#Article 1: Iinkonzo Zeelwimi Zesizwe (121 words)


Iinkonzo zeLwimi zeSizwe (National Language Services NLS) zika-Mzantsi Afrika zinyusa izinga kwaye zikwanika uncedo lonxibelelwano kwiilwimi. Ukugcina iimfuneko zolwimi zoMgaqo Siseko I-NLS ilawula ukungafani kweelwimi zoluntu kwaye inoxanduva lokusebenza ngokumandla zonke iilwimi zabantu bethu ngokuthi ibeke amanyathelo enkqubo yeziphumo ezenziwayo ekunyuseni ukusetyenziswa kwezi lwimi, kwakunye nezo lwimi zingakhathalelwanga ngokwembali.

Umcimbi ongundoqo we-NLS kukufezekisa iimfuneko zolwimi zoMgaqo Siseko ngokunika uncedo, nokunyusa izinga kwakunye nokunika iinkonzo zenguqulelo kunye nokuhlela kuzo zonke iilwimi ezisemthethweni kunye nokulawula ukungafani kweelwimi ngoyilo lweelwimi kunye namaphulo esigama.

I-NLS isebenza njengendlela yenkxaso yeelwimi zobuchule zikaRhulumente ngokuthi yenze inguqulelo yamaxwebhu asemthethweni kwiilwimi zonke ezisemthethweni. Iinkonzo zesigama zayo zinceda ngenkqubela kunye nohlaziyo lobuchule boluhlu lwamagama lweelwimi ezisemthethweni. Imisebenzi yoyilo lweelwimi iquka ukucetyiswa koRhulumente kwinkqubela yenkqubo yolwimi kwakunye nokuzalisekiswa bobuchule bokuphatha umcimbi.




#Article 2: IsiXhosa (1895 words)


IsiXhosa lolunye lweelwimi zaseMzantsi Afrika ezingundoqo nezaziwayo. Sithethwa ngabantu abaqikelela kwi-7.6 sezigidi okanye i-18% lwabemi baseMzantsi Afrika luphela, ngakumbi kwiphondo leMpuma Koloni neleNtshona Koloni eMzantsi Afrika. Kwimbali yakwaXhosa sinamaqhawe ngamaqhawe kwimiba emininzi. Sinabo ababhali besiXhosa abathi baqaqamba ekunikeni imbali eyiyo ngoXhosa beyinika ngesiXhosa. Zininzi ke iingongoma abanyathela phezu kwazo aba babhali.    

Njengazo zonke iilwimi zesiNtu, isiXhosa lulwimi oluhambisana kakhulu nezandi ezenziwa ngamagama. Oko kukuthi amagama abhalwa ngokufanayo nqwa angabizwa ngeendlela ezingafaniyo (ukuwa nokunyuka kwentsholo eyenziwayo xa kubizwa lo magama); namagama abhalwa ngokufanayo angaba neentsingiselo ezingafaniyo. Ngamanye amazwi isiXhosa sisebenzisa amaqabane kunye nezakhi ngokohlobo oluthile olwenza intsingiselo nemvakalo yamagama afanayo nqwa ingafani. Okona kubalulekileyo nangakumbi kulwimi lwesiXhosa kukuba lusebenzisa iziqhakancu, u-x, u-c, no-q.

Udumo lwesiXhosa lubonakala kumhobe wesizwe saseMzantsi Afrika, UNkosi sikelela iAfrika, owabhalwa nguEnoch Sontonga nowaye ngumXhosa ngokokuzalwa. Kwalona igama lolwimi lunesandi u-x. UMama uMiriam Makeba owayeyimvumi yaseMzantsi Afrika, walusasaza udumo lwengoma ethi Igqirha lendlela ebhalwe ngesiXhosa. Loo ngoma idume ngokuba nezandi/neziqhakancu u-q, u-gq no-ngq. 

Lona ke ulwimi lubhala ngesiLatini, lunefonetiki nolwimi ulufundiswayo ezikolweni, koonokholeji nasezidyunivesithi.

Ulwimi lwesiXhosa kukuphela kolwimi lwesintu olufundiswa esikolweni eMpuma Koloni. Umzekelo: nangona amaMpondo ethetha isiMpondo, amaBhaca ethetha isiBhaca ngokuthi ayatshefula, nabanye abantu bethatha iilwimi zabo, kodwa xa kusiyiwa esikolweni, lunye ulwimi lwemveli olutitshwa ezikolweni, sisiXhosa.  Zohluka-hlukene iintlanga zaseMpuma-Koloni. Kukho amaMpondo (utata uOliver Tambo uliMpondo, Kukho abaThembu (utata uMandela ungumThembu), amaBhaca, amaMpondomise, amaMfengu, amaRharhabe, amaGcaleka, amaNgqunukhwebe kunye nezinye izihlakani. Loo nto eye yadala ukubakho kwesiXhosa seengingqi.

Umbhali nentatheli uHelen Nontando (Noni) Jabavu wazalelwa kusapho lwezifundiswa eMpuma Koloni ngama-1919. Wathi akubaneminyaka elishumi elinesithathu, wafunda eNgilandi, waqhubekeka ehlala phaya iminyaka emininzi. Waba ngomnye wababhali neentatheli zase-Afrika ezingamanina.

Ngama-1955 uNoni Jabavu wabuyela eMzantsi Afrika wahlala iinyanga ezintathu. Watyelela uyise uNjingalwazi D.D.T. Jabavu waseForthare, nezizalwane eMpuma Koloni naseGoli. i’The Ochre People’ eyapapashwa okokuqala ngama-1963 yingxelo ecacileyo yohambo lwakhe nequlathe iinkumbulo ezicace gca neziqondakalayo zelizwe awayelithanda nabantu awadibana nabo.

UJabavu wasweleka nge-19 kweyeSilimela ngama-2008 eneminyaka engama-88. Lo mqolo ulandelayo obhalwe yimbongi uMakhosazana Xaba yimbeko efanelekileyo enokunikwa ngenxa yesakhono sakhe sokubhala nobuntatheli.

Isigqibo sam sokubhala ibali ngobomi bukaNoni Jabavu siqhutywe kukufuna ukwazi nokucaphuka okungazenzisiyo ngenxa yento ebibonakala kum njengokungaqatshelwa kwendima yakhe yokuqala njengombhali nentatheli. Ubani kufuneka afunde nje iincwadi zakhe ezimbini (uDrawn in Colour noThe Ochre People) ukuze abone ukuba wayenesiphiwo kangakanani njengombhali weziganeko zobomi. Iikholamu zomhleli zakhe zobuntathetheli zibonakalisa isimbo sokuchaza esakha umfanekiso-ngqonweni ebekufanele ukuba besingaqhelekanga ngexesha lakhe. Ngelixa bendinodliwano-ndlebe noWally Serote owayehlala eBotswana mgokuya uNoni wayehlala khona naye, ndifunde nto eqinisekise iingcinga zam zokuqala ngaye.

Umhlahlindlela wengqondi yeAfrika uTiyo Soga wazalelwa kwiphondo leMpuma Koloni ngonyaka we-1829. Unina yayinguNosuthu, uyise, uJotello Soga wayengumcebisi omkhulu weNkosi eyongameleyo yamaXhosa, iNkosi uNgqika.

USoga wahamba isikolo seemishinari apho uphawu lwakhe lobulunga lwaqatshelwa yimishinari, uWilliam Chalmers owamlungiselela ukuba abhale uviwo lokungena eTyhume kwisikolo sabafundisi ngonyaka we-1844.

Usoga kuviwo, wakhwankqiswa yingxaki yokuthabatha elula ebhodini. Nangona kunjalo, uChalmers waqinisekisa intloko yaseTyhume, uWilliam Govan amkele uSoga owathi ekuhambeni kwexesha wazibonakalisa, engomnye wabo bathathu babephumelele emagqabini phantse kuzo zonke izifundo zakhe. 

Ngonyaka we-1846, “iMfazwe yeZembe” yehla ngakumda kwiphondo leMpuma Koloni, uSoga wazikhusela kunye nonina eFort Armstrong, waqhubeka nokufunda ebusuku ngomlilo. UWilliam Govon wagqiba kwelokubuyela eScotland kwaye wathathela uSoga kuye ukuqhubela phambili amathuba akhe.

USoga ekuthiwa waguqukela ngokugqibeleleyo kwinkolo yobuKrestu eseyinkwenkwana ngenxa yamava okholo awawafumana kwisikolo secawa, waye waphehlelelwa eScotland ngonyaka we-1848.Wabuyela kwiphondo leMpuma Koloni, ukusukela ngonyaka we-1849 wasebenza njengotitshala ngenkolo yobuKrisru nomvangeli phambi kokuba abuyele eScotland ayokufunda izifundo zobuThixo. USoga wathweswa isidanga kwizifundo zobuThixo kwiYunivesithi iGlascow enama-27 eminyaka, wabekwa njengomfundisi webandla i-United Presbyterian Church ngonyaka we-1856, umAfrika wokuqala ukuphumelela oku.

Ngonyaka we-1857, watshata nentokazi yaseScotland,uJanet Burniside. Babenabantwana abasixhenxe. Phambi kokuba abhubhe ngonyaka we-1871, wayalela abantwana bakhe,abanye ewayefuna bafumane imfundo eScotland, ingazange yabenzela ntloni into yokuba uyise wabo wayengum-Afrika. “Yiyo nayiphi na intwana elunge necwenge njengaleyo yehla kwimithambo yabazalwane bam abanyanisekileyo”, wabhala.

Wabiza abantwana bakhe ukonwabela inkumbulo ngomama wabo “njengonobulungisa, inkathalo noqoqosho, intokazi engumKrestu”. “Nakuhlala ninombulelo nokunxulumana kwenu nolumanyano nohlanga olumhlophe”, wabayalela. USoga wabonisa nokuqondana ngokobuzwe ngokubhekiselele kulwabelwano lohambo lwawo onke ama-Afrika, kuquka ukuthi saa kwamakholwa. Kuhambo lwakhe lokubuyela eMzantsi Afrika ngonyaka we-1857, wabhala into ngoku eyaziwa njengephephandaba lokuqala ukuveliswa ngumntu omnyama woMzantsi Afrika.

USoga wabhala iintsomi, amaqhalo, amavo, umlibo weenkosi nembali kwaye ekuthanda ukuqamba amaculo ecawa. Wasebenza ngokungadinwa, efundisa, eshumayela, ebhala- de impilo yakhe yaxhwaleka wosulelwa nasisifo sephepha ngonyaka we-1866.

Nangona kunjalo, waqhubeka wasebenza kuguqulo lwendumasiso lwenoveli yodidi engumzekeliso kaJohn Bunyan, Uhambo lomhambi,walenza ibali lahambelana namava amaXhosa kwaye walenza lwaba lolona ncwadi lubalulekileyo nolunempembelelo kwinkulungwane ye-19 kuMzantis Afrika emva kweBhayibhile. Emva kweminyaka emini, wonyulwa kwibhodi ukuhlaziya uguqulo lweBhayibhile yesiXhosa apho wabanegalelo elikhulu. Nangona, uSoga zange aphile ukuze abone ukupapashwa kwayo. Wasweleka ngenxa yesifo sephepha eThuthurha ngaseGcuwa ngonyaka we-1871 eneminyaka engama-42.

UNtsikana wasungula umbutho wokuqala wamakrestu angam’Afrika pha ngeminyaka ye-1815.  Wayekwangumbali wokuqala ngesixhosa obalaseleyo wamaculo ecawa, kwaye iculo lakhe elibalaseleyo liyavela kwiincwadi ezininzi zamaculo ecawa zalemihla. UNtsikane lo wazalwa pha ngeminyaka ye-1780 kwiziswe sikaNgqika owayongamele amaRharhabe, wabaliphakathi ngokomnombo. Wayekhona xeshikweni iwhite settlement ye Eastern Frontier isanda kwaye kukho ungquzulwano phakathi kwamaXhosa nalamasetilane matsha. Utata kaNtsikane, uGaba wayenesithembu njengenkoliso yamaXhosa phambi kokuba aguqulwe (Bokwe 1914,4). Umama wakhe uNonabe wayengumfazi wesibini. Umfazi wokuqala wayenesikhwele waza wathyola uNonabe ngobugqwirha, uNonabe wanyanzeleka ukuba abaleke asindise ubomi bakhe. Emveni kwenyanga ezimbalwa uNtsikana wazalwa. Utata kaNtsikana waya kumlanda xa wayeneminyaka elishuni elinesibini. Njengoko uGaba wayezele intombi kumfazi wokuqala, uNoyiki wamamkela njengonyana wakhe.  UNtsikane ukhule esolusa umhlambi katata wakhe kwaye efunda nokuzingela. Xeshikweni elulutsha, uVan Der Kemp weLondon missionary society waza kulenginqgi ihlala uNtsikana. Ukusuka ngowe-1799 ukuya kowe-1801 lemissionary yazama ukushumayeza kodwa impumelelo yayo yabancinci. UNtsikane waqala ukuwuva kuye lomyalezo wobuKrestu. UVan Der Kemp wawushiya umhlaba kaNgqika waya kuhlala eGraaff-Reinet. Imfazwe yalandela kwi-eastern frontier phakathi kweenkosi eziitshatsheleyo zakwaRharhabe, uNgqika noNdlambe. Le mfazwe yaphela kwidabi lase-Amalinda apho uNgqika wohlulwa khona. Amajoni kaNdlambe ahlasele iGrahamstown ngowe1819 (kwi frontier war yesihlanu) kwaye umda wamiliselwa phakathi komlambo iKeiskamma ne Fish river. Zange kwafika missionary kwingingqi kaNtsikane de yabangowe-1816. Yayingumfundisi uJoseph Williams, owavula imissionary station ecaleni komlambo iKat.

Emveni kobukhwetha nokungena ebudodeni, uNtsikana wathwalelwa abafazi ababini. uNontsonta owabangumama kaKobe, uNomamto owabangumama kaDukwana nabaninawa bakhe ababini. Ekuswelekeni kukatata wakhe, uNtsikana wafumana ilifa. Ngelixesha uNtsikane wayeneembono. Wayenenkunzi yenkomo awayeyithanda Kunene, yayilubhelu inamacokoza amhlobhe ineempondo ezinkulu igama layo inguHulushe. Ngenye intsasa wavukela ebuhlanti waya waphawula imitha yelanga ekhanya ukodlula eminye ikhanya kwicala lale nkunzi. Wakhangela imvelaphi yalemitha. Xa ebuza uKobe owayemi ecaleni kwakhe ukuba usibonile na esi sehlo, ukobe waphendula ngelithi hayi andibonanga nto. UNtsikana wamangaliswa sesisehlo. Kwenzeka omnye ummangaliso kwangaloomini emtshatweni. UNtsikana waya waguduka nosapho lwakhe, kwalapha endleleni waya wavasa imbola yakhe. Akekho owayekuqonda okwenzekileyo kuye. Ekuhambeni kweentsuku waqala wandumzela iculo elaphela iliculo lakhe lecawa. Waxelela abantu ukuba kumele bathandaze, waqala ngoko ukubamba inkonzo rhoqo. Wathi mabangalimameli ela xhwele uNxele. Oku yaba sisiqalo sebandla lakhe. UNtsikane akazange ahlale eMission kodwa wayemndwendwela umfundisi uWilliams, nasekuswelekeni kuka Williams waqhubekeka endwendwela umfundisi uBrownlee. Phambi kokuba asweleke ngonyaka we-1821 wayecinga nzulu ngokuyokuhlala kwimissioni iChumie (Hodgson 1981,6). UNtsikana wabhala amaculo ecawa amane, elona laziwayo leli lakhe. Onke asafumaneka kwiincwadi zale mihla zamaculo ecawa.              

UNkosikazi Nontsikelelo Albertina Sisulu wayengomnye wabantu abafaka isandla ekulweni ingcinezelo, nokwangumhlolokazi wegqala lomzabalazo uMnumzana uWalter Sisulu. Umzabalazo weli loMzantsi Afrika udale iinkokheli ezibo0nakalise ukukhalipha nokuzimisela okubalaseleyo ekujongneni nenkohlakalo yentshutshiso. 

U- Albertina Sisulu ube phambili kumzabalazo phantse isiqingatha  sonke senkulungwane esilwa inkohlakalo nentshutshiso yenqala, eyeyibangelwa lulawulo ngokobuhlanga. Akabanga ngumzekelo ophilayo nje kumoya wentshukumo yenkululeko, kodwa kwindima ebalulekileyo edlalwa ngabafazi kuwo. 

U- Albertina wabangomye woomama ababekhokele amawaka amanina awayesingisele kwiZakhiwo Zomanyano ePitoli, ngexesha le-Women’s March eyindumasi. UAlbertina wazalelwa Phesha-KweNciba ngomnyaka wama-1918. Kwimpilo kamama wakhe eyayingentle, uAlbertina owayeneminyaka elishumi elinanye wayalelwa nguyise owayesele elele kwikhuko lakhe lokufa ukuba aze ajonge abanakwabo kunye noodade bakhe.

U- Albertina wayenezicwangciso zokuba nguNongendi, kodwa endaweni yoko waphela egqiba ekubeni abe ngumongikazi ukuze ukubhatala izifundo zabantakwabo. Ngomnyaka wama- 1944 waye wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato kunye noMnumzana uWalter Sisulu. Umyeni wakhe wamkhuthaza ekubeni azibandakanye nezopolitiko nasekuncedeni uluntu. Njengomongikazi wayila ucwangciso-ntsapho kummandla wase-Orlando.

Uthe ngomnayaka wama -1955 wazibandakanya nombutho we – A.N.C Women’s League. Ngomnyaka wama – 1956 u-Albetina ekunye noLilian Ngoyi, u-Helen Joseph kunye no-Amila Cachalia, bakhokela amawaka amanina ukusingisela ukusingisela kwiZakhiwo Zomanyano ePitoli ngexesha le Women’s March eyindumasi eyayichasene noluntu oluntsundu ekunyanzelisweni ukuba luphathe amapasi.

Wayengomnye wabaseki bombutho i- United Democratic Movement, I - U.D.M ngamafutshane. Mhla umyeni wakhe wonyulwa njengonobhala jikelele wokuqala weqela le -African National Congress, i - A.N.C ngamafutshane, u – Albertina waba ngumondli – ntsapho.Wayekwalilo neqhagamshela leenkokheli ze – A.N.C Kunye nezo zaziselubhacweni. Amapolisa okhuselo ayemnbandezela rhoqo, kwaye ethintelwa, agwetyelwe ukuhlala ngendlu okanye avalelwe entolongweni, maxesha wambi avalelwe yedwa.

Abakwa Sisulu balizwa ngabantwana abahlanu; u-Max, uLungi, uZwelakhe, uLindiwe kunye noNkululeko, nabantwana abathathu ababamnkela njengababo. Aba ke ngabantwana bodadeka – Walter; u- Gerald, u- Beryl kunye no- Samuel, udade kaWalter wakhula evana kakhulu noWalter ngexa wayeseluvalelweni eRobben Island.

Bonke abantwana babo bakhulele endlwini yabo eyayiseSoweto. Baye bafudukela endlwini entsha eyayise- Linden, eRhawutini kwiminyaka emine nje phambi kokusweleka kuka tata u- Walter, U- Albertina wayigqithisela kubantwana babo imbophelelo yakhe kumzabalazo. Unyana wabo omkhulu u- Max wabanjwa eneminyaka eli-17, waya elubhacweni emva kokubanjwa kukayise e- Rivonia ngomnyaka wama- 1963. 

Umntakwabo uZwelakhe wabandakanyeka kupapasho lwe- New Nation eyayisele inyinwe izihlandlo eziliqela. Naye wakhe wabanjwa iminyaka emibini ngaphandle kwengxoxo yetyala lakhe. Sele iyiminyaka engamshumi amahlanu u- Albertina wazibophelela kwi- Albertina Sisulu Foundatione egxile kwimiceli-mngeni abantwana nabantu abadala abajongene nayo. Waye wahlonitshwa ngokuzinikela kwakhe kumzabalazo owawuchasene nocalu-calulo kunye nomsebenzi wentlalo-ntle phakathi kwamanina kunye nabantwana, mhla i- World Peace Council yase- Basel, e- Switzerland yamonyula njengo mongameli wayo.

Ngomnyaka wama-2002 umolokazana wakhe u-Ellinor Sisulu washicilela ibali ngobomi babazali bomyeni wakhe, eyathiywa ngesihloko esithi, “Walter  Albertina Sisulu – In Our Lifetime” apho achaza khona ibali lesi sibini sibalaseleyo. Umama uSisulu wasweleka  ngequbuliso ekhayeni lakhe elise – Linden, eRhawutini eneminyaka engama- 92 ngomhla we – 2 KweyeSilimela ngomyaka wama- 2011.

 

UWilliam Wellington Gqoba (1840-88) wayedume kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yethoba, kwizifundiswa zaseAfrika, nezaziphuma kummandla weMpuma-Koloni yoMzantsi Afrika.

Ngokomsebenzi, wayengumakhi weenqwelo, engumshumayeli osesikweni weFree Church of Scotland, engutitshala, engumbhali wembali, eyimbongi, engumbalisi weembali, iintsomi namaqhalo, ekwanguye nomhleli. Ngokufutshane ngobomi bakhe, usebenze kwiizitishi zemishini njengomfundisi womthetho-siseko wenkolo yobuKhrestu, waze wayigqibezela inkqubela-phambili yobomi bakhe njengomhleli wephepha-ndaba laseLovedale, Isigidimi samaXhosa, apho athe wayila waze wancedisa ekubhaleni izibongo ezithetha phandle ngokubhukuqa nokugweba imfundo yaseNtshona, ukulawulwa kwabantu abamnyama ngabaseNtshona nocalu-calulo ababephantsi kwalo. Lo kaGqoba wayengumfanekiso wendoda yomXhosa efundileyo. Ngokungenakulinganiswa nabani na, ngexesha lakhe lohlobo loluhlu lokubhala kwakhe, ebengumbhali weeleta, amabali eembali ezimfutshane, iinkcazelo zamaqhina, iimbali nezibongo, kuquka izibongo ezimbini ezide ezikwintlobo yeengxoxo-mpikiswano nezabakho ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kulwimi lwesiXhosa.

Le ncwadi idibanisa, ikwaguqulela imibhalo ebonakala ngokucace gca kaWilliam Wellington Gqoba kulwimi lwesiNgesi. Le mibhalo iveza imbono yombhali ngoguquko lwesizwe se-Afrika, ekuziqhelelaniseni ngendlela enganelisiyo kumasiko nezithethe nobulungisa baseNtshona, sikhangele ukuqinisekisa ubuni baso ngokuqwalasela kwixesha laso elidlulileyo, sime kwinkcochoyi yokuhlanganisa inkcaso yokuphathwa ngabantu abamhlophe kunye nokwakha intlalo, inkululeko yepolitiki nenkolo yesithanga saseNtshona.

UNontsizi Mgqwetho ebehlala kwiGoldfields zaseWitwatersrand eMzantsi Afrika, kodwa akazange ayilibale imvela phi yakhe yasemaphandleni phesheya kwenciba, nakumaxesha angaphambili olonwabo apho ubukhosi bamaXhosa obuzimeleyo babukhululekile kwingcinezelo yabebala. Kwisithuba esingangeminyaka elishumi, ukususela ngo1920 ukuya ku1929, wabhala izibongo kwiphephandaba laseRhawutini Umthetheli wa Bantu, Nguye kuphela umntu wokuqala oyimbongi yasetyhini ukuvelisa umsebenzi onobutyebi kwisiXhosa. 

Ngaphandle koku kuvelisiweyo kule mibhalo kuncinane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngobomi bakhe. Nge23 kaOkthobha 1920 wayevutha embokweni liqhayiya, umfutho emele izibongo zabasetyhini. Wayethumela imibongo rhoqo kweliphephandaba kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu ukusuka ku1924 ukuya ku1926. ukhe waphumla iminyaka emibini de imibongo yakhe emibini yokugqibela yaphuma ngoDisemba ka1928 nangoJanuwari ka1929. Waze wanyamalala kwisithukuthezi senzolo awayeqhamke kuyo. 

Emva koko azange kuvakalento ngakwicala lakhe, kodwa ezi zibongo wazishiyayo zakhawuleza zamenza omnye wamagcisa amakhulu oncwadi akhe abhala isiXhosa. ulilizwi labasetyhini ababandezelekileyo omelana nolawulo ngamadoda, ukhokhelo olungahambeli ndawo, ukungazibandakanyi kwabantsundu, nomnqweno wokubukula nokohluka kwabebala, ukugxojwa kwezoqoqosho kunye nembali eyintlekele yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yokuhluthwa komhlaba nenkcubeko.

Amandla akhe uwafumana kunqulo olulolwakhe lwalowo unguThixo wamakrestu, nomama Afrika, nanjengempelesi yentsana zakhe, abo, agxininisa ukuba akudingeki baphendule kwizicelo zokubuya kwakhe  njengokuba engazange ahambe, wayexhathise kubantu bakhe abamphoxayo.




#Article 3: UMzantsi Afrika (366 words)


UMzantsi Afrika, ngokusesikweni ubizwa ngokuba yirhiphabhlikhi yaseMzantsi Afrika (RSA), lilizwe elibuthume kwincakami yeAfrika. Ubukhulu bawo buziikhilomitha ezingama-2,798 kunxweme olunwebela lunxusa umzantsi wolwandle iAtlantika kunye nolwandle iIndiya.  Emantla nango ethe natya amazwe asebumelwaneni anjengeNamibia, i Botswana kunye neZimbabwe; ukuya empuma yiMozambique kunye naseSwazini; phakathi kwala mazwe kukho ilizwe laseLuSuthu, ingingqi engqongwe ziziphaluka zasemZantsi Afrika.  UmZantsi Afrika lilizwe elikhulu kakhulu kangangokuba libambe indawo yama-25 ngobukhulu bomhlaba kwihlabathi lonke jikelele, kwaye phantse zizigidi ezingama-53 zoluntu, lilizwe elibambe indawo yama-25 ukuba lelona lizwe laziwayo. 

UmZantsi Afrika sisizwe leentlanga-ngeentlanga elididiyelwe ngamasiko ngamasiko, ngeelwimi-ngeelwimi, nangeenkolo-ngeenkolo. Njengelizwe elingunozala weentlanga-ngeentlanga, oku kubonakala kakhulu xa umgaqo siseko ukwamkela ngokungazenzisiyo ummiselo wokusetyenziswa kweelwimi ezili-11 nje ngeelwimi ezisemthethweni kwiinkonzo zaseburhulumenteni, nekuzezona zinenani eliphakamileyo kunawo onke amazwe emhlabeni. Ezimbini kwezi lwimi imvelaphi yazo iseYurophu: isiNgesi nesiBhulu, isiBhulu lisiDatshi olusetyenziswa njengolwimi lweenkobe luninzi lwabamhlophe kunye nabebala kweli laseMzantsi Afrika. Nangona isiNgesi ilulwimi olusetyenziswa imihla-ngemihla kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke nakwiintengiso, lulwimi lwesine olusetyenziswa njengolwimi lweenkobe. [9]

Abantu abamalunga nama-80% kubemi boMzantsi Afrika ngabantu abantsundu nekungabantu abaziinzalelwane zeli,[3] baziintlanga-ngeentlanga, bathetha iilwimi-ngeelwimi zakwaNtu, eziluthoba kuzo zinikwe isidima sokokuba zibe ziilwimi zaseburhulumenteni ngokusesikweni.  ezinye iintlanga ezingekho kweli nani ngabahlali bezixekokazi zaseAfrika ngamaYurophu, ngamaamaAsia, kunye nabamvelaphi yabo ikwiintlanga-ngeentlanga. Onke amaqela ezi ntlanga-ngeentlanga neelwimi-ngeelwimi amelwe ngokwezopolitiko kweli lizwe, kumgaqo siseko osekwe ngokwentando yabantu, opalamente yawo uyiRhiphablikhi, nawo osithoba amaphondo. Okoko kwathi kwaphela urhulumente wocalu-calulo, ubumbejembeje ngamasiko-ngamasiko boMzantsi afrika bulenze bangumahluko eli lizwe latsho laziwa de labaluleka ngakumbi, njengoko bubonakalisiwe kwintetho enguMmnyama weSizwe omabala-bala.

Ngokwezoqoqosho ingeniso yaseMzantsi Afrika ibekwe kwinqanaba elingaphezu kwesiqingatha yiBhanki yeHlabathi, kwaye uMzantsi Afrika uthathwa nje ngelizwe elithi liseyimveku libe sele liphuhle ngokupheleleyo kwezoqoqosho. Uqoqosho lwayo lubambe indawo yesibini eAfrika, kwaye ngobukhulu libambe indawo yama-28 kwihlabathi.  Xa kuthethwa ngokuthelekiswa kwamndla okuthenga oMzantsi Afrika kunye nawamanye amazwe, uMzantsi Afrika lilizwe lesixhenxe kwathenga kakhulu ngokwengeniso  yonyaka eAfrika, nangona ubuhlwempu nokungalingani kwabantu ngokobuhlwempu nobutyebi busahamba phambili kweli lizwe, njengoko ikota yabantu ingaphangeli ibe iphila ngemali engaphantsi kwe-US$1.25 ngosuku.  Nangona kunjalo, uMzantsi Afrika uthe wachongwa njeamandla akwizinga eliphezulu ngokwehlabathi, yaza yahlala iliziko elinomfutho kwingingqi.

Igama elithi Mzansi, lisuka esiXhoseni kwisibizo esithi umzantsi, oko kuthetha ukuthi mzantsi, igama elisetyenziswa ekuhlaleni mihla le eMzantsi Afrika.

Umzantsi Afrika umi kanye ezantsi kwingingqi esingathi kusezinyaweni zelizwekazi i-Afrika, nonxweme lwayo olude nolugama walo utsaleke ngokungaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-2,500 nolugudla iilwandle ezimbini (i-South Atlantic kunye nolwase-India)




#Article 4: IsiNgesi (793 words)


isiNgesi  lulwimi lwaseNtshona-Jamani olwathethwa okokuqala yiAnglo-Saxon eNgilani ngeminyaka yokuqala yeMiddle Ages. Sithetha nje lelona lwimi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele.  

Luthethwa  kumazwe ngamazwe ehlabathi lonke jikelele. Lulwimi lokuqala lwaseUnited Kingdom, eUnited States, eCanada, eAustralia, eIreland, eNew Zealand namazwe amaninzi eCaribbean. Bamalunga na-375 ezigidi abantu abasithetha isingesi nje ngolwimi lweenkobe (abantu abantetho yabo isisiNgesi), nto leyo esibeka kwindawo yesibini isiNgesi njengolona lwimi luthethwayo kwihlabathi. Bamalunga nama-220 ezigidi zabanye abantu abasithetha njengolwimi olongezelelwa kwiilwimi zabo zeenkobe, kwaye kusekho izigidi-gidi zabantu abasafunda ukusithetha. 

Sitshintshile ke isiNgesi, kunjalo nje besisoloko sitshintshwa ngenxa yefuthe lezinye iilwimi.  Kuba phantse ama-60% entetho isuka kwisiLatini, maxa wambi isiNgesi sithathwa ngokuba  lolona lwimi lunesiLatini kwiilwimi zesiJamani. 

IsiNgesi saaqala eNgilane. Iintlanga zamaJamani (amaSaxons, amaAngles, kunye  namaJutes) eeza eBritane malunga phaya ngoo-449 AD. Bafika mazenzela ikhaya emzantsi nasempuma yesi siqithi, bethyalela ngaphandle amaBritane aluhlobo lwamaCeltic ababefike kuqala kunabo, babenza ukuba bathethe ulwimi lwesingesi endaweni yolwimi lwabo lwakudala ulwimi lwesiCeltic. 

Unanamhla oku zisekho iilwimi zesiCeltic ezisathethwayo, ingakumbi eWales, apho isiWelsh ilulwimi lokuqala kwinxalenye yabantu abahlala kumaphandle. Inani labantetho isisiGaelic eScotland lincinane, kwaye phantse bonke bakwinaseziqithini. Ulwimi olubizwa ngokuba siScots lona lululwimi oluyinzalelwane yesiNgesi. isiGaelic eIreland nase[Isle of Man sithethwa ngabantu abambalwa kakhulu.

Iilwimi ezizalana nesiJamani zezi ntlanga zaba sisiNgesi samandul. Igama elithi English lisuka kwigama likaAngles: uEnglas. IsiNgesi sakudala asivakali njengesiNgesi esisithethayo ngoku. Ukuba abantu abantetho isisiNgesi ngoku bangamamela okanye bafunde umhlathi obhalwe ngesiNgesi sakudala, ambalwa kakhulu amagama abangawaqonda ukuba athetha ukuthini.  

Olona lwimi lusondele esiNgesini esisesasetyenziswayo namhlanje sisiFrisian, sithethwa ngabantu abangama-500,000 nabahlala eNetherlands, eGermany naseDenmark. Ngaphezu kokuba olu lwimi lubufana nesiNgesi, abantu abathetha ezi lwimi zimbini abavani kakuhle into abayithethayo. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, abantu abambalwa bathi olona lwimi lusondeleyo esiNgesini lulwimi lwesiDatshi.

Abanye abantu abaninzi beeza eNgilane kamva ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, bethetha iilwimi ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ezi lwimi zathi zongeza amanye amagama amaninzi kwatsho kwadaleka esi siNgesi sithethwayo kungoku nje.  

Nanku umzekelo, kwiminyaka yoo800 AD, amaDanish namaNorse kunye namapirates, nababizwa ngamaVikings, beza kweli lizwe saza isiNgesi samkela amagama emboleko amaNorse amaninzi. Iilwimi zabo zazizezamaJamani, njengesiNgesi samaNdulo. 

Emva koloyiso lukaWilliam wayithabathela kuye iNgilane ngo1066 AD kunye nomlhosi wakhe waza wabayikumkani, weza nabantu bakhe abahloniphekileyo, ababentetho yabo isisiNorman, ulwimi olwaluzalana kakhulu nesiFrentshi, ukuba lubekho kurhulumente omtsha. Baasivala isiNgesi ixesha elide ukuba sifundiswe ezikolweni, lwaza ulwimi lwatshintsha kakhulu, kuba sasithethwa ubukhulu becala endaweni yokokuba sibhalwe, isithuba esingangeminyaka engama-300. IsiNgesi saaboleka amagama amaninzi kwisiNorman ngexesha esasinokubizwa ngokuba lulwimi olwahlukileyo, iMiddle English. U-Geoffrey Chaucer ngumbhali owaziwayo wesiNgesi ekuthiwa yiMiddle English. Emva kwezandi ezininzi ezathi zatshintsha, isiNgesi iMiddle English sabasisiNgesi esiphuculweyo. Nangona umsebenzi kaShakespeare ungabonakala umdala kakhulu, kodwa ibizwa ngokuba iphucukile. 

Saaqhubela phambili isiNgesi ngokuthatha amagama amatsha kwezinye iilwimi, umzekelo, ingakumbi kwisiFrentshi (malunga nama-30% ukuya kuma-40% amagama aso), kodwa nakwisiTshyayina, isiHindi nesiUrdu, isiJapanese, isiSpanishi kunye nesiPhuthukezi. Kwathi kuba iingcali ezininzi ezazisuka kumazwe ahlukeneyo kwakufuneka zincokole zikwazi ukuthetha omnye komnye, baachonga amagama ezinto ayakuthi asetyenziswe kwezophando kwaye loo magama achongwa kwiilwimi ababezazi bebonke: isiGrike kunye nesiLatini. Laa magama eza nasesiNgesini kananjalo,   umzekelo, umfanekiso ofotiweyo (ifoto- ithetha ukukhanya kwaye -igrafu ithetha umfanekiso okanye umbhalo, kwisiGrike. Umfanekiso ofotiweto ngumfanekiso owenziwe ngokusebenzisa ukukhanya), okanye ifowuni. Lilonke ke,  isiNgesi senziwe ngesiNgesi samaNdulo (esizalana kakhulu nesiJamani kunye nesiDatshi),  isiNorse, kunye nesiFrench, kwaye sitshintshwe nasisiLatini, isiGrike, isiTshayina, isiHindi, isiJaphane, kunye nesiPanishi, namanye amagama amaninzi avela kwezinye iilwimi. 

Imbali yobuKumkani baseBritane bufake isandla ekwandeni kolwimi lwesiNgesi. Kunamhlanje nje, isingesi lolona lwimi lubaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi, ezifana neAustreliya, iKhanada, iHong Kong, kwRhiphabhlikhi yaseIndia nasePakistan, eMzantsi Afrika, nakwizizwe ezimanyeneyo zaseMelika, Isingesi lolona lwimi. Kuba ubuKumkani bezizwe eziManyeneyo (ilizwe apho iNgilane ikhoyo) kunye nezizwe zaseMelika ezimanyeneyo zibe zizizwe ngokwembali ebezisoloko zinamandla ekwenzeni imali naseburhulumenteni, abantu abaninzi babona iluncedo ukufunda isiNgesi ukuze bakwazi ukuthetha kumaziko ezophando, ezoshishino, nakwezozakuzelwano. Esi sifundo ke kuthiwa IsiNgesi njengolwimi olongezelelweyo, isiNgesi ngengolwimi lwesiBini (ESL) okanye isiNgesi njengolwimi oluvela ngaphandle (EFL).

Amabali nemidlalo edumileyo neyaziwa kakhulu. uShakespeare waye engumbhali wemibongo nemidlalo yeqonga yesiNgesi edume kakhulu. Sithetha nje, iingoma kunye nemovie (imiboniso yeefilim)zonke zisebenzisa ulwimi lwesiNgesi.

IsiNgesi sisebenzisa upelo magama olungaqhelekanga xa sibhalwa. Izandi zoonobumba kunye nendibaniselwano yazo ibonakala ngathi iyafana kodwa yahluke kakhulu. Nanku umzekelo igama elithi ough lahlukile kwelithi through (threw), rough (ruff), dough (doe) okanye cough (coff). Le nto ke yenza okokuba ibe lulwimi olunzima kakhulu ukuba lufundwe. Kumazwe amaninzi abantu abantetho isisiNgesi bawapela ngokwahlukileyo amagama. Kukho umahluko phakathi kopelo-magama lwaseMelika kwelinye icala naseUnited Kingdom kwaye amanye amazwe amaninzi (afana nalawo akwingqungquthela yaseBritane) apho isiNgesi ilolona lwimi lusetyenziswayo kwelinye icala. Ezi ndlela zokupela zahlukeneyo ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa sisiNgesi saseMelika ne  siNgesi saseBritane. Umzekelo igama elithi colour lipelwa ngolu hlobo color eMelika, negama elithi programme lipelwa ngolu hlobo program eMelika. Negama elithi spelled lipelwa ngenye indlela kwisiNgesi saseBritane, apho lipelwa njengo  spelt. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokusasazwa kwendlela ekwenziwa ngayo izinto, usasazo (okanye olunwenwela kwihlabathi jikelele), nasekunwenweni kwamasiko aseMelika ngomabonakude nangeenkqubo zeekhompyutha zaseMelika, abanye abemi baseBritane basebenzisa amagama esiNgesi aseMelika. 

Phantse ngama-60% entetho yolwimi lwesiNgesi ivela kwisiLatini nakwiilimi zeNeo-Latin (ingakumbi kwisiFrentshi):

Nangona kunjalo, kwawona magama akhe axhaphaka, awesiJamani ngawona alinani eliphezulu.




#Article 5: IKhemistri (730 words)


Ikhemestri lelinye lamasebe enzululwazi elisebenza ngee-elements zekhemical nangee-compounds, ikwabonakalisa nendlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi zinto xa zidibene. Ikhemikhali ikwasisifundo ngezinto ezithile ezenza imizimba yethu ngangazo zonke izinto ezisingqongileyo nezilapha emhlabeni.  

Phambi komnyaka we-1600, abantu baafunda ngezinto ukuze bakwazi ukuqonda okokuba zenziwa njani okanye zenzeka njani izinto ezinjengokujika i-lead ibe yigolide, kodwa akuzange kude kubekho mntu ukwaziyo ukukwenza oko. Kwaza ke ngoko kwabizwa ngokuba yi-alchemy. Nangona kunjalo, Ii-Alchemists (abantu abenza i-alchemy) bafumanisa okokuba kukho izinto ezibalulekileyo.   Ezo zinto yi-Sulphuric acid kune ne-nitric acid izinto ezimbini abathi bazibhaqa.   
Zazimbalwa kakhulu ii-elements ezazisaziwa. Ezinye zazo zii-mercury, isilivere, igolide, ne-carbon.

Ikhemistri iqale njengenzululwazi ngeminyaka yee-1600s. Kungoko kanye ke apho bafumanisa ezona nto zakhe zalula neziqhelekileyo ekwenziwa ngazo zonke ezinye izinto. Ezi zinto ke zibizwa ngokuba zii-elements. Enye into abathi bayifunda yeyokokuba igolide ne-lead zii-elements ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ke awunakuzika nge-chemical reaction enye ibe yenye kuzo. I-element yokuqala eyabhaqwa emva komnyaka we-1600 ye-phosphorus, into nje engaqhelekanga eqinileyo nebengezelayo. 

Ii-elements zaya zibhaqwa ngokubhaqwa ngokukhawuleza. Abantu bawahlula umoya waba ziintlobo-ntlobo baza bazahlula ii-noble gases kuwo. Kananjalo baaphonononga ii-minerals ezikhethekileyo nezibalulekileyo kumgodi wezimbiwa eSweden ukuze bafumane ii-rare earth metals. I-Radioactivity nayo yafumaneka. Kunamhlanje nje osokhemisti basafumene ii-elements ezahlukeneyo ezili-118. Ezinye zazo zixhaphakile, njenge-oxygen. Ezinye zinqabile kwaye ziphakamile ngexabiso, njengeplatinum. Ezinye azinakufumaneka apha emhlabeni, zingasuke zenziwe kwii-labs, njenge-rutherfordium.

Okoko kwange-1920s, ukwanda kolwazi nge-physics kwazitshintsha ii-theories zoosohhemist' ngokubhekiselele kwii-chemical reactions. ngeekhompyutha nje ezincinane nezikhawulezisayo, oosokhemisti bathi benza izixhobo ezikumgangatho ongentla ukuze ikwazi ukuphicotha izinto. Ezi zixhobo zazithunyelelwe ukuba zikwazi ukufunda nzulu iikhemicals ezikwiMars. Amapolisa akwasebenzisa ezi zixhobo ukuphanda nzulu ngobungqina obuvela kulwaphulo mthetho. 

Ziliqela iintlobo zekhemistri. I-Analytical khemistri iqwalasela ezo chemicals zikwizinto. Umzekelo, xa ujonga okokuba ingaba ingakanani na i-arsenic esekutyeni. I-Organic khemistri iqwalasela izinto ezine-carbon kuzo. Umzekelo, ukwenza i-acetylene. I-Inorganic khemistri ijonge kwizinto ezingena-carbon kuzo. Umzekelo omnye kukwenza i-integrated circuit.

Indawo inkulu kwikhemistri yi-polymer khemistri. Le ke ijongana nee-plastics. Umzekelo omnye kukwenza i-nylon. kuba ii-plastics zenziwe ngee-carbon, i-polymer khemistri yinxalenye ye-organic chemistry. Esinye isifundo sese-biochemistry. esi sifundo siqwalasela ikhemistri yezinto ezinobomi. Umzekelo ngowaxa unokubona okokuba i-arsenic iyityhefu njani ebantwini. I-Biochemistry nayo ikwayinxalenye ye-organic khemistri. akho namanye amasebe amaninzi e-khemistri.

Eyona nto yakhelwa kuyo nesisiseko se-element ibizwa ngokuba yi-atom. I-atom sisiseko sokwakhela nesisesona sakhe sasincinane kangangokuba xa ufuna ukuyibona ungayisika i-element ungakhange ude ube uyayicukuceza (uyijike ibe yi-element ekhaphukhaphu,  umzekelo ngenuclear fission okanye ngeradioactive decay). I-chemical compound yi-substance eyenziwe ngee-elements ezimbini nangaphezulu. Kwi-compound, ii-atoms ezimbini nangaphezulu zithi zimanyane zenze i-molecule. Intlantsana yothulu okanye intwana yeqabaza lento engamanzi eli libonwa ngamehlo lenziwe nezigidi ngezigidi okanye ngezigidigidi zezi molecules. Imixube ziisubstances apho ii-chemicals are zixutywe khona kodwa zibe zingenantshukumo ziyenzayo okanye ibonakalayo. Umzekelo ngowaxa kudityaniswa isanti netyuwa. Oku kunokujikwa kwakhona kwenziwe ityuwa nesanti ngokwahlukana kwazo. Ii-Chemical compounds zitshintshwa yi-chemical reaction. Umzekelo ingakukutshisa i-sodium bicarbonate, i-baking powder le siyaziyo. kugalelwa amanzi, i-carbon dioxide, kunye nesodium carbonate. Lo mxube awunakujikwa okanye ezi zinto azinakwahlukaniswa.

I-mole sisixa esikhulu kakhulu see-atoms (602,214,150,000,000,000,000,000 atoms). Ubunzima be-atom ye-element bungasetyenziswa ukujonga okokuba zingakanani na ii-elements ezenza i-mole. Umzekelo, ubunzima be-atom bumalunga nama-63.55. Oko kuthetha okokuba malunga nama 63.55 ee-grams ze-copper metal zine-mole yee-atoms. Ubunzima be-chlorine bumalunga nama-35.45. Oko kuthetha okokuba ama-35.45 ee-grams ze-chlorine ane-mole yee-atoms kuzo. 

Kananjalo, Ii-Moles zingasetyenziselwa ukujonga okokuba zingaphi na ii-molecules kwii-chemical compounds. I-Copper(II) chloride ingumzekelo. i-CuCl2 yi-chemical formula yayo. inye i-copper atom (63.55) zimbini zona ii-chlorine atoms (35.45 · 2 = 70.90). Dibanisa bonke ubunzima be-molar obukwii-elements zidibene kunye nobunzima be-molar be-chemical compound buya busanda. (63.55 + 70.90 = 134.45) Oko kuthatha ukuthi ngee-grams ezingama-134.45 ze-copper(II) chloride, kukho i-mole enye yee-molecules ze-copper(II) chloride. Eli gama lisetyenziswa xa kubalwa okokuba zingaphi na ii-chemicals ezifuneka kwi-chemical reaction xa kungekho ntshukumo reaction (ii-chemicals ezi-reacted) ishiyekileyo. Ukuba kusetyenziswe i-reactant eninzi, kuzakuba ii-reactants ezishiyekileyo kwi-chemical reaction.

Ii-Acids nee-bases ziichemicals ezixhaphakileyo. Ii-Acids zikhupha  H+ i-ions xa zisemanzini, zikhuphe nee-bases OH− ions xa zisemanzini. Ii-Acids zinga-react with bases. 

Ikhemistri ibaluleke kakhulu kwintlalo yemihla ngemihla kwaye yenza isiseko samasebe amaninzi enzululwazi. Ii-objects ezininzi zenziwe zii-chemists (abantu abangoosoKhemistri). Oosokhemistri basebenza ngokungagungqiyo bezama ukufumana ii-substances ezintsha nezibalulekileyo. Oosokhemistri benza amachiza kunye nezinye izinto ezifana nee-paints esizisebenzisa yonke imihla.




#Article 6: IBayoloji (368 words)


I-Bayoloji yinzululwazi ngobomi bezinto eziphilayo nango-guqu-guquko lweempawu zofuzo oluthi lwenzeke ngokuhamba kwexesha kwisidalwa. Xa sithetha ngezinto eziphilayo ke sithetha ngezi zinto zilandelayo: izityalo, izilwanyana, iinkowane kunye ne zinambuzane ezincinane kakhulu nezingenakubonwa ngamehlo ngaphandle kokuba ayancediswa ezifana nebacteria ezinje ngezi zijika ubisi lubengamasi kunye ne-archaea ungathetha ngeyeast njengomnye umzekelo wezibacteria. 

Abantu abayifunde nzulu ibayoloji kuthiwa ziibiologists. IBayoloji iqwalasela indlela eziphila ngayo nekuqhutywa ngayo zizilwanyana nazo zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo okanye eziphefumlayo apha emhlabeni. Ngamanye amazwi ibayoloji sisifundo ngobomi bemihla ngemihla obuphilwa siso sonke isidalwa esiphefumlayo apha emhlabeni. Ikwajonga iphonononge nembonakalo yazo. IBayoloji sisifundo esenziwa xa kuphandwa ngokubanzi ngendlela eziphathana neziphilisana ngayo ezi zinto xa zidibene nezinye, kwenzeka ntoni xa zikuloo environment zidibene kuyo ngexesha ezidibene ngalo. Yiminyaka engama-200 ibayoloji ifundwa njenge science. Phambi kokuba ibayologi le ibe sisifundo ngokupheleleyo,kwaqalwa kwenziwa uphando olunzulu ngazo ezi zinto ziphilayo ziphaya endle nakuzo zonke iindawo eziphila zikuyo. IBayoloji ifield zeiresearch eziqondene nayo ngqo. Ize kuphinde kuvele namasebe ouphando ezingamahlumela kwalapha kwezi fields. Njengazo zonke ezinye izifundo zescience, ibayologi isebenzisa indlela zokuphanda ezizizo.  Oko kuthetha okokuba iibiologists mazibe zinako ukubonisa i-evidence ngolwazi ezize nalo.  kunjalo nje nezinye iibiologists zibenakho ukuyia loo idea, zingqinelane okanye zingangqinelani kwaphela naloo idea yaloo biologist okanye ezo biologists. Lilonke i-idea yebiologist kufuneka iqale iphekwe kuqala ngabanye abaphandi abakuloo field ukuze ibe iyapasiswa, kuthiwe ngenene le idea yale biologist inyanisekile okanye ayinyanisekanga. Njengoko sele sitshilo, phambi kokuba i-idea yomphandi ibe iyapasiswa, kufuneka yena ngokwakhe aqiniseke kuqala okokuba uphando alwenzayo ulwenza ngokwendlela ekuqhutywa ngayo kwa-science.   

IBayologi izama ukuphendula imibuzo enje ngale: Uyibona ngantoni le nto ukuba iyaphila? chaza iimpawu zayo. (esi study kuthiwa yicomparative anatomy); Asebenza njani amalungu esiqu sayo? (esi ke sona kuthiwa yiphysiology); Singazahlula njani izinto eziphilayo apha emhlabeni zibe ngamaqela-ngamaqela? Ngamanye amazwi, zimpawu zini ezinokukhokelela ekubeni sikwazi ukuzahlula ezi zinto ziphilayo ngokwamaqela azo kwezinye. Sitsho sikwazi ukwenza iclassification, okanye siyazi itaxonomy)yazo; iphila njani ukuze side sithi iyaphila le nto? Ngamanye amazwi, yintoni le yenziwa zezi zidalwa (izimbo zazo ezibonakalisa okokuba ziyaphila? Zenzeka njani ukukhula kwazo zisebenza njani ufuzo (negenetics); Ithini imbali yobomi? okokutsho (i-palaeontology). Ithini i-ecology? Ngamanye amazwi ziphila njani izinto eziphefumlayo kwi-environment ezikuyo? Yonke ibayoloji yale mihla siphila kuyo inikwe ifuthe yi-evolution nekuyiyo ephendula umbuzo othi: Kwenzeke njani ukuba ihlabathi esiphila kulo libe linje ngokuba silibona namhlanje?




#Article 7: IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni (155 words)


IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni lelinye lamaPhondo oMzantsi Afrika. IKomkhulu yalo yiBhisho.

Injengele esesihlalweni ukususela ngowamawaka amabini anesithoba (2015) nguPhumulo Masualle wombutho ophethe isizwe iAfrican National Congress, iANC ngamafutshane.

Inani labantu abahlala kulo liqikelelwa kuma – 6.786.900.

Iilwimi ezithethwa koluPhondo zimi ngoluhlobo: isiXhosa (78.9%), isiBhulu (10,6%), isiNgesi (5,6%) kwakunye nesiSuthu.
Kumagorha athi awela edabini kwiimfazwe zokulwela umhlaba weMpuma Koloni singabala iingwevu zakwa Phalo ezifana no Hintsa, uNgqika, uNxele, uMaqoma no Sarhili, babe ziinkosi zesi sizwe. 

IMpuma Koloni ikwalikhaya lamaqhawe omzabalazo wenkululeko afana no Robert Sobukwe, uNelson Mandela, uGovan Mbeki, uRaymond Mhlaba, uThabo Mbeki, uChris Hani, uWalter Sisulu, uClerence Makwethu, uKaiser Matanzima, uSteve Biko nabanye abaninzi.

Kulapho kukho khona iCofimvaba indawo ekwazalelwa kuyo uSibusiso Zonke kunye noChris Hani.

Zininzi iindawo esingazikhankanya ezizidolophu zabantu abaziwayo jikelele ezikolu phondo.

IMpuma Koloni luphondo oluneentlanga neenkolo ezininzi, nabantu abane nkosi ngenkosi ngobobuhlanga babo njengama Gcaleka, ama Rharhabe, abaThembu, amaBomvana, ama Hlubi, ama Mpondo, aba Thembu, ama Gqunukhwebe, ama Bhaca, ama Mfengu nama Mpondomise.




#Article 8: UYesu Kristu (102 words)


UYesu Kristu

uYesu Kristu yiNkosi yethu sonke kwaye wafela izono zethu sonke ukuze singatshabalali kodwa sibengabantwana bakhe. UYesu uyamkelwa entliziyweni  kwaye umntu aphile impilo engcwele esesemhlabeni ukuze azokulingena izulu xa ibandla lizokuhlithwa emhlabeni.Incwadi kaPawulos ebhalela ibandla lamaGalati isahluko sesihlanu isahlukwana sokuqala uthi, Yimani ngoko enkululweni athe uKristu wanenzela yona ukuze ningabuyi nibanjwe yidyokhwe yobukhoboka. UBomi obugqibeleleyo ubufumana xa wamkele uKristu.Asikho isimo uYesu angakwaziyo ukusitshintsha. Ukuba uyamfuna thandaza lomthandazo emva kwam ngokholo: 

Nkosi Yesu! Ndiyakwamkela njengeNkosi nomsindisi wempilo yam. Ndixolele zonke izono zam, endizaziyo kunye nendingazaziyo. Ndiyakholwa ukuba wafa wavuka ukuze undinikeze ubomi obutsha bentlambululo. Enkosi ngondihlangula. Egameni lika Yesu Kristu . Amen




#Article 9: Nelson Mandela (114 words)


Nelson Rholihlahla Mandela (18 Eyekhala 1918— 5 Eyomnga 2013)

Rholihlahla Dalibhunga. UNelson Rholihlahla Mandela wazalelwa eQunu eMthatha wakhulela khona. UNelson Mandela wazalwa nguNosekeni Fanny kunye noGadla Henry Mphakanyiswa. Wafunda kwidyunivesithi yaseFort Hare eseDikeni nedyunivesithi yaseWitwatersrand apho wayefunda ezomthetho khona. Abantwana baka tata uNelson Mandela ngu Mandela Thembekile, Makgatho, Lewanika, Makaziwe, Maki Zenani, Zandiswa, kunye no Jonisa Z. Machel (isizanina).

UMandela wayevalelwe kwisiqithi saseKapa (eRobben Island) iminyaka elinamashumi amabini anesixhenxe apho waye silwela khona inkululeko. Waye wakhululwa ngomhla we-11 kweyoMdumba ngo-1990. Waba nguMongameli wokuqala omnyama kweli loMzantsi Afrika. Waqala umbutho i ANC (African National Congress). Utata uNelson walwa ingcinezelo eMzantsi Afrika. Utata uNelson Mandela wayene qabane lakhe uWinnie Madikizela Mandela, futhi kamuva khulu uGraca Machel.




#Article 10: IJamani (937 words)


IJamani lelinye lamazwe aseYurophu.

i-Jamani ngokwasesikweni lilizwe leengqokolela zamaphondo eRiphabhlikhi azilawula phantsi kwekomkhulu iJamani (IsiJamani: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, libizwa ngolu hlobo ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant), yipalamente yeriphabhlikhi ezimeleyo kumbindi-ntshona waseYurophu. eli lizwe linamazwana ali-16 ize ikomkhulu lalo nesona sixeko sikhulu ibe yi-Berlin. I-Jamani ithathe umhlaba ongangama-357,385 eekhilomitha (137,903 sq mi) kwaye imozulu itshintsha qho. Linabahlali abazizigidi ezingama-82.5, nto leyo yenza okokuba libe lelona lizwe laziwayo kwiManyano yaseYurophu. I-Jamani yongamele ngamandla kwezoqoqosho nakwezopolitiko lwelizwekazi laseYurophu kwaye yinkokheli kwezembali kumasiko amanizni, ulwazi, nakwimiba yobuchwepheshe. 
 
Intlanga-ngeentlanga zamaJamani zizinze kwindawo kungoku nje ebizwa ngokuba yiJamani esemaNtla kunye nomzantsi Scandinavia ukususela kwiminyaka yakudala-dala. Ingingqi ekuthiwa yi-Jamaniya yaashicilelwa ngamaRoma phambi ko-AD 100. Ngexesha lokuFuduka elathi langqamana ukuphela kobuKumkani bamaRomanokuphela kobuKumkani bamaRoma, iintlanga zamaJamani zathi zanda ngakumazantsi de azifumanela izikumkani kwiindawo ezininzi eYurophu. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-10, iingingqi zaseJamani zenza iziko lobukumkani bamaRoma aNgcwele. [16] Ngenkulungwane ye-16, iingqi zasentshona Jamani zaba liziko labaqhankqalazela ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kobuKristu. Uzinzo kwiminyaka yeeMfazwe zikaNapoleon, ukuvela kwe-Pan-Germanism ngaphakathi kuManyano lwamaJamani kwaba ngunozala womanyano lwamazwe amaninzi aseJamani kubuKumkani bamaJamani ngo-1871, phantsi kolawulo lwase-Prussia.

Emva koVukelo-mBuso lwaseJamani ngo-1918–1919 nangokunikezela komkhosi okwakulandelelana kwiMfazwe yoku-1 yeHlabathi, ubuKumkani basuswa kwafakwa ipalamente yeriphabhlikhi kaWeimer ngo-1918 yaza yalahlekelwa yinxalenye yeengingqi zayo kwisivumelwano soxolelwaniso saseVersailles. Nangona ngeli xesha yayitshila phambili kwimibandela yophando nakweyamasiko,  iJamani yathi yathwaxwa kanobom kukugungqa kwezoqoqosho nakwezopolitiko kwathi kona ngexesha lembandezelo eNkulu kwanga kuthelwe ityuwa enxebeni. Ukufumaneka kwesiZwe sesiThathu okanye koburhulumente baseNazi ngo-1933 ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela kwiMfazwe yesi-2 yeHlabathi nakwiHolocaust. emva ko-1945, iJamani yahlulwa-hlulwa yaza yahlalwa zizizwe zeMvisiswano kumazwe amabini, Kwimpuma-Jamani nakwiNtshona-Jamani. Ngo-1990, ilizwe laphinda lamanyana.

I-Jamani ililizwe lesi-ne ngoqoqosho oluphezulu ngokwe-nominal GDP kwihlabathi lonke liphela ize iphinde ibelilizwe lesihlanu elinamandla okuthenga athe chatha. Njengentshali yehlabathi kwiinkampani zemveliso nezeteknoloji lilizwe lesibini ubukhulu ekuthumeleni iimpahla kwamanye amazwe iphinde ibe lelesithathu ubukhulu ilizwe elirhweba impahla kwamanye amazwe lize nayo ekhaya. Lilizwe eliphuhlileyo kunjalo umgangatho wentlalo yakhona uxhomile, uneempawu zokhuseleko lwentalo oluluqilima olubandakanya inkqubo ejongene nezempilo nekuyinkqubo yakudala yehlabathi lonke jikelele. Laziwa ngokutyeba kwezamasiko nakwezembali yezopolitiko, iJamani ibisakuba likhaya leengcali ezinefuthe, abadidiyeli beengoma, abaphandi, kunye nabayili. I-Jamani yayililungu labaphandi ekuhlaleni kwaseYurophu ngo-1957, apho yaba yi-EU ngo-1993. Ikwayinxalenye yengingqi [iSchengen|yaseSchengen, kwaye ibe ililungu le-eurozone ukususela ngo-1999. I-Jamani ingamandla amakhulu, ikwalilungu leziZwe eziManyeneyo, le-NATO, le-G8, le-G20, e-OECD kunye nososiba waseYurophu. 

Igama elibhalwe ngesiNgesi elithi Germany lisuka kwigama lesiLatini elithi Germania, gama elo elaqala ukusetyenziswa emva kokuba uJulius Ceasar wathi waliphakamisela abantu basempuma yeRhine. Eyona icacileyo, yoyokokuba ngu-Gauls owaqalayo ukubiza abantu ukuba bawele impuma yeRhine Germani (neyathi yasetyenziswa ngamaRoma) njengoko uhlanga lwemveli lwamaJamani lwalungazibizi ngamaGermanus okanye amaGermani. Ngoko ke eli gama lasetyenziswa kuphela kumhlaba wamaRoma kwaye lanika intsingiselo ethe chatha kubantu ababeyixhasa impuma yeRhine kunye/okanye umntla weDanube. Igama lesiJamani elithi Deutschland (ngokwemveli diutisciu land, umhlaba wamaDatshi) lisuka kwisiDatshi, isizukulwana esisuka kuluntu lwamaDatshi akudala olwaziwayo(i.e. bengamaDiot okanye amaDiota), lisetyenziselwa ukwahlula ulwimi lwabantu nje kwisilatini nakwisizukulwana samaRoma. Kwakhona kusukwa kuluntu lwama-Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz (jonga nakwindlela yesiLatini i-Theodiscus), isuka kuhlanga lwamaYurophu olungama-Proto-Indo, abantetho isisiProto-Indo-European.

Elona phepha: Imbali yaseJamani

Awona maphepha: Ixesha lokufuduka kwamaJamaniya Kwinkulungwane yesibini - kweyesihlanu kufudukwa eYurophu 

I-Jamani yathi yabaluleka yaziwa ngokokuba bubuKukumkani babaRoma aNgcwele kwisiZwe samaJamani, yaba ke 'isisizwe' sokuqala, igama elithi 'isizwe' sihlandlo lithetha 'ubuKumkani'. Laqalwa ngumfo ka-Charlemagne nowaba yiKumkani yokuqala yamaRoma aNgcwele kwiminyaka engama-800 yandulukayo iNkosi (800 AD), lagcinwa ke de kwayiminyaka engama-1806, elo ke lixesha leeMfazwe zikaNapoliyoni.

UbuKumkani besibini baqala ngesivumelwano soxolo esasingo-1871 e-Versailles. elona lizwe likhulu kubuKumkani bamaJamani obutsha kwaba yi-Prussia. IiKumkani zasePrussia nazo zazikwaziziKumkani zamaJamani, kodwa ke zona zazingazibizi ngeeKumkani zaseJamani. Babubuninzi obunye ubukumkani, obamaDyoki, nobamaRhiphabhliki,  bungekho se-Austria. IJamani yabubamba ubukumkani kwade kwayiminyaka engaphaya kwama-50.

Isivumelwano somanyano senziwa emva kokuba iJamani iphumelele kwiMfazwe eyayiphakathi kwe-Fransi ne-Prussia ngo-1871. KwiMfazwe yokuQala kwiHlabathi, iJamani yajoyina i-Austriya-ne-Hungari, nazo zathi makuliwe ne-France. Imfazwe yayihamba okonyawo lonwabu ngakwicala lasentshona kunjalo nje uqhutywa ngokwembiwa kwemisele ukuze oyele khona amaqela ekwakusiliwa nawo, amajoni ayezikhusela ngokumba imingxuma apha emhlabeni. Abamaninzi amadoda awawayo macala omabini. Empuma amajoni ayesilwa amadabi awo namaRussia aza amaJamani aluphumelela elo dabi lwasemntla emva kokuba amaRussia enikezele. Imfazwe yaphela ngo-918 kuba iJamani yayingenakuyiphumelela imfazwe entshona ngoko ke yayingafuni ukusoloko ithumela amajoni ayo ukuba aye kufa, baza ke ubuKumkani baseJamani banikezela ngamandla abo. IJamani yabanemiqathango eqatha ngakumbi, yaza ke ngoko iFransi yayithabathela kuyo i-Alsace iyixutha kwi-Jamani. Emva koqhankqalazo novukelo, ubuKumkani besibini baphela  kwabe sele kuqalisa iRhiphabhlikhi yorhulumente wesininzi yase-Weimar. 

Emva kweMfazwe, zabaninzi iingxaki zemali eJamani ngenxa yesivumelwano soxolelwaniso lwase-Versailles (xolelwaniso olo olwenza okokuba iJamani ihlawule iindleko zeMfazwe yokuQala kwiHlabathi) kunye nesoxinzelelo olukhulu lweHlabathi.

Obesithathu ubuKumkani yaba bobombutho waseJamani iNazi; owathatha iminyaka eli-12, ukusukela ngomyaka ka-1933 ukuya kumnyaka ka-1945. Baqala emva kokuba uHitler wathi wabekwa njengentloko kaRhulumente. Ngomhla wama-23 kuMatshi ngo-1933, ipalamente (eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-Reichstag) yamisa umthetho ekwakusithiwa yi-Enabling Act, yile mithetho eyenza okokuba urhulumente kaHitler enze imithetho yayo ngokwayo ngaphandle kkokonganyelwa yi-Reichstag. Oku kwamenza okokuba abenegunya lolawulo lolupheleleyo lwalo rhulumente. singatsho ngokupheleleyo okokuba uHitler wabanguzwilakhe kulawulo lwakhe.  

UHitler wafuna ukuwamanya onke amazwe aseJamani abesisizwe esinye, wakwenza oku kuzo zonke iindawo ezihlala amaJamani, ezifana ne-Austria kunye ne-Czechoslovakia, enye yeendawo zeRhipublikhi zase Jamani; kwakhona nanko uUHitler efuna umhlaba wasePoland  Poland, umhlaba owawukhe waphantsi kolawulo lwaseJamani phambi ko-1918. Yala i-Poland ukuwuuyisela kuye umhlaba. Ukuhlaselwa kwePoland kwaqala kwimfazwe yesBini eyaba ngomhla woku-1 kweyoMsintsi ngowe-1939. Ukuqala kweMfazwe, Yayibonakalisa impumelelo iJamani. Yakwazi ukuthabathela kuyo uninzi lomhlaba osemantla nasentshona Yurophu. Kodwa ke, iJaamani yathi yahlasela ibhunga elimanyeneyo laseSoviet ngo-1941 kwaza, emva kwedabi laseKursk, iwela ekumntla Jamani laqala lachul'ukunyathela de kwaba iya esiphelweni imfazwe. Ngomhla we-8 kuCanzibe ngo-1945,iJamani yanikezela emva kokuba iBerlin yathi yafunyanwa, kwiveki engambi koko uHitler wazibulala. ngenxa yeMfazwe, iJamani yaphulukana noninzi lomhlaba wayo osempuma kumgca omdala oseNeiße, waza wathi kwiminyaka engama-45, iJamani yahlukana kubini kwabakho iJamani eseNtshona neJamani eseMpuma.  

Ngo-1999 kwabakho inkqubo yokwenziwa ngokutsha kumntla Jamani, neyathi yakhokhelela ekubeni kuvulwe indawo eyayibizwa ngokuba luDonga lwaseBerlin nasekupheleni komthetho wentlalo eJamani. Ezi ziganeko zaziwa ngokokuba lutshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwe Wende okanye iFriedliche (utshintsho olungoxolo)eJamani. Emva koko, umNtla-Jamani waamanyana neNtshona Jamani ngo-17 Ijamani entsha yinxalenye yombutho waseYurophu.




#Article 11: Mthatha (103 words)


Mthatha (ngaphambili yaziwa ngokuba uMtata) - yeyona dolophu enkulu kuMasipala iNkosi Sabata Dalindyebo eMpuma-Koloni eMzantsi Afrika. Le dolophu inesikhululo seenqwelo-moya esasaziwa ngokuba yi K.D. Matanzima Airport ebizwa ngenkokheli eyayinguKaiser Matanzima. Idolophu yaseMthatha yenye yedolophu eyayiphantsi kwengcinezelo ngexesha locinezeleko apha eMzantsi Afrika kuba kaloku ingqongwe ziilali kunye namaplasi. 

Amabhulu ayefuna ukuyiphatha ledolophu kuba kaloku yona inomhlaba omhle wokutyala futhi inamaplasi amanintsi. Enye yeedolophu ezikufutshanwe eMthatha yiMonti, eBhayi, eNgcobo kunye ne Port St Johns. 

Utata u Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela wazelalwa kwenye yeelali zasemtata ebizwa ngokuba yiQunu waze wakhulela khona. Mthatha yenye yeelali enembali kakhulu kweli lomzantsi Afrika njengoko ezinye inkokheli zalapha eMzantsi Afrika ziphuma khona.




#Article 12: Nkosi sikelel iAfrika (111 words)


Nkosi sikelel' iAfrika - ingoma

Maluphakanyis' uphondo lwayo

Yizwa imithandazo yethu

Usisikelele, usisikele

Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika 

Maluphakanyis' uphondo lwayo 

Yizwa imithandazo yethu 

Nkosi sikelela, Thina lusapho Iwayo 

Woza Moya (woza, woza) 

Woza Moya (Woza, woza) 

Woza Moya, oyingcwele 

Nkosi sikelela 

Thina lusapho lwayo 

Morena boloka Sechaba sa heso 

O fedise dintwa le matswenyeho 

Morena boloka sechaba sa heso 

O fedise dintwa le matswenyeho 

O se boloke, o se boloke 

O se boloke, o se boloke 

Sechaba sa heso, Sechaba sa Afrika 

O se boloke Morena, o se boloke 

O se boloke Sechaba, o se boloke 

Sechaba sa heso, se Sechaba sa Afrika 

Ma kube njalo! Ma kube njalo! 

Kude kube ngunaphakade 




#Article 13: Uluhlu lwabantu (630 words)


Uluhlu lwabantu

Khawuguqule amagama lwesiNgesi yesiXhosa!




#Article 14: Ikhompyutha (1165 words)


Ikhompyutha ngu-matshini (ubukhulu becala uhamba ngombane) okwaziyo ukuthatha ulwazi (ngamanye amagama i-input), ukwenza umsebenzi othile okanye ukwenza utshintsho kolo lwazi lukhoyo ngelo xesha (oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-process), ukuze kudidiyelwe ulwazi olutsha olubizwa ngokuba yi-output). Iikhompyutha zibekho kakhulu kwimbali yoluntu. Imizekelo yeekhompyutha zamandulo zii-astrolabe kunye nee-abacus. Mine imigaqo yokusebenza kwekhompyutha, yile: i-inputting, kukungeniswa kolwazi kwikhompyutha; i-outputting, ukugcinwa nokusetyenzwa kolwazi olungenisiweyo. Zizo zone ke iindlela zokunceda ukuba isebenze ikhompyutha.

Iikhompyutha zangoku zahluke kakhulu kwiikhompyutha zamandulo.  Ezi zikhoyo ziimatshini ezisebenzisa amandla ombane ngakumbi. Kangangakuba ziyakwazi  ukwenza izigidi-gidi zokubala ngomzuzwana ngamnye.   Uninzi lwabantu lusebenzisa i-personal computer emakhayeni abo okanye kwiindawo abasebenza kuzo. Iikhompyutha zibaluleke kakhulu kwiintlobo-ntlobo zemisebenzi ngokwahlukana kwayo, apho i-automation kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. eminye imizekelo kukulawula ii-traffic lights, ii-vehicle computers, iinkqubo zokhuseleko, ii-washing machines kunye nee-digital televisions.

Umntu (obizwa ngokuba yi-user okanye ngamanye amaxesha abe yi-wetware) angayilawula ikhompyutha ngokuyixelela (ukuyalela) ukuba yenze izinto ezithile. Ezinye iindlela zokulawula ikhompyutha zikwi-input device njengezi: i-keyboard, i- mouse, amaqhosa, i-touch screen. Ezinye iikhompyutha ezintsha kraca zisenokulawulwa ngemiyalelo eyenziwa ngelizwi okanye ngezijekulo ezenziwa ngezandla okanye ngezijekulo ezenzeka ebuchotsheni zisenzeka ngee-electrodes ezityalwe ebuchotsheni okanye ezihamba ngemithambo.

Iikhompyutha zisenokwenzelwa ukuba zenze nantoni na engolwazi.  Iikhompyutha zisetyenziselwa ukulawula iifektri, nebezisoloko zilawulwa ngabantu kwiminyaka egqithileyo. Zikwakho nasemakhaya, apho zisetyenziswa kwizinto ezifana nokumalela ingoma, ukufunda iindaba, nokubhala.

Iikhompyutha zanamhlanje ziimatshini ezihamba ngoombane. Ikhompyutha ibaluleke kuphela xa inazo zombini i-hardware kunye ne-software. I-hardware yingqokolela yezi zinto sizibona ngamehlo sitsho sithi nantsi ikhompyutha - umzekelo, i-keyboard, i-mouse, i-screen, i-tower, kunye nee-circuits ezingaphakathi kuyo.   I-Software yi-program yeekhompyutha, (ezinemiyalelo yakwamathematika). I-software isebenzisa i-hardware, xa kanye loo mntu uyisebenzisayo eyinika imiyalelo ize yona iyitshintshe ibe sisiphumo esilulutho eluntwini.

Iikhompyutha zisenokwenziwa ukuze zikwazi ukwenza phantse nantonina enolwazi. Iikhompyutha zisetyenziswa ukulawula iifektri, ezazisoloko zilawulwa ngabantu. Zikwakho nasekhaya, apho zisetyenziswa kwizinto ezifana nokumamela umculo, ukufunda iindaba, kwanokubhala. 

Iikhompyutha ezininzi zanamhlanje zenza iintlobo zokubala ezizigidi-gidi. Zenza izibalo zemathematika imathematika ngokukhawuleza kodwa iikhomptha azikwazi kucinga zona ngokwazo. Zilandela nje imiyalelo kwii-programs zazo.  

Iikhompyutha programs zenzelwe okanye zibhalwa zii-programmers zekhompyutha. Ii-programmers ezimbalwa zizibhala ngolwimi oluqondwa ziikhompyutha ii-programs olo lwimi lwaziwa ngokuba y-i-machine code.   Ii-programs ezininzi zisebenzisa ulwimi lwe-programming olunjenge-C++, i-Java, kunye nePython.  Ezii ntlobo zeelwimi lwe-programming zifana kakhulu nolwimi oluthethayo nolubhalayo mihla le. I-program ebizwa ngokuba yi-compiler iguqulela imiyalezo yalowo uyisebenzisayo iyise kwi-binary code (i-machine code) eyakuthi ikhompyutha iyiqonde ize yenze oko kufunekayo. 

Ikhompyutha ngumatshini ohamba ngombane onceda ekubeni kubelula ukusombulula iingxaki ngokukhawuleza nangokulula. Isombulula iingxaki ngokwemiyalelo eyinikwe nguloo msebenzisi wayo obizwa ngokuba zii-programs okanye i-software. Ngumatshini o-digital(osebenzisa ii-binary digits) nosetyenziswa kuwo onke amacandelo ophando.

Uluntu lunengxaki nge-maths. Uzuyiqonde loo nto, khawuzame ukubala u-584 x 3,220 ngentloko. kunzima ukukhumbula onke amanqanaba! Abantu benza izixhobo zokubanceda ukuze bakhumbule okokuba bebemi phi na kwezi ngxaki ze-maths. Enye ingxaki abanayo abantu yeyokokuba kufuneka baphinda-phinde besebenzana nale ngxaki amaxesha ngaxesha.  Umntu osebenza ethilini kufuneka ayibale ngentloko itshintshi yabantu yonke imihla, okanye ayibale ephepheni. yonke loo migudu itya ixesha elininzi kwaye angade enze iimpazamo kuloo nto. Ngoko ke, abantu benza ii-calculators ezizakuphinda-phinda ziwenza lo msebenzi. Le ndawo kwi-compyutha ibizwa ngokuba yi-history of automated calculation, intetho eshunqulelwe kakuhle kule ithi imbali yeematshini eyenza kubelula kum ukuphinda-phinda ndisenza lengxaki ye-maths ngaphandle kokwenza iimpazamo.   

I-abacus, i-slide rule,  i-astrolabe kunye ne-Antikythera mechanism (ezimihla yazo yalathwa kwiminyaka ye-150-100 BC) yimizekelo yeematshini ze-automated calculation.

Abanye abantu abafuni matshini ozakuphinda-phinda usenza into enye ngalo lonke ixesha. Imizekelo, ibhokisi yomculo ngumatshini odlala umculo omnye rhoqo. Abanye abantu bafuna ukuba bakwazi ukuwuxelela umatshini wabo ukuba wenze izinto ezahlukileyo. Umzekelo, bafuna ukuyixelela ibhokisi yeengoma ukuba idlale ingxubevange yeengoma ngalo lonke ixesha. Baafuna ukuba bakwazi uku-programa ibhokisi yeengoma - bakwazi ukuyinika imiyalelo yokwenza ingxubevange yomculo. Eli candelo lembali yekhompyutha libizwa ngokuba yi-history of programmable machines intetho entle ephuma kwintetho ethi Imbali yeematshini endinokuzinika imiyalelo yokokuba zenze ingxubevange yezinto ukuba nje ndiyakwazi ukuthetha ulwimi lwazo.

Omnye wemizekelo yokuqala yokwakhiwa kwazo yeyesakhiwo sikaHero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD). Waakha i-mechanical theater eyadlala umdlalo owathatha ishumi lemizuzu, kwaye lo mdlalo wawusenziwa nge-complex system yeentambo okanye iiruphu kunye nezigubhu okanye ii-drums. Ezi-ruphu nee-drums zazilulwimi lwematshini- zaziyalela ukuba mayenze ntoni, iyenze nini na loo nto imatshini. Abanye abantu baathi le yimatshini yokuqala e-programmable.

Iingcali zezembali azivumelani ngomba omalunga nokokuba ingaba zeziphi na iimatshini zokuqala ezaba z iikhompyutha. Abaninzi bathi yi-castle clock, i-astronomical clock eyenziwa ngu-Al-Jazari ngo-1206, yeyokuqala ukwaziwa programmable analog computer. Abanye bathi ikhompyutha yokuqala yeenziwa ngu-Charles Babbage. u-Al - Jazari's waabonisa i-zodiac, i-solar kunye ne-lunar orbits, i-crescent moon emile njengenyanga i-pointer eyayihamba inqumla indlela eya egayithini eyayisenza iingcango ezazivuleka qho ngeyure,  kunye neemvumi ezazingathi zirobots ezintlanu ezazidlala umculo xa zibethwa nge-lever. Ubude bemini nobusuku bungatshintshwa (AKA re-programmed) yonke imihla ukuze kujongelwe ingqalelo ukutshintsha kobude bemini nobusuku unyaka wonke.  U-Ada Lovelace waziwa nje ngomntu wokuqala ukuba yi-programmer.

Kwathi xa kuphela ixesha le-Middle Ages, abantu eYurophu bacinga okokuba i-math ne-engineering zibaluleke kakhulu. Ngo-1623, uWilhelm Schickard weenza i-mechanical calculator.  Baza ke abanye abantu bakwaseyurophu balandela ekhondweni ngokuthi benze ezinye ezininzi ii-calculators. Zazingezo khompyutha zanamhlanje kuba umsebenzi wazo yayikukubala kuphela, ukudibanisa okanye ukongeza inani kwelinye, ukuthabatha okanye ukucutha inani kwelinye, kwanokuphinda-phinda inani ngelinye - wawungenakuyitshintsha into eziyenzileyo uzenze zenze enye into enjengokuba uzenze zidlale i-Tetris.  Ngenxa yoku sithi zazingekho-programmable. 

Ngo-1801, uJoseph Marie Jacquard wasebenzisa i-punched paper cards xa exelela  i-textile loom yakhe okokuba hlobo luni lwe-pattern olumelwe kukolukwa. wayesenokusebenzisa amakhadi e-punch ukuxelela i-loom ukuba yenze ntoni na, kwaye wayesenokuwatshintsha amakhadi e-punch,   oko kuthethe okokuba wayesenokuyi-programa i-loom ukuze yoluke ipattern ayifunayo. Oko kuthetha okokuba i-loom yayi-programmable.

U-Charles Babbage wafuna umatshini ofana nalo kodwa ke wona ube ngumatshini okwaziyo ukubala. Wawubiza ngokuba y-i-Analytical Engine. Kwathi kuba u-Babbage wayengamali yanelelyo wasoloko eyitshintsha i-design yakhe xa athe wanombono ongcono, zange ayakhe i-Analytical Engine yakhe.

Kwathi ngokuya kuhamba ixesha, zaya zithandwa ngokya zithandwa iikhompyutha. Kwaba yinto ehamba yodwa ekuqaleni. Kungokuba abantu baya bekruquka kukusoloko besenz ainto enye ngalo lonke ixesha. Khawufan'ucinge xa unokuhla ubhala izinto kwikhadi le-index ubomi bakho bonke,uzigcina, uze uphinde kwakhona uhambe uyekuzifuna. I-U.S. Census Bureau yango-1890 yayinamakhulu-khulu abantu ababesenza loo nto nje kuphela. Baakruquka abantu de banodandatheko, de bathi, Kufanel'ukuba kubekho indlela elula yokwenza le nto.  Kwaza ke ngoko kwakho mntu uthile ukrelekrele ngengqondo owazama indlela yokwenza okokuba iimatshini zenze umsebenzi omninzi. U-Herman Hollerith wazama ukujonga okokuba angawenza njani na umatshini ongakwazi ukwengeza ulwazi oluqokolelwe yi-Census bureau. I-Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (eyathi kamva yayi-IBM) yenza ii-matshini zakhe, kwaye wonke umntu wayonwabela loo nto. Bazonwabela de imatshini zabo zophuka, zaxinga, zaza zafuna ukulungiswa. kundeli lixa ke i-Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation yaqala ukufuna inkxaso ye-tech.  

Ngenxa yeematshini ezinje nezi, kwaqala kwakho iindlela ezintsha zokuthetha nezi matshini, kwaba ke kukuzalwa kweekhompyutha njengokuba sele sizibona.

Kanye kwisiqinga seminyaka yenkulungwane yama-20, zaqala iingcali ukusebenzisa iikhompyutha, ubukhulu becala boyena nobangela kukuba iingcali zinomsebenzi omninzi we-math abafunisela ngayo kwaye bafuna ukuchitha ixesha elininzi becinga ngemfihlelo yehlabathi endaweni yokuchitha ixesha labo bedibanisa amanani. Umzekelo, ukuba bazakwenza umsitho werocket ship, bekufuneka benze i-math eninzi ukuze baqiniseke okokuba i-rocket isebenza kakuhle. 

Ngoko ke babezibeka ndawonye iikhompyutha. Ezi khompyutha zazisebenzisa iicircuits zeanalog, ezazisenza okokuba zi-programwe nzima kakhulu. Kwaza ke ngee-1930s, benza ii-khompyutha zedigital, ezathi zenza kwalula ukuzi-programa.

Iingcali ziye zafunisela okokuba zingazenza njani na iikhomputha ezi-digital ngeminyaka yoo-1930 neyoo- 1940. Iimbali zeenza inqwaba yeekhompyutha ezi-digital, bathi besazenza njalo, bazama ukujonga okokuba bangazibuza njani na imibuzo efanelekileyo ukuze bafumane eyona yona kuzo. Nazi iikhompyutha zeNazi ezimbalwa abazakhayo: 




#Article 15: IKapa (154 words)


iKapa (ngesiNgesi: Cape Town, ngesiBhulu: Kaapstad) yeyona dolophu inkulu kwiPhondo lasentshona-Koloni.

Abantu abakule ndawo bazizigidi ezintathu. 

Zintathu ezona dolophu zakhe zankulu nezaziwayo apha eMzantsi Afrika. eyokuqala yidolophu yaseGoli ezinze kwiphondo laseGauteng, kulandele eyaseKapa yona iphaya kwiPhondo laseNtshona-Koloni, kugqibele idolophu yaseThekwini yona ikwiPhondo lakwaZulu-Natal.  

Le dolophu yaseKapa ngqongwe lulwandle I-Atlantic ikapa iququnjelwe ngolwandleiKapa lesiiphethelo ulwandle oluAtlantic.

iKapa ke iqulathe izinto ezinika umdla nezithi zibenomntsalane nakubemi bamanye amazwe. Lo nto ke ithi yenze ungeniso olumandla kwisizwe somzantsi Afrika. Ndothi ndikhankanye nje iznto ezimbalwa ezifana nolwandle, intaba

iKapa yeyona ndawo intle elizweni liphela yaziwa njenge ntshona-koloni ilizwe lentlantsi, ikapaa lendawo ezibukekayo kakhulu kubakhenkethi bangaphandle kukho iNtaba yeTafile (Table Mountain) kwaye likwanaso nesiqithi esaziwa ngokuba yiRobben island esikwincami yekapa enxwemeni lwelwandle kuhlala zonke intlanga kukho abaXhosa, mangesi, abeSuthu nabanye nabanye basemaphandleni kukho namasebe wezemfundo aphambili jikelele UCT (University of Cape Town), CPUT (Cape Peninsula University of Cape Town) nezinye ke zkhna endingazikhankanyanga ezinje nge stellenbocsh kunye ne UWC.




#Article 16: Imfundo eMzantsi Afrika (109 words)


UMzantsi Afrika unenkqubo entlantlo-ntathu yezemfundo, eyamabanga asezantsi, kulandele eyamabanga aphakamileyo ze kulandele eyemfundo enomsila eziyunivesithi nakwiiyunivesithi zobugcisa.

Ngowama-2010, bekunabafundi abazizigidi ezili-12.3, abahlohli abangama-386 kwakunye nezikolo ezimalunga nama-48,000 (ubuncinane abahlohli abasi-8 kwisikolo ngasinye) - kubandakanaya nezikolo ezingama-390 zabaneemfuno ezikhethekeleyo kwakunye nezikolo zabucala ezili-1000 ezibhalisiweyo. Ngokwesiko, izikolo zamabanga asezantsi ziquka iBanga 1 ukuya kwele-7 ze ezamabanga aphakamileyo zithathe iBanga 8 ukuya kwele-12. Ezi zikolo ziyandiswa ngokutha kufakelwe ibanga 0 nele-13 ngokokuthanda kwesikolo eso.

Ukufunda esikolweni kuthatha iminyaka eli-13 - okanye amabanga - nangona unyaka wokuqala wemfundo, iBanga R okanye lolwamkelo esikolweni, neminyaka emithathu yokugqibela, iBhanga 10, 11 nele-12 okanye iMetriki akanyanzelekanga. Iziklo zamabanga asezantsi ezininzi ziyabonelela ngeBanga R, nangona lisenokwenziwa epriskuli.




#Article 17: Ezemidlalo (132 words)


Ezemidlalo ziquka yonke into esebenzisa amandla ethi yenziwe ngokudlala ethi yenziwe ngokungahoywa okanye ngocwangco injongo ikuku lolonga umzimba nokunika ulonwabo kwabo babandakanyekayo. 

Ezemidlalo zisenokunzwelwa ukuphiswano, apho lowo uphumeleleyo athi abonakale ngomvuzo lento iye idinge ubuchwepheshe ingakumbimbi kumabuquka naleyo idlalwa ngabantu nganye nganye, ukuya kutsho kuleyo idlalwa ngamakhulu abantu ngaxeshanye, benagamaqela okanye bezimele ngenqayi elangeni. Eminye engasebenzisi mangla enjenge midlalo yebhodi kunye neenkasi nayo nbanga aphezulu. 

Iindidi zemidlalo ekhoyo ingamakhulu ngamakhulu, kuquka naleyo idlalwa ngabantu nganye nganye, ukuya kutsho kuleyo idlalwa ngamakhulu abantu ngaxes yebhodi kunye neenkasi nayo nbanga aphezulu. Iindidi zemidlalo ekhoyo ingamakhulu ngamakhulu, kuquka naleyo idlalwa ngabantu nganye nganye, ukuya kutsho kuleyo idlalwa ngamakhulu abantu ngaxeshanye, benagamaqela okanye bezimele ngenqayi elangeni. 

Eminye engasebenzisi mangla enjenge midlalo yebhodi kunye neenkasi nayo nye amaxhesha kuthiwa zezemidlalo, kodwa imidlalo yaziwa ngokusebenzisa amandla nangokubuchwepheshe bomzimba.




#Article 18: Amanzi (416 words)


Ngokwendalo yawo amanzi acwengile, yonke into esemanzini ibonakala ngobunjalo bayo. Esi sidalwa singamanzi senza iingxangxasi zemifula, amadwala, iilwandle kunye nemvula, asesona siseko simanzi eziphila ngaso imbumba yeekhemikhali zezinto zendalo eziphefumlayo, kanye nezona zinto ezisetyenziselwa zonke izinyibilikisi.
Imolectyhuli enye yamanzi ine-oksijini enye nee-atom zehydrojini ezimbini, zizonke zithi zixhumane ngezixhumanisi ekuthiwa zii-covalent.  Amanzi abubumanzi 
 
Amanzi abobona bumanzi buxhaphakileyo apha emhlabeni. Ubuninzi bamanzi bungama-71% emhlabeni. Amanzi angangxengwanga nganto akanavumba, akanancasa, engenawo nombala. Amadwala, iilwandle kunye nemilambo zezinwe ngamanzi. Imvula ngamanzi aza avela  emafini esibhakabhaka. Ukuba ke amanzi aye abanda kakhulu, (abe kwiqondo elingaphantsi kwe-0), ayaqina abe ngumkhenkce. Imvula engamatye isenokuba ngumkhenkce okanye ibe liliqhwa xa iimeko zivuma. Ukuba ke amanzi aye ashushu kakhulu (mhlawumbi iqondo lobushushu bawo bubengaphezulu kwe-100), avele abile abe ngumophu ke ngoku. Abaluleke kakhulu amanzi ebomini. [2] Nangona kunjalo, kukho uphando oluthi kuya kuthi kubetha umnyaka ka-2025 bangaphezulu kwesiqingatha abantu abayakube benganamanzi ngokwaneleyo apha emhlabeni.  [3]

Amanzi abubumanzi ngendalo. Amanzi akuphela kwento apha emhlabeni ephila ngobunjalo bayo ikwiimo ezintathu.  Zingaphezulu kwama-40 izinto ezaziwa ngabantu nezinomahluko ezenzeka emanzini.[4][5] Xa amanzi esiba ngumkhenkce, ayanda ngee-% ezi-9.[6][7][8] Oku kwanda kungadala uqhekeko lwemibhobho xa kunokwenzeka laa manzi abengumkhenkce esengaphakathi kuloo mibhobho.

Izityalo nditsho nezilwanyana zimanzi ubukhulu becala apha ngaphakathi emizimbeni, kunjalo nje kufuneka zombini ezi zidalwa zisele amanzi ukuze ziphile. Emanzini kulapho iityuwa zomzimba zisebenza khona, kunjalo eyonanto ininzi egazini ngamanzi. Igcina ubushushu bomzimba bukwizinga elifanayo ngokubila, kutsho kuphume ukungcola ngesikhumba somzimba. Amanzi anceda igazi ukuze lithwale izakha-mzimba ezisuka esiswini lizise kuwo onke amalungu omzimba, utsho udlamke uphile umzimba.  Amanzi akwanceda igazi ukuba lithathe i-oksijin ekwimiphunga liyise kuwo onke amalungu omzimba. Amathe, anceda izilwanyana nabantu ukuze bakwazi ukwetyisa ukutya, angamanzi ubukhulu becala. Amanzi enza umchamo. Umchamo unceda kakhulu kuba ususa zonke iityuwa ezingafunekiyo emzimbeni. umzimba womntu unamanzi angama-60 nama-70 ee-%.

Amanzi yinto enekhemikhali enefomyulayekhemikhali engu-H2O. Imoletyhuli yamanzi ine-oksijini kunye nee-athom ezimbini ezinxibelelene ngekhonkco elibizwa ngokuba zii-covalant bond. Amanzi alulwelo oluye lube kwiimo zokubanda okanye zobushushu obungaqondo-ngamaqondo, kodwa loo maqondo asoloko ehamba ngokwemeko zomhlaba, enye yezi meko yenza okokuba amanzi aqine abe ligaqa, sithi ke ngoko angumkhenkce. Aphinde kwawona laa manzi anyibilike abe ngumphunga (umphunga wamanzi). Amanzi asoloko eba ngamanzi xa ekufuphi kwiindawo ezinamanzi. Xa amanzi ephantsi kwento ebizwa ngokuba yi-nomenclature adla ngokuba likhonkco leekhemikhali. Ihadrojine monoksayidi ligama lobunzululwazi lamanzi, elingasetyenziswa kakhulu.

uqikelelo lwabantu abayihafu kumazwe aphucukileyo baye banenywe okuba namanzi aselwayo ngomnyaka wama-1970–2000 .
 




#Article 19: IZenzo (159 words)


Kwincwadi yam iyandulela le, Theophilus, ndibhale ngako konke akwenzileyo nakufundisileyo uYesu,kude kuyotsho kumhla athe wanyuselwa ezulwini, emveni kokuba ebayalele abafundi ngoMoya Oyingcwele. Emva kokungcungcutheka kwakhe uye wazibonakalisa kubo ebanika ubungqina obungathandabuzekiyo ukuba ngenene uyaphila. Wabonakala kubo ithuba elingangentsuku ezingamashumi amane, ethetha ngobukumkani bukaYehova. Ngesinye isihlandlo xeshikweni esidla nabo, wabanika lo myalelo hlalani ningemki eYerusalema nilinde isipho eso uBawo ebenithembise ngaso, enindivileyo ndithetha ngaso. 

Ngokuba uYohane wabhaptiza ngamanzi,kodwa kungentsuku zatywala niyakubhaptizwa ngoMoya Oyingcwele. Badibaniselana kuye bambuza bathi Nkosi, ingaba uzobubuyisa kwangoku ubukumkani bamaSirayeli? wathi yena kubo; ayikokwenu ukwazi ilixa nomhla uBawo alimisileyo ngegunya lakhe. Kodwa niya kwamkela amandla xa athe wahlela kuni Umoya Oyingcwela, yaye niyakuba ngamanqgina wam eYerusalem,kwaYuda, eSamaria ukuya kutsho eiphelweni sehlabathi. 

Emva kokuba ethethe oku waxhwilwa phambi kwamehlo abo waze wafihlwa lilifu emehlweni abo. Baye beqwalasele esibhakabhakeni njenkoko wayenyuka, kwathi ngesiquphe kwabonakala amadoda amabini enxibe ezimhlophe eme ecaleni kwabo. Athi madoda aseGalili nama najonga esibhakabhakeni? lo Yesu uthwathwe kuni waya ezulwini uyakuphinde abuye kwangalendlela nimbone ehamba ngayo.




#Article 20: AmaXhosa (288 words)


AmaXhosa (isiNgesi: Xhosa people) — AmaXhosa liqela labantu baseMzantsi Afrika elifumaneka eMpuma Koloni . Aba ngabantu abathanda amasiko abo kakhulu kwaye bohlulwe ngokweziduko (Clan names) kunye neengingqi ezininzi . Ezona ziduko abohlulwe ngazo ngamaGcaleka , amaRharhabe , imiDange kunye namaNdlambe . Kukho nezinye izidukho ezifumaneka kumaXhosa ezo ngabaThembu , amaBhaca , abakoBhosha , kunye namaQwathi nabo basebenzisa isiXhosa . 

Igama elithi isiXhosa okanye igama lamaXhosa lithathwe kwinkosi enkulu yokuqala yamaXhosa eyayibizwa ngokuba nguXhosa. Yona eligama yaliphiwa ngabaThwa ababesaziwa njengabantu bokuqala . Ngokolwimi labaThwa eligama lithetha ubungqongqo kunye nokucaphuka . Emva kokuthiywa kwenkosi uXhosa kwatsho kwakho iqela labantu elibizwa ngamaXhosa kwaye elithetha isiXhosa.

AmaXhosa aphuma eTranskei kunye naseCiskei . Amanye ohlukene kubantu bakwaNguni kuqhushululu olwaye lwadaleka olubizwa ngokuba yiMfecane . Nabo abo bantu babohlukene kwanguni ikwangamaXhosa kodwa isiXhosa abasithethi ngendlela efanelekileyo kwaye babiza iziduko ezohluka-hlukeneyo umzekelo : amaMfengu , amaBhele kunye namaZizi .

Aba bantu babizwa ngamaXhosa baneenkolo kunye namasiko . Basebenzisa amabali ukuze asombulule iingxaki zawo. Akholelwa kuThixo kodwa ngokwesiXhosa nguQamata . Ngokwesiko lawo izinyanya zawo ezingooyise mkhulu ababhubhayo zisebenza ukukhusela kwaye zincedisana no Qamata ukuze amaXhosa akwazi ukuphila . Amaphupha adlala eyona ndima inkulu ukuze umXhosa adibane nezinyanya zakhe 

Aneenkosi zawo ezinkulu zokuqala . UXhosa yayiyinkosi yokuqala equlethe imvelaphi nentsusa yegama lamaXhosa . Yena unkosi uXhosa waye walandelwa ngunkosi uPhalo owaye walizwa ngoonyana ababini ababebizwa ngokuba nguGcaleka kaPhalo kunye noRharhabe kaPhalo owayesiza emva koGcaleka . Ezo yaphela izezinye iinkosi zakwaXhosa . AmaXhosa aye ohlulwa ngokobukhosi phantsi kooGcaleka kunye nooRharhabe kwaye zikhona nezinye inkosi ezilandela emva kwabo .

Kanti ke ngesizingomba izifuba sibeneqhayiya lokuba ooKhokho bethu zange banikezele kwabamhlophe  kanti ke nezozizwe zintsundu ziphambili ngoku zalwa zaphumelela  kuba yayizizizwana ezinoxolo nobuntu kwaye zingafuni mfazwe. 

Eyonqulo lukaThixo indima yeyenye imini, okwangoku manditshaye kuba inqawe yam sele izicimele ifuna ukuqongqothwa! 




#Article 21: Iziduko zethu (266 words)


Bamba: Krila, Thangane, Bhodlinja, Mbombo.
Rhasu, Gushu.

Bangula: Dimba, Nobangula,
Makhwenkwe.

BhatsheBhayi: UKhetshe.
Inyok' emnyam' ecand' isiziba nkonjane emnyama ebhabha emafini umeva omhlopho abeSuthu abayinxal'nye yakwa xhosa

Bhedla: Bhedla ka Mpulana
Mnqabe,Ndimande,Mtshoni,Khanju, uNondiza,Mbingwa ,uBhalis’abeNguni ngentololwane, 
Ishlahla sesundu esithi sigawulwa sibe sihluma, 
 umth’ontsingalala phezu komlambo umdumbi, mlambo awuwelwa uwelwa zintaka kuphela ngoba zona zinamaphiko, mntu womlambo.

Bhele: Dlambulo, Nomane,
Novaphi, Nozicolane, Zinuka,
Ntsundwana, Msundul' omnye
emva kwendlebe: ingaba mibini
wafika nonina.
Ntshangase, Mlomane, Mbikazi.
Abangawudl' umbilini wenkomo,
abadl' owenyamazana.
AbakwaNontanda kuphakanyiswa.
Kungavuthw' ilitye kusal' iBhele.
Khonzani nigoduka ningathinjwa
lithambo lasemzini.
Sisigubudu esagubuda, sawufak' umkhala,
sawudontsa, sanga singawudabula.
NguGid' amakhwaba emva kwezindlu zakowabo.
NgooPhungela ziyophulana.
Ngumfazi oncancisa ephesheya koThukela. 

Bhele: Langa, Guda, Nomsingilili,
uNtlangothi, uVeza, uZshiyane.
KwaNqaba yenkomo.
Ngabahlamba ngengcwayi kuba amanzi ayabaguzula.
Ngabadabul' umbona bashiy' ukhula ngenxa yolaka.
Ngabasembukwas' aph' abantu bazibuka khona.
NgooNtitha bathwebule amavila namavilakazi.
Ngabakwaziy' ukupha: abaph' esibayeni,
endkundleni, entundeleni yebandla;
balunguze nje endlwini kanti sebehluthi.

Dzanibe: Nqolo Dzanibe Mahlambahlaletyeni thsayise indathane Ndzabedvolo a bakhibexonya bengaleluki ningayigqabi mbola maNqolo ngoba nibahle kakhulu abantwabahle basemanzini oomahlamba ahlambe ahlaletyeni ngenxa yokel itawuli Nomvalo Mchiza Msuthu Fokoxo Mkhonzi Notloko Nqwaba yemfuyo yeNqolo

Miya: Siyakhuleka kwaMiya. Nina eniphuza udrink abanye bephuza amanzi. Nina enishaya ngoBMW abanye beshaya ngamabhara. Nina boMamamiya.

Togu: umzukulwana kaKhawutha, uPhalo, uTshiwo, uGcaleka, uSikhomo, uNgcwangu, uMalangana, uTogu, uTshawe, iJima elimnyama nenja zalo, uNgconde,iNkos'yamntu kwaXhosa
OOmaDiba kooTshatshu
ooye yem, ootubhane, umawose, ugungubele, uqumpase,oovela bembhentsele

Mkentane: 

Ndima ka Ndelu Thotholo Mzimkhulu Rhoyi Ntanzi Nzimande Masoka Mqokozo onzima

Mvusi|Mchiza|Dzanibe: 

Nqolo,Dzanibe,Dzakathane,Mahlambahlaletyeni thsayise indathane  ndzabedvolo, a bakhibexonya bengaleluki, ningayigqabi! mbola maNqolo ngoba nibahle kakhulu abantwabahle! abasemanzini oomahlamba ahlambe ahlaletyeni ngenxa yokel tawuli, Mchiza, Msuthu  Mvusi,Fokoxo;Mkhonzi,Notloko,Nqwaba yemfuyo yeNqolo!

Mpandla: Mpandla,Tshayingwe
Tyibashe,Mbona,Nombamba,Khiphi,Tyhetha!!




#Article 22: Benedict Wallet Vilakazi (229 words)


UBenedict Wallet Vilakazi (EyoMqungu 6, 1906 – EyeDwarha 26, 1947) wayeyimbongi yesiZulu yaseMzantsi Afrika, umbhali weenoveli kwanetitshala. Ngo-1946 wafumana iziqu zakhe zobuProfesa (iPh.D), nokwathi kwamenza umntu ontsundu wokuqala waseMzantsi Afrika ukufumana esi sidanga. Ebuntwaneni bakhe wabangumelusi weenkomo zakowabo kwakhona efunda esikolweni seemishinari esasikwingingqi waze waba neminyaka eli-10, apho watshintsha waya kufunda eS.t Francis College eMariannhill Roman Catholic monastery. Apha kwesi sikolo wanikezwa igama lophehlelelo u“Benedict Wallet”, umama wakhe yena wabe efuna angayeki ukubizwa ngefani yakhe u“Vilakazi”, yaqhubeka ke yasetyenziswa ifani yakhe. Wafumana isatifiketi sobutitshala ngo-1923, wafundisa eMariannhill ekuhambeni kwexesha wafundisa kwiseemishinari e-Ixopo. 

Ngo-1933 wakhupha inoveli yakhe yokuqala ethi Nje nempela (“Really and Truly”), neyincwadi yokuqala yesiZulu ethetha ngempucuko. Ngo-1935 walandelisa ngethi Noma nini nencwadi yemibongo Inkondlo kaZulu, nekuyimibongo yesiZulu yokuqala eyayineempembelelo zaseNtshona. 

Emva kokufumana iB.A yakhe ngo-1934, waqala ukusebenzela isebe lezifundo zeBantu kwiDyunivesithi yaseWitswatersrand ngo-1936 ephethwe yingcali yolwimi uC.M Doke owenza isichazi-magama esiqulethe isiZulu nesiNgesi. Ukubayititshala kukaVilakazi kwakhokela ekubeni abe ngontsundu wokuqala ukufundisa abamhlophe baseMzantsi Afrika edyunivesithi. 

Iincwadi zikaVilakazi zaqhubeka nokubonisa ubomi bamaZulu bangale mihla, enye yeencwadi zakhe ephumeza oku ethi UDingiswayo kaJobe (1939) nenye ethi Nje nempela nekuyincwadi eyayibalisa ngesithembu sesiNtu. Imibongo yakhe yayineempembelelo zesitayile i-European Romantic esiquka indlela amagama alandelelana ngayo nezitanza ezazingaziwa kwisiZulu ngaphambilini kwizibongo nakwimibongo yesiNtu. Imibongo yakhe yaqala ukuba malunga ngezopolitiko nekwakuyinto eyayisenzeka ebomini bakhe, yabe ibonisa ukuxhatshazwa hayi nje kwamaZulu kodwa kwabantu abamnyama abangama-Afrika. Iinoveli nemibongo yakhe yonke zafunyanwa esaphila kwaye zisekho nanamhlanje.




#Article 23: Walter Benson Rubusana (539 words)


Mpilo Walter Benson Rubusana (21 March 1858 - 19 April 1936) waye ngomnye wabaqali bephephandaba lesiXhosa, Izwi Labantu, imali eyinikwe nguCecil John Rhodes, and in 1909 was the first Black person to be elected to the Cape Council (Parliament). 

Rhubusana Walter Benson wazalwa ngomhla wama-21 kuTshazimpuzi ngo-1858 eMnandi eKapa eMzantsi Afrika. Wayengu gqirha ngokwemfundo. WayenguMphathiswa wezeenkonzo ezimanyeneyo, enguMongameli we- ‘’South African Native Convention’’, wakhokhela igqiza elalisiya e-London lisiya kukhalazela umthetho we- Native Land Act ka-1913, waba ngumAfrika wokuqala ezimbalini owonyulelwa ukuba abelilungu njengososiba wePhondo laseKapa, waba ngusekela Mongameli we-ANC, ititshala, umbhali.

Mnandi kwisithili saseSomerset East eyayifudula ibizwa ngokuba yikoloni. Utata wakhe wayeliphakathi kwibhotwe lenkosi, uSandile Ngqika. Ngexesha lokuzalwa kwakhe uRubusana kungexesha lokoyiswa komkhosi wamaXhosa nokuchithakala kwesiKumkani samaXhosa kwakunye nokushokoxeka kwemali kwisizwe samaXhosa. Le mikhosi yohlulwa kwenye yemfazwe ezikrakra zemihlaba  neyayanyaniswa naleyo kuthiwa yi”Second Hottentot Rebellion”.
Akuba ewaphumelele amabanga aphantsi, uRubusana wangena eLovedale, isikolo seemishinari yeFree Church of Scotland neme kumathambeka okanye udonga lomlambo iTyhume. Phantsi koqeqesho lukaGqirha James Stewart, uye wafundela isatifiketi sobutitshala nalapho wathi ngonyaka ka-1878 waphumelela iimviwo zokuphela konyaka emagqabini. Endaweni yokuba aphumele ngaphandle ayekuhlohla, waye wakhetha ukuphinda ahlale kwalapha eLovedale enze izifundo zakhe zobufundisi ngokukhokelwa nguGqirha Stewart kunye nomfundisi uAndrew Smith.

Ngonyaka ka-1880 uRubusana wayifulathela iLovedale, wathabatha isithuba sobutitshala kwisitishi semishinari sasePiltoni, nalapho aphinde wasebenza njengomfundisi oncedisayo. 
Kukweli thuba ke apho wathi wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato noDeena Nzanzana, unkosikazi wakhe wokuqala. Esi sibini sathi salizwa ngabantwana abangamantombazana abahlanu kwakunye nenkwenkwe enye. Uye waxelenga apha ePiltoni ke de kwafika ixesha lokuthanjiswa kwakhe njengomphathi weCongregational Church ngonyaka ka-1884. Eli ke ikwalixesha apho waye wathunyelwa eMonti, nekulapho wayeza kuchitha khona ubomi bakhe bonke. 
Lo kaRubusana wayelitsha-ntliziyo lezopolitiko kwiminyaka yoo-1900. Ngaphandle kokugqibelela kwakhe, lo kaRubusana nabo waye ncedisana nabo babe ngayiboni enye into ngaphaya kwenkqubo yenkulu-mbuso yamaBritani. Ngexesha lemfazwe yamabhulu namaNgesi, iAnglo- Boer War bonke bazijula ijacu benika inkxaso kumaBritani. URubusana kunye nabanye abaphathiswa bezonkolo bazila, bekwenza oku ngeenjongo zokunika uncedo kubasebenzi baseAfrika, ababhexeshi beekari, iintlola kwakunye nentlaninge yabantu; ukufaka isandla khona ukuze baxhase uloyiso lwamaBritani, nolwathi lwafika ngo-1902. 
Ezinye zezinto ezibuchaphazeleyo ubomi bukaRubusana yinkolo yobuKrestu. Waye ngumfundisi ozinikeleyo webandla leCongregational Church kwaye uthabathe inxaxheba kwiirhamente zalo  nasekuhambiseni iindaba ezilungileyo ebantwini base-Afrika. Uguqulele imibhalo emininzi yeli bhunga likhankanywe apha ngasentla, ekwalilo nelungu leNative Education Association neyayikhokelwe ngu-Elijah Makiwane. 

Njengombhali owaziwayo kulwimi lwesiXhosa, uRubusana waye watyunjwa ukuba ahlale kwiKomiti yeXhosa Bible Revision, neyayityunjelwe ukugqibelelisa umsebenzi wokuguqula, komiti leyo yayikhokelwe nguTiyo Soga ngeye-1850. Yena ke wayengumhloli womsebenzi wale komiti nowathi wapapashwa eBritane ngexesha wayekhaphe iKumkani yabaThembu uDalindyebo  kuthweso-sitsaba sikaKing Edward VII ngo-1904. Ngexesha eseLondon wapapasha incwadi yakhe yokuqala ethi Zemk’Inkomo Magwalandini, isicengcelezo semibongo yesiNtu, efundisa ngemibhalo yobuKristu nembali yenkonzo. Njengenye yeengqokelela zokuqala zemibongo yezithethe zesiNtu, le ncwadi inembali engacingelekanga nequlathe nexabiso loko kubhaliweyo. 

UZemk’Inkomo Magwalandini usisibonelo sezinto ezimbini, malunga nendlela yokucinga yezepolitiki yalo kaRubusana. Wayengumntu wenkolo yezimini, ozinikeleyo, nto leyo ibibonakaliswa kukuzinikela kwakhe kubuKrestu nakwimfundo yaseNtshona, ngaxesha-nye eyiqonda into yokubaluleka kwezithethe nokuxabiseka kwazo kubantu baseAfrika. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-1900 ukuya ku-1910, uRubusana wayesele esaziwa jikelele njengomnye weenkokheli eziphambili kwezopolitiko eMzantsi Afrika. Kwinxalenye yamaAfrika, ebengowesibini emva koJohn T Jabavu ngokokukhula njengombhali. Ngexesha lo kaJabavu ahlehlayo ngenkxaso yakhe kwi-South African Native Convention, neyayibanjelwe eBloemfontein ngo-1909. Kule ngqungquthela kwazenzekela ukuba uRubusana atyunjwe njengoMongameli wayo. Ngexesha abambe esi sikhundla wakhokela iqela elalithunyelwe eLondon kweyeSilimela kwango-1909 lowo.waye wasutywa kukufa sele ehlala eMonti (apho kuye kwathiywa iRegion yezopolitiko yeANC ngaye). 




#Article 24: Kansai Plascon (522 words)


 

	

Imbali yeKansai Plascon iqale kwizitalato zaseJohannesburg, eMzantsi Afrika. Ngo-1889, indoda enamabhongo yaseWales entetho isisiWelsh, egama linguHerbert Evans iye yavula iingcango zevenkile ethengisa ipeyinti. Ishishini liye lenyuka ngenxa  yokuqaliswa kweshishini lokwakha elidale amathuba okuba i-Evans ibuye ibe lishishini elivelisa ipeyinti. Ngo-1891, iHerbert Evans (ubunini) Limited yaba ligama eliqhelekileyo ngenxa yemveliso eqalisa izinto ezintsha ezifana “neepeyinti esele zixutyiwe” kunye nevanishi “Engcono engaqinanga”.

Ngo-1949, u-Evans uye walandisa ishishini lakhe ngokubonelela ethengisela ishishini leemoto iipeyinti. Intsebenziswano neChrome Chemicals i==ye yenziwa ukudala uphawu olutsha lwePlascon  eye yathengwa  nguBarloworld ngo-1970. Kuthe kamva le nkampani yaziwa njengeBarloworld Coatings. Phakathi kuka-2004 no-2006, uBarloworld Coatings uqalise ngokuthenga izinto ezithandwayo wafumana iingcaphephe kwezijongene nemibala, iNkampani yeMibala yamazwe ngamazwe i-International Colour Company, eyenza iibrashi, iHamilton Brush nenkampani elenza iipeyinti zokwenza kubekuhle, iMidas Earthcote. Ezi zinto zifumanekayo zenze baba baninzi abathengi bakwaBarloworld Coatings neenkonzo zabo zanda. Ekupheleni kuka-1990, uBarloworld Coatings uye wafikelela nakwezinye iindawo zase-Africa, e-United Kingdom nase-Australia ebonelela ngeepeyinti ezenza kuhle, zefenitshala nezeemoto nezamashishini.

Ngo-2007, uBarloworld Coatings wathatha inyathelo elikhulu lokuba afakwe kuluhlu lweJohannesburg Securities Exchange (ngelo xesah yayisaziwa njengeJohannesburg Stock Exchange). Ifakwe kolu luhlu iphantsi kweFreeworld Coatings Limited ngokweziko elisemthethweni.

Impumelelo eye yakhula nemveliso entsha itsale umdla weshishini laseJapan iKansai Paint Co. Ltd (“Kansai”). Ziibhiliyoni ezi-1.8 billion ngokweRandi yaseMzantsi Afrika, iKansai iye yafumana iFreeworld Coatings Limited ngo-2011. Kwakuloo nyaka mnye, le nkampani yaye yafakwa kuluhlu olukwiJohannesburg Stock Exchange.

Ngo-2012, kwaye kwathathwa isigqibo ngabalawuli bokuhlengahlengisa izinto ngenye indlela kwiFreeworld Coatings, kwavulwa inkampani entsha enegama elitsha elaziwa ngokuba yiKansai Plascon. 

I-Plascon ibenemveliso elolu hlobo lulandelayo following  : Eyangaphakathi, Eyangaphandle, Imveliso eluhlobo olulodwa, Engangeni mvula namanzi, Ukufakwa kwepeyinti okokuqala nePeyinti efakwa ngaphantsi, uhlobo lweCrown, imveliso ephumeza iziphumo zepeyinti, iPolycell, iWood, iMetalcare neRemovall. 
Utyalo-mali lweshishini kwezentlalo (iMA)

I-Plascon ibandakanyeka kwiiprojekthi ezininzi zotyalo-mali kwizinto zentlalo. Ezinye iindawo eziphambili ezifumene isibonelelo nenkxaso kule nkampani ziquka:

Iprojekthi ethathe inyanga namachule okuzoba amahlanu adumileyo elizweni nabachukumise iMaboneng Precinct kwisithili esikwisazulu sezobugcisa eJohannesburg. 

Ngo-Julayi ka-2012, uPlascon uye wabonelela iFoodBank SA (yaseMzantsi Afrika) ngemali yendawo yokugcina izinto isitoro – esiza kwanela ukuba bandies ukutya abakugcinayo ngama-50%. Eli ziko belijongene neetoni ezili-100 zokutya kwinyanga nganye, lunikezela ngeepasile zokutya okunezakha-mzimba kwii-arhente ezingama-250 (imibutho engajonganga ngeniso) eseKapa, eMzantsi Afrika. Isotoro esitsha siza kwenza iFoodBank SA ijongane neetoni ezili-150 zokutya kwabo baxhamlayo kuyo. 

I-Plascon ixhasa iVeki eqaqambisa ezeNzululwazi ngokwenza iPaint Your World Science Café njengenxalenye yenkqubo yeVeki eqaqambisa ezeNzululwazi iScifest Africa eseRhini, eMzantsi Afrika. 

Iphulo leRock Girl “Safe Spaces” linyathelo loluntu kwezobugcisa eliqhelekileyo nelifundisayo elivuselela nelikhuthaza iindawo ezikhuselekileyo kumantombazana nakubantu ababhinqileyo abaseMzantsi Afrika. Ngentsebenziswano namagcisa kwezokuzoba baseMzantsi Afrika nabayili bezinto, iRock Girl idala kwaye imisela uphawu oluthile olungumqondiso “kwiiNdawo eziKhuselekileyo” kwiindawo eziseKapa. 

Kwilungu lePlascono kwezoShishino nezobuGcisa iBusiness and Arts (iBASA), lithuba lokuba negalelo kwiprojekthi ehleli ixesha elide elidibanisa umtsalane kwezibonakalayo nezamafa enkcubeko nemfundiso, zibonakalise into ethembisayo xa zidityanisiwe.

Ngo-2012 iPlascon yaseMzantsi Afrika ibethe abanye abagqatswa abasibhozo ngokuba ibeyiNkampani yePeyinti yoNyaka kwiiMbasa zezithathu zeShishini leeNdaba zokuRhweba zeDIY.

Ngo-2012 iPlascon yaseMzantsi Afrika ibethe abanye abagqatswa abasibhozo ngokuba ibeyiNkampani yePeyinti yoNyaka kwiiMbasa zezithathu zeShishini leeNdaba zokuRhweba zeDIY zango-2012 ebezibanjelwe eMoyo eZoo Lake, eJohannesburg.

Ngo-2007, imbasa yokuqala zezobuchwephesha kwezamaso iCashmere’s Vesiculated iye yanikezelwa kwiPlascon liSebe lezoRhwebo nezoShishino. Ubuchwephesha bezamaso bokuqala beVesiculated benziwe liZiko loPhando leKansai Plascon eliseStellenbosch elivumele ukuba iCashmere ikwazi ukuhlambeka, kodwa ihlale ingabengezeli, ngaxesha-nye inciphise amandla kokusingqongileyo .




#Article 25: Zenzile Miriam Makeba (229 words)


(Zenzile) Miriam Makeba (* 4.03.1932, iRhawutini, uMzantsi Afrika – † 10.11.2008, Castel Volturno, Ithali) – umculi zesiMzantsi Afrika.

uMiriam Makeba yivumi yaseMzantsi Afrika waziwa ngokuba ngumama Afrka ngabaninzi. Wazalelwa eProspect Township, EGoli. Uye wasutywa kukufa emveni kokugula ngomhla we-9 novemba 2008. Waye gqwesile kwicala lomculo. Ngonyaka wama60 waye yivumi yokuqala apha kweli lo Mzantsi Afrika ukwazisa umculo waseMzantsi kwilizwe lonke. Waziwa kakhulu ngengoma yakhe Pata pata eyaqalwa ukushicilelwa ngonyaka ka-1957. Waye tshicilela ingoma zakhe kunye nezinye iivumi ezingosaziwayo ezifana no Harry Belafonte, Paul Simon, kanye no Hugh Masekela owayengumyeni wakhe. Umama Afrika waye yenye yeevumi ezazixhasene neegcinezelo wayekubonisa ke oko nakwingoma zakhe nto leyo yamenza walishiya elokuzalwa waya kwelinye ilizwe. Kodwa ke ngonyaka ka 1990 uye waphinda wabuyela ekhaya. Uthe wahlaselwa yintliziyo wasutywa kukufa kwa oko emveni kokucula kwikonsati eyayise lizweni lase itali. UMiriam wathi walahlekelwa ngutata ngokuthi asutywe kukufa xa wena uMiriam waye neminyaka nje eyisithandathu kuphela. Utata wakhe ke waye ngumxhosa, yena umama wakhe wayesisangoma somSwazi. Wathi uMiriam xa eneminyaka eliyishumi elinesibhozo umama wakhe wabanjwa ngexa yokuthengisa umqobhothi, utywala besintu obenziwa ngento ebizwa ngoba yinkoduso.

Umama ka Miriam wagwetywa iinyanga ezintandathu ese tilogweni, ngoko ke no Miriam wachitha ezonyanga esentilogweni, ebuntwaneni bakhe uMiriam uye wacula kwenye ikwayara wase Kilmerton training Istitution ePitoli, kwisikolo sama banga aphantsi aweye funde kuso iminyaka eSibhozo. Impumelelo eyamenza wagqama ngakumbi yeyokuba wayesoloko ezithanda enguye nje engaziqabi nangee make up xa ezokucula eqongeni.




#Article 26: Umngqusho (162 words)


Umngqusho sisidlo esimnandi kakhulu esisukela pha emboneni wona uthi ekuhambeni kwexesha uchutywe pha empheni ze emveni kwexesha womiswe, xa sele omile kengoku uye ugalelwe entweni emgobongxo eyenziwe kakuhle ebizwa ukuba sisingqusho.

Oku kokunye kokutya okuhlonitshiweyo nokuthandwa kakhulu kwa Xhosa. Xa kukho imicimbi efana nemigidi okanye ungeniso lweentombi(intonjane), oku kokona kutya kuye kuphakelwe iindwendwe kunye nabantu bekhaya elo. kuye kumane kukhiwa ke esosandla kuthwe quba esingqushweni kuthathwe intsimbi kufefezwe amanzi apha emboneni, kungqushwe lombona ngalontsimbi kulapho livele khona kengoku igama elithi umngqusho. zinintsi ke indlela zokupheka umngqusho abanye bawuthanda umhlophe lowo yiketse abanye bawuthanda unembotyi abanye bawuthanda une ertyisi zeke kubekho abo badala bapha ezilalini bona bawuthanda unamasi.zonke ke ezindidi zomngqusho ziluncuthu mazangwa ungavimba ixhekwazana likujongile ndiyakuxelela.

Oomakhulu bona ke pha ezilalinii bawuthanda ungaqholwanga umngqusho wabo kwaye uthwe chintsi nje imbijana yamafutha ngoba bakholelwa ukuba xa unamafutha amaninzi uzakubenzela iswekile nezinye izifo endingazokuzikhankanya. Abantu xabesefundile kuvamile ukuba bawujongele phantsi umngqusho kuba besithi bawutye kakhulu ngexesha bekhula kanti ke kwaNtu kokona kutya kunezakha mzimba.  




#Article 27: Libode (124 words)


iLibode yidolophi ekude kufuphi noMthatha ikwakude kufuphi ne Port St Johns. Ngagama amafutshane iphakathi kwezi dolophu zimbini uMthatha kunye nePort St Johns ikwiPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni eMzantsi Afrika, Ilibode yidolophi etyelelwa ngabemi abangqungileyo. iSematheni kuba ke abatyeleli abawuvali umlomo ngezinto zemveli kunye nococeko. 

Umasipala ufaka inkonzo eziliqela ukuphuhlisa ulonwabo kubatyeleli kunye nokwenza utshintsho ekuhlaleni. Ivenkile ezifana noShoprite, Spargs kunye noSpar. Zincedakele kakhulu ilali ezingqungileyo ngoba azisasokoli ngokuyothenga eMthatha nasePort St Johns.

iLibode yenziwe kwindawo ekuthiwa yiMpondoland, iMpondoland yabandakanywa njenge (Cape Colony) ngo 1894. Ngo 1903 abaphathi beTranskei babumbeka. Ngo 1911 isixeko saseLibode sabandandakanywa njenge sigqeba sabaphathi. Ngo 1935 omnye womhlaba waselibode wahluthwa ngurhulumente weqembu loMzantsi Afrika kwaze kwakhiwa idolophu iLibode yaza yandiswa. 

iLibode yenye yelali ezihlupheke kakhulu, intswela ngqesho ibinyuke yaya ku 85% ngonyaka wama 2008.




#Article 28: Robben Island (212 words)


Isiqithi sekapa Robben Island (isiBhulu: Robbeneiland) sekapa sifumaneka kwi khilomitha ezi sixhenxe ukusuka kwintsona kungxweme lwase Bloubergstrand, kulwendle IAtlantic Ocean  ,kwiphondo lweNtsona koloni eMzantsi Afrika. Esi sisiqithi esiyimbalasane kakhulu kwilizwe loMzantsi Afrika nezwekazi iAfrika iphela.Sisiqithi esiyimitsi embalwa umphakamo phezu kolwandle iAtlantic ocean.

Ngonyaka wama 1999 esisixeko saziswa ngoku sesikweni njenge ziko lezobugcisa nekcubeko kwiphondo lentshona koloni asiqulathe imbali yelizwe loMzantsi Afrika kwaye sibuyisa inkumbulo ngekqubo yocalucalulo nempumelelo yorhulumente wentando yesininzi. Ikumphakamo weemitha ezingamashumi mathathu phezu kolwa ndle. Esi sixeko sasi setyenziswa njenge ntilongo nendawo yokugcina abantu ababhukuqa umbuso ixesha elide, kunye nesibhedlele sengqondo. Esi siqithi sibe liziko lezinto ezininzi ukususela ngowama 1600 ukufika komkhosi wamaBhulu ngethuba lika Jan van Riebeck owayekhokela umkhosi wamakholoniyali ikwangumntu wokuqala ukuzinza kwesi siqithi. I-Robben Island le luphawuoludumileyo ehlabathini

Kulapho amaqhawe esizwe ekuquka utata uNelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Robert Sobukwe nabanye ngethuba loRhulumente wengcinezelo. Kalapho amatshantliziyo awayesilwisana noRhulumente ayebanjwa aze agcinwe khona iminyaka. Ukususela kumawaka alishumi elinesixhenxe eminyaka irobben island isetyenziswa njenge ndawo yokugcina amabanjwa ayamene nezopolitiko.Urhulumente wamaAmaBhulu wayevalela khona amabanjwa ezombuso nezigila mkhuba.
 

URobert Mangaliso Sobukwe wayengumqambi nenkokheli yombutho iPAC elasekwa ngo wama1959. Ngomhla wama21 kweyekwindla ngowama1960 wayengumququzeleli wekqubo eyayisilwa nokusetyenziswa kwamaPasi. Kulapho wathi wabanjwa wayokuvalelwa eRobben Island iminyaka emithathu emva komthetho owathi wasekwa ngethuba eselivalelweni sandiswa isigwebo yayiminyaka emithandathu. Wayevalelwa kwisisele esisekhusini engavumelekanga ukuba athethe nabantu 




#Article 29: Iintsomi (129 words)


Chosi ngantsomi watsho umakhulu ecaleni kweziko erhangqwe ngabazukulwana nezizukulwana.Sele lisithi ndithenge,kumalanga kaloku kwilali zomsobomvu iimfuyo sele iqokelwe yabalwa ngamakhwenkwane phaya ebuhlanti ukanti nazo iintokazi sele ziphekile zabasa ezindlini.Ngoko ke sele ilixesha leentsomi.Intsomi libalana elithi libalisiswe liqulakhe izenzeko zemilingo noqashi qashi.Ithi ke xa iphela intsomi ibe inemfundiso kubazukulwana.
intsomi ke ziyafundisa,ziyaxhobisa kwaye ziyo nwabisa yive intombi yakwaMhlophe uGcina xa ebalisa intsomi de enze amazwi ezithethi ezinje ngezilwanyana ibezizo.Umakhulu uye ayihle amahlongwane intsomi eyiqala ekuqaleni eyinonga ngezaci namaqhalo.Ahh! Yoyi abazukulwane ukulala ecaleni kweziko besiva ukufudumala kwegubo le ntsomi ayihambi yodwa umlilo uyaqhuma eziko indlu ithe gungqu.bade ke bamane bephupha ngayo abazukulwana kuba intsomi yintsomi.

mandulo phaya wonke ubani waye ngaliphosi ixesha lentsomi.iintsomi zazinceda abantwana bafike ngexetsha endlini.zazimanya usapho kuba kwakuhlekwa ngumntu wonke konwatyiwe.maxa wambi xa kukhona indawana ezibuhlungu kubekho ukukhathazeka,babenyembezana abantwana,kuthuthuzelwane.




#Article 30: Ukucinezeleka kwamanina (310 words)


Namhla kunzima imithombo yokusela itshile, amaqaji awile, intsik' inqunyulwe, amanz' abalek' emqolo bubushushu, kumathumb' omhlaba; kuzizijwili zizikhalo umhla nezolo. Yhini na ukuba umfazi aphatheke kakubi kwi'zwe lakowabo! Yhini na ukuba ibhinqa lilahleke likowalo! Ngomhla we-9 kweYoMsintsi (Agasti)  kubhiyozelwa usuku elabekwa bucala, libekelwa omama kanti bazolala beqamelele ngeenyembezi umhla nezolo. Amanina ahlukunyezwa emzimbeni nasemphefumlweni; balala ngegqudu bavuke ngalo; ngamaxhoba odlwengulo kwilizwe ngokubanzi; ngamaxhoba amasiko akwantu; ngamaxhoba ocalu-calulo emisebenzini.

Ewe, inkululeko ize nenguqu kwilizwe jikelele kodwa ke inyaniso yile yokuba amanina aphila impilo yobuntshontsho mihla le; basoloko benoloyiko lokudlwengulwa ngamadoda. Kunamhlanje ibhinqa kunzima ukuba lithembe indoda kwaye nendoda sele inentliziyo yezilwanyane, kuba udlwengulo lwamabhinqa  lubonakalisa ukuba siphila kwilizwe elikhohlakeleyo; apho abantu banemimoya yongendawo. Yhini na ukuba umntu amtyashele phaa omnye umntu! Yhini na ukuba inzala ka-Adam ijikelane, sikhohlisane kwa sodwa. Eli lizwe kanti libhekise phi na? Udlwengulo ludala umonakalo omkhulu engqondweni kuba ngalo lonke ixesha, inkumbulo yosuku lodlwengulo ihlala ithi tha okwe ntlantsi yomlilo engqondweni yexhoba leso senzo sibi.

Ukuthotyelwa nokulandelwa kwamsiko kunegalelo nefuthe elikhulu ekuhlukunyezweni kwamanina,isiko elaziwa nelihlonelwa kakhulu kwaXhosa,isiko lokuthwalwa kwamabhinqa aselula.Eli siko liyasiphazamisa isimo somntu obhinqileyo kuba amaxesha amaninzi ibhinqa lona lisube lingakulungelanga ukuba lingazibandakanye emtshatweni ngezizathu zokube lingekakhuli engqondweni nasemzimbeni nto leyo ethi ibangele ukuba lo mtshato ube sisihogo sasemhlabeni.Unobangela mnye ke kuba uzube etshatiswe nesixhiliphothi sendoda kwaye uthando lungesiso isisekelo salo mtshato wesosibini.

Olucinezelo luhamba indlela ende kwaye lide ibali ngempatho mbi yamabhinqa kodwa libuhlungu kwaye alinambitheki elokuphathwa kwabo gadalala emitshatweni.Mandulo phaya ngexesha lokhokho, umfazi wayengakhuzwa ngegqudu,ingxaki zazisombululwa ngokuba kuhlalwe phantsi kuvezwe edla umzi.Namhlanje omama ngamaxhoba othando emitshatweni yabo,abadoda azintloko nenkokheli ezikhokhelela kwantshabalala.yhini na ukuba umqolomba angabi nalo igunya kwiingxaki zomtshato wakhe,yhini na ukuba abantwana babantu baphele ngugawulayo besemitshatweni,bavalwa imilomo ngentonga.

Sinye isisombululo kule ngxaki itshabhisa isizwe somz'ontsundu.Iinkqubo ezixhobis'abafazi ngamalungelo abo emisebenzini,emakhaya,kuzo zonke indawo kunyanzelekile ukuba ziqalwe ngurhulumente khon'ukuze lehle izinga lamaxhoba okucinezeleka kweli loMzantsi afrika.Ngokwenza oku isizwe sabafazi abakhululekileyo singabonakala kwaye kubekho ukulingana phakathi kwamadoda nabafazi.




#Article 31: Indlala (199 words)


Yintoni indlala?

indlala kuxa abantu belala bengatyanga ezindlini.Kuvelwe kuthiwe kwaXhosa Ikati ilele eziko kuba kaloku akukho nto ezakuphekwa ngumntu eziko. Igama indlala lithetha ukuba akukho kutya emzini ekunokuphekwa lusapho olo. 

Abantu abaninzi abalapha kweli lase Mzantsi Afrika bakhula ngendlala kuba kaloku ukutya kunqabile,kwaye nemisebenzi inqabile.Unobangela wendlala kukunqongophala kwemi sebenzi kwaye abantu abaninzi baphila nge nkam-nkam nto leyo yenza abantu abaninzi baphele belamba.Xa abantu belamba ke kuye kubekho izinto ezenzekayo apha ekuhlaleni ngenxa yokulala kwekati eziko.Izinto ezifana nokwenyuka kwezinga lobudlobongela kwaye abantu baye baphele bethengisa ngobomi babo ebantwini kuba befuna ukufumana imadlana ukuze bakwazi ukulala betyile.

Abantu ababandakanyekayo kule ndlala ngabantu abasebenzisa imizimba yabo ngenxa yokuba befuna ukuba nemali ezakubondla emakhayeni abo. Le nto iye imoshe ubomi bomntwana kuba kaloku abanye abantwana baye bazalwe begula kwaye bengenawo amanzi emzimbeni ngenxa nje yokuba abazali babo kwakunzima nokuba bafumane nento le eya ethunjini kuba kaloku imali yokuba arente ngoba unxusile ayikho. Unqongophalo lokutya luye nalo ke lumenze umntu aswele ukuba abenobomi obude kuba kaloku umntu kunyanzelekile etyile ukuze akwazi ukuba namamndla ngalo lonke ixesha.Abantu abahlaselwa yindlala baye bangabina mali yokuba bathenge impahla ukuze bakwazi ukuba batyeukutya okuya egazini ngoko ke abantu baye basweleke kuba kaloku ubomi babo busesichengeni kwaye baye bagulele ibhokisi




#Article 32: Ibhola ekhatywayo (159 words)


Ibhola ekhatywayo ngomnye umdlalo othi udlalwe kwibala eline kona ezine kuphela. Lomdlalo waqala, ngesiqikelelo, kunyaka ka-1860 eqalwa ngamadoda aseNgilane. Ibhola ekhatywayo ukuze idlalwe kufuneka kubekho amaqela amabini, iqembu ngalinye kufuneka libenabadlali abalishumi elinanye ebaleni ukuze kuqalwe umdlalo webhola ekhatywayo. Kwibhola ekhatywayo sibano sompempe lo umntu ngulo uye angcine ixesha lomdlalo wonke kwaye ubana makhadi amabini elibomvu nelityheli, apho awakhuphe xa umdlali edlale omnye umdlali kakubi. Siye sifumane nabancedisi sompempe ababini, omnye uma kwelinye icala lebala nomnye kunjalo. Abancedisi sompempe owabo umsebenzi kuku jonga ibhola ephumayo ebaleni kunye nokunjonga abadlali abalalelayo.

Lo mdlalo udlalwa imizuzu elishumi elinethoba. Kodwa kuye kwenzeke kudlalwe imizuzu engapha koko xa kungekho qela liphumelelayo kumdlalo oqhubekekayo. Lo mizuzu iye ibeyimizuzu engama-30 ubude. Ukuba kuye kwenzeka ukuba iphele le mizuzu ingekho iqembu eliphumelelayo kuye kuyiwe emapenal'thini, apho kuye kubonakale iqembu eliphumelelayo. Sinaye nonozindi lo umdlali ngulo uhlala ezipalini, nguye oqinisekisa ukuba akungeni bhola ezipalini. Encediswa ngabadlali abane emva, abobathi bangxininise xa elinye iqembu liqhubela ibhola kwicala labo.  




#Article 33: Inkomo (1093 words)


Inkomo sisilwanyana isixatyisiweyo ngabantu. Wonke umntu uyayifuya inkomo kuba sisilwanyana esikwazi ukusebenza ,sipinde sifumane ubisi, inyama. Izahlangu esizinxibayo zikwakhiwa nange fele lenkomo.Indidi zenkomo zahlukene ,kukho inkomo yobisi ,ezalayo ,eyobisi ,eyenyama,ezalayo. Inkomo ezeleyo ibizwa ngokuba yimazi kanti engekazali lithokazi.Inkomo engekathenwa yinkunzi ,kwaye inkunzi yinkomo ezalisayo.Umntu ofuye inkomo kufuneka abe nenkunzi enye esibayeni sakhe kuba xazininzi ziyahlabana kungade kufe enya yazo xa zisilwa kuba inkunzi nayipi na inenkani,ayivumi kubetwa yenye.Inkabi yinkomo elulamilayo evuma nokusetyenziswa ibotshwe.Kwaye kwalenkabi ikwayiyo ebuyea ixhelwe xakusenziwa umcimbi.Inkomo sisilwanyana esixhaphakile kwaye sixatyisiwe ngabantu senza izinto ezininzi ezinjengokulobola umfazi, ukwenza amasiko njalo-njalo.

 Inkomo yobisi
Zonke ezizilwanyana: Iinkomo, iibhokwe, iinyathi, iigusha, iillama nee yak yimizekelo yezilwanyana ezithi zifuywe ngabantu ukuze bafumane ubisi. Sele ihambe yasisithethe into yokuba isilwanyana sobisi sisengwe ngesandla.

Indlela yokusenga iyafana kwizizwe ngezizwe. Kodwa ke zikhona iindawana ekuye kubonakale umahluko. Umzekelo sakuqaphela ukuba amangesi xa esenga ayivela inkomo kwicala lasekunene, ngeli xesha abantu base Mzantsi Afrika beyivela ngasekhohlo inkomo xa beyisenga. Kwilizwe lase France apho kusengwa iigusha, umsengi uhlala emva kwegusha. Enokuba kusetyenziswa eyiphi indlela yokusenga, isilwanyana sobisi, siye siyiqhele into yokusengwa kwelocala linye, ngumsengi omnye.

Ukuze kufumaneke ubisi olunempilo, kufuneka isilwanyana sibe sempilweni entle nomsengi abese mpilweni entle. Makhe siyeke yonke enye into sincokole kuphela ngesilwanyana sobisi.

Ukuze imazi ibesempilweni entle, kufuneka ifumane ukutya okulungileyo, amanzi nendawo esithileyo emoyeni obandayo, imvula kwakunye nobushushu. Xa imazi yenkomo igodola, ukutya ekufumanayo, kuguqulwa ngumzimba kube yinto yokudala ubushshu endaweni yokwenza ibisi, ntoleyo ethi yenze ukuba ibisi oluveliswa yinkomo lube luncinci. Xa kushushu kakhulu, inkomo iye ingafuni ukutya ivelise ubisi oluncinci. Kwiindawo apho indalo ingadalanga amadlelo achumileyo, kwakunye nemithi yokwenza umthunzi, unyanzeleka umfama ukuba makenze ukutya kubekho, aphinde akhe iintlanti ezinamaphahla asithileyo.
 

 ukunakekela inkomo

Iimazi kufuneka zixilongwe iminyaka yonke ukuba azinaso isifo sephepha kwakunye nesifo sokuphunza amathole engekazalwa. Zombini ezizifo zikhankanywe apha ziyasulela oko kukuthi siyasuka esilwanyaneni ziyokutsho ebantwini. Zonke izilwanyana kufuneka zifakwe inaliti yokukhusela isifo sespleen, samatakane nesifo kwizilwanyana ezincinci samanqina abolileyo. Ngaphezu koko kufuneka iimazi ezincinci ezingekazali zifakwe inaliti yokukhusela isifo sokuphunza esosulelayo. Ughirha wezilwanyane ka Rulumente okanye umcebisi ofundele izifo zezilwanyana, uyakubanakho ukukucebisa ngezifo ezifana nomanzabomvu kwakunye nesifo senyongo ezilwanyaneni.
 

Click to enlarge! Iintonga, ukubetha, ukukhwaza njalo njalo, kuyayiphazamisa inkomo, itsho ingakwazi ukuhlisa ubisi. 
Imazi yenkomo ngoku sele ihleli endaweni esithileyo, ifumana amanzi ngokoneleyo nokutya okoneleyo, ayisoze ihlise ukutya ngaphande kokuba ibe kwimeko ezolileyo engenanxunguphalo. Lilonke imazi akufuneki ibethwe, ikhwazwe, okanye ifumane impatho embi nokuba yenjani.

Yeyiphi eyona ndlela yokusenga enokuvelisa olona bisi luninzi?

Kubalulekile ukuba siqwalasele lamanqaku:

Umsengi angayonakalisa imibele yemazi yenkomo 
Imazi asokuze ihlise ubisi xa ixheshwa , ileqwa ibotshelelwa 
Mayingabikho ingxolo ngexesha lokusenga 
Ukusenga phantsi kweemeko ezimdaka kungayenza I Mastitis 
Ukusenga ngokucotha okukhulu kungayenza iMastitis 
Senga ubisi luphele emibeleni yenkomo ngaphandle kokuba inkomo inethole elenyisayo 
Ukusenga ngamaxesha ohluka hlukeneyo kusenokwenza ukuba imveliso yobisi yehle 
Ukuba imazi isengwa phantsi kweemeko ezizolileyo, iphathwa kakuhle ngexesha lokusenga kwaye umsengi uyakhawuleza esenga kakuhle, inkomo iyakuvelisa ubisi oluninzi. Ngaphezu koko into yokuwahlikihla amabele enkomo nokuwahlamba iyayenza ukuba inkomo ikhawuleze ukwehlisa. Khumbula ukuba uhlambe izandla emva kokuphulula imibele phambi okuba usenge. 
Inkomo ephethwe ngokuzolileyo ayinasidingo sokubotshwa amanqina. 
Ubisi kufuneka licudiswe ukuphuma embeleni, ungatsalwa umbele. Ukuba umsengi usenga kakuhle, ayikho imfuneko yokusebenzisa izinto eziqatywa embeleni. 
Umsengi kufuneka kwakhona ayiqwalasele inkangeleko yemazi yenkomo. Ukuba amathanga wemazi agcwele uthuli, ubulongwe okanye udaka, kufuneka isulwe okanye kusetyenzizwe into yokukhuhla. Uboya obude kulendawo inemibele kufuneka buchetywe. Kwaphinda kufuneka ibele lihlanjwe lisulwe ngelaphu elicocekileyo.
 

Click to enlarge! Ukusenga ngesandla esipheleleyo - intambo yokubopha ebuthathaka nempahla emdaka 
Eyona ndlela ilungileyo neyona ineziphumo ezintle yile yokusenga ngesandla sonke. Ibele lenkomo libanjwa ngesandla sonke ize ibisi litsalwe ngeminwe ukuze liphume, lento ifana nqwa nento eyenziwa lithole kuba kaloku ithole lithatha umbele kanina liwufake wonke emlonyeni lakugqiba litsale ubisi ngolwimi.

Xa kusengwa ngolu hlobo akubikho mfuneko yokuqaba amafutha embeleni wenkomo. Khumbula: umsengi owaziyo umsebenzi wakhe asokuze alitsale okanye alixhuzule kakubi ibele lenkomo ngaphandle kwesizathu.
 

Click to enlarge! Indlela engalunganga yokusenga - umbele phakathi kweminwe - Ukwenzakalisa umbele nokungenisa imastitis 
Kukho umkhwa ombi wokufaka umbele phakathi kweminwe ize litsalwe xa umntu esenga - lonto yonakalisa umbele wenkomo kwaye iyiphatha kakubi imazi yenkomo.
 

Click to enlarge! Ukusenga kakubi - ubhontsi othandelwe embeleni nobhontsi oqinisiweyo wema nqo 
Ukusenga imazi yenkomo ngokuthi ubambe umbele uwuqinise ngobhontsi neminwe utsale ngamandla xa usenga, konakalisa lendawo iphezulu yombele, imazi iva kabuhlungu, iba nomsindo - buyehla ubuninzi bobisi elihliswa yinkomo nemveliso iyehla.
 

Click to enlarge! Ukusenga kakubi - phakathi komnwe nobhontsi 
Lento kuthiwa kukusebenzisa istrip okanye ukutsala - apho kusengwa inkomo ngokuthi umbele ngamnye utsalwe ngobhontsi no mnwe wokukhomba, kufuneka isetyenziswe kuphela ukukhupha ubisi lokuqala nelokugqhibela enkomeni.

Xa kusetyenziswa oluhlobo kufuneka nakanjani abekho amafutha aqatywa embeleni.

Umsengi owaziyo umsebenzi wakhe asokuze atsale umbele ngaphandle kwemfuneko.

Ixesha lokusenga kufuneka libe linye kuba inkomo iyayiqhela into yokusengwa ngexesha elinye. Ukuphosa ixesha lokusenga nokuba kungemizuzu engamashumi amathathu phambi okanye emva kwexesha lesiqhelo, kwenza umahluko omkhulu kuninzi lobisi nocwambu elithi lihliswe yinkomo.

Ibaluleke kanganani into yokuba uluntu lufumane ubisi olucocekileyo?

Ubisi lungabalelwa kwezinye zentlobo zokutya ezithe zakulungela ukondla umntu , ngebhadi lukwa kokona kutya kuthi kuzikhulise iintsholongwane ezenza izifo ebantwini. Ubisi olumdaka luyazikhuthaza ezi zifo: icholer, isifo somqala obuhlungu,isifo somqala omhlophe, isifo sengqhele erudisayo nesifo esidala ukuba abantwana bolame. Yenzeka njani lento:

izandla ezimdaka 
iinzipho ezinde ezimdaka 
ubulongwe benkomo 

izilonda apha ezandleni zomsengi 
imikhwa emibi njengokukhohlela phezu kobisi, ukutshicela izandla nokusula umfinya ngesandla ngelixesha umntu ephethe ubisi. 
Yeyiphi indlela yokusenga ngokucocekileyo nangokwe sidingo sempilo?

Ukusenga ngokwe ndlela ekhuthaza impilo, kukuthi ubisi luphume kwiinkomo ezicocekileyo, ezizolileyo ezisengwe ngabasengi abacocekileyo, besengela kwi emele ezicocekileyo, ize emva koko olobisi lugcinwe lucocekile lubanda de kufike ixesha lokuba malusetyenziswe.

I emele kwakunye nomcephe webisi kufuneka zihlanjwe emva kokusetyenziswa ngamanzi acocekileyo. Emva koko, kufuneka ziphinde zihlanjwe ngamanzi abilisiweyo adityaniswe ne cooking soda.

Umzekelo ikomityi egcwaliswe kanga ngesiqingatha (1.5) ye soda idityaniswe ne 10 litre yamanzi.

Xa kubonakala ukuba amanzi akathembakali ukuba acocekile, kusenokuqinisekiswa ngococeko, ngokuthi umntu agalele amacephe amabini ejik kwi 10 litre yamanzi, umxube onjalo kufuneka uyekwe ume kanga ngemizuzu elishumi uzokudibana kakuhle. Emva kokuba I emele nomcephe zicocwe kakuhle, kufuneka ezizixhobo ziqutyudwe zizokoma. Ingakhiwa indawana yokuxhoma ezizinto engazukufuna imali nomsebenzi omninzi.

Amalaphu okusula ubisi, amalaphu okusula izitya neefayidukhwe kufuneka zihlanjwe roqo emva kokuba kugqhitywa ukusenga, zikhanywe ngononophelo zithathwe emva koko zihlaliswe emanzini ane jik ukwenzela ukuba iintsholongwane zibulawe ziphele. Ubisi emva kokuba lusengiwe lungasefwa ngefayidukhwe ukwenzela ukuba izibi zishiyekele ngemva.
 

Click to enlarge! Phambi kokusenga kufuneka kwenziwe ezi zinto zilandelayo: 
Ingxhilongo ye mastitis ngebhekile yokuxilonga - ubisi olukhangeleka lungathi ngamanzi okanye olungathi lunamahlwili amhlophe

Senga ubisi lokuqala oluphuma kumbele ngamnye ulifake kwibhekile yokuxilonga imastitis, okanye ngelaphu elenziwe ngekawusi emnyama. Ukuba umbele unemastitis, ubisi luyakubonakala lunamahlwili amhlophe okanye lungathi lungamanzi. Musa uklulisebenzisa ubisi olunjalo!
 
 Xa kugqhityiwe ukusenga, kufuneka kwenziwe ezi zinto zilandelayo: 
Amafutha amdaka enziwe phezu kwe chain apho anokungcola kakhulu!




#Article 34: Samuel Edward Krune Mqhayi (451 words)


Samuel Edward Krune Mqhayi (S. E. K. Mqhayi, 1 eyoMonga 1875 - 29 eyeKhala 1945) wayeyimbongi yesiXhosa ekwanguye nombhali wembali.

U-Mqhayi wazalelwa eMpuma koloni, waze wafundela ubutishala e-Lovedale . Ngaphandle kobutishala ebekwancedisa ekuhleleni ijenali zesiXhosa. Waye watyunjelwa kwibhodi yokuhlaziya iBhayibhile yesiXhosa ngonyaka we1905. Emva koko waye wancedisa ukuhambelelanisa umgangatho wencwadi no bhalo lwesiXhosa . waze wabuya waba ngumbhali ngokupheleleyo [1]

Phakathi konyaka we 1896 nowe 1944 waba yintatheli ebhala nakafuthi iphepha lesiXhosa. Ngowe 1907 wabhala inoveli yakhe yokuqala yesiXhosa  U-Samson, neseyalahlekayo.Ngowe 1914 washicilela incwadi ethi Ityala lamawele  , neyaba nempembelelo ezimandla ekukhuseleni imithetho yesintu nezithethe zakwaXhosa .[2] Wazifumanela ukwaziwa nodumo ngendima awayidlalayo ekubhaleni umbongo othii  Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika, nowaye wababuya wabandakanywa kumhobe wesizwe selizwe elikhululekileyo lomZantsi Afrika. Incwadi yembali ngobomi bakhe ithi UMqhayi waseNtab'ozuko.[3] Ngowe 1929 wabhala incwadi esihloko esithi - Utopia nethi  UDon Jadu. Ngowe 1935 wamkela ibhaso le May Ester Bedford kuncwadi.

Ebuncincaneni bakhe u- Nelson Mandela , wamhlonipha lokaMqhayi njengembongi yabantu baseAfrika,[5] nawathi wanecham lokumbona amatyeli amabini ngeliso lenyama, noyolo olungenasiphelo lokumva ecengceleza.?

Ebeligorha neqhawe eMzantsi Afrika uphela. Uyimele inyaniso kwaye uyidlalile indima yakhe wasakha isizwe sele sitshabalele. Uyimbongi eyaziwayo kunye nombhali odumileyo. Zininzi iincwadi neemibongo ayibhalileyo. Ebeyimbongi yomthonyama .....siyo hlala simkhumbula. Bathamsenqelekile abo balifumeneyo ithuba lokuthetha naye nabambonileyo ngeliso lenyama.
Wenze umsebenzi ooncomekayo kwaye ukuthaze ababhali abaninzi ukuba baqhubeke ngetalente yabo.

Smith, David James. Young Mandela. Kent: Weidenfeld  Nicolson, 2010.

