko menshi y ibiti parike ya akagera yemejwe nka pariki mu na guverinoma y ububiligi igihe yigaruriraga u rwanda parike yari ifite ibiro metero mu bunini kandi yari izwiho ibinyabuzima bitandukanye pariki y akagera yahoze izwiho kugira imbwa nyinshi zo mu gasozi zo muri afurika arizo african wild dogs na parc aux lycaons ku buryo leta y ububiligi yabonaga ko ari udukoko tuzarya abantu haje gutera icyorezo cy indwara cyirazigabanya kandi imbwa za nyuma zo mu gasozi zagaragaye mu mu inkura z umukara zakuwe muri tanzaniya mu myaka ya za inkura zakomeje kwiyongera kuburyo mu zari zimaze kurenga zabaga muri savannah igice gishyushye cyane cya pariki kubera guhiga bukware izi nkwavu zahigwaga n abarushimusi zaragabanutse cyane mu myaka icumi yakurikiyeho kandi ziheruka kugaragara bwanyuma muri mu bashyizemo masai giraffes zivuye muri kenya umubare wazo wiyongereye kugera aho zirenga mu myaka yashize ahagana mu akagera kari kazwiho kuba gafite intare hagati ya na mu myaka yakurikiye jenoside mu rwanda yo mu rwanda abaturage benshi bahunze n abahinzi basubiye mu rwanda nyuma y intambara maze batura muri parike mu ikigo gishinzwe iterambere mu rwanda rdb hamwe n umuyoboro wa parike nyafurika african parks network muri afurika bagiranye amasezerano y imyaka ashobora kongerwa ku buyobozi bukuru bushinzwe pariki y akagera isosiyete icunga akagera yashinzwe mu mwaka wa nk urwego rushinzwe imiyoborere ya parike y akagera mu myaka yakurikiyeho miliyoni z amadorali yakoreshejwe mu gace ka parike y igihugu ku nkunga y amafaranga yatanzwe na howard buffett foundation icyari kigamijwe kwari ukongera umutekano wa parike y igihugu no kongera kugarura amoko y inyamswa yazimye ingamba z umutekano zafashwe zirimo kubaka uruzitiro rw iburengerazuba rufite ibiro metero kohereza kajugujugu yo kugenzura ikirere amahugurwa y itsinda ry inzobere mu gukurikirana no kurinda inkwavu n ishami rishinzwe kurwanya inyamanswa zangiza izindi muri nyakanga intare zirindwi zo muri afurika y epfo zamenyekanye kandi zizanywa muri parike ziba intare za mbere mu rwanda mu myaka cumi n itanu yakurikiyeho kandi umuryango beyond yatanze intare eshanu zo muri phina private game na tembe inzovu za kwa zulu nathal batanze intare ebyiri zingabo izi nyamaswa zose zasobanuwe na parike nyafurika ko ari ingamba zo kubungabunga ibidukikije haba muri parike ndetse n igihugu mu rwego rw umushinga ugamije guhindura ibinyabu buzima muri parike ya akagera kuva mu umubare w intare wiyongereye kugera ku nyamaswa zigera kuri kandi ukomeza kwiyongera muri gicurasi igikorwa cyahurijwe hamwe n ikigo cy iterambere ry u rwanda na parike nyafurika cyongeye kugarura imvubu cumi n umunani zo mu burengerazuba ziva muri afurika y epfo zari zimaze imyaka zidahari no kugarurwa kwinkura zabuze ndetse n intare pariki y igihugu ubu ni urugo rw inyamaswa eshanu nini zo muri africa intare ingwe inzovu rhinoceros inkura n imbogo muri kamena akagera yakiriye izindi inkura eshanu z umukara zo mu burasirazuba ziva muri pariki zitandukanye mu bihugu bitandukanye biherereye mu burayi muri pariki harimo inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa dvur kralove zo muri repubulika ya tchque flamingo land yo mu bwongereza na ree park safari yo muri danimarike uku kwimuka nubwa mbere byari bibayeho mu bwoko bwazo ubuhahirane no kugurizanya hagati y uburayi na afurika ntago byari byigeze bibaho mbere izo inkura zose haje ingabo ebyiri ndetse n ingore ebyiri byagezagejejwe mu rwanda neza muri parike nyuma yurugendo rw amasaha izi nyamaswa zikomoka ku nkura zakuwe muri afurika mu gihe cyabakoloni umubare munini wiyongereye kuva mu uva ku nyamaswa mu ugera ku mu kuva parike nyafurika yatangira gucunga parike y akagera ku bufatanye n ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry u rwanda rdb mu ubukerarugendo bwiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara mu mwaka wa abantu basuye parike uyu mubare wazamutse ugera ku muri uku kwiyongera kwatumye parike y akagera pariki yibeshaho kuri bityo ntishingire kubaterankunga louise mushikiwabo wavutse ku ya gicurasi ni umunyamabanga wa kane akaba n umunyamabanga mukuru w umuryango mpuzamahanga de la francophonie yabanje kuba minisitiri w ububanyi n amahanga n ubutwererane mu rwanda kuva kugeza yabaye kandi umuvugizi wa guverinoma yabanje kuba minisitiri w itangazamakuru ku ya ukwakira yatorewe manda y imyaka ine ku mwanya w umunyamabanga mukuru w umuryango mpuzamahanga wabavuga ururimi rw igifaransa oif mu nama ya francophonie yabereye i yerevan muri arumeniya louise mushikiwabo yavutse ku ya gicurasi i kigali umurwa mukuru w u rwanda se yari bitsindinkumi umututsi wo mu muryango wa batsobe bitsindinkumi yakoraga ubuhinzi gucunga umuryango ndetse gukorana nk uko abakontabule bo mu gihe cy ubukoloni bahingaga kawa nyina yari nyiratulira mubyara wa alexis kagame umufilozofe mu by amateka yabayeho mu bwana bwe i kigali umuhererezi mu bana icyenda barumuna be barimo lando ndasingwa wabaye umucuruzi akaba n umunyapolitiki uzwi cyane mu rwanda mbere yo kwicwa mu mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu rwanda na anne marie kantengwa wigaruriye hoteri ya lando chez lando nyuma y urupfu rwe kandi akora mu nteko ishinga amategeko y u rwanda kuva kugeza nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri abanza n ayisumbuye i kigali mushikiwabo yagiye kwiga muri kaminuza nkuru y u rwanda ubu ni kaminuza y u rwanda mu mujyi wa butare mu majyepfo mu yarangije kaminuza mu afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu cyongereza hanyuma akora muri make nk umwarimu w amashuri yisumbuye mu yavuye mu rwanda yerekeza muri amerika naho yatangiye kwiga impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu ndimi no gusobanura muri kaminuza ya delaware naho igifaransa kikaba ururimi rwe rwihariye amaze kurangiza amasomo ye mu yagumye muri amerika atura mu gace ka washington dc yatangiye umwuga akora mu mashyirahamwe aharanira inyungu mbere yo gufata umwanya muri banki nyafurika itsura amajyambere adb mu rwego rwo kugira uruhare muri adb yabaye muri tuniziya igihe gito amaherezo aba umuyobozi ushinzwe itumanaho muri banki mu mushikiwabo yanditse igitabo rwanda bivuga universe yafatanije na jack kramer umunyamakuru amerika na kalimanzira marine igitabo kirimo igice cyandika ku buzima gisobanura amateka y umuryango wa mushikiwabo ubuzima bwe bwa mbere mu rwanda ndetse n ubunararibonye bwe amaze kwimukira muri amerika irasobanura kandi itsembabwoko ryo mu rwanda mu buryo burambuye uhereye ku mateka ndetse no ku bitekerezo bya mushiwabo uba i washington kuko yakiriye amakuru avuga ko benshi mu bagize umuryango we bishwe muri werurwe mushikiwabo yatumiwe na perezida w u rwanda paul kagame gusubira mu gihugu cye cy u rwanda no gufata umwanya muri guverinoma ye yahawe umwanya wa minisitiri w itangazamakuru asimbuye laurent nkusi mu ntangiriro za manda ye mushikiwabo yari ashinzwe gufata icyemezo cyo gufata ingamba zo kurwanya amashyirahamwe menshi y itangazamakuru ryaho yari afite inkuru zisebanya kuri kagame ikinyamakuru kimwe kinyarwanda ururimi rwa buri munsi umuco cyari cyasohoye inkuru igereranya perezida na adolf hitler kandi inama nkuru y itangazamakuru hcp yasabye guverinoma guhagarika uruhushya rw iki kinyamakuru nkusi yari yaranze iki cyifuzo kandi mu gihe mushikiwabo atigeze ahagarika ku mugaragaro impapuro nyamara yahagaritse gucapa mu kwakira muri rusange mushikiwabo yashishikarije bagenzi be gushyigikira ubwisanzure bw itangazamakuru ariko kandi ashimangira ko itangazamakuru ryubahiriza amategeko akomeye y u rwanda yerekeye guhakana jenoside mu rwanda mu mwaka wa yatanze itegeko ry agateganyo kuri radiyo ya kinyarwanda yatangajwe na british broadcasting corporation bbc kubera ko yavugaga ko ryerekanaga ibiganiro biha uburenganzira bwa jenoside n abahakana jenoside bbc yahakanye iki kirego ivuga ko na guverinoma bifite ibisobanuro bitandukanye kuri jenoside usibye kuba ashinzwe gufata ibyemezo bya minisiteri mushikiwabo yanasohoje inshingano z umuvugizi wa guverinoma mu gihe yari minisitiri w itangazamakuru urugero igihe u rwanda rwagiranye ibibazo na dipolomasi n ubudage nyuma y ifatwa ry umuyobozi mukuru wa protocole ya perezida paul kagame rose kabuye mushikiwabo yaganiriye n ibitangazamakuru mpuzamahanga kugira ngo asobanure neza uko leta y u rwanda ihagaze yakoresheje ubuhanga bwe bw indimi abasha gutanga ibisobanuro mu ndimi zose zemewe z u rwanda kinyarwanda igifaransa n icyongereza murumuna we lando ndasingwa yari minisitiri w umututsi wenyine muri guverinoma iheruka ya habyarimana ariko yicwa mu ntangiriro ya jenoside mu rwanda yo mu mushiki we anne marie kantengwa afata ku micungire ya hotel ya musaza wabo na resitora chez lando nyuma ubwicanyi bwe mushikiwabo kandi ni mwishywa w intiti izwi cyane y u rwanda n umupadiri alexis kagame ubushakashatsi bw urwego rw igihugu rw imiyoborere rgb bwagaragaje ko abanyarwanda bavuze ko ikibazo cy abangavu batwita imburagihe kibabangamiye kurusha ibindi byoseiki ni ikibazo gihangayikishije isi muri rusange cyane cyane ibihugu biri munzira y amajyambere abana babakobwa batangira kwishora mu gikorwa cy imibonano mpuzabitsina bakiri bato bityo bamwe muri bo bikabaviramo ibyago byo gutwita cyangwa bakanahandurira indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina sida imitezi mburugu amakimbirane mu miryango intonganya kurwana hagati y ababyeyi ubusinzi ni imwe mu mpamvu itungwa agatoki na benshi bavuga ko ariyo ntandaro nyamukuru ituma abana bishora muri izo ngeso kuko abana bahatakariza uburere bakabura ibyingenzi baba bacyeneye kugira ngo babeho bishimye hirya no hino mu turere tw igihugu hagaragara ibikorwa bitandukanye bigamije gukumira inda ziterwa abangavu ariko hakibazwa impamvu aho kugabanyuka cyangwa ngo bicike imibare igenda izamuka nko mu ntara y amajyepfo uturere twa nyanza huye gisagara na nyaruguru turi mu dufite imibare myinshi y abangavu batewe inda imburagihe umuyobozi umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imibereho myiza y abaturage mu karere ka huye kankesha annonciate yavuze ko abangavu batewe inda barenga ati ubushize twavugaga ko dufite abangavu batewe inda ariko ubu twarabaze neza dusanga bageze kuri ni abana benshi cyane mu karere ka nyanza ho imibare yavuye ku bangavu igera ku basaga umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imibereho myiza y abaturage mu karere ka nyanza umutesi solange yavuze ko abangavu baheruka guterwa inda barenga ati iyo turebye nk imibare dufite kuva mu kwa karindwi ku mwaka ushize dusanga dufite abangavu batewe inda abo ni ababyaye ushobora no gusanga hari n abandi bahohotewe batabyaye ariko iyo mibare iratwereka ko ari ikibazo kiremereye mu karere ka gisagara ubuyobozi buheruka gutangaza ko hamaze kubarurwa abangavu batwaye inda zitateguwe harimo abahetse impinja n abagitwite umuyobozi w akarere ka gisagara rutaburingoga jérme ati dufite abana batewe inda bagera ku bari munsi y imyaka n abandi bari munsi y imyaka muri rusange ni umubare munini ni icyorezo ni ikibazo gikomeye cyane dusaba ubufatanye bwa buri wese ngo tugihagarike ni umunyarwandakazi wakoze umwuga w umucuruzi ndetse n umunyapolitiki akaba ari na minisitiri wa sport kuwa ugushyingo mimosa afite impamyabushobozi mu bijyanye no gucukumbura imigirire ya muntu yatanzwe n ikigo cya aci muri australia mu ishami ry amashyirahamwe n imari yarangije kandi mu ishuri ry ubuyobozi rya maastricht i maastricht mu buholandi afite impamyabushobozi mu bijyanye no gucunga imishinga mbere yo kugirwa minisitiri w imikino mu rwanda mimosa yari umuyobozi mukuru wa sonarwa life company ikigo cy ubwishingizi bw ibintu n abantu i kigali mbere yibyo yari umuyobozi mukuru wa african alliance rwanda african alliance nitsinda ryamabanki yishoramari rikorera muri afrika afite uburambe mubirebana namabanki burenga imyaka icumi cyane cyane mubikorwa byo gucunga umutungo no mu bucuruzi mu bigendanye no kunguka yagize uruhare runini mu gushinga isosiyete ya mbere y ubucuruzi bw imigabane ndetse n ivunjisha rya mbere ry ibicuruzwa byo muri afurika y iburasirazuba mu rwanda donald p kaberuka wavutse ku ya ukwakira ni impuguke mu by ubukungu mu rwanda kandi yari perezida wa banki nyafurika itsura amajyambere kuva muri nzeri kugeza muri nzeri kaberuka yavukiye i byumba mu rwanda yize muri kaminuza ya dar es salaam nk icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza maze abona mphil mu bushakashatsi bw iterambere yakuye muri kaminuza y uburasirazuba bwa anglia mu yabonye impamyabumenyi y ikirenga ya phd mu by ubukungu yakuye muri kaminuza ya glasgow kaberuka yakoze mu mabanki n ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga mu myaka irenga icumi mu kwakira yagizwe minisitiri w imari n imigambi y ubukungu mu rwanda itsinda gukorana yateraniye na centre for development global rwigenga washington batekereza tank yasohoye raporo mu nzeri ko batura ibyifuzo atandatu kuko kaberuka na kibaho banki ya abayobozi ku mahame rusange kuyobora banki kuvugurura raporo ikubiyemo ibyifuzo bitandatu ku micungire n abanyamigabane kuko bakemura ikibazo cyihutirwa cyo kuvugurura banki y iterambere rya afurika icyamamare mubyifuzo ni kwibanda cyane kubikorwa remezo kaberuka akora nk umuyobozi w inama y ikigega cy isi gishinzwe kurwanya sida igituntu na malariya manda ye y imyaka ibiri yatangiye ku ya gicurasi muri uru ruhare kaberuka ifasha gukusanya byibuze miliyari z amadolari y amerika mu kigega cy isi muri nk uko ikigega cy isi kibitangaza ngo aya mafaranga azafasha kurokora ubuzima bwa miliyoni kugabanya umubare w impfu ziterwa na virusi itera sida igituntu na malariya mo kabiri kandi byubake gahunda z ubuzima zikomeye mu umujyanama mu kigo cy imari n imigabane mu kuboza kaberuka yagizwe umujyanama mukuru mu ihuriro tpg satya rifatanije n ibigo bibiri byigenga by imigabane tpg ikorera muri amerika hamwe na satya capital ikorera i londres ifatanya n umuherwe wo muri sudani mo ibrahim izindi nshingano zirimo imiryango idaharanira inyungu muri hatangajwe ko kaberuka azaba umuyobozi uhuriweho na komisiyo ya lse oxford ishinzwe kurwanya intege nke za leta iterambere n iterambere riyobowe n ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe iterambere hamwe na david cameron wahoze ari minisitiri w intebe w ubwongereza mu mwaka wa umunyamabanga mukuru w umuryango w abibumbye antnio guterres yamugize umuyobozi wungirije w inama nkuru ishinzwe kwimura imbere hamwe na federica mogherini éditions bakame yashinzwe mu i kigali ni yo nzu yambere yandika ibitabo by abana yabayeho mu rwanda basohora imigani documentaire ibitabo na alubumu kandi bateza imbere gusoma mumashuri ingaruka za jenoside yibasiye igihugu cye akomokamo agns gyr ukunda yashinze i kigali mu editions bakame ashinga inzu yandikira abana n abantu bakiri bato yifuzaga guha ishingiro ry umuco abana benshi kugira ngo abafashe gutsinda ingaruka z imitekerereze y ihungabana bagize kandi yizera ko hamwe n ibitabo by abana yari kugira uruhare mu kwimakaza amahoro igitekerezo gishingiye ku ihame ryo gusoma ryo mu gihugu busuwisi osl yateye inkunga iyubakwa ryiyinzu ishyirahamwe bakame ryandika ibitabo byabana bu rwanda bibashyigikira mu buhanga nu bukungu naho bakame ni izina ry urukwavu rw amayeri ruzwi cyane n abana b u rwanda éditions bakame isohora inyandiko z abana ni ingimbi zishingiye ku muco n ururimi rw igihugu cy u rwanda kinyarwanda kugirango ibitabo bigere kubana bose bizenguruka bigomba kuba byinshi kandi igiciro kiri hasi éditions bakame ikeneye abaterankunga bishyura ibiciro byo gucapa isaranganya rikorwa ahanini n amashuri ibisobanuro kandi biteza imbere gusoma mu muco aho ijambo ryanditse rikiri vuba cyane bakame rero yashyizeho umushinga utera inkunga backpack library wahuye nitsinzi ikomeye ku izina rya bana dusome ibitabo biva ku ishuri bijya kurindi ishuri biherekejwe n uwuhugura tugomba kwibuka mugutezimbere éditions bakame mumwaka wa kubaka inyubako i kigali hamwe na bologna ragazzi award new horizons imurikagurisha ryibitabo byabana bologna kuri alubumu ubucuti bw imbeba n inzovu muri gutandukanya mpuzamahanga ibby asahi hagamijwe guteza imbere gusoma no muri gutangaza ikibonezamvugo mu ma shuri ishyirahamwe bakame ibitabo by abana bo mu rwanda ryemejwe na zewo kuva inama y abaminisitiri y u rwanda yemeye éditions bakame nk umuryango udaharanira inyungu rusange mu irabyemeza muri nyabinghi cyangwa nyabingi ni ya kera cyane mu ngoro ya rastafari kandi ni umuntu ukomeye mu mateka y u rwanda uganda na tanzaniya aho imyemerere ari we yari ishingiyeho nyabingi yari umugore w icyamamare mu rwanda uganda tanzaniya izina rye rikaba risobanura ufite ibintu byinshi itariki n aho yavukiye birahatana jim freedman umuhanga mu bumenyi bw umuntu wize ibijyanye n umutwe wa nyabinghi mu rwanda uganda avuga ko nyabinghi yaba yaravutse ahagana murwa kuramya cyangwa gusenga imana cyangwa umwuka w umugore uzwi ku izina rya nyabinghi byatangiriye mu rwanda ahagana mu byatekerezwaga ko ari imbaraga zikomeye mubuzima bwa buri munsi imigenzo y idini yakorwaga binyuze mu muhuza mu buryo bwo gushyikirana n umuzimu wa nyabinghi hagamijwe guturisha umuzimu we abizera bazaniraga amaturo umuhuza nawe akavugana n umuzimu mu izina ry umwizera mu gihe hariho uburyo bwihariye bwavuganaga na nyabinghi mu buryo butaziguye nyabinghi yashoboraga kandi gutunga abantu basanzwe batari abayobozi cyangwa abategetsi mu idini iyi myemerere yari yiganje cyane mu bice byo mu majyepfo ya uganda no mu majyaruguru y u rwanda uturere twahoze tugize ubwami bwa mbere bwa ndorwa muhumuza umu nyarwandakazi nyaugandakazi bivugwa ko ari we nyabingi yari yarahanzeho yari yaramamaye nkumuja wajyanaga ubutumwa bw abizera kuri nyabingi mu kinyejana cya kugeza mu ntangiriro z ikinyejana cya muhumusa yayoboye ubukangurambaga bwo kurwanya yuhi v wo mu rwanda avuga ko ari we mugabekazi w ukuri ku ngoma y u rwanda yayoboye kandi anashyijyikira indi mitwe irwanya ubukoloni muri afurika y iburasirazuba yigomeka ku butegetsi bw abakoloni b abanyaburayi nubwo yafashwe mu bivugwa ko abari barahanzweho na nyabinghi nyuma bakomeje ibikorwa bye muri afurika y iburasirazuba cyane cyane abagore abakomoka kubayobokeba ba nyabinghi bivugwa ko ubu baherereye mu mutima wa dzimba dze mabwe ubu uzwi nka zimbabwe   ibigwi bya nyabinghi byo kwigomeka byatumye ab rastas benshi bo muri jamayike binjiza ibizwi ku izina rya nyabinghi chants binghi mu birori byabo gutaka iyo injyana ikaba ishingiye kuri ska rocksteady na reggae music ubwoko butatu bwingoma zikoreshwa mumuziki wa nyabinghi bass funde na keteh keteh nizirarangura zifite imizi mu mbyino zo muri ashant funde ivuzwa rimwe kabiri muburyo budahinduka iherekejwe na base yingoma ivuga irangurura kwijwi rya mbere ni rya kane kubara ossie niwe wambere wanditse kuri nyabinghi kandi afasha gushiraho no kubungabunga umuco wa rasta inyandiko y umwimerere ubukungu bw afurika ubukungu bwa afrika bugizwe nubucuruzi inganda ubuhinzi hamwe n abakozi mu mwaka wi ibihugu bigize umugabane wa afurika byari bituwe n abantu bagera kuri miliyari afurika ni umugabane ukungahaye ku mutungo kamere iterambere ryo muri iyi myaka ryatewe no kwiyongera mu kugurisha ibicuruzwa muri serivisi ndetse n umusaruro w inganda biteganijwe ko umwaka wa uzagera afurika y iburengerazuba afurika y iburasirazuba afurika yo hagati na afurika y epfo by umwihariko bigeze kuri gdp ingana na tiriyari z amadorari y amerika muri werurwe afurika yagaragaye nk umugabane ukennye cyane ku isi umusaruro rusange wa afurika wose hamwe ni kimwe cya gatatu cy umusaruro rusange w amerika ariko banki y isi iteganya ko niba umuvuduko w ubwiyongere ukomeje mu ibihugu byinshi by afurika bizagera ku rwego rwo hagati rudakennye kandi rudakize nukuvuga nibura amafaranga y amadolari y amerika ku muntu ku mwaka impamvu zituma ubukungu bwifashe nabi muri afurika ninyinshi mu mateka afurika yari ifite ingoma nyinshi zikize zicuruza mu bice byinshi byisi ariko ubukoloni bw ibihugu by i burayi hamwe n ibibazo byakurikiyeho byatewe n ubwigenge n intambara y ubutita byateje ihungabana mu bukungu no mu mibereho y abaturage  icyakora guhera mu mwaka wa afurika yabaye umugabane w iterambere ryihuse ku isi ku kigero cya ku mwaka kandi biteganijwe ko gdp iziyongera ku kigereranyo cya ku mwaka hagati ya na muri banki y afurika itsura amajyambere yatangaje ko afurika ari iya kabiri ku isi ifite ubukungu bwihuta cyane inavuga ko ubukungu buziyongera kugera kuri muri mu gihe biteganijwe ko izamuka rizagera kuri muri iterambere ryagaragaye ku mugabane wa afurika aho kimwe cya gatatu cy ibihugu bya afurika byagaragaje kwiyongera kw iterambere ku kigereranyo cya kuzamura naho byiyongera hagati ya kugeza kumwaka indorerezi mpuzamahanga z ubucuruzi nazo zagereranije afurika nk imoteri izamura ubukungu ku isi ubukungu bwa afurika bwari bugiye butandukanye ahanini bwari bushingiye ku nzira nini z ubucuruzi zari zarakozwe hagati y imijyi niyindi no hagati yubwami nubundi inzira zimwe z ubucuruzi zanyuraga ku butaka izindi zikanyura mu nzuzi izindi zo mu bihugu byateye imbere zanyuraga ku byambu bikikije imigi ubwami bunini bw afurika bwagiye bukira kubera imiyoboro y ubucuruzi bwari bufite twavuga nka misiri ya kera nubiya mali ashanti n ubwami bwa oyo bimwe mu bice bya afurika byari bifitanye umubano w ubucuruzi n ubwami bw abarabu kandi mu gihe cy ingoma ya ottoman abanyafurika batangiye kwinjira mu idini rya isilamu ari benshi iri terambere hamwe no gushakisha inzira yubucuruzi ku nyanja yu buhinde byazanye abanyaportigale muri afrika yo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara nkingabo zifite ingufu kubw inyungu zabakoloni bashizeho inganda nshya zo kugaburira ibyifuzo by i burayi ku bicuruzwa nk amavuta y amamesa reberi ipamba ibyuma byagaciro ibirungo ibihingwa ngengabukungu ibindi bicuruzwa cyane cyane ku turere two ku nkombe yubukungu ya atlantike nyuma y ubwigenge bw ibihugu bya afurika mu kinyejana cya imidugararo mu bukungu muri politiki ndetse no mu mibereho yabaturage byahungabanije cyane umugabane ariko mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe ubukungu bwarazamutse bigaragara mu myaka yashize   izamuka ry ubukungu bw afurika kuva mu myaka ya za ryagereranijwe n ubukungu bw ubushinwa bwazamutse bigaragara muri aziya kuva mu mpera za muri afurika yari ifite ibihugu birindwi kurutonde rwibihugu byihuta cyane mu bukungu ku isi mu mwaka w nijeriya niyo yari ifite ubukungu bukomeye mubijyanye na gdp nominal igakurikirwa n afrika yepfo ukurikije ppp misiri ni iya kabiri mubijyanye na gdp nominal nyuma ya nijeriya gineya ekwatoriyali niyo yari ifite gdp ya mbere muri afurika nubwo yarangwaga nihohoterwa no kutubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu ibihugu bikungahaye kuri peteroli nka alijeriya libiya na gabon n ibikungahaye ku bucukuzi bw amabuye y agaciro nka botswana byagaragaye mubihugu bifite ubukungu bwa mbere kuva mu kinyejana cya mu gihe zimbabwe na repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo byashobokaga ko byaba mu bihugu bikize ku isi nyamara bikaba biri mu rutonde rw ibihugu bikennye cyane ku isi kubera ruswa ikabije politiki mbi intambara ndetse n umusaruro muke w abakozi botswana yesheje imihigo muri afurika ndetse no ku isi mukugira ubukungu bwihuta mu myaka ya   umuryango w abibumbye wateganyaga ko ubukungu bw afurika buzagera kuri muri na muri kugeza mu iterambere muri afurika ryari imbere yirya aziya y uburasirazuba amakuru yerekana ko bimwe mu bice by uyu mugabane bifite ubukungu buri kwihuta cyane bitewe n umutungo kamere wabyo no kongera umutekano wa politiki ndetse no kubungabunga amahoro byashyizwemo ingufu kuva banki y isi ivuga ko ubukungu bw ibihugu byo muri afurika yo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara bwazamutse ku gipimo kingana cyangwa kirenga igipimo cyo kurwego rw isi ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku bukungu n imibereho myiza y abaturage rivuga ko iterambere ry umugabane muri rusange riterwa ahanini n ubukungu bw igihugu cya misiri nijeriya na afurika yepfo bitatu mu bihugu bifite ubukungu bukomeye muri afurika ibihugu by afurika byihuta mu bukungu byateye imbere cyane ku kigereranyo cy isi ibihugu byambere mu birimo moritaniyayiyongereyeho angola sudani mozambike kuri na malawi kuri ibindi bihugu byateye imbere byihuse harimo u rwanda mozambike cade nijeri burkina faso etiyopiya nubwo bimeze bityo ariko iterambere ryabaye ribi riranadindira mu bice byinshi bya afurika harimo zimbabwe repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo repubulika ya kongo n uburundi inzego mpuzamahanga nyinshi zishishikajwe no gushora imari mu bukungu bwa afurika bugenda buzamuka cyane cyane ko afurika ikomeje kuzamuka mu bukungu nubwo ubukungu bwifashe nabi ku isi igipimo cy inyungu ku ishoramari muri afurika kuri ubu nicyo kiri hejuru mu bihugu biri mu nzira y amajyambere kugabanya imyenda bikemurwa n ibigo bimwe na bimwe mpuzamahanga hagamijwe gushyigikira iterambere ry ubukungu muri afurika mu umuryango w abibumbye wateye inkunga gahunda y ibihugu bikennye cyane hipc nyuma iyo gahunda ifatwa na imf banki y isi ndetse n ikigega nyafurika gishinzwe iterambere mu buryo bwo gurangiza amadeni menshi mdri kugeza mu mwaka wa iki gikorwa cyakuyeho kimwe cya kabiri cyimyenda ku bihugu bya afurika ubucuruzi bwateje imbere cyane ubukungu bwa afurika mu ntangiriro z ikinyejana cya ubushinwa n ubuhinde nibo bafatanyabikorwa b ingenzi mu bucuruzi by ibituruka muri afurika byoherezwa mu bushinwa naho byoherezwa mu buhinde ibingana na by ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu bushinwa naho mu buhinde itsinda ry ibihugu bitanu indoneziya maleziya arabiya sawudite tayilande na leta zunze ubumwe z abarabu na ryo ni soko rikomeye cyane ku byo afurika yohereza mu mahanga ubukungu bwa afurika kwagura ubucuruzi ubumenyi bw icyongereza ururimi rukoreshwa cyane mu bihugu byinshi byo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara guteza imbere gusoma no kwandika kubona aho abaturage bakura amafaranga ndetse n abakozi bahendutse biteganijwe ko bizakomeza gushyirwamo ingufu mu bihe biri imbere ubucuruzi hagati ya afurika n ubushinwa bwageze kuri miliyari z amadolari ya amerika mu afurika izagira inyungu zishingiye ku mubare wabaturage mu igihe abakozi bayo bakiri bato bo munzego zitandukanye bazaba bafite abana bake ndetse n umubare wabari mukiruhuko kizabukuru ari bake ugereranije n amerika n uburayi umubare w abakozi bize nawo uri kuzamuka hafi kimwe cya kabiri biteganijwe ko bazaba bafite amashuri yisumbuye mu abaguzi nabo bakomeje kwiyongera muri afurika kandi biteganijwe ko bizakomeza afurika ifite abantu bagera kuri miliyoni bafite amafaranga yinjira mu rugo arenga amadorali y amerika bivuze ko bashobora gukoresha igice kirenga kimwe cya kabiri cy amafaranga binjiza mu mu kugura ibirenze ibikenewe uyu mubare biteganijwe ko ushobora kugera kuri miliyoni muri mu ruzinduko perezida wa leta zunze ubumwe za amerika barack obama yagiriye muri afurika muri nyakanga yatanze miliyari z amadolari ya amerika yo kurushaho guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo no gukorana cyane n abakuru b ibihugu by afurika gahunda nshya yiswe ubucuruzi bwafurika igamije kuzamura ubucuruzi ku mugabane wa afurika ndetse no hagati ya afurika na amerika nayo yatangijwe na obama gahunda nshya y iterambere ry ubukungu yatangijwe n abanyamuryango b umuryango w ubumwe bw afurika bagera kuri bagize bimwe mu bihugu byateye imbere ku mugabane w afurika izarushaho guteza imbere ubukungu imibereho myiza y abaturage na politiki by umugabane agace kigenga k ubucuruzi nyafurika kazazamura ibikorwa by ubucuruzi hagati mu bihugu bigize umuryango w ubumwe bw afurika ndetse no ku mugabane wa afurika ibi bizagabanya cyane gutegereza ibyo afurika itumiza mu mahanga birimo ibikoresho fatizo ikinyuranyo hagati y ibihugu bikize n ibikennye biteganijwe ko kizakomeza kwiyongera mu myaka icumi iri imbere kwihangira imirimo ni urufunguzo rw iterambere guverinoma zakagombye kwita kugushyiraho mategeko meza agenga ubucuruzi kugira ngo zishyigikire guteza imbere guhanga udushya muri inkunga yo gutangiza ishoramari yariyongereye igera kuri miliyari z amadolari imiterere ku budakemwa bw ubukene bwa afurika bwateje impaka ku mvano zabyo intambara n imyivumbagatanyo ruswa ikabije n ubutegetsi bubi nizo mpamvu z ingenzi zitera idindira ry ubukungu bw afurika ubukoloni bwa afurika bwateye umutekano muke kubera intambara n imyivuvagatanyo yaburangaga kuva mu kinyejana cya rwagati intambara y ubutita no kwiyongera kwa ruswa no kwiheba kwabaturage nabyo byagize uruhare mu ihungabana ry ubukungu bwa afurika   nk uko ikinyamakuru the economist kibitangaza ngo ibintu by ingenzi byateye ihungabana ry ubukungu ni ruswa muri guverinoma ihungabana rya politiki ubukungu bw abasosiyalisiti na politiki ikumira ubucuruzi nk uko abashakashatsi bo mu kigo gishinzwe iterambere ry amahanga babitangaza kubura ibikorwa remezo mu bihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y amajyambere n imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye zituma ubukungu budindira ndetse bigakerereza no kugera ku ntego z ikinyagihumbi mdgs ishoramari ry ibikorwa remezo no kubibungabunga birahenze cyane cyane mu bihugu bidakora ku nyanja ibyaro ndetse n ibihugu bituwe cyane muri afurika byaganiriweho ko ishoramari mu bikorwa remezo ryagize uruhare rurenga kimwe cya kabiri cy iterambere rya afurika hagati ya na kandi ko kongera ishoramari ari ngombwa kugira ngo iterambere ryiyongere kandi rikemure ubukene inyungu ku ishoramari mu bikorwa remezo ni ingirakamaro cyane ugereranije by ubukungu byinjirira mu ishoramari ryitumanaho ict hejuru ya mu mamashanyarazi na kumihanda muri afurika havugwa ko kugira ngo intego zikinyagihumbi mdgs zigerweho bitarenze ishoramari ry ibikorwa remezo ryakenera kugera kuri bya gdp hafi miliyari z amadolari y amerika ku mwaka kugeza ubu inkomoko yinkunga igenda itandukana cyane bitewe ninzego inzego zimwe ziganjemo amafaranga ya leta izindi ziganjemo inkunga ziva mumahanga oda naho izindi n abashoramari bigenga muri afurika yo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara leta imwe ikoresha hafi miliyari z amadolari muri miliyari z amadorari mu kuhira ibihingwa mu bihugu byo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara amafaranga hafi ya yose akoreshwa ava mu ngengo yimari ya leta mu bijyanye nubwikorezi namashanyarazi igice kinini cy ishoramari kiva mumafaranga ya leta mu ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho amazi n isuku igice kinini cy ingengo yimari kiva mu bikorera no mu bigo byigenga inkunga yo hanze yavuye kuri miliyari z amadolari igera kuri miliyari z amadolari by umwihariko ubushinwa bwagaragaye nk umushoramari w ingenzi ingaruka ku bukungu zatewe no gukoloniza afurika zaganiriweho muri iki kibazo ibitekerezo byatanzwe n abashakashatsi bamwe muri bo batekereza ko abanyaburayi bagize ingaruka nziza kuri afurika abandi bemeza ko iterambere rya afurika ryadindijwe n ubutegetsi bw abakoloni igitekerezo kivuga ko idindira ry ubukungu bwafurika muri iki gihe riterwa ahanini n ibikorwa byakomeje gukorwa n ibihugu by abakoloni kugira ngo umugabane ukomeze ukene intego nyamukuru yubutegetsi bwabakoloni muri afrika n ibihugu by abakoloni by uburayi kwari ugukoresha umutungo kamere wumugabane wa afurika ku giciro gito bamwe mu banditsi nka walter rodney mu gitabo cye kivuga ngo uko uburayi bwakenesheje afurika bavuga ko politiki ya gikoroni ari yo nyirabayazana w ibibazo byinshi muri afurika   abatavugarumwe nubukoloni bashinja abakoloni kuba barashyizeho amategeko akandandamiza abanyafurika akabasuzuguza akabatesha agaciro kandi agatuma batigirira ikizere abandi bahanga bize nyuma y abakoloni twavuga nka frantz fanon nabo bashimangiye icyo gitekerezo bavuze ko ingaruka nyazo z ubukoloni ari imitekerereze yo hasi kandi ko gutegekwa n ibihugu by amahanga bitera imyumvire irambye yo kumva ko uri hasi kandi ko kugandukira ibihugu byuburayi bitera inzitizi mu gutera imbere no guhanga udushya gihamya yizo ngingo nuko ubu hari kuvuka igisekuru gishya cy abanyafurika kidafite ibyo ibitekerezo abakoloni bari barashyize mubanyafurika ba kera akaba ariyo mpamvu hari kuboneka impinduka mu bukungu muri iyi myaka abahanga mu by amateka lh gann na peter duignan bavuze icyo afurika ishobora kuba yarungukiye kubukoloni ari imyumvire y uburinganire ubukoroni nubwo bwari bufite ibibi byinshi ariko bufatwa nkimwe mu moteri zakoreshejwe cyane mu gukwirakwiza umuco mu mateka y isi ibi bitekerezo ariko ntibivugwaho rumwe kandi byanzwe na bamwe babona ko nta kiza cy ubukoloni umuhanga mu by amateka yubukungu david kenneth fieldhouse yanze kugira aho abogamira avuga ko ingaruka z ubukoloni zari nke kandi ko intege nke nyamukuru zabakoloni zitari mu kudindiza iterambere nkana ahubwo intege nke zabo ziri mubyo bananiwe gukora niall ferguson yemera ingingo ye ya nyuma avuga ko intege nke z abakoloni ari uko bananiwe kuzuza inshingano zabo isesengura ry ubukungu bw ibihugu bya afurika risanga ibihugu byigengaga nka liberiya na etiyopiya bitaragize ubukungu bwiza kurusha bagenzi babo bakoronijwe by umwihariko urwego rwubukungu kubahoze bakolonijwe n abongereza rwari rwiza kuruta ibihugu byigengaga ndetse n abahoze bakolonijwe n abafaransa bamwe mu bahanga bemeza ko muri rusange afurika yari ikennye kurusha isi yose mu mateka yayo usibye ibice bimwe na bimwe bya afurika urugero acemoglue na robinson bavuga ko igice kinini cya afurika cyahoze gikennye cyane ariko aksum gana songhay mali na zimbabwe birashoboka ko byari biteye imbere nk ibindi bihugu byo muricyo gihe ku isi hose abantu batari bake barimo rodney na joseph e inikori bavuze ko ubukene bwa afurika mu ntangiriro y abakoloni bwatewe ahanini n igihombo cy abaturage kijyanye n ubucuruzi bw abacakara ndetse n izindi mpinduka z abaturage abandi nka jd fage na david eltis banze iki gitekerezo ibihugu bya afrika bifite ibibazo byitumanaho biterwa nindimi zitandukanye ikigereranyo cya greenberg kerekana ko amahirwe menshi aruko abantu babiri batoranijwe ku bushake baba bafite indimi kavukire zitandukanye ufashe ibihugu bitandukanye ukurikije iki cyigereranyo ni abanyafurika nyamara usanga ururimi rwibanze rwa zaguverinoma ibiganiro bya politiki ibiganiro by amasomo n ubuyobozi akenshi bikorwa mu rurimi rw ibihugu byahoze byakoronije afurika icyongereza igifaransa cyangwa igiporutugali   igitekerezo remezo cyemeza ko ubutunzi n iterambere ry ibihugu bikomeye by uburayi amerika y amajyaruguru na aziya y iburasirazuba babukesha ubukene bw isi yose harimo na afurika abahanga mu bukungu bashyigikiye iki gitekerezo bemeza ko uturere dukennye tugomba guhagarika umubano w ubucuruzi n ibihugu byateye imbere kugira ngo dutere imbere ibitekerezo bidahwitse byo gukumira ubukungu mu bihugu byateye imbere bidindiza iterambere rya afurika iyo ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y amajyambere byasaruye umusaruro w ubuhinzi ku giciro gito muri rusange ntabwo byohereza hanze ku giciro kinini nkuko byari byitezwe ibikomoka k ubuhinzi ibiciro biri hejuru mu bitumizwa mu bihugu byateye imbere cyane cyane ibyashyizweho n ubuyapani umuryango w ubumwe bw uburayi politiki rusange y ubuhinzi na leta zunze ubumwe z amerika ishami ry ubuhinzi ni zimwe mumpamvu zitera ibyo biciro imiterere yafurika nayo igira ingaruka kubyoherezwa hanze amategeko ya leta zibihugu byinshi bya afrika nayo abangamira ibyoherezwa mu mahanga ubushakashatsi mu kubukungu rusange nku bwo jane shaw yakoze bwerekana ko gukumira ibicuruzwa bihungabanya iterambere ry ubukungu abahinzi bahura nikumirwa ryibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga n ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga biba ngombwa ko bakoresha amasoko yaho batuye bakabura amahirwe yo kujya kwisoko rinini kandi mpuzamahanga ibyo bituma isoko riba rito abahinzi bagacika intege zo guhanga udushya kandi bagahinga ibiribwa bike ibyo byose bikadindiza ubukungu nubwo afurika na aziya byari byinjije amafaranga asa mu myaka ya za aziya imaze kurenga afurika usibye ibihugu bike bikennye cyane kandi byugarijwe n intambara nka afuganisitani na yemeni ishuri rimwe ry ubukungu rivuga ko iterambere ry ubukungu muri aziya rishingiye ku ishoramari ryaho ruswa muri afurika igizwe ahanini no gukuraho ubukungu buturuka ku bukode no kwimurira imari shingiro mumahanga aho gushora imari murugo ndetse nimyumvire y abanyagitugu b abanyafurika bafite konti za banki mu busuwisi abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya massachusetts amherst bavuga ko kuva mu kugeza ingengo y imari yavuye mu bihugu byo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara yose hamwe ingana na miliyari z amadolari arenga amadeni ibyo bihugu bifitiye amahanga abanditsi leonce ndikumana na james k boyce bavuga ko kuva mu kugeza imari shingiro yavuye mu bihugu byo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara yose hamwe yari miliyari iri tandukaniro mu iterambere rihuye nigitekerezo cyatanzwe n umuhanga mu bukungu mancur olson kubera ko leta zari zifite ubutegetsi buhindagurika kandi leta nshya zakunze kwambura imitungo abayobozi bazibanjirije abayobozi babika umutungo wabo mu mahanga kugira ngo batazawamburwa umunyagitugu wu munyekongo mobutu sese seko yabaye ruharwa muri ruswa n icyenewabo nyuma yo kunyereza hagati ya miliyari na zamadorali y amerika ku ngoma ye guverinoma z abasosiyaliste zateye marxisme hamwe n ivugurura ry ubutaka nazo zagize uruhare mu ihungabana ry ubukungu muri afurika urugero ubutegetsi bwa robert mugabe muri zimbabwe cyane cyane ifatira ry abahinzi b abazungu byatumye ubukungu bw ubuhinzi bw igihugu bwangirika ahahoze ari kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye bya afurika mugabe yari yarashyigikiwe nuburusiya n ubushinwa mugihe cy intambara yo kubohora zimbabwe muri tanzaniya perezida w abasosiyaliste julius nyerere yeguye mu nyuma y uko politiki ye yo guhuriza hamwe ubuhinzi mu itumye ubukungu bwangirika inzara ikumirwa gusa n inkunga nini yatanzwe nikigega mpuzamahanga cy ubukungu n ibindi bihugu by amahanga tanzaniya yasigaye nka kimwe mu bihugu bikennye cyane kwisi kandi bishingiye ku mfashanyo kandi byatwaye imyaka mirongo kugira ngo ikire kuva ishyaka ry abasosiyalisiti ryavaho mu ikimukira muri demokarasi tanzaniya yagize iterambere ryihuse mu bukungu yiyongeraho muri mu gihe ibihugu by afurika byohereza ibihingwa mu burengerazuba abaturage b afurika amamiriyoni bicwa ninzara bitewe n ibihugu byateye imbere birimo ubuyapani umuryango w ubumwe bw ibihugu by uburayi na amerika ibi bihugu birinda urwego rw ubuhinzi bigakumira amahoro menshi yibitumizwa mu mahanga kandi bigatanga inkunga ku bahinzi babo bigatuma habaho umusaruro mwinshi cyane w ibicuruzwa nk ingano ipamba n amata ingaruka zibi nuko igiciro cyibicuruzwa nkibi gikomeza kugabanuka kwisi kugeza igihe abanyafurika badashoboye guhangana kwisoko usibye ibihingwa byera muri afurika gusa mu myaka yashize ibihugu nka berezile byabonye umusaruro w ubuhinzi uri hejuru byemeye gusangira ikoranabuhanga na afurika mu kongera umusaruro w ubuhinzi ku mugabane wa afurika kugira ngo ube umufatanyabikorwa w ubucuruzi ukomeye kongera ishoramari mu ikoranabuhanga ry ubuhinzi muri afurika muri rusange bifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ubukene muri afurika isoko ryabakeneye kakawo nyafurika ryarazamutse cyane n ibiciro birazamuka mu guverinoma ya nijeriya afurika y epfo na uganda zakuye inyungu ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe by ubuhinzi byashakishwaga cyane kwisoko kandi bashyira ingufu mu kuzamura urwego rw ubuhinzi umuryango w ubumwe bw afurika urateganya gushora imari cyane mu buhinzi bwa afurika kandi ibyo bikurikiranirwa hafi bikanashyigikirwa na loni afurika ifite umutungo kamere wo kubyara ingufu z amashanyarazi muburyo butandukanye ingomero z amazi ibigega bya peteroli na gaze umusaruro wamakara umusaruro wa iraniyumu ingufu zishobora kubaho nkizuba umuyaga na geothermal kubura iterambere ryibikorwa remezo muri iki gihe bivuze ko hakoreshwa bike muri ibyo byavuzwe haruguru abakoresha amashanyarazi menshi muri afurika ni afurika y epfo libiya namibiya misiri tuniziya na zimbabwe buri wese akoresha hagati ya kilowati na kuri metero kare ku muntu bitandukanye na etiyopiya eritereya na tanzaniya aho gukoresha amashanyarazi kuri buri muntu bikiri hasi cyane ibikomoka kuri peteroli na peteroli ubwayo byoherezwa hanze nibihugu bya afurika ibikomoka kuri peteroli na peteroli byagize by ibicuruzwa byoherejwe hanze n afurika mu icya kabiri afurika yohereza hanze ni gaze karemano ibingana na by ibyo afurika yohereza hanze ni gaze kubura ibikorwa remezo ni inzitizi kubucuruzi bwa afrika nubwo afurika ifite ibyambu byinshi kubura ibikorwa remezo byo gutwara abantu byongera kubiciro ku byambu bitandukanye bya aziya imishinga ya gari ya moshi yabaye ingenzi mu turere ducukura amabuye y agaciro guhera mu mpera z ikinyejana cya umuhanda wa gari ya moshi watangiye gutekerezwaho mugihe cyabakoloni ukorwa mugihe cya nyuma yubukoloni jedwab na storeygard bemeje ko kuva muri kugeza hari isano rikomeye hagati yishoramari ryubwikorezi niterambere ryubukungu politiki ikomeye yari igizwe no kwishyira hamwe kwa mbere yubukoloni gucamo ibice byamoko gutura i burayi ubwigenge ku umutungo kamere na demokarasi ibikorwa remezo byinshi binini birakomeje muri afrika kugeza ubu imishinga myinshi iri mu gukora no gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi indi mishinga myinshi iri mugukora imihanda ya kaburimbo gari ya moshi ibibuga byindege nibindi byubaka ibikorwa remezo by itumanaho nabyo biri kwiyongera muri afrika nubwo interineti iri gutera imbere muyindi migabane iracyari kuri muri afurika mu byagereranijwe ko telefoni zigendanwa z ubwoko bwose zakoreshwaga muri afurika harimo terefone zigezweho inganda zamabuye y agaciro muri afrika nizimwe mu nganda nini ku isi afurika ni umugabane wa kabiri munini ufite kilometero kare miliyoni z ubutaka bivuzeko ifite umutungo kamere munini mu bihugu byinshi bya afurika ubucukuzi bw ibinombe n umusaruro wabyo bigize igice kinini cy ubukungu bwabyo kandi bikomeza kuba urufunguzo rw iterambere ry ejo hazaza afurika ikize kumabuye y agaciro kandi iza ku mwanya wa mbere cyangwa uwa kabiri kwisi kuri bauxite cobalt diyama yo mu nganda urutare rwa fosifate ibyuma bya platine pgm vermiculite na zirconium ubucukuzi bwa zahabu niwo mutungo nyamukuru wa afurika   umuryango w ubumwe bw afurika ndetse n umuryango w abibumbye bagaragaje gahunda yerekana uburyo afurika ishobora kwifasha mu nganda no guteza imbere inganda zikomeye ku rwego rujyanye n ubukungu bwa afurika mu myaka ya za hamwe n ikoranabuhanga ryo mu kinyejana cya kwibanda ku kuzamura umusaruro wibintu bitandukanye munganda ndetse numusaruro w ubuhinzi byatanze icyizere ko ikinyejana cya kizaba ikinyejana cy iterambere ry ubukungu n ikoranabuhanga muri afurika ibi byiringiro hamwe nizamuka ryabayobozi bashya muri afurika mu bihe biri imbere byatumye habaho ijambo ikinyejana cy afurika bisobanuye ko ikinyejana cya ari ikinyejana imirimo myinshi imari shingiro hamwe n umutungo by afurika bishobora kuba aribyo isi izaba ishingiyeho ibi byiringiro byo mu nganda bifashwa n iterambere ry ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n inganda zicukura amabuye y agaciro muri afurika yo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara namibia yakuruye ishoramari mu nganda mu myaka yashize ndetse n afurika y epfo yatangiye gutanga imisoro yo gukurura imishinga ishora imari itaziguye mu nganda ibihugu nka maurice bifite gahunda yo guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ritangiza ibidukikije munganda iterambere nkiryo rifite amahirwe menshi yo gufungura amasoko mashya mubihugu bya afrika kuko hateganijwe ko hazakenerwa ikoranabuhanga ryiza ritangiza ibidukikije mu gihe kiri imbere kuko ibigega bya peteroli ku isi biri gukama kandi ikoranabuhanga rishingiye kuri peteroli rikaba rigenda rita agaciro mu bukungu nijeriya mu myaka yashize yateje imbere inganda kurubu ifite uruganda rukora ibinyabiziga kavukire innoson vehicle manufacturing ivm rugakora bisi yihuta amakamyo na suv hamwe nimodoka zindi nshyashya ibirango bitandukanye byabo byimodoka biraboneka muri nigeriya gana no mubindi bihugu bya afrika yuburengerazuba nijeriya kandi ifite abakora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki nka zinox mudasobwa ya mbere ifite ikirango cya nigeriya muri nijeriya yashyizeho politiki yerekeye imisoro ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga kugira ngo ishishikarize amasosiyete afite inganda muri icyo gihugu ni muri urwo rwego amwe mu masosiyete akora ibinyabiziga byo mu mahanga nka nissan yamenyesheje gahunda zabo zo kugira inganda zikorera muri nijeriya usibye ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n ibinyabiziga abaguzi benshi imiti ibyo kwisiga ibikoresho byo kubaka imyenda ibikoresho byo mu rugo plastiki n ibindi nabyo bikorerwa muri icyo gihugu kandi byoherezwa mu bindi bihugu byo mu burengerazuba bwa afurika na afurika muri rusange muri iki gihe nijeriya niyo ikora sima nyinshi muri afurika yo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara dangote cement factory obajana ni rwo ruganda runini rwa sima mu munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara ogun niyo ifatwa nk ihuriro ry inganda muri nijeriya kubera ko inganda nyinshi ziherereye muri ogun ndetse n amasosiyete menshi yimukirayo igakurikirwa na lagos urwego rwinganda ruracyari ruto ariko ruri gukura muri afrika yuburasirazuba inganda nyamukuru harimo urwimyenda urutunganya impu ubuhinzi ibikomoka ku miti ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n imodoka ibihugu bya afrika yuburasirazuba nka uganda nabyo bikora moto zigurishwa kumasoko yimbere mu gihugu ubushinwa n ubuhinde byagaragaje ubushake mukugira uruhare ku bukungu bwa afurika mu kinyejana cya ishoramari ry ubufatanye hagati ya afurika n ubushinwa ryariyongereye cyane mu myaka yashize mu gihe ubukungu bwifashe nabi ku isi ishoramari ry ubushinwa ryariyongereye muri afurika bituma umuryango w ubumwe bw ibihugu by uburayi nawo ushaka kongera ishoramari abanyamuryango ba diyasipora nyafurika mu mahanga cyane cyane mu bihugu by uburayi na amerika bongereye imbaraga zo gukoresha ubucuruzi bwabo mu gushora imari muri afurika no gushishikariza ishoramari nyafurika mu mahanga mu bukungu bw uburayi kohereza amafaranga muri dyiasipora nyafurika no kongera inyungu mu ishoramari riva mu burengerazuba bizafasha cyane cyane ubukungu bwa afurika butaratera imbere kandi bwangiritse cyane nk uburundi togo na comoros icyakora abahanga barinubira amafaranga menshi agira mu kohereza amafaranga muri afurika kubera ko western union na moneygram bigenzura isoko ryohereza amafaranga muri afurika bigatuma afurika ari isoko ryo kohereza amafaranga ahenze ku isi abahanga bamwe bavuga ko amafaranga menshi yo gutunganya ajyanye no kohereza amafaranga muri afurika abangamira iterambere ry ibihugu bya afurika angola yatangaje ko ishishikajwe no gushora imari mu bihugu by uburayi cyane cyane porutugali afurika y epfo yakunze kwitabwaho na leta zunze ubumwe z amerika mwishoramari ryinganda ku isoko ry imari no mu bucuruzi buciriritse kimwe na liberiya mu myaka yashize iyobowe n ubuyobozi bwayo bushya hariho ibigo bibiri by ubumwe bw ifaranga ry afurika banki y afurika yiburengerazuba hamwe na banki y afurika yo hagati yombi akoresha amafaranga ya cfa akoreshwa n ibihugu byakoronijwe n abafaransa ku masoko yabo yemewe igitekerezo cy ubumwe bw ifaranga rimwe muri afurika cyaremejwe kandi gahunda zirahari kugira ngo bizagerweho mu nubwo ibibazo byinshi nko kuzana igipimo cy ifaranga ry umugabane munsi ya bikomeje kuba inzitizi mu gushyira mubikorwa iyi gahunda kugeza mu mwaka wa afurika ifite imigabane ikubye kabiri iyo yari ifite imyaka ishize nubwo bimeze bityo ariko ivunjisha ryimigabane nyafurika riracyari munsi ya yibikorwa byimigabane kwisi uko ivunjisha rifashe mubihugu icumi bya mbere muri afurika n imari shingiro amafaranga atangwa muri miliyari y amadorari y amerika hagati ya na ibigo byose byaratangijwe ku isoko ry imigabane mu bihugu bya afurika intego z iri huriro zirimo gushyiraho agace k ubucuruzi bwisanzuye ihuriro rya gasutamo isoko rimwe banki nkuru n ifaranga rimwe reba ubumwe bw imari nyafurika bityo hagashyirwaho ubumwe bw ubukungu n ifaranga rimwe gahunda iriho ni ugushiraho umuryango w ubukungu nyafurika ufite ifaranga rimwe muri banki nyafurika ishora imari igamije gushimangira iterambere gahunda ya afurika yunze ubumwe ikubiyemo kandi ikigega cy imari nifaranga nyafurika kiganisha kuri banki nkuru y afurika amashyaka amwe ashyigikiye iterambere ry afurika yunze ubumwe ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry amafaranga n amabanki igizwe na mu myaka ya za umunyapolitike wo muri gana kwame nkrumah yazamuye ubumwe bw ubukungu na politiki by ibihugu bya afurika akaba yari afite intego yo kwigenga kuva icyo gihe intego nimiryango yigenga byaragwiriye mu myaka mirongo ishize imbaraga zariyongereye mu nzego zitandukanye mu guhuza ubukungu mu karere ubucuruzi hagati y ibihugu bya afurika bwari bugizwe na gusa by ubucuruzi rusange bwa afurika mu nukuvuga inshuro eshanu ugereranije no muri aziya ibyinshi muri ubu bucuruzi bwo hagati muri afurika bikomoka muri afurika yepfo kandi ibyinshi mu bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga biva muri afurika yepfo muri iki gihe hari imiryango umunani yo mu karere ifasha mu iterambere ry ubukungu muri afurika ange kagame ni umwana wa kabiri akaba n umukobwa w ikinege wa paul kagame perezida w u rwanda yagize uruhare mu mpamvu zirimo kongerera ubushobozi abagore uburezi no guca ubukene ndetse n ubukangurambaga bukingira imbaga yashakanye na bertrand ndengeyingoma dec ange kagame engaged url kagame yavutse ku ya nzeri i buruseli mu bubiligi se ni paul kagame perezida wa gatandatu wa repubulika y u rwanda kandi akaba n umuyobozi w ishyaka ryinshi ry u rwanda rishinzwe gukunda igihugu nyina jeannette nyiramongi numudamu wa mbere wa repubulika yu rwanda nkumukobwa wambere wa perezida afite imbaraga zisanzwe nimbaraga zidasanzwe kandi zikomeye kagame yarangije amashuri ye mu mahanga kandi ntiyigeze aboneka mu ruhame mubwana bwe bwose kubera umutekano n ibanga yize mu ishuri rya dana hall ishuri ryigenga riherereye i wellesley muri massachusetts muri amerika yize muri smith college aho yize ibijyanye na siyanse ya politiki hamwe nibindi bijyanye no kwiga ibijyanye na afurika afite kandi masters mu bibazo mpuzamahanga yakuye muri kaminuza ya columbia kagame ashobora kuvuga indimi eshatu icyongereza kinyarwanda n igifaransa muri kagame yaherekeje se muri white house gusangira na perezida barack obama iri funguro ryari mu nama y iminsi itatu y abayobozi b amerika afurika y abayobozi bateranye muri kanama uwo mwaka aho abayobozi b ibihugu byinshi bya afurika bahuriye kugira ngo baganire ku bucuruzi ishoramari n umutekano by umugabane dec ange kagame speaks of forgiveness url kagame ni umwana wa kabiri mukuru ufite abandi bavandimwe batatu ivan cyomoro ian kagame na brian kagame numufana wa basketball numupira wamaguru akurikira boston celtics na arsenal ku ya nyakanga mu kigo cyitwa intare conference center i kigali ange yashakanye na bertrand ndengeyingoma ecole des science byimana ni ishuri gatolika ryinjira mu rwanda rifite abanyeshuri barenga mu myaka itandatu intego y ishuri ni ubumenyi umutimanama n indashyikirwa rishishikariza abanyeshuri baryo kugira iterambere ryumwuka ubwenge na iryumubiri babaha amahirwe yo gusenga gukina siporo no gusabana hagati yabo binyuze mumikino ecole des science byimana iherereye mu karere ka ruhango intara y amajyepfo u rwanda umurenge wa byimana neza cyane ku musozi wa bukomero niho ari ishuri ryacumbikira abanyeshuri kandi rimwe mu matorero y abavandimwe ba maristi mu rwanda ishuri riri muri metero nkeya uvuye ku muhanda munini wa muhanga butare ecole des science byimana yashinzwe muri na abafurere baba marist yakinguye amarembo nkishuri ribanza rya bukomero ryakiraga abahungu gusa nyuma iba ecole des moniteurs kuva rishingwa umufurere alvarus leon jozef backx yari umuyobozi w ishuri mu myaka hafi mirongo itanu mu ngombwa stanislas umuyobozi mukuru w iryo shuri yari mu cyiciro cya gatandatu cya siyansi mu ishuri ryatangiye kwakira abakobwa muri jenoside yo mu rwanda yo mu iryo shuri ryatakaje abakozi benshi ndetse n abanyeshuri ishuri ryagize amazina menshi ariko azwi cyane ni ecole des science byimana mu iryo shuri ryijihije isabukuru yimyaka hamwe n abanyeshuri abahungu n abakobwa muri usibye tronc commun urwego rusanzwe ishuri ryisumbuye iryo shuri ryari rifite amahitamo abiri bio chimie biology chemistry na math physique imibare ubugenge aho ikura izina ryishuri ryubumenyi rya byimana ururimi rw amasomo kuri iryo shuri rwabaye igifaransa ariko guhera mu ntangiriro za guverinoma y u rwanda yahinduye gahunda y uburezi mu cyongereza mu gihe u rwanda rwinjiye mu muryango w afurika y iburasirazuba na commonwealth kuva muri uwo mwaka izina amahitamo ryahinduwe amahuza muri sisitemu y amasomo yo mu rwanda kandi ishuri ryagumye hamwe hamwe pcm physique chimie na mathematics pcb physics chemistry na biology na mcb imibare ubutabire na biologiya hamwe nurwego rusanzwe muri habaye ishyirwaho rya mpc imibare ubugenge na mudasobwa muri bo abanyeshuri ba mbere barangije muri frre rugereka irihimbano niwe wabanjirije kigori marcellin champagnat washinze marist brothers yavuze ati kurera abana tugomba kubakunda no kubakunda kimwe ishuri ritanga ubumenyi kimwe na disipuline ikurikiza inzira ya champagnat ikunda kandi yitaho amasomo nyamukuru yishuri ari mubumenyi imibare fiziki ibinyabuzima na chimie usibye siyanse abanyeshuri bafashwa muburyo bwumwuka abanyeshuri baterana buri munsi kugirango kuvuga amasengesho kandi basenge nubwo ishuri ari umugatolika umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kwitabira idini iryo ariryo ryose ishuri ryakira abantu bose batitaye ku idini ryabo inkomoko yabo nibindi nyamara abanyeshuri bamwe ntibabona amahirwe yo kwiga aho ngaho kuko ishuri rifite ibibazo bitoroshye byo kwinjira hashingiwe ku kizamini gisanzwe cyigihugu ishuri rishobora kugera ku ntego zaryo kubera ubufatanye no kudasobanuka neza kw abanyeshuri n abakozi bayo umwanya w ishuri nawo urafasha ifite inyubako zihagije dortoir ibyumba byo kuriramo ibyumba by ishuri na laboratoire ariko inyubako zimwe zirashaje nyamara ishuri rikomeje kwaguka kugirango rihuze ibipimo kandi ritange uburezi bwiza bushoboka abanyeshuri ba byimana bitezeho kuba abantu bafite ubuhanga bagamije kugira uruhare mu kwiyubaka kwu rwanda cornelius nyungura yavutse ku ya werurwe ibi kandi byatumye atangira kwandika indirimbo no guhimba amanota y umuziki cyakora ubuzima bwe bwarahindutse nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu se émile nyungura yari umuyobozi w ishyaka rya politiki psd yafatwaga nk urwanya leta bityo akaba nawe yari mubari bwicwe corneille yiboneye iyicwa ry ababyeyi be na barumuna be na bashiki be batatu afite imyaka yahungiye mu budage aho bamwe mu ncuti z ababyeyi be bamwakiriye mu rugo rwabo muri nyakanga corneille yahisemo kuva mu budage kugira ngo akomeze amasomo mu itumanaho maze yimukira i muri muri kanada kugira ngo yige muri kaminuza ya concordia muri icyo gihe yashinze o n e itsinda rya rb ari kumwe na pierre gage na gardy martin bahuye nyuma gato yo kugera i québec zoukin imwe mu ndirimbo z itsinda yanditswe na corneille yabaye iyambere muri airplay za kanada hanyuma mu ntangiriro za corneille yavuye muri iryo tsinda yashakaga gukomeza umwuga wenyine yatangiye gushingira indirimbo ze ku hahise he mu corneille yakoze imishinga itandukanye yanditse kandi ahimba indirimbo ce soir ya cocktail rb compilation ghetto rb na si seulement on s aimait ya hip hop folies sony music abisabwe na yigaragaje bwa mbere kurubyiniro kuri reservoir in paris aho yajyiriye amahirwe yo kuririmbana na jimmy cliff muri mutarama yatumiriwe kuzaba ari uririmba nk ijyikorwa cyo gutegurira urubyiniro cunnie williams muri olympia album ya mbere ya corneille verisiyo yo muri kanada ya parce qu on vient de loin yasohotse ku ya nzeri verisiyo y igifaransa yarimo ibihembo byinshi kuri disiki ya kabiri yasohotse ku ya ukwakira byihuse yahise imenyekana muri mata corneille yaririmbanye na asubiramo umurongo mu gifaransa w indirimbo rise and fall yakoze urugendo rwe rwa mbere muri gicurasi aririmbira full houses i paris na muri werurwe yitabiriye igitaramo africa live cyateguwe mu rwego rwo kurwanya malariya bwari ubwa mbere agaruka ku mugabane w iwabo kuva jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yahagarikwa album ya kabiri ya corneille les marchands de rves yasohotse mu gushyingo corneille yakoranye na croix rouge yo muri kanada mu rwego rwo gutabariza abana bahuye n ibibazo by intambara yasohoye alubumu ye ya mbere yo mu cyongereza yitwa ivuka rya koruneliyo the birth of cornelius muri nyakanga mu mpera za yabaye umwe mu ba hatanaga kuri televiziyo yo mu bufaransa tf mw irushanwa danse avec les stars ku nshuro yaryo ya gatanu corneille yanditse indirimbo il était temps ayandikiye nyuma yo kwemererwa guhagararira ubufaransa mu marushanwa ya song contest indirimbo yarangije iri kumwanya wa muri zizari zajyeze kurwego rwa nyuma corneille yashakanye n umunyamideli ukomoka muri kanada akaba n umukinnyi wa filime sofia de medeiros mu bafite abana babiri album za studio ibikorwa bidasanzwe alubumu na dvds yaririmbye imbona nkubone zacuranzwe muri chimamanda ngozi adichie t m m n d n o z i d i t e ibyerekeye iri jwi note yavutse nzeri ni umwanditsi nigeria ufite ibikorwa kuva ku bitabo imigani gito birimo inkuru yavuzwe mu kinyamakuru the times literary supplement nk icyamamare mu mutambagiro w abanditsi b ururimi rwa anglophone uzwi cyane ukaba urimo gukurura igisekuru gishya cy abasomyi mu buvanganzo nyafurika adichie yavukiye mu mujyi wa enugu muri nijeriya akura ari umwana wa gatanu mu bana batandatu bo mu muryango wa igbo mu mujyi wa nsukka muri leta ya enugu igihe yari amaze gukura se james nwoye adichie yakoraga ari umwarimu w ibarurishamibare muri kaminuza ya nijeriya nyina grace ifeoma yari muri kaminuza mbere yabagore ya gerefiye uyu muryango watakaje ibintu hafi ya byose mu gihe cy intambara yo muri nijeriya harimo na ba sekuru umudugudu w abasekuruza b umuryango we uri i abba muri leta ya anambra yarangije amashuri yisumbuye muri kaminuza ya nigeriya yisumbuye nsukka aho yakuye ibihembo byinshi by amasomo yize ubuvuzi na farumasi muri kaminuza ya nijeriya umwaka nigice muri icyo gihe yahinduye ikinyamakuru the compass ikinyamakuru kiyobowe n abanyeshuri b ubuvuzi gatolika bo muri kaminuza ku myaka adichie yavuye muri nijeriya yerekeza muri amerika kwiga itumanaho na siyanse ya politiki muri kaminuza ya drexel muri philadelphia bidatinze yimukiye muri kaminuza ya leta ya eastern connecticut kugira ngo abe hafi ya mushiki we uche wari ufite ubuvuzi i coventry muri leta ya connecticut mu gihe umwanditsi w ibitabo yakuriye muri nijeriya ntabwo yari amenyereye kumenyekana n ibara ry uruhu rwe rwahindutse mu buryo butunguranye ageze muri amerika muri kaminuza nkumunyamerika wumwirabura muri amerika adichie yahise ahura nicyo bisobanura kuba umuntu wamabara muri amerika irushanwa nkigitekerezo cyahindutse ikintu yagombaga kuyobora no kwiga yanditse kuri ibi mu gitabo cye cyitwa americanah yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse muri kaminuza ya leta ya eastern connecticut itandukanya summa cum laude mu adichie yari muri kaminuza ya princeton mu mwaka w amashuri wa muri yahawe igihembo cya macarthur yahawe kandi ubusabane bwa n ikigo cya radcliffe institute for advanced study universite ya harvard adichie agabanya igihe cye hagati y amerika na nijeriya aho yigisha amahugurwa yo kwandika muri yahawe impamyabumenyi y icyubahiro umuganga w inyuguti za humane honouris causa na kaminuza ya johns hopkins muri yahawe impamyabumenyi y icyubahiro dogiteri w inzandiko za humane honoris causa na haverford college na kaminuza ya edinburgh muri yabonye impamyabumenyi y icyubahiro dogiteri w amabaruwa ya humane yakuye muri amherst college yabonye impamyabumenyi y icyubahiro umuganga honis causa yakuye muri université de friborg mu busuwisi mu mu kiganiro cyasohotse mu kinyamakuru cyitwa financial times muri nyakanga adichie yatangaje ko afite umwana w umukobwa mu mwirondoro wa adichie wasohotse mu kinyamakuru the new yorker muri kamena larissa macfarquhar yaranditse ati umugabo yarangije gushaka mu yari akwiriye gusetsa umuganga wo muri nijeriya wakoraga imyitozo muri amerika se akaba yari umuganga akaba n inshuti ya ababyeyi be adichie ni umugatolika kandi yakuze ari umugatolika akiri umwana nubwo abona ko ibitekerezo bye cyane cyane ibyo ku gitsina gore rimwe na rimwe bivuguruza idini rye mu birori byabereye muri kaminuza ya georgetown mu yavuze ko idini atari ikigo cyita ku bagore kandi ko ryakoreshejwe mu gutsindishiriza igitugu gishingiye ku gitekerezo cy uko abagore batangana n abantu yahamagariye abayobozi b abakristu n abayisilamu muri nijeriya kwamamaza ubutumwa bw amahoro n ubumwe umwimerere wa ngozi adichie kandi wambere waturutse kuri chinua achebe nyuma yo gusoma nyakwigendera prof ibintu bitandukana bya chinua achebe afite imyaka adichie yatewe inkunga no kubona ubuzima bwe bugaragara kurupapuro adichie yasohoye icyegeranyo cy imivugo mu ibyemezo n ikinamico kubwurukundo rwa biafra mu yari yatoranyijwe mubazahabwa igihembo mu caine prize kubwigitabo cye wowe muri amerika kandi inkuru ye uwo ibimutunga morning byahiswemo ari wegukanye yahuje bbc world service short story ibihembo mu yatsindiye igihembo cya o henry kubera ambasade y abanyamerika na david t wong international story story award igihembo cya pen centre inkuru ze nazo zasohotse muri zoetrope byose inkuru n ikinyamakuru topic magazine igitabo cye cya mbere purple hibiscus cyashimiwe cyane yashyizwe ku rutonde rw igihembo cya orange kubera ibihimbano kandi gihabwa igihembo cy abanditsi ba commonwealth kubera igitabo cya mbere cyiza purple hibiscus atangiye afite quote wagutse kuva chinua achebe s ibintu fall igitabo cye cya kabiri igice cya kabiri cy izuba ry umuhondo cyiswe ibendera ry igihugu cya biafra igihe gito cyashyizwe mbere ndetse no mu gihe cy intambara yo muri nijeriya yakiriye igihembo cya orange cyo guhimbano hamwe na anisfield wolf book award kimwe cya kabiri cy izuba ry umuhondo cyahinduwe muri filime yitiriwe izina rimwe iyobowe na biyi bandele yakinnye na bafta wegukanye igihembo ndetse n umukandida wahawe igihembo cya akademiki chiwetel ejiofor na thandie newton wegukanye bafta akaba yararekuwe mu igitabo cya gatatu cya adichie the thing around your neck ni icyegeranyo cy inkuru zerekana isano iri hagati y abagabo n abagore ababyeyi n abana afurika na amerika mu mwaka wa yashyizwe ku rutonde rw abanditsi ba new yorker munsi ya inkuru ya adichie ceiling yashyizwe mu gitabo cy umwaka wa cyiza cyane cyo muri amerika igitabo cye cya gatatu cyitwa americanah ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n umusore ukomoka muri nijeriya wahuye n amoko muri amerika cyatoranijwe na the new york times nka kimwe mu ibitabo byiza bya muri mata yiswe umwe mu banditsi bari munsi y imyaka mu iserukiramuco rya hay na rainbow book club umushinga wa afurika bizihiza port harcourt unesco umurwa mukuru w ibitabo by isi amagambo magufi ya adichie mama umusazi nyafurika araganira ku bibazo bivuka iyo uhuye n imico ibiri itandukanye rwose ku ruhande rumwe hari umuco gakondo wo muri nijeriya ufite uruhare rugaragara rw uburinganire mu gihe muri amerika hari umudendezo mwinshi mu buryo uburinganire bw umugabo n umugore bakora kandi ntibibuza abakiri bato ralindu nyamukuru ahura niki kibazo nababyeyi be mugihe yakuriye i philadelphia mugihe bakuriye muri nijeriya adichie yibira cyane mubikorwa byuburinganire nimigenzo nibibazo bishobora kubaho kubera iki muri mu kiganiro adichie yavuze feminism uburinganire no kwandika nibaza ubwanjye ari storyteller ariko sinashatse bwenge ku byose niba umuntu bari gutekereza yanjye nk uko umwanditsi gore ndi umunyarwandakazi cyane muburyo mbona isi kandi uko isi ibona bigomba kuba bimwe mubikorwa byanjye muri werurwe americanah yatowe nk uwatsindiye gahunda ya igitabo kimwe new york muri gahunda yo gusoma abaturage bashishikariza abatuye umujyi bose gusoma igitabo kimwe muri mata hatangajwe ko adichie yatorewe kuba mu cyiciro cya cy ishuri rikuru ry ubuhanzi n ubumenyi rya amerika kikaba ari kimwe mu byubahiro bihebuje abanyabwenge bo muri amerika nk umwe mu banyamuryango bashya bazinjizwa ku ya ukwakira igitabo aheruka gukora nshuti ijeawele cyangwa manifeste ya feministi mu cyifuzo cumi na gatanu cyasohowe muri werurwe cyaturutse mu ibaruwa adichie yandikiye inshuti yari yarasabye inama z uburyo yarera umukobwa we nk umugore adichie yavuze kuri akaga k inkuru imwe ya ted mu yabaye umwe mubantu icumi ba mbere bareba ted ibiganiro byigihe cyose hamwe na miliyoni zirenga cumi neshanu ku ya werurwe yatanze ikiganiro guhuza imico inyigisho ya commonwealth i guildhall london adichie yavuze kandi ku kuba umunyarwandakazi wa tedxeuston mu kuboza n ijambo rye yise twese tugomba kuba abategarugori yatangije ikiganiro ku isi hose ku gitsina gore kandi cyasohowe nk igitabo mu