USamuel Edward Krune Mqhayi' ngumbhali weencwadi nemibongo yesiNtu eliqela eyaziwayo nethandwayo kakhulu ngabantu.Wathi wazalelwa  kwiNtili yeTyhume, kwaGqumahashe ngomhla wokuqala kweyoMnga ngomnyaka wamawaka alishumi elinesibhozo namashumi asixhenxe anesihlanu (1 Disemba 1875).Ukhule engumfana okrelekrele nosithandayo kakhulu isikolo. Uthe xa enethoba leminyaka wayokuihlala nomalume wakhe, uNzanzana Mqhayi, kwiilali zakuKhobonqane, ku. Apho ke ufike wafunda kakhulu ngamasiko, iindlela zesiNtu nehlobo ephila ngalo imiDaka yakowethu. Ebehamba iinkundla zakomkhulu efunda lukhulu ngamasiko. Nothando lwakhe lokubhala ke luvele ngeli lixa kuba ebethi naxa esalusa namanye amakhwenkwe athi akubona incwadi okanye iphepha elibhaliweyo alichole alifunde. Wakunonophela ke ukubhala ekuxabise ngolona hlobo lumangalisayo de wayokuqabelisa amabanga akhe ophakamileyo emfundo, waqeqeshelwa ubutitshala eLovedale, eDikeni. Uxelenge kwalapho eLovedale njengomhlohli okwethutyane ze wemka wayokuxelenga kwelaseMonti. Nangona wayehlohla nje okaMqhayi wayengayithando kuyaphi imfundiso yaseNtshona, ebethelela ngamandla ukufundiswa kwembali yabaNtsundu. Uqale ukubhala ngokuthi emana ethumela amanqaku kwiphephandaba lesiXhosa, IZwi Labantu. Amanqaku akhe okuqala aquka abe “Ngelizwe lamaNdlambe” nango “Ntsikana” namanye aninzi. Waziwe ngabaninzi nje nge Mbongi yeSizwe njengoko ebongwa ngumfo kaJolobe kwincadi yabafundi bebanga leshumi, uVukani Madoda Kusile. Emva koko ubhale uthotho lwemibongo kunye neenoveli ezakhayo  nezizele ziimfundiso. Umqulu wakhe wokuqala wemibongo obizwa Imihobe nemiBongo uphume ngowe- 1927 uquka kuwo nomhobe weli uNkosi sikelel'iAfrika 

Ulandulele eli ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesithoba kweyeKhala ngomnyaka wamawaka alishumi elinesithoba namashumi amane anesihlanu (29 Julayi 1945)ze wayokubekwa kwikhaya lakhe lokugqibela kuNtab'ozuko kude kufuphi, eQonce. Ushiye ngasemva uthotho lwemiqulu neemfundiso eziyokuhlala zingumzila ongenakulibaleka noyakulandelwa zizizukulwana nezizukulwana eziNtsundu.




#Article 35: Inkobe (228 words)


Inkobezazityiwa kakhulu kwilixesha lakuqala ngamaxhosa kunye nezinye intlanga ezifana namazulu kunye nezinye kabanzi.Kukutya okuthi kutyiwe ngamaXhosa xa sokugqitywa ukuvunwa kwinyanga yesiLimela ebusika. Zityiwa ngenyanga yesilimela kuba umbona ngelaxesha womile ulungele ukuba uhlaliswe kwingxowa zayo sowuchutyiwe kwaye uzitya xa kubanda ukwenzela ukuba umzimba wakho uhlale ushushu ngamaxhesha onke. Uzifumana inkobe eMpuma nkoloni kwi Mzantsi Afrika apho uye ufumana abantu abasabambe amasiko nezithethe.inkobe zinamanzi amnandi anencasa xa uziphekile kwaye inkobe zityiwa ngotata ebuhlanti lonke ixesha xa kuye kwabanjwa udliwano ndlebe ngotata.

Amaxhosa ayazithanda kakhulu kuba kokona kutya kubanika amadla kunye nezakhamzimba ukwenzela balungele ukwenza umsebenzi. Xa utye inkobe uye ungalambi msinyane ziyahlala esuswini ilixa elinde yilonto bathi bazitye xa bezokwenza umsebenzi othi uwenze qelele nekhaya. Inkobe zilungele ukutyiwa nangubani na othi afune ukuzitya kwaxhosa azikhethelanga lubala kuba xa uyintombi nto kukhona ukutya okungamelanga kuthi ukutye kaye nakwinkwenkwe esakhuluyo kunjalo, Ngalomazwi wonke umntu uyazitya.

Sithi isizwe somzi ontsundu ka Ubusika sobuphelile bubeke umbona omnizinzi oqinileyo ukwenzela ukuba isidlo sabo sihlale sifumaneka kuzo zonke amaxesha onyaka. Okukutya kuthi kuphekwa ngamanzi abilisiweyo kunye nochatha oluncinci lwamafutha kunye netyiwa ukwenzela incasa ibekhona kwisidlo. ngengoba kutshintshatshintsha iminyaka kubakho intsana zakulemihla siphila kuwo inkobe azixantyiswanga olahlobo lakuqala apho ziye zityiwe. umntu aze afumane inkobe kumele aye kwindawo ngendawo apho zithi zixatyiswe kuba akusalinywa mbona ngoku kwaye umntu otya inkobe umngangathi wakhe ujongeleleka phantsi kanti inkobe zisebenza umsebenzi oncomekayo emzimbeni omntu kuba ufumana amandla kwaye ucinga ngononophelo.




#Article 36: Unolali (116 words)


Unolali ligama eliye linikwe umntu ongumama ohleli kakhulu kwilali, ilali ke yindawo apho kuhlala amaxhosa kunye nabanye ke abantu abazezinye intlanga, kwilali wofumana izindlu ezifana nooRonta okanye Amaxanda. kwilali ezininzi ke wofumanisa ukuba iidolophu zikude kunelali leyo abantu abahlala kuyo. unolali ke iye ibengumntu ohleli isidala ezilalini kwaye athi xa sele esiza kweli lekapa athiywe eligama ngenxa yokuba ethetha isixhosa esinzulu abanye abantu abangakwaziyo ukusiva kakuhle okanye ukusilandela.unolali ke ubonakala ehamba ungakhange uboniswe mntu, wofika ethanda ukuhamba nghenyawo kuba ugqele lonto yena ezilalini, wofika ethanda ukuthwala iqhiya nokuba kusekuseni okanye kungokuhlwa kuye iqhiya ayinaxesha. kwanendlela ahamba ngayo uyazibonakalisa ukuba hayi inene ndingowasezilaklini inene, wofika xa ehambayo ehambela phezulu ngamanye amazwi egxanya mngokungathi kukho apho aleqa khona.




#Article 37: UJacob Zuma (143 words)


Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (wazalwa ngomhla we-12 Tshazimpuzi 1942-) lo nguMongameli waseMzantsi Afrika. Zuma wazalwa eNkandla kwiphondo lakwaZulu-Natal (elalisayakuphizwa ngokuba kuseZululand). Ngunyana kankosikazi uNobhekisisa Bessie noBawo u-Gcinamazwi Zuma. Umam'uBessie lo ke waye eyinkosikazi yesibini.kule nkosikazi enguNobhekisisa, u-Jacob uyinkulu kaBawo uGcinamazwi kubantwana bakhe abahlanu. Uyise kaJacob uGcinamazwi wayelipolisa. Wathi akusweleka, wahamba nonina uJacob wayakuhlala kulonina eMaphumulo. Kulapho wafika wolusa iinkomo zakulo nina, zabe zona iintanga zakhe zisiya esikolweni. UJacob wayesoloko endwendwela unina owayesebenza emakhitshini abelungu edolophini. Naye ke uGedleyihlekisa wayeman'ukufumana amatorhwana angacacanga ezivenkileni.jabob yena aka tholanga xeshaa lokuya yeza emfundo zake nje abantwana baye u zacob waphumela waba hi president yabo tattoo e mzantsi afrika  ngo 2010 uqetele wa phumela uku phemela kwakhe beku yinto enhle yakhulu kakhulu emdenini wakibo umuntu uyazi khetela into ayi funayo empilweni yakhe muntu aka melanga a jonge emva kumele a beke ento ayenzayo anga pheli umoya never give up




#Article 38: AmaMpondo (877 words)


Umhlaba obizwa ngokuba kusemaMpondweni, ngumhlaba wamaMpondo ekungoyena mhlaba mkhulu eTranskei. Eyona nto adume ngayo amaMpondo yeyokokuba akahlukani lula nobuMpondo bawo. Ayazingca ngolwimi lwawo lwesiMpondo. 

Xa sithetha ngamaMpondo kweli phepha sizakucangcatha phezu kwezi ngongoma zilandelayo:

Yintoni isiduko midaka yakowethu?
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukwazi okokuba akukho hlanga lungenasiduko salo, kungaske kube ezinye intlanga azithi 'siduko' kodwa uzalwano ngeziduko nangemvelaphi yabantu kukho kuzo zonke iintlanga. Wonke umntu apha emhlabeni unomnombo wakhe avela kuwo, ngokwendawo okanye ngokuzalana. Ibaluleke kakhulu ke loo nto. Zininzi ke indlela esingayilandela ngayo imvelaphi nobuni bomntu. 

EmaMpondweni, njengaye wonke umntu ontsundu kweli loMzantsi Africa isiduko luzalwano olubalulekileyo olunxibelanisa umntu nomnombo woluntu lwakowabo okulo lonke ilizwe. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, sibaluleke kakhulu isiduko kuhlanga oluntsundu kweli lizwe. Kangangendlela esibaluleke ngayo isiduko emaMpondweni, kwathi naxa sele kufike ingqobhoko eyayizibona izinto ezininzi zabantu bemveli njengeempawu zobuqaba nokungaphucuki, aqina amaMpondo agcina iziduko zawo ngezi ndlela zilandelayo:

Uthi eseyimveku umntwana aqhelaniswe nesiduko sakhe. Nangona ethiywa igama ngokwesiMpondo, gama elo libanentsingiselo nalo ngokwalo, kodwa luyakukhula olo sana lubizwa ngesiduko salo ngabantu abadala, abazali balo nabantu basekuhlaleni ngokubanzi. Luyakukhula ke ngoko luzazi kakuhle okokuba lingubani na lona isiduko salo. Khawujonge nantsi imizekelo yamagama abantwana abamalunga nonyaka ukuya kwisibini seminyaka:

 
Qaphela!! ubukhulu becala, umntwana oyintombazana ubizwa ngesiduko sakhe ngumzali okanye nanguwuphi na umntu omdala xa enconywa ngokwenza into entle okanye xa ecengwa, naxa kungxengxezwa kuye. Akuba onile , akangxoliswa ngesiduko umntwana. Uyakukhuliswa ngolu hlobo ke umntwana wasemaMpondweni. Uthi ke akukhula lo mntwana ade abe uyenda, sisuke ke ngoku esi siduko sakhe sibizwe nje ngegama lakhe emzini, aziwe ngaso kuphela emzini wakhe, kunjalo nje kugqame eso siduko sakhe. Masisebenzise le mizekelo ingasentla. Amagama kaNtombikayise noZukiswa akaziwa nokwaziwa emizini yabo besakwenda apha. Kunjalo nje nokuba kukho mntu uthile kuloo ngingqi okanye kuloo ndawo othe wawazi laa magama, akanakuze awabize tu, angadliwa inkomo ethi mho! intombi yakwenda ibizwa ngesiduko sayo kufakelwe u'ma' phambi kwesi duko eso, njengo-maFaku, maXhanga, njalo njalo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-kholami yesine ekwitafile elapha ngasentla. Uyakubizwa ngolu hlobo kukubi kukuhle. Iinjongo kukuba mayaziwe imvelaphi yaloo mntwana, ukuze naye azi okokuba umele abantu basemaThileni. Ukuba ukhe wenza ihlazo, akuhlazekanga yena nje kuphela, kodwa ubagqibile abantu basemaThileni. Ukwenda emaMpondweni akufani nomtshato. Abantu abaninzi abawuboni umahluko phakathi kokwenda nokutshata. Xa wendile emaMpondweni uze kwakha loo mzi wendele kuwo. Awendelanga ndodeni. Indoda uze ngayo qha. Xa sithethe ngomzi ke emaMpondweni asithethi ngezindlu eziseyadini, sithetha ngosapho lweso siduko wendele kuso. Ukuba intombi esiduko sayo singuNdlangisa yendele kumfana osiduko sayo singuDlamini, loo ntombi iyakuba liliso kumaDlamini akuloo ngingqi kunye nezinja zawo. Naloo mfo ukuthathileyo ukuba uze kwenda apha ekhaya, uthi xa embiza umendi 'yinkosikazi yakuthi' hayi imfazi wam. Sikhule kunjalo ke ingekafiki ingqobhoko. Yakuba sengxakini le nkosikazi, adibana ngeentloko amaThile kuziwe nesisombululo. Esakuphum'ecaleni utata wekhaya, uMendi ulilela kubantu bomzi wakhe, baze bona bambeke endleleni unyana wabo. Akuba nabantwana uMendi, wazi kakuhle okokuba aba bantwana akusingobakhe ngabomzi wakhe. Naye uyakuzeka mzekweni avame ukubabiza ngesiduko sabo aba bantwana ukuze bazazi okokuba bangooDlamini.  Iziphumo zokusebenzisa iziduko bezinceda ngolu hlobo:

Kaloku uyazi umendi okokuba xa esenza ihlazo, kuyakuhlazeka wonke obizwa ngesiduko sakhe. Kutsho kungabikho mntu unqwenela kwendiselana naye nawuphi na umntu onesi siduko sakhe. Iyakuba ngathi banje xa bebonke.

 * Kubantwana abangamakhwenkwe
Umntwana oyinkwenkwe ukhula ebizwa ngegama lakhe kunye nesiduko sakhe. Ukubizwa ngesiduko kwenza okokuba akhule ezingca ngobudoda bakhe, esithi ungumThile-thile. Ibaluleke kakhulu ke loo emadodeni. 
Xa umntwana oyinkwenkwe ezalelwe ekhaya, ubiza isiduko sikanina, kunjalo nje akusilo hlazo elo. Umntwana uyazingca aqhayise ngekulonina elimenze wangumntu. Kaloku yena ukhula engumntwana walapha ekwangumtshana walapha. Oko kuthetha okokuba onke amalungelo obuntwana bekhaya ngawakhe kunye nawobutshana ngawakhe. Enye into emayicace, akukho mntu ohlonitshwa sisiduna samadoda aNtsundu njengomama. Abafuni nokuva ngoonina. Bangade babe banganyamezela ngooyise, kodwa akukho nto mayidlalele kunina konke-konke, kangangokuba noMendi ubasengxakini xa efuna kuhoywe yena ngaphezu kukamamazala.

Andizikuthetha kakhulu ngokubaluleka kuka mama kweli phepha, ndizakwanda ngesiduko kuphela. wakuyibiza ngesiduko indoda okanye inkwenkwe, inene uyiphath'emanyeni. Iyakutsho izazi kakuhle kunjalo nje yomelele nokokuba ibibhetye-bhetye kangakanani na. Itsho ixole nokokuba ibikhathazeke kangakanani na. Ndingathi nje ngokubizwa ngesiduko kuphela, indoda iyakhuthazeka. Nokokuba ibisenza into embi, kusakuthiwa 'yhini kodwa Dlangamandla, njalo, njalo', itsho yehle kuloo mkhuba wayo. 

Kuyo yonke le ncoko sele siyibambile, singathi isiduko ngumdibanisi, ngumlamli, ngumxolelanisi, ngumkhomba-ndlela obumba iintsapho nozinze kwimvelaphi nobuntu obu bomntu. Isiduko singqina okokuba umntu ontsundu akamntu yedwa. Idaliwe ke loo nto apha kwimidaka, nokokuba ungayityeshela kangakanani na, ingakugulisa ngenye indlela ongayaziyo, umntu azibone enento engade iphelele ncam ebomini bakhe ngoku kanye sele enemali eninzi enento yonke. Kube kungona ke ngoku sifukuzayo sele sinabazukulwana sikhangela amathile akuthi. 
QAPHELA KE AKUDLALWA KUNGACHITHWA XESHA XA KUSITHIWA KUWE MNTU ONTSUNDU 'UMNTU NGUMNTU NGABANTU'. XA UNTSUNDU APHA EMZANTSI AFRIKA, AWUNGOMNTU NGEMALI QHA UNEMALI OKWANGOKU, KODWA 'UNGUMNTU NGABANTU, KUYAWUZE KUYOVALWA'. BUYA HILI-HILINDINI!!!

UFaku yikumnkani yamaMpondo. AmaMpondo aye madolwanzima ekwamkeleni ingqobhoko eyayize namaBritane. Kaloku iikumkani zamaMpondo zazingavumi kwaphela ukugob'uphondo.  engazange ade abe ayabandakanyeka ngokupheleleyo kwimilo yeengingqi eyayiphakathi kwabamelwane babo ababezinze kumhlaba osezantsi kubo kunye namaKoloni aseKapa, abazange bakwazi ukusinda ekudunga-dungweni kwintlalo yabo ngenkqubo yobukoloni eyayitshila ngayo iYurophu. Ngo-1945 uFaku, ikumkani yamaMpondo, yatyikitya isivumelwano esasibizwa ngokuba yi-Maitland Treaty apho  wavuma okokuba impahla ejongene nezemisebenzi ayinakothulwa kunxweme lwamaMpondo ngaphandle kwemvume yobukoloni bukaRhulumente waseBritane. Le mvume yayilindeleke ukuba yenziwe nje ngompoposho ovela eyakuthi ikhutshwe ngokupapashwa. NgeyoKwindla kumnyaka ka-1861 ezona ndawo zazinefuthe kummntla-ntshona wamaMpondo, ezazisaziwa njengo-no-mans-land, nazo zanikezelwa nguFaku eKapa, kwaza kwathi kumnyaka olandelayo zasetyenziswa yiKapa kumlo namaGriqua. 

eeBhizana, eLibode, eNgqeleni, ePort St John's, eTabankulu, nengingqiuMsikaba. Ngo1899 kwenziwa ummiselo wama-314 ngokusesikweni owawusithi uMmsikaba mawahlulwe ube ziingingqi ezimbini, eyaseLusikisiki neyaseFlagstaff. 
 




#Article 39: U-Ngubengcuka (177 words)


Aa!! Ngubengcuka!, ukhokho kaRholihlahla. 

UNgubengcuka wazalwa ngomhla we-10 ku-Agasti ngomnyaka ka1790 waza wasutywa kukufa ngo1830. Umntwan'omhle lo wayeyikumkani yabaThembu kumzantsi wengingqi yaseTranskei emZantsi Afrika. Wayesaziwa ngokuba yiNkosi eNkulu, eyasimanya sonke isizwe sabaThembu phambi kokuba sibe sisigculelo sobukoloni bamaNgesi aseBritane.  Wayesaziwa ngokuphelisa ubukumkani baseNtshona obathi bafika ekugqibeleni.  

U-Ngubengcuka wayenabafazi kuNdlu-nkulu, ngasekunene, nowaseXhibeni owayengowendlu encinci indlu yasekhohlo ke ngamanye amazwi. Inkulu yakhe ke yabanguMthikrakra, waza yena uMthikrakra waba nabafazi abahlanu. Apha esintwini indlu nganye (Oko ukuthi, umzi womfazi ngamnye) inomsebenzi wayo. Mandenze umzekelo ngesandla neminwe yaso. Ukuze ubhale kakuhle, awuyisebenzi yonke iminwe xa ubamba usiba, ingakumbi xa sele ubhala. Kukho le ihlalele ukusetyenziswa xa kubhalwa. Kodwa nale ingenamsebenzi wakubhala ibaluleke kakhulu xa kusenziwa eminye. Nanku umzekelo, ungayibamba intambo ngaphendle kokusebenzisa ubhontsi, kodwa akunakuyibamba kakuhle uyisebenzise inaliti ngaphandle kobhontsi. Mininzi imizekelo esingeza nayo elolu hlobo. Ngokunjalo ke nakubafazi beenkosi, eyona njongo yokuba naba bafazi kukwakha indlu yasebukhosini kubanjiswene, kungaliwa. Uthi umfo kaNdima, 'Asingeke siqiniseke okokuba ukuba uNgubengcuka lo wayengazange abe nalo iXhiba (umfazi wesihlanu ngokwale meko ikhoyo ngoku yokubala abafazi), okanye wayenomfazi omnye kuphela, ngewayekho umntu ekuthiwa nguNelson Rholihlahla Mandela.




#Article 40: E-Chicago (171 words)


IChicago lelinye lamazwana aseMelika.

Chicago (Listeni / ʃᵻkɑːɡoʊ / okanye / ʃᵻkɔːɡoʊ /) mzi lesithathu ngokuthandwa eUnited States. Nabahlali abangaphezu kwezigidi 2.7, ngumzi ngokuthandwa imo Illinois kunye Midwest. Indawo yaseChicago metropolitan, obizwa ngokuba Chicagoland, inabantu abamalunga nezigidi 10 kwaye wesithathu-likhulu U.S.Chicago ke kwisihlalo Cook County.

Chicago safakwa njengesixeko-1837, kufutshane Portage phakathi Great Lakes kwaye iMississippi River kohlulwa Yakhula ngokukhawuleza kwi yee-elinesithoba isixeko century.The yinto engumbindi ngamazwe lwezimali, ezorhwebo, ushishino, ubuchwepheshe, ngomnxeba, kwaye ukuthuthwa: O'Hare Airport International lo moya yaxakeka ehlabathini xa kulinganiswa moya zendlela; naye unayo nani likhulu zeendlela NGATHI nabemithwalo kwendlela kaloliwe. Ngo-2012, eChicago yadweliswa alpha isixeko zehlabathi ezikhutshwe wobumbano yaye World Cities Research Network, yaye zabekwa wesixhenxe ehlabathini kwi-2014 Global Cities Index. Ngo-2014, Chicago waba inkulu kwimveliso ombaxa wesithathu eUnited States US $ 610,5 billion.

Ngowe-2014, eChicago kwafuneka inkcubeko izigidi 50,2 visitors.Chicago ngamazwe kunye wasemakhiyshini iquka ubugcisa obubonwayo, iinoveli, ifilim, yemiboniso, comedy ingakumbi improvisational, umculo, ingakumbi ijazz, asa, umphefumlo, ivangeli nomculo indlu. Kwakhona amaqela ezemidlalo zokuqeqeshelwa nganye yeligi ezinkulu yobungcali. Chicago na lweziqhulo ezininzi, saziwa kakhulu yokuba 'Windy City'.




#Article 41: Ipolisa (igosa) (255 words)


Igosa lepolisa ngumntu osebenzela isipolisa.

Umsebenzi wegosa lepolisa kukuqinisekisa okokuba abantu bathobela umthetho. Akusingawo onke amapolisa anxiba impahla efanayo (i-uniform) nazulazulayo. Amanye amagosa amapolisa anemisebenzi eyodwa, efana neyobucuphi, amagosa ezendlela, okanye ajongene nokulawula izinja.  Kwamanye amazwe, akungawo onke amapolisa aphatha imipu, ngoko ke igosa lepolisa lingazikhethela ukuba lisebenzise umpu emva kokuba sele linamava ngokwaneleyo.  
Njengenxalenye yomsebenzi yabo, amagosa ezobupolisa anamalungelo angaxhamlwayo ngumntu ongelopolisa. Oku kuquka igunya lokubamba umntu abacinga okokuba wophule umthetho, igunya lokusetsha umntu, igunya lokumisa iinqwelo mafutha liphile lizilawule, igunya lokubuza umntu ukuba ungubani na igama lakhe nokokuba ithini na idilesi yakhe, igunya lokukhupha amatikiti liwanike abantu okanye igunya lokuhlawulisa abantu okanye lokubenza beze kwinkundla yamatyala. ngaphandle kwala magunya ipolisa alinakubanakho ukulawula ekuhlaleni.  

ukuba ligosa lezobupolisa kunganobungozi. Amagosa amapolisa ayabulawa okanye alinyazwe zizikrelemnqa ngamanye amaxesha xa ethe athunyelwa kwiziganeko ezithile. Yhiyo le nto kufuneka ephethe izixhobo ezifunekayo ukuze bazikhusele. Amagosa ezebupolisa anelungelo lokuphatha izixhobo, ezifana nemipu okanye i-baton ukuze balumise ulwaphulo mthetho nokokuba sele umthetho ojongene nezikhali sele ungqingqwa kangakanani na kwaye uphelele kuluntu lonke.  

Kumazwe ngamazwe, amagosa ezobupolisa anikwa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukuze akwazi ukuhlangabezana nolwaphulo mthetho okwilizwe labo. Onke amagosa ezobupolisa axhobe ngezikhali anokuzisebenzisa ukuze bazikhusele okanye bakhusele abanye abantu abadinga uncedo. Uninzi lwamagosa ezobupolisa aphatha ezi zinto zilandelayo: 

amagosa amapolisa kufuneka ajikeleze ebaze amehlo abukhali aze aphinde aphendule kwiziganeko ezingxamisekileyo ngokukhawuleza. Amanye amagosa amapolisa ayakuzulazula ngeezikatshiwo, kodwa ke uninzi lwamapolisa azulazula ngemoto okanye inqwelo yamapolisa. Oku bakwenza ukuze bakwazi ukufumana iziganeko ezenzeka ngokungxmisekileyo ngokukhawuleza bexhobe befe amacala. ngamanye amaxesha amagosa azulazula ngeebhayisikili, ngezithuthuthu,  okanye ngamahashe kuba bakhethelwe ukuba basebenze kuloo ndawo. 




#Article 42: Itafile (154 words)


Itafile lolunye uhlobo lwefenitshala olumphezulu wayo usisibaca noxhaswa ngemilenze emibini  nangaphezulu. Sibeka izinto phezu kwetafile, sidla ngokuzibeka ezi zinto okwexeshana phezu kwale tafile,  umzekelo, ukutya kunye neemela nee-folokhwe, njalo njalo. ngexesha lesidlo, iikomotyi ekuzakuselwa ngazo, iincwadi,  imephu, ukubhala iphepha xa kubhalwa, kunye kunye nezinto zokudlala.  

Sikwabeka izinto phezu kwetafile ixesha elide, umzekelo, i-TV, ikhompyutha okanye izihlobisi (izinto ezintle). Sidla ngokubeka ilaphu phezu kwetafile, isibanca ngaphezulu.  Zikho iindlela ezisesikweni ekubekwa ngayo ilaphu, iimela neefolokhwe kunye nokutya phezu kwetafile yezidlo.  

Singazenza ezinye iitafile zibenkulu, umzekelo, ngokuthi sitsale umphezulu wayo uphokele ngaphandle. Ukanti singazisonga ezinye iitafile ukuze zikwazi ukulayishwa zihanjiswe ngcono,  umzekelo xa kusiyiwa  enkampini. Kukwakho neetafile ezincinci koololiwe kunye neenqwelo-moya esinokuzisonga okanye sizivule. Ezinye iitafile ezi-round ziza no-Lazy Susan. Le yintwana yokhuni oluwjikeleza ndawonye  kwisizikithi setafile. Itafile esetyenziswa xa [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/outdoors kuphunyiwe] ibizwa ngokuba yitafile ye-picnic.

Ngokwesithethe, iitafile e-Japan, e-chabudai, ziphantsi, ngamanye amaxesha iba ziitafile ezi-round, zenzelwe iti nokutya.

Igama lombutho wehlabathi i-Mensa isuka kwigama letafile elingesi-Latin.




#Article 43: Inyoka (137 words)


Iinyoka zizilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo. ziyinxalenye yeyosapho lweSquamata. Azinamilenze, azinalizwi, azinandlebe, zingenaso nesikhumba sokuvala amehlo. Nangona kunjalo, iinyoka zizilwanyana ezinempumelelo enkulu phakathi kwezilwanyana ezitya ezinye, zineentsapho ezingama-20, nezinye ezingama500 kunye nama-and 3,400 eentlobo ntlobo zeenyoka.

Zinemizimba emide nebhityileyo,  kwaye, zingenamilenze zinjalo, zinendlela yazo ezihamba ngayo kunjalo nje zihamba kakhulu. Uninzi lwazo luhlala kwitropics. Zimbalwa kakhulu iinyoka ezihlala ngaphaya kweTropic of Cancer okanye  iTropic of Capricorn, lunye kuphela uhlobo, yiviper eqhelekileyo i(Vipera berus) ehlala ngaphaya kweArctic Circle. Isikhuma sayo sogqunywe ngoqweqwe.  Zibona akuhle, kunjalo nje ziyakwazi ukuva ivumba ngolwimi lwazo ngokuthi ziman'ukulikhuphela ngaphandle ziphinde zilungenise ngaphakathi. Azidibani ke nokungcangcazela komhlaba.  

Nangona zingenalizwi, ziyaswesweza. Inkoliso yazo zihlala emhlabeni, ezinye zihlala emanzini, ezimbalwa zihlala ngaphantsi komhlaba. Njengazo zonke izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, iinyoka zifuna ubushushu belanga ukuze zikwazi ukulawula ubushushu bemizimba yazo. Yiyi le nto iinyoka ezininzi zihlala kubushushu obunomoya ofumileyo bakwingingqi yetropical kwihlabathi. 




#Article 44: Umhlaba (149 words)


Umhlaba (ngamanye amaxesha ubizwa ngokuba kukungcola) ngumxube wamatye, iziqendwana zeeminerali, izinto zendalo (eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo), amanzi, kunye nomoya.
Ubukhulu becala umhlaba wenziwe ngeenkozwana zamatye athe angqubana entlitheka ngenxa yezivungu-vungu zomoya ovuthuzayo, izandyondyo zemvula, ilanga, ikhephu, njalo-njalo, noqhekeko lwamatye. Uhlobo lomhlaba luluxhomekeke kumxube wamatye aqhekekileyo nakubungakanani beenkozo zamatye. Iinkozo zingancinane kakhulu kunjalo nje zibebuthelezi, njengodongwe, okanye zingankulu ngaphezu kokuba zinkulu kakade, njengeenkozo zentlabathi okanye zisenokuba njengeengqalutye zamatye, 
Imihlaba ibaluleke kakhulu kwindlela izinto zendalo ezinxibelelana ngayo ngenxa yezi zizathu zintandathu: okokuqala, imihlaba yindawo apho zikhula khona izityalo; okwesibini, imihlaba ilawula isantya nokucoceka kwamanzi ahamba kuwo; okwesithathu, imihlaba ihlaziya iityuwa ezisuka kwizilwanyana nezityalo ezifileyo; okwesine, imihlaba itshintsha umoya ojikeleze umhlaba, obizwa ngokuba yi-atmosphere; okwesihlanu, imihlaba yindawo ekuhlala kuyo izilwanyana, izinambuzane, kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezincinane kakhulu ekuthiwa ziimicroorganisms; okwesithandathu, imihlaba zezona zixhobo zidala ezisetyenziswa ukwakha izakhiwo.  Imozulu ibaluleke kakhulu xa kusenzeka umhlaba. Umhlaba ovela kwiimozulu ngeemozulu unganezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo   ngokwahlukana kweentlobo zomhlaba apho usuka khona. 




#Article 45: Ukutya (106 words)


Ukutya yiyo nantonina  esisondlo nenkxaso yomzimba. Idla ngokuba yinto esuka kwisityalo okanye isilwanyana ngokwemveli, kwaye iba yinto equlethe izakha mzimba ezinje ngamafutha, iiproteini, iitamini, okanye iityuwal zomzimba. Zonke ke ezi zinto zikukutya okuthi kungeniswe emzimbeni zizidalwa eziphilayo zize ke iimbewu zegazi (iicell) zomzimba zizithaphulele ke kuzo ezi zinto zikukutya ngeenjongo zokuba zibenamandla, zibenobomi, okanye zikhule kakuhle. 

HNgokwembali, abantu bazigcinela ukutya ngeendlela ezimbini: ngokuzingela nangokudibana, nangokulima. Namhlanje, inkoliso yokutya kwamandla okufunwa ngamandla kukwanda koluntu lwehlabathi kuziswa ngamashishini okutya. 

Ukhuseleko lokutya kunye nokugcinwa kokutya kukhuselekile kusesweni lwamagosa anjenge International Association for Food Protection, World Resources Institute, World Food Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization, okanye International Food Information Council.




#Article 46: Igazi (832 words)


Igazi lingamanz’ abomvu asemizimbeni yabantu nakwimizimba yezilwanyana. Igazi lityhalwa  zizinto ezincinane kakhulu eziphilayo neziqumbene ndawoninye ezikhutshwa yintliziyo, ngeenjongo zokokuba igazi lizise izakha-mzimba kunye nomoya ococekileyo kwizihlunu zemizimba yethu. Ikwaligazi eligutyula konke ukungcola okuvela emzimbeni kunye nomoya ongcolileyo, lowo uvela emzimbeni ngamanye amazwi.

Igazi lenziwe ngeiimbewu zegazi zitsho zikwazi ukuhlala zidibene zisebenzisana ndawonye kunye nezinye iintlobo-ntlobo zeembewu zegazi — iimbewu zegazi ezibomvu, iimbewu zegazi ezimhlophe kunye neembewu zegazi ezimisa ukopha okanye ukumpompoza kwegazi ekuthiwa ziiplatelets. Iiplatelets zinceda ngokunqamla ukopha. Iigazi elinesakhamzimba i-iron eneproteni ifumaneka kwiimbewu zegazi ezibomvu. Iimbewu ezimhlophe apha egazini zona ziluncedo ekulweni nosuleleko zize ziphinde zinyange amanxeba. 

Iplasma yegazi yinto engamanzi atyheli adada apha egazini. Nayo ke yenziwe ngezakha-mzimba, iityuwa zomzimba ezinyibilikayo, umoya ohlaziya nongcolisa umzimba, amagatya alawula ukusebenza komzimba engasebenzisi ziproteni, ukungcola okungaphakathi emzimbeni, izakhamzimba zendalo ezingamafutha omzimba, kunye neeproteni.

Ezi proteni zibaziinqwelo zokuthutha ezinye izakha-mzimba ezincinane kakhulu ngegazi, zibeng amajoni omzimba (nabizwa ngokuba zii-immunoglobulins), zijongana neziganeko zokwenzeka kwamahlwili, kunye namagatya eeproteni. I-Plasma ayinayo iproteni  eyenza amahlwili yiyo le nto kuthiwa xa ibizwa yi-serum kwaye ayinakubalihlwili. Zi-3 iilitha zeplasma ezinokufumaneka kubantu abadala. IPlasma ingamanzi, singathi amanzi akuyo amalunga nama-(90%). Kananjalo iplasma inobunzima begazi obunokude bubengama-55%. 

Elinye igama leembewu zibomvu egazini kuthiwa zii-erythrocyte. 'i-Erythro' ithetha ukuthi bomvu; elithi cyte lithetha ukuthi mbewu. Aba nobumba bathi BGM basis ishunqulelo ngolu hlobo  ‘’’b’’’omvu ’’’g’’’azi mbewu.

Imbewu ebomvu egazini ithwala umoya ococekileyo kunye nomoya ongcolileyo ziwusa kuwo wonke umzimba.  Iimbewu zemizimba yethu zifuna umoya ococekileyo ukuze siphile. Kwakhona ezi mbewu ziyawenza umoya ongcolileyo sitsho sithi ke kukungcola oko. Imbewu ebomvu egazini izisa umoya ococekileyo othe xaxe kuwo wonke umzimba.  Iphinde kwale mbewu, iwuthwale iwukhuphele ngaphandle emzimbeni umoya ongcolileyo. 

IiBGM zizaliswe yiiron eneproteni kwimbewu ebomvu yegazi. Ngesingesi ke kuthiwa yihaemoglobin. Singatsho ngelipheleleyo okokuba yiproteni. Yenzelwe ukuba ithwale umoya omninzi ococekileyo iwusasaze kuwo wonke umzimba.  Njengoko sele sitshilo, le haemoglobin ineiron kuyo. Xa zizombini ke iiiron kunye nalo moya ucocekileyo ziyitsho ibebomvu le haemoglobin ngombala.  Yhiyo le nto igazi silibona libomvu nje. Kukho into ekuthiwa yiErythropoietin ekuyeyona ikhuthaza ukwenzeka kwale mbewu ibomvu egazini.  Uhlobo lwegazi amajoni akhutshwa yinkqubo yangaphakathi emzimbeni ukuba alwe nokuyingozi okungena emzimbeni athwalwa apha kumphezulu wembewu yegazi ebomvu. 

IBGM ikwanceda ukuba igazi lihlale likwimo efanelekileyo pH. Kufuneka uze ube uphilile kakuhle ngokwasegazini libe kwizinga le-ph ka 7.4. Ukuba nje likhe langaphezulwana okanye langaneno kuno-7.4, umntu usenokugula kakhulu okanye angade abe uyasweleka. IiBGM zizo ezilawula ipH yegazi. Ibuffer yiyo emisa utshintsho kwipH. Iiproteni kunye nomoya ongcolileyo kwiBGM zimisa utshintsho olwenzeka egazini. 
Ukuba kuthe kanti awunayo imbewu ebomvu egazini lakho, uyakufa.  
 

imbewu emhlophe egazini idlala indima enkulu kukhuselo lweentsholongwane emzimbeni. Le mbewu ihlasela yonke into engena emzimbeni ibe ingafanelekanga kungena. Ibulala iintsholongwane ezifana neentsholongwane ezosulelayo kunye nee ntsholongwane ezifana nezefiva, nekagawulayo, njalo, njalo.. Ibulala nembewu yomhlaza. Imbewu emhlophe egazini iluncedo kakhulu kuba ilwa nezinye izinto eziyityhefu emzimbeni.  

Le mbewu imhlophe egazini izibhaqa nokokuba ziphi na ezi ntsholongwane apha emzimbeni, emva koko yonde ngazo, zizitshabalalise. IiMGM ziyafika egazini. Ziyakwazi nokuphuma egazini zenjenjeya ukuya kwiindawo apho usuleleko lukhoyo.  IiMGM zenza oku ukuze zilwe neentsholongwane ezidala usuleleko. Ukuba ziye zaphumela ngaphandle egazini zisiya kulwa   nosuleleko, zisenokuphindela kwigazi elityhutyha-tyhutyha umzimba. Ngoko ke iiMGM zikumajelo egazi elijikeleza emzimbeni. 

Elinye igama lembewu emhlophe egazini kuthiwa yileukocyte. U-Leuko uthetha ukuthi ‘mhlophe’. u-cyte uthetha ukuthi ‘cell’. Oonobumba abathi  MGM bashunqulela ngolu hlobo  ’’’m’’’hlophe ’’’g’’’azi ’’’m’’’bewu. Zintathu ezona ndidi zeMGM.  Kukho ezelymphocytes, ezegranulocytes kunye  neemonocytes. Inxalenye yeeMGM zivuthelwa kwiimbewu ezenza umsebenzi ofanayo kwizihlunu zomzimba. 

IiMGM zisebenza ngeendlela-ngeendlela. Ezinye zazo zibulala ziphinde zitye iintsholongwane kunye nembewu zentsholongwane yomhlaza. Ezinye zenza amagosa alwa neentsholongwane. Ezi proteni ziiproteni ezincamathela kwezinye iimbewu zize ziyalele  ezinye iiMGM ukuba zibulale. Ezinye iiMGM zenza iikhemikhali.  Zithi zikhuphe iikhemikhali eziyakulwa nezinto ezingafanelekanga kuba semzimbeni. Ezi khemikhali zidala ukutsha kwindawo ethile apha emzimbeni.  Xa intsholongwane ikugulisa, umzimba uyakubonakalisa oko. Ukuba  intsholongwane iziqhusheka ngaphantsi kwesikhumba somntu ize yenze  usuleleko, siyajika sibebomvu isikhumba sakhe, sitshise, sibebuhlungu kunjalo nje. Oku kubabomvu kwesikhumba, ukutshisa kwaso, kunye neentlungu, zonke ezi ziimpawu zo kutsha okanye ukurhawuka. Oku kubonakalisa okokuba iiMGM zilwa nosuleleko kwaye zibulala intsholongwane. 

IiPlatelets zinceda ekwenzeni amahlwili egazi.  Ihlwili kuxa igazi lithi belingamanzi lisuke lijiye. Umzimba wenza ihlwili legazi xa isikhumba esi siye sasikeka. Oku kunqanda ukopha kakhulu ukuze igazi elininzi lingachithekeli ngaphandle.   

Kubalulekile okokuba igazi lijiye. Kodwa ngamaxesha athile amahlwili egazi angaba mabi okanye abe neziqhamo ezimbi. Ukuba ukujiya kwegazi kuyenzeka ku[blood vessel|mbhobho wegazi apha emzimbeni, kungadala istroke. Ukuba igazi lijiya xa kanye lihamba ngombhobho wegazi oya entliziyweni, oko kungadala isifo sentliziyo (heart attack). Oku ke akuqhelekanga kubantu abatsha nabanempilo.  

Ii-Platelets akukuphela kwento eyenza amahlwili. Zikho neeproteni egazini ezenza amahlwili. Iiplatelets kunye neeproteni zamahlwili ziyafuneka ukuze zenze amahlwili alungileyo emzimbeni.

.
Imbewu yegazi yenziwa ngumongo wethambo nakw'ispleen. Umongo yinto ethambileyo ngaphakathi ethanjeni. Bambi ke bade bathi bayahleza, laanto ifunxwayo ke xa kuhlezwa kuthiwa ngumongo. Kukho iimbewu ezikhethekileyo apha kulo mongo, kwaye ubukhulu becala le mbewu yiyo eyenza iimbewu zegazi emzimbeni wakho.  

Iiproteni zeplasma zona zenziwa sisibindi. Amanzi kunye neetyuwa ezinyibilikayo kwi-plasma zivela ekutyeni esikutyayo nasemanzini esiwaselayo.

Nangona igazi  lingamanzi, ngezinye iindlela likwaluhlobo  lokunxulumanisa amalungu angaphakathi omzimba. Imbewu yegazi isuka kumongo wethambonakwispleen, kwaye egazini kukwakho nemicu yeenwebu ebalulekileyo eluhlobo lwefibrinogen. Zonke ezi zisebenza xa kusenzeka  ihlwili legazi.

 




#Article 47: Iimvumi zaseMzantsi Africa (133 words)


Iimvumi zaseMzantsi Afrika esele zalishiyayo eli nazi: UBrenda Nokuzola Fassie (3 November 1964 – 9 May 2004) wayeyimvumi yomculo onesingqi esithandwa ngamaAfrika eyayingahambisani kwaphela nenkqubo yocalu-calulo. Ukungazibandezi kwakhe eqongeni kwamemnza waziwa njengomntu arned a reputation for ongangenazintloni nongoyiki ngokoyikiswa. Abalandeli bakhe bebembiza ngoMaBrrr, maxa wambi ubebizwa njengeqhawekazi lomculo wesingqi saseAfrika okanye bathi nguMadonna weelokishi. uMiriam Makeba; ULucky Philip Dube (ubizwa ngolu hlobodoo-beh) (wazalwa ngomhla wesi-3 kukweyeThupha ngo1964 – wasweleka ngomhla we-18 kweyeDwarha ngo2007) eyimvumi yereggae neRastafarian yaseMzantsi Afrika. Washicilela amacwecwe angama-22 ngesiZulu, ngesiLungu nangesiBhulu kwisithuba esinganga-25 eminyaka kunjalo nje amacwecwe akhe ayengwawona macwecwe omculo wereggae awayethengiswa kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika.  UDube walinyazwa kwimizi yaseGoli eRosettenville ngokuhlwa kwangomhla we-18 kweyeDwarha ngo2007. uLebo Mathosa (wazalwa ngo1977 - ngomhla wama-23 kweyeDwarha waza wasweleka ngo2006) wayeyimvumi yekwaito yasemzantsi Afrika. uBussie Mhlongo; uMagaret Singana {Mcingana}; uNana Coyote, Sfiso Ncwane.




#Article 48: E-UNISA (166 words)


Igama elithi UNISA xa ligcwele lithi University of South Africa.

Ikomkhulu lase-unisa lizinze eMuckleneuk eseTshwane, kunjalo nje sesona sakhiwo sithathe umhlaba omkhulu kwesi sixekokazi. I-UNISA yafudukela eMuckleneuk Ridge ngo-1972 isuka kwindawo endala neyayixhwarhe kuyo kumbindi wedolophu yaseTshwane. Ubugoci-goci bezakhiwo zayo ezinkulu bazotywa benziwa ngabazobuchule ii-Architects zakwa-Bryan Sandrock. Ngeminyaka yoo-1960s iinjineli zadinanisa iintloko ziceba esi sakhiwo sehlabathi sohlobo olulodwa.  Eyona nto yenza umtsalane ngakumbi kwesi sakhiwo kukuba sithe ngcu phezu kwentaba.  

Kungoku nje i-Unisa inamasebe ayo eSunnyside, apho ziqhutya khona iinkquno zezifundo zabafundi yonke imihla. Elinye isebe liseFlorida eGoli. Lona ke lijongene nokusingatha imisebenzi yeNzululwazi. Ikholeji yezoLimo, eyeNjineli kunye neyobuCwephetshe sele ziphaya ngoku sithethayo.  

Zisixhenxe iingingqi zamaziko ale yunivesithi apha emZantsi Afrika. Iinjongo zala maziko kukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabafundi xa befunda mihla le kuwo osithoba amaPhondo eli. Nanga ke lama ziko:
 
EMpuma koloni(eMonti, eMthatha, EBhayi)
ERhawutini(Ekurhuleni, eFlorida, eGoli, eTshwane, naseVaal Triangle)
Kwazulu-Natal (e-thekwini, e-New Castle, e-Mgungundlovu, e-Richards Bay, nase-Wild Coast)
ELimpopo (eGiyani, eMakhado, ePolokwane)
EMidlands (eBloemfontein, eKimberley, eKroonstad, eMafikeng, ePotchefstroom, eRustenburg)
EMpumalanga (EMiddelburg, ENelspruit)
EWestern Cape (EKapa, eGeorge)




#Article 49: U-Thuli Madonsela (139 words)


U-Thulisile Thuli Nomkhosi Madonsela, oligqwetha elingungondo-ngqondo nochwepheshe kwezamalungelo oluntu. Ukwangumkhuseli wabemi beli. Wayengomnye weengcaphephe owathi wancedisa kumagqibela kankqoyi oqhulunkqo lomgaqo siseko loMzantsi Afrika kwiminyaka yoo1994-5.  

Wazalelwa eGoli ngomnyaka ka1962 waza wakhulela eSowetho. Izalwa ngubani le nzwakazi? Uzalwa  nguBafana, uyise kunye nonina uNomasonto,abantu ababephila ngesirhoxwana sabo sokuthengisa. Ucawa phi? U-Thuli NgumSabatha wacawe yamaSabatha ezinze eSowetho. 

UThuli wangena emsebenzini njengetitshalakazi kwiminyaka yoo-1980. Uthe esuka apho wazibandakanya nemisebenzi yeemanyano njengomcebisi kwiManyano kaZwelonke yee-Printers kunye neeManyano zabasebenzi. -   

Ukuqala kwakhe ngo-2012, uMadonsela uqwalasele isikrokro sokokuba kungahle kuthi kanti inkuntyula yemali yabarhafi iphambukiselwe ngokungekho mthethweni ekuhlawuleleni iindleko zezinto zika Mongameli waseMzantsi Afrika, uJacob Zuma, kwakunye nokwakhiwa kweZumaville, eqikelelwa kwisizumbulu semali engangama-206 ezigidi zeerandi. Kwangaloo nyaka ka-2012, uye wenza uphando ngamahumhum athi uJulius Malema unyengezelwe isinyamfu semali ngamaqhinga athi aphekwa kumsebenzi wexeshana webunjineli owathi wakhutshwa kwisebe lezothutho, waza wanikwa umnntu ekwakucingeleka okokuba ungaphandle kweli sebe.




#Article 50: Joe Slovo Park (324 words)


I Joe Slovo Park yidolophu yaseKapa, ifumaneka ngaphakathi kwe Milnerton ne Montargu Gardens.

I Joe Slovo Park yiLokishi encinane eyenziwa ukususa amaTyotyombe ase Marconi Beam kwakhiwe idolophu.  Kodwa ke ngoku akho mehluko phakathi kwe Joe Slovo nalamatyotyombe ase Marconi Beam.
Elinye icala lase Joe Slovo, I Mshini wam, ithiywe ngengoma yomzabalazo 'Umshini wami', ingoma ethandwa ukuculwa ngu Jacob Zuma xa efuna ukuVotelwa abenguMongameli wase Mzansi Africa.  Yaqala ukwenziwa ngo 2006 endaweni ekwakukho izindlu ze RDP(Reconstruction and Deveopment Program).  IMshini wam yatshiswa ngumlilo.  Kwatsho kwaqalelwa phantsi ukwenziwa ngo 2012.

IJoe Slovo ithiywe emva kwe qhawe uJoe Slovo owayengu Ngqongqoshe wezindlu zase Mzansi Africa.
Ize ingafaniswa ne Joe Slovo ekwa Langa, Ekapa.

I Joe Slovo ngumxube weZindlu nama Tyotyombe angase Montague Gardens e Milnerton.  I Joe Slovo ingase Canal Walk ivenkile enkulu apha eKapa.

Kukho uxinizelelo olukhulu ngoba kukho abantu abafuna ukwakha izindlu zabo kumhlaba ongenanto.  Ngo okthobha 2012 abantu abangavumeliyo ukuba kwakhiwe kumhlaba uphethwe yi dolophu yas'Ekapa bafika basusa izindlu zabantu, lento yenza ukuba abantu base Joe Slovo baToyitoye.  Ngo 2014 abantu base Joe Slovo babona indawo engase Sinenjongo High School bokha izindlu zabo kwaze uRhulumente wohluleka ukubasusa, ngoku iSinenjongo High school inabamelwane ngasesikolweni abangxolisa umculo mihla ngemihla bephazamisa abafundi abakwibanga lesi-11.

inezikolo ezimbini enye yazo yi Sinenjongo High School enye ibeyi Marconi beam public Primary School.
I library ekufuphi yi Milnerton Library.

Indawo ekufitshane yezempilo ise Elbow-Gardens (yikliniki yesihlali) eBrooklyn Milneron, iBrooklyn izikhilomitha ezine xa usuka e Joe Slovo.  IMedi-Clinic ese Milpark Milnerton (ikliniki efihlakeleyo) yona ingamakhulu asiBhozo xa usuka e Joe Slovo.

Ezinye izindlu ezise Joe Slovo zikhuselwe zinkampani zokhuseleko.  Kodwa ke izindlu ezininzi zixhomekeke kumaPolisa ase Milnerton.  Kukho amaPolisa ajonga I Joe Slovo iimini nobusuku.
Indawo yamaPolisa ekufuphi ingase Seven Eleven kufuphi ngase Centre Point.  akukho zicimamlilo e Joe Slovo, ekufuphi yiMilnerton Fire station. 

Kukho iholo lomphakathi eJoe Slovo.  Udonga ngaseholweni lwalupayintiwe ngabafundi ababefunda ibanga leshumi elinambini nge Mandela Day ngo 2013.  Kukho iofisi kaMasipala ekufuphi ngase Joe Slovo; ingase Milnerton Library.




#Article 51: Imifuno (215 words)


Asetyenziswa ngemihla, imifuno yiyo nayiphi na inxalenye yesityalo ukuba ningagqitywa ngabantu njengoko ukutya njengenxalenye yesidlo okunencasa. Igama elithi yemifuno liphantse engenasizathu, kunye becala kuchaziwe ngesithethe okupheka nenkcubeko. Idla ngaphandle nokunye ukutya efunyenwe kwi izityalo ezifana iziqhamo, iinqoba, ezinokutya okuziinkozo, kodwa kuquka iimbewu ezifana idanyaze. Intsingiselo lokuqala yemifuno ilizwi, isasetyenziswa nangoku zebhayoloji, ukuba ukuchaza zonke iintlobo zezityalo, njengoko kwi ngokwemiqathango ubukumkani yemifuno kwaye izityalo.

Ekuqaleni, imifuno yaqokelelwa endle ngokuzingela waza wangena nokulima kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, mhlawumbi ngethuba elisusela kwi-10,000 BC ukuya 7000 BC, xa indlela entsha yezolimo yobomi kuphuhliswa. Ekuqaleni, izityalo owakhulayo ekuhlaleni ange sasilinywa, kodwa njengoko ixesha lihamba, urhwebo wazisa izityalo zamanye ukusuka kwenye ukongeza iintlobo zasekhaya. Kule mihla, imifuno uninzi bakhulile lonke ihlabathi asivumela kwemozulu, kwaye izityalo ukuze kulinywa kwiindawo ekhuselweyo kwiindawo ngaphantsi ezifanelekileyo. China ke ngoyena mvelisi kwemifuno, kunye kurhwebo lwehlabathi iimveliso zezolimo ivumela abathengi ukuba bathenge imifuno ezikhuliselwe kumazwe akude. Isikali imveliso yahluka ukusuka kumafama ashishinayo axhobisa iimfuno zentsapho zabo ezinqwenelekayo ngenxa yesonka, ukuze ezolimo kunye acreages ezininzi izityalo elinye-kwimveliso. Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo yemifuno ochaphazelekayo, evuna isivuno ilandelwa kwalungiswa, ukugcina, ukuqhuba nokwazisa.

Imifuno kungatyiwa nokuba ukrwada okanye uphekiwe kwaye badlala indima ebalulekileyo ukutya babantu, ukuba kakhulu asezantsi kukutyeba necarbohydrates, kodwa eziphakamileyo weevithamini, iiminerali kunye nefayibha. Oorhulumente abaninzi ukukhuthaza abemi babo ukuba awadubadube kakhulu iziqhamo kunye nemifuno, izabelo ezintlanu okanye ngaphezulu ngosuku rhoqo kunconyelwayo.




#Article 52: I-logic (208 words)


Igama elithi logic livela kwigama lesiGreek elithi logos. I-logos yona ingathetha isivakalisi, i-discourse, i-reason, i-rule, i-ratio. Ewe kona ezi ntsingiselo azinakunceda ngokwaneleyo ukunika intsingiselo eyiyo yegama elithi 'logic' ngale ndlela lisetyenziswa ngayo kungoku nje.

Ungayichaza uthi yintoni kanye kanye i-logic? Ngokufutshane singathi i-logic sisifundo ngeeprinciples ze-reasoning efanelekileyo okanye eyiyo, nekuthiwa ngokwakwa science yi-correct reasoning. Le nkcazo yeyexeshana nje kuba indlela ekuchazwa ngayo intsingiselo ye-logic ngumcimb'onzima otshis'ibunzi nodala ingxwaba-ngxwaba.
kodwa ke, ngenxa yokokuba kufuneka sikwazisile mfundi ngesi sifundo se-logic, sicinga okokuba kubalulekile okokuba sikunike ufifi ngesi sifundo ozakube usifunda. yiloo nto kuphela esizakube siyenza kweli phepha okwangoku. Nje ngoko sele siwuchazile umahluko phakathi kwe-logic reasoning ne-psychology of reasoning phantsi kwesihloko esithi 'ii-principles, ngoku sizakuthetha kuvokotheke ngayo nge-logic neeprinciples zayo.

Khawutsho ke, zeziphi ezi principles zereasoning ezenza i-logic? zininzi ii-principles ezi lolu hlobo, kodwa ke eyona nto esiyifundayo (kungeyiyo yodwa) kwi-logic zii-principles ezilawula nezingumkhomba-ndlela obonisa i-validity yeengxoxo (okanye yee-arguments ukuze sikwazi ukubona okokuba ingaba izigqibo ezithile ekuthi kufikelelwe kuzo ziziziphumo zoko bekukukhe kwabekwa ngaphambili njengento enokwenzeka. Umzekelo, khawuqwalasele ezi ngxoxo zintathu zilandelayo:

 Ukuba uZola uhlala ezilalini, ke uZola ulihlwempu.
 UZola uhlala ezilalini.
 Ngoko ke, uZola lihlwempu. 

 Ukuba u-K10, ke u-K2.
 u-K10.
 Ngoko ke, u-K2. 

 Ukuba i-Johannesburg iseRhawutini, ke i-Johannesburg ayikho se-Eastern Cape.
 I-Johannesburg ise-Rhawutini. 
 Ngoko ke, i-Johannesburg ayikho se-Eastern Cape.




#Article 53: Iiprinciples (146 words)


I-principle ngumthetho okanye umgaqo obekiweyo omawulandelwe okanye ubanjwe ngabo bantu ubekelwe bona.  I-principle isenokuba sisiphumo sento elindelekileyo nefanelekileyo ukuba yenzeke, njengemigaqo ezenzekelayo endalweni, okanye indlela  eyakhiwe ngayo loo nto kuthethwa ngayo.  
Iiprinciples okanye imigaqo yaloo nto kuthethwa ngayo ingaqondwa ngabo bantu bayisebenzisayo okanye ngabo bantu bakwicandelo layo  nje ngolona phawu lwenkqubo yabo.  Zibonisa eyona njongo yokwakhiwa kwaloo nkqubo okanye loo nto kufundwa ngayo, kutsho kujongwe okokuba ziyasebenza na,  okanye zingasebenziseka na,  nto leyo engenakwenzeka xa kuye kwathi kanti kukho enye yeeprinciples okanye yemithetho, okanye yemigaqo ethe ayahoywa okanye ayasetyenziswa.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo nge-logic yeyokokuba yona ijongene neeprinciples ze-correct reasoning. Ukuze siqonde kakuhle ngentsingiselo nendlela esebenza ngayo i-logic, makhe siyithelekise neye-psychology of reasoning. Ngamanye amazwi, makhe sijonge umahluko phakathi kwe-logic ne-psychology of reasining. Phambi kokuba senze oko masazi okokuba umntu ofunde nzulu nge-logic reasoning ubizwa ngokuba yi-logician, kanti lowo ufunde nzulu nge-psychology of reasoning ubizwa ngokuba yi-psychologist.' 




#Article 54: Ukwenda (144 words)


Umntu owendayo yintombi. Luxanduva olungummangaliso ukwenda kwe ntombi.

Okokuqala nje xa sithetha ngokubonwa kwentombi yomntu yindoda efuna ukuthatha umfazi, okanye xa kuthethwa ngokwenda kwentombi isendela mzini uthile,  eyona nto ibalulekileyo bubuhlobo obakhekayo phakathi kwekhaya lentombi ebonelwa ukwenda nekhaya lendoda le ebone le ntombi njengomfazi wayo. Qaphela ke xa sithetha ngekhaya kwaNtu asithethi ngeendonga, iifestile kunye nophahla kuphela, sithetha ngabo bonke abantu abaphantsi kwesiduko esinye. Umzekelo xa intombi yasemaBheleni ibonwe ngumfo wasemaTolweni, ubuhlobo budalekile kuye wonke umntu wezi ziduko zombini. Nokokuba wena Tolo udibana nomnye umntu ongamaziyo nditsho sele niphesheya kweelwandle, akuthi uliBhele, ngumntu wasebukhweni bakho lowo, nawe ntombi ngokunjalo, ngumntu wasemzini wakho lowo. Wena ntombi eyendele kulo mzi kufuneka wazi okokuba obu buhlobo bukhuselwe bakhiwa nguwe. Obu buhlobo bunciphisa kanobom ubutshaba phakathi komzi omnyama.

Okwesibini, eli siko alithathwa kancinane kwaNtu kuba litshayelela ukuza kwemiphefumlo.Umphefumlo ke ngowomDali. Le miphefumlo ke ithwalwa yile ntombi ezekwenda ekhapha. 




#Article 55: Steve Biko (1190 words)

UBantu Stephen Biko (18 EyoMnga 1946 – 12 EyoMsintsi 1977) wayengomnye wabantu abafaka isandla ekuchaseni ucalu-calulo. Nje ngomthandi weAfrika kunye nomququzeleli wokuqinisekisa ukuba ubutyebi belizwe bufunyanwa ngumntu wonke, uBiko wayephambili kuphulo olwaluchasane nocalu-calulo lokuzingca ngobumnyama  ngeminyaka yama-1960 ukuya kwiminyaka yama-1970. Iingcamango zakhe zazichazwe kuluhlu lwamanqaku ayepapashwe phantsi kwegama elingu Frank Talk  

Wakhulela kusapho oluhluphekileyo lwamaXhosa kwilokishi yase  eMpuma Koloni. Ngonyaka ka-1966 waqala izifundo zobu Gqirha kwiDyunivesithi yaseNatal apho waye wangena kumbutho wabafundi i- . Ekulweni kwakhe  nempatho yabantu abamnyama, yaye yamphatha kakubi imeko yokuba iNUSAS kunye neminye imibutho eyayisilwa ingcinezelo yayilawulwa ngabantu abamhlophe ababelwela inkululeko, ingabo abaninzi kunabantu abamnyama, eyayingabona bantu bacinezelekileyo. Wayekholelwa ukuba, nangona abantu abamhlophe babeneenjongo ezilungileyo, babengenakuze bayiqonde ngokupheleleyo intlungu yethu ngokuba babephela befuna ukulawula. .

Wakha uluvo lokuba ukuba abantu abamnyama bafuna ukulwisana nogonyamelo lwabantu abamhlophe kufuneka bazimele ngokunokwabo, ngenxa yoluluvo wanqenqeza phambili ekwakhiweni kombutho iSouth African Students’ Organization () ngonyaka wama-1968. Ubulungu babuvumeleke kubantu “abamnyama” kuphela, eligama lalingabhekisi kubantu abathetha iiliwimi zesintu kuphela laliquka abantu bebala (Coloureds) kwakunye namaNdiya. Wayeyilumkele kakhulu into yokugcina abantu abamhlophe embuthweni, echasene nobuhlanga kwaye ekwanazo izihlobo nezinqanda-mathe zabelungu. Walixhasa elinyathelo urhulumente weNational Party ekuqaleni elibona elinyathelo lokwakhiwa kweSASO njengoloyiso lesiseko  se-apateyiti socalu-calulo. Wayephembelelwa ngu kwakunye ne 

Ngokufumani ifuthe kuFrantz Fanon kunye nombutho iAfrican-American Black Power movement (waMandla wama-Afrika aseMelika), uBiko namaqabane akhe baphuhlisa ingcamango yeBlack Consciousness (yoKuvuleka Ingqondo ngoBumnyama), ngcamango leyo yayi yeyona ingcamango ingundoqo yombutho iSASO. Lo mbutho waququzelela isiphelo socalucalulo ukuze uMzantsi Afrika udlulele uye kwisigaba sonyulo esibandakanye wonke ummi kwakunye noqoqosho olugxile ekuxhamleni kwindyebo yelizwe. Lo mbutho waququzela  kwaye begxile ekuphuhliseni nasephuhliseni ulwazi kubantu abamnyana ngokwasengqondweni. UBiko wayekholelwa ekubeni abantu abamnyama kufuneka bezahlukanise nayiphi imeko nengcamango yokuzijongela phantsi ngokohlanga, ngcamango leyo wayeyisebenzisa ukugqamisa intetha ethi . Ngonyaka wama-1972, wayengomnye wabaqulunqi bombutho  ukuphakamisa ingcamango yeBlack Consciousness (Ukuvuleka Ingqondo ngoBumnyama) kuluntu jikelele.    
        
Iingoma ezininzi nemisebenzi yezobugcisa zazingaye,kanajalo kwakukho ukungavisisani malunga nokuba ilifa lakhe lezopolitiko lizophathwa ngubani. Ngexesha lakhe urhulumente wayerhanela ukuba wayengabafuni abamhlophe, amanye wamatshantliziyo awayesilwa norhulumente wocalucalulo ayemtyhola , wayegxekwa nangamalungu e-African racial nationalism ngokuzimanya namaKhaladi kunye namaNdiya.  Nongona kunjalo, uBiko wabangomnye wamagorha okuqala omzabalazo olwisana norhumente wocalucalulo futhi ubonwa njenge tshantliziyo lomzabalazo kunye nomsunguli we- 

UBantu Stephen Biko walibona ilanga ngomhla we-18 kweyoMnga ngonyaka ka-1946, wazalelwa endlini kumzi kamakhulu wakhe e eMpuma Koloni. 

Ngumntana wesithathu kwinzala kaMzingaye Matthew Biko noAlice Mamcete Biko, uzalwa noBukelwa udade wabo omkhulu nomkhulwa wakhe uKhaya, alekelwe ngudade wabo uNobandile. Abazali bakhe bazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato kwidolophu yaseSada, apho uyise wayesebenza njengepolisa. UMzingaye watshintshelwa kwiidolophu ezininzi ngokomsebenzi, eziquka iKomani, iBhayi, iFort Cox waze wagqibela ngokuzinza kwidolophu yaseQonce apho yena noAlice bahlala kwilokishi yase. Le lokishi yayihlala abantu abangapha kwama-800, apho iintsapho ezilinganiselwa kwisine zazisabelana ngendlu yangasese enye kunye nomthombo wamanzi omnye. Kule lokishi kwakuhlala iintlanga ezahlukeneyo eziquka abantu abamnyama kunye namakhaladi apho kwakuthethwa iilwimi ezifana nesiXhosa, isiBhulu kunye nesiNgesi. (Matinjwa  Sandi)

Emva kokuba erhoxile emsebenzini wobupolisa,uMzinganye uye wasebenza njengo klakhi kumhlaba waseQonce kwiofisi yeNative Affairs,abe kwangelithuba esenza izifundo zakhe kwezomthetho .U-Alice waqala wasebenza njengo mncedi kwizindlu zabantu abamhlophe ababehlala kwingingqi yakhe waze wabangumpheki  kwidolophu yaseQonce.Ngokwamazwi kadadewakhe, iimeko ezinzima umama kaBiko wayephangela phantsi kwazo zabangela uBiko aqale ezopolitiko. Igama likaBiko alinikiweyo elithi ‘Bantu’, linentsingiselo ethi, “Abantu”.UBiko elingama lakhe walinika intsingiselo yentetho ethi, “umntu ngumntu ngabantu”. 

Nanjengomntana wathiywa isiteketiso esingu Goofy kwakunye nesinguXwaku-Xwaku, ezi ziteketiso zazisuka kwinkangeleko yakhe engaqoqoqshekanga. Wayekhuliswa kwikhaya elikhonza e-  Christian Faith. Ngonyaka ka-1950 uBiko eneminyaka emine utata wakhe wagula waza wathunyelwa esibhedlele i , e , waze wasweleka, yaze lonto yabangela ukuba usapho luxhomekeke kumrholo kamama. 

UBiko wagqwesa kwizifundo zezibalo kunye nesiNgesi kwaye waphumelela phezulu kwiimviwo zakhe. Ngonyaka ka-1964 umphakathi waseGinsberg wamnika imali yokufunda (ibhasari) yokuba ahlangane nomntakwabo uKhaya njengomfundi e[Lovedale|[kwisikolo esikhankanyiweyo eDikeni, eMpuma-koloni|Phakathi kweenyanga ezintathu zokufika kukaSteve, uKhaya watyholwa ngokuba nonxibelelwano kuPoqo, iphiko elixhobileyo le[Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)| elathi lavalwa ngurhulumente. Bobabini uKhaya noSteve babe banjiwe kwaye baxoxiswa ngamapolisa; lowo wangaphambili wayegwetyiwe, waze wahlawulwa kwisibheno. Akukho bungqina obucacileyo bonxibelelwano kukaSteve kuPoqo obaveliswayo, kodwa wagxothwa eLovedale. 

Ukusukela ngonyaka ka-1964 ukuya kowe-1965, uBiko wafunda eSt. Francis College, isikolo samaKatolika e-Mariannhill, Natali. Le kholeji yayinenkcubeko yezopolitiko eyikhululekileyo, kwaye uBiko wakhulisa ukuqonda kwakhe kwezopolitiko apho. [26] Waba nomdla ngokukodwa endaweni yokutshintshwa korhulumente wocalu-calulo eMzantsi Afrika kunye nolawulo olwalumela uninzi lwabantsundu kweli lizwe. [27] Phakathi kweenkokheli ezichasene nobukoloniyali ezazingamagorha kaBiko ngeli xesha yayinguAhrah Ben Bella wase-Algeria noJaramogi Oginga Odinga wase [Kenya]. [27] Emva kwexesha wathi uninzi lwe politicos kusapho lwakhe babenovelwano kwi-PAC, eyayineengcinga ezichasene nobukomanisi kunye nezobuhlanga zaseAfrika. UBiko ukuthandile oko wakuchaza njenge mbutho olunge kakhulu wePAC kunye nenkalipho yamalungu alo amaninzi, kodwa wahlala engenantlonelo yindlela yakhe yokucalucalulwa ngokobuhlanga, ekholelwa ukuba amalungu awo onke amaqela obuhlanga kufuneka amanyane nxamnye norhulumente. [28] NgoDisemba ka-1964, waya eZwelitsha kumsitho wolwaluko, ebonisa uphawu lwenguquko yakhe yokuba ngumfana ukuya ekubeni yindoda.

Ekuqaleni u-Biko wayenomdla wokufunda ngezomthetho eyunivesithi, kodwa uninzi lwabo babemngqongile bayijongela phantsi lento, bekholelwa ukuba umthetho udibene kakhulu nokulwa kwezopolitiko. Endaweni yokuba bamkhuthaze ukuba afunde ngezomthetho bamxelela ukuba makafundele ubugqirha, kuba babecinga ukuba sesona sihloko esinemisebenzi engcono. [30] Waye wafumana isixhaso semfundo, [30] kwathi ngonyaka we-1966 wangena kwicandelo elingelolaseYurophu kwiYunivesithi yaseNatal Medical School eWentworth, ilokishi yaseThekwini. [31] Apho, wazibandakanya nento eyimbali yakhe u-Xolela Mangcu awayibiza ngokuba liqela elingaqhelekanga nelinomdla weqela labafundi abavela eMzantsi Afrika; [32] uninzi lwabo xa kuhamba ixesha babamba iindima ezibalaseleyo ngexesha langaphambi kocalulo. [33] Ukuphela kweminyaka yo-1960 ibiyintsomi yeepolitiki yezomfundi eguqukayo kwihlabathi liphela, njengoko kubonakaliswa kuqhanqalazo luka-1968, [34] uBiko wayenomdla wokuzibandakanya kule ndawo. [35] Kungekudala emva kokuba efikile eyunivesithi, wanyulwa kwiBhunga elimele abafundi (i-SRC). [36]

IYunivesithi yase-SRC yayidibene noManyano lwaBafundi beSizwe (i-NUSAS). [37] I-NUSAS yathatha intlungu zokuhlakulela ubuhlanga obuninzi kodwa yahlala ilawulwa abamhlophe kuba uninzi lwabafundi base Mzantsi Afrika babevela kwilizwe elincinci labamhlophe. [38] Njengoko uClive Nettleton, inkokeli emhlophe ye-NUSAS ibeka: Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yile nto kukuba i-NUSAS yasekwa ngephulo elimhlophe, ixhaswa ngemali emhlophe kwaye ibonakalisa izimvo zesininzi samalungu ayo amhlophe. I-NUSAS iluchasile ngokusemthethweni ucalucalulo, kodwa yamodareyitha inkcaso yayo ukuze kugcinwe inkxaso yabafundi abamhlophe abalondolozekayo. [40] UBiko kunye namanye amalungu amnyama ase-NUSAS ase-Afrika babenexhala xa iququzelela amaqela kwimizi emhlophe, apho abantu abamnyama babengavunyelwa ukuba bangene. [41] NgoJulayi ngo-1967, inkomfa ye-NUSAS ibibanjelwe kwiYunivesithi iRhodes eGrahamstown; emva kokuba abafundi befikile, bafumanisa ukuba indawo yokulala yayilungiselelwe abathunywa abamhlophe nabamaNdiya kodwa hayi amaAfrika amnyama, ababexelelwe ukuba banokulala kwicawa yasekuhlaleni. UBiko kunye nabanye abathunywa abamnyama baseAfrika baphume kule nkomfa benomsindo. U-Biko ngokuhamba kwexesha uxele ukuba lo msitho wamnyanzela ukuba aqwalasele kwakhona inkolelo yakhe kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulwa ubuhlanga kwezopolitiki: [43]

Emva kwenkomfa ye-NUSAS yango-1968 eRhawutini, uninzi lwamalungu alo aye kwinkomfa kaJulayi ngo-1968 yeYunivesithi iChristian Movement eStutterheim. Apho, amalungu amnyama ase-Afrika agqibe kwelokuba abambe inkomfa kaDisemba yokuxoxa malunga nokusekwa kweqela labafundi abamnyama elizimeleyo. [45] Umbutho wabafundi baseMzantsi Afrika (SASO) wamiselwa ngokusesikweni kwinkomfa yeKhala ngo-1969 kwiDyunivesithi yaseMantla; Apho, umgaqo-siseko weqela kunye neqonga lomgaqo-nkqubo osisiseko zamkelwa. [46] Eyona nto kugxilwe kuyo liqela lokudibana konxibelelwano phakathi kwamaziko emisebenzi yabafundi abamnyama, kubandakanya nemidlalo, imisebenzi yenkcubeko, kukhuphiswano lokuphikisana. [47] Nangona uBiko wadlala indima enkulu ekudalweni kwe-SASO, wafuna iprofayile yoluntu ephantsi ngexesha lokuqala kwayo, ekholelwa ukuba oku kuya kulomeleza inqanaba lesibini lobunkokheli, njengo-ally Barney Pityana. [48] Nangona kunjalo, wanyulwa njengo-Mongameli wokuqala we-SASO; UPat Matshaka wanyulwa njenge-Mongameli kunye no-Wuila Mashalaba njengo-Nobhala. [49] EThekwini kwaba yindawo yayo yedolophu eyintloko.




#Article 56: I-discourse (161 words)


Yintoni i-discourse?

Igama elithi discourse lithetha ngamagama okanye intetho yemihla ngemihla esetyenziswa ngabahlali ekuhlaleni. Kanti ke ngokwakwa-science, i-discourse ibhekiswa kumagama okanye kwintetho esetyinziswayo kweso sifundo kuthethwa ngaso. Siyazi okokuba izifundo ezininzi ziqhutywa ngesiNgesi, kodwa amagama esiNgesi asetyenziswayo ayahluka ngokwezifundo eziqhutywayo. Umzekelo, amagama esingesi asetyenziswa kwezomthetho (kwa-Law) ahlukile kumagama asetyenziswa kwezempilo (kwa-Health). Yhiyo le nto abantu bomthetho abafana namagqwetha, oomantyi, njalo najlo kwiinkundla zamatyala okanye xa bezincokolela bebodwa besebenzisa i-discourse yakwa-Law. Kananjalo, kwezempilo (kwa-Health) amanesi, oogqirha, njalo njalo, basebenzisa amagama akwa-Health xa bencokola okanye bethetha bebodwa. Nanku umzekelo, xa esithi amanesi'Le patient izakufakwa i-PoP meaning plaster of Paris, umntu ongasebenzi kwezempilo nongayaziyo kwaphela intsingiselo yeli gama, uyakusuka acinge nge-plaster ekunokuba yeyaseParis, axakwe okokuba ingena phi ke ngoku le plaster eseNgqushwa nje yena. Kuba nzima kakhulu ke xa sele kusithiwa makaliguqulele esiXhoseni okanye alitolike eli gama. Inye into eyakunceda kukuthi kanti lo mntu utolika eli gama uyayazi ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo yalo kuba usebenza kwisebe lezempilo. Uyakulichaza kakuhle athi lithetha 'isamente efakelwa kumntu owaphuke ithambo'. 




#Article 57: U-Tiyo Soga (1819-1871) (337 words)


Xa kuthethwa ngoTiyo Soga wayeyintatheli, enguMfundisi, umVangeli, mbhali weengoma zokudumisa, kwaye enguye nomguquleli wencwadi, waseMzantsi-Afrika. Lo mfo kaSoga waba ngumntu wokuqala ontsundu owachongwayo ukuba makaguqulele ibhayibhile esiXhoseni uphinde waguqulelela kwilwini lakhe isiXhoseni incwadi kaJohn Bunyan yodumo iPilgrim's Progress. Mininzi eminye imisebenzi uTiyo Soga ebeligalelo kuyo ekuphuhlisa ulwimi lwakhe lenkobe isiXhosa eyona misebenzi ibaseleyo yincwadi ethi Intlalo kaXhosa, noUhambo lomhambi zininzi ke nezinye iincwadi athe wazibhala uTiyo ngoXhosa.

U-Tiyo Soga uzalelwe e-Eastern Cape ngo-1819, ezalwa nguNosuthu (unina) noJotello (uyise). Ingcaphephe yomphandi waseAfrika. Uyise UJetello wayenguceb'omkhulu wenkosi yamangqika olunye uhlanga lwamaXhosa.
Uyise kaTiyo soga wayenesithembu sabafazi abasibhozo nabantwana ababengamashumi amathathu anesithoba.

Umfo kaSoga wayefunda kwisikolo sama-missionary, kulapho wabonwa khona ngomnye wama-missionary uWilliam Chalmers okokuba ukrelekrele ngengqondo.  Ngenxa yoko wabona uChalmers okokuba makenze iinzame zokokuba uTiyo abhale iimviwo eziyakwenza okokuba akwazi ukungena kwisemina eyayise-Lovedale ngo1844.

Eyona nto yamlaxaza gqitha uSoga kolo viwo kukoyiswa kukuthabatha xa wayebekelwe izibalo ebhodini ezazimnyanzelisa ukuba athabathe, into eyayilula kakhulu. Yamemzela isikhwakhwalala le nto umf'omkhulu. kodwa ke kwathi kuba wayewazi amendu alo mfo uChalmers, akazange aphele mandla, wazama ukumbonisa nokumkhuthaza umphathi waseLovedale owayengu-William Goven ukuba amamkele u-Tiyo. Wathi akwamkelwa apho uTiyo, yasuka yahlala! akapasa wakrazula. Wapasa emagqabini waphuma kwisithathu sokuqala koongqondo-ngqondo awayefunda nabo.

Kwathi kusenjalo kwagqhabhuka imfazwe ekwakusithiwa yi'War of the Axe' ngo-1846. Le mfazwe yenzeka ngakunxweme olugudle i-Eastern Cape. Kwanyanzeleka okokuba uTiyo nonina bafuduke ngeenjongo zokusaba baye e-Fort Armstrong, apho uSoga waqhubela phambili nezifundo zakhe, efunda ebusuku ngokukhanya okwakusenziwa ngokubasa umlilo. Kusenjalo naanko uwilliam Goven ebuyela eScotland. Uthe xa ephindela emva wathatha uTiyo wahamba naye, ukuze akwazi ukuqhubela phambili nezifundo zakhe.

Njengomntu owayesele engene ngokupheleleyo kwinkolo yamaKristu, ekhulele kuyo eseyinkwenkwe, uTiyo wathi akufika eScotland wabhabhatizwa ngo1948.

Waphinda wabuya lo mfo ngo1849 sele engumvangeli ovuthiweyo, wakhe wathi ukuvangela ekhaya. 

Kodwa ke wabuya waphindela kwaseScotland ngeenjongo zokufundela ubufundisi (i-theology). Hayi nalapho, wagqwesa waziphumelela ezi izifundo eneminyaka engama-27. Waza ke ngoku wamkelwa kwinkonzo youbufundisi enjengomfundisi ePresbyterian (e-Rhabe ngesiXhosa) ngomnyaka ka1856. Wathweswa isidanga seTheology eGlasgow Univesithi ngo1856. Wabangowokuqala ukufumana esi sidanga kubo bonke abantu abantsundu ngelo xesha. 

Ngomnyaka ka1857 uTiyo uye wazimanya nentombi yaseScotland u-Janet Burnside. Balizwa ngabantwana abasixhenxe.




#Article 58: Abantwana bakaTiyo Soga (233 words)


Naba abantwana bakaTiyo Soga:

 
U-William yinkulu kaTiyo. ngexesha lokuwa kwakhe uTiyo, uWilliam wayeneminyaka eyi-13 kuphela ubudala. Njengogqirha u-William wavula imission ekuthiwa yiMiller mission kufuphi nase Elliotdale, eTranskei eMzantsi Afrika. Ngo 1885, uwilliam watshata inzalelwane yase Scotland uMay Agnes Meikle. Unyana wabo uAlexander RB Soga walandela ekhondweni likayise waba ngugqirha naye. Wazifumana iziqinisekiso zezizifundo eGlasgow ngo1912. Usebenze njengogqirha e-Elliotdale nase Dutywa.

Nangona ezalelwe apha eMzantsi Afrika u-John, kodwa waswelekela eSouthampton. Waqeqeshelwa ubufundisi ke lo mfo njengoyise. Kodwa yena walufumana eEdinburgh obakhe ubufundisi waza wathwesa ngokusesiskweni isidanga soko ngo1893. Emva koko wabuyela eMzantsi Afrika. Apho afike wavula khona i-mission kwisitishi saseMbonda. Eselapho udibene nenzwakazi u-Isabella Brown, intombi kaChristina (m.s. McKay) noDavid Brown. Kwathi kanti kudibene ukufa neyeza.  

Amagama okuqala ale ndedeba ngamagama abazali bakanina uJanet. Lo mfo ufunde ezomthetho, waza wasebenza kwamantyi eMthatha. Ekuhambeni kwethuba ube yi-editor yephepha laseMzantsi Afrika. Yena ke uvele watshata nentomi yomXhosa u-Ellen Mba wakuCentane. Unyana wabo u-De villiers Soga uye waba ngumfundisi waseRhabe.

He was very young when she passed away.

Wafumana isiqinisekiso sokuba ngugqirha wezilwanyana eDick College, eEdinburgh ngo1886. Emva koko wabuyela eMzantsi Afrika apho wafika walwa kakhulu nesifo sezilwanyana ekwakusithiwa 'Ngulindipasi' u-rinderpest ngesiNgesi, ngo-1897. U-Jotello watshata nonzwakazi uCatherine Watson, married Catherine Watson Chalmers, baza bawongwa ngeentombi ezintathu; uCatherine, uMargaret kunye no-Doris.

lo ke ngumathunjana kanina, owathi enomnyaka omnye jwi, wasutywa kukufa uyise, uTiyo.

Kuyavakala ke okokuba kukho omnye umntwana ongazange alunge. Ngesiba sithi basibhozo bebonke abantwana bakaTiyo Soga.




#Article 59: U-Winnie Madikizela Mandela (869 words)


U-Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (Owaziwa nanjengo-Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela; wazalwa ngomhla wama-26 kweyoMsintsi ngo19366 – wasishiya ngomhla wesi-2 kuTshazimpuzi ngo2018) Igama lakhe lobuntombi nguWinifred Zanyiwe Nomzamo Madikizela, wazalwa ngomhla wama-26 kweyomSintsi (kuSeptemba) ka1936. Xa sithetha ngale nzwakazi sithetha ngetsha-ntliziyo kwezopolitiko elalibambe izikhundla ezininzi kurhulumente wentando yesininzi. Wayekwakhokhele umbutho wamanina  kaKhongolose. Wayekwalelinye lamalungu aphambili esigqeba sekomiti  yeANC. Wasweleka ngomhlla wesi-2 ku-Epreli ka2018 eGoli okanye eRhawutini.

uMam’uWinnie wazalelwa , kwilali yesa Mbongweni eMpuma Koloni ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesi thandathu(26) kweyoMsintsi ngonyaka we-1936. Umama uWinnie wazalwa ngutata uColumbus Kokani nomama uGetrude Nomathamsanqa Madikizela ababe ngabafundisi-ntsapho. Ebutsheni bakhe waye wafudukela eRhawutini nalapho wabangunontlalo-ntle wezempilo ontsundu wokuqala kwisibhedlele sase i esasisaziwa njenge Baragwanath ngoko. Uphando kwizinga lokubhubha kweentsana kwilokisi yase Alexandra eRhawutini kwakunye namanye amava engcinezelo eMzantsi Afrika athi amtsalela ukuba abe litsha-ntliziyo.

uMam’uWinnie umele isizukulwana seenkokheli zeli loMzantsi-Afrika kunye nabantu basetyhini abantsundu abebejongene nenkohlakalo yombuso wengcinezelo ngenxa yezenzo zabo zopolitiko .Wanyamezela ukuxhatshazwa ezandleni zamapolisa okhuseleko engcinezelo ngexa ejongene nokungcungcutheka ngethuba esentolongweni. Noxa wayenyamezele iintlungu ezingenako ukulityalwa, akazange azivumele ukuba zimohlukanisa nobutsha-ntliziyo kunye nobuntu bakhe. 
Kude kwasekupheleni, uMam’uWinnie ephakamisa  ilizwi lakhe ekuxhaseni utshintsho olubalulekileyo kuluntu lwase Mzantsi Afrika. Wayebanga umthetho wentlalo, waphela emela iminqweno namaphupha abo bahluphekayo nabasweleyo belizwe lethu.

Umama uWinnie wazalwa ngutata uColumbus Kokani nomama uGetrude Nomathamsanqa Madikizela ababe ngabafundisi-ntsapho. Ebutsheni bakhe waye wafudukela eRhawutini nalapho wabangunontlalo-ntle wezempilo ontsundu wokuqala kwisibhedlele saseSoweto i esasisaziwa njenge Baragwanath ngoko. Uphando kwizinga lokubhubha kweentsana kwilokisi yase Alexandra eRhawutini kwakunye namanye amava engcinezelo eMzantsi Afrika athi amtsalela ukuba abe litsha-ntliziyo.
Ngomhla we-14 kwinyanga yeSilimela ngonyaka we-1958 wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato notata u, baza balizwa ngeentombi ezimbini, uZenani noZindziswa. Ukuxhatshazwa kwabo ngamapolisa, iintlanganiso zombutho we , izenzo zoqhankqalazo kwakunye namatyala omthetho yaba zizinto ezathi zaphembelela iingxaki kubomi babo bokuqala emtshatweni.

Kwinyanga yeDwarha kunyaka we-1958, umama uWinnie wathabatha inxaxheba kumngcelele wabantu basetyhini olwaluququzelelwe ngumama u, umama u kwakunye nabanye. Ngexesha lomngcelele amapolisa aye abamba abantu basetyhini abangaphezulu kwe Waka. Umama uWinnie nabanye bachitha iiveki ezimbini entolongweni  nje ngophawu lokuqhubekeka nomngcelele. Yaba sesi siganeko esakhokelelwa ekubeni umama uWinnie abe yinkokheli ephume izandla kwezopolitiko.     

Ebedlala indima yobukhokheli kuphulo lwe  exhasa amabanjwa onyaka we-1956 ukuya kunyaka we-1991. Phakathi kwamathenjwa akhe kwakukho umama uNgoyi ehamba nomama uHelen Joseph ingabo bobabini abantu basetyhini ababebekwe ityala.
Ukusukela ngo-1961 ebexhomekeke kwinqubo zemiyalelo ezisemthethweni eziphantse azaphazanyiswa, eziye zamvalela isakhono sakhe sokusebenza nokunxibelelana. Ngo-1962 uye walahlekelwa ngumnyeni wakhe owayevalelwe ixesha elide entilongweni waze wadibana naye ngo-1990.
Umama uWinnie wayesoloko exhatshazwa, engcungcuthekiswa. Kwaye abantwana bakhe babengamaxhoba ngo-1962. Wayengavumelekanga phantsi kwe-Suppression of Communission Act, ngexesha wayevalelekile e-Orlando, eSoweto.

Le nto yathintela iintshukumo zakhe kwisithili soomantyi sase-, amvalela ekungeneni kwiingcango zemfundo kwakunye nasekuthabatheni inkxaxheba athethe nakweyiphi na intlanganiso akanye imihlangano enabantu abangaphezulu kwesibini.Wasebenzela i- emfihlakalweni ehamba iintlanganiso washicilela ehambisa amaphetshana phantsi kovalelo lwasendlini ngonyaka we-1970. Ngenxa yokuphinda-phinda ukuphikisana nemithetho awayeyinikiwe, ngonyaka we-1965 wabaqatha umthetho omthintela ukuba ahambe aphume e-. Iziphumo zale mithetho yabakukuphulukana nomsebenzi wakhe nje ngonontlalontle.
Ngobusuku bomhla we-12 kuTshazimpuzi ngonyaka we-1969, uMam’Winnie  nosapho lwakhe bavuswa yingxolo eqhelekileyo yokugaleleka kwamapolisa. Amapolisa amohlukanisa nabantwana bakhe phantsi komthetho wonyaka we-1967 wobunqolobi. Waye wohlwaywa ngokubekwa yedwa iintsuku ezingama-491 ( ezizinyanga ezili-17) phantsi komgaqo wobunqolobi.Ngo 1963 emva kokuba uNelson Mandela abanjwe emva kwetyala lase Revonia waba bubusa bakhe esidlangalaleni kwiminyaka engama 27 ewayayichithe etolongweni

Ngethuba umama uWinnie akhululwe ngalo entolongweni, kubekho imithetho engqingqwa eyayirhintyela iintshukumo zakhe. Ngaphandle kwezithintelo zomthetho, ukwazile ukuyombona umyeni wakhe eRobben island ngexesha elingangemizuzu engamashumi amathathu.
Kwinyanga kaCanzibe ngonyaka we-1973, waye wabanjwa wanikwa isigwebo seenyanga ezilishumi elinambini kwintolongo igamalayo liyi Kroonstad Women’s Prison. Uye wakhululwa emva kweenyanga ezintandathu ngokothusayo imithetho yorhintyelo ngakuye zange ihlaziywe.
Umama uWinnie uye wasebenzisana noGqirha  ukusuka  ngonyaka we-1976 kwinyanga kaCanzibe. Babexakekile lulutsha kunye nabazali ababebanjiwe, nabalimeleyo kuqhankqalazo kunye nababuleweyo kwinyanga yeSilimela kunyaka we-1976.
Emveni kokulandelela uqhankqalazo lwabafundi eSoweto, waye wabaselugcinweni ngaphandle kokubekwa ityala kangangeenyanga ezintlanu, kwaze kweyoMqungu ngonyaka we-1977 wanikwa imithetho emitsha emnyanzelisayo ukuba aye elubhacweni eBredfort kwiphondo lase FreyistatataWayekhokhela umbutho wamanina ka khongolose.

Ngazo zonke iindlela, ukunqunyaniselwa kukamama uWinnie  kwabuyelisa umva abacinezeli. Ngethuba wayeseBrandfort wamisela iiprojecti eziliqela kuquka iiprojecti zolimo, ezempilo, ezothungo lwempahla, ezogcino lwabantwana, iprojecti yokuphekela abantu abangathathi ntweni, wavula nekhaya lokugcina abantwana abangenabazali nabantwana abophula imithetho. 
Umama uWinnie akazange awuthobele umthetho owayewumiselwe, waze wabuyela eSoweto kwiminyaka yama-1980 wadlala indima enkulu kakhulu kumzabalazo ochasa ingcinezelo. Iminyaka yama-1980 yaphawulwa ngumzabalazo woluntu nayimfumba yabantu abathatha inxaxheba kulo mzabalazo kuMzantsi Afrika jikelele, ikhokhelwa ngumama uWinnie ubuqu, eSoweto.
uRhulumente wengcinezelo wabuyisela ngobundlobongela obumandla kuba waye wafaka amajoni kwiilokishi wabhengeza izimo zokungxamisiseka ezimbini.
Ukuzimisela kukamama uWinne kumzabalazo woluntu ingakumbi owabasetyhini, kwamkhokhela ekubeni onyulwe ngonyaka we-1993 abengumongameli  kwaye emva koko waphinda wonyulwa kwakhona leliqela ngonyaka we-1997 waliphatha de kwafika unyaka wama-2003.

Emveni konyaka we-1994, wachongwa nje ngosekela Mphathiswa wobugcisa, inkcubeko, nzululwazi nobuchwepheshe.
Kunyaka we-1984, washicelela incwadi ethi- waphinda ngonyaka wama-2013 washicelela incwadi ethi- eyayibhekiswe kumzukulwana wakhe ongasekhoyo uZenani. Isekelwe kwi-jenali awayibhala ngemfihlo ngexesha lakhe eseluvalelweni. Kule ncwadi, uthetha ngentlungu ngokuhlukaniswa nabantwana bakhe nange ndlela eyambumba ngayo wabanguye.
Umama u-Winnie wayelibhinqa lase-Afrika elizingcayo elazondelela ekulweni ukungabikho kobulungisa kwilizwe lakhe. Wayesazi ukuba yayingumsebenzi ongenambulelo kwaye zange anyamezele ubunzima ngeenjongo zokuzuza uzuko, koko wayefuna inkululeko yabantu bakhe. Wazimelisa uninzi lolutsha lamatsha-ntliziyo elalizibandekanye nenkululeko nobulungisa eluntwini. Ngale ndima wawongwa njengoMongameli obekekileyo wanaphakade we-.
Umama u-Winnie ushiya ngasemva: IiNkosazana ezibekekileyo uZenani Dlamini noZindziswa Mandela; abazukulwana bakhe: uZaziwe,  uZamaswazi, uZinhle, uZoleka, uZondwa, uBambatha, uZozuko and uZwelabo: isizukulwane sakhe: uZiyanda, uZiphokazi, uZwelami, uZamakhosi, uZazi, uZiwelane, uZenkosi, uZanyiwe, uZinokuhle, uZiyalo noZenzelwe.Wayesebenza njengelunga le Palamente ukusukela ngonyaka ka 1994 ukuya ku 2003.




#Article 60: U-Helen Zille (210 words)


 
Lo ngu-Otta Helen Zille owazalwa ngomhla we-9 kweyoKwindla ngo-1951. Uyinkulumbuso kwiPhondo lasentshona-Koloni, ukwalilingu lasePalamente kwakweli Phondo. Le nzwakazi ikhokhela umbutho weqela eliphikisayo i-Democratic Alliance. Ngaphambili lo kaZille wayengu-Mayor wesixekokazi iKapa.  
Iiminyaka yoo-1970, yiminyaka yokuvuthwa kwengcinezelo apho kwakuqhum'uthuli. Kungelo xesha kanye lo kaZille wathi wazibonakalisa khona, eyintatheli ephum'izandla yephepha elalibizwa ngokuba yi-Rand Daily mail, ekwalwa nocalu-calulo olwalukho emZantsi Afrika. Kaloku waba ngomnye wabantu abadiza okokuba lwalukho unyawo lwemfene ekuswelekeni kukaSteve Biko nowayelitsha ntliziyo lokulwa negcinezelo ekwakhokhela umbutho wakhe weBlack Consciousness. ngeminyaka yoo-1980, uHelen Zille wasebenzela iqela ekuthiwa yi-Black Sach namanye amaqela. Kuyo yonke leminyaka ekulawula ngayo urhulumente woluntu, uZille ebesoloko ekho esebenza. Ngo-1999-2004 wayeyinkulumbuzo yezemfundo kurhulumente wePhondo laseNtshona Koloni, ngo2004 - 2006 wabalilungu lasePalamente wabangusodolophu okanye yi-Meya, ngo-2006-2009.sithetha nje lo kaZille uyiNkulumbuso yaseNtshona-Koloni, sikhundla eso wasifumana ngo-2009.

Imisebenzi eyenziwe yile ntokazi ntokazi yakwaZille njengeMeya okanye uSodolophu waseKapa, ingakumbi impumelelo yakhe ekulweni nobundlobongela, iziyobisi, kunye nentswela-ngqesho egqubayo eKapa,  yakhokhelela ekwenyulweni kwakhe njengeMeya yeHlabathi kunyaka ka2008. Bebonke abantu ababegxalathelana kolu khuphiswano bejonge ukuwina le ndebe babengama-820. Kananjalo  waye ngundaba-mlonyeni de wavuzwa ngentshinga yokokuba ungeyena mntu udala iinda koonondaba ngo-2006, eyinikwa le ntshinga ngabakwa-National press club ngoJuly ka-2007. Kwayena uZille kaloku wangena kumagqibela kankqoyi kukhuphiswano lwendebe eyayilungiselelwe eyona nkosikazi iphum'izandla eMzantsi Afrika.  Zine iilwimi ezithethwa nguZille, nazi: SisiNgesi, sisiBhulu,sisiXhosa kunye nesiJamani ulwimi lwabazali bakhe.




#Article 61: U-Raymond Mhlaba (165 words)


Ubawo uRaymond Mphakamisi Mhlaba wazalwa ngomhla we-12 kweyomDumba ngo1920, waza walishiya eli ngomhla wama-20 kwakweyomDumba ngo2005. Wayelelinye lamatsha ntliziyo omzabalazo esilwa nengcinezelo ekwayinkokheli ye African National Congress (ANC). Lo kaMhlaba wachitha iminyaka engama-25 yonke ethothoza   ejele ngesigwebo awayesaziwa ngaso bekunye noRholihlahla, uGovan Mbeki, uWalter Sisulu nabanye , isigwebo setyala laseRivonia. Bonke ubomi bakhe ebudaleni bakhe wabuchitha evuth'amalangatye njengelungu leANC ekwalilo nelungu lombutho wamakomanisi alapha eMzantsi Afrika. Ngenxa yobuntu waye nabo, wade wanikwa isiteketiso esithi 'Oom Ray'.

Uoom Ray wazalwa kwingingqi ebizwa ngokuba kuseMazoka kwisithili sase-Fort Beaufort. Ufunde e-Healdtown 'secondary school. Wathi akusishiya isikolo waya kusebenza kwindawo yokuhlamba impahla eBhayi. Kulapho wafika wakhwetywa khona yimibutho yabasebenzi bekwenza oko ngombutho owawubizwa ngokuba yiNon European Laundry Workers Union. Ngo-1943 waazibandakanya nombutho wamakomanisi aseMzantsi afrika. Ngo-1944 waba lilungu elipheleleyo le-ANC. Wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato okokuqala nentombi yakwa Meke, uJoyce, owayeyinzalelwane yakwaseFort Beaufort. Kwiminyaka eli-17 bekunye, phambi kokuba umkakhe lo abhubhe kwingozi yemoto ngo-1960, babenabantwana abathathu.  Waphinda wazimanya ngeqhi lomtshato ngo1982 nentombi yakwa Heliso, uDideka esese Roben Island balizwa ngabantwana abathathu.




#Article 62: I-Freedom Front Plus (439 words)


I-Freedom Front Plus (FF+)nebizwa ngokuba yi-Afrikaans: Vryheidsfront Plus, VF+ ngesibhulu ngumbutho wezopolitiko eMzantsi Afrika. Inkokheli yawo ngu-Gq. Pieter Groenewald.

IFreedom Front Plus yafunyanwa ngomhla woku-1 kweyoKwindla (ngoMatshi) ngomnyaka ka-1994, ufunyanwa ngamalungu azibiza okokuba ngama-Afrikaaner phantsi kukaConstand Viljoen. Into kaViljoen yaabhalisa lo mbutho we-Freedom Front Plus kwikomishini yokhetho ezimeleyo (I-IEC) ngomhla wesi-4 eKwindla (NgoMatshi) ka1994, ukuze amalungu alo mbutho akwazi ukuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo luka olwaluzakubanjwa ngenyanga kaTshazimpuzi (kaApreli) ka1994. Ngomhla we-12 kweyoKwindla ngo1994, uViljoen wanikezela ngoxwebhu olwalunoluhlu lwamagama abagqatswa bombutho wakhe kwi-IEC, ngeliqinisekisa okokuba umbutho wakhe uyakuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo oluzayo. Ngeli xesha enza yonke le migudu okaViljoen ukwangumsebenzi obambe isikhundla esiphezulu kwi-ofisi yamajoni aseMzantsi Afrika.

Okangoku zimbini iinkokheli zalo mbutho.

Njengoko sele sichazile apha ngasentla, le kwakuyingqonyela yenkokheli yeFreedom Front Plus. Ngubani kanye lo mfo? 

UNjengele Constand Viljoen SSA SD SOE SM wazalwa ngomhla wama-28 kweyeDwarha ngo1933, ezalelwa eStanderton, eMpumalanga E-Mzantsi Afrika. Eli khwahla laye liyiKomanda likwangumpolitiki waseMzantsi Afrika. Kuyo yonke into lo mfo uyanconywa ngokuthintela uqhambuko lomlo nobundlobongela ngezigalo obabulindelekile kwicala labemi abamhlophe ababebonakala bengonelisekanga konke-konke  lunyulo olwaluzakubanjwa okokuqala emva korhulumente wengcinezelo. Lo mfo utshate nenzwakazi u-Christina Sussanna Heckroodt, kwaye banabantwana abahlanu kulo mtshato, amadodana amane nentombi enye vo. 

Ngo1951, U-Viloen upase ibanga lematriki eStanderton High School. Ngo-1956, uye waba lilungu lombutho womkhosi waseMzantsi Afrika owawucetywa ngo1956. Uthe esakufumana isidanga sakhe kuphando kwezoMkhosi wamaJoni esifumana kwiYunivesithi yasePretoria, wakhwetyelwa kwisikhundla esiphakamileyo sokongamela indlela emakusetyenzwe ngayo ngumkhosi wamaJoni eMzantsi Afrika ngo 1976. Akubanga kudala ngo uViljoen wonyuselwa waba yingqonyela kumkhosi wamaJoni aseMzantsi afrika.  Ngo1977 waphinda wonyuselwa waba yi-Principal Chief of Staff de kwango1980 apho waziphosa kumfo uMagnus Malan iintambo nje-SADF chief

Lo ka-Viljoen wayebambe isikhundla esiphezulu kwakhona kumkhosi wamaJoni e-SADF owawuthabatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi owawubizwa ngokuba yiOperation Savannah wango1975. Ukwaziwa kakhulu ngezicwangciso zakhe awazenzayo ngohlaselo lokuqala olwenziwa ngolunya nolubizwa ngokuba yimajor airborne assault hlaselo olo lwalubizwa ngokuba yiCassinga. Kaloku olu hlaselo kwakuliphulo lokuhlasela  abaqhankqalazi bombutho i-SWAPO. Emkhulu enjalo ngokwesikhundla sakhe emsebenzini, lo kaViljoen wayekho kudushe lomlo, apho wanikezela ngento eyayibizwa ngokuba yiswashbuckling, iinkokheli ezazimi kumgca wokuqala  front-line leadership which won him the respect of many fellow Afrikaners.[5]

OkaViljoen unconywa kakhulu ngabantu abathile ngegalelo lakhe elakhokhelela ekubeni abamhlophe bayamnkele inkqubo entsha kawonke-wonke yonyulo olukhululekileyo.  Kudlwabevu lwentetho yakhe awayenza kwindibano yonyaka ehlala ibanjwa minyaka ekuthiwa yile  I-Broederbond annual assembly e-Voortrekkerhoogte . Kukule ndibano apho lo kaviljoen wathetha ngesiBhulu ebhekisa kumajoni antsundu aseMzantsi Afrika esithi - As hulle kan veg vir Suid-Afrika, kan hulle stem vir Suid-Afrika! Oko kuthetha ukuthi Ukuba bangayilwela i-South Afrika, loo nto ithetha okokuba bangayivotela i-South Afrika.”  
Ngonyaka ka-1993 oka-Viljoen noogxa bakhe ababesele besidla umhlala-phantsi baqhulunqa umbutho ekuthiwa yi-Afrikaner Volksfront (Umbutho wama-Afrikaner), umbutho owenzelwa ama-Afrikaner.  Kodwa yonke le mizamo yakhe uViljoen yenza okokuba bungabibuhle ncam ubudlelwane phakathi kwakhe namanye amaqela ama-Afrikaner.  

  




#Article 63: Ezolimo (114 words)


Ezolimo, sisenokuthi kukufuya, le nto athi amaNgesi wona yi-farming, okanye singathi xa kuthethwa nge-Agriculture kuthethwa ngezolimo, athi ke yena ontetho isisiNgesi yi-husbandry. 

Ngokupheleleyo i-Agriculture kukufuywa kwezilwanyana; kukutyalwa kwezityalo nokukhuliswa kwazo, ukunonotshelwa kwesityalo ekuthiwa yi-fungi, kunye nezinye indlela zokuxhasa ubomi ezinje ngokutya, I-fiber ekutyeni, i-biofuel, nezibuyezarha kunye nezinye iimveliso ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ukugcina nokuphucula impilo yomntu. I-Agriculture yayingundoqo kuphuhliso ngethuba apho kwakusanda khona ukufuduka kwabantu kwiindawo zabo zemveli ngenxa yokuzingela nagezinye izizathu de baye kuzinza kwelinye ilizwe babe ngabalapho umphelo. Ngesingesi ke kuthiwa le mfuduko yi- sedentary human civilization. Apha ke kulapho kwatsho kwanda ukufuywa kwezilwanyana zasekhaya nokutyalwa kwezityalo ezikukutya eluntwini, okwaba luncedo olukhulu kwatsho kwakho umdliva wokutya. Le ntlutha yenza okokuba luye luphuhla ngokuphuhla i-civilisation. 




#Article 64: I-Fungi (182 words)


Yintoni i-fungi?

Luhlobo lwesityalo olwahlukileyo kwezinye izityalo.

I-Fungus kuthiwa yi-Fungi xa zimbini nangaphezulu. Esi sityalo siyinxalenye yezityalo eziphantsi kweqela elikhulu lezidalwa eziphilayo ekuthiwa yi-eukaryotic. Eli qela libandakanya ii-microorganisms  (izivundisi) ezifana nee-yeasts (amagwele), kunye zii-mushrooms ngesiNgesi.  
Njengabantu, uhlobo lwesityalo ngasinye luphantsi kwe-kingdom yaso. Njengokuba abantu beneezikumkani zabo njengekumkani yamaXhosa, eyamaMpondo, njalo njalo, nezityalo ke ngokwahlukana kwazo zinobazo ubukumkani eziphila phantsi kwabo. I-kingdom yezityalo yahlulwe yazindidi ezintandathu. Obokuqala kuthiwa yi-Animalia, obesibini yi-Plantae; obesithathu yi-fungi; obesine yi-Protista; obesihlanu yi-Archaea; obokugqibela yi-Bacteria.

ungabhideki ke, kuba uyakufika kwiincwadi zamaBritane, amaAustralia kunye namaLatin Amerika kuthethwa ngeendidi zekingdom ezintlanu kuphela ezizezi: i-Animalia, i-Plantae, i-Fungi, i-Protoctista, kunye ne-Prokaryota/Monera.

I-fungi yahlukile kwizityalo esizibona mihla le, ikwahlukile kwizilwanyana, kwii-protists nakwii-bacteria. Owona mahluko mkhulu ngowokokuba ii-cells zebuFungi zineendonga ekuthiwa zii-cell walls. Ezi cell walls ezine-chitin. Kanti ke ezezityalo kwanezinye iiProtists zona ii-cell walls  zinee-cellulose. Lo mahluko nje uwodwa singekade siye kwezinye iimpawu ekwahlukwe ngazo zezi zityalo, ubonisa okokuba i-fungi le iphantsi kweqela elizimeleyo nelilodwa lezityalo eziyelelene kuzo, zibe zizonke ke ziphantsi kwe-Eumycota (true fungi or Eumycetes),kuba kaloku zineempawu ezininzi ezifanayo, ookhokho bazo banye. Lilonke zisuka mnombeni mnye. Kuthiwe ke ngoku ziphantsi kweqela i-monophyletic.




#Article 65: Ibhokhwe (114 words)


Elona gama lesiNguni esibizwa ngaso esi silwanyana yimbuzi. Abantu abaninzi bayakuthi eli gama lelesiZulu. Kanti hayi khona, belisayakusetyenziswa ngabo bonke abantu abantetho yabo isisiNguni. Kwathi ke ngenxa yefuthe lolwimi lwesiBhulu kumaXhosa, kwasetyenziswa eli gama lithi 'Ibhokhwe'

Ibhokhwe nenkomo zizilwanyana zasekhaya ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu bemveli baseMzantsi Afrika. Bekuhlalwa kusenziwa ngazo imicimbi enje ngamasiko ekuhlaleni. Ubuyakusoloko usiva kuthethwa ngebhokhwe xa kusenziwa imicimbi yekhaya emincinane. Kanti ke yona inkomo ibibaluleke nangaphezulu kuba kaloku ibixhelwa xa kukho imicimbi emikhulu. Iigusha ezi ziyafika zize nabelungu yiyo le nto kuthiwa ngamadlagusha.

Mandulo phaya umntu omnyama wayengayifaki kowakhe umlomo igusha, eyicekisa, kuba kaloku wayengayazi. Nditsho nehagu le iyafika kweli lizwe, yayingekho mandulo. Yibhokhwe negusha ezona zilwanyana bezixhelwa, zityiwe.

na zasendle kuba 




#Article 66: Amasiko nezithethe zakwaNtu (326 words)


Yintoni amasiko nezithethe apha kuloMZi wakwaNtu?

Isiko yindlela ebekuhlala kusenziwa ngayo izinto ngabantu bemveli apha e-Afrika. Isiko singalifanisa nenqubo yabantu (kuquka oosingaye nabahlali abahambele) libe lungiselelwe, linexesha limisiweyo lokuqalisa nokugqiba, kwaye linendlela ithile ekuzaqhutywa ngayo. 
Amasiko ayintsika neskhanyiso esenza uhlanga lohluke kunolunye uhlanga, Kwaye zonke iintlanga apha emhlabeni anezithethe namasiko azo. Xa ehlomla kwiingcali zemveli ezingooSonkqishe, uMgengo noNama  
U-Gcingca-Dolo (2008)uthi Isiko yinto eyenziwa kumzi othile, lilawulwa yiloo nkolo yaloo mzi. Imizi eneziduko ezifanayo idla ngokwenza amasiko ngendlela efanayo. 

Isithethe silifuzile Isiko umohluko (njengoba negama lizitsho) lulwazi oligqithiswa luthethwe mihla ngemihla, lukhumbuehlomla ze lowo nalowo indlela umzekelo; ekwenziwa nokuqhutywa ngayo izinto kwihambo yoBomi, ekwenzeni amasiko nakwindlela yokuzphatha komntu.

Apha eMzantsi Afrika sinethamsanqa lokuba neentlanga zahlukileyo kodwa zibe zihlala kunye zinendlela ziqhuba ngayo izithethe namasiko awo. 
Zintlanga ezo zinomqube wolwazi malunga namasiko nezithethe, uncedo lolulwazi zilufumana ngokuva nangokubaliselwa; ziNgwevu neNgwevukazi (Abantu Abadala); 

iNgwevu neNgwevukazi
Ngabantu Abadala ; ooTamkhulu nooMakhulu kunye noKhokho abasadla amazimba, ngabantu abamelwe ukubulelwa qho ngegalelo labo ekubekeni umhlahla-ndlela woMzi nezithethe zawo.
Umzekelo ohlaba umxhwele; Lufuzo lwamalungu endlu, nesiko elulameza londlu.

Kubalulekile kumalungu aloMzi (ingakumbi abasebatsha nabancinane) ukwaziswa nokufundiswa ngesiko lawoMzi, isphoso sokungalulamezi lungulinye siye sibonakale umzekelo kwindlela elolungu likhula linyathele ngakhona, kwabanye bade bazifumane sebenze lukhulu ngaphambi kokuba abonakale unobangela wesiko nesithethe esingazange senziwe.

Inkosi nezindlu zasebukhosini 
Kulapho ulwazi lwezithethe lugcinwa, lukhiselwe khona, lugqithiselwe kwizizukulwana nezi zukulwana, ebukhosini kuqala, kulandelwe isizwe.
 
Lunintsi ke utshintsho olwenzekileyo olulwisane nokugqithiswa kolwazi lwamasiko nezithethe zakwaNtu kwizizukulwana nezizukulwana zoMzontsundu. Umlobi uzahlula kabini izizathu zolutshintsho:

(Umlobi umema izimvo namagalelo kumaqhawe akwaNtu ekubuyiseni nasekwakheni umquba wolwazi ngezakwaNtu, iintsimbi ziyalolana, zibwbukhali zombini)

Haa rharha, nokhwelithole, Khenke kaVuyani, mzi kaFaku, Ndulwini yeenduli, Jojose, bathi warhalela ilekese zomlungu efun'ukuk gweba. Dlanjwa! Zinja zingakugqibi....ibhalwe nunyana waseMnandi, uOdwa Dlanjwa

Inkomo kukhu zininzi kakukhulu.
Zikhona iinkomo ezingathethi nto,
Zibekhona ezithetha nezinyanya
ikhona inkomo yoku buyisa abantu bakowenu okanye yokubakhapha.
Njengoko eyokukhapha inganyanzelekanga ikhale,
eyokubuyisa inyanzelekile ikhale kwaye kufuneka ihambe nebhokhwe kuba ibhokhwe yeyokubuyisa inkomo uyampha

ama siko entombi kulapho kusho kona ukuthi intombi isese yilona itshitshi noma cha!.




#Article 67: Imbeleko (164 words)


Imbeleko lisiko elithi lenziwe kwaXhosa ngenjongo zokwamkela umntwana kusapho . Aye athethe amaxhego namaxhagwazana bathi 'bamazisa kwizinyanya ukuze zimkhusele ezintweni ezimdaka nezingalunganga'. Xa lisenziwa ke elisiko kuye kuxhelwe ibhokhwe emhlophhe ebonisayo ukuba umntwana akanazono, usasandokuzalwa kuphekwe,kwenziwe notywala besixhosa umqombothi ke ukutsho . Umntwana lowo ke wenzelwayo uye aqatywe umhlaba  obomvu (imbola) oxutywe namanzi kusikwe nenqatha lebhokwe lenziwe into eyineklesi ifakwe lembola yakhe ke nalo elo nqatha lijike libebomvu kusikwe nase sikhumbeni sebhokhwe leyo yakhe indawana encinci yenziwe ibhengile afakwe apha esihlahleni sakhe. Emva koko kuye kubekhona inyama ayityiswa yedwa ingavuthwanga (umkhono walobhokwe) kuthiwa uyashwama umntwana, ushwamela esithebeni sehlahla lomnquma, ushwama nomama lo amfukameyo. Abantu abangeka yenzelwa imbeleko abashwami kulamkhono. Elisiko alenziwa ngokufana kuye kohluke amakhaya neziduko, umzekelo ezinye iziduko zenza imbeleko nge nkomo. Elinye igama lembeleko kuthiwa ngumqabo.   

Maxa wambi ubulunga okanye ke lebhengile okanye le necklace kuthethwa ngayo apha iphelekwa yintsimbi enxitywa apha esihlahleni ekuthiwa licamagu. Kweminye imizi ke umntwana xa athe wanxitywa icamagu akalufaki ufele esihlahleni Kokomo unxityiswa nje ubulunga apha emqaleni.




#Article 68: Ingca (441 words)


 

Ingca luhlobo lwesityalo. Uhlobo lwengca oluxgaphakileyo lusetyenziswa ukugquma ibala enkundleni 

ingca, okanye iintlobo zengca, zinembewu elukhozo olunye kuphela, singathi ngokwesiqhelo azizityalo ezinohlaza zinamagqabi ajonge phezulu ukusuka apho acela khona kwisiseko sawo.  Iquka uqobo lwengca, kusapho lwePoaceae (nekwaziwa ngegama elithi Gramineae), nelithi sedges (iCyperaceae) kunye nerushes (iJuncaceae).  

Ingca yokwenyani iquka iicereal, ibamboo kunye nengca yeenkundla (iturf) kunye nengca yomhlaba.  iiSedges ziquka izityalo ezininzi zasendle ziquka uhlazakunye nezityalo zengca yomhlaba, nezinye ezityaliweyo njengechestnut yamanzi (iEleocharis dulcis) kunye nepapyrus sedge (iCyperus papyrus).  Ingca isetyenziswa kwezi zinto zilandelayo ukutya (okunje ngeenkozo, ezityiwa ziluhlaza, amasebe asematsha okanye iziqu zezityalo esifumaneka ngaphantsi komhlaba), isiselo(ibhiye, iinyembezi zikaVitoliya), amadlelo emfuyo, ukufulelea indlu, iphepha, ukubasa, ukunxiba, ukoleka, ukwakha, ingca eyenzelwe ibala lemidlalo, isingxobo uhlobo losebenza ngesiziba nezinye izinto ezininzi. 

Ingca eninzi imfutshane, kodwa enye ingca efana nebamboo ingakhula ibhakuzele ibende kakhulu. 



#Article 69: U-Gqoba, William Wellington (463 words)


 

UWilliam Wellington Gqoba (EyeThupha 1840 - 26 ka Epreli 1888) wayengumlobi waseMzantsi Afrika ngesiXhosa, umhumushi, kunye nomlobi.
 

U-Gqoba wayeyiMbongi yasemZantsi Afrika ephum'izandla, enguchwepheshe ekuyibekeni ngesiXhosa intetho eze ngesiNgesi. Kwayena wayegqwesa kubuntatheli. Kwiminyaka yoo-1800, le ndoda yayingumbhali wesiXhosa ovunyiweyo. Xa sithetha ngoWilliam Wellington Gqoba sithetha ngomntu owayenesiphiwo kwizinto ezininzi kunjalo nje engasileli nakwenye into athe wathabatha inxaxheba kuyo. Ndithetha ngomntu owayesuke aqgwese xa kufuneka engumabhalane, angafundisi asus'amaphepha xa kufuneka etitshile, ze kuthi xa kufuneke eyibhale ngesiXhosa sakhe intetho ebhalwe ngesiNgesi, abengathi uzelwe naso eso sakhono. Andisathethi ke xa ezakwabelana nabantu ngezakwaLizwi, yho! ingqarhama yomfundisi. Oshumayela kudilik'iindonga elibeka licace gca oku komva webhokhwe ilizwi leNkosi. Ndiyekeni ngomnt'a kaGqoba. Uyidlalile indima yakhe emhlabeni. Usimele isiZwe samaXhosa. Halala!!!  

U-William Wellington wakwaGqoba wazalwa ngo-August ka-1840, ezalelwa eGaba kufuphi naseMpuma-Koloni (eEastern Cape). Uyise wayenguGqoba uCirha. Uyisemkhulu yena wayenguPeyi, indoda eyayingumlandeli nomhlobo omkhulu kaNtsikana. Uyakukhumbula kaloku okokuba uNtsikana wadlala indima enkulu nebonakalayo kwimbali yesiXhosa, nakudliwano-ndlebe olwalubanjwa rhoqo ngamaXhosa olwalungalunga nobuKristu. 

U-Gqoba ufunde kwisikolo seMishini yaseTyhume. Akuphumelela apho wenjenjeya ukuya kwiziko lemfundo ephakamileyo eLovedale. Uqale ukusebenza ngo-1856 kwaseLovedale. Emva koko wathi ngonyaka omnye wayakusebenza eQonce (eKing Williams Town). Waza wagqibela ngokusebenza kwisitishi saseBrownlee. Ngo-1858, wabekwa ngokusesikweni njengegqala kwiMishini yeCawa ka Tiyo Soga eMgwali. 

Ukusukela kumnyaka ka-1884 wasebenza njengomhleli wephepha 'Isigidimi samaXhosa', apho watsho wapapasha khona amaphepha akhe awayegxile kwimbali yamaXhosa.  

Kodwa ke ukubaluleka kwakhe kwakungenxa yokubonga kwakhe, ingakumbi imibongo yakhe emibini nemide ethi: Ingxoxo phakathi kobuKristu noPagan (The Discussion between the Christian and the Pagan kunye nalo uthi, Ingxoxo enkulu ngeMfundo (The Great Discussion on Education). Uhlobo lwakhe lokubonga lwalufakwe ifuthe ngumbhalo ka-John Bhunya kwincwadi ethi John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress neyayibekwe nguTiyo Soga ngentetho yesiXhosa eyithatha kwintetho yesiNgesi. Kuyo yomibni le mibongo, umfo kaGqoba wayevusa ingxoxo-mpikiswano ngobuKristu nezinye inkolo, apho kwacaca mhlophe okokuba ubuKristu buyaphumelela.    

U-Cirh'omkhulu wasutywa kukufa ngomhla wama-26 kuTshazimpuzi/kuApril ka-1888 eseLovedale, kufuphi naseAlice. 
Lala ngoxolo Cirh'omkhulu!!!

UWilliam Wellington Gqoba wayedume kakhulu ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yethoba kwizifundiswa zaseAfrika, nezaziphuma kummandla weMpuma-Koloni yoMzantsi Afrika. Ngokomsebenzi, wayengumakhi weenqwelo, engumshumayeli osesikweni weFree Church of Scotland, engutitshala, engumbhali wembali, eyimbongi, engumbalisi weembali, iintsomi namaqhalo, ekwanguye nomhleli. 

Ngokufutshane ngobomi bakhe, usebenze kwiizitishi zemishini njengomfundisi womthetho-siseko wenkolo yobuKhrestu, waze wayigqibezela inkqubela-phambili yobomi bakhe njengomhleli wephepha-ndaba lase, Isigidimi samaXhosa, apho athe wayila waze wancedisa ekubhaleni izibongo ezithetha phandle  ngokubhukuqa nokugweba imfundo yaseNtshona, ukulawulwa kwabantu abamnyama ngabaseNtshona nocalu-calulo ababephantsi kwalo. Lo kaGqoba wayengumfanekiso wendoda yomXhosa efundileyo. Ngokungenakulinganiswa nabani na, ngexesha lakhe lohlobo loluhlu lokubhala kwakhe, ebengumbhali weeleta, amabali eembali ezimfutshane, iinkcazelo zamaqhina, iimbali nezibongo, kuquka izibongo ezimbini ezide ezikwintlobo yeengxoxo-mpikiswano nezabakho ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kulwimi lwesiXhosa.

Le ncwadi idibanisa, ikwaguqulela imibhalo ebonakala ngokucace gca kaWilliam Wellington Gqoba kulwimi lwesiNgesi. Le mibhalo iveza imbono yombhali ngoguquko lwesizwe se-Afrika, ekuziqhelelaniseni ngendlela enganelisiyo kumasiko nezithethe nobulungisa baseNtshona, sikhangele ukuqinisekisa ubuni baso ngokuqwalasela kwixesha laso elidlulileyo, sime kwinkcochoyi yokuhlanganisa inkcaso yokuphathwa ngabantu abamhlophe kunye nokwakha intlalo, inkululeko yepolitiki nenkolo yesithanga saseNtshona.




#Article 70: Amazwi alula omculo wefowuni (226 words)


Ifowuni sisixhobo esisebenza ngeentambo zombane. Ifowuni isebenza ngokuthi mens ababini bekwiindawo ezahlukeneyo bakwazi ukuthetha. Iifowuni zamandulo bezisaya kuxhunyaniswa ngeengcingo zombane. Kungoku nje intetho eza ngefowuni ingathunyelwa ngeradiyo. Le ndlela intsha ke kuthiwa yiwayalesi okanye engenazintambo 
 

U-Alexander Graham Bell ngumntu wokuqala owenza nefowuni, ngo-1876.  Iifowuni zamandulo zazenziwe ngeengcingo, ngcingo ezo kwakuxhunyaniswa ngazo ifowuni kwenye, kwaye wawunokuthetha kuphela kwiifowuni ezazixhunyaniswe naleyo uyisebenzisayo. Ekuhambeni kwethuba, ukusebenza kweefowuni kwavumeleka ukuba kuxhunyaniswe kwezinye iifowuni. Kwinkulungwane yama-20 iimatshini ezazisenza unxibelelwano zenziwa ukuba zizixhumanise ngokwazo. Uhlobo lwefowuni ekuhanjwa nayo  kuthiwa yi-’’Cell-phone’’ . Olu hlobo lwefowuni lwaqala ukuxhaphaka xa iminyaka yoo-1980 isiya ekupheleni. Ngezo ntsuku abantu babesoloko bephethe aba ’’ndihamba naye’’ beefowuni, kwezinye izixeko okanye  amazwe bekude kube yinto engaqhelekanga ukuhlala ungenayo.  Ezinye iifowuni ezi lolu hlobo zinakho ukutsala umnxeba zisebenzisa  i-satelite yonxibelelwano endaweni  yeepali zonxibelelwano ezisemhlabeni, into ethetha okokuba abantu bangawutsala umnxeba nokokuba sele bephi na kwihlabathi jikelele.   

 

Zininzi iintlobo zefowuni. Ii-Computer zingasebenzisa oomatshini ekuthiwa zii’’modern’’  ukuze zixhumane nezinye ii’’computer’’ ngomzila wefowuni.  Loo nto yenza kubelula okokuba I’’computer’’  idityaniswe nezinye [ii-network zecomputer|izixhumanisi zecomputer’’ ngomzila wefowuni, kuquka ne-intanethi.  
Kumazwe amaninzi kukho iifowuni zikawonke-wonke. Ukuze umntu akwazi ukuzisebenzisa, kufuneka abhatale ngemali eziinkozo, okanye abhatale nge’’credit’’ khadi, okanye  i-’’prepaid card’’

Amazwe amanizni anemizila yeefowuni.  Kumazwe asakhulayo ii’’cell phones’’ zisetyenziswa njengeyona ndlela etshiphu nekhawulezayo ekuziseni unxibelelwano lwanamhlanje kula mazwe. 

Ifowuni nganye inenombolo yayo. Namhlanje, iinombolo zefowuni zimalunga nesixhenxe ukuya kwishumi. Kumazwe amaninzi, inxalenye yenombolo yefowuni kuthiwa yiIikhowudi.  




#Article 71: I-South Pole (704 words)


Umda emazantsi omhlaba yeyona ndawo isemanzi emathunjini omhlaba. Le ndawo ikwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiAntarctica. Eneneni zimbini ezona poles. Enye imi isisigxina, ukanti ke enye iyajikeleza.

KumZantsi nakumNtla weepolesezingoozibuthe kulapho isiza esinozibuthe sikhombe khona. Ngokujonga nje kwisiza, abantu bangazixelela okokuba bakufuphi nezipoles. Ukusuka kwi-South Pole (ukusuka kwiSouth pole, yonke indawo ngumNtla(kodwa i-compass ayingqiyamanga kakhulu kwiipoles).

Iipoles ezikwimimandla eseMnatla nakumZantsi, zipoles ekujikeleza kuzo umhlaba, zezi zibonwa ngabantu kwihlabathi apho yonke imigca yaseNtshona/naseMzantsi idibana khona. 

Ezipoles zihlala kwindawo enye, kwaye zezi sihlala sibhekisa kuzo xa sisithi iipoles zasemaNtla okanye zasemaZantsi. Ngokujonga nje kwiinkwenkwezi abantu bangazixelela okokuba sele bekwezipoles (kwezi poles, inkwenkwezi ijikeleza kumphakamo ofanayo, ayisayikuze ingene nzulu kwihorizon). 

I-Antarctica yindawo ebanda kakhulu. Kwiveki ezininzi phakathi ebusika, ilanga alisayikuze livele. Xa kanye kuohakathi ehlotyeni, phaya kweyoMnga, de kuye kuthi xhaxhe phaya kweyoKwindla, ilanga alitshoni. 

Kanye phaya kwipole, inyanga ezintandathu zonke zezobusika apho ungasoze ulibone ilanga liphuma. Liyakuthi xa lithe laphuma ilanga, ibe kukuqalisa kwehlobo leenyanga ezintandathu apho umntu anokusuka eme nangeyiphi na iyure abukele ilanga ngaphezu kwe-horizon livela lithe chu lihamba limjikeleza.

Kunzima ukufikelela kwi-South pole. Akufani nakwiNorth pole, yona yogqunywe ngumkhenkce wplwandle, iSouth pole isezintabeni kwilizwekazi. Eli lizwekazi kuthiwa yi-Antarctica. Yogqunywe ngomkhence omkhulu (obukhulu bawo
bungaphezulu bemayile phaya embindini) I-south Pole iphakame kakhulu, kwaye inomoya ovuthuzayo. Ikude kakhulu kwiindawo ezihlala abantu, kwaye neenqanawa eziya phaya zisoloko zizenzela iqhinga lokuhamba phezu kwalo mkhenkce wolwandle ungako ukuba mkhulu. Xa abahloli beendlela zokuhamba behamba kwiindawo zomhlaba owomileyo elwandle, bahamba iimayile ezingaphaya kwewaka  leemayile phambi kokuba bafike kwi-pole. Kufuneka banqumle iishelf zomkhenkce ezi dada ngaphezulu, babe sele besenyuka besiya kumhlaba owogqunywe ngomkhenkce, benyuke iqhina lentaba yezigezenga zomnkhenkce eziqhekekileyo, umkhenkce ojijiwe wakekelela ngaselwandle, baza banqumla umhlaba okumgangatho ophakamileyo (i-plateau) nowogqunywe ngomkhenkce waza watshayelwa ngumoya obanda oku komkhenkce noovuthuza ngandla.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kukho uhambo olwabanjwa kwade kwakabini , lukhokhelwa ngu Robert Falcon Scott, olwesibini lukhokhelwa ng u-Ernest Shackleton. Kuwo omabini lamatyeli abazange bade bafike  kwi-’’South Pole’’, kodwa ke noko babuyela emva besagcinakele kakuhle. U-Shackleton waajika sele ekufuphi ne’’pole’’, kodwa ixesha lonyaka lalisele limkile kunjalo nje noovimba abaephila kubo sele bebuphelelwa. Wayesazi kakuhle okokuba uyakuba ububeka  esichengeni ubomi babantu bakhe, waza ke ngoko wabuyela emva.  

Amadoda okuqala athi afikelela kwi-‘’South Pole’’ liqela elalivela e-Norway nelalikhokhelwa ngu-Roald Amundsen. Bafika kwi’’Pole’’ kweyoMnga  ngomhla we-14, kumnyaka wama-1911, baza bayishiya iflegi yaseNorway. U-Amundsen kunye neqela lakhe lamadoda babuyela emva ekhaya begcinakele kakuhle. Ibali likaAmundsen lelokugqwesa kwizicwangciso zakhe,, ubunkokheli balkhe obugqibeleleyo, nomdla wakhe wokufunda kwabanye abantu: loo nto yenza amandla angaphaya kokuqonda ngokungeyomfuneko, ingade yenze okokuba luthi  uhambo oluyimpumelelo lungabalaseli nakwibali, lude lube ke ngoko alubalulekanga kangako, kunolulandela emva kwalo.  

Olona hambo lwe’’South Pole’’ o lwaziwayo mhlawumbi lolo lungazange luphumelele konke-konke. Olu ke yayiluhambo lwamaBritane (kungeyiyo i-UK nje kuphela, yayiquka nabantu ababevela kubukumkani bamaBritane, ngelo xesha abo bantu babesaziwa ngokuba bangabemi baseBritane) ababekhokhelwa ngu-Robert Falcon Scott. U-Scott kunye namany’amadoda amane, nabo berhuqa izixhobo zabo ngethemba lokuba ngabokuqala ukuyakufika kwi-‘’Pole’’. Bathi bakufika, babona iflegi yaseNorway. Nantsi ileta eyayibekelwe uScott ibonakalisa okokuba u-Amundsen kunye neqela lakhe lamadoda bambethe ngenyanga yonke, ngokusebenzisa izinja ukuba zirhuqe izixhobo zabo. 

Kwindlela yabo evela kwi-Pole, iqela likaScott lathi lakubona ubugoxo bempahla endala eyayiqokolelwe ndawo nye lafumanisa okokuba ininzi into eyayingekho neyayidingeka ngelo xesha, ingakumbi  izinto ezifana ne-oli, iparafini kunye namafutha eenqwelo-mafutha nezibizwa ngokuba yi-Kerosene. I-Kerosene yayibaluleke kakhulu: ingabalulekanga ekuphekeni nje kuphela, kodwa nasekunyibilikiseni umkhenkce yayikwabalulekile. Yayisithi yakuphela, bangabinamanzi okusela. Enye indoda yafa isiqaqa yafa isahamba. U-Oates wayesazi okokuba iinyawo zakhe ezazisisankwankwa kukubethwa ngumkhenkce azinakho ukumthwala zimbuyisele kwindawo ababezinze kuyo, wabona ke ngoko okokuba makabalibazise oogxa bakhe abeke ubomi bakhe emngciphekweni. Wazibulala ngokwakhe ngokuthi aphume ahambe kwintente yabo aye kweqhaqhazelisa amazinyo yona ingqele. U-Scott nabahlobo bakhe ababini ababeshiyekile babulawa yindlala, kukunxanwa, nayingqele. – bevalelwe yimozulu embi de kwaphela nezinto zokuzixhasa ababenazo. KwiNtwasahlobo elandelayo, imizimba emithathu yafunyanwa ententeni liqela elalisuka kwindawo ababezinze kuyo abahambi, nababebuchibonke ubusika kwindlu yabahambi eyayimi ngaselwandle. Ileta kaScott eyayisiya kwinkosikazi yakhe, newayeyibhale esententeni kuba esazi okokuba wayezakufa, isanda kupapashwa (ngeyoMqungu ka-2007). 

Ngaphandle kohambo luka Ernest Shackleton olwalunqumla i-Antarctic (okunye ukuphanza okwanenkuthazo, kodwa u Shackleton wawasindisa onke amadoda awayehamba nawo, emva kokunqumla ulwandle bekwisikhephe esivulekileyo, isenzo esaba nenkuthazo engummangaliso, kwanokunqumla izigaba zentaba engaziwayo bebhuqwa yindlala bekwaqothole yinggele) olu  lwaba sisiphelo sexesha lobugorha kuhlolo. Ii-Moto, iiNqwelo-ntaka, ii-Radiyo, kunye ne-GPS zaqinisekisa okokuba ukhenketho olulandelayo aluzange lungaxhaswa.  

Namhlanje kukho indawo esisiseko se‘’science’’ American kwi-‘’South Pole’’. Ibizwa ngokuba sisitishi se-iAmundsen-Scott South Pole esenzelwe ukunika imbeko yezi ntlola zimbini. 




#Article 72: I-Nile (248 words)


I- Nile (Isi-Arabic: النيل an-nīl) ngumlambo ose Afrika.  Ngowona mlambo mde  emhlabeni (malunga nama- 6,650 km or 4,132 eemayile), uhamba uye kungena kwi Mediterranean Sea kufuphi  ne-  Alexandria. Igama lawo lisuka kwigama   lesiGrike  elithi  Νεῖλος Neilos.

Umlambo i-White Nile isuka  eLake Victoria e-Uganda, uhambe ke nge-Sudan  uyekungena  e-Khartoum, apho uyakujoyinwa ngumlambo i-Blue Nile ukuze yenze umlambo i-Nile, uze ke ngoku wona uhambe nge Egypt. Umlambo i-Blue Nile uhamba nge-Ethiopia. Malunga nezigidi ezingama-300 zeemitha eziyiminqathana yamanzi ehamba esihla nge- Nile kusuku ngalunye.

I-Nile ibaluleke kakhulu kumazwe ehamba kuwo. Iidolophu ezininzi eJiphethe zakhiwe kufuphi nomlambo. Kananjalo  ii-pyramid zikufuphi ne-Nile.  Amanzi amaninzi ekukhuliswa ngawo izityalo eJiphethe  afumaneka kwi-Nile, nanjengoko ubukhulu becala eli lizwe lithwaxwa yimbalela. I-Nile yayibaluleke kakhulu kumaJiphethe okuqala.  AmaJiphethe okuqala afumana i- papyrus kwi-Nile.

Iintlobo-ntlobo ezininzi  zezilwanyana zihlala kula manzi aseNile okanye zihlale kufuphi nawo, kuquka iigwenya, iintaka, Intlazi nezinye ezininzi. Akuzozilwanyana kuphela ezixhomekeke kwiNile ukuze ziphile, kodwa nabantu abahlala phaya bayawafuna amanzi eNile ukuze benze izinto zabo zemihla ngemihla ezinjengokuhlamba impahla, njengoko amanzi efumaneka, egcina izityalo zingomanga kwaneminye imisebenzi.

Ii-‘’Pyramids’’ zazakhiwe kufuphi ne-Nile kuba bezidinga Isanti  evela kwi-Aswan ukuze zithwalwe ngezikhephe ezithwala imithwalo enzima kwehliwe nazo kusiyiwa kwiNile.

Igama elithi Nilelivela kwigama lesiGrike  elithi Neilos (). i-Neilos iveal kwigama elithi river valley. Kulwimi lwesiJiphethe lwakdala-dala, i-Nile ibizwa ngokuba yi- Ḥ'pī okanye yiiteru, oko kuthetha ukuthi Umlambo Omkhulu, imelwe  Iimpawu nezibalo ezimele okubhaliweyo  ezibonakaliswe ngakwisandla sasekunene  (eziyi- itrw, kunye ‘'amanzi' determinative).  I-Coptic, amagama athi piaro (Sahidic) okanye phiaro (Bohairic) athetha ukuthi umlambo (lit. p(h).iar-o the.canal-great) avela kwakweli gama lakudala. 




#Article 73: UbuKumkani bamaBritane (286 words)


 
UbuKumkani bamaBritane babungamandla amakhulu. Buneengingqi eziphantsi kolwawulo lobuKumkani obumanyeneyo. Obu buKumkani bobona bakhe babukhulu ezimbalini.

Kwincakami yayo, ilawula umhlaba obukhulu bungama-23%. Bangaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-458 abantu abathi babekwa phantsi kolawulo lobuKumkani baseBritane. Obu buKumkani babusaziwa ngokokuba bobona bukumkani bobukoloni bakhe babukhulu ezimbalini. (abanye abantu bacinga okokuba ubuKumkani bamaMongol bobona bukhulu. Namhlanje, uninzi lwamalungu abo akwikwiBhunga lezizwe zonke. Eyona ndawo eyayisaziwa kakhulu kubuKumkani bamaBritane yinkampani ekuthiwa yi-British East India Company iNkampani yorhwebelwano lwaseEast India. Le nkampani yaqala njengeshishini elincinane njengokuba sele siyibona inkulu kangaka nje namhlanje, kunjalo nje abantu abaninzi baxhomekeke kuyo. Ngelo xesha iBritane yayisesona sizwe sakhe sanamandla kwihlabathi lonke jikelele.

 
I-Ngilane yaza yaqalisa eyayo indlela eya kubukumkani behlabathi. Kwinkulungwane ye-17 yeminyaka, yaqala ukwenza amazwe ase-Mntla-Melika amakoloni kunye ne-India. Oku kwakhokelela kudushe apho yoyiswa khona i-Netherlands ne-France eyayikhuphisana nazo emva kokuba koyiswe i-Spain. Emva kwemfazwe yamaNgesi namaDatshi nasemva kwemiNyaka yeMfazwe esiXhenxe, I-Britane yawathabathela kuyo phantse onke amazwe amabini, iDatshi neFrance iwathabathela kwihlabathi elitsha naseAsia. Nangona amazwe awathathwa ngobukoloni baseMelika athi afumana inkululeko ngo-1776, akuzange kubonakalise futhe kubuKumkani. Ngo-1919, emva koloyiso lweBritane kwiMfazwe yokuQala kwiHlabathi, yafika kanye kwixesha layo lempumelelo. Abantu ababekho kwinkulungwane ye-19 bathi UbuKumkani bamaBritane abutshonelwa langa  kodwa emva kweMfazwe yesibini kwiHlabathi, bawa ubuKumkani bamaBritane.

UbukumKani baseBritane babubonwa ngamanye amazwe nje ngobukumakani obungumzekelo, ingakumbi amaJamani awaziwayo. I-Jamani yona yasuka yathi gqolo ngomkhwa wokuqhwaya imfazwe e-Yurophu. Esinye sezizathu zoko yayikukufuna ubukumkani obufana nobaseBritane.

Emva kweMfazwe yesibini kwiHlabathi, yaqala iBritane yabuyisela amazwe eyayiwathimbile kubaniniwo, kwathiwa ke oko bubukoloni. I-Britane yagqiba kwelokokuba ibuyisele laa mazwe kuba iMfazwe yesibini kwihlabathi yayishiya ingentanto, ihluphekile. Kananjalo, abantu abaninzi ababephantsi kolawulo lobuKumkani babeqhankqalazela ukuwalawula ngokwabo amazwe abo.

Enye yeendawo zokugqibela kubuKumkani bamaBritane kwabayiHong-Kong. I-Hong Kong yaabuyiselwa e-China ngo-1997. I-Britane yasigcina isikhundla sayo nje'ngeNgangalala' ngo-1982 ngeMfazwe yaseFalklands, imfazwe eyayiphakathi kwayo ne-Argentina bebanga isiqithi sase-Falkland. 




#Article 74: Ronald Reagan (170 words)


Ronald Wilson Reagan (6 Eyomdumba 1911 - Los Angeles, 5 Eyesilimela 2004) weqonga ekwangumpolitiki wase Melika. Wayekwang uMongameli we-Yunayithedi Steyitsi ukusuka kumnyaka ka-1981 ukuya ku-1989. WayeyeyiRhuluneli yaseCalifornia ukusuka ngomnyaka ka1967 ukuya ku-1975. U-Reagan wayekwangumongameli ngumdlali kumabonakude kwade kwakabini, ukusuka kumnyaka ka-1947 ukuya kunyaka ka-1952 waza waphinda kwakhona ngomnyaka ka-1959 ukuya kunyaka ka-1960.

U-Reagan wazalelwa e-Tampico, Illinois. U-Reagan wasifumana e- Hollywood isiphiwo nemfundo yakhe. Waqala ukuvela kwimidlalo yoomabonakude yangoo-1953 movies. Wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato nenzwakazi eyayikwadlala lemidlalo yeqonga uJane Wyman ngo-1940. Baza bawuqhawula loo mtshato ngo-1949. Babenabantwana abathathu. U-Reagan waphinda watshata no-Nancy Davis ngo-1952. Banabantwana ababini. Umtshato wabo waqhuba de wasutywa kukufa u-Reagan ngo-2004.

Phambi kokuba aphumelele unyulo lokuba ngumongameli kngo-1980, U-Reagan waqhuba engumongameli izihlandlo ezimbini kungo-1968 nak ngo-1976. Wayengoyena mntu mdala ukonyulwa nje ngomongameli waseUnited States enama-69 eminyaka ubudala. Waziwa njenge’’sithethi esikhulu’’  kuba wayengumntu onobuchule bokuthetha kuluntu. U-Reagan wayesaziwa njengengo’’mongameli ongatshonelwa langa’’ kuba nasiphi na isenyeliso okanye isiqebheyi awayetyabekwa zona azizange zikwazi ukuchaphazela ukuthandwa kwakhe luluntu. nangoku, uReagan usengoyena mongameli othandwa kakhulu ngabantu kwmbali yaseMelika ngenxa yeliso lakhe lethemba ngelizwe laseMelika.




#Article 75: Iilwandle (629 words)


Ulwandle ngummandla omkhulu wamanzi anetyuwa phakathi kwamazwekazi. Iilwandle zinkulu kakhulu kwaye zidibana nezinye iilwandle ezincinci zitsho zimanyane. Xa zidibene zizonke, iilwandle zibangathi ‘’zilulwandle’’ olunye, kuba zonke iilwandle zimanyene.  Iilwandle  (okanye ii-marine biome) zithatha ama-70% zeli hlabathi siphila kulo. 

Olona lwandle lude yi-Pacific Ocean. Lithatha umhlaba ongekuhamnjwa kuwo ongange-1/3 (yesiqingatha)somhlaba esiphila kuwo. Igama lolona lwandle luncinane kuthiwa yi-Arctic Ocean. Iindlela zeentshukumo zamanzi zizo ezahlula Ulwandle olusemaZantsi ehlabathi kwezinye iilwandle ezifana ne-Atlantic, i-Pacific and nolwase-India. Olu lwandle lukwaziya ngegama elithi yi-Antarctic, kuba kaloku igubungele yonke ingingqi ejikeleze i- Antarctica. Imephu ezindala zisenokungawsebenzisi amagama athi-ulwandle i-Arctic nelithi ulwandle UmZantsi lwandle. Olona lwandle lunzulu yi-Pacific. Esona siza sinzulu yi-Mariana Trench, ubunzulu baso buziimitha ezili-11,000 (36,200 beenyawo). Eyona nto bubonakala ngayo ubunzulu bolwandle yingqele eqhaqhazelisa amazinyo, ukunyuka koxinzelelo lomoya, nobumnyama obugqibeleleyo. Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ezingaqhelelaka kwaphela ziphila kanye kule ndawo yolwandle. Aziphili ngamandla avela elangeni ukuze, kuba zisebenzisa iityuwa ezifumaneka ngaphantsi komhlaba.

Nangona uninzi lwabantu lukholelwa ekubeni iilwandle ziluhlaza kuba isibhaka-bhaka sisiba sisipili kuzo, eneneni oku akusiyonyaniso. Amanzi anayo indawo yokubaluhlaza ngokombala kodwa ke lo mbala wamanzi ungabonakala kuphela xa kukho amanzi amaninzi. Kodwa ke esona sizathu sokuba iilwandle zibeluhlaza ngokwebala kukuba amanzi afunxa laandawo imbala ubomvu apha elangeni, kuze kubonakale le ndawo iluhlaza apha ekukhanyeni. Sitsho sikubone ke thina oku kukhanya kubonakalayo ngokungathi ngumbala wamanzi. 

Izinto eziphila elwandle zinakho ukuphila kumanzi anetyuwa. Ziyaphazamiseka kukukhanya kwelanga, bubushushu, luxinzelelo lwasemanzini, yintshukumo yamanzi. Intlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphila emanzini ziphila kakuhle xa zikufutshane nomphezulu wolwandle, kumanzi abanzi, nakumanzi anzulu. Ezo ziphila kufuphi nomphezulu wolwandle nezo zikwaxhomekeke kwimitha yelanga ukuze zikwazi ukuvelisa ukutya kuthiwa zii-phytoplankton. Phantse zonke izilwanyana zaselwandle zixhomekeke ngqo okanye (ngezinye iindlela) kwezi zityalo ukuze ziphile. Kumanzi abanzi, uyakufumana oorhexe kunye noononkala. Kumanzi anzulu, izilwanyana zolwandle ezikumila kuziindi-ngeendidi kwanobukhulu bazo ngkunjalo zidada ngokukhululekileyo elwandle. Ezi zibandakanya iintlobo-ntlobo zeentlanzi, ezifana nentlanzi yamanzanetyuwa i-tuna, udwayi olude lwentlanzi ethand'ukuhamba i-sword kunye nezilwanyana zamanzi ezincancisayo ezifana nee-dolphin kunye nee-whales. Kwisibhaka-bhaka phezu kolwandle olukhamisileyo likhaya leentaka ezinkulu zolwandle, ezifana nee-albatross.

Amazwe afana ne-Russia, kunyeneJapan, anenqwaba yeenqanawa ezinkulu ezihamba kumazwe athile angawona aneendawo kunokuthatyathwa iinyanga ezininzi kulotywa kuzo. Ezi nqanawakazi zinamathala eencwadi amakhulu, izibhedlele, izikolo.

Abantu abaninzi balubona ulwandle njengomthombo wokutya, izimbiwa namandla.  

Abafoti elwandle (ii-Oceanographers) ziqikelela okokuba zingaphaya kwama-15, 300 iintlanzi eziphila elwandle, ezinye zazo ziyatyiwa . Intlazi kukutya okungumthombo wee-proteni, baninzi kakhulu abantu abayityayo. Ushishino ngokuloba  lubaluleke kakhulu kuba luza nemisebenzi, luncede nezigidi-ngezigidi zabantu ngokutya.  Namhlanje, njengesiqhelo ngenxa yokuloba elwandle, ulwandle lusinika ii-calories ezifunwa ngabantu ezimalunga ne-2%. I-tuna, ii-ankhovi, kunye ne-herring zivunwa kufuphi nomphezulu wolwandle.  Pollock, flounder kunye ne-cod zibanjwa kufuphi nalapho luphela khona ulwandle ngaphantsi,  Zingaphezulu kwesigidi ii-toni zee-herring ezibanjwa qho ngonyaka kumNtla we-Pacific, nakumNtla we-Atlantic, kwaye phantse zisibhozo kwezilishumi iintlanzi ezityiwayo ngabantu. Ezinye iintlanzi zisetyenziselwa  njenge sichumisi, isincamathelitsi, kunye nokutya kweekati nezinye izilwanyana.

Maninzi amaqondo obushushu bolwandle kulwandle oluvulekileyo, (kwintlangothi zombini - ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi)kwanokusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye. ii-Icebergs zenziwe zaqamela ngamanzi abanda kakhulu kuyo yomibini le mida, abe wona amanzi avela kumbindi i-equator eshushu noko.  Amanzi apholisa ekwafudumeza ngokuthe chu kunomhlaba, ke umhlaba onikwa ifuthe lulwandle uneezigaba eziza mva zamva nezinobushushwana kunomhlaba othe qelele elwandle.  

Umphezulu wolwandle, nobizwa ngokuba ngu-mxube wenwebu, awubandi kangako nditsho sesidad'elenzulwini sisiy'ezantsi.   emazantsi olu lwandle kulapho kukho inwebu apho kwenzeka khona utshintsho lwangesaquphe ekuthiwa xa lubizwa yi- thermocline. Le ke yinwebu esembindini ebude bayo busuka kumphezulu wolwandle buhle bubheke ezantsi ngokomlinganiselo omalunga neenyawo ezinga-2,600 (800 eemitha). Ii-Thermoclines zingenzeka kuphela ngokwamaxesha onyaka okanye zibe , kodwa ke kungatshintsa oku, kuxhomekeke ekubeni kuphi kwaye lunzulu kangakanani na ulwandle. Nje ngoko kusenzeka umphushu, luqala ke ngoku luphole, kodwa ukuba amanzi aphuma ngokomphushu ngendlela ekhawulwzileyo, amanzi aya ngokuya evakala ityuwa. Amanzi anetyuwa nabandayo , utsho azike aye ezantsi. Yhiyo le nto amanzi ashushu nabandayo engaxubeki lula. Inkoliso yezilwanyana nezityalo ziphila kule nwebu ishushu ingaphezulu. Ezantsi kwe-thermocline, izinga lokubanda libaphezulu kakhulu, kude ukubanda kwawo kubengaphezulu kokomkhenkce - kube phakathi kwama-32 ndash; 37.4 °F (0 ndash; 3 °C).




#Article 76: Ikhalenda yesiXhosa (159 words)


Kwikhalenda yesiXhosa, ngokwenveli, unyaka uqala kwinyanga yeSilimela uze uphele ngekaCanzibe, xa kanye i-Canopas, inkwnkwezi enkulu ebonakala kumZantsi-womDibaniso okwayindawo apho kujikeleza khona izinto zomhlaba ezibonakalayo ezithe ngcu kumzantsi we-equator. 

Zimbini iindlela zokubiza iinyanga apha esiXhoseni: ngokwale mihla nangokwemveli. Kwimimandla yasezidolophini kusetyenziswa amagama ale mihla. Kodwa ke, ezilalini, kwimibongo, ingakumbi kumNtla Koloni kusetyenziswa amagama emveli. 

Ngokwale mihla

Amagama lae mihla ekubizwa ngawo iinyanga abolekwe kumagama enyanga angesiNgesi: 


Ngokwemveli amagama eenyanga asuka kumagama ezityalo neentyatyambo ezikhulayo okanye eziman'ukutshintsha ngokwamaxesha onyaka. Zezi:



#Article 77: Iziphaluka zaseBritane eziphesheya kolwandle (319 words)


NgesiNgesi ezi ziphaluka kuthiwa ziiBritish Overseas Territories. 