yatoranijwe ku ndirimbo flawless ya n umuhanzi w umunyamerika beyoncé aho yakunze kwitabwaho adichie yavugiye mu kiganiro ted yise akaga k inkuru imwe yashyizwe muri nyakanga muri yo yagaragaje ko ahangayikishijwe no kudahagararira imico itandukanye yasobanuye ko akiri umwana muto yakunze gusoma inkuru z abanyamerika n ubwongereza aho abantu bavugaga ahanini bakomoka muri caucase muri iyo nyigisho yavuze ko kutagaragaza imico itandukanye bishobora guteza akaga ubu nakunze ibyo bitabo by abanyamerika n abongereza nasomye banteye gutekereza no kumfungurira isi nshya ariko ingaruka zitagenderewe yari ko sinari nzi abantu ko nkanjye ashobora kubaho mu bitabo mu nyigisho zose yakoresheje anecdote kugiti cye kugirango yerekane akamaro ko gusangira inkuru zitandukanye yavuze muri make ibijyanye numuhungu wo murugo wakoreraga umuryango we witwa fide avuga ko ikintu yamuziho ari ukuntu umuryango we wari umukene ariko igihe umuryango wa adichie wasuraga umudugudu wa fide nyina wa fide yaberetse igitebo murumuna wa fide yakoze bituma amenya ko yatanze igitekerezo cye kuri fide ashingiye kumateka imwe gusa adichie yagize ati ntabwo nari natekereje ko umuntu uwo ari we wese mu muryango we ashobora gukora ikintu runaka ibyo numvise kuri bo nukuntu bakennye kuburyo bitabaye ngombwa ko mbona ko ari ikindi kintu cyose uretse abakene ubukene bwabo ni yo nkuru yanjye yonyine kuri bo yavuze kandi ko igihe yavaga muri nijeriya akajya muri kaminuza ya drexel yahuye n ingaruka z umuco we bwite udahagarariwe umunyamerika babanaga yatunguwe no kubona adichie azi icyongereza kandi ko atigeze yumva umuziki w amoko yavuze kuri ibi mugenzi wanjye twabanaga yari afite inkuru imwe ya afurika inkuru imwe y ibiza muri iyi nkuru imwe ntabwo bishoboka ko abanyafurika basa na we mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose nta byashobokaga ko ibyiyumvo bigoye kuruta impuhwe nta nubwo bishoboka ko abantu bahuza adichie yashoje inyigisho yerekana akamaro k inkuru zitandukanye mumico itandukanye no guhagararirwa bikwiye yahamagariye kurushaho gusobanukirwa inkuru kuko abantu bigoye avuga ko iyo usobanukiwe inkuru imwe gusa umuntu asobanura nabi abantu amateka yabo n amateka yabo mu mwaka wa adichie yatanze ikiganiro cya tedx yise twese dukwiye kuba abategarugori cyatangiwe kuri tedxeuston i londres kimaze kurebwa inshuro zirenga miliyoni eshanu yavuze ibyamubayeho byo kuba umunyafrica wigitsina gore nigitekerezo cye kubijyanye no kubaka uburinganire nigitsina adichie yavuze ko ikibazo cyuburinganire ari uko gihindura abo turi bo yavuze kandi ati ndarakaye uburinganire nkuko bukora muri iki gihe ni akarengane gakabije twese dukwiye kurakara uburakari bufite amateka maremare yo kuzana impinduka nziza ariko usibye kurakara nanjye mfite ibyiringiro kuko nizera cyane ubushobozi bwabantu bwo gukora no kwisubiraho neza bimwe mu biganiro bya tedx bya adichie byatoranijwe mu ndirimbo ya beyoncé flawless mu kuboza umutungo wa kane wasohoye inyandiko ishingiye ku mvugo nk igitabo cyihariye twese tugomba kuba abagore muri nyuma adichie mu kiganiro npr yavuze ko ikintu cyose cyatuma urubyiruko ruvuga ku gitsina gore ari ikintu cyiza cyane nyuma yaje kwemeza aya magambo mu kiganiro yagiranye n ikinyamakuru cyo mu buholandi de volkskrant ikindi nanze ni uko nasomye ahantu hose ubu abantu barangije kumumenya babikesha beyoncé cyangwa agomba gushimira cyane nasanze ibyo bitantengushye natekereje nti ndi umwanditsi kandi maze igihe runaka kandi nanze kuririmbira muri iyi charade bigaragara ko ntegerejwe ndashimira beyoncé ubuzima bwanjye ntibuzongera kubaho ukundi niyo mpamvu ntigeze mbivugaho byinshi adichie yasobanuyeko ukuntu asobanura nukuntu ashimangira uburinganire bitandukanye n uko beyonce umuhanzikazi abikora gusa yumvako bishimishije kuba umugore nkawe ahagarara mubya politiki n imibereho y abantu rusange mu myaka mike ishize ashimangirako umugore ushyira imbere umwuga we ukora ibintu bye uko abyumva afite imbaraga z umwari ntwarwa cyane n ibyo ku ya gicurasi ngozi adichie yabonye impamyabumenyi y icyubahiro yakuye muri kaminuza ya yale lupita amondi nyong o us l u p i t n j n o kenyan english   lu pita oo ibyerekeye iri jwi spanish   lu pita oo yavutse werurwe ni kenya mexique umukinnyi wa filime numwanditsi umukobwa w umunyapolitiki wo muri kenya peter anyang nyong o nyong o yavukiye mu mujyi wa mexico aho se yigishaga akurira muri kenya kuva afite umwaka yize kaminuza muri amerika abona impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye na firime na teatre yakuye muri kaminuza ya hampshire nyong o yatangiye umwuga we muri hollywood nk umufasha w ibicuruzwa mu mwaka wa yatangiye gukina filime ngufi ya east river hanyuma asubira muri kenya gukina kuri televiziyo shuga muri kandi yanditse akora kandi ayobora documentaire muri my genes yakurikiranye impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu gukina yale school of drama nyuma gato yo guhabwa impamyabumenyi yakinnye bwa mbere muri firime nka patsey mu ikinamico ya biografiya ya steve mcqueen yerekana imyaka yabaye umucakara aho yakiriwe neza kandi yegukana ibihembo byinshi harimo igihembo cya akademiki cy umukinnyi witwaye neza kurusha abandi yabaye umukinnyi wa mbere w umunyakenya n umunyamerikakazi wegukanye igihembo cya academy nyong o yagaragaye bwa mbere muri broadway ari impfubyi yingimbi mu ikinamico eclipsed akaba yaratorewe igihembo cya tony igihembo cy umukinnyi mwiza w umukino aragenda ku gukina nka maz kanata muri star wars babyemerewe trilogy kandi aba raksha mu the jungle book umwuga nyong o amajyambere na uruhare nk uko nakia mu ntimutangazwe cinematic universe ndengakamere film black panther na we yakinye mu yorodani peele s amahinyu yitirirwa n ikinya film us usibye gukina nyong o ashyigikira kubungabunga amateka avuga cyane gukumira ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no guharanira uburenganzira bw umugore n inyamaswa mu yari yitwa umugore mwiza cyane nabantu nyong o yanditse kandi igitabo cy abana cyitwa sulwe cyabaye icya mbere muri new york times cyiza mugurisha muri kandi nyong o yavuze uburyo bwa discovery channel docu serie serengeti byamuhesheje igihembo cya primetime emmy award kuba indashyikirwa nyong o yashyizwe mu rutonde rwa abagore bakomeye muri afurika na forbes mu nyong o yavutse ku ya werurwe avukira mu mujyi wa mexico muri megizike ku babyeyi b abanyakenya dorothy ogada buyu na peter anyang nyong o umwarimu wa kaminuza uyu muryango wari wavuye muri kenya mu igihe runaka kubera gukandamizwa muri politiki n imvururu murumuna wa peter charles nyong o yaburiwe irengero nyuma yo kujugunywa mu bwato mu nyong o avuga ko ari umunyakenya mexico kandi afite ubwenegihugu bubiri bwa kenya na mexico akomoka mu gace ka luo ku mpande zombi z umuryango we kandi ni uwa kabiri mu bana batandatu ni umuco w abaturage ba luo kwita umwana amazina y ibyabaye kuri uwo munsi bityo ababyeyi be bamuha izina ry icyesipanyoli lupita kugabanya guadalupe se yahoze ari minisitiri w ubuvuzi muri guverinoma ya kenya igihe yavukaga yari umwarimu wasuye siyanse ya politiki muri el colegio de méxico mu mujyi wa mexico uyu muryango wasubiye mu gihugu cyabo cya kenya igihe nyong o yari atarageza ku mwaka umwe kuko se yagizwe umwarimu muri kaminuza ya nairobi yakuriye cyane cyane i nairobi anasobanura uburere bwe icyiciro cyo hagati mumujyi igihe yari afite imyaka ababyeyi be bamwohereje muri mexico amezi arindwi kwiga icyesipanyoli muri ayo mezi arindwi nyong o yabaga muri taxco muri guerrero kandi yiga amasomo muri universidad nacional autnoma de méxico yiga ibijyanye nabanyamahanga nyong o yakuriye mu muryango wubuhanzi aho bahuriraga hamwe akenshi harimo ibitaramo byabana ningendo zo kureba amakinamico yize mu ishuri mpuzamahanga rya rusinga muri kenya kandi akina munyinamico yo mu ishuri ku myaka nyong o yatangiye gukina umwuga we wa mbere nka juliet muri romeo na juliet mu bicuruzwa byakozwe na sosiyete ikora repertory ya nairobi ishingiye kuri phoenix players mugihe umunyamuryango wa phoenix abakinnyi nyong o yanakinnye mu ikinamico kuri the razzle na hano genda umugeni nyong o avuga ibikorwa by abakinnyi b amafirime b abanyamerika whoopi goldberg na oprah winfrey muri ibara ry umuyugubwe amutera imbaraga zo gukora umwuga wo gukina umwuga nyong o yaje kwiga mu ishuri ryitiriwe mutagatifu mariya st mary s school i nairobi aho yakuye impamyabumenyi ya ib mu yagiye muri amerika muri kaminuza arangiza muri hampshire college afite impamyabumenyi mu bijyanye na firime na teatre mu ise yatorewe guhagararira intara ya kisumu muri sena ya kenya maze muri aba guverineri nyina wa nyong o ni umuyobozi mukuru wa fondasiyo ya kanseri ya afurika ndetse na sosiyete ye y itumanaho abandi bagize umuryango barimo tavia nyong o intiti akaba n umwarimu muri kaminuza ya new york omondi nyong o umuganga w amaso w abana i palo alto californiya muri amerika kwame nyong o umwe mu bayobozi ba animasiyo ba kenya akaba n inzobere mu ikoranabuhanga n ikinyamakuru forbes isis nyong o umuyobozi w itangazamakuru n ikoranabuhanga wagizwe umwe mu bakobwa bakomeye bo muri afurika bakomeye nyong o yatangiye umwuga we akora nk abakozi bo mu mafilime menshi harimo nka the constant gardener ya fernando meirelles mira nair s the namesake na salvatore stabile aho imana yasize inkweto avuga ralph fiennes umustari w ubwongereza wa the constant gardener nkumuntu wamuteye inkunga yo gukora umwuga wo gukina umwuga muri nyong o yakinnye muri filime ngufi ya east river iyobowe na marc gray ikorerwa i brooklyn muri uwo mwaka yagarutse muri kenya maze agaragara muri televiziyo yo muri kenya shuga ikinamico ya mtv base africa unicef ivuga ku kwirinda virusi itera sida mu mwaka wa yanditse ayobora kandi asohora documentaire muri my genes ivuga ku ivangura rikorerwa abaturage ba albino bo muri kenya yakinnye mu birori byinshi bya firime kandi yegukana igihembo cya mbere mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya gatanu rya nyong o yayoboye kandi amashusho y indirimbo utuntu duto ukora ya wahu agaragaramo bobi wine yatorewe igihembo cyiza kurusha ibindi cya video nziza muri mtv africa music awards nyong o yize amashuri ya master s mu gukina amafilime muri yale school of drama muri yale kandi yagaragaye mubindi byinshi harimo gertrude stein s doctor faustus lights the lights chekhov s uncle vanya na william shakespeare s the taming of the shrew na the winter s tale akiri muri yale kandi yatsinduye herschel williams prize muri mumwaka wamashuri wa acting students with outstanding ability bisobanuye abakinnyi binyinamico bafite ubushobozi buhanitse akimara kurangiza yale nyong o yahise agira uruhare rukomeye ubwo yakinaga mu ikinamico y amateka ya steve mcqueen imyaka umucakara iyi filime yahuye n abantu benshi bashimwa ishingiye ku buzima bwa solomon northup yakinnye na chiwetel ejiofor umugabo w umunyamerika wavukiye mu bwisanzure w umunyamerika ukomoka mu majyaruguru ya new york washimuswe akagurishwa mu bucakara i washington dc muri nyong o yakinnye nka patsey umugaragu ukorana na northup mu gihingwa cya pamba cya louisiana imikorere ye yahuye nibisobanuro byiza ian freer w ingoma yanditse ko atanga umwe mu bakinnyi ba mbere berekana amashusho manini yatekerejweho kandi peter travers yongeraho ko ari umukinnyi w amafirime udasanzwe winjiza patsey n ubuntu bukabije nyong o yatorewe ibihembo byinshi mu myaka umucakara harimo igihembo cya golden globe igihembo cy umukinnyi w abakinnyi witwaye neza igihembo cya bafta cy umukinnyi witwaye neza mu nshingano zunganira hamwe n ibihembo bibiri by abakinnyi ba guild awards harimo n umukinnyi witwaye neza kurusha abandi yatsindiye yahawe kandi igihembo cya akademiki kubera yabaye umukinnyi witwaye neza kurusha abandi abaye umukinnyi wa gatandatu w umukinnyi w umukara wegukanye igihembo niwe mukinnyi wa mbere w umukinnyi wa afurika wegukanye iki gihembo umukinnyi wa mbere w umukinnyi wa kenya wegukanye oscar n umunyamerika wa mbere wegukanye iki gihembo yabaye umukinnyi wa watsindiye oscar kubera gukina bwa mbere muri firime nyuma yuruhare rushyigikira mubikorwa bishimishije non stop nyong o yakinnye muri star wars the force awakens nka force sensitive space pirate maz kanata imiterere ya cgi yaremye ikoresheje icyerekezo gufata ikoranabuhanga nyong o yavuze ko yashakaga kugira uruhare aho isura ye itari ngombwa gukina byatanze ikibazo gitandukanye ninshingano ze nka patsey scott mendelson wo muri forbes yavuze ko uruhare rwa nyong o ari ihuriro ry urutonde rwiza rwa filime naho stephanie zacharek wo mu gihe yamwitaga imico mito ishimishije nyong o yatorewe kuba umukinnyi w umukinnyi witwaye neza mu bihembo bya bya saturne ndetse n imikorere myiza ya virtual muri mtv movie awards kubera uruhare rwe muri nyong o yagarutse kuri stage afite uruhare runini nk umukobwa utaravuzwe izina mu ikinamico eclipsed yanditswe na danai gurira ikinamico ibera mugihe cy akajagari k intambara ya kabiri y abanyalibiya aho abagore bajyanywe bunyago n umutwe w abasirikare bigometse hamwe bashinga umuganda kugeza igihe ubuzima bwabo bubabajwe no kuza k umukobwa mushya wakinnye na nyong o eclipsed yabaye theatre rusange yagurishijwe cyane mu bicuruzwa bishya mu mateka ya vuba kandi yegukana nyong o igihembo cya obie kubera ibikorwa by indashyikirwa ikinamico yerekanwe kuri broadway kuri john golden theatre umwaka ukurikira wari ikinamico yambere yerekanwe kuri broadway hamwe nabakinnyi bose birabura nabagore bahanga hamwe nabakozi nyong o yavuze ko atigeze yiga ikinamico i yale byimbitse mu kandi ko afite ubwoba bwo gukina iyo mico kuri stage imikorere ye yahuye nogushimwa the new york times charles isherwood yise nyong o umwe mu bakinnyi beza bakiri bato waba ubonetse kuri broadway mu bihe bishize ugaragaza afite uimpuhwe btuma tureba imbere y akababaro tukanabona ubumuntu bwabakinnyi igitaramo cya nyong o muri eclipsed cyamuhesheje igihembo cya theatre world award kubera indashyikirwa ya broadway cyangwa off broadway ya mbere ndetse anahatanira igihembo cya tony igihembo cy umukinnyi mwiza mu gukina byongeye kandi yatorewe kuba umukinnyi w umukinnyi w indashyikirwa mu ikinamico muri outer critics circle award ndetse n igihembo cyitwaye neza mu bihembo bya drama league nyong o yavuze ko yanze filime za hollywood nyong o yakinnye mu gitabo cyitwa jungle book cya jon favreau cyahinduwe mu buryo bwa live cgi cyahinduwe n umwimerere wacyo wa avuga raksha impyisi y umubyeyi urera mowgli yakinnye na neel sethi robbie collin wo mu kinyamakuru daily telegraph yanditse mu isubiramo rye ko nyong o yazanye icyubahiro cyoroheje ku ruhare rwe nyuma yaje gukinana n umwamikazi wa mira nair wa katwe biopic ishingiye ku nkuru y ukuri ivuga ku izamuka ry umusore w umupira w amaguru wa uganda phiona mutesi wakinnye na madina nalwanga uba umugore umukandida master nyuma yimyitwarire ye muri world chess olympiads nyong o yakinnye nka nyina urinda phiona nakku harriet brian tallerico wo muri rogerebert com yagize ati nyong o ni umuntu utangaje afite ubushobozi buhebuje bwo kuvuga inyuma geoff berkshire wo muri variety yise imikorere ya nyong o byoroheje cyane mu ruhare rwe rwa mbere rwibikorwa kuva yatwara oscar mu myaka umucakara ashyiramo icyashoboraga kuba umubyeyi ufite imigabane n umuriro w imbere kuburyo harriet yumva akwiye kugira firime ye bwite nyong o yerekanye uruhare rwe nka maz kanata muri rian johnson star wars the last jedi ndetse no muri animasiyo ya star wars force of destiny umwaka wakurikiyeho yakinnye nka maneko nakia wahoze ari umunyamuryango wa dora milaje itsinda ry abagore bakora nk ingabo zidasanzwe za wakanda ndetse n abashinzwe kurinda abantu kuri t challa black panther chadwick boseman muri filime y ibihangange ya ryan coogler black panther yaranze film ya cumi n umunani muri marvel cinematic universe mu rwego rwo kwitegura urwo ruhare nyong o yize kuvuga xhosa maze akora imyitozo ya judo jujitsu silat na filipine david betancourt wo mu kinyamakuru washington post yanditse ko filime ifata sinema y intwari aho itigeze igenda mbere yo kudatinya kwakira umwijima wayo yashimye byimazeyo nyong o yerekana imico ye kubera ko yirinze kwerekana imiterere y umudamu uyoboye wumwirabura yandika ko atera inkoni arasa imbunda kandi yiba imitima mu ruhare asa nkaho yabivukiye black panther yinjije miliyari zisaga z amadolari kugira ngo agaragare nka filime ya cumi na rimwe yinjije amafaranga menshi mu bihe byose nyong o yahawe igihembo cya saturn igihembo cyumukinnyi witwaye neza muri film nyuma yo gutsinda kwa black panther nyong o yakinnye nk umwarimu w incuke ukorana na zombie apocalypse muri filime iteye ubwoba yo gusetsa yitwa little monsters amy nicholson wo muri variety yanditse ko nyong o urwenya rwinshi nubuntu byerekana urushyi amajyepfo ya na southwest yerekanye premiere ye izasohoka ubutaha jordan peele ya filime iteye ubwoba ya us ivuga amateka yumuryango uhura na doppelgngers zabo emily yoshida wo mu kinyamakuru new york yavuze ko uruhare rwe rutangaje maze asanga kwerekana ko doppelgnger ari ibyagezweho ku rundi rwego imikorere y umubiri ijwi n amarangamutima ku buryo butamenyekana bisa nkaho bidashoboka kuba ari umurimo w umuntu ufite umubiri n amaraso twinjije miliyoni zisaga z amadolari ugereranije n ingengo ya miliyoni z amadolari muri studiyo yisi yose ya halloween horror night nyong o yitabiriye akajagari katewe na firime maze agaragara imbere muri attraction yambaye nkimiterere ye umutuku nyong o yegukanye igihembo cya filime y abakinnyi ba filime kubera ibikorwa by indashyikirwa byakozwe n umukinnyi w umugore mu mwanya wa mbere kandi yatsindiye igihembo cy ishusho cya naacp ku bakinnyi beza muri kandi nyong o yavuze urukurikirane rwa documentaire ya discovery channel serengeti ivuga ku nyamaswa zo mu bidukikije bya serengeti nyong o yavuze ku kubura kw abagore b abanyafurika bavuga documentaire z ibidukikije ndetse n uko ikipe ya serengeti yamushishikarije gukoresha imvugo kavukire ya kenya kuri uru rukurikirane yakomeje kubona igihembo cye cya mbere cya emmy award kubera ibyo yavuze nk umuvugizi w indashyikirwa mu birori bya bya primetime emmy awards bituma aba umwirabura wa gatatu w umwirabura watowe muri iki cyiciro yatorewe kandi igihembo cya naacp ishusho yigihembo cyimiterere ijwi rirenga yakiriye documentaire ya channel warrior women hamwe na lupita nyong o aho yagiye mu rugendo yambukiranya benin afurika y iburengerazuba gushakisha amazone ya dahomey nyong o yerekanye uruhare rwe nka maz kanata ku nshuro ya gatatu muri star wars izamuka rya skywalker ryagaragaje igice cya nyuma cya trilogy ya star wars muri yavuze icyogajuru cya hayden planetarium isi irenze isi yagaragaye kuri global citizen yateguye ibirori bya tereviziyo twese hamwe murugo nyong o yinjiye mu maradiyo yerekanwe na richard ii wo muri theatre rusange na wnyc nk umuvugizi yagaragaye muri filime y umuziki ya beyoncé black is king yerekanwe bwa mbere kuri disney muri nyakanga nyong o azakina mu itsinda rya maneko maneko wa simon kinberg hamwe na jessica chastain penélope cruz fan bingbing na diane kruger akora y amajyambere televiziyo series bishingiye ku chimamanda ngozi adichie s novel americanah akaba hazava na star mu yagize hazava na utunyenyeri mu born cyibasiye a film bayigire iyabo trevor nowa memoir izina kimwe aho agiye gukina nyina nowa patricia azongera guhura numuyobozi abe forsythe hamwe nitsinda ryaremye inyuma ya firime iteye ubwoba ya firime ntoya monsters kugirango azakinwe muri firime yo gusetsa siyanse nyong o atuye i brooklyn muri new york avuga neza igiswahili icyesipanyoli luo n icyongereza ku ya gashyantare muri essence abagore b abirabura muri saa sita za hollywood i beverly hills yatanze ijambo ku bwiza bw abagore b abirabura maze avuga ku mutekano muke yari afite akiri ingimbi yavuze ko ibitekerezo bye byahindutse abonye supermodel yo muri sudani yepfo alek wek atsinze mu mwaka wa ikigo cy igihugu gishinzwe kubungabunga amateka cyashakishije nyong o mu rwego rwo kurwanya iterambere harimo na sitade nshya ya shampiyona ya baseball mu gace ka shockoe bottom ka richmond muri virijiniya abaturanyi b amateka umwe mu bakera ba kera ba richmond niho hacururizwaga imbata zikomeye mbere y intambara y abanyamerika ku ya ukwakira nyong o yoherereje umuyobozi w akarere ka richmond dwight c jones ibaruwa ayishyira ku mbuga nkoranyambaga imusaba gukuraho inkunga yashyigikiraga icyifuzo cy iterambere nyuma yaho yagurije ijwi mu conservation international nature ni avuga ubukangurambaga nk uko flower ku nyong o agira uruhare mu ishyirahamwe mother health international ryita ku gutanga ubufasha ku bagore n abana bo muri uganda bashiraho ibigo byabyara yavuze ko atazigera atekereza cyane ku bijyanye no kubyara kugeza igihe mushiki we amumenyesheje umuyobozi mukuru wa mhi rachel zaslow nyong o yumvise azana ibitekerezo kubibazo nkibi ariko birengagijwe ni manda kuri we nkumuhanzi yahawe icyubahiro kubikorwa bye muri na variety muri mata nyong o yatangije ubukangurambaga bwo kurwanya imitima n ubwenge hamwe n umuryango we wildaid mbere yo gutwika amahembe y inzovu mu gihugu cya kenya cyabaye ku ya mata guverinoma kenya atwika toni ya y inzovu na toni ya rhino ihembe mu kugaragaza uburyo bwabo zero tolerance to rushimusi na magendu bari guhungabanya kurokoka wa inzovu rhinoceros mu ishyamba mu ukwakira nyong o yanditse op ed kuko the new york times mu akaba yagaragaje ko hollywood producer harvey weinstein muryamana we kabiri mu mu gihe yari umunyeshuri muri yale yahize ko atazigera akorana na weinstein bityo akanga uruhare rwe muri southpaw nyong o yanditse kandi ku byo yiyemeje gukorana n abayobozi b abagore cyangwa abayobozi b abagore b abagore batakoresheje nabi ububasha bwabo iyi op ed yari igice cyicyegeranyo cyinkuru zakozwe na new york times na the new yorker yatsindiye igihembo cya pulitzer cya kubakozi ba leta nyong o yatangiye kwandika igitabo cye cyitwa sulwe cyanditswe na simon amp amp schuster books for young readers sulwe luo kuri inyenyeri ninkuru yumukobwa wumunyakenya wimyaka itanu ufite ibara ryijimye mumuryango we nyong o akifashisha ibyamubayeho akiri umwana igitabo cyahindutse new york times cyiza kugurisha sulwe yatoranijwe mu cyubahiro cya illustrator muri coretta scott king awards kandi yatsindiye ibihembo byindashyikirwa abana muri naacp image awards muri nzeri nyong o yabaye ambasaderi mu bukangurambaga bwa kurikirana inzara ya michael kors mu kwakira nyong o na nyina bahawe icyubahiro mu ishuri rya harlem school of arts mask ball hamwe na visionary lineage award hanyuma yahawe icyubahiro muri wildaid kubona igihembo cya nyampinga wumwaka mu gushyingo muri centre nyafurika yatangaje nyong o nk umwe mu bagize akanama kayo gashinzwe umutekano nyong o yavuzwe mu ndirimbo yise nuthin umuraperi w umukirisitu lecrae wo muri alubumu ye ya anomaly kandi yavuzwe na jay z mu murongo we wo mu ndirimbo ya jay electronica yise twabikoze yavuzwe kandi mu ndirimbo ya parody umunyamerika wambaye ad ad girls n umwamikazi ukurura willam belli courtney act na alaska thunderfuck nyong o yavuzwe mu ndirimbo yo muri afurika nerea n itsinda rya sauti sol ryo muri kenya umuraperi nicki minaj yavuze lupita mu murongo we kuri remix ya a ap ferg ya plain jane kandi yavuzwe n umuraperi wale mu ndirimbo ye umukara ni zahabu umuhanzi beyoncé yavuze nyong o mu ndirimbo imwe umukobwa w uruhu rwa brown wo muri ntare king soundtrack nyong o yashyizwe mu rutonde rwambaye neza rwa derek blasberg muri muri bazaar ya harper muri yatorewe kuba umwe mu bantu bazitabira ubukangurambaga bwa miu miu hamwe na elizabeth olsen elle fanning na bella heathcote yagaragaye kandi ku gifuniko cy ibinyamakuru byinshi harimo ikibazo cy imyambarire ya new york ndetse n ikinyamakuru cyo mu bwongereza dazed amp amp confused muri mata muri uwo mwaka yari yitwa the mwiza woman by abantu kandi yiswe isura nshya ya lancme bituma aba umwirabura wa mbere wagaragaye ku kirango nyuma yaho ugushyingo yiswe umugore wumwaka na glamour nyong o yari ku gifubiko cya vogue muri nyakanga amugira umugore wa kabiri w umunyafurika n umugore wa cyenda w umwirabura wanditse iki kinyamakuru muri uko kwezi kandi yagaragaye no ku gifuniko cy ikinyamakuru cya elle ubufaransa yagaragaye ku nomero yo mu kwakira ya american vogue bituma iba igifuniko cye cya kabiri gikurikiranye muri uko kwezi depite charles rangel na voza rivers umuyobozi w itsinda rishya ry umurage w umurage batangaje ko uwo munsi ari umunsi wa lupita nyong o i harlem muri new york iki cyubahiro cyatangajwe mu buryo butunguranye mu kiganiro cyeruye hagati ya nyong o n umukangurambaga w amashusho michaela angela davis i mist harlem nyong o yashyizwe mu kibazo cya annie leibovitz cyo muri vanity fair ikibazo cya hollywood nyong o yahawe igihembo cyerekana amashusho muri gicurasi muri resitora ya sardi mu mujyi wa new york kubera ko yatangiriye kuri broadway muri nyakanga yatorewe kuba umwe mu byamamare bya mbere ari kumwe na elle fanning christy turlington burns na natalie westling kugira ngo bakine mu bukangurambaga bwa tiffany amp amp co fall bwanditswe na grace coddington nyong o yagaragaye ku gifuniko cya vogue october ukwakira bimubera ikibazo cya gatatu muri uko kwezi yari umunyacyubahiro muri elle women muri hollywood awards muri mutarama yagaragaye ku gifuniko cya vanity fair ikibazo cya hollywood nyuma yaje kugaragara ku gifuniko cy ikinyamakuru the sunday times magazine cyo mu bwongereza ku nomero yabo yo mu kwakira ugushyingo yagaragaye ku gifuniko cy ikinyamakuru grazia uk nyuma yaje kwerekana ko atishimiye igifuniko ku mbuga nkoranyambaga kubera guhindura umusatsi kugira ngo uhuze n ibipimo by i burayi byerekana uko umusatsi ugomba kumera nyuma yo gufotora an le yasabye imbabazi mu magambo ye avuga ko ari ikosa ridasanzwe nyong o akunze kuvuga kubyerekeye guhobera umusatsi wo muri afurika kinky kandi agafatanya nogukora imisatsi vernon franois kugirango yerekane uburyo imisatsi ye itandukanye ukuboza nyong o yinjije igifuniko cya kane cya vogue yikurikiranya ku kibazo cyo muri mutarama amugira umukinnyi wa mbere w umukara w umukara wabikoze yinjijwe kandi muri tim walker yo muri alice s adventures in wonderland ifite insanganyamatsiko ya pirelli nkumuntu dormouse muri kamena urugereko rw ubucuruzi rwa hollywood rwatangaje ko nyong o azaba ari mu cyubahiro cyo kwakira inyenyeri kuri walk walk of fame ya hollywood mu cyiciro cya filime ukwezi kwakurikiyeho nyong o yakinnye na mugenzi we wa filime saoirse ronan mu gikorwa cyo kwiyamamaza kwa calvin klein kubera impumuro nziza yabo yise abagore ba calvin klein muri ubu bukangurambaga hagaragaramo amashusho atangaje ntoya yerekana abakinnyi ba filime batsindiye ibihembo hamwe n abagore ku giti cyabo bahumekewe aho nyong o yise eartha kitt na katharine hepburn nk ibitekerezo bye mu kwakira nyong o yabaye icyubahiro inshuro ebyiri ari kumwe na mugenzi we bakinana na black panther danai gurira na angela bassett ku kinyamakuru cya elle abagore muri hollywood nyong o yagaragaye ku gifuniko cya vogue espaa yo mu gushyingo nyong o ni walk walk of fame ya ya honouree nyong o yagaragaye ku gifuniko cya nomero ya vanity fair yo mu kwakira mu gushyingo yatangiye umuziki we ku ndirimbo ye ya mbere yise indirimbo ya sulwe yanditse ku gitabo cye cyitwa sulwe nanone rwaravuzwe ku muhanzi ciara indirimbo melanin munsi moniker icyago hamwe la la anthony city girls na ester dean melanin yatorewe igihembo cye muri bet awards nyong o vyatumye isura mbere ku british ubuseribateri gashyantare cover muri werurwe yagaragaye ku rutonde rwa abagore bakomeye muri afurika na forbes emmanuella samweli yavutse nyakanga umuntu utari uzwi ubu akaba azwi nkanemmanuella youtube umwana umucyinyi wibisekeje urwenya kuri mariko angel kumuyoboro wa youtube emmanuella yagaragaye bwa mbere ku gice cya yise who mess emanuella yinjiye mu rwenya afite imyaka itanu yari mu kiruhuko cyumuryango ahura na angel yari akeneye abana bamwe kugirango akine urwenya maze ahamagara abana bake yari azi kugirango bagenzurwe ariko ntibashobora gufata mu mutwe imirongo yabo hanyuma ahindukirira emmanuella nubwo amasaha cumi n umunani yafashwe amashusho akantu yakoze kugirango agerageze kwihangana kwabana emanuella yakoze neza amaze gutoranywa angel yagombaga kumvisha ababyeyi be kumureka akaba umwe mubagize itsinda rya mark angel comedy maze baramwemerera yamenyekanye cyane nyuma yo gusetsathis is not my real face oh bisobanuye iyi si isura yanjye yukuri oh aho yarimo asetsa umunyeshuri mugenzi we batazi ko umunyeshuri ari umwana w umuyobozi w ishuri uru rwenya rugufi yagaragaye kurupapuro rwa facebook rwa cnn ku ya mata mu gihe cyo gufunga kubera icyorezo cya covid emmanuella intsinzi na regina daniels bagaragaye mu gikinisho cya ofego cyiswe gufunga ku rubuga rwe rwa youtube bakoresheje amashusho y ububiko muri emanuella yatumiwe mu nteko ishinga amategeko na perezida wa sena bukola saraki kubera uruhare yagize muri filime ya disney yatangaje uruhare rwe muri film ya disney kumurongo wa instagram muri emanuella yatsindiye igihembo cya top subscribe creator kuva kuri youtube mugihe cyo gutangiza ibihembo bya youtube yo munsi yubutayu bwa sahara yatsindiye kandi ibihembo byiza bya comedienne princess of comedy awards muri afro ositaraliya music movie awards aamma yakiriwe na cnn mu gushyingo muri yatsindiye g influence niger delta idasanzwe ya talent award emanuella akomoka muri leta ya imo mu burasirazuba bwa nijeriya yavukiye i port harcourt muri leta ya rivers habayeho impaka ku mibanire ye na mark angel nkuko byavuzwe mu nzego zitandukanye ko ari mwishywa we ndetse bamwe bakavuga ko ari mubyara eze chidinma wo muri buzz nigeriya mu kiganiro yavuze ko emmanuella ari mwishywa wa angel pulse nigeria yavuze kandi ko angel ari nyirarume kuri emmanuella ku rundi ruhande george ibenegbu wo muri legit ng yavuze ko bombi ari mubyara rachael odusanya mubisohoka nyuma kuri legit ng yavuze ko badafitanye isano ubukungu bw u rwanda ubukungu bw u rwanda bwagize inganda zihuse kubera politiki ya guverinoma igenda neza kuva mu ntangiriro ya u rwanda rwabonye ubukungu bwiyongera mu mibereho y abanyarwanda benshi icyerekezo cya guverinoma cyo guteza imbere ubukungu cyabaye umusemburo w ubukungu bwihuta perezida w u rwanda paul kagame yavuze ko yifuza guhindura u rwanda singapore of africa singapore ya africa mu myaka ya za na politiki y imari y ubukungu y u rwanda hamwe n imfashanyo zituruka hanze ndetse n ubucuruzi bugereranyije byatumye ubwiyongere bukabije bw umuturage n igipimo gito cy ifaranga bikomeza kwiyongera nabyo ariko mu gihe ibiciro bya kawa ku isi byagabanutse cyane mu myaka ya za iterambere ryabaye ribi ugereranije n ubwiyongere bwa gdp buri mwaka bwa kuva kugeza ubwiyongere bwaragabanutse kugera ku kigereranyo cya ku mwaka kuva kugeza kandi bwahagaze kuva kugeza iki kibazo cyageze mu igihe ingamba za mbere za gahunda yo guhindura imiterere ya imf zikorwa mu gihe gahunda itashyizwe mu bikorwa mbere y intambara hashyizweho ingamba z ingenzi nko guta agaciro kabiri kifaranga no gukuraho ibiciro byemewe ingaruka ku mishahara n imbaraga zo kugura byarihuse kandi bitangaje iki kibazo cyibasiye cyane cyane intiti zize abenshi muri bo bakaba barakoraga mu bakozi ba leta cyangwa mu bigo bya leta mu myaka y intambara y abenegihugu yarangiye muri jenoside yo mu gdp yagabanutse mu myaka kuri bituma igabanuka ryihuse rirenga mu umwaka wa jenoside ubwiyongere bwa muri gdp nyayo mu umwaka wa mbere nyuma y intambara byerekana ko ibikorwa by ubukungu byongeye kubaho itsembabwoko ryo mu ryasenye ubukungu bw u rwanda bwasize ubukene cyane mu abaturage cyane cyane abagore kandi byangiza ubushobozi bw igihugu bwo gukurura ishoramari ry abikorera ndetse n amahanga icyakora u rwanda rwateye intambwe igaragara mu gukomeza no kuvugurura ubukungu bwarwo muri kamena u rwanda rwasinyanye n ikigega mpuzamahanga cy imari gishinzwe kunoza imiterere u rwanda rwatangiye kandi gahunda yo kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo bafatanyije na banki y isi mu gihe cya nyuma y intambara hagati ya kugeza imfashanyo zihutirwa z amadolari arenga miliyoni z amadolari ahanini zerekejwe mu bikorwa byo gutabara mu rwanda no mu nkambi z impunzi zo mu bihugu duturanye aho abanyarwanda bahungiye mu gihe cy intambara mu imfashanyo z ubutabazi zatangiye kwimukira mu kwiyubaka no gufasha mu iterambere amerika ububiligi ubudage ubuholandi ubufaransa repubulika y ubushinwa banki yisi gahunda y umuryango w abibumbye ishinzwe iterambere n ikigega cy iterambere ry ibihugu by i burayi bizakomeza kubara inkunga nyinshi kuvugurura ibikorwa remezo bya leta cyane cyane inzego z ubutabera byashyizwe imbere n amahanga ndetse no gukomeza gusana no kwagura ibikorwa remezo ibigo nderabuzima n ishuri nyuma ya jenoside yo mu rwanda guverinoma iyobowe n abatutsi yatangiye gahunda ikomeye yo kuzamura ubukungu bw igihugu no kugabanya gushingira ku buhinzi gusa ubukungu bwananiranye bwari bwaragize uruhare runini mu itsembabwoko kimwe n abaturage benshi ndetse n amarushanwa yaturutse ku mirimo idahwitse n ibindi bikoresho guverinoma yibanze cyane cyane ku kubaka inganda zikora na serivisi no gukuraho inzitizi z ubucuruzi n iterambere guverinoma y u rwanda yashyizeho umuvuduko wa muri gdp mu binyuze mu kunoza inyungu yinjira mu misoro kwihutisha kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo ibigo bya leta kugira ngo bahagarike imiyoboro y umutungo wa leta kandi bikomeze kunoza umusaruro woherezwa mu mahanga n umusaruro w ibiribwa igihingwa cy icyayi n inganda byakomeje kuvugururwa kandi ikawa iba igihingwa cy umudugudu muto iravugururwa cyane kandi ikitabwaho n uko abahinzi bumva umutekano wabo ugarutse ariko inzira yo gukira izatinda ikawa itanga toni mu ugereranije n intambara yabanjirije intambara hagati ya toni na   kugeza mu icyayi kibaye u rwanda rwohereza ibicuruzwa byinshi mu mahanga aho ibyoherezwa mu mahanga biva mu cyayi bigera kuri miliyoni us bingana na toni z icyayi cyumye umutungo kamere w u rwanda ni muto inganda ntoya zitanga hafi yinjiza amadovize habayeho kwibanda ku mabuye yagaciro aremereye nka cassiterite isoko yambere ya tin na coltan ikoreshwa mugukora imashini za elegitoronike zikoreshwa mu bicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki byabaguzi nka terefone ngendanwa imashini ya dvd sisitemu yimikino ya videwo na mudasobwa hagati mu inganda zigera kuri zikora mbere y intambara zisubira mu musaruro ku kigereranyo cya by ubushobozi bwabo ishoramari mu rwego rwinganda rikomeje kuba rike gusa ku gusana inganda zisanzwe ubucuruzi bw ibicuruzwa bwangijwe n intambara bwongeye kubyuka vuba hamwe n ubucuruzi bushya bushya bwashyizweho n abatahuka bava mu rwanda baturutse muri uganda mu burundi no muri repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo inganda zabonye ubufasha buke bwo hanze kuva intambara irangiye kugeza guhera mu guverinoma yarushijeho kugira uruhare mu gufasha urwego rw inganda kugarura umusaruro binyuze mu bufasha bwa tekiniki n imari harimo ingwate z inguzanyo kwishyira ukizana mu bukungu no kwegurira abikorera ibigo bya leta mu ntangiriro za guverinoma yashyizeho ikigo cyo guteza imbere ishoramari rimwe kandi ishyira mu bikorwa amategeko mashya y ishoramari yashyizeho ibyorohereza abashoramari bo mu mahanga ndetse n abenegihugu ikigo cyigenga gishinzwe ibyinjira nibisohoka nacyo cyatangiye gukora no kunoza icyegeranyo no kubazwa umusaruro wa cassiterite wageze kuri toni mu ariko munsi ya toni mu umusaruro wa coltan wanditsweho wazamutse uva kuri toni mu ugera kuri toni mu naho coltan niyo yinjije amafaranga menshi mu gihugu mu nibura igice cyo kongera umusaruro ni ukubera ibirombe bishya byafunguwe mu rwanda icyakora ni ukuri nkuko byakunze kugaragara ko kwiyongera nanone biterwa n uburiganya bwo kohereza mu mahanga coltan ya coltan usibye uruhare rwamenyekanye neza muri ubu bucuruzi bw ingabo z u rwanda rdf ikindi kintu gikomeye mu kongera kohereza mu mahanga coltan ni uko abacuruzi mpuzamahanga bahatirwa kutagura muri drc bityo bikongerera imbaraga drc coltan kongera koherezwa mu mahanga nk u rwanda u rwanda kandi ruvuga ko rucuruza mu buriganya zahabu na diyama bivanywa muri drc igihugu cyinjiye mu gihe kinini cy iterambere ry ubukungu mu kandi umwaka wakurikiyeho cyashoboye kwandikisha by ubukungu kikaba ari amateka yakomeje kuva aho gihinduka kimwe mu bihugu byihuta cyane muri afurika iterambere ry ubukungu rirambye ryashoboye kugabanya ubukene ndetse no kugabanya igipimo cy uburumbuke aho kwiyongera hagati ya na byagabanije ijanisha ry abatuye igihugu babayeho mu bukene bava kuri bagera kuri ibikorwa remezo by igihugu na byo byazamutse vuba aho amashanyarazi yavuye ku mu agera kuri muri ishoramari ry amahanga ririho ryibanda mu bigo by ubucuruzi ubucukuzi bw amabuye y agaciro icyayi ikawa n ubukerarugendo umushahara muto ntarengwa n amabwiriza y ubwiteganyirize bw abakozi urakurikizwa kandi ihuriro ry amashyirahamwe ane y abakozi yigenga yongeye kugaruka ihuriro rinini cestrar ryashinzwe nkurwego rwa guverinoma ariko ryigenga byimazeyo n ivugurura rya politiki ryashyizweho n itegeko nshinga ryo mu mu gihe umutekano mu rwanda ugenda utera imbere urwego rw ubukerarugendo ruvuka muri iki gihugu rugaragaza amahirwe menshi yo kwaguka ndetse nk isoko ry ivunjisha muri u rwanda rwashyizwe ku mwanya wa n igihugu cya kabiri cyiza muri afurika cyakora ubucuruzi muri mara foundation raporo ya ashish j thakkar global entrepreneurship report nyamara ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa mu kinyamakuru cy ubumenyi bwa politiki bushingiye ku bwongereza isubiramo ry ubukungu bwa politiki muri afurika bwerekana ko ubukungu bushobora kugenda buhoro ugereranije n uko imibare yemewe ibigaragaza abashakashatsi bavuze ko impuzandengo ikoreshwa kuri buri rugo yakurikiraniraga hafi izamuka ry umusaruro rusange w umuturage kuva mu kugeza ariko nyuma ikaza gutandukana nyuma y uko impuzandengo y ikigereranyo kuri buri rugo ihagaze nubwo iterambere ry umusaruro rusange w umuturage kuva kugeza bamwe mu bashakashatsi mpuzamahanga na bo bibajije uburyo guverinoma y u rwanda yakoresheje kandi bavuga ko imibare igaragaza ko izamuka ryinshi muri gdp rishobora kuzamuka muri ubuhinzi bwagize by ubukungu bw u rwanda u rwanda rumaze igihe rushingiye ku ikawa nk igihingwa cy amafaranga kugabanuka kw ibiciro bya kawa mu byatumye igabanuka rikomeye ry ubushobozi bwo kugura kandi byongera n amakimbirane yo mu ngo ubukungu bw u rwanda bwagize ibibazo byinshi muri jenoside yo mu hapfa abantu benshi kutita ku bikorwa remezo gusahura no kutita ku bihingwa by amafaranga ibi byatumye igabanuka ryinshi rya gdp kandi ryangiza ubushobozi bwigihugu mu gukurura ishoramari ryigenga n amahanga ubukungu kuva gukomera na buri capita gdp ppp bagera ku mu ugereranyije mu amasoko akomeye yoherezwaho ibicuruzwa mu mahanga arimo ubushinwa ubudage na amerika ubukungu bucungwa na banki nkuru y u rwanda kandi ifaranga ni amafaranga y u rwanda muri kamena igipimo cy ivunjisha cyari amafaranga ku madorari y amerika u rwanda rwinjiye mu muryango w afurika y iburasirazuba mu kandi hari gahunda y amashiringi rusange yo muri afurika y iburasirazuba yari yizeye ko azashyirwaho mu ariko akaba ataragera ku musaruro u rwanda ni igihugu gifite umutungo kamere kandi ubukungu bushingiye ahanini ku buhinzi butunzwe n abahinzi baho bakoresheje ibikoresho byoroshye ikigereranyo cya by imirima y abaturage ikora n ubuhinzi bigizwe na bya gdp mu mwaka wa kuva mu myaka ya za rwagati ingano y imirima n umusaruro w ibiribwa wagabanutse bitewe n uko bimuwe abantu bimuwe nubwo u rwanda rufite urusobe rw ibinyabuzima birumbuka umusaruro w ibiribwa akenshi ntujyana n ubwiyongere bw abaturage kandi birasabwa gutumizwa mu mahanga ibihingwa bihingwa mu gihugu birimo ikawa icyayi pyrethrum ibitoki ibishyimbo amasaka n ibirayi ikawa n icyayi nibyo bihingwa binini by amafaranga yoherezwa hanze hamwe nubutumburuke buke ahantu hahanamye hamwe nubutaka bwibirunga bitanga ibihe byiza kwishingikiriza ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bituma u rwanda rwibasirwa n imihindagurikire y ibiciro byabo amatungo y ubuhinzi yororerwa mu rwanda arimo inka ihene intama ingurube inkoko ninkwavu ndetse n amafi hamwe n imiterere ya geografiya mu mibare ya buri tungo umusaruro ahani ni gakondo nubwo hari bake babona amata ndetse bagahinga imirima hirya kigali ibura ry ubutaka n amazi ibiryo bidahagije kandi bidafite ubuziranenge hamwe n ibyorezo by indwara bisanzwe hamwe na serivisi z amatungo bidahagije ni inzitizi zikomeye zibuza umusaruro gira inka imwe muri gahunda za letamu gufasha imiryango ikennye girinka yashyizwe mu bikorwa mu yatanze inka muri uburobyi bubera ku biyaga byigihugu ariko ububiko bwaragabanutse cyane kandi amafi mazima atumizwa mu mahanga mu rwego rwo kubyutsa inganda inganda zikora ubucukuzi bw amabuye y agaciro bw u rwanda n umuterankunga ukomeye zinjije amadolari ya amerika miliyoni muri amabuye y agaciro yacukuwe arimo cassiterite wolframite safiro zahabu na coltan ikoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n itumanaho nka terefone zigendanwa umusaruro wa metani ukomoka mu kiyaga cya kivu watangiye mu ariko kugeza ubu ukoreshwa n uruganda rwa bralirwa gusa u rwanda rwateye intambwe nini mu kuzamura amashanyarazi mu kinyejana cya umubare munini wibice bishya byahawe amashanyarazi binyuze mu kwagura ibikorwa remezo kugabanuka kw amashyamba amaherezo bizahatira abanyarwanda guhindukirira amasoko ya peteroli bareke amakara yo gutekesha no gushyushya urebye ubwinshi bw imigezi n ibiyaga ubushobozi bw amashanyarazi ni bwinshi u rwanda rukoresha umutungo kamere binyuze mu mishinga ihuriweho n amashanyarazi n uburundi na repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo urwego rw inganda ruratera imbere cyane rutanga bya gdp muri urugaga rw inganda mu rwanda rwiganjemo umusaruro usimbura ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga ibigo binini bitanga byeri ibinyobwa bidasembuye itabi amasuka amagare y abamugaye isabune matelas umuyoboro wa pulasitike ibikoresho byo gusakara n amazi mu icupa   n indi misaruro harimo iva mu buhinzi ibinyobwa bito bito isabune ibikoresho inkweto sima pulasitiki imyenda no n itabi urwego rwa serivisi mu rwanda rwagize ibibazo mu mpera z imyaka ya za kubera ko amabanki yagabanije inguzanyo ndetse n imishinga yo gufasha mu mahanga n ishoramari bikagabanuka urwego rwongeye kwiyongera mu mwaka wa ruba urwego runini mu gihugu ku musaruro w ubukungu kandi rutanga by umusaruro rusange w igihugu abaterankunga bo mu rwego rwa gatatu barimo amabanki n imari ubucuruzi bwinshi n ibicuruzwa amahoteri na resitora ubwikorezi ububiko itumanaho ubwishingizi imitungo itimukanwa serivisi z ubucuruzi n ubuyobozi bwa leta harimo uburezi n ubuzima ubukerarugendo ni bumwe mu bukungu bwiyongera cyane mu bukungu kandi bwabaye igihugu cya mbere mu kwinjiza amadovize mu mwaka wa n ubwo umurage wa jenoside igihugu kigenda kibonwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga nk ahantu heza ubuyobozi bwa abinjira n abasohoka bw anditse abantu banga basura igihugu hagati ya mutarama na kamena muri bo baturutse hanze ya afurika inyungu mu bukerarugendo yari us hagati mutarama na kamena abakora ibiruhuko batanze byinjira nubwo ari gusa u rwanda ni kimwe mu bihugu bibiri gusa bifite ingagi zo mu misozi zishobora gusurwa neza gukurikirana ingagi muri parike y ibirunga ikurura abashyitsi ibihumbi ku mwaka biteguye kwishyura ibiciro biri hejuru by impushya zo kwemererwa gusura ingagi ibindi bintu bikurura ibyiza birimo ishyamba rya nyungwe ibamo amoko menshi y inguge ruwenzori colobus n izindi nguge harimo ibitera amahumbezi y ikiyaga cya kivu na parike y akagera ikigega gito cya savanna mu burasirazuba bw igihugu ubukerarugendo bw u rwanda bushingiye kuri pariki y ibirunga pnv hamwe n ibirunga bitandatu hamwe n inyamanswa zirinzwe arizo ingagi zo mu misozi zizwi cyane na dian fossey byongeye kandi ubukerarugendo bwerekeza muri afurika yo hagati igishanga kinini gikingiwe na pariki ya akagera hamwe n abaturage ba hippopotami inyamanswa ya cape zebra inzovu eland n andi matungo manini y imikino ubukerarugendo bujyanye n inyoni bufite ubushobozi bwo kwiteza imbere cyane cyane muri parike ya nyungwe mu mashyamba manini adacibwa muri afurika pariki ya nyungwe ibamo amoko arenga y inyoni kandi ubwoko butandukanye bwubuzima bwo mwishyamba nabwo inzibutso nyinshi zijyanye na jenoside yo mu rwanda zatangiye kubyara ubukerarugendo bukomeye urugero urwibutso rwa jenoside rwa gisozi mu karere ka gasabo ka kigali ahashyinguwe abagera ku bazize jenoside rufite ahantu hamwe n imurikagurisha rya jenoside bifitanye isano n isomero kandi rifite gahunda yo guteza imbere ikigo cyigisha ku mateka ya jenoside ikindi kigo gikomeye cy urwibutso kijyanye na jenoside gikurura ba mukerarugendo ni urwibutso rwa jenoside rwa murambi rwubatswe mu cyahoze ari ishuri ry ubuhanga rya tekinike rya murambi aho abantu biciwe kandi skelet hamwe harimo n ibisigazwa by imirambo by abiciwe hari izindi nzu ebyiri z urwibutso zifitanye isano na jenoside ziri mu karere ka kicukiro urwibutso rwa jenoside rwa rebero ahashyinguwe abazize jenoside ndetse n urwibutso rwa jenocide rwa nyanza kicukiro aho abantu bishwe nyuma y uko abasirikare b ababiligi bakoreraga mu ngabo z umuryango w abibumbye zishinzwe ku bungabunga amahoro babatereranye mu ntara ya kibungo ahabereye ubwicanyi bwa nyarubuye niho hari urwibutso rwa jenoside rwa nyarubuye aho abagera ku bishwe nyuma yo guhungira muri kiliziya gatolika ya roma ndetse n inzu z ababikira n abapadiri bari bahatuye imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana ibipimo ngenderwaho byubukungu muri kiliziya gatolika mu rwanda ni imwe muri kiliziya gatolika hari gusa miliyoni zirenga eshanu z abayoboke ba kiriziya gatorika mu rwanda nka kimwe cya kabiri cy abaturage igihugu kigabanyijemo diyosezi icyenda harimo na arikidiyosezi imwe guverinoma y u rwanda yatangaje ku ya ugushyingo ko by abatuye b u rwanda ari abagatolika ku ya ugushyingo kiliziya gatolika mu rwanda yasohoye itangazo risaba imbabazi ku ruhare rw abayoboke baryo muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu turasaba imbabazi ku makosa yose itorero ryakoze turasaba imbabazi mu izina ryabakristu bose ku bwu uruhare rwose twagize tubabajwe nuko abayoboke b itorero barenze ku ndahiro n indangagaciro yabo yo kubahiriza amategeko y imana mutubabarire icyaha cyinzangano mu gihugu kugeza aho twanga bagenzi bacu kubera ubwoko bwabo ntabwo twerekanye ko turi umuryango umwe ahubwo twaricanye iri tangazo ryashyizweho umukono n abepiskopi icyenda bagize inama y abepiskopi gatolika y u rwanda clare akamanzi ni umunyamategeko w u rwanda umuyobozi muri leta umucuruzi n umunyapolitiki wabaye umuyobozi mukuru w ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry u rwanda kuva ku ya gashyantare uyu mwanya ni gahunda y abaminisitiri yashyizweho na perezida w u rwanda mu ivugurura ry abaminisitiri ryo ku ya kanama akamanzi yagumishijwe muri guverinoma kandi agumana inshingano ze akamanzi yavukiye muri uganda ku babyeyi b impunzi z u rwanda mu ni umwana wa kane mu muryango w abavandimwe batandatu yize amashuli abanziriza kaminuza mu bice bitandukanye bya uganda umuryango we warimukaga cyane kubera ko ababyeyi be bari impunzi muri uganda afite impamyabumenyi y amategeko yatanzwe na kaminuza ya makerere i kampala umurwa mukuru wa uganda afite kandi impamyabumenyi mu by amategeko yakuye mu kigo gishinzwe guteza imbere amategeko no muri kampala masters ya amategeko mu bucuruzi n ishoramari yayihawe muri kaminuza ya pretoria muri south africa afite kandi masters mu buyobozi bwa leta yakuye muri kaminuza ya harvard i cambridge massachusetts muri amerika yabonye impamyabumenyi y icyubahiro mu by amategeko yakuye muri kaminuza ya concordia muri kamena yatangiye umwuga we mu i geneve mu busuwisi ku cyicaro gikuru cy umuryango w ubucuruzi ku isi wto guverinoma y u rwanda yamugize umudipolomate umuvugizi w ubucuruzi udasanzwe muri wto nyuma yimukiye muri ambasade y u rwanda i londere mu bwongereza nk umudipolomate w ubucuruzi attaché y ubucuruzi yagarutse mu rwanda mu agirwa umuyobozi wungirije w ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ishoramari no kohereza ibicuruzwa mu rwanda icyo gihe riepa mbere yuko rdb ihurizwa hamwe n ibindi bigo mu muri akamanzi yabaye umuyobozi mukuru wungirije ushinzwe ibikorwa na serivisi muri rdb nyuma yaje kuba umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe ibikorwa by ikigo cy iterambere ry u rwanda yaje gufata ikiruhuko cyo kwiga kugira ngo akomeze impamyabumenyi muri amerika agarutse yabaye umuyobozi w ingamba na politiki mu biro bya perezida mu ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima who ryatangaje ko madamu akamanzi yari umwe mu bagize inama y ubutegetsi yashinze fondasiyo who diane karusisi ni umunyarwandakazi wize i barurishamibare umuhanga mu bukungu ni umuyobozi mukuru wa banki ya kigali banki nini y ubucuruzi mu rwanda n umutungo sibyo gusa ahubwo mbere yuyu mwanya yabaye umuyobozi mukuru w ubukungu akaba n umuyobozi w ingamba na politiki mu biro bya perezida w u rwanda yize muri kaminuza ya friborg mu busuwisi arangiza afite masters muri econometrics na phd muri quantitative economics impamyabumenyi ye ya dogiteri yasohowe mu yiswe kwishingikiriza ku nguzanyo zishingiye ku nyungu kwerekana imikorere ya copula diane karusisi afite uburambe bunini mu gucunga ibigo byigenga n ibigo bya leta kuva mu kugeza yabaye umwunganizi wungirije ushinzwe ibarurishamibare mu by ubukungu muri kaminuza ya friborg mu busuwisi kuva kugeza yakoraga muri credit suisse asset management i zurich nka injeniyeri winjiza amafaranga muri kanama yasubiye mu rwanda maze agirwa umujyanama mukuru w umuyobozi mukuru w ikigo cy igihugu gishinzwe ibarurishamibare mu rwanda nisr i kigali muri nzeri yabaye umuyobozi mukuru wa nisr muri urwo rwego yagenzuye igishushanyo mbonera n ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry ubushakashatsi bukomeye muri gashyantare karusisi yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru wa banki ya kigali yasimbuye james gatera weguye nyuma yimyaka hafi icyenda ku buyobozi bwa banki nini y ubucuruzi mu rwanda n umutungo karusisi akora kandi nk umuyobozi wungirije w inama y ubutegetsi ya kaminuza y u rwanda yicaye kandi ku buyobozi bw inama ishinzwe iterambere ry u rwanda kaminuza yu rwanda mu magambo ahinnye ur mu cyongereza niyo kaminuza yambere nini mu rwanda ur yashinzwe mu binyuze mu guhuza ibigo bya leta byigenga by amashuri makuru binini muri byo bikaba byari kaminuza nkuru y u rwanda icyicaro gikuru cya kaminuza kiri i kigali kaminuza igizwe na kaminuza esheshatu nto zigenga ziyobora igikorwa cya mbere cyo gushinga iki kigo cyakozwe na porofeseri paul davenport umwe mu bagize akanama ngishwanama ka perezida paul kagame ubu akaba ari umuyobozi w inama y abayobozi ba kaminuza kaminuza y u rwanda yashinzwe muri nzeri n itegeko ryakuyeho amategeko ashyiraho kaminuza nkuru y u rwanda ndetse n ibindi bigo by amashuri makuru ya leta yo muri iki gihugu ashyiraho ur mu mwanya wabo itegeko nimero ryimuye amasezerano ibikorwa umutungo imyenda no kwigenga kw ibigo birindwi muri ur kaminuza nkuru y u rwanda unr ishuri rikuru ry ubumenyi n ikoranabuhanga rya kigali kist ishuri rikuru nderabarezi rya kigali kie ishuri rikuru nderabarezi rya kigali institut supérieur pédagogique de kigali ishuri rikuru ry ubuhinzi n ubworozi institut supérieur d ag agriculture et d elevage isae ishuri rikuru ry ubuhinzi n ubworozi ishuri ry imari n amabanki sfb ishuri rikuru ryigisha imari n amabanki école des finances et des banques ishuri rikuru rya umutara polytechnic ishuri rikuru umutara polytechnic institut supérieur d umutara polytechnique n ikigo nderabuzima cya kigali khi ishuri rikuru ry ubuzima ry i kigali institut supérieur de santé de kigali mu gihe cyo gushingwa abashinzwe uburezi batangaje ko bizeye ko iyi kaminuza izazamura ireme ry uburezi kandi igasubiza neza ibikenewe mu gihugu ndetse no ku isi hose eugene kwibuka wo mu kinyamakuru cyo mu rwanda the new times avuga ko benshi mu bayobozi bakuru ba kaminuza ari intiti zizwi kandi zifite amateka yo kuzamura imikorere y ibigo byabo byahoze ariko ko benshi muri bo ari n abanyarwanda bazwi cyane cyangwa inshuti zitanze z u rwanda n abajyanama ba perezida paul kagame baherutse kugira uruhare mu iterambere ry urwego rw uburezi mu rwanda cyangwa baherutse kugira uruhare mu gutegura kaminuza nshya y u rwanda ikibazo gikomeye cyugarije kaminuza bivugwa ko ari ukubura abarimu babishoboye urugero ingingo ya yasohotse muri annals y ubuzima ku isi ivuga ko mu ishuri ry ubuzima rusange igice cy ishuri rikuru ry ubuvuzi n ubumenyi bw ubuzima inzitizi ku ntego yo guhuza kaminuza yo kuzamura ireme ry inyigisho n ubushakashatsi mu rwanda ni abakozi bafite ubumenyi buke mu bumenyi iri shuri rikoresha impamyabumenyi esheshatu za phd n abarimu batandatu bo mu rwego rwa master hamwe n abafasha batanu mu bushakashatsi byongeye kandi itanga umubare munini wimpamyabumenyi kandi ifite igipimo cy abanyeshuri n umuyobozi utagereranywa cy abanyeshuri kuri buri munyeshuri ufite impamyabumenyi ya phd ubuyobozi bwa kaminuza burateganya kongera umubare w abakozi b amasomo bafite impamyabumenyi ya dogiteri uva kuri ku ijana ukagera kuri ku ijana mu muri gashyantare hatangajwe ko kaminuza izatangira gutanga impamyabumenyi ihanitse i kinyarwanda ibiro bikuru ni hamwe na college of business and economics i gikondo mburabuturo yateguwe mumashuri atandatu ashingiye kumasomo kaminuza ifite ibigo byose umuyobozi wungirije ni porofeseri phillip cotton watangiye uyu mwanya mu kwakira uwamubanjirije yari porofeseri james mcwha ukomoka muri irilande y amajyaruguru chancellor ni dr mike o neal wahoze ari perezida wa kaminuza ya gikirisitu ya oklahoma ur igira uruhare mubufatanye mpuzamahanga muri gashyantare kaminuza y u rwanda na kaminuza ya leta ya michigan yatangije gahunda ihuriweho na msc mu bijyanye n ubuhinzi ifashwa n ikigo cya leta zunze ubumwe z amerika gishinzwe iterambere mpuzamahanga gahunda igamije gufasha abagore bo mu rwanda kwihagararaho mu buhinzi ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe iterambere ry igihugu cya suwede gitera inkunga iterambere ry ubushakashatsi mu rwanda binyuze muri kaminuza agnes binagwaho uwahoze ari minisitiri w ubuzima mu rwanda yabaye umuntu wa mbere wahawe impamyabumenyi ya phd na kaminuza nshya y u rwanda muri kanama binagwaho ubushakashatsi bwe bwerekeye uburenganzira bw ubuzima bw abana mu rwego rwa virusi itera sida yatangiye phd mu mbere y uko kaminuza ihuzwa banki ya kigali bk ni banki y ubucuruzi mu rwanda yahawe uruhushya na banki nkuru y u rwanda icyicaro gikuru n ishami rikuru rya banki biherereye kuri kn avenue mu karere ka nyarugenge mu mujyi wa kigali umurwa mukuru n umujyi munini mu rwanda imiterere ya geografiya yicyicaro gikuru cya banki ni s e ubunini uburebure banki ya kigali ni banki nini y ubucuruzi mu rwanda ku mutungo wose kugeza ku ya ukuboza umutungo wose wa banki wari ufite agaciro ka miliyoni z amadolari y amerika ufite igitabo cy inguzanyo ingana na miliyoni z amadolari abakiriya babitsa miliyoni z amadolari naho abanyamigabane bangana na miliyoni ku ya nzeri urutonde rw inguzanyo ku isi rwemeje banki ya kigali limited ku rwego rw igihe kirekire n igihe gito ku rwego rw igihugu ku rwego rwa aa rw na a rw hamwe n icyerekezo gihamye iyi banki yatsindiye ibihembo byinshi mu rwego mpuzamahanga ndetse no mu karere banki nziza mu rwanda harimo nka euromoney the banker global finance magazine na emea finance banki yashinzwe na repubulika y u rwanda ku ya ukuboza ku ikubitiro banki ya kigali yashinzwe nk umushinga uhuriweho na guverinoma y u rwanda na belgolaise buri wese afite ku ijana by imigabane isanzwe mu banki yatangiye ibikorwa byayo nishami ryayo rya mbere i kigali belgolaise yari ishami rya banki ya fortis ubu itakiriho ikorera muri afurika yo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara ariko mu itangira kuva mu bikorwa byayo muri afurika bijyanye n ingamba za fortis mu leta y u rwanda yaguze imigabane ya belgolaise muri banki ya kigali bityo yongera imigabane yayo itaziguye muri banki igera ku by imigabane yose yatanzwe muri banki yahinduye izina mu itegeko rishya ryerekeye amasosiyete kuva muri banki ya kigali sa ayita banki ya kigali limited ku ya kamena inama ngishwanama ku isoko ry imari n u rwanda yemeje gahunda y uko banki izagurisha by imigabane yayo kandi ikanashyira ku rutonde imigabane yayo ku isoko ry imigabane mu rwanda rse ibaye isosiyete ya kabiri mu gihugu yashyize ku rutonde rwa rse mu madorari y abanyamerika miliyoni yatangiriye kumugaragaro gucuruza mu migabane ya banki byatangiye ku ya kamena ukuboza ibitangazamakuru byo mu karere byagaragaje ko banki yari hagati yo kwaguka mu bihugu bituranye na uganda muri gashyantare banki yemeye icyemezo cyo gufungura ibiro muri kenya mu gihe kwagura akarere ari byo byashyizwe imbere mu gihe uwahoze ari umuyobozi mukuru james gatera umusimbuye diane karusisi yatangaje ko icyo yibandaho ari ugukomeza gushora imizi muri banki mu rwego rwo kugira ngo harebwe icyakomeje kuba umubare munini w abaturage badafite amabanki ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na finscope ku bijyanye no kubona imari mu rwanda muri miliyoni z abanyarwanda bakuze bafite serivisi z imari yemewe miliyoni gusa ni zo zikuze cyangwa ku ijana muri rusange bakoresha amabanki aho abantu barenga gato bakuze muri miliyoni bonyine kwishingikiriza kuri banki abandi bafite ubundi buryo bwo hanze ya banki muri gicurasi mu nama rusange ngarukamwaka ya banki abanyamigabane bemeje gahunda yo guhuza urutonde rw imigabane ya banki ku isoko ry imigabane rya nairobi nse nini mu muryango w afurika y iburasirazuba biteganijwe ko urutonde rw ibibazo ndetse n uburenganzira buteganijwe byombi biteganijwe mu gice cya kabiri cy umwaka wa biteganijwe ko bizakusanya miliyoni z amadolari y amerika bizoherezwa mu gushaka uburyo bushya bwa ict bwatezimbere miliyoni abasigaye boherezwa mu nguzanyo gushyigikira imishinga remezo murugo mu ukwakira ku eastafrican a karere english rurimi ikinyamakuru cyavuze ko banki ya kigali yari yiteze ku rutonde ku nairobi stock exchange ku ugushyingo kugeza mu kuboza banki yagumanye amashami y urusobekerane imashini zikoresha amakarita yikoranabuhanga atm hafi abakozi bashinzwe amabanki barenga amamodoka atandatu ya banki igendanwa kandi ikoresha abakozi barenga banki iyobowe n inama y ubutegetsi iyobowe na perezida w inama y ubutegetsi umwanya ufitwe na marc holtzman ibikorwa bya buri munsi bya banki biyoborwa nitsinda ryabantu batandatu bayobora bayobowe numuyobozi mukuru dr diane karusisi imigabane yo kwisoko ry imari yisosiyete ifitemo banki banki ya kigali group plc yashyizwe cyane cyane ku isoko ry imigabane mu rwanda kandi yashyizwe ku rutonde rw imigabane ya nairobi as of december ku mutungo wa banki stock ahagarara bavugwa mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira u rwanda ni kimwe mu bihugu bya afurika bifite akomeye y umuziki n gakondo mu rwanda usanga mu w abagituye hari umwihariko wo kugira imbyino gakondo zabyinwaga n abakurambere mu rwego rwo kwigisha kwinezeza mu birori bitandukanye guhuza imiryango no kuyifasha kubana neza ndetse no kwifashishwa mu bihe by ibyago aho akenshi wasangaga hari zimwe zifashishwaga mu bijyanye n ubuzima bwa cyangwa mu mihango y nk uko mu haba umurage izi zigenda zihererekanywa uko imyaka iza indi igataha abiga kubyina akenshi babikoreraga mu itorero ryari kandi rikomeje kuba irerero ry umuco gakondo usibye kubyina no gutozwa mu itorero ni ho higirwaga kandi akenshi zijyana n umuziki by umwihariko   mu rwego rwo gukomeza gusigasira uyu mwiza dore ko kera nta buryo buhamye bwo kubika n ibihangano mu buryo bwanditse cyangwa bw ikoranabuhanga nk uko muri iki gihe cy ikoranabuhanga bikorwa ubu mu mashuri hashyizweho gahunda yo gutoza abana umuco bigishwa byinshi ku mateka imivugo indirimbo n nta wakwirengagiza kandi uruhare rw amatorero abyina mu buryo bwa gakondo ndetse n imiryango mu rugendo rwo gukomeza gusigasira uyu muco wo kubyina iyi nyandiko iragaragaza zimwe mu gakondo zakorwaga ndetse zimwe zigikomeje gukoreshwa n abanyarwanda bitewe n ibihe imiryango n igihugu kiba kirimo umushayayo ni izwi cyane ku gitsina gore iyi ishushanya ukwiyoroshya ndetse n ubwiza bw abanyarwandakazi dore ko ababyina baba basa n abigana uko inka zigenda ndetse n uko nk amashyamba ibiyaga n ibindi bigenda byizunguza gusa ibi nta wapfa kubibona kuko umuntu ureba ababyinnyi akenshi aba yarangajwe n uburyohe bw muri rusange iyi yerekana uko inyamaswa zitandukanye zo mu gihugu zigenda zirambagira mu buryo buryoheye ijisho nk inzovu isha imparage n izindi umushayayo cyangwa umushagiriro nk uko bamwe bakunze kubyita ushyirwa mu gakondo eshatu za mbere muri afurika zikunzwe cyane uburyo ibyinwa usanga byerekana ugutuza ukwicisha bugufi ukwiyubaha umutima mwiza ubwiyoroshye ubuziranenge ubwiza ndetse n ibyishimo biranga abanyarwandakazi bivugwa ko bafite ubwiza buhebuje muri afurika iyi mibyinire ngo yerekana ishusho nziza y uko inka ziba zimeze iyo zitambuka iyi yabyinwaga n abasore bashaka kwerekana ko bakereye itabaro iyi mbyino yerekanaga ko bashabutse ari abantu banyaruka ingufu no kugira ubwirinzi bukomeye ndetse n ubushotoranyi nk ubw intare iyi akenshi bakunze kuyita iy i bwami yabaga ari imbyino nziza cyane ku buryo abayibyinaga bayitaga imbyino y abakundana abakaraza abavuza ingoma babaga ari cumi na batatu dore ko uwo mubare wari ikimenyetso cy ubutware bw ingoma ya cyami abakaraza kera babaga ari abagabo ariko ubu n abagore barabikora cyane ingoma zari iz ingenzi cyane kuko zamenyeshaga ko umwami ahari zanakoreshwaga nka bumwe mu buryo bwo gutambutsa ubutumwa kuva ku kugera ku byegera bye ndetse n abandi bose barimo inshuti n abamufashaga mu buryo butandukanye abakaraza babaga bafite agaciro gakomeye i bwami kubera uwo murimo ukomeye babaga bafite umutagara ingoma zose zavuzwaga wabaga urimo ishakwe ingoma nto kurusha izindi zose wasangaga yarabaga ireshya na santimetero zigera muri cm ariko ikagira ijwi rirangira cyane  rigera kure habagamo inyahura ingoma yabaga ireshya na santimetero zigera kuri z uburebure ikanagira ijwi rivugira hasi cyane yanagiraga umurambararo munini kurusha ishakwe umurishyo w ingoma wanyuraga amatwi y abatari bake ingoma kandi zavuzwaga ubwo habaga hari ibirori cyangwa se mu gihe cyo kwakira umushyitsi w imena abakaraza bakoreshaga uduti tubiri kugira ngo ingoma zishobore kuvuga twitwa imirishyo ikinimba ni yabyinwaga cyane mu mihango ikomeye y i bwami cyane cyane ijyanye n imyemerere ariko na none usanga indirimbo zaherekezaga iyi mbyino ari izaherekezaga cyangwa zagiraga inama umugeni uburyo azitwara mu muryango ashatsemo ubwo umukobwa yabaga amaze gushinga urugo gushaka ntabwo yabaga acyemerewe kubyina iyi muri rusange umuganura wabaga ari umunsi mukuru ukomeye mu rwanda rwo hambere dore ko abantu bahuriraga hamwe kugira ngo basangirire hamwe umusaruro w ibyo bejeje ibi byose byaherekezwaga n ibintu binyuranye birimo umuziki kubara inkuru ndetse n abagore babyinaga imbyino zijyanye n umuganura bagombaga kuba bambaye umwambaro mwiza w ibirori kandi bikwije kugira ngo bashimire imana yabahaye kugera ku musaruro ushimishije bikaba n umwanya wo kuzana imbuto no kuzihesha umugisha kugira ngo zizashobore kwera neza mu gihe gitaha gakondo ni zimwe mu nkingi za mwamba z umuco nyarwanda kuko umuziki no kubyina byakomeje kuba iby ingenzi mu bigize umuryango cyangwa sosiyete akenshi igitsina gore babyina bambaye umwambaro ufatwa nk uw ibirori uzwi ku izina ry umushanana agapira mu imbere ndetse n umwitero mu mibyinire abagabo bakunze kugaragara bakoresha ingufu cyane mu gihe abagore bo baba babyina bagenda gake gake mu buryo butuje ari na byo biranga ubwiyoroshye bwabo kalisa rugano umwanditsi nyarwanda akaba n umunyamateka asanga kubyina ari ururimi isi yose yumva kuri we ngo abanyarwanda bifashishaga imbyino mu rwego rwo kwerekana abo ari bo babyinaga iyo babaga bishimye cyangwa bari mu gahinda byari n uburyo bwo guhanga ubumwe mu muryango cyangwa muri sosiyete ingero ni uko wasangaga abanyarwanda babyina iyo babaga bagize umusaruro ushimishije bejeje ibiribwa byinshi iyo umwana yabaga yavutse iyo babaga batahukanye intsinzi ku rugamba cyangwa barutsinzwe icyo gihe cyose habaga imbyino zisobanura ibyo byose urundi rugero ni uko ingabo zashoboraga kubyinira umwami iyo babaga bagiye kumumurikira ibitekerezo byazo noneho igihe zigarutse mu ngo zabo zivuye ku rugamba abagore bazo ndetse n abana bashoboraga kubabyinira kandi bagashimira imana kuko yabafashije ikabarindira ubuzima ku rugamba ikindi kivugwa ni uko ishusho y uko imbyino iteye byaturukaga ku buryo babonaga ibidukikije nk uko imisozi iteye n ibindi kubyina kera byari nk indangamuntu ibi byagaragazwaga n uko hari uburyo buryuranye abantu babyinagamo bitewe n aho baherereye bitewe n abo babaga ari bo cyangwa se imirimo bakoraga nk abantu bo mu babyinaga bitewe n imiterere yaho babyinaga bategeka basa n abamanuka kandi bakaraga umubyimba ndetse bakabyinana amacumu n ingabo kuko babaga ari abatunzi abashumba n abahinzi iyo mibyinire bayitaga gushagirira cyangwa gushayaya nk abantu bo mu misozi ya kibuye karongi y ubu mu bakoreshaga imbaraga nyinshi mbese nk ingufu bakoreshaga bazamuka imisozi iyo mbyino bayitaga inshongore y abahungu ashyira uburengerazuba babyinaga ikinimba aho abantu bagaragaraga nk abakomeye byashushanyaga imisozi y ibirunga iri muri ako gace mu rwanda rwo hambere wasangaga akenshi abakobwa bashyingirwa bafite hagati y imyaka na kubera ko babaga bakiri bato kandi batari bamenya icyo gukora kuva muri icyo kigero ngo babe abagore byarabagoraga ari na byo byatumaga abantu babaririmbira indirimbo bakanababyinira kugira ngo babakomeze babyinaga yitwaga ibihozo meza ubwiherero bufite ibyangombwa by ibanze n umuco wo kugira isuku ni ibintu by ingenzi mu mibereho n imikurire y abana ibura ry ibyo bintu nkenerwa by ibanze rishyira mu kaga ubuzima bw abana ibihumbi n ibihumbi amazi isuku n isukura ni uburenganzira bwa muntu ibikorwa bigeza kuri buri wese amazi isuku n isukura biri ku isonga mu rwanda amazi meza isuku n isukura bifitanye isano ikomeye n imirire myiza ubuzima bwiza uburinganire iterambere ry ubukungu hamwe no kubungabunga ibidukikije mu rwanda ku ijana by abaturage ni bo bonyine babona amazi meza yo kunywa aherereye ahari urugendo rw iminota kuva mu ngo zabo iyo abana bakoresheje umwanya wabo mu kuvoma amazi akenshi bituma batajya ku ishuri iki ni ikibazo cyugarije cyane cyane abakobwa dore ko ari bo baba batezweho gukora imirimo myinshi yo mu rugo n ubwo amazi aboneka hafi y ingo akenshi ntabwo aba ari meza ku buryo abantu bayanywa iyo rero abana banyweye amazi yanduye bibatera indwara zikomeye cyane ndetse n urupfu ruturutse ku ndwara ziterwa n amazi mabi isukura ry ibanze risobanuye ko buri rugo rwaba rufite ubwiherero bwarwo rudahuriyeho n urundi rugo ubwo bwiherero bugomba kandi kuba bubasha kubika umwanda ku buryo ntaho uwo mwanda wahurira n abantu abanyarwanda ku ijana gusa ni bo babasha kugerwaho n ibyo bikorwa by isukura hari kandi ikinyuranyo gikomeye kijyanye n ubukungu bw imiryango ingo zifite ubushobozi buhagije zifite ubwiherero ku kigero cya ku ijana ugereranije na ku ijana by ingo zikennye cyane mu rwanda ingo ku ijana gusa ni zo zifite ahantu habugenewe abagize umuryango bakarabira intoki n isabune gukaraba intoki mu bihe by ingenzi ni ingirakamaro cyane mu kugira ubuzima bwiza cyane cyane ku bana aliko dangote gcon yavutse ku ya mata ni umucuruzi w umuherwe wo muri nijeriya akaba ari nawe washinze kandi akaba n umuyobozi wa dangote group uruganda rukora inganda muri afurika afite umutungo ungana na miliyari z amadolari y amerika nyakanga aribyo bimugira umutunzi wa ku isi akaba n umukire wa mbere muri afurika aliko dangote umuyisilamu wo mu bwoko bwa hausa ukomoka mu gace ka kano muri leta ya kano yavutse ku ya mata avukira mu muryango w abayisilamu bakize   umuhungu wa mohammed dangote na mariya sanusi dantata umukobwa wa sanusi dantata ni umwuzukuru wa alhaji alhassan dantata akaba ariwe wari umuherwe wo muri afurika y iburengerazuba igihe yapfaga mu dangote aba i lagos yabanje gushinga urugo afite abakobwa batatu n umuhungu umwe yareze dangote yagize ati ndibuka igihe nigaga mu mashuri abanza najyaga kugura amakarito y utuntu turyohereye bombo nkatangira kubigurisha kugira ngo mbone amafaranga nashishikazwaga cyane n ubucuruzi ndetse no muri icyo gihe nigaga dangote yize muri sheikh ali kumasi madrasa akurikirwa na capital high school kano mu yarangije muri kaminuza ya leta birnin kudu yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu masomo y ubucuruzi n imiyoborere yakuye muri kaminuza ya al azhar i cairo itsinda rya dangote ryashinzwe nk ikigo gito cy ubucuruzi mu muri uwo mwaka dangote yimukira i lagos kwagura sosiyete kuri ubu ni tiliyoni naira ihuriweho n ibikorwa byinshi muri benin gana nijeriya zambiya na togo dangote yakomereje kwagura ibikorwa bye mu gutunganya ibiribwa gukora sima no gutwara ibicuruzwa itsinda rya dangote riri kandi ku isonga ku isoko ry isukari muri nijeriya kandi ni ryo ritanga amasoko akomeye mu masosiyete y ibinyobwa bidasembuye yo muri iki gihugu inzoga ndetse n ibiribwa biryohereye itsinda rya dangote ryavuye ku kuba isosiyete y ubucuruzi rihinduka itsinda rinini ry inganda kurusha ayandi matsinda muri nijeriya ririmo uruganda rutunganya isukari ya dangote isima ya dangote n ifarine ya dangote muri nyakanga dangote yegereye ikigo gishinzwe ibyambu cya nijeriya ashaka gukodesha isambu yari yaratawe itagikoreshwa yo ku cyambu cya apapa arabyemererwa nyuma yaje kubaka ahongaho amazu ya sosiyete ye y ifarine mu myaka y yegereye banki nkuru ya nijeriya ayigezaho igitekerezo ko byayihendukira iramutse yemereye isosiyete ye itwara abantu gutwara bisi z abakozi ba banki icyifuzo nacyo kiremerwa yatanze kandi amafaranga muri minisiteri y imikino yo muri nijeriya yo kuvugurura stade y igihugu abuja magingo aya muri nijeriya itsinda rya dangote kubwiganze bwaryo ku isoko ry isukari n ubucuruzi bw uruganda niryo ritanga isoko nyamukuru ku ijana by isoko ku masosiyete y ibinyobwa bidasembuye mu gihugu inzoga n ibiryo nirwo ruganda runini muri afurika kandi ni urwa gatatu runini ku isi rutanga toni z isukari buri mwaka itsinda rya dangote rifite inganda zumunyu n uruganda rukora ifu kandi ni rwo rutumiza umuceri amafi amakariso sima n ifumbire iyi sosiyete igemura hanze y igihugu ipamba imbuto za cashew cakao imbuto za sesame na tungurusumu mu bihugu byinshi ifite kandi ishoramari rikomeye mu mutungo utimukanwa amabanki ubwikorezi imyenda peteroli na gaze isosiyete ikoresha abantu barenga kandi niryo huriro rinini ry inganda muri afurika y iburengerazuba dangote yagiye yagura ibikorwa bye mu itumanaho kandi yatangiye kubaka kilometero z insinga za fibre optique kugira ngo igere muri nigeriya yose kubera iyo mpamvu dangote yahawe igihembo muri mutarama nk umuntu wambere utanga akazi mu bwubatsi bw inganda muri nijeriya yaravuze ati reka mbabwire ibi kandi ndashaka kubishimangira rwose ntakintu na kimwe kizafasha nigeriya nk uko abanyanigeriya bakwigarurira amafaranga yabo niba umpaye miliyari uyu munsi nzashora ibintu byose hano muri nigeriya reka dushyire hamwe kandi dukore dangote yagize uruhare runini mu gutera inkunga olusegun obasanjo yongeye kwiyamamariza amatora mu aho yatanze miliyoni zisaga miliyoni us yatanze miliyoni us ibihumbi mu musigiti w igihugu ayobowe na inshuti za obasanjo na atiku yatanze miliyoni mu isomero rya perezida izi mpano zitavugwaho rumwe cyane n abayoboke b ishyaka riri ku butegetsi pdp zateje impungenge zikomeye nubwo gahunda yo kurwanya ruswa yatangajwe cyane muri manda ya kabiri ya obasanjo bivugwa ko dangote yiyongereyeho miliyari z amadolari mu mutungo we bwite mu nk uko ikinyamakuru bloomberg index kibitangaza bituma aba umuntu wa mirongo itatu wa mbere mu bakize ku isi muri kiriya gihe byongeye no kuba yariwe mukire wa mbere muri afurika mu mwaka wa guverinoma ya nijeriya yavuze ko dangote yatanze miliyoni naira us kugira ngo ikwirakwizwa rya ebola rihagarare aliko dangote kimwe na femi otedola basezeranyije guha super eagles yo muri nijeriya us kuri buri gitego cyatsinzwe mu gikombe cy afurika afcon african business leader award cyateguwe n ikigo cya afurika amerika aai banki nkuru y u rwanda french bank nationale du rwanda ni banki nkuru mu rwanda banki yashinzwe mu ubu guverineri wayo ni john rwangombwa iherereye mu nyubako ya banki nkuru y u rwanda ku muhanda wa kn ahagenewe ubucuruzi hagati mu mujyi wa kigali umurwa mukuru n umujyi munini mu rwanda ibiranga icyicaro gikuru cya banki ni s e ubunini uburebure iyi banki ifite uruhare runini mu guteza imbere politiki yo kwinjiza imari kandi ni umunyamuryango wa mbere ni kandi kimwe mu bigo byabanje kugenzura ibyemezo by igihugu byiyemeje gushyira mu bikorwa imari mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa imari n igenamigambi nk uko byatangajwe na maya mu ihuriro rya politiki mpuzamahanga ku isi ryabereye muri mexico muri abayobozi ba banki nkuru y u rwanda banki nkuru amazina ahinnye yiswe bnr yagiye iterimbere intambwe ku yindi umuryango w ibihingwa ibitunguru allium cepa kimwe na puwalo tungurusumu bibarirwa mu muryango wa liliaceae muri ordre ya liliflores no mu muryango mugari wa monocotyledones bikunda mu rwanda hose ariko kugirango ibijumba bibe binini hagomba uburebure bw umunsi mugufi buri hagati y amasaha na hagomba kandi ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya dogere c kugirango ibitunguru bibyimbe bimere nk ibihaze ubushyuhe buke bwo bubifasha mu gihe cyo gushibuka gukura no kuzana indabo onyo ikunda ubutaka bworoshye butari burebure cyane kandi bwumutse neza ntabwo ikunda ubutaka buhora butose kandi n ubutaka bw ibumba si bwiza ikunda ubutaka burimo potasi niyo mpamvu umuhinzi agomba kubufumbiza ivu ayo moko afite amabara atandukanye niyo mpamvu umuhinzi areba ibara n impumuro parfum y ubwoko agiye guhinga kuko aribyo abaguzi bakunze kwibandaho kubera ko ifumbire ari ingirakamaro mu gutunganya imiterere y ubutaka ni ngombwa gushyiramo ifumbire iboze neza cyane kg are iba ihagije bikorwa ibitunguru biri hafi yo kwera babanza kubigondera amababi ku munigo wayo ikiyitera isazi y ibitunguru aho ifata igihingwa cyose ibimenyetso amababi aratumba inyo ziyo sazi zica utuyira mu gitunguru maze kikabora kikananuka cyane ikiyitera uduhumyo peronospora scheideni alternaria porri aho ifata ku mababi no ku bijumba by igitunguru ibimenyetso onyo zikiri nto zihinduka umuhondo kandi zikarandurwa n ubusa ku bitunguru haba hatwikiriwe n utwoya tweruruka ndetse rimwe na rimwe hakabaho utuntu tw umukara ikiyitera uduhumyo aspergillus niger na sclerotium cepivorum aho ifata ibitunguru ibimenyetso mu gihe bibitse ibitunguru byuzuraho amoya y ikijuju cyangwa ibintu by umukara kandi bikomeye amaherezo ibitunguru birabora neza neza ikiyitera inzoka yitwa angilile ditylenchus dispaci aho ifata amababi ibitunguru ibimenyetso onyo ziranuka amababi aratumba ibitunguru birafobagana igitunguru kirisatura maze kikabora basarura onyo iyo ibibabi byazo byumye neza neza igishishwa cy inyuma kimeze nk urupapuro rushaje bitewe n ubwoko bw ubutunguru n akarere bihinzemo ibitunguru byera nyuma y amezi bigemuriwe mu murima umusaruro w ibitunguru kuri ha uri hagati ya toni na toni bitewe n uburemere bwa buri gitunguru n b ibitunguru bishobora kubikwa mu gihe kiri hagati y amezi na ibyo aribyo byose ibigomba gupfa muri icyo gihe ntibigomba kurenga y ibyabitswe iyi nyandiko ushobora kuyihuza n igihe bitewe n ubushakashatsi bugenda bugerwaho mu buhinzi bw ibitunguru bityo imibare imwe nimwe ikagenda ihinduka bitewe n aho uri kubihinga jeannette nyiramongi kagame jeannette nyiramongi wavutse ku ya kanama ni umugore wa paul kagame yabaye madamu wa mbere w u rwanda igihe umugabo we yatangiraga kuba perezida mu abashakanye bafite abana bane ivan ange ian na brian kagame ni we washinze imbuto foundation akaba n umuyobozi wawo umuryango udaharanira inyungu ufite intego yo gushyigikira iterambere ry umuryango muzima wize kandi utera imbere jeannette kagame yagarutse mu gihugu cye cy urwanda nyuma ya genoside yakorewe abatutsi mu kuva icyo gihe yaharaniye kuzamura ubuzima gatozi bw abanyarwanda bari mu rwanda cyane cyane ubwabapfakazi impfubyi n imiryango itishoboye muri gicurasi kagame yakiriye inama ya mbere y abategarugori ba mbere b abanyafurika kugirango baganire ku bana no ku kwirinda virusi itera sida i kigali mu rwanda iyi nama iganisha ku ishingwa rya pacfa kurinda no kwita ku miryango irwanya virusi itera sida igikorwa cyibanze cyane cyane mugutanga uburyo bwuzuye bwo kwirinda virusi itera sida no kwita kumuryango wose kagame yaje gushinga umuryango w abategarugori ba mbere b abanyafurika barwanya virusi itera sida oafla mu aba perezida wacyo kuva kugeza mu myaka yashize pacfa yakuze ikubiyemo imishinga itari iyo mu rwego rwa virusi itera sida ndetse no mu imbuto foundation bisobanura imbuto muri kinyarwanda yarashinzwe fondasiyo ishyira mu bikorwa imishinga itandukanye nka gutanga ubuvuzi bw ibanze no gutera inkunga ubukungu ku miryango yanduye virusi itera sida kongera ubumenyi no guhindura imyumvire kubuzima bwimibonano mpuzabitsina ningimbi kurinda urubyiruko kwirinda virusi itera sida kwirinda malariya gushishikariza abakobwa kuba indashyikirwa mu ishuri gutanga buruse ku rubyiruko rutishoboye guteza imbere umuco wo gusoma guhugura no guha urubyiruko ubumenyi bwo kwihangira imirimo no kuyobora umudamu wa mbere kandi ni umurinzi wa rotary club virunga ifite icyicaro i kigali yashinze isomero rya mbere rusange mu rwanda mu madamu kagame kandi ni umwe mu bagize akanama k ubuyobozi bw imiryango itandukanye harimo n umuryango w abagore barwanya virusi itera sida ndetse n inshuti z ikigega cya afurika mu mwaka wa kagame yakiriye impamyabumenyi y icyubahiro yakuye muri kaminuza ya gikirisitu ya oklahoma kubera uruhare yagize mu kurwanya virusi itera sida n ubukene muri uwo mwaka yagizwe uhagarariye umwihariko ku mirire y abana na gahunda y ibiribwa ku isi wfp mu unicef yahaye perezida paul kagame na madamu wa perezida jeannette kagame igihembo mu rwego rwo gushimira imbaraga zabo mu kuzamura imibereho y abana mu rwanda mu ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima oms ryamugize uhagarariye ishami ry urukingo rwa afurika muri afurika aavp kugira ngo abafatanyabikorwa ba afurika bagire uruhare rugaragara mu nzego zose z ubushakashatsi bw inkingo za virusi itera sida na sida kagame afite impamyabumenyi mu bucuruzi no mu bumenyi sina gérard wavutse ni umunyarwanda ukurikirana kandi rwiyemezamirimo nyiwe watangiye akaba n umuyobozi w ikigo gitunganya ibiribwa urwibutso enterprises ni omworozi w ingurube ukora ibiti nyir imigati nyiri supermarket ukora ibirungo hamwe n abagiraneza yavukiye mu ntara y amajyaruguru akarere ka rulindo umurenge wa tare n akagari ka nyirangarama nyuma nyirangarama yabaye izina rye kubera ingaruka ubucuruzi bwagize ku baturage arubatse afite abana batatu sina gerard azwiho ubwitange mu iterambere ryaho isosiyete yatangije mu urwibutso enterprises yavuye mu iduka rito igera ku mashami menshi hirya no hino mu gihugu cy u rwanda isosiyete urwibutso yatanze akazi k igihe cyose n akazi k igihe gito mu cyaro aho sina akomoka isosiyete ikorana n impuzandengo y imiryango ifitanye isano n ubuhinzi sina kandi yahaye abahinzi basezeranye na gahunda mbonezamubano nko gutera inkunga inguzanyo ziciriritse uburezi na gahunda yo guhugura ubuhinzi ingaruka z umurimo we zamenyekanye ku rwego mpuzamahanga kandi yahawe ibihembo byinshi na yo urutonde rwibihembo bye rurimo diamond international quality crown igihe gishya cya era kubera ikoranabuhanga ubwiza no guhanga udushya ndetse na made in rwanda award kuri ubu sina ni umwe mu bagabo bakize cyane mu rwanda kandi urwibutso enterprises ni ubwami bw amadorari miliyoni sina gérard yatangije urwibutso enterprises afite imyaka mu yakoresheje imari shingiro ya rwf agaciro ka kandi atanga umusaruro mubuhinzi bwababyeyi kugirango atangire imigati nto na bakery ye we yatangiye umukono urwibutso donuts bikaba nyuma yabaye izina ventures we igikubo igihe imigati ye yatangiraga gutanga umusaruro ku ishoramari sina yaragutse maze yinjira mu gukora imbuto umutobe mu abonye ko ibicuruzwa bye bishya yongeyeho byagenze neza yashora imari mu bikoresho byo gukora umutobe sina yafatanije nabahinzi benshi baho bashora imari mubushakashatsi bwubuhanga bwo kubungabunga umutobe imitobe ya agashya cyane cyane nectar yimbuto yimbuto nayo yamenyekanye kumasoko sina yahise atandukanya imishinga ye kurushaho yongeyeho umushinga w ingurube inka ihene ibice byo korora urukwavu n umuvinyu n umusaruro wa chili chili akabanga yabaye kimwe mu bicuruzwa akoresha cyane atari mu rwanda gusa ahubwo no ku mugabane wa afurika no mu bindi bice by isi sina avuga kuri akabanga bisobanura ikintu nk ibanga nushira ku biryo byawe uzasobanukirwa ibanga kuva icyo gihe sina yaguye uruganda urwibutso kandi isosiyete yongera ibicuruzwa bishya kuva kuri biscuits kugeza kuri vino ubu urwibutso bibyara ikintu urugamba ibicuruzwa birimo ifu akanoze maize floor akandi y agaciro amazi agashya inanasi umutobe strawberry na amwifuza imbuto umutobe akabanga n urusenda amavuta akaryoshye strawberry na juice y amatunda akarusho umweru umutuku na divayi insina ndetse akarabo biscuit mu akarabo biscuit katangijwe ku bufatanye na sweet z ibirayi actions for security na health muri afurika sasha ndetse n abafatanyabikorwa mpuzamahanga z ibirayi center cip rwanda agricultural board rab catholic relief services crs imbaraga young ishyirahamwe ry abakristu b abagore ywca iyi biscuit yashizweho kugirango yongere imirire nubukungu byimiryango yo mucyaro hamwe nabagore aribo itsinda ryibandwaho amaze gutsinda mu bucuruzi sina gérard yahisemo gushora imari mu gace atuyemo yaha abahinzi imbuto z ubusa ifumbire amahugurwa kandi agura imyaka yabo igihe biteguye gusarurwa afite intego yo gutuma abahinzi bo mu rwanda bumva bishimiye kuba abahinzi kuko bangana na by abaturage sina kandi ni umugiraneza yubatse ishuri collge fondation sina gérard kubanyeshuri bo mu gace atuyemo ishuri ryigisha abanyeshuri kuva kurwego rwincuke kugeza mumashuri yisumbuye abanyeshuri biga kubuntu ndetse nabari mumashuri acumbikira ishuri ryubatswe mumiryango iciriritse cyane cyane urwibutso enterprises ikorana iri shuri rihugura abanyeshuri kubaka ubumenyi nubumenyi mubice byubuhinzi ubuvuzi bwamatungo nubumenyi bwibiryo ubu ishuri rifite abanyeshuri bagera ku abanyeshuri bafite uburyo bwo guhinga butanga imbuto nka strawberry pome imbuto za macadamiya imbuto za logan imbuto nshya mu rwanda sina arateganya ko ishuri ryabyara abanyeshuri bazaba abafite phd mumwaka wa sina igamije ko ishuri ryaba ikigo aho abakiri bato nabatishoboye biyubaka bakivana mubukene cnn intego yanjye ni ukureba niba abaturage bo mu rwanda biyubaka kandi bakava mu bukene joyce omondi yavukiye i nairobi kandi yiga mu mujyi wa kenya mbere yo gukomeza muri knox college muri amerika hagati ya na aho yize ibijyanye n ubukungu ndetse na integrated international studies iis yari senateri wa sophomore na ambasaderi wa knox igihe yari muri kaminuza yize kuririmba no gucuranga piyano atangira kuririmba hakiri kare mu materaniro yaberaga i woodley i nairobi nyuma aza kurangiza kuririmba muri korari y itorero muri knox college yari muri korali harambee amaze gusubira muri kenya joyce yasohoye urukurikirane rw ubutumwa bwiza ndetse n ubufatanye birimo conqueror na kweli bisobanura mubyukuri mu giswahili kweli ni imwe mu ndirimbo zakunzwe cyane kandi yeguriwe papa we warokotse igisasu cyaturikiye muri ambasade y abanyamerika i nairobi mu usibye umwuga we wa muzika joyce anakorana na show ya rauka gospel music izwi cyane kuri televiziyo ya citizen muri kenya yaretse iki gitaramo mu kugira ngo akomeze impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu iterambere mpuzamahanga muri kaminuza ya georgetown i washington muri yatsindiye ibihembo bya groove kuri video yumwaka ku ya ukuboza joyce omondi yashakanye na news of tv news anchor waihiga mwaura mu bukwe bushimishije imbaraga n imbyino raporo yaraye ishyizwe ahagaragara na world economic forum igaragaza ko u rwanda ruza ku mwanya wa gatanu ku isi mu bijyanye no guharanira iterambere ry abagore ni mugihe mu cyegeranyo giheruka rwari rwashyizwe ku mwanya wa karindwi ibi ngo bikaba byarakozwe hagendewe ku byiciro bine birimo uruhare rw abagore mu bukungu bw igihugu guha uburezi bukwiriye abana b abakobwa ku rwego rumwe n urw abahungu kubungabunga ubuzima bw igitsina gore ndetse no kubaha imyanya mu nzego zifata ibyemezo bimwe mu byatumye u rwanda ruza kumwanya wa gatanu ku isi mu bijyanye no guharanira iterambere ry umugore ni intambwe iki gihugu kimaze gutera mu guha abagore amahirwe angana n ay abagabo ndetse n impuzandengo y imyanya abagore bafite mu nteko ishinga amategeko ugereranije n imbindi bihugu ku isi kuko mu mutwe w abadepite bagera kuri mu badepite ni ukuvuga guverinoma y u rwanda ivuga ko izakomeza gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba yihaye mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ariko hibandwa ku bagabo n abagore leta kandi ngo izakomeza gushora imari muri porogaramu zigamije kongera umubare w abakobwa biga ibijyanye n ikoranabuhanga n ibindi u rwanda ruje kuri uyu mwanya nyuma ya iceland finland norvege na sweden imyaka ishize yabaye urugendo rurerure ariko rw ingenzi kuribo abagore batari bake bemeza ko babashije guhumuka ubu bakaba bakora ibyo bamwe bavugaga ko bidashoboka harimo no kugira uruhare rukomeye mu gutunga ingo zabo no gutanga umusanzu mu iterambere ry igihugu y umuryango n iterambere ryawo ubu noneho biri mu maboko ya bombi umugore n umugabo mu myaka igera kuri ishize kugera kuri uru rwego rw imyumvire byabaye urugendo rutoroshye byasabye ko izi mpande zombi zibyumva kimwe kandi biratanga umusaruro mu mujyi wa kigali hari abagore bakora amanywa n ijoro bo bahisemo kwigomwa ibitotsi abenshi batanga abagabo babo kubyuka ku isaha y isaa munani z igitondo mu isoko rya nyabugogo ryiganjemo ibiribwa wakwibwira ko ari ku manywa y ihangu abagore barashishikaye bamwe barazana imyaka abandi bakayirangura bakajya kuyicuruza ikibashishikaje si ikindi uretse kuzamura ingo zabo saa yine z igitondo aba bagore baba basubiye mu ngo zabo kwita ku bo basize umunsi ukurikiyeho na bwo bakagaruka kera bati nta nkokokazi ibika aho isake iri umugore arabyina ntasimbuka n indi migani itandukanye y ikinyarwanda yapfobyaga ubushobozi bw umugore bashingiye ku kuntu abagore basigaye bafatiye runini ingo zabo abagabo batari bake bahamya ko iyo mitekerereze itajyanye n igihe uretse aba bagore bakora akazi ka buri munsi ko gutunga ingo zabo no mu nzego zo hejuru zifata ibyemezo bariyo kandi ku ijanisha rishimishije urugero ni nko mu nteko ishinga amategeko umutwe w abadepite aho abagore ari muri guverinoma abarenga ni abagore abatari bake bashinze ibigo bikomeye abandi ni abacuruzi cyangwa abayoboye ibigo bitandukanye ibi byose bigashimangira insanganyamatsiko y umunsi mpuzamahanga w umugore muri uyu mwaka uzizihizwa ku itariki ya werurwe igira iti umugore ku ruhembe rwterambere rwanda rushishikajwe n ibibazo by uburinganire ibyo bigaragarira mu itegeko nshinga rya repubulika y u rwanda ryo ku wa kamena nk uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu ndetse no mu ngamba zinyuranye z iterambere ry igihugu cyacu aha twavuga nk icyerekezo cya gahunda y igihugu yo kurwanya ubukene  n izindi itegeko nshinga rya repubulika y u rwanda ryo ku wa kamena nk uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu mu ntangiriro yaryo ryibutsa ko u rwanda rugendera ku mahame remezo ndetse n uburenganzira bw ibanze bwa muntu muri urwo rwego leta yubahiriza amasezerano mpuzamahanga harimo ayo kurwanya ivangura iryo ariryo ryose rishingiye ku gitsina  mu gushyira mu bikorwa ayo mahame remezo u rwanda rwiyemeje kuba igihugu kigendera ku ihame ry uburinganire bw abagore n abagabo ibyo bigashimangirwa n uko abagore bagira nibura mirongo itatu by imyanya mu nzego zifatirwamo ibyemezo  politiki y igihugu y uburinganire ishingiye ku ihame ry uko abagore n abagabo ari abanyagihugu bareshya bagomba kugira uruhare rusesuye mu iterambere ry igihugu kandi n inyungu zivuyemo zikabageraho ku buryo bungana   mu rwego rwo gukemura ibibazo by ikandamizwa ry umugore ryaranze igihugu cyacu mu bihe byashize leta y ubumwe bw abanyarwanda yagiye ifata ingamba zitandukanye mu rwego rwo guha umugore uburenganzira bwo gukora gukurikirana no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa bitandukanye kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho hagiye hashyirwaho amategeko atandukanye agamije guha umugore uburenganzira ku bintu bitandukanye twavuga nk amwe mu mategeko akurikira itegeko ngenga n ryo ku wa rigena imikoreshereze n imicungire y ubutaka mu rwanda itegeko n ryo ku wa ugushyingo ryuzuza igitabo cya mbere cy urwunge rw amategeko mbonezamubano kandi rishyiraho igice cya gatanu cyerekeye imicungire y umutungo w abashyingiranywe impano n izungura itegeko n ryo ku wa mata ryerekeye uburenganzira bw umwana n uburyo bwo kumurinda ihohoterwa itegeko n ryo kuwa rikumira kandi rihana ihohoterwa iryo ari ryo ryose rishingiye ku gitsina aya mategeko kimwe n andi agitegurwa ashyirwaho mu rwego rwo guha umugore uburenganzira bungana n ubw umugabo nyamara ariko umugore aracyafite imbogamizi zimubuza kugera kuri ubwo burenganzira ahabwa n amategeko umunyarwandakazi aracyafite imbogamizi zimubuza kugera ku burenganzira ahabwa n amategeko twavuga nk izi zikurikira umugore ntakwiye kubonwamo ubushobozi buke kuko nawe arashoboye muri urwo rwego umugore aho ari hose agomba kureba ko ibyo amategeko amuteganyiriza mu kazi abibona kandi ntagire isoni zo guharanira uburenganzira bwe mu gihe haba hari ushaka kubumuvutsa uwo ari we wese abagore bahagarariye abandi mu nzego zitandukanye bakwiye kujya bategura ibiganiro mu byiciro bitandukanye kuva ku rwego rw igihugu kugera ku mugudu bigamije gukangurira abagore gusobanukirwa neza ihame ry uburinganire n ubwuzuzanye hamwe no kumenya no gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko abarengera kutitinya buri mugore akigirira icyizere byatuma umugore yumva ko nawe ashoboye kwitabira inzego z abagore kuva ku mudugudu kugera ku rwego rw igihugu kuko izo nzego ari imiyoboro ifasha abagore guharanira no kumenya uburenganzira bagenerwa n amategeko inzego z abagore zigomba kujya zitegura ibiganiro mpaka ibiganirio mbwirwaruhame cyangwa nyunguranabitekerezo mu rwego rwo gufasha abagore kuva ku rwego rw umudugudu gusobanukirwa n uburenganzira amategeko abagenera kwibumbira mu mashyirahamwe atandukanye bituma bivana mu bukene umugore akwiye kwitabira gahunda zigamije kujijuka no kumenya aho uburenganzira bwe butangirira n aho bugarukira kubera ko rero umwana apfa mu iterura umugore akwiye kwihutira kujyana abana mu ishuri baba abahungu n abakobwa kwitabira kugana amabanki ibigo by imari iciriritse n ibigega bitera inkunga abagore mu rwego rwo kugira ubushobozi bwo kwihangira imirimo ibyara inyungu kwandikisha umwana ukivuka abakobwa bifuza gushinga ingo bakwiye kujya bihutira kubanza gusezerana imbere y amategeko   umuryango w ibihingwa abarizwamo amashu ari mu muryango wa brassicaceae bita kandi crucifres nawo uri mu muryango mugari wa dicotyledones amashu ari mu gihingwa kiribwa cyane n abatari bake mu rwanda amashu asanzwe choux pommés n amashu bise ay i buruseli choux de bruxelles yera mu rwanda hose naho amashu barya indabyo choux fleurs zo zisaba imvura nyinshi kandi ya buri gihe ku buryo aberanye n akarere k imisozi miremire ubutaka buvanze umucanga n ibumba nibwo buberanye n amashu yose asaba ubutaka bwiza burebure kandi bufite ifumbire nyinshi niyo mpamvu ubutaka busharira cyane atari bwiza kuri icyo gihingwa ariko ibishanga bikamuye neza kandi byabonye ishagara biberanye n amashu bufasha kongera umusaruro w amashu nkuko byavuzwe haruguru amashu agabanyijemo amatsinda atatu akunzwe mu rwanda amashu asanzwe brassica oleracea capitata uyibwirwa n uko agenda yibumba uko akura amashu y i buruseli ishu mbirigi ariyo brassica oleracea gemmifera uyibwirwa n udushu duto tumera ku giti cy ishu iyo witegereje neza usanga utwo dushu duto natwo tugenda twifunga kandi ni natwo turibwa amashu basarura indabo ishufureri ariyo brassica oleracea botrytis ku mutwe w ishu iyo yeze indabyo z umweru ziba zitsitse hamwe ari nazo basarura akaba arizo barya amashu asanzwe marché de copenhague amashu mbiligi long island amashufureri boule de neige nk izindi mboga barya amababi ifumbire y ibishanguka nziza ihoze kandi nyinshi itanga umusaruro mwiza kandi ushimishije niyo mpamvu hagomba kg kugeza kuri kg ari ni ngombwa guteganya iminsi kugera kuri amashu amara mu buhumbikiro kugirango umenye igihe uzaterera ingemwe mu murima kugemura ingemwe mu mirima bikorwa mu gihe cy imvura nzeri na werurwe iyo zihingwa i musozi mu kabande aho bashobora kuvomera amashu ashobora guhingwa ibihe by ihinga byose uko ari bitatu binaza mu buhumbikiro busakaye bateganya gr kugeza kuri gr kuri m kuri ari y umurima w amashu bateganya m z ubuhumbikiro ubujyakuzimu bakoresha iyo babiba imbuto mu buhumbikiro mm ubuso bw ubuhumbikiro ngombwa ngo ubone ingemwe zo gutera kuri ha m utugemwe dutangira kumera nyuma y iminsi kuva kuri kugeza ku minsi ingemwe ziri mu buhumbikiro zigemurwa iyo zifite amababi cyangwa bakazitera ku mirongo itandukanyijwe na cm naho ku mirongo batera ku buryo bw imbusane hagati basiga cm cyangwa umubare ngombwa kuri ha ingemwe mu gutera bakoresha ingemwe nziza zibyibushye kandi zitarangwaho uburwayi iyo bamaze gutera urugemwe ni ngombwa gutsindagira ubutaka bwegereye urugemwe kuvomera no gutwikira urugemwe rumwe rumwe igihe kitari kirekire kuvomera kenshi iyo nta mvura igwa kubagara kenshi kugirango hatameramo ibyatsi bibi ni ngombwa kumenera kenshi kugirango imiterere y ubutaka ihore ari myiza gufumbira ukoresheje npk bakoresha kg kuri ari kandi bazengurutsa urugemwe ku mashu basarura indabo choux fleurs iyo ururabo rumaze kugira ubunini bungana n igi barutwikiriza amababi y ishu yo hasi bayahinira hejuru y ururabo ikiyitera agahumyo bita plasmodisphora brassicae aho ifata imizi ibimenyetso imizi ita ireme ikamera nk ibijumba irabora ikanuka cyane kandi amashu ntakura neza ndetse iyo hashyushye amashu ararabirana agasa n ayanambye kurandura no gutwikira mu mwobo amashu arwaye mu gihe cy itera gukoresha ingemwe zitarwaye imirima iyo ndwara yagezemo kumara imyaka batarasubizamo amashu mu buryo bwo kuyikingira kuvanga itaka ry ubuhumbikiro n amatotoro y inkoko n ivu ry ibiti mbere yo guhumbika imbuto z amashu gutera imiti yica indwara iterwa n uduhumyo aha twavuga nka oxychlorure de cuivre g l z amazi ari dacobre gr l z amazi ari cyangwa ni indwara yo mu buhumbikiro ikiyitera agahumyo kitwa peronospora parasitica aho ifata amababi ibimenyetso utubara duto tutangana nyuma amababi agahinduka umuhondo akuma iyo ndwara ikara mu gihe cy imvura nyinshi kwirinda guhumbika imbuto zegeranye cyane kuvomera mu gitondo nibyo biba byiza gutera imiti irwanya indwara z uduhumyo rimwe mu cyumweru mu bihe bisanzwe cyangwa mu cyumweru mu bihe by imvura nyinshi iyo miti ni nka milraz wp g l z amazi are cupro antracol g l z amazi are dithane m g l z amazi ari ni indwara yo mu buhumbikiro ikiyitera agahumyo rhizoctonia solani aho ifata umunigo w ishu urugemwe ibimenyetso umunigo w urugemwe urabora ugasa n ikigina cyijimye kandi ukanuka umunigo uba muto kandi urugemwe rukaba rwakuma urandura no gutwikira mu mwobo ingemwe zirwaye zafashwe kwirinda guhumbika ingewe zegeranye cyane kwirinda gushyira uruhumbikiro ahantu hataboneka urumuri kandi hatose gutera imiti irwanya indwara z uduhumyo reba ivura imvura y amashu ikiyitera igisavumvuri cy umukara aho ifata amababi ibimenyetso mu buhumbikiro cyangwa se ingemwe zigiterwa usanga ku mababi utwenge twinshi gukurikiza uburyo bwiza bwo guhinga kugirango amashu akure vuba gutera inyanya cyangwa se urwuya menthe hagati y amashu kuko impumuro y ibyo bihingwa yirukana ikungeri kuvomerera kenshi ingemwe z amashu mu mpeshyi kugirango amababi y amashu ndetse n ubutaka bituma gukoresha imiti irwanya udusimba sumithion ml l z amazi ari deltamethrine ml l z amazi ari ikiyitera isazi y amashu aho ifata umunigo agati n imizi ibimenyetso isazi itera amagi hasi ku ngemwe inyo zinjira mu munigo zigacukura utuyira mu giti cy amashu iyo isazi ari nyinshi imizi yose irononekara amababi akarabirana maze akuma gukurikiza uburyo bwiza bwo guhinga kugirango ingemwe zikure vuba gutera imiti yica udukoko reba uko barwanya ikungeri ikiyitera igisangungu cy icyatsi kibisi kibyarwa n ibinyugunyugu byitwa plutella xystella hellula undalis spodoptera exempta trichoplusia ni aho ifata amababi ibimenyetso udusangungu tw icyatsi kibisi keruruka turya amababi y ishu tugasigamo imyobo minini ikiyitera inzoka z ibihingwa aho ifata imizi ibimenyetso ku mizi y ishu hameraho utuzi twinshi duto turiho amapfundo mu murima indwara yajemo bamara imyaka cyangwa batarasubizamo amashu gutera nyiramunukanabi tagtes bakazikikiza umurima w amashu no mu murima hagati ibyo bifasha kurwanya iyo ndwara ikiyitera agahumyo aho ifata imbere mw ishu uko bayirwanya gutera amashu mu mirima ikamuye amazi neza ibyo aribyo n aho bifata mu buhinzi bwa kijyambere kandi bitewe n amoko y amashu ushobora kugera kuri toni z amashu kuri ha ikindi umurumbuko uturuka mu buryo ubuhinzi bw amashu wabwitayeho umunsi ku munsi amashu abikika nabi cyane ariko ashobora kubikwa iminsi mike amanitse mu gisenge cy ahantu hafutse kandi hinjiramo akayaga cyangwa se mu cyumba gikonje kuri dogeri c byateguwe na ndera jackson hifashishijwe imfashanyigisho za minagri zikungahaye kuri vitamini a na c zongerwa mu biryo kugira ngo zibyongerere uburyohe inyanya kandi zishobora gutunganywa zigakorwamo ikinyiga sauce tomate mu rwego rw ubukungu inyanya zinjiza amafaranga mu ngo ndetse bikagera no mu rwego rw igihugu inyanya zikunda ahantu hari amazi ahagije zikazirana n ahatagira amazi ubutaka bwiza ku nyanya ni ubufite ubusharire bwa ikigero cy ubushyuhe cyagombye kuba dogere   imbuto z inyanya ziba mbi iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya degere cyangwa bukaba munsi ya dogere guhitamo ubwoko bw inyanya bwo guhinga ni ingenzi cyane mu gihe hifuzwa umusaruro mwiza muri rusange hariho amoko abiri y inyanya  amenyerewe inyanya ngufi n inyanya ndende inyanya ngufi habariwemo n izivangiye igice n ingufi ni ubwoko bugira igiti kigira ihundo ry uruyange ku mutwe ziba ngufi zikaba igihuru mu gihe izivangiye igice ziba ndende ubwoko burebure bukomeza gushamika  n indabo nshya kandi bugakura bujya hejuru cyane ubu bwoko buzana inyanya nyuma y igihe kinini ubu bwoko bugomba kushingirirwa no kugabanyirizwa ibisambo bityo bugasaba akazi kenshi mu rwanda duhinga ubwoko bwiza bw inyanya buturaka i burayi no mu bigo by imbuto byo muri kenya ni ubwoko bw inyanya butanga umusaruro utubutse budasaba akazi kenshi kandi budapfa gufatwa n indwara zifata inyanya ni inyanya zigurishwa ari mbisi zitanga umusaruro mwiza cyane iyo zihinzwe mu mahema yabugenewe anna f igira urunyanya rukomeye rufite ishusho y igi rukagira ibara ry umutuku tukutuku ni bumwe mu bwoko bw inyanya buva muri kenya budapfa guhangarwa n indwara ya kirabiranya  imunga igiti iminyorogoto n izindi anna f ni ubwoko bukura vuba mu minsi nyuma yo kugemekwa kugira ngo zibe zeze neza biterwa n igihe ikirere nko mu  bwoko bwinshi mu buturuka muri kenya umusaruro wa mbere uba ari muke  ugereranyije n andi masarura akurikira anna f zitanga umusaruro ku kigereranyo cya toni kuri hegitari   n ibiro   kg kuri buri runyanya mu buzima bwarwo bwose ni inyanya zifite amafufu inyanya z amafufu nka roma muri rusange zigira ifufu rinini imbere zikagira ubuhwa buke cyane n igishishwa gikomeye roma zijya kugira ishusho ya  mpandenye kandi zikaremera zirakomera kandi kuruta izo mu bundi bwoko ndetse n iz ubwoko  bugira amafufu inyanya za roma ziri mu bwoko bugufi ni ukuvuga ko urunyanya ruhira rimwe  aho kugenda rushya buhoro buhoro bigendanye n ikirere n ubwo zishobora kuribwa ari mbisi izi nyanya biba byiza iyo zitetswe bingo zihingwa mu murima mugari zitanga inyanya nini kandi zoroshye igiti cy urunyanya gishamikaho amababi agaye arinda igihingwa gutwikwa n izuba ni ubwoko wahitamo ku bucuruzi bukorerwa ku masoko yo ku muhanda zizwiho kugira icyanga no kuba nini cyane cherry tomato soma ceri tomato ni ubwoko bw inyanya nto ziburungushuye zigira ibara ritukura umuhondo icyatsi kibisi ndetse n umukara ziribwa cyane cyane ari mbisi kubera ko ziryohera inyanya zo mu bwoko bwa plum soma pulamu zizwi nk izitegurwamo ikinyiga  gitekwa mu masupu cyangwa kibikwa mu bikopo izi nyanya zifite ishusho y umwiburungushure zikagira  ubuhwa buke cyane ugereranyije n ubundi bwoko bw inyanya kandi zikagira umubiri ukomeye bituma zibereye gutunganywa mu nganda inyandiko y umwimerere sahara s h r s h au mucyarabu a ar al kubr bivuga ubutayu bunini cyane ni ubutayu buherereye ku mugabane wa afurika bufite ubuso bwa kilometero kare nukuvuga  sq mi nibwo butayu bunini kandi bushyushye kurusha ubundi kwisi bukaba n ubutayu bwa gatatu bunini muri rusange burutwa gusa n ubutayu bwa antaragitika na arikitike izina sahara rikomoka ku ijambo ry icyarabu rivuga ubutayu ara sara ubwo butayu bugizwe n igice kinini cy afurika y amajyaruguru usibye akarere karumbuka ko ku nyanja ya mediterane imisozi ya atlas ya maghreb n ikibaya cya nili mu misiri na sudani bukora ku nyanja itukura mu burasirazuba no ku nyanja ya mediterane mu majyaruguru bukagera ku nyanja ya atalantika mu burengerazuba aho imiterere igenda ihinduka ahari butayu hagahinduka ibibaya mu majyepfo ihana imbibi na sahel umukenke wo mu turere dushyuha dukikije ikibaya cy uruzi rwa nijeri n akarere ka sudani yo muri afurika yo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara sahara ishobora kugabanywamo uturere twinshi harimo sahara y iburengerazuba imisozi ya ahaggar rwagati imisozi ya tibesti imisozi ya ar ubutayu bwa ténéré n ubutayu bwa libiya mu imyaka amagana n ibihumbi byinshi sahara yahindukaga ubutayu ubundi ikaba umukenke mu byiciro bingana n imyaka ibyo bikaba byaraterwaga nifatizo ry isi ihora izenguruka izuba aka gacekarimo sahara biteganijwe ko kazameraho ibyatsi mu myaka igera ku sahara ikora ku bice byinshi bya alijeriya tchad misiri libiya mali mauritania maroc niger sahara y uburengerazuba sudani na tuniziya ifite ubuso bwa miliyoni za kilometero kare sq mi nukuvuga bya afurika turamutse tubariyemo uturere twose dufite imvura igereranije yumwaka iri munsi ya milimetero sahara yaba kilometero kare miliyoni  sq mi nimwe muntara eshatu zifite fiziyogarafi nini muri africa sahara ahanini ni amabuye ya hamada amabuye ashashe ergs umusenyi w inyanja uduce tunini dutwikiriwe nuwo musenyi hakaba igice kinini gifite umusenyi ufite metero zirenga z ubujyejuru  ft umuyaga cyangwa imvura y imbonekarimwe nibyo bikora ibiranga ubutayu nukuvuga umusenyi w ubutayu umusenyi wo mu mirima umusenyi w inyanja ikibaya cyamabuye ibibaya bya kaburimbo reg ibibaya byumye wadi ibiyaga byumye oued hamwe nubutaka bwumunyu shati cyangwa chott imisozi myinshi yaritandukanije cyane ndetse nibirunga byinshi biboneka mu butayu harimo nkimisozi ya ar imisozi ya ahaggar atlas ya sahara imisozi ya tibesti adrar des iforas n imisozi yo ku nyanja itukura impinga ndende muri sahara yitwa emi koussi akaba ari ikirunga cyaka giherereye mu gace ka tibesti mu majyaruguru ya tchad sahara yo hagati irumye cyane ikagira ibimera bike amajyaruguru n amajyepfo by ubwo butayu hamwe n imisozi miremire bigizwe nuduce tw ibyatsi bito n ibihuru byo mu butayu bikagira kandi n ibiti n ibihuru birebire byo muri wadis aho ubuhehere bwikusanyiriza mu karere ko hagati kakandi kumye cyane hari uduce twinshi two mu butayu bunini tanezrouft ténéré ubutayu bwa libiya ubutayu bw iburasirazuba ubutayu bwa nubiya n ibindi utu turere twumye cyane dushobora kumara imyaka nimyaka nta mvura ihagwa mu majyaruguru sahara yambukiranya inyanja ya mediterane muri egiputa ndetse nibice bya libiya ariko muri cyrenaica na maghreb sahara ihana imbibi n ishyamba rya mediterane ishyamba ry ibiti hamwe n akarere k ibidukikije ko mu majyaruguru ya afurika kagizwe n ibihuru byose bikaba bifite ikirere cya mediterane kirangwa nimpeshyi ishyushye n itumba rikonje kandi riragwa nimvura ugendeye ku mahame yibimera ya frank white n impuguke mubumenyi bw isi robert capot rey umupaka wamajyaruguru ya sahara ugarukira kubiti byimikindo byitwa date palm naho umupaka wamajyepfo ukagarukira ku byatsi bya esparto ibyatsi biranga ikirere cya mediterane ku gice cya maghreb na iberia ku mupaka wo mu majyaruguru hagwa imvura ingana na isoyeti milimetero   in kumwaka mu majyepfo sahara ihana imbibi na sahel umukenke wumye ugizwe n uturere dufite impeshyi irimo imvura ikwira muri afurika kuva iburasirazuba kugeza iburengerazuba ukurikije ikirere ku mupaka y amajyepfo ya sahara hagwa imvura ihwanye na isoyeti milimetero   in kumwaka iyi ni impuzandengo yigihe kirekire kubera ko imvura ihinduka buri mwaka imijyi y ingenzi iherereye muri sahara harimo nouakchott umurwa mukuru wa moritaniya tamanrasset ouargla béchar hassi messaoud ghardaa na el oued muri alijeriya timbuktu muri mali agadez muri nijeri ghat muri libiya na faya largeau muri cadi sahara ni ubutayu bunini cyane ku isi iherereye mu karere kitwa horse latitude munsi y agace gashyuha cyane aho ikirere cyisi cyiganjemo ubutumburuke bwa subtropical numuvuduko mwinshi wumuyaga uhagarika imvura n ibicu kandi gafite umuyaga uhindagurika uvanze n umuyaga utuje   kubura kwibicu guhoraho bituma haza urumuri rwinshi rudafite ikirubangamiye hamwe nimirasire ishyushye nkumuriro kudahindagurika kwikirere cyo hejuru yubutayu bituma ibicu bitabaho bityo n imvura ntibeho kugabanuka umuyaga ushyushye hamwe n umuvuduko mwinshi wumuyaga wo muri subtropcal bituma imvura itagwa ikibaya cya subtropical nicyo kintu cyiganje gituma habaho ikirere gishyushye cyo muri kariya karere kanini umuyaga umanuka niwo ukomeye kandi ufite imbaraga mu gice cy iburasirazuba bw ubutayu mu butayu bwa libiya aha ni ahantu h izuba ryinshi humye kandi ihataba imvura ku isi kimwe n ubutayu bwa atacama buherereye muri chili na peru kubura kwimvura n ibicu byiganje cyane mu gice cyiburasirazuba bwa sahara kurusha muburengerazuba umwuka wiganje hejuru ya sahara ni umuyaga wo ku mugabane ushyushye kandi wumye imyuka ishyushye kandi yumye iba cyane cyane hejuru yubutayu bwo mumajyaruguru y afrika kandi bukagira ingaruka mubutayu bwose mugihe kinini cyumwaka kubera ubu buryo bwo gushyuha bikabije ubushyuhe buke busanzwe bugaragara hafi yubutaka kandi bukiyongera mugihe cyimpeshyi ingaruka ziterwa nubutaka bwaho buke cyane ni nkeya kuko nubundi nta mwuka umanuka nanone kugira ngo bwirinde gahunda y ikirere ibyara imvura n ikwirakwizwa ry ikirere ubwacyo ubutayu buba bwumutse bitewe n imiterere n aho buherereye mu byukuri ubushyuhe bukabije bwa sahara ntibusobanurwa gusa n umuvuduko ukabije w umwuka umusozi wa atlas wo muri alijeriya maroc na tuniziya nawo ufasha kongera ubukana bw amajyaruguru y ubutayu iyi misozi minini ikora nkinzitizi igatera igicucu gikomeye cyimvura kugabanuka ikoresheje ubuhehere bukomeye buzanwa n imivurungano y ikirere ku nkombe ya polar igira ingaruka ku kirere gikikije mediterane isoko y ibanze ituma imvura igwa muri sahara ni intertropical convergence zone umuvuduko mucye wumuyaga ukomeza kugeza hafi ya koma yisi niwo uzana ibihe by imvura bigufi kandi bihindagurika muri sahel no mumajyepfo ya sahara imvura kugirango igwe muri ubu butayu bunini igomba gutsinda inzitizi zifatika z ikirere zisanzwe zibuza imvura kugwa ikirere gikaze cya sahara kirangwa nimvura nkeya cyane itizewe imvura idasanzwe izuba ryinshi cyane ryigihe kirekire ubushyuhe bwo hejuru umwaka wose igipimo ntarengwa cy ubushyuhe bugereranije ihindagurika ry ubushyuhe bwa buri munsi nurwego rwo hejuru cyane mu guhumeka arirwo rwaciye agahigo kwisi yose ubusanzwe ikirere kiragaragara neza hejuru yubutayu kandi igihe cyizuba ni kinini cyane ahantu hose muri sahara hafi ubutayu bwose bufite amasaha arenga yizuba ryinshi kumwaka hejuru ya kwijana yamasaha yumunsi kandi ahantu hanini mugice cyiburasirazuba hafite amasaha arenga yizuba ryinshi kumwaka hejuru ya kwijana yamasaha yumunsi agaciro k amasaha yigihe cy amanywa aboneka muri egiputa yo hejuru aswan luxor no mu butayu bwa nubian wadi halfa impuzandengo ya buri mwaka yimirasire y izuba igera kuri kwh m mwaka mubutayu bunini sahara ifite imbaraga nyinshi zo kubyara ingufu z izuba kuba izuba riherereye kure cyane n ubuhehere buri hasi cyane hamwe no kubura ibimera n imvura nkeya bituma ubu butayu bunini bufata umwanya wambere mu turere tunini kandi dushyuha cyane kwisi ikigereranyo cy ubushyuhe bwo hejuru kirenga kugeza kuri   c cyangwa kugeza   f mukwezi gushyushe hafi ya hose mubutayu usibye ahantu hirengeye cyane ikigereranyo cyo hejuru cyane ku isi cyashyizwe ahagaragara ubushyuhe buri munsi   byari   c cyangwa   f mu mujyi wa kure wo mu butayu bwa alijeriya witwa bou bernous ku butumburuke bwa metero  ft hejuru yinyanja ikibaya kitwa icyurupfu california cyonyine nicyo kijya kigera kuri ubwo bushyuhe ahandi hantu hashyushye muri alijeriya nka adrar timimoun muri salah ouallene aoulef reggane hafite n uburebure buri hagati ya metero na hejuru yinyanja harangwa n ubushyuhe bungana na   c cyangwa   f mu mezi ashyushye yumwaka salah izwi cyane muri alijeriya kubera ubushyuhe bukabije ifite ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya   c cyangwa   f   c cyangwa   f   c cyangwa   f na   c cyangwa   f muri kamena nyakanga kanama na nzeri hariho utundi turere dushyuha cyane kurushaho duherereye cyane cyane muri azalai mu majyaruguru ya mali igice kinini cyubutayu kigira amezi atatu kugeza kuri atanu arangwa n impuzandengo yubushyuhe yo hejuru cyane  irenga   c cyangwa   f ingero ni nka bilma nijeri na faya largeau tchad ikigereranyo cy umwaka ubushyuhe buri munsi burenga   c cyangwa   f ahantu hose kandi bushobora kwegera   c cyangwa   f mu turere dushyushye umwaka wose nyamara igice kinini cyubutayu gifite ubushyuhe burenze   c cyangwa   f ubushyuhe bwumucanga nubwubutaka burenze urugero ku manywa ubushyuhe bwumucanga buba buri hejuru cyane bushobora kugera kuri c cyangwa bukarenga ubushyuhe bwumucanga bwa c f bwagaragaye muri port sudani ubushyuhe bwubutaka bwa   c cyangwa   f bwagaragaye muri adrar ya mauritania naho ubushyuhe bwa c f bupimwa i borkou mu majyaruguru ya tchad bitewe no kubura ibicu nubuhehere buke cyane ubutayu ubusanzwe bugira ubushyuhe bwinshi buhindagurika hagati yumunsi nijoro ariko nakamenyero ko amajoro akonja cyane nyuma yiminsi ishyushye cyane muri sahara   ugereranyije ubushyuhe bw ijoro usanga buri hagati ya na   c   f hakonje ugereranyije no kumanywa ihindagurika rito riboneka mu turere two ku nkombe kubera ubuhehere bwinshi kandi akenshi usanga buri munsi ya   c cyangwa   f mugihe ihindagurika rinini riboneka mubice byo kubutaka byubutayu aho ubuhehere buri hasi cyane cyane cyane mumajyepfo ya sahara nubwo bimeze bityo mwitumba ijoro rishobora gukonja kugeza ku rwego rwo gutitira cyane cyane ahantu hahanamye   inshuro amajoro yo muri sahara akonja ziterwa cyane na oscillation ya ruguru ya atlantike y amajyaruguru nao hamwe nubushyuhe bwo mugihe cyubukonje mugihe cyibihe bibi bya nao hamwe nimbeho yo mubukonje hamwe mugihe nao ari nziza ibi byose nukubera ko amasaha agenda gahoro hafi yuburasirazuba bwa anticyclone ya subtropical mugihe cyubukonje bwinshi cya nao nubwo cyumye cyane kuburyo byakagombye gutanga imvura irenze urugero bigabanya umuvuduko wumuyaga wumye n ukonje uva mumisozi miremire ya eurasia muri sahara kuburyo bugaragara impuzandengo yimvura yumwaka itangirira hasi cyane mumajyaruguru namajyepfo yubutayu kugeza hafi yigice cyo hagati nuburasirazuba uruhande ruto rwo mu majyaruguru y ubutayu rwakira ibicu n imvura nyinshi bitewe n imiterere y umuvuduko muke wo hejuru y inyanja ya mediterane ku nkombe ya polar nubwo ihujwe cyane n igicucu cy imvura cy imisozi kandi imvura igereranijwe buri mwaka iba kuva kuri millimetres  muri kugeza kuri millimetres  in kurugero biskra alijeriya na ouarzazate maroc tubisanga muri kano karere inkombe yo mu majyepfo y ubutayu ku mupaka na sahel yakira ibicu n imvura byo mu mpeshyi bitewe na intertropical convergence zone iturutse mu majyepfo imvura igwa ugereranije buri mwaka iri hagati ya millimetres  in kugeza kuri millimetres  in urugero timbuktu mali na agadez niger tuzisanga muri iyi zone intambwe nini yo hagati ya hyper arid yo mu butayu ntishobora na rimwe kwibasirwa n imihindagurikire y ikirere cyo mu majyaruguru cyangwa mu majyepfo kandi ikomeza guhora iyobowe nikirere cya anticyclonic kandi imvura igereranijwe buri mwaka ishobora kugabanuka kugera kuri millimetre  in mubyukuri igice kinini cya sahara cyakira munsi ya millimetres  in muri kilometerokare  sq mi zigize ubutaka bwo mu butayu bwa sahara ubuso bungana na kilometerokare  sq mi hafi yubuso bwose bwakira buri mwaka impuzandengo yimvura ingana na milimetero in cyangwa munsi yayo mugihe kilometerokare  sq in hafi yubuso bwose yakira impuzandengo ya milimetero in cyangwa munsi impuzandengo ngarukamwaka y imvura ni zero hafi kilometerokare  sq in mu burasirazuba bwa sahara igizwe n ubutayu bwa libiya misiri na sudani tazirbu kufra dakhla kharga farafra siwa asyut sohag luxor aswan abu simbel wadi halfa aho igihe kirekire bivuze hafi millimetres  muri ku mwaka imvura ntabwo iba yizewe kandi iba ari nkeya muri sahara kuko igenda guhindagurika cyane uko umwaka utashye bitandukanye rwose n imvura idakunda kuboneka mumwaka ibipimo byo kuzamuka kumwuka mu mwaka byo ni binini cyane hafi ya millimetres  muri ku mwaka kugeza kuri millimetres zirenga millimetres  in ku mwaka mu butayu bwose nta handi ku isi habonetse umwuka wumye kandi uzamuka nko mu karere ka sahara ariko urubura rwigeze kugwa inshuro ebyiri muri sahara muri gashyantare n ukuboza mu mujyi wa ayini sefra igitekerezo kimwe cyuko sahara yikoze ni uko imvura yo muri afurika y amajyaruguru yacitse intege kubera ibibarafu mu gihe cya quaternary guhera mu myaka miriyoni ebyiri cyangwa eshatu ishize ikindi gitekerezo ni uko imvura yagabanutse igihe inyanja ya tethys ya kera yumaga mugihe cya tortoniya mumyaka miriyoni ikirere cya sahara cyagiye gihindagurika kuva ku kirere cyimvura kugera kucyubushyuhe mu myaka ibihumbi namagana ishize bikekwa ko biterwa n imihindagurikire irambye yikirere cy afurika y amajyaruguru iteguza imvura yo muri afurika y amajyaruguru yerekeza mu majyepfo iki kiciro giterwa nikiciro cyigihe cyimyaka aho ihindagurika ryisi rihinduka hagati ya na kugeza ubu ace turi mugihe cyumye ariko biteganijwe ko sahara izongera kuba icyatsi mumyaka ace iyo imvura yo muri afurika y amajyaruguru iri mu mvura ikaze ya buri mwaka kandi ibimera byo mu karere ka sahara bikiyongera bigatuma habaho icyo bakunze kwita sahara y icyatsi kibisi ku mvura idasanzwe yo muri afurika y amajyaruguru ifite intege nke ikinyuranyo kiragaragara kubera ko imvura igabanuka buri mwaka n ibimera biba bike bigatuma habaho icyiciro cy ikirere gishyushye cya sahara kizwi ku izina rya ubutayu bwa sahara igitekerezo cy uko ihindagurika ryimirasire ubushyuhe bw izuba riterwa n imihindagurikire irambye mu kuzenguruka kwisi ari ikintu kigenzura ihinduka ry igihe kirekire mu mbaraga z imvura ku isi yose ryatanzwe bwa mbere na rudolf spitaler mu mpera z ikinyejana cya cumi n icyenda icyo gitekerezo cyaje gutangwa ku mugaragaro no gupimwa numuhanga mu byikirere john kutzbach mu igitekerezo cya kutzbach kijyanye n ingaruka z izuba ku miterere y imvura ku isi cyemewe muri iki gihe nkifatizo ritera igihe kirekire cyimvura kutzbach ntabwo yigeze aha izina igitekerezo cye ku buryo bwemewe niyo mpamvu kiswe hypothesis ya orbital monsoon nk uko ruddiman yabisabye mu mubihe byanyuma byurubura sahara yari nini cyane kuruta iyubu igera mu majyepfo kurenga imbibi zayo zubu iherezo ryigihe cy urubura ryazanye imvura nyinshi muri sahara kuva nko mu mbere ya yezu kugeza mbere ya yezu ahari kubera ahantu h umuvuduko muke byatumye urubura rugwa mu majyaruguru urubura rumaze kugenda sahara yo mu majyaruguru yarumye naho muri sahara yo majyepfo kuma byagendaga bisimburana nimvura akaba ari nabyo bituma amajyepfo agira imvura kurusha amajyaruguru kugeza nanubu ahagana mu mbere ya yezu imvura yasubiye mu majyepfo igera aho igeze ubu biganisha ku butayu bwa sahara buhoro buhoro sahara ubu yumye nkuko byari bimeze mu myaka ishize ikiyaga cya tchad ni ibisigisigi byahoze ari inyanja ya paleolake mega tchad yabayeho mugihe cy ubushyuhe bwa afurika mu myaka ya mbere ya yesu ikiyaga cya mega tchad nicyo cyari kinini muri paleolakes enye zo muri sahara kandi bivugwa ko cyari gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare igitekerezo cya pompe kuri sahara gisobanura ibihe bikurikira igihe cy imvura cyangwa cya sahara y icyatsi sahara ihinduka ubwatsi bwumukenke kandi ibimera n ibinyabuzima bitandukanye biba byinshi hakurikiraho igihe cyo hagati y imvura n izuba ndetse nigihe cyubushyuhe aho agace ka sahara kongera gusubira mu butayu kandi bikaba ngombwa ko ibimera n ibinyabuzima bisubira mu majyaruguru kugera ku misozi ya atlas no mu majyepfo yerekeza muri afurika y iburengerazuba cyangwa mu burasirazuba mu kibaya cya nili ibi bitandukanya abaturage bo mu moko atandukanye mu bice bifite ikirere gitandukanye bikaba ngombwa ko babimenyera bivugwa kandi ko abantu bihutishije igihe cyo kuma kuva mbere ya yezu bitewe n abashumba baharagiraga gukura kwa speleothem risaba amazi y imvura kwagaragaye muri hol zakh ashalim ndetse sid ma ale ha meyshar ktora crack ubuvumo bwa nagev tzavoa n ahandi kwatumye gukurikirana imvura yabanjirije amateka byoroha inzira yinyanja itukura yari yumye cyane mbere ibihumbi na nyuma yibihumbi mumyaka ibihumbi ishize ibihe bito bito bigaragara kuri kya ariko byari bikiri kimwe cya cumi gusa imvura igera kuri kya mu majyepfo y ubutayu bwa negev speleothems ntiyakuze hagati ya kya mis mis cyangwa nyuma ya kya cyangwa mugihe kinini cy ibihugu bitandukanye mis ibihe by ikirere na holocene ibi birerekana ko negev yepfo yari yumye kuri hyper arid muri ibi bihe mugihe cyanyuma cya glacial maximum lgm ubutayu bwa sahara bwari bunini kurenza uko bimeze ubu aho amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha yagabanutse cyane kandi ubushyuhe bwo hasi bwagabanije imbaraga za hadley aka ni agace k ikirere gatera umwuka wubushyuhe wo mukarere ka inter tropical convergence zone itcz kuzana imvura muri tropique mugihe umwuka wamanutse ushyushye kuri dogere mumajyaruguru ugasubira muri koma y isi kandi ukazana umwuka w ubutayu muri kano karere ifitanye isano n umuvuduko mwinshi w umukungugu utwarwa n umuyaga kandi urwego rwumukungugu ruboneka nkuko biteganijwe mu nyanja zo mu majyaruguru ya atlantike ibihe by ubutayu bwa sahara byari byatangiye ahagana mu mbere ya yesu hamwe no kwagura itcz mu mpeshyi mu majyaruguru y isi bikazana ibihe by ikirere gitose hamwe n ikirere cya savanna muri sahara usibye igihe gito cyumye kijyanye na dryas mugihe cya holocene yubushyuhe bwikirere bwabaye mbere ya yesu mugihe ubushyuhe bwo hagati buringaniye busa nubushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere na ugereranije nimyaka yashize isesengura ry umugezi wa nili washyizwe mu bishanga muri delta naryo ryerekana ko iki gihe cyari gifite umubare munini w imyanda iva muri nili yubururu byatumye habaho imvura nyinsh mu misozi miremire ya etiyopiya ibi byatewe ahanini n umuvuduko ukabije w imvura mu turere tw ubushyuhe bigira ingaruka ku buhinde arabiya na sahara ikiyaga cya victoria vuba aha cyabaye isoko yera ya nili kandi yumye hafi y imyaka kugenda gutunguranye kwa itcz yerekeza mu majyepfo kurangwa na heinrich gukonja gutunguranye gukurikirwa no gushyuha gahoro bifitanye isano nimpinduka hamwe nibihe bya el nio amajyepfo ya oscillation byateye kuma byihuse mu turere twa sahara na arabiya bihinduka ubutayu ibi bifitanye isano no kugabanuka kugaragara k ubunini bwa nili hagati ya na mbere ya yesu sahara igizwe n uduce dutandukanye tugiye dutandukanijwe nubushyuhe imvura ubutumburuke nubutaka utu duce kandi tubamo imiryango itandukanye yibimera ninyamaswa ubutayu bwo ku nyanja ya atalantika ni agace kagufi ko ku nkombe za atalantika aho igihu gituruka ku nkombe ya canary current ikonje kigatanga ubuhehere buhagije bwo gukomeza ibinyamisogwe bitandukanye ibinyomoro n ibihuru bufite ubuso bwa kilometero kare  sq mi mu majyepfo ya maroc na mauritania ikibaya cya sahara y amajyaruguru n amashyamba biri hafi y ubutayu bwo mu majyaruguru iruhande rw amashyamba ya mediterane amashyamba hamwe na ecorgion zo mu majyaruguru ya maghreb na cyrenaica imvura yo mu itumba ikomeza ibihuru n ibiti byumye bigira inzibacyuho hagati y ikirere cy ikirere cya mediterane mu majyaruguru na sahara ya hyper arid ikwiriye mu majyepfo ifite square kilometers  sq mi muri alijeriya misiri libiya mauritania maroc na tuniziya agace k ibidukikije mu butayu bwa sahara gakubiyemo igice kinini cyo hagati ya sahara aho imvura iba nkeya kandi ikagwa rimwe na rimwe ibimera ntibikunze kubonekayo kandi aka gace kagizwe ahanini numusenyi erg chech raoui ikibaya cyamabuye hamadas ibibaya bya kaburimbo reg ibibaya byumye wadis hamwe nubutaka bwumunyu gafie kilometero kare z ubuso  sq mi kagakora kuri alijeriya tchad misiri libiya mali mauritania niger na sudani igice cy ikibaya cya sahara y amajyepfo hamwe n ibiti byo mu ishyamba ni itsinda rito rigana iburasirazuba n iburengerazuba hagati ya sahara ya hyper arid na sahelnasi ya sahel mu majyepfo kwimuka kwa intertropical convergence zone itcz bizana imvura yo mu cyi muri nyakanga na kanama ugereranije to  mm kugeza  muri ariko biratandukanye cyane uko umwaka utashye iyi mvura ikomeza urwuri rwicyatsi nicyatsi hamwe nishyamba ryumye hamwe nigiti kibisi kumugezi wigihe iyi ecoregion square kilometres  sq mi muri alijeriya tchad mali mauritania na sudani mu mashyamba y iburengerazuba ya sahara montane xeric imisozi miremire y ibirunga itanga ikirere gikonje gituma habaho ishyamba rya sahara mediterane iki gice kingana na kilometero kare  sq mi giherereye muri tassili n ajjer yo muri alijeriya kigakora gato huri ar ya nigeri dhar adrar ya mauritania na adrar des iforas ya mali na alijeriya igice cya tibesti jebel uweinat montane xeric ishyamba ryibiti kigizwe nimisozi ya tibesti na jebel uweinat imvura nyinshi kandi igwira igihe hamwe nubushyuhe buringaniye bituma haba amashyamba nibiti by imikindo acacia myrtle oleander tamarix hamwe nibiti byinshi bidasanzwe iki gice kingana na kilometero kare  sq mi giherereye muri tibesti ya tchad na libiya na jebel uweinat ku mupaka wa misiri libiya na sudani halofitike yo muri sahara ni agace karangwa nibihe by umwuzure w umuvu w umunyu kagizwe n ibiti by ibihingwa bya halofitike byatewe n umunyu iki gice kifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare  sq mi ubariyemo umwuzure wa qattara na siwa uva mu majyaruguru ya egiputa ibiyaga by umunyu byo muri tuniziya yo hagati chott melghir muri alijeriya n uduce duto twa alijeriya mauritania no mu majyepfo ya maroc tanezrouft ni kamwe mu turere dukarishye ku isi kakaba na kamwe bice bishyushye kandi byumye bya sahara nta bimera bihaba kari ku mbibi za alijeriya nigeriya na mali mu burengerazuba bw imisozi ya hoggar ibimera bya sahara bigiye bitandukanye cyane bishingiye kuri bio geography iranga ubu butayu bunini dukurikije ibimera sahara ifite zone eshatu zishingiye ku mvura iba yahaguye arizo amajyaruguru mediterane hagati n amajyepfo hari nuturere tubiri twimberabyombi imberabyombi ya mediterane na sahara n imberabyombi ya sahel ibimera byo muri sahara bigizwe n amoko agera kuri y ibimera hafi ya kimwe cya kane cyabyo ntahandi wabibona hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cyubwoko busanzwe bwibimera byo biboneka no mubundi butayu bwabarabu bivugwa ko sahara yo hagati irimo amoko magana atanu y ibimera akaba ari make cyane urebye ubunini bwayo ibimera nkibiti bya acacia imikindo ibinyomoro ibihuru n ibyatsi byamenyereye ubushyuhe kandi bikura biba bigufi kugira ngo byirinde gutakaza amazi kubera umuyaga mwinshi bikabika amazi mu biti byabyo kugira ngo bizayakoreshe mu gihe cyiki bikagira imizi miremire igenda itambitse ishakisha ahantu hari amazi n ubuhehere bigira kandi amababi mato mato cyangwa inshinge kugirango byirinde gutakaza amazi mugihe bihumeka amababi yabyo ashobora kuma rwose hanyuma akazashibuka muri sahara habayo ubwoko bwinshi bwimbwebwe twavuga nka ingunzu imbwebwe yera nimbwebwe ya rppell imparage nini yumweru ya addax ishobora kugenda hafi umwaka mubutayu itanywa amazi imparage ya dorcas yo mumajyaruguru ya afrika nayo ishobora kugenda igihe kirekire idafite amazi izindi mparage zizwi zirimo rhim na dama ingwe zo muri sahara ingwe zo mu majyaruguru y uburengerazuba bwa afurika ziba muri alijeriya togo niger mali benin na burkina faso haracyariho ingwe zitageze kuri zikuze ziritonda cyane zihunga abantu bose ingwe zirinda izuba kuva muri mata kugeza ukwakira zishakisha aho zikinga mibihuru nka balanite na acacia ubundi bwoko bw ingwe zo mu amajyaruguru y uburasirazuba bwa afurika butuye muri tchad sudani no mu burasirazuba bwa niger ariko kuri ubu zarazimye mu misozi ya misiri na libiya hasigaye ubwoko bugera kuri bwingwe zikuze izindi nyamaswa zirimo ibinyaruvu imbeba inzoka z umucanga hamwe n imisega yo muri afurika mu bihugu gusa na ostrich ifite ijosi ritukura izindi nyamaswa ziba muri sahara inyoni byumwihariko twavuga nka silverbill nyafrica hamwe ninyombya yumukara nibindi habayo kandi ingona nto zo mu butayu ahagana muri mauritania no mu kibaya cya ennedi cya tchad sikorupiyo y urupfu ishobora kureshya na sentimetero  in ubumara bwayo burimo agitoxine na scyllatoxine nyinshi kandi mbi cyane kubuzima ariko kurumwa niyi sikorupiyo ntibipfa kwica umuntu mukuru ufite ubuzima bwiza ikimonyo gisa na feza cyo muri sahara kirihariye kubera ubushyuhe bukabije bw aho hamwe n inyamanswa zihora zigihiga ibimonyo bisohoka mubuvumo bwabyo iminota icumi gusa kumunsi ingamiya n ihene ni inyamaswa ni amatungo aboneka cyane muri sahara kubera imiterere yayo yo kutananirwa no kwihuta ingamiya ninyamaswa ikunzwe ikoreshwa nabakerarugendo ibikorwa byabantu bibangamira cyane agace gakunda kubamo amazi oase cyangwa aho amazi yegereye hejuru umubare munini w inyamabere zari zisigaye waragabanutse bitewe nuko abantu bazihiga ngo bazirye mu myaka yashize imishinga yiterambere yatangiriye mu butayu bwa alijeriya na tuniziya hakoreshejwe amazi yuhira yavomwe mu mazi yo mu kuzimu izi gahunda akenshi ziganisha ku kwangirika no gusharira kubutaka abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya hacettepe ycekutlu n et al batangaje ko ubutaka bwa sahara bushobora kuba bufite ubutare nyabuzima ndetse na bimwe mu bintu by ingenzi byibiriwa bikenerwa gukoreshwa nk ifumbire mu guhinga ingano abantu babaga ku nkombe yubutayu hashize imyaka ibihumbi kuva igihe kirekire cyurubura kirangiye icyo gihe sahara yari ahantu heza cyane kuruta uko bimeze muri iki gihe izirenga petroglyphs zinyamaswa zo mumazi nk ingona zakomeje kubaho kimwe cya kabiri cyazo kiboneka mu tassili n ajjer mu majyepfo ya algeria dinozore zasigaye harimo afrovenator jobaria na ouranosaurus nazo ziba muri arijeriya sahara yubu nta bimera byinshi ifite usibye mu kibaya cya nili no mu misozi miremire yo mu majyaruguru aho usanga ibimera bya mediterane nk igiti cy umwelayo abantu benshi bemezaga ko ako karere ariko kari kameze kuva kera nko mu mwaka wa mbere ya yezu nyuma y imihindagurikire y isi ubushyuhe bwariyongereye ndetse n imvura iragabanuka ibyo bikaba byaratumye habaho ubutayu butunguranye muri afurika y amajyaruguru mumyaka ishize umuco wa kiffian nuwo mugihe cyabanjirije amateka wabayeho hagati yimyaka na ishize muri sahara mugihe cya neolithic subpluvial ibisigazwa by abantu bo muri uyu muco byabonetse mu ku kibanza kizwi ku izina rya gobero giherereye muri niger mu butayu bwa ténéré iki kibanza kizwi nkimva nini yamabuye kandi ya mbere yabantu mu butayu bwa sahara abakiffians bari abahigi babahanga amagufa yinyamaswa nini zo mu mukenke zavumbuwe muri ako gace zerekana ko babaga ku nkombe yikiyaga cyari gihari mugihe cya holocene wet phase igihe sahara yari yuzuye kandi itose abakiffian bari barebare basumba centimetero isesengura rya craniometric ryerekana ko aba baturage ba holocene bo hambere bari bafitanye isano rya bugufi na late pleistocene iberomaurusians hamwe naba holocene ba mbere ba maghreb ndetse nitsinda rya holocene mechta rwagati ibimenyetso byumuco wa kiffian ntibikibaho kuva mumyaka ishize kuko sahara yanyuze mugihe cyumye mumyaka igihumbi ishize nyuma yiki gihe umuco wa teneriya wigaruriye ako karere gobero yavumbuwe mu mu rugendo rw ubucukuzi rwari ruyobowe na paul sereno washakaga ibisigazwa bya dinozore imico ibiri itandukanye yabayeho mbere yamateka yavumbuwe aho hantu umuco wa mbere wa holocene kiffian n umuco wo hagati wa holocene tenerian kiffians bari abantu babanjirije amateka babanjirije abanya teneriya baza kuzimira hashize imyaka ubwo ubutayu bwashyuhaga cyane kuzimira byarakomeje kugeza mu mbere ya yesu ubwo ibihangano bya mbere bifitanye isano na teneriya byandikwaga i gobero havumbuwe ibigazwa byabantu bagera kuri abanya teneriya bari bagufi cyane kandi ntambaraga ugereranyije nabakiffian isesengura rya craniometric ryerekana kandi ko bari batandukanye imva zerekana ko abanya teneriya bubahirije imigenzo yo mu mwuka kuko bashyinguwe hamwe n ibikoresho nk imitako ikozwe mu mitsi yimvubu n amasafuriya y ibumba ikintu gitangaje cyane ni ugushyingurwa kwabantu batatu bahoberana mumva imwe byabaye mu myaka ishize byumugore ukuze n abana babiri bagereranijwe ko bari bafite imyaka itanu n umunani ibisigazwa byabo byerekana ko batwikiwe ku buriri bwindabyo bose uko ari batatu bavugwa ko bapfuye mu masaha buri wese ariko kubera ko ibisigazwa byabo bidafite ihahamuka rigaragara ntabwo bashinyaguriwe bikabije kandi bashyinguwe ku buryo bwiza icyabateye gupfa kiracyari amayobera uan muhuggiag bigaragara ko hatigeze haturwa kuva byibuze mu kinyagihumbi cya kugeza mu mbere ya yezu nubwo wenda hanyuzagano hagaturwa ikintu cy agaciro dusanga muri uan muhuggiag ni umubyeyi wabitse neza umwana w umuhungu uri mukigero cy imyaka nigice umwana yari aryamye nkuko uruhinja ruba rumeze munda ari mumufuka wakozwe muruhu rwimparage uriho n amababi bimwe mu bice byumubiri we byavanyweho nkuko bigaragazwa ninkovu zo mu nda no mugatuza hanyuma hashyirwaho imiti igabanya ubukana kugira ngo umubiri