#Article 78: Ukukhululeka (271 words)


 

ukukhululeka kuthetha imeko apho umntu ngamnye akwaziyo ukwenza ngendlela abona ngayo kungenjalo, abe uyakwazi ukuphuhlisa isakhono sakhe, kuloo nto kuthethwa ngayo ngelo xesha umzekelo kwikhululeko yezopolitiko. ligama elintsingiselo yalo imbaxa.  

Ukukhululeka yintetho esetyenziswa nelamkelwa njengegama elithehta inkululeko kuphela, ngokwale nkululeko umntu uxhamla inkululeko ngokuthi aphume kwintlalo yokucinezelwa ngenkani, le nkululeko ihamba ngokweembono zomntu olwela inkululeko ngokwasekuhlaleni, kanti ke kwelinye icala, ibeka umnwe kwizinto eziyimfuneko ngokwasekuhlaleni nangokwezoqoqosho kwanokuphathwa kwabantu ngokufanayo, njengasemandleni olawulo nakwizixhobo zokunceda abantu bakwazi ukuphumeza ezi njongo. Kananjalo, itsha-ntliziyo elilwela inkululeko ngokwasekuhlaleni liqhoboshela  ukukhululeka (okokutsho, inkululeko) ekwabelaneni ngokulinganayo ngefuthe lamandlaezopolitiko oko kutsho, ngolawulo lwesininzi) xa sithetha ngokukhululeka okwakhayo. Eyona nto bayithethayo bathi inkululeko kungekho ngalingana ithetha ukongamela kwalowo unamandla kunabanye.   Ngoko ke, inkululeko kunye nentando yesininzi zibonwa njengabaphikisani abathi bazalane kodwa ekugqibeleni. 

Emsebenzini wakhe, UJohn Stuart Mill, ongokukhululeka, waba ngowokuqala ukuwubona umahluko phakathi kokukhululeka  njengesenzo nokukhululeka ngaphandle (kokunyanzelwa ukuba wenze into).  UMill wakwazi noku okokuba iyintoni na indalo kunye nemiqathango yamandla engabonwa njengenokusetyenziswa ngokusenthethweni kubo bonke abantu basekuhlaleni ade ke ngoko, achaze


#Article 79: Indlu ye satyagraha (204 words)


Satyagraha eyaziwa nje nge ndlu ka Gandhi iyiMuseum ne ndlu yaba vakashi ifumaneka eJohannesburg. lendlu yeyeka Mahatma Gandhi waye hlala futhi esebenza khona ngonyaka ka 1908 kuze kbe ngu 1909. Yabaliswa ukuba yhi ngenye ye lifa lembali. Satyagraha uthetuku  ngcwaliselwa kwi nyani. lendlu ya zotywa ngumculi uHerman Kallenbach ezobela uGandhi ngokwakhe.

uGandhi wacita iminyaka eyi 21 uqala ngo 1893 kude kube ngu 1914, nokuba wahamba wavelela iIndia nelizwe lamangesi (UK) ngelo xhesha. kutiwa waqala ufunda ngoku calucalulwa kwabantu ngebala ngemini, ebanjwa estishini sololiwe  ePietermaritzburg ngenxayokuba ehamba kwiinqwelo yabantu abamhlophe bodwa.

Ngo 1904 uGandhi wadibana noHerman Kallenbach, omzobi wezindlu wayeliGermaan neJuda owafika kwelilizwe ngo 1896. ngo 1907, uKallenbach wazoba indlu ngomzekeliso woronta ababini kodwa wayenza ngendlela yokokhiwa ngendlela zesi Ngesi (Europe). yabizwa ithango(Kraal).

Lendlu inamakriwa ne ndawo yokudlala imidlalo yeTennis (Tennis Court), kodwa zombini zaquba kwi mpilo yokumcanga noku velela. uGandhi wayelala kwikamire ephezulu wesiya kuyo ngo kwela ileli, kodwa yena noKallenbach babelana ikitshi bavelela abavakashi babo kwi kamire yokuhlala. izindlu zezingena mnyango owudibanisayo, kudingeka uphume kuze uyongena komnye umzi. Ubomi buka Kallenbach kwaba nenguqulo ngoku bebe phila ndawonye. imali weyisebenzisa yahla nendlela emangazayo. bawushiya umzi ngo 1909 indlu yaba naba pathi abaninsi bambikoba ithengwe lishishini lase France iVoyageurs du Monde yalungiswa yavulwa ngo 2011




#Article 80: EGoli (124 words)


iGoli sisisixeko esiseMzantsi Afrika. Likomkhulu lePhondo laseRhawutini. Esi sixeko saafunyanwa ngomhla wesi-4 kweyeDwarha, ngo-1886 kwaye inentengiso ekukhuseleko oluphezulu kwezentengiso, nto leyo eyenza okokuba ine yeyona inentengiso enkulu kwi-afrika iphela.  

Izakhiwo zaseGoli zezona zakhe zande e-Afrika, i-Carlton Centre (inamabali angama-50) nekusesona sakhiwo sakhe saside, isakhiwo eside saseHillbrow (esibude bungama-270 metres, or 90 stories). Igama lesiteketiso lesi sixeko kuthiwa yi-Goli, nto leyo ethetha okokuba yindawo yegolide. iiphecenti ezingamashumi amane zegolide yehlabathi ifunyenwe apha. Iziko lasegoli eligcina izilwanyana laafunyanwa ngo-1904, kwaye ngokwembali, belisoloko liphantsi kweliso likwalawulwa sesixeko saseGoli. Ligcine amabhere amabini kuphela e-Africa. Igoli eli alibonwa njengeziko lokutyelela apha eMzantsi Afrika, koko libonwa njengesixeko sokushishina.  

Igoli linemozulu etshinatshintayo.

uNelson Mandela walishiya eli phakade elapha eGoli ngomhla wesi-5 kweyoMnga ngo-2013, eneminyaka engama-95 ubudala. Wayewongwe ngembasa yokukhululeka kwesi Sixeko.




#Article 81: E-Pitoli (301 words)


iPitoli yenye yezixeko ezintathu ezilikomkhulu lelizwekazi iAfrica apha eMzantsi Afrika. Sisixeko esingundlu-nkulu kwimicimbi yolawulo lwaseburhulumenteni kwaneminye imicimbi yesixeko edl'umzi. Abanye oondlu-nkulu bezixeko ababini yiKapa apho kugqitywa khona ngemakwenziwe ngurhulumente(indlu yowiso-mthetho kunye neBloemfontein (iinkundla zokumilisela umthetho). Esi sixeko sisemantla ePhondo laseRhawutini, eMzantsi Afrika. 

iPitoli iphakathi kweHighveld neBushveld, malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-50 emantla eRhawuti emantla-mpuma oMzantsi Afrika. Sisixeko esikwingingqi eshushu, nebufihlakala. Ingingqi le ijikelezwe ziinduli zaseMagaliesberg ezenzelwimi zithethwayo apha ePitoli ziquka isiBhulu, isiTswana, isiPedi, nesiNgesi.

Abantu abantetho isisiNguni abafika bazinza apha yaba ngabantu bokuqala ukuhlala kumlambo wale ngingqi eyathi ekuhambeni kwethuba yabizwa ngokuba sisixeko sasePitoli. 

I-Pitoli yathi  ngo-1855 nguMarthinus Wessel Pretorius. Wayeyinkokheli ye. U-Pretoruis wathiywa eligama ngoyise owayenguAndries Pretorius. U-Andries Pretorius wabaligorha leVoortrekkers emva kwedabi elalibizwa ngokuba y. Esi sixeko saba ngundlunkulu werhiphabhlikhi yaseMzantsi Afrika ngomhla woku-1 kaCanzibe, ngo-1860.  

Ngexesha leMfazwe yokuQala yamaBhulu, esi sixeko  ngeyoMnga ngo-1880 nangeyoKwindla ngo1881. Isivumelwano soxolo esaphelisa imfazwe satyikitywa ePitoli ngeyeThupha 3, ngo1881 kwinkomfa yasePitoli.

Imfazwe yesiBini yamaBhulu (ngo-1899 ukuya ku1902) yeenza okokuba iRhiphabhlikhi yaseMzantsi Afrika iphele. Emva kwale mfazwe, iZiKumkani ezimanyeneyo zaluthathela kuzo ulawulo loMzantsi Afrika. Ngexesha lemfazwe, uWinston Churchill waavalelwa kwisikolo esasibizwa ngokuba yiStaats School ePitoli. Kamva waakhululwa waza waya eMozambique. Isixeko  kumajoni omkhosi waseBritane ngomhla wesi-5 kweyeSilimela, ngo1900. Le mfazwe yapheliswa ngokutyikitya isivumelwano soxolo esasibizwa ngokuba luxolo lwase Vereeniging ngomahla wama-31 kuCanzibe ngo-1902. 

Ngo-1910, iPitoli yaba ke ngoko iba nguNdlunkulu wolawulo kuMzantsi Afrika uphela, yaza yona iKapa yaba ngundlu-nkulu wendlu yowiso-Mthetho. phakathi kweminyaka ka-1860 no-1994, esi sixeko sasikwa nguNdlunkulu wephondo laseTransvaal. Ngomhla we-14 kweyeDwarha ngo1931, isixeko sasePitoli saathi yaziswa ngokwaseburhulumenteni. Waathi xa uMzantsi Afrika wawusiba yiRhiphabhlikhi ngo1961, iPitoli yasigcina isikhundla sayo sokuba nguNdlunkulu kulawulo. 

Kwabakho ixesha apho iPitoli yayisaziwa njengoNdlu-nkulu wengcinezelo yaseMzantsi Afrika. Oku kwatshintsha mhla uNelson Mandela waba nguMongameli wokuqala omnyama kweli lizwe.

IPitoli liziko lemveliso elubaluleke kakhulu. Inemizi yemveliso emininzi kakhulu singabalula eyentsimbi and intsimbi ebunkcenkce kunye nenqwelo ezitshintshayo, indlela kaloliwe kunye neematshini nemizi-mveliso.




#Article 82: I-Transkei (536 words)


I-Transkei neCeskei yayingamaphandle awayehlala amaXhosa. Sizakuqwalasela iphandle eliyi-Transkei kweli phepha. 

ITranskei yayisakuba lelinye lamaphandle awathi amiselwa ngurhulumente owayephethe phambi ko1994 nje ngamazwe azimeleyo apha emZantsi Afrika. Ngaloo minyaka eli phandle lalinezixeko ezingama-28 ezizezi zilandelayo: eMthatha, kuTsolo, eMount Fletcher, kuQumbu, eMount frere (kwaBhaca), eMount Aylif, eBhizana, eFlagstaff (eSiphaqeni), eLusikisiki, ePort St Johns, eLibode, Ngqeleni, eNgcobo, eTsomo, eCofimvaba, Cala, eDutywa, eGcuwa, kuCentane, eMqanduli, eXhorha, kuGatyana, eTabankulu, eMzimkhulu, eMaluti, nezinye.

ITranskei yahlulwe ziintlanga ngeentlanga ezinje ngamaBomvana, amaMpondo, abaThembu, amaMfengu, amaBhaca, nezinye. Uhlanga ngalunye kwezi lunentetho yalo. Umzekelo, amaMpondo athetha isiMpondo, amaBhaca athetha isiBhaca, abaThembu namaBomvana bathetha isiXhosa. Kodwa zonke ezi lwimi ziyazalana kakhulu, kuba ingcambu eziphuma kuyo inye. Bathi khona besakuhlalelana bavane kakhulu ngentetho. Njengoko ingabantu abanye namasiko abo ebuyelelana, kukho apho nalapho bohluka khona. Kodwa ke ubukhulu becala ngabantu abanye benza izinto kunye. Umzekelo amaMpondo nabaThembu bebesendiselana. Umfazi wokuqala kaMandela yintombi yasemaQwathini. Owesibini yena Limpondokazi. 
 
I-Transkei (oku kuthetha okokuba le yindawo ephesheya komlambo i-Kei), ngokwaseburhulumenteni bangaphambili le ndawo yayibizwa ngokuba yi-Riphabliki yeTranskei, kusithiwa yi-Bantustan—an, ingingqi ekuMzantsiMmpuma  weSouth Afrika eyayibekelwe ecaleni ukuze ihlale amalungu ohlanga (oluntsundu) olwaluhlala kule ngingqi ukuze lube norhulumente walo othandwa lulo kwakunye nepalamente yalo. Ikomkhulu lale ngingqi kwakungUmtata nowatshintshwa ngo-2004 wabizwa ngokuba nguMthatha. I-Transkei yamfumana uzimele-geqe ngomnyaka ka1976. Abantu abaninzi bayakuyikhumbula imibhiyozo eyayibanjiwe kubhiyozelwa inkululeko yasetranskei ngalo nyaka ka1976. Kwabakho nekhakhakazi elikhulu apho kwakukhutshiswana ngelona culo elaliphambili kulo mbhizoyozo, culo elo lalisithi ETranskei kuluvuyo, uzimele ufikile. siyavuya, siyagcoba, uzimele ufikile. Aa Dalinwonga!! A! Thole lesilo, sikuthule'umnqwazi, sithi wuntshu.... 

Makhe silande emva unobangela wokokuba kubhiyozwe ngalo nyaka eTranskei. 

Ithi imbali, urhulumente owayephethe ngaphambili kuka1994 wasebenzisa iilwimi zabantu abantsundu ukuze akwazi ukubacinezela, abacalucalule, ngokuthi abohlule abalawule bekwezo ndawo bakuzo bengadibani nabamhlophe ngokuthi abekela bucala ezo ndawo bakuzo, ukuze zonke ezo ndawo zibe phantsi kweliso lalo rhulumente wabamhlophe. Iilwimi zaseMzantsi Afrika ezazisaziwa nguloo rhulumente, phofu ke nangoku, zezo zifundwa ezikolweni, ezinye ilwimi azithathwa ngokuba ziilwimi zaseMzantsi Afrika okanye ziilwimi ezikhoyo kweli lizwe, nditsho nokokuba baninzi kangakanani na abantu abazithethayo, ukuba nje azikho ezikolweni, zithathwa ngokuba akuzolwimi zifanelekileyo. Nabantu bazo ke benziwa intlekisa. Yaya ivuthwa ngokuvuthwa ke lento, kangangokuba xa kwakusenziwa laa maphandle ngurhulumente wocalu-calulo, wenza amaphandle amane, amabini kuwo yaba ngawamaXhosa, iTranskei neCeskei njengoko sele kutshiwo apha ngasentla. Omabini laa maphandle kwathiwa akwiCape Province. ITranskei yamfuna umaziphathe ngo-1976, waza uKaizer Daliwonga Mathanzima wangu-president wayo ngo1978 de kwangu1987. Le nkululeko yaseTranskei zange ihoywe ngamazwe amaninzi, ithatyathwa njengesixhobo sokucinezela abantu abantsundu emZantsi Afrika. Yaba ngurhulumente wengcinezelo kuphela kunye namanye amaphandle afana nayo iTranskei awayemxhasa urhulumente kaMathanzima.  

URhulumente wasemZantsi afrika wabekela bucala iindawo ezimbini kwiPhondo laseKapa waza wazenza amaphandle abantu abantetho isisiXhosa, elinye iphandle yaba yiCeskei; laza elinye kwaba yiTranskei neyathi yanikwa umaziphathe okanye uzimele-geqe ngo-1963. Nangona kunyulo lokuqala kwabakho abagqatswa kwaza kwaphumelela umbutho wabantu ababesinininzi i-Demokrasi ke ukutsho, umseki walo mbutho kwakungunkosi uVictor Poto, waphikiswa kummba welizwe elizimeleyo ngolawulo. Urhulumente waba ngumbutho ozimeleyo wesizwe sase (i-Transkei  the Transkei National Independence Party). Kumalungu aweyeli-109 kurhulumente wengingqi, angama-45 awonyulwayo; ezinye izihlalo zabekelwa bucala zibekelwa iinkosi ezivela zaseburhulumenteni.  

Lo rhulumente wabasisizwe esizimele ngokupheleleyo ngo-1976 phantsi kwekomkhulu laso eUmtata (nekungoku nje kuthiwa ngumThatha), nangona eli lizwe lalisaziwa ngumZantnsi Afrika kuphela laza ke ngokuhamba kwexesha laziwa nangamanye amaphandle awayekwangoorhulumente abazimeleyo kwinkqubo ye-TBVC-system. UNkosi uKaiser Daliwonga Matanzima wabayintloko yokuqala yeli lizwe de kwangumnyaka we-1978, lo ngunyaka awaqala ngawo ukuba ngumongameli, wasibamba esi sikhundla de kwangumnyaka wama-1987.




#Article 83: Mayibuye indebendala (334 words)


Ndingaphozisanga maseko masingene emxholweni
Abantu abantsundu baphelile apha phandle ngenxa yokulahla imbo ngophoyiyana.  Xa ungumntu kubalulekile ukuba uyazi imvelaphi yakho kwaye uwaxabise amasiko kunye nezithethe.Amaxhosa pha! mandulo ibingabantu abangumzekelo omhle, kodwa ngenxa yokulandela izinto zabantu abamhlophe babutshabalalisa oko.
Xa kunokubuyiswa indebe endala zingatsho zihambe ngendlela izinto zakwaxhosa.Into iqala apha esinxibeni, xa unokujonga apha phandle akukho nomnye umntu osanxiba isintu.Abantu bazinxiba ngeharitageday kuphela,ukanti inkonde zakuthi bebezixabisile izinxibo zakwantu.
Zininzi izinto ezinyundululu ezenziwa ngabantu abantsundu ngenxa yokulandela izinto zabantu abamhlophe.Ukhulelo lwamantombantombazana aselula yenye yezinto ezibangelwa kokulahlwa kwemvelaphi yakwaNtu ngoba pha mandulo ubungasoze umbone umntwana okhulelwa eselula.
Luphelile ulutsha lwakuthi ngenxa yokulahlekiswa zizinto zabantu bangaphandle.Ukuphumelela kwabantu abantsundu kunqongophele ngoba bazibandakanya ngezinto ezingabakhiyo.
Abantu abaninzi abasawenzi amasiko kanti ke isiko yinto ebalulekileyo ngoba xa ungayenzanga iyakulandela,ukanti abanye bathi sele bewenza bawenze ngendlela engeyiyo umzekelo. Abanye abantu bolukela ezibhedlele koko bekungenziwa oko kusadliwa ngendebe endala.

Olu ncwadi lwemveli belusenziwa xa kuchithwa isithukuthezi.Iintsomi zenziwa ngexesha langokuhlwa,bezithandwa ukwenziwa ngoomakhulu kunye nootatomkhulu kudala.
Ubudlobongela bebunqongophele ngoba abantu abantsundu bebedla ngokozonwabisa amaxesha amaninzi.Ukubulalana kwabantu ngendlela ezimasikizi bekungenziwa.Emicimbini bekuculwa iingoma zakwaXhosa,kuxhentswe,kungqungqwe njalo-njalo.Ukubuyiswa kweNDEB'ENDALA kungabanga ukuba kubekho uxolo nothando eMzantai Afrika.Uqhawulo mtshato yinto ibingafane yenziwe,kodwa namhlanje sigagana nalo umhla nezolo phofu unobangela kukulahlwa kwendeb'endala.Abantu abangamabhinqa ababathobeli abantu abangotata'
Amantombazane ebethwala kudala,umntu ebesendela emntwini angazange wancuma naye kodwa ekugqibeleni bebekwamkela oko.



#Article 84: Iilwimi zaseMzantsi Afrika (213 words)


UMzantsi Afrika uneelwimi zaseburhulumenteni ezilishumi elinanye.  Zezi: isiBhulu, isiNgesi, isiNdebele, isiSuthu saseNtshona, isiSuthu, isiSwazi, isiTswana, isiTsonga, isiVenda, isiXhosa kunye nesiZulu. Uninzi lwamemi baseMzantsi Afrika (olungaphaya kwama99%) luthetha enye yezi lwimi njengolwimi lwabo lokuqala.  Uninzi lwabemi boMzantsi Afrika luyakwazi ukuthetha iilwimi ezimbini nangaphezulu. phambi komnyaka ka-1994, uMzantsi afrika wawuneelwimi zaseburhulumenteni ezimbini kuphela, kusisiNgesi nesiBhulu.

Kwinguquleleo yolwimi lwesiNgesi yoMgaqo siseko waseMzantsi Afrika, zibizwa ngamagama esiNtu nekungamagama abizwa ngeelwimi zawo. Ulwimi lwesiZulu kuthiwa isiZulu, ulwimi lwesiXhosa kuthiwa isiXhosa, njalo njalo.  Iilwimi ezidweliswe kumGaqo siseko nazi: isiZulu (Zulu), isiXhosa (Xhosa), isiBhulu(Afrikaans), isiSepedi (Northern Sotho), isiTswana (sseTswana), isiNgesi(siNgesi), isiSuthu (isisuthu saseMzantsi), Xitsonga (Tsonga), isiSiswati (isiSwati), Tshivenda (isiVenda), kunye nesiNdebele (Southern Ndebele).

EMzantsi Afriks, isiNdebele sazeMazantzi saziwa kuphela ngengesiNdebele, kuba kaloku uninzi lwamaNdebele aseNtshona luseZimbabwe. Kwinguqulelo yomGaqo siseko ka-1993 xa kuthethwa ngeNorthern Sotho kuthiwa Sesotho sa Leboa, kodwa eka-1996 inguqulelo kuthiwa sisiSepedi. Amasebe ngamasebe karhulumente kunye nemibutho yaseburhulumenteni isebenzisa amagama ahlukeneyo xa ebhekisa kwisiSuthu saseMntla. 

Olona lwimi lusetyenziswa ngurhulumente sisiNgesi. Zombini isiBhulu nesiNgesi zibaluleke kakhulu kushishino. Uninzi lwezinhanha (izityebi) zeli loMzantsi Afrika zithetha isiBhulu nesiNgesi.  

Ezimbini kwiilwimi zaseburhulumenteni zezaseNtshona naseJamani(isiNgesi nesiBhulu). Ezinye iilwimi eziluthoba zezesiNtu. ezine zeelwimi zesiNtu ziyinxalenye yeosapho lweelwimi zesiNguni (isiZulu, isiXhosa, isiSwati, isiNdebele). Ezintathu kwiilwimi zesiNtu lulwimi lwesiSuthu-nesiTswana (Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, nesiTswana). isiTsonga lulwimi lweTswa-Ronga. Kananjalo uMzantsi Afrika unolwimi lwezandla kuzwelonke. ulwimi lwezandla lwaseMzantsi Afrika.




#Article 85: EMonti (755 words)


eMonti (isiNgesi: East London, ngesiBhulu: Oos-Londen), esi sisixeko esizinze phaya kunxweme lwakummzantsi-mpuma waseMzantsi Afrika, simi kuma-32.97°S nakuma-27.87°E kwisixeko iBuffalo kwisixeko sikaMasipala waseBuffalo kwiPhondo laseMpuma Koloni. Isixeko sizinze phaya ngakunxweme lolwandle lwaseIndiya, ubukhulu becacala siphakathi komlambo iBuffalo nakumlambo iNxarhun, kwangu nguwo owamkela iziko lemilambo kweli lizwe. Sithetha nje esi sixeko saseMonti sinoluntu olungaphaya kwama-267,000 kummamndla osisixekokazi.

uLieutenant John Bailie womkhosi waselwandle, omnye wabaphangi-mhlaba weminyaka yoo-1820, wahlola umlomo womlambo iBuffalo waza wafumana idolophu ngo-1836, isikhumbuzo seNduli esisisiBonakaliso sokukhumbula nokunika imbeko kwesi siganeko.

Isixeko sakhiwa ngakumlambo eMzantsi Afrika kwaye sasisaya kwaziwa ngokokuba yiPort Rex. Oku kuzinza kunxweme lwaseNtshona  kwaba yinkaba yeMonti, eyathi yakhuliswa de yaba kwizinga lesixeko ngokupheleleyo ngo-1914.  

Ngeminyaka yokuqala kwiNkulungwane ye-19th iimfazwe ezazibanjwe phakathi kwabavukeli baseBritane kunye nabahlali bakule ngingqi ababengamaXhosa, isixeko saseMonti sasisebenza njengovimba oxhobisa imikhosi amakomkhulu emikhosi eyayikufuphi ne Qonce, eyayikude kangangamashumi amathathu eemayile. Isakhiwo somkhosi waseBritane, i-Fort Glamorgan, sakhiwa ekuNxweme lwaseMntla ngo-1847, saza sanikezelwa kiKoloni yaseKapa kwakuloo mnyaka mnye. Esi sakhiwo sesinye semingcelele yezakhiwo ezi lolu hlobo ezathi zakhiwa yiBritane, eziquka iFort Murray, iFort White, iFort Cox, iFort Hare kunye neFort Beaufort, kwingingqi eyayizinze umkhosi neyathi yabizwa ngokuba yiBritish Kaffraria.

Kwathi ngokuya kusakhiwa iziko elukunxweme bafika abavukeli beenzalelwane zale ngingqi, sele bequka nabavukeli baseJamani, uninzi lwabo ingamasoka. ngabo kaloku abafika bafaka amagama esiJamani kwinxalenye yeedolophu kule ngingqi yaseMonti amagama afana neCumakala kunye neBerlin. Unanamhla oku, iifani zamaJamani ezifana noo- Gehring, Salzwedel kunye noo-Peinke zisaxhaphakile eMonti, kodwa zona iinzalelwane zabavukeli zakhawuleza zatshintsha zaphila ubuNgesi. 

Indawo eyakhelwa umkhosi ngakunxweme ekhoyo kungoku nje, kanye kumlomo womlambo iBuffalo, othungela kulwandle lwaseIndiya, yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1870. Ngo-1872, ikoloni yaseKapa, phantsi kweNkulumbusoyokuqala uJohn Molteno, wathi wawongwa ngesidanga sokuzimela geqe yiBritani. Lo rhulumente mtsha wathi wamanya indawo ezintathu zaseMonti ezazingabamelwane, iMonti, impuma yeMonti kunye nePanmure ngo-1873, zatsho zenza lo Masipala simbonayo ngoku, kwaye ngo-1876 yaqala yaba sisakhiwo kwingingqi yeendlela zikaloliwe, yaqala kunxweme lomlambo. Ngaxesha nye, yaqala yakha isakhiwo sesitishi seenqanawa nezikhephe. Esi sakhiwo sitsha saxesha ukwanda kwesi sixeko, satsho ngesixeko saseMonti, isixeko sanamhlanje esimbeje-mbeje nesiqaqambileyo. 

Ibhlorho elihlobo olulodwa ezibhlorho ezimbini ezibelekeneyo phezu komlambo iBuffalo yaaqgitywa ukwakhiwa ngo-1935 kwaye unanamhla oku, ikukuphela kwebhlorho elolu hlobo kuMzantsi afrika uphela. Ezona ndawo zimtsalane ngempucuko zibandakanya i ziko lemiboniso yezilwanyana nezinto zemveli eMonti ekulikhaya leecoelacanth, intlanzi yembali zamandulo,  ekucingwa ukuba azisekho, zifumaneka ngqo eChalumna Mouth kufuphi naseMonti zifunyanwa ngabalobi ngo-1938, kunye nenqwaba yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo nekuyeyesikhumbuzo. Esi sixeko saziwa njengendawo yokuloba, kunjalo nje iindawo zokonwaba nekudadwa kuzo ziyinxalenye yeendawo ezakhe zantle apha kweli lizwe.  

Ngo-1961, imimandla exhake iMonti yaamiselwa njengamaphandle abantu abamnyama  kwabaseCiskei ngaseNtshona kwaza kwas eTranskei ngaseMpuma. Yazibona iMonti sele irhangqiwe macala onke ngaphandle kwaseMantla yaza yenza loo nto ukuba ingabinakuzinza ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lengcinezelo. Umhleli wephepha-ndaba laloo ngingqi, iDaily Dispatch, yayinguDonald Woods, owaphalaza imbali yokugetyengwa kukaSteve Biko, itshantlizyo lenkokheli yomanyano lwamaAfrika nombhali wencwadi esihloko sayo sithi I Write What I Like, egetyengwa ekwizandla zamapolisa okhuselo lwaseMzantsi Afrika eBhayi, kweyomMsintsi ngo-1977. Ibali likaDonald Woods lashicilelwa kumboniso bhanya-bhanya weHollywood  othi Cry Freedom. Sithetha nje nanko umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaBiko uthe ngcu unomtsalane ngaphandle kweholokazi lesixeko saseMonti. 

Ixesha lokukwaywa koMzantsi Afrika lihlabathi olwathi lwalandela ngeminyaka yoo-1980s lwalwenzakalisa uqoqosho lwesitishi seenqanawa saseMonti. Uqoqosho olumandla lwakutsha nje kuleminyaka imbalwa igqithileyo, lusenziwa ngamaqumrhu afana noo-Daimler Chrysler, yaza loo nto yangunozala wokuphuhliswa nokukhuliswa nokuphuculwa kwesi sitishi seenqanawa kuquka nesemoto entsha. 

Ngo-2000, iMonti yaba yinxalenye yeBuffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, umdibaniso wedolophu yaseQonce, iBhisho kunye noMdantsane kwaye inesihlalo kwi-Metro.

iMonti iliziko loshishino lwesibini ukubalikhulu kweli Phondo. Ushishino lweemoto lungoyena mqeshi ukhonyayo. esona sityalo seDaimler sithe ngcu ecaleni kwesitishi seenqanawa, apho kwenziwa khona iMercedes-Benz nezinye iinqwelo-mafutha ezenzelwa ukuthengiswa kwalapha ekuhlaleni, nokuthunyelwa eMelika naseiBrazil. Aanye amashishini aquka impahla yokunxiba, iindwangu, amachiza, nokwenziwa kokutya. 

Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1960 kude kuye kutsho kwiminyaka yoo-1990s, urhulumente weingcinezelo nocalu-calulo waloba ngokuveza irhafu ehamba nomvuzo ngeenjongo zokutsala oosomashishini kwinto eyayibizwa ngokuba ngoko ngkapa neziya eThekwini, ube okumphakamo weN6 udibana neMonti ngendlela eya kwisixeko saseBloemfontein. Isikhululo seenqwelo-moya saseMonti, esili-10 leekhilomitha ukusuka phakathi naphakathi kwisixeko saseMonti, luneenqwelo-moya ezihamba mihla le zisiya kuzo zonke izixeko zaseMzantsi Afrika.

iQakambha ngumdlalo othandwa kakhulu apha eMonti. Icala leQakambha elingumdibaniso webhoda/neQakambha yephondo leMpuma Koloni laziwa ngokuba yiWarriors lilo elithabatha inxaxheba kukhuphiswano lwephondo olukwinqanaba eliphezulu. Owayesakuba yi-Proteas wicketkeeper uMark Boucher nekungoku nje ubambe iingxelo zovavanyo kumatyeli amaninzi ngokuchithwa yi-wicketkeeper ngokwesiphakamiso saseMonti. KwiStadium saseesikwipaki yase-Buffalo eMonti saasingatha umdlalo ngokhuphiswano lweICC indebe yeQakambha kwihlabathi ngo-2003 nakwimidlalo emibini ka2009 ye-League i-Indian Premier League.

Eminye imidlalo ebanjwayo apha iquka amanqindi, imountain biking, iskydiving, aeyeembaleki, umdyarho wamahashe nemmidlalo emininzi yamanzi efana nesurfing, ukuqubha, iscuba diving, ukuloba, ukudada ngesikhephe, kunye newindsurfing.

Iindawo zokutyelela ziquka:
iYellowsands, iGlen Eden, iGqunube, iQueensbury Bay, iCintsa eNtshona naseMpuma Cintsa.

iMonti linemozulu eshushu (Köppen Cfa/Cfb), iqondo layo lifudumele njengakunxweme lwaseMonti. Nangona kungekho xesha lanyaka lunembalela apha, kubakho ukoma ebusika, kutsho kubekho intwasahlobo ne.....




#Article 86: GxikigxaSiyanda (240 words)


INDIMA YOMNTWANA OYINKWENKWE KWAXHOSA

Umntwana oyinkwenkwe kwa Xhosa ubaluleke kakhulu. Uthi akuzalwa kubeyimivuyo nemincili kwelokhaya ngoba kaloku bona bafumene indlalifa. Uthi xa ekhula akhulele phantsi kwengqeqesho yomntu ongu tata welo khaya ukuze amfundise izinto zelo khaya ezinje ngamasiko nezithethe. Kuye kuthiwe uyanda umzi wasemathileni ngoba kaloku ukhula kwakhe abe mdala lo mntwana uya kuzeka umfazi baze bazale abantwana abayokungcina igama lalomzi lingatshabalali ekuhambeni kwexesha.
 
uthi xa eneminyaka engamashumi ababini(20) nangaphezulu kancinci kufuneke oluswe abe yindoda. Ubone ubuhle bomXhosa xa lo mntwana ekhatshwa ngamanye amakhwenkwe esiya ebudodeni, kube nguyele-yele kubemnandi. Amakhwenkwe enze umgubho, iintombi zamakhwenkwe zinxibe izibheshelo zazo ezimhlophe qhwa, zichokozile zintle mfondini! amakhwenkwe wona enxibe amasayibhokhwe wawo egaxele iintsimbi zawo. Ombele amantombi axhentse amakhwenkwe enze lonto intle inomfaneleko, babe oomama bengahabazi bexela amangabangaba ase lwandle kwedini! kubamnandi nasegezeni ngoba kaloku akukho ntlobo yakutya kwesiXhosa kubakho mingqusho, miqa, mifino, marhewu, kwowu! kuxhelelwe exhukwana kubantu abadala ngoba kubakho nomqombothi.  

Emva kwalo mgubho ke uye enzelwe ibhuma emasimini ayakuhlala kuyo iinyanga ezimbini nangaphezulu ukuze angadibani nabantu ababhinqileyo. Ahlale nekhankatha eliya kumgada kude kufike ixesha lokuba aphinde abuyele kowabo. 

Uthi xa ebuyela kowabo amkelwe ngezandla ezishushu enzelwe umgidi. kubemnandi kuselwe utywala kumenywe iilali ngeelali zize kwamkela lo bhuti umtsha weli khaya. Kuye kuxhentwse, oomama bangqiyaze, iintombi zibe zibheshuza kwelazo icala, ootata babe bezomnwabele bezityela utywala. Emva kobobumnandi uye anxityiswe iimpahla zobu krwala ogqiba ahlale into engange nyanga ezilalini. emva kwalo nyanga uye anyuke aye eGoli ayokutshintsha, ayeke ukuba likrwala abe ngubhuti phakathi kwabanye oobhuti. 




#Article 87: IMayini (185 words)


imayini yinkqubo yokuthatha izinto ngaphantsi emhlabeni. Nayiphi na into enganakukhula mayisetyenzwe ngokwasezimayini. Ukusebenza ngezinto zisemathunjini omhlaba kuthiwa kuyembiwa. Ukusebenza ezimayini kungabandakanya ukwembiwa kweemetal kunye neetyuwa zomhlaba, ezinje ngamalahle, idayimani, igolide, isilivere, iplatinum, icopper, kunye neiron.  Ukusebenza ngemigodi kungabandakanya nezinye izinto ezifana ne-oli  negesi yemveli.

Ezinye iintlobo zomsebenzi wezimbiwa ziquka ukuhlubula umhlaba apha ngaphezulu. Lo ke kuthiwa kukubhantwa kwezimbiwa.  Olunye uhlobo lokusebenza ngezimbiwa lwenziwa ngokuthi kwembiwe kude kuyo kutsho emathumnjini omhlaba de kuye kufikwa    ekupheleni kwesimbiwa eso. Olu ke kuthiwa ngumsebenzi wezimbiwa owenziwa emathunjini omhlaba.  Olunye uhlobo lokusebenza ngezimbiwa, olufana nezimbiwa zegolide, lwenziwa ngezinye iindlela. Igolide ingembiwa ngokuthi ikhangelwe apho kukho khona umlambo okanye kwezinye iingxangxasi zamanzi ukuze kususwe iqendu zegolide. Oku kuthiwa kukuyisefa okanye umsebenzi wezimbiwa owenziwa ngokusefa.

umsebenzi wasezimayini kuthiwa ngumembi mgodini. Ukwemba izimbiwa emathunjini omhlaba  umsebenzi.  Imigodi emininzi innengozi. amakhulu abasebenzi migodini bafa minyaka le ngenxa yeengozi, ingakumbi kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo. imithetho yokhuseleko neyokhuseleko olungxamisekileyo  isetyenziselwa ukukhusela abembi migodini kwiingozi. umsebenzi wezimbiwa zamalahle ngaphantsi emathunjini omhlaba kokona kunobungozi ngakumbi kuba  amalahle angatyekeza ityhefu kunye neegesi ezidubulayo.  

Inxalenye yeedolophu ziidolophu zomsebenzi wezimbiwa. Abantu bahlala phaya kuba bayakwazi ukwenza imali njengoosozimayini  okanye benze izinto besenzela osozimayini.




#Article 88: Igolide (178 words)


Igolide sisimbiwa esithambileyo, esinobunzima, nesimenyezelayo. Isetyenziswe ngabantu amawaka-ngamawaka eminyaka kwihlabathi lonke jikelele, ukwenza ijewelary, ukuhombisa, nokwenza imali. igolide yayibalulekile kuba  yayinqongophele, kananjalo kulula ukuyisebenzisa xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izimbiwa. Ikwasetyenziselwa ukungciba amazinyo nakwizixhobo zeentambo zombane ezifana neecomputer. umbala wale metali nawo kuthiwa golide.

Iindlela ekwembiwa ngayo igolide ifana nqwa naleyo kwembiwa ngayo ezinye izimbiwa. Ixabiseke kakhulu igolide kangangokuba ukufunyaniswa kwendawo entsha yesi simbiwa ide yenze ngamanye amaxesha ugxabhagxabhiso ekuthiwa yigold rush 

Kwa-Khemestri, igolide ngumba wekhemikhali 79, isimbiwa esigqithisayo seQela le-11. Inobunzima beatom obuli- 199.96 a.m.u. Uphawu lwayo yiAu, livela kwigama kwisiLatini legolide, i-aurum. Sisimbiwa esi noble oko kuthetha okokuba sinechemical reactivity ephantsi.

Igolide ithambe kakhulu. Igoldsmith Ingayikhanda ngesando itsho ibengamacwecwana abhityileyo. ikwa, loo nto ithetha okokuba isengatsalwa ibelucingo. xa isetyenziswa emalini okanye kwijewelry, isoloko ixutywa nesilivere okanye nezinye izimbiwa ukuze ibe buqina. 

Uninzi lwezimbiwa zingwevu ngebala. Igolide iqanda ngenxa yendlela ezisebenza ngayo ii-electron. Esinye isimbiwa nekukuphela kwaso ukusoloko sisetyenziswa nesingekho ngwevu ngombala yicopper.

Igolide ingathetha okokuba into ethile okanye umntu othile wenza kakuhle kakhulu okanye uqhube kakuhle kakhulu. Imbasa yegolide isoloko inikwa umntu ophume phambili kugqatso okanye kukhuphiswano lwezemidlalo.




#Article 89: Imithi (999 words)


Umthi sisityalo esikhula sibe sinesiqu kunye namasebe aso zonke zenziwe ngokhuni. Ungaphila iminyaka emininzi. Mane amalungu omthi nanga:ziingcambu, ypali, ngamasebe, kunye namagqabi. 

Iingcambu zomthi zihlala phantsi komhlaba. Mnye umahluko apho kungenzeki kanjalo kukwiingcambu zomthi imangrove. Umthi omnye uneengcambu ezininzi. Iingcambu zothwala ukutya kunye namanzi emhlabeni usebenzisa umzimba namasebe awo, aze athumele emagqabini omthi. Iyakwazi nokuphefumla umoya.  Ngamanye amaxesha, owona msebenzi weengcambu ukwiingcambu zeaerial root, osenokunika inkxaso, njengoko kunjalo kumthi weiBhanyan. 

Umzimba sesona siqu sikhulu somthi. Umzimba wogqunywe ngexolo elirhabaxa elilukhuni elikhusela eluwukhuselayo ukuba ungonakali. Amasebe amila apha esiqwini somthi. Anabela ngaphandle emacaleni ukuze amagqabi afumane imitha yelanga. 

Amagqabi omthi aluhlaza ngombala amaxesha amaninzi, kodwa ingabonakala ngemibala emininzi, indlela emile ngayo, kunye nobukhulu bemilinganiselo yayo. Amagqabi akhongozela imitha yelanga aze asebenzise amanzi kunye nokutya okuze kuhamba ngeengcambu nto leyo ekhulisa umthi, utsho ukwazi nokuqhama. 

Imithi kunye nenkanga zifunxa amanzi kunye necarbon dioxide zize sikhuphe ioxygen enokukhanya kwelanga ukuze kwenzeke iswekile. kuyaphikisana ke noko kwenzeka kwizilwanyana xa ziphefumla. Izityalo nazo ziyaphefumla zisebenzisa i- oxygen kanye njengezilwanyana. Ziphila nge-oxygen ne-carbon dioxide. 

  

Amalungu omthi ziingcambu, iziqu, amasebe, izikhondo somthi kunye namagqabi. Iziqu zemithi zenziwe kuphela ngeezakhi ezithwala izakha mzimba (ixylem ne iphloem). Ukhuni lwenziwe ngeecells zexylem, nange-bark eyenziwe nge-phloem nezinye izakhi ezingaphandle kwe-vascular cambium. 

Njengokuba umthi ukhula, ungavelisa izangqa ezibonisa ukukhula njengoko ukhuni olutsha lungqengqe phantsi lujikeleze oludala. lungakhula lude lubeneminyaka eliwaka. kwindawo apho kukho imozulu etshintsha-tshintshayo, ukhuni oluveliswayo ngamaxesha onyaka ahlukileyo izangqa zingamane zisiba bukhanya ziohinde zibemdaka. Apho imozulu ishushu, nakwimozulu ekwiingingqi ezikufuphi neEquator enexesha lonyaka elimanzi-nelomileyo ngokutshintshatshintshana kwazo, izangqa zokukhula komthi zibakho ngonyaka, ipere nganye yezazinge ezibukhanya nezimdaka ngombala ibonakalisa okokuba umthi unonyaka omnye ubudala. Kwiindawo apho kukho amaxesha amabini ngonyaka apho kubamanzi okanye kome, kusenokuba kho iipere ezimbini zezazinge ezibukhanya nezimdaka ngebala ngonyaka;  kwaye kwezinye (kwiingignqi ezizinkqantosi yimbalela apho imvula ihlala-ihlale ibekho), kungakho isazinge esitsha sokukhula kwimvula nganye. 

Kwiingingqi ezingqonge i-Equator amahlathi emvula, ezinemozulu esoloko isina unyaka wonke, oku kukhula kwemithi kuba yinto eqhubekayo. Izazinge zomthi asinto esoloko ibonakala kunjalo nje akukho tshintsho apha emthini. Kwntsapho zemithi ezinezazinge qho ngonyaka, ezi zazinge zingabalwa kutsho kufunyanwe ubudala bomthi. Ngale ndlela, iinkuni ezithathwe emithini kwixesha langaphambili ingaziwa ubudala bayo, kuba ubukhulu bezazinge bahluke kakhulu. Le ke kuthiwa yidendrochronology. Imbalwa kakhulu imithi yetropika engabalelwa iminyaka yayo ngokuchanekileyo.  

Iingcambu zomthi zingaphantsi komhlaba, zinika amalungu omthi angaphandle komhlaba ukomelela, kwaye apha emhlabeni zitsala amanzi] kunye neenezakha mzimba ezifunwa ngumthi. Imithi emininzi ifuna uncedo lweenkowane ukuze ikwazi ukuzifunxa kakuhle izakha mzimba ezifunwa ngumthi: le ke kuthiwa yimycorrhiza. Uninzi lweibiomass yomthi luvela kwicarbon dioxide ekuziwe nayo emoyeni (jonga photosynthesis). Ngaphezu komhlaba, isiqu somthi siwunika umphakamo umthi ukuya kumasebe awo ekukhula kuwo amagqabi, ekhuphisana kunye nezinye iintsapho okanye iintlobo ngokufumana iukukhanya kwelanga. Kwimithi emininzi, ukulandelelana kwamasebe  kwenza ukuba amagqabi avelele elangeni kangcono. 

Akusiyiyo yonke imithi enala malungu omzimba akhankanywe apha ngasentla. Umzekelo, imithi emininzi ye-palm ayinamasebe,  isaguaro cactus zaseMantla eMelika azinamagqabi asebenzayo, umthi wee-fern ayivelisi maxolo arhabaxa,  njalo njalo. Xa sijonga ukumila nobukhulu bayo, zonke ezi zityalo zithahwa nje ngemithi xa zizonke. Imithi yahluka-hlukene kakhulu. Isityalo esikumila kunje sifana nqwa nomthi, kodwa sibe sona isisityalo esincinane, esineziqu ezininzi kunye/okanye namasebe akhulela kufuphi nomhlaba, kuthiwa lityholo (okanye inkanga). Nangona oku kuyinyaniso, akukho mahluko ucacileyo phakathi kwamatyholo ne,ithi. Sijonge ubuncinane baso esi sityalo, ibonsai izityalo bezingenakuba 'yimithi', kodwa ke masingabhidanisi indlela ezimile ngayo izinto kunye nobukhulu bazo. Imbewu ye-spruce alingeni ncam kwindlela ochazwa ngayo umthi, kodwa zonke ii-spruces ziyimithi.

Umthi luhlobo lwesityalo esingafunyanwa simi ngeendlela ezininzi kunye nosapho lwezityalo. Imithi ibonisa iindlela ezininzi ekhula ngayo, ukumila nohlobo lwegqabi, bark traits and organs.

Indlela emile ngayo imithi itshintshe ngokwahlukeneyo kwintlobo zezityalo ezingazalaniyo, kwimpendulo ebhekisa kwiingxaki ezikwanjalo (ezomthi). malunga nama-100,000 eentlobo zemithi, inani leentlobo zemithi emhlabeni wonke jikelele linga linye  kuzo zonke iintlobo zezityalo. Uninzi lwemithi lukhula kwiindawo zetropika kwihlabathi kwaye uninzi lwesi ndawo belungekade luhlolwe ziingcali zezityalo (zaafunda izityalo), besenza umahluko phakathi kweentlobo zezityalo kodwa ukwahlukana kwazo bekungekaqondqa kakuhle. 

Eyona mithi yokuqala imithi yefen, umsila wamahashe kunye nelycophytes, ekhula emahlathini ngexesha le-Carboniferous; iifeni ezintathu zisekho, kodwa imithi yemisila yehashe kunye nowelycophytes yiyo kuphela esekhona nayo akasuki kuluhlu lwemithi yefeni. Emva koko, kwixesha leTriassic, iconifers, iginkgos, icycads kunye nezinye iigymnosperm ezibonakala zinwenwa, kunjalo nje zilandela izityalo eziziintyatyambo kwixesha leCretaceous. uninzi lwemithi namhlanje luzizityalo ezineetyatyambo (iiAngiosperms) kunye neconifers.

Igcuntswana lemithi ekhula kunye kuthiwa yigrove okanye icopse, kwaye nomhlaba owogqunywe ngemithi eminyeneyo ekuthiwa ihlathi. 

Eyona mithi mikhulu ngesiqu yiAfrican Baobab: iGlencoe Baobab (umlinganiselo wayo ukufuphi nomhlaba), kwiPhondo laseLimpopo, eMzantsi Afrika. Lo mthi wahlukana kubini ngeyeNkanga ngo-2009 ngoku eyona baobab inkulu kungayiSunland Baobab (eMzantsi Afrika) ngobukhulu bayo obungama-10.64 m kunye nomlinganiselo ongama-33.4 m.

Eminye imithi ihluma iziqu ezininzi umnye (nokuba zisuka kumthi omnye okanye kwimithi emininzi) ekhula kunye. Umthi iSacred Fig ngumzekelo ocacileyo wemithi enje, kongezeleleka 'iziqu' ngokuthi kumile iingcambu ezixananazileyo zisuka phantsi kwamanye amasebe, wona athi atyebe abe makhulu xa iingcambu sezide zafikelela emhlabeni ukuze zenze ezinye iziqu zomthi ezintsha; umthi weSacred Fig unganeziqu ezingamakhulu-khulu.

Ubomi bomthi buqinisekiswa zizazinge ezibonakalisa ukukhula kwawo. Oku kungabonakala xa umthi ugawuliwe okanye kummongo othathwe ukusuka ekupheleni komthi ukuya esizikithini sawo. Uqikelelo olululo lungakho kuphela kwimithi ekwenze kuyo izazinge zokhulula kwawo, singathi nje ezo zenzeka ngokwemo yezulu ngokwamaxesha onyaka. Imithi esoloko ikhula kwimozulu engatshintshiyo efana neyaseTropika isoloko ikhula kwaye ayinazazinge zibonakalayo zokukhula. Kungenzeka kuphela kwimithi eqinileyo kwisizikithi kwisizikithi semithi; imithi emidala emininzi ihlala ingamaholo njengokhuni olufileyo kodwa lube lungaboli. Inxalenye yezi ntlobo, uqikelelo lobudala luye lwenziwa kujongwe isantya sokukhula komthi esikhoyo. Kodwa iziphumo zisoloko zingconwana kunamaqashiso okanye kunokwenza ngokuqina kwentloko. U-White ucebisa ngendlela ekungaqikelelwa ngayo ubudala bemithi emide nemidala eUnited Kingdom ngokuthi kuqhathaniswe ubukhulu besiqu somthi kunye, nesimbo okhula ngaso umthi kunye nobudala. 

Ubudala beyona mithi midala buhlalutyiwe apha ngezanzi:

ezinye iintlobo-ntlobo ezikrokrelwa ukuba zifikelela kwiminyaka yobudala enomahluko, iquka imithi yaseYurophu i-Yew iTaxus baccata (ingangaphaya kweminyaka engama-2,000 ) kunye neRedcedar yasentshona iThuja plicata. Owona mthi mdala iYew waseYurophu nowaziwa kakhulu yiLlangernyw Yew kwiyadi yasecaweni yasekuhlaleni kwaseLlangernyw eMantla eWales noqikelelwa ukuba uphakathi kwama-4,000 ukuya kuma-5,000 ubudala.

Obona budala buchaziweyo bomthi i-angiosperm bungama-2293 eminyaka kwiSri Maha Bodhi iSacred Fig (iFicus religiosa) eyatyalwa ngo-288 BC e-Anuradhapura, eSri Lanka; kuthiwa ke ngowona mthi mdala owathi watyalwa ngesandla somntu nonomhla owatyalwa ngawo owaziwayo. 

Uphando sele lubonisile okokuba imithi inegalelo elingama-27% exabiso elibonakalyo kwiintengiso ezithile.




#Article 90: IChelsea (202 words)


 
iqela lebhola ekhatywayo iChelsea  F.C. liqela lebhola ekhatywayo laseNgilane elidlala eNgilane, neyaqala ngo-1905. eli qela lidlala kwiPremier League, kwaye badlala ekwibala lemidlalo iStamford Bridge eLondon.

Umnikazi weChelsea sisinhanha sas[e[Russia esinezigidi-gidi uRoman Abramovich. IChelsea ibe yeyesithandathu kw iPremier League (kolona didi luphezulu) kumaxesha onyaka eminyaka yoo-2011–12, kodwa yaphumelela ubuntshatsheli beqela laseYurophu, i-UEFA Champions League, kwangelo xesha linye lonyaka. 

IChelsea yaaqala ngo-1905 yaza yadlalela udidi lwesibini lweleague. Baaphumelela imbasa yabo yokuqala ngo-1955, xa kanye babeqala ukufumana intshinga yabo kudidi lokuqala. Baaphumelela iFA Cup ngo-1970, no-1997, no-2000 nango 2007. Baaphumelela indebe yeleague ngo-1965, no-1998, no-2005nango-2007. Ngeminyaka yoo-1970 iChelsea ayizange ikwazi ukugcina isikhundla sayo sodidi lokuqala, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali. Ngeminyaka yoo-1990 balwela itayitile yePremier League. Bababusondela kodwa abazange bade bayiphumelele de kwangunyaka- 2005 no-2006. 

Ngo-2003 isinhanha sezigidi-gidi saserussia, uRoman Abramovich, wathenga iChelsea waza wonga inkunzi eninzi kakhulu ukuze akwazi ukuqesha abadlali bebhola ekhatywayo abatsha. Waaqesha noLuiz Felipe Scolari, njengomaneja weqela. U-Abramovich waaqesha noPeter Kenyon kwisikhundla esiphezulu ukuze ajongane neendlela zokusetyenziswa kwemali yeqela. Oku kwayitha amandla iChelsea nangaphezulu, baza baphumelela iPremier League kwiminyaka elandelelanayo. Eyesithathu neyayingqale ngqo itayitile yeFA Premier League yaphoncuka phakathi kweminwe yeChelsea emva kokuba bewe phantsi ekoyiseni i- Arsenal kumabala aseEmirates oko kuthetha okokuba iManchester United yaaphumelela itayitile yabo ye-thoba kwileague kumalinge alishumi alinesihlanu.  




#Article 91: Intyatyambo (715 words)


   

intyatyambo lolunye uhlobo  lwesityalo. Ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa ziibloom okanye ziiblossom zesityalo.  Isityalo sikhula 

#Article 92: Imvula (401 words)


Imvula  ngamaqabaza amanzi ehla evela emafini asesibhakabhakeni angaphezu kwe-0.5 mm ubukhulu bawo. amaqabaza amanzi amalungane-0.2mm ukuya kwi-0.45mm ubukhulu kuthiwa ziidrizzle. Imvula luhlobo lokuphefumla 



#Article 93: Kuthini ukuphumelela (301 words)


Ukuphumelela kukufezekisa amaphupha akho ,ufumane yonke into oyinqwenelayo .Kukuvuka kusasa udlamkile endaweni yokuba uvuke wohlulekile.

Indlela eya empumelelweni: inde kwaye iyahlaba, imfundo yona sisitixo sempumelelo. Ukuze uphumelele kukho izinto ekufuneka uzincame kuba ubomi bunama hlandenyuka.

Xa ungumntu onxanelwe impumelelo zininzi izinto ekufuneka uzazile,okokuqala kufuneka ube ngumntu onama phupha, uboniswe kwaye onke amaphupha akho uzamele uba mawafezeke, kufuneka uzame ngendlela zonke ukuba ufezekise amaphupha akho.

Sukuvumela abanye abantu bakubumbele ngokwabo ikamva lakho.Sonke sinako ukuwafezekisa amaphupha ethu kwaye asidingi kuncedwa ngabanye abantu ukuze siwafezekise.

Okokuqala kufuneka wazi ukuba iitshomi ziyakhethwa ,iitshomi kuyafuneka uba ukwazi ukuzikhetha kuba abantwana abaninzi abangakwaziyo ufezekisa amaphupha abo balukuhlwa ziitshomi ,kubalulekile uba ukwazi ukuthi hayi! ezitshimini zakho.

Uninzi lwabantwana amaphupha abo bawancamile kuba besanelisa iitshomi zabo ,baye batshaye iziyobi ezo zibenza ingqondo zabo zingasebenzi kakuhle . Umntwana otshaya iziyobisi umbona ngosolo elambile ,uba mdaka emzimbeni kuba kaloku ayikho enye into ayikhathaleleyo ngaphandle kweziyobisi.Usoloko ethengisa ngalo lonke ixesha kuba ufuna intsangu ne tiki kulapho ke amaphupha omfundi aye aphele khona aphinde lomfundi akhuthuze abantu kuba efuna intsangu ne tiki.Uyakufumanisa uba umntana angenza nantoni na ukuze afumane iziyobisi.

Ukukhulelwa uselula yenye yezinto ezibangela uba abantwana baphulukane namaphupha abo,kuba ukubanomntwana uselula uba nophazamiseko oluthile engqondweni nasemzimbeni wakho kuba xa ungumntwana umzimba wakho awuka khuli ngokwaneleyo .Kule mihla siphila kuyo kuxhaphakile ukubona abantwana abakhulelweyo kwaye umbone umntu unebhongo ngesusu sakhe.Uye ufumanise ukuba nasemakhayeni wabo abathathelwa ngqalelo ngabazali basuka bawathathele kubo lamasana ,umzali ayenze ibeluxanduva lakhe ukukhulisa loo mntwana.Lo ebekhulelwe angayiboni imbi into yokukhulelwa elula ngenxa yenxaso ayifumana ebazalini bakhe.

Xa ufuna uphumelela kufuneka uzimanye kunye nabantu abaphumelelayo ukuze ufezekise amaphupha akho .Zama uba ubenomntu owaphumeleleyo lamaphupha akho ,umntu ozakujonga kuye uba manyathelo mani awathathileyo ukuze ayofika kulendawo akuyo.Kubalulekile uba ubenomntu okuncedisayo ekuthatheni izigqibo ezizizo ungaphazami sele uzowaphumelela okanye xa sele ugqiba izifundo zakho kubengona uqaphelayo ukuba lento uyifundeleyo /lomsebenzi uzakuwenza ayinguwo lo uwuthandayo.




#Article 94: Intlalo kwaXhosa (373 words)


AmaXhosa ngabantu abathanda amasiko abo kakhulu.Amaxhosa akholelwa kuQamatha uthixo wamaxhosa.zikho zininzi iintlanga eziyeleleneyo esixhoseni ezifana namampondomise,amahlubi

IsiXhosa lulwimi olwaluthethwa mandulo kwindawo ezithile eTranskei kwakunye nase ciskie.xa kungoku ke ezo ndawo zaye zadityaniswa zakhupha lento kuthiwa yiMpuma Koloni.AmaXhosa ngabantun abawathanda kakhulu amasiko

indlela yokunqula kwaxhosa yahlukile abanye bakhonza uthixo wakwa xhosa UQamatha,abanye omishologu,kunqulwa iminyanya,izintio apho kuthiwa kuyadityanwa nazo,zabe (ngabula bona)zinamandla okubabulala abanganyanisekiyo kwanonokuthamsanqelisa abasakuba bekholekile ekunquleni oothixo beseluHlangeni.Lo Thixo wenyaniso uthethwa ngamakholwa 0lo menzi weenkwenkwezi noozilimela (ngabula baProfeti) ingenkosi noko boku ngade kugotywe kuthiwe bawo wethu osezulwini kwakungento yanto yabe ifuna elisuku leSabatha yeNKosi umhla wokuphumla kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakho.bekusuke kungqunganye emisebenzini yemihla nge mihla ngokuzilela ofileyo elapho,mhlawumbi ngokuyibikelwa ngumntu ohamba ngenyawo ukuba makakhwele qegwini lakho ,kuba  kaloku iposi le izalise ilizwi ngoluhlobo  lwangokun yabe ingento ikhoyo. UThixo lo kwakuthiwa ukubizwa kwakhe ngumdali-uQamatha.athe asaziwa ngale ndlela phofu,suka nako kukhonzwa oomilambo,ndibala ntoni.

eli lisiko lisiko elingentwana nje kumanyange,koko ibisisinqulo elikhulu.umntwana anikelwe komama abasele bekhulile ukumkhunga.ezintombini yinto efana nolwaluko kumakhwenkwe.ngumcimbi obukhutshelwa abantu abakhulu nabanamava.yonke into, kude kuse kwinkomo yokuxhela,ibisemandleni abo.ewe lobakho nolunye usapho olu lukhungileyo ekuthiwa 'lijaka' ngegama.zaye zonke iintombi zakwantonjane,kunye nayo ngokwayo,zingenakutya masi nolubisi njengesithethe sabafazi antsundu xa esemaxesheni awo esifo senyanga.koqala kuvunywe ingonyana ethile ngabafazi xa litshonayo ilanga,nakusasa ekuphumeni kwalo;kanti ke iyangeniswa.angene axele ke umnini-ni ntoyo.yohlala iqela lwentsukwana iphume okokuqala, emva koxhelwa kwenkomo yomdudo wentonjane.intombazana ihlaliswa yodwa kumanye amalungu osapho,apho efundiswa khona ngezinto zobufazi nendlela yoziphatha,nokulungiselela umtshato.amantombazana afundiswa amaxanduva namalungelo .Igusha exhelwayo ibizwa ngoba ngumngena ndlini.igusha zisixhenxe ezixhelwayo ngosuku lokugqibela lomcimbi,inkomo iyaxhelwa ukutshatela intonjane.emini maqanda ngayo imini leyo yetheko,ukuhambisana nesiko,intombazana kufuneka ihambe ngaze ijikeleze amasango ephethe imbiza.wonke amaxesha xa kuhlwayo amakhwenkwe namantombazana asekuhlaleni ayadibana ukwenza imidaniso yesixhosa ngokwesiko labo,beveza izakhono zabo.ngesuku lesumi intombazana inxityiswa imibhaco,iqhiya emnyama nje ngoku phantsi kwendlelwe isikhumba senkomo,ngaphandle ingca itshisiwe,xa kuhlwayo uingca entsha ibekwa phantsi nje ngoba intomb ikhulula impahla zakhe ebuyela eluzileni.Ngesuku lokugqibela,abadala kuye bamsa ekhayeni lakhe ukuyonika ingxelo kwabantu bakokwabo kunye namanye amalungu osapho ukuyonika inkcazo.

Imbeleko ngumcimbi owenzelwa abantwana abasebancinci ngenjongo zokubazisa kwabaphantsi bakwisapho.abantwana bonke bakweli sapho bayayenzelwa imbeleko.Nangona yenzelwe abantwana,nabantwana abasebekhulile sele belulutsha bayalenza elisiko.Kunganzima ukuba umntwana aye kwelinye isiko njenge suiko lolwaluko ukuba abalenzanga elui siko.
kuye kuxhelwe igusha ngenge phawu ukunikezela kwabaphantsi.Unina kumele atye inyama esikwe emlenzeni wegusha leyo.Abadale bathi benze intetho kwabadela bacela bamamkele,bayibonise kwaye balu khusele usana.lento ivanyiswa ngokwenziwa apha kwa xhosa.




#Article 95: Kumeleb'ibuyiswe ind'ebendala (461 words)


Ndingaphozisanga maseko mandingene emxholweneni mawethu

AmaXhosa anengxaki yokuthabatheka athethe iilwimi zezinye izizwe elahla imbo yawo ngophoyiyana alibale ukuba uphoyiyana uyemka ngomso.Ezinye izizwe ziwajongela phantsi kunendlwane yenkukhu amaXhosa ngenxa yemikhuba ayenzayo.Abantu abaNtsundu kuxhaphakile ukubeva bethetha isiNgesi ngenjongo yokuba besithi ulwimi lwabo lwenkobe akukho apho luzakubasa khona.Xa ungumntu kubalulekile ukuba uzingce ngobuntu bakho kuba lonto ichaza intsukaphi nentsingaphi yakho.Amaphupha akho ayafezeka xa ungumntu ozaziyo,akufuneki uzithandabuze kumele wazi ukuba uThixo wakubeka ngesizathu kulwimi lwakho.Xa ungumntu kumele uluxabise ulwimi lwakho kuba ulwimi lunxulumele nenkcubeko yakho.
Xa kunokubuyiswa indebe endala zingatsho zihambe ngendlela izinto zakwaxhosa.Into iqala apha esinxibeni xa unokujonga apha phandle akukho nomnye umntu osanxiba isiNtu,bambi bazinxiba ngemini yeNkcubeko kuphela,ukanti inkonde zakuthi bebezixabisile izinxibo zakwNntu.Pha! mandulo bekunxitywa inkciyo.Inkciyo ibisogquma indawo ezifihlakeleyo kuphela.
Luphelile ulutsha lwakuthi ngenxa yokulahlekiswa zizinto zabantu bangaphandle.Ukuphumelela kwabantu abantsundu kunqongophele ngoba bazibandakanya ngezinto ezibachihayo endaweni yokuba zibakhe.Eastern_Cape
Abantu abaninzi abasawenzi amasiko kanti ke isiko yinto ebalulekileyo ngoba xa ungayenzanga iyakulandela,ukanti abanye bathi sele bewenza bawenze ngendlela engeyiyo umzekeloAbanye abantu bolukela ezibhedlele koko bekungenziwa oko kusadliwa ngendebe endala.

  KwaXhosa

Uncwadi lwemveli belusenziwa xa kuchithwa isithukuthezi umzekelo iintsomi zenziwa ngexesha langokuhlwa,zithandwa ukwenziwa zinkonde ngenjongo yokuhambisa ixesha langokuhlwa.Pha!mandulo bekungavumelekanga ukwenziwa kweentsomi emini ngoba kukho inkolelo ethi xa usenza intsomi emini uzakuphuma amaphondo entloko.
Ubudlobongela bebunqongophele ngoba abantu abantsundu bebedla ngokozonwabisa amaxesha amaninzi.Ukubulalana kwabantu ngendlela ezimasikizi bekungenziwa.Emicimbini bekuculwa iingoma zakwaXhosa,kuxhentswe,kungqungqwe njalo-njalo.Xa kunokwenziwa izinto ngondalashe kungatsho kubekho uxolo nothando eMzantai Afrika.Uqhawulo mtshato yinto ibingafane yenziwe,kodwa namhlanje sigagana nalo umhla nezolo phofu unobangela kukulahlwa kwendeb'endala,ngoba kudala bezingafane zenziwe ezo zinto.Into ibixhaphakile ibikukubanabafazi abaninzi phofu ke ibisenziwa ziinkosi lonto amaxesha amaninzi.Kule mihla siphila kuyo abantu abangamabhinqa ababathobeli abantu abangotata lonto ikhokhela ukuba abantu abangoomama baphele sele benzintloko zamakhaya.'
Amantombazane ebethwala kudala,umntu ebesendela emntwini angazange wancuma naye kodwa ekugqibeleni bebephela sele bathandana.

KwaXhosa ebethi umkhwenyana xa etshate intombi yasemathileni akhuphe iinkomo ngenjongo yokulobola.Injongo yezinkomo ibikukwakha ubuhlobo phakathi kweentsapho.Kule mihla siphila kuyo izinto zitshintshile azisenziwa njengamandulo.Namhla kulotyolwa ngemali endaweni yeenkomo,mali leyo uye ufumanise ukuba ivela kwakulentombazana ilotyolwayo.

Umakoti ebethi xa efika emzini abenendawo azizilayo.Umakoti akangeni ebuhlanti ngenjongo yokuhlonipha izinyanya zasemzini wakhe.ilobola i ifuneka uze ukwazi ukondla

Intombazana ibifudula inqulwa ixatyisiwe ithandwa njengentyantyambo kwaXhosa kuba yayidla ngokungenisa iinkomo emzini.Bekude kuthiwe ilizwe liyintombazana ngenxa yendalo yalo entle.
Umfana ubesithi akubanjwa entangeni yentombi anyotyiswe inkomo nokuba yibhokhwe.Ibingenziwa le nto,esele isenziwa kule mihla.Bekuthi kwakuqondwa ukuba kukho umfana enangeni yentombazana kubekwe ubulongwe emnyango walo ntanga ukuze umfana lowo abubone xa aphumayo.
Intombi bezihamba ngamabele mandulo.Lonto ibibangela ukuba kubelula ukubona intombazana engaseyiyo intombi nto.Abantu abangomama bebenoxanduva lokugada abantwana abangamantombazana.Bekubakho ixesha lokuhlola amantombazana ukuqinisekisa ukuba asaziphathye kakuhle na.Umntwana oyintombaza ebenoxanduva lokwenza umsebenzi wendlu ofana nokupheka,ukutheza,ukuchola amalongwe,ukukha amanzi njalo-njalo.

Mzi oNtsundu siyintlekisa kwezinye izizwengenxa yokuba ngamalulwane wona angazaziyo ukuba ingaba ayintaka okanye impuku.Indeb'endala kumele ibuye ngoba uyatshabalala umzi omnyama.Ndihlaba ikhwelo ndithi masibuyele kundalashe.Masingavumeli nayiphi imimoya isahlukanise nemvelaphi yethu.Masime sithi nkqo sizazi ukuba singobani kwaye sivelaphi na.Uhlanga olumnyama lulahlekile madoda.




#Article 96: Isiko lolwaluko (723 words)


Isiko lowaluko lisiko elithi lenzelwe umntwana ongumfana kokwabo.Ubudoda obu abukhulelwa koko umntu uzibhentsisa ngezenzo zakhe ukuba uyindoda na nokuba akasiyiyo. Eli siko libonakalisa ukuba umntwana uphumile ebukhwenkweni waza wangena ebudodeni. Eli siko lithi lenziwe umntwana xa ezayokuqala ukuphangela egqibile imfundo. Oku yayikokwenziwa mandulo kodwa kule mihla umntwana uthi wakuzi bona okanye xa bethe bavumelana nabazali ngesi sigquibo umntwana ahambe ayokucela iimpepha esibhedlele. Ezimpepha zithi zikhusele abakhwetha ekubanjweni ngamapolisa ngezithyolo zolwaphulo mthetho. Xa zithe za lungiswa ezimpepha umntwana ukulungele ukuhamba. Ngokwalemihla sikuyo kufuneka umntwana abe uneshumi elinedibhozo leminyaka. Umntwana uthi atshintshe zonke izinto zobukhwenkwe. Oku kuquka impahla, isimilo, indlela yokuziphatha nako. Umntwana oyinkwenkwe uye athathwe kokwabo ayokuhlala kindwawo efihlakeleyo nekude kwizindlu okanye ethe qelele. Uthi akufika apha oluswe, umntu oluse lo mntwana uye anikwe ingcibi.

Ingcibi ithi yoluse unyana kukwelixesha apho aqale afumane igama elithi mkhwetha. Ingcibi iye ibe ngumntu onolwazi kwaye owulungeleyo lo msebenzi. Ithi yakugqiba umsebenzi wokwalusa anikele kwikhankatha lokuqala.kuAzola is 6th 

Ikhankatha ngumntu othi agcine umkhwetha, uye amgade kude kufikelele ixesha lokuphuma, ikwanguye oye abone xa umkhwetha ukuba angagoduka.ikhankatha line xanduva lokujongana nempilo yomkhwetha. Ngokwa kwaXhosa makhankatha ebeye abemabini. Elokuqala liye limgcine  umkhwetha de ayokojiswa. umkhwetha uye ojiswe emva kweentsuku ezisixhenxe. Emva kosuku lwesixhenxe elesibini liye lithathe apho elokuqala beliyeke khona. liyakuthi kengoku lona limgcine ade ayo kuphuma esuthwini. liye ikhankatha lifumane umbulelo

Inqalathi ngumntwana othi asele umkhwetha ukutya phaya esuthwini. Lidla ngokuthi lifumane iimpahla zomkhwetha zobukhwenkwe. Kuye kuye kubekho imithetho nemiqathango inqalathi ekufuke liyilandele. Lemiqathanga iquka oku kulandelayo: inqalathi alihambe lisisma lihamba lide liyokufika ebakhwetheni, inqalathi xa lifika ebakhwetheni lithi likongule ukutya, oku kukuqinisekisa ukuba akukhonto ingalunganga ngokutya. Inqalathi likwa yindlela yoqhagamishelwano phakathi komkhwetha nosapho lwakhe.

Kwiveki yokuqala umkhwetha uthi atyiswe umngqusho okanye irayisi emhlophe. Ukutya okuthunyelwa umkhwetha kufuneka kome kwaye kungavuthwa ncam.

Umkhwetha emva kokojiswa uye afumane ilungelo lokutya ezinye izidlo. Umthetho uthi inqalathi alimi nokutya, alijiki nokutya kwaye alikubeki phantsi ukutya komkhwetha. nangona umkhwetha ekwazi ukutya okunye  kodwa oku kutya akufunekanga kubenamanzi amaninzi. Oku kuya kuthi kwenze umkhwetha angaphili ngokukhawuleza esuthwini.

Amanzi umkhwetha yinto ekufuneka azame ukungayisebenzisi kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba enza umkhwetha ahl;ale ixesha elide ukuba uyawasela. Ikhankatha liyakwazi ukubona ukuba umkhwetha uyawasela na amanzi. Ikhankatha liyakuthi limohlwaye okanye limnqande umkhwetha ngokusebenzisa amaninzi.

Umkhwetha mandulo ebeye ojiswe emva kweentsuku ezisixhenxe. Kodwa ke kule mihla iye ihambe ngokwekhaya umkhwetha asuka kulo. Xa umkhwetha esojiswa kuye kuxhelwe igusha okanye ibhokhwe, ukanti maxa wambi kusetyenziswe iinkobe endaweni yegusha nebhokhwe. Ekojisweni abantu ngabantu baye babene ndawo abazityayo nebaye bazinikwe. Inqalathi liye lifumne intamo, umkhwetha uye ashiyelwe umkhono, amaphakathi(amathumbu, isbindi njalonjalo) kunye namanqina athi aye kulo mkhwetha.Kwaya ithi ingafakwa ityiwa kwinyama yomkhwetha. Kwamakhay athi angabinayo imali yokojisa umkhwetha, umkhwetha uye ojiswe ngeenkobe. Emva kokuba umkhwetha ojisiwe uye okokuqala oko engenile ahambe ayokuhlamba.

Ebakhwetheni kukho indlela yokwenza izinto ngokomthetho owathi wasekwa kwasekusekweni kwelisiko. Oku kuquka ulwimi nendlela yokwenza izinto. Amanqalathi xa ezakudlula ebhomani lakhe nawuphi na umkhwetha kufuneka acele imvume yokudlula kuloomkhwetha weloobhoma. Amanye amagama athi asetyenziswe ebakhwetheni aquka anga: amanzi kuthwa yimvotho umntu ongumama otshatileyo sisigqwathikazi njalo njalo. Ebakhwetheni akulalwa ebusuku amaxa amaninzi, bayahlala bombhele ubusuku bonke. Baye bafundisane ulwimi lwamakrala bencedisana kwiziphene umntu anokuthi agagane nazo xa sele ephumile esuthwini edibana nabanye abakhwetha. 

Phambi kokuba umkhwetha abuyele kokwabo kuye kwenziwe ingcakaza. Ingcakaza yenziwa ebusuku abe yena umkhwetha ephuma kusuku olulandelayo. Kwingcakaza kuye kubhiyozelwe uhambo lomkhwetha kwisiko lolwaluko. Umkhwetha uthi ahambe ekuzenikusa kusemnyama. Ufike alale ixeshana kube sekufuneka alungiselele ukubuyela ekhaya. Uye avuke ahlambe abe sesombathiswa iragi.
 

Endleleni ebuyela ekhay umkhwetha uye azigqume ade ayokufika kokwabo. Apha endleleni amanye amdoda ahambe equla. kuye kombhelwe iingoma ngeengoma eziquka usomagwaza no size naye. inqalathi nalo lihamba apha phambili kukamkhwetha lombhathisiwe ingubo nje ngomkhwetha.

Isithuba esingangeveki nangaphantsi phambi kokuba umkhwetha aphume kuye kusilwe umqombothi. Lo mqombothi uti uselwe ngomgidi. Uthi ugalelwe kwiibhekile ezahlukeneyo Unikwe abantu obafaneleyo.

Uthi umkhwetha xa ezakufika kokwabo abafazin noomama abakumgidi bakhalise ingqongqo balilizele bacule neengoma zakwantu. Baye banxibe imibhaco bachokoze ubuso bathwale neeqhiya. Abakhwetha bathi bakufika endlini okanye kulomkhwetha uqale umgidi. Emva kokuba unkhwetha efikile kokwabo uye ahambe ayokungena ebuhlanti, ebuhlanti ufika elindwe ngootata belali. Ootata belali bathi bayale umkhwetha bathi bakugqiba bamsoke. Ukusoka kuxa umkhwetha efumana izipho, ezi zipho zingabanentsingiselo ehambisana nokuyala okusuka kuloo mntu okanye ingaba sisipho nje. Emva kokuba egqibile ukuyalwa umkhwetha ngamadoda uye ahambe ayokuyalwa ngoomama. Nabo oomama baye basoke. Emigidini kuthi kuxhelwe amaxa amaninzi iye ibe yinkomo exhelwayo okanye igusha. Le nyama ithi yabiwe ngezithebe ngezithebe. Oku kunjalo ngomqombothi neebranti. 

hlukanani nokubhala izinto zakhwaxhosa apha kwifowuni ..




#Article 97: Isifo sentsholongwane i-Ebola (301 words)


I-Ebola virus disease (EVD) okanye i-Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) isisifo sabantu esibangelwa yintsholongwane i- Ebola virus. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziqala kwiintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwiiveki ezintathu emva kokosulelwa yintsholongwane, ngomkhuhlane, umqala obuhlungu,i- iintlungu zezihlunu, kunye neentloko ezibuhlungu. Ngokuqhelekileyo ubucaphucaphu, ukugabha, kunye nesisu esihambisayo okulandelayo, kukusebenza okunciphileyo kwesibindi kunye nezintso. Kweli inqanaba, abanye abantu bayaqalisa ukuba neengxaki zokopha.

Intsholongwane inokufunyanwa ngokudibana negazi okanye ulwelo lomzimba lwesilwanyana esisulelweyo (idla ngokuba ziinkawu okanye amalulwane eziqhamo) Ukusasazeka emoyeni akukabhalwa phantsi kokungqongileyo ngokwemvelo. Kukholeleka ukuba amalulwane eziqhamo athwala kwaye asasaze intsholongwane ngaphandle kokosulelwa wona yiyo. Lwakuba lwenzekile ulosuleleka lwabantu, isifo sinokusasazeka phakathi kananjalo. Amadoda asindileyo anokukwazi ukusigqithisa isifo ngedlozi phantse iinyanga ezimbini Ukuze kwenzeke uxilongo, okuqhelekileyo kokokuba ezinye izifo ezineempawu ezifanayo ezinjengemalariya, ikholera kunye nezinye ii-viral hemorrhagic fever ziqale zikhutshelwe ecaleni. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iisampulu zoxilongo lwegazi zivavanyelwe intsholongwane yezivikeli-mzimba, intsholongwane yeRNA, okanye intsholongwane ubuqu.

Uthintelo luquka ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwesifo kwiinkawu neehagu ezisulelekileyo ukuya ebantwini. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokuhlolwa kwezilwanyana ezinjalo kwanokubulawa kunye nokulahlwa ngokufanelekileyo kwemizimba yazo ukuba isifo sifunyenwe. Ukuphekwa kwenyama ngokufanelekileyo nokunxitywa kweempahla zokhuseleko xa kuphathwa inyama nako kungaba luncedo, kwakunye nokunxitywa kweempahla zokhuseleko kunye no kuhlanjwa kwezandla xa ubani ekufuphi kumntu onesifo. Iisampulu zolwelo lwasemzimbeni kunye nezihlunu zabantu abanesifo kumele ziphathwe ngononophelo olukhethekileyo.

  
Alukho unyango olukhethekileyo lwesifo; imizamo yokunceda abantu abasulelweyo iquka ukunikeza nokuba yi oral rehydration therapy (amanzi aswiti nanetyuwa kancinane ukuba basele) okanye ii-intravenous fluids. Isifo sine-qondo lokufa eliphezulu: sidle ngokubulala phakathi kwama-50% nama-90% abo bantu basulelwe yintsholongwane. I-EVD yaqala yabonakala eSudan naseDemocratic Republic of the Congo Isifo siqhele ukwenzeka siqhambuke kwindawo ezingaselwandle lwe-Sub-Saharan Africa. Ukusukela ngo-1976 (ukuqala kokubonwa kwayo okokuqala) ukuya kutsho ngo-2013, bambalwa kune-1,000 abantu ngonyaka ngamnye abasulelweyo. Okona kuqhambuka kukhulu kule mihla kusaqhubeka ngo 2014 uqhambuko lwe-Ebola lwaseWest Africa, okuchaphazela iGuinea, iSierra Leone, iLiberia kunye neNigeria. Ukusukela ngoAgasti ka-2014 bangaphezulu kwe-1600 abantu abasele befunyenwe. Iyaqhubeka imizamo yokuvelisa ugonyo; nangona kunjalo, ayikabikho okwangoku.




#Article 98: Ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana ngesondo (787 words)


Zininzi iindlela zokuchaza ubunjani bomntu onokuxhaphaza abantwana bethu ngokwesondo.
Awona magama axhaphakileyo babizwa ngawo ngala: izidlwengu okanye abaxhaphazi beentsana ngokwesondo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukwazi ukuba umntu omdala okanye umntu omtsha osele ebuqina xa ethe waphula umthetho ngokuxhaphaza
umntwana ngokwesondo, akukwazeki ukuba banganyangeka kweso simo. Nangona zikho iinkqubo zokuzama ukunyanga la
marhamncwa, uninzi lwazo aijolise ekususeni ixhoba [umntwana wakho] kulo mphembeleli [isidlwengu]. Niengenxila ntywaleni, xa la marhamncwa ekwiindawo ezinabantwana bethu, aye angakwazi ukuzibamba kumnqweno wokuxhaphaza nokudlwengula abantwana bethu izihlandlo ngezihlandlo. Ubukhulu becala, izidlwengu nabaxhaphazi babantwana bayaziwa ngabantwana naziintsapho.
 

Izidlwengu nabaxhaphazi babantwana batsalwa ngumnqweno wesondo kubantwana bethu kwaye bafumana ukwaneliseka
kwizenzo zabo. Basoloko behenda abantwana bethu ngokubanika isihoyo nezipho – oku kubizwa ngokuba lugegesho. Kukwakho naloo marhamncwa alimaza abantwana bethu kuba bekhuthazwa ubukhulu becalangamandla abanawo ngaphezu kweemfuno zesondo. Kukwakho nabo benzakalisa abantwana bethu ngoburheletya nokuhenyuzisa abantwana kuba befumana inzuzo eyimali.
La marhamncwa oku akwenza kuba kwiimeko ezininzi enamandla okulawula abantwana bethu kwaye banawo amathuba
kwaneendawo zabucala ezivumela ezi zenzo. Kufuneka ibe lubizo lomntu wonke onomntwana okanye owazi umntwana, ukuba kususwe amathuba, ubomi babucala obuvumela izenzo ezibi, amandla kwanolawulo lwala marhamncwa.
Izidlwengu nabaxhaphazi babantwana bakhangela amathuba okuxhaphaza abantwana bethu – banakho nokuwaqulunqa la
mathuba – kwiindawo zabo zabucala abazikhethele zona, ngexesha labo nongokuthanda kwabo. Kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba
siyazazi iimeko nezimo ezifumanekayo nesinokuzikhangela kubantu abanokuxhaphaza abantwana bethu ngokwesondo.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba la marhamncwa ngabakhohlisis. Bayakwazi ukukuxelela nantoni na ukuze ukholelwe kubo kwaye
ubaxhase koko bakuxelela kona. Bakujonga ngqo emehlweni bakwenze ukholelwe ukuba iinjongo zabo zezilungileyo.
 

Izidlwengu zineendlela ezahlukileyo zokuqinisekisa ukuba ziyamlawula umntwana wakho ukuze zikwazi ukumxhaphaza
ngokwesondo.
Imizekelo yolu qeqesho nokuhenda okwenziwa zizidlwengu ukuxhaphaza abantwana bethu ngokwesondo:
Ububele – benze ngathi banenkathalo ngexhoba nangosapho lwalo.
Uncedo – bacele ukuncedwa ngento lixhoba.
Isinyobo – ngezinto ezingqinelana nobudala bomntwana ezifana neelekese, izinto zokudlala, ukutya, utywala, imali.
Igunya lokuphata – ukusebenzisa igunya labo lobuqeqeshi, inkokheli yooVulindlela umzekelo, ukuthibaza amandla okuzikhusela exhoba.
Ingxakeko engekhoyo – bavakalisa ukuba kukho ukuxakeka ekhaya.
Ulonwabo nemidlalo – ebandakanya ukuphatha-phatha.
Ukuzigwagwisa / ukubalasela / imisebenzi – ukwenza imiboniso yeempahla, ukhuphiswano loonobuhle, uvavanyo labucala, apho abantwana baxelelwa ukuba okwenzekileyo bakugcine kuyimfihlo.
Ukunakana igama – ukusebenzisa amagama amaxhoba abanakaliswe kwizinto zabantu njengezingxobo zokuphatha zesikolo,
njalo-njalo ngeenjongo zokwenza ukuba ixhoba lizive likhululekile.
Izoyikiso / ukoyika – ukoyikisa ixhoba ukuba lingaxeli.
Amaqhawe – banxiba ngokufanayo notata wekresimesi, iyolisa ukuze batsalele abantwana kubo.
Umlingo namatiletile – bazanelisa ngokuxhaphaza abantwana kubumsulwa babo.
Uburheletya – basebenzisa izinto zoburheletya ukuthibaza amandla okunqanda izenzo zokubi baze benze abantwana ukuba
bazive behlelelekile kwaye bengalufanelanga uthando lwabo Bantu babakhathalele ngenene nangenyaniso.
 
Ngoobani abajolisa kubo njengamaxhoba abo?
Oku kunika inkcazo ebanzi kungezizo iimpawu zamaxhoba.
Abantwana abasandul`ukuzalwa ukuya kwabo baziimveku bangangamaxhoba okukhatshazwa ngokwesondo. Abantwana
abangalufumaniyo uthando ngokwasemizinjeni [ukwangiwa nokuwolana] nangokwemvakalelo kumakhaya abo.
Abantwana abangenakuzithemba. Abantwana abashiywe bodwa okanye abashiywe ukuze bazijonge. Abantwana abakwiimeko
apho kungekho Bantu bakhulu abafanelekileyo abanokubanjonga. Abantwana abahlala kumakhaya asebenzisa ngokugqithisileyo iziyobisi. Nawuphi na umntwana. Abantwana bethu…
 
 
Yintoni esinokuyenza ngoku, ukunqanda ukuba oku kungenzeki kubantwana bethu?
Basuse abantwana bakho kwiindawo apho izidlwengu zinokufumana amathuba, iindawo zabucala kunye nolawulo kubantwana bakho, iindawo apho zinokwenza ezifuna ukukwenza ngohuthanda, naphi na apho zifuna ukukwenza khona nangokuthanda kwazo.
 
Kufuneka sibafundise rhoqo abantwana bethu besebancinci oku kulandelayo, nako sikufundisa kwiminyaka efanelekileyo nangohlobo olungoyikisiyo…

phambi kwamehlo kawonke-wonke.

Abano kuya kuyo.

okanye umsebenzi wasekhawuntareni evenkileni; xa uthe wahlukana nabo.

Kufu neka babuze kubanye abantu abadala ngokuchazelwa ngendlela.

ukuze afumane into yakhe, kungakuhle ukuba asuke ajike abaleke aze kuxelela wean ngoko kwenzekileyo.

Ubax elele ukuba uza kubonzakalisa ukuba bathe baveza imfihlo kuwe.

isizathu.

kude kubekho ubani ophulaphulayo.

sukuba injalo ngenene. Kufuneka ezi mvakalelo bazithathele ingqalelo kwaye bemke ngoko nangoko kuloo meko.

okanye bedide kile, mabemke ngokukhawuleza kulo mntu mdala kwaye bakuchazele ngokukhawuleza okukhulu.

Musa ukushiya umntwana wakho yedwa [edlala phambi kwegadi, okanye nabantwana babamelwane epakini, okanye
nakuyiphi na imeko ongenakubabona kuyo.] musa ukubashiya nditsho nomzuzu – kuthatha umzuzwana ukuba umntu
ahende umntwana wakho ukuba emke naye. Okanye amthathe ngendluzula. Wanciphise amathuba okuba amarhamncwa
amsuse kuwe umntwana wakho.
  
Zibuze ukuba yintoni na enokukhuthaza umntu okanye umntwana omdala ukuba achithe ixesha yedwa kunye nomntwana
whako [esoloko ekhuthalele ukumgcina, ukumthutha okanye abe yedwa nomntwana wakho.]Musa ukuvumela umntwana wakho aye ezindaweni yedwa. Nabantwana ababini abancinci banakho ukuthinjwa bebobabini.
Bazi ukuba abantwana bakho haphi kwaye bakinye nabani maxa onke.
Yithathe njengenyaniso into yokuba nantoni na umntwana wakho afuna ukukuxelela yona ibaluleke njengoko nawe ufuna Ukumx elela kona – ngolu hlobo umntwana wakho umnika ilizwi.
Thetha nomtwana wakho, kwaye umphulaphule umntwana wakho – kwaye uphulaphulisise. Nkqu nemizuzu emihlanu
Yokumphu laphula ngokunyanisekileyo umntwana wakho iya kuthi imqinisekise ukuba ubalulekile kwaye ululutho kuwe
mzali wakhe.
Zama ukuzazi iimeko nezimo apho umntwana wakho anokuba semngciphekweni wokuthinjwa, adlwengulwe okanye
agetyengwe.
Yenza intshukumo kule meko. Musa ukubeka umntwana wakho kwimeko elolo hlobo.
Mkholelwe umntwana wakho xa ekuxelela ukuba ulinyazwe ngumntu othile, okanye uboniswe into embangele ukuba
akhathazeke okanye azive engakhululekanga.
Mphulaphule umntwana wakho xa esithi akafuni kuya kwindawo ethile.




#Article 99: Masizingce ngelwimi zethu (463 words)


Ukuzingca kukuba nebhongo neqhayiya ngento yakho, uzithembe, ungaqweneli izinto zabanye abantu, uncame ngokungafuni ukwahlukana nayo. Iilwimi zemveli zezinye zezinto esizingca kakhulu ngazo singabemi boMzantsi Afrika jikelele, kaloku ulwimi nekcubekho ngamawele lawo.

Nangona kweli lizwe singabantwana boMzantsi Africa omnye onga thixo,sahlukene ngeelwimi esizithethayo, kweli lizwe lihle kunene kudityenwe ndawenitye zintlanga ngeentlanga ezingabaNtsundu,abebala,amandiya,nabamhlophe,kukwanjalo ke nakwiilwimi ezithethwa apha endinokubalula kuzo isiXhosa,isiNgesi,iAfrikans,isiZulu,isiNdebele,isiSwati,isiPedi,isiTswana,iSesothu,isiVenda, Xitsonga nezinye.Oko kucace gca nakwindlela ohlelwe wabhalwa ngawo umhobe wesizwe weli lizwe. Ndicinga ukuba kuphela komhobe wesizwe obhalwe ngelwimi ezininzi ehlabathini jikelele.  Loo nto iyodwa ibonisa ukuhlonipheka kwelwimi zeli. Ulwimi lakho lukwabonisa imvelaphi yakho.

Kaloku kubalulekile ukuba uzazi ukuba ungubani,ungowaphi na.Ngokuthetha ulwimi lwakho kusiphuk′izicithi, sukuba ihombela inkcubeko yakho.  Yiyo loo nto kufuneka omnye nomnye oluhloniphe ulwimi lomnye , angalijongeli phantsi kulahliswane ngoxolo.Amaxhosa anengxaki yokuthabatheka athetha iilwimi zezinye izizwe elahla, imbo yawo ngophoyiyana, alibale ukuba uphoyoyana uyemka ngomso, loo nto iyodwa iyawahlazisa ze idandalalize elubala ukwaya nokudelela ubuntu bawo.  Ezinye izizwe ziye ziwajongele phantsi kunendlwane yeenkukh amaxhosa ngenxa yalo mkhuba awenzayo.  Uya kubeva abaye abantu bekhala ngamaxhosa aphaphayo, kube kunjalo ke phofu

Xa uthanda ulwimi lwakho, unamathela kakhulu kumasiko neziyhtethe zookhokho bakho.  Kukho nenkolo yokuba xa usenjenjalo awusayi kuqunjelwa zizinyanya.  ziya kukukhusela zikwandisele namathamsanqa uzibone nawe uqhubela phambili.  Abo balahla iilwimi zabo bakhukhuliseke nomfula , baphulukane nobuncwane bokuzithemba ze baphele sele bezindlandiya ezikopa nezenza onke amasiko ezinye intlanga.  Abo bantu ke baphelela ekubeni ngosithubeni okanye amalulwane angazaziyo noba aziintaka na okanye azimpuku .  Kungenzeka ukuba nelizwe sele liguquke lakhohlakala ngoluhlobo nje kungenxa yendlela esenza ngayo izinto.

Khawubukele umbono omhle xa inkokheli  yalo naliphi ilizwe indwendwele kwelinye ilizwe ithetha ulwimi lwayo lwenkobe.  Loo nto ibonisa intlonipho , ubuthandazwe nokuzidla ngokumela isizwe esikhokhelayo.  Wofika iitoliki zipitiliza ziguqula loo ntetho yaloo nkokheli kulwimi lelo lizwe .  Isithethi eso maxawambi akuyonto yokuba asilwazi ulwimi lonxibelelwano, koko sinebhongo ngolwimi lwaso lwemveli.

Akusebuhlungu xa udibana nomntwana endleleni ehamba nomzali wakhe, ze xa umncokolisa ngolwimi lwakhe lwenkobe kufuneke etolikelwe ngumzali wakhe ukuze akwazi ukukuphendula .  Uye uzive uphoxekile kwaye udane umanzi, uzibone sele uqalekisa uvimba wempucuko abadapha kuwo udaka  olubavalela iingcango zobuncwane nesidima sobuntu babo.  Abo banjalo wobeva bezithethelela ngelithi akukho apho ulwimi lwabo lwenkobe luza kubasa khona.  kuba zintloni xa kufuneka umntwana anze isivakalisi esebenzisa ulwimi lwakhe, wofika exuba ezinye iilwimi, ngakumbi olu kuthiwa yitsotsi taal.  Balibele ukuba urhulumente weli uxakekile uguqula zonke iincwadi zezifundo zesikolo kwiilwmi zesiNtu ukuze abafundi bazifunde ngelwimi zabo zenkobe.  Iqumrhu eliyi-PanSALB nalo liyancedisa ekubuyiseleni isidima seelwimi zesiNtu.

Mzi oNtsundu siyintlekisa kwezinye izizwe.  Ndihlaba ikhwelo ndithi masibuyele kundalashe.  Masingavumeli nayiphi na imimoya esahlukanisa nemvelaphi yethu.  Xa uyazi intsukaphi yakho kubalula ukuba uyibone nentsingiselo yakho.  Intsuka phi yakho ke likamva lakho.  Masi thathe imboniselo kwezinye izizwe zona zizihloniphayo iilwimi zazo.  Laphela ixesha lengcinezelo nathi masigcine amagugu ezizwe zethu.  Masime sithi nkqo sizazi ukuba singoobani , sivalaphi, sisingisephi na.  Eli siko lidala lezizwe lihonjelwa ligcinwe ngabanjani abantu? Uhlanga olumnyama lulahlekile.




#Article 100: Umqombothi (518 words)


Umqombothi isiXhosa libizwa ngolu hlobo: [um̩k͡ǃomboːtʰi], igama elithi mqombothi livela kulwimi lwesiXhosa, ngokwesilungu singathi y-beer eyenziwe ngombona (ukhozo), umgubo wombona, umgubo wamazimba, igwele namanzi. Xa ixhaphakile emZantsi Afrika, ibano-Vitamin B omninzi kakhulu. Umqombothi unezinga le-alcohol eliphantsi kakhulu (lidla ngokuba ngaphantsi kwe-3%) kwaye yaziwa ngokuba sisitshoqolo ukubamuncu. Ngokwembonakalo, obu tywala bububisirha kwaye bubalubhelu ngombala. Bunento ubujiya, buntubululu (obuvela emboneni).

Umqombothi iphantsi ngexabiso kunotywala besilungu, obubiliswe ngenkoduso buze buhonjiswe ngeentyatyambo zee-hops.

Umqombothi ubiliswe ngokwesithethe sakwantu, kwaye oku kubanomahlukwana omncinci ngokweengingqi. Indlela zokuwenza nezinto ezixutywayo xa usenziwa zigqithiselwa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Ngokwesintu, obu tywala buphekwa emlilweni obaswe phaya phandle.   Buyakuthi ke emva koko bupholiswe kusehliswa nje ubushushu buse phaya ngaphandle.  

Izinto ezixutywayo ke xa busenziwa zezi: umlinganiselo wombona, umbona ograyiweyo (umgubo wombona) kunye nomgubo wenkoduso. Umgubo wombona inika umbala omthubi utsho ubenelagrangqa levumba lotywala. Inkoduso yona inwutsho umqombothi ubemdaka ngebala.  

Lo mdibaniso wotywala uxutyelwa kwimbiza ye-cast-iron, eyaziwa ngokuba ngu-potjie emZantsi Afrika. Kugalelwa umlinganiselo wezitya zamanzi ezine. Lo mxube uyekwa ubusuku bonke. Buyakuqalisa ke ukubila kubonakale kulephuza amagwebu. Kuyakuvakala ivumba elimuncu.  

Intwana yentsipho iyasuswa zibekwe bucala.  Intlama eshiyekileyo iyaphekwa de ubesisidudu.  Le ntlama ke ibizwa ngokuba  sisidudu esityiwayo. Xa kusenziwa umqombothi, siyayekwa isidudu usuku lonke siphole. 

Emva kokuba sele sipholile,  siphokozelwa emphandeni. Inkoduso esiliweyo okanye egutyiweyo ebibekelwe bucala kuvutyelwa ngayo kwakulo mphanda. Esi sidudu ke ngoku izakuzanyiswa ngephini. Emva koko umphanda wotywala (uvalwa ngesiciko sawo, uze emva koko wombathiswe ujikelezwa ngengubo ngaphezu kweso siciko (ukugcina ubushushu). Umphanda uyakubekwa kwindawo eshushu ubusuku bonke, ukuze bukhawuleze bubile.  

Indlela yemveli yokubona okokuba ingaba butsalile na obu tywala, kukuqhwitha ngomatshisi kufutshane nomphanda lowo uphethe utywala. Ukuba umlilo wematshisi uphephetheka msinya, oko kuthetha okokuba utywala bulungile. Ukuba umlilo wematshisi umi ndawonye awuphephetheki, oko kuthetha okokuba abukalungi utywala. Loo nto yenziwa kukuba le ntlama ibilayo ikhupha i-carbon dioxide eninzi, engakuvumeliyo ukuvutha kwematshisi.  

Xa sele bulungile utywala, buyahluzwa ngesihluzo, ukuze kususwe iinkozo ezingenzkuseleka ekuthiwa ziintsipho. Intsalela esemazantsi embiza yesidudu kuthiwa yintshela. Intshela nayo ifakwa kwalapha kwesi sihluzo sotywala, ukuze ize nelinye ivumba.  

Iintsipho ziyakhanywa ze zisasazwe ebaleni ukuze zityiwe ngamantsontsho eenkukhu. Ugwebu lomqombothi kwenziwa ngalo umbulelo kwizinyanya.  

Xa sele buhluziwe obu tywala,  bugalela kwigongqo elikhulu elaziwa ngokuba ligogogo. xa sebugalelwe apho ke ngoku, bulengele ukuba buselwe zizihlobo nosapho.  Xa zifika iindwendwe kweli khaya kusilwe kulo, zize kungcamla kobu tywala nazo zizekuzonwabisa, ngokwesiko ziza nebhotile yebrandi, ukubonisa owabo umbuleleo. 

Umqombothi usetyenziswa kwitheko lokwamkela amadodana aziwa ngokuba ngabakwetha kwisiko lesiXhosa, emva kokuba sele ethe oluswa ngokusesikweni.  

Obu tywala budlala indima enkulu xa umntu ezama ukuxhumana nezinyanya azakowabo, bukwadlala indima enkulu kwintlalo yakwaNtu, kangangokuba busoloko busetyenziswa kwimitshato yesiNtu, kwimingcwabo, nakwiimbizos (iindibano zesintu.

Uphando lwakutsha nje lifumanise ukuba amazimba nombona zisetyenziswa ekwenzeni umqombothi,  zisoloko zinechaphaza leentlobo ze-fungi oluyi-mold engunozala wemycotoxin eyi-Aspergillus spp., i-Penicillium spp., i-Rhizopus spp. kunye ne-Mucor spp. 

Nangona utywala osele benziwe bagqitywa bungenachaphaza la fungi;  i- 33% yamazimba otywala obuthengiswayo ane-  aflatoxins ne-45% yotywala obusilwe ekhaya bune-zearalenone kunye ne/okanye i-ochratoxin A kwimveliso yokugqibela.  

Kwiphondo laseMpuma Koloni emZantsi Afrika izinga lomhlaza womqala  liphakame kakhulu. Uphando olwenziwe libhunga lezempilo kweli lomZantsi Afrika lifumanise okokuba ii-mycotoxins kumbona otyalwe emakhaya ziinxulumene nezinga eliphezulu lesifo somhlaza.  

Eli gama lotywala siyaliva kwingoma kaYvonne Chaka Chaka.  Izicengcelezo zale ngoma zibubiza ngokuba yi-magic African beer.  Le ngoma yakala kumsitho wokuvula  i-Hotela yaseRwanda.




#Article 101: Isifo sephepha (348 words)


Isifo sephepha,okanyeiTB ngokufutshane, sisifo esosulelayo esibangelwa yintsholonngwane. Besisaya kubizwa njengesifo esingubhubhane. 

Isifo sephepha sibangelwa ziintlobo ezininzi zeimycobacteria, nesaziwa njengesifosephepha esiyi Mycobacterium. Esi sifo sihlasela imiphunga, kodwa sisenokuhlasela namanye amalungu omzimba. Le ntsholongwane ihamba ngomoya ize sasazeke ngokusuka komnye umntu iye komnye, ngamanye amazwi iyosulela. Oku kwenzeka xa umntu onesi sifo ekhohlela, ethimla, okanye etsica/ethufa.   Phakathi kwabantu abahlanu nabalishumi babonakalisa iimpawu zesi sifo, kwikhulu ngalinye labantu abosulelekileyo esi sifo.   Kwaba bantu, esi sifo kuthiwa  siyaphila.  Isifo sephepha sibulala abantu abangaphezulu  kwesiqingatha. Aba ke ngabantu abathi bosulelekile nje babe bengekho phantsi konyango.  

 

Ukubonwa kweTB ephilayo emntwini kuxhomekeke kwiradiology esithi ngugesi ngesiXhosa. Oogqirha bajonga isifuba somntu kwiX-ray eyaziwa ngokuba ngugesi ngesiXhosa. Kutsho kuthiwe umntu uye egesini. Ngaphezu koko, bayawuhlola umzimba bejonga okokuba unamanzi kangakanani na. La manzi aneemicrobe kuwo, ezikhula kwiicell cultures. Iicell cultures zona ziyajongwa zogocwagocwe kujongwa okokuba akosulelekanga ngeTb na umntu.  

Ukuba isigulana sineTB kodwa sibe singabonakalisi zimpawu zayo, intsholongwane kuthiwa 'ikhona kodwa ayibonakali'. Oogqirha basebenzisa isikhumba uvavanyo ekuthiwa yi-Mantoux test, ukufumana iTB ethi ikho nje ibe ingabonakali. Basoloko behlola negazi.  

Lukhona ugonyo oluthi lwenziwe ukulwa iindlela ezithile zesifo sephepha. Kuthiwa lugonyo lwebacillus Calmettendash;Guérin.

Isifo sephepha sasisoloko sinyangwa lula ngepilisi ezibulala nezinyanga iintsholongwane. Kodwa ke ngoku intsholongwane inenkani ayishukunyiswa zezi pilisi. Le nkani ke yenza okokuba kubenzima ukunyanga esi sifo. Iintlobo ezininzi zezi pilisi kufuneka zisetyenziswe sisigulana ixesha elide. Kukho olunye uhlobo lwesifo sephepha olunenkani kakhulu kuzo zonke iziyobisi ezikhoyo. 

Iingcali zikholelwa ekubeni isiqingatha sesithathu kuluntu lwehlabathi losulelwe ngesi sifo seM. tuberculosis. Usulelo olutsha lwenzeka kumntu ngamnye ngomzuzwana nje.  Ngo-2007, zizigidi ezingamalunga ne-13.7 zabantu ababambeke kakhulu sesi sifo kwihlabathi lonke jikelele.  Ngo-2010, bamalunga ne-8.8 million abantu abasaqalwa sesi sifo, kanti ke phantse ngama-1.5 million abantu abathe basutywa kukufa ngenxa yesi sifo, uninzi lwabo lukumazwe asakhasayo . Inani leziganeko zesifo sephepha belisoloko lisehla okokoko kwango-2006, yaza nemitsha imibandela ngesi sifo yehla ukususela ngo-2002. 

Isifo sephepha asenzeki ngesantya esinye kwihlabathi. Zingamashumi asibhozo iiphesenti zoluntu kumazwe aseAsia naseAfrika abathe bahlolwa baze bafunyaniswa enaso esi sifo, kodwa zintlanu ukuya kwishumi iiphesenti kumazwe aseMelika.  Abantu bahlala befumana isifo sephepha ngenxa yokuwa kwenjini ezilawula imizimba yabo.  Abantu abaninzi abaphila neHIV kunye neAIDS bangasifumana isifo sephepha. 




#Article 102: Ukuzidla ngezinto ngemvelaphi yakho (195 words)


Thina singabantu apha emhlabeni sine zinto esingaziboniyo ukuba ziyaphazamisa futhi bona aba basijongileyo okanye intshaba zethu zivuya kakhulu xa zisi bona singaphumeleli.Wonke umntu une mvelaphi yakhe kwaye apho usuka khona kuza kubonisa ukuba funeka uyephi kanjani.Apha kweli lizwe kukho abantu abangazidliyo ngemvelaphi yabo,Xa nditsho kanjalo ndibhekisa kwimvelaphi yakho ngokwe sintu nemeko ezikhoyo kweli lendlu kokwenu okanye ekhaya.Amahla ndenyuka kweli lizwe akho ndawo yonke nakubani na nditsho naba banezi mali zabo ezinkulu nabo babanazo inxaki baphinde futhi babe sematyaleni amakhulu kube ngathi umntu akana mali kodwa unemali eninzi.Wonke umntu uyazazi ukuba uvelaphi kwaye ekulendawo ekuyo yazazi ukuba uye njani koloo ndawo akuyo ngelo xesha akulo nje ngangoku.Mna ndazidla ngemvelaphi yami okanye isiko lam.Imvelaphi yomntu imveza into ayiyo nokuba wenzani engekho lungileyo lonto azebe eyenza urhuqa imvelaphi yakhe edake okanye ucikela phansi isiko kunye nesidima sezinto zamisiko ezenzwa kokwabo okanye kwilali yakhe.

Ukuzidla ngelwimi lakho yinto enkulu kakhulu leyo kuba uye ufumane izinto ekumele usebenzise amalwimi akho kuba abanye abantu baye bafune ubafundisa ulwimi lakho.
Intlonipho ihamvba into ende kwaye funeka ungumntu nokuba uyinjubaqa xa sifika kwezo siko kumele uhloniphe abantu kunye nesiko lakho.Kwazele unga jikelwa ngaba phansi okanye izinyanya zakuni nabadala bakuni izinto zakho zokuhambela kakuhle.




#Article 103: EGeneva (175 words)


IGeneva sisixeko sesibini ngobukhulu kwilizwe laseSwitzerland. YiZürich kuphela enkulu kunaso. IGeneva sesona sixeko sikhulu eRomandy (indawo yabantu abantetho isisiFrentshi eSwitzerland). 

Sizinze kanye apho kukho umlambo iRhône iLake yaseGeneva (isiFrench iLac Léman) kwaye sikwangundlunkulu iRepublic nesixeko saseGeneva.

Mininzi imibutho yehlabathi eGeneva, kunye noondlunkulu babathunywa bezizwe ezimanyeneyo neyoMnqamlezo Obomvu. Kuphando lwango-2007 kwafumaniseka okokuba iGeneva sisixeko sesibini esikumgangatho ophakamileyo ngokwentlalo nangendlela ekuphilwa ngayo kwihlabathi jikelele (isogqithwa ngokucacileyo yiZürich kuphela).

Ngokwezizwe, iGeneva yayanyaniswa ngokumandla nezivumelwano zaseGeneva.

Kwaqalwa ukubhalwa ngeGeneva mhla kwakuthethwa ngomda wayo wedolophu, nowawenzelwe ukukhusela ubukumkani bamaRoma ukuze ingahlaselwa yiHelvetii. AmaRoma asithabathela kuso esi sixeko ngo-120 B.C. Ngo-A.D. 443 soxuthwa yiBurgundy, yaza yawela ezandleni zeFranks ngo-534. Ngo-888 le dolophu yaba yinxalenye yobuKumkani baseBurgundy, yaza yathi yakuba lapha yathatyathwa ngo-1033 bubuKumakani baseJamani.
 
Ukusukela ngo-1154 oobhishobhu baseGeneva babamba isikhundla sokuba ziinkosi zobuKumkani baseRoma engwele okokoko kwango-1154, kodwa iinkosi zaseGeneva kwaza kamva kwaziinkosi zaseSavoy babengabameli, basoloko belungele ukuluthathela kuye ulawulo looBhishobhu. Ngo-1290 iinkosi zaseSavoy zafumana ilungelo lokuchonga isekela-ntloko(isandla sentloko elawulayo) yolawulo, isihloko esithi iVidame yaseGeneva sathi sanikezelwa kusapho lenkosi uFrançois de Candie weChambéry-Le-Vieux inkosikasi elawula eSavoy.  Isekela-ntloko linobunganga obuthile kule dolophu.




#Article 104: IJerusalem (115 words)


IJerusalem yenye yezixeko ezindala apha emhlabeni apho abantu bathe bahlala khona ngokusisigxina. Kwiinkolo ezininzi sibaluleke kakhulu esi sixeko. amaJuda ayibona iJerusalem njengesixeko esingcwele kuba ibisaya kuba liziko lenkolo yabo kunye nezopolotiko ngamaxesha eBhayibhile. Kukwayindawo apho iTempile kaThixo imikhona. AmaKhrestu ayibona iJerusalem njengendawo eNgcwele kuba zonke izinto ezazisenzeka neziganeko ngobomi bukaYesu Khrestu zeenzeka phaya. amaMoslem akholelwa ekubeni umProfethi uMuhammad wavuka esuka kwakule ndawo waya ezulwini.

Omabini la mazwe, kwaSirayeliIsrael nasePalestine abanga iJerusalem njengeikomkhulu lelizwe. Onke amanye amazwe kunye nezizwe ezimanyeneyo, masithi Umntla-weJerusalem inxalenye yakwaSirayeli ize impuma Jerusalem yona ibe yinxalenye ye Palestina. Kuba ingabonwa nje ngelizwe eliphantsi kwalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe okwaku, esi sixeko asinawo amaziko ozakuzo. amazwe amaninzi anamaziko awo ozakuzo eTel Aviv naseRamallah.




#Article 105: Inzululwazi (689 words)


Inzululwazi (Ngolwimi lwesiLatini kuthiwa yiscientia, oko kuthetha ukuthi  Ulwazi) yinkqubo eyenziwa ngezicwangciso, ngeendlela ezamkelekileyo nangemiqathango yophando kwinzululwazi ngendlela eya kwenza ukuba kubelula ukuba luvavanywe kunjalo nje luphicothwe, kutsho kubelula ukwenza uqikelelo ngeziphumo zophando olwenziwa kweli phakade. Yonke ke le miqathango yophando kufuneka ilandelwe ngenyameko xa kuqokolelwa ulwazi olu loluhlobo.   Kwintsingiselo yakudla nekuyeyona ibusondela kule, inzululwazi ikwabhekisa kuhlobo lolwazi olunokugocwa-gocwa ngemibuzo ze ke ngoko lube lwakheke phezu kwezizathu ezivakalayo nezinokuthi zichazwe ngokwamanqaku avakalayo ze ke ngoko lube lulwazi ekunokungqiyanywa kulo ngenxa yokuthembeka kwalo ingakumbi xa lusetyenziswa. Lowo usebenza ngobunzululwazi kuthiwa yingcali yezophando. 

Kwisigaba sexesha elide, inzululwazi njengohlobo lolwazi yayisondele kakhulu ngonxibelelwano kwiFilosofi.

Inzululwazi yile nto siyenzayo xa sifuna ukufunda ngokwenzeka kwindalo yehlabathi. Iyiphysics, ikhemistri, ibhayoloji, ijiyoloji kunye ne-astronomy. Kwinzululwazi kusetyenziswa imathematics, kwaye into okanye isenzeko sifundwa ngobunjalo bayo, sijongiwe, size sihliwe amahlongwane phezulu, sigocwagocwa, ize emva koko loo nto kuphandwa ngayo ikhe ilingwe ngeenjongo zokujonga okokuba oko kulindeleke kuyo kuzakwenzeka na. Inzululwazi ikhupha ulwazi oluchanekileyo nolungenamakhwiniba, imithetho yakwanzululwazi, kunye netheori 'inzululwazi' ikwabhekisa kulwazi oluninzi yolwazi oluthe lwafunyanwa ngokusebenzisa le nkqubo. 

Uphando lobunzululwazi lusebenzisa iindlela zophando zakwanzululwazi. uphando lobunzululwazi lusebenzisa isiphakamiso (hypotheses) esisekwe phezu kwezimvo okanye phezu kolwazi osele lukho kakade. Ngoko ke ezi ziphakamiso ziyaphicothwa ngokuvavanywa ngokuthi kwenziwe amalinge.  

Bonke abantu abafunda bekwaphanda ngeenzame zokufumanisa yonke into ngobunzululwazi babizwa ngokuba ziingcali zabaphandi. Ezi ngcali zifunda izinto ngokuthi zijonge kwizinto ezifunda ngazo ngononophelo, ngokuthi zenze umlinganiselo okanye zimente ezi zinto, zize zenze le misebenzi apho ziza kukhe zilinge khona ze ziphinde zikuvavanye konke oko.  ezi ngcali zenza zonke iinzame ukuze zichaze okokuba kutheni na izinto zisenzeka ngale ngendlela ezenzeka ngayo, zize ziqikelele okuzakwenzeka.  

Namhlanje, inzululwazi isoloko ibhekisa kwiindlela zokufumana ulwazi, ingekuko ukufumana uqobo lolwazi kuphela. Ijongene kuphela nokwenzekayo kwizinto ehlabathini.  kwinkulungwane yeminyaka ye-17 neye-18 iingcali kwezenzululwazi bathi gqolo ukuseka ukwakhiwa kolwazi ngokwe mithetho yendalo enjengeNewton's laws of motion. Kwaza kwathi xa sele kudlule inkulungwane ye-19, igama elithi Nzululwazi liya linxulunyaniswa ngakumbi nendlela yokuphanda ngokobunzululwazi, njengendlela yokufunda indalo esemhlabeni, kuquka iphysics, ikhemistri, igeology kunye nebhayoloji. 

Kuwakule nkulungwane ye19 apho eli gama lithi umphandi wakwanzululwazi lathi lathiywa nguWilliam Whewell. Injongo yakhe yayikukwahlula abo balangazelela ukwazi ngendalo kwabo bafuna olunye uhlobo lolwazi. 

Iindlela zophando is the name given to the methods used by scientists to find knowledge. Ezona  zibalulekileyo kwindlela yophando nazi:

akusibabo bonke abantu abavumelana nendlela esebenza ngayo inzululwazi. Ezinye iingcali zakwa Filosofi kunye nabaphandi okanye iingcali zakwanzululwazi zithi ulwazi oluthethwayo ngobunzululwazi lwamkelekile okwexeshana. Luthi ze lugcinwe kube kanti lunenkcazelo egqibeleleyo nenambithekayo ngenxa yokunyaniseka kwayo. Xa ke le ntehto ichazayo ngenzululwazi ingenasisekelo, iyashenxiswa kuze kubekwe enye endaweni yayo. Okanye, ngamanye amaxesha iingcali zakwanzululwazi zihlala phantsi ziyixovule ziyihlaziya endaweni yokuyishenxisa. Mhlawumbi ke  ziqhubele phambili ngokuyisebenzisa ngethemba lokuba iyakubangcono ngokuya kuhamba ixesha isetyenziswa.  
  
Inzululwazi yindlela yokufumana ulwazi ngoku shenxisa into engeyonyaniso.  
 
Iingcali kufuneka ziqaphele ngokukodwa xa zinika ingcaciso engqamene naloo nto bayifunde beyijonge ngamehlo baza benza nomlinganiselo wayo. Bayakhuphisana ingulowo nalowo ufuna ukuza nenkcazo engcono. Ingcaciso isenokuba yenika  okanye yeyo, kodwa ukuba ayingqinelani noko kubonwa nokusele kulinganiswe zezinye iingcali, ziyakusuke zizame ukuba zifumane enye inkcazelo engcono

Phambi kokuba ibe linokupapashwa iphepha lobunzululwazi, iingcali ziqala zilifunde kuqala, zize zijonge okokuba ingaba le nkcazelo enikwe kweli phepha iyangqinelana na nale ifumaneka kuloo nto kuthethwa ngayo. sitsho sithethe ngengokuphicothwa kwephepha lusapho lwakwanzululwazi okanye zezinye iingcali.  Emva kokuba epapashiwe amaphepha, kuyakubakho ezinye kwakhona iingcali eziya kujongisisa okokuba kusetyenziswe kwa ezi ndlela zovavanyo kusini na, kukwaphicothwe kwangendlela efanayo xa bekuphandwa, okanye kwenziwe uvavanyo olukwafana noluya, ngeenjongo zokubona okokuba ingaba iziphumo zizakufana kusini na. kuphicothwa kwephepha lusapho lwakwanzululwazi okanye zezinye iingcali] kunye no lwezifundo okanye amalinge okufunda into akukuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ubunyani nokuchaneka obukulwazi oluare the only way to be sure the knowledge is  kolwazi oluphandiweyo.  

Inzululwazi yenza imizekelo efumaneka kwindalo, models of our universe}imizekelo efumaneka kweli hlabathi, kunye namachiza. Zininzi ke iintlobo-ntlobo ezifumaneka kwanzululwazi, kunjalo nje zinamagama azo. Nangona kunjalo, akufuneki ukuthi inzululwazi ithi nayiphi na into. Inzululwazi yinkqubo, akuyonyaniso okanye ingqokolela yenyaniso nje kuphela, kungeyomithetho ekukholelwa kuyo ngaxesha nye. 
 




#Article 106: Ifilosofi (150 words)


Ifilosofi  yindlela yokucinga okanye yokuqiqa ngehlabathi, ngephakade, kwanangasekuhlaleni. Ifilosofi yingqokolela yezimvo, ezithe zaphicothwa yifilosofa (umntu ophande nzulu ngeendlela zokucinga ngehlabathi). Apha kwafilosofi, izimvo kuthiwa zi, into ethetha okokuba lulwazi ngezinto ezingenakuphatheka ngezandla okanye zizinto ezingenakubonwa ngamehlo enyama kodwa zinokubonwa ngahlo engqondo. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi kuthi ifilosofi ayinanto yakwenza nezinto esizibona ngeliso lenyama.  Umzekelo, indlela emasiziphathe ngayo,  ibuza okokuba yintoni na esimelwe kukuyenza kwimpilo yethu yemihla ngemihla,  ngokunjalo nemetaphysics ibuza okokuba lisebenza kanjani na ihlabathi, lenziwe ngantoni.

Ngamanye amaxesha abantu bathetha ngendlela abathe banayo ngayo indlela aqhuba ngayo umntu, nento akholelwa kuyo, into ethetha okokuba yindlela acinga ngayo umntu ngehlabathi. Eli phepha alithethi ngandlela abaqhuba ngayo abantu, nezinto abakholelwa kuzo. Koko limalunga nezimvo ekuthe kwacingwa ngazo ziifilosofa  (abantu abacinga babhale ngeendlela zokucinga) beyenza loo nto ixesha elide. 
Amawaka eminyaka iifilosofa bezisoloko zibuza imibuzo, efana nale: Ingaba lukho ulwazi kakade apha emhlabeni ekunokuqinisekwa ngalo ngokokude ingathandabuzwa nakancinane yindoda ekwaziyo ukuqiqa it?.




#Article 107: Ukutya kwamaMpondo (165 words)


Amampondo ngabantu abatya ukutya kwemveli. Nangona sele zikho nje izidlo zasemlungwini nekuzezona zithathelw aphezulu zezinye iintlanga ezizalana nawo, kodwa wona akashenxi ekutyeni kwawo kwemihla-ngemihla. Ubukhulu becala amaMpondo atya imifuno kunye nombona osiliweyo ngaxeshanye. Umgubo awutyiw angamandle kwemifuno. Nantsi imizekelo yokona kutya kuxhaphakileyo emaMpondweni:

KwaXhosa isidudu saziwa njengepapa ethambileyo, edliwa kwakusasa, phambi kokuba kutyiwe ezinye izidlo. ukanti emaMpondweni, isidudu yipapa ebuqina edityaniswe nethanga. Le ke kuthiwa emaXhoseni ngumqa. Kukutya kwemihla ngemihla ke oku emaMpondweni. Xa siphekwa ke esi sidudu kunqunqwa amathanda abemaninzi kuqala aphekwe. aze athi akungathi ayavuthwa kugalelwe umgubo onganeno kakhulu kunamathanga laa aphekiweyo. Umgubo othandwa kakhulu ke ngulo ugutywa ngesandla. Yhiyo le nto ugalelwa kula mathanga engekavuthwa ngokwaneleyo, kaloku kufuneka nwo uthambe, kuthiwe ke ngoku, sibhadlile isidudu. ziyakubondwa ke zombini zide ziyondelelane. zikuloo mlilo, zitsale okwexeshana de nomgubo lo uthambele ukutyiwa. kunempilo kakhulu ke okokutya kunjalo nje kunentswane.

Endaweni yethanga kuphekwa imifino ubukhulu becala. Ewe amabhola (amathanga asematsha) ayaphekwa nawo njenganqunqelayo. Iyakuthi isaqala nje ukubila le mifino, kugalelwe umgubo kuyo kuze kubondwe de kuyondelelane.




#Article 108: UBrenda Nokuzola Fassie (485 words)


U Brenda Nokuzola Fassie waazalelwa kwaLanga, kwidolophu yaseKapa, eliphelo kubantwana abalithoba. Ukuthiywa kwakhe igama elithi Brenda kulandela lemvumikazi yaseMelika u Brenda Lee. Uyise walishiya eli eneminyaka emibini kuphela uBrenda, waza wathi ngoncedo lukanina, nowayengumdlali wepiyano, waqala ukufumana imali ngokuculela abakhenkethi.

Ngo-1981, xa aneminyaka eyi-16 ubudala, walifulathela iKapa waya eSoweto, eGoli, ngeenjongo zokuza kufumana udumo njengemvumi. UFassie uqale ngokuzibandakanya neqela ekwakusithiwa yiJoy waza kamva waba yimvumi ephambili kwiqela laselokishini eliculayo nelalisayakubizwa ngokuba yi-Brenda and the Big Dudes. UNonyana wakhe, uBongani, awathi wamfumana ngo-1985 emfumana kwenye imvumi engugxa wakhe kwiqela leBig Dudes. Wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato noNhlanhla Mbambo ngo-1989 kodwa waphasalaka loo mtshato ngo1991. Kanye ngelo xesha wabangumntu weziyobisi icocaine lwaza ubizo lwakhe lwasilela.

Ebethetha phandle ngokupheleleyo ngezimvo zakhe kunjalo nje esoloko ebandwendwela abangamahlwempu ezilokishini zaseGoli, kananjalo ngamaculo akhe angobomi ezilokishini,  esonwabela udumo lwakhe. Wayesaziwa kakhulu ngamaculo akhe atshathelelyo u-Weekend Special kunye no Too Late for Mama, wayesaziwa ekwabizwa nje ngo Madonna wasezilokishini yi Time ngo2001.

Ngo1995, wabhaqwa ehotele kunye nesithandwa sakhe esasikwangumntu wasetyhini, uPoppie Sihlahla, owabulawa yinto eqikelelwa ukuba watya amayeza ngokugqithisileyo. UFassie wabekwa phantsi koqwalaselo apho wayeqeqeshelwa ukuyeka iziyobisiunderwent watsho wabuyela kwisiphiwo sakhe. Nangona kunjalo, waqhubeka esiba nayo ingxaki yeziyobisi waphinda wabuyela kwiiKliniki zonyango. isithuba esimalunga nama-30 samathuba ebomini bakhe. 

ukususela ngo-1996 wakhupha amacwecwe amaninzi e-solo, kuquka uNow Is the Time, Memeza (ngo1997), kunye noNomakanjani?. Uninzi lwamacwecwe akhe abakumgangatho wabathengi i-multi-platinum eMzantsi Afrika; uMemeza yaba lelona cwecwe lathengwa kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika ngo1998.

ngentsasa yangomhla wama-26 kuTshazimpuzi ka2004, uFassie wafa isiqaqa esekhayeni lakhe eBuccleuch, eRhawutini, waza wabalekiselwa kwisibhedlele eSunninghill. Oonondaba babesithi uhlaselwe sisifo sentliziyo, kwaza kamva kwaxekwa okokuba usafe isiqaqa esenziwe kukuminxana kwesifuba. ngokwengxelo ngoqhaqho olwenziwa emva kokuba eswelekile yaveza okokuba ngobusuku obandulela ukuwa kwakhe esifa isiqaqa wayesele isiyobisi icocaine ngokugqithisileyo, kwathi kanti ngunobangela wokokuba afe isiqaqa. Kuthe kusenjalo wasuka wayeka ukuphefumla ngenxa yokwenzakala kwengqondo kuba ingasafumani oksijin. UFassie wandwendwelwa nguNelson Mandela, Winnie Mandela, kunye noThabo Mbeki ngelixa elele ngandletyana nye esibhedlele, kwaye imeko yempilo yakhe yayingundaba-mlonyeni isishloko samaphepha-ndaba. Wayikhaba ibhekile xa aneminyaka engama-39 ubudala ngomhla wesi-9 kuCanzibe ngo2004 esesesibhedlele engazange ade abe ubuyela ezingqondweni emva kokuba ubuxhaka-xhaka boomatshini awayephefumla ngabo baye bacinywa. Ngokwephepha-ndaba laseMzantsi Afrika iSunday Times nangokweemanejala zenkampani yomculo wakhe, ingxelo eyafunyanwa emva koqhahqo lomzimba wakhe zabonisa okokuba wayenayo nentsholongwane ye-HIV. UManejala wakhe, uPeter Snyman, wawukhaba lo mba kule ngxelo. 
Usapho lwakhe, kuquka nogxa wakhe weminyaka, babehleli kunye naye ngelixa umphefumlo wakhe usahlukana nenyama. 

Ngokweevoti waba kwindawo ye-17 kwikwikhulu lokuqala kubemi abahlonitshiweyo eMzantsi Afrika.

Unyana wakhe uBongani 'Bongz' Fassie wacula ingoma ethi I'm So Sorry, ngoma leyo eyayidlalelwa umama wakhe, kwingoma eyashicilelwa kwimbasa ye-2005 kwimbasa yeAcademy-umdlalo owawuhamba phambili othi Tsotsi.

KweyoKwindla ngo2006 elinye iwonga elilingana nobomi ibronze sculpture kaFassie eyenziwa lichule nochwepheshe uAngus Taylor yahti yaxhonywa ngaphandle was installed outside kwisiseko, a indawo ekuculelwa kuyo eGoli.

Inkoliso yamacwecwe eengoma zikaFassie ayekhutshwa ngabakwa EMI-abanganikazi bayo ingabashicileli bakwaCCP. 

Wabanegalelo kwicwecwe likaMandoza elithi Tornado (ngo2002), nakwelikaMiriam Makeba elithi Sangoma (ngo1988), kanti nakwelika Harry Belafonte elalichasene nengcinezelo lisithi Paradise in Gazankulu (ngo1988). Wayecula nakwisandi sengoma eyayikumdlalo  iYizo, Yizo (ngo2004).




#Article 109: ULebu Mathosa (151 words)


ULebo Mathosa (17 kaJulayi 1977 – 23 kaOktobha 2006) waluqala ubizo lwakhe neqela iBoom ShakalaseMzantsi Afrika elalisaziwa kakhulu ngomculo ngo-1994 eneminyaka eli-15 ubudala, emva kokuba ethe waxhwila iliso lomfo owayengumdidiyeli weengoma uDon Laka kwintlangano yombutho owawuse Goli. Wayengomnye wabambalwa kumantombazana anempumelelo kumculo wekwaito kuba kulapho kwakukhonya amadoda khona. 

Uthe ukusuka apho wayimvumi ezimeleyo ngo1999. Itayitile yecwecwe lakhe yayisithi Dream, laba sele lifumana imbasa yegolide kwiiveki ezine likhutshiwe ngo2000. Kumsitho omkhulu weSouth African Music Awards owawungo-2001, uMathosa waphumelela imbasa ngengoma yakhe ;'dream' ekwakuyeyona ngoma ekwathi kwajuxuzwa ngayo neyayiphuma kwakweli cwecwe, kananjalo waphumelela imbasa ngokuthi abeyeyona mvumi  igqwesileyo ngelizwi layo kwabasetyhini. Icwecwe lakhe elilandelayo, elithiDrama Queen, lakhutshwa ngo2004, kwakhona waphumelela imbasa iSA Music Award ngokuba lelona cwecwe ekwakujuxuzwa ngalo.

Ngo2004 wabayintshatsheli yeSouth African pop charts, waza ngo-2006 wachongelwa imbasa yaseBritane MOBO (kuluhlu olugqwesileyo eAfrika) . Ubufazi obungangxengwanga budibene nendlela abonakalisa ngayo isini sakhe eqongeni babukhwankqisa ngakumbi de wathiywa igama lokuba nguMadonna omtsha wasezilokishini.




#Article 110: ULucky Dube (289 words)


ULucky Dube wazalelwa eErmelo, eyayisayakwaziwa ngokuba yeyaseMntla Transvaal, ekuthiwa ngoku yiMpumalanga, ngomhla wesi-3 kweyeThupha ngo1964. Abazali bakhe boohlukana phambi kokuba azalwe waza wakhuliswa ngunina, uSarah, owamthiya igama elithi Lucky kuba wakubona ukuzalwa kwakhe njengethamsanqa kuba kaloku wayephunyelwa zizisu amatyeli ngamatyeli.  Ekunye nabantakwabo, uThandi noPatrick, uDube ulichithe noninakhulu ixesha elininzi lobuntwana bakhe, ngelixa unina wayesele ehlala kwindawo awayexelenga kuyo. Kudliwano-ndlebe lwango1999, wamchaza uninakhulu njengoyena mntu awayemthanda kakhulu  nowaye nowayephuceleza edibanisa izinto ezininzi endikhulisa ukuze ndibe namhlanje ndingulo mntu ndinguye.

Esengumntwana, uDube wayesebenza egadini, kodwa wathi ngokuya ekhula, waya eqonda okokuba umvuzo wakhe wawumncinane kakhulu ungenakonela usapho lwakhe, waza ke ngoko waya esikolweni. Apho ke wazibandakanya nekwayala, kunye nabanye koogxa bakhe, beenza umculo wabo wokuqala bedibene, ekwakusithiwa yiSkyway Band. Esesesikolweni njalo, wabhaqa nto ekuthiwa yiyintshukumo yamaRastafari. Uthe xa aminyaka ili-18 ubudala wajoyina iqela lomzala wakhe, iiLove Brothers, elalidla umculo wesiisiZulu Umculo wepop owawusaziwa ngokuba ngumbaqanga kwangelo xesha wayephila ngokusebenzela uHole kunye noCooke njengonogada kumzi othengisa ngeemoto ezithinjiweyo eMidrand. eli qela latyikitya isivumelwano nenkampani yoshicilelo iTeal, phantsi kuka  Richard Siluma (iTeal yathi kamva yangena phantsi kwenkampani yoshicilelo iGallo. Nangona uDube wayesesesikolweni ngoko, iqela laliwushicelela umsebenzi walo eGoli xa zivaliwe izikolo. Iziphumo zecwecwe zaphuma phantsi kwegama elithi Lucky Dube and the Supersoul. Icwecwe elilandelayo laakhutshwa ngokukhawuleza emva koko, kwaye ngelo xesha uDube wabhala ezinye izicengcelezo ukongeza emculweni. Kungeli xesha kanye apho watsho wafunda khona isiNgesi.

Uthe xa kanye sele ekhuphe icwecwe lakhe  lesihlanu  loMbaqanga, uDave Segal (owayeyinjineli yesandi kumculo kaDube) wamkhuthaza ukuba alilahle igama leiSupersoul. Onke amacwecwe alandelayo ashicilelwa ngema elithi Lucky Dube. ngeli xesha uDube waqaphela okokuba abalandeli bakhe babezilandela ezinye iingoma zeregae awayezidlala xe kukho iikhonsathi wayecula kuzo ngokwakhe. Wenza umtsalane kuJimmy Cliff nakuPeter Tosh, wacinga okokuba imiyalezo yezepolitiko-nezentlalo zinxulumene neregae yaseJameica kwaye ziyangqinelana nababukeli baseMzantsi Afrika isizwe seziko lobuhlanga society.

 




#Article 111: Ray Phiri (260 words)


URaymond Chikapa Enock Phiri (23 kweyoKwindla ngo1947 - 12 uJulayi 2017) yimvumi yaseMzantsi Afrika ecula umculo wejazz, edidiyelelweyo kunye nombhaqanga, wazalelwa eMpumalanga ezalwa ngumsebenzi waseMalawi owayesebenza apha eMzantsi Afrika ekwayincutshe yomdlali wesiginci owayezaziswa ngegama elithi Just Now Phiri. uRay waba lilungu lokuqala elleza neqela ekuthiwa ziiCannibals kwiminyaka yoo1970. Zathi zakubhangiswa iiCannibals, uRay wazifumanela iqela leStimela, ngeli qela wakwazi ukushicilela amacwecwe antengiso yawo akwinqanaba legolide neplatinum njengefire, Passion tacy (1991), Look, listen and decide (1992) kwakunye nengoma eyayisithi People Don't Talk So Let's Talk eyayivusa ingxwaba-ngxwaba yengxoxo.

URay Phiri wazalelwa kufuphi naseNelspruit kumntla weTransvaal, nesele ibizwa ngokuba Liphondo laseMpumalanga eMzantsi Afrika, kule mihla siphila kuyo. Ngo-1985, uPaul Simon wacela uRay kunye ne Ladysmith Black Mambazo ukuba bajoyine kwiphulo lakhe lokwenza icwecwe elithi Graceland, phulo elo laba yimpumelelo nelatsho lenza iimvumi zaseMzantsi Afrika zakwazi ukuqaqambisa amagama azo kumazwe aphesheya. URay wasebenzisana  noPaul Simon kwakhona kwicwecwe likaSimon elithi Rhythm of the Saints, cwecwe elo elambeka kumaqonga afana neCentral Park kunye neMadison Square Garden kananjalo wayebonakala kwimiboniso yoomabonakude baseUSA ehamba phambili. Ngo2012, uPaul Simon wenza iphulo letheko lokugqiba unyaka kwatyelelwa eGraceland, apho ke wabakho uRay naye. 

UPhiri ubesoloko esiba kuthotho lweengozi zemoto nezithe zanegalelo kubomi bakhe nakwikamva lakhe kwezomculo. Kanajalo uPhiri wonzakala ngokumasikizi yango1987 kwingozi yemoto eyasuba imiphefumlo yemanejala yeband yakhe kunye nabanye abathandathu.Ngo2003, inkosikazi yakhe yalishiya eli ngenxa yengozi yemoto, ihamba noRay owayenzakele kakhulu. 

UPhiri ufumene iimbasa ezininzi ehlonitshwa ngegalelo lakhe kwimveliso yomculo, enye yezi mbasa kuthiwa yiOrder of Ikhamanga kwisilivere ewongwa ngayo nguMongameli waseMzantsi Afrika. Le kwakuyimbeko awayeyinikwa ngenxa yegalelo lakhe elingagungqiyo kwimveliso yomculo nempumelelo yakhe ekusebenziseni inkcubeko njengesixhobo sokuzisa inguqu ekuhlaleni. 




#Article 112: UYvonne Chaka Chaka (527 words)


UYvonne Chaka Chaka (wazalwa enguYvonne Machaka ngo1965) yimvumi yaseMzantsi Afrika. 

Edume ngokuba yinkosazana yaseMzantsi Afrika, uChaka Chaka ubesoloko ehamba phambili njengomculi waseMzantsi Afrika odumileyo kwisithuba seminyaka engama shumi anambili 20 years. Iingoma ezifana nooI'm Burning Up, thank you mister dj, I Cry for Freedom, Makoti, Motherland kunye  naleyo yayisaziwa ikwathandwa kakhulu Umqombothi (Utywala besiNtu) yaluqinisekisa udumo lukaYvonne. 

Le ngoma ithi Umqombothi yadlalwa kwisiqendu sokuvula umdlalo wango2004 othiHotel Rwanda.

UChaka Chaka wazalelwa eDobsonville eSoweto. Waba ngumntwana wesibini ukuvela kumabonakude waseMzantsi Afrka. Ngo1981 uSugar Shack, owayengumboniso wokuchonga abantu abaneziphiwo nezakhono,wamazisa kuluntu lwaseMzantsi Afrika ngokubanzi. 

UChaka Chaka waqala ukucula ene-19 ngo-1985 xa uPhil Hollis wabashicileli bakwaDephon wathi wambhaqa e Goli. Ngokufutshane emva koko, icwecwe lakhe lodumo elithi I’m in Love With a DJ, lakhupha  amacwecwe angama-35,000 awathi athengiswa, yaza ke itayitile yale ngoma yaduma izwe lonke.  

Ngesaquphe iingoma ezifana noI'm Burning Up, I Cry for Freedom, Sangoma,Motherland kunye nengoma yakhe yodumo ethi, Umqombothi zawuqinisekisa umgangatho kaChaka Chaka njengencutshe kumboniso womculo waseMzantsi Afrika ongumbhanga.  

Ukhule nzima ke uChaka Chaka. Uyise wasutywa kukufa xa wayeneminyaka eli-11 wabe yena unina, owayeng umsebenzi wasemakhitshini, ekwakhulisa iintombi zakhe ezintathu ngentwana yomvuzo wama-40eeRand ngenyanga. 

Uneediploma ezimbini azifumene kwiDyunivesithi yomMzantsi Afrika, enye uyifumene kwiMfundo yabadala, enye wayifumana kkuburhulumente bengingqi, kulawulo management nemsebenzi. Ufunde nendlela yokuthetha kwiqonga lemidlalo kwikholeji yaseTrinity, eLondon, waza wasifumana isiqinisekiso ngo1997. 

Ekhupha amacwecwe ancamisa umxhelo, elinye emva kwelinye, imbasa eyalandela le mpumelelo yamacwecwe akhe iquka iingoma ezifana nooBurning Up, iSangoma, Who’s The Boss, Motherland,  Be Proud to be African, Thank You Mr DJ, Back on my Feet, Rhythm of Life, Who's got the Power, Bombani ( Tiko Rahini), Power of Afrika, Yvonne and Friends and Kwenzenjani.

UChaka Chaka bekunye nomyeni wakhe uGq. uMandlalele Mhinga banenkampani yelimousine, unomculo wakhe obizwa ngaye kunye nenkampani evelisa umculo ekuyeyakhe. ngamaxesha athile Ufundisa abafundi abadala ukufunda nokubhala kwiDyunivesithi yaseMzantsi Afrika, uhlalele iibhodi ezininzi zemibutho yesisa nemibutho ekungeyo yaseburhulumenteni, waza wanika inkozo yakhe nakwibhodi yenkampani yabaTyeleli yaseGoli. Ekubalulekeni kwakhe kubizo lwakhe lo kaChakaChaka udibene  nabantu abafana noNelson Mandela (wacula kumnyhadala wokuvuyisana nama-85 ezelwe), neNkosazana kunye noOprah Winfrey.

Isidima sikaChaka Chaka njengeNkosazana yaseAfrika bubungqina bokunxhumana kwakhe nabantu basekuhlaleni kwakunye neziphatha-mandla. Nokokuba sele eculela iiKumkani, iNkosazana, ooMongameli kunye namakhosikazi abo okanye neekhonshathi zamashishini; uyakusoloko ebuyela kwabo abathandayo - abalandeli bakhe kunye neentsapho zabaphulaphuli bezixeko ezinkulu zaseMzantsi Afrika, ezilokishini nakumaphandle okanye ezilalini.  

UMama Africa, uMiriam Makeba wayethetha athi ngaye Ngumntwana wam!, uHugh Masekela ongeze ngelithi uYvonne ngumtshana wam oligeza. Amagqala anje ngoDolly Rathebe kunye noDorothy Masuka bamchaza umculo kaYvonne nje ngento bonke abantu abamelwe kukuyimanmela.

Xa wayebuzwa ngoyena mntu amthamda kakhulu, uChaka Chaka Chaka wathi Ngumama kuba ubesoloko enam. Umama ukhulise intombi zakhe ezintathu eyedwa ngomvuzo womsebenzi wasemakhitshini. Oko kwaxabisa inkuthazo kunye namandla angummangaliso. Unguxhasi kunye negorha lam. Ukuzalwa kwa ngo1965 eSoweto, kwakungexesha localucalulo ngobuhlanga, lawo kwakungamaxesha okunyuk' umnqantsa, kunzima, kutshis'ibunzi. Utata wayephum'izandla kwezomculo kodwa zange nakancinane akwazi ukuliphumeza iphupha lakhe. Wasweleka xa kanye ndine-11 leminyaka ubudala. Ndifuze abazali bam ngesi siphiwo somculo, ngoko ke umculo yinto ebisoloko isegazini lam. Ndisemncinane ndandibetha inkonkxa engenanto, ndivuthele nentonga yomtshayelo ndiyenza umboko wokucula. Ndandicula kwiikwayala zecawa. Ndiyawuthanda umculo. Ndisikelelekile ngoku sele ndide ndabe ndilusabele ndaluphumeza ubizo lwam, kwaye ndiye ndanakho ukwenza oko utata angazange abenakho ukukwenza. Wendele kuTiny Mhinga ozalana noMavivi Myakayaka Manzini nongumalume kaLebohang Manzini.




#Article 113: USteve Kekana (129 words)


UTebogo Steve Kekana (wazalwa ngeyeThupha ngomhla wesi-4 ka1958 eZebediela, eTransvaal) uyimvumi ekwangumbhali weengoma waseMzantsi Afrika. UKekana waphulukana nokubona eminyaka mihlanu ubudala, waza waya kwisikolo seemfama ePietersburg. ngexesha engumntwana wesikolo, ube engumntu okuthandayo ukucula, waza ke ngoko wabalilungu leqela labasaqalayo ukucula kwiminyaka yakhe yobukhwenkwe. 

Ngo1979 nango1980, uKekana waphumelela into eyayisaya kwaziwa njengeMbasa SABC Black Music Award yendoda ethe yagqwesa onke amadoda ngelizwi lokucula. Ingoma kaKekana ethi Raising My Family yiyona yabanodumo olukhulu eEurope ngo1980. Ewonke amacwecwe kaKekana athi ashicilelwa angaphezulu kwamashumi amane. Iingoma zakhe ezifana noThe Bushman kunye noFeel So Strong (ezazivutha)ziingoma ezazihamba phambili kwitshathi yeSpringbok Radiyo (Itshathi eyayingekho sesikweni ngokupheleleyo ngelo xesha) eyayifikelela kwi#13 nakwi#6 ngo1982 nango1983 ngokulandelelana kwayo le minyaka. 

USteve Kekana sisifundiswa saseDyunivesithi esinezidanga ezimbini eseB Juris neseLLB degrees.  UnguAdvocate ukwafunsia izifundo zeLabour Law kwiDyunivesithi yaseMzantsi Afrika. 

 




#Article 114: UMargaret Msengana (173 words)


UMargaret Singana (uMargaret Mcingana, wazalwa ngo1938 eQueenstown, kwiPhondo laseMpuma-Koloniwayeyimvumi yaseMzantsi Afrika. Ngeminyaka yo1950, wemka eQueenstown, iPhondo laseMpuma waye eGoli eyayisaya kuba kwiPhondo laseTransvaal, apho wathi waqeshwa waba ngumsebenzi wasemakhitshini. 

Wathi xa kanye esacoca imizi yabantu ngabantu kwa'bhaqwa' okokuba ungubani na kanye uMargaret Msingana.   Wayesoloko ecula ngeli lixa ecoca. Abaqeshi bakhe boneliseka kakhulu ngumculo wakhe de bamshicilela ngeli ecula baza bawathumela kwiinkampani zabashicileli-macwecwe iingoma zakhe. Abaqambi bengoma ethi Sponono, ebhalwe nguAlan Paton, bamnika indawo yakhe apho wayecula ikhorasi layo ngo1964. 

Ngeminyaka yo1970 uSingana waqala ukuma ukucula ngemiqondiso. ngo1972 wenza iculo elithi Good Feelings kunye neband, eli cwecwe labamba indawo yesi-2 kwiLM Hit Parade endala. ngo1973, okaSingana wamenyezelwa njengemvumi eyinkokheli kwiculo elithi, Iphi intombi, kwathi ngokukhawuleza wazenzela udumo ngengoma ethi Mama Tembu's Wedding. Ngo1977, ingoma yalo kaSingana ethi I Never Loved a Man the Way I Loved You yaba yetshisayo. Ngo1980 wahlaselwa sistroke and suffered from bad health for many years but, in 1986, she made a comeback with the song We Are Growing, which was the theme song from the television series, Shaka Zulu.




#Article 115: UThandiswa Mazwayi (106 words)


UThandiswa Mazwai (wazalwa ngomhla wama-31 kweyoKwindla ngo1976) yimvumi yaseMzantsi Afrika ephumelele iimbasa ngeembasa, kwaye uyimvumi ephambili ekwangumbhali weengoma weBongo Maffin.

UThandiswa wazalwa ngo1976 (unyaka wovukelo mbuso eSowetho). Ubukhulu becala ukhulele eSowetho, eGoli, phakathi kuqhankqalazo olwalusilwa nocalucalulo olwalunzima ngeminyaka yoo1980. Abazali bakhe bobabini babeziintatheli bekwangamatsha ntliziyo ayesilwa nocalucalulo, usakhumbula okokuba ikhaya lakhe lalisoloko ligcwele ziincwadi, ngamaphepha, likwafuthwe ziingxoxo zopolitiko. Ziimeko ezi lolu hlobo ke awathi wakhulela phantsi kwazo nezamtsho wanombono wokuba leli gcisa lomculo. Uqhubele phambili wayakufunda kwiDyunivesithi yaseWits apho wafunda khona izifundo ngoncwadi lwesiNgesi kunye nobudlelwane nehlabathi. Waafuthwa yimisebenzi kanina (owasweleka eselula uthandiswa) nayimibhalo yabantu abafana noo Steve Biko kunye noFrantz Fanon, uChinua Achebe noKwame Nkrumah.




#Article 116: UMarvin Gaye (427 words)


UMarvin Gaye wazalwa enguMarvin Pentz Gay, Jr.ngoTshazimpuzi ngomhla wesi-2, ngo1939 – April 1, 1984)waye eyimvumi ekwangumbhali weengoma.

UGaye wabanegalelo elikhulu ekubundukeni isandi samacwecwe ase Motown eengoma ngeminyaka yoo1960s iingoma ezazinesandi esitshisayo, zibandakanya iHow Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You) kunye neI Heard It Through the Grapevine, kwakunye nengoma apho acula kunye noMary Wells, Kim Weston kunye noTammi Terrell, kamva wafuna itayitilewangu   Prince of Motown nezithi Prince of Soul. ngeminyaka yoo1970, washicilela oobhazabhaza abathi What's Going On kunye nethi Let's Get It On waza waba ngomnye wabadlali abaphambili bokuqala eMoton ukuqhephuka kwinkampani yayo evelisa umculo.

Amacwecwe kaGaye amva enza ifuthe kwiingoma ezininzi eeRB neesubgenre, ezifana noquiet storm kunye noneo-soul. Emva kwethuba ebhacele irhafu eYurophu tax exile ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo1980s, uGaye ukhuphe ingoma etshisayo ngo1982 eyamtsho waphumelela iimbasa ekuthiwa yiGrammy Award-winning kubhazabhaza wakhe wecwecwe ngenxa yengoma yakhe ethiSexual Healing kunye nethi Midnight Love.

Wantlamfazwa nguyise ngembululu nguyise, uMarvin Gay, Sr. ngomhla woku-1 kuTshazimpuzi, ngo1984, kwikhaya labo kwisithili saseWest Adams saseLos Angeles. Emva kokukudlula kwakhe emhlabeni, UGaye uwongwe amaxesha ngamaxesha ngamaziko amaninzi, kuquka imbasa yeGrammy Lifetime Achievement Award, eyeRhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame kunye neyeRock and Roll Hall of Fame.

UMarvin Gaye wazalwa enguMarvin Pentz Gay, Jr ngekaTshazimpuzi, ngomhla wesi-2, ngo1939 eWashington, D.C., ezalwa ngumfundisi wezakwalizwi uMarvin Gay, Sr., kunye nomsebenzi wasemakhitshini uAlberta Gay (intombi yakwa Cooper). Ikhaya lakhe lokuqala lalise1617 First Street SW, kwiibhloko ezimbalwa phambi kokuba ufike kumlambo iAnacostia. Isitalato sokuqala ebumelwaneni sasibizwa ngokuba yiSimple City ngenxa yokokuba yayisisixekoesingangesiqingatha, isiqingatha selizwe. Wathi xa kanye ayinkwenkwana eselula uGaye, lwafudukela kwindawo eseDeanwood kumntla-mpuma weD.C. UGaye wayengumntwana wesibini kubantwana bakayise ekwangumntwana wesithathu kubantwana abathandu babonke. Unoodade wabo ababini: uJeanne noZeola, kunye nabafowabo abathathu: uMichael Cooper, uFrankie Gaye kunye noAntwaun Gaye. UMichael Cooper waye sisizananina, ukanti yena uAntwaun yena waye elivezandlebe wayefunyenwe yindoda ngaphandle komtshatos.

UGaye waqala ukucula eminyaka mine qwaba ezelwe; uyise ethanda ukumkhapha emsa apho wayeyakudlala khona ipiano. UGaye kunye nekhaya lakhe babeyinxalenye yecawa yamaPentecosti eyaziwa ngokuba yiHouse of God.  IHouse of God yayizithatha kumaHebhere icawa yobupentecosti iimfundiso zayo, apho kwakushunyayelwa ukuziphatha okukuko, kwaye kuthptyelwa konke okubhalwe kwiTestamenteTestamente endala nakwiTestamente entsha. UGaye waya ekhulelwa luthando lomculo esemncinane waza wakhuthazeka ukuba aqhubele phambili nomculo njengobizo lwakhe emva kokucula kumdlalo weqonga esikolweni. Ubomi bakhe basekhaya yayibubomi bokutywatyushwa nokumorhozwa ebethwa nguyise, owayembethela yonke into engalunganga ayenzileyo. wayekuchaza ukuhlala emzini kayise njengento efana nqwa nokuhlala nekumkani, a very peculiar, changeable, cruel and all powerful king. He felt that had his mother not consoled him, and encouraged his singing, he would have killed himself. His sister later explained that Gaye was beaten often, from age seven well into his teenage years.