we utangirika urunigi rw amagi ya ostrich narwo rwabonetse mu ijosi rye radiocarubone yagaragaje ko uwo mugore yari afite hafi imyaka ibyo bigatuma irusha imyaka umugore wari warabayeho imyaka myinshi muri egiputa ya kera mu ubushakashatsi bw ibyataburuwe byuwo mwana mu matongo buyobowe na antonio ascenzi bwakoze isesengura rya antropropologique radiologue amateka n ubutabire kuri mummy uan muhuggiag bwemeje ko yari umwana w amezi nigitsina kitazwi yari afite imiterere ya negroid ibipimo byafashwe ku inda ye byerekanaga kandi ko umubiri we wabanje gutwarwa na evisceration hanyuma nyuma ugahinduka umwanda undi muntu mukuru basanze kuri uan muhuggiag yari yarahambwe yunamye ariko umubiri ntiwerekanye ibimenyetso bya evisceration cyangwa ubundi buryo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo kuwubungabunga umurambo bagereranije ko ushobora kuba aruwo muri bp mu gihe cya neolithic mbere yuko ubutayu butangira ahagana mu mbere ya yesu sudani yo hagati yari ifite ibidukikije byinshi byafashaga baturage benshi ariko ubu hose hahindutse ubutayu mu kinyagihumbi cya mbere ya yezu abantu bari batuye ahahoze hitwa nubia nibo bakoze impinduramatwara mu buhinzi bari babanye neza n ibimera n amatungo yo mu rugo ubugeni bw inka n abashumba bo muri sahara isobanura imihango nimizizririzo y inka dusanga muri iki gihe muri sudani ndetse n indi miryango y aborozi muri afurika megaliths iboneka muri nabta playa ifatwa nkurugero rwerekana ibikoresho bya mbere bizwi ku isi bya kera byahanuye stonehenge imyaka igera ku ibi biragoye kubyumva nkuko byagaragaye kuri nabta playa kandi nkuko byagaragajwe n inzego zinyuranye z ubuyobozi muri sosiyete yaho birashoboka ko ari byo byashingiweho ku miterere y umuryango wa neolithic i nabta ndetse n ubwami bwa kera bwa misiri ahagana mu mbere ya yezu abanyamisiri bo mumajyepfo y uburengerazuba bwa egiputa baragiraga inka kandi bakubaka inyubako nini imiturire iri kumurongo kandi idahindagurika yo mu misiri ahagana mbere yikinyejana cya mbere ya yesu yibandaga ahanini kubuhinzi bwibinyampeke nubworozi bw amatungo inka ihene ingurube nintama ibintu bikozwe mubyuma byasimbuye ibyari byarakozwe mamabuye muri icyo gihe gutunganya impu zinyamaswa ububumbyi no kuboha nabyo byarakorwaga cyane ibimenyetso byerekana akazi ka al fayyum mugihe kirekire cyangwa gusa byigihe gito mumwaka wa mbere ya yezu hamwe nibikorwa byibiribwa byibanda kuburobyi guhiga no gukusanya ibiryo imyambi yamabuye ibyuma nibisakuzo kuva mubihe bikunze kuboneka mubikozwe mwibumba bakoraga inkono imitako ibikoresho by ubuhinzi nibyo guhiga batekaga n ibiribwa bitandukanye birimo inyama zumishijwe n imbuto gushyingura mubutayu byongera imihango y abanyamisiri kandi abapfuye bashyingurwaga bareba iburengerazuba kugeza mu mbere ya yezu sahara yari yumye nkuko bimeze muri iki gihe kubera kugabanuka kw imvura n ubushyuhe bwinshi biturutse ku guhinduka kw izenguruka isi uko kuma byabereye abantu imbogamizi yo kujya kuhatura ubucuruzi buciriritse cyangwa ubucuruzi bizwi ko byanyuze imbere mu bihe byakurikiyeho ikintu cyonyine kidasanzwe ni ikibaya cya nili nili ariko ntiyashoboraga kunyura muri cataracte nyinshi bigatuma ubucuruzi no guhura nubwato bigorana abaturage ba fenisiya bateye imbere kuva mu mbere ya yesu bashinze ihuriro ry ubwami muri sahara yose kugera mu misiri muri rusange bari batuye ku nkombe za mediterane ndetse na sahara mu baturage ba libiya ya kera bakaba ari abasekuruza b abantu bavuga indimi za berber muri afurika y amajyaruguru na sahara muri iki gihe harimo na tuareg yo muri sahara rwagati inyuguti z abanyafoyinike zisa n izakiriwe n abanyalibiya ba kera bo muri afurika y amajyaruguru kandi tifinagh iracyakoreshwa muri iki gihe n abashumba b ingamiya ba tuareg bavuga ururimi rwa berber bo muri sahara rwagati igihe kimwe hagati ya na mbere ya yezu hanno navigator yashinze cyangwa ashimangira ubukoloni bwa fenisiya mu burengerazuba bwa sahara ariko ibisigazwa bya kera byose byarazimanganye nta kimenyetso na kimwe gisigaye mu mbere ya yezu abagereki nibwo bageze mu butayu abacuruzi b abagereki bakwirakwiriye ku nkombe y iburasirazuba bw ubutayu bashyiraho ubukoloni bw ubucuruzi ku nyanja itukura abanyakariteje bakwirakwiye ku nkombe za atalantika yo mu butayu ariko imivumba yamazi no kubura amasoko byatumye batagera mu majyepfo nko maroc ya none ibihugu bikomatanyije bizengurutse ubutayu mu majyaruguru no mu burasirazuba byarakomeje birigenga igitero cyagabwe nabaturage b abimukira bo mu butayu cyahoraga gihangayikishije abatuye ku nkombe z ubutayu iterambere mu mujyi garamantes ryatangiye ahagana mu mwaka wa mnere ya yezu muri sahara rwagati mu kibaya cyitwa wadi al ajal i fezzan muri libiya garamantes yageze kuri iryo terambere mu gucukura imiringoti kure cyane yimisozi ihanamye kugirango ikure amazi mu kibaya hanyuma uyizane mumirima yabo garamantes yarakuze cyane kandi irakomera yigarurira abaturanyi bayo kandi ifata abacakara besnhi bashyizwe mubikorwa byo kwagura imiyoboro abagereki ba kera n abaroma bari bazi abanyagaramantes kandi bakabafata nk abimukira badafite umuco icyakora bakoranaga ubucuruzi nabo kandi mu murwa mukuru wa garamantes wa garama habonetse ubwogero bw abaroma abacukumbuzi b ibya kera basanze imijyi umunani minini hamwe n indi midugudu myinshi ikomeye mu karere ka garamantes iterambere rya garamantes ryaje gusenyuka nyuma yo gutakaza amazi aboneka muri aquifers ntibaba bagishoboye gukomeza kwagura iyo miyoboro kugera ku misozi hagati y ikinyejana cya mbere mbere ya yesu n ikinyejana cya kane nyuma ya yesu ingendo nyinshi z abaroma muri sahara zakozwe n itsinda ry imitwe ya gisirikare n ubucuruzi y abaroma abaturage ba berber bigaruriye igice kinini cya sahara garamantes berbers yubatse ingoma ikize rwagati mu butayu aborozi babatuareg bakomeje gutura no kwambukiranya ubuso bunini bwa sahara kugeza nubu ingoma ya byzantine yategekaga inkombe zo mu majyaruguru ya sahara kuva mu kinyejana cya kugeza mu cya nyuma yuko abayisilamu bigaruriye arabiya cyane cyane mu gice cy abarabu banigaruriye afurika y amajyaruguru kuva hagati mu kinyejana cya kugeza mu ntangiriro z ikinyejana cya kandi imbaraga za kisilamu zagutse vuba muri sahara mu mpera za misiri yose yari mu maboko y abayisilamu ubucuruzi bwambukiranya ubutayu bwarushijeho kwiyongera kandi nubucuruzi bukomeye bwabacakara bwanyuraga mubutayu byagereranijwe ko kuva mu kinyejana cya kugeza mu cya abacakara bagera ku kugeza ku batwarwaga mu majyaruguru buri mwaka mu kinyejana cya mu majyaruguru ya sahara muturere two ku nkombe muri alijeriya na tuniziya y ubu ndetse no mu bice bimwe na bimwe bya libiya y ubu hamwe n ubwami bwigenga bwa misiri bwigaruriwe n ubwami bwa ottoman kuva mu misiri yari igice cy u bwami bwa ottoman ibyo byatumaga ottomani igenzura ikibaya cya nili uburasirazuba bwa mediterane na afurika y amajyaruguru inyungu y ubwami bwa ottoman nuko abaturage bakoraga bambukaga imipaka biboroheye kandi bagakora n ubucuruzi hagati yabo abacuruzi bifashishije inzira y ubutaka bwa ottoman kugira ngo bagemure ibirungo zahabu na silike biva mu burasirazuba hamwe n ibicuruzwa biva mu burayi ariko hanakorerwaga nicuruzwa ritemewe ryabacakara na zahabu biva muri afurika icyarabu cyarakomeje maze ururimi n umuco wa kisilamu birashimangirwa cyane uturere twa sahel n amajyepfo ya sahara twarimo ibihugu byinshi byigenga hamwe n imiryango ya tuareg ubukoloni bw i burayi muri sahara bwatangiye mu kinyejana cya ubufaransa bwigaruriye ubutegetsi bwa alijeriya kuva muri ottomani mu maze ubutegetsi bw abafaransa bukwira mu majyepfo kuva muri alijeriya bwerekeza iburasirazuba muri senegali kugera muri nijeri tchad mali sudani y abafaransa yari igizwe na timbuktu mauritania maroc nigeriya na tuniziya mu ntangiriro z ikinyejana cya ubucuruzi bwambukiranya sahara bwari bwaragabanutse kubera ko ubucuruzi bwakorwaga binyuze mu buryo bugezweho kandi bunoze nk indege aho kwambuka ubutayu abafaransa bifashishije urwango rumaze igihe hagati yabarabu ba chaamba nabatuareg mu abafaransa binjiye mu misozi ya hoggar batsinda abatuareg mu ntambara ya tit ingoma y abakoloni b abafaransa niyo yari yiganje muri sahara yashyizeho imiyoboro isanzwe iva i toulouse yerekeza i oran no hejuru ya hoggar kugera timbuktu no mu burengerazuba i bamako na dakar ndetse na bisi zitwara abagenzi zambukiranya sahara ziyobowe na companyi transsaharienne est filime idasanzwe yakozwe na kapiteni rené wauthier uzwi cyane mu gutwara indege yerekana imodoka nini y ikamyo yambutse sahara bwa mbere iva muri algiers yerekeza tchad igihugu cya misiri kiyobowe na muhammad ali n abamusimbuye bigaruriye nubiya mu bashinga khartoum mu bigarurira darfur mu igihugu cya egiputa harimo na sudani cyakolonijwe n ubwongereza mu misiri n ubwongereza byatakaje sudani kuva kugeza biturutse ku ntambara ya mahdist nyuma yo gufatwa n ingabo z abongereza mu sudani yabaye agakingirizo k abongereza n abanyamisiri espagne yigaruriye sahara y iburengerazuba nyuma ya nubwo rio del oro yayobowe na sahrawi mu ubutaliyani bwafashe ibice by icyagombaga kwitwa libiya muri ottomani muguteza imbere idini gatolika y abaroma mu butayu papa piyo wa ix yohereje intumwa muri sahara na sudani mu nyuma mu kinyejana cya ububasha bwe bwongeye guhindurwa muri vicariate apostolique ya sahara igihugu cya misiri cyabonye ubwigenge ku bwongereza mu nubwo amasezerano y abongereza n abanyamisiri yo mu yemereye u bwongereza kugumisha ingabo muri egiputa no muri sudani ingabo z ubwongereza zavanyweho mu byinshi mu bihugu bya sahara byabonye ubwigenge nyuma y intambara ya kabiri y isi yose libiya mu maroc sudani na tuniziya mu cadi mali moritaniya na nijeri mu na alijeriya mu espagne yavuye mu burengerazuba bwa sahara mu maze sahara igabanywa moritaniya na maroc moritaniya yavuyemo mu maroc niyo ikomeje kwigarurira ako karere nyuma y intambara ya kabiri y isi yose ibirombe byinshi hamwe n abaturage byateye imbere kugira ngo bikoreshe umutungo kamere w ubutayu harimo amafaranga yinjira avuye kuri peteroli na gazi muri algeria na libya nava kuri phosphates muri maroc na sahara yiburengerazuba hashyizwe mu mushinga w ibyigwa imihanda minini yambukiranya africa inyuze muri sahara harimo umuhanda wa cairo dakar ukikije inkombe ya atalantika umuhanda trans sahara uva algiers ku nyanja ya mediterane ugana i kano muri nijeriya umuhanda wa tripoli cape town uva tripoli muri libiya werekeza i n djamena muri tchad n umuhanda wa cairo cape town ugenda ukurikira nili buri imwe muri iyi nzira nyabagendwa yaruzuye hamwe ni ibyuho n ibice bitarimo kaburimbo abaturage ba sahara bafite inkomoko zitandukanye twavuga nka amazigh igizwe n abatuareg abarabu ba amazigh abasahrawis bavuga icyesipanyoro bafite abaturage barimo znaga umuryango ufite izina rikomoka ku rurimi rwa zenaga rwa mbere yamateka andi matsinda akomeye yabantu arimo toubou nubians zaghawa kanuri hausa songhai beja na fula fulani imvugo zicyarabu ni indimi zivugwa cyane muri sahara icyarabu berber nizindi indimi zizishamikiyeho zose zahurijwe hamwe ku ijambo amazigh rikubiyemo ururimi rwa guanche ruvugwa n abaturage ba mbere ba berber batuye mu birwa bya canary indimi za beja nazo ziri mu muryango wa afro aziya cyangwa hamito semitike   mu bihugu bya afurika y uburengerazuba niyo hagati ubariyemo na sahara bakoreshaga ururimi rw igifaransa mu biganiro bwite no ubucuruzi bwo mu karere abantu baho bari barafashe uwo muco wa kinyapolitike ndetse niyo bavuganaga na tuareg na berber umurage w ubutegetsi bw abakoloni b abafaransa ugaragarira cyane cyane mu ivugurura ry ubutaka ryashyizweho na repubulika ya gatatu n iya kane ryateje amacakubiri ya politiki mu buryo bw ubukorikori mu karere kitaruye kandi kegeranye diplomacy hamwe nabakiriya kavukire yakorwaga cyane cyane mucyarabu akaba arirwo rurimi gakondo rwakoreshwaga no munzego z ubuyobozi gukemura amakimbirane no gutumanaho hagati y ibigo byakorwaga n abasemuzi bagiranye amasezerano na guverinoma y ubufaransa nk uko keenan akomeza abivuga mu nyandiko yise ahantu h umuhuza w imico itandukanye ibi byagize uruhare runini mu kubungabunga indangamuntu gakondo z akarere ni kenshi mu muco nyarwanda bavuga ko ubwiza bw umugore buterwa na nyir ukumureba umunyarwanda aricara akagira ati ijisho ry undi ntirikurebera umugeni uburanga bw umugore ni kimwe mu bintu benshi batavugaho rumwe ibi akenshi biterwa n uko  buhindagurika bitewe n ibihe umuco ndetse n umuntu ku giti cye mu mico itandukanye hirya no hino ku isi banyuranya ku ngano isura n ibara ry uruhu umugore mwiza yagombye kuba afite uko iterambere rigenda ryiyongera ni ko imyumvire y abantu yenda guhurira ku shusho n imiterere y umugore mwiza bitandukanye n ibyo benshi bibwira ijisho ntirigena ubwiza ahubwo hari ibipimo by uburanga bigenderwaho ku isi yose uburanga bujyana n igitsina cya nyirabwo abagabo bakunda abagore bafite isuran imiterere igaragaza ubugore bwabo n abagore bagakunda abagabo bafite uburanga bwa kigabo abagabo benshi bakunze kwikoma abagore cyangwa abakobwa bifitemo ubugabo bakunze kwitwa ibishegabo kugira umubiri udahengamye bigenga ubwiza ku bitsina byombi ibice by umubiri hafi ya byose bigiye biteganye  bibiri bibiri iburyo n ibumoso iyo hagize ikitaringanira n ikindi bibyara ubusembwa umwanditsi schmidhuber avuga ko isura y umugore mwiza ishingiye ku mashushongero geometrical figures n imibare igipimo cy imiterere y igihihimba cyagenywe n umuryango w abibumbye wita ku buzima who gikoreshwa hapimwa ibyo bakunze kwita taye cyerekana niba umuntu atananutse cyane abyibushye cyane cyangwa atarahuye n ubumuga ku mugore igipimo gisanzwe ni naho ku mugabo ni iki gipimo kigaragaza kandi ingano y imisemburo n uburumbuke bw umugore abahanga mu by imibanire rozin na fallon bemeza ko abagore n abakobwa bibwira ko abagabo bakunda abakobwa bananutse cyane aba bashakashatsi bavuga ko rimwe na rimwe baba bibeshya kuko hari benshi mu bagabo bakunda umugore wifitemo itoto ryinshi kabone nubwo yaba abyibushye ubwiza bw abagore bugera ku rwego ruhanitse iyo bakiri abangavu bukagenda bugabanuka uko bagenda bakura ibi inganda nyinshi zikora amavuta zibigenderaho cyane zamamaza zitwaje ko zifite amavuta asubiza mu bwangavu mu bihugu byateye imbere benshi mu bagore bakunze kwibagisha kugira ngo bisubize itotobahoranye ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mujyi wa koreya y amajyepfo seoul bemeye ko bibagishije ngo barusheho kuba beza umugore wigirira ikizere akakigirira n ubwiza bwe ageraho akemeza abandi ko ari mwiza kwerekana ko yihagije  bigaragaza ubwisanzure imbaraga ze n ibyishimo gusa iyo abikabirije agaragara nk umwirasi mu maso ya rubanda ubushobozi bwo kugaragaza amarangamutima n isura idakanga uyireba na byo bituma umugore arushaho kuba mwiza umugore  wumva ibitekerezo byabandi akabiha agaciro arushaho kuba mwiza nubwo hari ibirungo byinshi bigenga ubwiza bw abagore abagore beza kurusha abandi ni abatisigiriza cyane kandi ntibibabuze kuguma kuba beza nubwo akenshi abagabo batwarwa n abisize cyane burya  bakunda kurushaho  uwo babona adakeneye kwisiga ngo abe mwiza kimwe mu bihingwa bihingwa kuva kera kandi kiri mu biribwa ngandurarugo by ingenzi ni imyumbati nubwo kera byavugwaga ko ari ibiribwa by abatishoboye nyamara kuri ubu siko biri ahubwo isigaye iri mu biribwa biboneka hacye dore ko n indwara zifata imyumbati zituma umusaruro wayo ugenda ugabanyuka gusa iri mu biribwa bifite intungamubiri nyinshi ndetse abahanga bavuga ko ushobora kuyisimbuza umuceri dore ko byenda kunganya intungamubiri mu ntungamubiri zibonekamo twavuga ibyongera ingufu poroteyine ibinure ibinyasukari fibre vitamin b vitamin b vitamin b vitamin b vitamin c vitamin k imyunyungugu nka karisiyumu phosphore ubutare magnesium na sodiyumu ibi byose nibyo bituma iba ikiribwa cy ingenzi kandi gifitiye umubiri akamaro umusaruro mwiza mu mayaga no mu mirambi no mu mukenke by iburirazuba ni igihingwa gikunda ubutaka buseseka hari amoko menshi ariko atangwa n ubishakashatsi ni aya ndamirabana tme mbakungahaze na cyizere mbagarumbise creolina na gakiza imirimo isabwa ni ibiri kurwanya isuri no gutegura umurima bashyira toni z ifumbire y imborera iboze neza bakongeramo kg ha za npk mu kaziga kazengurutse ingeri zimaze gufata haterwa ingeri kuri ha zavuye mu murima w imyumbati yera neza batera ingeri kuri m hagati y imirongo no kuri m hagati y ingeri n iyindi kandi hagashyirwa ingeri imwe mu mwobo igihe cyiza cy itera ni hagati y ukwakira n ugushyingo nyuma y ukwezi bamaze gutera imyumbati igomba kubagarwa bakayisukira imaze kugira cm z uburebure bongera kubagara iyo bibaye ngombwa imyumbati ifite amezi atatu mu kurwanya ibyonnyi n indwara umuhinzi agomba gukoresha ubwoko bwihanganira indwara guterera igihe akabona gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda ni agakoko gafite ibara ry icyatsi kibisi bita mononychellus tanaioa twangiza imyumbati mu gihe cy izuba ku myumbati tugaragara ku mababi yo hejuru akivuka no ku mutwe w amashami kuko horoshye ikimenyetso amababa usanga ari icyatsi kibisi kivanzemo utubara tw umuhondo kandi twinshi amababi ata ireme akagwingira ntakure ku mutwe w amashami hasigara utubabi tumeze nk utwana tw inyoni umwumbati ugira ingingo ngufi cyane gutera imyumbati yera vuba mu gihe imvura itangiye kugwa no gutera imyaka yihanganira agataganurirwa ni indwara iterwa n agakoko ka virusi yitwa cassava mosaic virus cmv iyo virus ikwirakwizwa n isazi yitwa bemisia tabaci iyo ndwara ikunze kuboneka hose mu rwanda indwara itangira ibibabi bizana amabara y umuhondo ahasigaye ari icyatsi hagakomeza gukura ugasanga ikibabi kiri kw ikunja kunja kigapfunyarara nyuma kikagira amatwi iyo bikabije umwumbati ukura nabi ukagwingira umuhinzi ategekwa kurandura buri giti kirwaye mu murima guhingira igihe gutera imbuto nzima kandi z indobanure kandi zihanganira iyo ndwara mu murima hagomba kandi kugirara isuku imyumbati no guhinga neza kandi agakumira ingaruka ziterwa na ya sazi imyumbati yera hagati y ameze kuri gitaminsi naho ku myumbati y imiribwa ni hagati y amezi umusaruro ukunze kuboneka uri hagati ya toni na toni z imyumbati kuri ha naho ku birebana n ihunika imyumbati iguma mu murima ikazakurwa bibaye ngombwa cyangwa ikabikwa ahantu humutse ari imivunde yumye mu rwanda ni kimwe mu bihingwa byashyizwe imbere muri gahunda y imbaturabukungu mu buhinzi kugira ngo umusaruro wabyo ube mwinshi ku buso buto dufite ni ngombwa ko abahinzi bita ku mihingire ya kijyambere ariyo kumenya ubutaka ibigori byeraho uko bafumbira umurima w ibigori imbuto y ibigori ikwiye guterwa uko batera ibigori kubagara no kumenera kwicira gusukira uko bafumbiza ifumbire ya ire uko barwanya indwara n ibyonnyi by ibigori uko basarura ibigori guhungura guhunika ibigori byera hafi ya hose mu rwanda ikigori gikenera ubutaka bwiza bufi te isi ndende bubika amazi neza kugira ngo gitange umusaruro mwiza umurima uhingwamo ibigori ugomba kuba utavuyemo ikindi kinyampeke amasaka ingano umuceri n ibindi uhinze neza utarimo urwiri n ibindi byatsi bibi ufumbiye neza hakoreshejwe ifumbire y imborera n imvaruganda urwanyijemo isuri ifumbire y imborera iboze neza ingana n ibilo ku murima w intambwe ku toni kuri hegitari ifumbire y imborera ikoreshwa mu gihe cyo gutabira cyangwa mu gutera ifumbire mvaruganda ibilo bibiri n igice bya npk cyangwa ikilo kimwe kg cya dap iyo wakoresheje dap wongeramo ikilo kimwe cya ire ku murima w intambwe ku mu gihe cyo gusukira mu butaka busharira wongeramo ibilo by ishwagara mu murima w intambwe ku toni kuri hegitari mu gihe cyo gutegura umurima iba ifite icyemezo cy ubuziranenge gitangwa na rab ifite ibisobanuro bya ngombwa byanditswe ku cyo ipfunyitsemo kuba iberanye n akarere igiye guhingwamo ifite impeke z ibara rimwe kandi zose zingana kuba ihungiye kandi intete zayo zitaratobowe n udusimba zitaraboze cyangwa ngo zimeneke kuba ari nzima imera byibuze kugera ku kigero cya kuba itavangiye idafi te imyanda nibura ku gipimo cya pureté spécifi que kuba yumye neza ifi te ubuhehere bukwiye ni kuvuga ku gipimo cya taux d humidité uteganya imbuto ingana n ibilo ku murima w intambwe ku guca imirongo ifi te intera ya cm haga y umurongo n undi guca utwobo tw imbuto dufi te intera ya cm cyangwa haga y utwobo gushyira ifumbire y imborera n imvaruganda muri buri kobo gutwikiriza ifumbire itaka kugira ngo idahura n imbuto ikayitwika gutera imbuto mu twobo no kuyitwikira igikwiye gushimangirwa igihe imbuto yatewe kuri cm haterwa ibigori bibiri hagasigaramo kimwe igihe cyo kwicira igihe imbuto yatewe kuri cm haterwa ibigori bitatu hagasigaramo bibiri igihe cyo kwicira kubagara bikorwa igihe cyose bibaye ngombwa igihe mu murima w ibigori hagaragaramo ibyatsi ni ngombwa kubagara ibyatsi bitaraba byinshi ibyatsi bicura ibigori bigatuma umusaruro ugabanuka cyane bicira igihe ibigori bifi te amababi abiri cyangwa atatu yuzuye arambuye kandi agaragaza ibice byose bigize ibabi ry ikigori icyo gihe biba bimaze ibyumweru nka bitewe iyo bicira ibigori bahera ku bigaragaza uburwayi cyagwa bitakuze neza cyangwa biboneka ho inenge iyo ariyo yose iyo byose ari byiza nabwo ni ngombwa ko kimwe kirandurwa uwicira arandura ikigori acyerekeje ku ruhande naho iyo akiranduye acyerekeje hejuru ashobora kwangiza n ikigori kizasigaramo icyitonderwa kwicira bituma ibigori bidacuranwa ifumbire n urumuri ibigori bi ciye birangwa no kuba birebire cyane kubera gushaka urumuri bikagira n uru rutoya n utugori duto cyane igikorwa cyo gusukira cyangwa kuhira bikorwa ibigori bimaze ibyumweru bitewe bifi te nk intambwe z ikiganza usukira azamura ubutaka akabutwikiriza imizi gusukira bituma imizi yose iba mu butaka igakora imirimo yayo yo kugaburira igihingwa no kugishyigikira bityo n kibe cyagushwa n umuyaga mu gihe cyo gusukira niho bashyiramo ifumbire mvaruganda ya ire ifumbire mvaruganda ya ire ishyirwa mu murima w ibigori mu gihe cyo gusukira kuhira muri iki gihe ikigori kiba gikeneye ifumbire nyinshi n amazi menshi iyo batera ire babanza kureba ko ubutaka bubobereye bihagije kugira ngo ire idatwika ibigori bacukura agaferege muri cm z ikigori bakayishyiramo kandi bakayitwikiriza itaka kugira ngo umunyu wa azote utagenda batera ikilo cya ire ku murima w intambwe ku ibilo kuri hegitari cyangwa akayiko k icyayi mu kobo aho nkongwa yanyuze hagaragazwa n imyobo ndetse n agafu ku mababi n aho yanyuze yinjira mu mubyimba w ikigori nkongwa ishobora no kwinjirira hasi mu ru igacukura umu ma w ikigori izamuka kuyirwanya gutera ku gihe gusimburanya ibihingwa gutera imi chloropyriphos ethyl bull doc n iyindi icyitonderwa nkongwa igaragara cyane mu gihe cy izuba paula ingabire ni umunyarwandakazi w inzobere muby ikoranabuhanga ndetse n umunyapolitiki akaba ari minisitiri w ikoranabuhanga n itumanaho no guhanga udushya wemejwe n inama y abaminisitiri mu rwanda kuva tariki ya ukwakira ingabire yize muri kaminuza y u rwanda arangiza afite impamyabumenyi ya bachelor yakomeje amashuri ye ndetse aza no kubona impamyabumenyi y ikirenga mu bijyanye n ikoranabuhanga n itumanaho yakuye mu kigo cy ikoranabuhanga cya massachusetts mit yari umwe mubitabiriye ihuriro ryo gushyiraho sisitemu no kuzicunga muri mit mbere yuko aba minisitiri yari umuyobozi wa gahunda ya kigali innovation city mbere yibyo yari afite umwanya w umuyobozi wa ict mu nama ishinzwe iterambere ry u rwanda yinjiye muri guverinoma yavuguruwe ya perezida paul kagame wagabanije abagize guverinoma kuva kuri ikagera kuri inama y abaminisitiri igizwe n abagore ku ijana bayikoreramo u rwanda na etiyopiya nibyo bihugu bibiri bya afurika byonyine bifite uburinganire muri guverinoma zabyo nka minisitiri ni umutegarugori uvuganira kandi wunganira ikoranabuhanga yiyumvisha ko ikoranabuhanga riri mubyo yise tekinoroji ya kane y inganda kwisi minisitiri avuga ko udushya nk utwo dushobora gufasha u rwanda guteza imbere gahunda z ubuvuzi ndetse n inzego z ubukerarugendo yitabira inama za buri kwezi zumuryango wa rwanda blockchain muri werurwe paula ingabire yashyizwe mu bayobozi bakiri bato ku isi mu mwaka wa n ihuriro ry ubukungu ku isi urutonde rurimo abayobozi ba leta abanyamakuru abarwanashyaka abahanzi abarezi impuguke mu bucuruzi n abashinzwe ikoranabuhanga bari munsi y imyaka soraya hakuziyaremye ni umunyarwandakazi ndetse n umucuruzi w umunyamwuga mu bijyanye n imicungire y imari akaba n umunyapolitiki wabaye minisitiri w ubucuruzi n inganda muri guverinoma y abaminisitiri kuva ku ya ukwakira soraya yakuye impamyabumenyi y amashuri yisumbuye muri ishuri rikuru ry ababiligi rya kigali aho amasomo ye yari imibare na fiziki yimukiye i buruseli mu bubiligi aho yize mu ishuri ry ubucuruzi rya vlerick nyuma yaho yahawe impamyabumenyi yikirenga mubijyanye n icungamutungo no kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa muri solvay ishuri rya ryigisha ishoramari muri ya afite kandi impamyabumenyi y ubushakashatsi buhanitse mu micungire y imari mpuzamahanga yahawe n ishuri rya thunderbird of global management muri kaminuza ya leta ya arizona i phoenix arizona muri amerika mu gihe cyimyaka hafi ine guhera mu kuboza madamu hakuziyaremye soraya yakoraga muri banki ya new york nyuma yimukiye i buruseli maze yinjira muri bnp paribas fortis aho yamaze imyaka itandatu ahakora muri kamena yasubiye mu rwanda amara imyaka ibiri n igice akora nk umujyanama mukuru wa minisitiri w ububanyi n amahanga n ubutwererane ufite icyicaro i kigali nyuma gato yaje kujya mu inama y abikorera mu buruseli aho yagizwe umuyobozi wungirije wa dutch mu by imari no gucunga umutungo ibits ifite ikicaro mu bwongereza london united kingdom mu ivugurura ry abaminisitiri ku ya ukwakira yagizwe minisitiri w ubucuruzi n inganda germaine kamayirese ni enjeniyeri akaba n umunyapolitiki mu rwanda wabaye minisitiri w ubutabazi n ibikorwa by impunzi muri guverinoma y u rwanda kuva ku ya ukwakira kugeza igihe yavanywe muri guverinoma ku ya gashyantare mbere yibyo kuva ku ya nyakanga kugeza ku ya ukwakira yabaye umunyamabanga wa leta ushinzwe ibikorwa remezo ushinzwe ingufu amazi n isuku yavukiye mu karere ka nyarugenge ku ya kanama kuva mu kugeza yize mu ishuri rikuru ry ubumenyi n ikoranabuhanga rya kigali kist uyu munsi rikaba ari ishuri rikuru ry ubumenyi n ikoranabuhanga rwanda rimwe mwishami rya kaminuza y u rwanda afite impamyabumenyi ya electricalmechanical engineering yahawe na kist mu afite kandi masters yo gucunga itumanaho yatanzwe mu mwaka wa na kist ndetse na kaminuza ya coventry mu bwongereza kuva mu kugeza germaine kamayirese yabaye inzobere mu bijyanye n urusobe muri rwanda utilities regulatory agency rura kuva mu kugeza yabaye inzobere mu miyoboro muri tigo rwanda kuva mu kugeza kamayirese yabaye umujyanama muri institute of engineering architecture rwanda kuva muri nzeri yari umunyamuryango wa rwanda women engineers association rwea mu nshingano ze nka minisitiri w igihugu ushinzwe ingufu amazi n isuku muri minisiteri y ibikorwa remezo yari ashinzwe gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba z igihugu ndetse na politiki y umusaruro w amashanyarazi kohereza gukwirakwiza no gucuruza mu rwanda ndetse n ibigo by ingufu z amashanyarazi ashinzwe kandi gutanga serivisi zizewe zifite umutekano kandi zirambye zitanga amazi n isuku mu rwanda mu ivugurura ry abaminisitiri ku ya ukwakira madamu kamayirese yagizwe minisitiri mushya ushinzwe imicungire y ubutabazi n ibibazo by impunzi germaine kamayirese ni nyina w abana batatu ukuboza ikinyamakuru cya forbes cyamushyize mu abagore bafite imbaraga muri afurika yvonne manzi makolo ni inzobere mu bijyanye n ikoranabuhanga mu rwanda akaba azi nibigendanye n ubucuruzi cyane akaba n umuyobozi mukuru wa rwandair ikigo gishinzwe indege cy igihugu mu rwanda yahawe uwo mwanya ku ya mata mbere yibyo yabaye umuyobozi mukuru wungirije ushinzwe ibibazo by amasosiyete muri iki kigo kuva muri mata kugeza mata yvonne yavukiye mu rwanda mu yimukiye muri kanada ku bushake nyuma yimyaka icumi mu yagarutse mu rwanda we na mukuru we barezwe na nyina umwe se wa yvonne yapfuye abakobwa bakiri bato cyane afite amahugurwa yihariye mu ikoranabuhanga kandi yakoze n umushinga wa software haba muri kanada no mu rwanda mu yinjiye muri mtn rwanda isosiyete ikora ibijyanye n itumanaho mu gihugu nyuma yigihe yazamutse mu ntera agera ku mwanya w umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe kwamamaza cmo ndetse anaba n umuyobozi mukuru ceo wa mtn muri mata ubwo inama y abaminisitiri y u rwanda yahinduraga imiyoborere mu rwandair yvonne manzi makolo yagizwe umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe ibibazo by amasosiyete umwaka umwe muyindi mpinduka y ubuyobozi mu ndege zigihugu yahawe umwanya w umuyobozi mukuru mu rwandair yvonne makolo ni nyina w abana bato mukeshimana gérardine ni umunyarwandakazi w umuhanga muri siyansi n umunyapolitiki akaba yarabaye minisitiri w ubuhinzi n ubworozi kuva muri nyakanga mukeshimana gerardine yavutse ku ya ukuboza mu karere ka huye y ubu afite impamyabumenyi y ubuhinzi y ikiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza yakuye muri kaminuza nkuru y u rwanda n impamyabumenyi ihanitse y ikiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza n impamyabumenyi y ikirenga yabonye mu mu bijyanye n ibinyabuzima yakuye muri kaminuza ya leta ya michigan nyuma yo yogusoza ikiciro kikirenga cya kaminuza yanditse igitabo yahawe igihembo n inama mpuzamahanga y ibiribwa niterambere mu by ubuhinzi bifad igihembo cy umunyeshuri ubuhanga bwe muri siyanse bwatanze umusanzu mubuhinzi bwo mu rwanda muri mukeshimana gerardine yabaye umwarimu mu ishami ry ubuhinzi muri kaminuza nkuru y u rwanda aba n umuhuzabikorwa w umushinga wo gutera inkunga imishinga yo mubice by icyaro wa banki y isi mu mukeshimana gerardine yari mu itsinda ry ubushakashatsi muri beca hub ikigo cy ibinyabuzima mu kigo mpuzamahanga cy ubushakashatsi ku bworozi a facility at the i nairobi mukeshimana gerardine yagizwe minisitiri w ubuhinzi n ubworozi mu nama y abaminisitiri yariyobowe na minisitiri w intebe anastase murekezi muri nyakanga yakomeje umwanya we mu ivugurura ry abaminisitiri muri gicurasi ryakozwe na perezida paul kagame muri kamena mukeshimana gerardine yakiriye icyumweru cya karindwi nyafurika cy ubumenyi bw ubuhinzi n inama rusange y ihuriro ry ubushakashatsi mu buhinzi muri afurika fara i kigali ryatanze ingingo esheshatu zihamagarira abantu kugira ngo bagere kuri gahunda ya africa feed africa bivuga ngo afurika igaburire afurika mu ivugurura ry abaminisitiri ryo ku ya kanama mukeshimana gerardine yagumanye umwanya wo kuba minisitiri n inshingano ze patrick nnaemeka okorie wavutse ku ya gicurasi uzwi cyane ku izina rye ry ubuhanzi patoranking ni reggae wo muri nijeriya umuririmbyi wa dancehall akaba n umwanditsi w indirimbo yavukiye kandi akurira mu mujyi wa ijegun egba satellite patoranking akomoka muri onicha muri leta ya ebonyi yatangiye umwuga we wumuziki akora ubufatanye bwihishwa nabahanzi nka xproject konga slam na reggie rockstone yasinyanye amasezerano na igberaga records ya k solo mu mwaka wa asohora up in d club munsi yimyambarire patoranking yabaye protégé wa dem mama records nyuma yo gukorana na timaya mu ndirimbo ye alubarika muri gashyantare yasinyanye amasezerano na foston musik maze asohora girlie o imwe imushyira mu majwi ku ya gashyantare patoranking yatangaje kuri instagram ko yasinyanye amasezerano yo kugabana na vp records ku nzeri patoranking yasohoye indirimbo yise umwe yasohoye imbere album ye ateganyijwe kurekurwa nyuma vuba mu patoranking yavukiye kandi akurira mu mujyi wa ijegun egba satellite ariko afite inkomoko mu muryango wa onicha muri leta ya ebonyi yize muri citizen comprehensive college i epe lagos nyuma yiyandikisha mu ishuri ry ikibonezamvugo cya jibril martin muri iponri patoranking yatangiye umwuga we wubuhanzi kumuhanda ari numubyinnyi wa karnivali mu kiganiro yagiranye na entertainment express yavuze ko izina rye ry ubuhanzi yarihawe n umuhanzi wo muri jamayike yahuriye na alpha beach i lagos patoranking yavuze ko buju banton bob marley fela kuti umuhire dube chaka demus majek fashek blackky blackface tuface na marvelous benjy nk ibikorwa bye bya muzika mu kiganiro tumaze kuvuga twagiranye na entertainment express yavuze ko umuziki we ari itandukaniro ry imyitwarire ya dancehall kandi avuga ko ivuga ku bibazo by imibereho politiki muri gicurasi patoranking yasohoye indirimbo imwe yise iya bisi irimo qdot na kbaj indirimbo yakozwe na drumphase nuruvange rwa dancehall na fuji patoranking yatangarije imyidagaduro express ko qdot na kbaj bafashije guhimba indirimbo bamusangiza ibitekerezo ku ya nzeri patoranking yasohoye icyarimwe amajwi n amashusho bya alubarika indirimbo isobanurwa ngo imigisha y imana kandi igaragaramo amajwi ya timaya amashusho yindirimbo alubarika yafashwe na aje films ikora iminota namasegonda nk uko bigaragara ku kiganiro cyashyizwe ahagaragara na victor akande wo mu gihugu patoranking yavuze ko iyi ndirimbo ari incamake y ubuzima bwe nk umucuranzi maze avuga ko yamukinguriye amarembo mu rwego rwo kubaka abafana no gukorana n abacuranzi babishinzwe muri gashyantare patoranking yasinyanye amasezerano na foston musik n amasezerano arangiza gukorana na dem mama records mu kiganiro na toolz kuri the juice ya ndanitv timaya yavuze ko patoranking yavuye ku kirango cye kandi ko atigeze asinywa ku mugaragaro ku ya gashyantare patoranking yasohoye girlie o indirimbo yakozwe na wizzypro amashusho y indirimbo yafashwe kandi ayoborwa i londres na moe musa yasohotse ku ya gashyantare mu mashusho y indirimbo patoranking yakuye umuturanyi we mu ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo amugaragariza ibyiyumvo yavukanye ku ya gicurasi foston musik yashyize ahagaragara girlie o remix ya tiwa savage yatewe inkunga na tiwa savage yatangiye ku mwanya wa kuri mtv base ya official naija top imbonerahamwe tiwa savage yabwiye ehiz wo muri mtv base ko yishimiye umuziki wa patoranking maze ahitamo kumwegera kugirango akore remix amashusho y indirimbo girlie o remix nayo yafatiwe kandi yerekanwa i londres na moe musa joey akan wo muri pulse nigeriya yagize ati kuri remix nshya ibintu by ibanze byatsinze ntabwo byajugunywe byagumishijwe kandi bitezwa imbere gukubita korari n imbaraga byarakomeje kandi imirimo ikomeye yashyizwe mu magambo patoranking yagaragaye kumurongo wa murda ya seyi shay hamwe na shaydee iyi ndirimbo yakozwe na dokta frabz isohoka ku ya mata ku ya gicurasi amashusho y indirimbo murda yashyizwe kuri vevo yayobowe na meji alabi kuri jm films indirimbo ya daniella whine ya patoranking na my woman my everything bisobanura umugore wange byose byanjye yashushanyije kuri mtv base official naija top imbonerahamwe uwahoze yatangiriye kuri nimero ya muri gicurasi na forbes imbonerahamwe ku oya muri kamena naho nyuma mugore wanjye byose byange kandi yabonekeye ku mbonerahamwe igera kuri nimero ya muri mutarama patoranking yatangajwe nk umwe mu bacamanza bazitabira irushanwa rya mbere ry amarushanwa yo kuririmba ijwi rya nijeriya patoranking yashyize ahagaragara alubumu ye ya mbere ya studio god over everything imana hejuru ya byose ku ya kanama irimo abashyitsi bagaragaye muri phyno wizkid sarkodie olamide inzovu na wasiu ayinde marshall album yatangiriye ku mwanya wa ku billboard s reggae alubumu mbonerahamwe patoranking yakoze gahunda yo gutanga buruse kubana bato bo muri afrika badashobora kubona uburere bukwiye mugihe yamenyekanye kwisi yose umuhanzi aracyafite ishyaka ryo kwiga muri yahuye nuwashinze gahunda ya buruse ya alu aho yatangije gahunda yo guhugura abana bashya kandi bafite ishyaka cyane cyane kuva ebuta metta aho yakuriye nabandi badafite amikoro yo kwiga ubwabo abamaasai m s a m s a ni ubwoko bw abanilotic batuye mu majyaruguru hagati no mu majyepfo ya kenya no mu majyaruguru ya tanzania bari mu baturage bazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga kubera aho batuye hafi ya parike nyinshi z imikino yo mu biyaga bigari bya afurika n imigenzo yabo n imyambarire yabo abamasyai bavuga ururimi rwa maa l maa rumwe mu zigize umuryango w ururimi rwa nilotic ufitanye isano n indimi za dinka kalenjin na nuer usibye abasaza bamwe baba mu cyaro abamasayi benshi bavuga indimi zemewe za kenya na tanzaniya igiswahiri n icyongereza   abamasayi ibarura ryo muri ryagaragaje ko muri kenya bangana na ugereranyije ni mw ibarura ryo leta za tanzania na kenya byatangije gahunda yo gushishikariza abamasayi kureka gakondo yabo ubuzima burangwa no guhora bimuka ariko aba bakomeje imigenzo yabo yacyera amoko menshi ya abamasayi muri tanzaniya na kenya yishimira kwakira abashyitsi mu midugudu yabo kugira ngo bamenye umuco wabo imigenzo n imibereho yabo kugira ngo babone amafaranga abamasayi batuye mu karere k ibiyaga bigari bya afurika bahageze banyuze muri sudani y amajyepfo benshi mu bavuga ururimi rwa nilotic muri kariya gace barimo abamasayi abaturkana na abakalenjin ni abashumba kandi bazwiho igitinyiro cyane kubera ubushobozi bwabo bwo kuba indwanyi no gukirana n amatungo abamasayi n andi matsinda yo muri afurika y iburasirazuba bakiriye imigenzo n imico bivuye mu matsinda aturanye nabo avuga ururimi rwigi cushitike harimo gahunda yo gushyiraho imyaka y amashyirahamwe mbonezamubano gukebwa n imvugo dukurikije amateka yabo yajyiye ahererekanwa mu mvugo abamasayi bakomotse mu kibaya cyo hepfo ya nili mu majyaruguru y ikiyaga cya turkana mu majyaruguru y uburengerazuba bwa kenya maze batangira kwimukira mu majyepfo ahagana mu kinyejana cya bagera mu gice kinini cy ubutaka buva mu majyaruguru y icyahoze ari kenya kugeza ubu kikaba ari tanzaniya hagati yikinyejana cya na nyuma yikinyejana cya amoko menshi yari yaramaze gushinga imidugudu muri kariya karere yimuwe ku gahato n abamasayi bari bahagezee mugihe abandi cyane cyane amatsinda y abashushitike bo mumajyepfo yinjiye mu muryango w abamasayi abakurambere ba nilotic baba kalenjin nabo bakiriye bamwe mubaturage baba cushitike ifasi y abamasayi yageze ku bunini bwayo bushoboka hagati mu kinyejana cya yaragendaga ikajyera mu kibaya kinini cya rift ndetse n ubutaka bwari buteganye nacyo ku musozi wa marsabit mu majyaruguru kugera i dodoma mu majyepfo muri iki gihe abamasayi kimwe n itsinda rinini ry aba nilotic bose babaga aho borora inka kuva iburasirazuba ukajyenda ukagera ku nkombe za tanga muri tanganyika ubu ni muri tanzaniya ibisambo byakoreshaga amacumu n ingabo ariko byari bitinyitse cyane kubera byari bizi gutera amacumu orinka byashoboraga kuyaterara muri metero agahamya ku ntego mu hari raporo ivuga ko abarwanyi b abamasayi berekeje muri kenya yubu mu nyuma yo kwuva mu butayu bwa wakuafi mu cyahoze ari mu majyepfo y uburasirazuba bwa kenya abarwanyi babamasayi basatiriye mombasa ku nkombe za kenya kubera kwimuka abamasayi ni bo bavuga cyane ururimi rw abanyanilotic yepfo igihe cyo kwaguka cyakurikiwe na maasai emutai yo mu iki gihe cyaranzwe n ibyorezo nka contegious bovine pleuropneumonia rinderpest reba african rinderpest epizootic n ubushita ikigereranyo cyashyizwe ahagaragara bwa mbere n umu liyetona w umudage mu cyahoze ari amajyaruguru y iburengerazuba bwa tanganyika ni uko by inka na kimwe cya kabiri cy inyamaswa zo mu gasozi zazize rinderpest abaganga b abadage bo muri ako gace bavuze ko buri segonda umunyafurika yazanaga ibidomo kwisura biturutse k ubushita iki gihe cyahuriranye n amapfa mu na imvura yarabuze burundu umushakashatsi wo muri ositarariya oscar baumann ubutaka bw abamasayi hagati y ni maze asobanura ugutura kw abamasayi mu gace ka ngorongoro mu gitabo cyo cyitwa durch massailand zur nilquelle through the lands of massai to the source of nile hari abagore bashizemo ari amagufwa yanamye gusa mumaso yabo yuzuye inzara igaragara abarwanyi no gukururuka ntibabishoboraga hamwe nabasaza bintejye nke batagifite na kimwe bitayeho ibisiga byinshi byabakurikiranye kuva hejuru bategereje abahohotewe ugereranyije bibiri bya gatatu by abamasayi bapfuye muri iki gihe guhera ku masezerano yo mu akurikirwa n andi yo mu ubutaka bwa abamasayi muri kenya bwagabanutseho igihe abongereza babirukanaga kugira ngo babone aho bubakira abimukira nyuma babashyira ahitwa samburu samburu laikipia kajiado n uturere twa narok abamasayi muri tanganyika ubu ni tanzaniya bimuwe mu butaka burumbuka hagati y umusozi wa meru n umusozi wa kilimanjaro ndetse n imisozi miremire irumbuka hafi ya ngorongoro mu myaka y bambuwe ubutaka bwinshi bujyirwa ibyanya byo kubungabunga ibinyabuzima na parike z igihugu parike y igihugu ya amboseli parike ya nairobi maasai mara ikigo cy igihugu cya samburu pariki y ikiyaga cya nakuru na tsavo muri kenya n ikiyaga cya manyara agace ko kubungabunga ibinyabuzima ka ngorongoro tarangire na parike y igihugu ya serengeti ahahoze ari tanzaniya abamasayi ni aborozi kandi banze icyifuzo cya guverinoma ya tanzaniya na kenya cyo kubahindurira ubuzima basabye uburenganzira bwo kuragirira muri parike nyinshi z igihugu mu bihugu byombi abamasayi barwanyije ubucakara kandi babana ninyamaswa nyinshi zo mu gasozi ntabwo bahiga cyangwa ngo barye inyoni ubutaka bw abamasayi ubu bufite uduce twiza two guhingiramo muri afrika yuburasirazuba umuryango w abamasayii ntiwigeze wihanganira igurishwa ry abantu kandi abantu bashakaga abacakara birinze abamasayi mubyukuri hari imirenge makumyabiri n ibiri cyangwa amoko mato yumuryango w abamasayi buri umwe ufite imigenzo isura ubuyobozi n imvugo yawo iyi mitwe izwi ku izina ry ishyanga cyangwa iloshon mu rurimi rwa maa aba keekonyokie damat purko wuasinkishu siria laitayiok loitai kisonko matapato dalalekutuk loodokolani kaputiei moitanik ilkirasha samburu laikipia loitokitoki larusa salei sirinket na parakuyo iterambere ryagezweho mu isesengura rishingiye kuri jenetike ryafashije mu kumenya iremwa ry amok yabamasayi jenetike ishingiye ku bisekuruza igikoresho gikoresha gene z abaturage b ubu kugirango bakurikirane ubwoko bwabo n igice cy isi bakomokamo byafashije kandi gusobanura ahahise h abamasayi bubu adn ya autosomal y abamasayi yasuzumwe mubushakashatsi bwuzuye bwakozwe na tishkoff n abandi mu kujyereranya jenetike y abaturage batandukanye bo muri afurika nk uko abanditsi b ubwo bushakashatsi babitangaza ngo abamasyi bagumyek umuco wabo imbere y iterambere ryinshi ry imiterere y ibinyabuzima tishkoff n abandi beerekanye kandi ko benshi mu baturage bavuga ururimi rwa nilo sahara muri afurika y iburasirazuba nk abamasayi berekana imirimo myinshi iva muri nilo sahara na cushitike aacs hajyendewe ku bimenyetso by indimi kenshi abanilotic b injije abanyakushi kuva mu myaka ishize kandi ku kigero cyo hejuru bahuje imihindagurikire y umubiri yabanyafurica y iburasirazuba yo kwihanganira ikinyabutabire cyo mu mata cyitwa lactose ubushakashatsi kuri y chromosome bw akozwe na wood et al ku baturage batandukanye bo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara harimo abamasayi b abagabo bo muri kenya bapima amasano y ibisekuruza by ababyeyi babagabo abanditsi barebeye hamwe haplogroup amatsinda y abantu bahuje igisekuruza ebb m ntabwo m muri y abamasayi bapimwe ebb m m muri abakurambere babo higanjemo abagabo benshi bo majyaruguru ya cushitike babayeho hashize imyaka irenga igisekuru cya kabiri cyakanza cyane mubamasyi ni haplogroup ab ikunze kuboneka mu baturage ba banilotic nka alur byagaragaye muri by abagabo ba abamasayii ikimenyetso cya gatatu cy iganza cyane ku turemanyjingo adn kubabyeyi babagabo mu bamasayi ni eba m e p ikunze kugaragara cyane mu karere ka sahara yabonetse muri by ibipimo byafashwe mu bamasayi haplogroup b m yagaragaye mu bamasayi nayo iboneka muri yabanyanilote bo muri sudani y amajyepfo nkurikije ubushakashatsi bwa mtdna bwakozwe na castri n abandi hapimwe abamasayi muri kenya mu gisekuruza cy ababyeyi babagore babamasayi basanze harimo uruvangitirane cyane ariko nta tandukaniro rinini nandi moko y abaturage babanilo hamitic mu karere nkaba samburu mu bamasayi benshi bapimwe bari abo mu matsinda atandukanye ya macro haplogroup l sub clade harimo l l l l na l tumwe mu turemanjyingo tw ababyeyi babagore duturuka muri afurika y amajyaruguru n amajyaruguru y uburasirazuba natwo baratubonye cyane cyane ko hari ubwoko bw ijyisekuruza mtdna haplogroup m hafi ya by ibipimo byafashwe muba masayii umuryango w abamasayi umugabo niwe uba ari umutware muri kamere aho nabasaza rimwe na rimwe bifatanya nabasaza bacyuye igihe bagahitamo ibikorwa byingenzi kuri buri tsinda rya abamasayi imbumbe y amategeko nyamvugo akubiyemo ingingo nyinshi z imyitwarire ntabwo bizwi niba hari igihano cyo kwicwa bajyira kandi mubisanzwe kwishyura inka nibyo bicyemura amakimbirane inzira yo hanze yurukiko nayo irakoreshwa yitwa amitu gushaka amahoro birimo gusaba imbabazi basenga imana imwe yitwa enkai cyangwa engai engai ifite kamere ebyiri engai narok imana yirabura ni umugwaneza naho engai na nyokie imana itukura n iman y ihorera hariho kandi inkingi ebyiri za societe ya abamasayi oodo mongi inka itukura na orok kiteng inka yumukara igabanijwemo imiryango itanu cyangwa abamasayi kandi bajyira inyamaswa baziririza ikaba ntare ariko iyo nyamaswa ishobora kwicwa uburyo abamasyi bica intare butandukanye no guhiga hagamijwe kwishimisha kuko bikoreshwa mumihango yo kuva mu cyiciro cyimwe ujya mukindi umusozi w imana ol doinyo lengai uherereye mu majyaruguru ya tanzaniya kandi ushobora kuwubona uri ku kiyaga cya natron mu majyepfo ya kenya umukuru mu myizerere ya kimasayi ni laibon mu nshingano ze harimo ubuvuzi bwa gihanga kuragura no guhanura no kwemeza intsinzi mu ntambara cyangwa imvura ihagije uyu munsi bafite uruhare rwa politiki rwiyonger kuri izo nshingano zindi kimwe kubera abayobozi imbaraga zose laibon yarafite zari zishingiye ku oko yabaga ateye ku giti cye aho gushingira kuri uwo mwanya benshi mu bamasayi bayobotse ubukristu nubuyisilamu abamasayi kujyira imitako itoroshye kandi mu myaka mirongo bagurishije uwo mutungo kuri ba mukerarugendo nkubucuruzi umubare wo hejuru w impfu z abana mu bamasayi watumye abana batamenyekana rwose kugeza bageze ku mezi ilapaitin kwigisha abagore ba bamasayi gukoresha amavuriro n ibitaro mugihe batwite byatumye impinja nyinshi zibaho cyeretse mu bice biri kure cyane ku bamasayi kubaho ubuzima gakondo iherezo ryubuzima usanga rwose nta mihango kandi abapfuye babarecyera aho bakaribwa n inkongoro umurambo wanzwe n inkongoro ufatwa nkaho ufite imiziro kandi ufatwa nk uwateza umwaku kubwibyo rero nibisanzwe ko imibiri itwikirwa ibinure n amaraso bivuye ku kimasa cya kinjwe gushyingura mu bihe byashize byahariwe abatware bakomeye kubera ko bakekaga ko byangiza ubutaka imibereho gakondo y abamasayi ishingiye ku nka nka zikaba ariyo soko yabo yibanze yibiryo ubutunzi bwumugabo bupimirwa ku nka nabana afite ubushyo bwinka burubahwa kandi uko abana baba benshi nibyiza umugabo ufite kimwe muri ibi akabura ikindi afatwa nkumucyene imyizerere ishingiye ku idini ya abamasayi ivuga ko imana yabahaye inka zose zo ku isi biganisha ku myizerere ivuga ko gushimuta inka mu yandi moko ari uburyo bwo kwisubiza ibyabo mu nzira ziciye mu mucyo ariko uyu umuco ntabwo umenyerewe cyane abamasyi ibyo kurya byose bakenera babibona kunka barya inyama banywa amata buri munsi kandi banywa amaraso rimwe na rimwe ibimasa ihene nintama bibagwamo inyama mu bihe bidasanzwe no mumihango nubwo ubuzima bwabamasyi bwose bwagiye bushingira ku matungo yabo vuba aha hamwe n inka zabo zigenda zigabanuka abamasayi bakuze batunzwe n ibiribwa nk amasaka umuceri ibirayi n amashu bizwi nabamasayi nk amababi y ihene imibereho gakondo yubushumba yarushijeho kuba ingorabahizi kubera gukururwa n ibijyezweho inyandiko ya garrett hardin igaragaza ibyago bya rubanda rugufi bitewe nubugugu bwa bamwe ndetse na cattle complex ya melville herskovits byafashije abashakashatsi ku bidukikije ndetse n abafata ibyemezo ku byerekeye ingaruka mbi abashumba ba abamasayi bateza akarere ka savannah iki gitekerezo cyaje kugaragara ko ari ibinyoma n abahanga mu bumenyi bwa muntu ariko kiracyashinze imizi mu bitekerezo by abashakashatsi mu bidukikije ndetse n abayobozi ba tanzaniya ibi byatumye abafata ibyemezo b abakoloni babongereza mu bakura abamasayi bose muri parike y igihugu ya serengeti nuko babashyira mu turere two mu gace ka ngorongoro conservation area nca gahunda ya nca yari iyo gushyira inyungu zabamasayi hejuru y ibindi byose ariko iri sezerano ntiryigeze ryuzuzwa ikwirakwizwa rya virusi itera sida ryari ryinshi bitewe n ubwiyongere bw abaturage babamasayii gutakaza umubare w inka bitewe n indwara no kubura aho kuziragira kubera imbibi nshya za parike ndetse no gutura mu midugudu no guhinga kw andi moko abamasayi bahatiwe guteza imbere uburyo bushya bwo kwibeshaho benshi muri bo batangiye guhinga ibigori nibindi bihingwa kugirango babeho igikorwa bafataga nabi mu muco wabo guhinga byatangijwe bwa mbere mu bamasayi n abagore ba bwaarusha na bwameru bimuwe mu byabo bashakanye n abagabo babamasayi ibisekuru byakurikiyeho byabayeho ubuzima bwo guhinga no korora imibereho yabo yarushijeho kugorana mu ngorongoro conservation area yabujije ibikorwa byo guhinga kugirango babeho bahatirwa kugira uruhare mu bukungu bw amafaranga ya tanzaniya bagombaga kugurisha amatungo yabo n imiti gakondo kugirango bagure ibiryo kubuza guhinga byavanyweho mu kandi guhinga byongeye kuba igice cyingenzi mu mibereho ya abamasayi imipaka ya parike no kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo ubutaka byakomeje kugabanya aho barajyira byatumye bahinduka cyane mu myaka yashize imishinga myinshi yatangiye gufasha abayobozi b imiryango yaabamasayi kubona uburyo bwo kubungabunga imigenzo yabo ndetse ikanahuza uburezi bw abana babo kubw isi ya none ubwoko bushya bw imirimo mu baturage babamasayi burimo ubuhinzi ubucuruzi kugurisha imiti gakondo resitora amaduka kugura no kugurisha amabuye y agaciro kugurisha amata n ibiyakimokaho kudoda imitako n akazi k umushahara nk abashinzwe umutekano abita kubakiriya abayobora ba mukerarugendo n abandi bakora ibikorwa bya leta n abikorera abamasayi benshi bavuye mu buzima bwo guhora bimuka bajya mu myanya y ubucuruzi no muri guverinoma nyamara nubwo ubuzima bwo mu mijyi bugoye bashobora kuyobora benshi bazishimira kwerekeza murugo bambaye imyenda idoze gusa bazava murugo mu mwambaro gakondo bita shuka umwenda wamabara inkweto za sandari kandi bitwaje inkoni o rinka bayakiriye igice nyamukuru cy umuryango mugari w abamasayi kumyaka umuntu aba afite abahungu bato boherezwa hamwe ninyana nintama vuba bishoboka ariko ubwana bwabahungu ahanini babumara bakina usibye imihango bakora kugirango bagerageze ubutwari no kwihangana byabo abakobwa bashinzwe imirimo nko guteka no gukama ubuhanga bigira kuri ba nyina bakiri bato buri myaka cyangwa irenga hatangizwa ikiragano gishya cyaba morans cyangwa il murran abarwanyi haba harimo abahungu benshi bari hagati yimyaka na bageze mubugimbi kandi bagomba kuba batari bari mukiragano gishize umuhango umwe wo kuva mubuhungu ujya kumurwanyi muto ni umuhango wo gukebwa bikorwa nta kinya muri iki gihe cya none abahungu batuye hafi yimijyi hamwe nabaganga bashobora kwitabira iyi mihango batekanye ariko nyamara nta nyinya babatera nubundi kuko bagomba kwihanganira ububabare buzabageza kubugabo uyu muhango mubusanzwe ukorwa nabakuru bakoresha icyuma gityaye umuhungu agomba kwihanganira iki gikorwa acecetse kugaragaza ububabare bizana igisebo kwikanga kwose gushobora gutera ikosa muri iki gikorwa gisaba kwitonda cyane bishobora kukuviramo inkovu ubuzima bwawe bwose gutakaza ubushobozi no kubabara ukira hagati y amezi muri iki gihe kwihagaririka birababaza kandi bikanga rimwe na rimwe kandi abahungu bagomba kuguma bambaye imyenda yumukara mugihe cyamezi muri iki gihe abasore bashya bakebwe batura muri manyatta umudugudu wubatswe na ba nyina manyatta nta bariyeri iyizengurutse yo kuyirinda ishimangira uruhare rw indwanyi rwo kurinda abaturage nta kraal y imbere yubatswe kubera ko abarwanyi batagira inka cyangwa ngo bakore imirimo y ububiko bisaba indi mihango mbere yo kugera ku rwego rwindwanyi nkuru bikarangirara mu birori bya eunoto ukuza kwimyaka iyo hatangijwe igisekuru gishya cy abarwanyi il murran irihoizamurwa mu cyiciro cyisumbuyeho bagashingwa ibyemezo bya politiki kugeza igihe bazagera ku kiciro cyabakuru iyu muhango wo kuva kumurwanyi ujya kumukuru muto ibera mu muhuro munini witwa eunoto abahoze ari indwanyi bakata umusatsi wabo muremure abakuru bo baba bafite agasatsi gacyei indwanyi ntizemerewe kuryamana nabagore bakebwe ariko bashobora gucudika n abakobwa bataracyebwa kuri eunoto abarwanyi bashoboye kubahiriza iri tegeko barashimirwa byumwihariko abarwanyi bamara umwanya munini ubu bagenda hirya no hino kubutaka bw abamasayi no kurenga imbibi zabo bagira uruhare runini mu gucuruza inka kuruta uko byari bisanzwe guteza imbere ubucuruzi no guhahirana aho kwiba nk uko byahoze hari imyizerere yo gukabya ko buri musore wumumasayi agomba kwica intare atarakebwa guhiga intare byari igikorwa cyahise ariko byarabujijwe mu majyepfo y iburasirazuba bwa afurika nyamara intare ziracyahigwa iyo zishe amatungo yabamasayi kandi abarwanyi bato bishora mu kwica intare mu migenzo gakondo ntibagira ingaruka zikomeye kwiyongera kw impujyenjye kubijyanye nubuzima bw intare byatumye byibura habaho gahunda yo kwaka indishyi iyo intare yishe amatungo aho guhiga no kwica intare yabikoze nubwo bimeze bityo kwica intare biha agaciro gakomeye nubwamamare uwabikoze mubaturage abakobwa bakiri bato nabo bahura nikibazo cyo gukebwa kw abagore emoratamu rwego rwo gukora umuhango urambuye w imihango yiswe emuatare umuhango winjiza abakobwa babamasayi mu kiciro cyabakuze binyuze mu mihango yo gukebwa hanyuma bagashyingirwa bakiri bato abamasayi bemeza ko gukebwa kwabagore ari ngombwa kandi abagabo babamasayi bashobora kwanga umugore uwo ari we wese utarigeze abikora kuko adashyingirwa cyangwa agakobwa ibyagaciro gake muri afurika y iburasirazuba abagore batakebwe ndetse n abadepite bize cyane nka linah kilimo barashobora gushinjwa kuba badakuze bihagije ku buryo badahabwa agaciro ku bandi umuco wo gukebwa kw abagore uzwi nko guca imyanya ndangagitsina y abagore kandi ukanengwa cyane haba mu mahanga ndetse n abagore benshi babikorewe nk umuntu uharanira inyungu zabamasayii agnes pareyio muri iki gihe bisigaye bikorwa mu magambo aho birangwa no kuririmba no kubyina mu mwanya wo gukebwa nyamara iki gikorwa gikomeza gushinga imizi kandi kigahabwa agaciro numuco ijambo rya maa ryo gukebwa emorata rikoreshwa ku gukebwa kwigitsina gore nigitsina gabo gukata imyanya ndangagitsina y abagore ntibyemewe muri kenya na tanzaniya uku gukebwa mubusanzwe bikorwa nuwatumiwe udakunze kuba ari umumasayi akenshi aba avuye mumatsinda yaba dorobo ibyuma bakoresha biba byatatswe n abacuzi kimwe nabasore abakobwa bazakebwa bambara imyenda yijimye bakishushanyaho ibimenyetso bakoresheje amarangi hanyuma bagapfuka mu maso iyo imihango irangiye abagore bubatse batwite basonewe imirimo yose iremereye nko gukama no gutashya imibonano mpuzabitsina nayo irabujijwe kandi hari amategeko yihariye akoreshwa ku bagore batwite abamasayi mubisanzwe batunga abagore benshi ibi bikekwa ko babikora kubera umubare munini wimfu z abana bato n abarwanyi polyandry nayo irakorwa ariko muri iyi minsi ibi byarahagaze umugore ntabwo arongora umugabo we gusa ahubwo itsinda ry ikiciro kimyaka abagabo biteganijwe ko batanga uburiri bwabo ku mushyitsi uri mukiciro cyimwe cyimyaka nawe ariko ibi nabyo ntibigikorwa umugore niwe wihitiramo niba ararana numugabo wasuye umwana uwo ari we wese ushobora kuvamo ni umwana wumugabo nabazamukomokaho ubwoko bwa gatanya burashoboka iyo umugore yahukaniye kwa se ubusanzwe kubera gufata nabi umugore cyane kwishura inkwano kurera abana nibindi byumvikanyweho umuziki wabamasayi usanzwe ugizwe ninjyana zitangwa n ibitero byabaririmbyi baririmba bahigima mugihe umuyobozi windirimbo aririmba ijwi ryingenzi umuolaranyani mubusanzwe numuririmbyi ushobora kuririmba neza iyo ndirimbo nubwo abantu benshi bashobora kuyobora indirimbo umuolaranyani atangira aririmba umurongo cyangwa umutwe namba windirimbo itsinda rikikiririza rimwe kandi umuolaranyani aririmbirambana nabandi ariko akabasimbya ijwi buri ndirimbo ifite imiterere yihariye ya namba ishingiye kumuhamagaro no kwitaba injyana isanzwe ni itandukaniro rya na umukono wigihe indirimbo iba yanditse ishingiye ku ngingo runaka kandi amagambo aguma yisubiramo kugenda kw ijosi biherekeza kuririmba iyo uhumeka umutwe wegamiye imbere umutwe bawuhengekera inyuma kujyira basohore umwuka imbere muri rusange iyo bari rimba uba wumva ari amajwi menshi ajyenda asimburana bitandukanye nandi moko menshi yo muri afrika abamasayi bakoresha cyane drone polyphony abagore baririmba lullabies indirimbo zirangwa no guhigimba n indirimbo zisingiza abahungu babo nambas barimba bahamara banitabana mwijwi rimwe usanga basubiramo interuro imwe nyuma ya buri gitero aho bikiriza nijwi rijyiye hasi n abaririmbyi basubiza ibitero byabo bwite ni ibiranga kuririmba kw abagore iyo abagore benshi babamasayi bateraniye hamwe baririmba bakabyina hagati yabo kimwe mubidasanzwe kumiterere yijwi ryumuziki wa abamasayi nugukoresha ihembe rya greater kudu kugirango uhamagare abamorans mumihango ya eunoto kuririmba no kubyina byombi rimwe na rimwe bibera hafi ya manyattas kandi usanga harimo no gureshyanya abasore bakora umurongo kandi bakaririmbe mu injyana oooooh yah bijyana no guhigima no gukorora hamwe no kuzunguza igice cy umubiri cyo hepfo abakobwa bahagarara imbere yabagabo bakabyinisha igice cyo hepfo banaririmba oiiiyo yo mukajwi ko hejuru bitandukanye nabagabo nubwo imibiri yegerana cyane ntabwo ikoranaho eunoto imihango yindwanyi ishobora kumara iminsi yo kuririmba kubyina n imigenzo abarwanyi ba il oodokilani bakora ubwoko urugendo na adumu cyangwa aigus rimwe na rimwe bita imbyino yo gusimbuka nabatari abamasayi adumu na aigus zombi ni inshinga za maa zisobanura gusimbuka hamwe na adumu bisobanura gusimbuka hejuru no kubyina indwanyi zirazwi cyane kandi akenshi zifotorwa mugihe muri aya marushanwa yo gusimbuka abarwanyi baca uruziga noneho umwe cyangwa babiri icyarimwe bakinjira hagati kugirango batangire gusimbuka batarenga uruziga agatsinsino kabo kadakora hasi abagize itsinda bazamura ijwi ryabo bakurikije uburebure bwo gusimbuka abakobwa b inshuti zabamoran inyie bitambajyiza mumyambaro myiza yabonka kimwe mu bigize eunoto ababyeyi babamoran baririmba bakabyina bishimira ubutwari no gutinyuka kwabahungu babo gupfumura no gukwedura amatwi nubintu bisanzwe mubamasayi nandi moko bakoresha ibikoresho bitadukanye muri iki gikorwa harimo amahwa mugupfumura ibiti amabuye amenyo yinzovu nakabindi abamasayi bacye bacye cyane cyane abahungu nibo bakora uyu muhango abagore bambara imitako yamasaro kumatwi bapfumuye gukura yamabwene abana bato bikorwa nabamasayi bo muri kenya na tanzaniya abamasayi bafite imyizerere ikomeye ivuga ko impiswi kuruka nizindi ndwara zoroheje zo mu bwana ziterwa no kubyimba kwishinya yo kumabwene bakeka ko haba harimo inzoka iyi myizerere n imikorere ntabwo byihariye mubamasayi mu cyaro cya kenya hasuzumwe itsinda ry abana bafite hagati y amezi atandatu n imyaka ibiri mu wasangaga barakuwe amabwene mu itsinda ryabafite hagati yimyaka mubana basanze nabo barayakuwe ubusanzwe indyo yabamasayi yari igizwe n inyama mbisi amata adatetse n amaraso by inka menya ko inka zabamasayi ziri mubwoko bwa zebu mu mpeshyi yo mu dr weston a price yasuye abamasayi maze avuga ko nk uko dr anderson wo mu bitaro by ubutegetsi bw ibanze muri kenya yabibinye amoko menshi adafite indwara benshi nta burwayi nabucye bwamenyo bari bafite by umwihariko abamasayi bari hasi ya nibo bari bafite ikibazo cyo kubora kw amenyo yavuze ko biterwa nimirire yabo mirire yabo igizwe ukurikije ingano amata adatetse amaraso inyama mbisi n imboga n imbuto zimwe na zimwe nubwo mu midugudu myinshi batarya imbuto cyangwa imboga na gato yavuze ko buri mwana ukura ndetse n umugore utwite cyangwa wonsa bahahabwa buri munsi amaraso iyo ahari dr weston a price yavuze kandi ko guverinoma yashyizeho ingufu mu kugira ngo abamasayi bajye mubuhinzi ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na ilca nestel bugira buti uyu munsi indyo yuzuye yabamasayi igizwe n amata y inka n ibigori igikoma gikomeye kizwi nka ugali kandi kiribwana n amata bitandukanye n igikoma cy amazi ugali ntabwo itegurwa n amata amavuta yinyamanswa akoreshwa muguteka cyane cyane igikoma ibigori nibishyimbo amavuta kandi ni ibiryo byingenzi by uruhinja ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ubworozi muri afurika bekure et al bwerekana impinduka nini cyane mu mirire yabamasayi aho basigaye bakoresha nibindi bidakomoka kumatungo kn ibigori bigize ku ijana n isukari ku ijana umuntu umwe anywa hafi litiro imwe y amata ku munsi amenshi mu mata akoreshwa nk amata avuze cyangwa amavuta mu bipimo byose bakoresha amata ku rwego rwo hejurui ibi bituma bobonamo ibyubaka umubiri bihajyije nyamara fer niacin vitamine c vitamine a thiamine nibitanga ingufu ntabwo babibona mumata gusa bitewe nuko ibintu bigenda bihinduka cyane cyane ibihe amata abonekera n amapfa akunze kubaho kenshi abashumba benshi harimo nabamasayi ubu basigaye barya ibiryo nibihajyije ingano ubushyo bwihene nintama zabamasayi harimo intama zitukura zabamasayi hamwe ninka zagaciro ibizamini bya electrocardiogram byakoreshejwe ku basore bakuze babamasayi basanze nta kimenyetso na kimwe cy indwara z umutima ubumuga cyangwa imikorere mibi yumubiri ubundi bushakashatsi bwakozwe kuri karubone ya bwerekanye ko impuzandengo ya cholesterol iri hafi ya ku ijana ugereranije niyumunyamerika ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bigaragaza ko umubiri muzima bafite ari ukubere morans isupu birashoboka ko bwo bwiza kuruta ibindi abamasayi babinye bwo kurya ibimera acacia nilotica nikimera gikoreshwa cyane igishishwa cyumuzi cyangwa uruti birabizwa mumazi hanyuma umazi avuyemo bakanywa yonyine cyangwa bakayavanga nisupu abamasayi bakunda gufata iki kinyobwa nkumuti kandi kizwiho kubatera imbaraga no kudatinyuka abamasayi barya isupu ivanze n ibishishwa bisharira n imizi irimo saponine igabanya cholesterol abo mu mijyibadafite ibimera bisharira bakunda kurwara umutima imbuto zigize igice kinini cyibiryo biribwa nabana nabagore baba bacunze inka kimwe na mabamorani kuvanga amaraso yinka aboneka mugutobora imitsi yazo n amata bikorwa mugutegura ikinyobwa cyimihango muminsi mikuru idasanzwe kandi nkintungamubiri kubarwayi ariko gukoresha amaraso mumirire gakondo biragenda bigabanuka kubera kugabanuka kwamatungo muri iki gihe abamasayi basigaye batunzwe cyane nibiryo biturutse ahandi nk ibigori umuceri ibirayi amashu n ibindi abamasayi batuye hafi y abahinzi borozi nabo bayobotse ubuhinzi nkuburyo bwibanze bwo kubaho muri utu turere ingano yikibanza ntabwo iba ari nini kuburyo yakwirwaho amashyo yinyamaswa bityo abamasayi bahatirwa guhinga nkabantu bazwiho guhora bimuka mumateka abamasayi basanzwe bashingira kubikoresho byaho byoroshye kuboneka hamwe nikoranabuhanga kavukire kugirango bubake amazu yabo inzu gakondo yabamasayi yubakagwa hagendewe ko bahora bimuka bityo ntabwo yamaraga igihe aya mazu yabaga yenda kumera nkurukiramende kandi yubatswe nabagore babishoboye yabaga afite inkingi zibiti zishinze mubutaka kandi hasobekeranyijemo udushami duto tw ibiti nyuma bagahomesha imvange yicyondo inkoni ibyatsi amase inkari zabantu n ivu amase y inka atuma inzu itava enkaj cyangwa engaji ni nto ipima nka kuri m na metero gusa mu buhagarike haba haromo aho umuryango utekera urira uryama usabanira kandi ubika ibiryo ibicanwa nibindi bintu byo murugo amatungo mato nayo akenshi arara muri enkaji imidugudu iab ikikijwe n uruzitiro rwa acacia enkang rwubatswe nabagabo mwijoro inka zose ihene n intama byose bishyirwa mu kigo hagati kure yinyamaswa zagasozi imyambarire ihinduka bitewe n imyaka n ahantu urugero abasore bambara umukara amezi menshi nyuma yo gukebwa kwabo nyamara umutuku niwo ukunzwe haba nimyenda y ubururu umukara iyamabara abamasayi batangiye gusimbuza uruhu rwinyamaswa uruhu rwinyana nuruhu rwintama imyenda yubudodo mu myaka ya za shk ni ijambo ryo mururimi rwa maa numwitero wa gakondo bambara bawizingiyeho mubisanzwe iba itukura nubwo imwe iba ifite andi mabara urugero ubururu nibishusho iroza ndetse nimyenda iriho indabyo indwanyi zirayirinda imyenda imwe izwi nka kanga ijambo ryigiswahiri irasanzwe abamasayi baba hafi y inkombe bashobora kwambara kikoi ubwoko bw imyitero iza mu amabara atandukanye n ibitambaro nyamara benshi bakunda iyimirongo abamasayi benshi muri tanzaniya bambara inkweto zudusandari zari zisanzwe zikorwa muruhu rw inka ubu basigaye bazikora mu mapine cyangwa plastike abagabo n abagore bambara udutako tw ibiti kumaboko abagore babamasayi bahora bari gukora imitako mu masaro n utugozi ibi bibafasha gutaka imibiri yabo nubwo hariho itandukaniro mubisobanuro byamabara n amasaro ibisobanuro rusange kumabara make ni umweru amahoro ubururu amazi umutuku umurwanyi amaraso ubutwari gukora imitako bikozwe nabagore bifite amateka maremare mubamasayi bagaragaza abaribo numwanya wabo mu muryango mugari binyuze mumitako yumubiri no gushushanya ku mubiri mbere yo guhura n abanyaburayi amasaro yavaga mubikoresho bari basanganwe aho amasaro y umweru yavaga mw ibumba ibikonoshwa amahembe y inzovu cyangwa amagufwa isaro ry umukara n ubururu ryakorwaga mu cyuma amakara imbuto ibumba cyangwa ihembe amasaro atukura yavaga mu mbuto mu mbaho amagufwa amahembe y inzovu umuringa ahagana mu mpera z ikinyejana cya cumi n icyenda amasaro menshi y iburayi yageze muri afurika y iburasirazuba bw yepfo abakora amasaro basimbuje amasaro ashaje ibikoresho bishya maze batangira gukoresha amabara menshi asobanutse ubu amasaro atsindajyiye y ibirahure adahanda niyo akunzwe kogosha umutwe biramenyerewe mumihango myinshi byerekana intangiriro nshya izakorwa ubwo umuntu aba ava mu kiciro kimwe ajya mu kindi abarwanyi nibo bamasayi bonyine baba bafite imisatsi miremire bayibohesha imigozi yoroheje iyo ageze ku gihe cy amezi umwana yitwa izina kandi yogoshwa umutwe bagasiga akazingo kamwe kumusatsi kuva ku gikanu kugeza ku gahanga kikaba gishasha imiterere yubuntu bujyirirwa uruhinja umugore wakuyemo inda yubushize umusatsi awushyira imbere cyangwa inyuma yumutwe biterwa nijyitsina cy umwana yabuze ibi bishushanya gukira kwe abahungu bakebwa ku munsi wa kabiri imitwe yabo ikogoshwa abarwanyi bato noneho bagatereka umusatsi wabo ugakura kandi batakaza igihe kinini bita kumusatsi wabo basigamo amavuta yinyamanswa na ocher kandi igabanijwe hejuru yumutwe aho amatwi agarukira umusatsi bawuboha mu mafpude y inyabubiri ipamba cyangwa ubwoya bw intama bishobora gukoreshwa mugukuza umusatsi umusatsi bashobora kuwureka ugatendera cyangwa bakawupfundikanya bakoresheje uruhu iyo abarwanyi banyuze muri eunoto bakaba abakuru imisatsi yabo miremire irogoshwa mugihe igitsina gabo cyogosha umusatsi iyo bava mu kiciro kimwe bajya mu kindi uwitegura kuba umugeni yogosha umusatsi kandi intama ebyiri zikicwa mukubahiriza uwo munsi kate bashabe ni munyarwandakazi wumucuruzikazi kandi washinze kabash brand na kabash soucie organisation ikora ibikorwa by urukundo muri bashabe yatsindiye amarushanwa ya miss mtn ndetse anaba ambasaderi wa mtn muri uwo mwaka mugihe yarangije amashuri yisumbuye yanatangiye gutanga serivisi za protocole kumasosiyete menshi nka mtn ferwacy nibikorwa byamasosiyete muri bashabe yabaye umuyobozi ushinzwe kugurisha no kwamamaza ibicuruzwa muri farumasi ya rak nyuma yo gukora muri farumasi ya rak imyaka hafi ibiri muri yatangije isosiyete ye itumiza mu mahanga aho yatumizaga ibicuruzwa nkimodoka imyenda ibikoresho byo munzu mu izina ryabakiriya nyuma y amezi make yahisemo gukurikiza inzozi zo mu bwana bwe mu myambarire maze akingura inzu yimyambarire ya kabash muri yaguye ashyiraho ubucuruzi bwa kabiri aho yibanze ku gishushanyo mbonera cy imbere ubukorikori bwa afurika byose munsi ya label ya kabash bashabe yatumiriwe kwitabira ibirori mpuzamahanga byerekanwa muri amerika muri na guverinoma y u rwanda mu rwego rwo kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa bya kabash mu mahanga no kwagura abakiriya be divayi y igitoki ni vino yimbuto ikozwe gusa mubitoki itandukanye n inzoga z igitoki zifite umuco muremure kandi zifite akamaro gakomeye muri afrika y uburasirazuba abahagarika n abandi yanditse igice ku banana wine mu gitabo inzoga na kwirinda mu bihe igitabo mpuzamahanga n ubwo iyi ni gato urujijo nk uko kugaragaza ibyo ni ubusanzwe yitwa inzoga insina ari insina divayi amakuru batanga kuri tekinike yumusaruro hamwe nimibereho myiza n imihango bifitanye isano na nyuma ntabwo bifitanye isano nibisanzwe bita vino y ibitoki tanzaniya divayi y ibitoki ikorwa mu bucuruzi no gusya ibitoki byumye bikaranze byeze amazi kugirango agabanye igitoki cyinshi cyane umusemburo wa vino nisukari byongewe kuri mashi yigitoki gutunganya inzoga gakondo nkuko byasobanuwe kurupapuro rwinzoga rwibitoki bitandukanye no gutunganya divayi y ubucuruzi kurugero inzira yo gukora vino yigitoki ikoreshwa na banana investment ltd nuburyo bukurikira mu umusaruro y ubucuruzi cavendish ibitoki zikoreshwa naho umusaruro kizanye bitandukanye cultivars harimo bombi guteka no inzoga east african highland ibitoki pisang awak gros michel na ibitoki apple zikoreshwa umuvinyu ukomoka mu bucuruzi ni ibinyobwa bisobanutse byoroheje cyane binyobwa bisindisha hamwe nigihe kirekire cyo kubaho kurenza inzoga yigitoki yangiritse byoroshye bityo ikabikwa igihe kirekire ukurikije ubwoko bwimisemburo nubunini bwisukari yongeyeho uburyohe hamwe ninzoga murwego rwanyuma birahinduka umusaruro wa divayi yigitoki ahanini uri kurwego ruto nubwo hageragejwe kubigeza ku musaruro w inganda kandi hari abakora ubucuruzi bwa divayi yigitoki urugero arusha ikorera muri banana investment ltd kuva mu ntangiriro ya hageragejwe kwagura umusaruro wa divayi y ibitoki mu bindi bihugu aho usanga ibihingwa byiganje guverinoma ya philippines yashatse kwagura inganda z ibitoki zaho gihe ubuhinde bwakoze divayi y ibitoki byatsindiye ibihembo ndetse n ubushakashatsi mu kwagura umusaruro flavia tumusiime ni umukinnyi wa filime ukomoka muri uganda anakora kuri radiyo na televiziyo umuhanzi urenga amajwi emcee akaba n umwanditsi w iminsi ya flavia akora ku kiganiro cya mu gitondo am pm show kuri radiyo capital fm i kampala uwahoze akorana na morning ntv kuri ntv uganda aho na we yikubye kabiri nk inkuru y amakuru kuri ntv iri joro kandi ni vj kumuyoboro o yakinnye nka kamali tenywa uruhare runini muri televiziyo ya nana kagga munsi yibinyoma urukurikirane kuva kugeza kandi yakiriye hamwe na guinness football challenge tumusiime yavutse mu i kampala kandi ni umwana w ikinege wa enoki tumusiime na christine asiimwe bakomoka i kabale mu majyepfo y uburengerazuba bwa uganda yize muri st theresa kisubi mu mashuri abanza hanyuma yinjira mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya kitante hill ku byiciro byombi o na a nyuma yize mu ishuri ry ubucuruzi rya kaminuza ya makerere aho yarangirije impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga tumusiime yakoraga kuri television kuva akiri ingimbi yatangiye akor kuri wbs kuri tv s teen s club ikiganiro yakoraga nizindi ngimbi mu gihe cy imyaka ine hagati ya na yakoze kuri k files ikindi kiganiro kuri wbs tv kuva yamurikiraga guinness football challenge yacaga muri aired kuri ntv uganda na itv ktn kenya mugihe kimwe yahoze ari vj kuri channel o yanamurikiraga kandi big brother africa mu flavia yinjiye muri ntv uganda nk icyuma cy amakuru kuri ntv iri joro mu yahoze afatanya nundi gukora ikiganiro mu igitondo morning ntv yatangiye mu ntangiriro za tumusiime yagize igihe gito akora nk umunyamakuru kuri hot fm mu mbere yuko atura muri capital fm aho yahoze kugeza aya magingo diane gashumba md mmed pediatrics ni umuganga w abana mu rwanda umuyobozi w ubuvuzi akaba n umunyapolitiki yabaye minisitiri w ubuzima mu y abaminisitiri ya minisitiri w intebe edouard ngirente yahawe uwo mwanya ku ya ukwakira mbere y ibyo kuva ku ya werurwe kugeza ku ya ukwakira gashumba yabaye minisitiri w uburinganire n iterambere ry umuryango muri guverinoma ya minisitiri w intebe anastase murekezi gashumba afite impamyabushobozi doctor of medicine md kandi na master of medicine mmed umwihariko mu buvuzi bw abana nk uko urubuga rwa minisiteri y ubuzima mu rwanda rubitangaza gashumba yari amaze imyaka akora ubuvuzi guhera mu mu gihe cyimyaka itatu yabaye umuyobozi wubuvuzi wibitaro bya kibagabaga nibitaro bya muhima hagati ya na yakoranye n umushinga w ubuzima bw abana n ababyeyi batewe inkunga na usaid nka umuyobozi mukuru w itsinda mu rwego rw ubuziranenge ndetse no kuba umuyobozi wungirije w ishyaka umushinga wa miliyoni z amadorali wagizwe mu turere two mu rwanda claver gatete wavutse ku ya gicurasi ni umunyapolitiki wo mu rwanda akaba n uwahoze ari ambasaderi ubu akaba ari minisitiri w ibikorwa remezo muri guverinoma y u rwanda mbere yuko ashyirwaho muri mata yabaye minisitiri w imari n igenamigambi mu by ubukungu kuva kugeza yari yarabaye guverineri wa banki nkuru y u rwanda kandi yari na ambasaderi w urwanda muri united kingdom ireland na iceland claver gatete yavukiye i mbarara muri uganda ku ya gicurasi ari naho yakuriye kandi yiga afite impamyabumenyi ya siyansi mu bukungu bw ubuhinzi yakuye muri kaminuza y ubwongereza ya columbiya vancouver yahawe mu shebuja wa siyansi no mu bukungu bw ubuhinzi yahawe igihembo mu na kaminuza imwe amaze kurangiza kaminuza gatete yakoraga muri kanada nk umukungu mu by ubukungu hagati ya na hanyuma akora nk umukungu mu by ubukungu muri gahunda y umuryango w abibumbye ishinzwe iterambere mu rwanda kugeza mu mu kwakira gatete yinjiye mu biro bya perezida nk umuntu uhagarariye perezida muri komite nyobozi ya nepad yabaye kandi umuhuzabikorwa w urwego rw igihugu rushinzwe gusuzuma urungano rw afurika aprm ndetse anaba umunyamuryango w ihuriro ry ubufatanye muri afurika rya nepad apf kugeza mu gushyingo mu gihe cy imyaka ibiri kuva mu gushyingo yakoze nka secretary wa tresorier ibyimari namikoro kuva mu gushyingo kugeza ukuboza gatete yari ambasaderi w u rwanda mu bwongereza irilande na isilande mbere yo kwinjira muri banki nkuru y u rwanda nka guverineri wungirije yaje kuba guverineri wa banki nkuru y u rwanda kuva muri gicurasi mbere yuko agirwa minisitiri w imari yagizwe minisitiri w ibikorwa remezo muri mata asimbuye james musoni yasimbuwe na minisitiri w imari w u rwanda na uzziel ndagijimana musa i c c cyangwa mansa musa yari mansa wa cumi bisobanurwa ngo sultan umutsinzi cyangwa umwami w abami w ubwami bwa mali igihugu cya kisilamu cyo muri afrika yuburengerazuba bivugwa ko ariwe muntu wari ukize kurusha abandimuri iyo myaka igihe musa yima ingoma igice kinini cya mali cyari kigizwe n ubutaka bw icyahoze ari ubwami bwa gana mali yari yarigaruriye ingoma ya mali yari igizwe n ubutaka ubu bugize igice cya mauritania na leta ya mali yubu ku ngoma ye musa yajyize amazina atandukanye y icyubahiroi nka emir wa melle nyir ibirombe bya wangara na uwigaruriye ghanata musa yigaruriye imigi hamwe n uturere tuyikikije ku ngoma ya musa mali ishobora kuba ari yo yari ifite zahabu nyinshi kwisi kandi musa yafatwaga nk umwe mu bantu babayeho bakize mu mateka ariko abanyamakuru bubu nka time magazine bemeje ko nta gipimo cya nyacyo cyo kubara ubutunzi bwa musa muri rusange musa azwi nka mansa musa mu nyandiko n ibitabobyanditswe nabo muburengerazuba bwisi izina rye kandi rigaragara nka kankou musa kankan musa na kanku musa andi mazina yakoreshejwe kuri musa arimo mali koy kankan musa gonga musa na the lion of mali yari umurinzi wa siyansi ubuhanzi ubuvanganzo n ubwubatsi kandi ubwami bwateye imbere mu muco ku ngoma ye ibizwi ku bami b ingoma ya mali byakuwe mu nyandiko z intiti z abarabu barimo al umari abu sa id uthman ad dukkali ibin khaldun na ibin battuta kubwa ibin khaldun amateka yumvikana yabami ba mali sekuru wa mansa musa yari abu bakr keita bihwanye na bakari cyangwa bogari mu cyarabu ntabwo ari sahabiyy abu bakr mwishywa wa sundiata keita washinze ingoma ya mali nkuko byaherekanwe mumateka nyemvugo abu bakr ntabwo yimye ingoma kandi umuhungu we se wa musa faga laye nta kintu kinini yakoze mu mateka ya mali mansa musa yaje ku ntebe y ubwami binyuze mu nzira yo gushyiraho uhagararira umwami yagiye mu rugendo rutagatifu i maka cyangwa mu kindi gikorwa runaka nyuma aza kujyirwa uzasimbura umwami kubw amakuru amwe musa yagizwe uhagararira abubakari keita ii umwami yasimbuye bivugwa ko yari yatangiye urugendo rwo gushakisha impera z inyanja ya atalantika kandi ntiyigeze agaruka intiti y abarabu y umunyamisiri al umari yasubiyemo mansa musa mu buryo bukurikira umutegetsi wambanjirije ntabwo yizeraga ko bidashoboka kugera ku nyanja ikikije isi bisobanura atlantike kandi yashakaga kugera ku mpera zayo kandi akomeza gutsimbarara ku gishushanyo mbonera yujuje rero amato magana abiri abantu andi ayuzuza zahabu amazi n ibiryo bihagije mumyaka myinshi yategetse umutware admiral kutazagaruka kugeza bageze ku mpera z inyanja cyangwa bamaze ibyokurya n amazi barajyiye bamaze igihe kirekire barabuze nyuma ubwato bumwe gusa nibwo bwagarutse ku kibazo twabajije kapiteni yagize ati gikomangoma twagenze igihe kirekire kugeza igihe twabonye hagati munyanja nk aho uruzi runini rutemba bikabije ubwato bwanjye bwari ubwa nyuma abandi bari imbere yanjye uwabaga akigera aho hantu wese yararohamye ubutagaruka nafashe ubwato nsubira inyuma kugira ngo mpunge uyu muhengeri ariko sultan ntiyamwizeye yategetse amato ibihumbi bibiri kugira ngo amukorere hamwe n abantu be n ibindi byinshi biriomo amazi n ibiryo hanyuma ansigira ububasha igihe adahari maze ajyana n abantu be mu rugendo rw inyanja ubutagaruka cyangwa ngo atange ikimenyetso cy ubuzima umuhungu wa musa n umusimbura mansa magha keita na we yagizwe umwungirije mu gihe cy urugendo rwa musa musa yari umuyisilamu w ukuri kandi urugendo rwe i maka rwamenyekanye cyane muri afurika y amajyaruguru no mu burasirazuba bwo hagati kuri musa islamu yari ukwinjira mu muco wo mu burasirazuba bwa mediterane yamaraga umwanya munini ateza imbere idini mu bwami bwe musa yakoze urugendo rwe hagati ya na urugendo rwe ngo rwarimo abagabo bose bambaye ikoze muri brocade nu budodo bwo muri perese barimo abacakara buri wese yatwaye  kg  cya zahabu n abashumba bambaye imyenda y ubudodo bitwaje inkoni za zahabu amafarashi ari kuri gahunda n ibikapu mu ntoki musa yatanze ibikenewe byose muri uwo mutambagiro agaburira abantu bose ninyamaswa izo nyamaswa zarimo ingamiya buri imwe yatwaraga  kg bya zahabu musa yahaye zahabu abakene yahuye nabo mu nzira musa ntabwo yahaye imijyi yanyuzemo mu nzira ijya i maka gusa harimo na cairo na madina ahubwo yanagurishije zahabu nkurwibutso bivugwa ko buri wa gatanu yubakaga umusigiti urugendo rwa musa rwanditswe nababyiboneye benshi mu nzira yacagamo batangajwe n ubutunzi bwe n umutambagiro muremure kandi izi nyandiko zituruka ahantu hatandukanye harimo ibinyamakuru inkuru zo mu kanwa n amateka birazwi ko musa yasuye sultan wa mamluk wo muri egiputa al nasir muhammad muri nyakanga kubera kamere ye yo gutanga kubera gutagaguza cyane no kujyira ubuntu bwinshi kwa musa byateje igwa ryagaciro ka zahabu mu jyihe cy imyaka mu mijyi ya cairo madina na maka iyinjira rya zahabu ku bwinshi ritunguranye ryatumye ita agaciro cyane ibiciro byibicuruzwa nibicuruzwa byarazamutse cyane iri kosa musa yararibonye maze agarutse avuye i maka yaka inguzanyo ya zahabu zose yashoboraga gutwara kubazitzngaga i cairo ku nyungu yohejuru iki nicyo gihe cyonyine cyanditswe mumateka umugabo umwe yagenzuye igiciro cya zahabu muri mediterane bamwe mu bahanga mu by amateka  bizera ko hija yakoze ahanini yari igamije kumenyekanisha igihugu cye cya mali aho kuba yari ishingiye kukwemera cyane kurema ihungabana ry ubukungu bene ako kajyeni bishobora kuba byarakozwe kubushake n ubundi kandi cairo niyo yari kwisonga mu gucuruza zahabuyari aho abantu bajyaga kugurayo zahabu nyinshi kugirango bimurire ayo masoko muri timbuktu cyangwa gao musa yagombaga kubanza kwica isoko rya zahabu muri cairo musa yatanze isomo rikomeye ubwo yerekanaga ubutunzi bwigihugu cye intego ye yari iyo guteza akajagari kandi yaratsinze cyane muri ibi ku buryo yishyize hamwe na mali kuri kwikarita ya catalan yo mu mu rugendo rurerure rwe rwo kugaruka avuye i maka mu musa yumvise amakuru avuga ko ingabo ze zafashe gao sagmandia umwe mu bajenerali be yayoboye icyo gikorwa umujyi wa gao wari mu bwami kuva mbere yingoma ya sakura kandi wari uwagaciro ku bucuruzi bw inyeshyamba musa yasubiye inyuma asura umujyi aho yacyiriye agafata bugwate abahungu bombi b umwami wa gao ali kolon na suleiman nar yagarutse i niani ari kumwe n abahungu bombi nyuma abigishiriza mu rukiko rwe mansa musa agarutse yagarukanye intiti nyinshi n abarabu nabubatsi musa yatangiye gahunda nini yo kubaka azamura imisigiti na madrase muri timbuktu na gao izwi cyane ikigo cya kera cyo kwiga sankore madrasah cyangwa kaminuza ya sankore cyubatswe ku ngoma ye i niani musa yubatse inzu yo kwakiriramo abaturage be inyubako yahuraga n umuryango w imbere ugana ibwami yari inyubak yagatangaza yari fite agasongero kuruziga rutasteho imirongo ya cyarabu yamabara meza amadirishya yimbaho yamagorofa yo hejuru yashizwemo ifeza iz amagorofa yo hasi ashyirwaho zahabu kimwe n umusigiti munini inyubako igezweho kandi ikomeye muri timbuktu inzu yubatswe n amabuye muri kiriya gihe hari urwego rwateye imbere rwimijyi mu bice bikuru bya mali sergio domian intiti mu byubujyeni n ubwubatsi wumu butaliyani yanditse kuri icyo gihe nguko uko hashyizweho urufatiro rw umuco wo mu mijyi kugasongero kubuhangange bwayo mali yari ifite nibura imigi kandi imbere muri delta ya nigeriya yari ituwe cyane byanditswe ko mansa musa yazengurutse imigi ya timbuktu na gao yerekeza i maka maze abagira igice cy ingoma ye ubwo yagarukaga ahagana mu yazanye abubatsi baturutse muri andalusiya agace ko muri espanye na cairo kugira ngo bubake ingoro ye nini i timbuktu n umusigiti ukomeye wa djinguereber na n ubu ujyihari timbuktu yahise ihinduka icyanya cy ubucuruzi umuco n ubuyisilamu amasoko yazanye abacuruzi baturutse muri hausaland mu misiri no mu bundi bwami bwa afurika hashyizweho kaminuza muri uyu mujyi ndetse no mu mijyi ya djenné na ségou kandi islamu yakwirakwijwe mu masoko na kaminuza byagize timbuktu agace gashya kabahabwaga inkuga zo kwiga ubuyisilamu amakuru y umujyi w ubutunzi bw ingoma ya mali yambutse inyanja ya mediterane yerekeza mu majyepfo y uburayi aho abacuruzi baturutse muri venise granada na genoa bidatinze bongera timbuktu ku ikarita yabo kugira ngo bacuruze ibikoresho mo zahabu kaminuza ya sankore muri timbuktu yagaruwe ku ngoma ya musa hamwe n abahanga mu by amategeko abahanga mu bumenyi bw ikirere n imibare iyi kaminuza yabaye ikigo cy imyigire n umuco ikurura intiti z abayisilamu baturutse muri afurika no mu burasirazuba bwo hagati i timbuktu mu ubwami bwa mossi bwateye kandi bwigarurira umujyi wa timbuktu gao yari yaraamaze gufatwa n umujenerali wa musa maze musa ahita agarura timbuktu yubaka urukuta rw amabuye maze ashyiraho ingabo zihagaze kugira ngo arinde umujyi abawutera mu gihe ingoro ya musa yazimye kaminuza n umusigiti biracyahagaze i timbuktu ku mpera z ingoma ya mansa musa kaminuza ya sankoré yari yarahindutse kaminuza ifite abakozi benshi ifite ibitabo byinshi muri afurika kuva kw isomero rya alegizandiriya kaminuza ya sankoré yari ifite ubushobozi bwo kwakira abanyeshuri kandi ifite imwe mu masomero manini ku isi ifite inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki zigera ku itariki y urupfu rwa mansa musa iracyashidikanwaho cyane mu banyamateka ba none n intiti z abarabu banditse amateka ya mali ugereranije n ingoma z abamusimbuye umuhungu we mansa maghan amategeko yanditse ko yayoboye kuva mu kugeza mu wa na mukuru we mansa suleyman wayoboye kuva mu kugeza mu wa nibyanditse mu myaka y ubutegetsi bwa musa itariki yabazwe y urupfu ni izindi nyandiko zivuga ko musa yateguye kuva ku ngoma akayisigira umuhungu we maghan ariko apfa nyuma gato yo kuva i maka mu dukurikije inkuru yanditswe na ibin khaldun mansa musa yari muzima igihe umujyi wa tlemcen muri alijeriya watsindwaga mu kuko yohereje umuhagarariye muri alijeriya gushimira abatsinze dr agnes binagwaho ni umuganga w abana mu rwanda ubu akaba ari umuyobozi wungirije wa university of global health and equity ughe kuva mu yagiye yita ku mavuriro mu nzego za leta ndetse anayobora imishinga myinshi imicungire y inzego z ubuzima ndetse yakoze ku myanya itandukanye muri leta yabaye umunyamabanga uhoraho wa kuva mu kwakira kugeza gicurasi na minisitiri w ubuzima kuva muri gicurasi kugeza nyakanga muri nzeri yagizwe umwarimu mukuru ushinzwe gutanga ubuzima ku isi muri university of global health and equity ughe i kigali mu rwanda naho muri mata agirwa umuyobozi wungirije wa ughe akaba n umuyobozi mukuru kuri ubu atuye i kigali yakoze kandi mu nama mpuzamahanga ngishwanama ku kigo cy ikigo cy ubuzima bw ubuzima ku isi muri imperial college london byongeye kandi yakoraga na komite ngishwanama mu bagize komite ishinzwe kurwanya indwara dcp kuva mu kugeza yanagize umwanya wo kuba umuyobozi w umuryango w abibumbye task force y intego z ikinyagihumbi umushinga wa vih sida no kubona imiti y ingenzi iyobowe na jeffrey sachs ku munyamabanga jenerali w umuryango w abibumbye binagwaho yatangiye ubuvuzi bwe mu bubiligi no mu bufaransa ari naho yarangirije amashuri ye y ubuvuzi yinzobere mu kuvura abana ubuvuzi bwihutirwa no kuvura virusi itera sida ku bana ndetse n abantu bakuru yakoraga cyane muri neonatology maze agarutse mu rwanda mu akora ivuriro mu bitaro bya leta imyaka ine yibanze ku bushakashatsi mu masangano y ubuzima imibereho myiza na politiki ubushakashatsi bwe n ibitabo bigamije kunoza uburyo bwo gukumira kwita no kuvura virusi itera sida n izindi ndwara binagwaho yavuze kenshi ku ruhare rukomeye ubushakashatsi bwagize mu kuzamura ubuzima mu gihugu cye araharanira cyane uburenganzira bw abana n uburinganire mu rwanda ndetse no ku isi hose ari mu ntera yo kurwanya virusi itera sida kandi aharanira gukwirakwiza uburyo bw ubushakashatsi bwashyizwe mu bikorwa kugira ngo habeho ingamba zo kugabanya no gukuraho umutwaro w indwara impamyabumenyi ye ya phd yibanze ku isesengura ry amahirwe yabuze abana banduye virusi itera sida kugira ngo bagere ku burenganzira bwabo ku buzima mu mwaka wa mu nshingano ze nka minisitiri w ubuzima binagwaho yatangije gahunda y igihugu yo gukingiza abana hpv virusi ya papilloma y abantu itera hafi kanseri zose z inkondo y umura gahunda yageze ku gipimo kirenga ku ijana muri yavuze kandi ko ari ngombwa kongera gutekereza ku iherezo ry ubuzima kugira ngo abantu bapfire mu cyubahiro mu nama mpuzamahanga yabereye i salzburg yagize ati kugira ngo tubigereho tugomba kugira ibiganiro mpaka ku rwego rw igihugu iyobowe n abayobozi b umwuka n umuryango kandi tugomba no kwigisha abaganga bose kubaha urupfu no kureka kubitinya muri binagwaho yatanze ikiganiro cya kaminuza ya londere ya lancet mu mwaka wa yabaye umunyacyubahiro david e barmes umwarimu w ubuzima ku isi abinyujije mu kigo cy igihugu cy ubuzima anatanga ikiganiro david e barmes inyigisho z ubuzima ku isi ubushakashatsi mu buvuzi n ubushobozi bw iterambere uburambe mu rwanda ibirori ngarukamwaka bihesha icyubahiro nyakwigendera dr barmes umuganga w amenyo w ubuzima rusange akaba n umuganga w indwara z ibyorezo witangiye umwuga we mu gukora ubushakashatsi bugamije guteza imbere ubuzima mu bihugu biri mu nzira y amajyambere muri yahawe ibihembo bibiri igihembo cya roux abinyujije mu kigo cy ubuzima n ubushakashatsi bw ubuzima ihme kubera ko yakoresheje imibare y ubushakashatsi bw indwara ku isi kugira ngo agabanye impfu z abana mu rwanda na ronald mcdonald inzu y ubugiraneza inzu y indashyikirwa kubera uruhare yagize mu kuzamura ubuzima bw abana yamenyekanye mu bagore bakomeye bo muri afurika bakomeye muri binagwaho yasohoye ingingo zirenga hamwe nibice byibitabo mu kwakira binagwaho yatangije ibiganiro kuri interineti abinyujije kuri twitter ku ngingo zijyanye na politiki y ubuzima ku isi ndetse n urwego rw ubuzima mu rwanda abakoresha urubuga rwa twitter baturutse mu rwanda ndetse no ku isi bose bifatanije na we mu biganiro byombi ku ngingo nka politiki yo kuboneza urubyaro muri afurika kubaka urwego rw ubuzima rw igihugu gushyiraho inkingo nshya politiki z inzego zinyuranye zo kurwanya imirire mibi kurwanya imiti idahwitse n imiti mpimbano na uruhare rwibigo byigihugu ndetse n amahanga mubuzima bwisi yose ukoresheje hashtag ushinzwe amasomo umuntu ku giti cye umugabekazi ni inyito yitwaga nyina w umwami umugabekazi izina mu cyongereza a queen mother or a dowager queen ubutegetsi bw ingoma ya cyami mu rwanda rwo hambere bwari bushingiye k umwami ariwe nyir igihugu ariko bukagenda bugira izindi nzego cyangwa abandi bantu batandukanye bagendaga bafasha cyangwa se bunganiraga umwami uri ku ngomba mu buryo butandukanye amatwara y ingoma ngabe aboneka mu bwiru yavugaga ko iyo umwami yimaga yimanaga na nyina umwana akaba umwami w igihugu undi akaba umugabekazi wacyo umugabekazi akaba yaranganyaga ububasha n umwami ibyemezo byose biyobora igihugu bakabifatira hamwe ariko nanone nubwo amahame ya cyami yavugaga ko abagore bose ari ab umwami ntibishaka kuvugako umugore w umwami wese umugabekazi umwami yagiraga umwamikazi umwe abandi bakaba inshoreke bityo rero umwamikazi yagiraga aho akomoka akaba ari nawe uzaba umugabekazi agategekana n umuhungu we igihe umwami yabaga amateka agaragaza ko kuva gihanga yahanga ingoma nyiginya y i gasabo aha ndavuga ahasaga mu w kugeza mu w abamikazi ari nabo bavagamo abagabekazi bagiraga imiryango n ubwoko bakomokagamo umuryango bakomokagamo witwaga ibibanda ibibanda bwari ubwoko bubyara abagabekazi umugabekazi yabaga afite ububasha mu gufata ibyemezo ubwo bubasha yabugiraga nyuma yuko umuhungu we yimye ingoma akaba umwami kuko mugihe yabaga ari umwamikazi yaherekezaga umwami mu birori cyangwa mu butumire butandukanye ari ntabyemezo ashobora kugiramo uruhare kugeza umwami atanze umuhungu we akima ingoma kugeza mu mwaka wa igihugu cy afurika cy u rwanda kiza mu bihugu bya mbere mu buringanire igitekerezo cy uburinganire bwiganje muri iki gihugu cyavutse nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yabaye mu leta yiyemeje kubungabunga uburenganzira bungana bwabagore n abagabo bitabangamiye amahame y uburinganire no kuzuzanya mu iterambere ry igihugu ibi bitekerezo bigaragazwa binyuze mu ruhare rw abagore b u rwanda muri guverinoma kubahiriza uburezi bw umugore n uruhare rw umugore mu buvuzi bw u rwanda iki gihugu kandi cyafashe ingamba zihamye zo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina muri jenoside rishyiraho gahunda y ibikorwa by igihugu nyuma y umwanzuro w umuryango w abibumbye kandi uharanira ko ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rirangira guverinoma y u rwanda yashyizweho kugira nibura ku ijana by abadepite babe abagore mu nteko ishinga amategeko ya abanyamuryango bari igitsina gore mu muri guverinoma y u rwanda harimo minisiteri y uburinganire n iterambere ry umuryango ibiro bishinzwe kugenzura uburinganire ndetse no kwiyemeza ingengo y imari ishingiye ku gitsina iteza imbere uburinganire guverinoma ishyigikiye gahunda nka women for women international rwanda yibanda ku bagore b igihugu kwigenga mu bukungu guverinoma kandi yateje imbere uburinganire mu rwanda ikoresheje minisiteri y uburinganire n iterambere ry umuryango mu mpinduka imwe ikomeye abagore bahawe uburenganzira bumwe n abagabo bwo kuzungura ubutaka no mu bindi bintu nko mu myanya imwe n imwe ya leta mu gisirikare no mu burezi gufata ku ngufu byakoreshejwe muri jenoside yo mu rwanda n abagabo b abahutu kugira ngo babone imbaraga no kugenzura abagore b abatutsi iki gikorwa ndetse cyatewe inkunga n abayobozi nk intwaro y intambara minisitiri w abahutu w umuryango n ibibazo by umugore mu rwanda pauline nyiramasuhuko yashishikarije abagabo b abahutu mu kuboneza urubyaro hagamijwe gufata ku ngufu mu magambo ya nyiramasuhuko yagize ati mbere yo kwica abo bagore ugomba kubasambanya ku gahato umuryango w abibumbye uvuga ko abagore bagera ku kugeza bafashwe ku ngufu mu gihe cya jenoside iyi mibare irashobora kuba yoroheje mugihe urebye ipfunwe rishingiye ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu rwanda igihe u rwanda rwatangiraga gutunganya ibyaha byakozwe mu gihe cya jenoside amategeko y u rwanda yashyize mu majwi gufata ku ngufu nk icyaha cya kane iki cyiciro gisa nuburemere bwo kwiba umutungo utitaye ku ihungabana rikomeye aba bagore bashobora kuba bafite ushinzwe imibereho myiza y abaturage godelive mukasarasi yamenye ako karengane maze akoranya abarokotse ku ngufu muri jenoside kugira ngo batange ubuhamya bwabo mu nteko ibikorwa bya mukasarasi byemereye abadepite kubona ubukana bwo gufata ku ngufu mu ntambara na jenoside abashingamateka bo mu rwanda bahinduye iki gikorwa mu mategeko ya jenoside bava mu cyiciro cya kane bagihindura icyaha cyo mu cyiciro cya mbere icyiciro cya mbere kingana no kwica umuntu kugirango akomeze impamvu za jenoside kwemeza ko gufata ku ngufu ari intwaro muri jenoside bishimangira iterambere ry igihugu mu buringanire godelieve mukasarasi yatangije kandi gahunda yiswe sevota yo gufasha abagore n abana bagezweho ningaruka zo gufatwa ku ngufu muri jenoside binyuze mu ihahamuka sevota isobanura ubufatanye bwo kubabara kw abapfakazi n imfubyi bigamije akazi no kwiteza imbere porogaramu ye ikoresha ubuhanzi nubusabane bwitsinda rito kugirango ifashe abagore nabana gusangira ubunararibonye no guca ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina iyi gahunda kandi ifasha gushyiraho umubano hagati yabana bavutse kubera gufatwa kungufu muri jenoside na ba nyina sevota iha abategarugori n abacitse ku icumu ibikoresho byo kuvuga ku ngufu n ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ikora kugira ngo ikureho isoni z abaturage no kuzana imbaraga umuryango w abibumbye wasohoye icyemezo mu kugira ngo hemezwe ubwitange bwabo ku buringanire mpuzamahanga iyi nyandiko yakozwe nyuma y amahano ya jenoside yo mu rwanda kandi yibanda ku buryo ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ryagize uruhare mu makimbirane umwanzuro werekana cyane cyane uburyo ihohoterwa nka jenoside ribabaza cyane abagore n abana aba bagore baba mu bihugu birimo amakimbirane nabo bagomba kugira uruhare runini mubikorwa byo guhosha umutekano umwanzuro urasobanura uburyo abagore bakeneye kugira ijambo rigaragara muri guverinoma zabo bakwiriye kurindwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no gufata ku ngufu bakeneye kurengerwa n amategeko ku bitero bishingiye ku gitsina kandi bagomba guhabwa uruhare muri gahunda z ubutabazi bwihutirwa ibihugu byinshi byashyize mu bikorwa icyemezo binyuze muri gahunda z igihugu ziyemeje guhagarika ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina u rwanda rwashyize mu bikorwa umwanzuro mu mwaka wa hagamijwe guca ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo n ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina gahunda y ibikorwa by igihugu yanakoze ku mibanire y abagabo n abagore nyuma ya jenoside no kubyara ubukungu burambye ku bagore mu gihugu hose hariho ugushidikanya ku buryo umwanzuro ugira ingaruka ku bagore baba mu turere tutishora muri politiki izwi cyane intsinzi yapimwe muri gahunda y ibikorwa by igihugu ntabwo yagize ibisubizo bifatika bifitanye isano nicyemezo u rwanda rwateje imbere uburezi bw abakobwa kuva jenoside yabaye mu task force ishinzwe uburezi bw abakobwa getf yashinzwe muri minisiteri y uburezi hagamijwe guteza imbere uburezi ku bakobwa bakiri bato hashyizweho gahunda zo gufasha kwigisha abagore bashobora kuba barigeze kuba barangije amashuri kandi bikabemerera kwiga amashuri bangiwe izi gahunda zuburinganire mu burezi ntabwo ari iz abakobwa gusa nubwo gahunda zashyizwe mu bikorwa zemerera abahungu n abakobwa kuganira ku burezi bw umugore ikigo cya aikiah nicyo kigo cya mbere cy abagore bose mu rwanda kandi gishyigikira uburinganire hagati y uburinganire bw umugore n umugabo bategura abanyeshuri babo kuba ejo hazaza h igihugu u rwanda rwagize impinduka nyinshi mu guteza imbere uburinganire kuri bose hamwe n icyiciro kimwe bakoze kugira ngo bateze imbere ubuvuzi malariya agakoko gatera sida na kolera byigeze kugaragara mu rwanda icyakora kuva itsembabwoko ryabaye mu u rwanda rukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo ibintu bishoboke guverinoma y u rwanda yafatanije na harvard s public in health ndetse n umuvugizi w ubuzima ku isi paul farmer hamwe niyi nkunga guverinoma yu rwanda yongeye gushyiraho gahunda y ubuzima guteza imbere ubuzima bw umugore byayobowe na minisitiri w ubuzima mu rwanda agnes binagwaho binagwaho yashimangiye uburinganire muri gahunda y ubuzima aharanira ko abakobwa bakiri bato bahabwa urukingo rwa hpv byongeye kandi u rwanda rumwe rw umuryango w abibumbye ruyobora amatsinda y ibiganiro ku buzima bw imyororokere ndetse no kuringaniza imbyaro kugira ngo bigishe abagore bo muri kaminuza ibijyanye n ubuzima n ubwo u rwanda rwemeje itegeko ku gufatwa ku ngufu kwabashakanye mu haracyari akazi ko guhagarika ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu gihugu kugeza mu mwaka wa ku ijana by abagore bo mu rwanda bahuye n ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no mu mibonano mpuzabitsina mu gihe cy amezi iyi mibare iracyari intambwe nini kuva igihe umubare munini wabagore bafashwe kungufu mugihe cya jenoside hashyizweho imiryango nk urugaga rw abagore mu rwanda mu rwego rwo gufasha kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo n ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na biomed central burasesengura igipimo cy ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa mu rwanda nyuma ya jenoside cyane cyane mu myaka ya na muri iki gihe ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina risobanurwa nk ihohoterwa ry umubiri amarangamutima imitekerereze cyangwa igitsina mu mibanire nk uko bitangazwa na biomed central ku ijana by abagore bo mu rwanda bavuga ko bari bafitanye umubano kandi bakarokoka ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu uyu mubare wazamutse ugera kuri ku ijana mu uku kwiyongera gushobora guterwa no kugabanya agasuzuguro ku bijyanye n ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa mu rwanda abagore bumva bamerewe neza mugihe basangira ibyababayeho byongeye kandi abayobozi ba politiki b abagore biyongereye cyane nyuma ya jenoside yabaye mu bivuguruza uruhare rw uburinganire mu gihugu hose biomed central yasanze kandi umubare w ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ry abafatanyabikorwa ryashoboraga kwiyongera bitewe n umubare ugaragara w abagore bakomeye muri societe yu rwanda izi nyigisho zombi zerekana ihinduka rito mu mahame mbonezamubano yerekeye ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ubundi bushakashatsi bwakozwe n abashakashatsi bo mu mashami muri kaminuza y u rwanda kigali kaminuza ya ume suwede na kaminuza ya gothenburg muri suwede bwakoze iperereza ku ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa ba hafi mu rwanda aya makuru yerekana ko nubwo leta yu rwanda yafashe icyemezo cyo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ry abafatanyabikorwa amahame mbonezamubano ku bagore yari agihuye n inshingano gakondo zishingiye ku gitsina izi ngingo zinyuranye zagize ingaruka ku buryo abagore bakoresha umutungo igihe bahuye n ihohoterwa ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza kandi ko kurandura burundu ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina impinduka zigomba kuva mu muryango w u rwanda kimwe na politiki yashyizwe mu bikorwa abagore bo mu rwanda na bo bagiye gukora kugira ngo icyuho cy imishahara gishingiye ku gitsina kiveho mu abanyarwanda binjiza amafaranga mirongo inani n umunani ugereranyije n idorari ry umugabo ibi bigashyira u rwanda ku mwanya wa mu buringanire bw ubukungu hagati y uburinganire kugeza mu mwaka wa igihugu cy afurika cy u rwanda kiza mu bihugu bya mbere mu buringanire igitekerezo cy uburinganire bwiganje muri iki gihugu cyavutse nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yabaye mu leta yiyemeje kubungabunga uburenganzira bungana bwabagore n abagabo bitabangamiye amahame y uburinganire no kuzuzanya mu iterambere ry igihugu ibi bitekerezo bigaragazwa binyuze mu ruhare rw abagore b u rwanda muri guverinoma kubahiriza uburezi bw umugore n uruhare rw umugore mu buvuzi bw u rwanda iki gihugu kandi cyafashe ingamba zihamye zo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina muri jenoside rishyiraho gahunda y ibikorwa by igihugu nyuma y umwanzuro w umuryango w abibumbye kandi uharanira ko ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rirangira guverinoma y u rwanda yashyizweho kugira nibura ku ijana by abadepite babe abagore mu nteko ishinga amategeko ya abanyamuryango bari igitsina gore mu muri guverinoma y u rwanda harimo minisiteri y uburinganire n iterambere ry umuryango ibiro bishinzwe kugenzura uburinganire ndetse no kwiyemeza ingengo y imari ishingiye ku gitsina iteza imbere uburinganire guverinoma ishyigikiye gahunda nka women for women international rwanda yibanda ku bagore b igihugu kwigenga mu bukungu guverinoma kandi yateje imbere uburinganire mu rwanda ikoresheje minisiteri y uburinganire n iterambere ry umuryango mu mpinduka imwe ikomeye abagore bahawe uburenganzira bumwe n abagabo bwo kuzungura ubutaka no mu bindi bintu nko mu myanya imwe n imwe ya leta mu gisirikare no mu burezi gufata ku ngufu byakoreshejwe muri jenoside yo mu rwanda n abagabo b abahutu kugira ngo babone imbaraga no kugenzura abagore b abatutsi iki gikorwa ndetse cyatewe inkunga n abayobozi nk intwaro y intambara minisitiri w abahutu w umuryango n ibibazo by umugore mu rwanda pauline nyiramasuhuko yashishikarije abagabo b abahutu mu kuboneza urubyaro hagamijwe gufata ku ngufu mu magambo ya nyiramasuhuko yagize ati mbere yo kwica abo bagore ugomba kubasambanya ku gahato umuryango w abibumbye uvuga ko abagore bagera ku kugeza bafashwe ku ngufu mu gihe cya jenoside iyi mibare irashobora kuba yoroheje mugihe urebye ipfunwe rishingiye ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu rwanda igihe u rwanda rwatangiraga gutunganya ibyaha byakozwe mu gihe cya jenoside amategeko y u rwanda yashyize mu majwi gufata ku ngufu nk icyaha cya kane iki cyiciro gisa nuburemere bwo kwiba umutungo utitaye ku ihungabana rikomeye aba bagore bashobora kuba bafite ushinzwe imibereho myiza y abaturage godelive mukasarasi yamenye ako karengane maze akoranya abarokotse ku ngufu muri jenoside kugira ngo batange ubuhamya bwabo mu nteko ibikorwa bya mukasarasi byemereye abadepite kubona ubukana bwo gufata ku ngufu mu ntambara na jenoside abashingamateka bo mu rwanda bahinduye iki gikorwa mu mategeko ya jenoside bava mu cyiciro cya kane bagihindura icyaha cyo mu cyiciro cya mbere icyiciro cya mbere kingana no kwica umuntu kugirango akomeze impamvu za jenoside kwemeza ko gufata ku ngufu ari intwaro muri jenoside bishimangira iterambere ry igihugu mu buringanire godelieve mukasarasi yatangije kandi gahunda yiswe sevota yo gufasha abagore n abana bagezweho ningaruka zo gufatwa ku ngufu muri jenoside binyuze mu ihahamuka sevota isobanura ubufatanye bwo kubabara kw abapfakazi n imfubyi bigamije akazi no kwiteza imbere porogaramu ye ikoresha ubuhanzi nubusabane bwitsinda rito kugirango ifashe abagore nabana gusangira ubunararibonye no guca ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina iyi gahunda kandi ifasha gushyiraho umubano hagati yabana bavutse kubera gufatwa kungufu muri jenoside na ba nyina sevota iha abategarugori n abacitse ku icumu ibikoresho byo kuvuga ku ngufu n ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ikora kugira ngo ikureho isoni z abaturage no kuzana imbaraga umuryango w abibumbye wasohoye icyemezo mu kugira ngo hemezwe ubwitange bwabo ku buringanire mpuzamahanga iyi nyandiko yakozwe nyuma y amahano ya jenoside yo mu rwanda kandi yibanda ku buryo ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ryagize uruhare mu makimbirane umwanzuro werekana cyane cyane uburyo ihohoterwa nka jenoside ribabaza cyane abagore n abana aba bagore baba mu bihugu birimo amakimbirane nabo bagomba kugira uruhare runini mubikorwa byo guhosha umutekano umwanzuro urasobanura uburyo abagore bakeneye kugira ijambo rigaragara muri guverinoma zabo bakwiriye kurindwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no gufata ku ngufu bakeneye kurengerwa n amategeko ku bitero bishingiye ku gitsina kandi bagomba guhabwa uruhare muri gahunda z ubutabazi bwihutirwa ibihugu byinshi byashyize mu bikorwa icyemezo binyuze muri gahunda z igihugu ziyemeje guhagarika ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina u rwanda rwashyize mu bikorwa umwanzuro mu mwaka wa hagamijwe guca ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo n ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina gahunda y ibikorwa by igihugu yanakoze ku mibanire y abagabo n abagore nyuma ya jenoside no kubyara ubukungu burambye ku bagore mu gihugu hose hariho ugushidikanya ku buryo umwanzuro ugira ingaruka ku bagore baba mu turere tutishora muri politiki izwi cyane intsinzi yapimwe muri gahunda y ibikorwa by igihugu ntabwo yagize ibisubizo bifatika bifitanye isano nicyemezo u rwanda rwateje imbere uburezi bw abakobwa kuva jenoside yabaye mu task force ishinzwe uburezi bw abakobwa getf yashinzwe muri minisiteri y uburezi hagamijwe guteza imbere uburezi ku bakobwa bakiri bato hashyizweho gahunda zo gufasha kwigisha abagore bashobora kuba barigeze kuba barangije amashuri kandi bikabemerera kwiga amashuri bangiwe izi gahunda zuburinganire mu burezi ntabwo ari iz abakobwa gusa nubwo gahunda zashyizwe mu bikorwa zemerera abahungu n abakobwa kuganira ku burezi bw umugore ikigo cya aikiah nicyo kigo cya mbere cy abagore bose mu rwanda kandi gishyigikira uburinganire hagati y uburinganire bw umugore n umugabo bategura abanyeshuri babo kuba ejo hazaza h igihugu u rwanda rwagize impinduka nyinshi mu guteza imbere uburinganire kuri bose hamwe n icyiciro kimwe bakoze kugira ngo bateze imbere ubuvuzi malariya agakoko gatera sida na kolera byigeze kugaragara mu rwanda icyakora kuva itsembabwoko ryabaye mu u rwanda rukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo ibintu bishoboke guverinoma y u rwanda yafatanije na harvard s public in health ndetse n umuvugizi w ubuzima ku isi paul farmer hamwe niyi nkunga guverinoma yu rwanda yongeye gushyiraho gahunda y ubuzima guteza imbere ubuzima bw umugore byayobowe na minisitiri w ubuzima mu rwanda agnes binagwaho binagwaho yashimangiye uburinganire muri gahunda y ubuzima aharanira ko abakobwa bakiri bato bahabwa urukingo rwa hpv byongeye kandi u rwanda rumwe rw umuryango w abibumbye ruyobora amatsinda y ibiganiro ku buzima bw imyororokere ndetse no kuringaniza imbyaro kugira ngo bigishe abagore bo muri kaminuza ibijyanye n ubuzima n ubwo u rwanda rwemeje itegeko ku gufatwa ku ngufu kwabashakanye mu haracyari akazi ko guhagarika ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu gihugu kugeza mu mwaka wa ku ijana by abagore bo mu rwanda bahuye n ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no mu mibonano mpuzabitsina mu gihe cy amezi iyi mibare iracyari intambwe nini kuva igihe umubare munini wabagore bafashwe kungufu mugihe cya jenoside hashyizweho imiryango nk urugaga rw abagore mu rwanda mu rwego rwo gufasha kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo n ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na biomed central burasesengura igipimo cy ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa mu rwanda nyuma ya jenoside cyane cyane mu myaka ya na muri iki gihe ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina risobanurwa nk ihohoterwa ry umubiri amarangamutima imitekerereze cyangwa igitsina mu mibanire nk uko bitangazwa na biomed central ku ijana by abagore bo mu rwanda bavuga ko bari bafitanye umubano kandi bakarokoka ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu uyu mubare wazamutse ugera kuri ku ijana mu uku kwiyongera gushobora guterwa no kugabanya agasuzuguro ku bijyanye n ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa mu rwanda abagore bumva bamerewe neza mugihe basangira ibyababayeho byongeye kandi abayobozi ba politiki b abagore biyongereye cyane nyuma ya jenoside yabaye mu bivuguruza uruhare rw uburinganire mu gihugu hose biomed central yasanze kandi umubare w ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ry abafatanyabikorwa ryashoboraga kwiyongera bitewe n umubare ugaragara w abagore bakomeye muri societe yu rwanda izi nyigisho zombi zerekana ihinduka rito mu mahame mbonezamubano yerekeye ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ubundi bushakashatsi bwakozwe n abashakashatsi bo mu mashami muri kaminuza y u rwanda kigali kaminuza ya ume suwede na kaminuza ya gothenburg muri suwede bwakoze iperereza ku ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa ba hafi mu rwanda aya makuru yerekana ko nubwo leta yu rwanda yafashe icyemezo cyo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ry abafatanyabikorwa amahame mbonezamubano ku bagore yari agihuye n inshingano gakondo zishingiye ku gitsina izi ngingo zinyuranye zagize ingaruka ku buryo abagore bakoresha umutungo igihe bahuye n ihohoterwa ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza kandi ko kurandura burundu ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina impinduka zigomba kuva mu muryango w u rwanda kimwe na politiki yashyizwe mu bikorwa abagore bo mu rwanda na bo bagiye gukora kugira ngo icyuho cy imishahara gishingiye ku gitsina kiveho mu abanyarwanda binjiza amafaranga mirongo inani n umunani ugereranyije n idorari ry umugabo ibi bigashyira u rwanda ku mwanya wa mu buringanire bw ubukungu hagati y uburinganire umuntu aca amarenga ashaka kubwira uwo baziranye icyo adashaka kubwira abamwumva bose ashobora kwita umuntu giti mu jisho kariharya nayandi mazina iyo begeranye ashobora kumucinya icyara cyangwa se akamukandagira iri jambo umuntu aribwira undi ari nk aho yamubajije uruendo arimo aho ruzamugeza ukubajije iri jambo umubwira aho uvuye n aho ugiye n ikikujyanye iyo ari ngombwa ko ukimumenyesh iri jambo uribwira uwo mureshya cyangwa uwo uruta ntiwaribwira uwo ukwiye gutinya umuntu bita agacuma k amagambo baba bamunegura uburondogozi n ubuzimuzi uriya muntu ntiwamubitsa ibanga ni agacuma k amagambo ababyeyi bonsa bavuga ko iyo bari kure y abana babo iyo barize babyumviraku mabere n umubyeyi utonsa iyo umwana we agize icyo aba niyo yaba ari mukuru aravuga ati amabere arikoze sinzi ikibaye kumwana wanjye abahanga bene ibyo babyita telepathy kuko upfushije umuntu acika umugongo na mbere yo kumva iyo nkuru mbi iyo umuntu ashaka kumvisha abandi ko umunsi ukuze arababwira ati ko mugirango si kera ubu amazi atemba ageze he shyari ni umusozi muremure umuntu muremure cyane niwe bavugiraho ko areshya na shyari nanone umuntu ukabije uburebure abagufi n abaciriritse bamunegura bavuga ko areshya n aho bwakereye umenya kumunegura nijoro bitabaho kuko ntibavuga ngo areshya n aho bwiriye aya magambo bayavugira ku muntu bamunegura ko akabije kuba mugufi hari ubwo bakeka umuntu bakavuga bati naka niwe wakoze ibi n ibi iyo abihakanye avuga ko bamubeshyera ashobora kugerekaho indahiro ubwo rero iyo abari bamuketse babisubiyemo baganira umwe ashobora kubwira undi ati yarirenze ararahira ati barambeshyera kwirenga bisobanura ko yabikoze yihanukiriye ababaye kandi rakaye isogo ni imboga zimera hafi y urugoahantu haheruka isuka hari imboga zitwa isogi nazo zimera hafi y urugo kurunga ni ugushyira amavuta y inka mu biryo ibirunge by isogi bavuga ko biryoha cyane nyamara ibirunge by isogo ntaburyohe bigira bazirunge zibe isogo rero babivugira ku muntu bagaya n ubwo yashoboraga gukora ibyiza yananiwe kubikora kubera ingeso n imico mibi asanganywe aya magambo bayavuga bahakana ko ibyo babakekaho ntabyo bafite uravuga ngo mfite ibyashara byinshi byahe byo kajya aya magambo bayabwira umuntu bamwiyama iyo umwana acutse ntiyongera konka umuntu ucukiye aho nawe ntiyongera gukora ibyo bamubujije findi findi ni uguhishahisha ibyo umuntu agambiriyeukaba utamenya aho abogamiye bavuga ko abantu baciye bugufi ari rubanda rusanzwe bityo guca bugufi ni ukwiyoroshya naho kwirata ni ukwishyira hejuru guca bugufi ni ukugaragara nk uworoheje nyamara washoboraga kugaragara nk ukomeye umukecuru bavuga ko yaciye imbyaro bashaka kuvuga ko yacuze guca imbyaro ni ukuba utagishoboye kubyara iteka mu bwinshi ni amateka iyo tuvuga amateka muri iki gihe humvikana inkuru za kera nyamara mu kinyarwanda cyo hambere amateka byasobanuraga amategeko guca iteka rero ni ugushyiraho itegeko umwami yaciye iteka rica urugomo urwo ni urugero ushobora kubona umuntu ugasanga atari ubwa mbere umubonaariko ukayoberwa aho umuzi iyo akurushije kwibuka ashobira kukubaza ati uranyibuka nawe uti ndabona unciye mu maso iyo uyobewe uwo wigeze kumenya aba aguciye mu maso iyo umuntu avuga undi akamuvugiramo atarasoza ijambo rye aba amuciye mu ijambo uwavugaga mbere ibye ntibyumvikana kuko umuvugiyemo adatuma asobanura ibyo yari atangiye kuvuga ahantu hareshya naho umuntu yataruka rimwe haba ari hagufi cyane guca umutaru ni ugukora akagendo gato cyane iyi uuze uti nari ntaraca umutaru cyangwa nari ntararenga umutaru uba uvuze ko wari ukiri hafi cyane imbehe niyo yahoze ari isahani y umunyarwanda guca urubanza ugamije kubona ibyo ushyira kwisahani ni uguca urwa mbeehe muri iki gihe bavuga ko umucamanza yariye ruswa nta kindi umunyarwanda yagiraga yashoboraga gukoresha kugirango abashe kubona ni joromunzu keretse umuriro wo muziko bityo rero iyo habaga impamvu ituma abantu barara bicaye byari ngombwa ko umuriro urara waka bene uwo muriro niwo bita igishyito gucana igishyito ni ugucana umuriro w inkwi zikomeye maze ukagumaho igihe kirekire iyo umubyeyi yabyaraga ari ku kiriri bamucaniraga igishyito niho umuhango wo kujya guhemba bakajyana inkwi wavuye gukendera ni ukubura uko ubigenza kubura uwo utabaza cyangwa kubura wirwanishaho iyo bavuze ngo yumvise uko byagenze acika amakendero baba bavuze ko yihebye agacika intege akamera nk ugushije ishyano iyo abantu bari hamwe bagapfa uvuyemo agakira ku bwa mahirwe aba acitse kw icumu kurondogora ni ukuvuga amagambo menshi kuburyo bihinduka ikinegu iyo umuntu yahuye n amakuba amaganya aba menshi iyo uwo muntu aganyira umuhisi n umugenzi baravuga ngo yacitse ururondogoro umuntu ashobora no gucika ururondogoro kubera inkuru nziza atari yiteze iyo ingabo ziri ku rugamba zirwana uwishe undi bavuga ko yamucuze inkumbi gucura inkumbi ni ukwica umuntu imodoka yai imucuze inkumbi imodoka yari imwishe ni umushumba baba bavuga ucyuye amatungo ye ubuhoro uwo bita mucyurabuhoro ni umunyamugisha ucyura ubuhoro aba azanye umugisha mu rugo icyemeza ko umuntu yibye itungo akaribaga akarirya nuko bamusangana igihanga cyaryo kukocyo udashobora kukirya bityo rero iyo batanye umuntu ikimenyetso ko yibye bavuga ko bamufatanye igihanga iyo umujura apfumuye urugo cyangwa inzu ashaka aho anyura ngo ajye kwiba aho hantu bahita icyuho kumufatira aho hantu rero bimeze nko kumufatana igihanga ntashobora guhakana ubujura gufatirwa mu cyuho ni ugufatwa urimo kwiba umnuntu ashobora gushaka kukugirira nabi akabura aho ahera kumuha urwaho ni ukumuha urwitwazo akabona icyo yuririraho ni urubuga baba bavuga guhabwa urubuga rugari ni ukwemererwa kwisanzura kera abanyarwanda batinyaga abazimu cyane iyo umuntu yapfaga nta mwana w umuhungu asize batinyaga kumuhamba nk abandi bantu baribwiraga bati umuzimu we ninde uzawuterekera bagakeka ko azamerera nabi abantu bo mu muryango bityo bakamuhambana ikara ry umuriro ngo babe bamuterekereye mbere y igihe guhambanwa ikara ni kimwe no kuvuga gupfa bucike kubere ko umugongo ugenewe guheka umwana guheka amaboko bishushanya kubura umwana uheka ni bibi rero guheka amaboko uwabituka undi ngo aragaheka amabokoaba amututse gupfusha umwana kera iyo ingabo zatabarukaga zivuye ku rugamba zikaza kwiyereka umwami zagendaga kuri gahundazibanguye amacumuburi wese azamuye icumu rye ubwo rero uwabaga yarishe umubisha ku rugamba byagaragazwaga n uko yahese ikigembe cyi cumu rye guheta icumu ni ukwerekana ubutwari ku rugamba abahinzi benshi mu murima baba bahinga ubudehe iyo bahingira inzoga guhinga ubudehe mu mvugo ijimije ni ukuvuyanga ibintu n abantu iyo bavuze ngo kanaka abakozi be yabahinzemo ubudehe baba bavuze ko yabavurunganyije akabamerera nabi umuravumba iyo bawushyize mu mazuru uraryana cyane iyo umuntu abeshye undi bikomeye cyaneakemera akayobabavuga ko uwamushutse yamukamuriye umuravumba mu zuru gukoma akamo ni ugutera ijwi hejuru aho bitandukaniye no kuvuza induru nuko uvuza induru akubita urushyi ku munwa kandi akavuga cyane ataka akamo kagira injyana yaho akamo k abahigi akamo k abashumba akamo k ingabo byose biratandukanye kera amashyi yari ayumwami wenyine gukoma yombi byari ukuramya umwami wamugeraga imbere ugakoma yombi ukabona kuvuga ikikugenza gukubita amaguru y ubusa ni ugukora urugendo ntugere ku cyakujyanye iyo ugiye ahantu ugasanga umuntu washakaga adahari uba ukubise amaguru y ubusa ukubiswe n inkuba naho itamwica imukura umutima hari ibintu ubona cyangwa wumva bikagukura umutimaiyo ubisubiriramo abandi ubibatekerereza ushobora kubabwira ko wabyumvise cyangwa wabibonye ugakubitwa n inkuba uba ushaka kubabwira ko byari biteye ubwoba gupfa umuntu agasoni ni ukumwubaha cyangwa kumwihanganira iyo uvuze uti ntawe ukimpfa agasoni uba uvuze ko basigaye bagusuzugura umupfasoni ni umuntu wo kubahwa gupfa umuntu agasoni ni ukwanga kumutesha agaciro iyo umuntu yapfuye bakunze kubaza icyamwishe uwishwe nindwara bavuga ko yapfuye urw ikirago abanyarwanda baryamaga mu birago nicyo cyatumye bavuga ngo yapfuye ari mu kirago haseka uwishimye usetse uwapfuye aba ari umushinyaguzi uwapfuye urwo baseka ntaba yarapfuye ngo bamushyingure aba yarapfuye ahagaze yarahindutse igishungero yarabaye iciro ry imigani bivugirwa ku muntu usaba hato na hato kuburyo abandi bamwinuba inzobe ni inyamaswa igira uruhu rwiza kera uwo bitaga uwambaye inzobe babaga bamuhaye igisingizo uruhu rw inzobe rwisasirwaga n umuntu ukomeye gusasa inzobe cyakora ntibyerekeranye no kuryama ahubwo byerekeranye no kwicara abantu bakaganira gusasa inzobe bivugwa iyo abantu biteguye kwicara bakaganira bakabwizanya ukuri ntawe uryarya abandi ijosi nubusanzwe ntirirambitse rirahagaritse kurishinga ni uguhagarara wemyeukarirega ureba imbere bikagaragaza guhangana nuwo murebana ni ikimenyetso cyo gusuzugura uwo ushingiye ijosi uwo wubashye umuhagarara imbere ugonze ijosi usa n uwenda kureba hasi gushinga ijosi ni imvugo yerekeye ku gasuzuguro amanga akomoka ku nshinga kwanga iyo wanze gukora ikintu uba ufite impamvu zibigutera gushira amanga bivugirwa ku gikorwa umuntu atinyutse gukora kandi ubundi yakagombye gutinya kugikora atinya kukizira kuvuga ushize amanga ni ugutinyuka kuvuga ku mugaragaro ibyo wagatinye kuvuga iyo ugira ubwoba hari igisakuzo kigira giti kashira amanga karakanyagwa bakakica bagira bati agasazi kagwa ku ruhanga rw umwami gushira amanga ni ugutinyuka isoni zishobora kuba mbi iyo ziguteye gukora nabi ugize isoni zo gutinya kuvuga kandi wagombaga kuvuga wabigayirwa naho gushira isoni bivugirw ku muntu usuzugura wanze gukora icyo umukuriye yamushinze umwana shira isoni iyo yanzze gukora umurimo ababyeyi bamutegetse icyena ni ahantu hatebeye uhagereranije n ahandi byegeranye inka iyo ishonje bavuga ko ifite icyena gushira ubwena ni uguhaga isibo rirangwa no kwihuta n ikivunge kugenda mw isibo ni ukugendamu kivunge cy abantu benshi kandi wihuta intore zigiye guhamiriza zishoka isibo ushobora kumva hari uwo basingiza bamwita sibo y intore ingunzu ni inyamaswa iba mu ishyamba iteye nk imbwa igira ibara ry ikijuju igakunda kuba ahantu hari ibitare by amabuye kuburyo usanga hari ahantu hitwa ku butare bw ingunzu iyo umuntu ayisanze ku nzira imurebera ku rutugu nicyo gituma bavuga ko isuzugura gusuzugura nk ingunzu bivugirwa ku muntu ukabya gusuzugura n umuvugishije akamusubiza ubona atabishaka ahantu habaye ibyago bagiraga umuhango wo gucana umuriro uwo muriro ugakomeza gucanwa mu kiriyo umunsi wo gusoza ikiriyo bakawuzimya igiti gisigaye kitaraka ntago bakirekeraga aho ngo bazagicane ubundi ahubwo bajyaga kugita kure guta igiti rero ni ugusoza ikiriyo iyo inzoga iri mukabindi aho igarukira niho bita umuzizi wayo iyo basomyeho iramanukamaho umuzizi wahoze ukahava ubwo iba itaye umuzizi umwami iyo yicaye bavuga ko atetse aho ateka hitwa ijabiro guteka ijabiro kuru byavugirwa ku mukuru w igihugu uri munteko umwana muto akinisha ibintu byose ndetse niyo yangije birihanganirwa bikabarirwa ku wabyandaritse umwana ukina ibyo akora babyita guteta guteta ubumena ifu ni ugukabya haba harimo nubugoryi iyo babwiye umuntu ngo arateta ubumena ifu baba bamubwiye akabije kwangiza imyicarire y abakobwa bo hambere kwari ugutsinda akabero gutsinda akabero byavugirwaga ku muntu uguwe neza bati yatsinze akabero bashaka kuvuga ko ntacyo yishisha iyo umuntu arebye kure abona ijuru rifatanye n ubutaka abakera bibwiraga ko ahongaho ariho igihugu kigarukira aho giherera guturuka iyo gihera ni uguturuka kure cyane kujorora ni ukuvuga kw inzoka yo munda iyo uvuze ko nta ninzoka yo munda yajoroye nukuvuga ko nta no guhigima kwabayeho usibye no kuvuga baramutse bakubwiye ko wateye amahane ku muntu ushobora gusubiza uti haba niyo munda ngo izajorore ushaka kuvuga ko bakubeshyera ntacyo wigeze uvuga kugirango umwambaro ucike umuntu aba yakoze umurimo w imbaraga iyo uvuze uti ibyo ntibyancira ishati uba uvuze ko ibyo bintu nta kamaro bigufitiye utabivunikira iyo izuba rimaze kurenga umugoroba ukubye baba babona ko bugiye kwira ijoro rigiye kugwa maze bagahagarika imirimo yose iyo ijoro riguye nukuvuga ko buba butangiye kwira inka y ijigija ni inka ikuze ariko itarasaza n umugabo w ijigija ni uri mu kigero kiri hagati y ubusore n ubusaza iyo ijoro rijigije riba rikuze ni nyuma y igicuku kuvuga ko ijoro rijigije ni kimwe no kuvuga ko ijoro rikuze iyo abantu bafite icyo bapfa umwe aba arakariye undi yifuza icyo yamubonaho ngo akimurege umwe rero ashobora gukora ikintu aziko kiri burakaze undi ariko akavuga ngo ikibyimbye kimeneke ninkaho yakavuze ati nashaka avuge nashaka arorere nashaka andege nashaka arorere nukuvuga ngo uburakari amfitiye nibushaka buturike abanyarwanda bemeraga ko hari igikorwa kizira wakora ukabemba cyangwa ugapfa ubwo rero iyo wagikoraga baguhaga umuti kugirango utagira icyo uba iyo umuntu bamubuza gukora ikintu akanga akagikora ashobora kuvuga ati ikizaba nzanywa umuti ni nkaho yavuze ko yemeye ingaruka zose zizamubaho iyi mvugo ikoreshwa batangarira igihe kirekire gishize bakagira bati imbara byabereye ntibirangira cyangwa bati imbara na mbariro byabereye aya magambo ashobora kuba akomoka kw ijambo kubara byo kubara inkuru ni nko kuvuga ngo iyo nkuru aho yabereye bayibara bakongera bakayibara imbara na mbariro franois kanimba ni impuguke n inararibonye mu bukungu n ibarurishamibare franois kanimba yavutse taliki kuwa werurwe avukira mu murenge wa kamegeri mu karere ka nyamagabe hahoze ari gikongoro ababyeyi be bari abahinzi iwabo uretse kanimba francois abandi kwiga byarabananiye bava mu ishuri bajya gucuruza kanimba yize amashuri abanza kuva mu kugera amashuri y isumbuye yayize mu ishuri ry isumbuye rya runyombyi kuva mu kugera kanimba kandi yize muri kaminuza i paris mu ubufaransa aho yize ibijyanye ni ibarurishamibare mu ubukungu kuva mu kugera mu franois kanimba arangije amashuri yagarutse mu rwanda aho kuva mu mwaka wa kugera yabaye umuyobozi mukuru muri minisiteri y igenamigambi ya leta kuva mu yagiye gukora mu ishami rya banki y isi i kigali nk impuguke mu bukungu kanimba yabaye visi guverineri wa banki nkuru y u rwanda kuva mu kugera mu nyuma yabaye guverineri wa banki nkuru y u rwanda kuva mu kugera mu kanimba kandi yabaye kuva muri kugera mu kanimba kandi niwe watangije polite ya leta y ibikorerwa mu rwanda made in rwanda mu mwaka wa kuva muri kanama kanimba ni komiseri ushinzwe isoko rusange ubukungu ubucuruzi n imari by zozibini tunzi wavutse ku ya nzeri ni umunyamideli wo muri afurika y epfo akaba anafite ikamba ryo mwirushanwa ry ubwiza rikomeye cyane rya miss universe tunzi yari yarahawe ikamba rya nyampinga wa afrika yepfo ni umukobwa wa gatatu ukomoka muri afurika y epfo wegukanye iri kamba akaba numwiraburakazi wa mbere uryegukanye nyuma ya leila lopes wegukanye ikamba rya miss universe intsinzi ye yatumye iba umwaka wambere amarushanwa y ubwiza ane yose akomeye yo muri amerika yegukanywa n abiraburakazi abandi bafite amakamba ni nia franklin miss america kaliegh garris miss teen usa na cheslie kryst miss usa byongeye kandi niyo yabaye umwaka wa mbere abiraburakazi batsindiye amarushanwa abiri akomeye mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga y ubwiza kuko na toni ann singh wo muri jamaica yatsindiye miss world tunzi yavukiye i tsolo mu burasirazuba bwa cape ni mwene philiswa nodapu na lungisa tunzi yakuriye mu mudugudu uri hafi ya sidwadweni iwabo bavutse ari abakobwa bane nyuma tunzi yaje kwimukira i cape town atura mu nkengero za gardens kugira ngo yige muri kaminuza y ikoranabuhanga ya cape peninsula yarangije afite impamyabumenyi mu micungire y imibanire rusange muri muri tunzi yakoraga umurimo wo kwamamaza imideli yaratuye mu burasirazuba bwa london cape mbere yo gutsindira ikamba rya nyampinga w afurika y epfo tunzi yarangije icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu bijyanye n imicungire y imibanire rusange muri kaminuza y ikoranabuhanga ya cape peninsula yanakoraga akazi ko kwimenyereza umwuga mu ishami ry imibanire rusange muri ogilvy cape town tunzi yatangiye kwiyamamaza mu marushanwa y ubwiza mu ubwo yemererwaga kuba umwe mu bakobwa bagombaga kurushanwa muri kimwe cya kabiri cya nyampinga wa afurika y epfo ariko ntiyaharenga yagarutse mu marushanwa ya nyampinga wa afurika y epfo mu maze ku ya kamena tunzi yemererwa kuba umwe mu bakobwa ba mbere bahatanira iri rushanwa mu basabye bwa mbere nyuma yo kunyura imbere y akanama nkemurampaka tunzi yatangajwe nkumwe muri cumi na batandatu bagombaga kurushanwa ku ya nyakanga nyuma yo gutorwa nk umwe mu bahatanira umwanya wa nyuma tunzi yagiye kwitabira amarushanwa ya nyampinga w afurika yepfo yabereye i pretoria ku ya kanama yaje mu icumi ba mbere hanyuma batanu ba mbere hanyuma amaherezo babiri ba mbere kugeza ubwo yambitswe ikamba na tamaryn green wamubanjirije umwanya w igisonga cya mbere wegukanywe na sasha lee olivier nyuma yo gutsinda tunzi yakiriye ibihembo birimo amafaranga miliyoni yamarandi akoreshwa muri afurika y epfo imodoka nshya inzu yo kubamo muri sandton hafi ya juwaneziburu ifite agaciro ka miliyoni zamarandi iryo kamba kandi ryahesheje tunzi amahirwe yo guhagararira afurika y epfo mu marushanwa ya miss universe tunzi yageze i atalanta jeworujiya muri leta zunze ubumwe za amerika guhatanira ikamba rya miss universe mu gushyingo yitabiriye ijonjora ribanza ku ya ukuboza yitabira igice gisoza ku ya ukuboza kuri studiyo ya tyler perry muri iri rushanwa tunzi yazamutse muri makumyabiri ba mbere aricyo bita kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza nkumwe mubahize abandi ku mugabane wa afurika n aziya pasifika nyuma yazamutse muri icumi ba mbere hanyuma batanu ba mbere hanyuma amaherezo batatu ba nyuma ibirori birangiye tunzi yambitswe ikamba rya miss universe na nyampinga wari ucyuye igihe catriona gray wo muri filipine madison anderson wo muri porto rico yabaye igisonga cya mbere naho sofa aragn wo muri mexico aba igisonga cya kabiri intsinzi ya tunzi ni ikamba rya gatatu rya miss universe ryari ritashye muri afurika y epfo niwe wambere wegukanye iri kamba afite umusatsi mugufi wa kinyafurika mu cyiciro cya nyuma batatu ba mbere buri wese yabajijwe ikibazo kimwe ni ikihe kintu cy ingenzi twakagombye kwigisha abakobwa bakiri bato uyu munsi tunzi asubiza agira ati ntekereza ko ikintu cyingenzi twakagombye kwigisha abana babakobwa muri iki gihe ni ubuyobozi nikintu kimaze igihe kinini kibura mubakobwa n abagore atari ukubera ko tutabishaka ahubwo ni ukubera uko umuryango ufata abagore nigisobanuro uha izina ryabo ndibwira ko turi ibiremwa bikomeye cyane kwisi kandi ko tugomba guhabwa amahirwe yose kandi icyo nicyo dukwiye kwigisha abakobwa bakiri bato gufata umwanya wibanze ntakintu nakimwe cyingenzi nko gufata umwanya w ibanze mumuryango no gushimangira uwo uriwe wowe ubwawe murakoze nka miss universe tunzi azaba mu mujyi wa new york kandi azitabira ibirori byinshi ndetse no kugaragara kwisi yose nyuma yo gutsindira miss universe tunzi yasimbuwe nuwari igisonga cye cya mbere sasha lee olivier kumwanya wa nyampinga wa afurika y epfo mu nshingano ze nka miss universe tunzi yagiye muri indoneziya ajya mu mijyi itandukanye na leta zitandukanye zo muri amerika ndetse n igihugu cye cya afurika y epfo inyandiko y umwimerere zozibini tunzi wavutse ku ya nzeri ni umunyamideli wo muri afurika y epfo akaba anafite ikamba ryo mwirushanwa ry ubwiza rikomeye cyane rya miss universe tunzi yari yarahawe ikamba rya nyampinga wa afrika yepfo ni umukobwa wa gatatu ukomoka muri afurika y epfo wegukanye iri kamba akaba numwiraburakazi wa mbere uryegukanye nyuma ya leila lopes wegukanye ikamba rya miss universe intsinzi ye yatumye iba umwaka wambere amarushanwa y ubwiza ane yose akomeye yo muri amerika yegukanywa n abiraburakazi abandi bafite amakamba ni nia franklin miss america kaliegh garris miss teen usa na cheslie kryst miss usa byongeye kandi niyo yabaye umwaka wa mbere abiraburakazi batsindiye amarushanwa abiri akomeye mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga y ubwiza kuko na toni ann singh wo muri jamaica yatsindiye miss world tunzi yavukiye i tsolo mu burasirazuba bwa cape ni mwene philiswa nodapu na lungisa tunzi yakuriye mu mudugudu uri hafi ya sidwadweni iwabo bavutse ari abakobwa bane nyuma tunzi yaje kwimukira i cape town atura mu nkengero za gardens kugira ngo yige muri kaminuza y ikoranabuhanga ya cape peninsula yarangije afite impamyabumenyi mu micungire y imibanire rusange muri muri tunzi yakoraga umurimo wo kwamamaza imideli yaratuye mu burasirazuba bwa london cape mbere yo gutsindira ikamba rya nyampinga w afurika y epfo tunzi yarangije icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu bijyanye n imicungire y imibanire rusange muri kaminuza y ikoranabuhanga ya cape peninsula yanakoraga akazi ko kwimenyereza umwuga mu ishami ry imibanire rusange muri ogilvy cape town tunzi yatangiye kwiyamamaza mu marushanwa y ubwiza mu ubwo yemererwaga kuba umwe mu bakobwa bagombaga kurushanwa muri kimwe cya kabiri cya nyampinga wa afurika y epfo ariko ntiyaharenga yagarutse mu marushanwa ya nyampinga wa afurika y epfo mu maze ku ya kamena tunzi yemererwa kuba umwe mu bakobwa ba mbere bahatanira iri rushanwa mu basabye bwa mbere nyuma yo kunyura imbere