#Article 117: UZahara (330 words)


Zahara (wazalwa Bulelwa Mkutukana, ngomhla we9 kweyeNkanga ngo1988) ngumlonjikazi ekwambhali weengoma, yimbongikazi, is a South African singer-songwriter, poet, ukwaluphawu lomzekelo wesithunya kwisibhedlele sabantwana iNelson Mandela Children's Hospital. Waqala ukucula kwikwayala yasesikolweni sakhe eneminyaka emithandathu qwaba ubudala, waza wathi xa aminyaka iluthoba ubudala wayalelwa ukuba acule kwikwayala yabadala ngenxa yelizwi lakhe elivakala ligqamile.   

Ngo2011 uZahara wakhupha icwecwe lakhe lodumo elithi Loliwe, elabonakalisa yimpumelelo enkulu; yaba kwizinga leplatinum kwiintsuku nje ezili-13 laza lalatyuza emva nje kweentsuku ezili-17 laba sele likwizinha ledouble platinum, lathisa ngaphaya kwama100,000 eekopi eMzantsi Afrika. Umboniso wengoma yakhe yodumo, uLoliwe, ufunxe i-1.3 yezigidi zabaphulaphuli ngokuboniswe kwi YouTube. Ngomhla woku-1 kwinyanga kaCanzibe ngo2012, kumnyhadala wonyaka wokunikezelwa kweembasa owawubizwa ngokuba yiSouth African Music Awards, uZahara waphumelela iimbasa ezisibhozo, kuquka eyelona gcisa langasegoqweni iBest Female Artist nobhazabhaza wecwecwe lonyaka iAlbum of the Year. phambi kwezi mbasa, kwagqabhuka ingxwabangxwaba ngosasazo malunga nobume bezezimali zakhe ezaziphethwe gwenxa ngabashicileli benkampani yakhe. Inkampani yakhe yoshicilelo i-TS, yazikhaba ngawo omane ezo zityholo. 
 

Igama lakhe leenkobe uZahara nguBulelwa Mkutukana wakumatyotyombe asePhumlani cebu nje ngaphandle kweMonti eMpuma Koloni, eMzantsi Afrika, apho wayehlala khona kunye nabazali bakhe uNokhaya kunye noMlamli Mkutukana. ungumntana wesithandathu kwabasixhenxe. walubonakalisa uthando lwakhe lomculo eseneminyaka emi-6 kuphela ezelwe. Waqala ukutsala amehlo abantu mhla wachongwa ukuba akhokhele iqela lomculo wesikolo secawa ePhumlani. Igama lakhe leqonga lithetha ukuthi Intyantyambo edubulayo; njengomntwana wayesaziwa ngegama lakhe lesiteketiso elithi Spinach.

Umculo wakhe ubekwa kwicandelo leAfrosoul kwaye ucula ngolwimi lwakhe lweenkobe, isiXhosa, nagesiNgesi. Iingoma zakhe bezisoloko zichazwa njengomxube wohlobo lomculo odunyiswe nguTracy Chapman, kunye noIndia.Arie.

Ubhazabhaza wecwecwe lakhe lodumo uZahara elithi Loliwe lakhutshwa ngo-2011. Ukukhutshwa kwalo okokuqala laba sele lithengisile kwisithuba nje esingephi seeyure ezingama 72 likho, and 19 days later, the album reached double platinum status in South Africa by surpassing the 100,000 sales mark. Oku kwamenza okokuba abeyimvumi yesibini emva koBrenda Fassie, owayengumXhosa onomtsalane kakhulu, nowafikelela kweli nani ngelo xesha lifutshane kangako. UZahara wakhupha icwecwe lakhe lokuqala lomboniso bhanyabhanya (iDVD)ecula ngokungathi nguX-Factor umngeneli waseUSA LeRoy Bell. I-DVD yafikelela kumgangatho weplatinum (ngokomgangatho obekwe ngabashicileli bamacwecwe baseMzantsi Afrika) ngosuku olunye nje kuphela. 




#Article 118: UMarvin Gay Sr (135 words)


umFundisi uMarvin Pentz Gayes Sr. (wazalwa ngomhla woku-1 kweyeDwarha ngo1914 – waza wasweleka ngomhla we-10 kwakweyeDwarha ngo1998) wayengumfundisi waseMelika phantsi kwebandla leHouse of God. Waye enguyise wegcisa lomculo laseMelika elalishicilela umculo uMarvin Gaye waza waduma kakubi emva kokumdubula ambulale unyana wakhe lo ngomhla woku-1 kwinyanga kaTshazimpuzi ngo1984, emva koxambuliswano olwalukwikhaya lakhe eLos Angeles. 

UMarvin Gay ungumntwana weshumi elinesihlanu kuGeorge nakuMamie Gay wazalwa ngomhla woku-1 kweyeDwarha ngo914 kwifama enxuse induli ekuthiwa yiCatnip eJessamine County, eKentucky waza wakhuliswa  eLexington.  Ngokutsho kwenkosikazi yakhe, uAlberta, ubomi bosapho lwakwaGay babusoloko buzele ubundlobongela obubandakanya amatyeli ngamatyeli ilikhaya lokuxhatshazwa nokuphatheka kakubi kwanodubulwano. AbakwaGay besilwa bodwa, yamxelela njalo le nkosikazi umbhali ong uDavid Ritz. Esengumntwana uGay, wayesiya nonina kwicawa yamaPentecosti, kwibandla leHouse of God. UGay wafudukela eWashington, D.C. eseyinkwenkwana ekwinqanaba lokonakalelwa lilizwi ngeenjongo zokuqhubela phambili nezifundo zakhe zobufundisi kwibandla leHouse of God kwalapho.




#Article 119: IJografi (167 words)


 IJografi zizifundo ngeHlabathi nangeempawu zalo, izidalwa ezihlala kulo, kunye nokwenzeka kwalo. Igama elithi jografi livela kumagama esiGrike athi gê (Umhlaba) kunye nelithigraphein (ukubhala, ukuzoba). Lithetha ukubhala kunye nokuzoba umhlaba. eli gama laqala ukusetyenziswa ngumphandi obizwa ngokuba nguEratosthenes (276-194 B.C.).
Iimpawu zalo zizinto ezifana namazwekazi, iilwandle, imilambo kunye  neentaba. Abahlali balo ngabo bonke bantu  kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala kulo. Izinto ezenzeka kulo zizinto ezifana namaza omoya, umoya, kunye nenyikima.

Umntu oyingcaphephe kwijografi kuthiwa yijografa. Ijografa izama ukuqonda ngeHlabathi nangezinto ezikulo, zaaqala kanjani zaza zatshintsha  njani.  

IJografi yahlulwe yangamacandela amabini elephysical geography nele human geography. KwiPhysical geography kufundwa ngobume bendalo yehlabathi ukanti kwihuman geography kufundwa ngobume boluntu kwihlabathi. Kwizifundo zoluntu lwasemhlabeni kungabandakanywa izinto ezifana noluntuolukwisizwe, Lumi njani uqoqosho lwesizwe, nezinye izinto. 

iijografa kufuneka zibenolwazi oluphangaleleyo ngeemephu kuba kaloku iimephu zibaluleke kakhulu kumntu ofuna ukwazi ngejografi. Iijografi zizisebenzisa kakhulu iimephu, zide zizenze nokuzenza ngamaxesha amaninzi. ukwenziwa kwememphu kuthiwa yicartografi, Ngokufanayo, abantu abenza iimephu kuthiwa ziicartografa.

Iijografa ezifunda ziphicothe le planethi yasemhlabeni zingaqwalasela oku kulandelayo: 
   

Iijografa ezifunda ngoluntu lwasemhlabeni lungaqwalasela oku kulandelayo:




#Article 120: Ihlabathi (394 words)


Ihlabathi yindawo eyiplanethi yesithathu ukusuka elangeni kwaye kukuphela kweplanethi eyaziwa njengenobomikuyo. Ihlabathi eli leenzeka kwisithuba sezigidigidi ezi4.5 billion zeminyaka eyadlulayo. lelinye leeplanethi ezine ezinamatye ngaphakathi kwisolar izinto ezijikeleze ilanga. Ezinye zazo ziiMercury, iVenus, kunye neMars.

Ubunzima obukhulu mass belanga benza okokuba ihlabathi lilijikeleze ngokwesazinge, kanye oku kobunzima behlabathi xa busenza okokuba inyanga ilijikeleze . Nehlabathi ngokunjalo liyazijikikelezela,  ngoko ke iindawo ngeendawo zijonge ngaselangeni ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ihlabathi lijikeleza ilanga kanye (kube kanye ngoyear) qho kwisithuba esingangamawaka ama-365¼ lijikeleza oko (kanye ngosuku).

Inyanga ijikeleza umhlaba qho kwiintsuku ezimalunga nama-27⅓, kwaye ibanokukhanya okuvela elangeni. Njengokuba ihlabathi lijikelelza ilanga kwangelo xesha linye, ukutshintsha kokukhanya kwenyanga kuthatha iintsuku ezimalunga nama-29½ ukuba itshintshe ebumnyameni iye ekukhanyeni okuqaqambileyo isuke apho iphindele ebumnyameni kwakhona. Kulapho ke kwavela khona lo mbono wenyanga.    Kodwa ke ngoku iinyanga ezininzi zineentsuku ezingama-30 okanye ama-31 zitsho zikulungele ukwenza unyaka.

ihlabathi kukuphela kweplanethi kwinkqubo yethu yezinto ezijikeleza ilanga enobumanzi obuninzi naamanzi. Malunga nama71% zomhlaba zogqunywe ngeelwandle. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, maxa wambi kuthiwa yiplanethi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.  

Ngenxa yamanzi ayo, ihlabathi lilikhaya lezigidi zeentlobo zeizityalo nezilwanyana. Izinto eziphila emHlabeni ziyitshinsthe kwaphela umphezulu nembonakalo yomhlaba. umzekelo,

Ihlabathi yinxalenye yeeplanethi ezisibhozo kwakunye nenxalenye yamawakawaka ezinto ezincinane ezizulazula zijikeleza ilanga njengenkqubo yokujikeleza kwezinto ezingqonge ilanga. Inkqubo yokujikeleza kwezinto ezingqonge ilanga ihamba ngeNgalo yeOrion yeMilky Way Galaxy ngoku,  kwaye oku kuyakwenzeka isithuba seminyaka eli-10,000.

Ihlabathi ngokubanzi  kude le kwilanga (lo mgama ubizwa ngokuba yiAstronomical Unit). Umhlaba uhamba ngendlela yawo ngesantya esikumyinge wama  ngomzuzwana.  Umhlaba ujika kuyo yonke le ndlela malunga ne-365¼ yamathuba athatyathwa lilanga ngelo xesha ke uMhlaba wona uchitha uyihamba yonke loo ndlela ujikeleza ilanga. Ukuze kubekho usuku olude kunezinye qho ngonyaka, usuku olongezelelweyo lubakho qho kwiminyaka emine. kuthiwe ke lo nyaka yileap year.

Inyanga ijikeleza umHlaba kumgama ongumyinge we . 



#Article 121: Ilizwekazi (134 words)


Ilizwekazi yindawo enkulu yomhlaba edibeneyo apha emhlabeni. kuyavunyelwana okokuba asixhenxe amazwekazi: yi-Africa, yi-Antarctica, yi-Asia, yiYurophu, yiNorth America, yi-Australasia okanye i-Oceania, kunye neSouth America.

Ilizwekazi yindawo enkulu yomhlaba apha emhlabeni eqokoleleneyo yaba yinto enye. ngokwesithethe kwavunyelwana okokuba asixhenxe amazwekazi: yi-Africa, yi-Antarctica, yi-Asia, yiYurohu, Ngumntla Melika, yi-Australasia okanye yi-Oceania, and South America.

Babakho abathi iAustralia yenye yamazwekazi asixhenxe. abanye bathi iAustralia yinxalenye ye-Oceania.   i-Oceania yingingqi ebandakanya ii-Australia, iNew Zealand kunye nePacific Islands. Eyesithathu indlela indlela ligama elithi Australasia, lona liquka onke amazwe ubuncinane kwilizwekazi 
eAustralian. Oku kuquka isiqithi sase saseNew Guinea, eTasmania, eNew Zealand kunye neqela leziqithana. Lingakwicala langasemntla-mpuma weWallace Line, linomahluko omkhulu kunobo baseAsia. 

Umntla Melika kunye nomZantsi Melika ngamazwekazi asoloko echazwa ngelithi ngama NgamaAmerika. Oku kunika ithuba lokubandakanya imelika esembindini kunye neziqithi zeCaribbean. Ngaphaya koko iMelika ekumbindi Melika ibalwa nje ngelinye ilizwekazi laseMntla Melika.




#Article 122: Umoya (151 words)


File:Kawasaki-Electric_Fan.jpg|thumb|I- isetyenziswa xa kufuneka kuphephezele umoya 
Umoya uyi-atmosphere yomhlaba. Umoya osijikeleziyo okanye esiphila kuwo ungumxube wee-gas ezininzi kunye nothuli lomhlaba. Unoya yi-gas ecocekileyo eziphila ngawo izidalwa eziphilayo, zize zithi ngawo zikwazi nokuphefumla. Ukumila kwawo nobungakanani bawo ngokobunzini  abunangqibeko. Awunabala navumba. Une-mass nobunzima. Uyi-matter kuba kaloku une-mass nobunzima. Umoya udala i-atmospheric  pressure. Akukho moya kwi-vacuum ye-cosmos. 

Umoya ngumxube we-nitrogen emalunga nama-78%, ama-21% e-oxygen, i-0.9% se-argon, i-0.04% ye-carbon dioxide, kunye nezinye iintwana ntwana zee-gas ezincinane kakhulu.  Kukho umyingewophunga wamanzi omalunga ne-1%.

Izilwanyana zidinga i-oxygen esemoyeni ukuze ziphile. Umzimba womntu, imiphunga ihambisa i-oxygen iyise e-gazini, ize iphinde ibuyisele i-carbon dioxide emoyeni. Izityalo zidinga i-carbon dioxide esemoyeni ukuze ziphile. Zikhupha i-oxygen ephefumlwa ngabantu.  

Umoya obhudlayo ngumoya olwatyuzayo.    umoya  usengangcoliswa zezinye ii-gases (ezifana ne-carbon monoxide), umsi, no ngoliseko sesinye sezizathu zokwenzeka kwe-global warming, kuba kaloku zenza i-greenhouse effect.

Inqwelo-ntaka isebenzisa ii-propellers ukuhambisa umoya ngaphezu kwamaphiko, ayo, atsho akwazi fbhabha. Ii-Pneumatics isebenzisa i-air pressure ukuhambisa izinto.  




#Article 123: Imephu (119 words)


 
Imephu ngumfanekiso wendawo, idla ngokuba ngumfanekiso womhlaba okanye indawo ethile yomhlaba. Ipmephu yahlukile kwifoto ye-aerial kuba kubakho iyahlalutywa  

Igama elithi mephu lisenokusetyenziswa xa kuthethwa ngetshathi okanye umzobo obonakalisa ubudlelwane phakathi  kwemibono, abantu, iziganeko, okanye nantoni na eyenye onokucinga ngayo. Yiyo le nto abaqhulukqi beewebhu besoloko bethetha ngoludwe lwamaphela ewebhu kwiziko lewebhu iziko lemephu. 

abantu abenza iimephu ziicartographers.

Imephu ezininzi namhlanje zenziwa ngokusebenzisa nkqubo yekhompyutha ekuthiwa yiiGIS.   Ezi ke ziyinkqubo yoovimba abalawulwa ngokweendawo endaweni yamagama embali.  

Ukuba imephu ikwintwana yephepha okanye kwifestile yekhompyutha, kufuneka ibe icwangcisiwe.  Kuba kaloku umhlaba ungqukuva okanye usisazinge kwaye lona iphepha kunye neefestile zekhompyutha zona zisibanca. Zininzi iindlela ezisebenzisa imathematics xa zisenza izicwangciso. Lunye kuphela uhlobo lwemephu yomHlaba olungacwangciswayo lolo luzotywa emoyeni. Olu ke kuthiwa yiglobhu.






#Article 125: Isoka (328 words)


Umbutho webhola ekhatywayo ngumdlalo, odlalwa phakathi kwamaqela amabini. Kwamanye amazwe, anje ngeUnited Kingdom, ubizwa ngokuba yisoka okanye ibhola ekhatywayo, kodwa kwamanye amazwe, anje ngeUnited States neCanada, kuthiwa isoka. EAustralia, eNew Zealand, Ireland, eMzantsi Afrika, kunye neJapan, asoloko esetyenziswa omabini laa magama. 

Iqela ngalinye line-11 labadlali enkundleni. Omnye wabadlali ngunozinti, baze abanye abadlali abalishumi baziwe ngokuba ngabadlali basebaleni. umdlalo udlalwa ngokuthi kukhatywe ibhola ikhatyelwe ezipalini zeqela ekukhutshiswana nalo. Uwonke umdlalo udlalwa ngemizuzu engama-90 emizuzu, kodwa phakathi keale mizuzu kumane kubakho i-15 lemizuzu elibekelwe okokuba bakhe baphumle abadlali. Ixesha lokuphumla kuthiwa sisiqingatha.

 
luninzi ukhuphiswano lwebhola ekhatywayo, lolwamaqela esoka asekuhlaleni, kunye nolwezizwe. Amaqela ebhola ekhatywayo avamise ukudlala namanye amaqela kwisizwe sawo, ngaphandle nje ke kwemeko ezithile nezizezimbalwa. I-Cardiff City F.C. kunye ne   Swansea City F.C zaseWales umzekelo, zidlala kwiitumente zaseNgilane nakwezesiNgesiiFA Cup.

amaqela afana neUEFA kunye neFIFA ziququzelela ukhuphiswano lwehlabathi phakathi kwamaqela kunye nezizwe. Amaqela adlala kukhuphiswano olufana netumente yeUEFA Champions   okanye itumente yeUEFA Europa, kwaye amazwe adlalela indebe yeHlabathi okanye indebe yelizwekazi efana neyobuntshatsheli kwibhola ekhatywayo yaseYurophu ebizwa ngokuba yiUEFA.

Umdlalo wendebe yehlabathi udlalwa qho kumnyaka wesine phakathi kwamaqela ezizwe, kwaye iba ngowona mdlalo wehlabathi othandwa kakhulu, uthandwa nangaphezu kwalo wemidlalo yeOlympic. Kwisoka, zimbini iintlobo zokhuphiswano. Kwitumente, onke amaqela adlala inani lemidlalo efanayo, kodwa kwindebe, amaqela ayalushiya ukhuphiswano xa athe akaphumelela okanye xa athe abethwa, de kube kushiyeka amaqela amabini okugqibela ibe ngawo azakudlala, ze ke ngoku kukhutshwe intshatheli kula maqela mabini.  

Ibhola ekhatywayo ngumdlalo othandwa kakhulu lihlabathi. Ngumdlalo odlalwa kumazwe amaninzi kuneminye imidlalo. Singathi nje iFIFA (the Federation Internationale de Football Association) inamalungu amaninzi kunalawo eZizwe ezimanyeneyo. Udlalwa ngamadoda nabafazi.  

eYurophu, olona khuphiswano luphambili lwenziwa lube lolona lona lolweentshatsheli zeLeague kumaqela asencochoyini nakwiitumente eziphambilikwisizwe ngasinye eYurophu. kube ke ngoku sele kusibakho iUEFA Europa League nekuyeyawona maqela agqwesileyo kwilungu ngalinye leUEFA.

elona qela linempumelelo kwihlabathi yiRangers F.C. yaseScotland, lilo eliphumelele iitayitile ezinkulu ngaphezu kwawo onke amazwe emhlabeni. Laaphumelela itumente yesizwe kwade kwanga-51 labe ke liqhawule ngokwenjenjalo. Amanye amaqela anempumelelo yiFC Barcelona kunye neReal Madrid yaseSpain, okanye eManchester United F.C. zaseNgilaneEngland. 




#Article 126: Umdlalo (108 words)


Umdlalo udla ngokuchazwa njengohlobo lomdlalo wokuzonwabisa ofuna kushukunyiswe umzimba kwaye ubandakanya ukhuphiswano umzekelo njengebaseball, isoka, ibowling, okanye ibasketball. Ulutsha oluninzi kanti ke nabadala badlala imidlalo kunye noogxa babo. Amadoda ezemidlalo aqeqesha ukutitsha okanye ukulolonga amaqela okanye okanye umntu ngamnye bebabonisa okokuba bangaziphucula njani na. Imidlalo ingadlalwa ngaphakathi ezindlwini okanye nhaphandle  

Some people like to watch other people play sports. Those who watch others playing sports are called fans. While some fans watch sports on television, others actually go to stadiums or other places where people pay to watch them in person. These fans are called spectators.

At present, there is a great variety of sports available, for example:




#Article 127: Amanqindi (136 words)


Amanqindi ngomnye wemidlalo emidala nenomtsalane kwihlabathi lonke jikelele. udla ngokubanjelwa kwisazinge baze bathi abadlali bamanqindi ababini (abathabatha inxaxheba kulo mdlalo) banxibe iigloves ezenzelwe lo mdlalo baze babethane.
Zimbalwa iindlela zokuphumelela kumdlalo wamanqindi. Enye yawo kukuphumelela ngokulalisa ngophotho, apho ke kuxa umdlali ebethwe wawa phantsi imizuzwana elishumi engephindanga avuke. enye indlela kukubethwa ngetechnical knockout, apho ke umdlali engenakuphinde aqhubeke nokulwa okanye xa unompempe ewumisile umdlalo. Okunye okungenzeka kukuphumelela ngamanqaku, athi afunyanwe ngusomanqindi ngokulwa kwakhe nomnye umdlali wamanqindi ngokuthi ambethe izihlandlo ezininzi, embetha kakhulu, emchana. kukho nokulingana kwamanqaku kumdlalo wamanqindi.  usompempe usenokumemezela ukulingana kwamanqaku ngenxa yengozi ethe yadala ukukrazuka kwendawo ethile komnye wabadlali okanye ngenxa yenxeba elithe lenzeka ngengozi, njengenxeba elisentloko. Ngokomthetho oku akukhalazelwa. kodwa, kumjikelo wesibini, okanye kowesine kwezinye iindawo, ukuba amanqaku ayalingana macala omabini, umlo kufuneka ubizwe nje ngonamanqaku alinganayo. umdlalo wamanqindi uthandwa kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele.  




#Article 128: Ikarati (238 words)


 bubugcisa bamaJapane .  Yaqala kwindawo eyayisaya kuba bubukumkani bamaRyūkyū kwindawo ebizwa namhlanje nje ngeOkinawa Prefecture. 

IKarati isebenzisa onke amalungu omzimba njengesixhobo esifana nesandla, inqindi, ingqiniba, umlenze kunye nedolo.  
Mathathu amacandelo okuqeqesha kwikarati:

UGichin Funakoshi, utitshala wesikolo owayesuka kwisiqithi saseOkinawa, waqala le karati emainland eJapan ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo1900. Ikarati yemveli yahlukile emanqindini, kwiwrestling nakwi kickboxing: kwikarati, okubalulekileyo ngamandla engqondo nembeko njengoko zikumandla omzimba.  

IKarati yaduma yaziwa kulo lonke ilizwe ngenxa yokokuba yayidlalwa kwiimovie ngeminyaka yoo1960 noo1970. Kungoku nje wonke umntu kwihlabathi jikelele ufunda ukudlala ikarati. 

Emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi esi-II, iKarati yabanodumo eKorea, apho yayisaziwa phantsi kwegama elithi tangsudo. igama lekarati elipheleleyo yiKarate-do nto leyo ethetha ukuthi icebo ngezandla ezi zingenanto ngesiNgesi. 

zininzi izikolo neentlobo zekarati, nazi ezinye zazo: 

umntu odlala ikarati kuthiwa yikarateka.  Abantu bekarati abaziwayo baquka aba: uGichin Funakoshi, uYoshitaka Funakoshi, uShigeru Egami, uMasutatsu Oyama, kunye noFumio Demura.

xa abantu befunda ikarati, banxiba impahla elungiselelwe oko ekuthiwa yikarategi. Ikarategi iba ngumntla omhlophe kunye nomzantsi omhlophe. Abantu abafunda ukudlala ikarati nabo banxiba ibhanti elimibala-bala, mibala leyo ixelela abantu okokuba ukwiliphi na inqanaba, ixeli okokuba ukwazi kangakanani na. Abantu ababini abanxibe amabhanti anemibala eyahlukeneyo akuthethi kuba banexesha elingakanani bedlala ikarati kodwa baqeqeshwe kangakanani na kwikarati.  

Izikolo ngezikolo zekarati zinemibala yamabhanti eyahlukeneyo ngokwamanqanaba abo. Awunakuze wazi okokuba badlala kangakanani na de ubabuze okanye wazi okokuba ingaba izikolo zabo ziyicwangcisa njani na imibala yamabhanti yazo ngokwamanqanaba abo. Ngokwesiqhelo ibhanti elimnyama lelabafundi abazama ngako konke abanakho ukuba babe ngabona bona ixesha elide.  time. 




#Article 129: Isele (191 words)


Amasele aziiamphibians ngokulandelelana kwakwaAnura. Akukho mahluko ungakanani phakathi kwamasele nnoonomanhekemfu, kwaye azichazwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Unobangela woku kukuba intlalo yoonomanhekemfu, nezikhumba zabo ezomileyo, ezirhwexayo, yinto eziyifumene ngenxa yokuhlala kwiindawo ezomileyo. Indlela abamile ngayo oonomanhekemfu iye izitshintshela ngokuzitshintshela amaxesha-ngamaxesha, ibe ke ngumzekelo wokuguquka kwezilwanyana zibeneempawu ezifanayo ngenxa yokuhlala ndawonye.

Amasele angahlala emhlabeni nasemanzini ahlaziyekileyo. Akanakuphila emanzini anetyuwa. zikhula ngemetamorphosis. Ziqanduselwa njengezabonkolo ezivela  emaqandeni, azalelwa zimazi zamasele. La maqanda ke abizwa ngokuba zii frogspawn. Izabonkolo zinemisila kwaye zinegills. Xa zikhula, le misila kunye neegills ziyaphela kuze kukhule imilenze emine nemide.  

Amasele amadala angatsiba ngemilenze yawo. Anamalwimi amade awasebenzisa ukunqakula izinambuzane. Enza isandi ekuthiwa yicroak. Ezinye iintlobo zawo zihlala emithini, zize ezinye iintlobo zamasele zikhuselekile ngokuthi  zibenetyhefu. Amasele ahlala kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ukuba usapho lwesele oluthile lolwaphesheya kweelwandle luthi luziswe kwelinye ilizwe, iecosystem ingachaphazeleka.

ngamanye amaxesha imilenze yamasele iyatyiwa njengokutya eFrance, eChina, naseMidwest yaseUnited States. Ukubulawa kwamasele kungachaphazela iecosystem. Umzekelo, amasele atya iingcongconi. Ukuba ke ayabulawa amasele, oko kuyakuthetha okokuba ambalwa amasele azakutya iingcongconi, kuze kuye kusanda ngokwanda ukuzalwa kweengcongconi. Ngoko ke, kwezi ndawo, zininzi izifo ezithwalwa ziingcongconi, kuba zininzi iingcongconi. kodwa ke, ukuze oku kwenzeke, amasele kufuneka abe ngawona ajongene nokubulala iingcongconi. Oku akusayikufane kwenzeke.




#Article 130: Inkukhu (246 words)


Inkukhu i(Gallus gallus domesticus) luhlobo lwentaka yasekhaya. Ikhuliswe ngokubanzi ngenxa yenyama yayo kunye namaqanda. Zizizigidigidi ezingama-24 zeenkukhu emhlabeni wonke jikelele. Zifuywa kakhulu ngabantu njengemfuyo, oko kuthetha ukuthi zigcinelwa inyama yazo kunye namaqanda. Iinkukhu ziintaka engabhabhi kuyaphi, oko kuthetha ukuthi azinakubhabha. Zibhabhela kufutshane. 

Inkunzi yenkukhu ibizwa ngokuba yirooster okanye yicock (isishunqulelo segama elithi cockerel). Isikhukukazi senkukhu kuthiwa yihen. Inkukhu esencinane kuthiwa l intshontsho. Njengezinye izikhukukazi zentaka, izikhukukazi zenkukhu zizalela amaqanda maqanda lawo athi aqanduselwe.  

Xa umfama ekhulisa iinkukhu, kufuneka azakhele indlwane yazo (njengendlwana encinane yeenkukhu) ukuze zikwazi ukuba nendawo yokulala. zikwafuna indawo enje ngesiza sokubaleka nokuzilolonga okanye zidlalele khona, zibhukuleze emhlabeni, zitye, zisele. Iinkukhu kufuneka zikhuselwe kwiintshaba zazo ezifana nookhetshe, oko kwenziwa ngokuthi zibiyelwe.  

Iinkukhu zisenokufuyelwa ukwenza ushishino. Oku kwenza okokuba amafama enze inyama namaqanda amaninzi, kodwa ke noko oku akulunganga ezinkukhwini. 

IChickenpox ayinanto nakwenza neenkukhu. xa yayichazwa okokuqala ichicken pox, kwaqatshelwa okokuba amachaphaza epox ayebonakala njengemifuno ebizwa ngokuba yichickpea ebalapha esikhumbeni. igama lesiLatini lechick peas lithicicer, kwaye ligama layo lokuqala apho ichicken pox yathi yalifumana khona.

Iinkukhu zaziwa kakhulu ngamaqanda azo. Abantu abaninzi bayawatya. 

Ngenxa yeendleko zayo ephantsi, inyama yenkukhu (nebizwa ngokuba yinkukhu) yenye yeentlobo zenyama esetyenziswa kakhulu apha emhlabeni. AmaMelika atya iinkukhu ezizizigidi ezisi-8 qho ngonyaka.  Ezona zitya zinenkukhu nezithandwa kakhulu ngamaphiko eBuffalo, ibutter chicken, chicken rice, chicken balls, chicken pot pie, chicken soup, fried chicken, inkukhu eyojiweyo (jonga umfanekiso), kunye nenkukhu yetandoori.

Kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi abantu bazifuyela ukulwa ngazo iinkukhu. Babheja ngemali bebhejela okokuba liliphi na iqela elizakuphumelela. kwiindawo ezininzi lo mdlalo awukho semthethweni. 




#Article 131: Abuja (109 words)


 

I-Abuja ngundlunkulu wedolophu yaNigeria. Izinze kumbindi weNigeria, kwFederal Capital Territory (iFCT). I-Abuja sisixeko esicwangcisiweyo, kwaye sakhiwa ngeminyaka yooo1980. Yathi yabekwa ngokusesikweni njengedolophu engundlunkulu ngomhla we-12 KweyoMnga ngo1991, ithatha indawo yeLagos, nangona kunjalo le ndawo isathathwa njengesona sixeko sithandwa kakhulu. Nge-census ka2006, esi sixeko saseAbuja sasinabantu abangama776,298, loo nto ke yasenza okokuba ibesisixeko seshumi kwezithandwayo eNigeria. I-Abuja iye yanabantu abaninzi abangena kuyo; oku kwanda koluntu lwenze okokuba kubekho iidolophu ezisebenza ngesatellite ezinjengeKaru Urban Area, iSuleja, iGwagwalada, iLugbe, iKuje neendawo ezincinane ezihlala abantu apho le dolophu icwangcisiweyo yanda khona. Indawo kwisixekokazi engekho mthethweni eAbuja inoluntu olungaphaya kwezigidi ezintathu kwaye iyeyesine kwezakhe zankulu eNigeria, ibe ke yodlulwa kuphela yiLagos, iKano kunye neIbadan. 




#Article 132: Idami (123 words)


Idami ludonga olukhulu okanye umqobo onqanda okanye onqamla ukuhamba kwamanzi, kutsho kwenzeke ireservoir okanye ilake. Amadami amaninzi anesiqendu ekuthiwa yispillway or weir over which, or through which, water flows, either sometimes or always.
Amadami anomsebenzi onjongo yawo yokuqala ikukugcina amanzi. Elona dami lide emhlabeni lingama-300 eemitha ukuphakama lidama iNurek eTajikistan.

Inxalenye yamadami yakhiwa eMesopotamia ukuya kwiminyaka engama-7,000 eyadlulayo. Amadama anamhlanje akhiwe ngeendonga zebhlorho yentsimbi exutywe nokhuni olomeleleyo. Udonga lwebhlorho oluneziginqki lomelele kakhulu lulo olunceda okokuba udonga lukwazi ukumelana nobunzima bamanzi. 

Zininzi izizathu ezenza okokuba abantu bakhe amadami. Amanye amazwe akha amadami ukunqanda ukuhamba kwamanzi angehli akhukhuliseke ehle ngomsinga mlambo, nokunqanda izikhukhula. Amanye amazwe akha amadami ngeenjongo zokwenza umbane zisebenzisa iinjini zejeneratha yehydroelectric turbine, Amanye amazwe asebenzisa amadama ukugcina amanzi azakusetyenziselwa ukunkcenkceshela (okanye ukufuya).




#Article 133: Inyongo (694 words)


inyongo okanye igall yinto ekrakrayo, ingamanzi le nto, imbala uluhlaza de ubuhlaza bayo bubengathi bubamnyama iye isiba buqanda bumdaka, le nto iputyuzwa sisibindi senkoliso yezilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo, inceda ekusilweni kwamafuma omzimba emathunjini amancinane. Ebantwini, inyongo ihlala iputyuzwa sisibindi (isibindi senyongo), igcinwe yaza yafunjwa kwisingxobo senyongo (isingxobo senyongo), size sithi ke xa sisitya isilwanyana eso, yona ibe iputyuzeka kwithumbu laso elikhulu ekuthiwa yiduodenum. Inyongo le yenziwe ngamanzi angama-97%, 0.7% iityuwa zenyongo, 0.2% yebilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids and lecithin), and 200 meq/l inorganic salts.

Poes inamaxesha okusebenza njengesurfactant, oko kukuthi inceda ekunyibilikiseni amafutha ekutyeni. Ityuwa yenyongo iianions zihydrophilic kwelinye icala ziphinde zibehydrophobic kwelinye; iziphumo zoko, zidla ngokuqokolelana ngakumaqabaza amafutha ekuthiwa zii(triglycerides nangakwiiphospholipids) ukuze zenze iimicelles, 


#Article 134: Isibindi (283 words)


Isibindi yinjini yomzimba efumaneka emazants’omzimba. Yinxalenye yeenkqubo zomziba ekuthiwa yigastrointestinal. Ngamanye amaxesha abantu basebenzisa isimaphambili uhepar- okanye u-hepat- xa bethetha ngesibindi. 

Zininzi izinto ezibalulekileyo ezenziwa sisibindi emzimbeni womntu:

zininzi iintlobontlobo zezifo zesibindi. Izifo zesibindi zingamenza agule kakhulu  umntu ngenxa yayo yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo eyenziwa sisibindi. Abantu abanezifo ezimbi zesibindi bayafa ngaphandle kokuba bafumane isibindi esingathi similiselwe. Oku kwenzeka xa isibindi esithathwe komnye umntu ogqiba kubhubha size sifakelwe komnye umntu ngotyando. Utyando olu lolu hlobo lolunzima kakhulu kodwa lungabusindisa ubomi bomntu.  

Iimpawu zesifo sesibindi zibonakala ngokuthi isibindi singabisawenza umsebenzi esimelwe kukuwenza.  

Isibindi asinakuhluza tyhefu nakungcola kusuka emzimbeni, ngoko ke zonke ezi zinto zingalunganga emzimbeni zihlala egazini ixesha elide. Enye yezi zinto ethi yande egazini yinto ekuthiwa yibilirubin. Xa ziye zafa iired blood cells, ihemoglobin ekuzo ivuzela egazini. Ize ke ngoko ihemoglobin ibe yibilirubin (into etyheli eyenza ukuba inyongo ibetyheli.) Isibindi sikhupha ibilirubin egazini size siyifake enyongweni. Inyongo iyehla iye emathunjini ize ke ngoko iphume nokungcola komzimba. Ukuba isibindi sonzakele, asikwazi ukususa ibilirubin, ize ke ngoko ibilirubin ihlale egazini. Le nto yenza okokuba umzimba womntu ubonakale utyheli ize kuthiwe ke loo nto yijaundic. Ngoko ke amehlo atyheli kunye nesikhumba esityheli ziimpawu zesifo sesibindi.  

Ezinye iimpawu zesibindi nazi: 

IHepatitis kuxa iicell zesibindi zisitsha (ukugula.) Oku kungasuka kusuleleko lwivirus. Oku kungenziwa yityhefu. (Ityhefu exhaphakileyo eyenza ihepatitis yialcohol.) oku kungaba kusuka kwisifosofuzo. oku kungasuka kwisifo seautoimmune xa inkqubo zokomeleza umzimba zonzakeli. 

ICirrhosis yenziwa kukufa kweecells zesibindi okwenzeka qho. xa zithe zafa iiceels, kwenzeka inyamana ekuthiwa siscar. esi scar siyayonakalisa indlela esimile ngayo isibindi. Oku kwenze okokuba isibindi singasebenzi. Oku kukwadaka uxinzelelo olukhulu kwimithambo eya esibindini. olu xinzelelo lungaka lwenza iesophageal varices. esona sizathu sixhaphakileyo sesifo icirrhosis emhlabeni lusuleleko lwehepatitis B virus.

Ezinye izifo zesibindi zinganyangwa kuphela ngofakelo sibindi.




#Article 135: Umchamo (223 words)


Umchamo ngamanzi enziwe ngumzimba kwizintso. Agcinwa kwisinyi aze aphume emzimbeni womntu ngeurethra, umbhobho osuka kwisinyi usiya kwi-urethral meatus (meatus = imbobo esemzimbeni), kanye phaya kwincakam yomthondo (emadodeni) okanye isinene (ebafazini). Ukuchama yindlela umzimba ochitha ngayo izinto ezingafunekiyo egazini. Umchamo ngamanzi ekulahlwa kuwo ezi zinto. emva kokuba igazi sele liwutyhutyhe lawugqiba umzimba wonke, umthwalo wao uyatshintsha, kuba kaloku ezinye izinto egazini zithathwe ngumzimba, abe nawo umzimba ukhuphe ezinye izinto uzikhuphela egazini. Igazi nalo lizithathele ezinye izinto ekutyeni kwethu esikutyayo. Isibindi sisusa ityhefu eninzi (izinto eziyingozi) lize longeze ezinye izinto ezifunwa ligazi ezinjengeeamino acids, iiproteins, iicoagulation factors, iihormones, etc.). Zize ke zona izintso zisuse umchamo, iityuwa, etc. ngokuthi uzifake emchameni. Emva kokuba igazi lihambe ladlula ngesibindi ukuya kwizintso, libanomthwalo ofanelekileyo ofunwa ngumzimba. 
Umchamo ungamanzi ubukhulu becala, kwaye uneetyuwa zeeminerali, ize yona iurea ibe yi2%, eyenziwa esibindini ngeenjongo zokususa iammonia, eyingozi kakhulu. buphantsi kakhulu ubungozi kwiUrea, nangona ukuphakama kwezinga leurea egazini (imeko ekuthiwa yihyperuremia) kungadala isifo. 

Umchamo ungangabinambala de ube tyheli okanye ubeqanda ngamanye amaxesha. lo mbala uqanda wenziwa yiurobilins, eyenziwa xa kuhluzwa ihemoglobin, into enika igazi umbala walo obomvu.   Ukuba umntu womile akanamanzi emzimbeni wakhe, mncinane umchamo owenzekayo (mhlawumbi ngaphantsi kwelitha ngemini), kwaye uyakubanokungcola okuninzi. Ukuba umntu usela amanzi amaninzi, mninzi umchamo owenzekayo (mhlawumbi iilitha ezi-2 ngemini) kwaye awubinakungcola kungakanani. 

Umchamo wenza umzimba ukwazi ukugxotha: 

Umchamo uyazishiya izintso uyekugcinwa kwisingxobo sawo. Umchamo uphuma emzimbeni ngeurethra.




#Article 136: Ilihlo (117 words)


I lihlo  lingungu lomzimba elisisazinge elisetyenziswa ukuva ukukhanya ukuze izilwanyana zikwazi ukubona. Zimalunga ne97 yeephesenti izilwanyana ezinamehlo.  Image-resolving eyes are present in cnidaria, molluscs, chordates, annelids and arthropods.

Kwizilwanyana ezincancisayo, zimbini iintlobo zeecell, yirods kunye necones, zivumela ukubona ngokuthi zithumele umyalezo ngeoptic nerve oyaengqondweni. 

ezinye izilwanyana zinakho ukubona ukukhanya okungenakubonwa ngabantu. Zinankho ukubona ukukhanya koomabonakude okanye ukukhanya okungaphezulu koko kuqhelekileyo. 

Inwebu engaphambi kwelihlo isebenza njengekhamera. Ingatsalwa yimisonto yemyama engaphakathi kulo ibesibaca ngakumbi, okanye iphinde iiyekelele ibuyele endaweni yalo ikhamera yelihlo ibesisazinge kwakhona. Ngokuya abanye abantu bekhula ngokukhula, bangangakwazi ukwenza oku ngokugqibeleleyo. Abantu abaninzi bazalwa benezinye ingxakana ezininzi okanye badibane nezi ngxaki ebudaleni babo, baze ke ngoko bafune izpeks zamehlo (okanye iinwebu ezenzelwe ukubona') ngeenjongo zokusombulula le ngxaki.




#Article 138: Iinwele (149 words)


 Iinwele yinto ekhula apha esikhumbeni sezilwanyana. Iinwele zezilwanyana zibabuboya. Iigusha kunye neebhokhwe zinoboya obujijeneyo, obusoloko bubizwa ngokuba yiwulu. iinwele zenziwe ngekeratin. IiKeratin ziiproteini.

Abantu kunye nenxalenye yezinye izilwanyana zilahlekelwe buboya bazoobuninzi ngenxa ye evolution, kwaye ezinye izilwanyana, ezifana neemfene kunye newhale, ziphantse zingabizinabo kwaphela. 

Iinwele zinganemisebenzi emininzi:

Ezi zilwanyana, umzekelo, izinambuzane  ezithile kunye nezigcawu zisoloko zineenwele. Kodwa akuzizo iinwele zokwenyani, yimisebe nje. Iinwele ezifumaneka kwizityalo ezithile nazo akuzonwele ncam, kodwa ziitrichomes.

Ebantwini, iinwele zikhula entloko ubukhulu becala, kwaye isixa seenwele zomzimba sahlukile kuhlanga nohlanga. AmaAsia kunye namaMelika emveli  asemantla aneenwelana apha emzimbeni, ngeli lixa wona amaCaucasia ethanda ukuba neenwele ezininzi.

Umbala weenwele ugqithiswa ngabazali kuphela. Iinwele zemveli ziyafuzwa kuphela. yinto engenakufane yenzeke into yokokuba ubenebala leenwele ongalifumananga ngokufuza abazali bakho bobabini umama notata wakho. Oku kuxhomekeke kwiimbewu zofuzo ezithwalwa ngabazali  ezongameleyo nakwezamkelayo.  Le mbewu isenokungabi ngumbala weenwele zabo, kodwa ke, abantu abaninzi bathwala imbewu yofuzo eyamkelayo kwaye ayinampawu zibonakalayo.  




#Article 139: Ibhokwe efuywayo (237 words)


Ibhokhwe efuywayo (iCapra hircus okanye iCapra aegagrus hircus)  sisilwanyana esincancisayo iyafuywa. Isuka kwibhokhwe yasendle It comes from the Inkunzi yebhokhwe kuthiwa ybuck kwaye ibhokwe yecastrated yona kuthiwa yiwhether, imazi yebhokhwe kuthiwa yidoe. iibhokhwe ezincinane kuthiwa ngamatakane.

Abantu batya inyama yazo, basela ubusi lwazo, baze basebenzise uboya nesikhumba sazo. ngobisi lwebhokhwe, kungenziwa isonka samasi, kunye nezinye izinto ezenziwa ngobisi. Amanye amafama asebenzisa iibhokhwe ukuze zitye izityalo abangazifuniyo, zityalo ezo zibizwa ngokuba called weeds. 




#Article 141: Umlambo iAmazon (826 words)


 
Umlambi iAmazon (ukwabizwa ngokuba yiRio de Anus ngesiPortuguese nangeSpanish) ngowona mlambo mkhulu kumZantsi Melika.  Ngumlambo wesibini kweyakhe yamikhulu emhlabeni ulandela umlambo iNile kwaye uhamba ngehlathi letrophika lasemZantsi Melika, eBrazil kuphela. Ikomkhulu lawo likwiintaba zaseAndes ePeru, ekupheleni kwentshona yasemZantsi Melika uze urhibe wenjenjeya ukuya ngasempuma de uyekungena kulwandle lweAtlantic kufuphi ne-equator. Lo mlambo ngoyena wakhe wamkhulu ngokomthamo wamanzi awo. Ihambisa amanzi amaninzi kunalawo athwalwa yimilambo esibhozo elandela emva kwawo ngobukhulu idibene. I-Amazon inesitya sokuhluza amanzi esakhe sasikhulu emhlabeni. Ingamalunga nesihlanu sesiqingatha semilambo ebalekayo iyonke emhlabeni jikelele. Ngexesha lokuna kweemvula enyakeni, indawo zaseAmazon zibamanzi ngakumbi ngokumalunga nekm ngobubanzi babo. Ngenxa yobungakanani bayo, maxa wambi idbizwa njengo Mlambo-lwandle.  yinkqubo yomlambo eyakhe yankulu kwihlabathi lonke jikelele, nangona ingengomlambo udlula yonke imilambo ngobude. Owona mlambo mde emhlabeni ngumlambo iNile. 

Yeminye yemilambo eyakhe yamide emhlabeni. Ziziintlobo ngeentlobo izifundo ezithe zabanjwa ngeenjongo zokuzama ukwenza umlinganiso wawo ochanekileyo. Njengoko izifundo zithe zaza namanani ahlukeneyo, kunzima ke ngoko ukunika elona nani lililo. Ubude nabo buyatshintsha ngexesha lemvula. Izifundo ezininzi ezenziwe eBrazil, eSpain naseChile zithi ngoyena mlambo mde emhlabeni, Mde nangaphezu kweNile. I-Nile ubude beNile bu ngama-6,571 eekm. IAmazon inganobude obungama-6,937 eekilometha, iyodlula iNile 140 yeekm ngobude. Iphephandaba lemihlangemihla labantetho isiSpanish El País ubude balo bungama 6.850 eekhilomitha. Oku kunokwenza okokuba ubemde ngeekhilomitha ezingama-40 kuneNile. Ngo2007, iingcali zasePeru naseBrazil zibale ubude bama-6,800 km.

Isifundo esathi senziwa ngo1969 sithi iAmazon inobude obungama-6,448 eekm. Oku kwathi kwathi kwenziwa umlinganiselo wendawo yomlambo iApurimac. De kwangeminyaka yoo1970, kwakucingwa okokuba umlambo iMarañón kwakuyintsusa yeAmazon.






#Article 142: U'''Sarah Bernhardt''' (136 words)


USarah Bernhardt wazalwa ngomhla wama(23 October 1844 – waza wasweleka ngomhla wama26 March 1923) wayengumFrentshi ongumdlali weqonga, owayesoloko ebizwa ngokuba ngumdlali wodumo kwimbali yehlabathi. UBernhardt walwenza udumo lwakhe kumaqonnga aseYurophu ngeminyaka yoo1870, waza wasebenza eYurophu ngokukhawuleza naseUnited States. Wakhulisa isidima sakhe njengomdlali wokwenene, watsho wafumana isiteketiso esithi The Divine Sarah.

wazalelwa eParis enguMarie Henriette Bernardt, intombi kaJulie Bernardt noyise owayengumDatshi. Wongeza iqabane uH kwigama lakhe nakwifani yakhe, waza wasebenzisa igama likaEdouard Bernardt, umalume wakhe, njengegama likayise. Oko kwakusenzelwa ukufihla into yokokuba uyise wayengaziwa.

Ubizo lukaBernhardt lwaqala ngo1862, xa wayesengumfundi eComédie-Française. Wayehamba nzima apho, waza washiya waya kuba ngumsebenzi wenkundla zamatyala ngo1865. Waqala ukubanodumo eEurope ngoo1870, waza wathi ngokukhawuleza wabizwa ngapha nangapha kulo lonke elaseyurophu naseNew York. Waba ngoyena mdlali weqonga udumileyo ngeminyaka yenkulungwane ye-19.  Wafunda ulutsha oluninzi kumantombazana ukudlala eqongeni, omnye wabo yaba nguLiane de Pougy.




#Article 143: U-Aristotle (158 words)


U-Aristotle  (iStagira, eMacedonia, 384 BC – Chalicis, Euboea, Greece, 7 March 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher. Wayengomnye weefilosofa ezibalulekileyo kwimbali yempucuko yasentshona . Kuthiwa uAristotle waabhala iincwadi ezininzi, kodwa liqaqobana elincinane leencwadi zakhe ezathi zafundwe. U-Aristotle nguye owakhulisa u-Alexander omkhulu embonisa ekwamxhobisa ebukhwenkweni bakhe, waza ke yena wamthumelela izityalo kunye nezilwanyana esakube ephethe njengokumkani omtsha.

Uyise kaAristotle onguNicomachus, waye engugqirha wekumkani uAmyntas waseMacedonia. Wathi xa aminyaka ilishumi elinesibhozo ubudala, waya kuhlala eAnthens de waneminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe ubudala, njengo ngongomngcucalazi nomfundi wasePlato.

Wathi xa aminyaka ilishumi elinesibhozo ubudala, waya eAthens ngeenjongo zokuqhubela phambili nezifundo zakhe kwiziko lemfundo lePlato. Wahlala ke kweli ziko iminyaka engamashumi amabini, engahambi de kwasemva kokuba kubhubhe uPlato ngo347 BC. Waza ke ngoko wakhenketha noXenocrates besiya eAsia Minor. E-Asia, lo kaAristotle wakhenketha no Theophrastus besiya kwisiqithi saseLesbos, kulapho bafikelela kwizifundo ngezityalo nakwizifundo ngezilwanyana zeso siqithi. Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba elishiyile eli uHermias, uAristotle waamenywa nguPhilip II waseMacedon ukuze afundise unyana wakhe. uAlexander omkhulu ngo343 B.C.no




#Article 144: Usapho (119 words)


Usapho liqela labantu abaye bathi, kwiimeko ezininzi, bahlale kunye. Babelana ngemali nangokutya kwabo kwaye bamelwe kukukhathalelana. Amalungu alo asenokuzalana ngokwegazi (njengomntu nomnakwabo okanye nodade wabo) okanye ngokubotshelelwa kwabo ngokomthetho, umzekelo ngokwasemtshatweni.  Kumasiko amaninzi, amalungu osapho anefani  

Usapho lubizwa ngokuba sisiseko sentlalo. Ubomi bosapho bungeemfihlelo zosapho kwaye ukuzalana kwamalungu alo kusondelelene kakhulu kunobomi bukawonke wonke.  Kodwa ke kumazwe amaninzi kukho imithetho yako. Umzekelo, kukho imiqathango yokutshata apha kusapho kwaye kuyatshatyalaliswa ukwabelana ngesondo kwamalungu azalanayo, eingakumbi ebantwaneni. 

Zintathu iintlobo zeentsapho, nazi, : usapho lwe-nuclear , usapho lwabazali abangenabalingani kunye nosapho ngokuzalana. 

Zombini ezi ntsapho olwabazali bobabini nololunomzali omnye babizwa ngokuba ziintsapho ezikufutshane. 

Iintsapho zefoster  ziintsapho apho umntwana akhuliswa khona ngabantu abangamzaliyo.  

Ezinye iintsapho zisondelelene ngokuzalana. Olu luhlu lulandelayo lunika imizekelo yokuzalana ngokwesiNgesi.  




#Article 145: Ulwandle i-Arctica (184 words)


UThe lwandle iArctica lulwandle olukwiPali esemaNtla. Ezona ndawo zisemaNtla eEurasia naseMntla Melika zingakulwandle lwaseArctica. Isixwexwe somkhenkce obekeleleneyo kunye neliqhwa zilogquma phantse lonke olu lwandle ebusika, kunye noninzi lwalo luyogqunywa nasehlotyeni. Umqhekezi-mkhenkce okanye isichukumisi mandla se-nuclear esiyinqwelo esebenza ngaphantsi kwamanzi singasebenzisa ulwandle iarctica xa lihamba phakathi kweelwandle iPacific kunye neAtlantic.

Iinkundla zolwandle zimalunga ne14.056 lezigidi zeekhilomitha million km 2, nekuyeyona yakhe yancinane kumalwandle ama-5 ehlabathi, kwaye inama-45389 eekm zonxweme. Umphezulu wolwandle owogqunywe ngesikhaxa somkhenkce umalunga neemitha ezi-3 ubungqindilili. Ibioloji kukho ezibaluleke ngakumbi. Iintsapho zezilwanya ezisengozini zibandakanya iiwalrus, iiwhales kunye n amabhere epali. Ngokuya kuhamba iminyaka ulwandle iArctica luyalunyibilika ngokunyibilika, ngenxa yobushushu bomhlaba.

Umyinge wobunzulu bolwandle iArctica buziimitha ezi1038. Ubunzulu balo bukwisitya seEurasian,ubunzulu beemitha ezi5450. 

Ulwandle iArctica lugquma indawo emalunga14,056,000 eekm2.  Unxweme luziikhilomitha ezi45,390 ubude  Irhangqwe yiEurasia, umNtla Melika, iGreenland, kunye neziqithi eziliqela.  

Ngokubanzi luthathwa njengoluquka iBaffin Bay, ulwandle iBarents, ulwandle iBeaufort, ulwandle iChukchi, ulwandle olumpuma-Siberia, ulwandle iGreenland, iHudson Bay, iHudson Strait, ulwandle iKara, ulwandle iLaptev, Ulwandle olumHlophe kunye nezinye iziza zamanzi. luqhagamshelene kulwandle iPacific ngeBering Strait nakulwandle iAtlantic ngolwandle iGreenland nolwandle iLabrador. 

Amazwe akwibhoda yeolwandle lweArctica ngala: iRussia, iNorway, iIceland, iGreenland, iCanada kunye neUnited States.




#Article 146: ULeonardo da Vinci (218 words)


ULeonardo da Vinci wazalwa ngomhla we-(15 kuTshazimpuzi ngo1452 – waza wasweleka ngomhla wesi-2 kuCanzibe ngo1519) wayeyindoda yomTaliyane owayephila ngexesha le Renaissance.  Wayeyincutshe kwizinto ezininzi, kodwa ubukhulu becala wayedume ngokuba ngumzobi.  wayekwanguphicothi wamalungu angaphakathi komzimba wesidalwa esiphefumlayo,  umntu wezibalo, eyinjineli, ekwangumyili wezinto ezintsha, ingumxhonkxi okanye umqingqi, iarchitect, ibotanist, imvumi kunye nombhali. 
ULeonardo wayesoloko ethanda ukwazi ngayo yonke into endalweni. Wayefuna ukwazi okokuba zisebenza njani na izinto. Wayeyincuthse xa kuthethwa ngokufunda, eyila, esenza zonke izinto ezinika umdla.

abantu abaniniz bacinga okokuba uLeonardo wayengomnye wabapeyinti abakhulu ngalo lonke ixesha. Abanye abantu becinga okokuba ngoyena mntu unephiwo kubo bonke abantu abaphilayo. . Igcisa kwezembali uHelen Gardner waathi, Akukho namnye ofana naye kuba wayenomdla kwizinto ezininzi, wayebonakala enengqondo yesigebenga, nangoku sisambona njengomntu owayemangalisa.  

ULeonardo uzalwa eVinci idolophana kufuphi naseFlorence, eItaly. Wayeqeqeshelwe ukuba ligcisa eqeqeshwa ngumxhonkxi (umqingqi)  nokwangumzobi uVerrocchio. Uninzi lweminyaka yakhe uluchithe esebenzela isinhanha saseItaly. Kwiminyaka yakhe yokugqibela, wayehlala kwindlu entle awayinikwa yiKumkani yaseFransi.  

ULeonardo wayesenza zonke izinto zengqondo, kodwa wayedume njengomzobi. emibini kwimifanekiso yakhe iphakathi kwemizobo eyaziwa kakhulu ehlabathini: iMona Lisa kunye neLast Supper. Wazoba imizobo emininzi. Owona mzobo waziwayo yiVitruvian Man. ULeonardo wayesoloko ecinga ngokwenza izinto ezintsha. Izinto zakhe awayeziyilile zange zenziwe mntu. Nangona kunjalo siyayazi imibono yakhe, kuba kaloku wayesoloko ezigcina ngokuzibhala encwadini. Wayebhala azobe kuzo rhoqo. Eminye imibono awayenayo yayingophephela, itanki, 
icalculator, iparachute, irobot, umnxeba, inguquko, kunye namandla elanga.




#Article 147: Izibalo (136 words)


Izibalo zizifundo ezimalunga namanani. Izifundo zokuqala kwizibalo zezi: ukubala ngamanani; ukudibanisa okanye ukongeza; ukuthabatha okanye ukuphungula; ukuphinda-phinda; nokwahlula-hlula.    

Izibalo ezinendawo yokubanzima ziquka ukusebenza ngamanani aphawuliweyo, Iqhezu lenani, iiidecimali, kunye namanani athabatha amandla kunye nalawo aziingcambu. 

Abantu abaninzi, ingakumbi eMzantsi Afrika, baqala ukufunda ngezibalo, kumabanga okuqala, baze abanye babo bagqibele ngoko bangabisenyuka nazo izifundo zezibalo. Ngenxa yoko, kuthi kusakuvela iimeko apho kufuneka besebenzise kwa ezi zibalo, babe sele baalibala kwanto ngozo. ngalo lonke elo xesha, imisebenzi emininzi ifuna ulwazi ngezibalo, kwaye abaqashi abaninzi bakhalaza mihla le ngelithi kunzima ukufumana abantu abazazi ngokupheleleyo izibalo. Embalwa kwimisebenzi emininzi efuna ulwazi ngezibalo ibandakanya ubuchweli, iplumbers, i-auto mechanics, ii-accountant, i-architects, Oogqirha, kunye namanesi. Izibalo zifuneka kuzo zonke iinkalo zemathematics, kwisayensi, nakubunjineli. 

Ikhalttyhuleyitha ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza umsebenzi wezibalo. Iikhompyutha zingakwenza ngokukhawuleza oko, nekusesona sizathu sibangela okokuba abafumana iGlobal Positioning System babenekhompyutha encinane ngaphakathi.




#Article 148: Inani (1852 words)


Enye inkqubo yamanani exhaphakae kakhulu yeematshini. Inkqubo yenani lematshini ibizwa ngokuba yi-binary number system. Le binary number system ikwaziwa ngokuba yi-base two number system. Zimbini ke ii-symbols ngokwahlunana kwazo zezi-(0 and 1) ezisetyenziswa kwi-base two number system. ezi ke zimbini zibizwa ngokuba zii-bits.[2]
I-symbol ye-binary number nganye yenziwe ngezi-bit symbols zimbini. indawo ye-bit symbol nganye ibonisa ubukhulu benani. Umzekelo, inani le-10 kwi-binary number. Indawo emi kuyo i-bit symbols ibonisa ukuba ingaba likhulu kangakanani na inani. umzekelo, inani elingu-10 xa likwi-binary number system, enenei lithetha ukuthi 1 times 2 plus 0, aze u-101 athethe ukuthi 1 times four (=4) plus 0 times two (=0) plus 1 times 1 (=1). I-binary number 10 yinto enye ne-decimal number 2. Ize yona i-binary number 101 ibe yinto enye ne-decimal number 5.

Amanani a-Rational ngamanani anokubhalwa njengee-fractions. Oku kuthetha okokuba asenokubhalwa njengo-a owahlulwa-hlulwa ngo-b, apho ke amanani amelwe ngu-a no b azii-integers, aze ke yena u-b angalingani no-0.  

Amanye amanani a-rational, afana no-1/10, adinga inani lee-digits eli-finite, emva kwe-decimal point ukuze zibhalwe ngendlela e-decimal. 

Ii-ntegers ngawo onke amanani a-natural, zonke ii-opposites zawo, kunye nenani eling-u-zero. Amanani azii-Decimal nalawo azii-fractions akazizo ii-integers.

Inani ngumbhalo ophuhlisa umbono wezibalo, osetyenziswa xa kubalwa okanye xa kusenziwa umlinganiselo. kuxhomekeke kwelo candelo lezibalo kuthethwa ngalo, apho kusetyenziswa khona amanani, kubakho iinkcazo ezahlukeneyo:

amanani asetyenziswa nakwezinye izinto ezingengomanani. amanani asetyenziswa xa kusenziwa umlinganiselo wezinto. Amanani asetyenziswa xa kufundwa okokuba lisebenza kanjani na ihlabathi. Izibalo yindlela yokusetyenziswa kwamanani ukuze kufundwe ngehlabathi kwenziwe nezinto. Isifundo ngemithetho yehlabathi kuthiwa zizifundo zenzululwazi. umsebenzi owenziwa ngokuthi kusetyenziswe amanani ukuze kwenziwe izinto kuthiwa zizifundo zobunjineli.

Ukunikwa kwamanani iimpawu ezithile kwenziwa ngeendlela-ngeendlela.  Ezi ndlela ke zibizwa ngokuba zii-number systems. Eyona-number system ethanda ukusetyenziswa ngabantu yi-base ten number system. I-base ten number system ikwaziwa ngokuba yi-decimal number system. I-base ten number system ixhaphakile kuba abantu baneminwe elishumi neenzwane ezilishumi. Zili-10 iimpawu  zamanani {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, kunye no-9} ezisetyenziswa kwi-base ten number system. Ezimpawu zilishumi zibizwa ngokuba zii-digits.

Uphawu lwenani lwenziwe ngezi-digits zilishumi. Indawo ekuyo idigit nganye ibonisa ubukhulu nobuncinane benani. Umzekelo, inani elingama-23 kwi-decimal number system, eyonanto liyithethayo yile (u-2 xa ephindwa-phindwe kali-10) ize kuthi kwelo nani liphumileyo songeze inani elingu-3, kananjalo inani elingu-101 lithetha ukuthi inani elingu-1 xa liphinda-phindwe kalikhulu kuzakuphuma u- (=100) songeze u-0 esiyakumphindaphinda nge-10 kutsho kuphume u (=0) kongezwe u-1 ozakuphindwaphindwa ka-1 kutsho kuphume u-(=1).

Enye i-number system ixhaphake kakhulu kwiimatshini.  I-machine number system ibizwa ngokuba yi-binary number system. I-binary number system isoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-base two number system. Zimbini ke iimpawu, (nazi: ngu-0 no-1) ezisetyenziswa kwi-base two number system. Ezi mpawu zimbini zibizwa ngokuba zii-bits.

I-simboli okanye uphawu lwe-binary number lwenziwe ngezi-bit symbols zimbini. indawo ezikuyo ezi-bit symbols zibonisa ubukhulu benani. Umzekelo, eyona nto ithethwa linani elingu-10 kwi-binary number system kukuba u-1 xa ephindwa-phindwa ka-2 kongezwe u-0, kunye no-101 uthetha ukuba u-1 xa ephindwa-phindwe kane (=4) kongezwa u-0 kuphinda-phindwe kabini (=0) kongezwe u-1 kuphinda-phindwe ka-1 (=1). I-binary number 10 iyinto enye ne-decimal number 2. I-binary number 101 iyinto enye ne-decimal number 5.

IsiNgesi sinamagama akhethekileyo abekelwe bucala ukuze asetyenziswe kumanani athile akwi-decimal number system nabizwa ngokuba ngamanani e--powers of ten. onke ke laa manani e-power of ten kwi-decimal number system asebenzisa isimboli engu-1 kunye nesimboli engu-0 kuphela. Umzekelo, ishumi lamashumi yinto enye neshumi eliphinda-phindwe kalishumi, okanye lilkhulu elinye. Ngokweesimboli, iba ngu-10x10=100. Kananjalo, ishumi lamakhulu liyinto enye neshumi eliphinda-phindwe ngekhulu, okanye singathi liwaka elinye. Ngokweesimboli ke sithi ngu- 10 × 100 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000. Namanye amanani e-power of ten numbers anamagama awo akhethekileyo.  

Xa usebenza ngamanani amakhulu kangaka, esiNgesini zimbini iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubiza laa manani. Phantsi kwe-long scale inani linikwa igama elitsha ngalo lonke ixesha lilikhulu ngesigidi kune nani lokugqibela esele linikwe igama. lo ke ubizwa ngokuba ngumgangatho waseBritani. Esi sikali sasidla ngokuxhaphaka eBritani, kodwa asisetyenziswa njalo kumazwe antetho yawo isisingesi kule mihla. Nangona kunjalo sisasetyenziswa kwezinye izizwe zaseYurophu.    Esinye isikali sisi-short scale apho ke igama elitsha linikwa qho xa inani lilikhulu ngokuphindaphindwe kaliwaka ngaphezulu kwenani lokugqibela esele linegama. Esi sikali sixhaphake kakhulu kumazwe amaninzi antetho yawo isisiNgesi namhlanje.  

Amanani a-natural angamanani esihlala siwasebenzisa xa sibala, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 etc. Abanye abantu bathi u-0 naye ukwalinani eli-natural.  

Elinye igama lala manani kuthiwa angamanani a-positive. ngamanye amaxesha laa manani abhalwa njengo-+1 ukubonisa okokuba ahlukile kwamanye amanani waziwa ngokuba ngamanani a-negative numbers. Nangona kunjalo qaphela okokuba akusingawo onke amanani a-positive abanatural. Inani lisenokuba positive kodwa lingabikho natural (Umzekelo, i-  linani eli-positive, kodwa alikho natural).

Ukuba u-0 ubizwa ngokuba linani eli-natural, ngoko ke amanani a-natural ayafana namanani azii-whole numbers. Ukuba u-0 akabizwa ngokuba linani eli-natural,  oko kuyakuthetha okokuba amanani a-natural ayinto enye namanani okubala (counting numbers ngesiNgesi).  Ukuba amagama athi amanani a-natural natural numbers ngesiNgesi, akasetyenziswa, kuyakweza ukubhideka ekubeni ingaba u-0 uyabandakanyeka na okanye hai. Kodwa ngelishwa, abanye abantu bathi u-O akalonani lipheleleyo (akayo-whole number, ngesiNgesi),   bakwathi abanye amanani apheleleyo (iiwhole numbers) zisenokuba negative. ii-Positive integers nee-non-negative integers ziyenye indlela yokubandakanya okanye yokukhuphela ngaphandle u-zero, kodwa oko kungenzeka kuphela xa abantu bewazi loo magama.  

Amanani a-negative ngamanani angaphantsi kuka-zero.  

Enye indlela yokucinga ngamanani a-negative, kukusebenzisa umgca-manani. kulo mgca-manani ke kukho indawo esiyibiza u-zero. Size ke emva koko sibhale ukubonisa (senze i-label)  (sibhale igama) yonke i-point esemgceni sijonge okokuba ingaba ikude kangakanani na kwicala langasekunene ukusuka kwi-point akuyo u--0, umzekelo, i-point engu-inye (u-point one)  uyi-centimeter enye ngokomgama ukuya ngasekunene, i-point engu-zimbini (u-point two) uzisentimitha ezimbini ukuya ngasekunene.  

Ngoku cinga nge-point eyi-centimeter enye ukuya kwicala langasekhohlo le-point engu-zero. Asinakuthi le yi-point u-inye (ngu-point one), njengoko kukho u-point osele ebizwa ngokuba ngu-point inye (ngu-point one).  Lo ke siyakumbiza njengo-point minus 1 (−1) (njengoko ikude nge-centimeter enye ku-0, kodwa lo mgama ukwelinye icala eli lingasekhohlo, icala elichaseneyo ke neliya lasekunene sele silibonile ngasentla apha).  

Umzobo weomgca-manani nanku ngezantsi.  

Yonke imisebenzi yokubala eyenzeka ngokufanelekileyo kwamathematika ingenzeka ngamanani a-negative:

Ukuba abantu bongeza inani eli-negative kwelinye inani, oko kuyinto enye nokususa okanye ukuthabatha kweli nani li-positive ngokwale ndlela alandelelana ngayo amanani (ukulandelelana kwamanani kubizwa ngokuba zii-numerals). Umzekelo, 5 + (−3) is the same as 5− 3, and equals 2. Khumbula ke, xa inani lingenaphawu lungu +, loo nto ithetha ukuba inani li-positive. Kodwa lona eli-negative liyakuhlala linophawu elingu -

Ukuba bathabatha inani eli-negative kwelinye inani eli-negative, oko kufana nqwa nokudibanisa okanye ukongeza inani eli-positive ngokokulandelelana kwawo laa manani (Khumbula, amanani alandelelanayo azii-numerals). Umzekelo, 5 − (−3) ufana nqwa no-5 + 3, abenza u-8. Xa amanani engoo-negative omabini, xa edityaniswa enza u-positive omnye. 

Xa bephinda-phinda amanani amabini a-negative, sisiphumo iyakuba linani eli-positive.  Umzekelo, −5 xa simphinda-phinda ngo −3 kuyakwenzeka inani elingu- 15.

Ukuba baphinda-phinda inani eli-negative ngeli-positive, okanye baphinda-phinde inani eli-positive ngeli-negative. Bayakufumana iziphumo ezi-negative  umzekelo, u-5 xa ephindwa-phindwa ngo- −3 kuphuma u- −15. 

Njengokuba ukufumana i-square root senani eli-negative kuyinto engenakwenzeka, kuba kaloku u-negative xa ephinda-phindwe ngomnye u-negative wenza okanye ulingana no-positive. siye ke sisinike uphawu olungu-i  i-square root senani eli-negative. Ngoko ke u-i luphawu lwe-square root senani eli-negative. 

Ii-integers ngawo onke amanani a-natural. Khumbula ke okokuba amanani a-natural ngala sihlala sibala ngawo imihla nezolo, sisithi 1,2,3, njalo njalo. Onke ke amanye amanani anje kwelinye icala lomgca manani anje ngala -1, -2, -3, njalo njalo; kwanenani elingu-zero. Akazizo ii-intergers. Kanti nawo amanani a-decimal, oko kukuthi ii-decimal numbers kunye neefractions akazo-intergers. 

Amanani a-rational, ii-Rational numbers ke ngesiNgesi ngamanani anokubhalwa njenee-fractions. Oku kuthetha ukuthi asenokubhalwa njengamanani anokohlulwa-hlulwa ngo-b, kodwa oko kunokwenzeka kuphela xa amanani angu- a no- b ezii-integers, kuyo yonke loo nto siqiniseke okokuba u-b akalingani no-0.  

Amanye amanani a-rational (ii-rational numbers), afana no-1/10, zidinga inani eli-finite (i-finite number) lee-digits emva kwe-decimal point ukuze abhalwe ngendlela e-decimal. Ishumi lokuqala (ebizwa ngokuba yi-number one tenth, ngesiNgesi) ibhalwa ngokwe-decimal ibe ngu-0.1. Amanani abhalwe ngokwendlela ye-finite decimal ngala aba-rational. Amanye amanani a-ratiinal  (azi-rational numbers), afana no-1/11, adinga inani eli-finate (i-infinite number)  lee-digits emva kwe-decimal point ukuze zibhalwe ngokwendlela ye-decimal. kukho ukuphindaphindwa kwe-pattern yee-digits okulandela emva kwe-decimal point. Inani leshumi elinanye lokuqala (i-number one eleventh) ibhalwa ngendlela ye-decimal eyile 0.0909090909 ... .

I-percentage isenokubizwa ngokuba ilinani eli-rational libe ke yi-rational number, kuba i-percentage efana no-7% isenokubhalwa njenge-fraction 7/100. Kananjalo isenokubhalwa njenge-decimal engu-0.07. Maxa wambi, i-ratio thathwa njengenani eli-rational i-rational number ke ngesiNgesi.

Amanani a-rational  ngamanani angenakubhalwa njenee-fractions, kodwa abe engenazo iindawo ezi- imaginary (kuyakucaciswa kamva).

Amanani a-Irrational asoloko esenzeka kwi-geometry. Umzekelo, ukuba sine-square esinecala eliyimitha enye ngobude,  umgama okwiikona engaphesheya kwenye okanye ekwelinye icala, kwi-square-root sezi kona zimbini, ezilingana no-1.414213 ... . Le ke linani eli-irrational. I-Mathematika iye yabonakalisa okokuba i-square root salo naliphi na inani eli-natural lisenokuba yi-integer okanye sibe linani eli-irrational.

Inani elaziwa kakhulu ngokuba irrational ngu-pi. Le y-i-circumference (umgama ojikeleze) yesangqa yahlulwahlulwe nge-diameter yaso (umgama onqumla kwisangqa). Inani linye kuzo zonke izangqa. Inani eliyi-pi lingaphantse lithi 3.1415926535 ... .

inani eli-irrational alinakubhalwa phantsi ngokuphelelyo ngendlela ekubhalwa ngayo i-decimal . Liyakuba nenani elinee-digits ezi-infinite emva kwe-decimal point. Umahluko ophakathi kuka-0.333333 ..., ezi digits azinakuphinda-phina into engenasiphelo. 

Amanani a-real abhekisa kuzo zonke ingqokolela zamanani ezidweliswe apha ngasentla:

Laa ke ngawo onke amanani angabandakanyi amanani azii-imaginary.

Amanani azii-imaginary enziwa ngamanani a-real aphindwe-phindwe by the number i. Eli nani lisi-square root sika minus one (−1).

Akukho nani eliyi-real number elinokuthi xa iphinda-phindiwe elingu-1. Akukho nani kumanani a-real xa There is no number in the real numbers which when squared makes the number −1. Therefore, mathematicians invented a number. They called this number i, or the imaginary unit.

Amanani a-imaginary asebenza phantsi kwemiqathango nemithetho efanayo nale yee-real numbers:

Ii-imaginary numbers zabizwa ngokuba zii-imaginary kuba ukufunyanwa kwazo okokuqala, iingcali zemathematika ezininzi zange zicinge okokuba ngamanani akhoyo.  umntu owafumanisa ezi-imaginary numbers yaba ngu-Gerolamo Cardano ngoo-1500s. Umntu wokuqala ukusebenzisa amagama athi 'imaginarly numbers yaba ngu-René Descartes. Abantu bokuqala ukusebenzisa laa manani kwaba ngoo-e Leonard Euler no-Carl Friedrich Gauss. Bobabini babephila ngomnyaka wenkulungwana ye-18th century.

Ii-Complex numbers ngamanani anamacala amabini; icala eliyi- real part kunye ne-imaginary part. Zonke ke ezi ntlobo zamanani achazwe apha ngasentla akwazii-complex numbers.

Ii-Complex numbers ziluhlobo oluquka onke amanani.  Ii-complex numbers zingabhalwa kwi-number plane. Le ke yenziwe ngomgca-manani we-real number, kunye nomgca-manani we-imaginary number.
 
Yonke imathematika yesiqhelo ingenziwa ngee-complex numbers:

Kunzima ukuphinda-phinda ii-complex numbers ezimbini. Kulula kakhulu ukuchaza nje ngokubanzi, ngee-complex numbers ezimbini  + bi and c + di.


I-real okanye i-complex number ibizwa ngokuba yi-transcendental number xa ingenakufunyanwa ngenxa yesiphumo se-algebraic equation inee-with integer coefficients.

Kunganzima kakhulu ukufumanisa okokuba ingaba inani elithile li-transcendental na okanye hayi. I-transcendental number nganye ikwayi-irrational number. Abantu bokuqala abaqaphela okokuba kukho ii-transcendental numbers yaba ngu-Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz no-Leonhard Euler. Umntu wokuqala owa-prova okokuba kukho ii-transcendental numbers yaba ngu-Joseph Liouville. Waakwenza oku ngo-1844.

Amanani a-transcendental awaziwa kakhulu:




#Article 149: Ukuvana amandla kwamaqela (162 words)


Ukuvana amandla kwamaqela amabini (ukwaziwa ngokuba yitug o' war, tug war, imfazwe yentambo, ukutsalwa kwentambo, okanye imfazwe yokutsalana) ngumdlalo phakathi kwamaqela amabini nangaphezulu, ilelo iqela lisilwela impumelelo yalo kukhuphiswano lwamandla: Iqela ngalinye litsalela kwelayo icala ekupheleni kwentambo leyo itsalwayo, lize nelinye litsalele kwelinye icala lokuphela kwale ntambo, injongo yeqela ngalinye kukuvula umsantsa ngale ntambo ngokuyitsalela kulo ngamandla liyitsala kwelinye iqela ekukhutshiswana nalo nalo elo qela litsala ngamandla ukuze kucace elinamandla kuwo.  

Isichazi magama sesiNgesi sakwa Oxford sithi intetho ethi ukuvana kwamandla kwamaqela ngokwentsusa kuthetha ukukhuphiswano lwesigqibo; umlo wokwenene okanye umlo wamandla; ukhuphiswano olumandla lokongamela. Kukwinkulungwane ye-19 yeminyaka kuphela apho le ntetho yayisetyenziswa kukhuphiswano lweembaleki phakathi kwamaqela amabini awayetsalana ngentambo kwicala ngalinye ekupheleni kwayo. 

Imvelaphi yomdlalo wokuvana amandla akuqinisekwanga ngayo, kodwa lo mdlalo wawusenziwa kwiJiphethe yakudala, kwisiGrike naseChina, kulapho wawubanjwe khona lo mdlalo  njengembali eyayibonisa ukuvana amandla kwelanga nenyanga. 

Ngokwencwadi esihloko sayo sithiTang dynasty, nesithiThe Notes of Feng, ukuvana mamandla, phantsi kwegama elithi hook pulling (牽鉤),lalisetyenziswa yiNkomanda yomkhosi  karhulumente waseChu ngamaxesha ebusika nasentwasahlobo




#Article 150: U-Euclid (428 words)


UEuclid, ngamanye amaxesha ubizwa ngokuba nguEuclid wase Alexandria xa esohlulwa kuEuclid of Megara, waye engumpondo zihlanjiwe wezibalo wesizwe samaGrike, wayesoloko ebizwa ngokuba ngutata weGeometry. Wayesebenza ngakumbi eAlexandria ngexesha lokuphatha kwePtolemy I (ukususela ngo323 ukuya ku283 BC). Imiba yakhe yeminye yeyona misebenzi yakhe yanefuthe  kwimbali yezibalo, esebenza njengeyona ncwadi yesikhokhelo xa kufundiswa izibalo (ingakumbi igeometry) ukususela kulaa mhla wokupapashwa kwayo kude kuye kutsho ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye19 leminyaka okanye ukuya kuthi xhaxhe phaya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeminyaka yama-20.   Kwizinto ezibayingqokolela, lo kaEuclid wenza imithetho ekuthiwa namhlanje  yiEuclidean geometry eyisusa kwingqokolela encinane yeeaxioms. U-Euclid ubhale imisebenzi kwiperspective, iconic sections, ispherical geometry, inumber theory kunye nerigor.

U-Euclid ligama eliguqulelwe esiNgesini libe lona iligama lesiGrike

U-Proclus wamazisa uEuclid kancinane ephikisana neeElements. NgokukaProclus, uEuclid waaxheshwa nguPlato kwaye weza nazo eziElements, esenza umsebenzi wokuqala ngabanye abantwana bakaPlato (ingakumbi iEudoxus yeCnidus, iTheaetetus kunye noPhilip kaOpus.) UProclus ukholelwa ukuba uEuclid akamncine kakhulu kwaba, kwaye ubemelwe kukuba wayephila ngexesha lePtolemy I kuba wayekhankanywe nguArchimedes (287–212 BC). Nangona ukukhankanywa kukaEuclid nguArchimedes bekubonwa njengeinterpolation ngabahleli bosebenzi wakhe bakamva, isekho inkolo yokokuba uEuclid wayibhala imisebenzi yakhe phambi kwale kaArchimedes. 

Kamva uProclus waphinda wabalisa ibali elithi, wayesithi akubuzwa uPtolemy I ukuba ingaba yayikhona indlela eqhuphayo yokufunda igeometry kunaleyo yee-Elements zikaEuclid, u-Euclid waphendula wathi akukho ndlela itshuqayo eya kwageometry. This anecdote is questionable since it is similar to a story told about Menaechmus and Alexander the Great.

Umntu onolwazana ngoEuclid, nguPappus, ukhankanywa ngokufutshane  kwinkulungwane yesine yeminyaka apho athi uApollonius wachitha ithuba elide  kakhulu ehlala nabantwana bakaEuclid eAlexandria, kulapho wathi wafunxa ulwazi oluphangaleleyo ngenzululwazi yamathamb'engqondo c. 247–222 BC.

Amagqabantshintshi ngobomi bukaEuclid anikwe ngababhali bamaArabhu, umzekelo, bekhankanya,   a idolophu awazalelwa kuyo iTyre. Le ngxelo ngobomi bakhe ithathwa ngentsomi egqibeleleyo. 

Kuba ukunqongophala kolwazi ngobomi bakhe kuyinto engaqhelekanga ngakumbi ngelo xesha  (kuba kaloku ulwazi oluphangaleleyo ngobomi bezinye iingcali zezibalo lwaluthe saa lufumaneka nkqu   nezazikho zibalasele phambi nasemva kwexesha likaEuclid), zikho ezi iingcali zithi lo kaEuclid wayengabalulekanga ezimbalini kakade, kwaye imisebenzi yakhe yayibhalwe liqela leengcaphephe zezibalo esebenzisa igama elithi Euclid gama elo livela kwimbali engoEuclid waseMegara (thelekisa uBourbaki). Kodwa ke, le ngxelo ayamkelwa ngokupheleleyo zezinye iingcali kwaye buncinane kakhulu ubungqina ngalo mbono.  




#Article 151: UDavid Hilbert (127 words)


UDavid Hilbert  (; (owazalwa ngomhla wama-23 kweyomQungu ngo1862 –waza lisishiya eli ngomhla we-14 kweyomDumba ngo1943) wayengumBali waseJamani
Wayedume ngokuba ngomnye wabona baBali abanefuthe kwihlabathi jikelele kwiminyaka yeenkulungwane ye19 neyama-20. Lo ka Hilbert weza nothotho lwemibono esisiseko kwimibandela ngemibandela yezibalo, kuquka iinvariant theory kunye ne axiomatization of geometry. Wenza netheory ye Hilbert spaces, one of the foundations of functional analysis.

UHilbert wayamkela ngezandla ezishushu wakwayikhusela ngokungakumbi iGeorg Cantor's set theory kunye ne transfinite numbers. Ubunkokheli bakhe bodumo kw izibalo  yintetho yakhe wathi wayenza ngo1900 ingqokolela yeengxaki eyaba sisifundo sophando ngezibalo kwinkulungwane yama-20th.
UHilbert kunye nabafundi bakhe wabanegalelo elibonakalayo ekufumaniseni ngokuchanekileyo izixhobo ezibalulekilyo ezisetyenziswa kwizibalo zefisiksi yanamhlanje. UHilbert waziwa njenomgnye wabantu abeza neproof theory kunye ne mathematical logic, nangokuthi abe phakathi kwabantu bokuqala abakwaziyo ukwahlulwa phakathi kwemathematics and metamathematics.


#Article 152: EKomani (102 words)


Ledolophu yayisakubizwa ngokuba yiQueenstown ifumaneka kwisiqingatha sephondo leMpuma Koloni kumaspala wasekuhlaleni I Enoch Mgijima Municipality Kwisithili sase Chris Hani District Municipality

IKomani yasekwa ngonyaka ka 1853 phantsi kolawulo luka Sir George Cathcart owayithiya ngegama lika . Umsebenzi okumzila wololiwe odibanisa iMonti waqalwa nguRhulumente waseKoloni ka John Molteno ngonyaka ka 1876 waze wavulwa ngokusesikweni nge 19 May 1880

Ngonyaka wama 1960 abantu abanga maAfrika bafuduselwa empuma yelokishi yaseZibeleni njengenxalenye yomzamo wokufudusa abantu abamnyama kwiindawo zee Homelands. Ledolophu kumaxa adlulileyo ibe nemozulu ezimbi kodwa ngethamsanqa akho monakalo owenzileyo.

Ledolophu inephephandaba I the Rep, Queenstown express kwakunye namajelo osasazo kanomathotholo iLukhanji Fm ne Vukani Fm




#Article 153: Ingqondo (111 words)


Ingqondo yenye yeendawo ezilapha emntwini ekucingwa, kuqiqwe, kwenziwe imibono, iminqweno, kunyeneemvakalelo. Kwezinye iinkolo abantu bacinga okokuba ingqondo yahlukene nomzimba kwaye ibizwa ngokuba ngumphefumlo (jonga  idualism). Ngokwenzululwazi, le nto abanye abantu bathi yingqondo yenziwa ngokupheleleyo kukusebenza kobuchopho. Inkcuba buchopho yefilosofi uGilbert Ryle uyibiza ingqondo njengeSporho esikumatshini, kwaye izimvo zokuba yahlukile ebuchotsheni kwaba yimpazamo yoMthetho ogunyaziswe ngokwaseburhulumenteni .

Baninzi abantu abenza ingxwabangxwaba malunga nokokuba yintoni kanye le eyenza ingqondo. Abanye bathi kukuqiqa nokukhumbula kuphela okufumaneka engqondweni, kuba ziyingqiqo. ngokwalo mbono iimvakalelo ezifana nothando, ukucaphukela, ukoyika kunye nouvuyo zahlukile engqondweni. Abanye abantu abanalo mbono bathi iindlela zovakalelo ziyinxalenye yentliziyo. Abanye bathi imo  and neyeemvakalelo ayinakwahlukana kunjalo nje zonke kufuneka zibeyinxalenye yale nto kuthiwa yingqondo.  




#Article 154: Intaba yomgaqosiseko (337 words)


Intaba Yomgaqosiseko isekelwe kwisitrato se 11 Kotze Goli eBraamfontein. Isecaleni kwase Hillbrow.Umgaqo siseko sisihlalo senkundla yomgaqo siseko waseMzantsi Afrika.Indluli ngaphambili yayiyi ndawo yeqaba eyathi kamva yasetyenziswa njengentolongo.Indawo yase Old FORT prison yaziwa ngokuba yinombolo yesine.Intolongolo yasekuqaleni yakhiwele ukuhlala amabanjwa amhlophe angamadoda ngo 1892.I-Old Fort yakhiwa kule ntolongo ngu paul kruger ukusukela kunyaka ka we 1899 ukukhusela iriphabliki yase Mzantsi Afrika kwisongelo lokuhlasela kwe Britheyini.Emva kwexesha iinkokheli zemvazwe ze Anglo-Boer zavalelwa apha yi Britheyini.Intolongo yase Old Fort exesheni yandiswa ukuba ibandakanye iseli 'zemveli', ezibizwa ngokuba licandelo 4 kunye necandelo 5, kwaye,ngo1707, kongezwa labasetyhini, iGail yabasetyhini.Ibhlokhi yokulinda enlindelekileyo yakhiwa ngowe 1920s.Zombini izishoshovu zopolitiko ezazichasene nocalucalulo kunye nezikrelemnqa eziqhelekileyo zabanjwa kule ntolongo,kwathi ngo 1907, 1913 nangowe 1922 kwabanjwa abamhlophe.Ngexesha localucalulo,indawo yokubanjwa yabaphikisi abachasene nocalucalulo ngo 1907.I-1913 kunye ne 1922 ezo zithathwa njenge 'anti-kuanzisha'kunye nabo baphule imithetho nje yelo xesha.UMahatma Gandhi wavalelwa apha ngo 1906.UNelson Mandela, uJoe Slovo, uBram Fischer, uRobert Sobukwe kunye no Albert Luthuli ngamanye amabanjwa lawo adumileyo.Ngesi sizathu ikwabizwa ngokuba yi'Robben Island' yase Rhawutini ngenxa yokubamba amabanjwa azopolitiko.Indawo yayihlala amabanjwa kwaze kwangowe 1983, xa kwakuvalelwa amatshantliziyo yayihlala ibanjwa ilinde amabanjwa aze athyunyelwe eRobben Island okanye ePitoli ukuya ejele.

Ukuqhekeza ibhiya ngumsebenzi ongekho emthethweni ukuba umnyama kuba ubeka abantu basetyhini ejele,imeko eboniswe kwi Women Gaol.Ukanti abanye babanjwa besabelana ngesondo ngaphaya komqobo wombala okanye ngokwesini esifanayo.Phakathi kwezinto ebezixeliwe ngexesha lovalelwa, umdaniso ohlazisayo 'Tauza', ukubetha kwetyala elinegama elingu 4 lamadoda amnyama, ukuvalelwa iinyanga ezintandathu kwiindawo ezimdaka, kwiindawo ezixineneyo, kwindawo yokulinda ityala, okanye ukukhuthuzwa ngaphantsi kunye nesidima saba bakwi Gaol yabasetyhini.I-Old Fort yabhengezwa njengelitye lesizwe ngo-1964 nangona yaqhubeka njengejele elisebenzayo de kwangowe-1987, emva koko izakhiwo kunye nendawo yonke zathwaxwa kukumgakhathalelwa nokonaliswa.Umgaqo siseko Hill wavula iingcingo zawo njengemyusiyamu ngonyaka ka-2004, ukhenketho luthatha iindwendwe kwiimyuziyamu ezintathu zentolongo, iNombolo yesine, iGaol yabasetyhinikunye ne-Old Fort.Esi siza sibonisa inkundla yomgaqo-siseko kunye nokuqokelelwa kwenkundla yemisebenzi yobugcisa yaseMzantsi Afrika engama-200. 

Idangatye Lentando Yesininzi

Umlilo ovutha amalongotye kwindawo yomgaqo-siseko eRhawutini, eMzantsi Afrika.Ngaphandle kweminyango yamaplanga yesakhiwo senkundla, embindini weplaza kwaye eyakhelwe kwelinye lamanqwanqwa wentolongo endala yiLanganye Ledemokhrasi.Umlilo waqaqanjelwa nge-10 ka-Disemba ngo-2011 xa uMzantsi Afrika ubhiyozela isikhumbuzo seminyaka eli-15 yokutyikitywa komgaqo siseko.




#Article 155: UGautam Buddha (196 words)


USiddhārtha Gautama(Sidaaha) wazalelwa kubukumkani bamaKapilvastu eNepal. Kunamhlanje nej le ndawo yokuzalwa kwakhe kuthiwa yiLumbini,  eNepal. Ngelo xesha, isiduko esithi Shakya's sasilawula amaKapilvastu. Uyise wayeyikumkani eyayibizwa ngokuba nguSuddodana Tharu, kwaye unina wayeyinzwakazi uMahamaya. USiddhārtha wayephila impilo etofotofo; uyise engafuni ngxaki nakusebenza nzima kufuphi nonyana wakhe. Isiprofetho sabona okokuba ukuba uSiddhārtha angahlala ngaphakathi kwibhotwe lakhe ubomi bakhe bonke, uyakuba yikumkani egqibeleleyo. Kodwa ukuba ukhe walishiya ibhotwe, uyakuba yinkokheli eqgibeleleyo kwenzenkolo. Ikumkani The kinayizange ifune okokuba unyana wayo abe yinkokheli yezenkolo. Wamgcina ke uSiddhartha ehleli bhotwe bonke ubomi bakhe bobuntwana.  

Uthe apha ekukhuleni kwakhe, uyise wambonela intombi uSiddhārtha ukuba ayenze inkosikazi yakhe xa aminyaka ili-16. Waza ke wanenkosikazi egama layo linguYashodhara, baza banonyana, uRahul. Nangoma uGautama wayenayo yonke into ayifunayo, wayengonwabanga. wayefuna ukufunda ngentsingiselo yokubakho kwakhe emhlabeni. 

Wasuka waphuma apho kwelo bhotwe ngaphandle kwemvume kayise. Wabona izithunzi ezine zigqitha: indoda endala eyayisisiqhwala, indoda egulayo, indoda ebhubhileyo, kunye nendoda engcwele engenakhaya. kulapho kanye uGautama waqala waqonda khona okokuba akukho nto inokumnqanda umntu ukuba angazalwa, angabimdala, angaguli, nokuba angafi. Wenza isigqibo sokokuba anikele ngobomi bakhe basemhlabeni. akazange ayigcine inkosikazi yakhe, abantwana bakhe, ubutyebi bakhe kwibhotwe. Wayeyakuba yindoda engcwele engenakhaya. Wayezakufuna impendulo kwingxaki yokuzalwa, ukuguga, ukugula, nokufa. Walishiya ikhaya lakhe ezinzulwini zobusuku.




#Article 156: Beyoncé (107 words)


uBeyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter wazalwa ngomhla wesine kaSeptember 1981 ungumculi wasemelika, umbali wengoma kanye. wazalwa futhi wakhuliselwa eHouston, Texas, xa ekhula wangenela imikhupiswano yokucula wabangusosaziwayo nge1990's ekwiqela elicula iRB elibizwa yhi Destiny child  waze emva koko ngo 2006 wazala umntwana wam lamlahl kwi orphanage yase mzantsi afrika apho ngaze aphinde ambon kdwa wade wachaza inyan lomntana lowo igama lakhe alisebenzisayo ayola mahlangeni awaliphiwa ngabo bazali wababhatal ukuba bamkhulise Nothemba mahlangeni(adoptmother)Oros venge(adoptfather)

Utata wakhe engumphati weliqela uMatthew Knowles, iqela laba lona qela elithengisayo elamantombazane kwilizwe jikelele. ngo2003 uBeyoncé wakhupha eyake ialbum ibizwa Dangerously in love eyeyi qala waseka inkqubela-phambili yakhe ithengisa izigidi ezingama shumi ananye, wazuza iGrammy Awards ezintlanu. 




#Article 157: UMichalongelo (316 words)


Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, owaziwa ngoMichelangelo, ngumTaliyane wexesha phakathi kweminyaka ye-14 yeenkulungwane ukuya kwi-17 lenkulungwane yeminyaka umzobi, umxhonkxi, architect, imbongi, kwanenjineli. Into awayesoyanyaniswa nayo uLeonardo da Vinci, wayesoloko ebizwa ngendoda yenguqulelo into ethetha okokuba wayenesiphiwo engumpondozihlanjiwe iminyaka emininzi. 

UMichelangelo uphile ubomi exakeke ngendlela emangalisayo, esenza imisebenzi yezandla emininzi nemikhulu. Inxalenye yemisebenzi kaMichelangelo iphakathi kweyona misebenzi yodumo eythi yenziwa. Iquka imisebenzi edume kunene yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo emibini  eluhlobo lwemayibhile, IPieta eSaint Peter's Basilica nokaDavid owakhe wema kwipizza eFlorence kodwa kungoku nje ukwiAccademia Gallery.  Eyona mizobo yakhe yodumo y ifrescos, i Sistine Chapel iCeiling kunye ne Last Judgement. Owona msebenzi wakhe waziwayo y iarchitecture usekupheleni kwempuma nedomeem yeSaint Peter's Basilica.

Ininzi ke into eyaziwayo ngobomi bukaMichelangelo kuba washiya iileta ezininzi , imibongo kunye neejenali. Ngenxa yodumo lwakhe olukhulu, wabayiartist yokuqala ukuba ne mbali engaye  (ibali ngobomi bakhe) ethe yapapashwa esaphila. His biographer, Giorgio Vasari, said that he was the greatest artist of the Renaissance. Maxa wambi wayebizwa ngokuba nguIl Divino (umdali). 
Ezinye iiartists zithi wayeneterribilità, (imisebenzi yakhe yayinefuthe elimandla lemvakalelo ngokokude yoyikeke). Amagcisa amaninzi athi akuwubona umsebenzi wakhe akhe azama ukwenza olu vakalelo kweyawo imisebenzi.. Kulo mbono weterribilità kwathi kwaphuma uhlobo lobugcisa ekuthiwa yi[Mannerism.

UMichelangelo wazalelwa ngomhla wesi-6 kweyoKwindla ngo-1475 eCaprese kufuphi neArezzo, eTuscany. Uyise yayinguLodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti di Simoni, unina yena inguFrancesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena. AmaBuonarrottis yayingabantu bosapho lwaseFlorence olubhankishayo.  Babethi bayinzalelwane  yezinhanha zeCountess Matilda yaseCanossa. Uyise kaMichelangelo wayilahla imali yebhanki ezinzi, waza ke wasebenzela urhulumente wengingqi edolophini yaseChiusi. Wathi esengumntwana, usapho lwakhe lwabuyela emva eFlorence. Kwathi kuba wayesoloko enkenenkene ngokwempilo, uMichelangelo wathunyelwa kwifama encinane ukuba ayekuhlala kuyo ehamba nesarha yokusika amatye, umkakhe kunye nosapho.  Isarha yamatye yasebenza kwinkwali yee mayihlile yayiyekayisekaMichelangelo. Kwiminyaka emininzi emva koko uMichelangelo wathi izinto ezimbini ezithe zamnceda ukuze abe ngumpondozihlanjiwe wegcisa kukuzalwa kwakhe kwilali yaseArezzo, ilali enobubele nenkathalo, kwanokukhuliswa kumzi house apho,  ukukhuliswa khe ngobisi lwendlezane, kwakuhambelana nokuniqeqeshwa kwakhe ekusebenziseni ichisel nesando. unisa wabhubha eseneminyaka esixhenxe qwaba. 




#Article 158: Ifonetiki (161 words)


Ifonetiki (upelo /ifonetiki/, livela kwisiGrike: isandi, ilizwi) lisebe lofundo ngeelwimi eliquka ufundo ngezandi zentetho, okanye malunga nolwimi lokuthetha ngezandla isithetha- ntonye zizijekulo. Ibandakanya iimpawu zomzimba nezandi zentetho okanye iimpawu: ukuphinyiselwa kwazo, ukuvakala kwazo, ukuviwa ngeendlebe, nobume bazo ngokoluvo. Ifonoloji kwelinye icala, iqwalasela  izinto ezingabonakaliyo, ukuhlengahlengiswa konxulumano lwegrama lwezandi neempawu.

Isifundo sefonetiki sisifundo esiyimimango ngemimango esigxile kwintetho. Malunga neelwimi ezithethwayo zintathu iindlela zokufunda ezingundoqo:

Yonke le miba inxulunyaniswa luthungelwano lwesandi, njengelizwi, ubude noyondelelwano.

Ifonetiki yafundwa ukusukela kwiinkulungwane yesithathu phambi kokuzalwa kukaKrestu(BC) kwilizwana lase-India, ngoshicilelo lukaPanini lwendawo nendlela yokuphinyiselwa kwamaqabane kwiSanskrit. Ialfabhethi ezinkulu eIndic namhlanje zihlela amaqabane azo ngokohlelo lukaPanini.

Ifonetiki yanamhla iqala ngemizamo efana naleyo kaJoshua Steele (eProsodia Rationalis, 1779) noAlexander Melville Bell (in Visible Speech, 1867)—ukwazis iindlela zokupelwa kwzandi zentetho.

Ufundo lwefonetiki lukhule ngokukhawuleza ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ngenxa yokuveliswa komashini oshicilela izandi owawuvumela ukushicelela uphawu lwentetho.  Oosofonetitiki babekwazi ukuphonda-phinda ukudlala izandi zentetho amatyeli ngamatyeli baze ke bafake izihluzi zentetho kuphawu olo. Ngokwenza njalo umntu wayenakho ukucubungula ngobunono ubume besandi kuphawu lwentetho.




#Article 159: IKomkhulu (277 words)


IKomkhulu elisisixeko (okanye idolophu elikomkhulu okanye singathi nje ikomkhulu) sisixekokazi okanye yidolophu, ebekwe ngokomthetho okanye ngokomgaqo siseko, oko kusenziwa ngurhulumente wesizwe, okanye yindawo ethile yesizwe, njengaseburhulumenteni, kwiphondo okanye kwisizwe. Idla ngokusebenza njengendawo apho kubanjwa khona iindibano zaseburhulumenteni nalapho zikhoyo ii-ofisi zaseburhulumenteni. Uninzi lweenkokheli kunye nabasebenzi baseburhulumenteni basebenza kwikomkhulu ledolophu.   

Iidolophu ezilikomkhulu zidla ngokuba yinxalenye yezona dolophu zinkulu kwiingingqi. Umzekelo, iMontevideo likomkhulu laseUruguay kwaye ikwayeyona dolophu inkulu. Ukuba idolophu elikomkhulu inkulu ingaphezulu kunedolophu yesibini kweso sizwe, njengeBangkok eThailand, ingathathwa njenge

Nangona kunjalo, ikomkhulu alisayikusoloko liyidolophu enkulu esizweni. Umzekelo, ikomkhulu laseIndiya yiNew Delhi, idolophu encinane kuneMumbai, eyona dolophu enkulu; nelikomkhulu lePakistan yiIslamabad, nekuyidolophu encinane kuneKarachi. Kananjalo, kumazwe ahlulwaluhlweyo nje ngamaZwe aManyeneyo, iidolophu ezilikomkhulu lezizwe ezimanyeneyo zidla ngokungabi zezona dolophu zinkulu okanye zidla ngokungabi zodolophu zinenyambalala yabantu.  Umzekelo, 
iAlbany likomkhulu leNew York, ingasiyo New York City. 

Amanye amazwe anamakomkhulu amabini nangaphezulu, ubukhulu becala oko kwenzeka ukufezekisa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngeBolivia, enamakomkhulu amabini (iSucre kunye neLa Paz); nomZantsi Afrika, enamakomkhulu amathathu (iPitoli, iKapa ne Blamfanteni). Amanye amazwe abona amakomkhulu awo njengamazwe uqobo, njengeMonaco, idolophu yaseVatican  kunye needolophu zakumazwe ngamazwe njengeSingapore.

Akusingawo onke amazwe anekomkhulu. I- Nauru lilizwe elinganakomkhulu.  

Amakomkhulu angakwiidolophu ebezisoloko zikhona kakade kuloo ndawo njengeLondon, iUnited Kingdom (kudla-dala kwiminyaka yeenkulungwane ezili-12), okanye iidolophu ezintsha zingakhiwa zenziwe amakomkhulu njengeCanberra, iAustralia, njengomhlaba olikomkhulu laseAustralia.

Amazwe angawatshintsha amakomkhulu awo ngalo lonke ixesha afuna ngalo. AmaZwe aManyeneyo ayekhe analo ikomkhulu lawo ePhiladelphia, kodwa lafuduselwa eWashington, D.C. ngo1800. Ngenxa yoku, idolophu isenokulahlekelwa linqanaba layo lobukomkhulu. Umzekelo,  oku kweenzeka eRio de Janeiro eBrazil, xa kwakusakhiwa iBrasilia phakathi kweminyaka ka-1956 no-1960.

Amazwe amaninzi lunezihlalo zikarhulumente kwiikomkhulu zeedolophu zawo, nangona ezinye zingenawo. 
IMalaysia inekomkhulu lawo eKuala Lumpur kodwa isihlalo sawo ngokwaseburhulumenteni sisePutrajaya. E-Netherlands, iAmsterdam likomkhulu, kodwa urhulumente useHague.




#Article 160: Idolophu (470 words)


Idolophu idla ngokuba yindawo enenyambalala yezindlu, kodwa singenakuthi sisixeko. Kaloku kwizixeko, zininzi iindlela zokuchaza okokuba iyintoni na kanye idolophu, uchaza ngokwamazwe-ngamazwe. Kwezinye iindawo, ziluhlobo oluthile lukarhulumente wengingqi. 

NgesiNgesi, amaNgesi alisebenzisa eli gama lithi 'dolophu' njengegama elisetyenziswa mihla le xa kubhekiswa kwiindawo ezinentaphane yezindlu (kwanezixeko ngokunjalo). Xa bethetha ngegama elithi dolophu basuka bacinge ngendawo enkulu nebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, iLondon sisixeko, kodwa abantu bayibiza njengedolophu yaseLondon (isixeko saseLondon yindawo yaseLondon apho kukho inqwaba yeebhanki). Kananjalo, xa uvela ngaphandle ungena ngaphakathi kanye kumbindi weLondon uya edolophini 

Xa sithetha ngokuphangaleleyo, umahluko phakathi kwedolophu neelali, zizinto ezifumaneka ngemali abanazo, nemithombo yemali abayifumanayo.   abantu ezidolophini bahlala befumana imali kumashishini (kwimizi yemveliso, njalo njalo), kwintengiso (ezivenkileni njalo njalo) nokusebenzela uwonke-wonke (ukusebenzela idolophu) ungasebenzeli ezolimo (utyale imifuno neziqhamo).

Inani labantu abahlala kuloo ndawo ithile alisixeleli okokuba yidolophu okanye yilali le bahlala kuyo. Kwindawo ezininzi apha ehlabathini, umzekelo, eIndia, ilali enkulu inganabantu abaninzi ngokuthe chatha kunabantu abakwilali encinane. Kananjalo kunzima ukutsho ugqibelele okokuba indawo yidolophu kuba kwezi ntsuku siphila kuzo, ezinye iidolophu ziya zisibankulu ngokuba nkulu, kwaye kwezinye iindawo abantu bahlala ezilalini okanye kufuphi nedolophu babe besebenza edolophini.  

Ngamanye amaxesha indawo iba yidolophu kuba inegama elithi sixeko ngokwasemthethweni. Ngangona kunjalo, abantu people basoloko besithi yidolophu kuba incinane. Kwiminyaka yamandulo,  indawo ibisaya kuba yidolophu ngokommiselo, ize ke ngoko ibekwinqanaba lokuba yidolophu.  

KubuRhulumente bezizwe zaseMelika ezimanyeneyo, intsingiselo yegama elithi 'dolophu' yahlukile kwisizwe ngasinye, ezinye izizwe, idolophu yidolophu xa isizwe sisithi yidolophu. Kanti kwezinye ezinye izizwe, umzekelo, iWisconsin, idolophu  sisahlulo sePhondo (kanye njenge parish eLouisiana). Kwezinye izizwe, umzekelo eMichigan, igama elithi dolophu alinayo intsingiselo ngokwaseburhulumenteni kwaye abantu balisebenzisa nakweyophi na indawo enabantu abaninzi.   

Kuburhulumente besithandathu baseNew England, idolophu yindawana nje kwiphondo, kwaye kobu burhulumente, yeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo kunephondo.  Kwisiqithi saseConnecticut nase Rhode, amaphondo abonakala nje kwiimephu kodwa akanagunya. Kwamanye amazwe amane ngokwaseburhulumenteni, amaphondo ziindawo ezinamagunya ubukhulu becala. Amaphondo aneminye imisebenzi axhaphake kwiNew Hampshire naseVermont. Kuzo zontandathu, iidolophu zenza izinto ezenziwa kuninzi lwamanye amaphondo.  Kuninzi lwezi dolophu, iindibano zedolophu zingundoqo wohlobo lukarhulumente, ngoko ke abahlali bayakwazi ukuxela into eyenzekileyo kwiindawo abahlala kuzo ngokwendlela ekhululekileyo nangokwesininzi sabo ngqo.   

E-New York, idolophu isoloko iyindawana encinane yesizwe, kodwa ayibalulekanga kangako eNew England. E-New York, idolophu inika abantu amandla ngokubanzi kunakwiphondo lalyo, iziza phantse zonke inkonzo zasezidolophini kwindawo ezingezodolophu, ezibizwa ngokuba ziilali, kanti ezinye iinkonzo zisiwa kwiindawo ezisedolophini, nezibizwa ngokuba ziivillages. E-New York, idolophu idla ngokuba neehamlets kunye neevillages. Kodwa, kuba iivillages zinamandla ngaphandle kweedolophu   (zizimele) zingakwiidolophu ezimbini okanye kumaphondo amabini. Wonke umntu kurhulumente waseNew York  ongahlali kwindawo ebekelwe amaIndiya  (indawo ebekelwe amaNdiya aseMelika ngokukodwa) okanye isixeko uhlaa edolophini, kwaye mhlawumbi angahlal kwenye yeehamlets okanye yeevillages zasedolophini.   

I-Virginia, yidolophu efanayo nesixeko, kodwa isenokuba nenani labantu elinganeno kuyo. Ngokomthetho wezixeko zaseVirginia ziingingqi ezizimeleyo (zinamagunya okanye amandla ngaphandle kwamaphondo), iidolophu ziyinxalenye zamaphondo.

E-Ngilane naseWales, igama elithi isixeko leleendawo ezinommiselo weKomkhulu kuphela (iphepha elibalulekileyo) lithi zinganalo elo gama. ngaphambili phaya, izixeko bezihlala zisiba necathedral.




#Article 161: Umthetho (135 words)


Umthetho yingqokolela yemithetho yaseburhulumenteni emiselwe ukuba ithotyelwe okanye ilandelwe ngabantu. Iinkundla zamatyala kunye nemisebenzi yabupolisa yiyo esingatha le nkqubo yemigaqo ize yohlwaye abo bantu bophula imithetho, ngokuthi umzekelo babahlawulise imali okanye nge-penalty okanye bathunyelwe ejele. Kwintlalo yamandulo, imithetho ibisaya kubhalwa ziinkokheli, zimise imithetho emakuhlaliswane ngayo ngabahlali, kusetyenzwe kude kushishinelwane. Namhlanje kumazwe amaninzi, imithetho ibhalwa ivotelwe ngamaqela ezoplitiko anyuliweyo kurhulumente ophetheyo, amaqela afana nepalamente okanye urhulumente. Ukulandela imithetho yasekuhlaleni kukwenza into esemthethweni. Nantoni na eyenziwayo ayikho mthethweni xa isophula umthetho okanye xa ingenziwa ngokomthetho.

ikhowudi yomthetho yikhowudi yemithetho ebhaliweyo emayinyanzeliswe okanye miliselwe eluntwini. Bandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwesipolisa, iinkundla zamatyala, okanye izohlwayo. Igqwetha, i-jurist okanye i-attorney ngumntu ofundele ukuxoxa nemigaqo yomthetho. E-United States, zimbini iintlobo zamagqwtha -  kukho amagqwetha azii-transactional ngabo babhala ii-contracts kunye nee-litigators aba ke baya kwiinkundla zamatyala. E-United Kingdom, ezi zifundiswa zibizwa ngokuba zii-solicitors nee-barristers ngokulandelelana kwazo.




#Article 162: Indoda (117 words)


Indoda ngumntu wangasebuhlanti omdala. Ubuni bayo buchasene nobo bomntu wasetyhini. Sisebenzisa igama elithi ndoda (indoda enye, kumadodaamabini nangaphezulu xa kuthethwa ngeisini|sini. Ubudoda lixesha apho kubakho iimpawu ezibonakalisa ukutshintsha kwenkwenkwe isiya ebudodeni. Inkwenkwe ngumntwana oneempawu zobudoda. Igama lomntwana oyinkwenkwe ligama elichasene negama lomntwana oyintombazana. Emva kokuba amakhwenkwe efikelele ebudaleni bawo,   anokubizwa ngokuba ngamadoda.  



#Article 163: Unxweme (106 words)


A Beach kukho yokwakheka kunxweme ye yolwandle okanye elwandle, okanye ngohlangothi echibini okanye umlambo. Lidla iqulathe amasuntswana umkhala, adla eyakhiwe elulwalweni, ezifana nesanti, igrabile, shingle, iingqalutye, okanye cobblestones. Amasuntswana equka Beach wambi zebhayoloji kwanemvelaphi, ezifana amaqokobhe mollusc okanye coralline ezimdaka.

Ezinye kumanxweme kuba indoda-eyenziwe kwizibonelelo, ezifana izithuba ekusindiseni, amagumbi, yaye uthandazel naziimvula. Kungafuneka kwakhona iindawo iindwendwe (ezifana iiholide, kwiinkampu, iihotele, yaye zokutyela) ekufutshane. iilwandle Wild, okwabizwa ngokuba elwandle ongaphuhliswanga okanye ukuphanda, hayi siphuhliswa ngale ndlela. iilwandle Wild unako ixatyiswe ngenxa yobuhle zingabanjwanga yaye indalo zombini.

Beaches ngokokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kwiindawo kunxweme apho yomtshangatshangiso okanye lentshukumo iidiphozithi izitakantlantsi neetyuwa.

 zone: is alternately covered and exposed by wave run-up.




#Article 164: Iwikipedia (504 words)


I-Wikipedia yi-intanethi yomsebenzi wengqokolela yamagama kwiilwimi ezininzi.  Isetenziswa simahla: abantu abayisebenzisayo ababhatali. Kananjalo, ivuleleke kuwonke-wonke. Oko kuthetha okokuba nabani na angayikopa, kwaye ingalungiswa nangubani na (umntu angabhala kuyo). Kodwa, kukho imigaqo emayilandelwe xa kukotshwa okanye xa kulungiswa.  

I-Wikipedia yeyombutho waseMelika, sisiseko seWikimedia, esiseSan Francisco, eCalifornia.

Igama layo ngumxube wamagama amabini, elithi wiki, igama laseHawai elimele 'ukukhawuleza'  kunye nelithi and encyclopedia. 

I-Wikipedia yaqala njengomsebenzi ozalana noweNupedia. I-Nupedia kwakuyiwas a free online English-language encyclopedia project. Nupedia's articles were written and owned by Bomis, Inc which is a web portal company. 
ULarry Sanger noJimmy Wales ngabona bantu baqala iWikipedia. U-Wales unconywa kakhulu ngokuchaza iinjongo zalo msebenzi, U-Sanger yena wenza izicwangciso ezijongene nemakwenziwe kusetyenziswa iwiki ukuze kuphuhliswe iinjongo zikaWales'. Ngenyanga yomQungu, kumhla we-10, ngo-2001, U-Larry Sanger wenza isicelo kuludwe leembalelwano zomsebenzi weNupedia ukuze enze iwiki ibe yiyo eyenza umsebenzi njengomondli owondla iNupedia.
I-Wikipedia yathi yabekwa ngokusesikweni kweyomQungu ngomhla we-15, ngo2001. Yabekwa njengombhalo wolwimi lwesiNgesi kwi-www.wikipedia.com, yaza yapapashwa nguSanger kuludwe lwembalelwano olukwiNupedia. Umthetho weWikipedia othi ukujonga ngolunye uhlobo wathi waphawulwa kwakunyanga zawo zokuqala, kwaye wawufana nqwa nalowo wangaphambili weNupedia umthetho owawungenamkhethe. Ngapha koko, kwakungekho mithetho mininzi ekuqaleni kwaye iWikipedia yayisebenza ingaxhomekekanga kwiNupedia.

I-Wikipedia yafumana amaxhasi bayo bokuqala kwiNupedia, i-Slashdot, nakwiijini zokusetsha okanye zokukhangela.  Yaakhula ke de yanamaphepha amalunga nama-20, 000, kwiilimi ezili-18 xa kuphela umnyaka wama-2001. Kwathi xa kanye umnya wama-2002 usiya ngasekupheleni, yabe sele ineelwimi ezingama-26, zaza zanga-46 xa kuphela umnyaka wama-2003, zaza zabe zili-161 iilwimi xa kanye kuphela umnyaka wama-2004. I-Nupedia neWikipedia zahlala zikho de zemiswa iinkonzo zeNupedia  ngomnyaka wama-2003. Emva koku, imibhalo yayo yadityaniswa kweyeWikipedia. I-Wikipedia yesiNgesi yaba sele inamaphepha angaphaya kwezigidi ezi-2 million  ngomhla we-9 kwinyanga yomSintsi ngomnyaka wama-2007, loo nto yenza okokuba le ibe ngowona mqulu mkhulu wamagama awakha aqokolelwa ezimbalini, esogqitha nawengqokolela yezinto ezikhoyo nezaziwayo kwiYongle Encyclopedia (1407), neyayibambe iintambo iminyaka engama- 600.

I-Wikipedia yesiNgesi sele ibhale amaphepha azizigidi ezi-3 ngenyanga yeThupha kunya wama-2009. Inani lamaphepha kunye nabo bafaka isandla ekubhaleni laa maphepha labonakala lisehla ngokukhawuleza  yomnyaka wama-2007.

Kwinyanga yeDwarha ngo2014, isakhiwo sesikhumbuzo seWikipedia satyhilwa phambi koluntu lonke luphela sityhilelwa ePoland kunikwa imbeko kusenziwa nombulelo kwabo bathe bafaka isandla kwiWikipedia.

Ngomhla we-15, kweyomQungu ngo-2011, iWikipedia yabanengxikela yetheko kuvuyiswana nayo ngokugqiba iminyaka eli-10 ikho. Isebenzisa umbhalo oluphawu lokupapasha  (obonakalisa)  ukuvuyisana nokugqiba kwayo iminyaka eli-10 okoko ayathi yavulwa nomhla we-15 kweyomQungu ngo2001,  kwaye lo mbhalo uluphawu lokupapasha wasetyenziswa imini yonke kwindawo elicala lewikipedia yesiNgesi.  




#Article 165: IJapani (136 words)


IJapan isiqithi esempumalanga yePeninsula yaseKorea.

Ingoma yesizwe nguKIMIGYO (intsingiselo = ihlabathi lakho).

Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, ungafuna bathi kwiziqithi ezincinane lobushushu Japan, ezifana Kyushu. Ummandla malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-378,000. 30% yihlathi.

Inani labemi bantu abayizigidi ezili-125.

Kwiminyaka yamuva, ukuguga ngokukhawuleza kuyaqhubeka.

Uluntu lujolise kwingingqi ejikelezileyo yeso sixeko, ukuqhutyelwa kwamanzi kwimihlaba yasemaphandleni.

Phantse i-98% yabemi ngabantu baseJapan. Ezinye Abemi boMzantsi Korean, uhlanga Korean, uhlanga Chinese, bamazwe Taiwan, ezifana Brazil . Kukho abantu abambalwa baseAinu abajikeleze iHokkaido.

Ubukhosi bukho ebantwini. Nangona igosa lenkulumbuso, kukho umbusi onomqondiso wabantu ngaphandle kolawulo. Umsebenzi obuthathaka wenkundla, amandla e-bureaucracy anesimo esiqinileyo saseJamani.

Umhlaba kazwelonke uhlulwe ngama-47, kunye ne-parishural assembly kunye ne-rhu lumente ye-prefectural apho iziko libekwa khona.

Ukutya okuqhelekileyo

Abantu baseJapan babedla ukudla irayisi kunye nezinye iinkozo njengesiqhelo ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa emva kokutya kweSibini zeMfazwe yehlabathi. Isidlo somdabu waseJapan sithiwa ukutya kwaseJapane (ukutya kwaseJapan).




#Article 166: Intetho (148 words)


Intetho yenzeka phakathi kwabantu ababini nangaphezulu xa bedibene beyenza ngomlomo  nomnye komnye. Ngamanye amazwi intetho isetyenziswa xa kuthethwa okanye kuncokolwa. Ngabantu kuphela abanolwimi lokuthetha. Intetho ephakathi kwabantu ababini nangaphezulu  ibizwa ngokuba yincoko.

Intetho yenziwa zizandi ezihamba ngomoya. Izandi eziphuma engquleni zibunjwa yimilebe, lulwimi, ngamazinyo, yimpumlo, nayinkalakahla. 

Ukuze enze intetho umntu kufuneka a:

Zingakho iingxaki nanini na kwezi zigaba zine. Iingxaki zesigaba soku-1 nesesi-2 zaziwa ngokuba ziingxaki zamazwi, ngeli xa ezesigaba sesi-3 nesesi-4 zisaziwa ngokuba zezokubiza amagama okanye zentshukumo eyenzekayo. Abanyanga abantu abanobunzima xa bethetha naxa besebenzisa ulwimi  cbanganceda ukunyanga ezo zigaba kufunyanwa kuzo ubunzima. 

Izilwanyana azinayo intetho, kodwa ezinye ziyakwazi ukuncokola nezinye ngokusebenzisa izandi.  

Isithehti singatsho into, ize ithi yakuviwa loo nto ithethwa seso sithethi isenokuqondwa ngabamameleyo. Kuba nzima ukuluqonda ulwimi olutheththwayo ngamanye amaxesha.  Isenokwenza okokuba intetho imfiliba, iyabhidisa, okanye iyalahlekisa. Isenokuba lula okanye kubenzima ukuba iqondakale.  

Kwale ntetho inye isenokubekwa ngezinye iilwimi, ngokuthi ulwimi luguqulelwe kwezinye iilwimi.  




#Article 167: Ukuthetha (199 words)


Ukuthetha kuxa ulwazi luhanjiswa ngolo hlobo luhanjiswa ngalo lusuka kulowo uluthethayo lusiya kulowo kubhekiswa kuye. Zininzi ke intlobo ezahlukeneyo ezinokusetyenziswa ukuhambisa ulwazi.  

Ukuthetha kungayintetho elungileyo ethethwayo (igama) okanye ibeyintetho engathethwayo (uncumo). Zininzi iindlela zokuthetha, kwaye kwenzeka ngalo lonke ixesha. Akubantu kuphela abathethayo, ezinye izilwanyana ezininzi ziyathetha nazo. Okunye ukuthetha kuyazenzekela nje kungakhange kucingwe, nje ngaxa umntu entshintsha indlela ame ngayo.  

Enye indlela yokuthetha izama ukutshintsha indlela acinga ngayo umntu. Eyona meko yakha yanzula kulo mkhwa kukulukuhla abantu. 

Ukuthetha kusebenza ngokwenza ingxoxo ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi okanye ngemiyalezo. Xa sikuchaza ngokubanzi ukuthetha   

ngaphandle nje komongo womyalezo, zikho ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo. Ezi zinto aziyonxalenye yomyalezo zona ngokwazo, kodwa ziyiloo meko ekuthethethelwa phezu kwayo.  

Ukuze loo myalezo kutshintshiselwana ngawo ubenempumelelo,  umthumeli wawo kunye nalowo kuthunyelwa kuye, umamkeli walo myalezo ngamanye amazwi, kufuneka bavumelane ngamagama amakasetyenziswe kulo myalezo. Igama elithi [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/hedge hedge] lingathetha into eyahluke kwaphela kwezinye iimeko elisetyenziswa kuzo eli gama, ngokwezi meko zahlukeneyo.  KwiBayoloji, ihedge ngumgca weeshrubs okanye wemithi yokubiya.  Ngokwezezimali, igama elithi hedge kukulondoloza nokugcina kuvimba okwenzelwe ukunciphisa umngcipheko wenye wolunye ugcino.  nkokwakwaIn linguistics igama elithi hedge ligama okanye ingqokolela yamagama eyenza okokuba amanye amagama angabinakubaluleka kangako. Ngaphandle kolwazi olongezelelweyo kunzima ukwazi okokuba liliphi igama elithi hedge elithethwa ngumthumeli womyalezo. 




#Article 168: I-input - ukungeniswa kolwazi (189 words)


Igama elithi ulwazi lisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo.   ngokwentsusa, livela kwigama elithetha ukunika indlela okanye uhlobo oluthile kwinto ethile. Ulwazi] yinto enokufundwa ngabantu, enokwaziwa okanye enokuqondwa ngabantu. Umzekelo, iphephandaba liqulethe ulwazi ngehlabathi. eli phepha liqulethe ulwazi malunga nolwazi.  

abantu abasebenzisa iikhompyutha basoloko besebenzisa igama elithi ulwazi neli lithi data ngokufanayo. Kukho amasebe emfundo ekuthiwa  information science neinformation technology (IT).

ngeminyaka yoo- 1970 neyoo-1980, abanye abantu beza nenye intsingiselo ethe ngqo ngolwazi. ngelo xesha, uvimba wolwazi kwikhompyutha waye sele akhiwe, ulwazi luthetha uhlobo lolwazi oluthile olungakhange luphononongwe.   Oko kuthetha okokuba ulwazi aluzange lutshintshwe okanye lulungiswe, kwaye ke alunakuthenjwa.  Ngokwale ntsingiselo intsha,  ulwazi luthetha ulwazi oluphononongiweyo, lwaze lwaphumelela uvavanyo ngento olumelwe kukuba yiyo.  Umntu angathemba okokuba ulwazi lulungile.  

Ulwazi lungalungiswa kwaye lungakulungela ngakumbi ukuthenjwa xa kunokuba kho  iindlela ezilungileyo nezipheleleyo zokuphonononga olu lwazi. (ukujongwa nokuphononongwa kolwazi, validation okanye iverification) kuze emva koko kwenziwe isigqibo sokokuba lukulungele ngokwaneleyo na (ukuba lufakwe kwinkqubo yokwamkelwa.  umntu kufuneka ayazi imithetho esetyenzisiweyo xa kuphononongwa ulwazi, okanye loo mntu ophonononge ulwaze abe ngumntu othembakeleyo.  Ukuba umntu akanakutsho okokuba oku kweenziwa,  ulwazi lubonakala iselulwazi lwaloo mntu, ukuze loo mntu aluphonononge ulwazi kwakhona, kuloo mbono uphangaleleyo ngolwazi.  




#Article 169: Iimpawu (177 words)


Igama elithi iimpawu linganeentsingiselo ezininzi;  

Igama elithi iimpawu libhekisa kwinto yomnye umntu. Ukuba umntu uthenga imoto, loo moto ke iba yeyaloo mntu. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wakwaLiberty yinto yabantu baseUnited States.  Abantu abasebenza ngokuthengisa nokuthenga izindlu basoloko bethetha ngezinto, into ethetha izindlu, amagumbi, ii-ofisi, njalo njalo.  

Iimpawu zisenokuthetha izinto ezenza okokuba into ibenomdla: izinto eziziimpawu ezithile zento.  umzekelo; I-Elastiki yenziwa yirhabha, ngamanye amazwi irhabha yielastiki.  Le ntsingiselo ikufutshane kunaleyo yakwaChemistry (Jonga apha ngezantsi).

KwiKhemestri, igama elithi iimpawu libhekisa kwizinto  ngokuzeleyo izinto esizibonayo.    Umzekelo, amanzi abayinto emanzi xa engenziwanga nto ehleli ngokwendalo yawo njengamanzi,  ayabila ngeqondo lobushushu  elili-100,  akanambala, akanavumba, njalo njalo. yonke le nkcaza yeyeempawu zamanzi.  

Kwiindawo zemidlalo yeqonga, iimpawu zibhekisa kwingqokolela yezinto ezisetyenziswa kwezi ndawo kwenziwa kuzo imidalo yeqonga okanye imiculo ye-opera.  Nantoni na eyenye esetyenziswayo kodwa ibe ingeyonxalenye yale ngqokolela  iluphawu lwento  (or i-prop ngokufutshane), umzekelo, ifenitshala, umthi, incwadi esetyenziswa ngumlinganiswa esenza ngathi uyafunda,  uzalipholile abamtshayayo. Ezi zinto zinakekelwe ngumlawuli wazo. Ngamanye amaxesha, izinto ezincinane ezifana neencwadi okanye abalandeli,  ngumlinganiswa omelwe kukuqinisekisa okokuba unazo ezi zinto. Yile nto ke le kuthiwa yipersonal prop.




#Article 170: I-Variable (159 words)


I-variable luhlobo olulodwa lwesixa okanye lwenani lezinto elixabiso lalo lingaziwayo. Ii-variables zisoloko zisetyenziswa kwi-programming yeecompyutha okanye nakwii-equations zemathematika.  

Inani elifana no-5 okanye u-200 alinakulitshintsha ixabiso lalo.  Umzekelo, ukuba umntu umi kumgama oziinyawo ezi-5 kude nesakhiwo esithile,  umgama wevariable xa uthelekiswa nowesakhiwo  awunakutshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha. Iinyawo ezi-5 kuthiwa xa zibizwa zisisixa esidibeneyo (ziyifixed amount), sibe ke eso sixa sichasene nesevariable (variable amount).  

Kodwa ukuba umntu uyahamba aye ebhekela kwisakhiwo amele kude kuso, umgama we-variable xa uthelekiswa nowesakhiwo uyanda ngokuya ebhekela ngokubhekela.  Ngoko ke ayinaxabiso linye lifanayo nelimi limi,  kwaye asinakusebenzisa inani elilixabiso elifanayo, singenakho nokusebenzisa inani elinye elifanayo ngalo mgama, njengoko umgama usenokuba lunyawo olu-1 ngoku sithethayo, ngomzuzwana nje ube ziinyawo ezi-2.  Kwamathematika, ivariable inikwa unobumba okana no-x okanye u-y.

Kwezinye ii-eequations, ii-variables zisetyenziswa ukubonisa amanani angaziwayo.  Kusetyenziswa uhlobo lwemathematika ekuthiwa yi-algebra, umntu ke angalifumana ixabiso le-variable.

Kwacomputer science, i-variable akunyanzelekanga okokuba i-variable ibelinani - isenokuba lixabiso lamagama abhaliweyo, okanye umhla, okanye ixabiso lemali, okanye into efana nomfanekiso. 

 




#Article 171: I-Equation (122 words)


I-mathematical equation yintetho enee-variables, nokokuba inye ubuncinane, (Uyawukhumbula ke okokuba xa kuthethwa nge-variable kuthethwa  ngexabiso elingaziwayo)  (=unknown value) kunye nophawu olubonisa isiphumo saloo nto ibaliweyo (uphawu lwe-equals sign ( = ) oluhamba nentetho yakwamathematika kicala ngalinye. Uphawu olubonisa isiphumo (=) luthi omabini amacala anexabiso alifana ncam, okanye ayinto enye ngokwexabiso.  I-equation ingasuka ibe yinto elula enje: x=0, okanye ibe yinto enzima enje: 4(3y^99)+76=42÷3x okanye ibenzima nagaphezulu koku.  

Zimbini iintlobo ze-equation yemathematika 

Uhlobo lwesibini lusoloko lusetyenziswa ukusombulula ingxaki apho umelwe kukwazi ixabiso lee-variables ezithile.  Umzekelo:

Uhlobo lwesibini kwi-equation lusetyenziswa kwi-algebra. umzekelo, ukusombulula i-equation engu-2x = 8 ngokuthi ufumane u-x uyakulandela umthetho wakwa-Algebra.  Ngoko uyakubala ngolu hlobo: 
x = 4.

Ii-equations zingahlulwa-hlulwa ngokweendlela ezisebenza ngazo nobungakanani bazo ngokwenani nabo buyabandakanyeka. ezinye iintlobo zee-equations zezi:




#Article 172: I-Graf (280 words)


Igraf ngumfanekiso oyilelwe ukuba uchaze okuthethwa ngamagama, ingakumbi unxulumano oluphakathi kwenani lezinto ezimbini nangaphezulu. ungayibona igraf ngasekunene.  

Igraf elula ibonisa nje ubudlellwane phakathi kwamanani amabini  okanye  phakathi kwemilinganiselo yonke le nto isenziwa ngegrid. Ukuba ngaba le yigraf eluhlobo lwerectangular, le milinganiselo mibini iyakucwangciswa ibe yimigca emibini eyahlukeneyo kwiiright angles zayo yomibini le migca. Omnye ungca kule migca mibini uyakubheka phezulu (the vertical axis). Ukanti omnye umgca uyakuya ngasekunene (the horizontal axis). Le migca ke (okanye le-axes, xa zininzi kuthiwa zii-axis) zidibana apho iphela khona, emazantsi ekona ngasekhohlo kwalapha kule graf.  

zombini ke ezi-axes zinophawu olubonakalayo apha ebudeni bayo.  Khawucinge nge-axis nganye, uthathe nje iruler ezotywe ephepheni.  uyabona ke, umlinganiselo ngamnye uboniswe ngobude bophawu onxulunyaniswa nalo kanye apha kubude bomgca.  

elinye igama legraf yitshathi okanye idiagram. kodwa ke ngoku, itshathi okanye idiagram isenokungayinxulumanisi le nnezinye izinto ezimbini nangaphezulu.  I-Flowcharts ne-tree diagrams ziyimizekelo yeetshathi okanye yeediagrams ezingezograf.  

Masithi mhlawumbi ufuna ukwenza igraf ebonisa ubude bakho njengokuba ukhula.  Ungabubonisa ubude bakho usebenzisa umlinganiselo ngeesentimitha ezibheka phezulu kumgca ekuthiwa yi-vertical axis,  uze ubonakalise iminyaka yobudala bakho kulo mgca uxwesileyo ubheka ngasekunene kuthiwa yi-horizontal axis.  

Umzekelo, masithi ubude bakho babuziisentimitha ezingama-60  xa kanye wawunonyaka omnye ubudala, baza bonyuka baziisentimitha ezingama-85 xa wawuneminyaka emi-2 uzelwe,  baphinda bonyuka ubude bakho baziisentimitha ezingama-95 xa uminyaka mi-3 uzelwe.  
Apha engqondweni yakho ungazikrwelela umgca ongqalileyo onqumla kuphawu lwesentimitha ezingama-50  ubude kumgca obheka phezulu.   uphinde uzobe owesibini umgca onqumla uphawu olubonakalisa umnyaka om-1 ubudala kumgca oxwesileyo oya ngasekunene.   Apho idibana khona le migca mibini ikumfanekiso-ngqondweni wakho (masithi  kusemdibanisweni wayo), ungabeka ichaphaza njengophawu lwakho. Inene, le migca ikumfanekiso-ngqondweni wakho, idla ngokwenziwa kwiphepha legraf (khawujonge apha ngezantsi). Ukuzotywa kwalo mdibaniso kuthiwa luphawu lwamanqaku eesentimitha ezingama-50 ngonyaka om-1.  




#Article 173: Isisu esihambisayo (359 words)


I-Diarrhea okanye isisu esihambisayo yimeko yokuba nelindle elikhululekileyo nokuba kukathathu okanye elimanzi ukuzithumangosuku ngalunye. Oko kuqhuba iintsuku ezimbalwa kwaye kungakhokelela ekomeni ngenxa yokuphelelwa ngamanzi. Iimpawu zokoma zidlalngokuqala ngokulahleka kokutwebeka okuqhelekileyo kolusu kunye neenguqu kubuqu. Oku kungaqhuba kuye kuhlise  komchamo, ukulahleka kobuthuthu kombala wolusu, a isantya sokubetha kwentlizizyo, kunye ukuhla kwindlela yokuphendula njengoko iba mandundu ngakumbi. Ilindle elikhululekileyo kodwa elingekho manzi kwiintsana ezincanciswayo, kanti, lingaba liqhelekile.

Oyena nobangela uqhelekileyo lusuleleko lwamathumbungenxa nokuba yintsholongwane, ibacteria, inkcukuthu, okanye imeko eyaziwa i-gastroenteritis. Olu suleleleko ludla ngokufumaneka ekutyeni okanye amanzi asulelekilwe lilindle, okanye ngqo ukusuka komnye umntu owasulelekileyo. IKungohlulwa kube ziindidi ezintathu: ubude bexesha elifutshane besisu esihambisa amanzi, ubude bexesha elifutshane besisu segazi, kwaye ukuba siqhuba kude kube ziiveki ezingaphezu kwezimbini, isisu esihambisa oko. Ubude bexesha elifutshane besisu esihambisa amanzi kungenzeka ngenxa yolwasuleleko yi-cholera. Ukuba kukho negazi oko kwaziwa njenge dysentery. Inani lokungosuleleki lingakhokelele kwisisu eshambisayo kuquka: i-hyperthyroidism, ukungavumelani neswekile yobisi, isifo sokukrala kwamathumbu, inani lamayeza, kunye nesindrom yokutyabuka kwamathumbu phakathi kwezinye. Kwizehlo ezininzi iintsholongwange zelindle aziyomfuneko ukuqinisekisa oyena nobangela.

Ukuthintela isisu esihambisayo esosulelayo kungokuphuculwa kogutyulo lwelindle, ucoceko lwamanzi aselwayo, kunye nokuhlanjwa kwezandla. Ukuncacnisa ubuncinane iinyanga ezintandathu kuyacetyiswa njengoko kuyi vaccination kwi-rotavirus. Umxube oselwayo wokuphelisa ukoma (ORS), ongamanzi acocekileyo ngemithamo emincinane yetyiwa neswekile, lunyango lokuzithandela. iipilisi ze-Zinc nazo ziyacetyiswa. Olu nyango luye lwaqikelelwa ukuba luncede abantwana abazizigidi ezingama-50 kwiminyaka engama-25 edlulileyo. Xa abantu benesisu esihambisayo kucetyiswa ukuba kufuneka baqhubeke batye ukutya okusempilweni ze abantwana baqhubeke nokuncanca. Ukuba urhwebo lwe-ORS alukho, imixube eyenziwe ekhaya ingasetyenziswa. Kwabo abanokoma okumandundu, i-intravenous fluids zingaba yimfuneko. Kwizehlo ezininzi; nokuba, kungalawulwa kakuhle ngamanzi aselwa ngomlomo. Amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane (Antibiotic, ngelixa esetyenziswa ngokunqabileyo, angacetyiswa kwizehlo ezimbalwa ezifana nezo zabanesisu esihambisa igazi nomkhuhlane omkhulu, kwabo izisu ezilandela emva kohambo ezimandla, nabo abakhula intsholongwane ethile kwilindle labo okanye iinkcukuthu. i-Loperamide inganceda ukunciphisa inani lokuzithuma kodwa ayicetyiswa kwabo basesifo esimandundu.

Malunga ne-1.7 ukuya 5 kwizehlo ezizizigidi sezigidi zokubakho kwesisu esihambisayo ngonyaka. Kuqhelekile kakhulu kumazwe asahlumayo, apho abantwana abancinci babanesisu esihambisayo kumyinge ongamaxesha amathathu enyakeni. Kwihlabathi jikelele, ukususela ngo-2012, ngunobangela wesibini ongoyena uqhelekileyo ukufa kubantwana abancinci kuneminyaka emihlanu (0.76 yezigidi okanye 11%). Izehlo zesisu segazi ezininzi zingunobangela oqhelekileyo wokungondleki komzimba kunye nonobangela oqhelekileyo kwabo abancinci kuneminyaka emihlanu. Ezinye iingxaki ezingunobangela kuquka ukungakhuli kakuhle komzimba nokwengqondo.




#Article 174: Amanani a-rational (172 words)


Kwi mathematika, irational number lilo naliphi na  inani elinokubizwa ngokuba yiquotient okanye yifraction p/q yee integer ezimbini,  up no q, libe linedenominator engu-q engalinganiyo no-zero. kuba ke u-q esenokulingana no- 1, yonke i-integer iba linani eli-rational. Ingqokolela yawo onke amanani a-rational ihlala ibonakalisa ngobhalo ongqindilili u Q (okanye  umbhalo obhalwe ngqindilili kwibhodi emnyama , i-Unicode ); wamiselwa ngo-1895 nguPeano emva kwe , igama lesiTaliyane elithetha iquotient.

I- decimal expression ye-rational number isoloko inokuphelelwa emva kwenani lokugqibela kuludwe lwamanani okanye iqalise ukuphinda-phinda kwa olo ludwe lolandelelwano kwinani lokugqibela loo nto isenzeka ngokuya isenzeka ngokuphundaphindeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, naluphi na uphinda-phindo okanye ukupheliswa kwe-decimal kumele inani eli-rational. Ezi zivakalisi ziyinyaniso, kodwa zingeyonyaniso yebase 10 kuphela, kodwa zikwayinyaniso yayo nayohi na enye i-integer base (umzekelo ibinary, ihexadecimal).

I real number engekho rational ibizwa ngokuba yi-irrational. Amanani azii-iIrrational aquka izi-quare root zika 2|, π, e, kunye neφ. I-decimal expansion yenani eli-irrational iyaqhuba ingaphindwa-phindwanga.  Kuba ingqokolela yamanani a- rational numbers  ikwazi ukubaleka countable, ibe yona ingqokolela yamanani angawo  (iireal numbers)  ingenakho ukuba ingabalwa, phantse onke ii-real numbers zi-irrational.




#Article 175: I-Quotient (137 words)


Kwi-mathematics, i-quotient linani elisisiphumo xa kusabiwa/kuhlulwa-hlulwa. elinye inani ngelinye. Umzekelo, xa sisaba u-6 ngolu hlobo 6 ÷ 3, i-quotient iyakuba ngu-2. Aze ke ngoko u-6 abizwe ngokuba yi-dividend, kuba nguye lo wabiwayo okanye wahlulwahlulwayo okanye masithi ngu-6 lo wabiwayo. Aze ke yena u-3 abizwe ngokuba yi- divisor, inani ekuqhekezwe, okanye ekohlulwe okanye kwabiwa ngalo laa-6. I-quotient isenokuchazwa njengenani elibhekisa kumaxesha i-divisor, okanye inani ekwahlulwa ngalo okanye ekwabiwa ngalo, u-3 ke ngokwalo mzekelo, inani elabiwayo, u-6 ngokwalo mzekelo.  

I-quotient isenokuthetha kanye indawo e-integral kwiziphumo ezivela xa kusahlulwa ii-integers ezimbini. Umzekelo, i-quotient ka-13 ÷ 5 iyakuba ngu-2 ngeli lixa i-remainder okanye intsalela nani ingu-3.

Ii-Quotients zivela kwii-tests ezithile, njengakwitest ye-IQ, nemele igama elithi intelligence quotient. Apha ke, i-quotient yakho linqaku lakho. Kumashumi ngamashumi eminyaka, njengokuba abantu besiya ngokuya bememezela ukukhula komntu ngokupheleleyo, ezinye ii-quotients ezikwafana nezi ziya zivela ngokuvela.  





#Article 177: I-decimal (143 words)


Idecimal yindlela yokulawula amanani e lishumi njengesiqalo, okanye  sisiseko. Ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa yinkqubo yamanani ibase ten okanye yidenary. Igama elithi decimal likwasetyenziswa endaweni yegama elithi  period ukubonisa ichaphaza elithi maxa wambi lisetyenziselwe indawo ami kuyo amanani ngokwale nkqubo. Phantse wonke umntu usebenzisa le nkqubo kula maxesha siphila kuwo kwaye bakhetha ukusebenzisa yona kuba isoloko ibonakala kw kwindalo kwaye zine ‘’sinye’’ ookanye u one njengesiqalo sale nkqubo.  Inani elinithi inye’ okanye  one lidla ngokuba lelona nani kulula ukusebenza ngalo xa kubalwa.

I-Decimal notation kukubhalwa kwamanani kwinkqubo yamanani i- base-ten, esebenzisa iimpawu ezininzi (ekuthiwa ziidigits) zingasetyenziswa ngaphezu kwee-values ezi zezi  (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) ukumela naliphi na inani, nokokuba sele zinkulu kangakanani na. ezi digitszisoloko zisetyenziswa nge decimal separator ebonisa apho kuqala khona ukuqhekeka, kunye nenye yeempawu zomqondiso + (positive) or − (negative) Kanye phambi kwamanani ukubonisa uphawu.




#Article 178: Ukubala (254 words)


Ukubala yinto esiyenza xa sifuna ukwazi okokuba zingaphi na izinto ezikuloo ndawo zibalwa zikuyo, oku ke kubhekiswa nakulphi na uhlobo lwento enokubaleka.  

Xa umntu ebala ngokwesingesi udla ngokuqala ngenani elingu 'one'. esiXhoseni iba sisivumelanisi sentloko phambi kwesiqu esingu-'-nye', kuxhomekeke ke kwihlelo elo into leyo ibalwayo iwela kulo. Umzekelo, xa kulihlelo lokuqala sithi umama mnye, kwihlelo lethoba imoto inye, njalo njalo. Eli nani ke njengoko sele sibonisile, linikwa into yokuqala. Into elandela le yokuqala inikwa elinye inani elingu'two' ngesiNgesi, ize ke esiXhoseni kufakelwe isivumelanisi sentloko phambi kuka-mbini. Umzekelo sithi oomama babini, iimoto zimbini, amakhwenkwe mabini, njalo njalo. Emva koko, into elandela le yesibini inikwa inani elingu'three' ngesiNgesi, ize kananjalo ngesiXhosa elinani libe ngu-ne, umzekelo bane, zine, njalo njalo. Ukuba kukho enye into elandela le iyakuba linani lesi 'five' ngesiNgesi, ize sithi ngesiXhosa si-sihlanu. ngokuya izinto zisanda nenani lazo liyanda. Into nganye ifumana inani layo ngale ndlela. Into yokugqibela kwezozinto zibalwayo inikwa inani lokugqibela, ize ke lo nani libonise okokuba zingaphi na izinto ezo zibalwayo zizonke.  

Ukubala kuqala kwi-nani akuze ke kutshintshathsintshe ngonyuka kusehla kwenani. Kwimizekelo engasentla, ukubala kuqale ku-nye, waza watshintsha lo-nye ngokuthi kongezwe enye into ekwafana nale inye. Ngenxa yale nto okwakubala kokuqala kutshintshe ngo-nye, saza sathi xa sisongeza omnye u-nye kulowo sele ekho isiphumi siba ngu-mbini, sitsho sithi zimbini izinto. Kwakhona esi siphumo singu -mbini singatshintsha xa kuye kwafika enye into sitsho sithi xa izinto bezimbini ze kwafika enye ekwafana nazo sithi zintathu.  

Ukubala kungehla okanye konyuke ngokwamanani. Siyakwazi ukubala ngeminwe yesandla. ingers.

Kukho ingxelo ethi iintaka zibala kakuhle. Ii-Crows
ziintaka ezitshatsheleyo ekubaleni.  




#Article 179: Umxube (114 words)


ngokwakwakhemestri, umxube yinto eyenziwe ngezinto ezimbini nangaphezulu. Ezi zinto zisenokuba ngamalungu eekhemikhali okanye zibe ngumdibaniso weekhemikhali ngeekhemikhali. Umxube usenokuba ngamanzi, into engengomanzi, ejiyileyo neqinileyo, okanye igesi.

Umxube awufani nomdibaniso owenziwe ngee-atom ezimbini nangaphezulu, apho ke i-atom nganye ixokomezelelwe kwenye ngekhonco ekuthiwa yibond. Umzekelo, umxube weegesi ihydrogen nenitrogen une-hydrogen ne-nitrogen, kungasiyio umdibaniso oyiammonia eyenziwe ngee-atom ze-hydrogen ne-nitrogen. 

Xa kuthe kanti izinto ezixutyiweyo zingoomakufanwe xa zizonke ubunjani bento, njengezinto ezingengomanzi (izinto ezibujiya okanye ezibuqina kunamanzi, neziqinileyo), ezinje ngee-solid ezimbini, kuthiwa ngumxube womakufanwe. Ukuba izinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zidityanisiwe, njengentlabathi namanzi, ngumxube oheterogeneous.

Ukuba into enye kumxube inyibilika kwenye, ibizwa ngokuba yi-solution. Umzekelo, ukuba iswekile igalelwa emanzini yenza umxube, ize inyibilike ukuze kwenzeke i-solution. Ukuba ayinyibiliki, kuyakuthiwa yi-suspension.




#Article 180: I-solid (517 words)


I-Solid sesinye sezimo ezine ezixhaphakileyo sendlela ezimi ngayo izinto. Iimolecules kwi-isolids zisondelelene ngokungathi ziminxene, inye kuphela intshukumo ezinokuyenza, kukungcangcazela. Oku kuthetha okokuba ii-solids zinohlobo ezimile ngalo, hlobo olo lunokutshintsha kuhela xa kuthe kwakhoamandla athe asetyenziswa ukuzityhla okanye ukuzitsala. Akunjalo ke kwizinto ezingamanzi nakwizinto ezingumoya zona kaloku zisoloko zibhadula nje ziyabula nanini na zikhululekile, okokuyabula kwazo ke kuthiwa yi-flow. 

Xa i-solid isibangamanzi, kuthiwa iyanyibilika. Izinto ezingamanzi zibayi-solid  ziqothole zibengumkhenkce. Ezinye ii-solid ezifana nomkhenkce owomileyo, ziyakwazi ukutshintsha zibengumoya zingakhange ziqale zibenganzi kuqala. Olo tshintsho ke kuthiwa yi-sublimation.

Amandla aphakathi kwee-atoms akw-isolid angabonakala ngeendlela ngeendlela. Umzekelo, i-crystal yesodium chloride (ityuwa eyaziwayoityuwa yesiqhelo) yenziwe ngeion sodium 
ne-chlorine, ezidityaniswe ngee-bond zeion. Kwidayimani okanye i-silicon, ii-atom zabelana ngeeelectron zize zenze iicovalent bonds. Kwiimetal, ii-electrons zikwi-metallic bonding. ezinye ii-solids, njengee organic compounds ezininzi, zidityaniswe ngamandla evan der Waals avela kwipolarization of the electronic charge cloud on each molecule. 




#Article 181: Ukudibanisa/Ukongeza (510 words)


Ukongeza yindlela yakwamathematika ekuqokolelwa izinto zibe ndawonye.  

kwa-arithmetic, xa kudityaniswa kuyongezwa. Oko kukuthi xa kusongezwa inani kwinani elikhoyo, kuphuma inani elinye, nanku umzekelo, xa u-5 ( esongezwa ku-4 . Kuphuma inani elilingana nala manani omabini xa edibene. Nalu uphawu olubonisa ukongeza inani kwinani elikhoyo +  enye into kwenyeinto kwenye into kufunyanwa inani elisisiphumo laxa kudityaniswe amanani  amabini nangaphezulu. uphawu lokudibanisa nali +. Igama loluphawu lithi + is dibanisa. Elinye igama lesiphumo samanani adityanisiweyo kuthiwa y-isum.

Umzekelo, kukho ii-[//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/object objects] kumaqela amabini. Ezi objects zizangqa ezincinane: o. Ezi-5 kwezi zangqa zekwelinye iqela. Ukanti ezi-3 zikwelinye iqela. Ukuze sifumane inani elufumaneka lezi-objects kula maqela mabini, kufuneka zibalwe ezi objects. Enye indlela yokufumana inani lee-objects kumaqela omabini, kukudibanisa laa manani eqela ngalinye.  

Enye indlela kukudibanisa amanani ezi-objects kwiqela A nakwiqela B, kuba sele zibaliwe.  Kwezi mpawu:

kukho imigaqo elandelwayo xa kudityaniswa amanani afundwa ngabantu. Kukwakho nemigaqo yokudibanisa amanani akhelwe koomathsini.   (binary adder). Le migaqo ithi: 

komnye umzekelo wokubala, uSally noBill banabantwana aba-2. U-Sally no-Bill baye baphinda balizwa ngabantwana aba-3.   U-Sally noBill bongeze abantwana abathathu kubantwana babo ababini. Ngoku banabantwana abahlanu.  

Le animation engasentla ibonisa udityaniswa  kwamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo anesithandathu kunye namakhulu amane anamashumi amathandathu anesixhenxe, ii-digits ezikulomdibaniso wokubala zahlulwahlulwe zazii-units, zangamashumi kunye namakhulu, (i-place value).  Okokuqala ii-units u-6 no-7 bayadityaniswa benze u-13, oko kuthetha okokuba benza ishumi eli-1 kunye nee-units ezi-3, u-3 ubhalwa ngaphantsi aze ke yena u-1 olishumi athwalwe aye kubekwa kwikholam yamashumi.  Okulandelayo, kwikholam yamashumi kukho u-1, 8 no-6 bathi badityaniswe benze i-15 yamashumi, goko ke i-1 yekhulu kunye nesi-5 samashumi,  isi-5 sibhalwa ngaphantsi lize ikhulu eli-1 lithwalwe liye kubekwa kwikholam yamakhulu. Okokugqibela, kwikholam yamakhulu engu 1, 7 kunye no-4 bayadityaniswa baze benze i-12 lamakhulu, ngoko ke iwaka eli-1 kunye namakhulu ama-2, u-2 ubhalwa ngaphantsi aze u-1 wewaka athwalwe aye kubekwa phantsi kwekholam yamawaka.  Nasi ke isiphumo soku kubala liwaka namakhulu amabini anamashumi amahlanu anesithathu.  