y akanama nkemurampaka tunzi yatangajwe nkumwe muri cumi na batandatu bagombaga kurushanwa ku ya nyakanga nyuma yo gutorwa nk umwe mu bahatanira umwanya wa nyuma tunzi yagiye kwitabira amarushanwa ya nyampinga w afurika yepfo yabereye i pretoria ku ya kanama yaje mu icumi ba mbere hanyuma batanu ba mbere hanyuma amaherezo babiri ba mbere kugeza ubwo yambitswe ikamba na tamaryn green wamubanjirije umwanya w igisonga cya mbere wegukanywe na sasha lee olivier nyuma yo gutsinda tunzi yakiriye ibihembo birimo amafaranga miliyoni yamarandi akoreshwa muri afurika y epfo imodoka nshya inzu yo kubamo muri sandton hafi ya juwaneziburu ifite agaciro ka miliyoni zamarandi iryo kamba kandi ryahesheje tunzi amahirwe yo guhagararira afurika y epfo mu marushanwa ya miss universe tunzi yageze i atalanta jeworujiya muri leta zunze ubumwe za amerika guhatanira ikamba rya miss universe mu gushyingo yitabiriye ijonjora ribanza ku ya ukuboza yitabira igice gisoza ku ya ukuboza kuri studiyo ya tyler perry muri iri rushanwa tunzi yazamutse muri makumyabiri ba mbere aricyo bita kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza nkumwe mubahize abandi ku mugabane wa afurika n aziya pasifika nyuma yazamutse muri icumi ba mbere hanyuma batanu ba mbere hanyuma amaherezo batatu ba nyuma ibirori birangiye tunzi yambitswe ikamba rya miss universe na nyampinga wari ucyuye igihe catriona gray wo muri filipine madison anderson wo muri porto rico yabaye igisonga cya mbere naho sofa aragn wo muri mexico aba igisonga cya kabiri intsinzi ya tunzi ni ikamba rya gatatu rya miss universe ryari ritashye muri afurika y epfo niwe wambere wegukanye iri kamba afite umusatsi mugufi wa kinyafurika mu cyiciro cya nyuma batatu ba mbere buri wese yabajijwe ikibazo kimwe ni ikihe kintu cy ingenzi twakagombye kwigisha abakobwa bakiri bato uyu munsi tunzi asubiza agira ati nka miss universe tunzi azaba mu mujyi wa new york kandi azitabira ibirori byinshi ndetse no kugaragara kwisi yose nyuma yo gutsindira miss universe tunzi yasimbuwe nuwari igisonga cye cya mbere sasha lee olivier kumwanya wa nyampinga wa afurika y epfo mu nshingano ze nka miss universe tunzi yagiye muri indoneziya ajya mu mijyi itandukanye na leta zitandukanye zo muri amerika ndetse n igihugu cye cya afurika y epfo kimwe n abagore benshi bakennye bo mu bihugu by afurika umubare munini w abagore ba bamasayi muri kenya bagenewe kubaho mu bukene no gukandamizwa mu muco igisekuru kimwe gishize munsi ya byabagore ba masayi muri kenya biyandikishije mwishuri uyu munsi nubwo amashuri abanza yubusa muri kenya kuva muri mutarama byabakobwa ba bamasayi bonyine ni bo biyandikisha mumashuri naho byabakobwa ni bo bonyine biga mumashuri yisumbuye ubusanzwe abakobwa ba bamasayi barakebwa ibyo wakwita gusiramurwa cg guca imyeyohagati yimyaka na hanyuma bidatinze bashakana numugabo watowe na se kugirango babone inka namafaranga umugore wo mu masayi ntazigera yemererwa gutana usibye mu bihe bikomeye cyane byo guhohoterwa ku mubiri kandi ntazigera yemererwa kongera gushaka kabone niyo umugabo se yahisemo ari umusaza upfa akiri ingimbi ahubwo ahinduka umutungo wa murumuna wa mugabo we azaba umwe mu bagore benshi kandi azabyara abana benshi atitaye ku buzima bwe cyangwa ubushobozi bwo kubatunga azahaguruka kare buri munsi kandi amara iminsi akora urugendo rw ibirometero kugera kumyobo yo kumesa imyenda no kubona amazi no gukusanya imizigo myinshi yinkwi kugirango asubire murugo niba afite amahirwe azagira indogobe yo kugabanya umutwaro we azabaho ubuzima bwiza bwumubiri biterwa numugabo numuryango atahisemo icyizere cyo kubaho kwe ni imyaka niba wigisha umugore azamenya uburenganzira bwe kandi afite ikizere nubwigenge bwo kubahagurukira azahitamo uwo bazashyingiranwa nigihe cyo kurongora azagira abana bake kandi bazagira ubuzima bwiza kandi bize neza kurusha ab igihe cyabanjirije ntazakebya abakobwa biwe azagira umutekano mu bukungu azakoresha ku ijana yinjiza mumuryango we ugereranije na umugabo wize yakoresha azafasha gutunga ababyeyi be ntazibagirwa aho yaturutse ariko igitutu cyumuco kirwanya uburezi bwabagore ntakintu na kimwe kigufi abamasayi n umwe mu moco akennye cyane muri afurikay iburasirazuba abantu b icyubahiro kandi biyubashye bishimiye imibereho yabo gakondo n imico yabo nubwo bahura n ibibazo by isi ya none babaho mubuzima bwimuka borora inka nihene bambaye imyenda gakondo kandi baba mumidugudu mito yitwa manyattaaribwo buryo bwo kuzenguruka amazu y ibyondo ariko kongera ubutaka muri mumidugudu ya bamasayi ya kenya yose bibangamiye umuco wabo wimuka kandi igitutu cyo kwemera impinduka kiriyongera hamwe nicyo gitutu iraza gukenera byihutirwa kwigisha igisekuru cyabahungu nabakobwa mu rwego rwo kubungabunga umuco wabo ariko abamasayi bemeye gahunda ihakana abagore uburenganzira bw ibanze bwa muntu uburenganzira bwo kwiga uburenganzira bwo kugenzura imibiri yabo uburenganzira bwo guhitamo uwo nigihe cyo kurongora uburenganzira bwo gutanga igitekerezo inzitizi ku burezi abakobwa bagomba guhura nimbogamizi nyinshi kugirango babone amashuri kandi inyinshi murizo zifitanye isano nubukene bukabije mu bamasayi ibiciro byuburezi birabujijwe kumiryango myinshi kandi isezerano ryubukwe nimpamvu ikomeye yo gutegura ubukwe bwumukobwa akimara kwambuka ikiraro cyabana ariko ibintu byumuco nabyo bigira uruhare mukubuza abakobwa kubona no kwiga bariyeri z umuco n ubukungu ibintu byubukungu umuco numubiri bihuza kwanga uburezi ku bakobwa ba bamasayi muri kenya ni byinshi kandi bifatanyirijwe hamwe bisa nkibidashoboka kuri bose ariko abakobwa biyemeje gutsinda nubwo bidashoboka abakobwa ba bamasayi bafite imbogamizi yimyizerere yumuco ibuza benshi kwiyandikisha cyangwa kurangiza amashuri guteza imbere ubukungu gushyingirwa hakiri kare nk inka n inkwano y amafaranga kwizera ko umuryango wibinyabuzima ntacyo byungukira mu kwigisha umukobwa kubera ko umukobwa abaye umwe mu bagize umuryango w umugabo we iyo ashatse kandi bazabona inyungu imiryango hamwe nurungano rwo gushyingirwa hakiri kare kuko abagore bahabwa agaciro numubare wabana bafite gutinya gutwita hakiri kare bikaba biteye isoni mbere yo gushyingirwa kandi bikagabanya igiciro cyumugenibikomeza umuco wo gushyingirwa hakiri kare hanyuma intera umukobwa agomba kugenda ku ishuri ryegereye bituma itagira umutekano ndetse ntibishoboka ku mwana w incuke abakobwa ba bamasayi biyandikisha mumashuri abanza biga mumashuri rusange yubusa ariko abanyeshuri bose bo muri kenya basabwa kwambara imyenda kandi imiryango myinshi ntishobora kwigurira imyenda ikenewe kugirango umwana wabo ajye mwishuri amashuri abanza ya leta abanza atanga ibyiza byinshi birabujijwe cyane mumiryango myinshi ya bamasayi ubwiza bw uburezi muri aya mashuri yo mucyaro ntibukunze kuba buhagije kugirango bategure abanyeshuri ibizamini byigihugu basabwa gukomeza amashuri yisumbuye kubera ko aya mashuri adahagije kandi yuzuyemo ishyano umubare w abanyeshuri n abarimu ugera ku kugeza kuri ku mukobwa udasanzwe atsinda ikizamini cyigihugu kugirango arangize amashuri abanza amashuri yisumbuye yose yo muri kenya ni amashuri acumbikira kandi ikiguzi cyumwaka kirabujijwe ku bamasayi benshi ariko niba bishoboka mubukungu abahungu bahabwa umwanya wambere impamvu zubukungu zo gushyingirwa hakiri kare ubukwe bw umukobwa bwongera ubutunzi bwumuryango wuumukobwa wa bamasayi binyuze munka hamwe ninguzanyo z amafaranga kandi kubera ko yinjiye mumuryango w umugabo we amaze gushyingirwa ise yakuweho umutwaro wokumutunga umugenzo gushyingirwa hakiri kare ukabije kubera ubukene bwiyongera bwaturage ba bamasayi bigatuma ba se ba bamasayi bashyingiranwa n abakobwa babo bakiri bato garuka kwishora mari kuri iyo miryango mike ishoboye kwirihira amashuri hari ibintu byinshi byumuco ukunda kwigisha abahungu mbere ibi bituruka kumuco w uko abakobwa ba bamasayi bava mu mudugudu w ababyeyi babo bakaba umwe mubigize umuryango w umugabo amaze gushyingiranwa ba se ba bamasayi bakunda kwizera ko umuryango wabo utazungukirwa ngo no gushora imari mumashuri z umukobwa wabo gushyingirwa hakiri kare nimpamvu zikunze kuvugwa zituma abakobwa ba bamasayi bareka ishuri abakobwa ba bamasayi bigishwa ko gukebwaari umuhango wo kunyura mu bagore biherekeza ubwangavu kandi bibanziriza gushyingirwa bamaze gukebwa barashinyagurirwa na bagenzi babo nibakomeze amashuri kubera ko ishuri ari iryabana kurushaho gukaza umurego mu gushyingirwa hakiri kare ni ukuri ko mu muco w abamasayi abagore basanzwe bahabwa agaciro hashingiwe ku mubare w abana bashobora kubyara ku bagabo babo atari ku buryo bashobora kuba abize cyangwa mu bukungu gutinya gutwita hakiri kare inda nimpamvu ya kabiri ikunze kugaragara cyane ko abakobwa bata ishuri mu muco w abamasayi abana bafite imyaka icyenda ntibemerewe kuguma mu nzu imwe na se ahubwo bakaryama mu nzu itandukanye batabigenzuye byongeye kandi abakobwa ntibabwirwa uburyo umugore atwite uku kubura kugenzura no kutamenya bituma abakobwa bibasirwa cyane no gusama kandi gutwita mbere yubukwe bizana amahano nigiciro cyumugeni gutinya gutwita utarashaka ni impamvu isanzwe ituma ababyeyi bashimangira ko abakobwa babo bava mu ishuri bagashyingirwa hakiri kare bariyeri z umubiri kugenda intera ku ishuri kubera ko umushumba w abamasayi akenera ubutaka bukomeye bwo kuragira inka zabo imidugudu yabo yubatswe kure yiyindi kubera iyo mpamvu ishuri rimwe rigomba gukorera imidugudu myinshi mubirometero kugeza kuri nta modoka bisi amafarasi ndetse n amagare aboneka ku bana ba bamasayi bityo bagomba kugenda intera ndende abakobwa benshi bangiwe kwiga kubera impungenge z ababyeyi kubera umutekano wabo muri uru rugendo rurerure ndetse kubagera ku ishuri urugendo rurerure rubangamira uburezi ntabwo bitangaje abarimu bavuga ko abana bamaze amasaha abiri kugeza kuri atanu bagenda ku ishuri mugitondo akenshi badafite icyo barya barushye kandi ubushobozi bwabo bwo gutumbira burahungabana nanone akenshi biratinda iyo abana bageze murugo nyuma yurugendo rurerure kandi baracyasabwa gukora imirimo nubwo baba bagifite ubushake nimbaraga zo kwiga nyuma yo kurangiza inshingano zabo murugo ni umwijima kandi nta mashanyarazi cyangwa itara ryakozwe imibereho ya bamasayi yimuka abamasayi ni umuryango w abashumba inzererezi kandi ibihe rimwe na rimwe bisaba ko imiryango yimuka kugirango ibone amazi n ibyatsi by inka zabo mu bihe by amapfa imyigire y umwana ikunze guhagarikwa cyangwa guhagarikwa kugeza imvura iguye bigatuma basubira inyuma mu kazi kabo k ishuri cyangwa guhagarika ishuri burundu cyemejwe ko cyageze mu rwanda muri werurwe ku wa mutarama ryemeje ko virusi yitwa ari yo yateye iyi ndwara y ubuhumekero ikaba yaribasiye bwa mbere abaturage bo mu mujyi wa wuhan mu ntara ya hubei mu gihugu cy ubushinwa bikaba byaramenyeshejwe oms ku wa ukuboza umubare w abahitanwa na covid waragabanutse cyane ugereranije n ubushakashatsi bwa sars bwo muri ariko ubwandu bwabaye bwinshi cyane hapfa abantu benshi umuntu wa mbere wagaragaweho mu rwanda yabonetse ku wa werurwe abandi bantu bane barapimwe bituma umubare w abanduye ugera kuri batanu kugeza ku ya werurwe u rwanda rwemeje abandi babiri banduye murikigali bituma umubare w abandiye mu gihugu ugera kuri barindwi mu rwego rwo guhagarika ikwirakwizwa rya coronavirus minisiteri y ubuzima mu rwanda yatangaje ku ya werurwe ibinyujije kuri twitter ko ingendo mpuzamahanga z abagenzi mpuzamahanga z ubucuruzi zizahagarikwa iminsi guhera ku ya werurwe hatarenze umunsi ku ya werurwe abayobozi batangaje ko abantu bakwiye kuguma mu rugo mu gihe cy ibyumweru bibiri abakozi ba leta n abikorera ku giti cyabo bagomba gukorera mu rugo imipaka yose na yo yarafunzwe imizigo hamwe n abenegihugu b u rwanda basonewe hashyizweho akato k iminsi ku ya werurwe minisiteri y ubuzima yatangaje ko handuye abandi bantu batandatu mu bagera bapimwe mu mpera za werurwe habonetse abandi banduye nta bantu bapfuye cyangwa ngo bakire ku wa mata hagaragayeabandi bantu bashya batatu banduye koronavirusi kuri bari bapimwe mu masaha ibi byatumye abanduye bose baba harimo barindwi bakize muri mata hagaragaye abanduye bashya bituma umubare w abanduye bose uba abari barwaye barakize hasigara bakirwaye kugera mu mpera z ukwezi ku ya gicurasi ni bwo umuntu wa mbere yitabye imana umubare w abanduye wakomeje kuba wiyongereyeho guhera mu mpera za mata umubare w abarwayi bakizewariyongereye uva kuri ugera kuri hasigara abantu bakirwaye hagaragaye abanduye benshi mu karere ka rusizi gaherereye mu burengerazuba bw u rwanda ku mupaka uhuza uhuza u rwanda na repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo byatumye umubare w abanduye uzamuka ibi hamwe n abanduye benshi bagaragaye ku mupaka wa rusumo mu ntara y iburasirazuba uhuza u rwanda na tanzaniya byohereje umubare w abanduye uva kuri mu mpera za gicurasi ugera kuri mu mpera za kamena muri kamena abashya bagaragaweho iki cyorezo ni bituma umubare wose ugera kuri abapfuye bikubye kabiri bagera kuri umubare w abarwayi bakize wiyongereyeho ugera kuri hasigara abantu bakirwaye mu mpera z ukwezi u rwanda ni cyo gihugu cyonyine cyo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara cyashyizwe ku rutonde rw abaturage bashobora kujya mu bihugu byo ku mugabane w iburayi guhera muri nyakanga muri kamena habaye hagaragaye abanduye bituma umubare ugera w abanduye bose ugera kuri abapfuye bose bikubye inshuro zirenga umubare w abakize wariyongereye uva kuri ugera ku hasigara abantu bakirwaye mu mpera z ukwezi byakomeje kwiyongera ku gipimo cya guhera mu mpera za kamena muri kanama hagaragaye ko umubare warikubye maze bose baba abapfuye barenze inshuro eshatu bagera kuri mu mpera z ukwezi habonetse bikubye inshuro zirenga ebyiri mu mpera za nyakanga muri nzeri habonetse abanduye bituma umubare w abanduye bemejwe ugera kuri abapfuye bagera kuri umubare w abarwayi bakize wiyongereye ugera ku hasigara abantu bakirwaye mu mpera z ukwezi usibye ingamba zo gufunga zafashwe muri werurwe reba hejuru polisi y u rwanda ku wa mata yatangaje ko hakoreshejwe indege zitagira abadereva mu kugeza ubutumwa ku baturage mu rwego rwo kurwanya koronavirusi rebecca alitwala kadaga ni umunyamategeko akaba n umunyapolitiki wa uganda wabaye perezida w inteko ishinga amategeko ya uganda kuva ku ya gicurasi niwe mugore wa mbere watorewe kuba perezida w amateka mu nteko ishinga amategeko ya uganda yasimbuye edward ssekandi wabaye perezida kuva kugeza ni n umudepite muri iki gihe depite mu karere ka kamuli gaherereye mu karere ka kamuli mu karere ka busoga umwanya afite kuva mu yavukiye mu karere ka kamuli mu burasirazuba bwa uganda ku ya gicurasi rebecca kadaga yize muri namasagali collegenamashuri yisumbuye yize amategeko muri kaminuza ya makerere arangiza icyiciro cya kabiri cya bachelor of laws llb mu yakomeje kubona impamyabumenyi mu by amategeko mu kigo gishinzwe iterambere ry amategeko i kampala mu mu yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu mategeko y abagore yakuye muri kaminuza ya zimbabwe mu yabonye impamyabumenyi ya master of arts ma inzobere mu mategeko y umugore na we yakuye muri kaminuza ya zimbabwe mu kaminuza nkumba kaminuza yigenga muri uganda yahaye kadaga igihembo y icyubahiro impamyabumenyi ya doctor wa amategeko hagati y i na yari mu bikorwa by amategeko yigenga kuva mu kugeza yabaye umudepite mu ntara ya kamuli mu karere k umugore w akarere yabaye umuyobozi w inama njyanama ya kaminuza ya mbarara hagati ya na mu yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w ishyirahamwe ry abadepite bo muri afurika y iburasirazuba kuva mu kugeza rebecca kadaga yari umunyamabanga wa leta wa uganda ushinzwe ubutwererane mu karere afurika n uburasirazuba bwo hagati yaje kuba umunyamabanga wa leta ushinzwe itumanaho n indege kuva mu kugeza ndetse anaba minisitiri w ibikorwa by inteko ishinga amategeko kuva kugeza yatorewe kuba visi perezida w inteko ishinga amategeko mu umwanya yari afite kugeza ku ya gicurasi igihe yatorewe kuba umuvugizi w inteko ishinga amategeko nyuma y amatora rusange yo muri gashyantare kadaga yongeye gutorerwa kuba perezida w inteko ishinga amategeko ku ya gicurasi usibye imirimo ashinzwe kuba umuvugizi w inteko ishinga amategeko ya uganda yicaye muri komite z abadepite zikurikira kadaga yiyemeje gutora umushinga w itegeko rirwanya abaryamana bahuje ibitsina muri uganda binyuze mu nteko bitarenze ukuboza uyu mushinga w itegeko rimwe na rimwe witwa kwica umushinga w abahuje ibitsina icyarimwe washakaga gukora ibikorwa byo kuryamana kw abahuje igitsina bihanishwa igihano cy urupfu cyangwa igifungo cya burundu ariko nyuma bivanaho umushinga w itegeko ry urupfu avuga ko bizaba itegeko kubera ko abagande benshi babisaba ukuboza kadaga yari i roma kugira ngo atange ijambo mu nama ya karindwi y inteko ngishwanama y abadepite bagize urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha no kugendera ku mategeko amakuru yavugaga ko kadaga yahawe umugisha na papa benedigito wa xvi mu misa ya vatikani bidatinze ayo makuru amaze kumenyekana umuvugizi wa vatikani padiri federico lombardi yasohoye itangazo rigira riti umubano n intumwa ntiwari usanzwe kandi nta mugisha watanzwe itsinda ry abadepite bo muri uganda basuhuzaga papa kimwe n abandi bantu bose bitabira abateranye na papa babishaka kandi iki ntabwo cyari ikimenyetso cyihariye cyo kwemeza ibikorwa bya kadaga cyangwa ibyifuzo bye muri werurwe mu gihe cy icyorezo cya covid kadaga yanditse ku rubuga rwa twitter ko spray ihita yica virusi ya corona yavumbuwe igomba gukorerwa muri uganda we hamwe nabahanga be ba quack batanze igitekerezo cyuko ibyakurikiyeho byumvikanyweho nkisuku yoroshye ari ukuvura covid kandi yakiriwe nabi nabagande kurubuga rusange ndetse ninzego zumwuga mubuvuzi nk ishyirahamwe ry ubuvuzi rya uganda hamwe na sosiyete ya farumasi ya uganda yakubise ahamagara abantu bo muri association badafite ubwonko muri mata mu gihe cy icyorezo cya covid kadaga na bagenzi be bagize inteko ishinga amategeko bageneye amashiringi arenga miliyari z amashiringi ya uganda yari agamije kuba amafaranga yo gutabara mu bikorwa byo kurwanya icyorezo ndetse n ihungabana ry imibereho n ubukungu anita kyarimpa uzwi cyane ku izina rya anita fabiola ni umukinnyi wa filime ukomoka muri uganda ambasaderi w ubukerarugendo uwakiriye ibirori umudamu w umucuruzi philanthropiste nuwahoze ari umwamikazi w ubwiza muri gashyantare yari yashyizeho kuba ambasaderi mukuru muri tulambule ubukangurambaga na uganda tourism board guteza imbere ubukerarugendo yose uganda mbere yo kwakira be date yanjye kuri ntv muri fabiola yabaye miss uganda west ndetse nuwa kabiri mu bahatanira ubwiza bwa miss uganda muri azwiho kandi kwakira bimwe mu birori bikomeye bya afurika bitukura muri byo harimo afurika magic viewer choice awards muri nijeriya namibia annual music awards na gana movie awards ghana music awards glitz awards ghana abryanz style na fashion awards n ibindi afite imyaka yari umunyamideli mu kigo cyerekana imideli ya arapapa muri icyo gihe yakoze catwalks no kwamamaza flair magazin mu igihe yari mu mashuri yisumbuye fabiola yitabiriye amarushanwa y ubwiza bw iryo shuri yatsindiye izina rye nka miss london college miss st lawrence n amashuri makuru ibi byatumye yitabira igihugu cyose yatsindiye kuba miss high school kadanke mu bimugira miss kadanke wa mbere mu fabiola yitabiriye amarushanwa y ubwiza bwa miss uganda maze yambikwa ikamba rya miss uganda west maze aba umukinnyi wa mbere wegukanye umwanya wa kabiri mu marushanwa rusange y ubwiza ya miss uganda muri fabiola yatangije umwuga we kuri tereviziyo mu yakira kandi akora be my date show kuri ntv yerekanaga buri cyumweru saa munani mu iki gitaramo cyatowe kuba ari gahunda ya tereviziyo yimyidagaduro ikunzwe cyane muri uganda kubera iyo mpamvu iki gitaramo cyagenze neza fabiola yakiriye amahitamo yo gutorwa hanyuma amaherezo yegukana ibihembo bya buzz teeniez mu bihembo bya tv by umugore mwiza mu fabiola yagize igihe gito akora nk umunyamakuru kuri capital fm buri mon vendredi mugitondo kinini guhera saa kumi n ebyiri za mugitondo nkumukinnyi wamafirime fabiola azwi cyane kubera uruhare rwe nka angella mu masubiramo y inyinamico ya telenovela kuri ntv amahirwe ya kabiri yasohotse mu kwakira kuri sitasiyo imwe ariko kubera gahunda ihuze cyane yavuye mubyerekanwa kugirango akurikirane izindi nyungu zubucuruzi zinjiza amafaranga kwisi yose fabiola yagize kandi uruhare runini muri serivise ya studio ya no kuri ntv nanone akanyenyeri mu bollywood malayalam thriller hunga uganda nk uko oldra kuri ubu fabiola ni we uyobora ikiganiro cya muzika n imyidagaduro kizwi cyane katch up kiba buri wa gatanu kuri tv ya nbs fabiola yakiriye kandi ibirori bitari bike ku myidagaduro yo muri uganda harimo hip hop awards uganda entertainment awards miss uganda tekno na mr igitaramo cya eazi belaire itangiza nabandi muri abaye umugande wa mbere watumiwe mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya cannes kandi anagendagenda kuri tapi itukura mu birori byuzuyemo ibyamamare yatangije kandi podcast ye ya buri cyumweru the fabiola podcast kuri afripods umuyoboro wa interineti na app yo muri suwede nyuma yibi abaye umuntu wa mbere witangazamakuru rya uganda gutunga no kwakira podcast ye muri gashyantare yashyizwe ahagaragara nka ambasaderi w ubukerarugendo wagize uruhare muri tulambule ubukerarugendo bugamije guteza imbere ubukerarugendo bwaho muri uganda hamwe ikipe ya ambasaderi bagenzi famose ko harimo salvador patrick idringi gaetano kaggwa marcus kwikiriza na kickboxer musa golola ikipe rureshya ijya mu duce dutandukanye tw igihugu harimo vyobaye landscape ariko kandi bitandukanye byihariye n imico n imigenzo mugihe ushishikariza abagande bagenzi bacu kubikora umwuga mwiza wa fabiola wakuruye ibirango byinshi yemeye gufatanya nabyo yabaye ambasaderi w ibirango ku bicuruzwa byinshi nka inkweto za cat amavuta yo kwisiga ya paramour lux belaire virginia black mtn pulse jumia uganda lauma uganda n ibindi fabiola yashinze ifite intego yo kongerera ubushobozi abakobwa bakiri bato binyuze muri serivisi nk uburezi bw ibanze isuku guteza imbere virusi itera sida n abandi mu ntangiriro za yatangije ubukangurambaga agurisha kalendari yabugenewe mu rwego rwo gushaka amafaranga yo gufasha toni ann singh yavutse ku ya gashyantare ni umuririmbyi w umunyamerikakazi numunyajameyikakazi wo muri jamayike akaba n umwamikazi w ubwiza watsindiye miss world yabanje kwambikwa ikamba rya miss jamaica world akaba n umugore wa kane ukomoka muri jamaica wegukanye miss world singh yavukiye i morant bay muri jamayike akomoka mu murage wa dougla nyina akomoka muri afro jamayike naho se akomoka mu buhinde na jamayike the family immigrated to the united states when singh was aged nine settling in florida she attended florida state university in tallahassee where she graduated with a degree in women s studies and psychology muri singh yitabiriye amarushanwa ya miss jamaica world aho yaje gutwara igikombe nyuma singh yahawe uburenganzira bwo guhagararira jamaica muri miss world singh yavuye i londres mu gushyingo kugira ngo yitabire ibikorwa byabanjirije amarushanwa ya miss world singh yashyize muri ba mbere mu marushanwa ya top model kandi yatsindiye amarushanwa yimpano amwemerera kwinjira muri kimwe cya kabiri cyambere ijoro rya nyuma ryabaye ku ya ukuboza muri excel london aho singh yazamutse kuva kuri ba mbere akagera kuri ba mbere amaherezo akaza muri batanu ba mbere yaje kwambikwa ikamba ry uwatsinze aha umwanya wa kabiri ophély mézino wo mu bufaransa ndetse na suman rao wa kabiri mu buhinde intsinzi ye singh abaye umugore wa kane wo muri jamayike watwaye iki gikombe uwanyuma akaba lisa hanna wambitswe ikamba rya miss world n umugore wa mbere w umwirabura wegukanye miss world kuva agbani darego wo muri nijeriya yatsindiye miss world intsinzi ye kandi yatumye umwaka wa uba umwaka wambere abategarugori birabura begukanye ibihembo bibiri bya big four byamamaye byubwiza bwamamare ku isi nyuma yuko zozibini tunzi abaye umwirabura wa mbere w umwirabura wa afurika yepfo wegukanye izina rya miss universe rosmary mbabazi ni umucuruzikazi akaba n umunyapolitiki mu rwanda yabaye minisitiri w urubyiruko muri minisiteri y urubyiruko muri guverinoma y u rwanda kuva ku ya kanama mbabazi afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu burezi yakuye muri kaminuza ya makerere i kampala muri uganda afite kandi master of business administration kuva mu kigo cyo mu bwongereza kuva mu kugeza yabaye umuyobozi w ishami rishinzwe guteza imbere ishoramari mu nama ishinzwe iterambere ry u rwanda mu mwaka wa rosemary mbabazi yagizwe umurinzi wa hotel umubano akaba na perezida wa soprotel isosiyete ikora imishinga ihuriweho na guverinoma y u rwanda na libiya muri gashyantare yagizwe umunyamabanga uhoraho muri minisiteri y urubyiruko nikoranabuhanga akora muri urwo rwego kugeza muri gashyantare ubwo yimurirwaga muri minisiteri y ubucuruzi inganda n umuryango w afurika y iburasirazuba mineacom nk umunyamabanga uhoraho mu ivugurura ry abaminisitiri ryo ku ya kanama mbabazi yagizwe minisitiri w abaminisitiri muri minisiteri y urubyiruko iherutse gushingwa yahoze ari minisiteri y urubyiruko na ict imaze kugabanywamo ibice bibiri rosemary mbabazi mbere yabaye umwe mu bagize inama y ubutegetsi busingye kabumba wavutse ku ya kamena ni umunyamategeko wa uganda n umusizi ni umwarimu wamategeko ikigo cy uburenganzira bwa muntu n amahoro huripec mu ishami ry amategeko kaminuza ya makerere akaba n umufatanyabikorwa w ubujyanama hamwe na m s law law associates icyegeranyo cye cy imivugo kwongorera ubugingo bwanjye yatsindiye igihembo cya mbere mu cyiciro cy imirimo yatangajwe mu gitabo cy igihugu cy ibitabo cy igihugu cya uganda nabotu cyo mu gusohora iki gitabo mu ubwo yari afite imyaka y amavuko byatumye aba umusizi muto wa uganda wigeze gusohora icyegeranyo cyose cy imivugo kabumba yavutse ku ya kamena na porofeseri ijuka kabumba na madamu bazaire kabumba bombi bakaba ari abarimu ni uwa kane mu muryango w abantu batanu yagiye mu ishuri ribanza rya st kizito namilyango kaminuza ku rwego rwa o na king s college budo ku rwego rwa a yarangije afite ll b wo muri kaminuza ya makerere busingye amaze kurangiza mu kigo gishinzwe iterambere ry amategeko afite impamyabumenyi y icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu bijyanye n amategeko mu by amategeko busingye yize impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu by amategeko mbonezamubano muri kaminuza ya oxford nyuma yaje gukora ibijyanye n amategeko muri kaminuza ya harvard rilima n umujyi uri mu majyepfo y uburasirazuba bw u rwanda niwo mujyi wegereye ikibuga cyindege mpuzamahanga cya bugesera rilima iherereye mu karere ka bugesera intara y iburasirazuba mu majyepfo ya kigali umurwa mukuru w igihugu n umujyi munini mu gihugu aho iherereye ni kilometres  mi kumuhanda mumajyepfo ya kigali imiterere ya geografiya ya rilima ni s e ubunini uburebure rilima iherereye ku butumburuke bwa metres  ft hejuru yinyanja rilima irashobora kugera i kigali mugihe cisaha imwe n imodoka yigenga mu bigo biboneka mu mujyi cyangwa hafi yacyo harimo ibitaro bya saint mary s othopedic hospital rilima ibitaro bifite ibitanda by inzobere mu kuvura ibibazo by imyororokere y abana birimo ibirenge by amaguru amaguru n amaguru ikindi kigo kiboneka muri uyu mujyi ni gereza ya rilima ifunzwe n abagororwa barenga abenshi muri bo bakaba bategereje kuburanishwa ikigo nderabuzima cya rilima ni ikigo nderabuzima cyegereye ibiryo ibiryo ku bagore n abana bafite ibibazo by imirire itegeka ababyeyi uburyo bwo gutegura ibiryo byatanzwe kugirango bagere ku nyungu nziza ababyeyi nabo bigishwa uburyo bwo guhinga imboga zifite intungamubiri serivisi zo kuboneza urubyaro imikorere myiza yisuku no guhitamo indyo yuzuye irigishwa ikigo giheruka kuza i rilima ni ikibuga cy indege mpuzamahanga cya bugesera cyatangiye kubakwa muri kanama kandi biteganijwe ko icyiciro cya mbere kizarangira mu nyamata n umujyi uri mu majyepfo y uburasirazuba bw u rwanda nyamata ijambo ku rindi risobanura ahantu h amata bivuye mu magambo abiri ya kinyarwanda nya ya na amata amata nyamata iherereye mu karere ka bugesera intara y iburasirazuba mu majyepfo ya kigali umurwa mukuru w igihugu n umujyi munini mu gihugu aho iherereye ni kilometres  mi kumuhanda mumajyepfo ya kigali ntabwo bizwi neza ibyabereye muri kariya karere mbere ya mu ariko habaye intambara hagati y ubwami bw u rwanda rwagasabo na cyirima nk umwami n ubwami bwa bugesera umwami we yari nsoro bugesera yatsinze intambara nsoro yigarurira cyirima ariko ntiyamwica cyangwa ngo agire ifasi y u rwanda rwagasabo nsoro amaze gupfa umuhungu we ruganzu ndori yabaye umwami ruganzu ndori yari umwami wa nyuma wa bugesera yapfuye mu igihe u rwanda rwaba repubulika nyamata n umujyi muto mu karere ka bugesera mu rwanda ikibuga cy indege gishya ikibuga cy indege mpuzamahanga cya bugesera kirimo kubakwa kuva muri kanama biteganijwe ko ibyiciro bya mbere bizarangira muri umujyi kandi niho urwibutso rwa jenoside rwa nyamata urwibutso ruherereye aho kiliziya gatolika ya paruwasi ya nyamata yahoze ihagaze irimo ibisigazwa by abantu barenga bahohotewe na jenoside hafi ya bose bakaba bari abatutsi barimo abarenga biciwe muri iryo torero ubwaryo ibarura rusange ry abaturage ryo ku ya kanama abaturage ba nyamata bari ingingo zikurikira inyungu ziri mu mujyi cyangwa hafi y imbibi y umujyi a nyamata urwibutso rwa jenoside b mu biro nyamata inama town c nyamata hagati isoko d ishami rya banki ya kigali e ishami rya banki ya urwego opportunity na f ikibuga cy indege mpuzamahanga cya bugesera hafi y umujyi wa rilima ikibuga mpuzamahanga cya bugesera ni ikibuga cyindege kiri kubakwa mu rwanda ikibuga cy indege cya bugesera giherereye mu majyepfo y uburasirazuba bw u rwanda mu karere ka bugesera hafi y umujyi wa rilima aha hantu kilometres mi n ikirere hamwe na kilometres mi kumuhanda mumajyepfo yikibuga cyindege mpuzamahanga cya kigali igerenya rya coorde yikibuga cyindege mpuzamahanga cya bugesera ni s e ubunini uburebure ikibuga mpuzamahanga cya bugesera giherereye ku butumburuke bwa metres ft esera giherereye ku butumburuke bwa metres  ft hejuru yinyanja ikibuga mpuzamahanga cya bugesera kizahinduka ikibuga kinini cy u rwanda gikora ingendo z ubucuruzi zerekeza no kuva mu mujyi munini wa kigali nikirangira kizaba ikibuga cy indege mpuzamahanga cya gatatu cy u rwanda n ikibuga cy indege cya muri rusange bizuzuza ikibuga cy indege mpuzamahanga cya kigali ubu kikaba gifite ubushobozi ntarengwa cy indege bazaba ikubitiro bafite umwe ishashemo indege mugihe cyicyiciro cya kabiri cyubwubatsi umuhanda wa kabiri uzongerwaho amafaranga ateganijwe mu cyiciro cya mbere ni miliyoni z amadolari ya amerika mu gihe icyiciro cya kabiri giteganijwe gutwara miliyoni z amadolari ya amerika yose hamwe akaba miliyoni byari biteganijwe ko icyiciro cya mbere kizarangira muri ikigo cyubwubatsi cyubwongereza yashinzwe gukora ubushakashatsi bushoboka no gutegura ikibuga cyindege gishya ibyiciro bizakurikiraho bizakurikira hamwe nubushobozi bwo gutwara abagenzi no gutwara imizigo mu gushyingo raporo z abanyamakuru zerekanye ko guverinoma y u rwanda yagumanye ikigo mpuzamahanga cy ibaruramari pricewaterhousecoopers kugira ngo gitange inama z imari kandi kiyobore mu gushakisha inkunga y umushinga guverinoma irashaka guteza imbere ikibuga cy indege cya bugesera nkumushinga w ubufatanye bwa leta n abikorera ppp ukuboza qatar airways yemeye gufata imigabane ku kibuga cy indege nk uko ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry u rwanda kibivuga icyiciro cya mbere cy ubwubatsi cyatanga ibikoresho ku bagenzi miliyoni zirindwi ku mwaka kandi icyiciro cya kabiri biteganijwe ko kizarangira muri cyongerera ubushobozi abagenzi miliyoni kumwaka muri nzeri guverinoma y u rwanda yasinyanye amasezerano na mota engil wo muri porutugali yo gutera inkunga kubaka no gukoresha ikibuga cy indege gishya mu gihe cy imyaka byemejwe na guverinoma amasezerano ashobora kongerwa indi myaka mota engil yemeye gutanga miliyoni z amadolari yo gutera inkunga icyiciro cya mbere cyo kubaka biteganijwe ko ibikorwa by ubucuruzi bizatangira muri muri kanama kubaka byatangiye igiciro giteganijwe ubu ni miliyoni us mota engil ibinyujije mu ishami ryayo mota engil afurika n umushinga w ibanze kandi itanga ku ijana by inkunga isosiyete y u rwanda yitwa aviation travel and logistics atl itanga by amafaranga asigaye atl izatanga kandi serivisi zubutaka ku kibuga cyindege kurangiza icyiciro cya mbere biteganijwe muri kubaka ku bice bimwe byikibuga cyindege byahagaritswe byigihe gito kugirango habeho inzira nshya muri gahunda nshya hamwe na qatar airways hateganijwe ikibuga kinini kurushaho hamwe n ingengo y ubwubatsi ingana na miliyari icyiciro cya mbere giteganijwe gufata imyaka itanu hamwe nicyiciro cya kabiri giteganijwe muri raporo ya tps ivuga ko ikibuga cy indege gishya kizashobora gutwara abagenzi miliyoni imwe na toni miliyoni z imizigo buri mwaka mu cyiciro cyacyo cya mbere ikibuga cy indege mpuzamahanga cya bugesera kizaba gifite metero kare zitwara abagenzi hamwe na konti zo kugenzura amarembo icumi n ibiraro bitandatu by abagenzi bizaba bifite kandi ibyateganijwe kumuhanda wa kabiri bralirwa nanone izwi ku izina ry igifaransa brasseries et limonaderies du rwanda sosiyete mu yo rwanda ni brewer nini inakora kinyobwa bidasindisha umugabane wacyo wimigabane urutonde rwimigabane yu rwanda aho bacuruza munsi yikimenyetso blrw kugeza mu kuboza umutungo wose w isosiyete ufite agaciro ka miliyari hafi miliyoni us imigabane y abanyamigabane ingana na miliyari miliyoni us amateka ya bralirwa yatangiye kuva ubuyobozi bw inzoga zo muri kongo n uburundi icyo gihe ziyobowe na brasseries de leopoldville uruganda rwa kinshasa rwafashe icyemezo cyo kubaka urundi ruganda rukora inzoga mu karere k iburasirazuba umujyi wa gisenyi ku nkombe y amajyaruguru yikiyaga cya kivu watoranijwe kubamo inzoga nshya gisenyi yatoranijwe kubera impamvu ebyiri a byagerwaho byoroshye n amazi ubutaka n umwuka kandi b ikiyaga cya kivu gifite umubare munini wibigega bya gaze metani isoko yingufu zindi uruganda rwenga inzoga rwatangiye gukora mu rutangira gukora byeri ya primus ikirango cyonyine cyakozwe kugeza mu hashyizweho ikirango gishya cy inzoga zaho mtzig mu bralirwa yatangiye gukora guinness abiherewe uruhushya mu mu heineken group a dutch haradutse abubatsi yaguze kw ijana abenshi imigabane mu bralirwa hamwe no kugura bralirwa yazamuye cyane uburyo bwo kuyikora mu bralirwa itandukanye mu gukora ibinyobwa bidasembuye uruganda rw ibinyobwa rworoshye rwafunguwe i kigali umurwa mukuru w u rwanda n umujyi munini uruganda rwenga inzoga rwafatanije na sosiyete coca cola yemerera bralirwa kwagura ibicuruzwa byakozwe kuva muri bralirwa ni uruganda rukora inzoga n ibinyobwa byemewe mu karere ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga ndetse no kwagura ibinyobwa bisindisha n ibidasindisha imigabane yimigabane yisosiyete iri kurutonde rwimigabane yu rwanda rse aho bacuruza munsi yikimenyetso cya blrw itsinda rya heineken rifite ku ijana by imigabane y isosiyete isigaye ni iy abashoramari ku giti cyabo n inzego ukuboza guverinoma y u rwanda yitandukanije neza na sosiyete igurisha imigabane ku ijana mu itsinda rya heineken ndetse no gushyira ku rutonde basigaye kuri rse binyuze mu itangwa rya mbere ipo as of december of december umutungo wimigabane yisosiyete nkuko bigaragara mumbonerahamwe ikurikira kugeza mu kuboza abagize inama y ubutegetsi ya bralirwa barimo abantu bakurikira uruganda rwa bralirwa ruherereye i gisenyi hafi kilometres  mi kumuhanda iburengerazuba bwa kigali umurwa mukuru wu rwanda icyicaro gikuru cyikigo giherereye i kigali ikindi giherereye i kigali ni uruganda rwibinyobwa rworoheje aho ibinyobwa bya coca cola bikomoka kuri karubone bikorerwa uruhushya muri gicurasi ibinyamakuru byatangaje ko iyi sosiyete iri mu rwego rwo gushyiraho umurongo mushya wo gukora ibinyobwa bidasembuye ku ruganda rw uru ruganda i kicukiro mu nkengero za kigali no kuzamura uruganda rwenga inzoga i gisenyi ibirango byakozwe na bralirwa birimo butare yari intara perefegitura y u rwanda mbere yuko iseswa muri mutarama umujyi wa butare niwo mujyi wa kabiri munini mu rwanda kandi ni imwe mu ntara zahoze ari intara cumi na zibiri iherereye mu majyepfo yo hagati mu gihugu kandi ihana imbibi n uburundi mu majyepfo yari ifite abaturage guhera muri mutarama butare yari iherereye mu majyepfo y iburengerazuba bw igihugu kandi ihana imbibi n uburundi uburinganire bwayo bwari bujyanye n ibindi bihugu byose byo mu rwanda kandi byari imisozi ugereranije na tanzaniya ikikije ariko ntibyari imisozi nk amajyaruguru yu rwanda mu buhamya bwatanzwe mu rukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rw u rwanda ictr rwakoze iperereza kuri jenoside yo mu rwanda mu impuguke andré guichaoua yavuze ko butare ari intara y inyeshyamba butare ni perefegitura yonyine iyobowe n umututsi jean baptiste habyalimana warwanyije byimazeyo jenoside kubera ko yari ifite umubare munini w abatutsi politiki ya perefegitura yiganjemo parti social démocrate psd aho kuba mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement mrnd aho interahamwe za jenoside zakuye abayoboke interahamwe muri butare rero ntizari nyinshi kandi zitunganijwe neza kurusha bagenzi babo bo mu bindi bice by igihugu igihe igihugu cyatangiraga kumena amaraso nyuma y urupfu rwa perezida juvenal habyarimana ntaho ahuriye na perefe ku ya mata butare ntiyigeze ikorwaho usibye komini ya nyakizu abatutsi benshi bahunze urugomo mu tundi turere tw igihugu basanze ubuhungiro i butare umutuzo wamaze ibyumweru bibiri perezida w agateganyo théodore sindikubwabo na we ukomoka mu gace ka butare yashyizeho perefe mushya ku ya mata mu birori byabereye mu murwa mukuru wa perefegitura perefe habyalimana nyuma yaho gato arafatwa aricwa umwe mu bajegukurikiraho gupfa ni uwahoze ari umwamikazi rosalie gicanda wasobanuwe n ubushinjacyaha bwa ictr ko ari ikimenyetso cy amateka ku batutsi bose paramilitary imitwe n interahamwe bari hanyuma bubona mu kigali ikimenyetso ntangiriro bwicanyi hasabwe ko ubuyobozi bwa guverinoma y abahutu bwahangayikishijwe cyane na butare kuko benshi muri bo bari kavukire uretse sindikubwabo minisitiri w intebe jean kambanda umuntu wa mbere uhamijwe icyaha tpir general augustin ndindiliyimana umutwe wa gendarmie na pauline nyiramasuhuko wari minisitiri wa abagore n umuryango bari bose bavukiye mu butare n ubwo itsembabwoko ryatinze ibyumweru bibiri baje kwicwa iba barenga byuzuye hamwe umubara usumba kure iya perefegitura iyo ari yo yose coordinates s e s e goma ni umurwa mukuru w intara ya kivu y amajyaruguru mu burasirazuba bwa repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo iherereye ku nkombe yo mu majyaruguru y ikiyaga cya kivu iruhande rw umujyi wa gisenyi wo mu rwanda ikiyaga hamwe ni mijyi yombi iri muri albertine rift ishami ryiburengerazuba bwa sisitemu yo muri afrika yuburasirazuba goma iri muri km gusa majyepfo yikirunga cya nyiragongo amateka ya vuba ya goma yiganjemo ikirunga na jenoside yo mu rwanda yo mu ari na yo yongereye intambara ya mbere n iya kabiri ya congo nyuma yibi bintu byari bikigira ingaruka ku mujyi no kuwukikije mu uyu mujyi wafashwe n inyeshyamba zo ku march movement mu gihe cyo kwigomeka kwa m mu mpera za ariko kuva icyo gihe zasubijwe inyuma n ingabo za leta umupasitori wanduye mu cyorezo cya ebola cya kivu kiri cya muri ako karere byamenyekanye ko hagati muri nyakanga ariho yagiye i goma itsembabwoko ryo mu rwanda ryo mu ryakozwe na guverinoma y agateganyo y u rwanda ku baturage b abatutsi ndetse n abahutu bashyira mu gaciro mu rwego rwo gusubiza imbere u rwanda patriotic front fpr rwashinzwe n impunzi z abatutsi muri uganda zari zimaze kugenzura uduce twinshi two mu majyaruguru y u rwanda nyuma y igitero cya ndetse n intambara y abenegihugu ikomeje ihirika leta y abahutu i kigali irayirukana bumwe mu butumwa bwinshi bw umuryango w abibumbye bwagerageje gutanga akarere keza mu bihe bihindagurika kandi bitanga impunzi nziza kuva ku ya kamena kugeza ku ya nyakanga impunzi kugeza ku munsi zambutse umupaka zerekeza goma kwinjira kwinshi kwateje ikibazo gikomeye cy ikiremwamuntu kubera ko habuze aho kuba ibiryo n amazi icyakora guverinoma ya zarean yiyemeje kwita kuri iki kibazo gatoyi inyuma y aho ukuza hafi miliyoni imwe impunzi a yica kolera ebola avuga ibihumbi ubuzima mu nkambi z impunzi z abahutu hirya goma ingabo za fpr zahujije cyane cyane uruhare mu ntambara zambutse umupaka kandi mu bikorwa byo kwihorera nazo zahitanye abantu benshi imitwe yitwara gisirikare y abahutu ndetse n abagize guverinoma y agateganyo y abahutu bari mu mpunzi maze bagaba ibitero mu nkambi zikikije goma bagaba igitero ku bwoko bw abatutsi bo mu moko ya leta ya kivus n u rwanda ku mupaka kubera impamvu za politiki guverinoma ya kinshasa y icyo gihe cya zayire iyobowe na joseph mobutu ntiyigeze ibuza ibyo bitero bityo leta y u rwanda n abafatanyabikorwa bayo ba uganda batera inkunga inkunga y ubumwe bw ingabo za demokarasi zo kubohoza zayire umutwe w inyeshyamba uyobowe na laurent kabila kurwanya mobutu ingabo z u rwanda zagabye igitero mu nkambi za goma bituma hapfa abantu ibihumbi n ibihumbi kandi babifashijwemo n iza uganda kabila yagiye guhirika ubutegetsi bwa mobutu mu ntambara ya mbere ya kongo yarangiye mu mu gihe cy umwaka umwe kabila yari yatonganye n abahoze ari inshuti ze maze mu guverinoma y u rwanda ishyigikira umutwe w inyeshyamba zishingiye muri goma urwanya kabila imyigaragambyo y abanyekongo iharanira demokarasi rcd rimwe na rimwe bita rcd goma ikozwe n abaturage ba banyamulenge ifitanye isano n abatutsi bafashe bukavu n indi mijyi intambara ya kongo ya kabiri iratangira inkambi z impunzi za goma aho abahutu bari barashinze umutwe witwaje intwaro witwa fdlr force democratic for liberation of rwanda bongeye kwibasirwa n ingabo za leta y u rwanda na rcd intambara ya kabiri ya kongo ntiyari yarigeze ibaho muri afurika kubera gutakaza ubuzima bw abasivili mu bwicanyi n amahano kugeza banyamulenge yari yarambiwe intambara kandi amakimbirane yagaragaye hagati yabo nu rwanda mu na hagaragaye amahoro yoroheje yumushyikirano hagati yimpande nyinshi zagize uruhare muntambara kuva mu hagaragaye ihohoterwa ryinshi abahutu fdlr bagumye mu mashyamba no mu misozi mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba bwa goma bagaba ibitero ku mupaka w u rwanda no ku banyamulenge ingabo z ingabo z igihugu cya kongo ntizishobora cyangwa ntizishaka kubahagarika kandi kubera iyo mpamvu u rwanda rukomeje gushyigikira inyeshyamba za banyamulenge nka rcd na jenerali nkunda no kugaba ibitero muri kivu y amajyaruguru zikurikirana fdlr muri nzeri imirwano nini yatewe ubwoba ko izongera gutangira kubera ko umutwe w ingabo w ingabo za jenerali nkunda ukikije rutshuru witandukanije no kwishyira hamwe n ingabo za kongo maze utangira kubatera mu mujyi wa masisi uherereye mu majyaruguru y iburengerazuba bwa goma monuc inshingano z umuryango w abibumbye muri repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo yatangiye gutwara indege ingabo za kongo muri goma no kuzimura na kajugujugu kuva ku kibuga cy indege mpuzamahanga cya goma i masisi ku ya ukwakira intambara ya goma yatangiye mu mujyi hagati y ingabo za kongo zishyigikiwe na monuc n inyeshyamba za cndp za nkunda impunzi zahunze umujyi ku ya ugushyingo habaye imirwano hagati y ingabo z abanyekongo n u rwanda ku mupaka uherereye mu majyaruguru ya goma goma yaje gufatwa n umutwe wa m ku ya ugushyingo ibihumbi mirongo by abasivili bahunze ako karere muri kanama minisitiri w ubuzima diane gashumba wo mu rwanda yatangaje ko abanyeshuri bazahagarika kujya mu ishuri i goma umujyi wo muri repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo wegereye umupaka kubera ubwoba bwa ebola goma ihagarariwe mu nteko ishinga amategeko n abadepite batanu abahagarariye ikibaya kinini cya rift kirimo gukururwa biganisha ku nyamugigima no gushiraho ibirunga muri ako gace muri mutarama nyiragongo yaradutse yohereza umugezi wa lava metres yd kugeza kuri one kilometre yards z ubugari no kugera kuri metero ebyiri ft byimbitse unyuze hagati mu mujyi kugera ku nkombe z ikiyaga inzego zikurikirana ikirunga zashoboye gutanga umuburo kandi abaturage benshi ba goma bimukiye i gisenyi lava yashenye yumujyi amazu ninyubako zirenga hariho impfu zimwe na zimwe zatewe na lava no gusohora imyuka ya dioxyde de carbone itera guhumeka lava nayo yitwikiriye amajyaruguru km ya kilometero kilometre ft kiriye amajyaruguru km ya kilometero kilometre  ft umuhanda wikibuga cyindege mpuzamahanga cya goma utandukanya terminal na apron byari kuri iyo mpera lava irashobora kugaragara byoroshye mumafoto ya satelite nindege irashobora kuboneka ukoresheje kilometero ft igice cyamajyepfo yumuhanda ugaragara neza mu ibikorwa by ibirunga byongeye kubangamira umujyi kugeza ubu abahanga muri goma barimo gukurikirana nyiragongo ikiyaga cya kivu ni kimwe mu biyaga bitatu byo muri afurika byagaragaye ko gifite gaze nyinshi zashushe zifata igitutu mu burebure bwacyo babiri mu bandi ikiyaga cya monoun n ikiyaga cya nyos bahuye n ikibazo cyo guturika kwa limnic cyangwa kurenga ikiyaga irekurwa rikabije rya dioxyde de carbone ihumeka ishobora kuba yaratewe n inkangu ihirikwa ry ikiyaga cya nyos ryishe cyane ryahitanye abantu bagera ku bihumbi bibiri mu gace gakikije ikiyaga kivu iruta inshuro kurenza ikiyaga cya nyos kandi irimo na metani yashonze nk ikindi cyago nubwo kwibumbira hamwe kwa dioxyde de carbone biri hasi cyane ugereranije n ikiyaga cya nyos abantu bagera kuri miriyoni ebyiri harimo n abaturage ba goma batuye hafi y ikiyaga cya kivu kandi bashobora guhura n akaga ko guturika kwatewe na kimwe mu birunga byegeranye ndetse na nyamugigima bifitanye isano nayo ikintu kizwi nka mazuku cyahitanye abana vuba aha ikibuga cy indege mpuzamahanga cya goma gitanga ingendo zo mu gihugu kandi guhera mu indege imwe mpuzamahanga ethiopian airlines uyu mujyi uri ku mupaka w u rwanda kandi umuturanyi wa gisenyi uhuza kigali umurwa mukuru w u rwanda ku mihanda na bisi zisanzwe zigenda hagati yiyi mijyi mu masaha ane goma ihujwe na bukavu na feri i butembo beni bunia na kisangani haba mu ndege zo mu gihugu cyangwa mu muhanda kandi bisi zisanzwe ziva goma zijya muri iyi mijyi bifata umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri y urugendo muri bisi kugirango ugere muri iyo mijyi sisitemu yo gushyira mu kirere ikirere cya kppen geiger ishyira ikirere cyayo nk ikirere gishyuha gishyuha aw amerekezo s e s e antoine kambanda wavutse ku wa ugushyingo ni umunyarwanda akaba n umuyobozi ukomeye muri kiliziya gatolika wabaye arkiyepiskopi wa arikidiyosezi gatolika ya kigali ku ya ugushyingo mbere yaho guhera mu yari umushumba wa diyosezi ya kibungo ku wa ukwakira papa fransisko yatangaje ko azamuzamura ku ntera ya karidinari mu ihuriro riteganijwe ku ya ugushyingo i roma antoine kambanda yavutse ku wa ugushyingo mu rwanda kubera ivangura rishingiye ku moko umuryango we wimukiye mu gihugu cy uburundi baza kwerekeza no muri uganda aho yize amashuri abanza hanyuma yimukira muri kenya ari na ho yize amashuri yisumbuye nyuma yaje gusubira mu gihugu cye aho yagiye mu iseminari i rutongo kigali na seminari nkuru yitiriwe mutagatifu karori borromeo ya nyakibanda i butare ku wa nzeri yahawe ubupadiri i kabgayi na papa yohani pawulo wa ii kuva mu kugeza mu yabaye uyobozi ushinzwe amasomo mu iseminari nto ya mutagatifu visenti i ndera kigali nyuma yerekeje mu ishuri rya alphonsian academy i roma kuva mu kugeza aho yakuye impamyabumenyi y ikirenga muri tewolojiya ababyeyi be na batanu muri barumuna be batandatu hamwe n abandi bavandimwe n inshuti benshi bishwe mu muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi kambanda yagizwe umuyobozi wa karitasi ya arikidiyosezi ya kigali mu yaje kuba umuyobozi wa komite ishinzwe amajyambere ya diyosezi ya kigali umuyobozi wa komisiyo ya ubutabera n amahoro ya diyosezi akaba umwarimu wa tewolojiya y imyitwarire muri seminari nkuru ya nyakibanda avuga mu kuri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu rwanda mu kambanda yemeye ko mu gihe bamwe mu bayobozi b amadini gatolika bagerageje kurinda abaturage abandi bagize uruhare muri ubwo bwicanyi kambanda yavuze ko ari ngombwa ko kiliziya gatolika ubwayo igomba kwiyubaka kugira ngo ihoshe ingaruka za jenoside yavuze ati gukoresha isakramentu rya penetensiya mu kwiyunga no gukiza inzangano zishingiye ku moko no kwiyunga nawe ubwawe hamwe n imana ndetse n abandi byagira akamaro mu guteza imbere kwizera kurangwa no kwizerana gutsinda ubwoba bw undi muri nzeri karidinali crescenzio sepe yamugize umuyobozi wa seminari nkuru ya filozofiya iherereye muri diyosezi kabgayi ku wa gashyantare kambanda yagizwe umuyobozi wa seminari nkuru yitiriwe mutagatifu karoli borromeo ya nyakibanda yasimbuye nyiricyubahiro musenyeri smaragde mbonyintege wari wagizwe umwepiskopi wa diyosezi ya kabgayi muri kamena yayoboye abanyarwanda benshi bagiye mu rugendo nyobokamana i namugongo muri uganda kugira ngo bifanyanye n abandi bakirisitu mu birori byo kwizihiza umunsi mukuru w abamaritiri b abakirisitu bahindutse bishwe mu n umwami mwanga wa ii wa buganda mu nyigisho ye yavuze ko igitambo abahowe imana batanze cyafashije cyane gukwirakwiza ubukirisitu muri afurika bereka abamisiyoneri ko abizera bazemera gupfa bazira ukwemera kwabo ku wa gicurasi papa fransisiko yagize kambanda umwepiskopi wa diyosezi ya kibungo yasimbuye kizito bahujimihigo weguye muri mutarama kubera ibibazo bikomeye by amafaranga muri diyosezi ndetse n ubwoba bw uko amabanki yari agiye gufatira imwe mu mitungo ya diyosezi kubera kutishyura imyenda inama y abepiskopi gatolika bo mu rwanda yamuhisemo ngo yitabire sinodi y abepiskopi mu ku wa ugushyingo papa francis yamugize arkiyepiskopi wa kigali ku wa ukwakira papa francis yatangaje ko azamuzamura ku ntera ya karidinari mu ihuriro riteganijwe ku wa ugushyingo ikoranabuhanga siyanse yubukorikori mu ndimi za mahanga zikoreshwa cyane n abenshi mu isi arizo icyongereza ndetse n igifaransa french ikoranabuhanga muri izondimi uko ari ebyeri risobanura technology bikaba ryarakomotse mu kigereki techne risobanuraubuhanzi ubuhanga amayeri y intoki na logiya ni igiteranyo cya tekinike ubuhanga uburyo n inzira zikoreshwa mu musaruro y ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi cyangwa mu kugera ku ntego nk iperereza ry ubumenyi ikoranabuhanga rishobora kuba ubumenyi bwubuhanga inzira nibindi bisa cyangwa bishobora gushyirwa mumashini kugirango yemere gukora nta bumenyi burambuye kubikorwa byabo sisitemu urugero imashini ikoresha ikoranabuhanga ifata iyinjiza ikayihindura ukurikije imikoreshereze ya sisitemu hanyuma igatanga ibisubizo byitwa sisitemu yikoranabuhanga uburyo bworoshye bwikoranabuhanga niterambere no gukoresha ibikoresho byibanze ubuvumbuzi bwa kera bwuburyo bwo kugenzura umuriro na revolution ya neolithic nyuma byongereye isoko ibiryo kandi kuvumbura uruziga byafashaga abantu gutembera no kugenzura ibidukikije iterambere mu bihe byamateka harimo imashini icapa terefone na interineti byagabanije inzitizi z umubiri ku itumanaho kandi bituma abantu basabana mu bwisanzure ku isi yose ubuzima bwa richard wrangham richard yavukiye i leeds muri yorkshire amaze imyaka myinshi mu ishami rya kaminuza ya michigan yabaye umwarimu wa biological anthropology muri kaminuza ya harvard kandi itsinda rye ry ubushakashatsi ubu riri mu ishami rishya ryashinzwe ry ibinyabuzima by ubwihindurize ni mugenzi wa macarthur afatanya n umushinga wa kibale chimpanzee national park muri uganda yakoze ubushakashatsi bw igihe kinini muri iyi parike ubushakashatsi bwe busozwa no kwiga ku bwihindurize bw abantu aho akuramo imyanzuro ishingiye ku bidukikije by imyitwarire y inguge nkumunyeshuri urangije wrangham yize munsi ya robert hinde na jane goodall wrangham azwi cyane cyane ku bikorwa bye muri ecologiya ya sisitemu mbonezamubano ecology of apes amateka y ubwihindurize yo kwibasira abantu bikarangira mu gitabo cye na dale peterson abadayimoni b abadayimoni inguge n inkomoko y ihohoterwa rya muntu ndetse n ubushakashatsi yakoze mu guteka incamake mu gitabo cye gufata umuriro uburyo guteka byatugize umuntu no kwigira wenyine ni ibikomoka ku bimera wrangham yagize uruhare runini mu kumenya imyitwarire ifatwa nk umuntu wihariye muri chimpanzees harimo n umuco hamwe na eloy rodriguez chimpanzee yivura wenyine islamu ni ryo dini rigizwe n abayoboke bakeya cyane mu rwanda ugereranije n andi madini rifite abayoboke bagejeje ki kigero kingana na by abaturage bose ukurikije ibarura rya mubyukuri abayisilamu bose mu rwanda ni abasuni islamu yaje bwa mbere mu rwanda izanywe n abacuruzi b abayisilamu baturutse ku nkombe y iburasirazuba bwa afurika mu kinyejana cya kuva ryatangizwa abayisilamu babaye bake muri kariya gace mu gihe kiliziya gatolika ya roma yinjije abanyarwanda mu gihe cy ubukoloni mu mpera z ikinyejana cya ni ryo dini rinini muri iki gihugu bwa mbere mu mateka yarwo mu rwanda islamu ihabwa uburenganzira n ubwisanzure nk ubukristo ikigereranyo cyerekana ko mu bahutu hari umubare w abayisilamu bangana kimwe n abatutsi ikigereranyo ntigishobora kugenzurwa nyuma ya jenoside kubera ko guverinoma imaze guhagarika ibiganiro byose by amoko mu rwanda mu rwego rwo kurinda abanyarwanda icyabateza ivangura rishingiye ku moko ndetse n amacakubiri ugereranije n ibihugu byo muri afurika y iburasirazuba nka tanzaniya kenya na uganda amateka y ubuyisilamu mu rwanda ni amateka mashya mu gihe hari inyandiko nke zanditse zerekeye inkomoko yabyo bivugwa ko islamu yazanywe n abacuruzi b abarabu baturutse muri zanzibar binjiye bwa mbere muri iki gihugu mu ubundi byavuzwe ko islamu yahageze mu gihe cy ubukoloni igihe abanditsi b abayisilamu abafasha mu buyobozi n abacuruzi baturutse ku nkombe zivuga igiswahiri cya tanganyika bazanywe mu gihugu islamu kandi yashimangiwe n abacuruzi b abayisilamu bo ku mugabane w ubuhinde washakanye n abanyarwanda abanyarwanda bubatse umusigiti wabo wa mbere mu uyu musigiti uzwi ku izina ry umusigiti wa al fatah mu mateka yarwo hashyizweho ingufu nyinshi mu kubuza ikwirakwizwa rya islamu mu rwanda izi mbaraga muri rusange zakoresheje imyumvire yo kurwanya abarabu kandi zerekana abayisilamu nkabanyamahanga abamisiyonari gatolika bakunze gukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo barwanye icyo babonaga ko ari amadini ahanganye nk ubuyisilamu n abaporotesitanti abayisilamu bakomeje guhezwa kubera ko abayisilamu benshi batuye mu mijyi mu gihe by abaturage bari icyaro nkuko abacuruzi b abarabu cyangwa abahinde batigeze bagerageza gukomeza kwizera kwabo nta mwuka muto wo kubwiriza mu bayisilamu gusa habaye impinduka nke cyane cyane mubatuye mu mijyi itandukanijwe abagore bashakanye nabanyamahanga abana batemewe nimpfubyi ndetse no guhinduka rimwe na rimwe wasangaga bitagaragara biterwa no kwifuza umutekano w ubukungu n ubukungu abayisilamu batangaga kuruta kwizera idini mu myizerere ya kisilamu ku butegetsi bw ababiligi abayisilamu mu rwanda bari barahawe akato kubera ko abayisilamu nta mwanya bari bafite muri kiliziya gatolika yakomezaga kugira uruhare runini kuri leta abayisilamu bakunze guhezwa mu burezi n imirimo ikomeye muri guverinoma kubera iyo mpamvu akazi k abayisilamu ahanini kagarukiraga mu bucuruzi buciriritse no gufata akazi nk abashoferi mu uwahoze ari minisitiri w ubutegetsi isidore sebazungu yategetse gutwika icya kane cy abayisilamu n umusigiti i rwamagana nyuma yibi birori abayisilamu bagize ubwoba maze benshi muri bo bahungira mu bihugu duturanye bavuga ko kiliziya gatolika yagize uruhare muri ibyo birori byakajije umurego hagati y abayisilamu n abakristu mbere ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yo mu rwanda yo mu abayisilamu bafatwaga nabi kubera ko babonaga ko ari abacuruzi mu gihugu abahinzi bubahwa cyane abaturage b abayisilamu mbere ya jenoside bari byari bike cyane ugereranije n ibihugu bituranye abayisilamu nabo bagize ingaruka kuri jenoside ni gake gashoboka aho abatutsi bari barahungiye mumisigiti bagabweho ibitero urugero ruzwi cyane rwabereye ku musigiti mukuru wa nyamirambo aho abatutsi babarirwa mu magana bari bateraniye guhungira impunzi ziri mu musigiti zarwanije imitwe yitwara gisirikare y abahutu ikoresheje amabuye umuheto n imyambi bituma barwanya bikomeye abasirikari n interahamwe gusa abasirikare bamaze gutera imbunda ya mashini ni interahamwe zashoboye kwinjira mu musigiti no kwica impunzi umubare w abayisilamu bo mu rwanda wiyongereye nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yo mu kubera umubare munini w abantu bahindutse abayisilamu benshi bari bahungiye mu mpunzi abahutu n abatutsi bamwe mu bahindutse bavuga ko bahindukiriye idini ya islamu kubera uruhare abayobozi bamwe b abagatolika n abaporotesitanti bagize muri jenoside imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu yanditse ibyabaye byombi aho abanyamadini b abakristo bemeraga abatutsi guhungira mu nsengero hanyuma bakabashyikiriza itsinda ry urupfu rw abahutu ndetse n aho abapadiri n abakozi b abahutu bashishikarizaga amatorero yabo kwica abatutsi ubuhamya bwa bamwe mu bantu ku giti cyabo bwerekana uburyo abatutsi bamwe bahinduye imyemerere yabo kubw umutekano wabo kubera ko batinyaga gukomeza kwicwa n abahezanguni b abahutu kandi bari bazi ko abayisilamu bazabarinda ibikorwa nk ibi abahutu benshi bahinduye imyemerere yabo nabo bashaka kwezwa abahutu benshi bifuza gusiga amateka yabo yubugizi bwa nabi no kutagira amaraso mu biganza hariho kandi uduce tumwe na tumwe twitaruye aho abahutu bahindutse bizeye ko bashobora kwihisha mu muryango w abayisilamu bityo bagahunga gutabwa muri yombi igipimo cyo guhinduka cyatinze mu nk uko mufti w u rwanda abitangaza ngo umuryango wa kisilamu ntiwigeze wiyongera mu guhinduka mu ubukristo bukomeje kuba idini rikomeye mu gihugu gatolika yageze mu mpera z ikinyejana cya hamwe na ba papa bera ba kiliziya gatolika ya roma ikomeje kwinjizwa mu muco abayisilamu bo mu rwanda nabo bagira uruhare rugaragara mubikorwa byimibereho nka umurava n umuhate wabo mu bijyanye no kubahana no gukundana hagati yabo ubwabo abayisilamu benshi bo mu rwanda bagira uruhare mu gukemura amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko nyuma ya jenoside n imitwe ya kisilamu imaze kugera ku batishoboye urugero nko gushinga amatsinda y abagore atanga inyigisho ku kwita ku bana guverinoma z iburengerazuba zahangayikishijwe n uko islamu igenda yiyongera kandi bamwe mu bayobozi ba guverinoma bagaragaje impungenge z uko imisigiti imwe n imwe ihabwa inkunga na arabiya sawudite icyakora hari ibimenyetso bike byerekana ko bitwara gisirikare umunsi mukuru w idini ry abayisilamu eid al fitr ndetse na eid al adhuhha wizihizwa na guverinoma nkimwe mu minsi mikuru ine y amadini hamwe na noheri umunsi w abatagatifu bose hamwe n ibitekerezo abayisilamu kandi bagira amashuri yigenga ya kisilamu mu ambasade y amerika yagenzuye ivugurura ry ishuri ryisumbuye rya kisilamu i kigali abayobozi ba ambasade kandi bahuye n abayobozi b abayisilamu hamwe n abayoboke ba kiliziya gatolika n abangilikani abadiventisti bo ku munsi wa karindwi n abahamya ba yehova kugira ngo bagirane ibiganiro by amadini u rwanda rwahoze rufite ishyaka rya politiki ry idini ishyaka rya kisilamu riharanira demokarasi pdi hamwe n abayoboke b abatari abayisilamu icyakora ryahinduye izina ryitwa ishyaka riharanira demokarasi no kurengera ibidukikije nyuma yuko itegeko nshinga ritegeka ko nta shyaka rishobora gushingwa hashingiwe ku idini hariho intera nini mubigereranyo byabaturage b abayisilamu bo mu rwanda nta barura nyaryo ry abaturage b abayisilamu ryakozwe raporo ya guverinoma y u rwanda yatangajwe ku ya ugushyingo ivuga ko by abatuye u rwanda ari abagatolika b imyemerere y abanyeroma ni abaporotesitanti ni abadiventisti b umunsi wa karindwi ni abayisilamu bavuga ko badafite idini kandi bakora imyizerere gakondo adamu na eva dukurikije imigani y irema y amadini ya aburahamu abrahamic religions adamu niwe mugabo wa mbere wabayeho nyuma yaho isi yarimaze kuremwe eva nawe akaba umugore wa mbere wabayeho nyuma yaho isi yarimaze kuremwe aba nibo shingiro ry imyizerere rivuga ko ikiremwamuntu ari umuryango umwe kandi ko abantu bose bakomoka ku basekuruza ba mbere uyu mugani kandi n urufatiro rw inyigisho zo kugwa k umuntu n icyaha cy umwimerere kiri mu myizerere y ingenzi mu bukristu nubwo idakorerwa mu idini rya kiyahudi judaism cyangwa islamu islam mu gitabo cy itangiriro cya bibiliya y igiheburayo igice cya mbere kugeza ku cya gatanu hariho inkuru ebyiri zaremwe zifite ibitekerezo bibiri bitandukanye mubwa mbere adamu na eva ntamazina bigeze bahabwa ahubwo imana yaremye abantu mwishusho yimana kandi ibategeka kugwira no kuba ibisonga mubindi byose imana yaremye mu nkuru ya kabiri imana yaremye adamu m umukungugu imushyira mu busitani bwa edeni adamu abwirwa ko ashobora kurya ku buntu ibiti byose byo mu busitani usibye igiti cyo kumenya icyiza n ikibi nyuma eva yaremewe kuva mu rubavu rwa adamu kugirango amubere inshuti bari abera kandi ntibaterwaga isoni no kwambara ubusa kwabo ariko inzoka iyobya eva kurya imbuto ziva ku giti cyabujijwe maze aha adamu imbuto zimwe ibi bikorwa bibaha ubumenyi bwinyongera ariko bibaha ubushobozi bwo guhuza ibitekerezo bibi kandi byangiza nk isoni n ibibi nyuma imana yavumye inzoka n ubutaka imana ihanura ibwira umugore n umugabo ingaruka zizaba z icyaha cyo kutumvira imana hanyuma abirukana mu busitani bwa edeni umugani wakozweho ibisobanuro byinshi mu migenzo ya aburahamu nyuma kandi wasesenguwe cyane n intiti za bibiliya zigezweho ibisobanuro n imyizerere yerekeye adamu na eva n inkuru ibazengurutse biratandukanye mu madini n amatsinda nk urugero inyandiko ya kisilamu y inkuru ivuga ko adamu na eva bari bafite uruhare runini kubwibyaha byabo bya hubris aho eva ariwe wambere wabaye umuhemu inkuru ya adamu na eva ikunze kugaragazwa mubuhanzi kandi yagize uruhare runini mubuvanganzo no mubisigo inkuru yo kugwa kwa adamu ikunze gufatwa nkikigereranyo ibyavuye mu miterere y abaturage cyane cyane ibyerekeye y chromosomal adam na eva mitochondrial byerekana ko abantu ba mbere adamu na eva babantu batigeze babaho byahinduwe mu kinyarwanda agusitini hippo stn ikilatini aurelius augustinus hipponensis ugushyingo kanama inyandiko ze zagize uruhare mu iterambere rya filozofiya y iburengerazuba n ubukirisitu bw iburengerazuba kandi afatwa nkumwe mu ba padiri b itorero rikomeye ry itorero ry ikilatini mu gihe cya patristo ibikorwa bye byinshi byingenzi birimo umujyi wimana ku nyigisho za gikristo no kwatura dukurikije ibyatagajwe na jerome augustin yongeye gushya kwizera kwa kera nyuma yo guhinduka mu bukristu no kubatizwa mu augustin yateje imbere uburyo bwe bwite bwa filozofiya na tewolojiya akurikiza uburyo butandukanye kwizera ubuntu bwa kristo ntahara mu bwisanzure bwa muntu yafashaga gushyiraho inyigisho z icyaha cy inkomoko kandi yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry imyumvire y intambara gusa igihe ubwami bw abaroma bwo mu burengerazuba bwatangiraga gusenyuka augustin yatekereje ko itorero ari umujyi w imana wo mu mwuka utandukanye n umujyi wo ku isi ibitekerezo bye byagize uruhare runini mubitekerezo byisi igice cy itorero cyubahirije igitekerezo cy ubutatu nk uko byasobanuwe n inama ya nicaea n inama ya constantinople bifitanye isano rya hafi na augustin ku butatu agusitini azwi nk umutagatifu muri kiliziya gatolika mu itorero rya orotodogisi y uburasirazuba eastern orthdox ni n umuganga ukomeye wa kiliziya gatolika ya kiliziya akaba n umurinzi w abanya augustin urwibutso rwe rwizihizwa ku ya kanama umunsi yapfiriyeho agusitini ni we mutagatifu w inzoga icapiro abahanga mu bya tewolojiya hamwe n imijyi myinshi na diyosezi abaporotesitanti benshi cyane cyane calviniste n abaluteriyani bamufata nk umwe mu ba se ba tewolojiya y ivugurura ry abaporotesitanti kubera inyigisho ze ku gakiza n ubuntu bw imana abavugurura b abaporotesitanti muri rusange na martin luther by umwihariko bafataga augustin mu mwanya wa mbere mu ba padiri b itorero rya mbere luther yari kuva mu kugeza mu umwe mu bagize iteka rya eremitite ya augustin mu burasirazuba inyigisho ze ntizivugwaho rumwe kandi zibasiwe na john romanides ariko abandi bahanga mu bya tewolojiya n abantu bo mu itorero rya orotodogisi mu burasirazuba bagaragaje ko bemera cyane ibyo yanditse cyane cyane georges florovsky inyigisho zitavugwaho rumwe cyane na we filioque zanze itorero rya orotodogisi izindi nyigisho zitavugwaho rumwe zirimo ibitekerezo bye ku byaha by umwimerere inyigisho y ubuntu no guteganya mbere nubwo bimeze bityo ariko nubwo bifatwa nkibeshya ku ngingo zimwe na zimwe aracyafatwa nk umutagatifu kandi yagize uruhare kuri ba padiri b itorero ryo mu burasirazuba cyane cyane gregory palamas mu itorero rya orotodogisi umunsi we mukuru wizihizwa ku ya kamena umuhanga mu by amateka diarmaid macculloch yaranditse ati ingaruka za augustin ku bitekerezo bya gikristo byo mu burengerazuba ntizishobora kuvugwa gusa urugero yakundaga cyane pawulo wa taruso ni rwo rwagize uruhare rukomeye kandi abanyaburengerazuba muri rusange babonye pawulo mu maso ya augustin jerome d rom ikilatini ewuzebi sophronius hieronymus ikigereki azwi cyane nka mutagatifu jerome jerome yavukiye ahitwa stridon umudugudu uri hafi ya emona ku mupaka wa dalmatiya na pannoniya azwi cyane nkuwahinduye bibiliya hafi ya yose mu kilatini ubusobanuro bwamenyekanye nka vulgate n ibitekerezo yatanze ku mavanjiri urutonde rwe rw inyandiko ni rwinshi jerome yari azwiho inyigisho zerekeye ubuzima bw imyitwarire ya gikristo cyane cyane abatuye mu bigo by isi nka roma kenshi na kenshi yibanze ku mibereho y abagore kandi agaragaza uburyo umugore witangiye yesu agomba kubaho ubuzima bwe ibyo byibanze ku mibanire ye ya hafi n abakobwa benshi b abagore b abagore b abagore bari bagize imiryango ikennye ya senateri jerome azwi nk umutagatifu akaba n umuganga wa kiliziya na kiliziya gatolika itorero rya orotodogisi mu burasirazuba itorero ry abaluteriyani hamwe n abasangwabutaka umunsi mukuru we ni nzeri idini rya kiyahudi rikomoka mu giheburayo yehudah yuda abayahudi b abanyamadini bafatwa nk abayahudi ko bagaragaza isezerano imana yagiranye n abana ba isiraheli ikubiyemo umubiri mugari w inyandiko imyitozo imyanya ya tewolojiya nuburyo bwo gutunganya torah ni igice cy inyandiko nini izwi ku izina rya tanakh cyangwa bibiliya y igiheburayo hamwe n imigenzo y inyongera yo mu kanwa ihagarariwe n inyandiko nyuma nka midrash na talmud hamwe n abayoboke bagera kuri miliyoni na ku isi idini rya kiyahudi ni ryo dini rya cumi rinini ku isi mu idini rya kiyahudi harimo ingendo zitandukanye inyinshi muri zo zikaba zarakomotse ku idini rya kiyahudi ry abarabi rivuga ko imana yahishuriye mose amategeko yayo n amategeko yayo ku musozi wa sinayi mu buryo bwa torah yanditse cyangwa mu kanwa mu mateka ibyo byose cyangwa igice cyacyo cyamaganwe n amatsinda atandukanye nk abasadukayo n abayahudi b abayahudi b abayahudi b abayahudi mu gihe cy urusengero rwa kabiri abakarayite mu ntangiriro na nyuma y ikinyejana cya no mu bice by amadini agezweho atari orotodogisi amashami ya kijyambere y abayahudi nk abayahudi b abayahudi ashobora kuba adahuje idini muri iki gihe imyizerere minini y abayahudi ni idini rya kiyahudi ya orotodogisi idini rya kiyahudi rya haredi n abayahudi ba orotodogisi ya none idini rya kiyahudi ryita ku idini rya kiyahudi n ivugurura ry abayahudi inkomoko nyamukuru yo gutandukanya ayo matsinda ni uburyo bwabo bwo gukurikiza amategeko y abayahudi ubutware bw imigenzo ya ba rabi n akamaro ka leta ya isiraheli idini rya kiyahudi rya orotodogisi rikomeza rivuga ko amategeko ya torah n abayahudi ari ay imana mu nkomoko y iteka kandi adahinduka kandi ko agomba gukurikizwa byimazeyo idini rya kiyahudi ryita ku ivugurura n ivugurura ni ubuntu aho idini rya kiyahudi ryita ku idini rya kiyahudi ryateje imbere ubusobanuro gakondo bwo gusobanura ibyo abayahudi basabwa kuruta kuvugurura idini rya kiyahudi imyanya isanzwe ivugurura ni uko amategeko y abayahudi akwiye gufatwa nk urutonde rw amabwiriza rusange aho kuba nk imbogamizi n inshingano zisabwa kubahiriza abayahudi bose amateka inkiko zidasanzwe zashyize mu bikorwa amategeko y abayahudi muri iki gihe izi nkiko ziracyahari ariko imigenzo y abayahudi ahanini ni ubushake ububasha ku bibazo bya tewolojiya n amategeko ntibuhawe umuntu uwo ari we wese cyangwa umuryango runaka ahubwo ni ibyanditswe byera hamwe na ba rabi n intiti babisobanura bibiliya y igiheburayo nanone yitwa tanakh t nx ivugwa ta na cyangwa t nax nanone tenakh tenak tanach cyangwa rimwe na rimwe miqra ni icyegeranyo cyemewe cyibyanditswe byigiheburayo harimo na torah aya masomo hafi ya yose mu giheburayo cya bibiliya hamwe n ibice bike mucyarameyi ya bibiliya mu bitabo bya daniyeli na ezira umurongo yeremiya n amagambo amwe imiterere yiyi nyandiko ifite uburenganzira ku idini rya kiyahudi ryaba rabi izwi ku izina rya masoretic text mt kandi igizwe n ibitabo mu gihe bibiliya y abaporotesitanti igabanya ahanini ibintu bimwe mu bitabo bibiliya gatolika na bibiliya ya orotodogisi y iburasirazuba ikigereki ikubiyemo ibikoresho by inyongera mu isezerano rya kera byakomotse kuri septante inyandiko zahinduwe mu kigereki cya koine n andi masoko hubris hjubrs ukomoka mu kigereki cya kera asobanura imiterere yumuntu wubwibone bukabije cyangwa ubupfapfa cyangwa kwigirira icyizere kirenze urugero akenshi bifatanije nubwibone ijambo ubwibone riva mu kilatini adrogare bisobanura kumva ko umuntu afite uburenganzira bwo gusaba abandi imyitwarire n imyitwarire runaka kwishyira hejuru bisobanura gusaba cyangwa gufata nta mpamvu gutanga ibirego bidakwiye kugira cyangwa gusaba cyangwa gufata nta burenganzira kuvuga cyangwa kuranga nta mpamvu ijambo kwiyitirira naryo rifitanye isano nijambo hubris ariko ntabwo rihwanye na hubris ukeneye amagambo kugira ngo ugenzure dukurikije ubushakashatsi hubris ubwibone no kwiyitirira bifitanye isano no gutsinda intsinzi kabone niyo byaba atari byo ntabwo bivuze gutsinda aho kwiyunga nkamatsinda yinshuti ashobora guteza imbere ubusanzwe hubris abonwa nande nkibiranga umuntu aho kuba itsinda nubwo itsinda uwakoze icyaha ashobora kugira ingaruka zingwate kubikorwa bibi hubris akunze kwerekana gutakaza umubonano nukuri no gukabya ubushobozi bwumuntu ibyo yagezeho cyangwa ubushobozi imiterere y izina hubris ni hubristic muri genetics yabantu y chromosomal abakurambere baheruka y mrca bizwi ku izina rya y chromosomal adam ni ba sogokuruza baheruka mrca aho abagabo bose bazima bakomoka kuri ba sekuruza ijambo y mrca ryerekana ko y chromosomes yabagabo bose babaho muri iki gihe ikomoka kuri y chromosome ya basekuruza ba kure igitekerezo gisa na ba matrilineal ba sogokuruza baheruka kumenyekana kizwi nka eva mitochondrial eva mt mrca cyiswe kwanduza mtdna umugore uheruka gukomokamo abantu bose bazima bakomokamo kimwe na eva mitochondrial eva izina rya y chromosomal adam ntirishyirwaho burundu kumuntu umwe ariko rishobora gutera imbere mugihe cyamateka yumuntu kuko ibisekuruza byababyeyi bicika ikigereranyo cyigihe y mrca yabayeho nacyo cyahindutse uko ubumenyi bugezweho bwabakurambere bwabantu buhinduka mu mwaka wa havumbuwe haplogroup ya y chromosomal yari itaramenyekana bituma hahindurwa gato imyaka igereranijwe y umuntu y mrca mubisobanuro ntabwo ari ngombwa ko y mrca na mt mrca bagombye kubaho icyarimwe mu gihe ibigereranyo guhera mu byerekanaga ko bishoboka ko abo bantu bombi bashobora kuba bari mu gihe kimwe ivumburwa rya kera y haplogroup ryasubije inyuma imyaka yagereranijwe ya y mrca kurenza imyaka ishobora kuba ya mt mrca kugeza mu ibigereranyo byerekana imyaka y mrca iri hagati yimyaka na ishize ibyo bikaba bihuye no kuvuka kwabantu ba kijyambere muri genetics yabantu eva ya mitochondrial nayo mt eva mt mrca ni matrilineal ba sogokuruza baheruka mrca mubantu bose bazima mu yandi magambo asobanurwa nkumugore uheruka kuva abantu bose bazima bakomoka kumurongo utavunitse binyuze muri ba nyina no kuri ba nyina b abo babyeyi kugeza igihe imirongo yose ihurira kumugore umwe kubijyanye na mitochondrial haplogroups mt mrca iherereye mugutandukana kwa macro haplogroup l muri l na l kugeza mu mwaka wa ibigereranyo ku myaka yo gutandukana kwabaye nko mu myaka ishize ingingo ya ijyanye n itariki nyuma yo kuvugwa na homo sapiens ariko hakiri kare ugereranyije no muri afurika iherutse gutatanya ikigereranyo cy abagabo na eva ya mitochondrial ni y chromosomal adam cyangwa y mrca umuntu abantu bose bazima bakomokamo nkuko umwirondoro wa matrilineal na patrilineal mrcas ushingiye kumateka y ibisekuruza gusenyuka kw ibisekuru ntibakeneye kubaho mugihe kimwe kugeza mu mwaka wa ibigereranyo byimyaka y mrca birashidikanywaho cyane hamwe ninshuro zitandukanye kuva mumyaka kugeza ishize ufite imyaka iri hagati ya na ishize hafi ya byose bigereranijwe na mt mrca ambrose wavutse aurelius ambrosius nko mu wubahwa nka mutagatifu ambrose a yari umwepiskopi wa milan umuhanga mu bya tewolojiya akaba n umwe mu bantu bakomeye ba kiliziya bakomeye bo mu kinyejana cya ambrose yakoraga nka guverineri w abaroma wa aemilia liguria muri milan ubwo yagirwaga mu buryo butunguranye kuba umwepiskopi wa milan mu kubera abantu benshi nka musenyeri yafashe icyemezo gikomeye cyo kurwanya arianism maze agerageza gukemura amakimbirane hagati y umwami w abami theodosius wa mbere na magnus maximus wanyaga gakondo ishimira ambrose kuba yarateje imbere indirimbo ya antifonal uburyo bwo kuririmba aho uruhande rumwe rwa korari rwitabira ubundi buryo ndetse no guhimba veni redemptor gentium indirimbo ya adiventi yagize kandi uruhare rukomeye kuri augustin wa hippo ambrosiaster ni izina ryahawe umwanditsi w igitekerezo ku nzandiko za st paul kigufi mu magambo ariko kiremereye mu bintu kandi gifite agaciro mu kunegura inyandiko y ikilatini y isezerano rishya ibisobanuro ubwabyo byanditswe mugihe cy ubupapa bwa papa damasus wa mbere ni ukuvuga hagati ya na kandi bifatwa nk inyandiko y ingenzi y inyandiko y ikilatini ya pawulo mbere ya vulgate ya jerome ndetse no gusobanura pawulo mbere ya augustin wa hippo inshingano guhindura inkomoko iki gitekerezo cyaribeshye igihe kirekire kuri st ambrose mu naho erasimusi yashidikanyije ku kuri kwa ambrose umwanditsi w iyi nyandiko muri rusange erasimusi azwiho kuba yarahimbye izina ambrosiaster bisobanurwa mu kilatini uwashaka kuba ambrose kugira ngo asobanure umwanditsi waryo inguzanyo y iri zina igomba kujya muri mauriste nkuko rené hoven yabigaragaje izina ryagumanye n umwanditsi utazwi kugerageza kumenya iyi ambrosiaster hamwe nabanditsi bazwi byarakomeje ariko nta ntsinzi kubera ko augustin avuga ibisobanuro bya ambrosiaster ku baroma ku izina rya hilary abanenga benshi bagerageje kumenya ambroasiaster n umwe mu banditsi benshi bitwaga hilary ukora muri icyo gihe mu germain morin yavuze ko umwanditsi yari isaka umuyahudi wahindutse akaba n umwanditsi w agace k ubutatu n ubumuntu wajyanywe muri esipanye mu hanyuma agasubira mu idini rya kiyahudi ariko nyuma yaje kureka iyi nyigisho y ubwanditsi ashyigikira decimus hilarianus hilarius umuyobozi wa afurika mu ubundi paolo angelo ballerini yagerageje gukomeza kwita kumurimo gakondo kuri ambrose mubitabo bye byuzuye byakazi ibi ni ikibazo cyane nubwo kubera ko byasaba ambrose kuba yaranditse igitabo mbere yuko aba umwepiskopi hanyuma akacyongeraho mu myaka yakurikiyeho akubiyemo amagambo yavuzwe na hilary wa poitiers ku baroma nta biranga rero byamenyekanye cyane mu bahanga kandi umwirondoro we ukomeje kuba amayobera sconce ni ubwoko bwurumuri rushyizwe kurukuta umucyo mubisanzwe ariko ntabwo buri gihe werekeza hejuru no hanze aho kumanuka sconce nuburyo bwa kera cyane bwimiterere amateka yakoreshejwe hamwe na buji n amatara yamavuta ibikoresho bigezweho bakunze kwita cyangwa amagambo asa cyane cyane niba isoko yumucyo itwikiriwe nikirahure bashobora gutanga amatara rusange kandi biramenyerewe muri koridoro no muri koridoro ariko birashobora kuba byiza cyane sconce irashobora kuba itara gakondo buji cyangwa itara rya gaze cyangwa isoko yumucyo wamashanyarazi igezweho yashyizweho muburyo bumwe sconces irashobora gushirwa kurukuta rwimbere ninyuma yinyubako mugukoresha mbere bigezweho mubisanzwe bifata buji n amatara mu mateka ibishashara bya buji byakorwaga mu ifeza cyangwa mu muringa kuva mu kinyejana cya hamwe na farufari na ormolu byatangiye gukoreshwa mu kinyejana cya itara rya buji ryakongejwe cyane ninyuma yerekana inyuma ukoresheje utwugarizo buji yabikwa kure y urukuta amatara ya kijyambere yamashanyarazi akoreshwa kenshi muri koridoro cyangwa muri koridoro kugirango itange urumuri hamwe ningingo ishimishije mugice kirekire uburebure bwa sconce munzira nyabagendwa muri rusange ni byintera hejuru yurukuta nkuko bipimye kuva hasi kugeza ku gisenge kandi intera iri hagati ya sconces kurukuta muri rusange ihwanye nintera ya sconces kuva hasi akenshi bisimburana kumpande inzira nyabagendwa sconces mubisanzwe yashyizwe mubice cyangwa ibindi bice byinshi kugirango itange uburinganire birashobora gukoreshwa mugukingura inzugi cyangwa kumurongo ibizunguruka amaboko akenshi bishyirwa kuruhande rwigitanda kugirango bitange amatara yo gusoma islamu ni ryo dini rigizwe n abayoboke bakeya cyane mu rwanda ugereranije n andi madini rifite abayoboke bagejeje ki kigero kingana na by abaturage bose ukurikije ibarura rya mubyukuri abayisilamu bose mu rwanda ni abasuni islamu yaje bwa mbere mu rwanda izanywe n abacuruzi b abayisilamu baturutse ku nkombe y iburasirazuba bwa afurika mu kinyejana cya kuva ryatangizwa abayisilamu babaye bake muri kariya gace mu gihe kiliziya gatolika ya roma yinjije abanyarwanda mu gihe cy ubukoloni mu mpera z ikinyejana cya ni ryo dini rinini muri iki gihugu bwa mbere mu mateka yarwo mu rwanda islamu ihabwa uburenganzira n ubwisanzure nk ubukristo ikigereranyo cyerekana ko mu bahutu hari umubare w abayisilamu bangana kimwe n abatutsi ikigereranyo ntigishobora kugenzurwa nyuma ya jenoside kubera ko guverinoma imaze guhagarika ibiganiro byose by amoko mu rwanda mu rwego rwo kurinda abanyarwanda icyabateza ivangura rishingiye ku moko ndetse n amacakubiri ugereranije n ibihugu byo muri afurika y iburasirazuba nka tanzaniya kenya na uganda amateka y ubuyisilamu mu rwanda ni amateka mashya mu gihe hari inyandiko nke zanditse zerekeye inkomoko yabyo bivugwa ko islamu yazanywe n abacuruzi b abarabu baturutse muri zanzibar binjiye bwa mbere muri iki gihugu mu ubundi byavuzwe ko islamu yahageze mu gihe cy ubukoloni igihe abanditsi b abayisilamu abafasha mu buyobozi n abacuruzi baturutse ku nkombe zivuga igiswahiri cya tanganyika bazanywe mu gihugu islamu kandi yashimangiwe n abacuruzi b abayisilamu bo ku mugabane w ubuhinde washakanye n abanyarwanda abanyarwanda bubatse umusigiti wabo wa mbere mu uyu musigiti uzwi ku izina ry umusigiti wa al fatah mu mateka yarwo hashyizweho ingufu nyinshi mu kubuza ikwirakwizwa rya islamu mu rwanda izi mbaraga muri rusange zakoresheje imyumvire yo kurwanya abarabu kandi zerekana abayisilamu nkabanyamahanga abamisiyonari gatolika bakunze gukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo barwanye icyo babonaga ko ari amadini ahanganye nk ubuyisilamu n abaporotesitanti abayisilamu bakomeje guhezwa kubera ko abayisilamu benshi batuye mu mijyi mu gihe by abaturage bari icyaro nkuko abacuruzi b abarabu cyangwa abahinde batigeze bagerageza gukomeza kwizera kwabo nta mwuka muto wo kubwiriza mu bayisilamu gusa habaye impinduka nke cyane cyane mubatuye mu mijyi itandukanijwe abagore bashakanye nabanyamahanga abana batemewe nimpfubyi ndetse no guhinduka rimwe na rimwe wasangaga bitagaragara biterwa no kwifuza umutekano w ubukungu n ubukungu abayisilamu batangaga kuruta kwizera idini mu myizerere ya kisilamu ku butegetsi bw ababiligi abayisilamu mu rwanda bari barahawe akato kubera ko abayisilamu nta mwanya bari bafite muri kiliziya gatolika yakomezaga kugira uruhare runini kuri leta abayisilamu bakunze guhezwa mu burezi n imirimo ikomeye muri guverinoma kubera iyo mpamvu akazi k abayisilamu ahanini kagarukiraga mu bucuruzi buciriritse no gufata akazi nk abashoferi mu uwahoze ari minisitiri w ubutegetsi isidore sebazungu yategetse gutwika icya kane cy abayisilamu n umusigiti i rwamagana nyuma yibi birori abayisilamu bagize ubwoba maze benshi muri bo bahungira mu bihugu duturanye bavuga ko kiliziya gatolika yagize uruhare muri ibyo birori byakajije umurego hagati y abayisilamu n abakristu mbere ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yo mu rwanda yo mu abayisilamu bafatwaga nabi kubera ko babonaga ko ari abacuruzi mu gihugu abahinzi bubahwa cyane abaturage b abayisilamu mbere ya jenoside bari byari bike cyane ugereranije n ibihugu bituranye abayisilamu nabo bagize ingaruka kuri jenoside ni gake gashoboka aho abatutsi bari barahungiye mumisigiti bagabweho ibitero urugero ruzwi cyane rwabereye ku musigiti mukuru wa nyamirambo aho abatutsi babarirwa mu magana bari bateraniye guhungira impunzi ziri mu musigiti zarwanije imitwe yitwara gisirikare y abahutu ikoresheje amabuye umuheto n imyambi bituma barwanya bikomeye abasirikari n interahamwe gusa abasirikare bamaze gutera imbunda ya mashini ni interahamwe zashoboye kwinjira mu musigiti no kwica impunzi umubare w abayisilamu bo mu rwanda wiyongereye nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yo mu kubera umubare munini w abantu bahindutse abayisilamu benshi bari bahungiye mu mpunzi abahutu n abatutsi bamwe mu bahindutse bavuga ko bahindukiriye idini ya islamu kubera uruhare abayobozi bamwe b abagatolika n abaporotesitanti bagize muri jenoside imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu yanditse ibyabaye byombi aho abanyamadini b abakristo bemeraga abatutsi guhungira mu nsengero hanyuma bakabashyikiriza itsinda ry urupfu rw abahutu ndetse n aho abapadiri n abakozi b abahutu bashishikarizaga amatorero yabo kwica abatutsi ubuhamya bwa bamwe mu bantu ku giti cyabo bwerekana uburyo abatutsi bamwe bahinduye imyemerere yabo kubw umutekano wabo kubera ko batinyaga gukomeza kwicwa n abahezanguni b abahutu kandi bari bazi ko abayisilamu bazabarinda ibikorwa nk ibi abahutu benshi bahinduye imyemerere yabo nabo bashaka kwezwa abahutu benshi bifuza gusiga amateka yabo yubugizi bwa nabi no kutagira amaraso mu biganza hariho kandi uduce tumwe na tumwe twitaruye aho abahutu bahindutse bizeye ko bashobora kwihisha mu muryango w abayisilamu bityo bagahunga gutabwa muri yombi igipimo cyo guhinduka cyatinze mu nk uko mufti w u rwanda abitangaza ngo umuryango wa kisilamu ntiwigeze wiyongera mu guhinduka mu ubukristo bukomeje kuba idini rikomeye mu gihugu gatolika yageze mu mpera z ikinyejana cya hamwe na ba papa bera ba kiliziya gatolika ya roma ikomeje kwinjizwa mu muco abayisilamu bo mu rwanda nabo bagira uruhare rugaragara mubikorwa byimibereho nka umurava n umuhate wabo mu bijyanye no kubahana no gukundana hagati yabo ubwabo abayisilamu benshi bo mu rwanda bagira uruhare mu gukemura amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko nyuma ya jenoside n imitwe ya kisilamu imaze kugera ku batishoboye urugero nko gushinga amatsinda y abagore atanga inyigisho ku kwita ku bana guverinoma z iburengerazuba zahangayikishijwe n uko islamu igenda yiyongera kandi bamwe mu bayobozi ba guverinoma bagaragaje impungenge z uko imisigiti imwe n imwe ihabwa inkunga na arabiya sawudite icyakora hari ibimenyetso bike byerekana ko bitwara gisirikare umunsi mukuru w idini ry abayisilamu eid al fitr ndetse na eid al adhuhha wizihizwa na guverinoma nkimwe mu minsi mikuru ine y amadini hamwe na noheri umunsi w abatagatifu bose hamwe n ibitekerezo abayisilamu kandi bagira amashuri yigenga ya kisilamu mu ambasade y amerika yagenzuye ivugurura ry ishuri ryisumbuye rya kisilamu i kigali abayobozi ba ambasade kandi bahuye n abayobozi b abayisilamu hamwe n abayoboke ba kiliziya gatolika n abangilikani abadiventisti bo ku munsi wa karindwi n abahamya ba yehova kugira ngo bagirane ibiganiro by amadini u rwanda rwahoze rufite ishyaka rya politiki ry idini ishyaka rya kisilamu riharanira demokarasi pdi hamwe n abayoboke b abatari abayisilamu icyakora ryahinduye izina ryitwa ishyaka riharanira demokarasi no kurengera ibidukikije nyuma yuko itegeko nshinga ritegeka ko nta shyaka rishobora gushingwa hashingiwe ku idini hariho intera nini mubigereranyo byabaturage b abayisilamu bo mu rwanda nta barura nyaryo ry abaturage b abayisilamu ryakozwe raporo ya guverinoma y u rwanda yatangajwe ku ya ugushyingo ivuga ko by abatuye u rwanda ari abagatolika b imyemerere y abanyeroma ni abaporotesitanti ni abadiventisti b umunsi wa karindwi ni abayisilamu bavuga ko badafite idini kandi bakora imyizerere gakondo virusi itera sida ni agakoko kambura umubiri ubudahangarwa virusi ya sida ica umubiri intege ikawambura ubudahangarwa maze igatera ubwandu bw indwara iyo itavuwe hakiri kare virusi itera sida itera indwara zitandukanye bikarangwa no gucika intege k umubiri ku buryo uba utakibasha guhangana n indwara ari nabwo umurwayi bivugwa ko arwaye sida abantu banduye virusi itera sida iyo nta miti bafata igabanya ubukana bwayo bashobora kumara imyaka itatu gusa iyo umuntu yanduye virusi itera sida afashwe n izindi ndwara z ibyuririzi kandi nta miti igabanya ubukana anywa icyizere cy ubuzima ni umwaka umwe abantu banduye virusi itera sida baba bagomba gufata imiti kugira ngo bakumire gupfa vuba nyuma yo kwandura kwambere umuntu ashobora kutabona ibimenyetso byayo cyangwa ashobora guhura nigihe gito cyindwara zimeze nk ibicurane grippe ubusanzwe ibi bikurikirwa nigihe kirekire nta bimenyetso byigaragaza iyo ubwandu bugenda bwiyongera mu mubiri bubangamira cyane ubudahangarwa bw umubiri bikongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara zisanzwe nk igituntu kimwe n izindi ndwara zibasira umubiri mu buryo butunguranye ndetse n ibibyimba bitamenyerewe ku bantu basanzwe bafite ubudahangarwa buhagije mu mubiri wabo ibi bimenyetso byigaragaza nyuma yaho ari nabyo bikomeye nibyo bituma umurwayi bivugwa ko yanduye sida kenshi bigaragazwa cyane no gutakaza ibiro byinshi kuburyo bugaragarira ijisho virusi itera sida ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane n imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye harimo n ibikorwa byo gutingana bashyira ibitsina mu kibuno nababishyira mu kanwa ku bahuje ibitsina guterwa amaraso yanduye inshinge zikoreshwa kwa muganga batera imiti mu mubiri w umurwayi umubyeyi utwite akaba yayanduza umwana atwite iyo adafashe imiti ku gihe iyo umubyeyi abyaye cyangwa binyuze mu konsa amatembabuzi asanzwe nk amacandwe ibyuya n amarira ntabwo byanduza virusi itera sida virusi itera sida ni imwe muri za virus zibarizwa mu itsinda ry amavirusi azwi ku izina rya retrovirus uburyo bwo kwirinda virusi itera sida burimo imibonano mpuzabitsina ikingiye gahunda zo gukoresha neza inshinge zujuje ubuziranenge kuvura abanduye hamwe no gukoresha imiti nka prophylaxis mbere na nyuma yo gukora iminonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye iyo ari umwana uvutse yanduye virusi itera sida we na nyina umubyara bahabwa imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida nta muti cyangwa urukingo rwa virusi itera sida ruhari ariko imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida ishobora gutuma umuntu abaho igihe kirekire byenda kungana kimwe nk abantu basanzwe bazima batayanduye nibyiza gutangira gufata imiti no kwivuza no kwisuzumisha buri gihe ukimara kumenya ko wanduye hatabayeho kuvurwa impuzandengo yo kubaho nyuma yo kwandura ni imyaka muri abantu bagera kuri miliyoni babanaga na virusi itera sida bituma hapfa abantu abagera kuri miliyoni muri bo baba mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo ya afurika hagati y igihe sida yamenyekanye mu ntangiriro ya za na iyi ndwara yateje urupfu rw abantu bagera kuri miliyoni ku isi hose virusi itera sida ifatwa nk icyorezo icyorezo cy indwara kiboneka ahantu hanini kandi kigenda gikwirakwira virusi itera sida yavuye mu zindi nyamaswa yerekeza ku bantu bo muri afurika yo mu burengerazuba bwo hagati mu ntangiriro kugeza no hagati mu kinyejana cya ubwandu bwa sida bwamenyekanye bwa mbere n ikigo cya leta zunze ubumwe z amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara cdc mu kandi hamenyekana igitera sida ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida byagaragajwe mu ntangiriro y imyaka icumi ya mbere y uwo mwaka virusi itera sida yagize uruhare runini muri sosiyete iba indwara ndetse n isoko y ivangura iyi ndwara kandi igira ingaruka zikomeye mu bukungu hariho imyumvire myinshi itavugwaho rumwe ku birebana na virusi itera sida nko kwizera ko yanduzwa gusa no guhuza ibitsina mu buryo busanzwe iyi ndwara yateje impaka nyinshi mu banyamadini harimo n umwanya wa kiliziya gatolika yo kudashyigikira ikoreshwa ry agakingirizo mu rwego rwo kuyirinda yatumye habaho ubuvuzi budasanzwe ku rwego rwa kiganga ku rwego mpuza mahanga ndetse igenerwa n inkunga nyinshi zitandukanye kuva yamenyekana mu myaka ya za hariho ibyiciro bitatu by ingenzi bigaragaza ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida kuremba bikabije kuremba bikurikiranye no kurwaragurika kenshi bidakira no kugera mu cyiciro cyaho umubiri ubura ubudahangwara mu buryo bukabije   mu ikubitiro kwandura virusi itera sida icyo cyiciro cyitwa acute hiv igihe virusi itera sida iba ifite ubukana bwinshi mu mubiri cq kwandura mu gihe cy ibanze aho virus iba ifite imbaraga nyinshi mu mubiri irimo gushaka gukwirakwira mu mubiri hose abantu benshi barwara ibicurane cyangwa indwara isa na mononucleose nyuma y ibyumweru nyuma yo kuyandura naho abandi nta bimenyetso bifatika bafite ibimenyetso bibaho muri byabantu bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida kandi mubisanzwe harimo umuriro mwinshi ukabije uzamuka buri kanya ibibyimba mu kanwa kumuka no kuryana mu muhogo guhubuka kubabara umutwe kunanirwa cyangwa ibisebe byo mumunwa no mu ku gitsina indwara z uruhu zizana ibiheri bigaragara muri y abayanduye byigaragaza mu buryo bw uduheri twinshi turi kumurongo umwe kandi twinshi tubyimbye gakeya kandi tudasanzwe abantu bamwe na bamwe barwara indwara zitandukanye muriki cyiciro ibimenyetso byo mu gifu nko kuruka cyangwa impiswi bishobora kubaho ibimenyetso nko kurwara imitsi ingingo zigacika inege igihe ibimenyetso byiyerekana biratandukanye ariko mubusanzwe ni icyumweru kimwe cyangwa bibiri bitewe n imiterere yabyo idasanzwe ibi bimenyetso ntibifatwa nkibimenyetso simusiga byabanduye virusi itera sida ndetse nibibazo bibonwa na muganga cyangwa ibitaro bikunze gusuzumwa nabi nkimwe mundwara zandura zifite ibimenyetso byinshi byenda gusa niyo mpamvu birasabwa ko virusi itera sida yakekerwa cyane mu bantu bagaragaza umuriro mwinshi udasobanutse ushobora kuba ufite isano n ingaruka zo kwandura ibimenyetso byambere bikurikirwa nicyiciro cyitwa clinical latency cyangwa virusi idakira hatabayeho kuvurwa iki cyiciro cya kabiri ku bantu banduye virusi itera sida bisanzwe ariko bativuje habe namba gishobora kumara imyaka igera kuri itatu kugeza ku myaka ugereranije imyaka umunani mugihe mubisanzwe hari ibimenyetso bike cyangwa bitagaragaye mbere hafi yiki cyiciro kirangiye abantu benshi bahura numuriro mwinshi udasanzwe guta ibiro ibibazo byigifu no kubabara imitsi hagati ya na byabantu nabo barwara utubyimba two mu kwaha duhora twizana ibice by umubiri byaguka cyangwa bibyimba mu buryo budasobanutse kwaguka kurenze uburyo busanzwe kw imyanya ndangagitsina uretse mu kibuno mumezi arenga atatu kugeza kuri atandatu nubwo abantu benshi banduye virusi itera sida bafite virusi itagaragara kandi mugihe hatabayeho kuvurwa amaherezo bizatera sida kubura burundu ubudahangwarwa bw umubiri kwirwanaho ku ndwara umubare muto hafi ugumana urugero rwinshi rw utunyabuzima twubatse ubudahangarwa bw umubiri w umuntu twitwa cd t t helper cells udafite imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida irenze imyaka itanu abo bantu bashyizwe mu rwego rwa hiv controllers cyangwa long term nonprogressors ltnp irindi tsinda rigizwe nabagumana uko virusi zigaragaza mu mubiri wabo muburyo butajya bumenyekana habe namba cyangwa butigaragaza byihuse kandi badakoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi ari nabo bakunze kwitwa elite controllers cyangwa udashobora kumenyekana udafite imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida bene abo bari ku kigero kiri kuri kugeza kuri y abanduye ashobora ndetse no kwibasirwa n indwara zitunguranye ziterwa n udukoko nka bacteria virusi ibihumyo n udukoko dutandukanye zisanzwe zikumirwa zikarindwa na bwa budahangarwa bw umubiri mu bantu bazima indwara zandura ziterwa ahanini n ibinyabuzima bikunze kubaho mu bidukikije by umuntu izi ndwara zirashobora kwanduza umubiri wose zikawibasira zikawuca inege ababana n ubwandu bwa sida bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura kanseri zitandukanye ziterwa na virusi harimo na sarcoma ya kaposi lymphoma ya burkitt lymphoma y ibanze yo hagati na kanseri y inkondo y umura sarcoma ya kaposi ni kanseri ikunze kugaragara iboneka ku kugeza kuri by ababana na virusi itera sida kanseri ya kabiri ikunze kwibasirwa cyane ni lymphoma ikaba ari yo nyirabayazana w urupfu rw abantu bagera kuri babana n ubwandu bwa sida kandi ni cyo kimenyetso cya mbere cya sida muri kugeza kuri izi kanseri zombi zifitanye isano na herpesvirus ya hhv kanseri y inkondo y umura igaragara cyane ku bafite sida kubera ko ifitanye isano na papillomavirus ya muntu hpv kanseri ifata ya layer urububi ruhuza igice cy imbere cy amaso n igice cyera cy ijisho nayo ikunze kugaragara ku banduye virusi itera sida byongeye kandi ababana n ubwandu bwa sida bakunze kugira ibimenyetso byo kwibasirwa n umuriro mwinshi udasanzwe uzamuka buri kanya utajya ugabanyuka ibyuya byinshi cyane cyane nijoro kubyimba lymph node utubyimba two mu kwaha n amabinga guhorana ubukonje bukabije imbeho gutitira intege nke no gutakaza ibiro byinshi cyane indwara y impiswi iza buri kanya ni ikindi kimenyetso gikunze kugaragara kiboneka ku bantu barwaye sida bashobora kandi kwanduzwa n ibimenyetso bitandukanye byo mu mutwe ndetse no mu mitsi bidafitanye isano n ubwandu bwa kanseri virusi itera sida ikwirakwizwa n inzira eshatu z ingenzi guhuza ibitsina mu buryo budakingiye ibice by umubiri w uwanduye indwara ya sida twahungabanye nk ibisebe bivamo amatembabuzi n amaraso ndetse no kuva amaraso ku mubyeyi iyo atwite ndetse no mu gihe umubyeyi atwite umwana ashobora kumwanduza mu gihe cyo kubyara umubyeyi wanduye ava amaraso arimo abyara akivanga n amaraso y umwana binyuze ku mukonda ikiriri cyangwa konsa uruhinja ku mubyeyi wanduye nta kaga ko kwandura virusi itera sida binyuze mu mazirantoki ururenda rw amazuru ibimyira amacandwe ibyuya amarira inkari cyangwa kuruka keretse iyo byivanzemo n amaraso yanduye virusi itera sida birashoboka kandi ko umuntu yakwandura impurirane y ubwoko bwa virusi itera sida burenze bumwe bikunze kwitwa hiv superinfection uburyo bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera sida ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibitsina n umuntu wanduye hakorwa imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye icyakora umuntu wanduye virusi itera sida ufite virusi itagaragararira ibyuma biyipima bitewe no kuvurwa igihe kirekire nta byago afite byo kwanduza abandi virusi itera sida binyuze mu gukorana nabo imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye kuba hari abantu banduye virusi itera sida itagaragarira ibyuma biyipima byamenyekanye cyane mu itangazo ry ubusuwisi ryo mu biteza impaka no kutabivugaho rumwe kuva icyo gihe byaje gukorerwa ubushakashatsi bwimbitse biremezwa ko bibari ndetse bishoboka ku isi hose uburyo bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera sida ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibitsina n umuntu wanduye hakorwa imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye hagati y abadahuje igitsina ariko uburyo bwo kwandura buratandukanye mu bihugu kugeza mu abantu benshi banduye virusi itera sida muri amerika babaye mu bagabo baryamanye n abagabo by abanduye virusi itera sida ku bagabo bafite imyaka n abayirengeje na by indwara nshya muri amerika abagabo bahuje ibitsina bafite imyaka kugeza kuri bangana na by abanduye virusi itera sida mu bagabo bose bari mu kigero cyabo na by indwara nshya mu bagabo bose bahuje ibitsina ndetse n ibitsina byombi abagabo bagera ku b abagabo bahuje ibitsina banduye virusi itera sida mu gihe by abagore bahindura ibitsina transgender banduye muri amerika ku bijyanye n imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye ibigereranyo by ingaruka zo kwandura virusi itera sida ku gikorwa cy imibonano mpuzabitsina bigaragara ko byikubye inshuro enye kugeza ku icumi mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga make ugereranyije no mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga make ibyago byo kwandura abagore ku bagabo bingana na kuri buri gikorwa naho kwanduza abagabo ku bagore ni kuri buri gikorwa ibigereranyo bihwanye n ibihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi ni ku gikorwa cyo kwanduza abagore ku bagabo na kuri buri gikorwa cyo kwanduza abagabo n abagore ibyago byo kwandura bivuye mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ni byinshi cyane bivugwa ko kuri buri gikorwa haba mu mibonano mpuzabitsina idahuje igitsina ndetse n abaryamana bahuje igitsina nubwo ibyago byo kwandura biva mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ku bahuje ibitsina ari bike biracyahari ibyago byo kwakira imibonano mpuzabitsina mu kanwa byavuzwe ko ari hafi ntabyo ariko byagaragaye ko hari abantu bake banduye binyuze muri ubwo buryo ibyago kuri buri gikorwa byagereranijwe kuri ku bakira imibonano mpuza bitsina mu kanwa oral sex mu bihe birimo uburaya mu bihugu bikennye cyane ibyago byo kwandura abagore ku bagabo byagereranijwe ko ari kuri buri gikorwa naho kwanduza abagabo ku bagore ni kuri buri gikorwa ibyago byo kwandura byiyongera iyo umuntu yanduye indwara zisanzwe zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina hamwe n ibisebe byo mu gitsina ibisebe byo mu gitsina bigaragara ko byongera ibyago inshuro zigera kuri eshanu izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina nka mburugu kilamidiya tirikomunasi na vaginose ya bagiteri zifitanye isano no kwiyongera gake mu byago byo kwandura ubwiyongere bw ubukana bwa virusi itera sida mu mubiri w uwayanduye viral load ni ikintu cy ingaruka zikomeye mu kwanduza virusi itera sida binyuze mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ndetse biciye mu kwandura hagati y umwana na nyin umubyeyi we mu mezi y ibanze mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura virusi itera sida ubwandu bw umuntu bwikubye inshuro cumi n ibiri bitewe n ubwiyongere bw ubukana bwiyo virusi itera sida afite mu mubiri we viral load niba umuntu ari mu cyiciro cye cyanyuma yaho yanduriye virusi itera sida ibipimo byanduza bikubye inshuro umunani abakora imibonano mpuzabitsina bicuruza mu bikorwa by uburaya harimo n abacuruza imibiri yabo by umwuga byemewe pornography bafite ibyago byinsho byo kwandura virusi itera sida imibonano mpuzabitsina ikabije mu buryo bwo gukubana kw ibitsina nta bunyerere cyangwa ububobere buhagije mu gitsina rough sex irashobora guteza kwiyongera kw ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rikubiyemo ibikorwa byo gufata kungufu gusambanya undi ku gahato no gusambanya abana bakiri bato sexual assualt naryo rishobora guteza ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera sida kubera ko udukingirizo tudakunze kwambarwa muri ibyo bikorwa by ubugome bigatera gukomereka mu gitsina ku bagore n abakobwa no ku gitsina ku bagabo n abahungu cyangwa gukomereka mu kibuno kubakorerwa ibikorwa byo gufatwa ku ngufu n abatinganyi bikongera ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera sida ndetse bikaba byanatera ibyuririzi by indwara zindi zandurira mu gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina akabirwarira hamwe n ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida uburyo bwa kabiri bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera sida ni uburyo bunyuze mu maraso yanduye n amatembabuzi yivanzemo ayo maraso yanduye kwandura biciye muri ubu buryo birashobora guterwa no gusangira inshinge mugihe cyo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge bacisha mu kwitera inshinge mu mitsi gukomeretswa n inshinge mu gihe ruri guterwa ufite ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida guterwa amaraso yanduye cyangwa ibikomoka ku maraso yanduye cyangwa inshinge zikoreshwa mu buvuzi ariko zitujuje ubuzira nenge hamwe n ibikoresho bidafite ubuziranenge bidafite umutekano uhagije wo kubibika mu buryo bwiza mu byuma bibihanaguraho imyanda sterilizers ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusangira urushinge mugihe cyo gutera ibiyobyabwenge mu mitsi hagati y abakoresha ibyobya bwenge ubwabo biri hagati ya na kuri buri gikorwa ugereranije ku gipimo cyo hagati average ni ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida ku binyuze k urushinge rwatewe umuntu wanduye virusi itera sida bivugwa ko ari hafi kuri kuri buri gikorwa kandi ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida binyuze ku rurenda rw amatembabuzi ruvanzemo amaraso yanduye virusi itera sida ni hafi kuri kuri buri gikorwa izi ngaruka zirashobora ariko kugera kuri mugihe ayo maraso ari muri urwo rurenda rw amatembabuzi yaturutse kumuntu ufite ubwikorezi bwinshi bwa virusi itera sida n umwenge cyangwa igisebe ari kinini mu mubiri kuri wawundi wandujwe muri leta zunze ubumwe za amerika abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bagejeje kuri by abanduye virusi itera sida mu ndetse no mu turere tumwe na tumwe abantu barenga bitera ibiyobyabwenge banduye virusi itera sida virusi itera sida yanduza hafi binyuze mu guterwa amaraso yanduye blood transfusion mu bihugu byateye imbere ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida ni bike cyane munsi ya kimwe cya kabiri cya miliyoni aho hakorwa uburyo bwo gutoranya abaterankunga no gusuzuma virusi itera sida mu maraso atangwa blood donations urugero mu bwongereza ibyago bivugwa ko ari umwe muri miliyoni eshanu naho muri amerika yari imwe muri miliyoni muri mu bihugu bikennye cyane kimwe cya kabiri cy amaraso ni yo yonyine ishobora gupimwa mu buryo bukwiye guhera mu kandi bikaba bivugwa ko abagera kuri banduye virusi itera sida muri utwo turere baturuka ku guterwa amaraso yanduye n amatembabuzi avanze nayo maraso yanduye bigereranywa kuri na byanduye kwisi birashoboka kwandura virusi itera sida mu guhinduranya ingingo z umuburi zitangwa kwa muganga implants nubwo ibi bidasanzwe kubera kwipimisha mbere ko bikorwa gutera imiti hifashishijwe inshinge zidafite umutekano bigira uruhare muri virusi itera sida muri afurika yo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara mu hagati ya na byanduye muri kano karere byatewe no gukoresha inshinge zidafite umutekano zo kwa muganga ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima rivuga ko ibyago byo kwandura biturutse ku gutera inshinge muri afurika ni hari n ingaruka zo kwandura virusi itera sida zikomoka ku kubaga indembe kubyaza no kuvura no kubaga amenyo muri kano karere abantu baterwaho ibishushanyo ku mibiri yabo tattooing gutobora ibice by umubiri bitandukanye no gukomeretsa ibice by umubiri wabo binyuze mu ndasago scarification bafite ibyago byo kwandura nubwo nta bushakashatsi buhari bufatika bubyemeza imibu ndetse nutundi dukoko ntibishobora kuba impamvu yo gukwirakwiza ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida virusi itera sida irashobora kwanduza umwana mu gihe umubyeyi amutwite igihe cyo kubyara cyangwa binyuze mu mashereka amwonsa bigatuma umwana na we yandura virusi itera sida kugeza mu mwaka wa kwandura virusi itera sida mu buryo bwiswe verticle transmission binyuze mu dukoko twa bagitiriya na virusi mu gihe umubyeyi atwite umwana cyangwa arimo kubyara ni by abana bayandura mugihe hatabayeho kuvurwa virusi itera sida ku mubyeyi wanduye ibyago byo kwanduza umwana mbere cyangwa mugihe cyo kuvuka ni naho kubonsa amashereka ni ubuvuzi butangwa ku mubyeyi ukimenya ko yanduye ariko atwite bugabanya ibyago byo kwanduza umwana we akimutwite no mu gihe cyo kumubyara kugeza munsi ya imiti igabanya ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida iyo ifashwe na nyina cyangwa umwana bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura ku bonsa ibiryo bigaburirwa umwana iyo byivanzemo n amaraso yanduye virusi itera sida mbere yo kubihekenya birashobora guteza ibyago byo kwandura virusi kuri uwo mwana niba umugore atavuwe virusi itera sida akamara imyaka ibiri yonsa uruhinja nabyo bitera ibyago byo kwanduza umwana we bigera kuri bitewe n ubwiyongere bw urupfu rw impinja bukomoka ku kutonsa mu bice byinshi byo mu bihugu biri mu nzira y amajyambere ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima rirasaba ko konsa byihariye hagati y umubyeyi n uwo mwana we umwe gusa cyangwa gutanga kwifashisha amata yo mu bikombe nk imfashabere abagore bose bazwiho kuba banduye virusi itera sida bagomba gufata imiti igabanya ubukana ubuzima bwabo bwose virusi itera sida niyo nyirabayazana w indwara zitera umuburi kubura ubudahangarwa ari nabyo byitwa sida virusi itera sida ni ubwoko bwa retrovirus yibanda cyane mu kwangiza abasirikare barinda umubiri w umuntu bitwa cd t cells macrophage na dendritic cells yangiriza byimazeyo mu buryo buziguye ndetse n ubutaziguye abo basirikare batuma umubiri ugira ubudahangarwa bitwa cd t iyo virusi itera sida ibarizwa mu bwoko bwa lentivirus nabwo bubarizwa mu cyiciro cyitwa retroviridae virusi zo muri ubu bwoko bwa lentivirus zisangiye ibintu byinshi biziranga imiterere yabyo ndetse n ibijyanye n ubutabire bw ibinyabuzima bubiranga ibinyabuzima byinshi biri mu cyiciro cy inyamaswa zonsa zikunze gufatwa no kwandura nama virusi ari muri ubu bwoko bwa lentiviruses ari nabyo bikunze gutera indwara z igihe kirekire ndetse zimara igihe mu mubiri zirimo gukura ubu bwoko bwa virusi zibarizwa muri lentiviruses zigira ububasha bwo kwandura bwinjira mu mubiri ari imbumbe kandi bwiteguye kwanduza bwiyambitse urububi ruzirinda rwa rna genome iyo zinjiye mu mubiri ako kanya rwa rububi ruzirinda rwa rna genome ruhita ruhindagura imiterere yarwo reverse transcribed rugahinduka adn ifite kopi ebyiri ya virusi nyayo itera uburwayi byitwa reverse transciptase bizanana na ya genome virusi mu bigize virusi nyuma yo kwihindagura yisanisha na adn ziri mu mubiri mu buryo bwo gukora kopi zisa neza ihita yinjira mu dutafari twubatse umubiri twitwa nucleus cells tugahita twisanisha neza nkatwo mu rwego rwo kwiyorobeka no kwihisha mu mubiri binyuze mu buryo bwitwa integrase nibigize umubiri yinjiyemo virusi iyo imaze kwinjira neza muri twa dutafari tugize umubiri cells ihita yirinda kugira ibitero igaba ku mubiri ako kanya kugirango abasirikare baha ubudahangarwa mu mubiri batayivumbura bagatangira kuyirwanya hari nubwo virusi iyo imaze kwinjira mu mubiri ihita ikoresha ubundi buryo bwitwa transcribed ari nabwo bwo kubasha kwiyubura ikikoramo kopi nyinshi z amavirusi bisa kimwe ya rna genomes afite naza poroteyine z ama virusi byishyize hamwe bikirema mu imbere muri za cells zigakomeza gutubuka gutyo zikaba nyinshi mu mubiri viral load virusi itera sida ubu yamenyekanye ko ikwirakwira iciye mu basirikare barinda umubiri bawuha ubudahangarwa ba cd t biciye mu nzira ebyiri zibangikanye gukwirakwiza mu imbere muri cells ubwayo aribyo byitwa cell free spread cyangwa gukwirakwizwa yanduza za cells zitandukanye ku bwinshi ari nabyo byitwa cell to cell spread mu gukwirakwiza biciye mu buryo bwa cell free spread virusi ziva mu ngirabuzimafatizo virus particles bud zituruka mu basirikare banduye ba t cells zinjira mu maraso nandi matembabuzi avanze namaraso hanyuma zikanduza utundi dusirikare turinda umubiri kwandura twa t cells uko zijyenda zihura nazo gutyo gutyo kugeza zikwirakwiye mu mubiri hose iri kwirakwizwa rya virusi mu mubiri uko rigenda ryikoramo kopi nyinshi biri mu bintu birwanya bigaca inege imiti n ubuvuzi bujyanye no kuvura amavirusi ubwoko bubiri bwa virusi itera sida bwaranzwe na virusi y ubwoko bwitwa vih na vih virusi ya vih ni virusi yavumbuwe bwa mbere kandi yabanje kwitwa lav cyangwa htlv iii ni virusi ifite ubukana kandi yandura cyane kandi niyo nyirabayazana w ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida ku isi yose ugereranije na virusi yo mu bwoko bwa vih izwiho kwandurwa n abantu bake kubera ubushobozi buke ugereranije bwo kwandura ubwoko bwa virusi ya vih igarukira muri afurika y iburengerazuba iyo virusi imaze kwinjira mu mubiri habaho igihe cyo gutubuka kwayo zikaba nyinshi mu buryo bwo kujyenda zikoramo kopi nyinshi byihuse biganisha kuri virusi nyinshi mumaraso viral load mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura virusi urwego rwa virusi itera sida rushobora kugera kuri miliyoni nyinshi za virusi kuri mililitiro yamaraso mu mubiri iki gisubizo kijyana nigabanuka ryagaragaye mumibare y abasirikare barinda umuburi indwara bitwa cd t virusi ikomeza kugira ubukana kubera imiterere yayo yo gutuma havuka utundi dusirikare cells twitwa cd t tuza twica burundu twa dusirikare turinda umubiri kutandura indwara tukabyara za antibody zirwanya umubiri ziwuca intege cyangwa seroconversion igisubizo gifatika mu isuzuma ryutwo dusirikare twa cd t nicyo cyerekana uko ubwandu bw indwara bujyenda bugabanyuka cyangwa bwiyongera mu mubiri nubwo bitarinda burundu virusi itera sida amaherezo virusi itera sida irwanya ba basirikare barinda umubiri indwara ikajyenda ibica ibagabanya ubwinshi bakaba bakeya mu mubiri cd t kugeza ubwo umubiri ubura ubudahangarwa bigatera indwara z ibyuririzi kwibasira umubiri muburyo buzorohereye abasirikare ba t cells ni ingirakamaro mubisubizo byubudahangarwa bw umubiri kandi bitabaye ibyo umubiri ntushobora kurwanya indwara cyangwa kwica udusirikare twamaze kuba kanseri mu mubiri uburyo abasirikare ba cd t cells bagenda bashira mu mubiri bugiye butandukanye yaba mu ikubitiro umubiri ukinjiramo virusi itera sida ikikoramo kopi nyinshi ndetse no mu bihe bwo kurwaragurika cyane mu byiciro bitandukanye mu cyiciro cy ibanze cyo kwandura virusi itera sida hifashishwa udusirikare twanduye twabaye kanseri mu mubiri twa cd t ari natwo tugira uruhare mu kugabanuka k udusirikare turinda umubiri twa cd t nubwo umubiri ubwawo wabigiramo uruhare mu gihe wirwanaho wica udukoko turi mu mubiri mu buryo bwitwa apoptose nayo ishobora kubitera iyo virusi ziyongereye mu mubiri umurwayi akagera mu cyiciro cyo kuremba bikabije no kurwaragurika indwara z ibyuririzi zitandukanye bituma habaho gutakaza buhoro buhoro ubushobozi bwimikorere yubudahangarwa bwo kubyara abasirikare bashya ba t cells ari nabyo bituma bagabanyuka cyanecd t nubwo ibimenyetso byo kubura ubudahangarwa biranga sida bitagaragara imyaka myinshi nyuma yuko umuntu yanduye igice kinini cyo gutakaza abasirikare ba cd t kibaho mugihe cyicyumweru cya mbere cy ubwandu cyane cyane mumitsi yo munda kibamo uturemangingo turwanya indwara zo mu mubiri twita lymphocytes mu mubiri impamvu virusi itera sida yibanda cyane kuri ako gace ko munda intestinal mucosa ni ukubera ko virusi itera sida ikora za poroteyine z ubwoko bwa ccr ikoresha mu kwibasira yinjira ihungabanya abasirikare barinda umubiri indwara ba cd t kandi ako gace k imitsi yo munda kagizwe cyane nizo poroteyine kuruta za poroteyine ziba mu maraso imihindagurikire yihariye ihindura imiterere ya za poroteyine za ccr iyo ziboneka mu buryo bwombi bwa chromosomes birinda cyane kwandura virusi y ubwoko bwa vih virusi itera sida ishakisha kandi ikarandura byimazeyo ccr zigaragaza mudusirikare turinda umubiri twa cd t mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura iyo virusi kuko nibwo iba ifite ubukana bwinshi abasirikare barinda umubiri ba cd t ni nako batangira kurwanya iyo virusi itera sida ari nako irushaho kubica bikihutisha kujya mu cyiciro cya kabiri cyo kuremba no kurwaragurika buri kanya bidakira clinical latent phase uko virusi itera sida irushaho kwikoramo kopi nyinshi ikibasira umubiri wose ni nako umubiri ubura ubudahangarwa kurushaho ibyo byose bigateza uruvangitirane rw ibibazo byo mu mubiri bituma habaho gusohoka kwa pro inflammatory cytokines ni nabyo ndetse bifitanye isano mu guteza indwara zo munda nk igifu kubera urububi igisenge kigize amara gikomeza kujyenda cyangirika cyane iyo habayeho kuremba cyane virusi itera sida isuzumwa hifashishijwe ibizamini bya laboratoire hanyuma bigakorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso cyangwa ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe ikigo cya leta zunzwe ubumwe z amerika cya preventive services task force gishishikariza abantu bose kuva ku myaka kugeza ku myaka kwisuzumisha virusi itera sida harimo n abagore bose batwite byongeye kandi kwipimisha bishishikarizwa cyane abantu bafite ibyago byinsho byo kuyandura cyane abasuzumwa bagasanga baranduye izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuza bitsina mu bice byinshi byisi kimwe cya gatatu cyabanduye virusi itera sida babimenya ari uko igihe cyamaze kurenga bamaze gutaka ubudahangarwa bw umubiri kuburyo bwigaragaza bukabije abantu benshi banduye virusi itera sida bakunze kurangwa n imisemburo mu mubiri yabo irwanya ibice by umubiri antibodies ni ukuvuga seroconvert bibaho mu byumweru bitatu kugeza kuri cumi na bibiri nyuma yo kwandura bwa mbere gupima virusi itera sida mbere ya seroconversion bikorwa mugupima hiv rna cyangwa p antigen ibisubizo bigaragaza ubwandu positive byabonetse nyuma yo gupima za antibodies cyangwa ibizamini bya pcr byemezwa na antibody itandukanye cyangwa na pcr gusuzuma no gupima antibody ku bana bari munsi y amezi bikunze gutanga ibisubizo bitari bya nyabyo kubera za antibodies bakomora ku babyeyi babo ziba zikiri mu mibiri yabo bana kubw izo mpamvu ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida bishobora gupimwa gusa hifashishije gupima pcr za hiv rna cyangwa adn cyangwa binyuze mu gupima antigen p henshi ku isi hari icyuho n ibura ry ibikoresho bihagije byo gupima ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida hifashishijwe agakoresho ka pcr yizewe kandi abantu mu bihugu byinshi bitishoboye bategereza kugeza ibimenyetso byigaragaje cyangwa umwana akuze bihagije kugirango bapimwe neza za antibody muri afurika yo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara hagati ya na abaturage bari hagati ya na bari bafite amakuru ahagije kuri virusi itera sida muri hagati ya na by abagabo n abagore bo mu bihugu byo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara nibo babashije kwisuzumisha ibi byagaragaje ubwiyongere bugaragara ugereranije nimyaka yashize uburyo bubiri bw ingenzi bwo kuvura bukoreshwa mu gushyira mu byiciro indwara zanduye virusi itera sida n indwara zifitanye isano na virusi itera sida hagamijwe gukurikirana abanduye gahunda y ikigo mpuza mahanga gikurikirana ubuzima who gikurikirana umunsi kuwundi imiterere ya virusi itera sida n indwara zigashamikiyeho n ikigo gikurikirana kinakakumira indwara zandura cya cdc uburyo gishyira mu byiciro ibirebana na virusi itera sida kubera ko gahunda y ikigo cya who idasaba ibizamini bya laboratoire ikwiranye n imiterere y imikoreshereze ihura n ibihugu biri mu nzira y amajyambere aho ishobora no gukoreshwa mu gufasha kuyobora imiyoborere y amavuriro nubwo zi gahunda zitandukanye sisitemu zombi zemerera kugereranya intego zimibare ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima ryatanze icyifuzo cya mbere ku gisobanuro kirebana na sida mu kuva icyo gihe oms yakomeje gahunda yo kuvugurura ibyiciro bitandukanye inshuro nyinshi igisobanuro giheruka cyemeranyijweho ku isi hose ubu oms ikaba iheruka kugisohora mu sisitemu ya oms ikoresha ibyiciro bikurikira ikigo cyo muri leta zunze ubumwe z amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara cdc nacyo cyashyizeho uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro virusi itera sida kandi byavuguruwe mu na ubu buryo bushyira mu byiciro virusi itera sida hakurikijwe kubara abasirikare baha umubiri ubudahangarwa cd count no kugenzura ibimenyetso byigaragaza kandi busobanura ubwandu mu matsinda atanu mu barengeje imyaka itandatu ni mu rwego rwo kugenzura isuzuma rya sida rikomeje gukorwa nubwo nyuma yo kuvurwa umubare wa wabasirikare barinda umubiri ba cd t wazamutse ukagera kuri kuri l yamaraso cyangwa izindi ndwara zishamikiye ku bimenyetso bigaragaza sida ziba zamaze gukira gukoresha agakingirizo mu buryo buhoraho kandi igihe kirekire bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera sida ku kigereranyo kingana na iyo agakingirizo gakoreshwa buri gihe n abashakanye muri bombi umwe ariwe wanduye undi ari atanduye bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera sida ku kigereranyo kiri kuri ku mwaka hariho ubushakashatsi bushimangira ko agakingirizo k abagore gashobora gutanga urwego rumwe rwo kurinda gukoresha imiti yifashishwa mu gutuma mu gitsina hazamo ububobere yitwa gel nka tenofovir yifashishwa mu kuvura indwara ya sida rimwe na rimwe indwara y umwijima ya hepatitis b igakoreshwa mbere yo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina bijya bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera sida kugera ku kigereranyo kingana na mubagore bo muri afrika binyuranye no gukoresha imiti yica intanga ngabo nka nonoxynol kuko iyo izwiho kongera ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida bitewe nuko ituma mu gitsina no mu nnyo hazamo udusebe gusilamura abagabo muri afurika yo munsi y ubutayu bwa sahara bigabanya kwandura virusi itera sida ku bagabo badahuje igitsina hagati ya na mu gihe cy amezi kubera ubwo bushakashatsi ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima ndetse na unaids bashishikarije abagabo kwisiramuza muri mu rwego rwo gukumira virusi itera sida binyuze ku bwandu buturuka ku mugore wanduye yanduza umugabo utanduye mu turere twa afurika twiganjemo umubare munini wabanduye virusi itera sida icyakora ntibivugwaho rumwe ku bijyanye nimba kwisilamuza birinda umugore utanduye virusi itera sida iyo aryamanye n umugabo wanduye virusi itera sida usilamuye ndetse nta mibare izwi cyangwa ifatika ivuga ko byarinda abahuje ibitsina b abagabo bakora imibonano kwandura virusi itera sida mu bihugu byateye imbere umuryango mpuzamahanga urwanya virusi urasaba ukanashishikariza ko abagabo bose bakora imibonano nabo badahuje igitsina bagomba kwisilamuza ndetse nabakora imibonano mpuzabitsina nabo bahuje igitsina ko byaganirwaho nkuburyo bwo guhitamo kwirinda virusi itera sida abahanga bamwe batinya ko hashobora kuvuka imyumvire ituma umubare munini wabantu wakwitabira ibikorwa byo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye bitwaje ko gusilamurwa ari urukingo rubarinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida porogaramu zishishikariza kwifata no kurinda ubusugi n ubumanzi ku bakobwa n abahungu ntabwo bigaragara ko zigira umusaruro mwiza uhagije kandi ufatika mu kwirinda virusi itera sida hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko umusaruro wizo nyigisho udahagije habe namba inyigisho zihagije zitangwa ku bumenyi bw imyororokere mu mashuri zishobora kugabanya imyitwarire ishobora guteza ibyago byinshi byo kwijandika no kwiyandarika mu bikorwa by ubusambanyi umubare munini wurubyiruko rukomeje kwishora mubikorwa byinshi bishobora guteza ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida nubwo bahabwa inyigisho zihagije kuberana n ubwandu bwiyo virusi kuko babitesha agaciro ko kumva ko nabo bashobora kwandura ubujyanama butangwa no gupima kubizana kubihabwa ku bushake ntabwo bigabanya ibikorwa byo kwijandika no kwiyandarika mu busambanye kubamaze gupimwa bagasanga batanduye ahubwo bituma abapimwe bagasanga banduye bakunda gukoresha udukingirizo n imibare ikazamuka mu buryo bwigaragaza serivisi zinoze zo kuboneza urubyaro bigaragara ko byongera umubare wo gukoresha imiti yo kuboneza urubyaro mu bagore bamaze kumenya ko bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida nta makuru agahije azwi niba kuvura izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina bifite akamaro mu gukumira virusi itera sida gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida mu bantu babana n ubwandu bafite abasirikare barinda umubiri cd count bagejeje kuri l ni uburyo bwiza cyane bwo kurinda kwanduza abo baryamana nabo ingamba zizwi nko kuvura bisa nko kwirinda cyangwa tasp tasp ifitanye isano no kugabanuka inshuro kugeza kuri ibyago byo kwandura imiti irinda kwandura virusi itera sida yitwa profhylaxis prep ikoreshwa mbere yo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina hamwe numuti ukoreshwa buri munsi wa tenofovir hakoreshejwe cq hatanakoreshejwe umuti wa emtricitabine bigabanya ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera sida hagati y abantu bafite amahirwe menshi yo kwandura nk abagabo bakora imibonano nabo bahuje igitsina ndetse n abaryamana umwe abizi ko yanduye undi abizi ko atanduye ndetse no murubyiruko rwo muri afurika bene ubu buryo bushobora kurinda nabakoresha inshinge bitera imiti ibiyobyabwenge babicishije mu mitsi nyuma y ubushakashatsi bwakoze bukagaragaza ko habayeho kugabanyuka ku kigereranyo kivuye kuri kugeza kuri ku gipimo cy imyaka y abantu person years ikigo cy amerika gishinzwe gahunda zo kwirinda indwara gishishikariza ko abantu bafite ibyago byinsho byo kwandura virusi itera sida ko bakwiye gukoresha imiti ya prep uburyo rusange bwo kwirinda muri gahunda z ubuzima no kubwitaho bifite ingaruka nziza mu kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida gahunda zishyirwaho mu gukumira kwitera ibiyobyabwenge biciye mu mitsi hakoreshejwe inshinge no kuzisangira no gahunda zo gufasha kuvura abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bagahabwa ingurane nziza zo kubavura rehabilitation therapy biri mu bintu bihambaye bigabanya ibyago by ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida imiti irinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida ifatwa mu masaha ari hagati ya na ku muntu ukeka ko cyangwa wahuye n amaraso arimo ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida cq amavangiro yo mu gitsina yanduye iyo miti yitwa prophylaxis pep gukoresha umuti ufata rimwe wa zidovudine bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida inshuro eshanu nyuma yo gukomeretswa n urushinge kugeza mu gahunda yo gukoresha imiti irinda kwandura virusi itera sida muri leta z unze ubumwe z amerika yashyizeho imiti y ubwoko butatu bwo kwifashisha ari bwo tenofovir emtricitabine na raltegravir kuko ibyo bishobora kugabanya ingaruka kurushaho imiti ya pep ishishikarizwa gufatwa byihutirwa cyane iyo habayeho igikorwa cyo gufatwa ku ngufu cq gusambanya umwana cyane iyo ukekwaho icyo cyaha akekwaho kuba yanduye virusi itera sida ariko bikunze gutera impagarara no kutavugwaho rumwe cyane ukekwaho icyaha ubuzima bwe busanzwe butazwi nimba yaranduye cyangwa se ari muzima igihe cyo kwivuza gikunze kuba ibyumweru bine kandi bikunze kuba bifitanye isano n ingaruka zizahaza uyikoresheje aho imiti ya zidovudine ikoreshwa hafi bagirwaho ingaruka yo kugira isesemi umunaniro guhangayika kumutima no kubabara umutwe gahunda yo kurinda umubyeyi kwanduza umwana virusi itera sida zishobora kugabanya ibyaho byo kwandura ku kigereranyayo kiri hagati ya ibi ahanini bikubiyemo gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida mugihe umubyeyi atwite na nyuma yo kuvuka k umwana no gushyiraho gahunda yo gusimbura ibere umwana akagaburirwa hakoreshejwe insimbura bere nka bebelo aho kumwonsa iyo gahunda yo kwifashisha insimbura bere ishoboka byoroshye kubigeraho hari ingurane ndetse ari nta mabura kindi abikumira kandi kubigeraho bikaba byoroshye umubyeyi usanganywe ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida agomba kwirinda byimazeyo konsa umwana we ariko konsa umwana ni ibintu byingenzi muri ya mezi y ibanze kugirango umwana abashe gukura neza iyo biri ngombwa iyo bibaye ngombwa ko umwana yonswa muri ayo mezi y ibanze ni ngombwa ko umwana akomeza gufata imiti ya prophylaxis kugirango arindwe kwandura virusi itera sida ayanduzwa na nyina binyuze mu kumwonsa mu mwaka wa igihugu cya cuba cyabaye icya mbere mu gukumira no kurinda umubyeyi kwanduza umwana virusi itera sida kugeza ubu nta rukingo ruraboneka rwa virusi itera sida kugeza amagingo aya urukingo rukiri mu igeragezwa ruhari rukoreshwa kandi rugaragaza ko rufite uburyo rugabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida ni urwitwa rv rwavumbuwe mu mwaka wa ndetse rugaragaza ko rugabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida kugeza ku kigereranyo kingana na ibi bikaba bitera ibyiringiro byejo hazaza mu muryango wubushakashatsi bwo gukora urukingo rukora neza kurushaho haracyakorwa izindi nkingo zigerageza zishingiye ku rukingo rwa rv ndetse birakomeje kugeza ubu nta muti uhari nta rukingo rurinda virusi itera sida umuti uyivura uhari ni ugizwe n imiti ikomeye yizewe ku kigero kinini igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida yitwa haart highly active antiretroviral therapy ufasha kurinda ko indwara ya sida yihuta gukura no gukomera cyane ikwirakwiza ubukana buzahaza umuburi ubuzima kugeza mu mwaka wa abantu barenga miliyoni bakiriye bene iyi miti mu bihugu bikennye n ibiciriritse uyu muti ukubiyemo imiti ikumira ikanavura indwara z ibyuririzi bya sida kugeza mu mwaka wa mu kwezi kwa werurwe abarwayi babiri bari banduye virusi itera sida niba bamaze kuyikira burundu kwihutira gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida mu cyumweru cya mbere nyuma yo kwisuzumisha bigaragaza ko bitanga amahirwe menshi n icyizere cyiza mu kuyivura yaba mu bantu barangwa n ubukene nabafite ubuzima buciriritse imiti ikomeye yizewe ku kigero kinini igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida yitwa haart ifatwa mu buryo bwo kuyivanga gukomatanya bikunze kwitwa cocktails bukubiyemo imiti igera ku moko atatu iri mu byiciro bibiri by imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi antiretroviral agents mu ikubitir ryo kuvura habanza gukoreshwa uburyo bwa non nucleoside revers transcriptase inhibitor nnrti hiyongereyeho ubundi buryo bubiri bwa nucleoside analog analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor nrtis nrti zisanzwe zirimo imiti ya zidovudine azt cyangwa tenofovir tdf na lamivudine tc cyangwa emtricitabine ftc uhereye muri dolutegravir lamivudine tenofovir yashyizwe ku rutonde n umuryango w ubuzima ku isi nk umurongo wa mbere uvura abantu bakuru hamwe na tenofovir lamivudine efavirenz mu bundi buryo bwakwifashisha kuvura abantu bakuru gukomatanya imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi nka protease inhibitor pi bikoreshwa mu gihe imiti ifatwa mu buryo buvuzwe haruguru bitarimo gutanga umusaruro mwiza ufatika ku murwayi wanduye ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima na leta zunze ubumwe z amerika batanga amabwiriza ashishikariza abantu gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida harimo n abagore batwite bakayitangira kuyifata byihuse bakimara gupimwa hatitawe ku mubare wabasirikare barinda umubiri cd count iyo uwanduye atangiye gufata imiti ni byiza ko yirinda kuyihagarika cyangwa kurambirwa kuyifata abantu benshi bapimwa bagasanga baranduye bikunze kubaho byaratinze gutangira imiti kubera kwipimisha bakererewe uburyo bwiza bwo kwivuza ni uburyo bw igihe kirekire bukoresha plasma hiv rna count ibara munsi ya kopi kuri buri ml ikigero gifatirwaho kumenya nimba ubuvuzi bwa virusi itera sida burimo gukora neza bupimwa mu gihe cy ibyumweru bigera kuri bine igisubizo cyaza kiri munsi ya kopi kuri buri ml hakurikiraho gufata ibizamini buri mezi atatu cyangwa atandatu kandi ibyo biba bihagije igenzura ridahagije rifatwa ko za plasma hiv rna count rirenze kopi kuri buri ml ukurikije ibi bipimo mu kuvura virusi itera sida bitanga icyizere mu kurwanya ubukana bwa bwayo mubantu barenga mumwaka wambere wo kwisuzumisha no kwivuza inyungu zo kwivuza zirimo kugabanuka kw ubukana bwa virusi itera sida mu mubiri kuburyo bitagera aho bizahaza ubuzima ku kigero cyo kubura ubudahangarwa mu mubiri ari nacyo cyiciro byitwa ko umuntu arwaye sida ndetse no kugabanya ibyaho byo gupfa vuba mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y amajyambere abantu bavurwa mu buryo bwiza kandi hakiri kare bibatera kugira ubuzima buhagaze neza bw umubiri no mu mitekerereze muzindi nyungu ziri mu kwivuza hakiri kare bigabanya by ibyago byo kwandura igituntu ku banduye virusi itera sida izindi nyungu ziri mu kwivuza no gutangira imiti kare bigabanya ibyaho byo kwanduza abaryamana n uwanduye n ibyago by uko umubyeyi yakwanduza umwana atwite cyangwa mu gihe cyo kubyara cyangwa ku mwonsa kugirango umurwayi arusheho kumererwa neza biterwa n uburyo yiha gahunda yo gufata imiti bijyanye n imyifatire ye agomba guhindura mu mabwiriza ahabwa na muganga zimwe mu mpamvu zituma hatubahirizwa gahunda zo gufata imiti neza kandi ku gihe harimo kubura uburyo bwo guhabwa imiti n ibigo by ubuvuzi ubuzima kubura gahunda zirimo gufasha abarwayi kwiyakira no kubaganiriza uburwayi bw imitekerereze no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge amoko atandukanye y ubuvuzi n umubare mwinshi w imiti ifatwa igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida n ingaruka zo kubikoresha nabyo biri mu bintu bituma abanduye bacika intege zo kubahiriza no gukomeza gufata imiti ku gihe hamwe n uko igiciro cy iyo miti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida byabigiramo uruhare byabari bakeneye iyo miti bayibonaga kandi baturuka mu bantu babayeho mu bihugu bikennye n ibiri mu buzima buciriritse mu mwaka wa ndetse ubwitabire bwo gufata imiti usanga bungana yaba mu bihugu bikennye ndetse n ibihugu byateye imbere hari ingaruka ziterwa no gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida zimwe muri izo ngaruka harimo umubiri kunanirwa gukora uturema ngingo dutuma umubiri ugira amavuta ahagije lipodystrophy syndrome dyslipidemia na diabete ifata urwagashya cyane kubakoresha protease inhibitor ibindi bimenyetso bikunze kugaragara harimo impiswi hamwe n ubwiyongere bw indwara zifata umutima ubuvuzi bushya bugezweho buzwiho ingaruka nke kubafata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida imiti imwe n imwe irashobora kuba ifitanye isano no gutera ubumuga buvukanwa bityo bikaba bidakwiriye abagore bateganya kubyara kuba bayikoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida ihabwa abana bakiri bato itandukanye nihabwa abantu bakuze ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima rishishikariza kuvura abana bose bari munsi y imyaka itanu abana bari hejuru yimyaka itanu bavurwa kimwe nkabantu bakuru amabwiriza ya leta zunze ubumwe