Lo mdibaniso ungasentla ubonisa umdibaniso wamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo anesithandathu kunye namakhulu amane anamashumi amathandathu nesixhenxe, iingxaki yeyokokuba ii-digits zahluliwe zayimivo, amashumi, kunye namakhulu (place value).  Okokuqala imivo yesi-6 neyesi-7 idityanisiwe yaza yenza u-13, ibe ke ngoko lishumi eli-1 nemivo emi-3, isi-3 sibhalwe apha ngaphantsi laza lona ishumi eli-1 lathwalwa lasiwa kwikholum yamashumi. Okulandelayo kwikholam yeshumi isi-1, isi-8 nesi-6 zidityanisiwe zize zenze ishumi i-15, ngoko ke ikhulu esli-1 kunye namashumi ama-5, isi-5 sibhalwe ngaphantsi, lize lona ikhulu lithwalwe lisiwe kwikholam yamakhulu. xa sifika kwikhom yokugqibela, ikholam yamakhulu  eli-1, asi-7 nama-4 ayadityaniswa atsho enze amakhulu ali-12, ngoko ke iwaka eli-1 namakhulu ama-2, isi-2 sibhalwa ngaphantsi lize iwaka eli-1 lithwalwe lisiwe kwikholam yamawaka. Sitsho sibe nesiphumo esithi iwaka namakhulu amabini anamashumi amahlanu anesithathu.  

U-Tom ufuna ukwazi umgama ophakathi kwendlu yakhe nendlu ka Sally. Indlu kaBob  ingumgama oziimitha ezingama- 300 kumntla wendlu kaTom. indlu kaSally izimitha ezingama-120 eemitha kumantla endlu kaBob:

Umgama osuka kwindlu kaTom oya kwindlu kaSally ungafumaneka ngokudibanisa imigama esele ibaliwe imilinganiselo yawo. Umgama osuka kwindlu kaTom ukuya kwindlu kaBob  udityaniswe kumgama osuka kwindlu kaBob usiya kwindlu kaSally uyafana nomgama osuka kwindlu kaTom ukuya kwekaSally. Oko kuthetha ukuthi, iimitha ezingamakhulu amathathu (300) zidityaniswe neemitha ezili-120. 

Ukudibanisa kusenokuthatha okokuba wenza nkulu into. 




#Article 182: I-cell (329 words)


Ngokwa-bayoloji, i-cell sisiseko sesakhiwo see-organisms. Zonke ii-cells zenziwe ngezinye ii-cells.

Umphandle we-cell wohlulwe kumphakathi wawo ngenwebu i-cell membrane. Ngaphakathi wezinye ii-cells, amalungwa azizicuku ze-cell ahlala ngokwahlukana kwamanye. Laa malungwana ngokwahlukana kwawo abizwa ngokuba zii-organelles (njengee-organs). Ilungwana ngalinye kwi-cell linomsebenzi walo owahlukileyo. Umzekelo ubonakala kwi-nucleus (apho i-DNA ikhoyo), kunye ne-mitochondria (apho kwenziwa khona amandla anokusetyenziswa).

Zimbini ezona ntlobo zee-cells: zii-prokaryotic kunye nee-eukaryotic. Ii-Prokaryotes, ii-bacteria kunye neearchaea, zii-cells ezibuthathaka kuba zingena cell nucleus. Zinee-bacterial microcompartments, igobhozana eliqulethe iiproteni nee-enzymes.

Ii-Eukaryotes zona zii-cells ezomeleleyo noko kuba zinee-organelles ezininzi kwakunye nezinye izakhiwo kwalapha kuyo i-cell. zinkulu zona kunee-prokaryote cells: Ubukhulu bazo bungaphinda-phindwa kali-1000. Ii-Eukaryotes zigcina i-information malunga negenetic  (i-DNA) kwii-chromosomes ezikwi-cell nucleus.  Ii-Organisms (izinto eziphilayo) ezenziwa kukwakheka kwee-cell ngokuphinda-phindeneyo kuthiwa zii-eukaryotes.

Zii-bacteria nee-archaea kukuphela kweentlobo zee-organisms ze-prokaryotic eziphilayo sithetha nje. Ii-organisms ze-Prokaryotic zikhula phambi kokuba zikhule ii-orgamisms ze-eukaryotic, ngoko ke kubakho ixesha apho ihlabathi lihlala lingenanto kodwa zibe zikhona zona ii-organisms ze-prokaryotic. Kukwakho nee-ntsholongwane, ekunzima kakhulu ukuzicalucalula ngokweentlobo zazo, zibe zingunozala  wezifo. Iintsholongwane zenziwa y-i-RNA, okanye i-DNA, kunye ne-protein, kwaye ziyaqhama zizandise ngokwazo ngaphakathi kwii-cells ze-bacteria okanye kwi-eukaryotes.

Ii-organisms ezizii-Unicellular zenziwe nge-cell- enye. Imizekelo yezi organisms zizii-Unicellula nantsi: 

Iiorganisms ezii-unicellula kufuneka zi: 

Zonke ii-organisms ezizii-Unicellular kufuneka zi:

abanye bathi:

Iiorganisms ezizii-Multicellular zenziwa kwiicells ezininzi. Zii-organisms ezomeleleyo. Kusenokwenzeka okokuba liqaqobana nje elincinane lee-cells, ukanti isenokuba zizigidi zee-cels. Zonke ke izityalo nezilwanyana zii-organisms ezizii-multicellular. Ii-cells zee-organisms ezi-multicellular azifani. Zimi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye azilingani nangobukhulu, kwaye zenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kkuso nasiphi na isidalwa esiphilayo/kwi-organism. Ii-cells zinemisebenzi yazo. Oku kuthetha okokuba zenza olo hlobo luthile kuphela lomsebenzi. Ngokokwazo azikwazi ukwenza yonke into efuneka emizimbeni yezidalwa eziphilayo ukuze ziphile. kufuneka ezinye ii-cells zenze eminye imisebenzi efuneka emzimbeni. Zisoloko ziphila kunye ezi cells kuba zingenakuphila zizodwa, ngaphandle kwezinye ii-cells. 

Ii-Cells zaabhaqwa nguRobert Hooke ngo-(1635–1703). Wasebenzisa i-microscope eyayinee-lenses  ukujonga kwizakhiwo ezimbini zikacork, nokujonga amagqabi nakwezinye iiinsects. Wakwenza oku ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1660, waza wanika ingxelo ngalo msebenzi kwincwadi i-Micrographica ngo-1665. Wathiya igama elithi cells ngegama legama le-siLatini elithi-cella, elithetha ukuthi 'gumbi'. Wayekwenza oku kuba wayecinga okokuba ii-cells zibonakala ngathi ngamagunjana amancinane.




#Article 183: I-organism (116 words)


I-organism yinto ephilayo. Kulula ukuyibona into ephilayo, kodwa akulula kangako ukuyichaza. Izilwanyana nezityalo zizinto eziphilayo, ngokuqinisekileyo. Ii-Organisms zi-i-biotic, okanye kukuphila, okuyinxalenye ye-environment. Amatye nokukhanya kwelanga ziyinxalenye yezinto ezingaphiliyo kwi-environment.

I-oganisms ziphila ngezinto ezintlanu. Ziphila ngomoya, ngamanzi, ngezakhamzimba (ngokutya), ngamandla nangendawo yokuhlala.  Nangona kunjalo, asinakuthi zonke izinto eziphilayo ziphila ngezi zinto ngexesha elinye. Ii-organisms ezininzi azidingi moya kwaphela.

Kufuneka unikwe ingqwalasela umcimbi wee-viruses. Akukabikho sivumelwano malunga sokokuba zithathwe njengezinto eziphilayo kusinina. Zenziwe ngeprotein ne-nucleic acid, kwaye ziyakhula, eyona nto ibalulekileyo. Kodwa zifumaneka zikwiimo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Imo yokuqala yile ingudomi ingasebenziyo. Enye ingaphakathi kwi-cell yezinye ii-organism eziphilayo. Ize ke ngoko i-virus ibenamandla amaninzi okuzandisa. Khawujonge iprogram yekhompyutha. Ith'izibenamandla isebenze ibe ivuliwe, kungenjalo, ayisebenzi tu. Kodwa nangona kunjalo iseyi-program.   




#Article 184: Ukuthabatha (110 words)


Ukuphungula kukusebenza kwe-arithmetika ukuze kufunyanwe  phakathi kwamanani amabini. Amagama amanani abekelwe bucala xa kusetyenziswa intetho yokuphungula ngala, i-minuend - ne-subtrahend = umahluko. Le ntetho ithi 7 - 4 = 3 ingathethwa ngolu hlobo kwisixhenxe siphungule isine kushiyeka isithathu, xa sinesixhenxe ze sithabathe isine kushiyeka isithathu, okanye isine kwisixhenxe kushiyeka isithathu.

Ukuba ngaba eli nani kuthatyathwa kulo lincinane kunelo lithatyathwayo, umahluko uyakuba linani elingekhoyo. umzekelo, 17 - 25 = ( -8 ). Singakubeka ngolu hlobo oku, xa kwishumi elinesixhenxe sithabatha okanye siphungula amashumi amabini anantlanu kushiyeka isibhozo. Le yindlela abasebenza ngayo abantu abasebenza ngeethili yemali nabayibona ngayo itshintshi omelwe kukuyifumana wena mthengi xa ubhatala ngemali eninzi kuneendleko ozichithe kwimpahla leyo oyithengileyo.  




#Article 185: Ithoyilethi yomngxuma (290 words)


Ithoyilethi yomngxuma luhlobo [lwethoyilethi oluqokelela ilindle lomntu kumngxuma osemhlabeni. Akusetyenziswa manzi okanye kusetyenziswe ilitha enye ukuya kwezimbini xa kugungxulwa kule thoyilethi yomngxuma. Xa zakhiwe yaye zigcinwe kakuhle zinokukunciphisa ukunwenwa kwezifo ngokunciphisa umthamo welindle lomntu kokusingqongileyo ekubeni ilindle lihlale kwindawo evulekileyo. Oku kunciphisa ukunwenwa kweentsholongwane phakathi kwelindle nokutya okubangelwa ziimpukane. Ezi ntsholongwane zingoonobangela abaphambili besifo sotyatyazo esosulelayo nezifo ezibangelwa ziintshulube esiswini. Isifo sotyatyazo esosulelayo siye saphumela ekufeni kwabantu abamalunga nezigidi eziyi- 0.7 kubantwana abangaphantsi kweiminyaka emihlanu ubudala ngo-2011 yaye abazizigidi ezyi-250 baye baphoswa kukuya esikolweni. Iithoyilethi zomngxuma ziyeyona ndlela ingabizi kangako yokubhekelisa ilindle ebantwaini.

Ngokuqhelekileyo ithoyilethi yomngxuma iba neenxalenye ezintathu ezibalulekileyo: umngxuma osemhlabeni, islebhu okanye umgangatho onomngxuma omncinci, kunye nekhusi. Lo mngxuma udla ngokuba ziimitha eziyi-3 ubuncinane (10 iinyawo) ubunzulu kunye ne-1 m (3.2 iinyawo) ububanzi. IWorld Health Organization incomela ukuba zakhiwe kumgama ofanelekileyo ukusuka endlini kulungelelaniswa umba wokufikeleleka lula kunye nomba wevumba. Umgama ukusuka kumanzi angaphantsi komhlaba namanzi angaphezu komhlaba ufanele ube mkhulu kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ingozi yokhukuliseko. Umngxuma okwislebhu awufanele ube mkhulu kuneesentimitha eziyi-25 (9.8 intshi) ukuthintela ukuwela kwabantwana kuwo. Ukukhanya kumele kuthintelwe kungangeni kulo mngxuma ukuze kungangeni zimpukane. Oku kunokufuna ukuba kusetyenziswe isiciko ukuze kugqunywe umngxuma xa ungasetyenziswa. Xa umngxuma uzala ufikelela kwiimitha eziyi-0.5 (1.6 iinyawo) ukuya phezulu, ufanele uphungulwe okanye kwakhiwe umngxuma omtsha kuze kuthuthelwe ikhusi kwindawo entsha okanye liphinde lakhiwe. Ukulawulwa kwelindle elikhutshwa emngxumeni kunzima. kukho iingozi kokusingqongileyo nakwimpilo.

Ithoyilethi yomngxuma eqhelekileyo inokuphuculwa ngeendlela ezininzi. Enye iquka ukufakelwa kombhobho okhupha umoya osuka emngxumeni oya ngaphezu kwethoyilethi. Oku kuphucula ukuhamba komoya kuze kunciphise ivumba lale thoyilethi. Kanti inokunciphisa iimpukane xa umphezulu walo mbhobho ugqunywe ngesefu (edla ngokwenziwa ngefayibhaglasi). Kwezi thoyilethi akufuneki kusetyenziswe isiciko ukuze kugqunywe umngxuma. Ezinye iindlela ezinokuphuculwa ngazo ziquka umgangatho owakhiwe waneedreyini zamanzi eziya emngxumeni nokuqiniswa kwenxalenye ephezulu yomngxuma ngezitena okanye izangqa zesamente ukuphucula ukomelela.




#Article 186: Ukungondleki (448 words)


Ukungondleki yimeko ebangelwa kukutya ukutya okungenazondlo zaneleyo okanye okunezondlo ezininzi gqitha kangangokude zibangele iingxaki zempilo. Izondlo ezibandakanyekileyo zinokuquka: iikhalori, iprotini, iikhabhohayidreti, iivitamin okanye iiminerali. Zidla ngokusetyenziswa ngokukhethekileyo ukubhekisela ekungondlekini apho kungekho zikhalori zaneleyo, iiprotini okanye iimicronutrients; noko ke, ikwaquka ukondleka ngokugqithiseleyo. Ukuba ukungondleki kuvela ebudeni mhlawumbi kokukhulelwa okanye ngaphambi kweminyaka emibini ubudala kunokubangela iingxaki ezingapheliyo zokukhula komzimba nengqondo. Ukungondleki okungaphaya kwengqondo, okubizwa ngokuba kukulamba, kunokuba neempawu eziquka: ubufutshane, ukuncipha komzimba, ukungabi namandla, nemilenze nesisu esidumbileyo. Kanti abantu badla ngokufumana izigulo yaye basoloko begodola. Iimpawu zokungabi naziimicronutrient zixhomekeka kwiimicronutrient ezingekhoyo.

Ukungondleki kudla ngokubangelwa ubukhulu becala kukungabikho ngokwaneleyo kokutya okukumgangatho ophezulu. Ixesha elininzi oku kunxulumene namaxabiso aphezulu okutya nendlala. Ukungancanciswa kunokuba negalelo, kanye njengeqela lezifo ezosulelayo ezifana: [nokudumba kwesisu namathumbu, inyumoniya, imalariya nemasisi nto leyo eyandisa imfuneko yezondlo. Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zokungondleki: ukungondleki kokuswela iprotini namandla nokuswela izondlo. Ukungondleki kokuswela iprotini namandla kuneendidi ezimbini ezimandla: imarasmus (nokuswela iprotini neekhalori) kwakunye nekwashiyoko (ukuswela nje iprotini). Ukuswela iimicronutrient eziqhelekileyo kuquka: ukuswela iayon, iayodin kunye ivitamin A. Ebudeni bokukhulelwa, ngenxa yokwanda kwemfuneko, ziba ninzi izinto oziswelayo. Kwamanye amazwe asakhasayo ukondleka okugqithiseleyo okubonakala ngokutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo kubonakala kubakho kwiindawo ezifanayo nokungondleki. Abanye oonobangela bokungondleki baquka ianorexia nervosa nebariatric surgery. Kubantu abasele bekhulile ukungondleki kuxhaphaka kakhulu ngenxa yenkalo zomzimba, ezengqondo nezokuhlala.

Imigudu yokuphucula izondlo iyenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zoncedo lophuhliso. Ukuncancisa kunokunciphisa imilinganiselo yokungondleki nokufa kwabantwana, nemigudu yokukhuthaza olu qheliselo iyanda. Kubantwana abancinane ukubanika ukutya ukongezelela kubisi lwebele phakathi kweenyanga ezintandathu neminyaka emibini kuphucula imiphumo. Kukwakho nobungqina obuhle obuxhasa ukongezelela inani lezondlo ezincinane ebudeni bokukhulelwa nakubantwana abancinane kumazwe asakhasayo. Ukusa ukutya kubantu abakudinga kakhulu ukukuthuthela kubo nokubanika imali ukuze abantu bathenge ukutya kwimarike ezikufutshane nabo kunceda kakhulu. Ukusuka nje utyise abantu ezikolweni akwanelanga. Ukulawulwa kokungondleki okumandla emakhayeni abantu ukutya okulungele ukusetyenziswa okondlayo kuyenzeka amaxesha amaninzi. Kwabo banokungondleki okumandla okwenziwa kuthi kratya zezinye izigulo unyango luyanconyelwa. Oku kusoloko kuquka ukulawula umlinganiselo ophantsi weswekile, ubushushu bomzimba, ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, nokutya ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukukhutshwa ngokuqhubekayo kwee-antibhayotiki kudla ngokunconyelwa ngenxa yengozi enkulu yokosulelwa. Amanyathelo exesha elide aquka: ukuphucula ezolimo, ukunciphisa ubuhlwempu, ukuphucula ugutyulo, kunye ukunikwa kwamabhinqa amandla.

Kwakukho abantu abangondlekanga abazizigidi eziyi-925 ehlabathini ngo-2010, ukwanda kwe-80 yezigidi ukususela ngo-1990. Enye ibhiliyoni yabantu kuqikelelwa ukuba iswele iivithamini neminerali. Ngo-2010 ukuswela iprotini namandla kuqikelelwa ukuba kuye kwaphumela ekufeni kwabantu abayi-600,000 okuhle nge-883,000 ngo-1990. Okunye ukuswela izondlo, okuquka ukuswela iayodin kunye nokuswela iiseli ezibomvu ngenxa yokungabi na-ayoni, kuye kwabangela ukufa kwabanye abantu abayi-84,000. Ukususela ngo-2010 ukungondleki kwakungunobangela wako konke okuyi-1.4% ukukhubazeka kobomi. Malunga nesithathu sokufa kwabantwana kukholelwa ukuba kubangelwa kukungondleki; noko ke ukufa akufane kuchazwe njengonobangela. Ngo-2010 kwakuqikelelwa ukuba ukungondleki kuye kwanegalelo ekufeni kwamabhinqa nabantwana abamalunga ne-1.5 lezigidi nangona abanye beqikelela ukuba elo nani lingalikhulu kunezigidi eziyi-3 . Abantwana abangakumbi abayi- 165  abakhuli kakuhle ngenxa yesi sifo. Ukungondleki kuxhaphake ngakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo.




#Article 187: Hepatitis A (270 words)


IHepatitis A (eyayidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yihepatitis eyosulelayo) emandla isifo esosulelayo sesibindi esibangelwa yintsholongwane yehepatitis A (HAV). Iimeko ezininzi ziba neempawu ezincinci okanye zingabikho kwaphela ingakumbi kwabaselula. Ixesha eliphakathi kokusuleleka neempawu, kwabo bazifumanayo, liphakathi kweeveki ezimbini nezintandathu. Xa kukho iimpawu ngokuqhelekileyo zihlala iiveki ezisibhozo yaye zinokuquka isicaphucaphu, ukugabha, utyatyazo, ulusu olutyheli, ifiva, nesisu esibuhlungu. Abantu abamalunga ne-10–15% bayabuyelwa kwakhona ziimpawu ebudeni beenyanga ezintandathu emva kokusulelwa okokuqala. Ukoyisakala okumandla kwesibindi akunakufane kubekho yaye oku kuxhaphake kakhulu kubantu abadala.

Ngokuqhelekileyo isasazeka ngokutya okanye ukusela ukutya okanye amanzi angcoliswe lilindle elinesi sifo. Oonokrwece abangaphekwanga ngokwaneleyo idla ngokuba ngoyena nobangela. Kanti inokusasazwa ngokusondelelana nomntu onokukosulela. Ngoxa abantwana bengabi nazimpawu xa basulelwa banokubosulela abanye. Emva kokosulelwa kanye, umntu akaphinde asuleleke ubomi bakhe bonke. Ukuze ifunyaniswe kufuneka kuhlolwe igazi njengoko iimpawu zifana nezo zezinye izifo. Yenye yeevayirasi ezintlanu ezaziwayo zehepatitis: A, B, C, D, kunye E.

Ihepatitis A vaccine iyanceda ekukhuseleni. Amanye amazwe ayincomela ngokuqhubekayo ebantwaneni nakwabo basengozini enkulu abangazange bagonywe ngaphambili. Lubonakal lusebenza. Ezinye iindlela zokuyithintela ziquka ukuhlamba izandla ukukupheka kakuhle ukutya. akukho nyango lukhethekileyo, uphumle yaye amayeza isicaphucaphu okanye utyatyazo akhutshwa njengoko efuneka. Ukosuleleka kudla ngokusuka ngokupheleleyo nangaphandle kwesifo esiqhubekayo sesibindi. Unyango lokoyisakala ngokupheleleyo kwesibindi, ukuba kuyavela, uqhaqho-fakelo lwesibindi.

Ehlabathini lonke malunga neemeko ezineempawu eziyi-1.5 lezigidi zibakho nyaka ngamnye yaye lilonke bamalunga namashumi ezigidi abanokosuleleka. Ixhaphake kakhulu kwimimandla yehlabathi enogutyulo olukumgangatho ophantsi nalapho kungekho manzi akhuselekileyo aneleyo. Kumazwe asakhasayo malunga ne-90% yabantwana baye bosuleleleka beneminyaka eyi-10 ubudala yaye bayakhuseleka xa sele bebadala. Idla ngokuqhambuka kumazwe ahambele phambili noko apho abantwana bengachanabekanga ngoxa beselula yaye bengagonywa kakhulu. Ngo-2010, ihepatitis A emandla yaphumela ekufeni kwabantu abayi-102,000. Usuku Lwehlabathi Lwehepatitis ibakho nyaka ngamnye ngoJulayi 28 ukwazisa ngeviral hepatitis.




#Article 188: Imalariya (383 words)


Imalariya sisifo esisuka kwiingcongconi esosulelayo esiba sebantwini nakwezinye izilwanyana esibangelwa zizimfimfithi-gazi (uhlobo lweseli enye izinambuzane) zePlasmodiyam. Imalariya ibangela iimpawu ezidla ngokuquka ifiva, ukudinwa, ukugabha  intloko ebuhlungu. Kwiimeko ezimandla inokubangela ulusu olutyheli, ukugula, ikoma okanye ukufa. Ezi mpawu zidla ngokuqala kwiintsuku ezilishumi okanye ezilishumi elinesihlanu emva kokuba ulunyiwe. Kwabo bangakhange banyangwe kakuhle isifo sinokuphinda sibuye kwiinyanga kamva. Kwabo basandul' ukusinda kwisifo, ukosuleleka kwakhona kudla ngokubangela iimpawu ezingekho mandla noko. Oku kukhuseleka kwexeshana kudla ngokuplhela ngokuhamba kweenyanga ukuya kwiminyaka ukuba akuchanabeki ngokuqhubekayo kwimalariya.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, esi sifo sidluliselwa kukulunywa yimazi yengcongconi Anopheles enesi sifo. Oku kulunywa kufaka izimfimfithi-gazi ezikumathe engcongconi kwigazi lomntu lowo. Izimfimfithi-gazi ziya esibindini apho zithi zikhule zize zizale. Iindidi ezintlanu zePlasmodiyam zinokosulela zize zisasazwe ngabantu. Ubukhulu becala ukufa kunokubangelwa yiP. falciparum eneP. vivax, P. ovale,kunye P. malariae ngokuqhelekileyo ibangela uhlobo olungekho mandla lwemalariya. Udidi P. knowlesi alufane lubangele isifo ebantwini. Imalariya idla ngokufunyaniswa ngohlolo lwemayikroskopu lwegazi kusetyenziswa iifilimu zegazi, okanye ezine-antigen uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo lokufumanisa. Iindlela ezisebenzisa iziganeko ezilandelelanayo zepolymerase zokufumanisa iDNA yezimfimfithi-gazi ziye zaveliswa, kodwa azisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiindawo apho imalariya igqugqisileyo ngenxa yeendleko zayo nokuntsonkotha kwayo.

Ingozi yezifo inokuncitshiswa ngokuthintela ukulunywa yingcongconi ngokusebenzisa inethi yengcongconi kunye nezinto zokugxotha izinambuzane, okanye ngeendlela zokulawula iingcongoni njengokutsutsuza zinto zokubulala izinambuzane nokuvula iidreyini zamanzi amileyo. Kukho amayeza awahlukeneyo okuthintela imalariya kubakhenkethi abaya kwiindawo ezigcwele esi sifo. Ukufumana la mayeza ngamaxesha athile sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine kuyanconyelwa kwiintsana nasemva kwekota yokuqala yokukhulelwa kwiindawo ezinengozi enkulu yemalariya. Nakuba kukho imfuneko, asikho isitofu esisebenzayo, nakuba kuqhubeka kusenziwa imigudu yokusivelisa. Unyango olunconyelwayo lwemalariya ngumxube wamayeza alwa nemalariya aquka i-artemisinin. Iyeza lesibini linokuba yimefloquine, ilumefantrine, okanye isulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Quinine kwakunye nedoxycycline inokusetyenziswa ukuba i-artemisinin ayifumaneki. Kunconyelwa ukuba kwiindawo apho esi sifo sixhaphakileyo, imalariya iqinisekiswe ukuba kunokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba iqale ukunyangwa ngenxa yenkxalabo yokwanda kokuxhathisa amayeza. Amayeza amaninzi alwa nemalariya sele iwaxhathisa; ngokomzekelo, exhathisa ichloroquine P. falciparum sele inwenwele kwiindawo ezininzi ezinemalariya, yaye ukuxhathiswa kwe-artemisinin sele kuyingxaki kwezinye iindawo zoMzantsi-mpuma Asia.

Esi sifo sinwenwele kwiiTropiki kunye nemimandla esezantsi kwetropiki ekhoyo ngokubanzi engqonge i-ikhweyitha. Oku kuquka ummandla omkhulu [weAfrika Esezantsi KweSahara, iAsia, kunye [ne[Latin America. IWorld Health Organization iqikelela ukuba ngo-2012, kwakukho abantu abazizigidi eziyi-207 ababenemalariya. ngaloo nyaka kuqikelelwa ukuba esi sifo sabulala phakathi kwe-473,000 ne-789,000 yabantu, uninzi lwabo ingabantwana baseAfrika. Imalariya idla ngokunxulunyaniswa nobuhlwempu yaye inefuthe elingelihle kakhulu kuhlumo loqoqosho. EAfrika kuqikelelwa ukuba ibangela ilahleko eyi-$12 bhiliyoni USD ngonyaka ngenxa yeendleko zonyango, ukungakwazi ukusebenza negalelo layo kukhenketho.




#Article 189: Isifiso (162 words)


Isifo yimpilo engamanga kakuhle,  ubuhesheheshe ngokwemo nangokokusebenza kwempilo yomntu, okuthi kuchaphazele ilungu layo yonke i- organism. Isifundo ngesizekabani sesifo sibizwa ngokuba yi-pathology. 


#Article 190: Iimpawu zokudibanisa nokuthabatha (312 words)


Iimpawu zokudibanisa (+) kunye no kuthabatha(−) ziimpawu zakwamathematika ezisetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukuba-positive nokuba-negative kwakunye nokwenzekayo xa kudityaniswa naxa kuthatyathwa. Umsebenzi wazo ezimpawu wandiselwe nakwezinye iintsingiselo ezininzi, ezifanayo nezibufana. Uphawu lokukudibanisa ngesiNgesi kuthiwa ngu-Plus kanti lona olokuthabatha kuthiwa ngu-minus. U-Plus no-Minus ke ngamagama antsingiselo yawo iyeyesi-Latin athetha ukongeza kuphungula ngokulandelelana kwawo.  

Nangona ezi mpawu zibonakala ngokungathi ngoonobumba okanye amanani amaArabhu aseHindu, azi mpawu zakudala-dala. Uphawu lokudibanisa noluyindlela ethile ekubhalwa ngayo ekuthiwa yi-Egyptian hieroglyphic, umzekelo, efana nemilenze emibini ehamba ngomkhondo walapho kwakubhalwe khona lo mbhalo  (ngokwesi-Egyptian ungabhalwa macalana omabini ukusuka ngasekunene  ukuya ngasekhohlo okanye ukusuka ngasekhohlo ukuya ngasekunene), kodwa xa uphawu lubuyela ngasemva lubonisa okokuba luphawu lokuthabatha

Iphepha likaNicole Oresmeukusuka kwiminyaka wenkulungwane ye-14 libonisa omnye wemisebenzi yokuqala ebalulekileyo yephawu i-plus +   .

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeminyaka ye-15 oonobumba u-P no M babesetyenziswa ngumntu wonke.
Iimpawu u-(P onomgca up̄ omele u-più, oko kuthetha ukudibanisa plus, kunye no-M  onomgca u-m̄ omele u-meno, oko kuthetha ukuthabatha minus) zavela okokuqala kulwazi-lwe-mathematika ye-Luca Pacioli, iSumma de arithmetica, i-geometria, i-proportioni i-et proportionalità, nombhalo wayo owakhutshwa wapapashwa okokuqala e-Venice ngo-1494. 
Incwadi epapashwe  nguHenricus Grammateus ngo-1518 yazithatha ezi mpawu yazisebenzisela olunye uhlobo lomsebenzi wokuqala wokudibanisa + nokuthabatha −  .




#Article 191: I-sign (yakwamathematika) (450 words)


KwaMathematika, igama elithi sign libhekisa kuyo yonke into ebonakalisa ukuba-positive (ukwanda okanye ukuba negative (ukuncipha). Naliphi na inani   eliyi-real number (inani elingengo-0) linga-pisitive okanye libe-negative, lithi ke ngoko libe ne-sign. UZero yena eyedwa akanayo i-sign, singathi mhlawumbi. Ukongeza kwi-sign ebekwa kwii-real numbers (kumanani angengozero), igama elithi sign lisetyenziswa kwimathematika yonke iphela ukubonisa iindima ngeendima zemathemathika ezithetha ubu-positivity kwanobu-negativity. into eqhele ukwenzeka, kukuba xa amanani ebonakala engaphandle kwe-sign, abonakala engamanani a-positive (kuthiwe zii-positive numbers).

Igama elithi sign maxa wambi lisoloko lisetyenziswa xa kubhekiswa kwiintlobo-ntlobo zee-signs zakwamathematika, ezinjengo-plus kunye no-minus kunye ne-sign yo-kuphindaphinda (ekuthiwa yimultiplication sign). 

I-real number kuthiwa i-positive ukuba ingaphezulu ko-zero, ize ibe-negative ukuba ingaphantsi ko-zero. Uphawu lokuba positive nokuba negative kuthiwa yi-sign yenani. U-Zero xa eyedwa akafanelekanga kuba na-sign.

Kwiarithmetic, i-sign yenani isoloko iboniswa ngokubeka i-sign okanye uphawu luka-plus okanye oluka-minus phambi kwenani. umzekelo, u- +3 uthetha u 3 opositive, aze u −3 athethe u 3 o-negative. ukuba akukho sign engu-plus okanye engu-minus enikiweyo, inye kuphela indlela elingabonwa ngayo eli nani yeyokokuba li-positive.  

I-sign yenani elingengo-zero isengatshintshwa ibe positive xa kusetyenziswa iabsolute value function. Umzekelo, i-absolute value ka−3 kunye ne-absolute value ka 3 zombini ziyalingana no-3.  Ngokwee-symbols, oku kungabhalwa ngolu hlobo |−3| = 3 and |3| = 3.

Inani u-zero alikwazi ukuba -positive nokuba-negative, ngoko ke alinayo isign.  Kwa-arithmetic,u +0 no −0 omabini athetha inani elinye elingu-0.

Ngenxa yokokuba u-zero engekho positive na-negative, oku kulandelayo kuye kuthi ngamanye amaxesha kubizwe ngokuba kuyi-sign yenani elingaziwayo:  

Loo nto ithetha okokuba inani eli non-negative number lisenokuba positive okanye libe ngu-zero, ngeli lixa lona inani eli-non-positive lisenokuba negative okanye libe ngu-zero.  Umzekelo, i-absolute value ye-real number isoloko i-non-negative, kodwa loo nto isenokungathethi into yokokuba li- positive.

Kwale ngcaciso inye iyasetyenziswa ngamanye amaxesha ukwenza iifunctions ezithatha i-real numbers okanye ii-integer values. Umzekelo, i-function ingabizwa ngokuba i-positive ukuba zonke ii-values zayo zi-positive, okanye kungathiwa i-non-negative ukuba zonke iivalues zayo zi-non-negative.

Kwimibhalo emininzi, kuxhaphakile ukubona i-sign ikunye nomlinganiselo we-angle, ingakumbi i-angle e-located okanye i-angle ye-rotation.  kulo meko injalo, i-sign iyaxela ukuba i-angle ikwi-clockwise okanye i-counterclockwise direction.  Nangona zikho ezinye indlela ngendlela ezinokusetyenziswa, kuxhaphakile kwi-mathematika ukuba kubekho ii-angles ezizii-counterclockwise ezibala njenge-positive, neeangles ezizii-clockwise ezibala njenge-negative.

Kwakhona kuyenzeka okokuba kubekwe i-sign kwi-angle ye-rotation ngee-dimensions ezintathu, uqikelelwa okokuba i-axis of rotation has been oriented.  Xa sigqalisela, igophe elijikelezela ngasekunene lijikeleze i-axis lisoloko libala njengeli-positive, ngeli lixa lijikelezela ngasekhohlo libala njngeli-negative.

Kwiarithmetic nakwi-fiziki, kuxhaphakile ukuthiya ii-directions ezithile ngelithi zi-positive okanye zi-negative. Nanku umzekelo olula,   umgca-manani ekuthiwa yi-number line ngesilungu usoloko uzotywa ubenamanani a-positive ukuya ngasekunene, aze abe-negative amanani xa kusiyiwa ngasekhohlo: 

Kwi-Cartesian plane, ii-directions ziya  ngasekunene nezibheka phezulu kusoloko kucingwa okokuba zi-positive, kuba ukubheka ngasekunene kuba-positive, i-x-direction, nokubheka phezulu kukuba-positive i-y-direction.

Ukongeza kwi-sign ye-real number, igama elithi sign likwasetyenziswa  ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kodwa zikwasengela thungeni linye kwiMathematika iphela nakwizifundo ze-science ngokubanzi:




#Article 192: Ii-protons (150 words)


Iiprotons zizinto ezithile ezifumaneka kw-atom. Zifumaneka kwi-nucleus ye-atom zihamba nee-neutrons. I-periodic table yamaqela ee-atoms ebonakalisa okokuba ezi atoms zinee-protons ezingaphi na. I-atom enye kwi-hydrogen (olona hlobo lwe-atom lwakhe lwalula) yenziwe nge-electron ezingqonge nezijikeleze i-proton. Ubukhulu becala ubunzima bale atom benziwa bukwi-proton, kuba kaloku yona ubunzima bayo phantse buphinda-phindwe kangangama-2000 kunobo be-electron. Ii-Protons nee-neutrons zizo ezenza i-nucleus yalo naluphi na uhlobo lwe-atom. Kuyo nayiphi na i-element, inani lee- protons lisoloko lifana. Inani eli-atomic kwi-atom lilingana nenani lee-protons kuloo-atom.  

Ii-Protons zenziwe ngee-quarks. I-proton inye kukholelwa okokuba yenziwe ngee-quarks ezintathu, ezimbini ziiquarks-eziphezulu ize enye ibeyi-quark esezantsi. i-quark esezantsi inetshaji okanye uzibuthe we-1/3, zize zona ii-quarks eziphezulu zibenetshaji ye-+2/3 inye. Oku kongeza ye-+1. I-proton ine-mass encinane. Ubunzima be-proton bumalunga ne-atomic mass unit enye. Ubunzima be-neutron nabo bumalunga ne-atomic mass unit enye. Ubukhulu be-proton bubonakala ngokungcangcazela kwee-quarks ezikuyo, kwaye ezi-quarks zenza ilifu. Oko kuthetha okokuba i-proton akuyo bhola iqine kangako xa ithelekiswa nendawo equlethe ii-quarks.




#Article 193: Ii-electrons (554 words)


Ielectron yintwana nje yento ntwana encinane ye-matter ne-energy. uphawu lwayo yi-e−. 

I-electron iphuma kw-i-subatomic particle. Kukholelwa okokuba yielementary particle kuba ayinakuhlahleleka okanye ayinakucukucezeka ibe yiyo nantonina encinane ngaphezu kokuba ingako.  Itshajwa ngophawu olu-negative ngokozibuthe, kwaye intshukumo yazo phantse ibesisantya sokuqhwanyaza kombane. 

Ii-Electrons zithabatha inxaxheba kwi-gravitational, i-electromagnetic nakwiweak interactions.
Inye indlela ongacinga ngayo malunga nokkokuba zifumaneka phi na ii-electrons kwi-atom kukuba zijikeleza ndawoninye ukusuka kwinucleus. ngale ndlela, ii-electrons ezikwi-atom zihlala ku-kumaqokobhe e-electrons ajikeleze umphakathi kwisizikithi se- nucleus. Iqokobhe le-electron ngalinye linikwa inombolo ethi 1, 2, 3, njalo, njalo, ukusuka kuleyo ifufutshane kunazo zonke kwi-nucleus (kanye kumphakathi wesikhumba esiliqokobhe). Iqokobhe ngalinye lingagcina inani elithile lee-electrons. Isenzo sokwabiwakwee-electrons zisabelwa kumaqokobhe-ngamaqokobhe kuthiwa kwenziwa i-electronic arrangement (okanye luhlobo emile ngayo i-electronic). Ukucwangciswa kwe-electronic kungaboniswa ngokuthi inonjolwe ngamanani okanye ngeelectron diagram. (indlela eyahlukileyo yokucinga ngendawo ezifumaneka kuyo ii-electrons kukusebenzisa ii-quantum mechanics ukuze kubalwe ii-atomic orbitals zazo)




#Article 194: I-subatomic particle (171 words)


I-subatomic particle yi particle encinane kuneatom. Oku kuthetha okokuba incinane kakhulu.  Njengee-atoms neemolecules, i-subatomic particle incinane kakhulu  kangangokuba ayinakubonakala ngamehlo enyama. Inika umdla omkhulu kwiingcali zophando ezisoloko zisiwa zivuka zifuna ukuqonda kangcono ngee-atoms. Ezona zi-subatomic particles ekuphandwa kakhulu ngazo zezi zenza ii-atoms: ii-protons, ii-neutrons, kunye nee-electrons. Izifundo esingee-subatomic particles sibizwa ngokuba yi-particle physics. 

Ezi-particles zisoloko zibambene phakathi kwi-atom ngenye yeziseko zezamandla okutyhala (i-gravity, i-electromagnetic force, i-strong force, okanye  i-weak force).  Kumphandle we-atom ii-particles zisoloko zihamba ngesantya esiphezulu nangakumbi, kufuphi nesantya  sokukhanya isantya esiletsheza okombane. 

Ii-Subatomic particles zahlulwe kubini, seseeBaryons neseeLeptons.

IiBaryons zenziwe ngeequarks ngeli lixa zona ii-Leptons kucingelwa okokuba ziphakathi kwee particles ezincinane, ekuthiwa ziielementary particles. Ii-Baryons zinikwe inani lokunombola i-Baryon. Kwiintshukumo ezithile, inani eliyinombolo ye-Baryon kufuneka igcinwe, oko kuthetha okokuba omabini amacala entshukumo, elisekuqaleni nelisekugqibeleni kufuneka anonjolwe ngenani lee-Baryons elinye. Ii- Baryonic particles zenziwe ngomxube we-quarks ezi-3 kwezin-ntandathu, eziphakathi kwee-particles ezincinane. Iintlobo zee-quraks ezintandathu eziphezulu, neziziphantsi, (zenza ii-protons nee-neutrons), ii-strange, ii-charm, umphezulu, nomzantsi. 

IiLeptons zithande ukubancinane kunee-Baryons. Olu luhlu luquka ii-electrons, ii-Muons, ii-Taus kunye nee-neutrinos. Ii-Leptons azenziwanga ngee-quarks kwaye azahlulahluleki.




#Article 195: I-Particle physics (242 words)


I-Particle physics licandelo lakwa-physics eliphanda ngezinto ezibonakalayo neezincinane kakhulu,    Ezaziwa ngokuba zii-particles. Ezi-particles zizinto ezincinane kakhulu kodwa zincinane zinjalo zizo ezakha ihlabathi elisingqongileyo nesiphila kulo.

Ii-Particles zingathwala  fundamental forces. Umzekelo, yi-electromagnetic force ithwalwa zii-photons. Ii- fundamental forces ezine zizo ezijongene nayo phantse yonke into kwiphysics iphela, nditsho negravity, i-radioactive decay, kunye nemagnetism. Ezi forces zine nazi: yi-electromagnetism, inuclear e-strong ne-buthathaka, kunye ne-gravity.

Enye yamagama abalulekileyo kwi-physics kuthiwa yi-Standard Model.   I-Standard Model yi-theory ezama ukucacisa ii-fundamental forces.  I-Standard Model sidibane ne General Relativity yeyona ngcaciso yamkelekileyo okwangoku malunga nendlela elisebenza ngayo eli hlabathi.

I-Standard Model saziwa ngokuba neengxaki. Umzekelo, akukho nto ingako kuyo echaza igravity.  Yhiyo le nto i-General Relativity, enye i-theory echazayo okokuba zingabandakanywa njani na izinto ezine-gravity, khon’ukuze ii-physicists zichaze banzi nge-universe. Mninzi umsebenzi wokuphucula i-theory kwaye/okanye ukufumana i-theory engcono esenziwayo. Lo msebenzi ke usoloko ubizwa ngokuba yi-theoretical particle physics, kuba akukho nanye kwezi esele ivavanyiwe yaza yapasiswa.   I-Theoretical particle physicists yenza ii-theories ukuba zizame ukupasisa i-Standard Model. Umzekelo omnye ngowokokuba kwenzeka njani na ukuba zibeninzi ii-thoeries eziqikelela iiparticles eziundiscovered.

IFiziki ifumanise ngolwazi olumalunga nee-particles ngokuthi iphande infunda ngee-collisions eziphakathi kwee-particles ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo omhle ofanayo ngowokungqubana kweemoto, apho kuboniswa okokuba ingaba iingcali zeFiziki zenza uphando zize zifunde ngee-particles eziye zangqubana. Khawufan’ucinge, nanku umntu efuna ukujonga umphakathi wezi nqwelo zingqubeneyo.    Ukungqibana kwezi moto zimbini zihamba ngesiphezulu sona isantya, singaske sizophule iimoto size ngoko zijonge ngaphakathi. Kwangendlela efanayo, iingcali zefiziki zingqubanisa ii-particles ezimbini ukuze zizophule zize ke ngoko zikwazi ukufunda umphakathi wazo ezi-particles.




#Article 196: Malala Yousafzai (111 words)


Malala Yousafzai (wazalwa ngomhla ka 12 July 1997) ungumlwi usuka kwi lizwe lase Pakistan. uthethela amalungelo wamabinqa kanye nokufundiswa kwabo. Uduma ngokuba ngumntu olwela amalungelo wabantu kanye nemfundo kwindawo asuka kuyo eSwat Valley ingingqi yase Khyber Pakhtunkhwa apho eTaliban yanqanda amantombazane ukuba bangayi esikolweni. Iintetho ka Malala yakhula ide yongamela ilizwe jikelele.Usapho lwakhe baqhuma izikolo kwelo cala. ekuqaleni kuka 2009 eneminyaka eyishumi nanye 11 wabalela onondaba ebaxelela ngesimo sokuphatwa yiTaliban kanye nokukhuthaza ukufundiswa kwamantombazana.Ngemini ka 9 October 2012, uMalala wadutyulwa entloko eTaliban befuna ukubulala yena no yihlo wakhe uZiauddin Yousafzai.

Emva kwa bezame ukubulala uMalala abantu kwilizwe jikelele babonisa inkxasouMalala yaba nguyena mntu omncinci ukufumana isabelo soxolo Nobel Peace Prize

.




#Article 197: I-oxygen (344 words)


I-Oxygen (O) yi-chemical element. Ngokwendalo, i-oxygen yi-gas engenambala nengenavumba. I-Oxygen yi-Ikhemikhali ebaluleke kakhulu kuba iyinxalenye yomoya ophefumlwa ngabantu ikwayinxalenye yamanzi aselwa ngabantu. Ngenxa yoku, i-oxygen ixhasa ubomi. Izinto ezininzi eziphilayo (kuquka abantu zifuna i-oxygenukuze ziphile nokuze ziphefumle, nangona isibayityhefu kwezindle iindlela ekuphilwa kuzo. Kwi-liquid state of matter, i-oxygen  

i-Oxygen yaqala yafunyanwa ngo-1772 ngu-Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Kwaza kwalandela uJoseph Priestley naye wayifumana kwiminyaka emibini emva koko waza yena wazisasaza kuqala ezi ndaba engekazisasazi yena uScheele. Le nto yenza okokuba abantu bacinge okokuba nguPriestley owayifumana kuqala i-oxygen. Igama elithi oxygen livela kumagama esiGrike: oxus (acid) naku gennan (ukuvelisa).
I-Oxygen iza emhlabeni isuka kuzo zonke iindawo zehlabathi kwi-meteorites. Ikwafumaneka nakwii-minerals nakwizityalo ezikhula emhlabeni nakwezinye ii-planethi.

 Amanzi ane-oxygen. Xa i-oxygen atom enye ithe yadibana nee-hydrogen atoms ezimbini, zenza i-Molecule yamanzi (akwabhalwa ngolu hlobo H2O). Laa manzi afuneka kuyo yonke into ephilayo ukuze ziphile. 

I-Air nayo ine-oxygen. I-air yenziwe ngee-gases ezininzi eziye zangumxube. Imalunga nama-21% i-oxygen ekwi-air. I-Oxygen ibaluleke ngokukodwa kuba zonke izilwanyana zisebenzisa i-oxygen ukuze zifumane i-energy ekutyeni kwazo. 

I-Oxygen ikwayiyo eyenza okokuba ukuvutha oku kwenzeke. Oku ke kuthiwa kukuvutha. Xa into ethile isitsha okanye ivutha, i-oxygen idibana nenye into ize ivelise ubushushu nokukhanya. Umzekelo, xa utshisa ukhuni, i-oxygen esemoyeni idibana nokhuni kutsho kwenzeke umlilo. Obu buchule be-oxygen bunemisebenzi emininzi. Kodwa, ikwenza okokuba i-oxygen ecocekileyo ibeyingozi. Ukuba i-oxygen ecocekileyo ikhe yachukumisa idangatye okanye yaqhwitha, isenokuvutha ize ke ngoko yenze umonakalo omkhulu. Ukuvutha kungasetyenziswa ngeendlela ezininzi. umzekelo, xa i-oxygen ithe yaxutywa ne-acetylene, ingadala ilangatye elitshisa kakhulu. Ilangatye elitshisayo lisetyenziswa xa ukutshiswa kwentsimbi Ilangatye elitshisayo lisetyenziswa ukutshiswa kwentsimbi, apho intsimbi ithi itshiswe iphinde inyibilikiswe. Kananjalo, i-oxygen isetyenziswa ukwenza ii-fuels ezinamandla, ezinokusetyenziswa kwii-rockets nakwii-jets.

i-Oxygen isenokusetyenziswa ukunyibilikisa i-metal esuka kw-iore.

I-Oxygen isetyenziswa ezibhedlele ukubulala ii-bacteria. ikwasetyenziswa xa isigulana siye sanetyhefu ye-carbon monoxide.

i-Oxygen isetyenziswa ukucoca amanzi ukuze sibe sisela amanzi akhuselekileyo.

I-oxygen ecocekileyo ingaveliswa ngeendlela ngeendlela. ngokwendalo, izityalo zisebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga xa zivelisa i-oxygen, i-carbon dioxide (enye i-gas) kunye namanzi. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-photosynthesis. Uninzi lwe-oxygen esemoyeni yenziwe nge-photosynthesis.
I-Oxygen isenokwenziwa ngabantu, besebenzisa inkqubo ekuthiwa yi-electrolysis. Kule nkqubo,  umbane ihamba ngamanzi. Zitsho iimolecules zamanzi ziqhekeke zikhuphe i-oxygen kunye ne-gesi i-hydrogen.




#Article 198: U-Dmitry Mendeleyev (217 words)


u-Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev (wazalwa ngomhla wesi-8 kweyoDumba (ngokwekhalenda ka-Julian O.S. ngomhla wama-27 kweyomQungu) ngo-1834 kufuphi ne-Tobolsk – ngomhla wesi-2 kweyomDumba O.S. 20 January 20) ngo-1907 e-Saint Petersburg) wayengusokhemesti wase-Russia. Nguye oyena mntu wathi wayila i-periodic table yee-elements. Uninzi lwamalinge akhe athi enziwa kwi-periodic table yakhe (izinto ezinjengee-properties of elements nezazingekafunyaniswa mntu ngelo xesha. Loo nto yakhokhelela ekubeni i-Chemical element 101 ibizwe ngo-Mendelevium.
Ubomi bakhe

U-Mendeleev wazalelwa kwilali yase-Verkhnie Aremzyani, kufuphi ne-Tobolsk, ezalwa ngu-Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev kunye nomkakhe uMaria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (intombi yakwaKornilieva). Uyisemkhulu waye enguPavel Maximovich Sokolov, umshumayeli wecawa yamaOrthodox aserussia esuka kwingingqi ye-Tver .[1] U-Ivan, ekunye nabafowabo ekunye noodadewabo, baafumana iifani ezintsha ngethuba apho babehamba iindibano zezakwalizwi. [2] Wathi kamva ekukhuleni kwakhe, wayila i-periodic table yee-elements.

U-Mendeleev ucingelwa ukuba wayenguntondo kubantakwabo ababeli-14, kodwa elona nani lililo liyohluka ngokwabhali abasinika le ngxelo. Wathi xa aminyaka ili-13 ubudala, emva kokusweleka kukayise nokutshatyalaliswa ngomlilo kweziko loshishino likanina, uMendeleev waqalisa ukuya e (school)|Gymnasium eTobolsk.

Ngo-1849, usapho lalwaMendeleev nolwaluse luziimpula zikalujaca ngelo xesha laya eSaint Petersburg, apho wafika wangena kwi-Main Pedagogical Institute ngo-1850. Emva kokuthweswa kwakhe isidanga, isifo sephepha samenza ukuba afuduke aye e-Crimean Peninsula ngakunxweme olusemantla eBlack Sea ngo-1855. Uthe eselapho waba yingqonyela yezescience ye-Simferopol gymnasium №1. Waphindela eSaint Petersburg ephile engumqabaqaba ngo-1857.
I-Periodic Table I-Mendeleev ka 1871 

U-Dmitriy Mendeleev: imbali emfutshane ngemisebenzi yakhe, nangobomi bakhe, mendcomm.org
Удомельские корни Дми




#Article 199: Oliver Tambo (407 words)


U-Oliver Reginald Kaizana Tambo (27 Oktobha 1917 – 24 uEpreli 1993) ngomnye wabongameli bombutho kaKhongolose, i-African National Congress (i-ANC). Wongamela i-ANC (1967 - 1991) emva kokuba ivalwe umlomo eMzantsi Afrika ngexesha localucalulo.

UTambo wazalwa nge-27 ka-Okthobha ngo-1917 kwilali yaseNkantolo eBizana; empuma Pondoland kwindawo ngoku ebizwa iMpuma Kapa. Ilali uTambo azalelwa kuyo yenziwa uninzi lwabalimi. [Uyathethisa] Utata wakhe, uMzimeni Tambo, wayengunyana womlimi kunye nomncedisi wentengiso kwivenkile yokuthengisa yendawo. UMzimeni wayenabafazi abane nabantwana abalishumi, bonke bengafundanga. Umama kaOliver, unkosikazi wesithathu waseMzimeni, wabizwa ngokuba nguJulia. emva konyulwa njengo-Sihlalo kaZwelonke we-ANC kwinyanga yeKhala kwangalo nyaka. Ukwazile ukubuyela eMzantsi Afrika ngenxa yomthetho we-ANC.  Xa ebuyayo emva kwexesha lakhe ekuthinjweni wafumana inkxaso eninzi. Olunye lwale nkxaso luvela nakwiimbangi zakudala. 

Emva kwengxaki emva kokubethwa, uTambo wasweleka ngo-Epreli 24, ngo-1993 eneminyaka engama-75 ubudala. Ukufa kwakhe kwenzeka kwiintsuku ezili-14 emva kokubulawa kukaChris Hani kunye nonyaka omnye ngaphambi konyulo jikelele luka-1994 apho uNelson Mandela waba nguMongameli woMzantsi Afrika. UMandela, uThabo Mbeki kunye noWalter Sisulu baya kumngcwabo. UTambo wangcwatyelwa eBenoni, eGauteng.

Umlo onamandla wokulwa nocalucalulo wazisa uTambo ukuba enze uthotho lobuhlobo obukhulu bamazwe. Ngo-1977, uTambo watyikitya isivumelwano sobumbano phakathi kwe-ANC kunye nomasipala: idolophu yase-Italy iRegio Emilia yayisisixeko sokuqala emhlabeni ukusayina isivumelwano sobumbano.  Esi yayisisiqalo sokuqonda okude okwazisa i-Italiya ukuba yenze umzamo kwizenzo zekhonkrithi zokuxhasa ilungelo lokuzimela kwabantu base-Afrika; Elinye lala manyathelo yayiyintlangano yeenqanawa ezinzileyo. Owokuqala, obizwa uAmanda, wemka eGenova ngo-1980. YayinguTambo ngokwakhe owacela uReggio Emilia ukuba enze iimedali zeMeditwalandwe, oyena mkhulu kwezona ntlonipho ze-ANC 

Ngo-2004, wavotwa ngenani lama-31 kwi-SABC3 enkulu yoMzantsi Afrika, [ecaphula] efumana amanqaku angaphantsi kwaH. F. Verwoerd, ngaphambi kokuba uSABC athathe isigqibo sokurhoxisa imijikelezo yokugqibela yokuvota. Isigqibo sokurhoxisa iziphumo besazisiwe sisibakala sokuba uninzi lwabantu abamnyama base Mzantsi zange bathathe inxaxheba kuvoto, kuba iSABC3 yayibeka ikakhulu kwizithethi zesiNgesi.

Ekupheleni kuka-2005, abapolitiki be-ANC babhengeza izicwangciso zokuthiya kwakhona i-Johannesburg International Airport emva kwakhe. Isindululo samkelwe kwaye umsitho wokuphinda ubizwe ngomhla wama-27 ku-Okthobha ka-2006. Urhulumente owayelawulwa yi-ANC wayebuye wathi igama lesikhululo iJan Smuts njengeSikhululo senqwelomoya saseRhawutini ngo-1994 ngezizathu zokuba izikhululo zeenqwelomoya zase Mzantsi Afrika zingabizwa ngamagama ezopolitiko.

Kukho ukuqunjelwa kwe-O.R. I-Tambo kwindawo yase-Albert Road Reconwabo Ground, Muswell Hill, ngaphandle kwe-Alexandra Park School. NgoJuni ngo-2013, isixeko saseRegio Emilia (e-Itali) sabhiyozela iTambo ngokudala ipaki enikezelwe kuMongameli we-African National Congress.

Indlu yakhe iku-51 Alexandra Park Road, Muswell Hill, London, yathengwa nguRhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika ngonyaka ka-2010 njengesikhumbuzo esenziwe ngembali kwaye ngoku inomfanekiso oqingqiweyo.  

Ingcwaba likaTambo labhengezwa njengendawo yeLifa leMveli kuZwelonke xa wasweleka kodwa waphulukana nale meko xa wasweleka umkakhe uAdelaide Tambo, wangcwatyelwa ecaleni kwakhe. Nangona kunjalo ingcwaba labo laphinda labhengezwa njenge-National Heritage ngo-Okthobha ka-2012. 




#Article 200: I-ovum (285 words)


I-ovum nge(siLatin: liqanda, isininzi: ziiova) ligama le-cell elibhekisa kwi-haploid eyimazi edalelwe ukuqhama ngokuthi izale, okanye i-gamete. zombini ezi zinto ziphilayo, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo kuthiwa z(ii-embryophytes) zivelisa imbewu ezi-ova. 

Ii-Ova zenziwa zii-ovaries zemazi zize ziphinde zikhutshwe kwazizo. Kwasekuzalweni kwakhe, umntu onesini sobufazi ubanawo onke amaqanda akhe. Uthi xa afikelela kwinqanaba lokufikisa apha ekukhuleni kwakhe, akhuphe iqanda libe linye ngenyanga de kungabikho qanda lishiyekileyo. Loo nto ke kuthiwa yi-oogenesis. 

Xa i-ovum sele ichunyiswe nge-sperm sendoda, kuphuma  i-zygote, ethi ikhule ibe sesinye isidalwa. I-ovum ichunyiswa ingaphakathi emzimbeni womntu ongumfazi, kutsho kuvele i-embryo ethi ikhulele ngaphakathi kweuterus, isondliwa yi-placenta kamama. 





#Article 201: I-Anatomy (142 words)


Ukufunda ngomzimba wezinto eziphilayo lisebe lezifundo ze-bayoloji elijongene nokuphicotha indlela ezidalwe ngayo neziphila ngayo izinto eziphilayo nobubuxhakaxhaka obenza okokuba ezi zinto ziphile.  Xa esi sifundo usijonga kwelinye icala, sinxulumele ne-embryology kunye ne-comparative anatomy, nekuyiyo kanye eyinzalelwane ekufuphi kwi-evolutionary biology kunye ne-phylogeny. I-Human anatomy yenye yeziseko ze-nzululwazi yamamachiza. 

Eli sebe le-anatomy lahlulwe kubini kukho i-macroscopic kunye ne microscopic anatomy. I-Macroscopic anatomy, okanye i-gross anatomy, kukulolongwa nokuhlolwa kwamalungu omzimba wesilwanyana ngokujonga nje ngamehlo engancediswa nto. I-Gross anatomy ikwaquka isebe le-[superficial anatomy. I-Microscopic anatomy ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-optical kwizifundo zee-tissues eziziintlobo ngeentlobo, nezaziwa ngokuba zeyi-histology nakwisifundo see-cells.

Imbali ye-anatomy ibonakala ngokuthi kutyelwe phambili ngokuyiqonda imisebenzi yee-organs nangendlela owakhiwe ngawo nomile ngawo umzimba womntu. Nee-methods ziphuculwe ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, oko kubeka phambili ukuhlolwa kwezilwanyana ngokuthi kuqhaqhwe umzimba wesilwanyana esifileyo kunye nesidumbu (isidumbu somntu) kwinkulungwane yama-20 eminyaka yobuchwepheshe be-medical imaging kuquka ne- X-ray, i-ultrasound, kunye nemagnetic resonance imaging.




#Article 202: Isibhukubhuku somzimba (157 words)


Isibhukubhuku somzimba okanye i-torso ligama elisetyenziswa kuqhaqho mzimba elisetyenziswa kwimizimba yezilwanyana ezininzi (kuquka naleyo yabantu) ukusuka entanyeni ukuya emilenzeni  esi sibhukubhuku somzimba siquka umntla ekuthiwa yi-thorax osuka entanyeni ukuya esinqeni nomzantsi ekuthiwa yi-abdomen osuka esinqeni uye kuma emilenzeni.  

Ezona organs zibaluleke kakhulu nezivaleleke kwi-trunk. Kumntla wesifuba, kukho intliziyo nemiphunga zona zikhuselwe yi-rib cage, ize kuthi kwi-abdomen esemazantsi kubekho ii-organs ezininzi ezijongene nokusilwa kokutya: isibindi, esiveliza inyongo nefuneka kakhulu ekusileni ukutya; ugqongo kunye  namathumbu amancinane, wona atsala izakhamzimba ekutyeni; i-anus, apho ilindle lomntu liphuma khona; i-rectum, egcina feces; isingxobo senyongo, esigcina inyongo; izintso, esenza umchamo, 

Isibhukubhuku somzimba singuvimba wamaqela ngamaqela ezihlunu zomzimba. Oku kuquka:  

Iinjini okanye izihlunu zomzimba, namanye amalungu omzimba zixhunyaniswe ngeentlobo-ntlobo zemithambo, nemvelaphi yayo ikumalungu ei-thoracic vertebrae. umzekelo, i-cutaneous innervation inakekelwe:




#Article 203: I-metal (807 words)


Iqela lee-elements zekhemikhali elifumaneka kwi-periodic table libizwa zii-metals. Ezi  elements zidla ngokuba nezi mpawu zilandelayo:  

Iimetals ezininzi zizii-solids ezikubushushu bendlu, kodwa oko akumelanga kuba njalo.  I-Mercury yona iyi-liquid. Ii-Alloys yimixube,   apho ubuncane inxalenye yaloo mxube uyi-metal. Imizekelo yee-metals yile:   i-aluminium, i-copper, i-iron, i-nkonkxa, igolide, i-lead, i-silivere, i-titanium, i-uranium, kunye ne-zinc. Ii-alloys ezaziwayo zibandakanya i-bronze kunye ne-steel. 

Isifundo tudy ezimalunga nee-metals zibizwa ngokuba yi-metallurgy.

Inkoliso yee-metals zomelele, ziyakhazimla, zinobunzima kwaye zinyibilika kuphela xa zithe zatshiswa ngobushushu obuphezulu kakhulu. Ii-lumps ze-metal zenza ingxolo efana nokubethwa kwentsimbi xa zithe zatshiswa ngengento etshisa kakhulu (zi-sonorous).
Ubushushu kunye nombane    zihamba lula nge-metal (oko kuthetha okokuba zi-conductive). I-lump yemetal ingakhandwa ibe licwecwana (eliyi-malleable) okanye icudiswe ibe zingcingwana ezincinane  (eziyi-ductile). Imetal yomelele ayinakuqhekezwa phakathi (ine-tensile strength ephezulu) ingenakutynyuzwa (inamandla oxinzelelo oluphezulu. Ukuba utyhala umsingizana wentwana ende ye-metal, iyakugoba, ingophuki (iyi-elastic). 

Akuzizo zonke ii-metals ezinezi mpawu.   I-Lead, umzekelo, ithambe kakhulu, kwaye ubushushu nombane azikwazi kugqitha kwi-iron njengoko zisenza kwi-copper.

Ii-metals zibaluleke kakhulu ebantwini. Kwenziwa ngazo ii-tools  kuba zisenokuba namandla kwaye kubelula nokuzibumba.   I-iron ne-steel bekusoloko kusenziwa ii-bholorho, izakhiwo, okanye iinqanawa. 

Ezinye ii-metals kwakhiwa ngazo izinto ezinje ngee-nkonzo kuba zomelele kwaye azinakukhuka ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo,  i-copper (emenyezelayo nebomvu ngombala), i-aluminium (emenyezelayo nemhlophe ngombala), igolide (eqanda ngombala nemenyezelayo), isilvere ne-nickel (nayo ikwamhlophe kwaye iyamenyezela)  

Ezinye ii-metals, ezifana ne-steel, zingenziwa zicweje kwaye zihlale zicwejile, ngoko ke kwakhiwa ngazo  ii-mela, amazembe okanye ii-razors.

Zinqabile ii-metals ezinexabiso eliphezulu, nezifana ne-golide, isilvere kwaye i-platinum kusoloko kusenziwa ngazo i-jewellery. Ii-metals kusoloko kusenziwa ngazo  amatyathanga nezi-screws. I-Pots kuphekwa  ngazo ingenziwa ngecopper, i-aluminium, i-steel okanye i-iron. I-lead inzima kakhulu kwaye ixinene kwaye isenokusetyenziswa njenge-ballast kwi-inqanawa ukuze inqande  zingabhukuqi, okanye ikhusele abantu kwi-ionizing radiation.

Izinto ezininzi ezenziwe nee-metals zenziwe ngemixube ekukho kuyo imetal nokuba inye kwanezinye iimetals, okanye ngee-non-metals. Le mixube ibizwa ngokuba zii-alloys. Ii-alloys ezixhaphakileyo zezi:  

Kwiminyaka engaphaya kwama-9000 abantu baqala ngokwenza izinto nge-metal, xa babefumananisa okokuba bangayifumana njani na i-copper kwi-ore yayo. Baza ke ngoko bafunda okokuba yenziwa njani na ialloy eyomeleleyo, ibronze, ngokugalela i-tin kwi-copper. Malunga neminyaka engama-3000 eyadlulayo, babhaqa i-iron. Bathi besagalela intwana ye-carbon kwi-iron, bafumanisa okokuba bangenza i-alloy ebalulekileyo - esi-steel.  

Kwi-chemistry, i-metal ligama eliquka iqela amalungu eekhemikhali aneepmpawu ezithile. Kulula ukuba ii-atoms ze-metal zilahlekelwe yi-electron zitsho zibe zii-ions, okanye ii-cations. ngale ndlela, ii-metals azifani nezinye iintlobo ezimbini zee-elements -  ii-nonmetals kunye nee-metalloids. 

Kwi-periodic table, singazoba umgca we-zigzag osuka kwi-element eyi-boron (uphawu lwayo ngu-B) ukuya kwi-element eyi-polonium (uphawu lwayo ngu-Po). Ii-elements ekunqumla kuzo lo mgca zii-metalloids. Ii-elements ezihamba ngaphezulu nangasekunene kwalo mgca zii- nonmetals. Zonke ke ezinye ezi ii-elements zizii-metals.  

Uninzi lweempawu zee-metals zenziwa kukuba ii-atoms ezikwi-metal azibambeleli zotshele ngamandla kwii-electrons zazo. I-atom nganye yahlulwe kwezinye ngenwebu esibaca ye-valence electrons.
Nangona kunjalo, ezinye ii-metals zahlukile. Umzekelo yi-metal eyisodium. I, iyanyibilika xa izinga lobushushu liphantsi liphinde futhi libe-light, fidada ngaphezulu e-manzini. kodwa mabangakuzami abantu oku, kuba enye i-property ye-sodium iyadubula wxa ikhe yadibana namanzi. 

Ii-metals ezininzi azenzi nto  ngokwekhemikhali, kwaye azishukumi lula.  (Ezinye ii-metals ziyatshitsha.) Ezo ke ii-metals zii-alkali ezifana ne-sodium (uphawu lwe-Na) kunye nee-alkaline earth metals ezifana ne-calcium (uphawu ngu-Ca).)
Xa ii-metals zisenza intshukumo ethile, zisoloko ziyenza nge-oxygen. Ii-oxides zee-metals zi-basic. Ii-oxides ze-nonmetals zi-acidic.
Uninzi lwee-elements kwi-periodic table zizii-metals. 

Ii-Compounds, ezinee-metal atoms zidibana nezinye ii-atoms kutsho kwenzeke ii-molecules, zizezona zinto zixhaphakileyo emHlabeni. Umzekelo, ityuwa ile siyidlayo yi-compound ye-sodium.

Ukusetyenziswa kwee-metals kuthiwa yinto eyenza ukuba abantu bohluke kwizilwanyana. phambi kokuba basebenzise ii-metals, abantu benza ii-tools zamatye, iinkuni, akunye namathambo ezilwanyana. Zizo ezi kungoku nje zibizwa ngokuba zii-Stone Age. 

Akukho mntu waziyo okokuba yafunwa yaza yasetyenziswa nini na i-metal yokuqala. Kwakuyile yayibizwa ngokuba yi-cooper yemveli, nethi ifumaneke ngamanye amaxesha kwii-lumps ezinkulu emhlabeni.  Abantu baafunda ukutshinstha le nto ibe zii-ctools zecopper akwanezinye izinto, nangona, xa kuthethwa nge-metal, yona ithambe kakhulu. Xa yayinyibilikiswa emlilweni, abantu batsho bafunda ukwenza i-alloy ebizwa ngokuba yi-bronze, ethande ukuba  nokuba  kune-copper. Abantu babesenza iimela nezihlobo zemfazwe  nge-bronze. Kungoku nje kwimbali yolunti, emva kweminyaka emalunga nama-3300 BC isoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-Bronze Age, oko kuthetha okokuba lixesha lezixhobo ze-bronze nezixhobo zemfazwe.  

Kumnyaka we-1200 BC abanye abantu baafunda ukwenza izixhobo ze-iron nezixhobo zemfazwe. Ezi ke zazomelele kunjalo nje zinamandla kune-bronze kwaye ke oku kwaba lithuba elifanelekileyo dvantage ikwimfazwe. Kungoku nje ixesha lezixhobo ze-iron nezixhobo zemfazwe libizwa ngokuba yi-Iron Age. Ii-metals bezisoloko zibaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yoluntu nakwi-mpucuko. I-iron ne-steel zazibalulekile ekwenzeni oomatshini. IGold ne-silivere wzazisetyenziswa njengemali ukuze kuvunyelwe abantu uba bashishine, oko kuthetha ukuthi, kutshintshiselwane ngempahla anangee-nkonzo zemisebenzi  kwimigama .emide. 

Kwathi kuba ezi-metals bezisoloko zesebanza njengemali ixesha elide, abantu abaninzi baacinga okokuba ukufumana i-metal iindlela yokutyeba. Abamaninzi amaxesha apho igolide yathi yafumaneka baza abantu babasha ngokukhawuleza ngobuninzi babo bafudukela kwezo ndawo ifumaneka kuzo, umzekelo, kwincakam  nakumZantsi Melika emva komnyaka we-1500, nakwezinye iindawo emva komnyaka we-1800 (e-United States of America, e-Canada, e-Australia, e-New Zealand anaseMzantsi Afrika). ezi ziindawo ezisoloko zibizwa ngokuba zii-Gold Rushes.

Kwi-astronomy, imetal yiyo nayiphi na i-element yekhemikhali ongaphandle kwe- hydrogen okanye i-helium. Unobangela woko kukuba ezi elements zimbini (nganye amaxesha kuba yi-lithium) zizo kuphela ezenza umququmblelo wee-nkwenkwezi. Esibhakabhakeni, i-telescope ingazibona iimpawu zee-metals ize ke emva i-astronomer yazi okokuba kukho ii-nkwenkwezi. 




#Article 204: Ingxuba kaxaka (195 words)


Ingxuba kaxaka okanye ingxaki yimeko ekunzima kakhulu ukumelana nayo. Eli gama libhekisa kwinto engumqobo (into emi endleleni yakho). Ukuba abantu banengxaki, kufuneka bazame ukufumana indlela yokuyisombulula loo ngxaki.  indlela yokuyisombulula ke kuthiwa sisisombululo. 

Singathetha ngomntwana oneengxaki ezinxulumene nesimilo sakhe. Oko kuyakuthetha okokuba abantwana abalolu hlobo benza izinto ngeendlela ezithi zikhube zide zivuse umnyele kwabanye abantu kanti basenokuzilimaza nabo ngokwabo ngenxa yesimilo sabo esibi, kungenjalo badale inyakanyaka nezivungu-vungu entlalweni yabantu.

Ngamanye amaxesha xa abantu bethetha ngabantu abahamba nzima ekufundeni nangabantu abanengulo ngokwasengqondweni ebangela okokuba babenokuzikhetha ebantwini, bathetha ngendlela abasebenzisa ngayo imizimba yabo nezinto ezibangqongileyo njengeendlela eziyingxaki kuba bazibona zinokuphazamisa okukhulu, kodwa usengumba wakwamkhozi okwangoku. Le miba ke yona ayikhathazi mntu kunjalo nje ingajonganga kuvusa mnyele, kuphela ibonwa nje ngendleyokuzityanda igila nokuzanelisa kwabantu abadala nabantwana abaqhuba ngolu hlobo- njengokuziphazamisa okanye ukuphinda-phinda izinto abazenzayo njengokususa iingcango neziciko okanye izivalo okanye balinganise nayiphi na intshukumo eyenzeka apho bakhoyo, intshukumo enjengeyeflegi xa kukho umoya ovuthuzayo.  
 

ezinye iingxaki zenzelwa ukonwaba. Ezi ke zifana nee-puzzles. Ezinye zazo zingasonjululwa ngelogic, ukanti ke ezinye zingasonjululwa ngofunisela okanye nge-heuristic.

Nanku umzekelo wengxaki ye-mathematika:

abantwana bayathanda ukusoloko benikana iingxaki ezinokusonjululwa ngokusebenzisa ingqondo.  oku kuthatha okokuba ukusebenzisa imibono endaweni yokusebenzisa ingqiqo ngokupheleleyo.   Nanku umzekelo:

Iseyeyakwamkhozi ke le




#Article 205: I-Carnivore (138 words)


I-carnivore  ithetha ukuthi 'isidlanyama' ngesi(Latini, caro ithetha 'inyama' or 'inyama' aze uvorare athethe ukuthi 'ginya') sisidalwa esiphilayo esifumana amandla nezakhamzimba ezifunekayo kuhlobo lokutya okwenziwe kuphela nangokukodwa ngezihlunu zesilwanyana nokokuba zizilwanyana eziphilayo okanye ezifileyo ezithi zibanjwe luhlobo lwezilwanyana oluzii-carnivores nee-herbivores. Ziyakuthi ke izilwanyana eziphilayo   zakubanjwa zityiwe ii-carnivores kanti zona ezibhaqwe sele zifile zityiwa zii-herbivores. Ezi zilwanyana zizii-carnivores kuthiwa xa zibizwa zii-predators. Ukanti isenzo esi senziwa zii-carnovores kuthiwa yi-predation. Ii-herbivores zona kuthiwa zii-scavengers, ukanti isenzo sazo sokutya izilwanyana esele zifile kuthiwa sisi-scavenging. Uhlobo lwezilwanyana oluxhomekeke kwinyama yezinye izilwanyana ukuze ifumane izakha mzimba kuthiwa lubizwa ngokuba zii-  carnivores, ngeli lixa ezi zingatyi kutya kuyinyama kuthiwa zii-  carnivores. Ii-Omnivores zona zitya inyama yezilwanyana kunye nokutya okungeyonyama kwaphela, ngaphandle koku kuqikelela kwinkcaza equkayo, akukho myinge uqingqiweyo wezityalo ezityiwayo nenyama ekukutya onokwahlula ii- facultative carnivore kwii-omnivore. I-carnivore ethe ngcu kwincakam yefoodchain kuthiwa yi-apex predator.




#Article 206: I-asexual reproduction (146 words)


I-Asexual reproduction luhlobo lokuqhama okanye lokwanda apho isithole sesityalo okanye loo nto intshulayo isisiqhamo sesityalo okanye sesidalwa esinye. Oko kuthetha okokuba   esi sithole okanye eli ntshontsho alenziwanga ngumdibaniso wabazali ababini, koko sivela okanye livela kumzali omnye kuphela, lize ke elo ntshontsho okanye eso sithole sibeneempawu okanye sifuze loo mzali okanye eso sityalo sivela kuso. Ngoko ke; i-asexual reproduction ayibandakanyi kudibana kwee-gametes kwaye ingazange ilitshintshe inani lee- chromosomes. I-Asexual reproduction yeyona ndlela zizandisa ngayo izidalwa ezine-cell enye ezifana nee-archaebacteria, ii-eubacteria, kunye nee-protists. Izityalo ezininzi kunye nee-fungi nazo zanda ngale ndlela e-asexually. 

Ngeli lixa zona ii-prokaryotes zizandisa ne-ngokwe-asexually (ngaphandle kokudibana kwee-cell zemazi nenkunzi), 

Indlela ezanda ngayo izidalwa ezanda ngokudibanisa ii-cell zabazali ababini ezifana ne- conjugation, i-transformation kunye ne-i-transduction ngamanye amaxesha zayanyaniswa kei- sexual reproduction (okanye nokuncazelana ngokwesondo, ngokohlobo lokudibanisa ii-genes ekuthiwa yi-genetic recombination). Ukunqongophala kohlobo lokwanda oluyi-sexual reproduction kunqabile kwizidalwa ezinee-cell ezininzi nezibizwa ngokuba zii-multicellular organisms, ingakumbi kwizilwanyana.




#Article 207: Oonobumba (144 words)


Kwezinye iilwimi, umzekelo Isingesi, sibhala ileta kwilungu ngalinye likanobumba. Iileta zibonisa izandi ezahlukeneyo xa ulwimi luthethwa. 

Ezinye iilwimi azibasebenzisi nobumba kwimibhalo yazo: isiTshayina, umzekelo, sisebenzisa ii-ideograms. 

KwisiNgesi nakwezinye iilwimi, eyonanto incinane kwimibhalo ngunobumba. sisebenzisa oonobumba ukwenza amagama. Kwezinye iilwimi, umzekelo, iSipanish, kusoloko kukho unobumba omnye kwisandi ngasinye (okanye singathi: kwi-phoneme nganye, esona sakhiwo sentetho nesakhe sasincinane xa kusekwa intetho). Kulula ukukufunda oku. Kwezinye iilwimi,  umzekelo, kwisiNgesi, singasebenzisa oonobumba abaninzi kwisandi esinye, okanye unobumba omnye kwizandi eziliqela. kubanzima ke kubafundi ukufunda oku. Nantsi emizekelo:

IsiNgesi, isiFrentshi, iSipanishi kwaye ezinye iilwimi ezininzi zisebenzisa oonobumba besiLatini xa zibhalwa. kule alphabet kusoloko kukho iintlobo ezimbini zoonobumba kwisandi ngasinye. Umzekelo, A and a. Kwezinye ii-alphabets, umzekelo i-alphabet yesiCyrillic, kukho unobumba omnye kuphela kwisandi ngasinye (ngaphandle kwesiCyrillic esibhalwe ngesandla, apho unobumba omkhulu ungumbhalo owahlukileyo - aze ke ngoko angabinakwahluleka phakathi koonobumba abancinane ahamba nabo kuloo mbhalo). Naba aba nobumba: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ




#Article 208: Igramma (533 words)


i-Gramma ithetha imigaqo ebonisa indlela ekuthethwa nekubhalwa ngayo ulwimi. AmaGrike akudala ayedla ngokuyibiza nge-grammatikē tékhnē, ubuchule boonobumba. Isenokuba nayo nayiphi na intsingiselo kwezi zilandelayo:

Xa sithetha, sisebenzisa igramma yomnikazi lwimi, okanye sibebusondela kangangoko sinako. Xa sibhala, sizama ukubhala ngegramma echanekileyo. Ngoko ke ukuthetha nokubhala ulwimi inye kuzo inendlela yayo.

Zonke iilwimi zine-gramma yazo. Iilwimi zamaYurophu amaninzi zibufana, kodwa ezinye zazo, ezifana nesiTshayina nesiJaphane, zahluke kakhulu kuzo zonke iilwimi zaseYurophu. 
IsiNgesi senza utshintsho oluncinane kw('isimamva segama'). Ngokweelwimi zesiTaliyane okanye isi'Roma' (njengesiFrentshi, Italian, kunye neSpanishi), amagama okugqibela  athwele intsingiselo eninzi. KwisiNgesi sinazo ezimbalwa: isininzi kunye nezimnini (ooJohn) zezona zixhaphake kakhulu. Kwizenzi zethu siyazilahla izimamva sishiye sibe sinye: I love, you love, kodwa she loves. Laa s yintsalela ye-Anglo-Saxon, enezimamva. Izenzi zinezimamva ezibonakalisa utshintsho kumaxesha awohlukenyo: walked, walking.
Ukulandelelana kwamagama ngomnye umahluko omkhulu. Iilwimi zamaRoma zifaka ii-izichazi emva kwezibizo ezibhekisa kuzo. Umzekelo, kwisiNgesi, umntu angathi I like fast cars, kodwa ngeSpanishi, yiMe gustan los coches rápidos. Ukulandelelana kwamagama kutshintshile: ukuba ngaba ngamagama, ngaphandle kwegramma, aguqulelwe kwisiNgesi, kuyakuthetha ukuthi, 'to me they please the cars fast'. Kungokuba iSpanishi nesiNgesi sinemigaqo eyahlukeneyo ngokulandelelana kwamagama. KwisiJamani, izenzi zisoloko zifikelela kufutshane nesiphelo sezivakalisi (njengakwesi: Die Katze hat die Nahrung gegessen.), kodwa kwisiNgesi sisoloko sisibeka phakathi kwegatya eliyintloko kunye nenjongosenzi, njengakwesi: the cat has eaten the food.

Igramma ebhaliweyo itshintsha kancinane kodwa yona igramma ethethwayo iyachebeleza okwamanziukutshintsha kwayo. Izivakalisi ezifunyanisea ngabantu abantetho isisiNgesi kule mihla, kungenzeka okokuba zazibonakala zingaqhelekanga kwiminyaka eli-100 eyadlulayo. kwaye isenokungaqheleki, kuba iintetho ezininzi esizithandayo zivela kwinguqulelo equnyazisiweyo kakumkani uKing james wasebhayibhileni, nakuShakesspear.  

abanye abantu basebenzisa igramma eyahlukileyo kwabanye abantu xa bethetha. Umzekelo, abantu abasebenzisa into ekuthiwa yi-General American English okanye i-BBC English basenokuthi, I didn't do anything, ngeli lixa umntu othetha ulwimi olubizwa ngokuba yi-African American Vernacular English okanye i-AAVE asenokuthi, I didn't do nothing. Inguqulelo yaseLondon kwinqanaba labasebenzi: I ain't done nuffink! Ezi ke zibizwa ngokuba zii-double negatives, kwaye zifumaneka kulwimi phantse kulo lonke ulwimi oluthethwayo ubukhulu becala, hayi kulwimi olubhaliweyo.  

Lo mahluko kuthiwa xa ubizwa zii-dialects. I-dialect esetyenziswa ngumntu isoloko ibayileyo ithethwa apho umntu ahlala khona. Nangona ii-dialects zesiNgesi ibangamagama awohlukileyo okanye alandelelana ngohlobo olwahlukileyo kwamanye, zihamba ngokwemigaqo yegramma. kodwa ke xa kubhalwa ngesiNgesi saseMelika, igramma isebenzisa imigaqo yesiNgesi saseMelika jikelele. Xa abantu bethetha ng'esona siNgesi sisiso', bathetha ngokusebenzisa igramma yesiNgesi saseBritane, njengoko sibhaliwe sacaciswa kakuhle kwimibhalo eshicilelwe ngokwasemthethweni.  Imizekelo yesiNgesi esithethwa mihla le  eBritane isoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-received Pronunciation okanye yi-BBC English.

Kwigramma kufundwa ngesyntax nangamalungu olwimi awohlukeneyo. Zonke ke zi kuthiwa ngamagatya entetho. Ayadibana ngokwemigaqo kutsho kwenzeke izivakalisi. Izivakalisi zona ziyadibana zenze imihlathi.

Kwigramma kufundwa ngezibizo, izimelabizo, izenzi, iziphawuli, izihlomelo, prepositions, isihlanganisi, izivakalisi, iintetho, izikhuzo.

Izibizo z'izinto' ezifana namagama anjenge'tafile kunye ne'situlo'. , izinto ozibona imihla ngemihla. Izibizo zezinto ezifana neendawo, amagama abantu, okanye ezinye izinto ezifana neentsuku zeveki. Igama elithi 'James' kuthiwa liyi-proper noun, njengo'lwesithathu' ne-'London'. Izibizo zisenokuba ngamagama ezinto ezingabonwayo ngamehlo okanye singathi izibizo zisenokubhekisa kuvakalelo njengaxa umntu exhwalekile okanye onwabile'.

Izenzi zichaza into  kunye no. Ukwenzeka kwento : uJohn wajula ibhola . imeko/ubume: Ndinexhala. Igama ekwakhelwe kulo isenzi kuthiwa yi-infinitive. I-infinitive ebhekisa kubukho bento ngu-uku. umzekelo owaziwayo yintetho kaHamlet: ukuba njalo okanye ukungabinjalo, ngumbuzo lowo.

Iziphawuli zichaza izibizo. Umzekelo, ubuhle kubuhle bebhayisikili buthi ibhayisikili intle. Ngamanye amazwi, ubuhle buchaza ibhayisikili. Oku kusenokwenzeka nakwiindawo. Umzekelo, ubude, sisakhiwo eside esi buchaza isakhiwo.




#Article 209: Isibizo (260 words)


Isibizo luhlobo oluthile lwegama (jonga kwisigaba sentetho) elidla ngokuba ligama lento enje ngomntu, indawo, into, ubunjani, kunye nombono.  EsiNgesini, izibizo zisenokuba kwisinye okanye kwisininzi.  

Izibizo zisoloko zifuna igama ekuthiwa yi- article okanye i-determiner (efana no-the okanye u-that). Laa magama asimagama asoloko ehamba nezinye iintlobo zamagama afana nezenzi kunye nezihlomelo.  (Umzekelo, abantu abathandi ukusoloko bechaza izibizo.  EsiNgesini, zininzi izibizo ngaphezu kwalo naluphina uhlobo lwegama.  

Naluphi na ulwimi apha emhlabeni, lunezibizo, kodwa azisoloko zisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezifanayo.   Zisoloko zineempawu ezahlukeneyo ngokwahluka-ohlukana kweelwimi. umzekelo, Kwezinye iilwimi, izibizo azitshintshi zibekwisinye nakwisininzi, kanti ke ngamanye amaxesha akukho gama limele u-the.

Eminye imizekelo yezibizo esiNgesini nantsi: time, people, way, year, government, day, world, life, work, part, number, house, syystem, company, end, party, information.

Igama 'isibizo' livela kwintsingiselo yesiLatin ethi name. Amagama afana nezibizo achazwa kwimihla yamandulo ngu-Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini kunye nesiGrike samandulo esifana no- Dionysios Thrax.

Kwizivakalisi zesiNgesi, izibizo zisenokusetyenziswa njengentloko, injongosenzi, okanye i-complement. Zisoloko zilandela emva kwee-prepositions, njenge'object ye preposition'.

Maxa wambi izibizo zingachaza ezinye izibizo (ezifana nebhola yesoka). Xa zisenza oku, kuthiwa zizii-modifiers okanye ii-adjuncts.

Kukwakho nohlobo lwezenzi olunokusetyenziswa ngokufanayo nolu lwezibizo (ezifana nesi 'I like running.)  Ezi ke kuthiwa zii-verbals okanye zii-verbal nouns, kwaye ziquka ii-participles (ezisenokuba zizichazi) kunye nee- infinitives.

Izibizo zilandelelana ngokwee-common nouns, nagee-proper nouns. Kukwakho nezimelabizo. Ezi ke izibizo bezisoloko zithathwa njengezibizo ezikwisigaba sentetho eyahlukileyo kuleyo yezibizo,  kodwa kudala ezinye ezinye ii-gramma zaziquka ezi zibizo njengenxalenye yezibizo kanye njengee-modern linguists ezininzi..

Isibizo soqobo (esikwabizwa ngokuba luqobo lwegama) ligama elinikwa abantu, iindawo, iinkampani, okanye ii-brands. Eminye imizekelo yoqobo lwamagama nantsi: yi-London, u-John, u-Thixo, u-OKthobha, u-Mozart, umgqibelo, i-Coke, Mnu. Brown, ulwandle i-Atlantika




#Article 210: Isenzi (150 words)


Isenzi luhlobo lwegama (isigaba sentetho) esixela [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/ukwenzeka okanye isenzeko] okanye [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/isimo esithile]. Singundoqo wesivakalisi: sonke isivakalisi sinesenzi kuso. KwsiNgesi, izenzi zikukuphela kohlobo lwegama elimana ukuguqu-guquka libe kwixesha lakudala okanye libe kwixesha langoku. .

Zonke iilwimi apha emhlabeni zinezenzi, kodwa azisoloko zisetyenziswa ngendlela efanayo.  Zineempawu ezahlukeneyo ngokwahluka-hlukana kweelwimi.  Umzekelo, kwezinye iilwimi izenzi zesiTshayina nesi-Indonesian) aziguquki zibe kwimo yakudala neyangoku.  Oku kuthetha okokuba le nkcazo ingasentla isebenza kakuhle kwizenzi zesiNgesi kuphela.  

Zilishumi elinesithandathu izenzi ezisetyenziswa kwisiNgesi esikwinqanaba esisezantsi. 

Igama elithi isenzi livela kwigama were-, intsingiselo  yegama elithi Proto-Indo-European igama. Liza ngegama lesiLatini elithi verbum kwisiNgesi nangesiFrentshi sakudala esithi verbe.

Isivakalisi esifutshane, isenzi sisenokuba ligama elinye: The cat sat on the mat. Kodwa ke isenzi sisenokuba yintetho: The cat will sit on the mat. 




#Article 211: Amapolisa (280 words)


Isipolisa liqela labantu abamsebenzi wabo iku imithetho, ukunceda kwiingxaki ezixheshileyo, ukusombulula  ulwaphulo mthetho kunye nokukhusela impahla. abantu abasebenzela isipolisa babizwa ngokuba ngamagosa amapolisa okanye ngamapolisa. Asebenzela kwisikhululo samapolisa. Amapolisa aqeqeshwe kuncedo lokuqala kwaye ayasindisa, kuba amagosa amapolisa asoloko ephakathi kwabantu bokuqala ukufumanisa indawo apho abantu bagulela khona okanye abonzakeleyo, ezifana nengozi yemoto okanye umlilo.  

Amapolisa anegunya ngokwahlukeneyo elibanceda ekwenzeni umsebenzi. La mandla ahlukene ngokwamazwe ngamazwe. Uninzi lwamagosa amapolisa anegunya lokubamba abantu, hlola abantu, kunye nokuhlola imizi/iimpahla. Maxa wambi aphatha  ezifana nemipu, ii-batons kunye ne-pepper spray. indawo apho igosa lepolisa linokusebenzisa laa magunya zibizwa ngokuba yi-jurisdiction yawo. Ukuba igosa lamapolisa liphumela ngaphandle kwe-jurisdiction yalo, akavumelekanga ukuba asebenzise igunya lawo.   Elinye ipolisa ke ngoko kufuneka liwuthathele kulo lo msebenzi.  

Amapolisa asebenza ngolu hlobo;

Uninzi lwamasebe amapolisa linamagosa alo amaninzi ami kumaqela amabini: iqela le-patrol amagosa alo anxiba impahla efanayo, elinye iqela lele-detective amagosa alo anxiba impahla eqhelekileyo.  

Akusingawo onke amazwe asebenzisa laa magama xa echaza laa maqela amapolisa. E-United Kingdom, umzekelo, amagosa amapolisa azulazulayo enza isebe le-uniform branch, ngeli lixa abachuphi bona besebenza ngaphakathi kwi-CID (Isebe elijongene nokuphanda ngolwaphulo mthetho). Amapolisa e-uniforms, ezixhobo nezendlela ekusetyenzwa ngazo angaguquka ngakumbi, kuxhomekeke ngokwelizwe elo. Kwezinye iindawo, amaqela amapolisa aqeqeshelwe imisebenzi ekhethekileyo enjengokusebenza ngobundlobongela, okanye xa imeko imbi kakhulu.   

Amazwe ngokwahlukana kwawo anamagama ahlukeneyo abiza ngawo amapolisa awo.  E-Ireland, abizwa ngokuba zii-Garda. E-Russia, ayebizwa ngokuba zii-Militsiyer de kwango-2012; ngoku, abizwa ngokuba zii-Politsiyer, abusondela kwindlela abizwa ngayo ngesiNgesi ethi police. Amanye amagama eenkonzo zobupolisa nanga: i-ofisi yesherif, i-ofisi ye-marshal, okanye isebe lokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Kwakweli lizwe linye kusenokubakho iintlobo-ntlobo zamagosa ezobupolisa ezinamagunya ngamagunya kwiindawo nakwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, ezifana norhulumente wesipolisa, umkhosi wamapolisa kunye namapolisa engingqi. Kwihlabathi lonke liphela, inani lamapolisa liligcunnabo ngokweenkonzo zobupolisa.   Ngokomyinge, angama-303.3 amagosa amapolisa kuluntu olungama-100,000. 




#Article 212: Ipalamente (140 words)


Ipalamente luhlobo lwaseburhulumenteni. 

Eyona palamente yaziwayo yile yase-United Kingdom, le ithi ngamanye amaxesha ibizwe ngokuba ngunozala wazo zonke iipalamente.  igama elithi palamente livela kwigama lesiFrntshi elithi parlement, nelithetha intetho.

I-Althing, yipalamente yesizwe saseiceland, yaafunyanwa kwangoko ngeminyaka yoo-(930 AD), lilonke ke buburhulumente obudala kunabo bonke oorhulumente emhlabeni  koorhulumente abasekhona. Nangona kunjalo, i-Althing ayizange isebenze njengorhulumente weenkulungwane ezine, kwaye umsebenzi wayo njengorhulumente wokuqala uphuculwe. 

ipalamente yase-United Kingdom yahlukaniswe yangamacala amathathu epalamente, Indlu yee-Commons ze-House of Commons indlu engezantsi), eyee-lordss ( indlu engasentla) kunye ne-Monarch. Igunya loburhulumente ligxile kwindlu yowiso mthetho. Angama-650 amalungu ePalamente (MPs). Aba bantu bachongwe ngabantu be-United Kingdom ukuze babamele kwindlu yowiso mthetho. Inkokheli yombutho wezopolitiko efuna isininzi samalungu epalamente idla ngokuba ngumphathiswa oyintloko, kodwa kungabi yinkokheli yesizwe, esi sikhundla sibekelwe indlu yowiso mthetho. indlu yowiso mthetho ivula amatyala emali amaninzi, intsalela isuka kwindlu yezikumkani, zize zona zigqibe ngomyinge werhafu




#Article 213: Izizwe ezimanyeneyo (390 words)


Izizw'ezimanyeneyo (UN)ngumbutho odibanisa oorhulumente ukuze basebenzisane. lo mbutho waasekwa ngomhla wama-24 kweyeDwarha ngo-1945 ngeenjongo zokokuba lo mbutho uzakuphakamisa intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe ngamazwe. Kuye kwaphakanyiswa zona endaweni yombutho weZizwe ezinobuhlobo. Ukuyilwa kwalo mbutho kulandela imfazwe yesi-II ukuze kunqandwe olunye ungquzulwano olungasuka lwenzeke. Ngexesha ekwafunyanwa ngalo lo mbutho, umbutho wezizwe ezimanyeneyo okanye i-UN yayinamalungu esizwe angama-51, kungoku nje ali-193. Inkoliso yezizwe inamalungu e-UN ethumela abantu koondlunkulu apho ayakubambela khona iintlanganiso nalapho kuphunyeleliswa kuziwe nezisombululo (ekuthathwa khona izigqibo) ngezinto ezidla umzi kwihlabathi. 

Izizwe ezimanyeneyo zijonge ukufikelela kwezi ngongoma zilandelayo: 

Emva kweMfazwe yesi-II kwiHlabathi, amazwe ngamazwe ehlabathi athi akha umbutho wobuhlobo bamazwe. Lo mbutho waba yindawo apho onke amazwe ayenokuthetha kuvokotheke ngeeyantlukwano zawo zikwenza oko ngenzolo. kodwa nangona kunjalo amanye amazwe afana neJamani, i-Italy kunye nei-Japan, akazange awuseso lo mbutho, ndaweni yoko asuka azama ukuzisombulula ngeMfazwe iingxaki zawo.Kwathi ke kuba amalungu ombutho wobuHlobo engazange afune ukuya kukhusela amanye amalungu awayeseMfazweni, awa phantsi ke loo malinge okwakha umbutho wobuHlobo, kwathi kanti kukuqala kweMfazwe yesiBini kwiHlabathi.

ngexesha lale Mfazwe yesi-II, amatshantliziyo ombutho wobuhlobo ayesoloko ezibiza ngokuba angamazwe amanyeneyo (amanyene ukuze alwe nalawo aphikisana nawo nabizwa ngokuba zii-axis). emva kweMfazwe, iqela eliphumeleleyo lathi lenza umbutho omtsha liwenzela uxolo lwehlabathi.Ngomhla wama-25 kuTshazipuzi ka1945 baya eSan Francisco,baza benza isigqibo ngegama elithi 'IZizwe eziManyeneyo'. IZizwe eziManyeneyo zathi zayilwa ngomhla wama-24 kweyeDwarha ngo-1945 yaza indibano yabo yokuqala yabanjwa kweyomQungu ngo-1946. Ukususela ngo-1947, umhla wama-24 kweyeDwarha ubusoloko ubizwa ngokuba ngu'Umhla weZizwe eziManyeneyo'.

Zonke iinkalo zezizwe ezimanyeneyo zizinze kwisixeko saseNew York, ngaphandle kwe Nkundla yezobuLungisa kwiHlabathi yona ise-The Hague e-Netherlands.

Isakhiwo esikhulu seZizwe eziManyeneyo sikwisixeko saseNewYork kwiZizwe zaseMelika eziManyeneyo, kodwa zona iZizwe eziManyeneyo nazo zinee-ofisi zazo ezibalulekileyo eGeneva (e-Switzerland), e-Nairobi (e-Kenya) nase-Vienna (e-Austria). Izizwe ezimanyeneyo zizama ukubanoxolo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha xa ukuthetha kungasasebenzi, amazwe amanyeneyo, akafani namazwe namazwe obuhlobo, ayalwa nawo. ngeminyaka yoo-1950 amazwe amanyeneyo aanceda kwmfazwe eyayiphakathi kwamaKorea aseMzantsi namaKorea asemantla, kwaza ngeminyaka yoo-1990 amazwe amanyeneyo ancedisa ukunyanzela amajoni ase-Iraqi ukuba aphume e-Kuwait. Ngamanye amaxesha, iZizwe eziManyeneyo yakhe imikhozi 'yokugcina uxolo'. Abagcini xolo beZizwe eziManyeneyo bakhenketha kwiindawo ngeendawo ezineenkathazo ehlabathini bezama - ngamanye amaxesha bakwenze ngempumelelo oko, ngamanye a bangasebenzeli kugcina xolo. Namhlanje kukho abagcini-xolo bamazwe amanyeneyo abasebenza eAfghanistan, eCyprus, eHaiti, ei-Liberia nakwamanye amazwe aliqela. 
Ngenxa yothotho lweenjongo, olwezisombululo, kunye nemimiselo ethe yaphakanyiswa zizizwe ezingamalungu amazwe amanyeneyo, ihlabathi linengqokolela yemigqaliselo, amanyathelo, kunye nempumelelo ukuze kuphele kuncitshiswe namathuba okunwenwa kwentsholongwane ye-H.I.V. kuze kubheke phezulu ukufikelela kwehlabathi kwizinga lokukhusela, ukunyanga, ukunonophela, kunye neenkonzo zenkxaso.




#Article 214: Ibhunga lezokhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo (138 words)


Ibhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo (UNSC) liyinxalenye yamalungu amathandathu aphezulu kuMazwe aManyeneyo. Ibhunga lokhuseleko lijongene nokugcina ucwangco okanye uxolo kunye nokhuseleko phakathi kwezizwe.  

Ali-15 amalungu e-UNSC kodwa mahlanu kuphela amalungu . Nanga:

Izihlalo ezilishumi zikho okwethutyana kwaye zigcinwe iminyaka emibini kunye nezizwe (amazwe)ezingaamalungu nezivotelwe ukuba zingene embuthweni ngokweengingqi zeNgqungquthela yezizwe ezimanyeneyo. Ubongameli bebhunga lokhuseleko (i.e. iinkokheli) bujikeleza ngokoonobumba bokuqala bezizwe kwinyanga nganye. 
ukususela ngo-2014, amalungu ethutyana ali-10 ngala:

Ukuba ilizwe liye labonaka liziphethe kakubi, I-UNSC ingawisa isigwebo, esibizwa ngokuba sisisombululo okanye lukwayo libhunga lezokhuselo lwezizwe ezimanyeneyo. Umzekelo ngowokokuba i-UNSC ikubhangisile kungoku nje ukuthunyelwa kwempahla eyinuclear e-Iran njengoko bebona okokuba i-Iran izakwenza izixhobo zokulwa ze-nuclear. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, i-Jamani sele ilumene iindlebe ngalo mba namalungu ebhunga lezokhuseko  olusisigxina lwezizwe ezimanyeneyo.  
Ibhunga lezokhuselo lezizwe ezimanyeneyo lelona candelo linamandla ngokwegunya kumbutho wezizwe ezimanyeneyo. Ibhunga lezokhuseleko lijongene nokugcina ucwangco nokhuseleko phakathi kwezizwe ngezizwe.  




#Article 215: I-UNESCO (183 words)


I-UNESCO  ngumbutho obizwa ngesiNgesi esigcweleyo ngelithi yi-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ngesiFrentshi#x3A; L'Organisation des Nations unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture. Usisithunywa sombutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo ekuthiwa  ziZizwe eziManyeneyo. 

I-UNESCO ithi injongo yayo, njengoko yayichaziwe nje emva kweFazwe yesi-II kwiHlabathi,  kukwakha ukhuleso loxolo kwiingqondo zamadoda nabantu basetyhini. Ikwenza oku ngokunceda izizwe ukuze zisebenze kunye, ngemfundo eyakuba yeyomntu wonke, inzululwazi, kunye nenkcubeko. Oku kuyakunceda ezinye izizwe zilandele umgaqo womthetho kunye nowamalungelo abantu. Kananjalo iyakunceda ukuphakamisa iintlobo zokukhululeka ezikumgaqo siseko wezizwe eziManyeneyo.

I-UNESCO ine-195 lamazwe angamalungu. Kutsha nje yongeze iPalestine kweyomNga ngo-2011. Ngokuhambelana nePalestine, amanye amazwe asibhozo abe ngamalungu nawo.

I-UNESCO izamile ukufezekisa into ebisoloko ifuna ukuyenza ngeenkqubo ezintandathu:  imfundo, ninzululwazi ngezendalo, intlalo kunye nehuman sciences, inkcubeko, nothethwathwano kunye nolwazi. Eminye imisebenzi exhaswe ngu-UNESCO, kukufunda nokukubhala,  kunye neenkqubo zokuqeqesha iitishala. I-UNESCO isoloko isenza isigqibo sokokuba ngawaphi na amaziko anokuba ngawamasiko neNkcubeko yeHlabathi. IZiko leNkcubeko yeHlabathi yindawo ebalulekileyo,  enomtsalane ngokukodwa okanye entle.  Ukuba indawo iliZiko lesiko neNkcubeko, ayinakutshatyalaliswa,  kuba inganika ulwazi olunokusetyenziswa kwixa elizayo.  I-Uluru, umzekelo, inika ulwazi oluninzi ngesiko lama-Aborigines. I-UNESCO ikwalilungu leQela leZizwe eziManyeneyo elijongene nophuhliso. kwaye isebenzeka i-Millennium Development Goals.




#Article 216: Usuku lwe-Valentine (403 words)


Usuku lwe-valentine  lusuku lwekhefu olwenzeka ngeyomDumba ngomhla we-14. Lusuku enyakeni  apho abathandanayo bebonisana ngothando lwabo omnye komnye.  Oku kungenzeka ngokunikana iintyatyambo, iitshokholethi,  amakhadi e-Valentine okanye nasiphi na isipho nje esihle.  Bakwanikana namazwi othando. Laa mazwi abhaliweyo nekunikezelwana ngawo kuthiwa xa ebizwa zii-valentines. Abanye abantu bazipikela okanye baziqajela umntu abe mnye baze bababize ngokuba yiValentine yabo njengesijekulo esibonisa uthando nokweneliseka ngabo.  

Imiqondiso yosuku lwe-Valentine  yindlela eme ngayo intliziyo, iintlatyambo, kunye ne-Cupid kunye nee-arrows zayo.

Usuku lwe-Valentine lathiywa umtshutshiswa wamaKristu ongenachaphaza ogama lakhe lalingu-Valentine. Wayengubhishobhu owayetshate  nesibini esasingamkelekanga. 

Ukusukela kumnyaka wenkulungwane ye-14  abantu abahamba ngababi kwisi-Valentine benziwa eNgilani. Abahambeli bamaNgesi basithatha esi sithethe se-Valentine basisa eUnited States. Emva kweMfazwe yesiBini kwiHlabathi, Amajoni omkhosi ase-US awuzisa eEurope lo mbhiyozo.

Kunyaka wenkulungwane yesithathu emva kukaKristu, u-Valentine wayenguBhishobhu wamaTerni (e-Italy). Wayeqhuba imitshato yabatshati ababengavumelekanga ukuba batshate.  Babenokungavunyelwa ukuba batshate ngenxa yokokuba ababazali  babengavumelani nonxulumano okanye ngenxa yokokuba umyeni  wayelijoni okanye wayelikhoboka, ngoko ke umtshato wabo wawungavumelekanga.  U-Valentine wayebanika aba batshati iintyatyambo awayezikha egadini yakhe. Yhiyo le nto  iintyatyambo zidlala indima enkulu ngosuku lwe-Valentine.  Oku akuzange kuthandwe yi-emperor. Kwathi kweyomDumba ngomhla 14, ngomnyaka wama-269 AD (emva kokuba engasekho uYesu Kristu), u-Valentine watshutshiswa  ngenxa yenkolo yakhe yobukristu.

Ukwanda kwetheko kudibanisa usuku lokufa kukaValentine ngombhiyozo wamaRoma i-Lupercalia. Kwakungumbhiyozo we-goddess Lupa, igama lobufazi kwi-wolf. Wayengumfazi Omkhulu we-Wolf owayegcine esonga abantwana ababengamawele, u-Romulus kunye no-Remus, abathi ekuhambeni kwexesha babaz[//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/founder iifounders] zeRome. Ngomsitho wonyaka, umshumayesli wasetempileni (i-lupae) waabhala amagama abo kwimiququmbelo ye-papyrus. Ezi ke zabonwa ngamatyendyana amadoda.  Emva komdlalo we-lotho, ulutsha lwahamba betyhutyha-tyhutyha isixeko lwaza lwafumana iintsikelelo  zabahlali. Ukutshutshiswa kweValentine kwaba yinkxaso emsulwa nenyulu yabantu abathandanayo. Nangoku kwi-Middle Ages, njengaseFransi okanye e-Belgium, abantu babechongwe yi-lottery ukuze bahlale kunye unyaka baza abantu bathandaza kuSaint Valentine ukuze benze izinto eziyakuvuselela imizwa kunye cnezijekulo zothando.

Kwinkulungwane ye-19,  isithethe sokuthumela amaKhadi eValentine siyaziwa kunjalo nje siyathandwa.  Amakhadi adla ngokuba nemifanekiso yeentliziyo okanye iintyatyambo ize ibenemibongwana, mimiyalezo, okanye iikhowudi. Iikhowudi nemiyalezwana inika inkuthazo kuba ibonakalisa eyona ndlela avakalelwa ngayo ngaloo mntu amthandayo.  Namhlanje, abanye abantu basasebenzisa iikhowudi ezimangalisayo ukubonakalisa uthando lwabo kubo.  Abantu basenokusebenzisa amaphepha-ndaba xa benikela memiyalezo yabo ekhowudiweyo kwabo babathandayo, babe ke ngoko banika abanye abafundi bamaphepha-ndaba uluvo ngothando  lwabantu ababini. Ngamanye amaxesha banikana iitshokholethi.  

Ukwaziwa ngokubayintandane yamatheko kuba yi- ngoma yasentsomini ebizwa ngokuba yiDie Vogelhochzeit (The Birds' Wedding Umtshato weentaka).

ETshayina, iholide ebizwa ngokuba yiQi Xi kukwabizwa ngokuba yiChinese Valentine's Day (Usuku lweValentine eTshayina), ingakumbi ulutsha. I-Qi Xi ibanjwa ngokwesithethe ngosuku lwesi-7  enyangeni kwikhalenda ye-lunar. Kwiminyaka yakutsha nje, kubonakale ngathi luya lusiba lusuku lweValentine nakwamanye amazwe.  




#Article 217: Tshisa nyama (389 words)


Tshisa nyama (Afrikaans: Braai) na isiko kwezentlalo apho ukutya (idla inyama) kokupheka kwi amukerile okanye kwiindawo phezu kwamalahle avuthayo, Zingatyabuki. Isithethe ekuqaleni yaqala maBhulu, kodwa ukususela ukusasazeka kwabanye Southern Africa, kuquka eButswana, eNamibia, Lesotho, Zimbabwe kunye Zambia.

Ngaphandle ezihlohlwe inyama, umbona, iitapile ezenziwe neenkowane okroqiweyo ngokubanzi, ngokuqhelekileyo njengokuba izitya icala, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ulungisiwe isidlo imifuno.

Kanye boerewors ilizwi, le ibrayi ilizwi ifakiwe nayo IsiNgesi kunye noninzi iilwimi nezeAfrika esemazantsi.

National Braai Day ibhiyozelwa Heritage Day ngonyaka ngomhla we-24 kuSeptemba. Bonke abemi boMzantsi Afrika kwihlabathi jikelele bayakhuthazwa ukuba ukukhanyisa imililo ngomhla kunye lamarile into. Ngosuku lokukhunjulwa Mzantsi Afrika izityebi ilifa layo kunye yokuzonwabisa yaso eyodwa, le ibrayi. Abantu onke amaqela abazalwayo neenkolo inxaxheba NgoSeptemba 5, 2007, Archbishop Desmond Tutu banqulwa elimisiweyo imihla. inyathelo zazifumanayo ngo-2008 imvume esemthethweni yaseMzantsi Afrika National Heritage Council.

Zininzi iindlela ezahlukeneyo kosuku enokusetyenziswa, kwakunye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokugcada nezixhobo kwiindawo ezifana:

Indlela uqhelekileyo kosuku eMzantsi Afrika inyama yokupheka zokupheka okanye enye yokutya amukerile ukuba sibekwe phezu komthombo ubushushu wamalahle, iinkuni okanye lokwenene briquettes.

Spitbraai siyindlela kosuku apho omkhulu ovulekieyo inyama ebotshelelwe ngentonga ejikelezayo, naphezu umthombo ubushushu igesi okanye umlilo wokupheka evulekileyo gama uyayijikeleza. Inyama ivuthwe ngokucothayo kwaye rhoqo basting de kuphekwe yaye ukulungele ukuba adle. A liphela isidumbu iigusha badla yosiwe lamtshi-, kodwa ingenziwa uyandizulela ezincinci ezifana neegusha, iinkomo - okanye yehagu lempundu kwaye kakhulu amantshontsho. Xa lonke isidumbu iigusha yosiwe etshicile, ukusika inyama ngokuqhelekileyo ngqo ekuwe- umzimba ngoxa bakwizikhundla ixhomekeke 

The Kettle Grills kwi 1952 Wesuka xa George Stephen Omkhulu, umqeshwa eWeber Brothers Metal Works kwi eChicago, Illinois, ivele kunye umenzi neebhoyi zaselwandle, ngoluvo kuba nokojiwa. kwepensile wakhe nokojiwa angqukuva kuba neqweqwe ukukhusela ukutya iziqalelo, lo gama amukerile lenza (zitywine kwi incasa). uGeorge Stefano wagawula udada phakathi, ebonakalisa wenza kuyo, kwaye yenziwe, bekunjalo baqala le Weber zeBBQ 

Zegesi ngokuqhelekileyo ukusebenzisa lwepetroliyam (LP) okanye irhasi yendalo (NG) njengomthombo zabo zibe kukudla lilangatye esetyenziswayo ukupheka inyama okanye ezinye ukutya by zokufudumeza ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo. Zegesi ziyafumaneka kwi ngobukhulu ezahlukeneyo ukusuka ezincinane restaurantbraaiers ezinkulu nezamashishini nowayefudula ukuphekela amaqela amakhulu abantu.

Lo kojiwa igesi yangaphandle phantsi 1950 ekuqaleni yi Don McGlaughlin, umnini Chicago Combustion Corporation, omashini, yaye yaziwa namhlanje LazyMan. Uyilo ekuqaleni McGlaughlin ngayo siquke kwaye 1954 Chicago Combustion Corporation zokoja yehlabathi yokuqala device, LazyMan Model AP obubhenqwe.

The Skottel Braai iquka olukhuni obekwe kwi isitovu igesi, kwaye ethandwayo ngakumbi ukwenza isidlo sakusasa, ummandla ingakumbi doped eza bamisa.




#Article 218: Izibulo (169 words)


Izibulo ngumntwana wamazibulo ozalwa ngumfazi oqalayo ukumitha ngaye lo. Njengokuba ebekhuliswa ngenyameko enkulu engazani nandoda, eyintombi nto, ebesithi ke esakwenda kube kukudibana kwakhe nendoda engumyeni wakhe okokuqala ebomini bakhe. Umzimba womfazi ubusithi njengokuba usothuswe sesi sehlo sokudibana nendoda, into angazange adibane nayo ngaphambili, abe sele emitha ngoko nangoko. Ngenxa yezi nguquko zenzeka kulo mzimba walo mfazi, ebemitha umntwana oneempawu ezizodwa ezibonakalisa okokuba umithe ngokophuka kobuntombi bukanina. Loo nto ibimenza loo mntwana ahluke kwabanye abazelwe mva, kuba le ndlela amithwe ngayo imenze abengumntu oyinkokheli esoloko ijonge abanye abantu. Abantu abanolwazi bebesithi bakumjonga bazibone iimpawu zezibulo apha kuye, ngakumbi imisebenzi yakhe.  

Izibulo akusingomntwana wokuqala ukuzalwa, ngumntwana wokuqala ukuthwalwa ngulo mama obeqala ukulala nendoda ngaye lo. Umfazi obemana emitha kungalungi, njengalo uphunyelwa sisisu okanye zizisu, mhlawumbi obesoloko ecwangcisa, akathi esakube ede waba uzala umntwana abe kanti ngolo hlobo uyazibula. Kuthiwa izibulo lakhe zange lilunge. yhiyo le nto aba bantu bathintela ukumitha kodwa babe benamadoda bangabazaliyo abantwana abaneempawu zokuzibula. Isizathu sesokokuba bamithwa yimizimba yeemazi zabafazi, hayi amazibulakazi. Kanti yena untunjana ngumntwana omithwe okokugqibela.




#Article 219: Izifundo zokukhulisa nokuphuhlisa isizwe (382 words)


I-Developmental studies sisifundo sokukhulisa nokuphuhlisa esilisebe le-multidisciplinary ye-social science. Ezi zifundo zijongene nokukhulisa kwanokuphuhlisa zifumaneka kwinqanaba le-Master's degree kwiiyunivethi eziliqela, ngeli lixa zingaxhaphakanga kuyaphi kwinqanaba le-undergraduate degree. ukususela euqaleni kweminyaka yee-1990s, kwaye besisoloko sisesona sifundo kufundiswe ngaso ngokubanzi kwaza kwaqhutywa kuso ezophando kwi-third world nakumazwe anembali yobukomanisi, amazwe afana  ne-UK, apho isifundo se-development studies sisuka khona. Abafundi be-development studies bavamise ukukhetha ii-careers zabo kwii-international organisations ezifana ne-United Nations, i-World Bank, i-Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), i-private sector development consultancy firms, i-Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) bodies kunye namaziko ezophando.  

Amaqela eebhodi ezi-professional kwi-Development Studies afumaneke kulo lonke ihlabathi jekelele:

Ewonke la mabhunga aphantsi kwephiko lombutho i-Inter-regional Coordinating Committee of Development Associations (ICCDA). E-UK nase-Ireland, iqumrhu le-development Studies lingowona mthombo mkhulu wolwazi lophando nowofundiswa nokufunda banzi kwi-development studies. Umsebenzi walo kukuxhumanisa nokunyusela okanye ukuphakamisa abo basebenzela ukuphuhlisa nokukhulisa i-development research.

Imibandela ye-Development (yokukhulisa nokuphuhlisa) iquka oku kulandelayo:  

Ukungxamiseka nokuxheshwa kwe-development studies ukuze ibe yi-academic discipline  kwihafu yesibini yamashumi amabini enkulungwane yeminyaka, yinto ebekufaneleke ukuba sele ikho nanjengoko kusiya kusanda ukuphawula ngalo mbono wezoqoqosho kwi-third world emva kwe-decolonisation. Ixesha lesaquphe emva kwemfazwe, i-development economics, isebe le-economics, lintshule kwizifundo zangaphambili ezaziqhutywa nge-colonial economics. Ngeminyaka yoo-1960, ukwanda kwenani leengcali zophuhliso loqoqosho labonakalisa okokuba i-economics iyodwa ayinakujongana ngokupheleleyo nemiba efana nopolitiko olunamandla kunye nemfundo ebekelwe ukuxhasa. I-Development studies yavela ngenxa yoku, ukuqala kwayo yayijolise ekudibaniseni imibono ye-zopolitiko neyezoqoqosho. Ukusukela ngoko, ibe sisifundo esiluhlobo lwe-inter-  and multi-disciplinary, sisisifundo esididiyelwe ngeentlobo-ntlobo ze-social scientific fields. Kutsha nje kule minyaka igqithileyo ukubaluleka kwe-political economy analysis,  ukusetyenziswa kwe-analytical techniques ze-economic, ukuhlola nokucacisa imiba yezopolitiko neyasekuhlaleni,  isenokuphakamisa okanye  yehlise ukukhula okanye uphuhliso kuyinto esuke yathatha unyawo ngokuthi inwenwele ngakumbi njengendlela yokucacisa impumelelo okanye ukuphanza  kweenkqubo zokwakha ngokutsha.  Ixesha lophuhliso lanamhlanje lusoloko livamise ukukholelwa ngokuqala ngentetho ye-inauguration kaHarry S. Truman ngo-1949. Kwinqaku lesine entethweni yakhe, ebhekisa kwi-Latin America nakwamanye amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo, waathi okokuqala ezimbalini, ubuntu bunolwazi kubo kwanesakhono sokhulula aba bantu kwintlupheko abakuyo.. Kodwa i-development studies okokoko yabeka umdla wayo kumava esiwafumene kwizifundo zamandulo ezazibanjwa e-Western countries. Kutsha nje, ukungxamiseka kwe-human security – indlela entsha yokwazisa abantu ukuze baziqonde bathethe nokuthetha ngezoyikiso ezichaphazela ukhuseleko lwehlabathi – ikhokhelele ekubeni kukhula kangakanani na ukuqonda ubudlelwane phakathi kokhuseleko nophuhliso.  Ukhuseleko loluntu luthi ukungalingani nokungakhuseleki kwisizwe okanye kwingingqi enye kuneziphumo kukhuseleko lwehlabathi  kwaye kusemdleni wazo zonke izizwe ukuchophela imibandela engunobangela yophuhliso. Obu budlelwane bungezifundo zokhuseleko loluntu bungumzekelo omnye kwemininzi kuhlobo lwe-interdisciplinary. 




#Article 220: I-abacus (125 words)


I-abacus sisixhobo sakudala-dala esasidla ngokusetyenziswa kwi-math. Isasetyenziswa nangoku kwiindawo ezithile apha emhlabeni.  ngamanye amaxesha iimfama zisayakuyisebenzisa i-abacus, kuba zikwazi lula ukuweva ngezandla amanani. I-abacus ezixhaphakileyo zisebenza ngokuhamba-hambisa ii-beads kunye nee-rods.

Ii-Abacuses zingabala ngokudibanisa  okanye ukongeza ngokuthabatha okanye ukuphungula, ngomkuphinda-phinda, ngokwahlula-hlula, kwaye abantu bangazisebenzisa ukufumana i-square root se-whole numbers. Iingcaphephe,  okanye oompondo zihlanjiwe be-abacus ngamanye amaxesha bayibala ngokukhawuleza okugqithileyo i-maths bade bodlule nezo-calculators. Kukho iabacus exhaphake eTshayina.  Le abacus yahlulwe yaziintlobo ezimbini zemigca, eziphezulu zeze-5s, ezisezantsi zezoo-ones. Kukho i-bead enye okanye ezimbini kumgca ongasentla, kwanezine okanye ezintlanu kwimgca engezantsi.   Umzekelo, u-8 yi-bead enye ngasentla nezi-3 ngezantsi, kuba u-5 + no-3 = 8. Ikholam nganye imele i-digit eyahlukileyo.  I-Abacus ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-math kwaye ibangumdlalo nje ukudlala ngayo. Kulungile ukuyinika abantwana njengezixhobo zokudlala okanye ibancede bafunde ngayo.  




#Article 221: I-mouse yekhompyutha (318 words)


I-omouse yekhompyutha isisixhobo se-input esisoloko sisetyenziswa kwi-personal computer. Ukuhamnjiswa kwe-mouse isehliswa isenyuswa kuloo ndawo ihanjiswa kuyo nekuyindawo engumphezulu olungeleleneyo  ingayishukumisa i-on-screen cursor iyise kwiindawo ngeendawo apha kwi-screen. Okufakwe kwi-khompyutha kungasuswa okanye kuchongwe ngokucofa nje amaqhosha e-mouse (oko ke kubizwa ngokuba kuku-klikha).

Ibizwa ngokuba yi-mouse yekhompyutha ngenxa yentambo yocingo exokomezela i-mouse kwikhompyutha.  Abantu abakha ii-mice zekhompyutha zokuqala bacinga okokuba ifana nomsila wempuku.  Namhlanje ii-mice zekhompyutha ezininzi zisebenzisa uxokomezelelo lweteknoloji,  olungenacingo.   

ngo-1964 uDouglas Engelbart (1925-2013), ingcali yezophando eStanford Research Institute, wafuna ukufumana indlela yokwenza ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwekhompyutha kubelula.  Ngezo ntsuku,  iikhompyutha zazinkulu kunjalo nje zikhwaza ngamaxabiso.  Kwakunzima kakhulu ukuzisebenzisa kuba yonke into ebhalwayo  kwakufuneka ichwethezwe ngesandla, kwaye kwakungekho ndlela yokulungisa xa wenze impazamo.  

Emva kwexesha elide efunda ekwayila izinto ezintsha, uEngelbart waaphumelela ekwakheni isixhobo se-input awasibiza ngokuba yi- 'XY index'.

Ekuqaleni, yayifuna ukusetyenziswa ngezandla ezimbini, kodwa ke kwatshintsha oko ukuze sibe sinye kuphela isandla esifunekayo ukuyisebenzisa. Olu hlobo lwalufana nolwe-mouse esele siyisebenzisa kule mihla. Uphando lwe-Xerox Palo Alto luze ne-GUI ngo-1981, lusebenzisa i-mouse. 

I-mouse yayisetyenziswa nge-Macintosh ye-Apple Inc. xa yayifika okokuqala ngo-1984. I-Microsoft Windows nayo isebenzise i-mouse xa yayisafika,  ngoko ke ii-mice zekhompyutha ezazisoloko zikho zasetyenziswa kwiikhompyutha ezininzi.  Ii-mice zangoku zinamaqhosha amathathu: elasekhohlo, elasekunene, elokwehla usenyuka kwi-screen sekhompyutha.  

Kwiikhompyutha ezininzi, i-user ingayishukumisa i-mouse ngeenjongo zokususa i-cursor kuloo ndawo imi kuyo iyisa kwelo cala iya ngakulo. Naxa ikhetha into ethile ekwi-screen, i-user ingayihambisa i-cursor iyise kuloo nto ikwi-screen, ize ithi yakuba phezu kwaloo nto iklikhe iqhosha langasekhohlo.  Iqhosa le-mouse  elingasekunene lisetyenziswa ukuvula ii-menus ezahlukeneyo, oko ke kuxhomekeke okokuba iphi na i-cursor. Amanye amaqhosha e-mouse angenza izinto ezahlukileyo, oko kuxhomekeke kwi-software. Inkoliso yee-mice inamaqhosha amabini aklikhwayo.  

Inkoliso yee-mice ine-vili eliman'ukwehliswa liphinde linyuswe—ivilana nje elincinane elifumaneka phakathi kwamaqhosha amabini namakhulu e-mouse.   I-user ingalihambisa celi vili liye phambili liphinde libuye umva li-scrolla kwizinto ezifana ne-website okanye ifolder. Uku-scrolla kuthetha ukuhambisa amagama okanye imifanekiso uyisa phantsi naphezulu apha kwi-screen, elinye icala lalo-page ikwi-screen liza nento esinokuyibona nesithi yi-view.  Ivili lisenokucofwa, ukuze liklikhwe njengakwelinye iqhosha. 




#Article 222: I-Personal compyutha (270 words)


I-Personal Khompyutha (i-PC) ligama elixhaphakileyo lohlobo lwe-khompyutha oluthandwa nolusetyenziswa kakhulu ezi-ofisini nasemakhaya. I-PC yokuqala ibizwa ngokuba yi-IBM PC yeenziwa yinkampani ebizwa ngokuba yi-IBM ngo-1981, nangona iikhompyutha ezininzi zazenziwe ngaphambili njenge-Commodore PET. i-Smartphones kunye neekhompyutha ze-tablet nazo zikwaziikhompyutha onokwenza kuzo umsebenzi wakho, kodwa azisoloko zibizwa ngokuba zii-personal khompyutha. 

sithetha nje, inkoliso yee-PCs zivamise ukuba nengqokolela yesakhiwo se-software ebizwa ngokuba yi-operating system. I-The operating system imele ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi kuquka nokuza ne-user interface (i-UI). Eyona ntandane ye-operating system kwi-PCs yi-Windows, ethengiswa liqumrhu lakwa-Mliqumrhu lakwaMiicrosoft. Ii-PC zenziwa yinkampani ebizwa ngokuba yi-Apple Inc. isenokusebenzisa inkqubo eyahlukileyo ye-software nebizwa ngokuba yi-Mac OS ethengiswa ngu-Apple Inc. 

Ii-operating systems ezizimeleyo zikwakho nazo. zibizwa ngokuba zii-operating systems ze-Linux . Zingaphaya kwama-300 iintlobo-ntlobo ze-Linux ezichakwayo.  Inye kuzo yenzelwe injongo eyahlukileyo.    Ubuntu-Linux yeyona Linux isetyenziswayo kuba kulula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa.  

I-PC yangoku inengqokolela yamalungu ambalwa angabalulekileyo.  I-Base unit okanye i-Tower ngowona ndoqo wekhompyutha.  I-mpuku yekhompyutha kunye ne-keyboard zisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa i-input.  I-monitor iyafuneka ukuze kujongwe i-output. Kwikhompyutha eyi-laptop ezi ndawo ziqukene ndawonye.  

Ngaphakathi kwi-base unit okanye kwi-tower zininzi iindawo ezisebenza ngombane. Ezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zii-motherboard, i-CPU, i-Hard disk kunye ne-memory.

I-CPU (Central Processing unit) ilandela imiyalelo ye-operating system neyee-application programs. I-memory, okanye i-RAM (random access memory), yeyolwazi lwazi (i-data) oluhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza lusisiwa luphinde luphume kwi-processor.  I- hard drive ibamba ii-programs kunye ne-data ngeli lixa ikhompyutha ingasebenzi ngenxa yokokuba amandla ombane engekho.    I-Floppy drives, i-CD-ROM drives zisetyenziselwa ukugcina ulwazi kwii-zixhobo zokwenza oko ii-emovable disks. 

Iikhompyutha zisoloko zine-modem ukuze zikwazi ukuthumela nokwamkela i-data ngomzila wefowuni, okanye kutsha nje, kuyenziwa oko nangemizila yeengcingo zomabonakude. Iikhompyutha zisenokuxhunyaniswa  kubuxhakaxhaka beengcingo ze-khompyutha.  

Ii-PCs zineentlobo-ntlobo zee-sockets ezibizwa ngokuba zii-ports.  Ezona zixhaphake kakhulu zaziwa ngokuba zii-USB ports.




#Article 223: I-plastiki (136 words)


Iplastiki sisixhobo esitshintshayo ngokwendlela esime ngayo, ngoko ke izinto ezininzi zisenokwenziwa ngeplastiki.  zininzi iintlobo zeplastiki.  Ezinye zazo zinokuma ngendlela ethile kuphela xa zigqitywa kwenziwa; zize ke emva koko ziqine.  Ezinye zingatshintsha ngokuthi zitshiswe okanye zide zinyibilikiswe.  

Uninzi lweplastiki zenziwe ngezandla;  azenzeki ngokwendalo.  zivamise ukwenziwa nge-oyile evela emhlabeni. Inkqubo yokwenza iiplastiki intsokothile.  Uninzi lwezixhobo ezibizwa ngokuba ziiplastiki zizii- polymers. Ii-Polymers ngamatsheyini amade ee-atoms aphingeneyo.  

Abantu basebenze ngeeplastiki  ezenziwe ngee-polymers ixesha elide.  U-Alexander Parkes, umcebisi weNgesi (1813-1890), wenza uhlobo lweplaski yokuqala ngo-1855. Yayiqinile kodwa isebenziseka kwaye ikhaya, waza wayibiza ngokuba yi- Parkesine.

Iiplastiki zithe saa emhlabeni kwaye maxa wambi ukuba uyawatshisa akhupha ivumba eliyingozi.  Ukuba asiwasebenzisi kwakhona, abakukungcola.  

Iiplastiki zivamise ukuba-petrochemicals, zenziwa kwi-petroleum, uhlobo lwe-oyile. Iinjineli zithi ziyicole i-petroleum ehamba ngenkqubo yobushushu.  Ivelisa i-ethylene ne-propylene, eziziseko zokwakha iikhemikali zeeplastiki ezininzi. Ezi khemikhali ziye zidityaniswe ukuze zikhuphe i- polymer.




#Article 224: Ukujikeleza ndawonye (184 words)


RI-rotation yintshukumo eyenziwa yi-object ngokwenza intshukumo jikeleza eyenziwa yokujikeleza ndawonye. 

Into ekumila kuzii-dimensional ezimbini ijikeleza isazinge (okanye umbindi) somjikelezo. Into ekumila kuzii-dimensional ezintathu ijikeleza okwesazinge somgca obizwa ngokuba yi-axis. Ukuba i-axis yomjikelezo ikwalapha esiqwini, kuthiwa isiqu siyazijikeleza ngokwaso, okanye senza isizungelezane -  nto leyo ethetha okokuba ijikeleza ngesantya esithile, ukanti mhlawumbi iyazijikelezela nje ingalawulwa nto oko ikwenza nge-angular momentum. Ukujikeleza okusuka kwindawo engaphandle (umzekelo umhlaba ojikeleze ilanga) ubizwa ngokuba yi-orbit okanye ngokuthe chatha ubizw ngokuba yi-orbital revolution.

ukujikeleza isazinge endaweni enye kusenokuba kumkhondo olandelwa yi-clockwise okanye owe-anticlockwise.

Kwiintlobo-ntlobo zokubhabha, okanye zokuhamba emoyeni, ezo zizezona zinkulu zaziwa ngokuba ziyi-pitch, i-roll kunye ne-yaw. igama elithi rotation likwasetyenziswa kuhabo ngomoya ukubhekisa kwipitch yenqwelo-moya ebheka phezulu, ingakumbi xa iqalisa ukusuka emhlabeni. Amagama anje ngala ayasetyenziswa kwiintlanzi ezihamba ngamanzi.  

Iimatshini zokuzonwabisa zezokujikeleza.   Ivili le-Ferris kunye nevili le-observation hline-axis ekwisenta e-horizontal, kunye ne-axis e-parallel kwi-gondola nganye, ngozibuthe, okanye ngomatshini.  

Ukujikeleza, kuhlala kubizwa ngokuba kukwenza isajinge, kudlala indima enkulu kwiinkqubo zemidlalo ezininzi.  I-Topspin kunye ne-backspin kwintenetya. IsiNgesi, silandela size senze i-draw kwi-billiards ne-pool. Iibhola ze-Curve  kwi-baseball nakwi-spin bowling ye-cricket.  Iipaddles ze-Table tennis azibaluleke ngokuthi zivumele abadlali ukuba bajikelezise ibhola ngeli lixa beyibetha.  




#Article 225: IYukreyini (420 words)


Ukraine (MFA Audio [ukrɑjinɑ] Inkcazelo ifayile) - kwilizwe baseMpuma Yurophu inxenye kuMbindi Yurophu, kumazantsi-ntshona yinxalenye East yaseYurophu Plain. Ummandla 603 628 km². Lizwe likhulu abo mmandla ubuxoki ngokupheleleyo eYurophu, eyesibini eYurophu, kunikwa eRashiya. Bufana imida kunye Belarus emantla, ePoland, eSlovaki kunye eHungariya - ngasentshona, eRomaniya kunye Moldova - emazantsi-ntshona, eRashiya ngasempuma kunye mpuma. Emzantsi mpuma yi-Black and Azov ziilwandle.

Okwangoku IYukreyini eyaziwa ityala zakudala yeenkcubeko ezininzi ukususela Stone Age - Mousterian, hrebenykivskoyi, kukretskoyi, Tripoli, serednostohivskoyi, yamnoyi, ukulwa nezamazembe, njl chornoliska. Kumaxesha amandulo kummandla Ukraine ukuba imfundo nabaphantsi oluntu, abemi Greek sewulungile wona, kodwa isiqalo sisizwe Ukrainian kunye neenkcubeko Slavic ingqalelo Kievan Rus 9-13 ubudala. 

Emva Mongol ekuhlaselweni yobukumkani Rus waba yindlalifa 13-14 ubudala. Kuye kwathathwa eselumelwaneni Lithuania and Poland emanyeneyo ngenkulungwane ye-16 Commonwealth Federation. Formation isizwe namhlanje Ukrainian iqina Liberation War of 1648-1657 phantsi kobunkokheli Bogdan Khmelnitsky ngokuchasene Poland.

Isiphumo yaba ukusekwa lemfazwe kwi Dnieper Cossack karhulumente. Ngokuba nembambano emva 1667 yaye yahlulwa phakathi ePoland mpangele. Ngenkulungwane ye-18, emva wokujoyina impangele amaninzi kumazwe Ukrainian, ukuzimela basekuhlaleni ngcembe wabubhangisa urhulumente tsarist. Ngexesha revolution Ukrainian kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwi kummandla Ukraine bajamelana inani uhlanga ithi: Ukrainian National Republic, State Ukrainian, Western Peoples Republic of Kuban yaBantu Republic nabanye. Kodwa ngenxa ngokoyiswa omzabalazo wenkululeko Ukrainian iminyaka 1917-1921 kunye iimfazwe ezininzi, ezi States abamelwane ngomdla yiSoviet Russia, iiPolish Republic, ubukumkani Romania kunye laseCzechoslovak Republic. Kummandla Russian yasekwa yamaBolshevik Ukrainian yiSoviet Socialist Republic (SSR), nto leyo 1922 yaba yinxalenye eSoviet Union. Ngexesha leMfazwe yeSibini yeHlabathi eU.SSR yawela yasentshona Ukraine and Bucak kwaye 1954 - NaseCrimea. Imeko yanamhlanje Ukraine wambumba 24 Agasti 1991 ukususela eU.SSR ngowe ngokuwa yiSoviet Union, neziza ukuthanda abantu Ukraine ngomhla we-1 Disemba 1991.

EUkraine - umbuso. Oku iqulathe kwimimandla 24, eCrimea nezixeko amabini iwonga: Uhambo - eyinkunzi sixeko sikhulu, yaye Sevastopol. Ukraine yiriphabliki yasepalamente-kamongameli. Igunya liphezulu Urhulumente iBhunga Ephakamileyo Ukraine, njengentloko yombuso - Mongameli Ukraine.
Abemi Ukraine ohlala kwindawo yesibhozo eYurophu. Ngokutsho kubalo, eyayiqhutyelwa 2001 Ukraine ngaphezu kwezigidi 48,4 abantu. Kwezi, 77,8% abo Ukrainian, 17.3% - Russian. Abemi ezidolophini yi 67,2%. Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Ukraine Ukrainian. Ngenxa yoko kilkasotlitnoho l  kwimimandla yasempumalanga kunye esemazantsi kolwimi Russian. Uninzi lwabantu bobabo eMpuma Rite amaKristu - Orthodox nesiGrike amaKatolika. Okunye iinkonzo: amaRoma Katolika, kobuProtestanti, Islam.

IYukreyini - lizwe kwimizi-kwezolimo ubukho kwemveliso zemathiriyeli ekrwada. Le yenye abathumela aphambili ezinye iimveliso zezolimo kunye nokutya. uqoqosho lwesizwe abantu kuquka amashishini ezifana: zezimbiwa (amalahle, i-oyile, igesi, intsimbi kunye manganese ore), ezinye ubunjineli, ezingathabathekiyo kunye nonferrous, Ukraine na ungumlimi enamandla ombane. Ukuveliswa izithuthi lokwazisa, Hewana kunye nezixhobo zokuhlola isithuba. Ukraine ungumlimi enkulu yezixhobo - amatanki, moya yezothutho emkhosini, emhlabeni- anti-moya, izixhobo zokukhanyisa.




#Article 226: I-crate (196 words)


I-crate luhlobo lwebhokisi okanye lwesitya sokuphatha esidla ngokusetyenziswa xa kuhanjiswa izinto ngeenqanawa. Isenokwenziwa ngowkhunu, kodwa ii-crate ezenzelwe ukuthwala iibhotile zidla ngokuba ziiplastiki. Iicrates ze-steel kunye ne-aluminium nazi zisoloko zisetyenziswa. 

Igama elithi crate livela kwigama: lesiLatin#x69;#x3A; cratis. Iipakethe ekwakupakishelwa kuzo iimpahla mandulo zazenziwe ngo-khuni akunye no-msonto owenza ukhuni. Ii-crates zokuqala nezazidla ngokuhambisa nantonina kwakuzii-hampers okanye iibhaskithi. Zazenziwe ngee-twigs, izi-strips zokhuni, ezeengcambu, kunye nezeereeds. Nantoni na eyayinokungxalwa kwibhokisi okanye kwisitya sokuphatha. Iibhaskithi zazisetyenziswa ukuze zikhongozele ziphinde zihambise ukutya kunye neempahla. Kamva  igilasi kunye neejagi ze-ceramic zazikhuselwe ziibhaskithi.

Umbhalo wokuqala ngokubhekiselele kwi-crate ehamba ngenqanawa e-United States ukwincwana eyapapashwa ngo-1930, ethi Technical Bulletin No. 171 ngokubhalwe ngu-C. A. Plaskett wesebe leZolimo lase-US. Imibhalo yakhe ibonisa okokuba ii-crates yayisele ichaziwe phambi kwelo xesha sele likhankanyiwe apha ngasentla.  U-C. A. Plasket wayesaziwa ngokubanzi ngolu vavanyo nangokuchaza amacandelo ngamacandelo empahla ezihamnjiswa ngeenqwelo.  

Nangona zisenokusetyenziswa zombini kwinqwelo zolwandle, i-crate yahlukile kwibhokisi. I-crate ino[//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/frame mququmbelo] ngeli lixa ibhokisi ingenawo. Ii-crates zizikhongozeli ezi[//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/rigid ngqindilili] zakhiwe ngeenjongo zokokuba  [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/protect zikhusele] oko [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/content zikuqulathile]. Ii-crates zisenokuba zenziwe ngokhuni, ngeplastiki, nge-metal okanye ngezinye izinto. Ii-crates zidla ngokuyilwa ukuze zilingane gingci loo nto ziyikhuselayo. Ukuba kuphindwe kwasetyenziswa kwalaa-crate inye ibisetyenziswe kwenye into ngaphambili, kungakukumosha i-space, kwaye oko kungazophula okanye kuzonakalise iimpahla eziqulethwe yiyo. 




#Article 227: I-gene (357 words)


Ii-genes zizinto ezisakhiwo sazo senza i-DNA. I-DNA y[//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/collect ingqokolela] yolwazi ngezinto ezikhemical nezithwala imiyalelo eyenza okokuba kwenziwe zonke ii-proteins ezifunwa yi-cell ebomini bayo. I-gene nganye inengqokolela enye yemiyalelo.  Le miyalelo ke idla ngonikwa uphawu lweprotein nganye.  Ihafu ye-genes zomntu ivela kumama.  Enye ihafu ivela kutata.  

Ngokwentsusa: isiza sofuzo apha endalweni  sizinze kwindawo ethile (locus) kwi-chromosome. Ezinye iingcaciso ezinikwayo ziziindlela ezibonakalisa ngayo i-gene: 

Inkcazo yakutshanje kufuneka izithathele ingqalelo izinto eziman'ukufumaneka ngokuya kuhamba amaxesha. kungoku nje ii-genes zintlantlu-mbini.p173

Ii-genes zihamba zisuka kumzali zisiya kwisizalo sakhe kwaye ikwazizo ezenza isigqibo esibalulekileyo sokokuba isizalo masibonakale njani na kwaye sisebenze njani na.  (ii-biological properties zazo). Ii-genes zichaphazela indlela esebenza ngayo imizimba yethu, kuquka nendlela esibonakalo ngayo. Amehlo ethu, iinwele, kunye nebala lwesikhumba zixhomekeke kwii-genes. Kuthiwa ii-genes zenza ifuthe kwisizalo nakufuzo kwimizimba yethu.  

I-gene isenokongamela okanye  ibe-recessive. Esi sigama sibhekisa kwifuthe i-gene ebanalo kwisizalo esiyithweleyo kwi-genome yayo. 

Umzekelo, masithi umama unee-genes zeenwele ezimdaka ngombala kuphela, abe yena utata enee-genes zeenwele ezibomvu kuphela. Umntwana uyakufuza – uyakwamkela – ii-genes zeenwele ezibomvu  (ezivela kutata wakhe) nezenwele ezimdaka ngokwebala (ezivela kumama wakhe). Ii-gene zeenwele ezimdaka ngokwebala, ziyako'ngamela' ii-gene zeenwele ezibomvu ngokwebala. Oku kuthetha okokuba umntwana okanye isizalo uyakubaneenwele ezimdaka ngokwebala nangona enazo zombini  ii-genes zeenwele ezibomvu  nezeenwele ezimdaka ngokwebala.  Oku kuthetha okokuba kufuneka ibenye kuphela i-gene eyongamelayo emntwaneni ukuze afumane ufuzo oluthile,  ngeli lixa kufuneka ii-genes ezimbini ukuze le inye i-gene ikwazi ukwenzeka.   

Kukho i-trait esingathi yimbewu encathame nerhoxobe  apha kwi-gene yezizukulwana ngezizukulwana.  Makhe sisebenzise laa mzekelo wokugqibela uthetha ngomntwana.  sizakumbiza uMary. UMary uneenwele ezimdaka ngombala, kodwa unee-genes ezinemibala emibini, ezimdaka nezibomvu.  Make sithi uMary lo uthe esakubamdala watshata no-Tom. UTom naye uneenwele ezimdaka ngobala, kodwa kwanjengoMary omnye wabazali bakaTom uneenwele ezibomvu.  Oku kuthetha okokuba uTom unee-genes zeenwele ezibomvu nezimdaka ngombala. UMary kunye noTom emnye kubo anganethuba lokugqithisela kwizizukulwana iinwele ezinee-genes ezimbala   mdaka okanye obomvu kubantwana babo. Oku kuthetha okokuba abantwana bakaMary noTom banganeenwele ezibomvu okanye ezimdaka ngombala. Yhiyo le nto ungafika umntu eneempawu ezahlukileyo kwezo zomzali wakhe, kodwa abe efana nqwa nabazali babazali bakhe okanye nookhokho bakhe.  

Indlela eyakhiwe ngayo i-gene inemibandela emininzi:  Uqobo lophawu lwe-protein yindawo nje encinane apha kuyo. Kukho iindawo ze-DNA ezingenakubhalwa ngobunjalo bazo kube kukho nezi zingenakuguqulelwa ze-RNA




#Article 228: UNontando Jabavu (164 words)


Umbhali nentatheli uHelen Nontando (Noni) Jabavu wazalelwa kusapho lwezifundiswa eMpuma Koloni ngama-1919. Wathi akubaneminyaka elishumi elinesithathu, wafunda eNgilandi, waqhubeka ehlala khona iminyaka emininzi. Waba ngomnye wababhali neentatheli zase-Afrika ezingamanina. 
Ngo-1955 uNoni Jabavu wabuyela eMzantsi Afrika wahlala iinyanga ezintathu. Watyelela uyise uNjingalwazi D.D.T. Jabavu waseForthare, nezizalwane eMpuma Koloni naseGoli. i’The Ochre People’ eyapapashwa okokuqala ngo-1963 yingxelo ecacileyo yohambo lwakhe nequlathe iinkumbulo ezicace gca zelizwe awayelithanda nabantu awadibana nabo. 

UJabavu wasweleka nge-19 kweyeSilimela ngo-2008 eneminyaka engama-88. Lo mqolo ulandelayo obhalwe yimbongi uMakhosazana Xaba yimbeko emfaneleyo lo kaJabavungenxa yesakhono sakhe sokubhala nobuntatheli. 

Isigqibo sam sokubhala ibali ngobomi bukaNoni Jabavu siqhutywe kukufuna ukwazi nokucaphuka okungazenzisiyo ngenxa yento ebibonakala kum njengokungaqatshelwa kwendima yakhe yokuqala njengombhali nentatheli. Ubani kufuneka afunde nje iincwadi zakhe ezimbini (uDrawn in Colour noThe Ochre People) ukuze abone ukuba wayenesiphiwo kangakanani njengombhali weziganeko zobomi. Iikholamu zomhleli zakhe zobuntathetheli zibonakalisa isimbo sokuchaza esakha umfanekiso-ngqonweni ebekufanele ukuba besingaqhelekanga ngexesha lakhe. Ngelixa bendinodliwano-ndlebe noWally Serote owayehlala eBotswana ngokuya uNoni wayehlala khona naye, ndifunde nto eqinisekise iingcinga zam zokuqala ngaye. 




#Article 229: Ityala lamawele (125 words)


Ityala lamawele yincwadi ebhalwe nguSamuel Edward Krune Mqhayi (1875-1945). Le yinoveli yokuqala eyaziwayo ebhaliwe ngesiXhosa. Yapapashwa ngo-1914.

Eli bali lisekwe kwixesha lodumileyo uKumkani  uHintsa kaKhawuta (1789-1835), lingempikiswano phakathi kwamawele asebalini uWele noBabini ngelifa likayise. Ingxoxo yeyokuba ngowuphi ofanele ukujola izinto zomzi, nanjengokuba bezalwe ngemini enye. Lempikiswano isonjululwa enkundleni yamatyala eyayichotshelwe nguKumkani uHintsa ngenqu. 

Abantu-ngabantu beza nobungqina, abaphambili phakathi kwabo nguKhulile oliiyange- umthobo wesithethe semveli, kunye nabazalisikazi ababekhona ngomhla wokuzalwa kwamawele. 

Ibali likwangesithethe sengqithi apho umntwana asikwa umnwe. Umzalisikazi uTeyase unako ukunika ubungqina ukuba ngubani imvelatanci ngokujonga ingqithi (linye iwele elinengqithi, leli lizalwe mva). UKhulile uphawula athi isizathu sokuba imvelatanci anikwe ubukhulu, yenziwe indlalifa kungokuba inamava angaphaya kunawabaninawa bayo, kodwa kwimeko yamawele akunjalo.

Ekupheleni kwetyala bobabini abanakwe bayathobelana, ingulo avume ubuhulu bomnye.No kwanda khalimashe wayekhona elalini




#Article 230: Archibald Campbell (AC) Mzolisa Jordan (296 words)


UArchibald Campbell Mzolisa Jordan, umbhali wesiXhosa kwanengcali yeelwimi yasweleka eMelika, e. 

UJordan wazalwa ngomhla we-30 kweyeDwarha kunyaka wama-1906 eMbokothwana mission station kwisithili saseTsolo sazeMampondweni. Wenze izifundo zakhe eMbokothwana mission phambi kokuba aye eSt John’s College e, apho alungele khona ukuba yiTitshala. Emveni kokuba elungele ukuba yititshala, uqalelise umsebenzi wakhe wobutitshala eSt Cuthbert, apho afundise khona unyaka omnye waze watshatshela phambili ngengoMqeqeshi womculo. 

UJordan uye wahamba wayokufundisa e High School apho efundise iminyaka eli-10 waze wonyulelwa ubuMongameli be-African Teacher’s Association. UJordan uqhubeke wayokufunda kwiYunivesithi yase-, apho afumane khona isidanga seBA ngomnyaka wama-1934.   Kwisigaba sexesha lakhe ekwi-Yunivesithi yase-Fort Hare ubhale imibongo ethe yapapashwa kwi-Imvo Zabantsundu, iphepha-ndaba elalipapasha izimvo zabantu abantsundu. Omnye wemibongo yakhe yesiXhosa- owayengohlaselo lwaseTopiya ngumkhosi wamaTaliyane phantsi kukaBenito Mussolini, waduma kakhulu phakathi kwabalingani bakhe. Ngomnyaka wama-1942 uJordan wafumana isidanga sakhe sesibini kwi. Ngowama-1945 uJordan waqalasisa ukufundisa kwiZiko Lweelwimi zeSintu kwiYunivesity yaseKapa. 

UJordan uye wabanguMphimiseli otyand’amadlal’eenqubo zobuhlanga zoRhulumente wocalu-calulo. Ngenxa yoko, uRhulumente wala ukumnika i xa ethe wanikwa iCarnegie bursary ukuze aqhube umsebenzi wophando eMelika. Uye wandula wamshiya uMzantsi Afrika ngeempepha-mvume zophum’aphele ngelizwe. 

Uye wenziwa uNjingalwazi kwizifundo zeeLwimi zeSintu noNcwadi kwiKhampasi yase apho axelengele khona. Uye wemka waya kwiYunivesithi yaseWisconsin eMadison, apho asweleke khona ngomnyaka wama-1968. 

Emva kokusweleka kwakhe, inoveli yakhe Ingqumbo Yeminyanya (the The Wrath of the Ancestors) yapapashwa ngesiNgesi iyi- The Wrath of the Ancestors ngowama-1980, yaguqulelwa kwisiBhulu yayi- Die Toorn van die Voorvaders nakwisiDatshi yayi- De Wraak van het Voorgeslacht ngowama-1990 nowama-1993 ngokulandelelanayo. UJordan uye wabhala kananjalo, isifundo esiket’amadlal’oncwadi lwesiXhosa esapapashwa ngowe-1972. Kunyaka olandelayo, igqokelela yakhe yamabali amafutshane esiXhosa i-Kwezo Mpindo zeTsitsa aguqulelwa kwisiNgesi phantsi kwesihloko eisthi Tales from Southern Africa. Ekuboniseni igalelo lakhe loncwadi kuncwadi lwaseMzantsi Africa, uJordan wawonga engasekho emhlabeni isidanga sobugqirha kwezoncwadi yi ngowama-2004. Ngomnyaka wama-2005 uRhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika naye wamuwonga ngembasa yembheko yeGolide i-Order of Ikhamanga ngegalelo lakhe elingenamlinganiselo kwezoncwadi.




#Article 231: Nontando Noni Jabavu (167 words)


Umbhali nentatheli uHelen Nontando Noni Jabavu wazalelwa kusapho lwezifundiswa eMpuma Koloni ngowama-1919. Wathi akuba neminyaka elishumi elinesithathu, wafunda eNgilani, waqhubeka ehlala apho iminyaka emininzi. Waba ngomnye wababhali neentatheli zase-Afrika ezingamanina.                                                                           

Ngowe-1955 uNoni Jabavu wabuyela eMzantsi Afrika wahlala iinyanga ezintathu. Watyelela uyise, uNjingalwazi D.D.T. Jabavu waseFort Hare, nezizalwane eMpuma Koloni naseGoli.

I-’The Ochre People’ eyapapashwa okokuqala ngowe-1963 yingxelo ecacileyo yohambo lwakhe nequlathe iinkumbulo ezicace gca neziqondakalayo zelizwe awayelithanda nabantu awadibana nabo. 

UJabavu wasweleka nge-19 kweyeSilimela ngowama-2008 eneminyaka engama-88. Esi sicatshulwa silandelayo esibhalwe yimbongi uMakhosazana Xaba yimbeko efanelekileyo enokunikwa ngenxa yesakhono sakhe sokubhala nobuntatheli

Isigqibo sam sokubhala ibali ngobomi bukaNoni Jabavu siqhutywe kukufuna ukwazi nokucaphuka okungazenzisiyo ngenxa yento ebibonakala kum njengokungaqatshelwa kwendima yakhe yokuqala njengombhali nentatheli. Ubani kufuneka afunde nje iincwadi zakhe ezimbini (uDrawn in Colour noThe Ochre People) ukuze abone ukuba wayenesiphiwo kangakanani njengombhali weziganeko zobomi. Iikholamu zakhe zomhleli zobuntathetheli zibonakalisa isimbo sokuchaza esakha umfanekiso-ngqonweni ebekufanele ukuba besingaqhelekanga ngexesha lakhe. Ngelixa bendinodliwano-ndlebe noWally Serote owayehlala eBotswana ngexesha  naye uNoni wayehlala khona, ndifunde nto engqinisise iingcinga zam zokuqala ngaye. 




#Article 232: I-makemake (101 words)


I-Makemake (ibizwa ngokusesikweni njenge-136472 Makemake) iyi-dwarf planet.Yaafunyaniswa ngomhla wama-31 kaMatshi ngo-2005 zii-astronomers ezingoo-
Michael E. Brown, u-Chad Trujillo kunye no- David Rabinowitz. Yayisaya kubhengezwa njenge-dwarf planet ngomhla we-11 kaJuni ngo-2008. I-Makemake -yinto eyi-Trans-Neptunian, kuba ijikeleza iLanga emva kwe- Neptune.

Kuthiwa xa ibizwa i-Makemake emva kwesithixo sama-ancient civilization that lived on Easter island.

ekuqaleni  le-planet yayinikwe igama lokuyiphawula elithi  'Easterbunny' njengoko yathi yafunyanwa ngokukhawuleza emva kwePasika. umbutho weAstronomi kuzolwenke wayinika igama elithi   Makemake, the creator uthixo ongumdali wabantu besiqithi sePasika, ukuze bazigcine bexhumene nePasika..#x20;

I-Makemake ibonakala ngokungathi yenziwe ngomkhenkce anangamantye. kodwa izinga  lobushushu liphantsi kakhulu, umkhenkce uqina nkqi ufane nqwa namatye.  




#Article 233: Nontsizi Mgqwetho (220 words)


UNontsizi Mgqwetho ebehlala kwiGoldfields zaseWitwatersrand eMzantsi Afrika, kodwa akazange ayilibale imvela phi yakhe yasemaphandleni phesheya kwenciba, nakumaxesha angaphambili olonwabo apho ubukhosi bamaXhosa obuzimeleyo babukhululekile kwingcinezelo yabebala. Kwisithuba esingangeminyaka elishumi, ukususela ngo1920 ukuya ku1929, wabhala izibongo kwiphephandaba laseRhawutini Umthetheli wa Bantu, Nguye kuphela umntu wokuqala oyimbongi yasetyhini ukuvelisa umsebenzi onobutyebi kwisiXhosa. 

Ngaphandle koku kuvelisiweyo kule mibhalo kuncinane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngobomi bakhe. Nge23 kaOkthobha 1920 wayevutha embokweni liqhayiya, umfutho emele izibongo zabasetyhini. Wayethumela imibongo rhoqo kweliphephandaba kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu ukusuka ku1924 ukuya ku1926. ukhe waphumla iminyaka emibini de imibongo yakhe emibini yokugqibela yaphuma ngoDisemba ka1928 nangoJanuwari ka1929. Waze wanyamalala kwisithukuthezi senzolo awayeqhamke kuyo. 
Emva koko azange kuvakalento ngakwicala lakhe, kodwa ezi zibongo wazishiyayo zakhawuleza zamenza omnye wamagcisa amakhulu oncwadi akhe abhala isiXhosa. ulilizwi labasetyhini ababandezelekileyo omelana nolawulo ngamadoda, ukhokhelo olungahambeli ndawo, ukungazibandakanyi kwabantsundu, nomnqweno wokubukula nokohluka kwabebala, ukugxojwa kwezoqoqosho kunye nembali eyintlekele yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yokuhluthwa komhlaba nenkcubeko.

Amandla akhe uwafumana kunqulo olulolwakhe lwalowo unguThixo wamakrestu, nomama Afrika, nanjengempelesi yentsana zakhe, abo, agxininisa ukuba akudingeki baphendule kwizicelo zokubuya kwakhe  njengokuba engazange ahambe, wayexhathise kubantu bakhe abamphoxayo.
Njengokuba imbongi kwakuhlala iyindoda, UNontsizi wayengavinjwa umboko wokubonga esidlangalaleni angakwazi ukunika intlonipho inkosi.  Iphephandaba labeka izibongo zakhe ngokusesikweni laze lamnika itikiti lokungena kumphakathi owaphika isithethe.  Wayekhululekile ukubonakali/ukuvelisa ilizwi lembongi, wathathe ilungelo lembongi lokugxeka iinkokheli. Njengembongi wayegxile  kwimikhuba yoluntu, ejonge ukubumba indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu nokuhlanganisa izenzo zabo.




#Article 234: Umongo wethambo (162 words)


Umongo oluhlobo lwe-tissue olufumaneka kwindawo ekhongozeleyo nevulekileyo apha ethanjeni. Kubantu abadala, umongo kumathambo amakhulu wenza ii-cell zegazi ezintsha. Isixa somongo Umongo sizii-% ezi-4 kubunzima bomzumba womntu (malunga nee-kilograms ezi-2.6)  

Zimbini iintlobo zomongo wethambo. Ngumongo obomvu owenziwe nge-myeloid tissue ubukhulu becala (yiyo eyenza ii-cells zegazi ezintsha).  Ii-cells zegazi ezibomvu, ii-platelets, kunye noninzi lwee-cells zegazi ezimhlophe zenziwe ngomongo obomvu.  Umongo oqanda wona wenziwe ngee-cells zama-futha kuphela. Zombini ezi ntlobo zomongo wamathambo zinee-blood vessels ezininzi kunye nee-capillaries.

Xa umntu ezalwa, wonke umongo wethambo ubomvu. Athi umntu ngokuya ekhula, umongo wakhe wethambo uye usiba luhlobo lomongo oqanda.  Xa sele emdala, malunga nehafu yomongo wethambo lakhe ubabomvu.  

Umongo obomvu ufunyanwa kumathambo a-flat kuphela - njengakwithambo lesinqa, kwithambo lesifuba, elentloko, iimbambo, kwizilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo (amathambo athi xa edibene enze i-spinal column), nasemagxeni - nakumathambo enziwe nge-cancellous (antofontofo) ekupheleni kwamathambo amade anje nge-femur (ithambo lethanga) kunye ne-humerus (ithambo elikumntla nelisisandulela sengalo). Umongo oqanda wona ufunyanwa ngaphakathi kwindawo ezivulekilyo kanye kumbindi wethambo, okanye kwisikhewu se-medullar esifumaneka kumathambo amade. 




#Article 235: Makhanda (Nxele) (383 words)


UMakhanda (ngamanye amaxesha obizwa Makana), okwabizwa ngokuba nguNxele (obelinxele) wayephila malunga nonyaka we-1790 ukuya kowe-1820. Wayelichule lenkokheli yemikhosi kwaXhosa, iciko,  negqirha lemfazwe. Wanceda uNdlambe ekuqinisekiseni inkxaso yakhe kumaRharhabe nasekoyiseni umtshana kaNdlambe, inkosi yama uNgqika kwimfazwe yamaLinde ngowe-1818. Athi ama xa engenelela kwicala lika Ngqika, uMakhanda wakhokela uhlaselo ngamandla lweKoloni eyayiphantsi kolawulo lwamaBritani.

UMakhanda waye ngunyana kaBalala,  elalingathathi ntweni elalisebenzela umfama oliBhulu. Ezinye zendawo uMakhanda owayehlala kuzo ziquka iQhaqhiwa ekwisithili saseTinarha . Ekuqaleni wayeyindoda mfazi mnye, ekuhambeni kwexesha uMakhanda waphela enabafazi abane. 

, njengesithethi esinempembelelo, waqala ukuphangela njenge gqirha elalifuna ukuba nesiphiwo sokumazi uThixo ngaphezulu. Izifundo zobu zaba nomtsalane kuye, ingakumbi inkolo yokuvuka kwabafileyo. UMakhanda wayefuna ukulungelelanisa izimfudo zobuKrestu kunye nemvelaphi eyayishunyayelwa  zeseYurophu kwizifundo zase- kwakunye nemvelaphi yazo njengokuchazwe kwiinkolo zesi nezama. Njengamanye ama-Afrika amaninzi athe anomdla kwimfundiso zobuKrestu ngaphambi nasemva kwakhe, Waqala walandela ubuKrestu  ngozondelelo, ekhuthaza  ukuba mabalahle ukusebenzisa ubugqi neemfazwe. 

Kufuphi kunyaka we-1812 uMakhanda wazibandakanya nabalandeli bakaNdlambe njenge Gqirha, uMncebisi noZanemvula waze wazuza ubutyebi. Xeshikweni ezibandakanya koluhambo iinjongo zakhe yayikukhangela ukuba abantu abamhlophe babewafumana phi na amandla okuziphindaphinda emvelo nalawo angaphezulu kwemvelo elizwe laseYurophu kwiKoloni. Waye watyondyotha ngezifundo zobufundisi kunye nezemvelaphi yehlabathi noMfundisi uVanderlingen owayenguMfundisi womkhosi eRhini kunye noJohn Read awayenguMvangeli wasentshona, labe inani labalandeli kunye nefuthe lakhe kuma lisanda. Ukuzothi ga kunyaka we-1816 wabona abavangeli base Ntshona njengabantu abasebenzela injongo enye.

Kuthe ngomnyaka we-1816 kwaqala kwakho utshintsho kubudlelwane phakathi kwakhe nabantu abamhlophe kunye nemishinari. UMakhanda wayezibona njengomntu onesipho esahlukileyo, kwaye wayeziva engamkelekanga kwimishinari. Waqala ubeka uxanduva olukhulu kwizithethe neenkolelo zaseAfrika . Ngokuhlanganisa amava akhe ezithethe kunye neenkolelo, uye wenza ingxelo ecacileyo, ecacisa ingxabano phakathi kwamaAfrika naba seYurophu .

Uguqule impixano eyayivela phakathi kwabaseNtshona kunye namaAfrika ngendlela ababembona ngayo uThixo, uthixo wabamhlophe kunye noMdaliphu uthixo wabanyama. Abamhlophe bambulala unyana wothixo wabo njenge singqinisekiso sokubethelelwa kukaYesu emnqamlezweni. Yilonto abantu abamhlophe bagxothwa kumazwe abo babekwa embindini wamanzi apho bathe baphelela eMzantsi Afrika ukuza koyisa nokuxutha umhlaba kubantu abamnyama kodwa uMdalidiphu waye nguThixo onamandla owayenceda abantu abamnyama ukubuyisela abamhlophe apho basuka khona. UMdaliphu wabacebisa ukuba banqule ngokuxhentsa, ukonwabela ubomi, ukwenza uthando ukuze baqhame bawuzalise umhlaba.

Emandleni efuthe lika, njengamcebisi ka, wancedisa ekubumbeni abantu ukuze balwe ngokuchasene noNgqika owayengumxhasi wekoloniyali. UNgqika wayesaziwa ngokuthanda utywala, yaye babemchasile ngokwenza umbulo no owayengumfazi omncinci kaNdlambe, njengoko wayengumtya nethunga namaBritani kwiphondo. Oko kwamenza onyeliseke ekuthwaleni igugu lamaRharhabe. Ngaphandle koko, uMakhanda wayemthiyile uNgqika kuba wayengumboneleli kutshaba lwakhe elalisisilumko nengcali kwezeLizwi, u.




#Article 236: UTiyo Soga (284 words)


Umhlahlindlela wengqondi  uTiyo Soga wazalelwa kwiphondo leMpuma Koloni ngonyaka we-1829. Unina yayinguNosuthu, uyise, uJotello Soga wayengumcebisi omkhulu weNkosi eyongameleyo yamaXhosa, iNkosi uNgqika.

USoga wahamba isikolo seemishinari apho uphawu lwakhe lobulunga lwaqatshelwa yimishinari, uWilliam Chalmers owamlungiselela ukuba abhale uviwo lokungena eTyhume kwisikolo sabafundisi ngonyaka we-1844.

Usoga kuviwo, wakhwankqiswa yingxaki yokuthabatha elula ebhodini. Nangona kunjalo, uChalmers waqinisekisa intloko yaseTyhume, uWilliam Govan amkele uSoga owathi ekuhambeni kwexesha wazibonakalisa, engomnye wabo bathathu babephumelele emagqabini phantse kuzo zonke izifundo zakhe.

Ngonyaka we-1846, “iMfazwe yeZembe” yehla ngakumda kwiphondo leMpuma Koloni, uSoga wazikhusela kunye nonina eFort Armstrong, waqhubeka nokufunda ebusuku ngomlilo. UWilliam Govon wagqiba kwelokubuyela eScotland kwaye wathathela uSoga kuye ukuqhubela phambili amathuba akhe.

USoga ekuthiwa waguqukela ngokugqibeleleyo kwinkolo yobuKrestu eseyinkwenkwana ngenxa yamava okholo awawafumana kwisikolo secawa, waye waphehlelelwa eScotland ngonyaka we-1848.Wabuyela kwiphondo leMpuma Koloni, ukusukela ngonyaka we-1849 wasebenza njengotitshala ngenkolo yobuKrisru nomvangeli phambi kokuba abuyele eScotland ayokufunda izifundo zobuThixo. USoga wathweswa isidanga kwizifundo zobuThixo kwiYunivesithi iGlascow enama-27 eminyaka, wabekwa njengomfundisi webandla i-United Presbyterian Church ngonyaka we-1856, umAfrika wokuqala ukuphumelela oku.

Ngonyaka we-1857, watshata nentokazi yaseScotland,uJanet Burniside. Babenabantwana abasixhenxe. Phambi kokuba abhubhe ngonyaka we-1871, wayalela abantwana bakhe,abanye ewayefuna bafumane imfundo eScotland, ingazange yabenzela ntloni into yokuba uyise wabo wayengum-Afrika. “Yiyo nayiphi na intwana elunge necwenge njengaleyo yehla kwimithambo yabazalwane bam abanyanisekileyo”, wabhala.

Wabiza abantwana bakhe ukonwabela inkumbulo ngomama wabo “njengonobulungisa, inkathalo noqoqosho, intokazi engumKrestu”. “Nakuhlala ninombulelo nokunxulumana kwenu nolumanyano nohlanga olumhlophe”, wabayalela. USoga wabonisa nokuqondana ngokobuzwe ngokubhekiselele kulwabelwano lohambo lwawo onke ama-Afrika, kuquka ukuthi saa kwamakholwa. Kuhambo lwakhe lokubuyela eMzantsi Afrika ngonyaka we-1857, wabhala into ngoku eyaziwa njengephephandaba lokuqala ukuveliswa ngumntu omnyama woMzantsi Afrika.

USoga wabhala iintsomi, amaqhalo, amavo, umlibo weenkosi nembali kwaye ekuthanda ukuqamba amaculo ecawa. Wasebenza ngokungadinwa, efundisa, eshumayela, ebhala- de impilo yakhe yaxhwaleka wosulelwa nasisifo sephepha ngonyaka we-1866.




#Article 237: Ifolokhwe (286 words)


Kwa-fiziki, i-force kukutyhalwa okanye ukutsalwa okutshintsha okanye okudla ngokutshintsha into ebi imile okanye inqumamile okanye ihamba ngendlela enye efanayo okanye akukutshintsha kwendlela ebekuhamnjwa ngayo okanye indlela emile ngayo loo nto ithile. Amandla enza okokuba izinto zihambe ngesantya esiphezulu, abe ke ngoko ongeza kuxinzelelo, tshintsha umkhondo wendlela ehamba ngayo. hange direction, okanye kuctshintshe indlela emile ngayo loo nto. Amandla alinganiselwa ngee- Newtons. (N).

I-force isoloko ikukutyhala, ukutsala, okanye ukujija, kwaye ichaphazela izinto ngokuthi zityhilizelwe phezulu, zitsalelwe ezantsi, zityhilizelwe ecaleni, okanye kutshintshwe indlela ezimi ngayo zime ngeendlela ezimininzi ezizezinye.  

NgokoMthetho wesibini wakwaNweton ongeMtshukumo, umthetho omiselwe ukuze kufumaneke i-force uthi:

Apho ke u- uyi-force, aze ke yena u- abe yi-mass yento, yena ke u- ukukunyuka kwesantya sento. 

Lo mthetho uthi xa kukho i-force kwinto loo nto iyakuyahamba ngokukhawuleza okumandla. Ukuba i-force ayimandla kangako kwaye into leyo inobunzima, ngoko ke iyakuthatha ixesha elide ukwandisa isantya, 
kodwa ukuba i-force iza ngamandla ibe nento leyo kwenziwa kuyo i-force ilula okanye ingenabunzima kuyaphi, iyakuhamba ngesantya esiphezulu ngokukhawuleza okungummangaliso.  

I-Gravity kukunyuka kwesantya. Yonke into ene-mass itsalelwa ezantsi emhlabeni ngenxa yoko kunyuka kwesantya.  Koko kutsalwa kanye oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-weight. 

Omnye umntu usenokuthatha le-equation ingasentla aze atshintshe u- ube yi-gravity  esemgangathweni u-g, ize ke ngoko i-formula enge-gravity emhlabeni ibenokufumaneka.  

apho ke u- ayi-weight yento, kanti ke u- yena yi-mass yento, aze yena u- abe sisantya esiphakamileyo ngenxa ye-gravity okanye uzibuthe owenziwa kukuphakama kolwandle. Imalunga ne-.

Lo mthetho uthi xa uyazi i-mass ye-object okanye yento, usengakwazi ukubala ukuba ingakanani na i-force ekwinto ethile ngenxa ye-gravity okanye uzibuthe. kufuneka ubesemhlabeni ukuze ukwazi ukusebenzisa le-formula. Ukuba usennyangeni okanye ukwenye i-planet, usenokuyisebenzisa i-formula kodwa i-g iyakwahluka.  

I-force yi-vector, ngoko ke isenokuba okanye ingabinamandla kwaye isenokwalatha  dkwimikhondo ngemoikhondo. I-gravity isoloko isalatha phantsi emhlabeni (xa ungekho kwi-space).

Enye i-equation ethetha nge-gravity yi:



#Article 238: ICawa emZantsi Afrika (538 words)


Ngaphandle kwehlelo lase Moravia elafika eMzantsi Afrika ngonyaka ka-1736, elona hlelo letyalike elafika kuqala apha emaXhoseni leli laseRhabe, kuba umfundisi walo wokuqalo uNyengane (UmFundisi uJohn Thodosius van der Kemp. M.D) wafika ngonyaka ka-1799. Emva koko kulandele amaWesile ngonyaka ka-1815, ngokufika komfundisi uBarnabas Shaw owaya e-Little Namaqualand (kwelamaQwelane). Oyena mfundisi wamaWesile owafika kuqala kwelasemaXhoseni, ngumFundisi u-William Shaw ngonyaka ka-1820. Intshumayelo yakhe yokuqala wayishumayela eRhini, endlwini kaSeargent-Mayor Lucas. Emva kwamawesile kulandele amaTshetshi kwangonyaka ka-1820. Abafundisi abo basetshetshi baathunyelwa ngumbutho owawusaziwa ngokuba yi-S.P.G (Society of the propagation of gospel). Emva kwayo kwalandela i-i.U.P (United Presbyterian} eyathumela umFundisi uWilliam Chalmers, umfundisi wayo wokuqala, ngonyaka ka-1821. UmFundisi Tiyo Soga waafunda phantsi komfundisi uWilliam Chalmers lowo.

Kwangawo loo nyaka yaqala i-Free Church (kwango-1821) ngokuthumela abafundisi umnumzana uThomson nomnumzana uBennie, abafundisi bokuqala. Kulandele iFrench mission eLusuthu (Basutoland) ngonyaka ka-1833. Emva kwayo kulandele amaLutha (Lutherans), ngonyaka ka-1834; neBerlin Mission kwango-1834 lowo. Iiprimitive Methodists ziqale ngo-1870; iBaptists zona zaqala ngo-1879; amaSalvation wona aqala ngo-1887. 

Baqonda ke abalesi okokuba kungenxa yokokuba kufikwe kuqala kweli lasemaXhoseni okwabanga ukuba eli Hlelo laseRhabe laziwe kakhulu kumaziko eenkosi zamaXhosa. Lelona Hlelo lamkelwayo ziinkosi zamaXhosa, kwathiwa yoba yeyona tyalike yamaRharhabe. Bathe abantu bebala (amaLawu) ngokunqatyelwa bubude beli gama lithi Rharhabe, asele esithi, Rabe kerk, oko kukuthi ityalike kaRharhabe, yamaRhabe. Yhiyo loo tyalike ke le kuthiwa ngoku yiDipente.

Waafika kwelasemaXhoseni ngomhla we-10 kweyeKhala. Ngomhla we-14 kweka-Canzibe ngonyaka ka-1801 wenjenjeya ukuya eRhafu. Akaphozisanga maseko, ngonyaka ka-1803 umise isikolo sase-Bethelsdorp. Waabhubhela eKapa ngonyaka ka-1811.

Lo waaba ngumfundisi wokuqala kubaThwa (Bushmen), waawela igqili, waqala umsebenzi phakathi kwamaGriqua. Nonyaka ka-1803 uwele wabuyela emva Phesheya koLwandle ehamba namaLawu amathathu aguqukileyo. 

Waaqala umsebenzi eKuruman, waamisa isikolo samaLawu eKatala, ngo-1829. emva koko wawela waya Phesheya kunye namadodana amaLawu amabini aguqukileyo. Ubhubhele eMpofu ngemfazwe kaMlanjeni (Ngonyaka ka-1852).

Waamisa isikolo samaGriqua phesheya kweGqili ngonyaka ka-1801; uye ePacaltsdorp apho wafika wamisa isikolo ngonyaka ka-1821, waza wathi igama laso yiPacaltsdorp, esithiya ngomFundisi uCarl Pacalt owaqala umsebenzi kweso sithili ngonyaka ka-1813.

Waamisa isikolo saseTapolisi (Theopolis) ngonyaka ka-1814.

Waafika waqala umsebenzi ngaseKatala ngonyaka ka-1818. Waabhubha wangcwatyelwa ngaseGqugesi.

Waamisa isikolo phakathi kwamatshwana (Bechuanas). Waaguqula iTestamente yokuqala yesiTshwana (ngonyaka ka-1939), waza wayiguqula yonke ibhayibhile yesiTshwana ngonyaka ka-1857. Waya kwaMzilikazi ngonyaka ka-1854, wathi kwangaloo ka-1857 waya nakwelamaNdebele. 

Waafika wamisa isikolo phakathi kwamaTshatshu (i-Brownlee station) ngonyaka ka-1826. Kuthe ngonyaka ka-1835, satshiswa ngoondiyalwa ngenfazwe kaHintsa, waza yena wabaleka komkhulu waya kwa-Phatho. Lithe lakuxola wabuyela kwaseGqubeni, koko sibuye satshiswa isikolo sakhe kwakhona ngemfazwe yeZembe eyayingonyaka ka1816. Ubalekele eNgqushwa. Waabuyela kwasenxiweni ngonyaka ka1848, wahlala wada wabhubhela eQonce ngonyaka ka-1871.

Waamiselwa ukuba abe ngumongameli weetyalike zaseRhabe ezikwelasemaXhoseni.Emva kwemfazwe kaHintsa eyayingo-1836, waawela nonyana kaNgcongolo omdala (uJames Read junr.), owayesiya kufunda esikolweni Phesheya. Uwele noJan Tshatshu (inkosi yamaNtinde), no-Andries Stoffles iLawu laseKatala. Ubuye Phesheya nomfundisi u-G. Schreimer, noJan Tshatshu. Ubhubhele eHankey ngo-1851.

Waafika waqala umsebenzi eBhayi apho afele khona ngo-1870. Wayengumfundisi wamaBhastile.

Waafika waya kusebenza e-Pacaltsdorp. Weesuka apho wayakusebenza eThapholisi (Theopolis); wesuka apho naanko esiya eKuruman, wathi ukugqibela wabuyela eBhayi apho waqala khona ibandla leskikhumbuzo sikaEdwards(i-Edward's Memorial Church), bandla elo lalilibandla laserhabe ngonyaka ka-1856. waabhubhela khoba ngo-1876.

Waafika ngalo nyaka umFundisi lo, uGqadushe omdala owamisa le tyalike yaseRhabe iseXesi ngowe-1836. 
Waabhubhela khona ngomhla we-13 kuCanzibe ngowe-1868.

Waqala umsebenzi kumlambo weKhaledon (Caledon Rive).

Lo ngunyana kaNgcongolo omdala. Waya kuthabatha indawo kayise eKatala. Waabhubhela khona ngo-1894.

Waqala umsebenzi ePhilipois. Emva koko uthunyelwe eThaba-Nchu, eLusuthu. Ngo-1846, waya kungena kwiHlelo lamaWesile.




#Article 239: Albertina Sisulu (1330 words)


UNkosikazi Nontsikelelo Albertina Ma Sisulu (21 Oktobha 1918 - 2 Juni 2011) wayengomnye wabantu abafaka isandla ekulweni ingcinezelo, nokwangumhlolokazi wegqala lomzabalazo uMnumzana uWalter Sisulu. Umzabalazo weli loMzantsi Afrika udale iinkokheli ezibonakalise ukukhalipha nokuzimisela okubalaseleyo ekujonganeni nenkohlakalo yentshutshiso.

UNontsikelelo Albetina Sisulu (21 kweyeDwarha 1918- 2 kweyeSilimela 2011) wayengummi waseMzantsi Afrika ekwalitshantliziyo elichasene nengcinezelo, wayengunkosikazi welinye itshantliziyo lomzabalazo uWalter Sisulu (1912-2003). Ngothando olukhulu wayesaziwa ngoMa Sisula ubomi bakhe bonke luluntu lwaseMzantsi Afrika. Ngo-2004 wavotelwa njengomntu wamashumi amahlanu kuluhlu lwabantu abaphambili ku-SABC 3 Great South Africans. Wasutywa kukufa ngo-2011 kwinyanga yeSilimela ngomhla we-2, kwikhaya lakhe eLeiden, eGoli, eMzantsi Afrika eneminyaka engama-92.v

Wazalwa enguNontsikelelo Thethiwe kumandla  phesheya kweNciba. Wayengumntwana wesibini kubantwana bakaBonilizwe noMonikazi Thethiwe. Umama kaSisulu wasinda kumkhuhlane wawubizwa njenge-, kodwa wayesoloko egula ebuthathaka ngenxa yawo. Njengomafungwashe wekhaya, kwanyanzeleka ukuba uSisulu adlale indima kamama wakhe kubantwana bakokwabo. Kwanyanzeleka ukuba akhe athi xha esikolweni amatyeli aluthotho, into eyabangela ukokokuba abemdala ngeminyaka emibini kwabanye abafundi bebanga lakhe kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi. Wazithathela igama elinguAlbertina xa wayeqala ukufunda ePresbetyrian Mission School, eXolobe.

Izakhono zakhe zobunkokheli, nenimba wayenayo zazibethelela intlonipho awayizuza ngexesha lomzabalazo xa wayebizwa ngomama wesizwe. USisulu wabalasela esikolweni kwimidlalo kwakunye nemidlalo yenkcubeko, wabonisa iimpawu zobunkokheli eselula xa wayechongwa njenge ntloko yabafundi ekwibanga lesi-7. Ukubamdala kwakhe kwabanye abafundi bebanga lakhe kwakungabonakalisi kumtheza mandla ngexesha wayegqibezela iziundo zakhe kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi, ekuhambeni kwexesha wangenelela ukhuphiswano lokuphumelela iminyaka emine yokufunda kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Iminyaka yakhe yamdlelindlala kuba wakhiqwa nangona wayephumelele indawo yokuqala. Ngenxa yale mpathombi, ootitshala bakaSisulu babanomsindo kakhulu, ngoba olu khuphiswano zange lubeke migaqo yeminyaka kubangeneleli. Babhalela iphepha-ndaba lasekuhlaleni elibizwa  ngale mpatho igwenxa kaSisulu, besithi lo kaSisulu makalifumane eliwonga ngoba nguye ophumelele indawo yokuqala. Eli nqaku latsala amehlo abefundisi baseRoma abayebanxibelelana nomfundisi uBernard Huss kwiCollege yaseMariazell. Usapho lwakwaMnyila lwavuya, lwabhiyozela impumelelo kaSisulu, nabantu belali yonke, uSisulu ukhumbula ukuba lowo wayebukele wayenokugqiba kwelithi loo msitho yayingumtshato.

Ngo-1936 uSisulu wasingisa eMariazell College eMatatiyela, eMpuma Koloni kwaye nangona wayenovalo wayekwanayo nemincili yokuba yena, intombi yaseXolobe ingummeli wabafundi eMariazell. Inkqubo yesikolo yayiluqilima kwaye ingaguquguquki, abafundi babevuswa ngentsimbi yesi-4 (ngonyezi) ukuba bayokuhlamba bandule ngokuya ukuyakucoca iindawo zabo zokuhlala, emveni koko  babesiya kwindawo yokuthandaza besiya kumthandazo wakusasa. Nangona isibonelelo sokufunda sikaSisulu sasihlawulela ukuhlala kwakhe esikolweni ngexesha lokufunda kwakunye nangexesha lee holide, kwakunyanzelekile ukuba ayibuyekeze loo nto ngokuthi ahlwayele kwiindawo zolimo, aphinde kananjalo asebenze kwigumbi lokuhlamba iimpahla. USisulu wayegoduka ngeeholide zenyanga yoMnga(Disemba) kuphela kodwa loo nto wayeyibona njengento enganamsebenzi xa eyithelekisa kwakunye nethuba lokuba afunde kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo.

Xa isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo sisiya emaphethelweni ngomnyaka we-1939 uSisulu kwakumele athabathe isigqibo sokuba uzakwenza ntoni emva kwaso. Wathabatha isigqibo sokuba angazimanyi ngeqhina lomtshato koko abengumsebenzi oqeqeshiweyo ukwenzela abenokukwazi ukuxhasa usapho lwakhe emv` ekhay` eXholobe. Ngexesha wayeseMariazelle ngalo uSisulu, waye waguqukela kwinkolo yobuKatoliki, njengoko wayegqibe kwelokuba angatshati, waye wathabatha isigqibo sokuba ngunongendi ngenxeni yokuthabatheka kwakhe yindlela oonongendi ababehlohla ngayo kwesi sikolo babezinikele ngayo kumsebenzi wabo. Noxa kwakunjalo, uTat` uHuss waye wamcebisa ngokuchaseneyo neso sigqibo, ngesizathu sokuba abo babehlohla bengonongendi babengahlawulwa ngomsebenzi wabo yaye xa sele beqalile babengakwazi ukusishiya eso sikhundla saseMishini, lilonke uSisulu wayengazukwazi ukuxhasa usapho lwakhe njengoko wayenqwena. Koko uTat` uHussy waye wamcebisa ukuba asel` iso indaba yokubanguMongikazi, ngesizathu sokuba abo babephantsi koqeqesho lobongikazi babehlawulwa ukuze bafunde. Etsalwe umdla kukubona isisombululo esiphathekayo sinekezwa siskolo sobongikazi uSisulu wayithabatha loongcebiso waze wafaka izicelo zokufunda kwizikolo zobumongikazi eziluthotho. Waye wamkelwa njengomongikazi ophantsi koqeqesho eRhawutini kwisibhedlele esingenabudlelwana kwakunye neYurophu. Emveni kokudla inyibidyala nosapho lwakhe eXolobe wasinga eRhawutini kweyoMqungu ngomnyaka we-1940.

Emveni kokubayinkedama ngexesha esanda kudlula kwixabiso lokufikisa, kwanyanzeleka ukuba adlale indima yokubangumzali, koodade wabo naku banakwabo abancinci. Xa waye wathatha isigqibo sokubeka phantsi iinjongo zakhe zokuxelenga njengomfundisi-ntsapho, wayishiya  esiya kuxelenga njengomongikazi kwisibhedlele saseGoli, iNon-European Hospital ngonyaka we-1940, kuba oomongikazi babesamkela umrholo ngeloxesha.

Wathweswa isidanga eMariazell College ngonyaka we-1939, waye wakhetha ikhondo lobumongikazi. USisulu waqala ukusebenza eGoli njengombelekisi ngonyaka we- 1946, emane enyuka esihla endwendwela izigulana kwiilokishi. “Uyayazi kuthetha ukuthini ukuba ngumbelekisi? Kufuneka uthwale ityesi egcwele amakhoba/iibhotile, izithambisi ozakuzisebenzisa, izitya kunye nezamkeli, kwaye sasidlangokuzithwala ezo tyesi entloko,” utsho uSisulu.

USisulu wadibana  ngonyaka ka-1941, esebenza kwisibhedlele saseGoli, ngeloxesha uWalter Sisulu wayengumpolitiki oselula. Abakwa Sisulu- igqwetha nomongikazi- bazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato ngonyaka we-1944, kumsitho apho  wayengumkhaphi khona. Apho kwakukho , . Eso sibini sasinabantwana abahlanu, uMax Vuyisile, uMlungisi, uZwelakhe uLindiwe kunye noNkululeko, abanye abane ababesuka kwikhaya lembhedlenge, omnye wabo uBeryl Sisulu, wasebenza ngengommeli-sizwe ukusuka eMzantsi Afrika ukuya eNorway.  

Babetshate iminyaka eyi-59, wade wasutywa kukufa utata uSisulu, ezandleni zomfazi wake ngeyeDwarha ngonyaka ka-2003 eneminyaka eyi-90. USisulu wathi ngomtshato wakhe: “Ndaxelelwa ukuba nditshata nompolitiki kwaye akhukho manyano, okanye enye into enjalo.” Kodwa emgcwabeni wakhe umzukulwana wabo wafunda intyatyambo ezazibhalwe nguSisulu. “Walter ndenza ntoni ngaphandle kwakho? Ndandivukela wena ekuseni, ndiphilela wena. Wathathwa ngabantu abakhohlakeleyo okokuqala, kodwa ndandisazi ukuba uzakubuyela kum. Ukufa okungena lusini kukuthathile kwashiya indawo yakho entliziyweni yam.”

Umyeni wakhe, uWalter Sisulu wafunyanwa enetyala lokubhukuqa umbuso, kodwa akazange asifumane isigwebo sentambo. Wahlala iminyaka eyi-25 eluvalelweni  ekunye noNelson Mandela owamfaka kwiqela . Ngeli xesha umyeni wakhe eseRobben Island, uSisulu wayekhulisa abantwana babo aba-5 eyedwa. Wahlala inyanga ezithile entologweni, kwaze kwancitshiswa indawo ebenokuhamba kuzo. 

USisulu wawa evuka ezamela ukuba abantwana bakhe bafumane imfundo kwizikolo ezisemgangatheni eSwaziland ezama ukubasusa kwimfundo eyayisilela . Uninzi lwabantwana bakwaSisulu babazinkokheli zoMzantsi Afrika ekhululekileyo. UMax Sisulu usisithethi kwinkundla yesizwe, uMlungisi Sisulu ngumongameli  nosihlalo we-Arup Africa. Intombi abayamkela njengeyabo uBeryl Sisulu ngummeli-siwe woMzantsi Afrika eNorway, uLindiwe Sisulu ukusuka ngonyaka wama-2009 ukuya kowama-2012 wayengu mgqongqoshe kwezokhuselo, uZwelakhe Sisulu (owasweleka ngonyaka wama-2012 kwinyanga yeDwarha ngomhla wesine).  Waye ngusomashishini ophume izandla.

Umolokazana , otshate noMax, ngumbhali netshantliziyo lamalungelo abantu elaziwayo. Ngonyaka wama-2000, usapho lwazisa uluntu ukuba unyana wabo uGerald Lockman, wasweleka ngenxa yesifo ugawulayo. Ubomi bakhe bubaliswe kwimbali ngumolokazana uElinor Sisulu, Walter noAlbertina Sisulu: Ngexesha lethu.

U- Albertina Sisulu ube phambili kumzabalazo phantse isiqingatha  sonke senkulungwane esilwa inkohlakalo nentshutshiso yenqala, eyeyibangelwa lulawulo ngokobuhlanga. Akabanga ngumzekelo ophilayo nje kumoya wentshukumo yenkululeko, kodwa kwindima ebalulekileyo edlalwa ngabafazi kuwo.

U- Albertina wabangomye woomama ababekhokele amawaka amanina awayesingisele kwiZakhiwo Zomanyano ePitoli, ngexesha le-Women’s March eyindumasi. UAlbertina wazalelwa Phesha-KweNciba ngomnyaka wama-1918. Kwimpilo kamama wakhe eyayingentle, uAlbertina owayeneminyaka elishumi elinanye wayalelwa nguyise owayesele elele kwikhuko lakhe lokufa ukuba aze ajonge abanakwabo kunye noodade bakhe.

U- Albertina wayenezicwangciso zokuba nguNongendi, kodwa endaweni yoko waphela egqiba ekubeni abe ngumongikazi ukuze ukubhatala izifundo zabantakwabo. Ngomnyaka wama- 1944 waye wazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato kunye noMnumzana uWalter Sisulu. Umyeni wakhe wamkhuthaza ekubeni azibandakanye nezopolitiko nasekuncedeni uluntu. Njengomongikazi wayila ucwangciso-ntsapho kummandla wase-Orlando.

Uthe ngomnyaka wama -1955 wazibandakanya nombutho we – A.N.C Women’s League. Ngomnyaka wama – 1956 u-Albetina ekunye noLilian Ngoyi, u-Helen Joseph kunye no-Amila Cachalia, bakhokela amawaka amanina ukusingisela kwiZakhiwo Zomanyano ePitoli ngexesha le Women’s March eyindumasi, eyayichasene noluntu oluntsundu ekunyanzelisweni ukuba luphathe amapasi.

Wayengomnye wabaseki bombutho i- United Democratic Movement, I - U.D.M ngamafutshane. Mhla umyeni wakhe wonyulwa njengonobhala jikelele wokuqala weqela le -African National Congress, i - A.N.C ngamafutshane, u – Albertina waba ngumondli – ntsapho.Wayekwalilo neqhagamshela leenkokheli ze – A.N.C kunye nezo zaziselubhacweni. Amapolisa okhuselo ayembandezela rhoqo, kwaye ethintelwa, agwetyelwe ukuhlala ngendlu okanye avalelwe entolongweni, maxesha wambi avalelwe yedwa.

Abakwa Sisulu balizwa ngabantwana abahlanu; u-Max, uLungi, uZwelakhe, uLindiwe kunye noNkululeko, nabantwana abathathu ababamnkela njengababo. Aba ke ngabantwana bodadeka – Walter; u- Gerald, u- Beryl kunye no- Samuel, udade ka- Walter wakhula evana kakhulu no – Walter ngexa wayeseluvalelweni e – Robben Island.

Bonke abantwana babo bakhulele endlwini yabo eyayiseSoweto. Baye bafudukela endlwini entsha eyayise- Linden, eRhawutini kwiminyaka emine nje phambi kokusweleka kuka tata u- Walter, U- Albertina wayigqithisela kubantwana babo imbophelelo yakhe kumzabalazo. Unyana wabo omkhulu u- Max wabanjwa eneminyaka eli- 17, waya elubhacweni emva kokubanjwa kukayise e- Rivonia ngomnyaka wama- 1963.

Umntakwabo uZwelakhe wabandakanyeka kupapasho lwe- New Nation eyayisele inyinwe izihlandlo eziliqela. Naye wakhe wabanjwa iminyaka emibini ngaphandle kwengxoxo yetyala lakhe. Sele iyiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu u- Albertina wazibophelela kwi- Albertina Sisulu Foundation egxile kwimiceli-mngeni abantwana nabantu abadala abajongene nayo. Waye wahlonitshwa ngokuzinikela kwakhe kumzabalazo owawuchasene nocalu-calulo kunye nomsebenzi wentlalo-ntle phakathi koomama kunye nabantwana, mhla i- World Peace Council yase- Basel, e- Switzerland yamonyula njengo mongameli wayo.

Ngomnyaka wama- 2002 umolokazana wakhe u- Ellinor Sisulu washicilela ibali ngobomi babazali bomyeni wakhe, eyathiywa ngesihloko esithi, “Walter  Albertina Sisulu – In Our Lifetime” apho achaza khona ibali lesi sibini sibalaseleyo. Umama uSisulu wasweleka  ngequbuliso ekhayeni lakhe elise – Linden, eRhawutini eneminyaka engama- 92 ngomhla we – 2 KweyeSilimela ngomyaka wama- 2011. 

 

 




#Article 240: UNongqawuse (939 words)


Eli libali elikwingqokolela yamabali esiXhosa eyenziwa ngu-W.B. Rhubusana yaza yapapashwa ngo-1906. URhubusana wayengumFundisi wehlelo laseRhabe ngoko. Ngenxa yokokuba ibhalwe ngombhalo wamandulo (Previous Standard Orthography)ongenakuqondwa ngokupheleleyo ngabantu banamhlanje, apha kwenziwa iinzame zokokuba ibhalwe ngohlobo olunokuqondwa ngcono. Zingakho ke iziphene apha emibhalweni, singazilungisa lula apha kwi-Wikipedia. 

KwaGcaleka, eziThenjini, kwesikaMnzabele ngomnyaka we-1856, amantombazana amabini, aahamba aya kulinda iintaka emasimini, igama lentombazana yokuqala yayinguNongqawuse intokazi kaMhlakaza, ihamba kunye nenye eyayingumtshana. Aathi akufika emlanjeni ekuthiwa kuseKhamangeni, kwafika amadoda amabini kuwo, athi, Maze nisibulisele emakhaya nithi singoonantsi (atsho akaxela amagama awo). Amagama azibiza ngawo laa madoda asuka angamagama abantu abafa kudala. Athe, Noxela ukuba umzi uza kuvuka wonke ekufeni, zenithi neenkomo ezi zikhoyo mazixhelwe zonke kuba zifuywe ngezandla ezingcolileyo, kuba abantu baphethe ubuthi.

Athi akufika ekhaya amantombazana aziphalaza ezi indaba, ngelishwa abazange baphulaphulwe okanye bamanyelwe mntu. Kwasuka kwahlekiswa ngawo laa mantombazana. Ngakusa baphindela ekuphangeleni iintaka. Kwalile ethubeni, babuya bafika aba bantu, babuza okokuba babaxelele na abantu ekhaya, nokuba kufike kwathiwani na? Aaxela amantombazana okokuba loo nto ifike yayinto yokuhlekisa, ayaphulaphulwa mntu. Kusuke kwathiwa ngabantu sithetha iintsomi. Le nto yayikhe yehla echwebeni leGxarha kwaGcaleka.

La madoda athi, ize nithi kubantu abakhulu mababize zonke iinkosi zakwaGcaleka, zakwaThatho, zakwaGqika, nezasemaGqunukhwebeni, bayixele kuzo le nto. Kuse uMhlakaza namanye amadoda besiya emasimini ngelifuna ukuba la madoda athethe nabo, asuka la madoda akavela. Amana ethetha, engabonakali, eviwa nguNongqawuse nentombazana leyo kuphela, waye uNongqawuse emana etolikela amadoda lawo into ethethwa kuye zezo zithunzela. Zathi, Xelela amadoda lawo ukuba aye kuhlanganisa iinkosi, eze nazo kuthi apha ukuze sivele.  

Kuyiwe ke komkhulu kwaRhili, eHohita, kuloGojela kwabikwa esi simanga sixelwa yintombazana yakwaMhlakaza. URhili ususe uBhotomani, inkosana, ukuba ikhe iye kuyiqonda le nto ngokwayo. Uthe akufika apho, la madoda akavela tu. URhili ususe izigijimi zokuya kubika enkosini, ukuba kukho abantu abaviwe yintombazana kaMhlakaza besithi makubizwe zonke iinkosi zize kuhlangana neyabo inkosi uNaphakade kaSifubasibanzi echwebeni leGxarha. 

KwaThatho kwesuswa uMarhamnco into kaFadana ihamba noShwele into kaZozi. KuMandungwana kususwe uDlulaze into kaQhwesha ezalana noNdarhala. KumaTshutshu kususwe uMpheke into yaseMamfeneni. KwaNgqika kwasuswa uNamba into enkulu kaMaqoma. KwaGcaleka yaba nguRhili noLindinxiwa iinto zikaHintsa, noNgubo into kaMalashe, noNxito iinto zikaLutshaba. KwaNdlambe kwesuswa uNowawe into kaPhatho. Yonke loo mpi yaasinga eGxarha kwaMhlakaza.

Kufikiwe khona ithe intetho, uthi unongqawuse impi mayihlelwe eya kuya nchwebeni elo leGxarha, ize loo mpi iyayo ikholise ngeenkosi. Okunene kweenziwa njalo. Kwathi kuba abantu benendawo enoloyiko, bathi xa kanye baya kuloo mfula wekhamangabasuka boma imiqala, banonxano, baye bekhokhelwe nguNongqawuse enze izazobe ngembola. Bavakele abanxaniweyo besithi, -Angasela na umntu onxaniweyo? Uthe unongqawuse,-Osukuba engenabo ubuthi angasela angoyikeli nto. 

Yesuka apho into kaPhato, uDilima igorha elikhulu, wayithi tya phaya ingubo yakhe wanqwila wasela. Awa ngokuwa amabandla kaNomagwayi easeMbo.
 

Kuthe kusenjalo kwavakala kudilika amatye amakhulu eweni elisemantloko eKhamanga, asuka amadoda afakana imilomo, aye esoyika nokoyika ukungathi kukho nto iza kuqhuqhumba kweli liwa. 
Bathe besathe nqadalala yiloo nto yavakala intombazana isithi, Khanibhekise amehlo enu elwandle -Bathe bakuqwalasela emanzin'olwandle, kwanga kukho abantu okunene, kwanga kukhonya neenkunzi zeenkomo, kwaneenkabi, yasisibaba esimnyama esimana sibuyabuya sada sabuya semka, saya kutshonela kwaselundini phaya lwamaza olwandle; baqala ke bakholwa bonke abantu.

Loo mkhosi uselwandle awudange uphume usondele ezinkosini ezo, nentetho yawo ayizange iviwe mntu ngaphandle koNongqawuse. uthe ke wakumka, wathi uNongqawuse-Iinkosi eziya zithi, godukani niye kuxhela zonke iinkomo, kungabikho nto niyifuyayo iziinkomo, ukuze uvuko lukhawuleze. Ze ningalimi, yimbani izisele ezikhulu nezitsha, niyakubona sezigcwele kukutya okutsha. Yakhani izindlu ezintsha, nenze iingcango ezininzi ngobuka, nize nizivalele ezindlwini, kuba ngosuku lwesibhozo, mhla uzayo umzi nenkosi uNaphakade kaSifuba-Sibanzi, zonke izilo zehlabathi nezemilambo, neenyoka, ziyakuba zizibhadu-bhadu kulo lonke ilizwe. Ize kanjalo nikudimbaze/nikubize ukutya okuseziseleni niye kukulahla. Ukuze nisinde ize nivale ngeengcango ezininzi, niqamangele ukubophelela nilahle bonke ubuthi.

Uthe kukho nenye inkosi, ekhwela kwihashe elingwevu, egama linguNgwevu, elinye nguSathana, wonke umntu ongazixhelanga zonke iinkomo zakhe uyakuba ngumntu waloo nkosi inguSathana. Loo mntu akayi kububona ubungcwalisa beyethu inkosi uNaphakade kaSifuba-Sibanzi. Naso ke esona sizathu esabangela okokuba zixhelwe iinkomo ngo-1856 de kwangu-1857. 

Kuthe kusenjalo kwavela enye intombaza kaNkwitshi intwazana yaseMakhwemteni, kwaNdlambe, ngaseMpongo, egama linguNonkosi. intetho yayo yayiyenye nekaNongqawuse. Ibithatha abantu ibase echibini elaliseMpongo. Babesithi bakufika apho suke babone abakhwetha betshila kuloo manzi echibi. Babesiva ngathi kubethwa ingqongqo, kubengathi kuvunywa nemiyiyizelo, kusombelelwa abo abakhwetha. Abantu baahiliteka bade bathi babone neempondo zeenkomo zivelile, bakuva nokunxakama kweendlezana zeenkomo, nokukhonkotha kwezinja, nokumemelela kwabasengi. 

Zithe ke iinkosi zakuba zibuyele ngeendawo zazo, zafika zabutha okanye zaqokolela amaphakathi zayishumayela le nto yokuvuka kwamanyange, namhla sel'ematsha, nokuvuka kwazo zonke iinkomo eziya kuxhelwa nezafa kudala. 

Wayethe uNongqawuse aze athi umntu othe wayixhela, wayenza isimawusi inkomo yakhe, awuqashe umphefumlo wayo, ukuze ithi mhla yavuka ivukele yena, ibe yeyakhe. Waahambisa wathi bonke abangaxhelanga bayakuphephetheka sisaqhwithi esikhulu baye kweyela elwandle.

Umzi wathi qwenge kubini, omnye wakubhebhetha kwaphela ukuxhela iinkomo zawo. Nangona wawukholwa kwinto yokokuba uvuko olo lwabafileyo luya kuze lona lubekho, kodwa wawuyikhaba ngazo zombini intetho engovuko lweenkomo ezifileyo, usithi soze lubekho. Kwaabonakala kusahlukana ooyise noonyana, oonyana bendoda enye, inkosi nabantu bayo, imizalwana nemizalwana. Kwatsho kwavela amagama amabini, ala macala omabini. Abanye kwathiwa ngamaThamba, oko kukuthi ngamagqobhoka kaNongqawuse; abanye kwathiwa ngamaGogotya, oko kukuthi abemi ngongqame,abangavumiyo ukuyenza into, abangavumiyo ukuxhela. Baaxhela ke abanye, baze abanye abaxhela. 

Kwaba bubutyididi ke kuxhelwa ezo nkomo imihla nezolo, abanye bexhela kuba besoyika ukubulawa nokunukwa, lwaye uninzi lwaluse lungamafaca kukulamba, seluphila ngeempontsha kuphela. Kwaqalwa kwaqwalaselwa usuku lwesibhozo. Kaloku kwakuthiwe ngolu suku, ilanga liyakuze liphume libomvu, lize libuye litshome lompi kwasesibhakabhakeni. Emva koko kuyakubakho ubumnyama obummangaliso abayakuthi abantu bazivalele ezindlwini ngabo, baze baqale ke abantu bavuke beze ekhaya, liqale ke libuye ligabuke. Yathi yakufika loo mini kad'ixelwa, laphuma ilanga njengesiqhelo, abanye sebehlambe amehlo ngamanz'olwandle kwaGompo, abanye bevele ngezikroba ezindlwini, abanye abangakholwayo besenza imisebenzi yabo yesiqhelo phandle. Tu kunani khona akuzange kubekho nto ihlayo, alatshona nelanga, akwabikho mntu uvukayo, akwabikho nto yenzekayo kuzo zonke ezo zinto zazithethiwe. Sabanjalo ke isiyikili sikanongqawuse, bafa kakhulu abantu yindlala, kunqina nasisifo. Kumhla kwaqala iqhalo elithi Uthetha uNongqawuse, lithetha ukuthi umntu okuxelela into esisimanga. 




#Article 241: Umnombo weenkosi (396 words)


Bathi abakhe bawulanda lo mnombo weenkosi uqala kuXhosa into kaMalandela. UXhosa uzele uTshawe wazala uNgcwangu, uNgcwangu wazala uSikhomo, uSikhomo wazala uTogu, uTogu wazala uNgconde. 

Kuthiwa kuthe kwakufikwa kwixesha likaNgconde, zaqala izindlu zeenkosi zambini, yakho ekuthiwa yeNkulu, yakho nekuthiwa ukubizwa yeyaseKunene. 

Inkulu kaNgconde nguTshiwo, ukunene nguNtinde. UTshiwo uzele uPhalo, inkulu noMdange  ukunene. UPhalo uzele uGcaleka inkulu, noRharhabe ukunene. Buqale koonyana bakaPhalo ukwahluka ubukhosi bamaGcaleka nobamaRharhabe.

Uthi UBhotomani Mtini, umTshawe wakwaGcaleka kumaGojela, ukuqala kokubakho kweNdlu enkulu neyasekunene kwiinkosi kwaqala kunkosi uPhalo, kuba ngaphambili into ebikho ibilikhohlo. Kuthiwa kwathi ngamhla uthile, uPhalo emi eGcuwa, kwafika iinduli ezimbini ngamininye, olunye lusiza nenkosazana yaseBathenjini, olunye luneyasemaMpondweni. Zibuziwe kuba zazicela indawo yokulala, olunye lwaathi lusinga eKhobonqaba, olunye lwathi lusinga eQholorha. Luphiwe ke indawo yokulala, kwasa luxhele iinkomo ekuthiwa zimpothulo. Luthe lwakwenjenje kwasekubonwa ukuba luduli oluze enkosini, kwaahlanganiswa amadoda ukuba abuze iindaba. Bacacisile ke basebexela ukuba baze kwendisa loo makhosazana babehamba nawo. Amaphakathi acela ukuba abone iintombi ez, zaza zakhutshwa zombini. Emva koko ke kuxhelwe iinkomo zokubonwa kweentombi ezo, kwahlatywa umsitho. loo msitho waagqiba inyanga yonke; kwangenwa kwalotyolwa ikhulu kwenye, yakwalikhulu nakwenye. luthe olo uduli lwasuka lwazakhela olazo intondo olwazo iinkomo. zaza ezo ntondo zaphandla uthango lwakomkhulu. 

ithe inkosi ilandula isithi iphelelwe ziinkomo, lwasuka uduli lahla alwemka, lusithi, macalana onke, Silinde ukudalwa kwenkosikazi. Abiziwe ke amaphakathi neenkosi ukuba kudalwe inkosikazi, uasuka yayinkohla kuba zithe kanti ezi ntombi ziyalingana ngobukhosi. Le nto ingqungqwe iicawa ezimbini ixakile. 

Ide yathi inkosi, Ixhego likabawo ekuthiwa nguMajeke lisekhona, ndingazange ndive nje ukuba alisekho?
Athe amaphakathi Lisekho koko limi emazantsi eNqabarha, kwaye kunjalo nje laluphele alisaboni nokubona.Ithe inkosi maliphuthunywengamaqegu lize, size kuyikhangela kunye le nto isixakileyo.

Lo Majeke ke yinto yasemaQwambini, umphakathi obeliciko elikhulu kuTshiwo. Uye wathatyathwa ke, wathi entsuku mbini efikile, aqala abizwa amaphakathi neenkosi. Ubiziwe ke uMajeke watyhilelwa into abizelwa yona yinkosi yakhe. 

Uthe akuyiva yonke le nto wathi, sendimdala mna, bayephi na abantu abangayikhangelayo le nto. Uthe umzi le nto isixakile, kuba ukwendiswa kweentombi zeenkosi ezilinganayo ngobukhulu kwinkosi enye, ngamininye, asinto sakha sayibona. Unge angacinga kancinane uMajeke, wavakala esithi, Iingalo zenkosi le zingaphi na? Kuthiwe ukuphendula 'Zimbini. Uthe, Le nto igxumekeke phakathi kwengalo enkosini apha yintoni na? Kuthiwe, Yintloko. Uthe, Into enamandla kwezo nto zontathu - kwiingalo zombini nentloko - yiyiphi na?
Kuthiwe ke, Yintloko. Uthe ke phofu yhini na ukuba ningayidali inkosikazi niyenze intloko aze omnye nimenze ukunene yona ngalo inamandla emntwini? Kudalwe ke unoGcaleka wenziwa inkulu, Waza unoRharhabe waba kunene, lwaqala ke uduli lwagoduka. 




#Article 242: Zemk'iinkomo magwalandini (478 words)


Le yingqokolela yamaphepha awayebhalwe ngesiXhosa ngababhali bemveli yaza yapapashwa ngo-1906 eLondon. Babefuna ukuyipapasha apha emZantsi Afrika kodwa zaaphanza iinzame zabo kuba kaloku babengafuni nokuva abantu abafana nooSheperd abafika kweli bavula izikolo neecawa. Aba bahlali bemveli babebhala ngeziganeko ezeenzeka kwilizwe lomthonyama, ukufika kwempucuko kweli, iiNkosi nabanye abantu ababalulekileyo kwiSizwe esiNtsundu.

Mzi wakowethu sithi kuni, Nango amalinge ethu okunikhonza. Incwadi yamabali enjengale, kunye nezibongo ezikhoyo esiXhoseni, sekuyiminyaka umbhali lo ebona ukuba iyafuneka emzini, ngokukodwa kwimpi entsha evelayo, engazinto ngezinto zomzi esinguwo. Ukufa kwamadoda amakhulu ebesazi amabali ethu, loo mabali ekungazuzwanga kuwo kuba engakhange abhalwe, kube yilahleko enkulu kuthi thina maXhosa. Ngoko ke nakuba siqale sekusemva, sithi masesihlanganisa imvuthuluka eseleyo yaloo mabali, ukuze izizukulwana ezizayo zazi okokuba kwakhe kwakho izizwe ezisithi. 
Sibe nosizi ukuthi sifake amanye amaphepha ababhali ababalulekileyo, singabi nakuwafaka aka-Rev.P.J Mzimba angebali lezizwe zasembo; oko ke kubangwe kukungaphendulu kwakhe akubhalelwa ebuzwa ukuba angafakwa na. Mhlawumbi kwi2nd edition angafunyanelwa indawo.
Ekufakweni kwamaphepha abhalwe ngabanye sizame ukuwabeka namagama abo,  mhlawumbi oonobambiso (nom deplume) abazibize ngabo. 

Nangona kade kusithiwa masiyibhale ngesiNgesi le ncwadi, siye sayibhala ngesiXhosa, ukuze ibe nokufundwa ngabo bonke. Inkoliso yeencwadi ezibhalwe ngamadodana amnyama afundileyo zingesiNgesi. Loo nto ke ibangele okokuba zifundwe ngabambalwa, abanethamsanqa lokwazi isiNgesi, luthi ukhomokazi lungabinakuzifunda. 
Le ncwadi inezibongo ubukhulu becala, kuba izibongo yeyona ntetho bophele kuyo bonke ubuciko besiXhosa, yaye iyeyona ntetho ishwankathela zonke izafobe zokuthetha esi siXhosa.

Mhlawumbi abanye abanakuyiqonda ngenxa yokunqaba kwamazwi, nangokuswela umoya wokubonga. Inkoliso yezibongo zamaqabaiyakufunyanwa inamazwi achasekileyo kubantu basesikolweni abaluvo lu-ethe-ethe, abangathandiyo ukuba izinto zibizwe ngamagama azo. Sizamile ukuyilahla inxalenye yala mazwi, safana sawambathisa ngengubo yokuhlonipha. Kodwa ke asibanga nakuyenza kuwo onke amazwi loo nto. Kuba kuye kwabonakala okokuba xa sisenjenjalo siya kuba sitshabalalisa umoya nomphunga wembongi.

Kwabo baluvo lungathi lwenzakale singasuke sixelise imbongi yasemaNgesini uTennyson, sithi:-

Ke kwabo bothi bacinge ububi ngokuqubisana namazwi anjalo, sithi, Ububi kocinga ububi.
Izibongo zifakwe njengoko zamkelwe ngako emlonyeni wembongi; into eyenziweyo kukulungisa, ukuvana kwemigca  
(rhythm) namazwi. Inkoliso yezibongo zabantu ngabantu iyafana. Loo nto ibonakalisa okokuba iimbongi zezinye iindawo bezizandisa izibongo zazo ngokuvela kwezibongo kwezinye iimbongi. 

Amazwi anqabileyo nangaqondwayo apha kwezi zibongo abhalwe bukekela (nge-italics). Ilizwi elibhalwe ngolo hlobo lichaziwe ekupheleni kwale ncwadi, phantsi kwegama lalowo ubongwayo. Phakathi kwabasincedileyo ekuqokoleleni le ncwadi ngokuthi basinik'imvume yokushicilela amaphepha abo, nokusithumela izibongo, nangezinye iindlela, ngombulelo omkhulu, sibalula laa manene alandelayo: Revs James Stewart, D.D.; W Anderson Soga, M.D.; Charles Pamla; boyce Mama; W. Philip; L. Wauchope; Eben B.T koti; John Knox Bokwe; Elijah Mdolomba; Chief Ebenerzer Mhlambiso; Messrs. W.K. Ntsikana; Sol Kalipa; Zaze Soga; theo Ndwandwa; Peka Nopondo; J.S Tshayingca; Meyi Faxi; W.B. Yiba; Ntothoviyane Mdodana; Samuel E. Mqhayi; W.D Soga; Ezekiel Mhlakaza; Pascoe Koti; J.N.J tulwana; B. Booi; Mtoninji Sonkononkono; Jas. B. Mama; Usapho luka W.G. Gqobha, nabanye.

Ekuqokoleleni laa mabali, sifumane uncedo kwezi ncwadi zilandelayo: Holden's Native Past and Present: Isigidimi samaXhosa; Hammond Tooke, and Driver's Geneology of the Kaffir tribes; L.M.S. Reports of Missionaries.
Singavuya xa kunokuthi nabanina onokubona iindawo eziphosekileyo azalathe ngokuthi abhalelel ku,




#Article 243: Ukufika kweLizwi kwaXhosa (209 words)


Ngokubhalwa ngu-John M. Vimbe

Ndivuyiswa lixesha lokuvela kwam kweli lizwe, kuba ethe uMnini-Ntozonke ukundibumba kwakhe wandibumba ngexesha lokuthumela kwakhe iLizwi lakhe ezweni lakowethu. Ekuthe ke ekufikeni kwalo nabafundisi aza amakhosi ethu alamkela; ndithi ke ndiyinkwenkwe, bekuthe ngaphambi kokufika komfundisi lowo kwavuka uNxele umfo kauBhalala}Bhalala, noGaba umfo kaNtsikana; kwabe ikukuqala kokubona kwam iLizwe, endicinga ukuba iminyaka yobuprofethi baloo madoda, kususela ku-1816 kuze kulo we-1905, oko kuthetha okokuba ayenamashumi asibhozo anethoba, 89, engabaprofethi loo madoda. Umfundisi wokuqala ayesithi amadoda ngu-Sodyoyi, wafika wakha kwaSihota. Emva kwakhe kwafika uRev. John Brownlee ngo-1820. Mandingene ekuqaleni kwa ukuliva iLizwi. Kwaafika uNtsikana evela eGqorha. Waafika wema kwaMankazana. Waandiqhelisa uMa ukuya nam ecaweni, ngeCawa kwaNtsikana. ITyalike kaNtsikana ibisenzelwa ngaphantsi komqonchi, izitulo ingamatye. Ngelo xesha ekuboneni kwam, sasingathi sintanganye noDukwana, uKobe emkhulu kuthi. Akahlalanga kakhulu uNtsikana kwaMankazana. Kuthe ngo-1824 wesuka ubawo Nongxe kwaMankazana, beza esikolweni eGwali. Waafikela ubawo lo kwaMatshaya. Ngelo xesha amaNtsikana ayese wonke, aye ephethwe ngu:  Phalaza, Hogu, Xelewa, Rwexwana, Mazaleni, Noyi, Matshaya, Pheyi, Mtyhobile, Nginya, Thamo, nabanye. Onke ke ayephethwe nguKobe, into kaNtsikana, umfo olunge kunene phezu kokuba abantu belo xesha babengcole kakhulu. Afika aMantsikana, eGwali, uBhuluneli ephahlwe ngamalawu akwaSihota. Bekusithiwa icala lamalawu eGwali ngumzi wasemagwangqeni, kuthiwe elinye icala lalo mzi lelaMantsikana. Waahlala ke apho umfo kaGaba, wabe elishumayela ilizwi likaThixo, kwatsho kwagqobhoka abantu abaninzi.




#Article 244: UNtsikana (1090 words)


UNtsikana wasungula umbutho wokuqala wamakrestu angam’Afrika pha ngeminyaka ye-1815. Wayekwangumbhali wokuqala wamaculo ecawa abhalwe ngolwimi lwesiXhosa, kwaye iculo lakhe elibalaseleyo liyavela kwiincwadi ezininzi zamaculo ecawa zale mihla. UNtsikana lo wazalwa pha ngeminyaka ye-1780, kwisizwe sikaNgqika owayongamele amaRharhabe, wabaliphakathi ngokomnombo. Wayekhona xeshikweni ukufika nokuzinza kwabamhlophe kumntla weli (White settlement of the Eastern Frontier) kwaye kukho ungquzulwano phakathi kwamaXhosa nalamasetilane matsha. Utata kaNtsikana, uGaba wayenesithembu njengenkoliso yamaXhosa phambi kokuba aguqulwe (Bokwe 1914,4). Umama wakhe uNonabe wayengumfazi wesibini. Umfazi wokuqala wayenesikhwele waza wathyola uNonabe ngobugqwirha, uNonabe wanyanzeleka ukuba abaleke asindise ubomi bakhe. 

Emva kwenyanga ezimbalwa uNtsikana wazalwa. Uyise kaNtsikana waya kumlanda xa wayeneminyaka elishuni elinesibini. Njengoko uGaba wayezele intombi kumfazi wokuqala, uNoyiki wamamkela njengonyana wakhe. UNtsikana ukhule esolusa umhlambi kayise kwaye efunda nokuzingela. Uthe xa alulutsha, wafika uVan Der Kemp wasemishini yecawa yase-London kule nginqgi ihlala uNtsikana. Ukusukela kumnyaka we-1799 ukuya kowe-1801, le mishini yaazama ukushumayeza abantu balapha, kodwa impumelelo yayo yabancinci. UNtsikana waqala ukuwuva kuye lo myalezo wobuKrestu. Kusenjalo, uVan Der Kemp wawushiya umhlaba kaNgqika waya kuhlala eGraaff-Reinet. Imfazwe yalandela kwi-eastern frontier phakathi kweenkosi ezitshatsheleyo zakwaRharhabe, uNgqika noNdlambe. Le mfazwe yaphela kwidabi lase-Amalinda apho uNgqika wohlulwa khona. Amajoni kaNdlambe ahlasele iGrahamstown ngowe-1819 (kwi-frontier war yesihlanu), kwaye umda wamiliselwa phakathi komlambo iKeiskamma ne-Fish river. Zange kwafika zimishinari kwingingqi kaNtsikana de yabangowe-1816. Yayingumfundisi u-Joseph Williams, owavula isikhululo see-mishinari ecaleni komlambo iKat.

Emveni kobukhwetha nokungena ebudodeni, uNtsikana wathwalelwa abafazi ababini. UNontsonta owabangumama kaKobe, uNomamto owabangumama kaDukwana nabaninawa bakhe ababini. Ekuswelekeni kukatata wakhe, uNtsikana wafumana ilifa. Ngeli xesha uNtsikana wayeneembono. Wayenenkunzi yenkomo awayeyithanda Kunene, yayilubhelu inamachokoza amhlobhe, ineempondo ezinkulu igama layo inguHulushe. Ngenye intsasa wavukela ebuhlanti waya waphawula imitha yelanga ekhanya ukodlula eminye ikhanya kwicala lale nkunzi. Wakhangela imvelaphi yale mitha. Xa ebuza uKobe owayemi ecaleni kwakhe ukuba usibonile na esi sehlo, uKobe waphendula ngelithi hayi andibonanga nto. UNtsikana wamangaliswa sesisehlo. Kwenzeka omnye ummangaliso kwangaloo mini emtshatweni. UNtsikana waya waguduka nosapho lwakhe, kwalapha endleleni waya wavasa imbola yakhe. Akekho owayekuqonda okwenzekileyo kuye. Ekuhambeni kweentsuku waqala wandumzela iculo elaphela iliculo lakhe lecawa. Waxelela abantu ukuba kumele bathandaze, waqala ngoko ukubamba inkonzo rhoqo. Wathi mabangalimameli ela xhwele uNxele. Oku yaba sisiqalo sebandla lakhe. UNtsikana akazange ahlale eMission kodwa wayemndwendwela umfundisi uWilliams, nasekuswelekeni kukaWilliams waqhubekeka endwendwela umfundisi uBrownlee. Phambi kokuba asweleke ngonyaka we-1821, wayecinga nzulu ngokuyokuhlala kwimishini iChumie (Hodgson 1981,6). UNtsikana wabhala amaculo ecawa amane, elona laziwayo leli lakhe. Onke asafumaneka kwiincwadi zale mihla zamaculo ecawa.

Kwathi xana umzi uxonxe kunene iindlebe ukuphula-phula uNxele, iziziyunguma KwaXhosaemzini wonke, wavela uNtsikana, eselesithi yena kuthiwa: Phuthuma abantu, uNxele uyabalahla.

Kwathi eseGqorha, kuba wayethe ngalaa nto yokuba bekusithiwa amaNgqika ayakuba ziinkuni, iimbovane namawa, naye  wavuza namanye amaNgqika awaye thambele intetho kaNxele, esoyika nokoyika ukuba yenye yezo zinto zibhaliweyo, ngasentla, waba kwaNdlambe  eGqorha apho. Waathi ke ngamhla uthile, wavuka kusasa lingekaphumi ilanga way'ebuhlanti; njengoko belinjalo isiko lakwaXhosa; indoda ibivukela ebuhlanti.

Ekufikeni kwakhe ke ebuhlanti uphangelelene nenkwenkwe egama linguNgcongolo, uMlawoti elinye igama layo. Le nkwenkwe yayingumtshana kaPeyi, into kaNtshingana enkulu, noChewu ekunene, ozele  uMhana, Ngcolomba, noDayile osisityebi seegusha neenkomo eRhafu ngoku. UChewu lowo waakhulela kulonina emaMfeneni, abanye sebemazela ubumfene, kanti ke ngumCirha. UNgcongolo ngokwakhe yinto yasemaNyhwabeni. Inkwenkwe le yayibamba inkonyana, yena elel'ethe tyu ngesisu emivalweni. Ithe iminzwi yokuphuma kwelanga yema kuye, yema enkabini yakhe yenkomo ebesayakuthi xa eyibiza ngu:-

Uvakele esithi enkwenkweni, Uyayibona na le nto ndiyibonayo imi kum, yema kule nkabi? Ithe yona hayi. Wetshintshilili ke omnye waya kungena endlwini yodade boyise. Uthe ke esahleli njalo kwangena uNgcenge. Wathi kuba wayengaboni kakuhle wamnyathela. Bamngxolisa abantu, koko wathi yena lo unyathelwayo, Myekeni inene ubengandiboni. Emva koko uthe engaphakathi endlwini (Kaloku bezimbini izindlu zakhe,kuba abafazi bakhe babebabini) yomncinane, wasuka waphuma waya kulaa ndlu yomkhulu, waman'ehleli kungekho nto ayixelela bani mayela nento abeyalame kusasa. Kuthe kuba yayingamaxhaphetsu kulungiselelwa ukuya emdudweni ngaloo mini, waman'ecombela kancinane ukulungiselela wada washiywa. Uthe kwakuba semini, ngokubek'umzi, wahamba wasinga emdudweni kwaHlahla. Kwaadudwa ke ngaloo mhla, eman'ukuthululisana amabandl'amaRharhabe, wada naye waconiseka, 

Naanko esiya kungena eluhlwini, wasuk'umoya wasisiphotshongela, wasel'esiya kuhlala phantsi, waphela umoya akuhlala phantsi. Aaduda akayeka wona amabandla akhona, zatsholoza iintokazi. Usukile kwakhona, wanduluka nomoya, wenza kwa  siphontsholobe, wabuya waya kuhlala phantsi, waphela umoya. Aamfundekela amabandla akowabo. Ubuye wesuka waya kwaseluhlwini, wavuka umoya wasisiwandawili. Kuthe kwakuba njalo wasele sithi kubantu bakowabo, Hambani sigoduke.  Kanti esitsho nje sekuvuke laa nto ebeyibone kusasa  Baahamba bahamba, bathi bakufika emlanjeni eGqorha, wayihlamba imbola xa kanye bagodukayo. Abantu bamangaliswa kunene akuba lo mfo esuke wawushiya umdudo. Yaabothusa nento yokuba asuke ayihlambe imbola akufika emlanjeni. Baafika ekhaya, kwahlwa okungaliyo, wabe lo mfo engakhankanyi nto mntwini ngento emgumbayo, wasuka waya kulala. 

Kwathi kwakusa ngemini elandelayo, wavukela kwasebuhlanti. Uviwe apho ngasebunhlantu sele  elugwaluma esithi:- Le nto indingeneyo ithi, phuthuma abantu uNxele uyabalahla, akukho bantu bayakuvuka!. Utsho wathi, Phuthumani inkomo yam kuye. Waasuka umzi wathi chasi phandle, liwuthe tshipha ukuba kazi umntu unantoni na, baye besithi, ngahl'uba uyageza. Uthe guququ wabhekisa kubo, wathi:-Mna le nto indingenileyo ithi, Makuthandazwe.

Bathe ke abantu bakubona le nto bakhupha uPeyi noKhupha ukuba babike emzini waye umzi sewusuke wazishwayimbana ngento angayaziyo engene umntu ongaka. uthe wakuthontelana umzi wathetha umfo kaGaba wathi,  Le nto indingenileyo mzi wakowethu ithi, makuthandazwe, kunjalo nje akukho mntu wumbi uyakuyazi le nto ngaphandle kukaNgcongolo (Rev. Mr. Read umfi omdala). Zithe zakunduluka izizwe wawuqala umsebenzi omkhulu, awawuthanda wawugcina kwada kwasekufeni, umsebenzi wokushumayela iLizwi likaThixo.

Umise wathi makuphuthunywe laa nkomo wayeyirhume uNxele, bathe bakuthi abantu awayebathuma Asimazi, bambi bathi, Mhlawumbi akasayikuvuma nayo, wathi yena, Umntu eniyakuthi nihlangane naye xa 
nisiya kulaa mzi, zenazi okokuba nguye lowo. Akasayi kwala nayo loo nkomo uyakunikhululela.
Ngenene kwaba njalo, baabuya nayo inkomo. Uthe ke le nto imngeneyo ithi, makuyiwe kushunyayelwa kuNdlambe.       
Esakufika uNtsikana eze kushumayela, uNdlambe uthe, Makalale uNtsikana ndisaphulaphula uNxele. UNtsikana waphindisa abo bantu babethunywe nguNdlambe esithi kubo, Le nto ayithi mandilale, ithi mandithethe. Babuya amazwi ephel'emqaleni. Kwaathi kwakuba njalo, yayika imini yokokuba isizwe siye kwaGompo, apho uNxele wayesithi abantu bayakuphuma khona. Saqokoza isizwe, waye uNtsikana esithi, Niyakubona, ayikho loo nto, into mna endiyibonayo niyakubuya sele nizingela iinyamakazi. Uthi owayekho, saagqiba nje ukuhlamba kuphela, sathi xa siqwalasela, saqwalasela, yaba yingongolotela'. Kwathi kanti ke ngenene bayakubuya bezingela. Waqala ngoko ke umzi ukufun'ukuthi ngxumbu ngokuthi, intetho yomfo kaGaba inamava.

Ubesithi ngoms'obomvu aphume eme phambi kwendlu yakhe, athi:- Sele! Sele! Sele! Yhizani nonke zihlwelendindi, yhizani nina bantwana, nize kuva izwi lale Nkosi, ilizwe libuyele layingqongana, oyakuliva ngoyakulihlawulela. Sabelani niyabizwa eZulwini! Sabelani niyabizwa phezulu! Sele! Sele! sele! Se'e! Hom, hom, hom, hom! Atsho ke athi Ncincilili angene kwasendlwini. Yeka ke! naabo abantu kunye neentsapho zabo beleqa khona. Wayemana ebubula, ebubula, phambi kokuba atyalusele ukuvuma. Kuye kwaya kaloku kwakhungela, abesele ebharhumla umfo kaGaba sel'eyingwexa amehlo, kub'amehlo akhe ebemakhulu ebomvu. Ibingena kabini ke ityalike, kusasa nangokuhlwa ngeentsuku zeveki, kodwa ngeCawa ibingena kathathu, kusasa, emini nangokuhlwa. Lwaye uninzi lwamabandla lusithi uyageza, makasikwe, yaba livusokazi elikhulu elo. 




#Article 245: U-C (woku-programa ulwimi) (232 words)


U-C woku-programa ulwimi loku-lulwimi loku-progama ikhompyutha olwenzelwa ukuba lwenze inkqubo yoku-programa  i-operating system UNIX kwaye ilulwimi lwe-imperative programming. U-C weenziwa ekuqaleni komnyaka ka-1970 ngu-Ken Thompson no-Dennis Ritchie. Ilulwimi olu-Ilulwimi olu-procedural, into ethetha okokuba abantu bangazibhala ii-programs zabo njengothotho lwemiyalelo ngokulandelelana kwayo. U-C lulwimi olu-compiled. 

Kuba imibono exhasa u-C isoloko igcinwe kufutshane kwi-design ye-compyutha, i-compiler (umakhi we-program) yiyo eyenza ezi-nstructions ze-khompyutha eyakusebenza ngokukhawuleza. Isizathu sokuba isebenze ngokukhawuleza kukuba yakha i-program kwikhowudi ye-matshini/ikhowudi yemveli. Oku kwenza i-C ibe lulwimi olulungileyo lokubhala i-operating systems. Ii-operating systems, ziquka i-Linux ne-UNIX, zi-programmed ezisebenzisa ulwimi. Ulwimi lona ngokwalo lunee-keywords ezimbalwa, kwaye izinto ezininzi zenziwa zenziwa ngokusebenzisa ii-libraries, eziyingqokolela yekhowudi zazo ukuze ziphinde zisetyenziswe. 

I-C ifumaneka kwiintlobo ntlobo zekhompyutha. Yiyo le nto u-C abizwa ngokuba yi-portable language. I-program ebhalwe ngo-C kwaye oko kuhlonipha imiqathango enokubekelwa iimeko ezahlukeneyo. 

I-syntax ka-C nayo ibenefuthe kwezinye iilwimi ze-programming ezininzi, ezifana ne-C++, i-C#, kunye ne-Java, kwanezinye iilwimi ze-programming ezininzi nesizisebenzisayo kweli xesha siphila kulo. 

Nanku umzekelo we-program obhalwe ku-C. Xa usakha naxa uy




#Article 246: Untsikane (205 words)


UNtsikana wasungula umbutho wokuqala wamakrestu angam’Afrika pha ngeminyaka ye-1815.  Wayekwangumbali wokuqala ngesixhosa obalaseleyo wamaculo ecawa, kwaye iculo lakhe elibalaseleyo liyavela kwiincwadi ezininzi zamaculo ecawa zalemihla. UNtsikane lo wazalwa pha ngeminyaka ye-1780 kwiziswe sikaNgqika owayongamele amaRharhabe, wabaliphakathi ngokomnombo. Wayekhona xeshikweni iwhite settlement ye Eastern Frontier isanda kwaye kukho ungquzulwano phakathi kwamaXhosa nalamasetilane matsha. Utata kaNtsikane, uGaba wayenesithembu njengenkoliso yamaXhosa phambi kokuba aguqulwe (Bokwe 1914,4). Umama wakhe uNonabe wayengumfazi wesibini. Umfazi wokuqala wayenesikhwele waza wathyola uNonabe ngobugqwirha, uNonabe wanyanzeleka ukuba abaleke asindise ubomi bakhe. Emveni kwenyanga ezimbalwa uNtsikana wazalwa. Utata kaNtsikana waya kumlanda xa wayeneminyaka elishuni elinesibini. Njengoko uGaba wayezele intombi kumfazi wokuqala, uNoyiki wamamkela njengonyana wakhe.  UNtsikane ukhule esolusa umhlambi katata wakhe kwaye efunda nokuzingela. Xeshikweni elulutsha, uVan Der Kemp weLondon missionary society waza kulenginqgi ihlala uNtsikana. Ukusuka ngowe-1799 ukuya kowe-1801 lemissionary yazama ukushumayeza kodwa impumelelo yayo yabancinci. UNtsikane waqala ukuwuva kuye lomyalezo wobuKrestu. UVan Der Kemp wawushiya umhlaba kaNgqika waya kuhlala eGraaff-Reinet. Imfazwe yalandela kwi-eastern frontier phakathi kweenkosi eziitshatsheleyo zakwaRharhabe, uNgqika noNdlambe. Le mfazwe yaphela kwidabi lase-Amalinda apho uNgqika wohlulwa khona. Amajoni kaNdlambe ahlasele iGrahamstown ngowe1819 (kwi frontier war yesihlanu) kwaye umda wamiliselwa phakathi komlambo iKeiskamma ne Fish river. Zange kwafika missionary kwingingqi kaNtsikane de yabangowe-1816. Yayingumfundisi uJoseph Williams, owavula imissionary station ecaleni komlambo iKat.




#Article 247: Ukwaba/ukwahlula-hlula (362 words)


Kwimathematika, igama division lithetha isenzo esintsingiselo yaso ichaseneyo naleyo yokuphinda-phinda. Uphawu lokwahlulahlula okanye loku-divid-a lungangumgcana okhombe phantsi naphezulu nobizwa ngokuba si- slash, umgca, okanye uphawu lokwahlula-hlula ongulo (), njengakulo mzekelo:

Umzekelo ngamnye kule mizekelo mithathu,  uthetha ukuthi u-6 xa ehlulwa-hlulwa ka-3 sifumana isiphumo esingu-2. Inanani  lokuqala kwezi nombolo libizwa ngokuba yi-dividend (6), lize elesibini libizwe ngokuba yi-divisor (3). Inani elisisiphumo nelilelesithathu kula manani libizwa ngokuba y-i-quotient. Amanani apheleleyo, nasiphi   isixa senani esiphokelayo kwinani elipheleleyo sibizwa ngokuba y-intsalela (njengaku-14/4 sifumana u-3 olinani elipheleleyo kodwa kubekho inani eliphokela ngalo elingu-2, njengenani elingu-3+2⁄4, kananjalo naku-3+1⁄2 okanye ku-3.5).

amanani asenokubamakhulu kakhulu, njengenani elingamakhulu amabini: 200/5 = 40, okanye libe izigidi-gidi :ezisi-7  7,000,000,000 / 1000 = 7,000,000 (lilingana nesi-7 sezigidi).

Ukuba u-c uphinda-phindwa ngo-b ulingana no-a, ubhalwa nngolu hlobo:

apho u-b angengo-zero, ngoko ke u-a owahlulwe ngo-b ulingana no-c, ubhalwa ngolu hlobo:

Umzekelo, 

Kule ntetho ingasentla, u-a ubizwa ngokuba yidividend, u-b abeyi-divisor aze u-c abeyi-quotient.

Ukwahlula-hlula ngo-zero

...ayichazeki.

Ukwahlula-hlula kusoloko kubonakaliswa ngokubeka i-dividend ngaphezulu kwe-divisor zize zahlulwe ngomgca o-horizontal,nawo ubizwa ngokuba yi-vinculum, phakathi kwazo. Umzekelo, u- a owahlulwahlulwe ngo-b ubhalwa ngolu hlobo:

Oku kungafundwa ngokuvakalayo atsho eve nomameleyo ngolu hlobo u-a xa esahlulwa ngo-b okanye u-a ephezu ko-b. indlela yokuchaza kuvokotheke ngokwahlula okanye ngokwaba ngomgca nje omnye kuophela kuxa kubhalwa i-dividend, ize emva koko kubhalwe umgca okekelele ngasekunene i-slash, ngaphantsi kwawo ibe yi-divisor, ngolu hlobo:

Le yindlela eqhelekileyo yokucacisa ngokwahlula-hlula (ukwaba okanye i-division) kw-ii-lwimi ze-programming seyenziwa ngekhompyutha kuba isenokuchwethezwa lula njengeempawu ezilandelelana ngokuqhelekileyo.  

I-typographical variation ephakathi kwezi ndlela zimbini isebenzisa i-slash kodwa inyusela elevates i-dividend, ize yehlisele i- divisor:

Nayiphi na indlela kwezi zimbini ingasetyenziswa ukubonisa i-fraction. I-fraction yintetho esetyenziswa ukubeka i-division apho i-dividend kunye ne-divisor zizi-integers (nangona zaziwa ngokuba ziyi- numerator ne-denominator). I-fraction yindlela eyamkelekileyo yokubhala amanani.  Akunto isoloko ilindelekile ukubhalwa nge-decimal kwesiphumo esivela xa kusabiwa okanye xa kusahlula-hlulwa.  

Eyona ndlela ingaxhaphakanga kuyaphi ukubonisa i-division (ukwaba okanye ukwahlula-hlula) kukusebenzisa i-obelus (okanye uphawu lwe-division) ngale ndlela:

Kodwa kwizibalo zamabanga okuqala okanye aphantsi, olu phawu lusetyenziswa rhoqo.  I-obelus ikwasetyenziswa iyodwa ukuze imele ukusebenza kwe-division, njengakwi-label kwi-key ye-calculator.

Kwezinye iintlanga ezingathethi siNgesi, u-a owahlulwe ngo-b ubhalwa ngolu hlobo a : b. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwentetho yesiNgesi i- colon iphelela ekubizeni amagama anxulumene nee-ratios (u-a:b ubizwa ngokuba ngu-a is to b).




#Article 248: I-Encryption (378 words)


I-Encryption ivumela ulwazi ukuba lufihlakale ukuze lungabinakufundwa ngaphandle kokuba kube kukho isitshixo esaziwayo sokuyivula (esinje nge-password). Oku ke kwenziwa ngekhowudi eyimfihlelo okanye nge-cypher. ulwazi olufihliweyo kuthiwa lu- encrypted.

I-Decryption yindlela yokuguqula ulwazi olu-encrypted ulubuyisela kwi-plaintext. Le ke yindlela e-decrypted. Isifundo se-ncryption sibizwa ngokuba yi-cryptography. I-Cryptanalysis ingenziwa ngesandla ukuba i-cypher ilula. Ii-cyphers ezinkulu nezinobunzima zifuna ikhompyutha ukuze zikhangele izitshixo ezinokufumaneka.  I-Decryption licandelo lenzululwazi yekhompyutha ne-mathematika ejonga ukuba zinzima kangakanani na ukuba zingade zophule i-cypher.

Uhlobo olulula lwamagama e-ncryption y- iROT13.  kwi-ROT13, oonobumba lngokulandelelana kwabo baguqu-guqulwa betshintsisana ngohlobo olunye nolulula. Umzekelo, u-A uguqukela ku-N, u-B uguqukela ku-O, u-C uguqukela ku-P, njalo njalo. Unobumba ngamnye u-rotated kwisithuba esili-13.  Ukusebenzisa i-ROT13 cipher, the words Simple English Wikipedia becomes Fvzcyr Ratyvfu Jvxvcrqvn.  I-ROT13 cipher ilula kakhulu ukuba i-decrypt.  Kuba  bangama-26 oonobumba besiNgesi ngokulandelelana, kuba unobumba ngamnye u-rotated kanibini ngoonobumba abali-13 qho ngexesha. Oyena nobumba wokuqala uzakufumaneka. Ukusebenzisa i-ROT13 cipher okwesibini kubuyisa umbhalo wokuqala. Xa wayethetha nomkhosi wakhe, uJulius Caesar ngamanye amaxesha wayesebenzisa into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Caesar cipher namhlanje. Le-cipher isebenza ngokususa oonobumba kwiindawo abakuzo: unobumba ngamnye ujikeleziswa kwiindawo ezi-3. 

Iintlobo ezininzi ze-encryption zenziwe zanobunzima ukuze i-cryptanalysis ibenobunzima.  Ezinye zenzelwe amagama kuphela. Ezinye zenzelwe ii-files ze-khompyutha e-binary ezifana nemifanekiso kunye nee-ngoma. Namhlanje, abantu abaninzi basebenzisa inkqubo ye-asymmetric encryption ebizwa ngokuba yi-RSA. Nayiphi na i-file yekhompyutha inga ba-encrypted nge-RSA. i-AES yi-symmetric algorithm exhaphakileyo. 

Inkoliso yeentlobo ze-encryption zisenokwenziwa iintanda ngokwe-thiyori.  Utshaba  lungakwazi uku-decrypt-ha umyalezo ngoku kanye lingayaziyo i-password, ukuba lukrele-krele ngokwemathematika,  ngeekhompyutha ezinamandla kwakunye nexesha elininzi.   I-one-time pad ibalulekile kuba, ukuba isetyenziswa ngendlela eyiyo, ayinakuqhekeka. Mithathu imigaqo emayilandelwe: 

Ukuba le mithetho mithathu iyathotyelwa, kuyakubanzima ukufunda imiyalezo eyimfihlelo xa ungasazi isitshixo esiyimfihlelo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ngexesha lemfazwe ye-Cold War, iindawo zoonozakuzaku nezemikhosi emikhulu zazisoloko zisebenzisa i-one-time pads ukuze ziqhagamshelane ekhusini incoko phakathi kwabo kunye noorhulumente ingabinakunqakula bani.   Babeneencwana zabo (pads) ezazizaliswe ziileta ezazizifikela nje ngaphandle kokucwangciswa kwazo nangaphandle kwesicwangciso sokuba makufike zibengaphi na.  Ikhasi ngalinye kwezi ncwadana lalinokusetyenziswa kube kanye kuphela: Yhiyo le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-one-time pad.

I-Encryption ihlala isetyenziswa kwi-Intanethi, njengoko ii-web sites ezininzi ziyisebenzisa ukukhusela nawuphi na umgosi oyimfihlo. Kwi-Intanethi, ziliqela ii-protocols ze-encryption ezisetyenziswayo, ezifana ne-Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), i-IPsec, kunye ne-SSH. Zisebenzisa inkqubo ye-RSA encryption system kunye nezinye. I-protocol ye-web browsing ekhuselweyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-HTTPS.
I-URL encryption isebenzisa i-MD5 Algorithm ubukhulu becala. Iintlobo-ntlobo ze-algorithms zisetyenziswa kwimakethe ye-intanethi, kuxhomekeke ekubeni zifunwa kangakanani na.  




#Article 249: I-keyboard (249 words)


Ibhodi ekuchwethezwa kuyo (i-Key-board)  sisixhobo sokufaka ulwazi (y-input device) ngokuthi sivumele umntu akwazi ukufaka ekhompyutheni iimpawu okanye iisimboli ezifana noonobumba kunye namanani. Le bhodi sesona sixhobo sibaluleke kakhulu ekufakeni ulwazi kwiikhompyutha ezininzi.  

Ii-keyboards zizintlobo ngentlobo, kwaye namaqhosha azo zibekwe alandelelaniswa  ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.  Olona hlobo lwaziwayo lolulusisakhiwo esiyi- lwe-QWERTY, nolusekwe kwibhodi yamaqhosha ekhompyutha yokubhala ngokuchwetheza. Uhlobo lwe-QWERTY yeenziwa ngolu hlobo ukuze oonobumba abasoloko besetyenziswa bangaxingi kumatshini wokuchwetheza. Kungoku nje abakho abanye abachwethezi  kodwa lona olu hlobo lusekho kuba abantu babesele beluqhelile.  Ibhodi enamaqhosha okuchwetheza i-ergonomic iyenzelwe ukuba kubelula ukuba isetyenziswe ngabantu, ngaphandle kokuba bazenzakalise ezandleni okanye kwiingalo zabo. Ibhodi enamaqhosa okuchwetheza ingabhala ngokuchwetheza oonobumba, amanani kunye neziphawuli eziziziphumlisi, ize ikwenze ukwazi ukulawula ikhompyutha, usebenzisa amaqhosha awodwa ashe ngeqhosha elithi QALISA (START), kunye namaqhosha okwalatha.  Ibhodi yamaqhosha ekhompyutha i-Dvorak lolunye uhlobo olungasetyenziswa endaweni yolu.  

Ibhodi yamaqhosa ekhompyutha isoloko ixhunyaniswa kwikhompyutha ngesiza se-USB.

I-Keystroke yoku-logga inqakula ukushicilelwa kweqhosha ngalinye elithe lacofwa. I-Keystroke yokulogga ingasetyenziswa ukhangela okanye ukumenta iintshukumo zabasebenzi.   Ii-Hackers nazo zisenokusebenzisa i-keystroke yokulogga. Iingcali zaafumanisa okokuba uninzi lwezitshixo zebhodi yekhompyutha zikhupha i-electromagnetic radiation enokusetyenziswa ukuze zintame amaqhosha acofiweyo. Iimpukane eziluhlaza zingabona okokuba yintoni na eye yachwethezwa ngobhulisa loo maqhosha zikuloo ndawo zikuyo.  

Abaphandi bafunda bekwaphicotha into yokokuba ingaba amaqhosha ebhodi yephompyutha angazisasaza na izifo zekhompyutha ezikumila kunje. amanye amaqhosha ebhodi yekhompyutha aafunyanwa eneentsholongwane ezingaphezulu ngokuphindaphindwe kahlanu kunezo zikwisihlalo sendlu yangasese. 

Iimpawu ezikhoyo kwibhodi yekhompyutha zezo zolwimi lwengingqi ngokubanzi, nangona iimpawu ze-ASCII zinento yokuba zibekho kuyo yonke indawo.  

Iimpawu ezikwibhodi yolwimi lwesiNgesi zezi:  1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,-,=,q,w,e,r,t,y,u,i,o,p,[,],a,s,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,;,',#,\,z,x,c,v,b,n,m,.,/,!,,£,$,%,^,,*,(,),_,+,Q,W,E,R,T,Y,U,I,O,P,{,},A,S,D,F,G,H,J,K,L,:,@,~,|,Z,X,C,V,B,N,M,,? kwaye amanye amaqhosha akenzelwanga ezi mpawu.  




#Article 250: I-Spacecraft (170 words)


I-spacecraft y-inqwelo ethwala [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/people abantu] nee-cargo izisusa ngaphandle kwe-Eatmosphere yomHlaba, loo nto ziyenza nge-space zibasa kwezinye ii-planetary, izitishi ze-space, okanye kwii-orbits zize ziphinde zibabuyisele ekhaya kwakhona.  Izi-Spacecraft ezenzelwe kumphezulu we-planethi zibizwa ngokuba ziinqwelo ziinqwelo ze-launch akwaye zidla ngokuncothuka kwii-launch pads ekwi-spaceports. 

Inkoliso yee-spacecraft namhlanje zinyanzeliswa ziimoto ze-rocket, eziphokozela impongo yemisi kwelinye icala elichasene neli zihamba ngalo. Ezinye iindlela zokwenza intshukumo zisetyenziswa xa kufanelekile. I-Spacecraft ezingaphelelwayo kumandla amakhulu e-gravity ingasenebzisa ii-ion thrusters okanye ezindle iindlela ezinefuthe. 

Ngenxa yamandla namakhulu afunekayo kwii-Spacecraft ukuze kube lula ukuba mazishiye i-gravithi yomhlaba, kudla ngokuba duru kakhulu ukuzakha, ukuzibeka ngokusesikweni, kunye nokuzisebenza. Izicwangciso zee-spacecraft zexa elizayo zigxile ekunciphiseni ezi ndleko ukuze babebaninzi abantu abanokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-space. kodwa kwezi ntsuku siphila kuzo, amaxabiso asephezulu kakhulu,  kwaye kutsha nje, zonke ii-spacecraft bezixhaswa ngurhulumente kazwelonke. 

Eyonanto yakhe yaduru kakhulu kunazo zonke izinto kukuthumela abantu kwi-space, ngenxa yokuba kaloku abantu kufuneka betyile, kufuneka bephefumlile, kufuneka behleli endaweni, kukwafuneka bekhuselekile, kwaye abantu kufuneka belawuliwe. Abantu abathatha inxaxheba elolu hlobo banamagama awodwa:   AmaMelika azibiza ii-astronauts; 
AmaRhashiya wona azibiza ii-cosmonauts; AmaTshayina azibiza ii-taikonauts.




#Article 251: I-e-mail (272 words)


Iindaba okanye imiyalezo ehamba ngombane (okanye i-e-mail okanye i-email) yInkonzo eza nge-internet evumela abantu abanedilesi ye-e-mail (ii-akhawunti) ukuba bathumele okanye bafumane iileta ezihamba ngombane, Ezo ke zifana neeleta ezi ziposwayo, ngaphandle nje kokuba zona zifika ngokukhawuleza okukhulu kuneeleta ezihamba nge-snail mail xa zithunyelwa kwiindawo ezikude, kwaye sisoloko zithunyelwa simahla.  

Njengezinye iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuxhumana ngembalelwano, abasebenzisa olu hlobo bangazibona sele befumana uthotho lwembalelwano abayifuni nganto.   Xa ke lusiza nge-mail, oku kuthiwa si-spam. Ezinye ii-program zenzelwe ukuba ze kuthi xa kuthunyelwa okanye kufunyanwa le mbalelwano zikwazi ukuzibona nokuzihluza ezi zipam zize ke ngoko zivaleleke zingakwazi kwaphela ukungena kwi-email yakho.  

Xa uthumela okanye ufumana i- email ngokwendlela eqhelekileyo, kufuneka ubene-device (izinto ezinje nge-computer, nge-fowuni, njalo njalo.) eyakuthi ixhunyaniswe kwi-Internet nakwi-program ye-email (nebizwa ngokulula nje kuthiwe yi-mailer). Ziliqela ke iindlela  ekhoyo zeedilesi ze-email. Eyona ixhaphake kakhulu ibizwa ngokuba yi-RFC 2822, ibonakala  ngolu hlobo user@domain.com. Ubukhulu becala imiyalezo ye-email ithunyelwa ngamagama abhaliweyo,  kanti ke ngamanye amaxesha ithunyelwa ngohlobo lwe-HTML. 

Ngamanye amaxesha ezinye iinkampani ziyakuvumela okokuba uyithumele i-email yakho simahla  kwi-website ekumgama omde kakhulu, kananjalo ukwazi ukuyifumana i-email yakho  evela kwi-website ekude kakhulu simahla. i-Gmail, i-Hotmail ne-Yahoo! ziphakathi kwezinye ii-website ezenza olu hlobo lwe-web mail. I-Webmail yona ayilulandeli ncam olu hlobo luboniswe ngezantsi apha, kuba  kaloku i-webpage yi- web application kwaye inakekela iinkcukacha ezininzi ngokwayo. Kwindlela eqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa i-mailer, njengoko kuqhelekile kwi-smartphones. 

I-Microsoft izenzele eyayo i-communication protocol (okanye uthotho lwemithetho yayo) yokuthumela okanye yokufumana i-mail okanye imbalelwano, ezizwa ngokuba yi-Exchange. I-exchange protocol isebenza ngokwahlukile geqe kwindlela yesiqhelo kwaye ke eyayo indlela ayichazwanga apha.  

lo mzobo unika umzekelo wento eyenzekayo xa i-email isuka kumntu omnye iye komnye kusetyenziswa le ndlela iqhelekileyo. Kulo mzekelo, uAlice uthumela umyalezo nge-email kuBob.




#Article 252: Orphan (208 words)


Ngokwesilungu, Inkedama ngumntwana ongenabazali.  Oku ke kungabangwa kukuba abazali bakhe baasweleka okanye baamlahla/ abamfuni. Ngenxa yezi meko iinkedama zihlala kwikhaya lazo ekuthiwa ngumzi weenkedama, okanye i-orphanage, kulapho abantwana abangenabazali bahlala khona.  Abantwana abaninzi abahlala kweli khaya lee nkedama bakhuliswa ngumntu okanye ngabantu ababini. 

Ngamanye amaxesha abazali bayagula bade bafe babe abantwana babo bona besebancinane, kuze kuthi ke xa kungekho sizalwane sabo sizimisele ukubakhulisa, zibe zingenakho kwaphela ukwenza oko, bakhuliswe kwikhaya leenkedama abantwana. Xa beliqela abantwana, umzekelo, oodade nabanakwabo beshiyeke beziinkedama, ngokwesiko lesilungu bayohlulwa; omnye umntwana asiwe kolunye usapho; ngeli lixa omnye eshiyeka kweli khaya leenkedama.  

Maxa wambi basenokungabhubhi abazali, ntonje bangabinamisebenzi  namali, baze ke ngoko ngokwesiko lesilungu, babalahle abantwana babo kuba bengenakukwazi ukubakhulisa. Abazali bangafikelela kwisigqibo sokokuba ukuba kungakho mntu wumbi onokubakhulisa aba bantwana, mhlawumbi bangatsho babenekamva eliqaqambileyo kwixa elizayo.  

Kumazwe maninzi athwaxwa yindlala  iinkedama zisoloko zibonwa zidwakasa  zicela zicela amalizo e-mali nokutya; abaninzi basenokungayi nasesikolweni. Akukho nzame zingakanani ezenziwayo zokubanceda kula mazwe angathathi ntweni.   

Kodwa kumazwe ekuhluthwayo kuwo,   imibutho kwanamaziko amaninzi ayazinceda iinkedama  aze aphinde ancede abazali ngonyango xa begula okanye mhlawumbi xa behluphekile, ukuze bangabalahli abantwana babo. Imibutho enje ngeecawa neenkonzo zasekuhlaleni, ziyabancedisa.  

Abalinganiswa abaninzi kwiincwadi nakwimidlalo bhanya-bhanya, bebesoloko bedlala indima yeenkedama,  imidlalo efana no-Oliver Twist, u-David Copperfield, u-Annie, u-Batman, kunye no-Harry Potter.




#Article 253: I-Habitat (indawo ekuphila kuyo izilwanyana nezityalo) (286 words)


I-habitat yindawo esikhulele kuyo isilwanyana, isityalo, osohlobo oluthile, okanye olunye uhlobo lwe-organism. natural eyindawo enjalo ngokwendalo yayo apho isidalwa sihlala khona, okanye yindawo yendalo ejikeleze uluntu.

Uninzi lwezilwanyana luhlala kuhlobo olunye lwe-environment kuba kuzezona zingqinelana nazo. Sithi zi-'adapted' kwi-environment'. Umzekelo, izilwanyana ezifana namasele, ii-newts, namadada, zinoobhaxa beenyawo ezizinceda zitsho zikwazi ukudada emanzini.  Ziziintlobo ngeentlobo ke ii-habitats kwaye zikwaziintlobo-ntlobo iindawo ezikwazi ukuphila kuzo.  

Ukuba kuyenzeka itshintshe indawo yazo, ayisayikuzilungela izilwamyana nezityalo ukuba ziphile apho. Ngenxa yokokuba kaloku izilwanyana nezityalo zingayiqhelanga loo ndawo intsha lube nonxulumano phakathi kwazo nale ndawo intsha luluncinane, oku kungabanga amakhwiniba ngamakhwiniba.   Ukuguquka kwemozulu ikwenza okokuba ezinye iindawo ezihlala kuyo izilwanyana neentaka zibeshushu,noko kunezo ziziqhelileyo ibe ke iintlobo ntlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana zifudukela kwiindawo ezipholileyo.   Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana azikwazi ukufuduka zitsho ke ngoku zingandi ziye zincipha ngokuncipha. Ingcali zenzululwazi zicinga okokuba 10% yezi ntlobo ekhulwini zingahamba zihambe ziphele ngenxa yolu tshintsho.  Ezinye iindawo zokuhlala izilwanyana nezokukhulela izityalo zilungiselelwe ukuba zihlale efama. Umzekelo ophilayo ngowase-Australia, ama-80% amahlathi e-eucalypt aagawulwa ukuze kwenziwe ifama kwiminyaka engaphaya kwa-210 eminyaka egqithileyo.  Oku kungachaphazela ubukho bamahlathi ekuphila kuwo izilwanyana ezinje nge-koala.

Kanye njengezilwanyana xa ziqhelene nendawo eziphila kuzo, kunjalo ke nakwityalo. Izityalo ziqhele ukumila zikhule kakuhle kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeendawo.  . Kangangokuba, isityalo ngasinye sinnepawu ezithile.  Ezinye ziqhele ukuphila emhlabeni, ngeli lixa ezinye ziqhele ukuphila emanzini. Izityalo ezikhula emhlabeni zidla ngokuxhaswa ziziqu eziqinileyo ukuze zikhule kakuhle zibheke phezulu, ngelo xesha ezi zikhula emanzini zidla ngokuba neziqu ezizintswazana nje kuba kaloku zona zixhaswa ngamanzi.  

Izityalo ezikhula kwimozulu engani mvula njengasentlango zinamagqabi ambalwa, angangabikho kwa ukubakho loo magqabi kwezinye izityalo, kwaye angazigcinela amanzi xa imvula ikhe yana. Uqhelana  kwazo nomhlaba othile kunciphisa ukungabikho kwamanzi. Izityalo ezikhula kwiindawo ezinomthunzi zinamabhakubhaku amagqabi atsho athi ngokotha ilanga akhongozele imitha yelanga kangoko anakho, okanye akekelele ngaselangeni. 




#Article 254: I-Molecule (288 words)


I-molecule yintwana encinane eyi-khemikal enokufumaneka. Ukuba i-molecule le ibinokucukucezwa ngaphezu kokuba incinane kangako ibezizicukwana, ibizakuba yenye into eyahlukileyo.  

Ii-molecules zenziwe ngee-atoms ezithi zincamathelane zitsho zimile ngandlela ithile. Akuyiyo yonke imixube yee-atoms eqhelekileyo; ii-atoms zithanda ukumila ngohlobo oluthile, kodwa akunjalo kwezinye ii-atoms.  Kananjalo, zithanda uhlobo lwezicwagciso oluthile. Umzekelo, ii-atoms ze-oxygen (engumongo-moya ngesiXhosa) iyakusoloko inee-bonds ezimbini nezinye ii-atoms,  kanti zona ii-atoms ze-carbon ziyakusoloko zinee-bonds ezine nezinye ii-atoms, kanti nee-atoms ze-nitrogen ziyakusoloko zinee-bonds ezintathu nezinye ii-atoms.  

Kwii-gases ezifana nomoya, ii-molecules ziyazibhabhela nje.  Kanti ke kwizinto ezilngamanzi lezifana noqobo lwamanzi, ii-molecules ziqumbana ndawonye kodwa ke zisenokwenza intshukumo.  Kwizinto ezi-solids njengeswekile, ii-molecules zingasuke zi-ngcangcazele. Kukwakho nenye imo yento eyaziwa ngokuba yi-plasma apho ii-molecules zibhabha zijikeleze ngokukhawuleza ngokungathi ziphambene kunaxa zisemoyeni. nge-molecular formula, ungawabhala onke amanani ee-atoms ezikwi- molecule. Umzekelo, i-molecular formula ye-glucose ithi-C6H12O6. Oko kuthetha ukuba i-molecule enye ye-glucose yenziwe zii-atoms ze-carbon atoms ezintandathu, zii-hydrogen atoms ezilishumi elinambini kwanee-oxygen atoms ezintandathu.  

Ukuze ikwazi ukubakho i-molecule, ii-atoms kufuneka zincamathelane.  oku ke kwenzeka xa ii-atoms ezimbini zisabelana ngee-electrons. Endaweni yokujikelezisa le atom inye kuphela, i-electron ngoku ijikeleza zibe mbini. oku ke kubizwa ngokuba luncamathelwano. Ii-electrons ekwabelwana ngazo zibizwa ngokuba zii-'bonds'. Ngamany'amaxesha, ziba mbini nangaphezulu ii-electrons ekwabelwana ngazo. Xa zisanda ii-electrons ekwabelwane ngazo, i-bond nayo iya isomelela kwaye kungona ukuncamathelana kwee-atoms kusiya kusomelela.  

Ii-bonds zingaqhekezwa zohlukaniswe. Kuba ke inkoliso yee-bonds ifuna amandla ukuze zenzeke, zikwakhupha amandla xa zophuliwe. Kodwa phambi kokuba uninzi lwee-bonds luqhekeke, kufuneka zitshiswe ii-molecules.  Ii-atoms ziqale zishukume, zize zithi zakushukuma kakhulu, yophuke i-bond.  Ii-Molecules ezifuna amandla anganeno ukuze zikwazi ukuqhekeza kunalawo ziwafuna xa sele ziqhekekile zibizwa ngokuba zii-fuels. Umzekelo, ikhandlela lingabekwa phaya kungabikho nto yenzekayo. Kodwa xa uqhwitha ngematshisi ulilayite, liyakuvutha ixesha elide. Imatshisi izisa amandla ukuze iqhekeze ii-bond zokuqala, ezikhulula amandla awoneleyo ukuze ziqhekeze ii-bonds ezingaphantsi kuzo, de libe ikhandlela livuthe laphela.  




#Article 255: I-substance (318 words)


I-Substance [sub'-stuns] yinto eyenziwe ngenye into ebonakala ngamehlo, okanye yi-matter, yento ethile ekwenziwe ngayo loo nto yenziweyo. Ii-Substances zizinto eziphatheka ngesandla nezibonakala ngamehlo, okanye kusenokwenziwa umlinganiselo wazo. Zenziwe ngamalungu ee-elements amabini nangaphezulu. I-Iron, i-aluminium, amanzi kunye nomoya yimizekelo yee-substances.

eyona ngxaki inkulu ekufumaneni eyona nkcazo iyiyi malunga nokokuba iyintoni na substance yeyokokuba, ukuba ngaba, umzekelo, asithatheli ngqalelo ihlabathi (eliyi-cosmos) kuphela, izinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, kananjalo yonke into gabalala, kuyakuvela umbuzo othi, yintoni eyona yona iluphawu lokwenene nesekelwe kuyo le nto kuthiwa y'into', nekuyinto eyakuba nazo zonke izinto ezikwi-(matter), ingqondo, iindlela zokuva, i-space, umphefumlo, njalo njalo).

Igama lesiLatini elithi substantia - linguqulelo yegama lesiGrike elithi essence (ousia), kwaye ngesiLatini lichaza umdla wokusebenzisa igama elithi essentia. KwiFilosofi yamandulo, igama elithi substance lithathwa njengegama elibhekisa kwindawo ekufumaneka kuyo izinto zendalo,isiseko sokuqala sayo yonke into (umzekelo, ngamanzi eThales, ngumlilo we-Heraclitus). 

Kungoku nje, igama lee-substance lithathwa njengegama kwaye ligcwele wonke umhlaa. umbono wokuqala unxulumene nolwazi nge-substance oluvela nkokwe-ontoloji, iintsika zolu lwazi ngoo- (Francis Bacon, Benedict Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz). Elona candelo lemetaphysics kwi-substance yefilosofi yaziwa ngokuba yileyo inoThixo nendalo kwaye ithathwa nje ngezidalileyo (i-Latin causa sui). Ezona mpawu ze-substance zivela ku-Benedict Spinoza kwaye ziyacinga ziphinde zistretch-e. Ngokwe-analogy, ngefilosofi ye-substance ka-Benedict Spinoza ibonwa ngokwesigama sika-René Descartes no-Leibniz. I-substance yokuqala kukudibana kwento leyo yenzayo (i-subject) kunye naloo kwenziwa kuyo into (i-object), eyesibini - ii-toms ezifanayo zizinto nje ezingasanwabulukiyo, kodwa zifumana iimpawu eziziiaspirations (Fr. appetition) kunye no-kwanda.Siyabulela, i-substance ye-Leibniz iqala ukunxulumana ne-matter.

Inqaku lesibini ngokumalunga nombono onge-substance - yindlela  e-epistemological eliqondwa ngayo eli gama lithi substance, iizinto elinokukwazi ukuzisingatha kwakunye nemfuneko yolwazi ngobunzululwazi, (uJohn Locke, David Hume). U-Immanuel Kant ukholelwa kwinto yokokuba umthetho naphantsi kwaluphi na utshintsho oluthi lwenzeke kwinto yesiganeko eso kwaye nenani lezinto elithi lizigcine kulo ngokwendalo ziyinto efanayo, zingahlonyelwa kmava afanayo. U-Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel uyichaza i-substance njengesidima sotshintsho, ukuguquka kwezinto, njengolona tshintsho lukhulu xa kusiya kukhula umnqweno. Ngokuka-Arthur Schopenhauer i-substance - i-matter ngokukaDavid Hume - imbali engeyiyo inyaniso, the izinto ezibekho ngaxesha nye. 




#Article 256: Leishmaniasis (216 words)


I-Leishmaniasis, ekwapelwa njengo-leishmaniosis, isi sifo sibangelwa yi- protozoan parasite yohlobo lwe- Leishmania kwaye isasazwa kukutyiwa ziindidi ezithile ze-sandflies. Isifo singabakho ngeendlela ezintathu ezintathu eziphambili:  i-cutaneous, i-mucocutaneous, okanye i-visceral leishmaniasis. Uhlobo lwe-cutaneous luzisa izilonda zesikhumba, ngelixa uhlobo lwe-mucocutaneous luzisa izilonda zesikhumba, zomlomo, nezempumlo, lona uhlobo lwe-visceral luqala ngezilonda zezikhumba luze kamva luzise umkhuhlane, iiseli ezibomvu zegazi eliphantsi, kwakunye nodakada nesibindi esandileyo.

Izifo ezosulelayo ezisebantwini zibangelwa ziintlobo ezingaphezulu kwama-20 ze-Leishmania. Iimeko zomngcipheko ziquka intlupheko, ukungondleki, ukupheliswa kwamahlathi, kunye nokwenziwa kweedolophu. Zonke ezi ndidi zingaxilongwa ngokubonwa kwezifunxi-gazi ngaphantsi kwemayikhroskophu. Ngokongezelelekleyo, isifo se-visceral singaxilongwa ngokuvavanywa kwegazi.

I-Leishmaniasis ingathintelwa ngokuyinxenye ngokulala phantsi kweenethi ezinyangwe nge zibulala-zinambuzane. Amanye amanyathelo aquka ukufefezwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukubulala ii-sandflies kwanokunyanga abantu abanesifo kwangoko ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwaso ngakumbi. Unyango oludingekayo luqondwa ngendawo esifumaneke kuyo isifo, iintlobo ze-Leishmania, kwakunye nohlobo lwesifo esosulelayo. Amanye amachiza anokusetyenziselwa isifo se-visceral aquka i- liposomal amphotericin B, umdibaniso we- pentavalent antimonials ne- paromomycin, ne-miltefosine. Kwisifo se-cutaneous, ingasebenza i-paromomycin, i- fluconazole, okanye i-pentamidine.

Ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-12 abosulelekileyo kungoku nje  kumazwe athile angama-98. Ziimeko ezintsha ezimalunga nezigidi ezi-2  kwaye kwenzeka ukufa okuphakathi kwamawaka angama-20 nama-50 ngonyaka ngamnye. Ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-200  abaseAsiya, eAfrika, eMzantsi nakuMbindi weMelika, nakumazantsi eYurophu abahlala kwiindawo apho sixhaphake khona esi sifo. I-World Health Organization ifumene izaphulelo kwamanye amachiza okusinyanga esi sifo. Esi sifo sinokwenzeka nakuthotho lwezinye izilwanana, ukuquka ii-izinja kunye ne-zikrekrethis.




#Article 257: Ukucaca (123 words)


Kwi-optics, ukukhanya yinxalenye yezinto aezenza okokuba ukukhanya kugqobhozele ngaphakathi kwinto ethile, sitsho sibone okokuba yintoni na le ikulento.  

I-[//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/object object] ekhanyayo ungabona ngaphaya kwayo. Oko kuthetha okokuba, into engaphaya kwayo kungalula ukugqobhoza kuyo utsho uyibone into engaphaya kwayo.   I-nto ebonakalayo ngaphaya kwento ekhanyayo ifana nqwa nento onokuyibona ungakhange ude ube ugqobhozela kwenye into. Isenokutshintshwa ukuba loo nto ikhanyayo isebenza nje ngee-lens.  Oko ke kunokubutshintsha ubungakanani nendlela emi ngayo loo nto.  

Ukuba ukukhanya kwento kubonakala luzizi  ngokuthi nangona amehlo ekwazi ukugqobhoza abone ngaphaya kwento leyo ikhanyayo, kodwa akakwazi ukubona zonke iinkcukacha zaloo nto agqobhozele kuyo; loo nto kuthiwa i-translucent.  

Ukukhanya kunqumla ngento e-translucent, kodwa akunakubona nto ngaphaya kwako.  Ukukhanya kudlula kule kodwa into le kunqumla kuyo kuyakungqubaza ukukhanya ukuze ungabinakuyibona into, ubone  isithunzi 




#Article 258: Intsholongwane i-Zika (227 words)


Umkhuhlane i-Zika (ekwaziwa njengesifo sentsholongwane i-Zika) isisigulo esibangelwa yintsholongwane i-Zika. Kwiimeko ezininzi ayinazo iimpawu, kodwa xa zikhona zidla ngokuba ngaphakathi kwaye zingafana nomkhuhlane i-dengue. Iimpawu zingaquka umkhuhlane,  amehlo abomvu, ukuqaqanjelwa ngamalungu omzimba, intloko ebuhlungu, kwanerhashalala ye-maculopapular. Iimpawu zithatha ngaphantsi kuneentsuku ezisixhenxe. Akukabikho kufa kuxeliweyo ngexesha lokuqalisa kosuleleko. Usuleleko lwayanyaniswa ne-Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS).

Umkhuhlane i-Zika idla ngokusasazeka ngenxa yokulunywa ziingcongconi zohlobo lweAedes. Isenokubangelwa lulosuleleko lwezifo zesondo ezihanjiswa ngesondo ukusuka emntwini ukuya kumntu atshate naye kwaye zikwanokusasazwa kukutsalwa kw(ama)egazi. Izifo ezosulelayo kubafazi abakhululweyo nazo zingalosulela usana kwaye oku kudityaniswa  nokuphuma kwezisu kunye ne-microcephaly. Uxilongo lungokuvavanya igazi, umchamo, okanye amathe ukuqonda ubukho bentsholongwane ye-Zika RNA xa umntu egula.

Uthintelo luquka ukunciphisa ukulunywa ziingcongconi kwimimandla apho senzeka khona isifo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kweekhondom. Imizamo yokuthintela ukulunywa iquka ukusetyenziswa kwezigxothi-zinambuzane, ukugquma ubuninzi bomzimba ngesinxibo, iinethi zeengcongconi, kunye nokususa amanzi awomileyo apho zinokuzala khona ngokutsha iingcongconi. Alukho olusebenzayo ugonyo. Abasebenzi bezempilo bacebisa ukuba abafazi abakwimimandla echaphazelwa 2015–16 uqhambuko lwe-Zika bakhe bathi xhaa ngokumitha kwaye abafazi abamithiyo bangatyeleli kule mimandla. Ngelixa kungekho lunyango luthile, i-paracetamol (acetaminophen) inganceda ngeempawu. Ukulaliswa esibhedlele akuyo mfuneko ixhaphakileyo.

Intsholongwane ebangela esi sifo yaqala ukubekelwa bucala ngo-1947. Uqhambulo lokuqala ukubhalwa phakathi kwabantu lwenzeka ngo-2007 kwi-Federated States of Micronesia. , esi sifo besisenzeka kwingingqi ezingamashumi amabini zaseMelika. Sikaziwa kwakhona ngokwenzeka eAfrika, eAsiya, nakwiPasifikhi. Ngenxa yoqhambuko olwaqala eBrazil ngo-2015, i-World Health Organization yakubhengeza oku njenge-Public Health Emergency of International Concern ngoFebruwari 2016.




#Article 259: I-Schistosomiasis (213 words)


I-Schistosomiasis, ekwaziwa njenge-snail fever, isisifo se-helminthiasis esibangelwa yi-parasitic flatworm ekuthiwa yi-schistosomes. Indlela yomchamo okanye amathumbu anokosuleleka. Imiqondiso neempawu zingaquka ubuhlungu besisu, urhudo, ilindle elinegazi, okanye igazi elisemchameni. Abo bosulelekileyo ixesha elide bangafumana umonakalo wesibindi, ukungasebenzi kwezintso, ukungaqhameli inzala, okanye umhlaza wesinyi. Ebantwaneni, inokubangela ukungakhuli kakuhle kunye ukufunda nzima.

Isifo sisasazeka ngokudibana namanzi ahlaziyekileyo angcoliswe zizifunxi-gazi. Ezi zifunxi-gazi zikhutshwa ziinkumba zamanzi ahlaziyekileyo asulelekileyo. Isifo esiqheleke ngokukodwa ebantwaneni abakumazwe asakhasayo njengoko kuqhelekile ukuba badlale kumanzi angcolileyo. Amanye amaqela asemngciphekweni omkhulu aquka amafama, abalobi beentlanzi, kunye nabantu abasebenzisa amanzi angacocekanga imihla ngemihla. Iyeyeqela le- izifo ezosulelayo ze-helminth. Uxilongo lungokufumana amaqanda esifunxi-gazi kumchamo okanye kwilindle lomntu. Isenako nokuqinisekiswa ngokufumana izilwa-buhlungu ezisegazini ngokuchaseneyo nesifo esisegazini.

Iindlela zokuthintela isifo ziquka ufikelelo kumanzi acocekileyo kunye nokunciphisa inani leenkumba. Kwimimandla apho sixhaphakileyo esi sifo, ichiza eliyi-praziquantel linganikezwa kube kanye ngonyaka kwiqela lonke. Oku kwenzelwa ukunciphisa inani labantu abosulelweyo kunye, nokulandelayo, nokusasazeka kwesifo. I-Praziquantel isekwalunyango olunconywayo yi-World Health Organization (WHO) kwabo baziwa bengabosulelekileyo.

I-Schistosomiasis ichaphazele abantu abaphantse babe zizigidi ezingama-210 ehlabathini jikelele ukusukela ngo-2012. Kuqikeleleka ukuba ngabantu abali-12,000 ukuya kuma-200,000 ababulawa yiyo kunyaka ngamnye. isifo sifunyanwa ngokuqheleke kakhulu eAfrika, kwanaseAsiya nakuMzantsi Melika. Ngabantu abazizigidi ezingama-700 million, kumazwe angaphezulu kwangama-70, abahlala kwimimandla apho esi sifo sixhaphake khona. Kumazwe etropiki, i-schistosomiasis iyeyesibini kwimalariya phakathi kwezifo zezifunxi-gazi ezinefuthe elikhulu kwezoqoqosho. I-Schistosomiasis idweliswe njengesifo setropiki esingahoywanga.




#Article 260: Umgada (514 words)


Umgada sisifo esijikelezayo esibangela uhlaselo lwe- lokukrala kobuchopho ebantwini nakwezinye izilwanyana ezinegazi elishushu. Iimpawu zakwangoko zingaquka umkhuhlane nokuntlontlozela kwindawo eyosulelweyo. Ezi mpawu zilandelwa lolunye okanye ezininzi kwezi mpawu zilandelayo: iintshukumo eziyingozi, imincili engalawulekiyo, i- uloyiko lwamanzi, ukungakwazi ukuhambisa amalungu omzimba, ukubhideka, kunye nokulahlekelwa yingqondo. Emva kokubonakala kweempawu, umgada udla ngokuphumela ekufeni. Isigaba sexesha eliphakathi kokosulelwa sisifo nokuqalisa kweempawu kudla ngokuba yinyanga enye ukuya kwezintathu. Nangona kunjalo, esi sigaba sexesha singashiyana ukusukela ngaphantsi kweveki enye ukuya ngaphezulu konyaka omnye. Isigaba sexesha sixhomekeke kumgama omelwe kukuhanjwa yintsholongwane ukuya kufikelela kwisixokelelwano semithambo-luvo. 

Umgada ugqithiselwa ebantwini usuka kwezinye izilwanyana. Umgada ungagqithiseleka xa isilwanyana esinawo sikrwempa okanye siluma esinye isilwanyana okanye umntu. Amathe asuka kwisilwanyana esosulelekileyo angawugqithisela umgada ukuba amathe adibana nonwebu lwesinye isilwanyana okanye umntu. Inkoliso yomgada osebantwini ubangelwa kukulunywa yinja. Zingaphaya kwama-99% iimeko zomgada emazweni apho izinja ezinomgada apho izinja ezinomgada ingunobangela wokulunywa yinja. EMelika, ukulunywa ngamalulwane kungowona mthombo mkhulu wokosulelwa koluntu ngumgada, kwaye ungaphantsi kwesi-5% iimeko apho uvela khona ezinjeni. Izikrekrethi azifane zosulelwe ngumgada. Intsholongwane yomgada ihamba iye engqondweni ngokulandela iperipheral nerves. Isifo singaxilongwa kuphela emva kokuqalisa kweempawu. 

Iinkqubo zolawulo nogonyo lwezilwanyana ziwunciphisile umngcipheko osuka ezinjeni kuthotho lwemimandla yehlabathi. Ukugonywa kwabantu phambi kokuba badandalaze kuyacetyiswa kwabo basemngciphekweni omkhulu. Iqela elisemngciphekweni omkhulu liquka abantu abasebenza ngamalulwane okanye abachitha ixesha elide kwiindawo zehlabathi apho mninzi khona umgada. Kubantu abadibene nomgada, ugonyo lomgada kwaye ngamanye amaxesha umgada oyi-immunoglobulin uyasebenza ekuthinteleni  isifo ukuba umntu lowo ufumana unyango phambi kokuba ziqalise iimpawu zomgada. Ukuhlamba ukulunywa nemikrwelo kangangemizuzu eli-15 ngamanzi anesepha, i-povidone iodine, okanye isicocisi njengoko oko kunokuyibulala intsholongwane kwakhona kubonakala kusebenza noko ekuthinteleni ukugqithiseleka komgada. Ngabantu abambalwa kuphela abaye basinda kusuleleko lomgada emva kokuba bebonise iimpawu.  Oku kube ngenxa yonyango olubanzi olwaziwa njenge-Milwaukee protocol.

Ugonyo lomgada lugonyo olusetyenziselwa ukuthintela umgada. Kukho uthotho olufumanekayo olukhuselekileyo nolusebenzayo. Zingasetyenziselwa ukuthintela umgada kwangaphambili nakwixesha lasemva kokuba semngciphekweni wentsholongwane enjengokulunywa yinja okanye ilulwane. Ukukhuseleka kwizifo ezithile kuthatha ixesha elide emva kwamathamo amathathu. Adla ngokunikezwa ngokutofwa esikhumbeni okanye esihlunwini. Emva kokuba semngciphekweni ugonyo lusetyenziswa ndawonye ne-rabies immunoglobulin. Kucetyiswa ukuba abo bakumngcipheko omkhulu wokuwufumana mabagonywe kwangaphambi kokuba babe semngciphekweni. Ugonyo luyasebenza ebantwini nakwezinye izilwanyana. Ukugonywa kwezinja kusebenza kakhulu ekuthinteleni isifo sabantu.

Zizigidi-gidi zabantu ehlabathini jikelele abathe bagonywa kwaye kuqikeleleka ukuba oku kusindise imiphefumlo yabantu engaphaya kwama-250,000 ngonyaka. Oku kungasetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo kuwo onke amaqela obudala babantu. Bamalunga neepesenti ezingama-35 ukuya kwezingama-45 abantu abaye bakhulelwa sisiqingatha sexesha elifutshane lebala elibomvu kunye nentlungu kwindawo abatofwe kuyo. Bamalunga neepesenti ezi-5 ukuya kwezili-15 abantu abanokuba nomkhuhlane, iintloko ezibuhlungu, okanye isicaphu-caphu. Emva kokuba semngciphekweni kumgada akukho zinto zithintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Inkoliso yogonyo ayinazo ii-thimerosal. Ugonyo olwenziwe kwizicwili zemithambo-luvo lusetyenziswa kumazwe ambalwa, ingakumbi eAsiya ne-Latin America, kodwa azisebenzi kakhulu kwaye zineziphumo ezikhulu ezibi. Ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngoko akucetyiswa yi-World Health Organization.  

Indleko yentengo iyonke iphakathi kwama-44 nama-78 edola yase-US ngexesha lonyango ukusukela ngo-2014. KumaZwe aManyeneyo aseMelika indleko zogonyo lomgada lingaphezulu kwama-750 edola yase-US.

Umgada ubangela ukufa okumalunga nama-26,000 ukuya kuma-55,000 ngonyaka ngamnye ehlabathini jikelele. Ngaphezu kwama-95% oku kufa kwenzeka eAsiya naseAfrika. Umgada ukhona nakumazwe angaphaya kwali-150 nakuwo onke amazwekazi kodwa eAntarctica. Bangaphezulu kweebhiliyoni ezi-3 abantu abahlala kwimimandla yehlabathi apho wenzeka khona umgada. Kwinkoliso yaseYurophu naseAustralia, umgada ufumaneka kumalulwane kuphela. Iintlanga ezininzi ezikwiziqithi ezincinci azinawo konke-konke umgada.




#Article 261: I-Onchocerciasis (239 words)


I-Onchocerciasis, ikwaziwa njenge-river blindness ne-Robles disease, isisifo esibangelwa  lusuleleko lwentshulube esisifunxi-gazi i-Onchocerca volvulus. Iimpawu ziquka ukurhawuzelelwa ngamandla, iingongoma ezingaphantsi kwesikhumba, kunye  nobumfama. Ingunobangela wesibini oxhaphakileyo wobumfama obubangelwa sisifo esosulelayo, emva kwe-trachoma.

Intshulube esisifunxi-gazi isasazwa ngokutyiwa yi-black fly yohlobo lwe-Simulium. Ukutyiwa kaninzi kudla ngokwenzeka phambi kolosuleleko. Ezi mpukane zihlala kufuphi nemilambo, kungeso sizathu le nto sibizwa ngeli gama esi sifo. Zakuba ngaphakathi emntwini, iintshulube ziyila imibunguethi iziyele esikhumbeni. Apha zingosulela i-black fly elandelayo ethi ilume umntu. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokwenza uxilongo eziquka: ukubekwa  zesikhumba kwi-placing kovavanyo lwezicwili zesikhumba kwi- normal saline kunye nokujongwa kokuphuma kombungu, ukujongwa elihlweni lemibungu, kunye nokujongwa ngaphakathi kweengongoma eziphantsi kwesikhumba zeentshulube ezindala.

Alukho ugonyo oluchaseneyo nesi sifo. Uthintelo lungokubaleka ukubethwa ziimpukane. Oku kungaquka ukusetyenziswa kweyeza lokugxotha izinambuzane kunye nesinxibo esifanelekileyo. Amanye amalinge aquka lawo okunciphisa isininzi seempukane ngokufefeza  izibulala-zinambuzane. Asaqhubeka amalinge okuphelisa isifo ngokunyanga onke amaqela abantu kabini ngonyaka kuthotho lweendawo zasehlabathini. Unyango lwabo bosulelweyo lungechiza eliyi-ivermectin rhoqo ukusuka kwiinyanga ezintandathu ukuya kwezilishumi elinambini. Olu nyango luyawubulala umbungu kodwa alikwazi ukwenza njalo kwiintshulube ezindala. Ichiza eliyi- doxycycline, elibulala intsholongwane eyi-associated ekuthiwa yi-Wolbachia, ibonakala izithomalalisa iintshulube kwaye iyanconywa ngabanye kananjalo. Ukususwa kweengongoma ezingaphantsi kwesikhumba ngotyando nalo lungenziwa.

Ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-17 ukuya kwezingama-25 abosulelwe yi-river blindness, nabasondele kwisigidi se-0.8 abanentwana ethile yokulahlekelwa kukubona. Inkoliso yokosuleleka okuninzi yenzeka kwiAfrika engaphantsi kweSahara, nangona nezinye iimeko zixeliwe eYemen nakwiindawo ezimbalwa ezikukuMbindi nakuMzantsi weMelika. Ngo-1915, ugqirha uRodolfo Robles waqala ukumanyanisa le ntshulube nesifo samehlo. Sikwadweliswe yi-World Health Organization njengesifo setropiki esingahoywanga.




#Article 262: Iqhenqa (305 words)


Iqhenqa, elikwaziwa njengo-Hansen's disease (HD), lisisifo sexesha elide esibangelwa yi-bacteria Mycobacterium leprae ne-Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Ekuqaleni, izifo azinazo iimpawu kwaye zihlala zinjalo ukusukela kwisi-5 ukuya kwiminyaka engama-20.[2] Iimpawu ezithi zivele ziquka ii-granuloma zemithambo-luvo, indlela yokuphefumla, isikhumba, namehlo.  [2] Oku kungabangela ukungabinakho ukuva intlungu kunye nokulahlekelwa ngamalungu ezandla neenyawo okubangelwa ngumonzakalo ophinda-phindayo okanye isifo esibangelwa ngamanxeba angaqatshelwanga.[4] Ubuthathaka kunye nokungaboni kakuhle nako kungakhona.

Iqhenqa liyasasazeka phakathi kwabantu. Kukholeleka ukuba lenzeka ngokukhohlela okanye ngokudibana nencindi esuka kwimpumlo yomntu owosulelekileyo. Iqhenqa lenzeka kakhulu phakathi kwabo bahlala entluphekweni kwaye kukholeleka ukuba lihanjiswa ngamathontsana okuphefumla. Ngokuchasene nenkolelo eyaziwayo, alosuleli kakhulu. Iindidi ezinkulu ezimbini zezifo zisekeke kwinani leentsholongwane ezikhoyo: i-paucibacillary ne-multibacillary. Iindidi ezimbini zahlulwa luthotho lwe-lwezikhumba ezibi, iipetshi zezikhumba ezibi ezikhoyo, ezine-paucibacillary ezine-multibacillary ezintlanu okanye ezimbalwa nangaphezulu kwezintlanu. Uxilongo lngqinisekiswa ngokufunyanwa kwe-acid-fast bacilli kuxilongo lwesicwili sesikhumba okanye ngokufumana i-DNA kusetyenziswa i-polymerase chain reaction.

Iqhenqa liyanyangeka ngonyango olwaziwa njenge-multidrug therapy (MDT). Unyango lweqhenqa le-paucibacillary lungamachiza i-dapsonene-rifampicin kangangeenyanga ezintandathu. Unyango lwe-multibacillary luqulethe i-rifampicin, i-dapsone, ne-clofazimine kangangeenyanga ezili-12. Olu nyango lunikezwa mahala yi-World Health Organization. Uthotho lwamanye amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane nawo anokusetyenziswa. Ehlabathini jikelele ngo-2012, inani leemeko ezingapheliyo zeqhenqa lalingu-189,000 ukwehla ukusukela kwizigidi ezi-5.2 zangoo-1980. Inani lezi meko zintsha lalingu-230,000. Inkoliso yeemeko ezintsha zenzeka kumazwe ali-16, kunye neNdiya ethatha engaphezulu kwesiqingatha. Kwiminyaka engama-20 eyedlulayo, izigidi zabantu ezili-16 ehlabathini jikelele zaphiliswa kwiqhenqa. Zimalunga nama-200 iimeko ezaxelwayo ngonyaka ngamnye eMelika.

Iqhenqa lichaphazele uluntu kangangeminyaka engamawaka-waka. Isifo sithatha igama laso kwigama lesi--Latin elithi lepra into ethetha scaly, ngelixa igama elithi Hansen's disease lithiywe emva kogqirha uGerhard Armauer Hansen.Ukwahlula abantu ngokubabeka kwii-iindawo zabantu abaneqhenqa kusenzeka kwiindawo ezinjenge-India, i-China, neAfrika. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweekoloni lwavalwa ngenxa yokuba iqhenqa alosuleli kakhulu.Ukubekwa ibala ekuhlaleni bekusayanyaniswa neqhenqa ixesha elikhulu lasezimbalini, into leyo esaqhubekayo nokuba ngumqobo ekuzixeleni nasekufumaneni unyango lwangoko. Abanye abantu eli gama lithi iqhenqa balithatha njengelisisenyeliso, bakhetha intetho ethi abantu abosulelwe liqhenqa. I-World Leprosy Day yaqaliswa ngo-1954 ukwazisa ngolwazi kwabo bachatshazelwe liqhenqa.




#Article 263: I-Autotroph (100 words)


I-autotroph (igama livela kwigama leGrike      elithi autos = oko kuthetha ukuthi self aze yena u-trophe = athethe ukuthi nutrition) luhlobo lwe-organism (isidalwa esiphilayo) esikwaziyo ukuzenzela ii-organic compounds (Ukutya) kwii-molecules.

Ii-Autotrophs zifuneka kuzo zonke iintlobo zokutya ezikuluhlu lwe-chain yokutya, kuyo yonke  i-ecosystems. Zilanda i-energy kwi-environment (Ilanga okanye i-inorganic sources) zize ziyisebenzise ukuze zenze ezinye ii-organic molecules ezisetyenziselwa ukuba zenze imisebenzi ngemisebenzi yakwa-biology efana nokukhuliswa kwe-cell okanye ukulungiswa kwe-tissue eyaphukileyo. 

Izityalo nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezikwaziyo ukusebenzisa i-photosynthesis zibizwa ngokuba zii-phototrophs (okanye  ii-photoautotrophs). Ii-bacteria ezisebenzisa ii-inorganic compounds ezifana ne-hydrogen sulfide, i-phosphorus okanye i-iron zibizwa ngokuba zii-chemoautotrophs. Ezinye ii-organisms, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-heterotrophs, zitya ii-autotrophs. 




#Article 264: Ikhemikhali (485 words)


Ilungu lekhemikhali liyi-substance enohlobo lwe-atom olunye kuphela. Ukuba i-substance ineentlobo zee-atoms ezimbini nangaphezulu,  yi-compound. I-element isenokuba yi-solid, yi-liquid okanye onye i-gas. Eyona particle incinane ye-element elolo hlobo yi-atom. Ii-atoms zenziwe ngee- protons, ii-neutrons, nangee-electrons.

Ilungu ngalinye linohlobo lwe-atom olunye kuphela. Inani lee-protons ezikwi-atom libizwa ngokuba yi-atomic number okanye yinombolo ye-atom, umzekelo, zonke ii-atoms ezinee-protons ezi-6 zezelungu lekhemikhali eliyi-carbon, kwaye zonke ii-atoms ezinee-protons ezingama-92 zona zezelungu ekuthiwa yi-uranium.

Inombolo okanye iinani lee-protons kwi-nucleus lenza i-electric charge yayo. Oku ke kulungisa inani lee-electrons ukuze zibe kwimeko yazo yesiqhelo ek(ukumanyana) kwazo. Ii-electrons kwi-atomic orbitals yazo ziqinisekisa iintlobo-ntlobo zee-mpawu zekhemikhali. 

Amalungu okanye ii-elements zisisiseko sazo zonke iintlobo zee-substances. Xa zithe zadityaniswa, zingenza izinto ekuthiwa zi- imolecules.

I-118 yeentlobo ngeentlobo zamalungu eekhemikhali  ziyaziwa kwi-khemistri yala maxesha siphila kuwo. Ngama-92 ala malungu afumanekayo kwindalo, kwaye ezinye zingenziwa kuphela kwii-laboratories. Umzimba womntu wenziwe ngamalungu anga-26. Ilungu lendalo nekulelokugqibela elathi labhaqwa laliyi-uranium, ngo-1789. Uzenzele wokuqala yaba yi-Technetium, ngo-1937.

Amalungu ekhemikhali ahlala ebekwa ngokulandelelana kwawo kwi-periodic table. Apho athi adweliswe khona nalapho sixelelwa khona ngeenkcukacha ezenza zibe nonxulumano  namanye amalungu eekhemikhali.  

Ilungu lekhemikhali ngalinye linikwa uphawu okanye isimboli eyodwa eyenza okokuba lahluke kuzo zonke ezinye iikhemikhali.   Impawu okanye iisimboli yekhemikhali zisetyenziswa emhlabeni jikelele. Oko kuthetha okokuba, akukhathaliseki nokokuba uthetha oluphi ulwimi, akukho kubhideka malunga nokokuba ithetha ukuthini na le nto  iluphawu okanye isimboli. Iimpawu okanye isimboli yekhemikhali kumalungu ayo zivela kumagama azo angesiNgesi okanye isiLatini.  Umzekelo, i-carbon inophawu okanye isimboli yekhemikhali engu'C', kanti yona i-sodium inesimboli yekhemikhali engu'Na', ithiywa ngegama lesiLatini elithi natrium. I-Tungsten yona ibizwa ngokuba yi-'W' ithiywe ngegama lesiJamani elithi, wolfram. I-'Au' yisimboli yegolide kwaye ivela kwigama lesiLatini elimele igolide nelaziwa ngokuba yi-aurum. Enye isimboli evela kwisiLatini yi-'Ag'. Eli lilungu lekhemikhali eyi-silver kwaye livela kwisiLatini esingu-argentum. Isimboli ye-Lead, yi-'Pb', ivela kwigama lesiLatini elithi plumbum nakwigama lesiNgesi elithi plumber lakhutshwa kweli gama kuba imibhobho yayisayakwenziwa ngesiciko. Ezinye iisimboli zeekhemikhali zaathiywa ngoosoziwayo, ezo ke zezifana ne-einsteinium, eyathiywa ngoAlbert Einstein.

Ii-Elements okanye amalungu zingadibana (ngoku-reactha) ukuze zenze ii-pure compounds (ezifana namanzi, iityuwa, ii-oxides, kunye nee-organic compounds). Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi compounds zine-fixed composition kwane-structure zazo nee- properties. Ii-properties ze-compound zingahluka kakhulu kwii-elements ezenziwe kuzo. I-Sodium y-imetal etshayo xa ithe yabekwa emanzini ane- chlorine iba yi-gas eyityhefu. xa zithe zadibana kwenzeka i-sodium chloride (ityuwa) into ke leyo engenabungozi kwaye yinto esenokusetyenziswa luluntu mhlawumbi ekutyeni.   

Ezinye ii-elements, ingakumbi ii-elements ze-metal ziyadibana zizodwa nangayiphi na i-proportion ukuze zenze izi-structures esintsha.  Ezo structures ezintsha azizo compounds. zibizwa ngokuba yimixube.

Uninzi lwee-elements endalweni lwenziwe ngee-atoms ezinamanani ee-neutrons awohlukenenyo okanye angafaniyo.  I-isotope luhlobo lwe-element olunenani elithile lee-neutrons. Umzekelo, i-carbon inee-isotopes ezimbini ezingagungqiyo kwelo nani, ezi ke zii-isotopes ezizenzekelayo:  i-carbon-12 (inee-neutrons ezi-6) ne-carbon-13 (ii-neutrons ezisi-7). I-Carbon-14 (nee-neutrons ezisi-8) yi-radioactive isotope e-carbon ezenzekelayo. Kwi-element nganye, ngaphandle kwe-Ununoctium, zimbini ii-isotopes ziyaziwa.  

Ii-elements zingahlulwahlulwa ngokwee- physical states. Kubushushu bendlu kwanoxinzelelo, uninzi lwee-elements kuzii-solids, zili-11 kuphela ezizii-gases ezimbini zibe zii-liquids.

Ii-elements zisenokwahlulwa-hlulwa zibe zii-metals nee-non-metals. Kukwakho nezinye ezininzi ii- metals kunee-non-metals.

Nangona kunjalo, ii-elements ezimbalwa phakathi kwezizii-metals nakwezo zizii-non-metals. Ezi elements zibizwa ngokuba zii-semimetals (okanye ii-metalloids).




#Article 265: Noni Jabavu (1562 words)


Noxa  iligama aziwa ngalo kwihlabathi jikelele kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba igama lakhe elipheleleyo ngu. Kwicala lakhe kukho imfuneko emandla ngokwembali nengqondo yokuba aphephe izehlo zokwenyani zobumi babumini. Nkqu umhla wakhe wokuzalwa awuchaneki njengoko maxawambi kuthiwa wazalwa ngowe-1919 okanye ngowe-1921. 
Kubonakala ngathi uNoni Jabavu wayengafuni nto emayamanisa ngokwembali kunye nobuzwe bakhe kunye nokubunjwa kwenkolo yakhe ngokwenkcubeko. Iincwadi zakhe ezimbini,  kunye nenye ethi  nezabhalwa ebutsheni bexesha lakhe njengombhali, nezonwabisa umxhelo ngokumangalisayo, zibonisa ukuba uJabavu wayethanda ukuzichaza ngokungakhethi cala ngokubhekiselele kubuzwe bakhe: engumntu oNtsundu nowaseNtshona ngaxesha nye, elanda umnombo wakhe wokuzalwa  naseMzantsi Afrika noxa wayengazalwa ngabazali beentlanga ezahlukileyo ngebala. Isizathu sokuzibeka kwakhe kwanti ngokuthi angalandeli mnombo uthile kungokuba noxa iinkcubabuchopho eZintsha eziNtsundu, ababhali, iinkokheli zopolitiko zexesha lakhe, ezifana  okanye uJordan Ngubane okanye uNelson Mandela okanye uNadine Gordimer kuye kwafuneka bashukuxe uqhekeko olukhoyo ngokwembali phakathi kwesiko nenkolo yabumini. UNoni Jabavu wava kusisidingo ukuba akhabe ngawo omane oko wayekubona njengesiko ukuze amkele ngokupheleleyo inkolo yabumini. Kwabanye abantu, ngokwesimo saseAfrika, inkolo yabumini nesiko zazingumtya nethunga yaye zingohlukani. KuNoni Jabavu inkolo yabumini nesiko yayimihlambi eyalanayo. Indlela awayebona ngayo inkolo yabumini nesiko yayifuna neka nowabanegalelo elikhulu embaleni njengoJabavu: ubungqondi babo neemvakelelo zabo zifana ngokuselubala. Noxa babeshiyana phantse ngeminyaka engamashumi amane (uR.V. Selope wazalwa ngowe-1886), umquli ongobomi bukaSelope Thema owabhalwa ebutsheni beminyaka yoo-1930 nongazange upapashwe othi: Out of Darkness: From Cattle-Herding to the Editor’s Chair ungathathwa njengomquli ozoba ngokucacileyo imizila yembali yohambo lwenkolo kaNoni Jabavu. Xa kubuyelwa umva kujongwa indlela enovakelelo nochukumiseko athi uR.V.Selope Thema acacisayo ngayo kumqulu ongobomi bakhe ukuhlangana kwakhe Elijah Makiwane|noElijah Makiwane (1850-1928) nowayetyelele uMntla weRhawuti esuka   eyokumemelela ukuba abantu baguqukele kwinkolo yabumini nobuKrestu, amasolotya ahlanganisa uNoni Jabavu noR.V.Selope anzulu ngokwembali. Yayiyinkolo yabumini eyayilandelwa nguElijah Makiwane eyenza ukuba uSelope Thema ashiye ‘ubuxaza’ ‘nobumnyama’azayamanise ‘nempucuko’ ‘nokhanyo’ ngokuthi athathe uhambo olude olusingise kwaSomgxada ukuya kufumana imfundo yabumini yobuKrestu. UElijah Makiwane wayengumakhwekwhetha wovuko-mbuso leminyaka yoo-1880 nalapho amaXhosa ayephicotha intsingiselo yenkolo yabumini ngokwembali. UMakiwane wayelilungu leNtlangano yeMfundo yakwaSomgxada nesiGqeba seMfundo sabaNtsundu. Amanye amalungu ayequka uWalter B. Rubusana, Pambani Jeremiah Mzimba, Isaac Wauchope,  (utatomkhulu kaNoni Jabavu). UMakiwane ubhala amavo abalulekileyo angabongqondi, imbali nezopolitiko kwiphephandaba likaJohn Tengo Jabavu  ngokubaluleka kokulandela inkolo yabumini kubantu abaNtsundu. UJohn Tengo Jabavu wayengumntu wokuqala oNtsundu ukubangumnini wephephandaba eMzantsi Afrika.