z amerika ashishikariza kuvura abana bose bari munsi y amezi na buri wese ufite ibipimo bya hiv rna bingana na ml ufite imyaka iri hagati y umwaka umwe n imyaka itanu ikigo cy ubuvuzi cy ibihugu by uburayi ema cyasabye ko habaho uruhushya rwo kwamamaza ku miti ibiri mishya igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida arv rilpivirine rekambys na cabotegravir vocabria kugira ngo ikoreshwe hamwe mu kuvura abantu bafite virusi itera sida yo mu bwoko bwa hiv ubu bwoko bw iyi iti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida nibwo bwa mbere buje mu buvuzi bwigihe kirekire hifashishwa gutera inshinge ibi bivuze ko aho kuba ibinini bya buri munsi abantu batera inshinge wezi cyangwa buri mezi abiri gukomatanya inshinge za rekambys na vocabria bigamije kubungabunga ubuvuzi ku babantu bakuru bafite virusi itera sida itagaragara mumaraso ubwinshi bwa virusi itera sida bugaragara ku gipimo cya kopi ml babifatanyije hamwe nubuvuzi bwabo bwa arv kandi mugihe virusi itigeze itera imbaraga zo kurwanya icyiciro runaka cy imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida yitwa non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor nnrtis na integrase strand transfer inhibitors ini ingamba zo gukumira indwara z ibyuririzi ziratanga icyizere mu bantu benshi banduye virusi itera sida usibye kunoza indwara zubu ubuvuzi hifashishijwe gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida biri mubigabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara z ibyuririzi abakuze ndetse n urubyiruko babana na virusi itera sida ndetse no kubafata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida kabone no ku batagaragara ko banduye igituntu cyangwa a ashobora kuba bafite umutwaro wo kuba baranduye igituntu bagomba gufata ubuvuzi bwa isoniazid preventive therapy ipt bagakorerwa ikizamini cyuruhu gipima igituntu kugirango harebwe nimba hakenewe guhabwa ubuvuzi bwa ipt inkingo z indwara z umwijima za hepatitis a na b zishishikarizwa guhabwa abanduye virusi itera sida mbere ko bagira ibyago byo kwandura bene izo ndwara z umwijima gukoresha imiti y ubwoko bwa trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis bana bakivuka bari hagati yibyumweru bine na bitandatu byamavuko no guhagarika konsa abana bavutse kubabyeyi banduye virusi itera sida birashishikarizwa cyane ku badafite amikoro ahagije birashishikarijwe gukumira pcp mugihe abasirikare barinda umubiri ba cd babarwa ku gipimo kiri munsi ya ul no mubasanganywe pcp cyangwa abigeze kuyirwara abantu bafite ubudahangarwa mu mubiri immunosuppression buhagije bashishikarizwa gufata imiti ya toxoplasmose na mac ingamba zikwiye zo gukumira zagabanije umuvuduko w izi ndwara ku kigero cya hagati ya na urukingo rw ibicurane n urukingo rwa pneumococcal polysaccharide rukunze gusabwa ku bantu banduye virusi itera sida kandi bifite ingaruka nziza zigaragaza ku buzima bwabo iyo bayifashe ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima oms ryatanze ibyifuzo bijyanye n intungamubiri zikenewe ku bamaze kwandura virusi itera sida muri rusange indyo yuzuye ni nayo ishishikarizwa abanduye virusi itera sida gufata indyo yuzuye ifite intunga mubiri zihagije kurwego rwa rda ku bantu bakuru banduye virusi itera sida ni inama nziza itangwa n ishami ry umuryango w abibumbye ryita ku buzima oms gufata cyane vitamine a zinc na iron bigira ingaruka zitari nziza ku buzima bwabamaze kwandura virusi itera sida kubantu bakuze nta nubwo ari byiza keretse niba hari ibigaragaza ko byagabanutse mu mubiri gufata indyo z inyongera diatary supplmentation yuzuye kubantu banduye virusi itera sida kandi bafite imirire idahagije cyangwa indyo idahagije bifasha gushimangira ubudahangarwa bw umubiri cyangwa kubafasha gukira indwara zimwe na zimwe icyakora ibimenyetso byerekana inyungu rusange muburwayi cyangwa kugabanya impfu zabazira indwara ya sida ntabwo bifitiwe ubushakashatsi kuri byo hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza inyungu k ubuzima bwamaze kwandura visuri itera sida iyo bafashe indyo y inyongera irimo intungamubiri ya selenium ku bagore batwite n abonsa banduye virusi itera sida indyo z inyongera zirimo amoko atandukanye ya za vitamine byongera umusaruro ku buzima bwiza ku babyeyi ndetse n abana niba umubyeyi utwite cyangwa wonsa yagiriwe inama yo gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera sida kugira ngo yirinde kwanduza virusi itera sida umwana atwite yonsa gufata amoko atandukanye ya za vitamine ntizigomba gusimbuzwa ubwo buvuzi hariho ibimenyetso bimwe byerekana ko abana bato banduye virusi itera sida bafata indyo y inyongera irimo vitamine a igabanya impfu ndetse ikongerera gukura neza muri leta z unze ubumwe z amerika abagera kuri banduye virusi itera sida bakoresha uburyo butandukanye bw ubuvuzi bwuzuzanya cyangwa ubundi buryo bw inyongera imikoreshereze yayo ntabwo ifitiwe ubushakashatsi bw imbitse bwemeza imikorere yayo neza nta bimenyetso bihagije byemeza ikoreshwa ry imiti gakondo cyangwa imiti ikomoka ku bimera nta bimenyetso bihagije bihari bishyigikira ikoreshwa ry urumogi mu gutera ubushake bwo kurya no kubyibuha k umubiri virusi itera sida yamaze kuba indwara karande idakira aho kuba indwara ikomeye mu bice byinshi mu isi kumenyekanisha biratandukanye hagati yabantu kandi cd ibara hamwe numutwaro wa virusi ni ingirakamaro kubisubizo byavuzwe hatabayeho kuvurwa impuzandengo yo kubaho nyuma yo kwandura virusi itera sida bivugwa ko iri hagati yimyaka na bitewe na virusi ya sida nyuma yo gusuzuma sida niba ubuvuzi budahari kubaho kubaho hagati y amezi na haart no kwirinda indwara zanduye zigabanya umuvuduko w urupfu ku kigero cya kandi bizamura igihe cyo kubaho ku musore ukiri muto umaze gupimwa kugeza ku myaka ibi biri hagati ya bibiri bya gatatu kandi hafi yabaturage muri rusange niba kuvura byatangiye bitinze kwandura prognoz ntabwo ari nziza kurugero niba ubuvuzi bwatangiye nyuma yo gusuzuma sida icyizere cyo kubaho ni imyaka kimwe cya kabiri cy abana bavutse banduye virusi itera sida bapfa mbere yimyaka ibiri batavuwe nol hitimana imyaka icumi nyamirambo yapfuye mbere ya rwanda yari umunyamakuru w u rwanda akaba n umunyamakuru animateur wa radiyo radio télévision libre des mille collines rtlm kikaba cyari uburyo bw ingenzi mu guteza imbere itotezwa ry abatutsi n abahutu bashyira mu gaciro mu gihe jenoside yo mu rwanda kimwe n izindi sitasiyo kuri sitasiyo hitimana yateje urugomo abaturage b abatutsi ku kirere mbere yo gukora muri rtlm hitimana yakoraga kuri radiyo rwanda iyobowe na leta ndetse n ikigo cy itumanaho n itangazamakuru mu rwanda mu mpera za za ndetse no mu ntangiriro ya za muri icyo gihe yamenyekanye cyane kubera indamutso yaturutse bisanzwe mu turere dutandukanye no mumijyi yu rwanda mu masaha ya mugitondo mugihe abahinzi babyutse bajya gukora mumirima iki gice cyamamaza cyashimangiye akamaro ko gukora cyane abaturage ndetse n ibitekerezo byo gukunda igihugu by ishyaka ryonyine ryemewe n amategeko kandi riri ku butegetsi ishyirahamwe ry igihugu riharanira demokarasi n iterambere mrnd bavuga ko ari inzogahitimana yirukanwe kuri radiyo rwanda nyuma yo gutuka umunyagitugu w u rwanda juvénal habyarimana mu kiganiro cyahise asinze bitewe no kuba yaramamaye ku rwego rw igihugu hitimana yari umwe mu ba animateurs ba mbere bahawe akazi na rtlm nyuma yo gushingwa ku ya mata  imyitozo yo gusuhuza imijyi n abayituye igihe jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yatangiye ku itariki ya mata hitimana ryahinduwe ngeso gutanga ahantu nyayo amazina bivugwa ibyitso rwandan patriotic front gushishikariza ihohoterwa ndetse kwica abantu na amatsinda nka impuzamugambi hamwe ninterahamwe za interahamwe ibice bya hitimana bikubiyemo byamakuru yose ya rtlm ku ya mata igisasu cyaturikiye muri imwe muri sitidiyo ya rtlm gikomeretsa bikomeye hitimana nyuma y igitero byabaye ngombwa ko acibwa ukuguru maze ahatirwa guhagarika gukorera rtlm  hitimana ni abwira vyagiye muri gereza mu cyangwa wenda imbere mwaka froduald karamira kanama mata yari umunyapolitiki wo mu rwanda wahamwe n ibyaha byo gutegura ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya jenoside yo mu rwanda mu yakatiwe urwo gupfa n urukiko rwo mu rwanda kandi yari umwe mu bantu ba nyuma bishwe n u rwanda karamira yavukiye i mushubati mu rwanda avukira mu muryango w abatutsi akuze karamira yemerewe kuba umuhutu akurikiza imigenzo imwe n imwe yo mu rwanda yemerera guhinduka kuva mu itsinda ujya mu rindi karamira yabaye umuyobozi wungirije w ishyaka rya mdr kandi yari umuyobozi mu mutwe w intagondwa z ishyaka uzwi ku izina rya hutu power ku ya ukwakira karamira yagejeje ijambo ku mugaragaro aho yahimbye igitekerezo cy ubutegetsi bw abahutu yahamagariye abaturage b abahutu guhaguruka no gufata ingamba zikenewe kandi dushakishe muri twe umwanzi uri muri twe su juicio comenz el de enero de en kigali adems de sus discursos diarios que incitaron al genocidio se afirm que él fue instrumental en la creacin y armamento de las milicias de interahamwe también fue acusado de ser personalmente responsable del asesinato de cientos de tutsis incluidos miembros de su propia familia ihuriro ry igihugu riharanira demokarasi n iterambere igifaransa mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement mrnd ryari ishyaka rya politiki ryategekaga u rwanda kuva kugeza ku butegetsi bwa perezida juvénal habyarimana yiganjemo abahutu cyane cyane bo mu karere kavukire ka perezida habyarimana mu majyaruguru y u rwanda iri shyaka ryashinzwe mu nk umuryango w igihugu uharanira impinduramatwara mu iterambere mouvement révolutionaire national pour le développement itsinda ry indashyikirwa ry abayoboke b ishyaka rya mrnd bari bazwiho kugira uruhare kuri perezida n umugore we ndetse n inshingano zo gutegura igenamigambijenoside yo mu rwanda izwi nka akazu kuva mu kugeza mrnd ni ryo shyaka ryonyine ryemewe n amategeko mu gihugu habyarimana yavuzwe ko ashyira mu gaciro  nubwo bivugwa ko ishyaka ryakoresheje uburyo bwo kwamamaza iburyo   ryateje imbere gahunda ya politiki y aba conservateur  kandi ryarwanyaga abakomunisiti ishyaka ryari rifite inzego z inzego zahuzaga inzego za guverinoma kuri buri rwego kugeza ku murenge no mu kagari habyarimana yari perezida w ishyaka kandi nkuwo ni we mukandida wenyine wabaye perezida wa repubulika icyakora mu bwumvikane buke kuri demokarasi abatora bashyikirijwe abakandida babiri ba mrnd mu matora y inteko ishinga amategeko izina ry ishyaka ryahinduwe nyuma y amashyaka ya politiki atavuga rumwe n ubutegetsi yemerewe n amategeko mu nyuma y igitero cya fpr mu abanyamuryango ba mrnd bakoze ikinyamakuru kangura ibaba ry urubyiruko rw ishyaka interahamwe nyuma yaje gukura mu mutwe w abasirikare wagize uruhare runini muri jenoside yo mu nyuma y urupfu rwa habyarimana muri mata abayoboke b ishyaka bari mu bubatsi bakuru ba itsembabwoko ry u rwanda ry u rwanda rumaze kwigarurirwa na mukeba w abatutsi wiganjemo abatutsi b abanyarwanda bayobowe na paul kagame mrnd yirukanwe ku butegetsi kandi biremewe agathe uwilingiyimana gicurasi mata yari umunyapolitiki wo mu rwanda yabaye minisitiri w intebe w u rwanda kuva ku ya nyakanga kugeza apfuye ku ya mata umunyamuryango w ishyaka riharanira demokarasi riharanira demokarasi mrd yabaye minisitiri w intebe w u rwanda ku ya nyakanga abaye umugore wa mbere kandi kugeza ubu wenyine wabonye uwo mwanya mu nshingano ze nk umuyobozi wa guverinoma yitabiriye hamwe na guverinoma ya perezida juvénal habyarimana mu mishyikirano yagiranye n umutwe w igihugu ukunda igihugu fpr inyeshyamba ziyobowe n abatutsi ibiganiro byatumye hashyirwaho umukono ku masezerano ya arusha muri kanama arangiza by agateganyo intambara yo mu rwanda umuziki nuburyo bwubuhanzi nigikorwa cyumuco uburyo bwacyo bukaba bwiza ubusobanuro rusange bwumuziki burimo ibintu bisanzwe nkibibanza bigenga injyana nubwumvikane injyana hamwe nibisobanuro bifitanye isano na tempo metero na articulation dinamike ijwi ryinshi nubwitonzi hamwe na sonic imico ya timbre nuburyo aribyo rimwe na rimwe bita ibara ryijwi ryumuziki uburyo butandukanye cyangwa ubwoko bwumuziki bushobora gushimangira de gushimangira cyangwa gusiba bimwe muribi bintu umuziki ukorwa hamwe nibikoresho byinshi hamwe nubuhanga bwijwi kuva kuririmba kugeza kuririmba hari ibice byigikoresho gusa ibice byijwi gusa nkindirimbo zidafite ibicurangisho byabigenewe nibice bihuza kuririmba nibikoresho ijambo rikomoka mu kigereki mousike ubuhanzi bwa muses reba inkoranyamagambo yamagambo yumuziki muburyo rusange busanzwe ibikorwa bisobanura umuziki nkuburyo bwubuhanzi cyangwa ibikorwa byumuco harimo guhanga ibihangano byumuziki indirimbo injyana simfoniya nibindi kunegura umuziki kwiga amateka yumuziki na isuzuma ryiza ryumuziki abafilozofe ba kera b abagereki n abahinde basobanuye umuziki mu bice bibiri injyana nk ijwi ryateganijwe mu buryo butambitse hamwe n amajwi nk ijwi ryateganijwe mu buryo buhagaritse amagambo akunze kuvugwa nka ubwuzuzanye bw inzego na ni umuziki ku matwi yanjye yerekana igitekerezo cy uko umuziki akenshi utegekwa kandi ushimishije kubyumva ariko umuhimbyi wo mu kinyejana cya john cage yatekereje ko ijwi iryo ari ryo ryose rishobora kuba umuziki avuga urugero nta rusaku ijwi gusa kurema imikorere akamaro ndetse nibisobanuro byumuziki biratandukanye ukurikije umuco n imibereho nkako mu mateka uburyo bumwebumwe cyangwa uburyo bwa muzika bwanenzwe kutaba umuziki harimo na quetet ya grosse fuge ya beethoven mu jazz yo hambere mu ntangiriro ya za na pank ya hardcore mu myaka ya za hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwumuziki harimo umuziki uzwi cyane umuziki gakondo umuziki wubuhanzi umuziki wanditswe mumihango y idini n indirimbo z akazi nka chanteys umuziki utangirira ku bihimbano byateguwe neza nka simfoni ya muzika ya kera kuva mu myaka ya za na kugeza ku buryo bwihuse bwacuranzwe n umuziki udasanzwe nka jazz ndetse na avant garde uburyo bw umuziki ushingiye ku mahirwe yo mu kinyejana cya na umuziki urashobora kugabanywamo injyana urugero umuziki wigihugu kandi injyana irashobora kugabanywa mubice urugero blues yigihugu na pop country ni bibiri mubice byinshi byigihugu nubwo imirongo itandukanya nubusabane hagati yubwoko bwumuziki akenshi iba yoroheje rimwe na rimwe ufunguye ibisobanuro byawe bwite kandi rimwe na rimwe ntibivugwaho rumwe kurugero birashobora kugorana gushushanya umurongo hagati yintangiriro ya za urutare rukomeye nicyuma kiremereye mubuhanzi umuziki urashobora gushyirwa mubikorwa nkubuhanzi bukora ubuhanzi bwiza cyangwa nkubuhanzi bwo kumva umuziki urashobora gucurangwa cyangwa kuririmbwa no kumvikana imbonankubone mugitaramo cya rock cyangwa igitaramo cya orchestre ukumva imbonankubone nkigikorwa cyikinamico kwerekana ikinamico yumuziki cyangwa opera cyangwa gishobora gufatwa amajwi no kumva kuri radio mp icuranga cd umukinnyi terefone cyangwa nkamanota ya firime cyangwa televiziyo mu mico myinshi umuziki nigice cyingenzi mubuzima bwabantu kuko ugira uruhare runini mumihango y idini umuhango w imihango yo gutambuka urugero impamyabumenyi nubukwe ibikorwa byimibereho urugero kubyina nibikorwa byumuco kuva mubyikunzi karaoke kuririmba gucuranga mumatsinda yikinamico cyangwa kuririmba muri korari yabaturage abantu barashobora gukora umuziki nkuwishimisha nkumuyabaga ucuranga selo muri orchestre yurubyiruko cyangwa gukora nkumucuranzi wabigize umwuga cyangwa umuririmbyi inganda zumuziki zirimo abantu bakora indirimbo nshya nibice bya muzika nk abanditsi b indirimbo n abayihimbye abantu bakora umuziki barimo orchestre itsinda rya jazz hamwe n abacuranzi ba rock band abaririmbyi n abayobora abantu bandika umuziki abatunganya umuziki na injeniyeri yijwi abantu bategura ingendo zibitaramo nabantu bagurisha amajwi umuziki wimpapuro n amanota kubakiriya ndetse iyo indirimbo cyangwa igice kimaze gukorwa abanenga umuziki abanyamakuru ba muzika nintiti zumuziki barashobora gusuzuma no gusuzuma igice nigikorwa cyacyo déogratias nsabimana kanama yapfuye mata yahoze ari jenerali akaba n umuyobozi mukuru w ingabo z u rwanda far mu kwakira urugaga rwo gukunda igihugu rw u rwanda fpr ingabo z impunzi n abatutsi bo mu rwanda n abatuye mu mahanga zambutse umupaka ziva muri uganda maze zitera u rwanda nsabimana yigaragaje cyane ku rugamba kubera iyo mpamvu muri mata nsabimana yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru w ingabo z u rwanda muri uru ruhare yashyigikiye iterambere ry umutwe mushya w abaparakomando nkumunyamuryango wa network zero ishyirahamwe ryitumanaho ryabayobozi ba gisirikare na politiki yafashije guhugura amakipe azapfa igihe hagaragaye ibimenyetso by ubufatanye hagati y ingabo z u rwanda n interahamwe za interahamwe yavuze ko nta bumenyi yari afite kuri ubwo bufatanye ukuboza mu rwego rw amasezerano ya arusha hashyizwe mu bikorwa amasezerano yo kugabana ubutegetsi umutwe w inyeshyamba zo mu rwanda patriotic front fpr wabonye abasirikare bagera kuri binjira i kigali nsabimana yarwanyije amasezerano ya arusha umwaka wakurikiyeho bivugwa ko nsabimana yagize uruhare mu gusaba ububiko bwa interahamwe ku ya mata nsabimana ari kumwe na perezida juvénal habyarimana bari batashye bavuye mu biganiro byo mu rwego rwo hejuru i dar es salaam ubwo indege yabo dassault falcon yagwaga na misile ebyiri zo mu kirere no mu kirere maze igwa hanze y ikigo cya perezida i kigali ndege yari itwaye cumi bwato harimo perezida cyprien ntaryamira w u burundi enos irigaba kagaba wavutse ni umucuruzi w u rwanda mu yafatiwe ku kibuga cy indege mpuzamahanga cya minneapolis saint paul ubwo yageragezaga kwinjira muri amerika yabanje gushinjwa uburiganya no gushaka kwinjira mu gihugu bitwaje indangamuntu igihe abinjira irangizwa wa gasutamo human rights kurenga no safety leta unit hrvpsu yabaye azi ko u rwanda yari yatanze mpuzamahanga rwo gufata kagaba ibikorwa bya jenoside mu intambara mu rwanda jenoside ashinjwa nabo yongeyeho hatanzwe icyemezo cyo gukuraho nibwo bwambere bwabaye muri reta zunzubumwe zamerika itegeko ryo gukuraho ibirego bya jenoside amerika yakoresheje usc a kugirango ishyireho ububasha kuri kagaba iri tegeko bwirizwa ryahaye ububasha umuntu ukekwaho icyaha niba we a afite ubwenegihugu bwa amerika cyangwa b ahari muri amerika tutitaye ko we cyangwa abahohotewe abenegihugu ari bari abanyamerika red fox vulpes vulpes nanone yitwa fox red fox cyangwa ibaye imbonekarimwe goupil izina ryayo mu myaka yo hagati mbere yuko intsinzi ya roman de renart ihindura iri zina ryambere ry inkomoko y ubudage rikaba izina rusange ni ubwoko bwa canidae buringaniye ni imbwebwe ikunze kugaragara muri aziya amerika y amajyaruguru afurika y amajyaruguru na ositaraliya ni inyamaswa z inyamabere zifite ikote ritukura ryanditseho umweru munsi yinda nu muhogo umunwa werekeza ugutwi ugatwi umurizo ubwoko bushyirwa muburyo bwa carnivora ariko bufite indyo yiganjemo inyamanswa zose kandi bugaburira cyane cyane imbeba ninkwavu ariko kandi nudukoko amafi cyangwa imbuto afite amahirwe rero cyane amwemerera kumenyera ibidukikije bitandukanye no guhindura imirire ye ukurikije ukwezi kwumwaka red fox yororoka bitewe n akarere kuva ukuboza kugeza gashyantare kubyara mugihe cyiza geste yiminsi ibi bikorwa mubuhungiro bwa burrow mugihe umwaka usigaye imbwebwe ibaho hafi yumuyaga abakiri bato babanje kugaburirwa namata ya nyina hanyuma buhoro buhoro ababyeyi bombi babazanira inyama batangira kuva mu mwobo nyuma y ibyumweru bine bonsa mu byumweru icyenda kandi nyuma yo kumara icyi hamwe n ababyeyi babo bagatatana kugwa ingano yo gutatana nubunini bwimyanda iratandukanye ukurikije ibiribwa byibidukikije ndetse nimpfu bigatuma amoko agenzura umubare wacyo amahirwe yacyo no guhuza n imihindagurikire y ikirere byayemereye gukoroniza igice kinini cy isi yo mu majyaruguru bituma iba imwe mu nyamaswa z inyamabere zikwirakwizwa ku isi ni inyamaswa ifatwa nk amayeri kandi akenshi igereranywa nko mu migani nko mu migani ya aesop iyo fabuliste jean de la fontaine ayifata nyuma cyangwa mu migani yo muri aziya aho agaragara nk umugome kandi yahawe imbaraga zubumaji irahigwa kubera ubwoya bwayo kugirango yishimishe kubera kwamburwa amatungo mato mato kandi nanone kubera ko iyo mbwebwe ari imwe mu ndwara z ibisazi na alveolar echinococcose ariko ubukangurambaga bwo gukingira indwara y indwara kurandura vuba ibisazi bivuye mu burayi bwi burengerazuba mu burayi imbwa zabujijwe buhoro buhoro kuva mu kinyejana cya makumyabiri buhoro buhoro red fox ishora mumijyi igaburira imyanda kandi ihungira muri parike nubusitani ahantu hatuwe imirima yashizweho kugirango itange isoko ryubwoya itahiwacu bruce uzwi nka bruce melodie ni umwanditsi w indirimbo n umuririmbyi w umunyarwanda bruce melodie yavutse mu avukira i kanombe se yitwa gervain ntibihangana na nyina akitwa velene muteteri ni umwana wa kabiri mu muryango w abana bane amashuri abanza yayize ku kigo cyitwa camp kanombe i kanombe amashuri yisumbuye yayatangiriye i kanombe kuri efotec ayarangiriza kuri islamique i rwamagana bruce melodie yakuze aririmba mu rusengero rw abarokore i kanombe yabahimbiraga indirimbo ariko bakaziha abandi bakaba ari bo bazitera ntabwo bamuhaga umwanya wo kwigaragaza ibyo byaramubabaje bituma ava muri korari nyuma yaje kujya muri studio mu ku umuntu producer jackson daddoey ariko iyo ndirimbo ntabwo yigeze irangira ibyo byatumye akomeza gucika intege ndetse asa n uretse umuziki yasubiye muri studio mu akora indirimbo yitwa inkovu ariko kubera amasomo ntabwo yabonye umwanya wo kuyamamaza cyane ngo imenyekane yaje gusubira muri studio mu akora indirimbo yitwa ngiye kubivuga nyuma aza gukora tubivemo ayikorewe na producer fazzo urutare rwa ndaba ni urutare ruherereye ku muhanda uva mu akarere ka muhanga ujya mu akarere ka karongi mu birometero makumyabiri km uvuye mu mugi wa karongi uru rutare rumanukaho amazi menshi kandi meza urutare rwa ndaba ruri mu hantu nyaburanga hasurwa cyane mu rwanda kandi hakurura abakerarugendo cyane benshi mu basura uru rutare rumanukaho amazi meza y urwererane amateka yarwo atangaza benshi urutare rwa ndaba bivugwa ko rwitiriwe umugabo witwa ndaba wakundaga akaryoshye cyane ariko ubuki bivugwa kandi bigahamwa cyane n abahatuye ko uyu mugabo yajyanye nabagenzi be guhakura ubuki bw inzuki zabaga mu mwobo wari hagati muri urwo rutare maze bakamwoherezayo ngo abazanire ubuki aho guhakura ngo azanire bagenzi be agahakura yirira bagenzi be bakomeza kurambirwa kuko bari bafashe umugozi wari uziritse ndaba munda ngo umufate kera kabaye baza kurambirwa baramurekura yikubita mu manga yuru rutare rurerure rufite hafi metero ijana z ubujyakuzimu maze arapfa bikira mariya w ikibeho ni izina ryahawe amabonekerwa ya mariya yerekeye ingimbi nyinshi mu myaka ya za i kibeho mu majyepfo y uburengerazuba bw u rwanda niyo mabonekerwa yonyine yemewe vatikani kumugabane wa afrika biboneka ko amabonekerwa yamenyesheje ubutumwa butandukanye abanyeshuri harimwo iyerekwa rya apocarite w u rwanda rumanuka mu ihohoterwa n inzangano bikaba bishoboka ko byahanuye itsembabwoko ryo mu rwanda ryo mu mu umwepiskopi waho wa kiliziya gatolika yemeye ku mugaragaro iyerekwa ry abanyeshuri batatu b ishuri ko ari ukuri kibeho ni umudugudu muto uherereye mu majyepfo y uburengerazuba bw u rwanda ibonekerwa ryavuzwe ko ryatangiye ku ya ugushyingo muri iki gihe amakimbirane yariyongereye hagati y imitwe y abatutsi n abahutu byabereye mu ishuri rya kibeho mu ishuri ryisumbuye ry abakobwa kandi harimo umwijima mu rwanda rwinjira mu ihohoterwa n inzangano benshi bemeza ko byahanuye jenoside yo mu rwanda mu mu myaka ya za bikira mariya nibwo yabonekeye abakobwa batatu bakiri bato yiyita nyina wa jambo bikaba byari bihwanye na umubaye w nyina w imana ababonye ibi batangaje ko mariya yasabye abantu bose gusenga kugirango birinde intambara iteye ubwoba mu iyerekwa ryo ku ya kanama bose bavuze ko babonye urugomo imirambo yatemaguwe ndetse no kurimbuka urutonde rurerure cyane rwerekanwe na alphonsine mumureke wari wabonye iyerekwa rya mbere nyuma gato yo kwinjira mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya kibeho mu kwakira nyuma y amashuri abanza naho irya nyuma ku ya ugushyingo anathalie mukamazimpaka niwe wakurikiyeho kugira iyerekwa ryatangiye kuva muri mutarama kugeza ku ya ukuboza aba bashimangiye amasengesho adashira n impongano mariya ndetse yategetse mukamazimpaka gukora penetensiya binyuze mu gupfa umubiri marie claire mukangango wabanje gutoteza mumureke ku ishuri kubera iyerekwa we ubwe yagize ibonekerwa ryabaye kuva ku ya werurwe kugeza ku ya nzeri mariya yabwiye mukangango ko abantu bagomba gusenga ishapure y ububabare burindwi kugirango babone kwihana mu ruzinduko rwe mu rwanda mu papa yohani pawulo wa ii yashishikarije abizerwa guhindukirira mariya nk umuyobozi woroheje kandi wizewe no gusengera ko hashyirwaho ingamba zikomeye zo kurwanya amacakubiri y ibanze yaba aya politiki cyangwa amoko mu minsi yakurikiye iyicwa ry umunyagitugu perezida w u rwanda juvénal habyarimana ku ya mata abanyarwanda kugeza kuri miliyoni bishwe n abenegihugu babo ndetse rimwe na rimwe n abaturanyi babo baturanye itsembabwoko ryabaye indunduro yo gukaza umurego hagati y amoko yombi abahutu n abatutsi n intambara y abenegihugu yari yarayibanjirije kibeho ubwayo niho habereye ubwicanyi bubiri ubwa mbere ku rusengero rwa paruwasi muri mata naho ubwa kabiri nyuma y umwaka aho impunzi zirenga zari zarahungiyeyo zarashwe n abasirikare marie claire mukangango n umugabo we bari mu bishwe mu bwicanyi bwo muri mata gusa iyerekwa ry ababonye mariya batatu ba mbere alphonsine mumureke nathalie mukamazimpaka na marie clare mukangango ufite imyaka na byemejwe na augustin misago umwepiskopi wa gikongoro abandi bavugaga ko bafite iyerekwa nk iryo ni stephanie mukamurenzi agnes kamagaju vestine salima na emmanuel segatashya uwanyuma muri bo mbere yari umupagani maze aba umuvugabutumwa wa gikristo mu barokore segatashya yeretswe mu iyerekwa harimo guhura na kristo bimuha umunezero iri yerekwa rishobora gufatwa nk ikimenyetso cyerekana itsembabwoko ryo mu rwanda cyane cyane ubwicanyi bwa kabiri bwa kibeho mu ishuri ryabereyemo iyerekwa ryabaye ahantu hiciwe abantu benshi mu gihe cya jenoside kuko abana benshi barashwe bakanicwa n iterabwoba ry abahutu aberekwa bari bahunze urugomo cyangwa bari mu bahitanwe na jenoside mu rwanda umwepiskopi wa gikongoro augustin misago yemeje ubwitange rusange bufitanye isano n ibonekerwa ku ya kanama umuhango wo gufata icyemezo cya mariya maze atangaza ko ari ukuri ku ya kamena yashinjwaga mu kuba yaragize uruhare muri jenoside mu rwanda maze agirwa umwere ku ya kamena y umwaka ukurikira umunsi mukuru wa bikira mariya wa kibeho ni ugushyingo isabukuru yo kugaragara kwa mbere mu iyerekwa rya alphonsine mumureke mu ingoro ya marian i kibeho yiswe ingoro ya bikira mariya w akababaro mu ibuye rya mbere ryashyizweho ku ya ugushyingo mu masezerano yo mu hagati y abasanzwe baho n umuryango wa apostolate gatolika pallotine umuyobozi w urusengero rwa bikira mariya wa kibeho yahawe inshingano za ba padiri ba pallotine umuyobozi mukuru ashyirwaho na musenyeri waho hamwe numuyobozi wa pallottine umwanditsi w amakinamico w umunyamerika katori hall yakinnye ibintu byabereye mu kibonekerwa rya bikira mariya wa kibeho byakorewe i new york mu stella ford mugabo wavutse ni umunyarwandakazi w umunyapolitiki wabaye minisitiri w ibikorwa by inama y abaminisitiri kuva muri nyakanga mugabo yavutse mu muri uganda kuri francis ford gashumba na stella mukamutara afite impamyabumenyi y uburezi yakuye muri kaminuza ya makerere na master mu by ubukungu n imibereho myiza yakuye muri kaminuza ya manchester mugabo yakoze nk umusesenguzi wa politiki rusange mu biro bya perezida wa uganda hanyuma aba umwanditsi mukuru ushinzwe amasomo mu ishuri rikuru rya kigali ry ubumenyi n ikoranabuhanga yabaye umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa w ubunyamabanga bw inzego za leta kuva muri werurwe kugeza yabaye umuyobozi w inama y ikigo cy ubuyobozi mu rwanda aba n umwe mu bagize inama ya gahunda yo kongera ubushobozi mu rwanda mugabo yagizwe minisitiri w ibikorwa by inama y abaminisitiri na perezida paul kagame muri nyakanga asimbuye protais musoni mugabo arubatse afite abakobwa batanu ni umukristo kayitesi zainabo sylvie yavutse kuwa gicurasi ni umunyamategeko w umunyarwandakazi kayitesi zainabo sylvie yavutse kuwa gicurasi avukira i rwamagana mu rwanda arubatse akaba ari umubyeyi wa abana bane kayitesi zainabo sylvie kuva mu kugera mu yakoranye n ishyirahamwe ry abagore mu kurengera uburenganzira bw umugore n umwana haguruka aho yabaye perezida na visi perezida wa pro femmes kayitesi yabaye kandi minisitiri wa minisiteri yari ishinzwe ubutaka gutuza abantu n ibidukikije kuva muri werurwe kugera mu ugushyingo kuva kandi mu kugera mu kayitesi yabaye perezida wa komisiyo y igihugu ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu mu rwanda kayitesi zainabo sylvie yabaye visi perezida akaba n umucamanza w urukiko rw ikirenga rw u rwanda kuva mu kugera mu ishuri ry indatwa n inkesha rizwi cyane nka groupe scolaire officiel de butare gsob ni ishuri ry isumbuye ry abihaye imana gatorika iri shuri riherereye mu majyepfo y urwanda mu akarere ka huye ahahoze hitwa butare iri shuri ryahoze ryitwa cyane urwunge rw amashuri rwa butare groupe scolaire officiel de butare gsob ryashinzwe mu mwaka w nabihayimana bo mu muryango waba sharite brothers of charity mu gutangira kwaryo ryitwaga groupe scolaire d astrida aho ryari rije gutegura abanyeshuri bo gufasha abakoroni bab abiligi bari mu gihugu icyo gihe ubumenyi bw isi ubumenyi mu myandikire y icyongereza ubumenyi mu byamadini ubumenyi mu mibikire y ibitabo siporo bafite amashami atatu yibanda ku bumenyi butandukanye ariyo ibinyabuzima ubutabire n ubumenyi bw isi ubugenge ubutabire n ibinyabuzima ubugenge ubutabire n imibare king kigeli v ndahindurwa of rwanda louis rwagasore prince of burundi melchior ndadaye joseph cimpaye umugezi wa nyabarongo niwo mugezi munini mu rwanda amazi yawo menshi ava mu isoko ya nile mu majyaruguru ya afurika umugezi wa nyabarongo ifite uburebure bungana na kilometero magana atatu mirongo itanu nimwe km niwo mugezi munini kandi mugari mu rwanda umugezi wa nyabugogo nawo wisuka muri nyabarongo byose bikisuka mu mugezi w akagera iyo migezi yose ica mu ishyamba rya kimeza rya pariki ya nyungwe ari naho habarirwa isoko ya nili umugezi wa nyabarongo wavutse mbere yuko pariki y igihugu y ibirunga ivuka aho witwaga nyawarungu uwo mugezi ukaba waratembaga ujya i ubugande ukanyura mu nzira dusanzwe tuzi ya mukungwa yari mu kibaya kinini cyaje kuzimira nyuma yivuka ry ibirunga ibirunga bimaze kuvuka amazi yaranyanyagiye abyara ibiyaga nka burera na ruhondo nyabarongo rero ibuze inzira igice cyayo kimwe cyahindutse mukungwa ikindi gikomeza mu majyepfo y urwanda ahahoze ari gitarama ubu akarere ka muhanga ibi byabaye hashize imyaka irenga miliyoni enye u rwanda rubayeho nyabarongo yomeje inzira yayo igaruka i kigali nyuma yaho yarakomeje mu burasirazuba ihura n akanyaru byisuka mu mugezi wa akagera umuganura n umuhango wizihizwa buri wa wa mbere w ukwezi kwa kanama aho abanyarwanda bizihiza ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi ubworozi ndetse n uburumbuke gukomera kuri uyu muhango n ugusigasira umurage w u rwanda kuko umuganura ukubiyemo indangagaciro zirimo kwishimira umusaruro gukunda umurimo ndetse n igihugu inzira y umuganura ni imwe muri zari zigize inzira z ubwiru mu rwanda mu gihe cy ingoma ya cyami inzira z ubwiru zarimo iz ubukungu iz umutekano w igihugu n inzira zo gukomeza ubwami inzira z ubwiru zerekanaga uko igihugu kiyoborwa mu bihe runaka niba hateye inzara hakaba inzira igihugu kigomba kunyuramo kugirango bahangane n icyo kibazo mu mateka y u rwanda umunsi w umuganura wari umunsi mukuru ngarukamwaka wubahwaga kandi ugahabwa agaciro ibwami no mu muryango w abanyarwanda umuganura watangiye kwizihizwa mu rwanda ku ngoma ya gihanga ngomijana mu kinyejana cya kenda hanyuma uza kongera guhabwa imbaraga na ruganzu ii ndoli hagati y imyaka ya ubwo yabohoraga u rwanda nyuma y imyaka irenga cumi n itanu ruri mu maboko y abanyamahanga abanyoro n abanyabungo abari bashinzwe uwo muhango bitwaga abiru abaturage bakoranyaga imyaka hirya no hino mu gihugu bakayijyana ibwami ku munsi w umuganura umwami agapfukama   yerekana icyubahiro aha abo ayobora ndetse n igihugu agafata umwuko akavuga umutsima afatanyije n umuganuza umwamikazi n umugabekazi bakarya bakanywa ndetse bakaza kunywa n inzoga bagatarama bakaza kuvuga ibigwi by ibyo bakoze mu gihugu nyuma y umuhango wo kuganura hakurikiragaho ibirori by umuganura byasozwaga n igitaramo k imihigo ku rwego rw igihugu umuganura wayoborwaga n umwami afashijwe n abanyamihango b umuganura abo kwa rutsobe n abo kwa myaka ya musana naho ku rwego rw umuryango umukuru w umuryango akaba ari we wayoboraga iyo mihango ku munsi w umuganura abayobozi basabanaga n abayoborwa mu gitaramo k imihigo abana bagasabana n ababyeyi ni muri icyo gitaramo cy umuganura hamurikwaga ibikorwa by indashyikirwa inka nziza umusaruro ushimishije maze abakoze neza bagashimwa ibigwari bikagawa umuhango w umuganura mu rwanda waje huhagarara ku ngoma ya musinga ubwo umwiru gashamura ka rukangirashyamba wari ushinzwe imihango yawo yacirirwaga i burundi mu mwaka wa uyu gashamura ni umwe uvugwa mu nsigamigani igira iti yaragashize nka gashamura kuva icyo gihe umuganura ntiwongeye kwizihizwa nyuma y uko u rwanda rubonye ubwigenge abantu bakomeje kwizihiza umuganura mu miryango ariko ubuyobozi bwariho muri icyo gihe ntibwashyiramo imbaraga ngo umuganura uhabwe agaciro ukwiye leta y u rwanda igendeye ku byiza n akamaro umuganura wagize mu kubaka igihugu yawuhaye agaciro gakomeye ishyiraho n umunsi w ikiruhuko uba buri wa gatanu wa mbere w ukwezi kwa kanama iteka rya perezida no ryo ku wa mu ngingo ya kugira ngo kuri uwo munsi abanyarwanda basabane bunge ubumwe bazirikane ibyiza bagezeho ari nako bahiga gukora neza kurushaho umwaka utaha umuco nyarwanda ugizwe n ibintu byinshi mu buryo butandukanye n ibindi bihugu byinshi byo muri afurika u rwanda ni igihugu cyunze ubumwe kuva mu bihe bya mbere y ubukoloni gituwe n abaturage b abanyarwanda basangiye ururimi rumwe rw ikinyarwanda n umurage ndangamuco mu rwanda hizihizwa iminsi mikuru inyuranye izwi buri mwaka ndetse n indi rimwe na rimwe leta yinjizamo guhera ku wa mata kugeza ku wa mata buri mwaka ni icyumweru cy icyunamo cyo kwibuka jenoside yakorewe abatutsi ku wa gatandatu wa nyuma wa buri kwezi ho haba umuganda rusange mu gihugu hose uwo munsi wibanda ku bikorwa bigamije iterambere n imibereho y abaturage muri rusange kandi serivisi nyinshi zisanzwe zikora zirahagarika umuziki n imbyino ni ibice bikomeye bigize imihango y u rwanda iminsi mikuru guhurira hamwe hamwe no kubara inkuru imbyino gakondo izwi cyane ni intore umwiyereko uzwi cyane ugizwe n ibice bitatu uruganda rw umuziki mu rwanda rurakura cyane muri iki gihe rufatiye ku njyana zo muri afurika y iburasirazuba iz abakongomani ndetse n izo muri amerika injyana zizwi cyane ni hip hop rb ndetse rimwe na rimwe ragga na dance pop abahanzi bazwi cyane bo mu rwanda barimo the ben bombi bagiye babona ibihembo binyuranye n abandi benshi nka na ibiryo byo mu rwanda bishingiye ku biribwa by ibanze bikomoka ku buhinzi gakondo mu mateka ibijyanye n imirire bigenda bihinduka bitewe n ubwoko butandukanye bw abantu amfunguro yo mu rwanda usanga akenshi arimo imineke ibitoki amashaza ibijumba ibishyimbo n imyumbati abanyarwanda benshi barya inyama inshuro zitari nyinshi mu kwezi ku batuye hafi y ibiyaga kandi bafite uko babona amafi bakunze kurya iyitwa tilapiya ibirayi bikekwa ko byinjijwe mu rwanda n abakoloni b abadage n ababiligi ubu na byo birakunzwe cyane ubugari busonze mu myumbati cyangwa ibigori na bwo bukunze kuribwa cyane kimwe no bice bya afurika y iburasirazuba isombe isekuye iva mu mababi y imyumbati ikaranze ikunze kugaburwa hamwe n amafi yumutse ifunguro rya saa sita ni imvange igizwe nibintu byavuzwe haruguru bishobora kwiyongeraho inyama burusheti y ihene inka inyama z ingurube cyangwa amafi ni byo bikunze kuribwa abantu batembereye mu cyaro utubari twinshi tugira umucuruzi wa burusheti uba waguze ihene akayibaga kandi akayotsa izo nyama azigaburana n ibitoki bikaranze amata cyane cyane ikivuguto akunze kunyobwa mu gihugu cyose ibindi binyobwa birimo inzoga gakondo yitwa urwagwa yenze mu bitoki n ikigage cyo mu masaka igaragara mu mihango n ibirori gakondo inzoga zicuruzwa mu rwanda zirimo primus mtzig na amstel ubukorikori gakondo ni ubukorikori bukozwe mu gihugu hose nubwo ibyinshi byatangiye nkibikorwa bikora aho gushushanya gusa ibitebo bikozwe mubikombe nibisanzwe amajyepfo y iburasirazuba bwu rwanda azwiho imigongo ubuhanzi budasanzwe bw amase y inka amateka ye yatangiriye igihe ako karere kari mu bwami bwigenga bwa gisaka amase avanze nubutaka karemano bwamabara atandukanye hanyuma bugasiga irangi mumisozi ishushanyije bikora imiterere ya geometrike ibindi n ubukorikori birimo ububumbyi ceramic gushushanya no kubaza ibiti bikozwe ahanini n abanyeshuri b abahanzi bo muri ecole d art de nyundo ishuri ry ubukorikori ridasanzwe u rwanda rwagize kuva kugeza uyu munsi aho bari hose ni izindi nzego zitandukanye zigerageza guhugura amashusho n ubuhanzi bw amajwi muriyi minsi ubwinshi bwumusaruro wamazu buracyari hasi kandi igiciro cyacyo ntabwo gihuye nimbaraga zo kugura benshi benshi mubatuye mumijyi baracyafite amazu binyuze mubikorwa bitemewe kuberako urwego rusanzwe rudashobora gutanga gahunda yo kubona amazu yita kuri bose ibihe byinshi bivamo ikibazo aho iterambere ryimiturire ryita kubakiriya bake gusa muribo icyifuzo kikaba kitaruzuzwa kugeza ubu mu gihe kigali yakira hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy abatuye mu mijyi mu rwanda inyigo y isoko ry amazu ya kigali ivuga ko amazu yose akenewe agera kuri muri yo akaba ari mashya yubatswe kumeneka kububasha butandukanye bwo kugura ibi byahinduwe kuri ibice byamazu yimibereho ibice byamazu ahendutse ibice byamazu yo hagati na ibice byamazu meza kuri kigali wenyine mu gihugu hose icyifuzo nticyigeze gikorerwa ubushakashatsi bunoze kandi ubushakashatsi burimo kwitegura biragereranijwe kabiri kubikenewe byose muri kigali ibyagezweho mu myaka yashize bifitanye isano no kurushaho kugira uruhare mu igenamigambi gufungura imikoreshereze y ibikoresho byaho mu bwubatsi no kwemeza kimwe uburenganzira bwa manda kumenyekanisha gukanguka ubushakashatsi buke hamwe nigeragezwa ryimishinga murwego rwimiturire byagize uruhare muri ibi gutezimbere igenamigambi ryabaturanyi hamwe nuburyo rusange bwo gutunganya imijyi birakomeje biteganya guhuzagurika mugutegura no gucunga iterambere nubwo hari imbogamizi zikiriho mu bijyanye n imari y imiturire uburyo bwo gutanga inguzanyo bwateye imbere binyuze mu gushyiraho amasezerano maremare y inguzanyo kugabanya gato igipimo cy inyungu ubwoko bunini kandi bworoshye cyane mu bijyanye no kwishyura mbere no kunoza uburyo inyubako zemerera uruhushya sisitemu ijyanye n amategeko agenga inguzanyo politiki yimiturire yigihugu guverinoma igira uruhare mu bufatanye n iterambere ry imiturire hagamijwe iterambere rirambye rivanze n imikoreshereze y imiturire y abaturanyi hashingiwe ku cyitegererezo cya ppp cyageragejwe bwa mbere mu igihe hubakwa amazu ahendutse mu bindi bishya byatumye ibikoresho byaho bibera banki kugeza ubu amazu yimiturire ari mubyiciro bitandukanye byo kwitegura bizatezwa imbere nabikorera ku nkunga ya leta hariho ingamba zikubye gukurura ishoramari rinini mumazu ahendutse no guteza amarushanwa ukoresheje ubutaka bwamenyekanye kandi buhari na gukurura no koroshya ishoramari rito n iciriritse mumazu ahendutse binyuze muri gahunda ziterambere zifatanije byafasha abafite ubutaka buto bitabira iterambere muburyo bwa koperative cyangwa nkabanyamigabane bashoramari umusaruro waho wibikorwa byubwubatsi uragenda wiyongera buhoro buhoro urugero umusaruro wa sima waho wamatafari meza kandi yangiza ibidukikije hamwe nibisubizo bishya bishya kandi byakorewe murugo kubikoresho byubatswe kandi bitubatswe reba ifoto iri kumugereka inzego zishinzwe imiturire n inganda zubaka zikomeje kwiyongera mu rwanda inganda zubaka zifite uruhare runini mu ngamba ziterambere z igihugu icyo aricyo cyose kirenze umugabane wacyo mu musaruro w igihugu abanditsi benshi bavuze ku ngaruka zabyo mu guhanga imirimo abandi ku ngaruka zayo zigwira mu bukungu bw igihugu nuburyo bworoshye bwibikorwa byubwubatsi muguhindura imiterere itandukanye ituma urwego rwihariye rwubukungu rugira uruhare runini mubikorwa byiterambere ryiterambere niterambere lopes et al reba umurongo ujyanye no gukura uhujwe na gahunda n ingamba by igihugu cyacu icyerekezo iterambere ry ubukungu n ingamba zo kugabanya ubukene ii edprsii gahunda y ingamba z imirenge n icyaro uruhare rwa minisiteri muri minisiteri umurenge ni ugushiraho politiki ingamba na gahunda bizemeza ko rwanda ntafite kera byanditswe ibitabo ariko hari ukomeye imigenzo itanditse kuva ibisigo ngo inkuru abantu by umwihariko urukiko rwabanjirije ubukoloni rwateje imbere imigenzo ya abah imivugo yumuziki gakondo ubucurabwenge ibisekuruza byabami bikunze kuvugwa mumihango yimikwa na ibisigo ibisigo byumwami inyinshi mu ndangagaciro z igihugu hamwe nibisobanuro byamateka byagiye bisimburana uko ibisekuruza byagiye bisimburana umwanditsi w ibitabo uzwi cyane mu rwanda ni alexis kagame jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu rwanda yatumye havuka ibitabo by inkuru z abatangabuhamya inyandiko n ibihimbano byanditswe n igisekuru gishya cy abanditsi nka benjamin sehene hakozwe amafilime atari make yerekeranye na jenoside harimo na golden globe yatowe muri hotel rwanda na shooting dogs yafatiwe amashusho mu rwanda ubwayo ikanagaragaza abarokotse mu bakinnyi burabyo yvan uzwi nka yvan buravan ni umwanditsi w indirimbo n umuririmbyi w umunyarwanda yvan buravan yavutse avukira i gikondo se yitwa burabyo michael na nyina akitwa uwikunda elizabeth ni umwana wa bucura mu muryango w abana batandatu amashuri abanza yayigiye igikondo ku kigo cyitwa le pet prince amashuri yisumbuye yayatangiriye muri amis des enfants na la colombier arangije umwaka wa kabiri muri kaminuza y u rwanda cbe mubijyanye n ubucuruzi itumanaho n ikoranabuhanga yvan buravan yatangiye kuririmba muri aho yitabiriye amarushanwa ya rwanda tel aba uwakabiri ahabwa amafaranga million n igice muri buravan yitabiriye amarushanwa ya talentum aza mubambere bahembwe ko ari abahanga mu kuririmba akaba ari na kimwe mubintu byamuhinduye imitekerereze umuziki atangira kuwubona muyindi nguni kandi ngari ni urugendo yakomeje ubutaruhuka abo mu muryango we kwishuri ni inshutize batangira kumufata nk umuririmbyi nawe atangira kubikora nk umwuga ndetse no kubikunda birushijeho buravan ku myaka nibwo yiyemejeko umuzikiwe ubaye umwuga mu ntangiriro za nibwo ibihangano bya buravan byatangiye gusakara mu banyarwanda nabo baramukundira barabikunda icyogihe ninabwo yaramaze kubona umujyanama mushya mubya muzika maneger buravan azwi cyane munjyana afro rb na soul akaba yarakundaga cyane abanzi barimo michael jackson na bruno mars nabandi benshi yakoze indirimbo nyinshi zirimo injyana majunda urwongukunda low key nizindi nyinshi yitabiriye ibitaramo byinshi bitandukanye mu rwanda no hanze yarwo birimo prix decouvertes vincent biruta wavutse ku ya nyakanga ni umuganga akaba n umunyapolitiki wumunyarwanda ubu akaba ari minisitiri w ububanyi n amahanga washyizweho mu gushyingo yabaye minisitiri w ibidukikije kuva ku ya kanama akaba yari na minisitiri w umutungo kamere kuva nyakanga yavutse ni umuganga watojwe afite kandi impamyabumenyi y icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu gutegura no gucunga serivisi z ubuzima mu bihugu biri mu nzira y amajyambere yakuye muri université libre de bruxelles mu bubiligi dr biruta afite amateka maremare mu bakozi ba leta mu rwanda nyuma ya jenoside yo mu kuva mu kugeza yabaye minisitiri w ubuzima kuva mu kugeza yabaye minisitiri w imirimo rusange ubwikorezi n itumanaho yabaye perezida w inteko ishinga amategeko y inzibacyuho kuva muri mutarama kugeza kuva muri kanama kugeza mu kwakira yari perezida wa sena y u rwanda urugereko rwo hejuru rw inteko ishinga amategeko y u rwanda ukuboza yagizwe minisitiri w uburezi akora muri urwo rwego kugeza muri nyakanga ubwo yagirwa minisitiri w umutungo kamere mwami ni izina ryicyubahiro mu bice by afurika y iburasirazuba ndetse niyo hagati iri zina risobanura umutware mubwoko bwindimi zitwa bantu iri zina kandi ryakoreshejwe mu mateka n abami mu bihugu byinshi bya afurika kandi n ubu riracyakoreshwa ku bami gakondo cyangwa abategetsi b uturere mu bihugu byinshi byo muri afurika mu ndimi nyinshi zo muri aka gace harimo ikirundi ikinyarwanda nizindi ijambo mwami rivuzeumutware w ubwoko iri rero rikoreshwa nk inyito ku mutware wese muri izi nce byongeye ho mwami bisobanura umutware cyangwa umugabo mu rurimi rw ikigande ikoreshwa nk izina ry umuyobozi mukuru mu batware bavuga ururimi rw ikigande hirya no hino mu karere k ibiyaga bigari bya afurika nubwo ishobora no gukoreshwa nk icyubahiro rusange ku bagabo kimwe n icyongereza bwana abatware gakondo ba lenje nabanya ila bo muri zambiya hamwe nabanya tonga bo muri zambiya na zimbabwe nabo bakoresha icyubahiro mu bwami bw u rwanda umwami w u rwanda yari azwi ku izina rya mwami abami mwu bwinshi kuva mu igihugu cyayobowe na perezida w u rwanda ubwami bw uburundi bwategekwaga n abami bitwaga mwami hagakurikiraho rimwe mu mazina ane ya regnal yakurikiyeho perezida w uburundi yategetse kuva repubulika yatangira mu uhereye mu mwaka wa ikitwa ubwami bwa buha mu gace ka kigoma mu burengerazuba has tanzania buyobowe n umwami uturuka manyavu witwa elifas robert ubwami gakondo mu ntara ya kivu y amajyaruguru kivu y amajyepfo na maniema muri repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo bita abayobozi babo gakondo mwami umwami ni izina ryicyubahiro mu bice by afurika y iburasirazuba ndetse niyo hagati iri zina risobanura umutware mubwoko bwindimi zitwa bantu iri zina kandi ryakoreshejwe mu mateka n abami mu bihugu byinshi bya afurika kandi n ubu riracyakoreshwa ku bami gakondo cyangwa abategetsi b uturere mu bihugu byinshi byo muri afurika mu ndimi nyinshi zo muri aka gace harimo ikirundi ikinyarwanda nizindi ijambo mwami rivuzeumutware w ubwoko iri rero rikoreshwa nk inyito ku mutware wese muri izi nce byongeye ho mwami bisobanura umutware cyangwa umugabo mu rurimi rw ikigande ikoreshwa nk izina ry umuyobozi mukuru mu batware bavuga ururimi rw ikigande hirya no hino mu karere k ibiyaga bigari bya afurika nubwo ishobora no gukoreshwa nk icyubahiro rusange ku bagabo kimwe n icyongereza bwana abatware gakondo ba lenje nabanya ila bo muri zambiya hamwe nabanya tonga bo muri zambiya na zimbabwe nabo bakoresha icyubahiro mu bwami bw u rwanda umwami w u rwanda yari azwi ku izina rya mwami abami mwu bwinshi kuva mu igihugu cyayobowe na perezida w u rwanda ubwami bw uburundi bwategekwaga n abami bitwaga mwami hagakurikiraho rimwe mu mazina ane ya regnal yakurikiyeho perezida w uburundi yategetse kuva repubulika yatangira mu uhereye mu mwaka wa ikitwa ubwami bwa buha mu gace ka kigoma mu burengerazuba has tanzania buyobowe n umwami uturuka manyavu witwa elifas robert ubwami gakondo mu ntara ya kivu y amajyaruguru kivu y amajyepfo na maniema muri repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo bita abayobozi babo gakondo mwami abanya luhya bo mu burengerazuba bwa kenya bavuga ko umutegetsi wabo w ikirenga ari mwami u rwanda ruherereye muri afurika rwagati mu burasirazuba bwa repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo kuri kilometero kare u rwanda nicyo gihugu cya kinini ku isi ruragereranywa mu bunini na haiti cyangwa leta ya massachusetts muri amerika igihugu cyose kiri ku butumburuke ahantu hasi cyane ni uruzi rwa rusizi kuri metero hejuru yinyanja u rwanda ruherereye muri afurika yo hagati uburasirazuba ruhana imbibi na repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo mu burengerazuba uganda mu majyaruguru tanzaniya mu burasirazuba n uburundi mu majyepfo irambaraye kuri dogere nkeya mumajyepfo ya ekwateri kandi idafunze umurwa mukuru kigali uherereye hafi y u rwanda rwagati amazi hagati y ibibaya binini by amazi ya nongo na nili aturuka mu majyaruguru yerekeza mu majyepfo anyuze mu rwanda aho hafi by akarere kanyuze muri nili na ku ijana muri kongo unyuze ku ruzi rwa rusizi umugezi muremure muri iki gihugu ni nyabarongo uzamuka mu majyepfo y iburengerazuba utemba ugana mu majyaruguru mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo y uburasirazuba mbere yo guhuza akanyaru ugakora akagera akagera noneho gatemba kerekeza mu majyaruguru k umupaka wiburasirazuba na tanzaniya nyabarongo akagera gasoza gatemba mu kiyaga cya victoria isoko yayo mu ishyamba rya nyungwe ni umwe mu bahatanira isoko rusange ya nili kugeza ubu itaramenyekana u rwanda rufite ibiyaga byinshi ikiyaga kinini n ikiyaga cya kivu iki kiyaga gifite igorofa ya albertine rift hafi yuburebure bwumupaka wiburengerazuba bw u rwanda kandi ubujyakuzimu bwa metero ni kimwe mu biyaga makumyabiri byimbitse kwisi ibindi biyaga binini birimo burera ruhondo muhazi rweru na ihema icya nyuma kikaba kinini mu mugozi w ibiyaga byo mu bibaya byo mu burasirazuba bwa parike ya akagera imisozi yiganje mu rwandarwanda rwagati no mu burengerazuba iyi misozi ni igice cyimisozi ya albertine rift yegeranye nishami rya albertine rya rift yo muri afrika yuburasirazuba iri shami riva mu majyaruguru ugana mu majyepfo ku mupaka w iburengerazuba impinga ndende ziboneka mu ruhererekane rw ibirunga rwa virunga mu majyaruguru y uburengerazuba ibi birimo umusozi wa karisimbi ahantu metres rwanda kuri metres  ft iki gice cy iburengerazuba cyu rwanda kiri mu mashyamba ya albertine rift gifite uburebure bwa metero kugeza kuri metero hagati y igihugu higanjemo imisozi izenguruka mu gihe umupaka w iburasirazuba ugizwe na savanna ibibaya n ibishanga u rwanda rufite ubushyuhe bwo hejuru y ikirere n ubushyuhe hasi n bigereranyo by ibihugu byo muri ekwateri kubera ahakirurutse yayo hejuru kigali rwagati mu gihugu hafite ubushyuhe bwa buri munsi buri hagati ya   c   f na   c   f hamwe no guhinduka gake mu mwaka hariho ubushyuhe butandukanye mu gihugu hose imisozi y iburengerazuba n amajyaruguru muri rusange birakonje kuruta iburasirazuba hariho ibihe bibiri by imvura m umwaka iya mbere itangira muri gashyantare kugeza muri kamena naho iya kabiri kuva muri nzeri kugeza m ukuboza ibi bitandukanijwe n ibihe bibiri byumye icy ingenzi kuva muri kamena kugeza muri nzeri aho usanga akenshi nta mvura iba n akandi gato kandi kadakabije kuva m ukuboza kugeza muri gashyantare kugwa kw imvura kugiye gutandukana mu turere aho uburengerazuba n amajyaruguru yuburengerazuba bwigihugu hakira imvura nyinshi buri mwaka kuruta iburasirazuba n amajyepfo u rwanda ruhana imbibi n uburundi kuri km repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo kuri km tanzaniya kuri km na uganda kuri km u rwanda rufite ubuso bwa kilometero kare ibihumbi muri byo ku ijana ni amazi u rwanda rufite umutungo kamere ukurikira imikoreshereze yubutaka mu rwanda ahanini ni ubutaka bwo guhingwa nibindi bikorwa km y ubutaka mu rwanda burahirwa imbonerahamwe ikurikira irasobanura imikoreshereze y ubutaka mu rwanda guhera mu ibyago byibasiye u rwanda birimo amapfa rimwe na rimwe n ibikorwa by ibirunga byo ku misozi ya virunga biherereye mu majyaruguru y uburengerazuba bw igihugu ku mupaka na repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya kongo ibibazo biriho bijyanye n ibidukikije mu rwanda birimo ibisubizo byo gutema amashyamba atagenzuwe kuri lisansi kurisha cyane kunanirwa n ubutaka no guhiga bukware u rwanda ni uruhande rw amasezerano mpuzamahanga akurikira u rwanda rwashyize umukono ku masezerano ariko ntirwemeza amasezerano y umuryango w abibumbye yerekeye amategeko y inyanja uru ni urutonde rwibintu bikabije byu rwanda ingingo ziri kure cyane mumajyaruguru amajyepfo iburasirazuba cyangwa iburengerazuba kuruta ahandi hantu ikirenge cya ruganzu ni izina ry ahantu nyaburanga mu rwanda mu akarere ka rulindo umurenge wa gasiga hitiriwe umwami ruganzu ii ndoli ruganzu uvugwa ko yasize ikimenyetso muri aka gace ku rwanda ni ruganzu ii ndoli bivuga ko yimye ingoma muw i aturutse karagwe ka bahinda aho yari yarahungishirijwe kwa nyirasenge nyabunyana akaza aje kuvana u rwanda mu maboko y abanyamahanga bari bararwigaruriye iki kirenge rero cyari kwibuye wagereranya n urusyo benshi bahamya ko umwami ruganzu yaje kuharuhukira ari kumwe n ibisumizi bye cyangwa ingabo ze bivugwa ko bari birutse cyane bakananirwa barangiza bakamusaba amazi nuko ruganzu afata umwambi afora umuheto arasa ku nkombe imwe havamo isoko y amazi kuva ubwo iyo soko yitwa isoko ya ruganzu aha rero hari ibuye rinini ryariho ikirenge cya ruganzu aho yakandagiye amano akishushanya ndetse n ibinono by imbwa ze iki kirenge cyaje kw imurwa kubw impamvu zo gukora umuhanda kigali akarere ka musanze kijyanywa mu nzu ndangamuco mu akarere ka huye i butare nyuma ku bw ubusabe bwa benshi iki kimenyetso ndangamateka kikaba kimaze igihe gito kigaruwe mu akarere ka rulindo ku kirenge aho ubuyobozi bw akarere bw ubatse ikigo ndangamuco kitwa ikirenga rwanda development board lycée de kigali ldk ni ishuri rysumbuye riherereye mu akarere ka nyarugenge mu umujyi wa kigali mu rwanda ryatangiye mu ni rimwe mumashuri yisumbuye yakera mu rwanda lycée de kigali ni ishuri riri mu mashuri ya kera mu rwanda ni ishuri ry indashyikirwa mu burezi mu myaka myinshi lycée de kigali yatangijwe na abafaransa mu kandi ni rimwe mu mashuri meza yigwamo na abahungu n abakobwa lycée de kigali yahawe leta mu ryari ryamaze kuterimbere uyumunsi lycée de kigali ishobora kwakira abanyeshuri mu kiciro rusange nikiciro gikuru cy amashuri yisumbuye lycée de kigali kandi ni ubufatanye bwa leta y u rwanda na ababyeyi ishuri ryakira abanyeshuri baturutse imihanda yose rikabafasha kuba abantu bingirakamaro bakenewe ku isoko ry umurimo mu rwanda rwo hambere kuva rwahangwa abanyarwanda babayeho bafite ukwemera kwarangwaga n uko mu myumvire yabo bumvaga ko hari ugenga ibintu byose n abantu bitaga imana icyo gihe bemeraga ko nta kintu cyapfuye kwitura ku isi kidafite uwagishyizeho ari we abanyarwanda bafataga nk usumba byose imyemerere rero ni kimwe mu biranga umurage w abanyarwanda abanyarwanda bemeraga ko umuntu ugaragara ufite ubwenge uhumeka ukora n ibindi arimo ibice bibiri bigizwe n umubiri ndetse n igicucu kitagaragarira amaso aha ni ho baheraga bavuga ko iyo umuntu atakiri mu buzima umubiri uhinduka umurambo ariko cya gicucu cye kikaba umuzimu udafatishwa intoki maze ukajya kwiturira i kuzimu ariko kubera urukundo wabaga ugikomeje kugirira ibyasigaye ku isi ukaba wajya uza kubisura kera abanyarwanda bemeraga ko nyuma y ubu buzima hari ubundi bugizwe n abakurambere bagwa neza bitwaga ingabwa n abagwa nabi abanyarwanda bemeraga ko batihagije ahubwo ko hari ikindi kintu kiruta ibintu byose biriho kikanabigenga ari cyo bitaga imana kwemera iyi mana binagaragarira mu byo bavugaga dore ko hari n amazina afatiye kuri yo abanyarwanda bitaga ababo kameremana yagaragazwaga n amazina atatu bayitaga iyambere bashaka kwerekana ko ari yo isumba byose kandi ko nta n umweisangiye na we kamere iyakare bivuze ko yahozeho kandi izabaho iteka ryose bitandukanye n uko ibintu bigira igihe bitangirira kubaho n ikindi birangiriraho na rugabo bisobanuye ko ishobora byose mbese nta kintu na kimwe cyayinanira hagendewe ku nkomoko y iri zina umuzimu riva ku nshinga kuzima bisobanura ko ikintu cyakaga umuriro   wagikongoye kigasigara ari ivu ritagifite ubushyuhe iyo bavuga umuntu batyo rero biba bihamya ko atagifite ubushyuhe bw ubuzima umubiri we wahindutse ubutita ndetse atakiri umuntu bakamwita intumbi ubundi igice cy umuntu kidapfa ni cyo cyitwaga umuzimu iyo umuntu yitabaga imana umuzimu we wajyaga i kuzimu ariko rimwe na rimwe ukazajya ujya kureba ibyasigaye i musozi ari na ho wasabaga abe kumwubaha no kumwiyambaza kandi na wo ukabahozaho ijisho kugira ngo batazata umuco karande ndetse n abagerageje kuwutatira bagahanwa kuko uwo muzimu wabatezaga ibyago bitandukanye nk indwara n ibindi uyu nyabingi bamwe bitaga nyabingi nyiramubyeyi umubyeyi biheko cyangwa nyirabiheko bitewe n uduce hari abavuga ko yaba afite inkomoko mu ndorwa cyangwa i karagwe ndetse ko rurema yamuhaye ububasha bwo kubaho iteka ryose ngo yari umugore utarigeze ushaka umugabo kwiyambaza nyabingi ubundi ngo byari uburyo bwo kumusaba ngo abantu babone ibyo bifuza mu buryo butagoranyenk urubyaro gukira uburwayi butandukanye kweza imyaka n ibindi bivuze ko ubufasha n uburinzi bwe bwasabwaga mu gihe cy ibyago no mu bigoye umwihariko wo kwiyambaza nyabingi uzi cyane mu majyaruguru ndetse no mu majyaruguru ashyira uburengerazuba bw u rwanda kugeza mu mutara no mu bwishya mu bufumbira no muri kigezi kuba abanyarwanda baremeraga ko abazimu bashobora kubatera bakaba banabateza ibyago byatumaga bakora ibishoboka ngo babagushe neza ari na byo bitwaga guterekera kubaterekera rero kwari ukubaho mu buryo bifuza kugira ngo batuze be guteza ibyago abazima mu rwego rwo kugusha neza abo bazimu abanyarwanda babubakiraga inzu izwi cyane ni iyitwaga kwa cyirima cyangwa bakabagondera indarondetse bagashyira amaturo ku nzu cyangwa mu ziko byitwaga kubasetsa nk ibishyimbo amata inzoga n ibindi gusa byose bakabikora babanje kubitera amazi n ingwa no kubitongera umuntu arebye neza asanga uyu muhango wo guterekera waratumaga ubumwe n urukundo hagati y abazima n ababo bapfuye waragumagaho bikanerekana ko urupfu rudakwiye kuba umupaka cyangwa inzitizi hagati y abazima n abatakiri mu buzima uko baterekeraga ku buryo busanzwe uterekera ni nyirurugo aterekerera abo mu muryango w urugo rwe abazimu aterekera nabo ni abakurambere bo muri uwo muryango mu ngo z abanyarwanda ba kera wasangaga hari uturaro ahantu hiherereye ho murugo utwo turaro rero tukaba ari two baterekereramo abazimu uterekera yarazaga akakicaramo akazana ifumba y umuriro agashyira mu nkono agahekenya amasaka agacira muri uwo muriro nuko ayo masaka agaturika uterekera akavuga ati seka gasani k i rwanda seka gororoka mukurambere nyir igicumbi tsinda umwanzi tsinda umurozi yashoboraga kuvuga n andi magambo asa n ayo iyo yamaraga kuvuga interuro y iryo sengesho yahitaga abwira uwo mukurambere ibyo yaje kumubwira byose kubandwa ubundi umuntu ashingiye ku nkomoko y ijambo ubwaryo byakabaye ari kumandwa bisobanuye guterekera abazimu b imandwa izi mandwa bivugwa ko zaje mu rwanda ziyobowe n umutware wazo ryangombe rya babinga ba nyundo zivuye mu gace ka gitara mu gihugu cya uganda ubu ni hafi y ikiyaga cya rwicanzige n ubwo nta wuzi neza igihe ibi byabereye ariko hari abavuga ko ngo byaba byari ahagana mu kinyejana cya ku ngoma y umwami w u rwanda ruganzu ndoli ryangombe amaze gupfa ngo abantu batangiye kujya bamwiyambaza kumubandwa ababikora ababandwa bagasaba kugira impagarike ubugingo n uburumbuke kubandwa ni ugukora uwo muhango mukuru utuma umuntu yinjira mu muryango w imandwa icya kabiri ni ukubahiriza imandwa wigana urusaku n imihango yazo ikindi ni ugukomeza gukora iyo mihango igihe wemerewe burundu kubera ko imandwa zakomotse i mahanga bitari abakurambere b abanyarwanda kubandisha byabaga ari umuhango wo kugira umunyarwanda usanzwe umwana w abazimu b imandwa gusa bamwe mu banyarwanda bagiye bitabira uyu muhango abandi ntibabikozwa ari na byo byatumye abatarawitabiraga baritwaga inzigo uyu muhango warimo inzego eshatu nk uko ubu muri kiliziya gatolika haba amasakaramentu atatu batisimu ugukomezwa n ukarisitiya intambwe ya mbere yari ukwatura aho umuntu wari usanzwe ari inzigo bamugiriraho imihango yo kumwaturaho umuzimu w imandwa kandi uwo muzimu bakamuvuga izina akaba abaye umurinzi w uwo mubandwa mushya ubaye umwana we nk uko ubatijwe ahabwa umutagatifu uzamubera umurinzi kandi akitwa n izina rye intambwe ya kabiri yari ugusubizaho bivuga kuzuza ububasha bw imandwa kuri uwo mubandwa bigasa nk isakramentu ryo gukomezwa ry abakirisitu intambwe ya gatatu yitwa gutonoora aho umubandwa umaze gusubizwaho yemererwaga kujya mu muhango wo kumara urubanza kumara urubanza bikaba ari ukwica imfizi y inka bakayitura umuzimu bashaka kugusha neza uwashubijweho akarya kuri iyo nyama y iyo mfizi bamajije urubanza niyo baha umaze gukomezwa mu muryango w imandwa ngo ayirye bwa mbere azajye akomeza no kuyirya igihe cyose uwo muhango uzaba wabaye birumvikana ko gutonoora bisa n umuhango w isakramentu ry ukaristiya muri kilizia gatolika iyo mihango yose yari yerekeye ukubandisha yakorerwaga mu muhango witwa ugutereka yahurirwagamo n ababandwa bose igasa na ya misa yo mu ba kristu aho uyu muhango wari utandukaniye n uwo kwiyambaza nyabingi ni uko kuri nyabingi batabandishaga icyaziraga mu rwanda ariko ni uko umwami yabandwa kuko kuba yapfukamira undi mwami akamukomera mu mashyi kwaba ari ukumuhakwaho kandi akaba amuhaye igihugu cy u rwanda ibyo bikaba bizira cyakora umwami yashoboraga gushyizeho umusimbura kuri uwo murimo wo kubandwa   uwo musimbura agahabwa izina ryo kwitwa umwami w imandwa kandi agatorwa mu muryango w abayumbu ubundi kurangura bisobanuye kumenya ikintu cyihishe ikintu kiriho ariko kitagaragara ndetse no gufindura kumenya ibizaza uko gufindura icyo abazimu b abakurambere bifuza byafashaga kugena uko abantu bakwiye kwitwara mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi muri uyu muhango umupfumu yari afite uruhare rukomeye kuko yafatwaga nk uzi gutandukanya ibimenyetso byo ku isi bigaragara n ubushake bw imana hari uburyo bunyuranye bwo kuragura burimo kuraguza umutwe guhanura kuragura urugimbu inka cyangwa intama imihundwa inkoko igikondo kuragura inzuzi amavuta n ibindi agaciro kari muri iyi myemerere yo kuragura ni uko byerekana ko abanyarwanda bari bafite umutima n ubwenge bwumva ko kugisha inama uwufite icyo arusha undi bigira umumaro ukomeye mu mibereho yabo mu gihe hirya no hino ku isi imyemerere yamenyekanye cyane igiye ifite abo yakomotseho nk abakirisitu bava kuri yezu kirisitu abasiramu bakava kuri muhamadi imyemerere y abayuda kuri musa mu rwanda si ko biri kuko nta muntu uzwi ufatwa nk inkomoko y imyemerere gakondo y abanyarwanda ahubwo iva ku mana bita rurema ibi bivuze ko imana bwite ari yo yishyiriye iyo myemerere mu bwenge bw abantu bayo yiremeye bakagira imyemerere karemano bitandukanye no mu yindi myemerere usanga ifite uwo ishingiyeho witwa ko yatumwe n imana iyo mana kandi bemeraga ko ari yo yashyizeho uburyo buyobora umutima wa muntu mu yindi myemerere usanga bafite aho basengera abayobozi ndetse n uburyo buzwi bwo gusenga mu myemerere gakondo urusengero rwafatwaga nk umutima n ubwenge bya muntu kandi akiyambariza imana aho ari ho hose no mu byo yaba arimo byose abayobozi bakaba buri muntu kuko bumvaga ko buri wese ashobora gushyikirana na rurema n ubwo rimwe na rimwe hari abo bemeraga ko bashobora kubavugira ku mana nk ababyeyi mu muryango ndetse n abategetsi maze isengesho rikagaragarira mu mihango inyuranye bakoraga rwagasana michel yavutse mu wa akaba yarabaye umunyamabanga wihariye w umwami mutara lll rudahigwa yabaye umunyamabanga w inama nkuru y igihugu cy u rwanda ndetse aba n umukozi wa leta mbiligi muri teritwari ya ruanda urundi rwagasana michel ni umwe mu bagabo bazwi mu mateka y u rwanda yavutse mu wa avukira ahahoze ari mu ntara ya gitarama gitisi na nyamagana ubu ni mu karere ka ruhango mu ntara y amajyepfo mu yinjiye mi ishyaka riharanira demokasi mdr ritavugaga rumwe na leta nyuma y amezi ane yahise agirwa minisitiri w uburezi na dr nsengiyaremye dismas wari minisitiri w intebe nyuma y imishyikirano hagati ya perezida habyarimana yuvenali n amashyaka atanu ataravugaga rumwe na leta ari ku buyobozi bwa minisiteri y uburezi yakuyeho politiki y iringaniza rishingiye ku moko mu mashuri ibi bikaba byaratumye yangwa na benshi mu bayobozi bari bafite ingengabitekerezo y amacakubiri ku itariki nyakanga nyuma y inama hagati ya perezida habyarimana n amashyaka atavuga rumwe na leta uwiringiyimana agathe yabaye minisitiri w intebe wa mbere w umugore asimbuye dr nsengimana wari waramugize minisitiri w uburezi kugirwa minisitiri w intebe kwa dr nsengiyaremye na perezida habyarimana ntibyigeze byishimirwa n andi mashyaka bitewe nuko uwiringiyimana atari afite imbaraga nk abandi bakandida byahaga ikizere perezida ko azashobora guca icyuho mu mashyaka atavuga rumwe nawe ku munsi wo kugirwa minisitiri w intebe kwa uwiringiyimana dr nsengiyaremye yahise amuvana mu ishyaka rya mdr rwagasana michel yabaye umunyamabanga w inama nkuru y igihugu cy u rwanda n umunyamabanga w umwami mutara lll rudahigwa rwagasana michel kandi yabaye umukozi wa leta mbirigi muri teritwari ya ruanda urundi ashinzwe abakozi kavukire i bujumbura ubumuntu umutima ukunda abantu kudakoresha ububasha yarafite munyungu ze bwite guharanira ubumwe bwabanyarwanda no kurwanya amacakubiri nibyo byaranze ubuzima n imibereho ye muri rusange kugeza bimugejeje ku rupfu ibi byose bikaba byaramugize intwari y imena mu mwaka wa mu matariki ya na ukuboza mu rwanda habaye ubwicanyi bwari buyobowe n ubutegetsi bwa repubulika ya mbere aho bwishe abatutsi n abayobozi b amashyaka ataravugaga rumwe na parmehutu byumwihariko kw itariki ya ukuboza nibwo rwagasana michel wari umunyamabanga mukuru wa unar ishyaka ryitwaga iry umwami na bagenzi be bafatiwe i kigali bajyanwa mu ruhengeri kuri nyamagumba muri ecole de police iryo joro baraye bakorewe iyicarubozo 