Esi sizukulwana sikaTiya Soga sizinkcubabuchopho ngamalungu athi azala inkcubeko yabumini yesiNtu eMzantsi Afrika. UD.D.T. Jabavu (utata kaNoni Jabavu) walinga ukusasaza le nkcubeko yobunkcubabuchopho kweli kwiminyaka emininzi ayichithe njengomfundisi-ntsapho KwaNokholeji. UD.D.T. Jabavu sisifundiswa sokuqala esiNtusndu ukubamba isihlalo eMzantsi Afrika. Ukubaluleka kukaNoni Jabavu kubo bonke obu budlelwane buphixeneyo bobunkcubabuchopho kukuba umele ukubhangiswa kwenkcubeko ethile yobunkcubabuchopho nentsusa yabo ifumaneka kuTiyo Soga. 
Yaba nguElijah Makiwane owathi wamanya uNoni Jabavu noR.V. Selope Thema oku ekwenza ekhokelisa indlela yabumini awayephila ngayo kulo maxesha amandulo. Amandla abonakala engenakucaciseka weencwadi zikaNoni Jabavu ngenkangeleko yakhe noR.V. Selope Thema ebutsheni boo-1960 aye acaciswe xa esi sibini sibekwa kwisangqa sesiko lobunkcubabuchopho. Ngelixa kupapashwa uDrawn in Colour, le ncwadi yathakazelelwa zinkcubabuchopho ezimbini ezingoompondo zihlanjiwe eMzantsi Afrika, u noNadine Gordimer.  UZ.K. Matthews wazoba ingqokelela yemifanekiso enikisa umdla yeenkcubabuchopho Ezintsha zesiNtu kwiphephandaba Imvo Zabantsundu ukususela ngomhla wesi-3 kweyeSilimela ukuya ngomhla wama-20 kweyoMnga ngomnyaka we-1961. Le mifanekiso yayisusela ku ukuya  ukuya kuthi ga kuSolomon T. Plaatjie. Naku uZ.K. Matthews awathi wakuthetha ngoNoni Jabavu: “UHelen Nontando Jabavu, nowaziwa kwihlabathi jikelele ngoku njengoNoni Jabavu, yintombi yesibini yongasekhoyo uD.D.T. Jabavu. Intombi enkulu yaye yasweleka ebusaneni KwaNokholeji. UHelen ufunde amabanga wakhe aphantsi kwisikolo soBuchule sakwaSomgxada kodwa wathi akugqiba amabanga wakhe aphantsi abazali bakhe bathatha isigqibo sokumthumela eUnited Kingdom ukuba aqhubekele phambi nemfundo yakhe [wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesine ubudala]….Kwizihlandlo ezibini awayethe wabuyela kuzo eMzantsi Afrika kwakuphantsi kweemeko zentlekele. Kwisihlandlo sokuqala sokubuya kwakhe wayebuyiswa kukusweleka kukanina ukanti kwisihlandlo sesibini sokubuya kwakhe wayebuyela ukuza kuzimasa umngcwabo wokuphela komnakwabo awayenaye uNtengo. UNtengo wabulawa eGoli ngethuba awayesele ezakugqiba kwiSikolo sobuGqirha se. UNony Jabavu waye wabhala incwadi ethi Drawn in Colour emva kokubuya kwakhe kumngcwabo womnakwabo. Kule ncwadi wayecacisa ngamava wakhe emaZantsi eAfrika naseUganda. UNoni Jabavu wayeye eUganda ngokuya kutyelela udade wabo omncinci uAlexandra nowayetshatele ngoko kwindoda yohlanga iMaganda (ummi waseUganda). Udade omncinci kaNoni Jabavu wahlangana nale ndoda ngexesha yayifunda amabanga okuthweswa ngesidanga okokuqala kwaNokholeji. Le ncwadi yokuqala kaNoni Jabavu iphendlwe ngokuncomekayo kwiimvaba ngeemvaba noxa kukho nabo bayigxekayo. Bonke abo bakhe bayifunda bayakungqinelana ukuba le yincwadi emangazayo nalapho umbhali azibonakalisa njengomakhi-mkhanyo oneliso elibukhali yaye izimvo zakhe ngabantu neendawo zaseAfrika zibonisa umncono wokuqaphela nokukhula kwengqondo okwakungaqaphelwa nkqu nangabahlobo bakhe. Ukuthelekisa kwakhe izithethe zesiNtu nokusetyenziswa kwazo eMzantsi Afrika naseUganda, nalapho abonisa khona ukuthamba kwentliziyo xa ehlomla ngezithethe zalapha kunezo zaseUganda, kuchazwa ngokuba kwamenza ukuba angabingumbhali oyintandane eUganda nakwezinye iindawo eMpuma Afrika. Ukutsala kwakhe isihoyo kangangokuba enzile kubonisa oko amanina aseAfrika anakho ukukwenza kweli qonga lokubhala. Kungethemba ukuba namanye amanina amaninzi ayakuzeka mzekweni ukuze andise inani lababhali abangamanina eAfrika.” (Imvo Zabantsundu, eyeKhala 15, 1961).  Mhlawumbi kudingeka ukuba kuphawuliwe ukuba uZ.K. Matthews waye wathatha isikhundla esafulathelwa nguD.D.T. Jabavu nawathatha umhlala phantsi ngo-1946. UNadine Gordimer, nongemncinci kuyaphi kuNoni Jabavu nowaqala ukupapasha iincwadi namabali wakhe amafutshane phambi kukaJabavu phakathi ngeminyaka yoo-1950, ngomnye wobabhali abangamanina baseAfrika abangoompondo zihlanjiwe nothe wanyusela kumanqwanqwa aphezulu ubungqondi baseAfrika. Uphendlo oluphume izandla lukaNadine Gordimer lwencwadi ethi Drawn in Colour kwiphephandaba iContact leLiberal Party kaPatrick Duncan noAlan Paton lufuna ngokumandla yaye lunyanzelisa ucaphulo olubanzi: “Kwingabula-zigcawu yencwadi yakhe, uNoni Jabavu ubhala ukuba ungumntu “wamazwe amabini neentembeko ezimbini; eMzantsi Afrika apho ndazalelwa khona naseNgilani apho ndafunda khona”, kodwa incwadi yakhe ibonisa ngokuselubala ukuba ungumntu welizwe lesithathu nabelana nalo nabantu abambalwa kakhulu. Eli lizwe lelo apho iintsapho ezidumileyo zesiNtu ezifana nooJabavu zenza ilinge lokuxuma iAfrika kwinto uBasil Davidson ayibiza “umhlaba wobuntu”. Eli linge lokuxuma iAfrika lenziwa ngemfundo, inkolo nokuzinekezela ngokupheleleyo kwingcinga kaVictoria-Edward yokuphila ngokukhululekileyo nangaphandle kwamakhamandela. 
Abakho baninzi abamemi baseMzantsi Afrika, abantsundu nabamhlophe, abayakulibona eli hlabathi njengelabo. Phantse yonke incwadi endinokuyicinga, ebhalwe ngumntu ontsundu, igxile kwintselo nokungabikho kwanto okuhlukumeza umntu ontsundu wasetyhini okanye oyindoda ophila ubomi baseNtshona. Le ncwadi isengela phantsi ukumangaza okuza njengokudaliweyo ngamasuntswana eendlela zaseNtshona nezesiNtu phantsi kwako knoke oko kwenzekayo. UNoni ubonakala echasele okwethamsanqa koko kwenzekayo ngalo mzuzu. Incwadi yakhe. Incwadi yakhe ayisokuze itsala ukugxekwa ngabakhi-khanyo eMzantsi Afrika. Ukunyaniseka kwayo okuzothileyo, imfudumalo yayo kwizinto zaseMzantsi Afrika – ilizwe lam, lilungile ligwenxa -  nokuqaphela kwayo uqhagamishelwano oludala lokuqonda nokujonga phakathi kwabantu abaNtsundu kuquka nokungabikho madol’ anzima ukubiza “AmaBhulu”. Zonke ezi zinto ziyakwamkelwa eMzantsi Afrika ngothakazelelo olukhulu. Noxa kunjalo le ncwadi ndingayichaza njengeyona inobungozi xa ndiyijonga ngamehlo kamafelandawonye.  Oku kungena yokuba umbhali wayo sesasidalwa sisuka esithubeni, ngumnqa kanongekhehle wexesha lengcinezelo, ungumntu oNtsundu ukwazileyo ukucubungela nomsonto abenze obakhe ubomi bomntu omhlophe, yaye la ndawo yencwadi yakhe (incwadi ephucuke kunene enesingqi esizothileyo) ithetha ngoMzantsi Afrika ityhila indlela entle ezidibana ngayo ezi nckubeko. Le ncwadi ikwenza oku ngokuthi ibonise ukuba ezi nkcubeko zizihlalutya njani iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zobomi ezifana nokuzala, ukutshata nokufa njengoko zikwenza oku ngokuncedisana. INtshona iza nokuqiqa nokhanyo kwisithethe ngokuthi ihambelana nezobuchwepheshe nezobunzululwazi kwihlabathi lale mihla. IsiNtu sizisa ukuqonda izidingo zeemvakalelo zomntu nzulu. Embindini wencwadi umbhali ugxila kwiMpuma yeAfrika apho uNoni wayetyelele khona udade wabo nowayetshatele kwindoda yesiNtu eligosa lasemthethweni e. Uburharha bencwadi busikrobisa kubhaqo oluya kuye lubuye luqheleke kwiAfrika yonke yengomso kodwa okubhalwe kancinci ngalo. Abantu abaNtsundu abaphuma mbombo zone zelizwekazi iAfrika abaqhelenanga ngohlobo abamhlophe abangamafelandawonye abangaqhelananga ngayo eYurophu. Ubunye yingcamango yezopolitiko nesetyenziswa ukulwa ifuthe labamhlophe…UNoni Jabavu wayethe manga njengaye nawuphi na umkhenkethi waseMelika bubuchule bokulungisa ingxaki zamanzi ngezandla eMpuma Afrika. Imfundo yakhe ekhululekileyo nawayifumana ngesiNgesi nendlela abona ngayo isidima somntu ngokwesiXhosa kwaye kwamenza wabona ukuba isidima samanina asiselweso, wayelugcwabevu kukungabanjwa kwexesha ngabantu, oku kwakuthetha ukuba wayeye aphose amatheko athile awayethundeziwe ngabamemi ukuba angawaphosi. Izithethe zaBaganda ---ezentlalo nezesondo --- zazingaqhelekanga kudade kaNoni kangangokuba waqhawula umtshato wabuyela eMzantsi Afrika. Nencwadi nayo iye ibuyele eMzantsi Afrika--- Ngokuqinisekileyo (UNjingalwazi Jabavu) intombi yakhe ibhale incwadi ekhethekileyo, inesiphiwo sosiba. Ziyintlaninge izinto ezincomekayo ngale ncwadi endingazikhankanyanga noxa nazo zindichulumancisile ngokuzifunda nasekucingeni ngazo njengomongo. Indlebe kaNoni Jabavu, umzekelo ---ucumbungela nomsonto izingontsentse zesiNgesi zaseMzantsi Afrika yaye unakho ukuphimisela ngokupheleleyo ngesiNgesi ukuphixana okungaqondakaliyo kweelwimi zesiNtu ngendlela ecace gca nengenachaphaza. Ngokokwam, akazange abekhona umntu okwaziyo ukwenza oku ngaphambili. Kukwakho nendlela yakhe yokubhala ngezinto eziqhelekiyo: iilali nezindlu esingasaziboniyo --- de kube kanti ziyavela elubala ngendlela abhala ngayo ngokuziqaphela kwakhe ezi zinto. Kumaxesha amaninzi ungumbhali ongenasakhono sibheke phi, kodwa unobuchule, mntu wumbi uyakucinga ukuba obo buchule buvela ngqo ebomini, apho abonakalise ubuchule khona. 
Mhlawumbi ubhale engayazi, ngokuqinisekile engalingi ukubhala ngobuchule obunjalo, njengoko leyo iyiyo kuphela indlela yokuphumeza umlingo onjalo., incwadi engenagxeke. Ikhulile ndawuni yokuba ibengumquli odityanisiweyo. Iincwadi ezinjalo zinqabile. (“From the Third World”, Contact, April 16, 1960).

Ukugqobhozela kwayo ngendlela encomekayo nenolwamvila kuphendlo-banzi lweendlela zesiNtu ngexesha apho ukugxekwa kwesiNtu kwakuseyinto esakhasayo kwakuyinto enqabileyo kakhulu. Oku kuthathela ingqalelo ukuthanda imisebenzi kaNoni Jabavu kwakuyenye yezinto ezazishukuxwa nguNadine Gordimer ejonge kwimbali yeAfrika kwingqokelela yamavo ethi The Essential Gesture (1988), Writing and Being (1995), Living in Hope and History (1999) kunye nowonamsebenzi mkhulu kuphendlo-banzi loncwadi lwesiNtu, The Black Interpreters (1973). Kwiminyaka engamashumi amane susela oko kwathi kwavela olu phendlo, alukho uvavanyo lomsebenzi kaNoni Jabavu oluthe lwavela, okukho nolunye olukhe lwabhala olunokuthelekiswa kuvavanyo olwenziwa nguGordimer olwagcwele ziimvakelelo zemfobe. Nkqu nakwincwadi ubani ebenokulindela ukuba uNoni Jabavu akhankanywe, ukungabikho kwakhe kuselubala. UGordimer nosoloko egxekwa kabukhali, yaye ngokufanelekileyo ngokwelam uluvo, ngokungabikho kweembono ezixhasa ukukhululeka kwamanina kwiingxoxo zakhe zenkcubeko nopolitiko. Kweli ityeli ibabhulele amasaka abo baxhasa ukukhululeka kwamanina nabasoloko bemgxeka. Kunokwenzeka ukuba oku kuyaguquka kuba kwingqungquthela ethi abaBhali abangaManina kuLuntu oluLwimi-ninzi., neyayisingathelwe eDikeni, eMzantsi Afrika, kukho iingxelo zokuba uNoni Jabavu wathi waxakathiswa imixhaka (“Ingqungquthela ixakathisa uNoni Jabavu imixhaka”, Dispatch Online [eseMonti], eyoMqungu, 2001). Mhlawumbi esinye isizathu sokungabikho kwakhe uNoni Jabavu ezimbalini kukuba kunzima ukumbeka kwisikhundla esithile kwimbali yobunkcubabuchopho neyenkcubeko eMzantsi Afrika. UNoni Jabavu, njengoNadine Gordimer, ngowexesha lovuko-mbuso loncwadi lwaseSophiatown. UNoni Jabavu,   njengoBessie Head, akafakwa kule ntshukumo. Kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuba uJabavu ngomnye wabaxhasi bayo abaphambili. Enye yemibuzo ephambili ephathelele kuNoni Jabavu yeyokuba, njengoR.V.Selope Thema, emva kokuqala kakuhle ukubhala ngobunkcubabuchopho, imniyaka yokugqibela engamashumi amane iyile ilize!




#Article 266: Charlotte Maxeke (643 words)


Charlotte Makgomo Mannya Maxeke (7 ngoTshazimpuzi 1874 – 16 EyeDwarha 1939) wayeyinkokeli yenkolo yaseMzantsi Afrika, intlalontle kunye nomgqugquzeli wezopolitiko.

Imithombo yolwazi emininzi ikhankanya iBhofolo, eMpuma Koloni njengendawo yokuzalwa kaMaxeke. Ikhona eminye imithombo yolwazi ebanga ukuba wazalelwa kwingingqi yasePolokwane, njengoko igama lakhe lokuzalwa Charlotte Makgomo Mannyaa Maxeke iligama lesiSotho okanye lesiPedi. Oku kuhmabelana nokuzalwa kwakhe kwinqila iRamakgopa yaye imithombo yolwazi ingqina ukuba ingqina ukuba usapho lwakhe lwahlala ithutyana kufuphi kumlambo iDwars phantsi kweNkosi uRamokgopa. Kunakho ukwenzeka ukuba indawo yokuzalwa kaMaxake iphazanyiswa nendawo yokuzalwa yomyeni wakhe nowazalelwa eXesi eMpuma Koloni (bobani uCharlotte nomyeni wakhe bazalwa ngowe-1874). Imithombo yolwazi yeANC ikhankanya ikhankanya iPietersburg (ngoku eyaziwa ngePolokwane) njengendawo yakhe yozalwa kwiintetho zasesidlangaleleni ezincoma imisebenzi kaMaxeke. 
Kunakho ukwenzeka ukuba indawo yakhe yokuzalwa iphazanyiswa nekadade wabo uKatie, nowazalelwa eBhofolo ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesibhozo ngeyeKhala ngowe-1873., ngokukutsho kwincwadi “Ubizo lukaKatie Makanya”. Noxa kunjalo, kuba uCharlotte yayinguye omdala, oku kuphakamisa imibuzo nangomhla wakhe wokuzalwa ochanekileyo. 
Kucacile kwimithombo yolwazi emininzi kuquka nencwadi ekhankanyiweyo ngentla ukuba uMaxeke uchitha iminyaka yobutsha bakhe eMpuma Koloni, kumhlaba waseBhayi. Ukubhala kwakhe ngesiXhosa kuyiqinisa ngakumbi le ngcamango.

Olu phando lukhethe ukumka nomrhiba othi uMaxeke uzalelwe eRamakgopa kwinqila lasePolokwane njengendawo yakhe yokuzalwa njengoko oko ikokona kunokubayinyani. Noxa kunjalo, siyangqina ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba uMaxeke wafudukela eMpuma Koloni eselula. 
Charlotte Makgomo Mannya wazalelwa eRamakgopa ePolokwane (ePietersburg) ngomhla wesixhenxe kuTshazimpunzi ngowe-1874. Ufumene imfundo yeemishinari eEdwards Memorial School eMpuma Koloni ebutsheni boo-1880. Ngowe-1885, emva kokuba kufunyenwe iidayimani eKimberly, uMaxeke wafudukela eKimberly nosapho lwakhe apho wafika wabangumfundisi-ntsapho. 

Njengomhambi-tyalike ozinekeleyo, uMaxeke nodade wabo baxuma imiloji iAfrican Jubilee Choir ngowe-1891 batyelela iNgilani iminyaka emibini. Ngexesha lolu tyelelo, uMaxeke waye waculela uNkosazana Victoria evathe iimpahla zaseNgilane zelo xesha. Imithombo yolwazi ichaza ukuba la manenekazi akwaMaxeke ayengazivi ekhululekile ukuphathwa njengezitatanyiswa eLondon yaye kukho iingxelo zokuba ngeli xesha uMaxeke wayehamba iintetho zamanina ayeceba ukuvalisa isimbonono sokufuna ukuvota ezazibhexeshwa ngamanina afana noEmmeline Pankhurst. 
Ngethemba lokuqhubeka nemfundo uMaxeke waya kutyelelo eMelika nekwayela yakhe yecawa ngowe-1894 [eminye imithombo yolwazi ithi lomhla ngowe-1896]. Ukuphela kotyelelo, uMaxeke waye washeka eMelika wafunda kwiYunivesithi iWilberforce, eCleveland,  neyaiphantsi kolawulo lwe-African Methodist Episcopal Church (AMEC). Kule yunivesithi wayegxile kwimfundo engobuLunda beAfrika, neyayiphantsi koW.E.B. Du Bois.
Wayewathweswa isidanga seBSc. eYunivesithi iWilberforce nalapho wadibana khona nomyeni wakhe uMarshall Maxeke nowayeye kule yunivesithi ngowe-1896. Baye batshata ukubuyela kwabo eMzantsi Afrika ngowe-1901, uMaxeke engomnye wamanina okuqala aNtsundu ukufumana imfundo enomsila eyunivesithi. 
UMaxeke wayephembelelwe kakhulu yiAMEC yaye ngenxa yobudlelwane bakhe neNkonzo yamaTopiya Iamec yaye yasungulwa eMzantsi Afrika. Wabangumququzeleli weWomen’s Mite Missionary Society eRhawutini waze wadlulela ePolokwane (ngoko iPietersburg). Apha, waya wahlangana kwakhona nosapho lwakhe e\kumlambo iDwaars phantsi kweNkosi uRamakgopa nowanika uMaxeke imali yokuba aqale isikolo. Eso sikolo zange sigqitywe ngenxa yokunqongophala kwenkxaso kurhulumente nentlupheko eyayigquba kulo ngingqi. 
Emva koku, uMaxeke nomyeni wakhe bavula isikolo e-Evaton eRhawutini. AbakwaMaxeke baye bafundisa bavangela nakwezinye iindawo kuquka ebaThenjini eTranskei phantsi kweNkosi uSabata Dalindyebo. Kulapha apho uMaxeke wathi wathatha inxaxheba kwinkundla yobukhosi, inyhweba engaxhamlwayo ngamanina. Ekugqibeleni, baye bazinza eRhawutini apho baye bazibandakanya neentshukumo zopolitiko. 
Yena nomyeni wakhe bazimasa usungulwa kweSouth African Native National Congress (SANNC) eMangaung ngowe-1912. Noxa inkoliso yeziphakamiso zakhe zazingqamene necawe, uCharlotte wayebhala ngesiXhosa ngesikhundla samanina kwezentlalo nezopolitko. Kwincwadi Umteteleli wa Bantu wayegxile ‘kumbuzo wamanina’. Njengomntu owayechasene nokuphathwa kwamapasi ngamanina aNtsundu kwantlandlo, uMaxeke wazibandakanya kwintshukumo zopolitiko ubomi bakhe bobudala bonke. Wanceda ukuseka umbutho owayechasene nokuphathwa kwamapasi eMangaun ngowe-1913 waseka nePhiko laManina aNtsundu eSANCC ngowe-1918. Njengenkokheli yalo mbutho wakhokela isigqeba esayokuxoxa neNkulu-mbuso uLouis Botha ngemba yokuphathwa kwamapasi ngamanina. Le ngxoxo yalandelwa luqhankqalazo ngonyaka olandelayo. Wayekwabandakanyeka nokuqhankqalazo eRhawutini olwalumalunga norholo omncinci wakwa thatha inxaxheba kuseko lweIndustrial and Workers’ Union (ICU) ngowe-1920. 
UMaxeke wayekwabandakanyeka nakwimibutho entlanga-ninzi. Waye wabhekisa intetho kwiWomen’s Reform Club ePitoli, neyayingumbutho owawujongene namalungelo okuvota kwamanina waze wazimanya neBhunga eliHlanganeyo labaMhlophe nabaNtsundu. UMaxeke waye wonyulwa njengomongameli weWomen’s Missionary Society. Ngowe-1928, uMaxeke waye wazimasa ingqungquthela eMelika waze wazityanda igila ngakumbi ngempilo yabantu abaNtsundu. Waye wasungula i-arhente yengqesho eRhawutini waze wabalinina lokuqala ukuba ligosa lengqawule elijongene nabaphuli-mthetho abaselula

UMaxeke wayesoloko ekubekwa entendeni ‘njengoNozala weNkuleleko yabaNtsundu’ eMzantsi Afrika yaye unesikolo seentsana seANC esiseTanzania esithiywe ngaye. UMaxeke wanabela uqaqa eRhawutini ngowe-1939.




#Article 267: I-sulphur (279 words)


I-Sulfur (okanye ui-sulphur) lilungu lekhemikhali. Isimboli okanye uphawu lwe-sulphur ngu-S, kwaye i-atomic number yayo ngu-16.

I-Sulphur ligaqa eliqanda ngombala neli- nonmetal. I-ethe-ethe ke le sulphur (ikroboka lula) kwaye ibubukhazikhazi be-crystalline. Itsha lula, itsho ikhuphe impongo yomsi we-sulphur dioxide  oyityhefu. Inevumba elingacacanga. Ukuba iye yanyityilikiswa yaza yaboliswa ngokukhawuleza, yenza into efana ne-rubber ye-sulphur ebizwa ngokuba yi-plastic sulfur. Izakuya isiya iphindela kwela bala layo liqanda ibe yinto ekroboka lula.   Ayinyibiliki emanzini. Ivumba elaziwa ngokuba yi-sulfur livela kwi-hydrogen sulfide nakwezinye iikhemikhali ezifana kwanazo.   Ezi sulfides zenzeka xa izinto zibola ngaphandle komoya.  

Ii-sulphur compounds zizii-compounds zekhemikhali ezinee-sulphur ions. I-Sulphur iza ingeendlela ngeendlela: i-oxidation states oko kutsho i-oxidation iba kwezi zimo zilandelayo: -2 (i-hydrogen sulfide), +4 (i-sulfur dioxide, sulfites) ne +6 (sulfuric acid, sulfates) zizezona zixhaphakaileyo, nangona zikho ezinye imo ebakuzo i-oxidation. 

Umxube we-sulphur oxides namanzi 

Iityuwa ze-hydrogen sulfide

Iityuwa ze-sulfurous acid

Iityuwa ze-sulfuric acid

I-Sulfur ingafumaneka emhlabeni kufuphi nee-volcanoes. Ii-minerals ezininzi zinee-sulfur ions. Amalahle ane-sulfur ions ezivela xa esitsha. I-Hydrogen sulfide ne-sulfur dioxide zezinye ii-sulfur compounds ezithi zikhutshwe xa esitsha amalahle. Zenziwa ukuba zisebenze ukuze kwenzeke i-sulphur.   Xa isemhlabeni i-sulphur, iyanyibilika, ize ityhalwe ngamandla inyuke ngemibhobho ngenxa yomoya oza ngoxinzelelo othi uminxane kule mibhobho.  

I-Sulfur idla ngokusetyenziswa kumgubo wompu, kumachiza, nakwimatshisi. Imatshisi ikhupha i-sulfur dioxide xa ivutha, itsho ikhuphe ivumba layo. I-Sulphur iyinto ebalulekileyo kwii-cells eziphilayo. Ii-proteins ezininzi zine-sulfur. Ikwasetyenziswa nje nge- pesticide kwiifama ezi-organic.

Umgubo we-sulphur kuthiwa yashiyeka emva kokuba kwenzeke umntu ongaphezu kwendalo le siyibonayo.  

I-Sulphur ayinabungozi, kodwa ii-chemical compounds ezenzeka xa isulphur ivutha okanye isitsha zinganobungozi obukhulu.  I-Sulfuric acid, umzekelo, ingalijika ibala lephepha libemnyama!

Igama lakudala ebekubizwa ngalo i-sulphur lithi brimstone. I-Sulphur yayisetyenziswa kwi-fumigation (ukwenza ii-fumes) kunye namachiza kwisiGrike sakudala. Ngo-1777, u-Antoine Lavosier wabonisana noo-soscience okokuba i-sulphur kwakuyi-element.  




#Article 268: I-Khandida (258 words)


IKhandida yi-genus okanye ukuqokolelana kwee-yeasts. I-Yeasts luhlobo oluthile lwe- fungus. eli qela le-fungi lilelona qela lingunobangela oxhaphakileyo owenza   iusuleleko nge-fungus emhlabeni jikelele. Uninzi lwabantu sele lunayo okanye sele luvulelekile kweli qela le-fungus kodwa abakaguli bona. Ukuba umntu uphelelwa ngamandla ngenxa yasigulo simbi, le fungus ingasenza isifo. I-Candida albicans lolona hlobo lwe-Candida luxhaphakileyo. Usuleleko nggale fungus lubizwa ngokuba yi-candidiasis okanye yi-thrush. Ezinye iintlobo zeli qela zingafumaneka kwi-gut yomntu.

Abantu bangachatshazelwa lusuleleko lwegazi ngenxa yale fungus.  

Amachiza abizwa ngokuba zii-antibiotics aziyinyangi usuleleko lwe-yeast. into eyenzekayo kukuba i-antibiotic ingalunwenwisa ngakumbi usuleleko ngeCandida. Abafazi bangalufumana kwizinyi zabo usuleleko lweCandida. Amadoda nawo angalufumana usuleleko lweCandida ebudodeni babo. Ukuba umntu usebenzisa ii-antibiotics ixesha elide,  Maninzi kubo amathuba okufumana usuleleko lwe-Candida.  Abantu abaneswekile okanye i-HIV maninzi amathuba kubo okufumana usuleleko lwe-yeast.

Le fungus ingakhuliswa e-lab. I-Candida ibonakala ngathi zizazinge ezinkulu ezimile okwesangqa nesimhlophe nesimthubi elinuka njengesonka.I-Candida ingafumaneka phantse kuzo zonke izikhumba eziphilileyo.  Isikhumba esomileyo sine-fungus. Amanani amancinane ale fungus afumaneka kwamanye amalungu omzimba. Laa malungu yimpumlo, umqala nemiphunga; i-digestive system nesinyi. Yinto eqhelekileyo leyo.  

Xa le fungus idala isifo esisemlonyeni sibizwa ngokuba yi-thrush (i-oropharyngeal candidiasis). Xa le fungus idala isifo kwisizalo somfazi ibizwa ngokuba yi-vaginal candidiasis okanye kuthiwa nje yi-'yeast infection'. I-thrush ixhaphakile ebantwini abanxiba ii- dentures.

Abantu abaphila ngaphandle kokugula, usuleleko nge-candida lunganyangeka nge-oli yesikhumba  okanye ichiza elinokuginywa.   Amayeza esikhumba angathengwa evenkileni ngaphandle kokuba ubhalelwe ngugqirha.  Kubantu abasele begula kakade,  i-candidiasis ingasisigulo esinobunzulu obukhulu. Isenokudala i-abscess, thrombophlebitis, usuleleko lwentliziyo  (i-endocarditis). Isenokudala usululeko lwamehlo okanye lwezinye ii-organs. Usululeko lwe-Candida lungangena emzimbeni ngemikrwelo,ukugruzuka nokusikeka kwesikhumba.  

Ezinye ii-Candida ezibalulekileyo yi-C. i-parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, kunye ne-C. dubliniensis.




#Article 269: I-carbon (418 words)


I-Carbon yikhemikhali ebaluleke kakhulu, enecsimboli yekhemikhali engu-C. Yonke  into ephilayo emHlabeni ivela kuyo. I-Carbon inenombolo ye-atomic mass engu-12 kwane-atomic number engu-6. Intsingiselo yayo i-nonmetal, into ethetha ukuthi ayiyo-metal.

I-Carbon, i-hydrogen, i-nitrogen, i-oxygen, nezinye ii-elements ezifana ne-sulfur ne-phosphorus xa zizonke zizo ezenza i-life emhlabeni (jonga i-Organic chemistry noludwe lwee-elements ezibalulekileyo kwi-ologically). I-Carbon yenza inani  leorganic compounds elikhulu kakhulu kuba kuba iyakwazi ukwenza unxulumano olumandla nezinye ii-elements. ngenxa yesixa se-carbon esikwizinto eziphefumlayo, zonke ke ngoko zithathwa njengezinto ezibomi bazo busekwe kwi-carbon.  Kananjalo, i-carbon atom nganye iyakwazi ukwenza ii-covalent bonds ezine. Ii-carbon  atoms ezininzi zixhumana nee-hydrogen atoms ukuze zenze i-plastic. Kananjalo, i-Carbon kukuphela kwe-element engenza into efana netyathanga lee-molecules elide. Xa i-iron ithe yatshiswa ne-carbon, kwenzeka  i-steel esomeleleyo. 

Igama le-carbon livela kwisiLatin kwigama elithi carbo, gama elo lithetha ukuthi charcoal. Kwiilwimi ngeelwimi amagama athi carbon,  amalatye kunye ne-charcoal azizithetha nto nye. 

Ngokwendalo i-carbon ifumaneka ngeendlela ezintathu ezibizwa ngokuba  zii-allotropes: i-diamond, i-graphite, kunye ne-fullerenes. I-Graphite, inodongwe, ifumaneka kwii-pensile zokubhala. Ithambe kakhulu.  Ii-carbon atoms zenza izazinge kwalapha kuzo, ezi zazinge zibelekene enye esinye siphezu kwesinye kwaye zikekela lula.   Ii-dayimani zezona mineral.zendalo eziqine kakhulu. I-Fullerenes zii-carbon ezikumila  okwebhola yesoka. Ziyathandwa kakhulu kwi-science. I-allotrope okanye kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo emile ngayo i-carbon kukho le inomahluko, ime okomcu ebizwa ngokuba yi-carbon nanotube. Ii-Carbon nanotubes zomelele kakhulu, ngoko ke zinokusetyenziswa kwi-armor. Ii-Nanotubes zingabaluleka kwi-nanotechnology. Zizizigidi ezili-10 ezaziwa ngokuba zii-carbon compounds.

Lonke uhlobo lweKhemestri, lwe-organic Khemestri, lumalunga ne-carbon kunye nee-compounds zayo.  I-Carbon yenza iintlobo ezininzi zee-compounds. I-Hydrocarbons zii-molecules ezine-carbon kunye ne-hydrogen. I-Methane, i-Propane, nezinye iintlobo ze-fuels okanye zamafutha azii-hydrocarbons. Uninzi lwezinto ezisetyenziswa ngabantu mihla le zizii-organic compounds.

I-radioactive isotope ye-carbon, i-carbon-14, isenokusetyenziswa ukuzama ukubona okokuba ingaba zindala kangakanani na ezinye ii-objects okanye izinto okanye kusetyenziswe yona ukujonga okokuba ife nini na into. Ukuba nje into iphezu komhlaba ikwathatha i-carbon, isixa se-carbon-14 esishiyekayo siyafana. Xa i-object okanye into iyeka ukuthatha i-carbon, isixa se-carbon-14 siyehla. Kuba i-halfu-yobomi (how long it takes for half of a radioactive isotope to go away) be-carbon 14 ingama-5730 years, ii-scientists zingabona okokuba ingaba into leyo indala kangakanani na ngokuthi zibone okokuba ingakanani na i-carbon 14 eshiyekileyo.  

I-Carbon ifumaneka kwiindawo ezininzi apha emhlabeni. Yaqala yenziwa kwiinkwenkwezi zakudala. I-Carbon yi-element yesine ukuxhaphaka elangeni.  Phantse yonke i-atmosphere ye-Mars iyi-Carbon dioxide.

I-Carbon ibalulekile emzimbeni womntu kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, kwaye iyi-element yesibini exhaphakileyo emzimbeni womntu, nge-23% yabo bonke ubunzima bomntu. Ikwa sesona sitshixo see-molecules kwizinto ezinobomi   (ii-molecules ezisebenza kwizinto eziphilayo).

Uninzi lwe-carbon lufumaneka emHlabeni ngamalahle. I-Graphite yona ifumaneka kwiindawo ezomileyo (ezifana kanye nentlango), eziquka i-Sri Lanka, i-Madagascar, kwakunye ne-Russia. Idayimani inqabile kwaye ifumaneka kakhulu e-Africa. I-Carbon ikwafumaneka kwezinye ii-meteorites.




#Article 270: GROUP WORK (907 words)


Ngokokutsho kommfazi wakhe, uArchibald Campbell (AC) Mzolisa Jordan wathi “Ndiya kwi ukuya kuvula iingcango ukuze abantu abantsundu nabo bangene kule dyunivesithi. Idyunivesithi yeNtshona Koloni ikumhlaba we ngoko ke yeyamaAfrika. Waqhuba wathi, “le dyunivesithi iya kuze ibeyidyunivesithi ngokupheleleyo mhla ivumela abantu abantsundu baye kufunda khona.”

Phakathi kwabo bathi baxhamla kwesi sigqibo sikaJordan, yabangowakwakhe.  Ngonyaka we-1957 ugqirha Ntantala-Jordan wabhalisela ukufunda iHigher Diploma in Native Law and Administration kule dyunivesithi yeNtshona Koloni nalapho wafunda iminyaka yamibini phambi kokuba ayeke engagqibanga. Ukusuka apho, wafunda wafumana izingqini ezahlukileyo  kwiindawo ezahlukileyo ukuquka  isidanga kwi, i, nesidinga sewonga  neyayifudula ibizwa ngokuba kukwaNokholeji.

Ngexesha eseNtshona Koloni, U wafumana   indawo yokuhlala eMoshesh Avenue kwilokishi yakwa kwalapho eNtshona Koloni. Ngeso sithuba, usapho lwakhe lwalusahlala eMpuma Koloni. Emva kwexesha usapho lwakhe lwabuya eMpuma Koloni lweza kweli laseNtshona Koloni nalapho ugqirha Ntantala- Jordan awafika wabonakalisa ukungathandi kwakhe le ndawo UAC Jordan wayehlala kuyo. Ngokokutsho kukaNtantala- Jordan, wayengakuthandi ukuhlala elokishini kwayena, nangeli xesha wayese. Waqaphela ukuba, impilo eKroonstad ke kodwa yayingcono kunale yayiphilwa kwaLanga. Lo kaNtantala-Jordan wathi,indlu wayehlala kuyo eKroonstad yayigqamile iphuma yodwa ngeli xesha le yakwaLanga yayifana nazo zonke ezinye izindlu nento leyo yamenza ukuba angafuni abantwana bakhe bakhulele kuyo loo ndawo.

Umyeni wakhe wazifumana ebuza lo wakwakhe ngeengcinga zakhe ngabo bahlala elokishini, impendulo awayifumanayo kowakwakhe yeyokuba, yena Ntantala-Jordan akangabo abanye abantu, zange abengabo kwaye wayengazuqala ngoko ukubangabo. Kukwesi sigaba ke apho baye baqala ukukhangela indawo yokuhlala kumahlomela eedolophu zaseNtshona Koloni. Ngonyaka we-1947, bafumana inxiwa lama-83 kwi ‘’European’’ guttman, kwisitalato iFreur,iLincoln  estate e. NgekaCanzibe kwakulo nyaka, lwaqala ulwakhiwo lwendlu nalapho baye bangena bahlala kweyeThupha. Le ndlu yabo bayithiya ngegama elithi Thabisano nelithetha indawo yolonwabo macala onke.

Emva kwazo zonke ezi ziganeko, kwabakho umbuzo wokuba ngaba, ukungathandi ilokishi kukaNtantala-Jordan kwakuthetha ukuba ngumntu owayeziphakamisile kusini na? Lo kaNtantala- Jordan ke wathi, yena wayengaboni ngasonye naloongcamango. Ukuze ubani aqonde le ndlela lo kaNtantala-Jordan wayebona ngayo xa kuthetwa ngelokishi, kwakumele aqale aqonde imvelaphi kaNtantala-Jordan kunye nobume bezobupolitiko  kuqala.

Kwimbaliso ngobomi bakhe, uNtantala-Jordan wazichaza ngengomtnu osuka kusapho olunendyebo,. Oku kuye kwambonisa eyona ndlela isemgangathweni yokuphila kwaye wayengalungelanga kuthatha nayiphi na enye engaphantsi kwale wayeyiqhelile. Ngokubona kwakhe, iilokishi zaziqinisa umbono weyantlukwano wokuba kukho oo’thina’ noo’bona’. Le yantlukwano lo kaNtantala wayixela njengesixhobo sokucinezela nesokulawula abantsundu, ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Oku kuko okwakhokelela ekubeni angafuni ukuhlala elokishini.

Ngeli xesha wayesiya eNtshona Koloni,  uNtantala-Jordan wayexhotyisiwe ngolwazi lobungozi bomgangatho ophezulu wokuphila. Ngokokutsho kwakhe, wayeziqonda izizathu zabantu abantsundu zokunyusela umgangatho ophezulu wokuphila kananjalo wayeqonda ukuba kutheni abo babekwiqela lokuqala ukuthweswa izidanga kwabantsundu kwidyunivesithi yaseFort Hare babeziphathe ngohlobo ababeziphatha ngalo, eli lokubangabantu abahila ubomi bomgangatho ophezulu. Noxa wayeyazi ukuba uzalwe wakhulelwa kule meko injalo, wayeyazi ukuba wayenako ukususa le ndlela yokuziphatha abeyinxalenye  nabantu abantsundu kananjalo abancedise ukulwa iingxaki ababenjongane nazo.

Lo kaNtantala- Jordan wathi, noxa amava akhe awayewafumene eFree State, neyayifudula ibizwa njenge Orange Free State , avusa isazela sakhe soko kwakumngqongile kodwa kuseNtshona Koloni apho wafumana khona okona kuqonda kupheleleyo ngesimo soMzantsi Afrika. Phakathi lweminyaka yama-1940 neyama-1950 uNtantala-Jordan wayegqiba iminyaka emihlanu yokuqala ekwelaseNtshona Koloni kwaye ngeli xesha wayezahlule kubini emisebenzini yakhe. Wayejongene nomsebenzi wokukhulisa abantwana bakhe ngaxesha nye ehoye umsebenzi wezoPolitiko ngaxesha nye ekwaququzelela nomsebenzi wakhe kwi.

Imiba ethile eyayitshisa ibunzi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1950, yaye yathimba umbutho wotitshala besiNtu waseNtshona (CATA). Yayijikeleza ekugwebeni umthetho wocalucalulo ngokwentlalo  ka-1950 (Group areas Act of 1950), umthetho wempatho yeBantu womnyaka ka 1951 (Bantu Authorities Act of 1951) kunye nomthetho wemfundo yeBantu ngomnyaka ka 1953 (Bantu Education Act of 1953). Ngomnyaka wama-1950 ICATA yayiphantsi kwempembelelo yepolitiki yomanyano lwentshukumo yabo babengengobase Yurophu, owabambelela kwintetho ethi “Yala ukusebenzisana njengesixhobo sokuqhankqalaza”.

Ngomnyaka wama-1957 ugqirha Ntantala-Jordan wacelwa ukuba athabathe inxaxheba kwimagazini eyayibizwa ngokuba yiMzantsi Afrika kumabhinqa aseAfrika (Africa South on African women). Waye wakhetha ukubhala “ngamanye amabhinqa ekungekho mntu uke ave ngawo,  anamabali angazange  ake abaliswa ngoba ‘engezontsika’ zoluntu lwabo”. Ngokokwakhe la “yayingamanye wamantombazana endandikhule nawo, atshatileyo ngoku naphila impilo yabahlolokazi nanjengokuba amadoda wabo angekho esixekweni” (1992:164). Inqaku lakhe lesibini lalinesihloko esithi “Abahlolokazi bamayebeyebe”

Kwangaxeshanye mayelana nophuhliso ezilalini ezazisukuba zaBantu apho kwakukho inkcaso ekunyinweni kwesitoko  kwanokubekwa kweenkosi   kunye noosibonda  phantsi komthetho wempatho yeBantu  ka-1951 (Bantu Authorities of 1951). Ugqrirha Ntantala waye wacelwa ukuba aguqule incwadana eyayibhalwe ngu I.B. Tabata wentshukumo engeyoyaseYurophu,  enesihloko esithi: Yala ukusebenzisana njengesixhobo sokuqhankqalaza.  Ngokuka gqirha uNtantala, Inguqulelo yesiXhosa yalencwadana yaye yathathwa ngoonolali baseTranskayi njengebhayibhile yabo (1992: 167).

Le nto ingentla yimbonakaliso ecace gca yendlela ugqirha uNtantala-Jordan athe wanikezela ngobutyebi bakhe, watshintsha isimo, wazibandakanya nentlupheko yabantu bakhe.

Inkqubela kwezopolitiko ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950 ukuya ekuqaleni kweyama-1960 phantsi kwexesha lengcinezelo , yaye yafaka uxinzelelo kubemi boMzantsi Afrika abaninzi ababechasene nengcinezelo. Ngenxa yesi sinikezelo, zintathu izinto ezifanele kakhulu ukuvezwa : umthetho wocalucalulo ngokwentlalo ka-1950 (Group Areas Act of 1950), umthetho wokwandiswa kweedyunivesithi  womnyaka wama-1959 kunye nokucinezelwa kombuso kulandela uqhankqalazo lase Sharpville nase Langa ngosuku lwamashumi amabini ananye, kwinyanga yoKwindla ngomnyaka wama-1960 (21 March 1960). Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960, ukusetyenziswa kwalemithetho kunye nengcinezelo yezepolitiki ngokuchasene nocalucalulo kuzwelonke  yaye yabeka umthwalo onzima ku Jordan. Oko kwaphelela ekuthabatheni isigqibo sokuthatha iphemithi  (incwadana) yokuphuma. Yasebenza kakuhle le nto, yabenza abagxothwa  abangazange baze babuye ekhaya. Iintsalela zabo ngoku zibekwe kumhlaba welinye ilizwe eMelika (United States of America).

Umthetho wacalucalulo ngokwentlalo wathi kusenokwenzeka ukuba uJordan anganyanzelwa ahlale endaweni awayeyicaphukela kakhulu ugqirha Ntantala- Jordan. Umthetho wokwandisa iidyunivesithi waba nomcelimngeni wokuba abantwana babo, abanomlandu wesiXhosa, bazonyanzelwa ukuba bafunde kwidyunivesithi yase Fort Hare kunaleyo yaziwayo eyi UCT.  Ekugqibeleni , isibhengezo esasingxamisekile ngenxa yoqhankqalazo lwase Sharpeville  nase Langa olwenzeka ngomhla wama 21 kweyoKwindla ngowama-1960 ,kwaye kwakho ukuhlukunyezwa ngokubanzi kwabantu abamnyama. Kwenzeka ukuba u-A.C Jordan abengomnye wamaxhoba. Waye wavalelwa futhi wabethwa ngomhla wesine kwekaTshazimpunzi ngomnyaka wama-1960 (4 April 1960), emva kwentsuku ezintlanu kwesibhengezo esingxamiseileyo sombuso. Kwakhona lomlandu uyaqondeka abo bakwa Jordan baphelela elubhacweni.




#Article 271: Group work (399 words)


Imiba ethile eyayitshisa ibunzi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1950, yaye yathimba umbutho wotitshala besiNtu waseNtshona (CATA). Yayijikeleza ekugwebeni umthetho wocalucalulo ngokwentlalo  ka-1950 (), umthetho wempatho yeBantu womnyaka ka 1951 (Bantu Authorities Act of 1951) kunye nomthetho wemfundo yeBantu ngomnyaka ka 1953 (Bantu Education Act of 1953). Ngomnyaka wama-1950 ICATA yayiphantsi kwempembelelo yepolitiki yomanyano lwentshukumo yabo babengengobase Yurophu, owabambelela kwintetho ethi “Yala ukusebenzisana njengesixhobo sokuqhankqalaza”. 

Ngomnyaka wama-1957 ugqirha Ntantala-Jordan wacelwa ukuba athabathe inxaxheba kwimagazini eyayibizwa ngokuba yiMzantsi Afrika kumabhinqa aseAfrika (Africa South on African women). Waye wakhetha ukubhala “ngamanye amabhinqa ekungekho mntu uke ave ngawo,  anamabali angazange  ake abaliswa ngoba ‘engezontsika’ zoluntu lwabo”. Ngokokwakhe la “yayingamanye wamantombazana endandikhule nawo, atshatileyo ngoku naphila impilo yabahlolokazi nanjengokuba amadoda wabo angekho esixekweni” (1992:164). Inqaku lakhe lesibini lalinesihloko esithi “Abahlolokazi bamayebeyebe” 

Kwangaxeshanye mayelana nophuhliso ezilalini ezazisukuba zaBantu apho kwakukho inkcaso ekunyinweni kwesitoko  kwanokubekwa kweenkosi   kunye noosibonda  phantsi komthetho wempatho yeBantu  ka-1951 (Bantu Authorities of 1951). Ugqrirha Ntantala waye wacelwa ukuba aguqule incwadana eyayibhalwe ngu I.B. Tabata wentshukumo engeyoyaseYurophu,  enesihloko esithi: Yala ukusebenzisana njengesixhobo sokuqhankqalaza.  Ngokuka gqirha uNtantala, Inguqulelo yesiXhosa yalencwadana yaye yathathwa ngoonolali baseTranskayi njengebhayibhile yabo (1992: 167). 

Le nto ingentla yimbonakaliso ecace gca yendlela ugqirha uNtantala-Jordan athe wanikezela ngobutyebi bakhe, watshintsha isimo, wazibandakanya nentlupheko yabantu bakhe. 

Inkqubela kwezopolitiko ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950 ukuya ekuqaleni kweyama-1960 phantsi kwexesha lengcinezelo , yaye yafaka uxinzelelo kubemi boMzantsi Afrika abaninzi ababechasene nengcinezelo. Ngenxa yesi sinikezelo, zintathu izinto ezifanele kakhulu ukuvezwa : umthetho wocalucalulo ngokwentlalo ka-1950 (Group Areas Act of 1950), umthetho wokwandiswa kweedyunivesithi  womnyaka wama-1959 kunye nokucinezelwa kombuso kulandela uqhankqalazo lase Sharpville nase Langa ngosuku lwamashumi amabini ananye, kwinyanga yoKwindla ngomnyaka wama-1960 (21 March 1960). Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960, ukusetyenziswa kwalemithetho kunye nengcinezelo yezepolitiki ngokuchasene nocalucalulo kuzwelonke  yaye yabeka umthwalo onzima ku Jordan. Oko kwaphelela ekuthabatheni isigqibo sokuthatha iphemithi  (incwadana) yokuphuma. Yasebenza kakuhle le nto, yabenza abagxothwa  abangazange baze babuye ekhaya. Iintsalela zabo ngoku zibekwe kumhlaba welinye ilizwe eMelika (United States of America).

Umthetho wacalucalulo ngokwentlalo wathi kusenokwenzeka ukuba uJordan anganyanzelwa ahlale endaweni awayeyicaphukela kakhulu ugqirha Ntantala- Jordan. Umthetho wokwandisa iidyunivesithi waba nomcelimngeni wokuba abantwana babo, abanomlandu wesiXhosa, bazonyanzelwa ukuba bafunde kwidyunivesithi yase Fort Hare kunaleyo yaziwayo eyi UCT.  Ekugqibeleni , isibhengezo esasingxamisekile ngenxa yoqhankqalazo lwase Sharpeville  nase Langa olwenzeka ngomhla wama 21 kweyoKwindla ngowama-1960 ,kwaye kwakho ukuhlukunyezwa ngokubanzi kwabantu abamnyama. Kwenzeka ukuba u- abengomnye wamaxhoba. Waye wavalelwa futhi wabethwa ngomhla wesine kwekaTshazimpunzi ngomnyaka wama-1960 (4 April 1960), emva kwentsuku ezintlanu kwesibhengezo esingxamiseileyo sombuso. Kwakhona lomlandu uyaqondeka abo bakwa Jordan baphelela elubhacweni. 




#Article 272: Umnikelo kugqirha Ntantala Jordan (1475 words)


UGqirha Phyllis Priscilla ‘Nogqaza’ Ntantala-Jordan wazalwa ngomhla we-7, kweyoMdumba ngonyaka we-1920, ezalelwa ngakunxweme lomlambo iNqabarha, . Uqale ukufunda eselula kakhulu, ukanti emva kweenyanga ezintandathu uye waswelekelwa ngumama wakhe. Uthe xa eneminyaka elishumi-nambini wayokufundela isitifikethi semfundo ephakamileyo yamabanga-neno kwisikolo I Healdtown. Inqununu yalapho wayefunde khona amabanga aphantsi, yayicebise kakhulu utata wakhe ukuba ze amse e Healdtown kunokuba afunde eLovedale. Xa ekwiminyaka elishumi nesihlanu, waye wayokenza imatriki kwidyunivesithi I Fort Hare, neyayibizwa nge South African Native College ngoko. Nangona I Fort Hare yayinikezela ngezidanga zasedyunivesithi, kodwa yayisakubathatha nabafundi bematriki. Emva kokugqiba umatriki, waye waqhubeka nokufundela isidanga sobutitshalakazi othe wasifumana ngonyaka we 1937.

Emva kweengxoko kunye notata wakhe malunga nokuba aphindele , aqhubeke de afumane i-degree okanye ebuncinaneni  atistshe nokuba ngunyaka omnye, bagqiba ekubeni atitshe. Ithuba lokutitsha lazivelela kwisikolo samabanga aphezulu, IBantu eKroonstad kwiphondo lase,nelalibizwa ngokuba yi ngoko kweyomqungu, kunyaka we 1938.

Omnye wabafundisi-ntsapho e Bantu yayingu , nowaye waba ngumyeni wakhe,ukanti esisibini sasingaqali ukubonana. Okokuqala badibana edyunivesithi iFort Hare ngelixa uGqirha Ntantala eyokuqala izifundo zakhe, ukanti yena uA.C Jordan wayesele engumfundi omdala effort Hare. Kwangeloxesha,u A.C Jordan, ‘wabonisa ukuba nomdla’ kulowo wayesakuba yinkosikazi yakhe. Kumbhalo ongobomi bakhe, ugqirha Ntantala-Jordan ukhumbula indlela owaziva ngayo ngesicelo sobuhlobo sika A.C Jordan ngokulandelayo:

Emva kokuba u A.C Jordan onyulwe njengomhlohli weelwimi zesiNtu kwi dyunivesithi yaseFort Hare 1945, aba bakwa Jordan basele benabantwana ababini omnye esendleleni ukanti kwafuneka basuke  babhekise eMpuma Koloni. Ingcaciso ka Gqirha Ntantala yonxulumano loluntu eFort Hare ekubuyeni kwabo yayigxeka kakhulu. Wachaza “abo bambalwa bangabasebenzi base nabangama-Afrika, njengabona boyikayo newakhe wanelishwa lokuba adibane nabo”. Babengaluthandi ucalulo olwaluqhubeka kodwa babethela phantsi ngalo ngenxa yoloyiko lokuphelelwa yimisebenzi yabo.” (1992: 122).  Uluvo lwakhe malunga nabafundi “ubachaza ngokuba bakwangumfanekiso wabasebenzi abo” (1992:123)

Nangoko ke zange bahlale xesha lide ,ngonyaka we 1947

Ngokokutsho kukamfazi wakhe, u wathi “Ndiya kwi ukuya kuvula iingcango ukuze abantu abantsundu nabo bangene kule dyunivesithi. I ikumhlaba we ngoko ke yeyamaAfrika. Waqhuba wathi, “le dyunivesithi iya kuze ibeyidyunivesithi ngokupheleleyo mhla ivumela abantu abantsundu baye kufunda khona.”
Phakathi kwabo bathi baxhamla kwesi sigqibo sikaJordan, yabangowakwakhe.  Ngonyaka we-1957 ugqirha Ntantala-Jordan wabhalisela ukufunda iHigher Diploma in Native Law and Administration kule  nalapho wafunda iminyaka yamibini phambi kokuba ayeke engagqibanga. Ukusuka apho, wafunda wafumana izingqini ezahlukileyo  kwiindawo ezahlukileyo ukuquka  isidanga kwi, i, nesidinga sewonga  neyayifudula ibizwa ngokuba kukwa.
Ngexesha ese, U wafumana   indawo yokuhlala eMoshesh Avenue kwilokishi yakwa kwalapho e. Ngeso sithuba, usapho lwakhe lwalusahlala e. Emva kwexesha usapho lwakhe lwabuya e lweza kweli lase nalapho ugqirha Ntantala- Jordan awafika wabonakalisa ukungathandi kwakhe le ndawo UAC Jordan wayehlala kuyo. Ngokokutsho kukaNtantala- Jordan, wayengakuthandi ukuhlala elokishini kwayena, nangeli xesha wayese. Waqaphela ukuba, impilo e ke kodwa yayingcono kunale yayiphilwa kwa. Lo kaNtantala-Jordan wathi,indlu wayehlala kuyo e yayigqamile iphuma yodwa ngeli xesha le yakwa yayifana nazo zonke ezinye izindlu nento leyo yamenza ukuba angafuni abantwana bakhe bakhulele kuyo loo ndawo.
Umyeni wakhe wazifumana ebuza lo wakwakhe ngeengcinga zakhe ngabo bahlala elokishini, impendulo awayifumanayo kowakwakhe yeyokuba, yena Ntantala-Jordan akangabo abanye abantu, zange abengabo kwaye wayengazuqala ngoko ukubangabo. Kukwesi sigaba ke apho baye baqala ukukhangela indawo yokuhlala kumahlomela eedolophu zase. Ngonyaka we-1947, bafumana inxiwa lama-83 kwi ‘’European’’ guttman, kwisitalato iFreur,iLincoln  estate e. NgekaCanzibe kwakulo nyaka, lwaqala ulwakhiwo lwendlu nalapho baye bangena bahlala kweyeThupha. Le ndlu yabo bayithiya ngegama elithi Thabisano nelithetha indawo yolonwabo macala onke.
Emva kwazo zonke ezi ziganeko, kwabakho umbuzo wokuba ngaba, ukungathandi ilokishi kukaNtantala-Jordan kwakuthetha ukuba ngumntu owayeziphakamisile kusini na? Lo kaNtantala- Jordan ke wathi, yena wayengaboni ngasonye naloongcamango. Ukuze ubani aqonde le ndlela lo kaNtantala-Jordan wayebona ngayo xa kuthetwa ngelokishi, kwakumele aqale aqonde imvelaphi kaNtantala-Jordan kunye nobume bezobupolitiko  kuqala.
Kwimbaliso ngobomi bakhe, uNtantala-Jordan wazichaza ngengomtnu osuka kusapho olunendyebo,. Oku kuye kwambonisa eyona ndlela isemgangathweni yokuphila kwaye wayengalungelanga kuthatha nayiphi na enye engaphantsi kwale wayeyiqhelile. Ngokubona kwakhe, iilokishi zaziqinisa umbono weyantlukwano wokuba kukho oo’thina’ noo’bona’. Le yantlukwano lo kaNtantala wayixela njengesixhobo sokucinezela nesokulawula abantsundu, ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Oku kuko okwakhokelela ekubeni angafuni ukuhlala elokishini.
Ngeli xesha wayesiya e,  uNtantala-Jordan wayexhotyisiwe ngolwazi lobungozi bomgangatho ophezulu wokuphila. Ngokokutsho kwakhe, wayeziqonda izizathu zabantu abantsundu zokunyusela umgangatho ophezulu wokuphila kananjalo wayeqonda ukuba kutheni abo babekwiqela lokuqala ukuthweswa izidanga kwabantsundu kwidyunivesithi yase babeziphathe ngohlobo ababeziphatha ngalo, eli lokubangabantu abahila ubomi bomgangatho ophezulu. Noxa wayeyazi ukuba uzalwe wakhulelwa kule meko injalo, wayeyazi ukuba wayenako ukususa le ndlela yokuziphatha abeyinxalenye  nabantu abantsundu kananjalo abancedise ukulwa iingxaki ababenjongane nazo.
Lo kaNtantala- Jordan wathi, noxa amava akhe awayewafumene e, neyayifudula ibizwa njenge  , avusa isazela sakhe soko kwakumngqongile kodwa kuse apho wafumana khona okona kuqonda kupheleleyo ngesimo so. Phakathi lweminyaka yama-1940 neyama-1950 uNtantala-Jordan wayegqiba iminyaka emihlanu yokuqala ekwelase kwaye ngeli xesha wayezahlule kubini emisebenzini yakhe. Wayejongene nomsebenzi wokukhulisa abantwana bakhe ngaxesha nye ehoye umsebenzi wezoPolitiko ngaxesha nye ekwaququzelela nomsebenzi wakhe kwi.

Imiba ethile eyayitshisa ibunzi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1950, yaye yathimba umbutho wotitshala besiNtu waseNtshona (CATA). Yayijikeleza ekugwebeni umthetho wocalucalulo ngokwentlalo  ka-1950 (Group areas Act of 1950), umthetho wempatho yeBantu womnyaka ka 1951 (Bantu Authorities Act of 1951) kunye nomthetho wemfundo yeBantu ngomnyaka ka 1953 (Bantu Education Act of 1953). Ngomnyaka wama-1950 ICATA yayiphantsi kwempembelelo yepolitiki yomanyano lwentshukumo yabo babengengobase Yurophu, owabambelela kwintetho ethi “Yala ukusebenzisana njengesixhobo sokuqhankqalaza”.

Ngomnyaka wama-1957 ugqirha Ntantala-Jordan wacelwa ukuba athabathe inxaxheba kwimagazini eyayibizwa ngokuba yiMzantsi Afrika kumabhinqa aseAfrika (Africa South on African women). Waye wakhetha ukubhala “ngamanye amabhinqa ekungekho mntu uke ave ngawo,  anamabali angazange  ake abaliswa ngoba ‘engezontsika’ zoluntu lwabo”. Ngokokwakhe la “yayingamanye wamantombazana endandikhule nawo, atshatileyo ngoku naphila impilo yabahlolokazi nanjengokuba amadoda wabo angekho esixekweni” (1992:164). Inqaku lakhe lesibini lalinesihloko esithi “Abahlolokazi bamayebeyebe”

Kwangaxeshanye mayelana nophuhliso ezilalini ezazisukuba zaBantu apho kwakukho inkcaso ekunyinweni kwesitoko  kwanokubekwa kweenkosi   kunye noosibonda  phantsi komthetho wempatho yeBantu  ka-1951 (Bantu Authorities of 1951). Ugqrirha Ntantala waye wacelwa ukuba aguqule incwadana eyayibhalwe ngu I.B. Tabata wentshukumo engeyoyaseYurophu,  enesihloko esithi: Yala ukusebenzisana njengesixhobo sokuqhankqalaza.  Ngokuka gqirha uNtantala, Inguqulelo yesiXhosa yalencwadana yaye yathathwa ngoonolali baseTranskayi njengebhayibhile yabo (1992: 167).

Le nto ingentla yimbonakaliso ecace gca yendlela ugqirha uNtantala-Jordan athe wanikezela ngobutyebi bakhe, watshintsha isimo, wazibandakanya nentlupheko yabantu bakhe.

Inkqubela kwezopolitiko ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950 ukuya ekuqaleni kweyama-1960 phantsi kwexesha lengcinezelo , yaye yafaka uxinzelelo kubemi boMzantsi Afrika abaninzi ababechasene nengcinezelo. Ngenxa yesi sinikezelo, zintathu izinto ezifanele kakhulu ukuvezwa : umthetho wocalucalulo ngokwentlalo ka-1950 (Group Areas Act of 1950), umthetho wokwandiswa kweedyunivesithi  womnyaka wama-1959 kunye nokucinezelwa kombuso kulandela uqhankqalazo lase Sharpville nase Langa ngosuku lwamashumi amabini ananye, kwinyanga yoKwindla ngomnyaka wama-1960 (21 March 1960). Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960, ukusetyenziswa kwalemithetho kunye nengcinezelo yezepolitiki ngokuchasene nocalucalulo kuzwelonke  yaye yabeka umthwalo onzima ku Jordan. Oko kwaphelela ekuthabatheni isigqibo sokuthatha iphemithi  (incwadana) yokuphuma. Yasebenza kakuhle le nto, yabenza abagxothwa  abangazange baze babuye ekhaya. Iintsalela zabo ngoku zibekwe kumhlaba welinye ilizwe eMelika (United States of America).

Umthetho wacalucalulo ngokwentlalo wathi kusenokwenzeka ukuba uJordan anganyanzelwa ahlale endaweni awayeyicaphukela kakhulu ugqirha Ntantala- Jordan. Umthetho wokwandisa iidyunivesithi waba nomcelimngeni wokuba abantwana babo, abanomlandu wesiXhosa, bazonyanzelwa ukuba bafunde kwidyunivesithi yase Fort Hare kunaleyo yaziwayo eyi UCT.  Ekugqibeleni , isibhengezo esasingxamisekile ngenxa yoqhankqalazo lwase Sharpeville  nase Langa olwenzeka ngomhla wama 21 kweyoKwindla ngowama-1960 ,kwaye kwakho ukuhlukunyezwa ngokubanzi kwabantu abamnyama. Kwenzeka ukuba u-A.C Jordan abengomnye wamaxhoba. Waye wavalelwa futhi wabethwa ngomhla wesine kwekaTshazimpunzi ngomnyaka wama-1960 (4 April 1960), emva kwentsuku ezintlanu kwesibhengezo esingxamiseileyo sombuso. Kwakhona lomlandu uyaqondeka abo bakwa Jordan baphelela elubhacweni.

Amanyathelo okuqala obomi bokubhaca ekuqaleni komnyaka wama-1961, u-A.C Jordan wanikwa iCarnegie Travel Grant ukuze atyelele iidyunivesithi kunye neekholeji eMelika. Wathi akungayinikwa incwadana yokundwendwela wancamela kwincwadana yokuphuma. Usapho lwakhe lwamlandela ngomnyaka wama-1962 baze baphetha bese Melika (United States  of America),  njengokuba sekutshiwo kulapho baye bangcwatyelwa khona. Ngenene ugqirha uNtantala wayeyingqondi ebalaseleyo, umbhali kunye nowezopoliyiko othetha kakhulu. Waye waguqulela  ngesilungu inoveli yomyeni wakhe ethi Ingqumbo Yeminyanya, wathetha kwiimfundiso ezisesidlangalaleni eziliqela, wabhala izincoko, amanqaku ngaphezu konke wabhala ibali eliyolisayo ngobomi bakhe elineshihloko esithi :”A Life’s Mosaic: ubomi buka Phyllis Ntantala.

UGqirha Ntatala-Jordan ubhale amazwi akhe okugqibela okunika imbeko kumyeni wakhe, nothe wamphuhlisa ngengqiqo nolwazi. Ubhale ngoluhlobo:
Ubomi bam noA. C Jordan ibububomi bengqiqo nolwazi yaye ebendibandakanya kwiinzame zakhe zokuphuhlisa ulwazi. Njengabahlobo nabalingane, ebendikhuthaza ndikhule naye njengoko ekhula. Ekugqibeleni besingeyondoda nomfazi kuphela koko besingabahlobo abakhangela ulwazi nengqiqo yaye loo nto siyenza kunye. Ngoko oko, ndiyohlala ndinombulelo (1992:77).
Njengenxalenye yokuhlonipha umzila nobomi buka A.C Jordan, ngowe-1993 iYunivesithi yaseKapa  yathiya isihlalo seeLwimi zesiNtu ngegama lika A.C Jordan yaye ngonyaka wama-2015 bathiye ibloko yenkcubeko, Arts Block ngabula makhumsha ekwiFakhalithi yezoLuntu Zozobini ezi zihlandlu, iintsikelelo nobukho bukaGq. Ntantala-Jordan bezifunwa kakhulu. Ngomhla wama-30 kweyoMsintsi ngonyaka we-1993, uGq. Ntantala-Jordan wabhala ileta ebhalela lowo wayenguSekela Ngqonyela weYunivesithi yaseKapa, uGq. Mampela Rampela  enikezela imvume yokuba isihlalo seeLwimi zesiNtu abizwe emva komyeni wakhe. Wabhala wenjenje:
Mna nabantwana bam siziva sibalulekile kuba isihlalo esibalulekileyo nesinikwa izihandiba neemfundimani emhlabeni jikelele sizakubiza emva kuka A.C Jordan., imfundimani nesinxiba-mxaka esinikezele ngobomi baso sifuna ulwazi. Lena yimbeko emfaneleyo, hayi kuba esebenzisene kakhulu nesiKolo seeLwimi zesiNtu seYunivesithi yaseKapa, kodwa ngenxa yegalelo lakhe lolwazi kuLwimi noNcwadi eYurophu  naseMelika .
Waqhuba wenjenje:

Wayiqukumbela ileta yakhe ngamzwi athi, “Owenu enkululekweni nakumzabalazo we-Afrika” 
Ugq. Phyllis Priscilla “Nogqaza” Ntatala-Jordan ulandulele eli ngeCawa, umhla we-17 kweyeKhala ngonyaka wama-2016. Ubeneminyaka engama-96 ubudala. Ushiye ngasemva unyana wakhe ekuphela kwakhe ophilayo, usopolitiki waseMzantsi Afrika nowayefudula enguMphathiswa weKhabinethi , uZweledinga Pallo Jordan  kunye nabazukulwana bakhe uThuli, Samantha noNandipha.




#Article 273: I-endogeny (yakwa-biology) (126 words)


Ii-substances okanye izinto kwaneenkqubo ezi-endogenous zezo zisuka ngaphakathi kuloo nto kuthethwa ngayo, njenge-tissue, okanye i-cell.

Ii-endogenous viral elements (EVEs) ngumnombo we-DNA osuka kwii-viruses ezingena ngee-genomes zee-germ cells. zisuka kookhokho bento leyo kuthethwa ngayo. Lo mnombo, usenokuba ziziqendu ngeziqendu zee-viruses,  okanye ze-viral genomes (proviruses) xa iyonke ungasoloko ukho kwi-germline, ugqithiselwa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana  zizii-alleles, oko kuthetha okokuba sele ziziintlobo ngeentlobo oku kweelwimi zesiNguni.

Iinkqubo ze-endogenous zibandakanya i-senescence, i-menstrual cycle kunye nezingqi ezizilawulayo ezinje ngeze-circadian rhythms zezityalo nezezilwanyana.  

Kwiinkqubo ezithile zakwa-biology, i-endogeneity ibhekisa kwezo zidalwa zifumana i-DNA (kwii-prokaryotes ubukhulu becala). Ngangona kunjalo, ngenxa ye-homeostasis, ukwahlula phakathi kwezo zenzeka ngaphandle ngaphakathi kusoloko kunzima.  

I-endogenous transcription factors zibhekisa kwezo zenziwa yi-cell,  zona azifani nezo zizii-cloned transcription factors.

igama elithi  endogenous /ɛnˈdɒdʒɪnəs/ livela kulwimi lwesiGrike sakudala ἐνδο-, ngaphakathi and -γενής, vela nga-.




#Article 274: Inyoka i-Ahaetulla fronticincta (115 words)


Uswazi lwenyoka kaGünther's, yinyoka yevine yase-Burmese (i-Ahaetulla fronticincta) luhlobo lwenyoka efumaneka ematyholweni nakwezinye iindawo ezingenahlumo lwazityalo lungako,  ezinxuse imilambo ehambayo anamafukufuku emithi emincinane ikwiindawo ezigudle unxweme lwe-Myanmar (i-Burma). Kukwakho noshicilelo lakudala oluvela koomakhelwane basemntla-mpuma ye-India (i-Assam ne- Darjeeling), kodwa ezi ziyakrokrisa kwaye le nyoka ayizange ibe kwezi ndawo ngokophando lwakutsha nje. Ixhaphakile kwiindawo eqhele ukuhlala kuzo  ikwiqondo eyaziwa ngalo..

Le nyoka isisiquququ apha emini, kwaye xa zondla kuphela ngokutshicela ityhefu  entlanzini.  Ibhityile, inobude obungange-mitha e-1 nekuz(iinyawo ezi-3) ngobude, ikwaluhlaza okwengca okanye ibebumdaka ngokombala, ibemthubi ngaphantsi. Ikwa-ovoviviparous.

Idla intlanzi kuphela.  Ithi xa iyinqakula emanzini intlanzi ibe ngelo xesha ihafu yomzimba wayo iwujijela kwisebe lomthi.   Olu hlobo lwale nyoka olunobungozi obungephi luthi lusakuyitshicela intlanzi ingakwazi ukuhamba.  




#Article 275: Uloliwe (472 words)


Uloliwe yingqokolela yeenqwelo mafutha  ehamba ngaphezu kwendlela eyenzelwe yakhe. Iinqwelo mafutha ezikule ngqokolela zibizwa ngokuba zii-moto (e-United States)  okanye zii-wagons (e-United Kingdom). Amaxesha amaninzi, abantu bazibiza ii-Coaches okanye amakhareji ezo ngqokolela zithwala abantu.  Indawo apho uloliwe ama kuyo ukuze akhwelise okanye ehlise abantu ibizwa ngokuba sisitishi sikaloliwe. Ololiwe bamandulo babesebenzisa amandla ehashe kwaye babebaleka kwimizila eyenziwe ngeenkuni okanye nge-iron. ezi ke zazisetyenziswa ngamaxesha e-Middle Ages. Oololiwe bokuqala ababehamba ngamalahle bakhiwa eNgilane kwumnyaka wenkulungwane ye-19.  

Oololiwe baneematshini abarhuqwa ngazo   (isenokuba iyazihambela okanye ihamba ngomatshini) kwaye banemoto enye nangaphezulu. Le ndawo irhuqa uloliwe  okanye injini kaloliwe (intloko kaloliwe) itsala uludwe lweemoto olusemva kwayo.  Abanye oololiwe banokala ngokungathi luhlobo olulodwa lwebhasi tolunokuqhutywa kuphela kumzila woololiwe. Oololiwe basetyenziselwa ukuthwala abantu, njenge-cargo, njengeempahla ezithwalwa ziinqwelo ezihamba ngamafutha,  xa zingeniswa/zikhutshelwa ngaphandle, njalo njalo.  

Ifreight okanye igutsi ineemoto zayo (ngokwase-US) okanye iigutsi zokulayisha iimpahla (ngokwase-UK) zizisusa endaweni ethile zizisa kwenye indawo. Ezinye zazo zii- moto zebhokisi (iimoto ezivaliweyo nezifulelweyo ukuze zilayishwe kwi-cargo); ezinye zazo zikhethekile ukuze zithwale ii-cargo ezizodwa. Oovimba bokugcina iimoto ezilayisha isanti, amalahle, nelitye elineeminerals kunye nezinye iintlalutye (ezibusanti ngokwenkangeleko),  iimoto ezinomva wazo okwaziyo ukubeleka ezinye iimoto kunye neematshini ezinkulu, iimoto ezilayisha amatanki amanzi,  iimoto ezilayisha amagongqo kunye neemoto ezilayisha iibhotile ze-molten iron. Ubukhulu becala nayiphi na into engekho nkulu kuyaphi nengenakungquba kwi-tunnel nakwiibhlorho ingahanjiswa ngeegutsi eziluhlobo olulodwa. 

Abakhweli bakaloliwe baneemoto zabakhweli (e-US)okanye babaneebhasi (e-UK) ezenzelwe aba bantu ukuze bakhwele kuzo xa besuka kwesinye isikhululo sikaloliwe besiya kwesinye. Imbalwa imigama emide yabakhweli bakaloliwe e-United States, kodwa ingaphezulu e-Europe nase-Asia. Uninzi lweemoto zabakhweli lwenziwe lwazi- single-deckers: kukwakho neemoto zabakhweli ezizii-double-decker,  ezifana neemoto ze-Finnish Inter-City.

Ukuhamba ngololiwe kuhlala kuyindlela yokuhamba emnandi kakhulu.  Oololiwe abaninzi banobuxhakaxhaka bombane kunye neengcingo zokuxhumana ezizii-Wi-Fi hotspots ezisetyenziswa kwiikhompyutha, kunye negumbi elilodwa ekutyelwa nekuselwa kulo.  Kukwakho namagunjana okulala (amagunjana aziinqwelo aneebhedi) ezilungiselelwe uhambo olude lwasebusuku.  

Abanye oololiwe abalwatyuza ngesantya esiphuzulu ngokungaqhelelkanga kwiindawo ezizodwa babizwa ngokuba zii-bullet trains. Ezimbalwa nezo zibaleka ngesantya esiphezulu zingoololiwe ababizwa ngolwimi lwesiNgesi njenge-zii-maglev trains zona ke zisebenzisa oozibuthe ukutshayelwa okanye ukutyhala izinto ezinokudala ukhuhlwano.  

Inkoliso yoololiwe zitsalwa ngeegutsi ezaziwa ngokuba zii-locomotives ngesiNgesi. Phambi ko-1900, phantse bonke babeziigutsi ezihamba ngamalahle ezaziwa ngokuba zii-steam locomotives ngesiNgesi.  Njengoko olu hlobo lwenjini yamalahle lusebenzisa amafutha amaninzi ngomsebenzi oluwenzayo, ithi ke ngoko ikhuphe iinqwelo ezihamba nge-disile nakwiinqwelo kunye nee-nqwelo ezihamba ngombane, ngeminyaka yoo-1930s. Namhlanje, uninzi lweenqwelo ezirhuqwayo zeze-diesel-nombane.

Ngamanye amaxesha uloliwe akanayo igutsi ehamba yodwa, kodwa eyona ntloko ihambayo (injini yedisile okanye linqwelo ehamba ngombane) iba yintloko kaloliwe, kwaye apho kulo ntloko kukho indawo yenjineli.  Inqwelo leyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-ligunjana lenqwelo.   abanye oololiwe beniwe ngeenqwelo ezinini.  Le ke ibizwa ngokuba yi-diesel multiple unit okanye yi-lectric multiple unit. Intloko nomsila kaloliwe udla ngokuba neendawo zenjineli. Aba loliwe bayathandwa ke ingakumbi ngabakhweli abaninzi kwiidolophu nakwizixeko ezinkulu. 

File:Austrian_horse_railway1.jpg|First public railway in continental Europe, Ceske Budejovice - Linz, copy of original wagon
File:Transperth-466-468-McIver-150705.jpg|An electric train. This train is an electric multiple unit.
File:ID_diesel_loco_CC_201-05_060327_4217_kta.jpg|GE U20C in Indonesia. This train has diesel locomotive.




#Article 276: I-Phosphorus (421 words)


I-Phosphorus inophawu lwekhemikhali    elingu-P, njengelungu le-atom ikwane-nombolo ye-atom ye-15. Inombolo yobunzima bayo (i-mass number) ngama- 30.97. Ayifumaneki apha endalweni njenge-element enye ezimeleyo, koko ifumaneka ingumdibaniso wee-elements obizwa ngokuba zii-compounds, njenge-phosphates. Isenokuba ligaqa okanye into ejiyileyo ebomvu okanye emhlophe.  

I-phosphorus iziintlobo ngee-ntlobo. I-phosphorus emhlophe nebomvu zezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo. I-phosphorus emhlophe ligaqa okanye yinto emhlophe ejiyileyo ngamanye amazwi yinto e-solid. xa ingaxutywanga nanto iba yinnto engenambala. Ayinyibiliki emanzini, kodwa iyanyibilika kwi-carbon disulphide, isinyibilikisi esi-organic. Ijika ibebutyheli obubukhanya xa isemoyeni. Iyaqaqamba ebumnyameni kuba xa isemoyeni ithi chu ithatha ixesha elide isitsha. 

Xa iselangeni, okanye xa iye yatshiswa ngomphuna wobushushu obu ngama-  250 °C, ijika ibe ngumxube obomvu. Olu hlobo ke aluzivutheli ngokwalo kwaye alunabungozi kangako, lungenamalangatye makhulu kune-phosphorus emhlophe. Umxube obomvu uzinzile kwaye unomtsalane woxinzelelo lomophu  we-atmosphere e-1 kwizinga elingama-  417 °C.

Nangona i-phosphorus ishukuma ngokukhawuleza kune-phosphorus ebomvu. Ukubamba kwayo umlilo emoyeni kuyazenzekela akulawulwa nto, kutsho kuvuthe ukuze kwenzeke umsi we-phosphorus(V) oxide. Ivutha kumoyana nje ongephi, itsho ikhuphe iphosphorus(III) oxide.esityhefu. Xa le phosphorus imhlophe ithe yatshiswa kwi-alkali, iyakumana isibankulu iphinde ibencinane divuleka iphinde inciphe kutsho kuphume i-hypophosphites ne-phosphine. I-phosphorus ebomvu ingavutha kodwa kuphela xa ithe yaqhwithwa.  I-Phosphorus iyanyakaziswa  yi-halogens kutsho kwenzeke  ii-halides zephosphorus. Inyakaziswa zii-metals ezithile ukuze kwenzeke ii-phosphides.

Ii-compounds ze-phosphorus (okanye imidibaniso we-phosphorus) yimidibaniso yekhemikhali ene-phosphorus. Zidweliswe apha ngezantsi zinenzinye zeempawu zazo. I-phosphorus iza izii-oxidation states, eziliqela, inani lee-electrons elisuswayo ngexesha le-redox reaction. -3 ibangamalangatye, isebenza njengesithunywa esinamandla ekuphunguleni, sikwayityhefu: +1 isebenza njengesithunywa esiphungulayo akwaye ke sinqabile; +3 sisebenza njengesithunywa esiyityhefu nesinganeno ekuphunguleni; +5 sisithunywa esingaphunguliyo kwaye sona sixhaphake kakhulu.  

Iyinto ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla yezinto eziphefumlayo okanye izinto ezinobom kwaye ifumaneka njenge-phosphate kwi-nervous tissue, emathanjeni  nakwi-protoplasm ye-cell. Ikwafumaneka emhlabeni njenge-phosphate rock. I-Phosphate rock ke yona ingowona mthombo we-phosphorus ne-phosphorus compounds. Iitissues ezininzi emzimbeni zine-calcium phosphates kuzo. 

I-Phosphorus yaqala ukwenziwa ngokutshiswa komxube we-phosphates ne- carbon kwimbiza yentsimbi. Ii-phosphates zeenziwa ngokuthi kunyityilikiswe amathambo enyibilikiswa kwii-acids ezazimandla kwaye zikwazi ukuphuma zingumxube ongumphushu.  

Kungoku nje i-Phosphorus yenziwa ngokuthi kutshiswe i-calcium phosphate, i-carbon, kunye ne-silicon dioxide kwi-onti -yombane. Ubushushu bale mbiza yombane bunyibilikisa lo mxube wezi zinto, ize ke i-gas ye-phosphorus iphume.  Ifunxwe ngaphantsi kwamanzi. oku ke kwenza i-phosphorus emhlophe. 

I-phosphorus emhlophe isetyenziswa kwizixhopo ze-incendiary nakwii-grenades zokutshaya. Ikwasetyenziswa ukwenza ii-organic compounds ezine-phosphorus kuzo. I-Phosphorus isetyenziswa ukuba zilungise ii-semiconductors. I-Phosphorus isetyenziswa ukususa i-oxygen kwi-copper. Ikwasetyenziswa  ukwenza ii-alloys. I-phosphorus ebomvu isetyenziswa kwii-matshisi nakumadangatye. 

Ii-phosphorus compounds zisetyenziswa kumanyola okanye kwizichumisi, kwiziselo ezihlwahlwazayo, kwintlama yokuxukuxa, nakwiizicoci. Uninzi lwazo zii-phosphates.   Ii-phosphides zisenokusetyenziswa ukubulala ii-rodents.

I-phosphorus emhlophe iyingozi kakhulu. Iyityhefu kakhulu kwaye iqhwitha lula, kutshe ngamalangatye atshisa ngamandla.  Iphosphorus ebomvu yona noko ayinabungozi kangako. Inxalenye yee-phosphorus compounds inetyhefu, kodwa ezo zixhaphakileyo azinabungozi.  




#Article 277: Inzala (436 words)


Ngokwe-biology, inzala sisiqhamo sokwanda kwesidalwa esiphefumlayo siqhanyiswa sesinye okanye, xakusenzeka i-sexual reproduction,  abazali ababini.  Ingqokolela yenzalo isenokwaziwa njenge-brood okanye i-progeny ngokwesiqhelo. Oku kunokubhekisa kwingqokolela yesizalo esivela ngaxeshanye, esifana namantshontso enkukhu aqanduselweyo kwingqokolela enye yamaqanda, okanye kuzo zonke kuyo yonke inzalo njengakubusi beenyosi.  

Inzalo yabantu (isizukulwana) babizwa ngokuba  ngabantwana (kungajingwanga minyaka yabydala,  kusenokuthiwa kumzali womntwana omncinci, okanye abantwana abadala okanye  iimveku okanye abantwana abaselula); abantwana abangamakhwenkwe ngoonyana baze abangamantombazana bona babeziintombi (jonga kwii-kinship and descent). Inzalo isenokwenzeka emva kokuba abazali bobabini bethe badibana okanye emva kokuba kwenzeke i- artificial insemination.

Inzalo yomntu ngamnye inamalungu kwaneempawu zokuzala ezininzi, ezenza okokuba zicace gca futhi zingathandabuzeki izinto ezakhiwe ngazo, nengcagciso ngazo. Njengoko isizalo sohlobo olutsha lwesidalwa esiphilayo,  sikwabizwa ngokuba ngumntwana okanye yi-sisizukulwana se-f1, sisenziwa zii-genes zikanina noyise, nabakwaziwa ngokuba sisizukulwana esingabazali.  Isizukulwana ngasinye kwezi sinenqwaba yee-genes nezinophawu ngomsebebzi ngamnye nangeempawu zazo.  Iinkunzi neemazi zombini zinenkxaso elinganayo kwii-genotypes zabantwa bazo abaziziqhamo zokudibana kwabo, apho ii-gametes zidi zidibane zimanyane kuze kubekho into eyenzekayo. umba obaluleke kakhulu ekwenzekeni kwesizalo somzali yi-chromosome, nesisakhiwo se-DNA esinee-genes ezininzi.

Ukuqwalasela ngakumbi kwisizalo nasekubeni senzeka njani na  isizalo sesizukulwana se-f1, lufuzo olubizwa ngokuba yi- sex-linkage, nekuyi-gene ebuthume phaya kwi-sex chromosome kwaye izakhiwo zolu fuzo zahlukile kwinkunzi nakwimazi. Inkcazo ebonisa itheori ye-offspring inee-genes kwizizukulwana macala omabaini abazali, iye yafezekiswa ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-crossing-over, apho ke kuthathwa ii-genes kwii-chromosomes zenkunzi nee-genes kwii-chromosomes zethokazi, ize ke isiqhamo saloo nto ibe yinkqubo ye-meiosis ethi yenzeke, loo nto ikhokhelela ekubeni ziqhekeke kubini ke ii-chromosomes ngokulinganayo.  Kuyakuthi ke kusakubonakala okokuba ziziphi ii-genes ezizingqonyela ngobukho kwi-chromosomes kucace isini saloo nto izakuzalwa. Ithokazi liyakukhupha i-chromosome engu-X, ngeli lixa yona inkunzi isenokukhupha i-chromosome engu-X okanye engu-Y. Ukuba kuye kwazalwa inkunzi, i-gene iyakuba nee-chromosomes ezingu-X no-Y. Ukuba ii-chromosomes zibe ngoo-X zombini, kuyakuzalwa ithokazi.

I-Cloning kukuzalwa kwe-offspring emele ii-genes ezifana nqwa nomzali wazo.  Inzala ye-cloning iqala ngokususwa kwe-nucleus eqandeni, nekuyeyona nto ilawula ubuni bee-genes. Ukuze kwenzeke inkqubo ye-clone kwi-organ, kwenzeka isiqu se-cell  ze sisetyenziselwe ukuba zi-clon-e loo organ. Impazamo  exhaphakileyo kwinkqubo ye-cloning yeyokuba kuzalwa kuyo isidalwa esifana nqwa nomzali lowo kwenzeke kuye le nkqubo ye-cloned. I-Cloning ikopa ii-DNA/genes zomzali ize ke ngoko yenze iikopi ze-genes ezo. I-clone ayinakuba ngumceph'ucandiwe njengoko isayakukhula kwiindawo ngeendawo ezijikeleze i-clone kwaye esenokufumana amathuba ngamathuba kwakunye namava.   Nangona uninzi lwazo zii-positive, i-cloning isoloko ijongene nemingeni ngokwee-ethics nangokwempilo yoluntu.  

Nangona ukwahlulwa-hlulwa kwe-cell nokuphindwa-phindwa kwe-DNA izezona zinto zidlala indima enkulu empilweni yomntu, maninzi amanyathelo abandakanyekayo anjengee-enzymes nee-proteins. Oko kuthetha okokuba ziininzi iimpazamo, neengxaki ezisenokwenzeka, nezibizwa ngokuba zii-mutations. I-mutation lulo naluphi na utshintsho olusisigxina kwi-organism ye-DNA kwaye olo tshintsho lukwi-offspring ye-DNA. Ezinye ii-mutations zingazezilungileyo kuba zivela kumaxesha e-random evolution nezisenokulungela ezinye iintlobo,  kodwa uninzi lwee-mutations zimbi njengoko zisenokutshintsha ii-genotypes zenzala, nokunokuthi kwenze utshintsho olunokungoza ezinye iintlobo zendalo. 




#Article 278: Ukujikeleza kwegazi emzimbeni (656 words)


I-circulatory system kuxa igazi lijikeleza lityhutyha-tyhutyha umzimba. Oku kuhamba-hamba kwegazi lijikeleza emzimbeni kwenziwa yintliziyo nayo yonke imithambo bnemibhobho ehamba angalo igazi. 

Imithambo yegazi esebenza njengomzila okanye indlela yegazi eliphuma entliziyweni ibizwa ngokuba ngoo-nothumela. Aba nothumela ke baya bencipha ngokuya bebhekela beyishiya intliziyo. Bathi ke bakubabancinane ngokugqibeleleyo bajike ngoku babe zii-arterioles. Xa bezii-arterioles kulapho bathi baxhumane khona  nemithanjana yomzimba ebizwa ngokuba zii-cappilaries.  

Imithambo yegazi ekuhamba kuyo igazi ilise entliziyweni ngoonobuyisa. Yona imithambo iya ivuleka isiba mikhulu xa isiya isondela entliziyweni. Xa kubuyiselwa igazi entliziyweni le mithambo ingoonobuyisa iya ivuleka ngokuya isondela entliziyweni, ize iye incipha ngokuya isiba kude nentliziyo, le ndawo inciphileyo ke apha koonobuyisa kuthiwa zii-venules.

Imithanjana ezii-Capillaries yona ihamba phakathi kwoonothumela noonobuyisa.  Kodwa ke yona le mithanjana ye-capillaries ithande ukuncipha, yhiyo le nto negama layo livela kwigama lesiLatini elithi capillus okuthetha iinwele. 

Igazi ke lihamba ngolu hlobo:  liqala entliziyweni→liye kunothumela-→liye kwimithanjana kanothumela→liye kwi-capillary→liyekumthanjana omncinane kanobuyisa i-venule→liye koonobuyisa→
ligqibele entliziyweni. Oku ke kukujikeleza kwegazi emzimbeni okubizwa ngokuba yi-circulation ngesiNgesi. Zimbini ke iintlobo zee-circulations kule nkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi ebizwa ngokuba yi-circulatory system ngesiNgesi. Eyokuqala yi-systemic circulation yindlela elihamba ngayo igazi kumalungu omzimba amaninzi. Eyesibini inkqubo yi-pulmonary circulation yindlela igazi elityhutyhatyhutyha ngayo nge-miphunga. (I-Pulmonary iththa ukuthi ¨okumalunga nemiphunga¨). Igazi lisebenza kanje ke kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo, kuquka nabantu. Le nkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi emzimbeni iyohluka kwezinye izilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo ngandlelana ithile. Izilwanyana ezingenalo ithambo lomqolo  zahluke kakhulu ke zona.  

Igazi elisuka ngakwikhohlo lentliziyo lizele yi-oksijin ne-zakha-mzimba. Izakha-mzimba zizinto ezifunwa ngumzimba wakho ukuze ube nokuphila, izinto ezinje ngee-proteni, amafutha, iikhabhorhidrate, ivithamini, kunye nee-minerali zokutya. Apha phantsi kwale  systematic circulation ke kulapho igazi lizisa khona i-oksijin nezakha-mzimba emzimbeni wakho.  

Igazi elifumaneka kwi-systemic arteries eligcwele i-oksijini nezakha-mzimba liligazi eli-systemic arterial. Ngamany'amaxesha kuthiwa nje liyi-arterial blood. 

Eyona systemic artery yakhe yankulu emzimbeni yi-aorta. Lo ke ngowona mthambo mkhulu emzimbeni othatha igazi elicocekileyo elimpontshwe yintliziyo lilise emzimbeni.    Kule aorta ke kumile amasetyana ee-arteries axananazileyo. Kanti kwakula masetyana ee-arteries axananazileyo, kumile ezinye imfikimfelane zee-arteries. Singathi xa sizijonga zizisizukulwana se-aorta esibizwa ngokuba zii-arterioles.

Kananjalo, eyona mibhobho yegazi yakha yamincinane yimithanjana eyaziwa ngokuba zii-capillaries. Ii-systemic arterioles zijika zingene kwii-capillaries. Igazi elikwii-arterioles liziphokozela kwii-capillaries. Kulapho ke i-oksijini nezakha-mzimba zithi ziphume khona egazini zingene kwi-tissue ejikeleze ii-capillaries. Kwakhona eli gazi naloo lichola-chola ikhabhorndioxide enokugcola kwegazi okuvela kwi-tissue okanye emzimbeni. Ubuxhaka-xhaka bee- capillaries ezisa igazi kule ndawo kuthiwa yi-capillary bed.

Kwelinye icala lalo mthanjana oyi-cappilary, liyajika libe ngumthanjana omncinane kanobuyisa obizwa ngokuba yi-venule ngesi. Le mithanjana ke izii-venules yeyona mithambo yakhe yamincinane kunayo yonke imithambo engonobuyisa. Imithambo engoobuyisa ithatha igazi iliphindisele entliziyweni. Bathi ke ngokuya besondela ngasentliziyweni baye bekhula besiba bakhulu kunangaphambili. Oyena nobuyisa mkhulu kwi-systematic circulation eyenzeka emzimbeni zii-vena cava. Zimbini ii-vena cava. Kukho i-vena cava engezantsi (ekuthiwa yiinferior vena cava ngesiNgesi) nethatha igazi kumazantsi omzimba ilise kwicala elingasekunene kwentliziyo.  (kwi-anatomy, igama elithi inferior lithetha ukuthi ngaphantsi) I-vena cava engasentla (nebizwa ngokuba yi-superior vena-cava) yona ithatha igazi elikumantla omzimba ilise entliziyweni. (igama elithi superior lithetha ukuthi ngasentla).

Le ntshukumo yegazi echazwe apha ngasentla yenzeka ngemiphunga kwi-pulmonary circulation.  

Igazi elithathwa ngunobuyisa womthambo i-vena cava ilisa entliziyweni ligcwele i-kharbhondioxide. I-oksijin yayo inganeno kunaleyo ikunothumela (oyi-systemic arterial blood). Icala langasekunene lentliziyo lityhala igazi elikunobuyisa kwi-pulmonary artery. Ize ke yona i-pulmonary artery ithathe igazi ilise emiphungeni. Lisakufika emiphungeni, igazi lihamba nge-pulmonary capillary bed. (Imithanjana yee-cappilaries esemiphungeni). Apha kulapho lifumana i-oksijini ethe eninzi.  Kukwalapha apho ishiya khona i-kharbhondioxide eninzi. (Le nto yenzeka apha ichasene nale yenzeka kwimithanjana yee-capillary beds emzimbeni wonke. Kwi-systemic circulation igazi lishiya i-oksijini lize lithathe ikharbhondioxide).

Emva kokuba lingene kwi-capillary bed, nalo igazi lisiya koo-nobuyisa abazii-pulmonary Eli gazi liphuma kunobuyisa oyi-pulmonary ligcwele yi-oksijin. Oonobuyisa be-pulmonary bathatha igazi balise kwicala langasekunene lentliziyo. Lize ke ngoko igazi liphinde libuyele kwi-systematic circulation kwakhona.  

Oonobuyisa be-gut bagqitha esibindini phambi kokuba babuyele kwi-atrium nakwi-ventricle yangasekunene. Le shunt ibizwa ngokuba ngunobuyisa we-hepatic portal. 

Okuthethwa yiyo yonke le nto naku:  Isibindi siyeyona fecthri yeekhemikhali zomzimba. Ithatha izakhamzimba ezikwi-gut, ize izilungiselele okufunwa ngumzimba. Isenokugcina intsalela yezakha-mzimba, okanye ikhulule izakhamzimba ezithe chatha nezikuvimba.  Isenokutshintsha ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali zezakha mzimba ezininzi.   Ngale ndlela yenza okokuba kube lula ukuba iintlobo-ntlobo zokutya zibe zinokusileka.  




#Article 279: Intliziyo (892 words)


Intliziyo luhlobo lwesihlunu senyama olufumaneka kuso sonke isilwanyana esinethambo lomqolo. Sisihlunu esilingana nenqindi nesomelele kakhulu. Impompa igazi kuwo wonkw umzimba. Isoloko isenza intshukumo zokufinyela okanye xa intliziyo   ikhama igazi  ilikhamela kwamanye amalungu omzimba.   

Amagama athi cardiac kunye ne-cardio omabini athetha ngentliziyo, ngoko ke ukuba into inesimaphambili esingu-cardio or cardiac, loo nto inento yokwenza nentliziyo.  

I-myocardium ligama elithetha ngesihlunu sentliziyo: u-'myo' uvela kwigama lesiGrike elimele igama elithi 'isihlunu' - u-'mys', i-cardium ligama lesiGrike elimele intliziyo - 'ikardia'.

Intliziyo yomntu in okanye iindawo ezivalekileyo. ezinye izilwanyana zinamagumbi amabini namathathu kuphela.  

Ebantwini, laa magumbi mane azii-atria ezimbini nee-ventricles ezimbini. I-Atria ithetha ngamagumbi amabini; ibe yona i-atrium  s talking about two chambers; atrithetha ngegumbi elinye.  kukho i-atrium yangasekunene ne-ventricle yangasekunene. La ke ngamagumbi afumana igazi elivela entliziyweni.  Ngawo la ampompa igazi elimpompela emiphungeni. Lisakufika emiphungeni igazi ligqitha nge-oksijini lize lishiye i-carbon dioxide. Eli gazi livela emiphungeni naloo lisiya kungena kwi-atrium nakwi-ventricle zangasekhohlo. Zona ke ezi atrium ne-ventricle zilikhuphela ngaphandle eli gazi lohlukane nomzimba. I-ventricle yangasekhohlo isebenza ngamandla ngokuphindwe  kathandathu kune-ventricle yangasekunene kuba ithwala igazi eline-oksijini.

Igazi lithwalwa ngemibhobho ehamba igazi. Le mibhobho ke ngoonothumela noonobuyisa. Igazi eliya entliziyweni lihamba ngoonobuyisa.  Igazi elishiya intliziyo lihamba ngoonobuyisa.  Oyena nothumela mkhulu ophuma kwintliziyo nge-ventricle yangasekunene ngunothumela oyi-pulmonary. (I-Pulmonary ithetha ngokumalunga nemiphunga.) Oyena nothumela mkhulu ophuma nge-ventricle yangasekhohlo yi-aorta.

Oonobuyisa ohamba ne-atrium yangasekunene zii-superior vena cava kunye ne-inferior vena cava. Yomibini le mithambo izisa igazi elivela emzimbeni lisiya ngasekunene lentliziyo. Oonobuyisa abahamba nge-atrium yasengasekhohlo zibizwa ngokuba ngoonobuyisa abazii-pulmonary. Aba nobuyisa beza negazi elivela kwimiphunga eliya ngasekunene kwentliziyo.  

Xa igazi lihamba lisuka kwi-atria lisiya kwii-ventricles lihamba ngemingxunyana yentliziyo eyi-valve. Xa igazi liphuma kwii-ventricles lihamba ngezi-valves. Ii-valves ziqinisekisa okokuba igazi lihamba kuphela ngendlela enye xa lingena naxa liphuma.  

Zine ii-valves zentliziyo, zezi: 

Intliziyo ineenwebu (singathi ziingubo zayo) ezintathu. Inwebu yokuqala ukogquma intliziyo yi-pericardium. Iyingxo eyomeleleyo eyogqume intliziyo.  Kulandele inwebu ebizwa ngokuba yi-myocardium. Esi sisihlunu sentliziyo. Inwebu yokugqibela nengaphathi yi-endocardium. Le ke yinwebu emunyu-munyu eyohlula igumbi lentliziyo.

Ukubetha kwentliziyo kuxa izihlunu zentliziyo zirhwaqela okanye zifingana. Oko kuthetha okokuba intliziyo iyashwabana ize ke oku kwenze okokuba igumbi eli eliyintliziyo lifinyele lithande ukuba lincinane.  Ngelo xesha kukhameka igazi litsho liputyuzekele ngaphandle liphume entliziyweni liye kungena kwimithambo yegazi. Emva kokuba iye yashwabana ke okanye yabuyelana okanye yafingana intliziyo, izihlunu zayo ziyakuyekelela ke ngoku zitsho ziyeke ukufingana ziswabuluke.  Ziyakuthi ke ngokuya ziswabuluka ziye zisanda ngokwanda, lize ke negazi liye libuyela ngokubuyela entliziyweni lide ligcwale apha kuyo.  

Xa izihlunu zentliziyo zifingana (okanye singathi xa intliziyo izicutha ibencinane izicuthela ngaphakathi) ibizwa ngokuba yisystole. Xa ke ngoku esi sihlunu siziyekelela (singazizicuthi), kuthiwa ke ngoku le yidiastole. Lo msebenzi we-systole wenziwa zii-atria zombini ngokubambisana. Kodwa yona i-atria yenza i-systole phambi kokuba zenze ii-ventricles. Nangona i-atrial systole isiza kuqala kune-ventricular systole, ziyenza zone ngaxeshanye kunjalo nje zibambisene i-diastole. Le knqubo ke kuthiwa yi-cardiac diastole

Zilandelelana ngolu hlobo: i-atrial systole → i-ventricular systole → i-cardiac diastole. Xa konke oku kusenzeka ngaxesha nye, kubizwa ngokuba yi-cardiac cycle.

I-Systole (xa intliziyo izicutha okanye izikhama) yenzeka kuba ii-cells zezihlunu zentliziyo ziya zincipha ngokuncipha.  xa zisiba ncinane siyatsho okokuba ziyafingana.  Umbane otyhutyha-tyhutyha entliziyweni wenza okokuba ii-cells zifingane. Umbane uqala kwi-sino-atrial node (xa eli gama lishunqulwe lithi-SA Node) I-SA Node liqela lee-cells kwi-atria yangasekunene. ezi cells ziqala i-electrical impulse. Le electrical impulse ibeka umyinge nexesha emazifinyele ngalo ii-cells ze-cardiac muscle. Le ntshukumo ibizwa ngokuba yi-'atrial systole'. Iyakuthi ke  yakuhamba i-electrical impulse nge-atrio-ventricular node (Xa eli gama lishunqulwe lithi- eyi-AV Node). I-AV Node yenza okokuba isantya sokubetha kwentliziyo sihle. Ukwehla kwaso ke kwenza okokuba ii-electrical impulses zithathe ixesha ukufika.  Yile nto ke le yenza okokuba i-ventricular systole yenzeke emva kwe-atrial systole, itsho yenze okokuba lonke igazi liyishiye i-atria phambi kokuba i-ventricle ifingane (ishwabane). 

Emva kokuba ukubetha kwentliziyo kuhambe nge-AV Node, kuyakuhamba kudlule nge-conduction system ye-ventricle.Igama elithi conduction lithetha ubushushu okanye ukuhamba kombane kuloo nto uhamba ngayo. Oku kwenza okokuba ukubetha kwentliziyo kuye kwii-ventricles. Indawo yokuqala ye-conduction system yi-bundle ye-His. Igama elithi His ligama likagwirha u-(Wilhelm His, Jr) ekunguye owayifumanayo. I-Bundle ithetha uthotho lweengcingo eziqumbene ndawonye zaliqela elinye ngokumelana kwazo. Iyakuthi ke i-bundle  (iqela lothotho lweengcingo ezihamba zilandela ngokumelana.) zihamba ngokutyhuthya-tyhutyha isihlunu se-ventricle, Yahlulwe yangamasebe ee-bundle amabini, isebe le-bundle yangasekhohlo kunye nesebe le-bundle yandasekunene. ziyakuhamba ngesebe le-bundle yangasekhohlo zisiya kwi-ventricle yangasekunene zize ke zihambe ngesebe lee-bundle yangasekunene lonzihambe ke ziye kufika kwi-ventricle yangasekunene, ukubetha kwentliziyo kuhamba kuye kungena kwizihlunu ze-ventricular nge-Purkinje Fibers. Yiyo ke lento yenza okokuba i-ventricle ifingane kuthso kwenzeke i-ventricular systole.

Zilandelelana ngolu hlobo: I-Sino-Atrial Node → i-Atria (systole) → i-Atrio-Ventricular Node → i-Bundle of His → i-Bundle branches → i-Purkinje Fibers → i-Ventricles (systole)

I-ECG ligama aelisisishunqulelo segama elithi-ElectroCardioGram. likwabhalwa ngolu hlobo EKG igama elithetha i-ElectroKardioGram ngeJamani. I-ECG ibonisa okokuba wenzani ntonina umbane osentliziyweni.  I-ECG yenzeka ngokubeka ii-electrodes esikhumbeni somntu. Ii-electrodes zibona i-electricity ihamba ngentliziyo. oku kubhalwe ephepheni ngomatshini. lo mbhalo usephepheni yi-ECG.

Oogqirha xa befunda ngeentliziyo zabantu bajonga i-ECG. I-ECG ibonisa iintsholongwane zentliziyo ezithile ezifana nokuhlaselwa yintliziyo okanye iingxaki ezingesingqi sokubetha kwentliziyo (indlela ohamba ngayo umbane xa uhamba ngee-conduction system zentliziyo).

I-ECG ibonisa i-atrial systole. oku ke kubizwa ngokuba yi-P-wave. Emva koko kwenzeka i-nentricular systole. Oku ke kubizwa ngokuba kuyi-QRS okanye i-QRS-complex. Ikuthiwa yi-complex kuba kukho amaza aziintlobo ezintathu ngokwahlukana kwazo. Iliza eliyi- Q-wave, i-R-wave, kunye ne-S-wave. emva koko i-ECG ibonisa i-ventricular diastole. Le ke ibizwa ngokuba yi-T-wave. I-Atrial diastole yenzeka ngoko nayo. kodwa ayibonakali yahlukene kwi-ventricular diastole.

I-PR-Interval isisithuba phakathi kwe-atrial systole (P) ne-ventricular systole (QRS). I- QT-Interval isuka apho iqala khona i-QRS iye kuma apho i-T iphela khona. I-ST-segment isisithuba esiphakathi kwe-QRS ne-T.




#Article 280: Imiphunga (238 words)


Umphunga yi-organ ekuyo nayiphi na ii-vertebrate (izilwanyana ezinomnqonqo, okanye ithambo lomqolo). Ngumphunga onika igazi i-oxygen evela emoyeni, uze umke ne-carbon dioxide. Uninzi lwee-vertebrates lunemiphuna emi-2. 

Kwizilwanyana, imiphunga ziyindawo apho kutshintshatshintshana khona ii-gesi. Ngaphandle kokuthsintshatshintshana kwee-gesi, ioksijini esuka emiphungeni  ayinakugqitha iye kungena egazini ngako oko ii-cells zomzimba fazinakuyifumana i-oksijini efuneka xa kusenzeka i-respiration (kuphefumlwa).  

Ii-alveoli zifumile ukuze zivumele i-oksijini ukuba ihambe isuke kwimiphunga ihamba kwangazo ii-alveoli iye kungena kwimithambo yegazi engoonobuyisa nakwii-cells zegazi elibomvu. I-Carbon dioxide idlula ivela egazini iye kungena kwii-alveoli. I-oksijini ithi yakubaninzi egazini ihambe ibuyele entliziyweni ize ke yona i-carbon dioxide ekwi-alveoli ityhilizelwe ngaphandle kwemiphunga ibe ngumoya esiwuphefumlela ngaphandle.  

Imiphunga yeentaka ayinayo i-alveoli, endaweni yoko zinezigidi ngezigidi zee-para-bronchi. Ezi-para-bronchi ziphela kwiintwana ezincinane zee-capillaries okanye kwiimfikimfelane zemithambo yegazi zize zigqithe kufuphi nemithambo yomzimba ethwala igazi, ukuze i-diffusion ikwazi ukwenzeka zitsho zitshintshiselane ii-oksijini ne-carbon dioxide. I-oksijini ne-carbon dioxide kwimiphunga yeentaka zisoloko zisasazeka egazini nangaphandle kulo, akunjalo kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo kuba i-diffusion yenzeka kuphela kwi-alveoli.

Imiphunga yesirhubuluzi iman'ukuvuleka iphinde ivaleke ngenxa yeembambo ezisijikelezileyo nezisicinezelela phantsi ziphinde zivuleke ngoncedo lwezihlunu zaso.  Isibindi sisoloko sincamathele apha kumazantsi emiphunga size sithi ke isihlunu esincamathele esibindini sityhale,  naso ke isibindi sisuka kwimiphunga siyityhala, itsho ibemikhudlwana kunangaphambi kokuba ityhalwe.  

Imiphunga yesele ilula kakhulu xa ithelekiswa neminye imiphunga emininzi,  iziibhaluni nje, ezinobumanzi ngaphandle ezivumela ukusasazeka komoya eziwuphefumlayo. Kodwa amasele akahambahambi kangako, ngako oko ke azidingi oksijini ininzi, kodwa asenokuyithatha i-oksijini ngesikhumba sawo esimanzi manzi ngaphandle xa kukho imfuneko ye-oksijini eninzi.  (umzekelo, xa esilwa okanye etsiba-tsiba ebaleka).




#Article 281: I-arithmetic (109 words)


I-Arithmetic ligama elisetyenziswa xa kusetyenzwa ngamanani. Ikwayinxalenye ye-mathematics. Iindlela ezine zokuqala zokusebenza kwe-arithmetic nazi: akukudibanisa okanye ukongeza,  ukuthabatha okanye ukuphungula, ukuphinda-phinda inani lento ngenani, kwanokwa-hlula-hlula. 

I-Harder arithmetic iquka ukusebenza ngamanani aphawulweyo, ii-fractions, kwakunye nee-decimals, kwanokuthatha ii- powers nee-roots.

Abantu abaninzi bafunda i-arithmetic kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi, kodwa abanye abantu abayifundi i-arithmetic abanye bayayilibala i-arithmetic abayifundayo. Imisebenzi ifuna ulwazi lwe-arithmetic, kwaye abaqeshi abaninzi bakhala ngelithi kunzima ukufumana abantu abayazi ngokwaneleyo i-arithmetic. Imisebenzi embalwa efuna i-arithmetic iquka ii-carpenters, ii-plumbers, ii-auto mechanics, ii-accountants, ii-architects, oogqirha, kunye namanesi.  I-arithmetic ifuneka kuzo zonke iziphaluka ze-mathematics, i-science, nenjineli. 

I-calculator isengasetyenziswa ukwenza i-arithmetic. Iikhompyutha isenokubala lula, nekusesinye sezizathu izamkeli ze-Global Positioning System zinekhompyutha encinane ngaphakathi kuzo.   




#Article 282: I-input (157 words)


Kwa-computing, i-input/ne-output, okanye i-I/O, ibhekisa kuxhumano phakathi kwe-digital processing system (efana ne-computer okanye i-embedded system), kunye noxhumano lwayo nehlabathi – kulindeleke umntu ke kulo mba, enye i-processing system okanye i-device.

Ii-inputs lulwazi okanye yimiqondiso ofunyanwa yi-system, kunye neziphumo ezizii-outputs yimiqondiso okanye i-data evela kuyo. 

Ii-I/O devices zisetyenziswa ngumntu (okanye yenye i-system) ukuze ixhumane nge-digital processing system. Umzekelo, ii-keyboards nee-mice zaziwa ngokuba zii-input devices zekhompyutha, ngeli lixa ii-monitors kunye nee-printers zisaziwa ngokuba zii-output devices zekhompyutha. Ii-devices zoxhumano oluphakathi kweekhompyutha, ezifana nee-computers, ezifana nee-modems kunye namakhadi e-network, asetyenziswa kwi-input ne-output.

Qaphela okokuba inkcazo nge-device njenge-input okanye i-output ixhokeke ekubeni iviwa njani na. Ii-Mouses kunye nee-keyboards zixhobo ezenza intshukumo ebonakalayo ye-input esetyenziswa ngumntu ukuza akhuphe i-output (isiphumo esilulwazi) ethi iguqulelwe kwii-signals ezinokuqondwa zii-understand. I-output eyenziwe zezi devices ibayi-input yekhompyutha. Ngokufanayo, ii-printers nee-monitors zikwazii-signals ze-input ezenziwa iyikhompyutha ukuba zibe zii-outputs. Ziyakuthi ke ngoko ziguqule ezi signals zibe yinto enokubonwa okanye enokufundwa ngabantu abazisebenzisayo. (Kumntu oyisebenzisayo oku kufunda nokubona amagama kukufumana i-input.)




#Article 283: IsiSpain (256 words)


I-isiCastilian (Castellano) okanye IsiSpanish (español) lulwimi Romance kwiqela Ibero-Romance ukuba bavela iziyelelane eziliqela Latin oluthethwa emntla wombindi Iberia ehlabathini ngenkulungwane yesithoba.  saa ngcembe nokwandiswa loBukumkani Castile (langoku kumntla Spain) ukuya kumbindi nakumzantsi saseIberia ngamaXesha Aphakathi. 

Inguqu ukusuka aphakathi ukuya Spanish mihla yabalasela utshintsho kunye oonobumba ngokuca- ikhwela ulwimi yamandulo, apho yaqala ngenkulungwane elinesihlanu. Ekuqaleni ngembali yaso, isigama Spanish iye natyetyiswa qhagamshelana yayo Basque kunye Arabic kunye ulwimi iyaqhubeka ukuba basebenzise amagama eelwimi zasemzini ezahlukahlukeneyo nezinye iilwimi, kwakunye nokuphuhliswa amagama amatsha. YaseSpain becala kuziswa Melika kwakunye Afrika Asia Pacific, kunye nokwandiswa koBukhosi baseSpeyin phakathi kwiinkulungwane elinesihlanu kwaye yeshumi elinesithoba, ezaba ulwimi ibaluleke kakhulu kurhulumente kunye nezorhwebo.

Ngo-1999 kwakukho, ngokutsho Ethnologue, yezigidi 358 abantu abathetha iSpanish njengolwimi lweenkobe kunye lilonke labantu abathetha million 417 ehlabathini lonke. Okwangoku, le amaxabiso ukuya ku 400kunye nabantu million 500 ngokulandelelanayo. Spanish lelona lwimi ezithethwa yesibini ehlabathini, emva Mandarin.Mexico iqulethe inabantu abaninzi ulwimi-ukuthetha. Spanish yenye kwiilwimi ezintandathu ezisemthethweni yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (UN) yaye usetyenziswa njengolwimi olusemthethweni European Union, Mercosur kunye Union of South American yeZizwe (UNASUR).

Ngenxa yokuba khona layo bekhula ngobuhlanga kunye nenkcubeko ezithandwayo eUnited States, ingakumbi kwiimo ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwi Sun Belt, iSpanish wesibini ulwimi bafunda luninzi zizithethi IsiNgesi lweenkobe. Elikhulayo nozinzo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho ezininzi iintlanga ezinkulu iSpanish abathetha, ubungakanani enkulu geographical yolwimi in Latin America naseYurophu lokhenketho ukuthandwa nokukhula yezindawo siphila ngokwenkcubeko zifumaneka kwihlabathi kokufika ziye negalelo elibonakalayo ekukhuleni ukufunda iSpanishi njengoko ulwimi angaphandle emhlabeni. Okwangoku, isiSpanish ulwimi lwesithathu lusetyenziswa kwi Internet emva IsiNgesi kunye Mandarin. Kubalulekile kwakhona lwimi kakhulu kufundwa lwesibini nolwimi lwesibini nonxibelelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe, emva IsiNgesi, ehlabathini lonke.




#Article 284: Uhlobo lokuphefumla olungeempumlo (437 words)


Uhlobo lokuphefumla olungeempumlo  luchaza ukubaluleka kokuphefumla ngeempumlo (okanye ezinye iindlela zokuphefumla ngamalungu omzimba abonakalyo, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo olo lwesinlwanyana) xa kuthelekiswa nokuphefumla ngomlomo. Eli gama lingamlahlekisa umntu, njengoko lisenza ngathi isilwanyana asina ndlela yimbi yokuphefumla ngaphandle kokuphefumla ngeempumlo kuphela; libe eli gama, lidla ngokusetyenziswa ukuchaza iimeko apho kuthi ukuphefumla ngomlomo kusenokuba yinto enokwenzeka, kodwa sibe sona isilwanyana singakukhethi. Kungenjalo, eli gama liye lachazwa ngabanye njengesakhono sokuphefumla ngeempumlo ngeli lixa isilwanyana sisaginyayo. Nangona esi sakhono sisesixhaphakileyo kwezo zidalwa ziphefumla ngeempumlo, eyonanto icacileyo yeyokokuba le nkcazo ayibonakalisi kubopheleleka kwesilwanyana ekubeni siphefumle ngeempulo. Nakwezo zibophelelekileyo ekubeni ziphefumle ngeempumlo ezifana namahashe, iimpuku nee-rodents, kukho indlela ecace gca yokuhamba komoya osuka emlonyeni usiya emiphungeni  moya lowo onokusetyenziswa kwi-endotracheal intubation. Kuthiwa ukuphefumla ngeempumlo okunyanzelisiweyo kuyi-adaptation kwaye kubaluleke ngakumbi kumaxhoma, njengoko ivumela isilwanyana ukuba sizondle ngeli lixa sisonga isakhono saso sokujoja amaxhoba ngevumba.  

Iimveku zisoloko zichazwa njengezidalwa eziphefumla ngeempumlo, kuba kaloku zikhetha ukuphefumla ngeempumlo zazo kunemilomo yazo.  Nangona kunjalo uninzi lweemveku luyakwazi ukuphefumla ngemilomo yazo xa zimfixene.  Kukwakho iimveku ezithile ezibakwiimeko ezifana ne-choanal atresia meko ezo ezikhokelele ekufeni okwenziwa kukumfixana kweempumlo.  Kwezi meko kukho amaxesha e-cyclical ye-cyanosis. Imveku iqala izame ukuphefumla ngempumlo, kwaye xa ingakwazi, kwenzeka i- hypercapnia, kwaye abantwana abaninzi baqala ngokukhala. Besakhala njalo, kutsho kuvuleke umlombo babe baqala ukuphefumla ngomlomo ngolo hlobo, ize ke yona i-cyanosis iye incipha ngokuncipha. Ixesha lokwenzeka koku ke liyashiyashiyana de usana lube luqalisa ukuphefumla ngomlomo,  kanti ke ezinye iintsana azisayi kuze ziyeke ukuphefumla ngeempulo.  Bekukwathiwa iimveku  azinakubanakho ukusoloko ziphefumla ngomlomo ixesha elide, ngenxa yobuthakathaka bezihlunu zazo ezibonakala zingenakuwuvingca umzila osezimpumlweni owenzelwe ukuhamba komoya oluphefumla ngawo olu sana, zibonakale zingenakho nokuvula umzila osemlonyeni wokuhamba komoya oyakwenza okokuba usana lukwazi ukuphefumla ngomlo.

Amahashe asoloko ethathwa njengezilwanyana eziphefumla ngeempumlo.  Eli gama lilelichanekileyo xa lisetyenziswa emahasheni,  kuba kaloku ngokwendlela adalwe ngayo (ngokwe-normal anatomy) ayiwavumeli amahashe ukuba aphefumle ngomlomo.  I-epiglottis ihleli ngephezu kwenkalakahla ethambileyo nebizwa ngokuba yi-soft palate oku kwenzeka xa isilwanyana esi singaginyi nto, kutsho kuvingceke umzila ohamba umoya. Ukuphefumla ngomlomo kungenzeka xa kukho into engahambi kakuhle nengaqhelekanga kwindalo yesilwanyana eso. Umzekelo, ukufadalala komthambo wegazi (utsho uyeke ukuhambisa igazi) we-pharyngeal branch ye-vagus nerve kubangunozala wokufakelwa kwe-nkalakahla ethambileyo (DDSP), kwaye oku kuthiwa kukhokhelela kwi-clinical syndrome esenokubandakanya ukuphefumla ngomlomo. Nangona kunjalo, ukungaphefumli ngendlela efanelekileyo, kuquka nokuphazamiseka kokuvaleleka komoya ungahambi kakuhle kubonwa kwi- DDSP, kwaye isilwanyana asinakuqhuba kakuhle kule meko.  

Iimpuku nee-rodents zikwanyanzelekile ukuba ziphefumle ngeempumlo.  njengamahashe, indawo le emi kuyo i-epiglottis yenza okokuba isoloko idibana kwi-caudal rim yenkalakahla ethambileyo, kutsho kuvaleke vingci umlomo we-pharynx osuka kumizila yomoya esuka ngezantsi. Nangoku sele kunjalo, nokokuba iimpuku ezimizila yayo ehamba umoya yomoya ingasentla echatshsazelwe yintsholongwane emandla ysele zinentsholongwane emandla, iyakuzama ukuphefumla ngomlomo wayo.  

Ezinye izilwanyana ezininzi, ezifana neekati, izinja, nabantu abadala, ziyakwazi ukuphefumla ngokupheleleyo ngemilomo, nangeempulo zazo.  




#Article 285: I-Choanal atresia (357 words)


I-Choanal atresia lukhubazeko ozalwa nalo olwenzeka phaya ngasemva komzila wempumlo (obizwa ngokuba yi-choana) kutsho kuvaleke mba lo mzila, oko ke kudla ngokwenzeka xa kuthe kwakho ithambo elingaqhelekanga mhlawubi eli thambo linobudalwa obuthile, okanye  xa kuye kwakho i-tissue ethambileyo (enjengenwebu okanye into ebukhumbarha) ngenxa yokusilela kwe-recanalization yawo omabini amagumbi empulo (iimbobo zempulo esiphefumla ngazo) ngexesha lokukhula kwemveku isesesiswini sesilwanyana.  

Isenokuba unilateral okanye ibe-bilateral.

Ngamanye amaxesha iimveku zizalwa ne-choanal atresia ziba nezinye iimpawu zobudalwa:

Kanti ke neemeko ezenza uxinzelelo olumandla kwibhulorho yempulo okanye kwithanjana elahlula iimpulo zombini zinganxulunyaniswa ne-choanal atresia.  Imizekelo ibandakanya i-craniosynostosis syndromes ezifana ne-Crouzon syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, Treacher Collins kunye ne-Antley-Bixler syndrome.

I-choanal atresia ingakrokrelwa xa kungenakufakelwa ithyubhu yempumloebizwa ngokuba yi-catheter yempumlo.
Kwakhona, ukuba kubonakala ukunkcenkceza kwemifinya okuvela kwenye okanye kuzo zombini iimpumlo, oko kungaluphawu lwe- atresia. Olunye uphawu oluxhaphakileyo kukuvaleka kweempulo okubizwa ngokuba yi-cyanosis ebakwimveku xa incanciswa ngunina, njengoko xa ikule meko ukuphefumla kwayo kuxhomekeke kwiimpumlo. Olu phawu lungqinwa nge-radiological imaging, edla ngokwenziwa nge-CT scan.

Zibalwa kakhulu iimeko esethe zabonwa ezinokudala okokuba umntu abekumngcipheko we-choanal atresia.    Nangona unobangela wesi sifo ungekaziwa, ufuzo neemeko zendalo ziyakrokrelwa. Esinye isifundo sibonisa okokuba iikhemikhali ezisebenza njenge-endocrine interrupters zingayibeka emngciphekweni imveku engekazalwa. Isifundo se-epidemiological sango-2012 saqwalasela kwi-atrazine, i-herbicide exhaphakileyo kwelase-U.S., kwafunyaniswa okokuba abafazi abahlala kwiingingqi zolwawulo lwase Texas ezinale khemikhali ekwizinga eliphezulu nesetyenziselwa ukuncothula ukhula, kwaafunyaniswa okokuba aba malunga nama- 80 amathuba okuzala iintsana ezinale  choanal atresia okanye i-stenosis xa kuthelekiswa nabafazi abahlala kwiingingqi zolwawulo apho liphantsi izinga lale khemikhali. 

Ukungxengwa kwayo okwethutyana kungayimpumelelo xa kunagfakelwa umzila wokuhamba komoya emlonyeni.  Kodwa ke olona nyango lupheleleyo luqhaqho ukuze kulungiswe undonakele ngokuthi kombiwe i-atresia ngeenjongo zokudala indlela yokuhamba komoya obizwa ngokuba yi-nasopharyngeal. Ukuba uxinano lwenziwa lithambo lempumlo, elo thambo liyaqhawulwa kuze kufakelwe i-stent (ithyubhu yep-plastiki) fakelwa phakathi kweempumlo. Kufuneka ifunxwe yonke le nto kwisigulane, ikhutshelwe ngaphandle ngomatshini wombhobho womoya. Uyakuthi ke ugulayo ebudaleni bakhe xa kanye aselula okanye xa efikelela kumashumi amabini eminyaka, uphinde uvulwe ngakumbi ke lo mngxuma.  

I-stent singafakelwa ngeenjongo   zokugcina le ndlela intsha yokuhamba komoya iselungelweni lokwenza oko,  okanye kusenokuphindwa kwa olwa qhaqho.

Kumdlalo bhanya-bhanya othi City of Angels, Ugq. Maggie Rice (odlalwa ngu-Meg Ryan) uye wawuchana unobangela wokokuba iimveku zisilele ukuba zibenokuphila ngokupheleleyo ngenxa ye-  choanal atresia.




#Article 286: Ukubhed'idlaba (119 words)


Umntu ekuthiwa ubhed'idlaba ngumntu othe ebenzelwe ububele, wonyulwa engxakini, wongululwa, wancedwa ebeselusizini, wancedwa ebesengxakini, wahlangulwa ekufeni nasendlaleni, aze athi mhla waphumelela, akusinda, akuphila, akuba ngumntu, angakhathali angabonisi nombulelo kuloo mntu amncedileyo. Asuke amchase, amthiye, angabinabudlelwane naye, endaweni yoko abelutshaba lwakhe, ancedisane nentshaba zaloo mntu amncedileyo abe lutshaba lomncedi wakhe naye. kuthiwa umntu onjalo ubhed'idlaba. 

Xa umntu ebhed'idlaba ngamanye amazwi ungukhuka kampethu, kukujika ubinze (ugwaze) kwasenkosini yakho, uzithimbe njengoQeto ethimba iinkomo zikaTshaka ukumka kwakhe phantsi kolawulo lwaloo nkosi, ukuze nje ade athi uDingana, Loo mntu ufanelwe kukubulwa angadli bomi kuba enguBhed'idlaba into engenambulelo.

Eli qhalo lifundisa ukuba kufuneka singabangcathi kwaye singabajikeli abo bathe basinceda kuba kaloku bona babe zintaka ezakha ngoboya benye bazihlamba izandla zethu koko nathi kufuneka sihlambe ezabo.




#Article 287: Imikhwa yakwaNtu (280 words)


Ibhalwe ngu-H.C

Le nto ikukunyaniseka, yinto entle nebukeka kakhulu kuzo zonke iintlanga. Nangona ibukeka ngathi inelahleko okwexeshana kumntu oyibambileyo, kodwa ekugqibeleni iba lelona tyholo angazimela ngalo umntu, ukuze abenomahluko kwabanye okanye abenguye kwanye abantu, athenjwe, aphumelele, abe negama eliyakuhlala liqaqambile, athi nokokuba sele kuyiminyaka walishiyayo eli, libe igama lakhe lakhe lisathetha. 
UThixo wasipha ulwimi lokuthetha inyaniso. Yinto embi kakhulu into yokuxoka komntwana, ize iqandusele ukubambi kumntu omdala into yokuthetha into engeyiyo inyaniso. Ukuxoka ngumkhwa othi wakumqhela umntu, usuke ungabi sahlukana naye, athi kanti naye akasazazi nokuba ehamba nje ulixoki. ngalo lonke ixesha ethetha ucinga okokuba uthetha njengabanye abantu abaqhele ukuthetha inyaniso, aze athi xa ethetha nje, kanti abantu 
bengathi baphulaphule nje, bamthele nqa kuba bayazi okokuba uyaxoka.

 

Oku kukuxoka okuqhelwe kakhulu nangabantu ebebefanelwe ukuthenjwa.

Kukuthi uxelelwe into wayalwa ukuba ungayithethi nakubani na, uz'usuke wena uyithethe komnye umntu wesithathu, ngelithi uyamhlebela. Kukuxoka ke oko kuba kukwaphula idinga nomnqophiso phakathi kwakho nowenu,
kwaye usenjenjalo nje ufuna ukubambisa abantu ngolwimi lwakho, ongenakho ukuliqhobosha. 

Kukuxoka, ukuyigqwetha ngabom intetho ethethwa ngomnye umntu, ngokunga ingavakala kakubi kwabanye ukuze imenzakalise.

Ukongezelela kwinto oyithethayo ngaphezu kokuba ibinjalo, kokunye ukuxoka ke oko.Omnye ude aluteketise olo ngezelelo ngelithi ukhulisa inyaniso. ngaloo ndlela wongezelela kwa obunye ubuxoki. Ithi imbongi yasemlungwini, (uTennyson0, Inyaniso eyenziwe isizekevu ukuxelwa, obo bobona buxoki budlulisileyo. 

Ukulubuka udwendwe, ulubonise ubuso obuhle, uthethe kakuhle nalo xa lusephambi kwakho, kanti uzakulusika iimpundu, uluhlebe kwalusathi tshiki, kukungabi nakunyaniseka oko. Kuyinto elungileyo ukuyixela ngobunjalo bayo into oyaziyo wakubuzwa ngayo; kodwa yinto eyahlukileyo nembi ukuhamba upololoza, ugxeka uthetha into ongayibuzwanga. Isimilo sexoki senzakalisa lona ngaphezu kokwenzakalisa abo lihamba lithetha ngabo, lixoka. Yehla! Akwaba uQamata angawapha amadodana neentombi amehlo zethu amehlo, nesipho sokuba bazibone njengoko bebonwa ngako ngabanye abantu.

Imibuliso efanelwe ukugcinwa ngabantu yile:




#Article 288: Umgca manani (194 words)


Umgca manani ngumgca onee-integers (amanani aqhelekileyo, ...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...) aya esanda ngokwanda umlibe macala omabini. U-zero (0) udla ngokuba sembindini womgca manani. Amanani anikene izithuba ezilinganayo phakathi kwawo. Amanye amanani phakathi kwamanye amanani apha kulo mgca amele amanani a-rational, a-irrational, kwanezinye iintlobo zee-real numbers.



#Article 289: I-Afrika (795 words)


I-Afrika lilizwekazi iilizwekazi phakathi kwamanye amazwekazi asixhenxe emhlabeni. Ubukhulubalo limalunga nesiqingatha sesihlanu emhlabeni wonke uphela. lijikelelzwe ngeziphaluka ezinkulu zamanz'olwandle. Angama-54 amazwe waziwa ngokupheleleyo, nazimeleyo e-Afrika, kwaye abantu abaphila kweli lizwekazi bangali-14.7% (i-1.216 lezigidigidi) . Kucingwa ukuba le nto ingumntu yaqala ukuvela kweli lizwekazi laseAfrika.  

Imbali yase-Afrika yaaqala ukungena kwempucuko okokuqala kwisidalwa esingumntu yaaqhuba ke de kwayile meko imanyumnyezi sintympa-ntyumpeka kuyo kungoku nje ngelizwekazi eliyalingena nzulu kwezopolitiiko. 

Ixesha elingembali ye-Afrika kudala-dala liquka ukuqandusela kwempucuko eJiphethe, ukwanda kwempucuko kwiindawo zasekuhlaleni ezingaphandle komlambo i- Nile River Valley kwanentsebenziswano eyayiphakathi wabo nempucuko eyayingaphandle kwemida yase-Afrika. Kwathi xa umnyaka wenkulungwane yesi-7 usiya ngasekupheleni, iNtshona, neMpuma ye-Afrika zonganyelwa lifuthe lobusilamsi elalisasazeke kuzo zombini ezi ziphaluka.    Loo nto yangunozala wemeko yokokuba kubonakale ngathi kukho amasiko amatsha athe gqi qhaphu, anje ngala siwabonayo namhlanje  angawa Sbantu besiSwahili. Oku kwabakwangunozala wokwanda kokuthengiswa kwamakhoboka, nokwaba nefuthe elibi ngokumangalisayo ekudodobaleni kwenkqubela kuphuhliso lweli lizwekazi liphela de kwangumnyaka wenkulungwane ye-19. 

Ubukhoboka ngumkhuba obusoloko usenziwa e-Afrika. Phakathi kweminyaka yenkulungwane yesixhenxe namashumi amabini,  Ushishino ngamakhoboka olwalusenziwa ngama-Arabhu lwathatha izigidi ezili-18 zabantu e-Afrika, lwabenza  amakhoboka, ama-aRabhu ayebathatha ke aba bantu e-Afrika baqumle ngomzila ogqitha eSaharan uyekunqumla ngolwandle lwase-Indiya. . 

Kwiminyaka yenkulungwane ephakathi kweshumi elinesihlanu neshumi elinethoba  (ama-500 yeminyaka), kushishino ngamakhoboka lwase-Atlantika kuqikelelwa okokuba kwaathathwa  abantu  ababemalunga  nezigidi ezisi-7–12 bayakwenziwa amakhoboka kwiHlabathi eliTsha.

Kwiminyaka yenkulungwane ephakathi kwe- 1808 ne-1860, Umkhosi waseBritane waanqakula iinqanawa zamakhoboka ezazimalunga ne-1,600 waza wemka nama-150,000 amaAfrika wayelapho.

Kwathi xa umnyaka wenkulungwane yeshumi elithoba usiya ngasesipehlweni, umkhosi waseYurophu wahlala kumhlaba omnzinzi weli lizwekazi, nalo lonke ke elo xesha uguqula imimandla emininzi yeli lizwekazi uyifaka ingqondo yobukoloni. waza wakhuthaza okokuba ezinye iindawo zibe ziindawo ezixomekekileyo nezingazimelanga ngokokwazo. Washiya oorhulumente ababini kuphela, ababangoorhulumente abazimele geqe. Kwaba yiTopiya  (eyaziwa ngamaYurophu njengeAbyssinia), neLiberia.

IJiphethe neSudan wazizange zona zibekwe phantsi kobukumkani bobukoloni baseYurophu. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuba iBritane ithe yayakuhlala kweli lizwekazi ngo-1882, iJiphethe yabaphantsi kolawulo lwaseBritane ngokupheleleyo de kwango-1922.

Iintshukumo zokuzimela geqe kweAfrika zaphumelela okokuqala ngo-1951, xa iLibya yaba lilizwe lokuqala ukukhululeka njengelizwe elaliphantsi kwengcinezelo yobukoloni, latsho laba lilizwe elizimeleyo.   Imbali emalunga ne-Afrika ibisoloko izele zizivunguvungu zovukelo mbuso neemfazwe, kwabe kwelinye icala kukhula impucuko kuqoqosho lwase-Afrika, kukhula noburhulumente bentando yesininzi kwiafrika yonke iphela.  

Imfazwe yobukhaya kwilizwe eliyi-Democratic Republic of the Congo (neyayisayakubizwa nge-Zaire) yaaqala ngo-1998. Abamelwane bamazwe ase-Afrika aazibandakanya nawo. Okoko kwathi kwaqala olu ngquzulwano, zizigidi ezi-5,5 eziqikelelwa okokuba zafa ngenxa yalo.

Unxulumano ngezopolitiko olufana nomanyano lwe-afrika (i-African Union) yanika ithemba ngentsebenziswano noxolo olumandla phakathi kwamazwe amaninzi eli lizwekazi.  

Ukusukela emntla ukuya emzantsi, i-Afrika ineentlobo-ntlobo zemozulu. Zibekwe ngokulandelelana kwazo ukusuka emantla:     

Ukusuka kumntla-mpuma ukuya kumzantsi kukho umhlaba omkhulu onomlambo oseMpuma ye-Afrika. lo mhlaba uneentaba, uneziganeko zodubulo-mhlaba, iindonga, ezinzulu, kunye nemihlaba eyondeleleneyo, imilambo neengxangxasi zamanzi.  

Singatsho nje ngokupheleleyo okokuba i-Afrika inemizekelo yeentlobo-ntlobo zemozulu.  

Ubukhulu becala umntla Afrika wome kakhulu kwaye unobushushu obuphezulu.  Wonganyelwe yintlango yaseSahar kwaye awufumani mvula ingakanani. KwiSahara- -Africa imbalwa imilambo kwakunye neminye imithombo yamanzi.  Amanzi afunyanwa phantsi komhlaba afana namanzi omthombo abaluleke kakhulu entlango.  Le nto ke yenza ukuba kubekho indawo enohlaza (izityalo ezimila apho) eyintlango. Loo ndawo ke ibizwa ngokuba yi-oasis ngesilungu.  

Kwesa siphaluka sehlabathi umoya ovuthuzayo uvela empuma ubukhulu becala.  Oko ke kuzisa imvula, kodwa ke i-Himalayas kunye ne-Tibetan Plateau zivalela imvula  eyi-monsoon kwaye zithintela ukuba ingakwazi ukungena kwiNtshona yaseAfrika.  Kananjalo, iintaba ze-Atlas kufuphi nonxweme olusemantla e-Afrika zinqanda imvula ukuba ingangeni kumntla. Esi sesinye isithunzi semvula.  

Owona msebenzi wezi zithunzi zemvula zimbini kukujongana nentlango yaseSahara.   

Iimeko zobeme bezulu kunye neenkqwithelo ziya zisahluka ngokuya zihambela zisiya emzantsi, apho kukho uthotho ne-equator. I-equator ihamba inqumle umbindi we-afrika  (Jonga umgca obomvu okrwelwe kwimephu). Ok kuthetha okokuba ubukhulu becala be-Afrika buphakathi kweezi tropica zimbini:   

I-Africa inezilwanyana zasendle ezininzi. Zininzi iintlobo-ntlobo zezilwanyana apha. Kungoku nje likukuphela kwelizwekazi elineentlobo-ntlobo zezilwanyana ezinkulu.  Ezinye zazo zivela ziyintaphane, yamanani amakhulu.  Kukho ii-antelope, I-buffalo, imbabala, i-cheetah, imfene, indlovu, i-giraffe, i-rhinoceros, ii-apes, i-hyaena, nezinye nezinye. Zingaphaya kwamawaka ama-2 iintlobo zeentlanzi ezihlala kwii-lakes nakwimilambo yaseAfrika.

Umbutho wezizwe ezimanyeneyo zaseAfrika The Umbutho womanyano lwelizwekazi i-Afrika (ngesiNgesi ushunqulwa ube ngu-AU) ngumbutho welizwekazi jikelele oyingqokolela yawo onke amazwe ase-Afrika, ngaphandle kweMorocco. Injongo yalo mbutho kukuphucula uqoqosho kwintlalo yaseAfrika,   amalungu olu manyano lwe-commonwealth, lube kuhulumente ophantsi kweenguquko ezifunyaniswe kwihlabathi. Umbutho wamazwe aseAfrika unepalamente yaseburhulumenteni, eyaziwa ngokuba nguRhulumente wamazwe Afrika emanyeneyo. ekukho kuye i-legislative, inkundla yomthetho, kunye nee-executive organs. Ikhokelwa ngumongameli nayinkokeli yesizwe, nokwanguMongameli we-Pan African Parliament. Umntu uba nguMongameli we-AU ngokonyulelwa kwi-PAP, aze abe ufumane inkxaso emandla kwi-PAP.

Ukuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu kusenzeka nangoku kwiindawo eziliqela apha e-Afrika, ingakumbi kwiindawo eziphosanayo neliso likarhulumente. Obo bundlobongela obunjalo benzeka ngenxa yezopolitiko,  budla ngokuba ngunozala wengxaki yemfazwe yobukhaya. Amazwe athe axelwa kutsha nje njengawona mazwe atyeshela amalungelo abantu ngala alandelayo:  i-Uganda, i-Sierra Leone, i-Liberia, i-Sudan, i-Zimbabwe, kunye ne-Côte d'Ivoire.

Abantu abavela e-Afrika babizwa ngokuba ngama-Afrika. Abantu abavela entshona - Afrika we-Sahara babizwa ngokuba ngama-Maghrebis baze bona abavela emzantsi babizwe ngokuba ngama-Subsaharans. Iilwimi ezisemazantsi e-Afrika ziquka isiSwahili, isi-Oromo kunye nesi-Amharic. Iilwimi ezisetyenziswa emantla e-Afrika ziquka isiLingala, isi-Igbo kunye neziFulani. Elona lizwe linabantu abaninzi e-Afrika yiNigeria.  




#Article 290: E-Algeria (336 words)


Algeria (official name: I-Algeria (urhulumente olawulwa sisininzi sabantu base-Algeria) lilizwe elizinze kwintshona yomNtla-Afrika. Intloko dolophu yeli lizwe yi-Algiers. I-Algeria lelona lizwe lakhe lalikhulu e-Afrika. Igama lalo lisuka kwisixeko sedolophu esiyi-Algiers. Umntla weli lizwe woyame ngolwandle iMediterranean, ize yoyame nge-Tunisia ngaseMntla-Mpuma, kube yi-Libya ngasempuma, kube yiNiger ngasemzantsi, kube yiMauritania Sahara neSahara  ngasentshona, ize kube yiMorocco ngasemntla-ntshona.  

I-Algeria yayinabantu ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-10.000 BC. Loo nto ingabonwa kakuhle kwiTassili National Park. Ngo-600-BC, amaPhoenician ayeseTipasa. AmaArabhu okuqala awayengamaMuslim eza e-Algeria phakathi kumnyaka wenkulungwane yesi-7. Baninzi ke abantu abathi bazikhethela le nkolo.  

Ngenkulungwane ye-11, iintlanga zama-Arabhu amaBanu Hilal nezamaBanu Sulaym zagaleleka phakathi kwe-Tunisia nempuma-Algeria (i-Constantois). Ingcaphephe ngezemathematika eyayidume kunene, uFibonacci (1170-1250) waqala ukuhlala e-Algeria eselula. Kulapho wafunda khona inkqubo yokucwangciswa kwamanani esiHindu nesi-Arabhu, watsho waphawula okokuba kulula ukuwasebenzisa. Ngeminyaka yoo-1500 neyoo-1700, ubukumkani baseSpain  bathathela kuyo inkoliso yolawulo lwe-Algeria. Yaza i-Algeria yenziwa inxalenye yobukumkani base-Otwulatoman ngo-1517. Zaza ke zona ii-Pirates zasebenza zisuka kunxweme oluyiBarbary. Zazithatha abantu zibathengisele ubukhoboka.  

I-France yaqala ukuthathela kuyo ulawuwulo lwe-algeria ngo-1830. Ngo-1954, I-National Liberation Front (Front de Libération Nationale or FLN) yaafuna inkululeko yayo e-France. Kwada ke kwakho nemfazwe, balwa.  Ide yayifumana inkululeko yayo kwiFrance ngomhla wesi-5 kweyeKhala ngo-1962.
Ngo-1963, uAhmed Ben Bella waba nguMongameli wokuqala waseAlgeria.

IMfazwe yobuKhaya e-Algerian yaaqala ngo-1991. Yaaphela ngo-2002. Emva kokuba abantu abaninzi baathi baqhankqalaza, kwiindawo ezinjenge-Tunisia, eJiphethe, nase-Libya, urhulumente wayiphelisa imo yonxunguphalo eyayibekwe ngurhulumente ngomhla wama-24 kweyomDumba ngo-2011.  

Indawo enkulu kumazantsi e-Algeria yintlango yaseSahara.  Imiyinge yeentaba ze-Aures ne-Nememcha isemantla. Eyona ndawo iphakamileyo yiMount Tahat (uzimitha ezingama-3,003).

Iilwimi ezisetyenziswayo ngokusesikweni laseburhulumenteni balapha, sisi-Arabhu nesiBerber. Kanti ke nesiFrentshi sisetyenziswa kakhulu ngabantu abanininzi kule ndawo.  

Uluntu lwase-Algeria lumalunga nezigidi ezingama-39.5 zabantu. Izixeko zeli lizwe zingaphaya kwama-40 kwaye zinabantu abangaphaya kwe-100,000.

Angama-48 amaphondo (ukusukela ngo-1983) ase-Algeria, ngala:

Aliqela amaziko eUNESCO ajongene namasiko nezithethe zehlabathi e-algeria.   aquka i-Al Qal'a ye-Beni Hammad, ikomkhulu lokuqala lobukumkani be-Hammadid; i-Tipasa, idolophu yama-Phoenician eyathi kamva yaba yidolophu yaseRoma; ne-Djémila kunye ne-Timgad, amabhodlo amandulo amaRoma; intlambo ye-M'Zab, intlambo yekalika enesihlaziyi esiphuculwe ngokwasezidolophini ezinkulu;  kananjalo i-Casbah yase-Algiers yinqaba  is an important citadel. Linye kuphela iziko lemveli elijongene namasiko nezithethe zeHlabathi yi-Tassili n'Ajjer, udederhu lweentaba.




#Article 291: Iziqithi zeCanary (237 words)


Iziqithi zaseCanary liqela leziqithi xa uphuma ngonxweme lwaseMorocco. Yindawo yabahlali baseSpain abazimeleyo (bazenzela imithetho yabo). Zisixhenxe ezona ziqithi zinkulu kule ndawo. Abantu abahlala phaya bathetha iSipanish. Le ndawo izimeleyo innoondlunkulu bezixekoababini, kunjalo nje bayalingana ngomgangatho. I-Santa Cruz de Tenerife kunye ne-Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, njengezinye iziqithi zaseMacaronesia, zazenziwe ludubulo mhlaba olubizwa ngokuba ziivolcanoes ngaphantsi kolwandle. Ezi volcanoes zikhula kancinane zithe chu de zigqi ngaphezu kwamanzi zide zibe ziziqithi. Le nkqubo ithatha amawaka-ngamawaka eminyaka.  

Iziqithi zinembali ende nemnandi kakhulu. Ukufika kwamaYurophu okokuqala kwiziqithi zaseCanary, afumanisa okokuba kukho abantu esele bevele behlala phaya. Aba bantu babebizwa ngokuba zii-Guanches. Ama-Guanches amaninzi aabulawa ngenkulungwane ye-15, kumlo wabo namaSipanish, kwanabanye ababesele beyithathe yonke indlela aphila ngayo amaSipanishi bayenza eyabo. Emva kokuba isipanishi siye saqhwaga, kwaavumbuluka imilo emininzi namapirates. Kutsha nje, imorocco yaba nomdla wayo.   

Emva kokuba iSipanishi siye soyisa, amaYurophu amaninzi azinza apho. AbaPhuthukezi, kwanama-Spaniards, kwanee-Belgians nama-Maltese babeyinxalenye yabo bantu abafika kuqala, kutsha nje abantu abaninzi abavela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eMelika, e-India naseAfrika sebede bangabemi okanye sebengabahlali ngokupheleleyo kweliya lizwe.    

Ezi ziqini zisixhenxe yi-La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, kunye ne-Fuerteventura. Abantu abavela e-La Gomera banolwimi olungumlozi elifundwa ngabantwana esikolweni. I-Tenerife inentaba ende kuzo zonke ethe ngcu kwiziqithi ze-Canary nakwisipain ngokunjalo, nakwi-Teide. I-Teide yeyona volcano, kodwa ibisoloko ingasebenzi kwiminyaka enga-300.  

Iziqithi ziduma ngenxa yabakhenkethi abeza kuzo, ngenxa yemozulu eshushu nangeelwandle ezintle.  Amafama alapho atyala iziqhamo ezimnandi kunene, eziquka ii-papayas kunye nee-bhanana.  

Iziqithi ze-Canary zithengisa ngaphandle iibhanana kunye ne-tobacco.




#Article 292: I-dimension (360 words)


Xa sithetha ngee-dimensions sithetha ngendlela esizibona ngayo izinto esiphila phakathi kwazo apha emhlabeni, naxa sisenza imilinganiselo yazo ezi zinto, kwakunye namava esinawo ngezi zinto siphila phkathi kwazo apha ehlabathini. Xa siyiphicotha yonke ke le nto sisebenzisa ukunyuka nokubheka ezantsi okanye ukuhla, sisebenzise ikhohlo nokunene, ubushushu nokubanda, sijonge nokokuba ingaba inzima kangakanani na loo nto kuthethwa ngayo, kwanokokuba indekangakanani na. Konke ke oku kusetyenziswa ndawonye nesigama esivela kwi-mathematika kunye nefiziki. Enye indlela yokuchaza i-dimension kukujonga kumaqondo  freedom okanye indlela egungquza okanye eshukuma ngayo into kwisithuba esivulekileyo. Ziziintlobo ngeentlobo izigama okanye iindlela elisetyenziswa ngayo igama elithi  dimension, kwayeziziintlobo-ngeentlobo iindlela elichazwa ngayo eli gama. Akukho nkcaza  kananjalo akukho nkcaza enokwanelisa sonke isigama ngokupheleleyo.  

Kwivsithuba esivulekileyo se-vector space, (i-vector space ngesiNgesi) (i-vector ngumgca ovulekilleyo ekupheleni kwawo) i-dimension iyalingana ne-cardinality okanye nenani lezalathini zee-vectors okanye ezemigca.  Ikwalingana nenani lelona qela likhulu lomgca wezalathini ongqalileyo okwesosithuba sivulekileyo.  Izinto eziqhelekileyo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla bubonakaliswa ngee-dimensions ezintathu,  ezibizwa ngokuba bubude, ubukhulu emacaleni, kunye nobunzulu. Kwa-mathematika esi sigama sibizwa ngegama elithi Euclidean space.

Ii-dimensions zisenokusetyenziswa kumlinganiselo wendawo emi kuyo (ebizwa ngokuba yi-position) loo nto kuthethwa ngayo ngexesha kusenziwa ngalo umlinganiselo-position. Umgama (i-distance) oya kwi-position usuka kwindawo oqala kuyo lo mlinganiselo (ndawo leyo eyaziwa ngokuba si-starting place) umlinganiselo walo mgama usenokwenziwa kubungakanani bayo ngobude, ngobubanzi (ubukhulu ngokwasemacaleni kwanangobude ukubheka phezulu. Le migama ke isetyenziswa ukuze kwenziwe umlinganiselo we-position.  

Ngamanye amaxesha i-dimention yesine (eyi-4D, ixesha, isetyenziselwa ukubonisa i-position yaloo nto ethe yenzeka (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-event) ngexesha ethe yenzeka ngalo nange-space.(isithuba esivulekileyo)

Kwinzululwazi, yanamhlanje, abantu basebenzisa ezinye ii-dimensions. Ii-dimensions ezifana nobushushu nobunzima.zisenokusetyenziswa ukubonisa i-position yento ngezithuba ezivulekileyo ezinganeno. Iinkcuba buchopho zenzululwazi zifunda ngezi dimensions ngokuziphicotha.  

I-Mathematika anayo ikwasebenzisa ii-dimensions. Kwi-mathematics, ii-dimensions ziqheleke kakhulu. kodwa ke ii-dimensions kwi-mathematika zisenokungamenti izinto ezisemhlabeni.Imithetho yokwenza imarithmetika ngee-dimensions ezikwi-mathematics isenokwahluka xa kuthelekiswa nemithetho ye-arithmetika. 

Ii-vectors zisetyenziselwa ukubonisa imigama neezalathiso okanye imikhondo emayilandelwe. Ii-vectors zidla ngokusetyenziswa kwizifundo zenjineli nezenzululwazi, ngamanye amaxesha nakwezemathematika. 

I-vector luludwe lwamanani. TLinye inani kwi-dimension nganye, Kodwa ke kukho imithetho ye-arithmetic eyenzelwe ii-vectors. 

Umzekelo, ukuba uJane ufuna ukwazi i-position kaSally.  USally angamnika i-vector uJane apho ayakubona khona  i-position. Ukuba uJane noSally basemhlabeni, kukho ii-dimensions ezintathu.  Ngoko ke, uSally unika uJane uludwe lwamanani amathathu ukuze ambonise i-position. Laa manani mathathu akwi-vector uSally awanika uJane kusenokweneka okokuba:: 




#Article 293: Imbali kaMakhanda (UNxele) (174 words)


Ibhalwe ngu. W K N

Kwaathi emva kokumka kuka Nyengana kweli lasemaXhoseni, kwavela uNxele eMgwangqa kwaNdlambe, esithiuthetha into eyithethwa nguNyengana, kwaye ke naloo nto wayeyithetha yayingaqondwa bani.

ubesithi xa efunda abantu, iinkosi zimbini, yaye zisemanzini zombini. Enye yazo nguTayi, enye ngudalidephu. Ubesitsho athi ke mabathi abantu xa bewela umlambo babulise bathi, A! Tayi, A! Dalidephu. Loo nto ke yaba ngummiselo kubalandeli bakhe. Ubemana ethetha ke umfo kaGwala lowo, esithi umzi mawulahle ubuthi, ungakrexezi, ulawule amaphupha, athi wonke umntu azixele izinto azenzayo nawakhe wazenza. Kwaba kuphela, umzi wenza loo nto, amadoda nabafazi. uthe umfo wasemaCwerheni akubona ukuba umzi uwoyisile, waqala kaloku wavelisa elokuba, Abantu baphantsi komhlaba, baye beyakuvuka bonke ekufeni, apho bayakuphuma khona kukwaGompo. Utsho wathi kodwa wona amaNgqika ayakuba ziinkunzi, iimbovane namawa kuba ahlal'ephethe igazi. Avakele amaRharhabe esithi, Inantoni na le nto ukuba ithethwe ngulo kaGwala, ngokabani na yena? Akakho na amaphakathi alo mzi kaJwarha, amaCirha, namaNtakwenda. Bathe besitsho babe besithi , loo mntu makavunywe ade abonakale eyona nto azakuba yiyo. Bamvuma ke bamsa ebucamagwini ngeenkomo ezimdaka, ezilubhelu, nezimnyama, laye ibala elibalaseleyo ilelimdaka nelilubhelu. 




#Article 294: Itapevi (138 words)


Itapevi ngumasipala kwi micro-kummandla Osasco, ibekwe Metropolitan kwiNgingqi São Paulo, e São Paulo (saseBrazil). West fanele ukuya kummandla Greater São Paulo, ngokungqinelana nomthetho karhulumente No. 1139 ka-Juni 16, 2011yaye ngenxa yoko ne-Integrated Development Plan lweDolophu of Greater São Paulo (PDUI).Oku ibekwe-35 km ukusuka Cathedral Square, umhlaba zero of capital kukarhulumente. Kwakhona eyaziwa ngokuba yi kwisixeko eluphahleni ezintsha, Isixeko Iintyatyambo, okanye njengoko zifundwe kwi eludongeni kwisikhululo sikaloliwe esi sixeko, ithemba isixeko.

Igama lendawo livela Itapevi zaseMatupi kwaye lithetha umlambo kwamatye amcaba, njengoko i Isigama zaseMatupi-Guarani - Portuguese Prof Silveira Bueno (Brasilivros Publishing), kwaye The Origin of the Paulistas Oomasipala Amagama (Official Press of the State of São Paulo, 2003), Enio Squeff kunye Helder car Ferreira. 

ekungeneni rhoqo umsebenzi yokugqibela ithi: ITAPEVI (zaseMatupi, Itä-peb'y): Rio das itapevas, Iizilebhu umlambo amatye, ka Itä-peba (slab ilitye flat) kunye y (amanzi omlambo ). 




#Article 295: FC Barcelona (391 words)


Futbol Club Barcelona (), eyaziwa njenge Barcelona kwaye popularly eyaziwa njenge Barça, yi name club elinolwazi, esekelwe kwi - Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

Waseka ngowe-1899 ngokuthi iqela footballers, swiss, isingesi kwaye isicatala ebelikhokelwa Joan Gamper, club sele kuba uphawu ka-isicatala inkcubeko kunye nationalism isicatala. Ngokungafaniyo ne-eyona nto name njengesiqhelo, ukuthelekisa ifeni kukho okkt abo ukusebenza owenziwayo le club, apho isizathu isebenzisa motto Més ukuba un club (ngaphezu a club). Barcelona ingaba yesibini club name exabisekileyo kakhulu ehlabathini, kunye yayo ixabiso eliqikelelwa $3.2 bhiliyoni, kwaye igumbi of the name club ye-richest ngokomthetho ingeniso, kunye ingxelo yonyaka turnover ka - $484.6 million.

Domestically, Barcelona sele uphumelele 24 phinda-phinda ngo La Liga 29 we - Copa amaqela okhetho Rey, 12 kwi - Supercopa de españa, 3 Copa Kalle Duarte kwaye 2 Copa Liga, ekubeni holder ka-nani likhulu inani trophies kwi-yokugqibela ezine competitions ezikhankanyiweyo. Kwi-malunga ngamazwe name, club waba ophumeleleyo ye - UEFA Champions League kwi-5 amathuba, nge-5 uphumelele kwi - Super indebe ye-UEFA , 4 kwi - uefa Indebe Winners ' Indebe, ekubeni ukuba oku kwaba wemiceli-ophumeleleyo; iqela kanjalo umdla oyena isixa-mali amaphawu kwi - i-Izixeko Fairs Indebe, 3, elinye inani achievements kwi - Club FIFA World Cup, wokuba ngowama-2015 wemiceli-ophumeleleyo ye-tournament. Barcelona babebaninzi lokuqala indawo ehlabathini ranking ka-clubs ye - IFFHS ngowe-1997, ngo-2009, ngo-2011, 2012 kwaye ngowama-2015, kwaye ngoku luthathe iifama yesibini indawo kwi - ranking ka-clubs kwi-UEFA. Eyona rivalry ye-iqela ngu kunye Real i-madrid, apho yemidlalo edlaliweyo phakathi ezimbini njengesiqhelo ubizwa ngokuba El Clásico.

Barcelona sesinye clubs kunye nani likhulu inani ifeni jikelele ehlabathini, ngokuba iqela kunye kakhulu inani abalandeli kwimicimbi yasekuhlalweni networks phakathi kwabo bonke emidlalo. I-Barcelona abadlali kuba mbali kuba liphezulu inani achievements le mbasa kuba Footballer Lonyaka Aseyurophu, kunye nesixhenxe victories, ngokunjalo the Best umdlali ehlabathini yi-FIFA, nabane ewonke elinanye victories. Ngo-2010, i-club wenza imbali xa ezintathu yakhe abadlali competed kuba iwonga eyona umdlali ehlabathini (Messi, Iniesta kwaye Xavi) bonyulwa njengoko ezintathu eyona abadlali ehlabathini kwi - FIFA Ballon d'or 2010.

Em 22 de outubro de 1899, um ex-futebolista suíço, Hans Gamper, colocou um anúncio no jornal Los Deportes declarando seu desejo de formar um clube de futebol em Barcelona. Uma resposta positiva resultou em uma reunião no Gimnasio Solé, em 29 de novembro. Onze jogadores participaram: Walter Wild, Lluís d'Osso, Bartomeu Terradas, Otto Kunzle, Otto Maier, Enric Ducal, Pere Cabot, Carles Puyol, Josep Llobet, John Parsons e William Parsons.




#Article 296: Club-inkampani (224 words)


Club-ngoku i club imidlalo ukuba endaweni yokuba uyayenza ngokusemthethweni umbutho civil inzuzo, ngayo, kunokuba a ishishini wadala ngenjongo inzuzo kusuka kwezemidlalo. Ngoku Clubs zixhaphakile kwezemidlalo American kunye kumazwe aliqela aseYurophu, kodwa nangoku kunqabile eMzantsi American ekhatywayo.

Ngokwembali, amaqela ezemidlalo ehlabathini wakha zilungiswe abangenzi, ukususela kwiinkqubo zemidlalo yayilawulwa engahlawulwayo, kungekho ukuze inzuzo.

Amanye amazwe, ke, basaba lo mthetho. ENgilani, ukususela ekuqaleni 20 iiklabhu besele ngumbutho  iinkampani limited.E Italy, ngowe-1919, iqela zabelo wadala  Unione Sportiva Salernitana, ngukhokho Salernitana yangoku US 1919, ukususela ngoko iqela-kwinkampani.

EUnited States, inkqubo wemikhwa amaqela ezemidlalo izenzo zasekuhlaleni ngohlobo franchise, apho club nganye yinkampani onelungelo ipesenti amanyathelo league, oko kukuthi, nayo, inkampani enkulu, nto leyo lilawula ukhuphiswano phakathi kwabo yamalungu. Ngenxa yoko, kunokuthiwa iiklabhu ishishini kweli lizwe zezona ulawulo, ubuncinane kwimidlalo eliphezulu, nangona kukho iiklabhu non-ngeniso, ezifana i New York Athletic Club.

Ngo-Brazil, i-yokuqala club-inkampani União São João, wadala njenge umbutho ongenzi nzuzo, kodwa linokuguqulwa 1994, kusekho phantsi ixesha uMthetho Zico,Okwaye kwabonelela iiklabhu yebhola ekhatywayo ibe ziinkampani. Nokufika Pele mthetho, nto leyo ukubuyisa uMthetho Zico, nto leyo ekholejini, waba kuyimfuneko, kwaye zonke iiklabhu webhola ohlawulwayo e Brazil kufuneka ukuba babe iinkampani. Xesha esandiswa kamva ukuba komnye unyaka, de ekugqibeleni, ngowe-2000, uMthetho No. 9981 liye isibophelelo, kwakhona ukhetho iiklabhu.Umcebisi Alexandre Bueno Cateb kunjalo, yenza ukugxeka elinzima komthetho, ekubeni ngethiyori, utshintshelo ukuba amalungu eklabhu ukuba ubutyala ngokudibeneyo eziliqela, nangona practice, eli lungiselelo zange isetyenziswe.




#Article 297: Fenerbahce SK (443 words)


Fenerbahçe S.k. i football club Turkish of Istanbul. Yasekwa ngo-1907, yenye kwiiklabhu kakhulu football Turkish. Ophumelele lo kwitumente kazwelonke amaxesha elinethoba, Fenerbahçe kuthatha igama basijoyine kunye ohloniphekileyo. bala labo, Fenerbahçe Şükrü Saracoğlu, ukwakweli kwicala Asia komzi.

Fenerbahçe yasekwa ngaphezu kwekhulu kweli phondo Kadiköy, Istanbul. Abasunguli uMnu Ziya Nurizade Songülen, uMnu Ayetullah kunye noMnu Mr Necip Okaner. Esi siseko Wagcinwa bazimele, ukuze ukufikelela kunqandwe yaye kwakungekho ngxaki nomthetho Ottoman imiqathango. Ngoko emxinwa Kwathi, Sultan Abdulhamit Okwesibini, lakuphelisa ulutsha Turkish ukujoyina club, kungekhona ukuze ulahle ibhola, loo mdlalo kweentsapho IsiNgesi lalo elifana esweni kunye nomona.

Emva kwentlanganiso yokuqala abaseki akhethwe uMnu Ziya Nurizade Songülen njengoko ngumongameli wokuqala. Ayetullah uNobhala kunye noMnu Necip Okaner uSister wathabatha phezu njengoko umphathi omkhulu. I lezinga yokuqala eklabhu yaba osentabeni, leyo yaboniswa Fenerbahce umnqwazi, kwaye imibala yokuqala club emhlophe kunye yellow: umbala ziintyatyambo Narcissus ukuba okwentyatyambo lonke Fenerbahçe peninsula. Le Umfuziselo kunye imibala kwatshintsha ngowe-1910, xa layilwa ngokutsha yi Topuz Hikmet kunye imibala watshintsha ube tyheli mnyama oluhlaza.

Kude kwakho umthetho latshintshwa ngowe-1908, imisebenzi Fenerbahçe kwenzeka emfihlekweni ngokupheleleyo. Noko ke, emva koko umhla, umthetho omtsha ucele ukuba iiklabhu kwakufuneka babhaliswe ukuba ufake emthethweni. Ukususela mhla, iklabhu iye uthathe indawo yawo phakathi iiklabhu eziphambili Turkey ndaza ngakumbi yimpumelelo.

Fenerbahçe Sports Club waquka squad yayo yokuqala football Asaf, Ziya Hasan, Sami, Ayatelluh, Mazhar, Necip Fethi, Galip, Hüseyin, Hasan kunye Nevzat. Eli qela bathatha inxaxheba Istanbul League ngo-1909, kodwa waphumelela yesihloko onyaka ezintathu zokuqala. Xa ixesha lonyaka ka-1912-1913 iqela ebunjwa Ali Said, Galip, Arif, Izzi, Hüseyin, sabri, Hikmet, uthi Sa`d Kamil, Nuri kunye Mico, waphumelela ubuntshatsheli club yokuqala. Yaba league yokuqala ibaluleke ngokwenene yaye iphumelele undefeated kulo lonke le tumente.

uphawu Fenerbahçe yayiyilwe Topuz Hikmet owayedlala entsimini ngasekhohlo ngo-1910 kwaye lwenziwa yi Tevfik Haccak (Tasci) eLondon. Le lezinga iqulathe imibala ezintlanu. White imele ubunyulu elukhuni evulekileyo, icandelo ebomvu imele uthando uncamathiselo kwi club kwaye sesona iflegi Turkish. Eli candelo eliphakathi emthubi ufuzisela baziswa nokuzingca eklabhu, lo gama weenqanawa ufuzisela izikhulu. Komoki leaf ezikhoyo emnyama blue natyheli imele inqaba club. Umbala oluhlaza wetshati, ithetha ukuba impumelelo Fenerbahçe kunyanzelekile.

Topuz Hikmet uchaza ibali Umfuziselo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Okokuqala, bendizise imibala Yiflegi yethu yesizwe, abomvu namhlophe. Emva koko wasondela simise intliziyo phezu elibomvu wamnika imibala etyheli emnyama blue ngokongeza igqabi oki, nto leyo imele amandla, amandla nokomelela. I wabhala igama club kunye nomhla isiseko phezu inxalenye emhlophe. Xa ukuzoba imifanekiso wethu, ndazama ukunika: a club inkonzo kunye neemvakalelo nentliziyo

Uyilo savunywa abahlobo bam omfuziselo yethu entsha yenziwa nge ukukhokelwa Tevfik Haccar, lowo eJamani ebudeni beli xesha. Xa ke sivunyiwe oonobumba yethu entsha, uyilo yayigciniwe, kodwa igama club kwi omfuziselo latshintshelwa 'Fenerbahçe S.k. - 1907'.

  ezingazange Champion 

Olu luluhlu lwe scorers inkulu ezimbalini kunye neenjongo ubuncinane 162.




#Article 298: Duathlon (117 words)


Duathlon ngumcimbi lweembaleki entlantlu inxalenye yokuqala ugqatso, ilandelwe yinxalenye ibhayisikile kwaye isebenza kwakhona kwenye, ngendlela efana netrayethloni. I-International netrayethloni Union cwangcisa imithetho ngamazwe kunye nomiselo lo mdlalo.

Ukhuphiswano duathlon zibanjwa imigama elifutshane, eliphakathi nelide. Ngokutsho kwe International netrayethloni Union (ITU International netrayethloni Union), imigama zezi zilandelayo:

Le duathlon unalo zifana ukuya Biathlon nje into yokuba ibandakanya imidlalo ezimbini, ezahlukeneyo ukususela oku ukuba umdlalo ebusika. omkhulu ukufana yalo kunye netrayethloni, nangenxa bako iintlanga ezintathu, ngokubuyisela inxalenye yokudada ukuba uhlanga olutsha uhlanga. Eminye imidlalo kwakhona livela netrayethloni na Aquathlon, okuhlanganisa ukuqubha kwaye isebenza ngaphandle inxalenye ebandakanya ibhayisikile ubuhlanga kunye aquabike, ezibandakanya ukuqubha nangebhayisekile, hayi ubuhlanga.

Obona bungqina onwabe duathlon noququzelelwa i NY netrayethloni Clubkummandla kwiSixeko saseNew York, eUnited States.




#Article 299: Amparo AC (289 words)


Amparo Athlético Club liqela lebhola saseBrazil ukusuka kwisixeko Amparo, imo São Paulo. Isekelwe April 28, 1919, imibala zabo emnyama namhlophe kunye igama lakhe ngu Mountain Lion. Saba ezingama imbonakalo-23 kukhuphiswano eziququzelelwe liSebe Paulista Football Federation.

Amparo Athlético Club yasekwa ngowe-1919, kwaye uninzi amaqela eyasekwayo phambi 1940, wachitha iminyaka yokuqala yobomi abe esilwa ngenxa amateurs kunye lobuntshatsheli zengingqi.

Igama lakho ugcina upelo loqobo, apho Athlético kubhalwe with H - nto leyo isenza ingqalelo kule mihla, ebonisa uthando nenkathalo Amparense wasilela ukugcina noontanga babo - njengokuba Paulista , Guarani, preta kunye Bragantino Bridge umzekelo, kodwa kukho iingxelo ngxabano yeqhawe nxamnye ebizwa ngokuba Enkulu - becala uloyiso phezu Sao Paulo kwi Paulista Capital.

Iqela eyimbangi imbali yengingqi i Ihlathi AC, yasekwa emva konyaka, ngowe-1920, yaye usukuzwano wasiza ukugcina ukhuphiswano amaqela. Ngowe-1929, ihlathi isithsaba yintshatsheli Interior ngu APEA. Yintoni umphumo? Isihloko kunyaka olandelayo wahlala e Amparo, kodwa eli xesha ezandleni Atletico kwi wokugqibela emangalisayo, wadlala nxamnye Paulista de Jundiaí, emdlalweni owaphela 6-2.

Ukuze babhiyozele isihloko, Atletico Bragantino umenyiwe, omnye imbangi yengingqi umdlalo lobuhlobo strong in 1931 yaye iphicothwe yi 4-1.

Ngexesha engahlawulwayo, oyimbangi ephambili Mountain Lion aba Uncedo Forest and Bragantino of Bragança Paulista, zazisoloko imidlalo ezinkulu kunye nemali eninzi zoluntu, ngaphandle ukusukuzana omkhulu ngelo xesha.

I-Mountain Lion liyifumene bi-yintshatsheli Interior (ngo-1930 no-1952), kunye nezinye izihloko kwi amaqela ezisisiseko kukhuphiswano zikarhulumente - ukuqokelela ukufikelela kunye ekwehleni kwiminyaka.

Ngowe-1984, Atletico wagqiba ekubeni kude webhola ohlawulwayo, ukuze loo nto ibenza abalandeli zabo kunye nabantu Amparo. Emva koko, i-Amparo waba wabonakala eye- professional e Series A-3 ka-92 kunye nama-93, Series B-2 ka-1998 no-2000 Series B-3, 2001 no Series B-1 (Division yangoku) ngo-2006 no-2010.

Ngo-2010, ayidlalileyo kwiCandelo yesiBini Championship, yaye akazange enze iphulo elungileyo, kuquka ethwele ngophanziso enkulu 9-0 Desportivo Brazil kumjikelo wokugqibela kwesigaba 1 of lobuntshatsheli.




#Article 300: Cláudio Taffarel (123 words)


Claudio André Mergen Taffarel, okanye nje Taffarel (Santa Rosa, May 8, 1966) is a webhola laseBrazil badlale nje unozinti. Yeyona umqeqeshi yangoku goalkeeping of Brazil.

Kuyavunywa enye izithixo inkulu kwimbali iqela lesizwe eBrazil, yaye kuqwalaselwa abaninzi enye goalkeepers intle lonke ixesha, Taffarel isixa esikhulu ukhetho 104 imidlalo ezisemthethweni, 09 imidlalo unofficial kwaye ngaphezulu ezintandathu imidlalo kukhetho Olimpiki nemidlalo 4 yokukhetha ngokongeza iPan American 123 imidlalo, abathatha inxaxheba ezintathu eyo- World (1990, 1994 no-1998), omnye iinxalenye eziphambili kwitumente yesine. Edidiyelwe Hall of Lodumo ukhetho kwi Brazilian Football Museum, ecaleni abadlali ezifana Pele, Zico, Romario kunye Ronaldo.

It waphawulwa ukuba ube yincutshe ukuze azikhusele izohlwayo, ngokuphumelela yi kombalisi Galvão Bueno catchphrase, i Fumana na eyeyakho, Taffarel! Waphinda Galvão ngenxa nokubekwa egqibeleleyo kunye ukhuseleko ezinzima Archer.




#Article 301: German Youth Football Team National (189 words)


Amaqela German junior likazwelonke liya kuthatha inxaxheba kukhuphiswano yi UEFA kunye FIFA amaqela zolutsha. Abadlali eliphakathi nexesha elide kufuneka zifumaneka ukulungiselela iqela eziphezulu khuthazwa. Ekubeni Kuthathwa ngokuba kwinqanaba ulutsha, iminyaka ngumba enkulu ngamandla umdlali, liye laqalisa umda ubudala ukuba ukhuphiswano namaqela ngamnye ukuqinisekisa inqanaba lwezakhono efanayo. Ukuchonga amaqela U (= ngaphantsi) ukuba ziqaliswe ngonaphakade iphezulu abadlali nganye.

Iqela lokuqala junior wesizwe entsimini DFB yaba A-junior kazwelonke (U-18) e Liege ngomhla wama-31 Matshi 1953 - yadlalwa ngo-3 - ngethuba inkomfa eziququzelelwe liSebe kwitumente FIFA: waba 2 uloyiso phezu Argentina.

ukubunjwa Iqela esithi: Hannes - Peterek best - Hoffmann, Buderus, Scholz - Muhl, Seeler, Habig, Striker, Mattheus

Ngowe-1956, iqela umfundi kongezelelwa (U 15), ekuqaleni walwa ngaphandle internationals kuphela malungana nokukhethwa eNgilani. Ukususela 1975 imidlalo Ulutsha ngokwahlukeneyo ngenxa A-ulutsha (U 18) kunye B-nolutsha (U 16) iyakhutshwa. Ukuqaliswa lobuntshatsheli ehlabathini lobuntshatsheli yaseYurophu juniors, unyaka wokuzalwa ulwahlulo amaqela zolutsha kuphuhliswa

Xa abadala indawo 1955, junior kazwelonke (U 23) iye yamiselwa. I DFB kukhokelela ukususela 1974 akukho internationals junior Ngaphantsi 23 elide, ngokubuyisela iqela U-23 yi omtsha U-21, owathatha kukhuphiswano lwamazwe ngamazwe njenge European Championship U-23. Kwimidlalo yamazwe ngamazwe U-21 edlalwa ukususela Oktobha 10 1979th




#Article 302: Republic of Korea unyulo 6 kwiphondo (101 words)


Republic of Korea na unyulo yesithandathu kazwelonke ngaxeshanye zasekuhlaleni unyulo lomasipala ngoLwesithathu, June 04, 2014 ukukhetha iintloko ooceba zasekuhlaleni kunye noorhulumente beengingqi kwiRiphabliki yaseKorea olwenziwa jikelele. Iintlobo ezintathu jachisi ezizodwa yongezwe njenge wokhetho omtsha, njengoko ukuhlanganiswa Cheongju kusungulwa kunye Sangdang-gu Heungdeok-gu kunye Cheongwon-nompu yesithili yonyulo imakethe entsha ppopge. Ingxoxo malunga ukupheliswa yokutyumba party kunyulo kwipalamente yephondo wathabatha ndawo apho, kodwa isiqaqa ngenxa nenkqubo ekhoyo yonyulo iqela. Pre abangaphangeli lovoto ngaphandle kwesidingo ingxelo kuqala kuqhutywa unyulo. Jachisi iintlobo ezintathu iziganeko ezizodwa yenye neetafile ezine kunye nobudlelwane ezihlangeneyo zibe oorhulumente basekhaya kunye broadband kamasipala.

Ukhetho lwephondo 6 kwakukho abangama-16 abaviwa iqela abhalisiweyo lezopolitiko.




#Article 303: Campanha da Cordilheira (246 words)


IPhulo le Cordillera yaba wokugqibela ekhubekisayo eBrazil nxamnye Paraguay, ikhokelwa ngu Gaston d'Orleans, umzalwana Pedro II, soyisa abaseleyo imikhosi emzabalazweni Paraguay aze asithimbe ufile okanye uyaphila nguMongameli Solano López.

Emva kokuthatha Asuncion, Luis Alves de Lima e Silva, Duque de Caxias, wala ukuba aqhubeke imfazwe, ngale, umlawuli laseBrazil elimisiweyo umzalwana wakhe, Count d'Eu ukuba baphathe iphulo lokuzingela Solano, imikhosi laseBrazil yayihlasela kwilizwe ezichithakeleyo ixhoba Lopez ubundlobongela, akuzange kube nzima ukufumana kwiinkampu zentolongo okanye yokulala Paraguay emgangathweni nemizana yayo endala.

Ke Gaston bahamba baya Paraguay zangaphakathi befuna Solano, ngoko ke ekugqibeleni ukufaka uzwilakhe Paraguay, imfazwe yokuqala enkulu yaba Battlefield Enkulu, apho López wathumela abantwana usebenzisa iindevu lobuxoki ubudala akwazi ukuphatha ilungelo a umpu okanye umpu, zamadoda abafazi noomama nabantwana, waseBrazil ngoko uhlaselwe Paraguayans babecinga ukuba umkhosi yobungcali, eqonda ukuba umkhosi abantwana, abasetyhini nabantu abadala ngubani na ukujolisa, kwaba sekupheleni kakhulu kwaye kwenziwa kubulawa. Umhla idabi ngoku Usuku lwabantwana e Paraguay. Kunye kubulawa sele yenziwe, intiyo phakathi Brazil nxamnye López wanda ngakumbi oku, waya nokuba benomfutho ngakumbi ngexesha leli phulo.

Ngelo xesha, amagqala ezininzi imfazwe weza kummangalela Conde d'Eu ukubamba mthetho imfazwe, phakathi kwabo, babeka umlilo phezu ingca apho wayelele amakhulu Paraguayans, ngokuchasene noko abaninzi bacinga Paraguayans ezinjalo ingengomajoni kwaye engaxhobanga ngokupheleleyo, nezinye iingxelo ndithi zodlwengulo, ukusetyenziswa Paraguayans njengamakhoboka phakathi kwezinye izinto, amabango anjalo azizange kuqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni, kodwa isiganeko kwenzeka, libonisa imfazwe ndikhohlakele yaye egazi ngayo, imfazwe eyahlukileyo kakhulu Silver imfazwe kwaye War of Uruguay. Namarhe namacala kwanceda ukwandisa unpopularity le Conde d'Eu, lowo wabonwa amehlo elibi Brazil.




#Article 304: H. Kewell (183 words)


Harold Kewell, ngcono eyaziwa njenge Harry Kewell (i-sydney, ngoseptemba 22 ka - 1978), i-eks-footballer, i-australian abo wasebenza njengoko isiqingatha, winger okanye striker. 

Kewell yi umdlali kakhulu izakhono nge ekhohlo leg kwaye omkhulu misela amaqhekeza aye taker. Kubalulekile kananjalo rhoqo summoned ukudlala kuba Ukhetho lomgaqo-Australian, ukongeza xa ebe awarded amaxesha aliqela njengoko footballer lonyaka Macedonianame.

Waqalisa yakhe elinolwazi career ngo-1996 e Leeds United, England, apho lowo yanyulwayo kwi-1999-2000 lokulima, young umdlali lonyaka Engilane, i-mbasa elinikwe athlete kunye ngaphantsi kwama-23 eminyaka ukuba bafumene eyona ndlela yokusebenza ngesingesi name lokulima. 

Kamva, ngowama-2003, lowo besiya Liverpool, kanjalo ukusuka England, club apho lowo uphumelele UEFA Champions League ngo 2004-05 kwaye fa Indebe 2005-06.

Ngomhla we-3 julayi 2008,  yenza isivumelwano kunye club kwaye isiturkish Galatasaray, apho sele uphumelele Super indebe Turkey, ngo-2008. 

Ekupheleni kwexesha lokulima 2010-2011, Kewell resigned ukusuka Galatasaray , kwaye ngomhla we-20 agasti 2011, wafuduka ukuba i-melbourne Victory, phantsi ezintathu - - - -unyaka zengqesho.

Yi - Ukhetho lomgaqo-Australian, baya idlalwe kwi - Confederations Yehlabathi ka-1997, Ehlotyeni ye-olimpiki ka-2000, Izizwe Indebe OFC 2004, FIFA World Cup 2006, Asian Indebe 2007 kwaye i - 2010 FIFA World Cup.




#Article 305: Pipistrellus raceyi (1137 words)


Pipistrellus raceyi, eyaziwa njenge Racey ke pipistrelle, i - bat ukusuka Kazakhstan, genus Pipistrellus. Nangona unidentified ke ngoko ka - Pipistrellus bebe kusini na ngaphambili ukusuka Kazakhstan ukususela 1990s, P.#x20;raceyi akazange formally ekuthiwa de 2006. Kubalulekile apparently uninzi ngokusondeleleneyo enxulumene Asian ke ngoko P.#x20;endoi, P.#x20;paterculus, kwaye P.#x20;abramus, kwaye yayo ancestors mhlawumbi ufikelele Kazakhstan ukusuka e-Asia. P.#x20;raceyi wenziwe wabhala ku zine zephondo, zimbini empuma ezimbini entshona lowlands. Kwi-mpuma, kubalulekile zifunyanwa vula kwiindawo kwaye wenziwe zifunyenweyo roosting ngendlela yokwakha; kwi-west kuya kwenzeka emhlabeni owomileyo ihlathi. Ngenxa uncertainties malunga yayo ecology, kubalulekile ezidweliswe njengoko Data Deficient kwi - IUCN Red Uluhlu.

Nge forearm ubude 28.0 ukuba 31.2#x20;mm (1.10 ukuba 1.23#x20;kwi), Pipistrellus raceyi incinci ukuya medium-sized kuba ke ngoko ka - Pipistrellus. Umzimba reddish ngasentla kwaye etyheli-brown ngezantsi. I-aso ingaba onzulu kwaye iinyawo ingaba ezincinane. Males kuba elide penis kwaye baculum (penis ithambo), nto nje noko efanayo ukuba abo P.#x20;endoi, P.#x20;abramus kwaye P.#x20;paterculus. Kwi-skull, rostrum (ngaphambili inxalenye) ngaphantsi cambalala kwe kwi-enxulumene ke ngoko kwaye supraorbital ridges (ngasentla amehlo) ingaba ngabemi. Ngowesine ephezulu premolar akusebenzi touch oluphezulu canine kwaye yesibini thoba premolar kuhle-kwaphuhliswa.

Ukususela baba lokuqala * * * * kwi-1905, xa Thomas kwaye Schwann kuchaziwe iintlobo Vespertilio matroka (okwangoku Neoromicia matroka), kwicandelo elikhethekileyo kwaye inqanaba elincinane vespertilionid bats (pipistrelles) ukususela Kazakhstan kuba zihleli unclear. Nangona eziliqela ke ngoko baba wabhala, baya zihleli abancinane ezaziwayo. A ke ngoko le genus Pipistrellus kunye affinities ukuba Oriental (southeastern Asian) ke ngoko waba lokuqala * * * * ngowe-1995, kwaye eziliqela kamva ababhali wabhala enye okanye ngaphezulu unidentified Pipistrellus ke ngoko.

Ngowe-2006, Upawulos Bates kwaye nabo kusini na kwi ingqokelela ka-44 Malagasy pipistrelles wafumana yi - Harrison Institute, apho oku kubandakanya eziliqela ke ngoko entsha ukuba Kazakhstan, ngokunjalo enye ke ngoko entsha kwi-science. Oku ke ngoko, ilungu Pipistrellus, waba njengoko kuchaziwe Pipistrellus raceyi. Kwi-2007 inqaku, Steven Goodman kukhankanywe ngayo njengenxalenye yenkqubo okuncinane okungaphezulu kwendalo okunamandla omlingoname ezintsha bat ke ngoko ukususela Kazakhstan; inani ke ngoko lenyuka ukusuka 27 ngowe-1995 ukuya 37 kwi-2007.  - ethile, igama, raceyi, honors bat wafumana Upawulos Racey kwaye describers wacebisa ukuba i - ngokufanayo igama Racey ke pipistrelle bat. P.#x20;raceyi ngokusondeleleneyo resembles i-Asian ke ngoko P.#x20;endoi, P.#x20;paterculus, kwaye P.#x20;abramus, kwaye Bates kwaye nabo hypothesized ukuze ibe enxulumene ezi ke ngoko. Ukuba le yinyaniso, ancestors ka - P.#x20;raceyi presumably ufikelele Kazakhstan ukusuka e-Asia, hayi kwi-Afrika njenge uninzi island ke bat fauna. P.#x20;raceyi izahlulo oku umahluko kunye ezimbalwa ezinye Malagasy bats: enkulu isiqhamo bat Pteropus rufus kwaye omabini ke ngoko le incinci insectivorous bat Emballonura wabhala kwi Kazakhstan.

Pipistrellus raceyi ngu encinane ukuba medium-sized pipistrelle. kubalulekile elide-furred kwaye umzimba reddish ngasentla, kunye intloko a trifle mnyamana, kwaye yellowish-brown ngezantsi. I - glandular swellings kwi muzzle, esilandelayo ukuya nose, ingaba hairless. Ukuqina, emfutshane, macala onke ezindlebeni ubungqina ezintathu isihlanu ridges. I-crescent-emilisiweyo tragus (a dibanisa kwi ngaphakathi icala outer indlebe) malunga nesiqingatha njengoko ixesha elide njengoko indlebe kwaye iqulathe slight constriction kwi emva kwicala layo-base. I-aso ingaba onzulu. Lwesithathu nge-anesihlanu metacarpals (isandla amathambo) ingaba malunga ngokulinganayo ixesha elide, kodwa kuqala phalange (umnwe ithambo) ngomhla wesithathu umnwe ngu elifutshane. P.#x20;endoi sele ende kuqala phalange ngomhla wesithathu metacarpal. P.#x20;raceyi sele elifutshane tibiae (lower leg amathambo) kunye nabalobi iinyawo kwaye tail ngu shorter kunokuba intloko nomzimba. Forearm ubude ngu 28.0 ukuba 31.2#x20;mm (1.10 ukuba 1.23#x20;kwi), tail ubude ngu 22.9 ukuba 30.3#x20;mm (0.90 ukuba 1.19#x20;kwi), hindfoot ubude ngu 5.3 ukuba 7.5#x20;mm (0.21 ukuba 0.30#x20;kwi), kwaye indlebe ubude ngu-7.5 ukuba 10.6#x20;mm (0.30 ukuba 0.42#x20;kwi) kwi-13 measured specimens. Females avareji ngocoselelo inkulu kune males.

Males kuba elide, zayo penis nge ukuqhubela phakathi shaft kwaye narrow, egg-emilisiweyo glans penis. Kufutshane phezulu, penis ngu haired, kodwa isiseko ngu-phantse ze. Kwi - baculum (penis ithambo), shaft yindlela ende kwaye narrow kwaye ngocoselelo bomvu. - ubude penis kwaye baculum distinguish P.#x20;raceyi ukusuka zonke comparably sized Afrika kwaye Malagasy vespertilionids. P.#x20;endoi, P.#x20;paterculus, kwaye P.#x20;abramus kuba ngaphezulu efanayo bacula, kodwa oko P.#x20;abramus kubaluleke ngakumbi bomvu, shaft kwaye tip ingaba ngakumbi robust kwi - P.#x20;paterculus, kwaye proximal (kufutshane) end kubaluleke ngakumbi robust kwi - P.#x20;endoi. Kwi-males, penis ubude ngu-9.6 ukuba 11.8#x20;mm (0.38 ukuba 0.46#x20;kwi) kwaye baculum ubude ngu-8.8 ukuba 10.0#x20;mm (0.35 ukuba 0.39#x20;in).

Kwi-skull, kukho kakuhle-ochaziweyo lowered indawo kwi-ephakathi rostrum (ngaphambili inxalenye), apho phantse touches emva umda we-enkulu, V-emilisiweyo nasal ikroba (ivula kuba nose). Esilandelayo ukuya ikroba ingaba u-elevated iindawo, ngaphezu incisors. I - zygomatic arches (cheekbones) ingaba slender. I - supraorbital ridges (ebekwe ngasentla amehlo) ingaba kulungile-kwaphuhliswa. P.#x20;abramus, P.#x20;endoi, kwaye P.#x20;paterculus kuba anyhwalaze rostrum kwaye ngaphantsi ngabemi supraorbital ridges.  - braincase ngu ka-avareji ubungakanani kwaye unika a poorly kwaphuhliswa sagittal bkuphumla kwi yayo kophahla. I - supraoccipital, backmost yinxalenye skull, convex. I-macala ye-bhenileyo palate ingaba malunga ehambelanayo.

I - dental indlela yokwenza yi 2.1.2.33.1.2.3 (u - incisors, omnye canine, zimbini premolars, kwaye ezintathu molars kwikona ephezulu jaw, kwaye ezintathu incisors, omnye canine, zimbini premolars, kwaye ezintathu molars kwi-thoba jaw). Ngenxa yokuba ancestors ka - P. raceyi ezilahlekileyo lokuqala ephezulu incisor kwaye kuqala anesithathu ophezulu kwaye thoba premolars, oluphezulu incisors ingaba libeke I2 kwaye I3 kwaye premolars ingaba libeke P2 kwaye P4 (uppers) kwaye p2 kwaye p4 (lowers). I2 ubani kakuhle-kwaphuhliswa yesibini cusp ukongeza engundoqo cusp kwaye I3 malunga reaches ubude yesibini cusp ka-I2. - stout ephezulu canine unika enye cusp. P2 ngu ngabemi kwaye displaced ngocoselelo ngakulo ngaphakathi icala toothrow. P4 akusebenzi uqhagamshelane canine. Wokuqala anesibini ephezulu molar (M1 kwaye M2) ingaba malunga ngokulinganayo enkulu, kodwa M3 ngu encinane. Nganye thoba incisors unika ezintathu cusps kwaye lesithathu (i3) meyi touch lower canine (c1). Yokugqibela tooth ubani yesibini cusp, apho reaches ngaphezulu kwama-i3. I-p2 touches emva ka c1 kwaye attains phakathi 59-100% i-kubathwesa indawo p4. Zokuqala ezimbini thoba molars (m1 kwaye m2) kuba emva iqela cusps (talonid) inkulu kune phambili omnye (trigonid), kwaye m3 kwakhona encinane.

Pipistrellus raceyi ngu ezaziwayo ukusuka ezine iindawo kwi Kazakhstan, zonke ngezantsi 80#x20;m (260#x20;ft) ubukhulu, apho u-zi ngasentshona kwaye ababini kwi-mpuma icala island. Phakathi empuma uqokelelo zephondo, Kianjavato ngu kwiindawo zasemaphandleni town surrounded yi-farmland kwaye lwesibini forests, apho P.#x20;raceyi baba yesebe eqokelelweyo xa beshiya a hollow kwi-ithe ngqo eludongeni kwendlu kwaye mistnet phezu river, kwaye Tampolo kwi a heavily disturbed agriculturally kusetyenziswa indawo. Zombini western localities, Kirindy kwaye Mikea, ingaba emhlabeni owomileyo ihlathi. Kwi-Kirindy, pipistrelle Hypsugo anchietae zibonakele sele wabhala. Pi unikezelo ka - P.#x20;raceyi kusenokwenzeka inkulu kune ukuba okwangoku ezaziwayo. Nto yaziwa malunga yezosondlo, kodwa vespertilionid bats ngokubanzi kudla izinambuzane.

Kukho kakhulu limited i data kwi nokuzala. Young ingaba mhlawumbi kuzalwa kufutshane ukuqala lemvula, ngonovemba–disemba, xa ufumana ukutya plentiful. Ezintandathu bats baba ibambe ngomhla roost site kwi-Kianjavato, apho omnye kuphela ke ubudoda; oku kukhokelele Bates kwaye nabo ukuba phakamisa ukuba ke ngoko zibe polygynous, kunye amaqela equlathe indoda nomfazi ezininzi females.

I - IUCN Red Uluhlu sele assessed Pipistrellus raceyi njengoko Data Deficient ngenxa akonelanga ulwazi malunga yayo ngobuninzi kwaye habitat iimfuno. Zonke ezine ezaziwayo zephondo ingaba kufutshane ihlathi, kodwa ukuba ibe isampulu artifact. Nangona deforestation babe posename a threat, ngamnye ingqokelela zephondo sele abanye khetha ka-ihlathi umyalelo wokhuselo amanyathelo kule ndawo.




#Article 306: Kosta Pecanac (1984 words)


Konstantin Kosta Milovanović Pećanac (; 1879-1944) yaba isiserbia Chetnik omncinci (vojvoda) ngethuba Balkan Iimfazwe, Imfazwe Yehlabathi mna kwaye Imfazwe Yehlabathi II. Pećanac walwa kwi - opt. icala kuzo zombini Balkan Iimfazwe kwaye Ihlabathi Imfazwe mna, ukungenela imikhosi Kosta Vojinović ngexesha Toplica uprising ka-1917. Phakathi iimfazwe wayeyindoda ebalulekileyo inkokeli Chetnik veteran iimbumbano, kwaye kamva yaziwa ngokuba yakhe eyomeleleyo hostility ukuba Yugoslav Communist Umntu, apho kwenziwa kuye ethandwa kakhulu kwi-conservative izangqa. Njengoko umongameli wenkundla Chetnik Association, uya eguquliweyo i-i-association ngexesha 1930s kwi-i-aggressively * zingathathi icala elithile Serb ezopolitiko umbutho kunye phezu isiqingatha yezigidi amalungu. Ngexesha Imfazwe Yehlabathi II, Pećanac collaborated kunye kunye isijamani military yolawulo kwaye zabo isiserbia puppet karhulumente kwi - Territory ye-Military Omncinci kwi-Saseserbia.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHehn1971350Pavlowitch2002141-1 [1]]

Nje phambi Axis invasion ka-Eyugoslavia ngoaprili 1941, Yugoslav urhulumente ezinikezelwe Pećanac nge-mali kwaye ukuba bayokulwa nyusa guerrilla iiyunithi kwi-e-afrika Saseserbia, Makedoni kwaye Kosovo. Yena bamisela detachment ne-300 abantu, ikakhulu kwi - Toplica river intlambo kwi-e-afrika Saseserbia, apho avoided intshabalalo ngexesha invasion. Lokuqala iinyanga ezintathu emva surrender, Pećanac zihlanganisene ngakumbi troops ukusuka Serb refugees fleeing Makedoni kwaye Kosovo. Nangona kunjalo, lakhe Chetniks walwa kuphela isialbania amaqela kummandla, kwaye abazange bathethe i-Germans. Ukulandela uprising emmandleni ye-Military Omncinci kwi-Saseserbia ebutsheni julayi 1941, Pećanac ngokukhawuleza igqibe ukuba abandon ucinga ngokuchasene Axis, kwaye yi end ka-agasti kokuba ndagqiba izivumelwano kunye isijamani umsebenzi imikhosi kwaye puppet urhulumente milancity in italy Nedić ukuba intsebenziswano kunye nabo baza kulwa i - communist-wakhokela Partisans. Ngojulayi 1942, rival Chetnik inkokeli Draža Mihailović arranged kuba Yugoslav urhulumente--exile ukuba denounce Pećanac njengokuba traitor, kwaye bakhe siqhubeke isebenzisana Germans ruined yintoni zihleli ye-reputation kokuba kwaphuhliswa kwi-Balkan kwiimfazwe Imfazwe Yehlabathi I.

I-Germans rapidly kwabonakala ukuba Pećanac ke Chetniks, egama amanani kokuba grown ukuba 8,000, ukuba inefficient kwaye unreliable, kwaye nkqu Nedić urhulumente kokuba kokuthenjwa kubo. Baba ngokupheleleyo disbanded Kweyokwindla 1943. Pećanac ngokwakhe waba interned yi-Nedić regime ngexesha elithile, kwaye waba assassinated yi-agents ka-Mihailović kwi-Meyi okanye juni 1944.

Kosta Milovanović wazalwa ngowe-a dolophana kufutshane Dečani ngowe-1879, nangona eminye imithombo mistakenly ukuchonga ngonyaka njengoko 1871. Uyise Milovan yaba ngokuzalwa ye - Visoki Dečani monastery. Pećanac ke ubawo kwaye umntakwabo Milosav walwa kwi - Russo-isiturkish Mfazwe ka-1877-1878. Kwi-1883, bobabini abazali bakhe abulawa kwi-uhlaselo yi-Albanians kwi monastery. Emva koko incopho, Pećanac waba ndakhangela emva ngomoya wakhe uncle kule dolophana ka-Đurakovac kufutshane Peć kuba ongaziwayo isixa sexesha.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.8729_April_2003-2 [2]]

Yena wafika kwi - Saseserbia kwi-1892 ekuqaleni kweminyaka 14 kwaye isebenza njengokuba mercenary. Xa wayeneminyaka 21, wabizwa ngokuba phezulu kuba umkhosi inkonzo kwaye wasebenza kwi-engineer corps, wokuba a uvimba igosa. Wathi kamva isebenza kunye umda gendarmerie kufutshane Vranje njengokuba corporal. Pećanac yakhululwa e abanye incopho ngezizathu engaziwayo kwaye kamva bazimanya Chetniks. Ngexesha wayekhonza kunye nabo yena wayenikwe nickname Pećanac, derived ukusuka igama town apho yena ukhulele.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.8730_April_2003-3 [3]]

Ngowe-1895, imfazwe waphula ngaphandle kwi - Makedoni ngokuchasene Ottoman Empire. Pećanac bazimanya isiserbia Chetnik Umbutho ngowe-1903, kwaye walwa ngokuchasene Ottoman umkhosi ezininzi ezibalulekileyo iimfazwe kuquka oko Šuplja Stena (kufutshane Pčinja) kwaye Čelopek (kufutshane Staro Nagoričane).[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.874_May_2003-4 [4]] - umdikoni ye - Vladika ka - Žiča kwaye omncinci (Serbo-gurmukhi, војвода) Jovan Grković-Gapon wacebisa awarding Pećanac iwonga vojvoda; e a Christmas-day intlanganiso ngowe-1904, Pećanac wafumana isihloko e neminyaka engama-25. Kwi-isithuba phakathi 1905 kwaye 1907, yena wakhokela eziliqela enkulu iimfazwe ngokuchasene Ottoman umkhosi kwi - i-skopje mmandla.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.875_May_2003-5 [5]] Ngowe-1908, Pećanac married i-sofia Milosavljević ukususela town ka - Aleksinac. Waya kwi ubawo ezine abantwana kunye naye.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.876_May_2003-6 [6]] Ngowe-1910, njengoko uyasokola kwi-Makedoni intensified, washiya abantwana bakhe kwaye pregnant umkakhe, kwaye babuyele battlefield.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.878_May_2003-7 [7]]

Kwi - Lokuqala Balkan Imfazwe, walwa ukususela ngo-oktobha 1912 ukuba Babe 1913, Pećanac waba mobilised kwi-opt. Wesithathu Umkhosi, bephethe udidi ka - sergeant kwi - Morava uphinda-phindo. Wathabatha inxalenye kwi-yoyisa ye-Albanians kwi - Merdare, Idabi Kumanovo kwaye inkululeko ka - Metohija.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.878_May_2003-7 [7]] Ngexesha Yesibini Balkan Imfazwe, walwa ukusuka kwi-29 juni ukuya kwi-10 agasti 1913, Pećanac ngu bakholelwa ukuba zithe stationed kwi-phambili kwi Kitka kwi Osogovo Entabeni ukuya Zletovska kwaye Bregalnica rivers. Apho, lakhe ukwahlula wathabatha inxalenye kwi - Idabi Bregalnica kunye Bulgarians. Emva Bulgarian olubulalayo ayiphumelelanga, bathumela parliamentarians bafune a truce, kodwa isiserbia icala wala kwaye besilwa waqhubeka. Emva yakhe ukwahlula kokuba wanyamezela ezintandathu imihla nzima ukulwa, Bulgarians baba woyisa e Grljani kufutshane Vinica.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.8711_May_2003-8 [8]]

Ukulandela disastrous end kwi - opt. phulo kwi emva kwexesha 1915, Pećanac lokuphuma ukuba Corfu ihamba kunye retreating isiserbia umkhosi kwaye urhulumente, kwaye ekugqibeleni bazimanya Salonika ngaphambili. Ngowe-1915, Pećanac wawufumana ezahlukeneyo medals kuba yakhe merit kwidabi lokulwa kuquka ezintathu igolide medals kuba bravery, omnye kuba military ubunyulu, Ukulandelelana Inkwenkwezi ka-Karađorđe (4th Iklasi) bakhe zenkonzo Zehlabathi Imfazwe mna kwaye kusenokwenzeka kanjalo kuba yakhe phambi military accomplishments.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovi.C4.87Mladenovi.C4.8712_May_2003-9 [9]]

Ngoseptemba 1916, isiserbia Phezulu Umyalelo wathumela ke-Kukalieutenant Pećanac yi-zezulu ukuba Mehane (umzantsi-ntshona ka - Niš kwi - Toplica ingingqi) lungisa guerrilla uprising ukuxhasa a kwakucwangcisiwe Allied ulwim. Apho, Pećanac ixhuamne eziliqela amaqela guerrillas, eyaziwa ngokuba comitadji. Pećanac abaziwayo imikhosi kunye wobulali inkokeli Kosta Vojinović, kwaye bobabini ngokomgaqo-headquarters kwi - Ntaba Kopaonik. Rivalry ngokukhawuleza kwaphuhliswa phakathi ezimbini iinkokeli, ikakhulu ngenxa Pećanac kuphela kokuba ii-odolo ukulungiselela inkxaso kwakucwangcisiwe Allied ulwim, kodwa Vojinović waba ukwenza umsebenzi imisebenzi ukuze sibe nesiphumo wangaphambili emptive intshukumo yi-Bulgarian umsebenzi imikhosi. Imicimbi weza a intloko ngojanuwari#x20;– februwari 1917 xa Bulgarians waqalisa conscripting wobulali Serbs kuba military inkonzo. Kwintlanganiso ye guerrilla iinkokeli ukuxoxa nokuba bamele kuqalisa jikelele uprising, Pećanac waba outvoted. Nangona kunjalo, iziganeko kokuba overtaken iinkokeli, kwaye babebizwa essentially ukungenela a ethandwa kakhulu uprising ukuba waba sele omhlophe. Emva guerrillas phantsi Pećanac ke umyalelo owenza i-Bulgarians, waba hailed njengokuba inkokeli ucinga, nangona kokuba ezinzima ngokungathandabuzekiyo malunga eventual sikazwelonke xa Bulgarians kwaye Austro-Hungarians wanikela enkulu amanani troops ukuba subdue i-uprising. I-guerrillas baba ukuvala kwi Niš ebutsheni Matshi xa occupying imikhosi waya kwi ulwim. Pećanac advised yakhe fighters ukufihla ngaphandle kwi-emithini kunye neentaba, ngexesha Vojinović ilungisiwe bakhe ukuba balwe ukuba ukufa. Nge-25 Matshi, uprising bebe crushed.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitrovi.C4.872007248.E2.80.93259-10 [10]] Pećanac ke, intatho-nxaxheba ukuchasa weza e-elikhulu personal iindleko; ezintathu abantwana bayo wafa ngeli xesha kwi-Bulgarian internment.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2015108-11 [11]]

Ngoaprili 1917, Pećanac re-iyakwazi ukuhluma kunye yakhe guerrillas, attacking a railway station, ekutshabalaliseni a bridge kwaye raiding a-Bulgarian dolophana kwi umda. Pećanac kunqande ngakumbi ulwim yi-umsebenzi imikhosi ngojulayi yi-disappearing kwi iintaba kwakhona. Emva ezivelayo ixeshana elifutshane, ngoseptemba–oktobha 1917 Pećanac kwakhona dispersed yakhe guerrillas kwaye infiltrated i - Austro-isihungarian uxakekile eselunxwemeni, apho lowo ahlala kuyo hiding de mid-1918.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitrovi.C4.872007261.E2.80.93273-12 [12]] Ngexesha lakhe ixesha kwi-hiding, wahlangana kunye Kosovar isialbania inkokeli Azem Galica ukuxoxa edibeneyo iintshukumo ngokuchasene umsebenzi imikhosi.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm2002262-13 [13]]

Pećanac waba kakhulu ngabemi nani kwi-Chetnik yokuhamba-hamba ngexesha interwar xesha.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet200647-14 [14]] Ngexesha 1920-Siseko yowiso-mthetho konyulo, Prime Umphathiswa Nikola Pašić wathumela Pećanac ukuba Sandžak nge odolo ukuba intimidate yobulali Muslim bonke kwi-ithemba ukugcina turnout low.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group8_April_2005-15 [15]] Kulo nyaka, azame yi-Yugoslav urhulumente ukuba disarm kwaye conscript Kosovo Albanians aqubisana revolts. Pećanac lathunyelwa Kosovo ukuba ifomu detachments made phezulu ka-wobulali Serbs ekulweni i-rebels. Oku ngenxa kwi-bavukela olubulalayo kwi Serb villages.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm2002274-16 [16]]

Pećanac kokuba ephambili indima ebalulekileyo kwimeko - Association ngokuchasene-Bulgarian Bandits, i-umbutho ukuze arbitrarily terrorised Bulgarians kwi - Štip mmandla.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet200647-14 [14]] kanjalo njengosihlalo a omncinci kunye Umbutho we Yugoslav Nationalists (ORJUNA).[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2012158-17 [17]] Pećanac waba langoku njengelungu lepalamente ngomhla assassination ka - gurmukhi Peasant Iqela (HSS) inkokeli Stjepan Radić kwaye HSS deputies Pavle Radić kwaye Đuro Basariček ngomhla we-20 juni 1928. Phambi shooting, waba umtyholwa yi-HSS usekela - Ivan Pernar yokuba eliphathiswe a kwendyikityha yokufa ka-200 Muslims ngowe-1921.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenny2012410-18 [18]]

Pećanac waba ngumongameli we-Chetnik Association ngowe-1932.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975126-19 [19]] Yi-ukuvula ngamalungu ebhunga Chetnik Association entsha younger amalungu ukuba engafikanga wasebenza kwi-Imfazwe Yehlabathi mna, yena lukhule umbutho ngexesha 1930s ukusuka nationalist veterans' association focused kwi ukukhusela veterans' amalungelo i-aggressively * zingathathi icala elithile Serb ezopolitiko umbutho kunye 500,000 amalungu kulo lonke Ubukumkani Eyugoslavia.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton1985188-20 [20]] Ngeli xesha, Pećanac bamisela vala ties kunye kude kube ngoku-ilungelo Yugoslav Ngokugqibeleleyo Union urhulumente milancity in italy Stojadinović.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200752-21 [21]] Pećanac waba ezaziwayo kuba yakhe hostility ukuba Communist Iqela ka-Eyugoslavia, oko kwenziwa kuye ethandwa kakhulu kunye conservatives, ingakumbi abo kwi-Stojadinović ke umntu.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilazzo197519-22 [22]][./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975120-23 [23]]

Kufutshane nje phambi Axis invasion Yobukumkani ka-Eyugoslavia ngoaprili 1941, Pećanac waba eceliweyo yi - Yugoslav Kubulungiseleli ka-Umkhosi kwaye Nevi ukulungiselela guerrilla imisebenzi kwaye balinde e-afrika indawo Saseserbia, Makedoni, kwaye Kosovo ukusuka pro-Bulgarians kwaye pro-Albanians rebels. Yena sanikwa imali kwaye zesintu, zize zilawulwe ukuba ingalo eziliqela anamashumi abantu kwi - Toplica River intlambo kwi-e-afrika Saseserbia. Pećanac ke umkhosi zihleli intact emva isijamani umsebenzi ka-Saseserbia kwaye supplemented yayo ukomelela ukusuka Serb refugees fleeing Makedoni kwaye Kosovo. Pećanac ke detachments walwa ngokuchasene isialbania ngamakhamandela kwi-kwangoko ehlotyeni 1941.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975126-19 [19]] ngeli xesha kwaye kuba considerable ixesha emva, kuphela detachments phantsi Pećanac baba yafumanisa ukuba yi elithi Chetnik.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975127-24 [24]] Kunye kuvuka ye-communist Partisans, Pećanac wanika phezulu na inzala kwi ucinga kwaye ngokuthi emva kwexesha agasti ufikelele izivumelwano kunye kunye isiserbia puppet urhulumente kwaye isijamani abasemagunyeni ukuba ukuzithwala ngaphandle olubulalayo ngokuchasene Partisans.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975127-24 [24]][./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts197321-25 [25]]

Xa wayeneminyaka concluding amalungiselelo kunye Germans, ngomhla we-18 agasti 1941 Pećanac wafumana ileta evela Draža Mihailović ucela isivumelwano abe ufikelele apho Pećanac ingaba ukulawula Chetniks afrika ye - Western Morava River ngexesha Mihailović ingaba ukulawula Chetniks kuzo zonke ezinye iindawo.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975127.E2.80.93128-26 [26]] Pećanac kwehla lakhe isicelo kwaye wacebisa ukuba abe kunikela Mihailović i - oyintloko abasebenzi kunye indawo kwaye elicetyiswayo Mihailović ke detachments disband kwaye ukungena yakhe detachments. Kwesi sithuba, Pećanac kokuba arranged kuba unikezelo eziliqela amabini yakhe Chetniks kwi-opt. Gendarmerie ukuba enze njengoko isijamani auxiliaries.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001183-27 [27]]

Ngomhla we-27 agasti, Pećanac ekhutshwe i-vula Isihlokomiso ukuba Mhlekazi Abantu, apho lowo portrayed ngokwakhe njengoko a defender kwaye protector ka-Serbs kwaye ngokuba kwi detachments ukuba zithe bamisela ngaphandle yakhe ukuvunywa ukuba kuza kunye phantsi umyalelo wakhe. Yena lanyanzelisa ukuba abantu hiding kwi-forests ngoko nangoko babuyele emakhayeni abo kwaye ukuba izenzo sabotage ngokuchasene occupiers yekani okanye abenzi bobubi ingaba ubuso ukufa.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975128-28 [28]]

Ngoseptemba 1941, ezinye Pećanac ke subordinates waphula izintlu ukungena kunye Partisans kwidabi lokulwa i-Germans kwaye zabo isiserbia auxiliaries. Kwi-Kopaonik kummandla, ngaphambili loyal subordinate ka-Pećanac waqalisa attacking wobulali gendarmerie stations kwaye clashing kunye armed ngamakhamandela ka-isialbania Muslims. Yi end ka-oktobha, Germans kugqitywe ukumisa arming unreliable ezibini ngaphakathi Pećanac ke Chetniks, kwaye iqhotyoshelwe intsalela yabo ezinye isiserbia auxiliary imikhosi.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilazzo197528.E2.80.9329-29 [29]]

Ngomhla we-7 oktobha 1941, Pećanac uthumele isicelo milancity in italy Nedić, intloko ye - opt. puppet urhulumente, kuba stronger umbutho, supplies, zikhali, umvuzo imali, kwaye ngaphezulu. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, lakhe izicelo zazalisekiswa kwaye isijamani liaison igosa wonyulwa e Pećanac ke headquarters ukunceda kuququzelela iintshukumo. Ngokunxulumene isijamani data, ngomhla we-17 kweyomqungu 1942 72 Chetnik amagosa kwaye 7,963 abantu baba ekubeni kumiselweyo ngumthetho i-opt. Gendarmerie Umyalelo. Oku wawa emfutshane ye-ubukhulu wagunyazisa ubungakanani 8,745 abantu kwaye oku kubandakanya ezimbini okanye ezintathu amabini ka-Mihailović ke Chetniks ababe legalized novemba 1941.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975127-24 [24]] enye inyanga, Pećanac bafune imvume kwi-Prussia kuba imikhosi yakhe ukusa kwi-empuma Igreece, kodwa waba wala phezu isi-Italian yethutyana ukuba Chetniks ingaba yiya kwi Sandžak.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilazzo197544.E2.80.9345-30 [30]]

Ngoaprili 1942, isijamani Commanding Jikelele kwi-Saseserbia, Jikelele der Artillerie (Jikelele) Upawulos Bader, ekhutshwe ii-odolo zinika iyunithi amanani M–39 ukuya M–101 ukuya Pećanac Chetnik detachments, ezaye beka phantsi umyalelo wenkundla wobulali isijamani ukwahlula okanye indawo umyalelo ngeposi. Ezi ii-odolo kanjalo ufune deployment a isijamani liaison igosa nabo bonke detachments owenza imisebenzi, kwaye limited zabo yokuhamba-hamba ngaphandle zabo yabelwe indawo. Kombane ka-izikhali kwaye ammunition waye kanjalo controlled.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975195-31 [31]] ngojulayi 1942, Mihailović arranged kuba Yugoslav urhulumente--exile ukuba denounce Pećanac njengokuba traitor.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts197363-32 [32]] Yakhe siqhubeke ngentsebenziswano ruined yintoni zihleli ye-reputation kokuba kwaphuhliswa kwi-Balkan kwiimfazwe Imfazwe Yehlabathi I.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200759-33 [33]]

I-Germans kamsinya ifumanise ukuba Pećanac ke iiyunithi baba inefficient, unreliable, abancinane military sebenzisa. Pećanac ke Chetniks yithi rhoqo clashed kwaye kokuba rivalries kunye nezinye isijamani auxiliaries, ezifana opt. State Balinde kwaye isiserbia Volunteer Umyalelo, ngokunjalo ne-Mihailović ke Chetniks.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazi.C4.87201129.E2.80.9330-34 [34]] - Germans kwaye puppet urhulumente yaqalisa disbanding kwabo ngoseptemba 1942, kwaye zonke kodwa omnye baba iintsinjana yi end ka-1942. Yokugqibela detachment waba iintsinjana Ngomatshi wama-1943. Pećanac ke abalandeli baba dispersed kwezinye isijamani auxiliary imikhosi, isijamani nabasebenzi iiyunithi, kwaye prisoner-imfazwe camps. Abaninzi deserted ukungena Mihailović. Akukho nto yaziwa ka-Pećanac ke imisebenzi inyanga ukuba abalandela ngaphandle kokuba okokuba waye interned kuba abanye ixesha yi-opt. puppet urhulumente.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975128.2C_195-35 [35]]

Ii-akhawunti Pećanac ke gcina nokufa vary. Ngokunxulumene enye i-akhawunti, Pećanac, zine - - - wakhe iinkokeli kwaye 40 zabo abalandeli baba captured yi-imikhosi loyal ukuba Mihailović ngofebruwari 1944. Zonke abulawa zingaphelanga iintsuku ngaphandle kokuba Pećanac, abo ahlala kuyo custody ukubhala zakhe zemfazwe memoirs phambi kokuzalwa usetyenzisiwe ngomhla we-5 Meyi 1944.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazi.C4.87201129.E2.80.9330-34 [34]] Omnye umthombo states waba assassinated ngomhla we-6 juni 1944 yi-Chetniks loyal ukuba Mihailović.[./Kosta_Pećanac#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975260-36 [36]]




#Article 307: Serbs (386 words)


Isiserbia (српски / srpski, ) ingaba standardized ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ye - Serbo-gurmukhi ulwimi kakhulu olusetyenziswa yi - Serbs. kubalulekile igosa ulwimi Saseserbia kwaye omnye ezintathu zaseburhulumenteni ka - armenia. Ukongeza, kuyinto lunxulumano minority ulwimi kwi - Igreece,), awathi kanjalo isiseko Esezantsi i-croatian, Isibosnian, kwaye Montenegrin. ezinye dialect kuthethwa nge-Serbs ngu Torlakian kwi-southeastern Saseserbia, nto leyo amalungiselelo exesha ukuba Macedonian kwaye Bulgarian.

Isiserbia ngu practically kuphela European esezantsi ulwimi kunye uzalise synchronic digraphia, a Slavic ulwimi (Indo-European), i - South Slavic subgroup. Ezinye standardized iifomu ka-Serbo-gurmukhi ingaba Isibosnian, i-croatian, kwaye Montenegrin. Oko sele thoba intelligibility kunye Empuma Afrika Slavic iilwimi - Bulgarian kwaye Macedonian, kunokuba kunye Slovene (Slovene yinxalenye Kwintshona Afrika Slavic subgroup, kodwa zisekhona ezibalulekileyo neeyantlukwano kwi-sigama, isijamani kwaye  ubizo: ukuba standardized iifomu ka-Serbo-gurmukhi, nangona kubalulekile kukufutshane ukuba Kajkavian kwaye Chakavian dialects ka-Serbo-gurmukhi).

Amanani ka-speakers ngokunxulumene amazwe:

Isiserbia waba igosa ulwimi Igreece de 2007 xa omtsha - Siseko ka-Igreece endaweni-Siseko ka-1992. Phakathi kuchaswa ukusuka pro-opt. amaqela, - Montenegrin ulwimi lenziwa i-sole esemthethweni ulwimi lizwe, kwaye isiserbia sanikwa ubume a recognised minority ulwimi ihamba kunye Isibosnian, isialbania, kwaye i-croatian.

Ngokunxulumene 2011 census, 42.88% ngxi kuvakalisa isiserbia ukuba abe zabo s ulwimi, xa Montenegrin ngu wavakalisa yi-36.97% bonke.

Esezantsi isiserbia ulwimi usebenzisa zombini i-cyrillic (, ) kwaye Latin: (, ).

Nangona isiserbia ulwimi abasemagunyeni kuba lunxulumano igosa ubume kunye ashicilelwe phantsi kwi-contemporary Esezantsi isiserbia kuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha a century ngoku, ngenxa zembali izizathu, Isicyrillic script lenziwa inkqubo esemthethweni script ka-Saseserbia ke yolawulo yi-2006 - Siseko. nangona Kunjalo, umthetho akakwazi ukulawula ashicilelwe phantsi kwi standard ulwimi, okanye esezantsi ulwimi ngokwayo nangayiphina, eshiya ukukhetha script njengoko umcimbi of personal preference kwaye free ndiya kuyo yonke imiba yobomi (papasha, namajelo eendaba, urhwebo kunye commerce, njl. njl.), ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente paperwork imveliso kwaye igosa ukubhalwa unxibelelwano kunye karhulumente amagosa, apho kufuneka kuba Isicyrillic. Nkqu esemthethweni urhulumente amaxwebhu eli-siseko yokuba zilawulwe ngu kuyanqaphazekaarely isetyenzisiwe. Isiserbia yi rare umzekelo synchronic digraphia, imeko apho bonke literate amalungu base kuba isibini interchangeable yokubhala iindlela ezikhoyo kubo. Media kwaye publishers ngokuqhelekileyo khetha enye alphabet okanye enye. Umzekelo, uluntu broadcaster, Radio Lwethelevijini ka-Saseserbia, predominantly isebenzisa i-cyrillic script njengoko ngasese sebenzisa amaziko osasazo, njenge RTV Pink, predominantly sebenzisa Latin script.

A uphando ukususela ngowama-2014 lwabonisa ukuba 47% isiserbia bonke favors i-Latin alphabet njengoko 36% favors i-Isicyrillic omnye.

I - hlela umyalelo wenkundla  alphabet:

I - hlela umyalelo wenkundla  alphabet:




#Article 308: 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (209 words)


I - 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A waba 58th uhlelo lwemfundiso Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, phezulu-inqanaba elinolwazi name kwi-Brazil. Cruzeiro, wayekhusela champions, uphumelele isihloko se-okwesibini kumqolo anesine kwinto yonke. I-championship wayenolwazi isithuba phakathi ninth kwaye oweshumi umjikelo we ngenxa 2014 FIFA World Cup, apho obubanjwe phakathi juni kwaye julayi kwi-Brazil.Cruzeiro wathabatha kukhokela kwi-macala onke 6 kwaye ukususela ngoko kwi, staying ngaloo indawo, ifumana i-isihloko emva 2-1 victory phezu Goiás kwi - Mineirão stadium, umjikelo 36. 

Kwelinye icala itheyibhile, Criciúma, ukuba ndikulo relegation eselunxwemeni ukusukela umjikelo 17, kwaye igcine lokugqibela kwindawo ukusukela umjikelo 30, waba relegated emva 1-1 zoba ngokuchasene Flamengo, kanjalo kwi-macala onke 36. Ngendlela elandelayo macala onke, Botafogo waba relegated emva yokulahla ukuba Santos ngo 2-0. Kwi-umjikelo wokugqibela, Palmeiras, ngaphandle kuphela yokufumana a zoba yayo yokugqibela thelekisa, ngokuchasene Atlético Paranaense, guaranteed yayo survival kwi kuqala ukwahlula emva uyawoyisa yayo competitors, Vitória kwaye boa_ vista.

Kuba twelfth consecutive lokulima, tournament ngu idlalwe kwi double umjikelo-robin indlela. Eli qela kunye kakhulu inani amanqaku ekupheleni kwexesha lokulima ngu wavakalisa champion, ngexesha ezantsi ezine njengesiqhelo ingaba relegated kwaye ukudlala kwi - Campeonato Brasileiro Série B kwi-2015 lokulima.

I-Série A usebenza njengokuba qualifier ukuba CONMEBOL's 2015 Copa Libertadores. Phezulu-ezintathu njengesiqhelo kwi-imiphakamo bafanele ukuba Yesibini Iqonga le-ukhuphiswano, ngeli wesine indawo kwi-imiphakamo bafanele Ekuqaleni Kwethuba.




#Article 309: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (252 words)


I-Série A yiyona ntlukwano ebalulekileyo yebhola yaseBrazil. Ngoku iqulunqwe ngamaqela angama-20, apho amaqela angama-4 asezantsi avela kwi-Série A aphelelwa ngaphandle kwaye amaqela aphezulu angama-4 avela kwi-Serie B aphakanyiswa.

Ngokomlando, ubuqhankqalazi babedume ngokungazilungelelanisi kakhulu, kuba nemithetho yayo ishintshile ukususela kwixesha ukuya kwixesha (kunye ngamanye amaxesha nakwixesha eliphakathi kwenkathi), ngokubanzi ukukhusela amakilabhu emveli ukuba angabandakanywa (ngokukodwa ngo-1993, 1996 no-2000) okanye ngenxa yokuba Zetyala ezifakwe ngamachule ukuze zikhusele ukuba zixhomekeke (1997 no-2000). Nangona kunjalo, ukususela ngo-2003, i-Série A iye yaphikisana kwifom ye-double-robin format. Ngamanye amagama, iqela ngalinye lidlala ngokumelene nekhaya kwaye kude, kwaye iqela elinamanqaku amaninzi lichazwe njengeqhawe. Akukho mdlalo wokugqibela, ongowomxholo onzima kakhulu. Ngaphambi kuka-2003, iqela lobungqina beBrazil liye lagqitywa ngohlobo oluthile lwefomathi (ikakhulukazi i-Octagonal), apho amaqela aphezulu angama-8 aqhelekileyo aquka iqela elilodwa lokuphelisa), kunokuba imodeli yaseYurophu yamanqaku aqokelelwe ngexesha lonyaka . Nangona ezinye i-purist zikhalaza ukuba le nkqubo ayikho umdlalo we-playoffs kunye neyokugqibela, iqela liye labonisa ukuba lilungelelanise, ngaphandle kwenani elilinganiselwe lamagosa alawulwa kwilungu njengoko kufumaneka kwiilwimi ezininzi zaseYurophu.

Ngo-2005, iqela ngalinye lidlale imidlalo ye-42, i-21 ekhaya kunye ne-21, ukuya kuma-462 imidlalo. Iqhawe kunye nomgijimi-ogijima ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-Cup Libertadores ka-2006. Iqela lesithathu kunye neyesine elibekwayo lingaphinda limele iBrazil kwiiLebertadores ngokutshayisa amaqela angaphandle angagqitywa yiConmebol kwiilingo zangaphambili. Iqhawe kunye ne-5 ukuya kwe-11 ibeke amaqela aphumelele ilungelo lokumela iBrazil kwiCopa Sudamericana, elinye iqela lobungqina baseMzantsi Melika lobunzima obuphantsi. Iinqanaba ezine zokugqibela (ii-19, 20, 21 neye-22) zaxhaswa kwiSérie B.

Iimidlalo ezilishumi elinanye zokhuphiswano luka-2005 zachithwa ngenxa yesikhalazo sokulungisa umdlalo kwaye kwafuneka ziphindwe.

Ngonyaka we-2006, inani labadlali behlisiwe liye lancipha ukuya kuma-20, kwaye ii-CBF zibiza ukuba ifomathi ecacileyo.




#Article 310: Guarani FC (317 words)


Guarani Futebol Clube yi Isijapani name club ebekwe kwi - Campinas, São Paulo. Yinto eyaziwa njenge Bugre, ethandwa kakhulu ixesha kuba i - Indigenous Isijapani, kwaye yayo supporters eyaziwayo njengoko bugrinos.

Guarani Futebol Clube waba waseka ngoaprili 1, 1911, kwisixeko Campinas, São Paulo, njengoko Guarany Name Club, yi-nyathelo 12 Gymnasio ingaba Estado (ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba Culto à Ciência) abafundi, kubandakanywa Pompeo de Vito, Hernani Felippo Matallo kwaye Vicente Matallo. Abo abafundi idla idlalwe name e Praça Carlos Gomes. Vicente Matallo waba Guarani ke, umongameli wokuqala. Guarani waba officially waseka ngoaprili 1, 1911, nangona kunjalo ukuphepha jokes ke eyenziwe supporters ka-rival njengesiqhelo ngenxa association kunye epreli i-fool ngu Mhla, abalawuli bakhe Guarani itshintshe igosa foundation umhla ngoaprili 2, 1911. Guarani sathiywa emva maestro Antônio Carlos Gomes' i-opera Il Guarany. Antônio Carlos Gomes wazalwa ngowe-Campinas, Brazil, kwaye enye uninzi elibalulekileyo nineteenth century ezimiseleyo composers.

Ngowe-1949, Guarani uphumelele Campeonato Paulista Yesibini uphinda-phindo, gaining ilungelo ukudlala kwi kuqala ukwahlula ngendlela elandelayo nyaka.

Njengoko ka-2012, Guarani kuphela Isijapani kweli icala iqela ukuba kuba uphumelele yesizwe championship (hayi ukubala Santos, ukususela nangona kunjalo Santos ayikho kwimo eyinkunzi, ifumaneka unxweme). Le club uphumelele Campeonato Brasileiro ngowe - 1978, emva defeating Palmeiras.

Ngowe-1979, club yaba semi-finalist kwi - Copa Libertadores, kodwa waba eliminated yi - Club Olimpia, apho ingaba kamva baba champion. Oku kwaba Guarani ke, eyona ndlela yokusebenza kwi-ngamazwe competitions kumhla.

Ngo-2016, Guarani umntu kuba playoff semifinals ka - 2016 Campeonato Brasileiro Série M, njalo ukuqinisekisa kubuyela Serie B emva zine - - - -ngonyaka kubekho.

Guarani ke stadium ngu Estádio Brinco de Ouro da Princesa, wakha ngomhla we-31 Meyi, 1953, kunye ubukhulu umthamo we 30,988 abantu.

Guarani ke wemiceli-rival ngu Ponte Preta, abaye kanjalo isichotho ukusuka Campinas. I-imidlalo phakathi Guarani kwaye Ponte Preta eyaziwayo njengoko Derby Campineiro.

Ezi zinto zilandelayo footballers, abo bathe idlalwe kuba Guarani e abanye incopho ngexesha labo careers, represented Brazil kwi - FIFA World Cup:

Phezulu 5 likhulu scorers




#Article 311: Recopa Sul-Brasileira (115 words)


I - Recopa Sul-Brasileira yaba Isijapani name ukhuphiswano reuniting i-champions ka-ezine ezinye competitions, apho kukho Copa FPF, Copa Paraná, Copa Santa Catarina kwaye Copa FGF, kunye idlalwe ngu njengesiqhelo ka - São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina kwaye Rio Grande ingaba Sul. Kwaba officially lunxulumano yi - Isijapani Name Confederation. yokhuphiswano ke kuqala edition waba idlalwe kwi-2007.

Iqala kwi-2007, ukhuphiswano waba idlalwe nge sine njengesiqhelo kwi-u-stages, yokuqala ekubeni semifinals, kwaye yesibini ekubeni yokugqibela, idlalwe yi-semifinals winners. Unyaka ngamnye, omnye ezine ukuba bathathe inxaxheba states abaququzeleli yokhuphiswano.

Kwi-2007, ezi zinto zilandelayo njengesiqhelo yathatha inxaxheba ka-yokhuphiswano:

Ngo-2008, ezi zinto zilandelayo njengesiqhelo yathatha inxaxheba ka-yokhuphiswano:

Ngo-2009, ezi zinto zilandelayo njengesiqhelo yathatha inxaxheba ka-yokhuphiswano:

Ngo-2010, i-zilandelayo njengesiqhelo yathatha inxaxheba ka-yokhuphiswano:




#Article 312: 1937 Copa dos Campeões Estaduais (167 words)


I - 1937 Copa dos Campeões Estaduais inikwe ingxelo esemthethweni tournament umbutho yi-ngoku defunct Isijapani Name Federation (FBF), kwaye aimed ukuba incopho i-Isijapani champion ngelo xesha. kwaba okwesibini a urhulumente champions indebe kwenzeka kwi-Brazil.

Yokhuphiswano azisa kunye 1936 champions of the state leagues ka - Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Campeonato Mineiro kwaye Campeonato Capixaba, kwaye waba idlalwe kwi-umjikelo-robin kuba amanqaku iindlela. Inkqubo ifumana iqela waba Clube Atlético Mineiro.

I-1936 tournament waba oqingqiweyo yi - Isijapani Name Federation Januar 1937 kwaye igcine kwi league ifomati (round robin) kunye ekhaya kwaye kude legs. Abathathi-nxaxheba baba isihlanu urhulumente champions ka-1936 kwaye kwigqiza labathunywa ye-emidlalo club ye-nevi, apho umntu ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yangaphakathi nkqubo. Ukuba bathathe inxaxheba njengesiqhelo baba:

Atlético, Fluminense kwaye Portuguesa baba ngokuzenzekelayo umntu. Abanye abathathi-nxaxheba idlalwe kuba enye indawo:

Ophumeleleyo waba Atlético kunye zilandelayo iqela: Kafunga, Clóvis – Florindo, Quim – Zezé Procópio, Lola, Bala, Alcindo – Paulista, Abraz, Alfredo Bernardino, Bazzoni, Guará, Nicola, Resende, Elair – Coach: Floriano Peixoto Corrêa. Atlético idla idlalwe kwi 2-3-5 ukumiselwa kwebandla.




#Article 313: Brazil national football team (3178 words)


I - Brazil wesizwe name iqela () limele Brazil kwi-ngamazwe abantu ke association name. Brazil ngu yanikezela yi - Isijapani Name Confederation (CBF), elawula umzimba kuba name kwi-Brazil. Baya zithe ilungu FIFA ukusukela ngo-1923 kwaye ilungu CONMEBOL ukusukela 1916. Brazil lelona ngempumelelo wesizwe name qela kwi-ngamazwe ukhuphiswano, ifumana i - FIFA World Cup ezintlanu umphinda-phinde ngo: 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 kwaye 2002. Brazil kanjalo ingaba eyona yayo yonke yokusebenza kwi World Cup imbali kuzo zombini iliza elingunxantathu kwaye elililo imiqathango kunye imbali 70 victories kwi-104 iyahambelana idlalwe, 119 imbono umahluko, 227 amanqaku kwaye kuphela 17 ilahleko. - Brazil kuphela iqela lesizwe ukuya kuba idlalwe kuzo zonke Indebe Yehlabathi iintlelo ngaphandle na okanye kubekho imfuneko playoffs.  - seleção kanjalo kakhulu ngempumelelo wesizwe qela kwi - FIFA Confederations Indebe nabane amaphawu: 1997, 2005, ngo-2009 kwaye 2013, ekubeni holder ka-yokugqibela iwonga tournament.

National name njengesiqhelo ka-Brazil, i - Argentina kwaye France kukho kuphela wesizwe njengesiqhelo ukuba kuba uphumelele ezintathu ibaluleke kakhulu abantu ke, amaphawu lunxulumano yi - FIFA: Indebe Yehlabathi, Confederations Indebe, kwi-olimpiki tournament. Baya kuba kanjalo uphumelele bazo continental championship (Copa América kuba Brazil Argentina, kwaye UEFA European Championship kuba France).

Brazil ingaba zonke-ixesha ephezulu avareji Name Elo Umyinge kunye 2017.9, kwaye wesithathu lonke ixesha ephezulu Name Elo Umyinge kunye 2160 ngowe-1962, kuphela emva Hungary Indlela: Iqela ka-1954 kwaye isijamani iqela yowama-2014. Abaninzi elibalulekileyo commentators cinga i-Brazil iqela le 1970 ukuya kuba likhulu association name iqela ngonaphakade, nangona abanye argue kunjalo kuba ezinye njengesiqhelo, ezifana Brazil iqela ka-1958 okanye 1962, kunye honorary mentions kuba gifted 1982 icala.

Brazil kuphela iqela lesizwe ukuya kuba uphumelele Indebe Yehlabathi kwi ezine ezahlukeneyo continents: xa Aseyurophu (1958 Sweden), kanye Emzantsi Emelika (1962 Chile), kabini North America (1970 Mexico kwaye 1994 sasemerika) kwaye kanye kwi-e-Asia (2002 Korea/Sasejapan). Baye kanjalo share kunye Spain imbali 35 consecutive ngamazwe iyahambelana undefeated.

Kubalulekile ngokubanzi babekholelwa ukuba lokuqala lomdlalo we-Isijapani wesizwe name. ke 1914 uthelekiso phakathi Rio de Janeiro kwaye São Paulo khetha iqela kwaye isixhosa club Exeter Isixeko, ebibanjwe kwi - Fluminense ke stadium. - Brazil uphumelele 2-0 nge njongo ngu-Oswaldo Gomes kwaye Osman, nangona kubalulekile thathwa ukuba thelekisa yaba 3-3 zoba.

Kwi-umahluko yalo elizayo impumelelo, iqela lesizwe ke kwangoko appearances bengengabo brilliant. Enye phambi kwexesha iyahambelana idlalwe ngethuba ukuba ixesha ziquka eziliqela eyobuhlobo imidlalo ngokuchasene Argentina (ekubeni woyisa 3-0), Chile (kuqala ngowe-1916) kwaye Uruguay (wokuqala ngojulayi 12, 1916). nangona Kunjalo, kukhokelele yi-goalscoring abilities ka - Aph Friedenreich, baba victorious ekhaya kwi - Afrika i-american Championships ngowe - 1919, repeating zabo victory, kanjalo ekhaya, ngowe - 1922.

Ngowe-1930, Brazil idlalwe kwi - lokuqala World Cup, ebibanjwe kwi-Uruguay ngowe-1930. I-squad woyisa Bolivia kodwa khangela ukuba Eyugoslavia, ekubeni eliminated ukususela ukhuphiswano. Baye balahleka lokuqala macala onke, ukuba Spain ngowe - 1934 kwi - Italy, kodwa ufikelele semi-finals kwi - France ngowe - 1938, ekubeni woyisa ngo 2-1 eventual winners Italy. Brazil baba kuphela emzantsi Afrika i-american iqela ukuthatha inxaxheba kolu ukhuphiswano.

Emva ekubeni victorious kwi wesithathu emzantsi Afrika i-american Championship ngowe - 1949 Brazil kuqala kwenzeka ngamazwe prominence xa oko lonwabisa i - 1950 FIFA World Cup. Eli qela sangena yokugqibela umdlalo we-final round, ngokuchasene Uruguay e Estádio ingaba Maracanã kwi-Rio, kokufuna kuphela zoba ukuphumelela Indebe Yehlabathi. Uruguay, nangona kunjalo, uphumelele uthelekiso kunye Nendebe kwi umdlalo waziwa njengo i-Maracanazo. Uthelekiso kukhokelele ixesha wesizwe ngokulila.

Kuba 1954 Indebe Yehlabathi kwi-Senegal, Isijapani iqela waba ke phantse ngokupheleleyo renovated, kunye iqela colours ezitshintshiweyo (entsha uyilo yi - Aldyr Schlee) ukususela zonke mhlophe ukuba etyheli, blue kwaye oluhlaza yesizwe iflegi, xana i-Maracanazo, kodwa nangona kunjalo kokuba iqela inkwenkwezi abadlali. Brazil ufikelele kwikota-zokugqibela, apho baye babethwa 4-2 yi-tournament favourites Hungary kwi omnye ugliest ezingqamanayo name imbali, yaziwa njenge Idabi Berne.

Kuba i - 1958 Indebe Yehlabathi, i-Brazil baba ngokulinganayo! kwi-iqela ne England, USSR kwaye Austria. Baya wambetha Austria 3-0 zabo kuqala thelekisa, ngoko ke kutsalwe 0-0 ne England. Phambi thelekisa, coach Vicente Feola made ezintathu substitutions okokuba baba crucial kuba Brazil ukuba yoyisa Soviets: Zito, Garrincha kwaye Pelé. Ukususela kick-ngaphandle, abo bagcina phezulu uxinzelelo relentlessly, kwaye emva ezintathu imizuzu, ezaye kamva njengoko kuchaziwe elikhulu ezintathu imizuzu kwi-imbali name, Vavá wanika i-Brazil baphile. Baya uphumelele uthelekiso ngo 2-0. Pelé scored kuphela imbono yabo kwikota-zokugqibela thelekisa ngokuchasene Wales, kwaye baya wambetha France 5-2 kwi-semi-zokugqibela. Brazil ke wambetha Sweden 5-2 kwi final, ifumana yabo yokuqala World Cup kwaye wokuba lokuqala isizwe ukuphumelela i-World Cup isihloko ngaphandle eyakhe lizwekazi.

Kwi - 1962 Indebe Yehlabathi, i-Brazil earned yayo yesibini isihloko kunye Garrincha njengoko inkwenkwezi umdlali, mantle kwaye uxanduva wabeka phezu kwakhe emva rhoqo talisman, Pelé, waba injured ngexesha yesibini iqela thelekisa ngokuchasene Czechoslovakia kwaye ayikwazi ukudlala kuba kuphumla ye-tournament.

Kwi - 1966 Indebe Yehlabathi, i-Brazil kokuba zabo eyona imbi yokusebenza kwi World Cup. I-1966 tournament waba wakhumbula kuba yayo excessively yesitalato dlala, kwaye Pelé kwakukho omnye abadlali uninzi ezichaphazelekayo. Ngokuchasene Portugal, eziliqela violent tackles yi-isiphuthukezi defenders wenza Pelé ukushiya uthelekiso kunye tournament. Brazil ezilahlekileyo oku thelekisa kwaye waba eliminated lokuqala umjikelo ka-Indebe Yehlabathi okokuqala ukususela 1934. Abanalo ayiphumelelanga ukufikelela knockout stages ka-yokhuphiswano ukusukela. Brazil waba yesibini isizwe ukuba abe eliminated lokuqala umjikelo xa ubambe Indebe Yehlabathi kubathwesa zilandelayo Italy ngowe-1950. Emva 2002, 2010 kwaye 2014 Ihlabathi Cups, France, Italy kwaye Spain baba kanjalo yongezelela olu luhlu. Emva tournament, Pelé wavakalisa ukuba akazange unqwenela ukudlala kwi World Cup kwakhona. Nonetheless, wabuyela ngowe-1970.

Brazil uphumelele yayo wesithathu Indebe Yehlabathi kwi-Mexico kwi - 1970 Indebe Yehlabathi. Oko fielded oko sele ukususela ngoko rhoqo. mbasa eyona Indebe Yehlabathi name squad ngonaphakade, ebelikhokelwa Pelé wakhe wokugqibela Indebe Yehlabathi finals, umphathi-mikhosi Carlos Alberto Torres, Jairzinho, Tostão, Gérson kwaye Rivelino. Nkqu nokuba Garrincha kokuba retired, eli qela kwakukho kwaye umkhosi ukuba abe reckoned kunye. Baya uphumelele zonke ezintandathu zabo imidlalo—ngokuchasene Czechoslovakia, England kwaye Romania ngexesha leqela dlala, kwaye ngokuchasene Eperu, Uruguay kwaye Italy kwi-knockout umjikelo we. Jairzinho waba yesibini phezulu scorer kunye iinjongo ezisixhenxe; Pelé ugqibile nabane njongo. Brazil wawaphakamisela i - Jules Rimet indebegenericname kuba ilixa lesithathu (yokuqala isizwe ukwenza njalo), apho ukuqwalasela okuthethwayo ukuba babeza bavunyelwe ukuba awugcine. A septemba waba ke igunyazise, nangona izakuba 24 eminyaka phambi Brazil uphumelele ke kwakhona.

Emva ngamazwe umhlala-phantsi ka-Pelé nezinye iinkwenkwezi kwi-1970 squad, Brazil akazange nako kuloyisa Enetherlands kwi - 1974 Indebe Yehlabathi kwi - West Ijamani, kokugqiba kunyaka wesine ndawo.

Kwisahluko sesibini iqela iqonga le - 1978 Indebe Yehlabathi, i-Brazil waba ethengisela kunye tournament abaququzeleli Argentina kuba phezulu ndawo kwaye indawo kwi-finals. Kwimo yabo yokugqibela yeqela thelekisa, Brazil woyisa Poland 3-1 ukuya phezulu leqela nge imbono umahluko ka +5. Argentina kokuba wayenolwazi imbono umahluko +2, kodwa yayo yokugqibela yeqela thelekisa, woyisa Peru 6-0, kwaye njalo umntu kuba i-final kwi-ukufanisa umtyholwa ka-ekugqibeleni-unproven thelekisa fixing. I - Isijapani iqela umntu kuba wesithathu ndawo, kwaye baba kuphela iqela ukuhlala unbeaten kwi-tournament.

Kwi - 1982 World Cup, ebibanjwe kwi-Spain, Brazil ngabona tournament ezithandwa kakhulu, kwaye lula bafudukela ngokusebenzisa phambi kwexesha yinxalenye zoba, kodwa 3-2 yoyisa kwi-Barcelona kwi-Italy, omnye classic imidlalo kwi World Cup finals imbali, eliminated kwabo ukususela tournament kwi-thelekisa ukuze babe jonga njengoko Sarriá ke, Iintlekele, referencing i-stadium ke igama. I - 1982 iqela, kunye abadlali njenge Sócrates, Zico, Falcão kwaye Éder, wakhumbula njengoko mhlawumbi elona likhulu iqela zange ukuphumelela i-World Cup.

Eziliqela abadlali, kuquka Sócrates kwaye Zico, ukususela 1982 wabuyela ukudlala kwi - 1986 Indebe Yehlabathi kwi-Mexico. I-Brazil, uzole omhle kakhulu iqela kwaye ngaphezulu disciplined defensively kweminyaka emine ngaphambi koko, zahlangana i - Michel Platini-wakhokela France kwi-kwikota-finals kwi classic ka Iyonke Name. Umdlalo idlalwe ukuya 1-1 zoba umqathango wama-ixesha, kwaye emva goalless ezingaphezulu ixesha, kuyo yonke, wehla ukuya esangezelelweyo shoot-ngaphandle, apho i-Brazil waba woyisa 4-3.

Emva 40 eminyaka, Brazil waba victorious kwi - 1989 Copa América, oku ekubeni zabo wesine victory ngeelwimi ezine tournaments lonwabisa kwi-Brazil. Ekuqaleni kowe-1990 Indebe Yehlabathi kwi-Italy, Brazil waba coached yi - Sebastião Lazaroni. Nge defensive scheme, egama engundoqo uphawu waba midfielder Dunga, phambili Careca kwaye ezintathu iziko-kwemiqolo, iqela lacked ubuchule kodwa wenza ngayo. macala onke. Brazil waba eliminated yi - Diego Maradona-wakhokela Argentina kwi-umjikelo ka-16 kwi - turincity in italy, yokulahla babo emzantsi Afrika i-american archrivals 1-0.

Brazil waya 24 eminyaka ngaphandle ifumana i-World Cup okanye nkqu athabatha inxaxheba a zokugqibela. Yabo uyasokola waphela kwi - 1994 tournament e-United States, apho ulawulo icala namakhaya yi - Romário, Bebeto, Dunga, Cláudio Taffarel kwaye Jorginho uphumelele Indebe Yehlabathi kuba ke-mbali wesine ixesha. Iphawula zabo phulo iqukiwe a 1-0 victory phezu - United States kwi-umjikelo ka-16 kwi - Firefox Francisco, 3-2 ukuphumelela phezu Enetherlands kwi-kwikota-finals kwi - Dallas, 1-0 victory phezu Sweden kwi-semi-finals kwi - Los Angeles. Oku ukumisela isixhobo i-Brazil vs. Italy kwi final kwakhona kwi-Los Angeles, esibizwa ngaphantsi 2,000 miles kude Emexico City, apho i-Brazil kokuba uphumelele yabo yangaphambili Indebe Yehlabathi ngowe-1970, ironically emva beating Italy. Emva 0-0 zoba, ukudliwa imali kicks loomed kwaye Brazil waba champions kwakhona.

Angena 1998 Indebe Yehlabathi njengoko wayekhusela champions, Brazil ugqibile name-phezulu. Emva respectable phulo ngo-oko awabetha Enetherlands kwi-izohlwayo kwi-semi-zokugqibela ukulandela 1-1 zoba, iqela ezilahlekileyo ukuba umququzeleli France 3-0 kwi - zokugqibela.

Fuelled yi - Emithathu R u (Ronaldo, Rivaldo kwaye Ronaldinho), Brazil uphumelele yayo anesihlanu championship kwi - 2002 World Cup, ebibanjwe kwi - South Korea kwaye Ejapan. Brazil wambetha zontathu ubhala ngawe kwiqela ukudlala kwi-South Korea kwaye topped iqela. Kwi-Brazil ke ivula umdlalo ngokuchasene Turkey, Ulsan, Rivaldo bawa emhlabeni clutching ubuso bakhe emva Turkey ke Hakan Ünsal kokuba ukukhatywa ibhola ngexesha lakhe legs. Rivaldo lokuphuma ulwandiso kodwa waba fined £5,180 kuba dlala-isithethi, kwaye waba lokuqala umdlali zange abe wayesohlwaywa kwi - FIFA's crackdown kwi diving. Abo knockout umjikelo ezingqamanayo Japan, Brazil woyisa Belgium 2-0 kwi - Kobe kwi-umjikelo ka-16. Ngokuchasene England kwi-kwikota-finals kwi - Shizuoka, baya uphumelele 2-1, kunye ifumana imbono esiza ukusuka i-engalindelekanga free-kick yi-Ronaldinho. I-semi-zokugqibela waba ngokuchasene Turkey kwi - Saitama; Brazil uphumelele 1-0. I - final waba phakathi kwe-Germany kwaye Brazil kwi - Yokohama, apho Ronaldo scored iinjongo ezimbini kwi-Brazil ke 2-0 koyisa. Ronaldo kanjalo uphumelele Indlela: Shoe njengoko tournament ke ezikhokelela scorer.

Brazil uphumelele 2004 Copa América, wabo wesithathu ukuphumelela ngeelwimi ezine competitions ukusukela 1997
Brazil kanjalo uphumelele 2005 FIFA Confederations Indebe kuba okwesibini. Umphathi Carlos Alberto Parreira wakha lakhe icala nge-4-2-2-2 ukumiselwa kwebandla. Nicknamed Umlingo Isikwere, attack yakhiwa jikelele ezine abadlali: Ronaldo, Adriano, Kaká kwaye Ronaldinho.

Kwi - 2006 Indebe Yehlabathi, i-Brazil uphumelele zayo zokuqala ezimbini imidlalo ngokuchasene Ecroatia (1-0) kwaye Australia (2-0). Kwi final iqela lomdlalo ngokuchasene Japan, Brazil uphumelele 4-1. Ronaldo scored kabini kwaye equalled imbali kuba eyona njongo scored kuwo onke Ehlabathini Cups. Kwi-umjikelo ka-16, Brazil wambetha Ghana 3-0. Ronaldo ke imbono waba yakhe 15th kwi World Cup imbali, beqhekeza imbali. I-Brazil, nangona kunjalo, waba eliminated kwi-kwikota-finals ngokuchasene France, yokulahla 1-0.

Dunga waba hired njengoko Brazil ke entsha iqela umphathi ngowe-2006. - Brazil ke uphumelele 2007 Copa América, apho phambili Robinho waba awarded i-Indlela: Qala kwaye gama i-tournament ke, eyona umdlali. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, Brazil uphumelele 2009 FIFA Confederations Indebe ukutywina wabo wesithathu Confederations Indebe isihloko. Kaká sathiywa njengoko umdlali ye-tournament ngexesha striker Luís Fabiano uphumelele phezulu goalscorer kweelwimi.

Kwi - 2010 Indebe Yehlabathi Emzantsi Afrika, i-Brazil uphumelele zabo zokuqala ezimbini iyahambelana ngokuchasene monaco (2-1) kwaye i-Ivory Coast (3-1), ngokulandelelana kwayo. Yabo yokugqibela thelekisa, ngokuchasene Portugal, waphela kwi 0-0 zoba. Baya faced Chile kwi-umjikelo ka-16, ifumana 3-0, nangona kwi-kwikota-zokugqibela bawa Enetherlands 2-1.

Ngojulayi 2010, Mano Menezes sathiywa njengoko Brazil ke entsha coach. Ngomhla ka-2011 Copa América, Brazil ezilahlekileyo ngokuchasene Paraguay kwaye waba eliminated kwi-kwikota-finals. Ngomhla we-4 julayi ka-2012, ngenxa nokungabikho competitive iyahambelana ngenxa yokuba iqela kokuba ngokuzenzekelayo umntu kuba 2014 Indebe Yehlabathi njengoko tournament yemikhosi, Brazil waba ranked 11th kwi - FIFA ranking, yokuqala xesha Seleção waba ruled ngaphandle phezulu ishumi ukususela ranking wenziwa ngowe-1993.

Ngonovemba 2012, coach Mano Menezes waba sacked kwaye endaweni yi - Luiz Felipe Scolari.

Ngomhla we-6 juni 2013, i-Brazil waba ranked 22nd kwi-FIFA ranking, babo nani liphantsi-ngonaphakade udidi. - Brazil ingenile 2013 Confederations Indebe kunye injongo wayekhusela zabo isihloko. Kwi final, Brazil faced Spain, ifumana 3-0 kwaye tywino zabo wesine Confederations Indebe isihloko. Neymar sathiywa umdlali ye-tournament kwaye wafumana Indlela: Ibhola Kweelwimi kwaye Adidas Bronze Shoe, kwaye Júlio César uphumelele Indlela: Glove Kweelwimi kuba eyona goalkeeper ye-tournament.

Brazil waba ngokulinganayo! kwi Qela A ka-2014 World Cup, ecaleni Ecroatia, Emexico kwaye Ebangladesh. Kwi-ukuvula i-thelekisa le tournament, Marcelo scored i-eyakho imbono kuba Ecroatia, nangona kunjalo iinjongo ezimbini ukusuka Neymar kwaye enye ukususela Oscar waguqukela umdlalo jikelele ukufumana Seleção ngaphandle ukuya ifumana qala kwi yabo yokuqala Indebe Yehlabathi kwi ekhaya umhlaba kwi-64 ubudala. eli qela ke zoba 0-0 nge-Mexico, njengoko Guillermo Ochoa ekhutshwe a man of the match yokusebenza kwi-Mexican imbono. - Brazil iqinisekiswa qualification ukuba knockout kude kube yi-defeating Ebangladesh 4-1 kunye Neymar kwakhona yenza inqaku kabini, kwaye Fred kwaye Fernandinho ekuboneleleni ezinye iinjongo.

Brazil faced Chile kwi - umjikelo ka-16, uthatha i-18th-ngomzuzu kukhokela ngokusebenzisa Udavide Luiz's kuqala imbono kuba Seleção. Kunye akukho ezinye yenza inqaku emva Alexis Sánchez's equaliser, thelekisa, waya a esangezelelweyo shootout. Brazil ekuphembeleleni 3-2, kunye Neymar, Udavide Luiz kwaye Marcelo ekuguquleni zabo kicks, kwaye goalkeeper Júlio César kugcinwa kwi Chileans Alexis Sánchez kwaye Mauricio Pinilla. eli qela kwakhona faced emzantsi Afrika i-american indawo kwi - kwikota-zokugqibela, defeating Colombia 2-1 nge njongo ukusuka kwi-central defenders Udavide Luiz kwaye iqela ukapteni Thiago Silva. Emva kwexesha kwi-thelekisa, Neymar waba zifakelwe kwi stretcher emva Juan Camilo Zúñiga's knee yamenza uqhagamshelane ne-phambili ke, emva. Neymar wathatyathelwa esibhedlele kwaye kamva diagnosed nge fractured vertebra, apho ruled kuye ngaphandle kuba intsalela tournament. Phambi oku, Neymar kokuba scored ezine iinjongo, ngaphandle kokuba omnye ukuncedisa, kwaye sele ekuthiwa man of the match kabini. Brazil faced ezinye iingxaki ozayo zabo semi-zokugqibela ngokuchasene Germany, njengoko Thiago Silva waba ukukhonza isinye-thelekisa ulwandiso yokwamkela yakhe yesibini mthubi ikhadi le-tournament kwi-kwikota-zokugqibela.  - Seleção wahamba oza kuphulukana nayo 1-7 ukuba Germans – zabo wemiceli ngonaphakade yoyisa kwi World Cup kwaye kuqala ekhaya ilahleko kwi competitive thelekisa ukusukela ngo-1975. Ngakulo isiphelo uthelekiso, ekhaya indimbane waqalisa olé ngamnye okokuba ukususela isijamani iqela, kwaye booed kwezabo abadlali ngaphandle i-nokulungiselela emva yokugqibela whistle. uthelekiso wenziwe nicknamed i - Mineirazo, ukwenza kubhekiswa isizwe ke edlulileyo Indebe Yehlabathi yoyisa kwi ekhaya emhlabeni, Maracanazo ngokuchasene Uruguay ngowe-1950, kwaye Estádio ingaba Mineirão apho thelekisa wathabatha indawo.

Brazil ugqibile Indebe Yehlabathi kunyaka wesine ndawo, ekubeni ayiphumelelanga kuliphindezela zabo semi zokugqibela yoyisa kwi-Germany yi-yokulahla kwi-Netherlands 0-3 kowesithathu-ndawo thelekisa. Eli qela waphela owamashumi tournament kunye eyona imbi defensive imbali 32 ethengisela izizwe, ekubeni conceded 14 njongo. kuphela kwamanye amazwe ukuba concede 12 okanye ngaphezulu iinjongo ekhoyo Indebe Yehlabathi ifomati ingaba monaco kwaye Saudi Arabia. Zilandelayo ezi iziphumo, Scolari kwapapashwa yakhe resignation.

Ngomhla we-22 kweyekhala ngowama-2014, Dunga waba kwapapashwa njengoko omtsha umphathi-Brazil, babuyela indawo okokuqala ukususela iqela ke ukuphuma kwi-2010 Indebe Yehlabathi.

Dunga ke lokuqala umdlalo wakhe wesibini alawule njengoko Brazil ke umphathi yaba eyobuhlobo thelekisa ngokuchasene 2014 Indebe Yehlabathi kwikota-finalists Colombia e - Sun Ubomi Stadium ngowe - Miami ngomhla we-5 kweyomsintsi ngowama-2014, ne-Brazil ifumana uthelekiso 1-0 nge-83rd-ngomzuzu Neymar free-kick imbono. Dunga abalandela eli phezulu kunye uphumelele ngokuchasene Ecuador (1-0), kwi - 2014 Superclásico de las Américas ngokuchasene Argentina (2-0), ngokuchasene Japan (4-0), ngokuchasene Turkey (0-4), kwaye ngokuchasene Austria (1-2). Dunga waqhubeka Brazil ke, ifumana kutshawuzela ngowama-2015 ngo defeating France 3-1 kwelinye banobuhlobo. Bamlandela oku kunye uphumelele ngokuchasene Chile (1-0), Emexico (2-0) kwaye Ehonduras (1-0).

Brazil kuqaliswe inkqubo tournament nge victory ngokuchasene Peru emva esiza ngasemva ukusuka ngo 2-1 (kunye Udouglas Costa ifumana amanqaku kwi-nokufa moments), yalandelwa a 1-0 yoyisa ngokuchasene Colombia kwaye 2-1 victory ngokuchasene Evenezuela. Kwi-knockout kwethuba, Brazil faced Paraguay kwaye waba eliminated emva uzoba 1-1 ngendlela eqhelekileyo ixesha yokulahla 4-3 kwi-esangezelelweyo shootout. Njengoko enjalo, Brazil waba ayikwazi bafanele kuba FIFA Confederations Indebe (kule meko, 2017 edition) okokuqala ngowe-phantse-20 idlulileyo.

Brazil aqalisa tournament nge scoreless zoba ngokuchasene Ecuador, kunye Ecuadorians ekubeni a imbono wrongly disallowed kwi-ileta yesibini. Oku kwaba yalandelwa i-emphatic 7-1 victory phezu Ehaiti, kunye Philippe Coutinho yenza inqaku a hat-trick. Kokufuna kuphela zoba ukuba inkqubela-phambili kwi-knockout iqonga le-tournament, Brazil intlungu a controversial 1-0 ilahleko ukuba Eperu, kunye Raúl Ruidíaz ifumana amanqaku kwi-75th ngomzuzu yi-guiding ibhola kwi-net kunye ingalo yakhe. Le lahleko, Brazil ke kuqala ilahleko ukuba Peru ukusukela ngo-1985, wabona Brazil eliminated ukususela tournament kwiqela iqonga okokuqala ukususela 1987.

Ngomhla we-14 juni 2016, Dunga waba sacked njengoko umphathi-Brazil. Tite, owathi zilawulwe i - 2015 Isijapani champion Kwabasekorinte, lwaqiniselwa njengoko yakhe septemba kwezintandathu emva koko. Tite ke debut waba iphawulwe nge-i kude victory ngokuchasene Ecuador yi-3-0 ngomhla we-2 septemba, 2-1 ukuphumelela phezu Colombia, 5-0 shocking ukuphumelela ngokuchasene Bolivia kwaye 0-2 victory kude ngokuchasene Venezuela, ukuzisa Brazil ukuya phezulu Indebe Yehlabathi Qualifiers leaderboard okokuqala ukususela ngo-2011. - Brazil ke woyisa Paraguay 3-0 babe yokuqala iqela, ezinye kunokuba abaququzeleli Russia, ukuze ulungele kuba 2018 FIFA World Cup.

Brazil uphumelele yayo yokuqala kwi-olimpiki, igolide medal kwi - 2016 kwi-home emhlabeni. Phambi ukuba victory, kwi-olimpiki name tournament waba kuphela ngamazwe ukhuphiswano kwi-name umbutho yi - FIFA ukuba Brazil kokuba zange uphumelele. Baya kuba kanjalo uphumelele ezintathu zesilivere (1984, 1988 kwaye 2012) kwaye ababini bronze medals (1996, 2008). - Isijapani kwi-olimpiki, iqela rhoqo coached yi-national iqela coach, ezifana Mário Zagallo ngo-1996, Vanderlei Luxemburgo kwi-2000, Dunga 2008 Mano Menezes ngo-2012.

I-Isijapani iqela lesizwe kunye ezininzi nicknames kwaye eyaziwayo ngendlela ezahlukeneyo imimandla yehlabathi ngo ezahlukeneyo nicknames. Nicknames kuba squad kwi-Brazil ziquka Canarinho, lithetha Abancinane Canary, ibinzana ukuba waba popularized yi-emva kwexesha cartoonist Fernando Mangabeira Pieruccetti ngexesha 1950 Indebe Yehlabathi. Amanye amagama njenge Amarelinha, Encinane Etyheli Omnye, Verde-amarelo, okanye Okwengca-Mthubi, Pentacampeão, Isihlanu - - - -ixesha Champions, Esquadrão de Ouro (Indlela: Squad), abanye Latin i-american commentators rhoqo jonga i-Brazil Wesizwe iqela El Ekuqaleni (Ekuqaleni), phakathi kwabanye.

Brazil ke yokuqala iqela imibala baba mhlophe kunye blue collars, kodwa zilandelayo yoyisa kwi - Maracanã kwi-1950 World Cup, imibala baba criticised kuba lacking patriotism. Unemvume ukususela Isijapani Emidlalo Confederation, newspaper Correio da Manhã igcine a ukhuphiswano ukuba uyilo a kit incorporating ezine imibala ye-Isijapani beflegi. - ifumana uyilo yaba mthubi jersey kunye oluhlaza trim okwesibhakabhaka shorts ngobumhlophe trim ngokulinganayo! ngu - Aldyr Garcia Schlee, nineteen-yeminyaka ubudala ukusuka Pelotas. omtsha imibala baba kuqala asetyenziswa Kweyokwindla ngowe-1954 ukufanisa ngokuchasene Chile, kwaye zithe kusetyenziswa ngonaphakade oko.

Ukusetyenziswa blue njengokuba kude kit umbala imihla ukususela 30s, kodwa ke waba osisigxina yesibini oyikhethileyo accidentally kwi-1958 Indebe Yehlabathi Zokugqibela. Brazil ke ubhala ngawe baba Sweden, abaye kanjalo wear etyheli, zoba wanika ekhaya iqela, Sweden, ilungelo ukudlala kwi-mthubi. I-Brazil, abo travelled kunye akukho kubasindisa kit, hurriedly ukuthengwa a misela ka-blue shirts kwaye sewed kwi imifuziselo sika ukusuka zabo mthubi shirts.

Brazil awunayo i-national home stadium efana nezinye ezininzi wesizwe njengesiqhelo, kwaye jikelezisa zabo ekhaya Indebe Yehlabathi kuncedwe ezingqamanayo ezahlukeneyo venues kulo lonke eli lizwe, ezifana Maracanã Stadium ngowe - Rio de Janeiro. Ukususela ngoseptemba 2006, Brazil kuba idlalwe ezininzi ngamazwe friendlies e Arsenal's Emirates Stadium ngowe - London, England. Brazil kanjalo yenza inani ngamazwe friendlies kwi - United States.

Brazil ke uqeqesho inkampu ingaba Granja Comary kwi - Teresópolis, ebekwe 90 kilometres (55 miles) ukususela Rio de Janeiro. Granja Comary waba kuvulwa kwi-1987, kwaye underwent ezibalulekileyo renovations ngo-2013, kwaye ngowama-2014.

Ezi thebhule zilandelayo ibonisa kuphela Brazil ke iziphumo e enkulu tournaments. Ukubona Brazil ke iziphumo e encinci tournaments, bona i-Brazil wesizwe name iqela competitive mbali. Brazil kuba uphumelele kuqhutywe 64 esemthethweni ngamazwe amaphawu ukuba elinolwazi kwaye grassroots inqanaba iinketho zebhodi, oko kuya a imbali yehlabathi.

Brazil sele umntu kuba wonke FIFA World Cup kokuba engene, zange efuna a kuncedwe dlala-ngaphandle. Kunye ezintlanu amagama eencwadi, baya kuba uphumelele tournament kwi ngaphezulu ezithile kunokuba naliphi na iqela lesizwe. Brazil kuphela iqela lesizwe ukuya kuba idlalwe kuzo zonke FIFA World Cup iintlelo ngaphandle ekubeni kubekho nawuphi na.




#Article 314: Umdiliya (123 words)


Umdiliya sisityalo esigwencelayo oko sikwenza ngokusebenzisa isiqu okanye ii-runners zaso.  Ezi-runners zisuka emhlabeni, zize zigwenzele zibheke phezulu xa imeko izivumela. Yindlela eziqhele ukukhula ngayo ezi zityalo, singathi mhlawumbi yindlela eziphila ngayo le yokusebenzisa imithi ukuze ukukhaynya kufikelele kwazi ukufikelela ekukhanyeni kwelanga okufikelela kwizinto zendalo eziphila emhlabeni.  

E-United Kingdom, igama elithi vine libhekisa ngokukodwa wee-grapes i-grapevine, libe lona igama elithi isigwenceli lisetyenziswa kuzo zonke izityalo ezikhula ngokuzijijela zigwencela ukubheka phezulu.  I-grapevine, eyi-genus Vitis, ithwala ii-berries ezinokwenziwa zibe yiwayini.   E-United States, zonke ke ezi zityalo zigwencelayo zibengamajiko-jiko ukubheka phezulu zibizwa ngokuba yimidiliya okanye zii-ivies okanye ke ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwe zii-creepers (njenge-Virigina Creeper). 

Inkoliso yemidiliya ibazizityalo ezizintyatyambo. Ezi ke zisenokwahlulwa-hlulwa zibe yimidiliya eziinkuni mokanye ezii-lianas, enjenge-wisteria, i-kiwifruit, kunye ne-ivy exhaphakileyo, nemidiliya e-herbaceous (engezonkuni), efana ne-morning glory.




#Article 315: I-nani eli-cardinal (Ngokwakwa-Linguistics) (102 words)


Kwi - linguistics, ngakumbi kwigrama yesiqhelo, inani eli-cardinal okanye i-cardinal yokubala amanai ngokulandelelana kwawo (okanye naliphi na inani eli-cardinal) yinxalenye yentetho  esetyenziswa xa kubalwa, njengamagama esiNgesi afana no-'one', 'two', 'three', esingathi ngesiXhosa (sifakela isimaphambili sesibizo ngokwamahlelo azo phambi kwenani elo emz: umntwana woku-1, umntwana wesi-2, litye lesi-3, kunye namanani aphuma xa kudityaniswe amanani azii-compounds angamanani amabini nangaphezulu umz: amakhulu amathathu anamashumi amane nambini), kanti ke ngesiNgesi (seCommonwealth) kuba yi-three hundred and forty-two okanye three hundred forty-two (ngesiNgesi saseMelika). Amanani   a-cardinal ahlulwa kwamanye njengee-definite numerals kwaye anxulumene namanani a-ordinal, afana noo-(woku, boku,loku, - qala; wesi, besi, lesi-bini; wesi, besi, lesi- thathu; njalo njalo. 




#Article 316: Ubob Snodgrass (117 words)


Ubob Snodgrass ufumana i-i-american glassblower ezaziwayo kuba yakhe imirhumo kwaye innovations ukuba unguye ka-glass umbhobho-ukwenza kwaye glass unguye jikelele. Ekuqaleni umsebenzi wakhe kunye glass ngowe-1971, Snodgrass waba influenced ngomoya wakhe decade ke ukwazi artistic cannabis ukutshaya inkcubeko. Ngowe-1981 glassblowing waba Snodgrass' kwaye yena nosapho lwakhe waqalisa abajikelezayo-United States, kuthengiswa umsebenzi wakhe e ezahlukeneyo unguye kwiimarike de 1990 xa sukuba wahlala Eugene, Oregon.

Snodgrass invented Dichroic glass (Dichro), uhlobo borosilicate glass mixed kunye igolide nesilivere leyo ivela ukutshintsha imibala ngendlela ezahlukeneyo ukukhanyisa. Namhlanje Snodgrass uqhubekeka neplanethi abahlala kuyo kwi-Oregon kwaye sele elide uluhlu apprentices abo kuqhubeka ekuphuculeni phezu umsebenzi wakhe. I-documentary wefilim, Degenerate Unguye, amaxwebhu heady glass subculture ukuba Snodgrass kwamnceda kunabela. Yena sibonwa Godfather ka-artistic nzima glass.




#Article 317: Clyde kunye Willis (120 words)


Clyde kunye Willis (IsiNgesi sasemerika : The Clyde and Willis Show) ngumboniso waseMerika waseBritish Chinese 3D kunye ne-Flash animated show comedy show owaqala ngoJanuwari 31, 2017 kwiNickelodeon.com. Uchungechunge lwama comedy oludalwa ludalwa lwakhiwa yiNgcali kunye nezobugcisa be-3D, u-Andrew Wilson ngoNickelodeon.com kunye ne-YouTube. 

Okokuqala yenze i-Nickelodeon.com ngoJanuwari 31, 2017, kwaye yachithwa ngexesha elikhawulezayo ngoFebruwari 20, 2017, kuphela evulelwe kwiNickelodeon.com kwiintsuku ezili-10. Enye yeNickelodeon ibonisa ukuba ayiphumelelanga kwaye ayizange imnandi ukubukela kubalandeli, kodwa yayimangalisa kakhulu.

Uchungechunge lwamahlaya olumculo olulandelayo luvuseleleka kwi-YouTube ngomhla wama-16, 2017 kwaye lwaba ngumntu omdala onobudala kunye nomntwana onobubele. Kuye kwaphucula kakhulu. 

I-Fanatics yaqala. Iyaziwa njengekotini yesibini emoyeni kwiNickelodeon.com, iyakwamkeleka kuWayne. Kwakhona i-cartoon yokuqala eyenziwe, iveliswe kwaye ibhaliwe yi-Artwork Productions, inkampani ye-animation yase-America kunye nenkampani ye-movie eyenziwe ngu-Andrew Wilson.




#Article 318: Canva (116 words)


I-Canva iyi-website yesixhobo se-graphic design yasimahla, eyafunyanwa ngo-2012. Luhlobo lwegraphic design ekulula ukulusebenzisa kuba uyakwazi ukuluthatha ngokulurhuqa kuloo ndawo lukuyo uze ulubeke kuloo ndawo othanda ukuba ulibeke kwi-interface, itsho ibonwe  sisigidi sbatsho bayifumane kwaye le i-website yenza okokuba Oko sele i-kulula abafoti, kwii-graphics, nakwii-fonts. ukuyisebenzisa tsala i-faka ujongano kwaye ibonelela ukufikelela phezu a million iifoto, imizobo, ubungakanani bamagama. isetyenziswa lisebe i-non-designers ngokunjalo iingcali. izixhobo zingasetyenziswa kuba zombini web kwaye shicilela media uyilo kwaye imizobo.

Inkampani yaafunyanwa ngomhla woku-1 kweyomQungu ngomnyaka ka-2012 e-Austalia. I-website yakhawuleza yabangundabamlonyeni, isetyenziswa ngabantu abangaphaya kwezididi ezingaphezu kwama-750,000 kunyaka wokuqala ikho.  Iingcali yezentlalo-ne-media kwakunye neteknoloji u- Guy Kawasaki waayijoyina naye le nkampani njengmvangeli oyintloko ngoTshazimpuzi kumnyaka ka-.

Canva yi software ye graphic design




#Article 319: Layal Abboud (134 words)


ULayal Abboud (Arabic: ليال عبود layāl ʿab'boud; Waazalwa ngomhla we-15 kuCanzibe,ngonyaka ka-1982) uyimvumi yomculo we-Lebanese pop , umyolisi folk umculo entertainer, isandi-lyric poet, concert dancer, faka imodeli, Muslim humanitarian kwaye businesswoman.

Kuzalwa ukuya musical usapho Southern Lebanese Tyrian dolophana ka - Kniseh, Abboud ufumana umntu owayelilungu ISF igosa kwaye lezinto ezinako ukwenzeka, lubandakanya isixhosa uluncwadi e Lebanese Ngezifundo, uguqulelo kwi i-beirut Arab Ngezifundo kunye musical intetho kwi - i-american Ngezifundo lezenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe. Yena wabonakala okokuqala kwi - Studio El-Fan uphawu debuts njengoko i - South Lebanese competitor ukusuka 2001-02. Abboud ke musical career flourished kunye nokukhulula wakhe wokuqala album Fi Shouq (isi: ngomhla we-longing) ipapashwe kwi emva kwexesha 2007. Sings ngendlela ezahlukeneyo isi-dialects, famous kuba yakhe ntetho ka-lebanese folklore umculo kwaye yangaphakathi ehlotyeni concerts. Abboud yi singer ilungu kwi - Syndicate ka-Elinolwazi Abazobi kwi-Iraq.




#Article 320: IPaki (106 words)


I-Paki yindawo elithafa elivulekileyo esixekweni okanye edolophini, ebekelwe bucala, ukuze ibe yindawo yezinto zendalo. Eli thafa liyi-paki lidla ngokuba yindawo yemithi, iziqobo zezitulo ekucwanywa kuzo ngakumbi abakhenkhethi, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nemithonjana okanye imilanjana yamazi ankcenkcezayo. Kanti ke ezinye ii-paki ezakhiwe kwizixekokazi zibankulu kakhulu. Laa mathafa azi-paki anabo noonkcenkce mlanjana abazii-fountain. Akwanazo neendawo zepikiniki.  

Ngamanye amaxesha, amazwe okanye  iingingqi zichonga zize zizenzele ngokwazo ii-paki zamazwe azo. kudla ngokuba yindawo elithafa elikhulu. Ezi ndawo zenzelwa ukukhusela ii-habitats zezilwanyana. Ubukhulu becala, ungena ngemvume ekhethekileyo kula mathafa.  Akunto idla ngokuvumeleka ukwakha izinto kweli thafa, kungenjalo kufuneka ube nemvume ekhethekileyo.  

Umzekelo wepaki yesizwe yeyase-United states (eMelika) eyaziwa ngokuba  yi-Yellowstone National Park.




#Article 321: Isaac Wauchope (404 words)


U-Isaac Williams Wauchope (owazalwa ngowe-1852 watshaba ngowe-1917),umlungiseleli webandla, uchwepheshe wembali kwakunye nembongi, wayeyinkokheli ekrelekrele yeloxesha nowakhuthaza ogxa bakhe ukuba ‘bahlasele ngosiba’
U-Isaac Williams Wauchope wazalwa ngowe-1852 e cebukuhle ne. Wayeyakuba lilungu legqiza laseNtshona Koloni leenkcuba-buchopho zaseAfrika ngeminyaka yamakhulu ali-19. walubeka uphawu lwakhe nje ngomfungiseleli webandla, Itsha-ntliziyo lezopolitiko, uchwepheshe wezembali kwakunye nembongi.
Ngexesha eneminyaka engama-36 ngowe-1816, uJoseph Williams, iMishinari eScottish yamisela isikhululo seeMissionari  esikufuphi nekhaya likaTamkhulu ka-Isaac ze banika usapho lwakhe ifani enguWauchope. Isusela kwindawo ekwimida yase, kufuphi e. Ifani yekhaya lakhe yokwenyani yayinguCitashe.
Ngaphandle koku, u-Isaac wayezinikele ekulondolozeli ubuni bomAfrika.  Waye wava ngovulindlela weMissionari yabantu abangamaXhosa, uGqirha  kwaye uyakufuna  ngemisitho eqaphelekayo  yembali kaMakhanda e kunye nohlaselo e. Umama kaMakhulu wakhe uTse kwakunye noMakhulu wakhe uMina babe ngabafundi baka Van der Kemp. Onke ke lamava alola indlela abona ngayo ilizwe jikelele.
Uthe xa eneminyaka engama-24 ngomnyaka we-1876, uWauchope ubengomnye wabafundi abane base ukukhenketha nombutho weeMissionari ukuya e ze ekuhlaleni kwakhe apho iinyanga ezintlanu wabuyiselwa ekhayeni ngenxa yokhohlokhohlo. uMakhi wenginqi.
Uthe akube ebuyile wafudisa eTinarha kwaye omnye wabafundi bakhe wayesaziwa kakhulu ngobutsha-ntliziyo u. Uthe wakuba neminyaka engama-26 ze wabumba, wakhokela ekwaphatha elinye lemibutho yokuqala yopolitiko lama-Afrika, Imbumba Yamanyama. Lo mbutho wawuyakuba yimbangi nombutho iAfriker Bond eyasekwa ngowe1879.
Ukwakhokele i- Independent Order of True Templars (IOTT) iminyaka emihlanu phakathi kowe-1893 nowe 1898. uWauchope ukwasebenzisene no kumkhankaso wokusengulwa kweDyunivesithi i.

Kwinto engaphaya kweminyaka engamashumi amane, ukusuka kumnyaka we-1874, eneminyaka engama-22 ukuya kumnyaka we-1916 eneminyaka engama-64, uWauchope ebesakuya kubhala imibhalo engabalekiyo- izibongo zasebukhosini, amaculo,ezokhenketho, iintshumayelo, iinguqulo, isihobe, izibhengezo, imihlomlo, iindaba, ezembali kunye neembali ngobomi bomntu.

Ngomnyaka we-1882 kuCanzibe, wathi wanenxaxheba ngombongo wakhe wokuqala. Ngumbongo ogqithisa isiyalo kwabo bafundayo  ngokuvuselela  ubugorha  nokomelela kootatomkhulu babo ngakwimfazwe, unika ingxoxo eqingqiweyo, watsho Sonderling. Wawunesihloko esithi: Hlasela ngosiba!

Zimkil' iinkomo, mfo wohlanga!
Phuthum' uzihlangule! Phumthum' uzihlangule!
Shiya loo mfakadolo.
Sebenzis' usiba,
Thabath' iphepha neinki
Kuba likhaka lakh' elo
Ayemk' amalungelo wakho!
Qubul' usiba lwakho.
Ngxasha, ngxasha nge-inki.
Hlal' esitulweni.
Ungalungiseleli uHobo
Dubula ngosiba.

Ngomnyaka we-1891 nowe-1892, uWauchope wathi waququzelela ingxoxo ebhekisele kumaqhalo, kumculo kunye nembali edumileyo yamaXhosa, ezathi zayinxalenye ye-Imvo Zabanstundu. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amabini, ngomnyaka we-1912, Imvo Zabantsundu yathi yapapasha ingqokelela yemibongo yakhe phantsi kwesihloko esithi, Ingcamango ebunzimeni.Ngexesha lakhe, wathi wabonwa njengenye yeembongi ezibalaseleyo zesiXhosa kuzo kukho oo , , MK Mtakati no .

USonderling umchaza uWauchope njengomntu: ...owayethetha phandle ngokufuna amalungelo wakhe kunye nesidima sabantu abantsundu baseMzantsi Afrika. Koogxa bakhe ungaphawula abafana no-Elijah Makiwane,  kunye no .

UWauchope walandulela eli ngomhla wama-27 kweyoMdumba ngowe-1917 xa inqanawe awayehamba ngayo yafumana intlekele kuMjelo waseNgilani.




#Article 322: Nontetha Nkwenkwe (532 words)


Nontetha Nkwenkwe (c. 1875 - May 20, 1935)

UNontetha Nkwenkwe ngomnye weenkokheli zokholo eziphawulekayo zamabhinqa ezazinxumelene neenkonzo eza zizimele ngoo-1920. Uzalwe eQonce ngo-1875. UNontetha wayetshatile enabantwana abalishumi. Umyeni wakhe owayengumsebenzi womfuduki wasweleka, wamshiya kwafuneka ezibele abantwana bakhe. Ukuvela kokuqhekeka kwesifo somkhuhlane ngo1918, uNontetha wayekholelwa ukuba usindiselwe injongo ethile. Ukuthabatha kwakhe umsebenzi wokubayimboni, umtyhili, nomprofeti kwabutshintsha ubomi bakhe ngendlela ephawulekayo.

Ekuqaleni uNontetha wamkelwa ngabasemagunyeni engafani nabanye oogxa bakhe abalandelayo kumaxa alandelayo abangamadoda nje . Enye into abasemagunyeni bamamkela kuba beqonda ukuba intshumayelo yakhe yayingokukhuthaza ebandleni ukuba liyeke utywala, ukudanisa kwa kunye nokwenza ezinye izinto ezidibene nezithethe nemveli. Ngoku yekwa ngabasemagunyeni umbutho kaNontetha wakhula ngokukhawuleza emaphandleni aseCiskei, eMonti   eMiddledrift , naseQonce .

Emveni kwenkcitho gazi yama-Afrika akwaSirayeli eBulhoek ng0we-1921, iingqondo zabantu abaMhlophe ngazo zonke iindibano zabantu abamnyama zazikrokra. Amagosa banika ingxelo ethi abasebenzi basezifama zaseBhofolo  (kufuphi naseFort Hare ) babebaseleke ngumyalezo wakhe kwaye bengafuni ukubuyela emsebenzini (UEdgar. R, noSaphire. H, 1999).
UNontetha wayekrokrelwa ukuba ukhuthaza umanyano phakathi kwabafundileyo nabangafundanga okanye 'ababomvu' baseMpuma Koloni . Iingxabano phakathi kwalamaqela mabini ngelixeshazazingafikeleleki kwaye zineziphumo ezingazinzisiyo kummantla wonke. Abasemagunyeni bazamkela ezingxabano neengquzulwano kwaye isenokwenzeka ukuba zaziqalwe ngabo. UNontetha wayebonwa nje ngomphazamisi kulawulo lwezentlalo ngoko ke kunyanzelekile ukuba enciphiswe. Baye baqhubeka ngokumtyhola ngokukhuthaza ama-Afrika ukuba bayeke iinkonzo zabaMhlophe. Wayebonwa eguqukile ngoku kwaye wabanjwa ngo1922(UEdgar. R noSaphire. H, 1999). 

Ukubanjwa kukaNontetha kwabacaphukisa abaxhasi bakhe. Ekuboniseni umanyano, amakhulu babaxhasi bakhe badibana, belungele ukuthetha nabasemagunyeni kwisiganeko sokubanjwa kweqhawekazi labo. Babesazi ngenxaki enokwenzeka ukuba angavela enkundleni yamatyala abasemagunyeni ngoko ke bamthumela esibhedlele sabagula ngengqonde eBhofolo  uNontetha kwaye ngo1924 bamtshintshela eWeskoppies asylum  ePitoli. Emva kweminyaka emibini ngo1926, kuthe cwaka ngokuba isiphuma sakhe sizakuthini abaxhasi bakhe bahamba 1600 mayile ukuyombona kodwababanjwa bagwetywa phantsi komthetho wedompass.

Ngonyaka we-1930 kwaye kwathathwa iqela lesibini labathunywa lakhwelisa kuloliwe labuyiselwa emva, eMpuma Koloni. Uqhankqalazo lwabamnyama kunye nabaphathi abamhlophe lwalungahoywanga, wachitha ubomi bakhe pha, ngonyaka we-1935 wasweleka elilolo.

UNontetho uyidlalile indima ebalulekileyo eMpuma Koloni ngexesha lonyaka we-1920 lonto yenza umnqa ukuba ibe kanti kuncinci okwaziwayo kwaye nokubhaliweyo ngaye. Kodwa ke phakathi kwabantu awayekhula nabo ngela xesha, wayengoyena owayehlonitshwe kakhulu. Wayenomtsalane kakhulu kumabhinqa asengingqini (ingakumbi abathandazeli) kwaye bakhawuleza bankqenkqeza kwicawa I”Church of the Prophetess Nontetha”  esekho nakulemihla. Le cawa ivumela amabhinqa athethe ngokukhululekileyo ngeengxoxo zesini kunye nezigqithiselayo, ngelixa indima yakhe yobuprofeti yayimenza abengumntu ohloniphekileyo. Ngexesha lonyaka we-1920, uNontetha wayesele efumene intlonipho kwingingqi yabantu abamnyama kwaye engahlonitshwanga ngokuba ngumprofeti okanye inyanga kodwa ekwahlonitshwa ngokuba libhinqa elindilisekileyo elinesidima kwaye eliyintloko yekhaya.

Oku kuthandwa nokuhlonitshwa ngamaAfrika kummandla  kwakhabana nendlela ewayebonwa ngayo ngabo basemthethweni. Kwabo basemthethweni, uNontetha wayesisigulane sengqondo esingazinzanga nekwakudingeka ukuba  sisuswe ekuhlaleni siyogcinwa eluvalelweni. Umnqa ngowokuba, usapho lukaNontetha kunye nabalandeli bakhe zange balamkele ibango lokuba wayephazamiseke ngengqondo. Nabachasi bakhe abangamaAfrika zange bamchaza njengomntu ongaphilanga ngengqondo koko babemchaza  njengombhukuqi.

Ukubanjwa kukaNontetha kuphembelele kuphando-nzulu oluchasanisa izimvo zaseAfrica  kunye nezo zaseYurophu ngokuqondwa kwengulo yengqondo. Umahluko osisiseko kunyango lwempilo yengqondo phakathi kweYurophu neAfrika  uveliswa yingxelo yebali ngobomi bukaNontetha. Uluntu lwamaAfrika lwalunqabile ekuthini lusike abo bakholelwa ukuba ngamageza emphakathini, endaweni yoko, babebamanya noluntu. Kwanyanzeleka ukuba bayile ‘iindlela zokumelana nolothuko olwaluziswa lutshintsho lophanyazo. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini,  ifuthe lokuba nemimoya emzantsi mpuma kweli leAfrrika, umzekelo, lwanceda ekoyiseni ukuxhalaba nokungazithembi okwakuviwa ngoomama ababejongene nokunyuka kocinezelo losapho kunye nocinezelo lomsebenzi njengokuba ukufuduka ngenxa yomsebenzi kwakusanda.Njenge ntshukumo kaNontetha, eli futhe lalisebenza njenge nqwelo yokuqhankqalaza, ifora yokuncedana, okanye njengesinye sezakhiwo zoomama.’(Edgar and Sapire, 1999).




#Article 323: Life (446 words)


Ubomi ligama elingokuqhama nokwanda kwezidalwa eziphilayo ezinezimpawu, ubume bazo, indlela eziphila ngayo, nekuyiyo eyenza zahluke kwizinto ezingaphiliyo  

Igama lona ngokwalo lingabhekisa kumntu ophilayo okanye kwiinkqubo zemihla ngemihla ezithi ezi zidalwa ziphefumlayo zibe yinxalenye yazo. Eli gama lisenokubhekisa nakwixesha apho into leyo iphilayo ikwaziyo ukusebenza (njengaxa kuzalwa okanye kusifa umntu), imo apho into kufuneka izwelwe kodwa ibe kwaloo nto kufuneka ifile, okanye loo nto yenza okokuba eso sidalwa sikwaziyo ukuphefumla sibe siyaphila.  

Izifundo ngobomi kuthiwa zizifundo ze-bayoloji kwaye abantu abafunda ngobomi kuthiwa zii-biologists. Umda wobomi ngumyinge wobude bokuphila kweentlobo zezidalwa. Bonke ubomi obaziwayo emHlabeni buphila ngemitha nobushushus belanga. Ngaphandle kwamandla elanga, akukho bomi. Bonke ubomi emhlabeni busekwe kwi-Khemistri eyenziwe ngemidityaniso eyenza indibaniselwano ye-carbon, ebandakanya uthotho olude lwee-molecules olufana nee- proteins kunye nee-nucleic acid. Olu thotho lwezi molecules ke lujijelwa ngamanzi lungaphakathi ezikhumbeni ukuze lwenze ii-cells.  Oku ke kusenokuba yinyaniso okanye kungabikho njalo kwezinye iintlobo zezidalwa kweli hlabathi: Kunjalo kanye kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo emHlabeni kule mihla. 

Izidalwa eziphilayo okanye eziphefumlayo zizizidalwa ezinkqubo yazo ivulelekileyo. Zisoloko zitshintsha, kuba zitshintshanisa izinto eziphila ngazo, kwanolwazi ngendawo leyo ziphila kuyo.   Ziphila ngokuthi kusoloko kusenzeka i-metabolism, kugcinwe ubushushu bukwizinga elifunekayo, kulawulwe indlela yokukhula kweso sidalwa siphilayo, zize zikwazi ukusabela kwizinto ezizingqongileyo, ukanti zikwazi nokwanda ngokuvelisa ezinye izidalwa ezikwafana nazo.  

Ngokuchongwa ngokwendalo yazo, ziqhelana nemeko leyo ezidalelwe ukuba ziphile kuyo nezizululwana ngezizukulwana zazo. Kwizidalwa ezininzi ubomi bazo bungaxelwa ngeendlela ezininzi. Zininzi ke iindlela zobomi ezinokufumaneka apha emHlabeni. Iimpawu ezixhaphakileyo kwezi zidalwa zizityalo, izilwanyana, i-fungi, ii-protists, i-archaea, kunye ne-bacteria, zonke ke zinee-cellular eyenziwe nge-carbon kunye namanzi kwaye ziqokolelwe ngendlela ebubuxhakaxhaka bee-genes ezithwele iimpawu zofuzo.  

Okwangoku, isengumHlaba kuphela iplanethi  esifumana kuyo iinkcukacha ngolu lwazo. Umbuzo wokokuba ingaba kukho bomi bukhoyo apha kweli hlabathi, usengumbuzo ovulelekileyo nosalindeleke ukuba uphendulwe ngenye imini.   Kwakukhe kwakho umbono wokuba kukho ubomi kwenye indawo kwakweli hlabathi siphila kulo.   kodwa ke akukabikho bungqina boko okwangoku. Obono bungqina busafumanekayo malunga nobomi obungaphandle komhlaba bobee-nucleic acids ezithe zafunyanwa kwiintlobo ezithile ze-  meteorites.

Inkcazo enye ngobomi ibizwa ngokuba yi-cell theory. I-cell theory inamanqaku amathathu esekelwe phezu kwawo: zonke izinto eziphilayo zenziwe ngee-cells. I-cell yeyonanto yakhe yancinane kwizinto eziphilayo enokwenza yonke into efuneka kubomi besidalwa. Zonke ii-cells kufuneka zibe zivela kwezo zakhe zakho  ngaphambili.  

Into kuthiwa iyaphila xa:  

Nangona kunjalo, akuzizo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikwaziyo ukuphila ngolu hlobo.  

Kodwa ke nangona kunjalo ziyangena kwiinkcazo ze-biochemical: zenziwe kwangohlobo olunye lweekhemikhali. 

Inkcazo nge-thermodynamic yobomi yiyo nayiphi na inkqubo enokugcina i-entropy yayo ingaphantsi kowona myinge uphezulu (oko kudla ngokwenzeka nge-adaptation nange-mutations).

Inkcazo nge-modern yanikwa ngu-Humberto Maturana no-Francisco Varela ngo-1980, ngabo abanika igama elithi autopoiesis:

URoth uphawula enjenje, Ngokufutshane, izinto eziphefumlayo ezaziwa ngokuba zii-organisms ziyazandisa zona ngokwazo, kwaye zizigcina zikwimeko elungileyo, okanye singathi zisebenzisa inkqubo eyi- 'autopoietic'. Le ndlela isebenzisa imibono ye-molecular biology kwaneenkqubo ezimibono yazo inge-science. 




#Article 324: Vlamertinge (201 words)


I-Vlamertinge iyidolophana kwiphondo laseBelgium yaseNtshona West kunye nommandla wesixeko saseYpres. Idolophana yaseVlamertinge yilali liphela ngaphandle kwidolophu yedolophu yaseYpres, ecaleni kwendlela enkulu uN38 ukuya kwidolophu ekufuphi yasePapa.

Ukongeza kwidolophu yedolophu yeYpres ngokwayo, iVlamertinge yinqaba enkulu yeYpres. Ngasentshonalanga yeVlamertinge, ecaleni kwendlela eya ePaperinge, yintsimi yaseBrandhoek.

Idatha yokuqala yokuqala ngeVlamertinge ukusuka kwi-Middle Ages. Ngo-857 kwakhiwa isahlulo kwiVlamertinge. Kwi-970 Ypres yabhujiswa kwaye isahlulo seVlamertinge sitshisa. Umbhalo omdala kunayo yonke, owaziwayo njengamhla, oquka igama elithi Flambertenges, ngumsebenzi wonyaka we-1066. UBaldwin V, u-Count of Flanders, umkakhe uAdela kunye nendodana yabo uBaldwin, kulo myalelo banikezela impahla kwicawa kunye neSahluko (unqulo ) ukusuka eSint-Pieters nguLille. Ezi zinto, phakathi kwezinye, isahlulo seshumi esise-Elverdinge kunye neyeshumi eVlamertinge - In territorio Furnensi, in villa Elverzenges, decinam unam ; Flambertenges decinam similiter unam.

Kwi-Ancien Régime iVlamertinge yayiyi Heerlijkheid yeVeinne-Ambacht kunye ne-22 backlendings kwaye ihlupheke kakhulu kwiieges zeYpres eziseduze.

Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, yonke idolophana yabhujiswa ngombhobho. Ngomnyaka we-1944, ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, uVlamertinge wakhululwa yiqela lasePoland.

I-Vlamertinge i-mitha ezili-17 ngaphezulu kwezinga elwandle. Umasipala unqamle umda we-Ypres eMpuma, iVoormezele ngasempuma-mpuma, iKemmel kunye neDikkebus eMzantsi, i-Reningelst eMzantsi-ntshona, i-Poperinge eWest, i-Elverdinge kumntla kunye neBrielen ngasentla-mpuma.

Ukususela ngo-1487 ukuya ku-1697 sibona ukwehla okukhulu kubemi baseVlamertinge. Inkcazo ecacileyo kakhulu yale nto yayiza kuba yimfazwe yeMinyaka emashumi anesixhenxe kwiPhondo.




#Article 325: INANI (1813 words)


Inani  ligama elisisigama esisuka kwa-mathematika, elisetyenziswa xa kubalwa okanye kusenziwa umlinganiselo.  

Igama elithi nani lingachazwa ngeendlela ngeendlela,  elisetyenziswe ngalo nakwiliphi na isebe lakwamathe lakwamathe.  

amanani asetyenziswa nakwezinye izinto ezingengomanani. amanani asetyenziswa xa kusenziwa umlinganiselo wezinto. Amanani asetyenziswa xa kufundwa okokuba lisebenza kanjani na ihlabathi. Izibalo yindlela yokusetyenziswa kwamanani ukuze kufundwe ngehlabathi kwenziwe nezinto. Isifundo ngemithetho yehlabathi kuthiwa zizifundo zenzululwazi. umsebenzi owenziwa ngokuthi kusetyenziswe amanani ukuze kwenziwe izinto kuthiwa zizifundo zobunjineli. 

Amanani akwasetyenziswa nakwezinye izinto ngaphandle kokubala.  kusetyenziswa amanani xa kusenziwa umlinganiselo wezinto okanye xa kumentwa izinto. Amanani asetyenziswa xa kuphandwa ngendlela elisebenza ngayo ihlabathi.  I-Mathematics yindlela ekusetyenziswa ngayo amanani xa kufundwa ngehlabathi naxa kusenziwa izinto. Isifundo okanye uphando ngemithetho nemigaqo yehlabathi lemveli lubizwa ngokuba yi-science. Umsebenzi osebenzisa amanani xa kusenziwa into ubizwa ngokuba yi-  engineering.

Ukunikwa kwamanani iimpawu ezithile kwenziwa ngeendlela-ngeendlela.  Ezi ndlela ke zibizwa ngokuba zii-number systems. Eyona-number system ethanda ukusetyenziswa ngabantu yi-base ten number system. I-base ten number system ikwaziwa ngokuba yi-decimal number system. I-base ten number system ixhaphakile kuba abantu baneminwe elishumi neenzwane ezilishumi. Zili-10 iimpawu  zamanani {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, kunye no-9} ezisetyenziswa kwi-base ten number system. Ezimpawu zilishumi zibizwa ngokuba zii-digits.

Kukho iindidi ngeendidi zeendlela ekunikwa ngazo iimpawu zamanani. Ezi ndlela zibizwa ngokuba zii-number systems.  Olona hlobo luxhaphake kakhulu nelusetyenziswa kakhulu ngabantu lolu kuthiwa yi-base ten number system. I-base ten number system ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-decimal number system. I-base ten number system ixhaphakile kuba abantu baneminwe elishumi, kwaneenzwane ezikwalishumi. Ngoko ke kukho iimpawu ezili-10 ngokwahlukana kwazo, nazi: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9} zisetyenziswa kwi-base ten number system. Ezi mpawu zilishumi zibizwa ngokuba zii-digits.

Uphawu lwenani lwenziwe ngezi-digits zilishumi. Indawo ekuyo idigit nganye ibonisa ubukhulu nobuncinane benani. Umzekelo, inani elingama-23 kwi-decimal number system, eyonanto liyithethayo yile (u-2 xa ephindwa-phindwe kali-10) ize kuthi kwelo nani liphumileyo songeze inani elingu-3, kananjalo inani elingu-101 lithetha ukuthi inani elingu-1 xa liphinda-phindwe kalikhulu kuzakuphuma u- (=100) songeze u-0 esiyakumphindaphinda nge-10 kutsho kuphume u (=0) kongezwe u-1 ozakuphindwaphindwa ka-1 kutsho kuphume u-(=1).

Enye i-number system ixhaphake kakhulu kwiimatshini.  I-machine number system ibizwa ngokuba yi-binary number system. I-binary number system isoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-base two number system. Zimbini ke iimpawu, (nazi: ngu-0 no-1) ezisetyenziswa kwi-base two number system. Ezi mpawu zimbini zibizwa ngokuba zii-bits.

I-simboli okanye uphawu lwe-binary number lwenziwe ngezi-bit symbols zimbini. indawo ezikuyo ezi-bit symbols zibonisa ubukhulu benani. Umzekelo, eyona nto ithethwa linani elingu-10 kwi-binary number system kukuba u-1 xa ephindwa-phindwa ka-2 kongezwe u-0, kunye no-101 uthetha ukuba u-1 xa ephindwa-phindwe kane (=4) kongezwa u-0 kuphinda-phindwe kabini (=0) kongezwe u-1 kuphinda-phindwe ka-1 (=1). I-binary number 10 iyinto enye ne-decimal number 2. I-binary number 101 iyinto enye ne-decimal number 5.


IsiNgesi sinamagama akhethekileyo abekelwe bucala ukuze asetyenziswe kumanani athile akwi-decimal number system nabizwa ngokuba ngamanani e--powers of ten. onke ke laa manani e-power of ten kwi-decimal number system asebenzisa isimboli engu-1 kunye nesimboli engu-0 kuphela. Umzekelo, ishumi lamashumi yinto enye neshumi eliphinda-phindwe kalishumi, okanye lilkhulu elinye. Ngokweesimboli, iba ngu-10x10=100. Kananjalo, ishumi lamakhulu liyinto enye neshumi eliphinda-phindwe ngekhulu, okanye singathi liwaka elinye. Ngokweesimboli ke sithi ngu- 10 × 100 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000. Namanye amanani e-power of ten numbers anamagama awo akhethekileyo.  

Xa usebenza ngamanani amakhulu kangaka, esiNgesini zimbini iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubiza laa manani. Phantsi kwe-long scale inani linikwa igama elitsha ngalo lonke ixesha lilikhulu ngesigidi kune nani lokugqibela esele linikwe igama. lo ke ubizwa ngokuba ngumgangatho waseBritani. Esi sikali sasidla ngokuxhaphaka eBritani, kodwa asisetyenziswa njalo kumazwe antetho yawo isisingesi kule mihla. Nangona kunjalo sisasetyenziswa kwezinye izizwe zaseYurophu.    Esinye isikali sisi-short scale apho ke igama elitsha linikwa qho xa inani lilikhulu ngokuphindaphindwe kaliwaka ngaphezulu kwenani lokugqibela esele linegama. Esi sikali sixhaphake kakhulu kumazwe amaninzi antetho yawo isisiNgesi namhlanje.  

Amanani a-natural angamanani esihlala siwasebenzisa xa sibala, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 etc. Abanye abantu bathi u-0 naye ukwalinani eli-natural.  

Elinye igama lala manani kuthiwa angamanani a-positive. ngamanye amaxesha laa manani abhalwa njengo-+1 ukubonisa okokuba ahlukile kwamanye amanani waziwa ngokuba ngamanani a-negative numbers. Nangona kunjalo qaphela okokuba akusingawo onke amanani a-positive abanatural. Inani lisenokuba positive kodwa lingabikho natural (Umzekelo, i-  linani eli-positive, kodwa alikho natural).

Ukuba u-0 ubizwa ngokuba linani eli-natural, ngoko ke amanani a-natural ayafana namanani azii-whole numbers. Ukuba u-0 akabizwa ngokuba linani eli-natural,  oko kuyakuthetha okokuba amanani a-natural ayinto enye namanani okubala (counting numbers ngesiNgesi).  Ukuba amagama athi amanani a-natural natural numbers ngesiNgesi, akasetyenziswa, kuyakweza ukubhideka ekubeni ingaba u-0 uyabandakanyeka na okanye hai. Kodwa ngelishwa, abanye abantu bathi u-O akalonani lipheleleyo (akayo-whole number, ngesiNgesi),   bakwathi abanye amanani apheleleyo (iiwhole numbers) zisenokuba negative. ii-Positive integers nee-non-negative integers ziyenye indlela yokubandakanya okanye yokukhuphela ngaphandle u-zero, kodwa oko kungenzeka kuphela xa abantu bewazi loo magama.  

Amanani a-negative ngamanani angaphantsi kuka-zero.  

Enye indlela yokucinga ngamanani a-negative, kukusebenzisa umgca-manani. kulo mgca-manani ke kukho indawo esiyibiza u-zero. Size ke emva koko sibhale ukubonisa (senze i-label)  (sibhale igama) yonke i-point esemgceni sijonge okokuba ingaba ikude kangakanani na kwicala langasekunene ukusuka kwi-point akuyo u--0, umzekelo, i-point engu-inye (u-point one)  uyi-centimeter enye ngokomgama ukuya ngasekunene, i-point engu-zimbini (u-point two) uzisentimitha ezimbini ukuya ngasekunene.  

Ngoku cinga nge-point eyi-centimeter enye ukuya kwicala langasekhohlo le-point engu-zero. Asinakuthi le yi-point u-inye (ngu-point one), njengoko kukho u-point osele ebizwa ngokuba ngu-point inye (ngu-point one).  Lo ke siyakumbiza njengo-point minus 1 (−1) (njengoko ikude nge-centimeter enye ku-0, kodwa lo mgama ukwelinye icala eli lingasekhohlo, icala elichaseneyo ke neliya lasekunene sele silibonile ngasentla apha).  

Umzobo weomgca-manani nanku ngezantsi.  

Yonke imisebenzi yokubala eyenzeka ngokufanelekileyo kwamathematika ingenzeka ngamanani a-negative:

Ukuba abantu bongeza inani eli-negative kwelinye inani, oko kuyinto enye nokususa okanye ukuthabatha kweli nani li-positive ngokwale ndlela alandelelana ngayo amanani (ukulandelelana kwamanani kubizwa ngokuba zii-numerals). Umzekelo, 5 + (−3) is the same as 5− 3, and equals 2. Khumbula ke, xa inani lingenaphawu lungu +, loo nto ithetha ukuba inani li-positive. Kodwa lona eli-negative liyakuhlala linophawu elingu -

Ukuba bathabatha inani eli-negative kwelinye inani eli-negative, oko kufana nqwa nokudibanisa okanye ukongeza inani eli-positive ngokokulandelelana kwawo laa manani (Khumbula, amanani alandelelanayo azii-numerals). Umzekelo, 5 − (−3) ufana nqwa no-5 + 3, abenza u-8. Xa amanani engoo-negative omabini, xa edityaniswa enza u-positive omnye. 

Xa bephinda-phinda amanani amabini a-negative, sisiphumo iyakuba linani eli-positive.  Umzekelo, −5 xa simphinda-phinda ngo −3 kuyakwenzeka inani elingu- 15.

Ukuba baphinda-phinda inani eli-negative ngeli-positive, okanye baphinda-phinde inani eli-positive ngeli-negative. Bayakufumana iziphumo ezi-negative  umzekelo, u-5 xa ephindwa-phindwa ngo- −3 kuphuma u- −15. 

Njengokuba ukufumana i-square root senani eli-negative kuyinto engenakwenzeka, kuba kaloku u-negative xa ephinda-phindwe ngomnye u-negative wenza okanye ulingana no-positive. siye ke sisinike uphawu olungu-i  i-square root senani eli-negative. Ngoko ke u-i luphawu lwe-square root senani eli-negative. 

Ii-integers ngawo onke amanani a-natural. Khumbula ke okokuba amanani a-natural ngala sihlala sibala ngawo imihla nezolo, sisithi 1,2,3, njalo njalo. Onke ke amanye amanani anje kwelinye icala lomgca manani anje ngala -1, -2, -3, njalo njalo; kwanenani elingu-zero. Akazizo ii-intergers. Kanti nawo amanani a-decimal, oko kukuthi ii-decimal numbers kunye neefractions akazo-intergers. 

Amanani a-rational, ii-Rational numbers ke ngesiNgesi ngamanani anokubhalwa njenee-fractions. Oku kuthetha ukuthi asenokubhalwa njengamanani anokohlulwa-hlulwa ngo-b, kodwa oko kunokwenzeka kuphela xa amanani angu- a no- b ezii-integers, kuyo yonke loo nto siqiniseke okokuba u-b akalingani no-0.  

Amanye amanani a-rational (ii-rational numbers), afana no-1/10, zidinga inani eli-finite (i-finite number) lee-digits emva kwe-decimal point ukuze abhalwe ngendlela e-decimal. Ishumi lokuqala (ebizwa ngokuba yi-number one tenth, ngesiNgesi) ibhalwa ngokwe-decimal ibe ngu-0.1. Amanani abhalwe ngokwendlela ye-finite decimal ngala aba-rational. Amanye amanani a-ratiinal  (azi-rational numbers), afana no-1/11, adinga inani eli-finate (i-infinite number)  lee-digits emva kwe-decimal point ukuze zibhalwe ngokwendlela ye-decimal. kukho ukuphindaphindwa kwe-pattern yee-digits okulandela emva kwe-decimal point. Inani leshumi elinanye lokuqala (i-number one eleventh) ibhalwa ngendlela ye-decimal eyile 0.0909090909 ... .

I-percentage isenokubizwa ngokuba ilinani eli-rational libe ke yi-rational number, kuba i-percentage efana no-7% isenokubhalwa njenge-fraction 7/100. Kananjalo isenokubhalwa njenge-decimal engu-0.07. Maxa wambi, i-ratio thathwa njengenani eli-rational i-rational number ke ngesiNgesi.

Amanani a-rational  ngamanani angenakubhalwa njenee-fractions, kodwa abe engenazo iindawo ezi- imaginary (kuyakucaciswa kamva).

Amanani a-Irrational asoloko esenzeka kwi-geometry. Umzekelo, ukuba sine-square esinecala eliyimitha enye ngobude,  umgama okwiikona engaphesheya kwenye okanye ekwelinye icala, kwi-square-root sezi kona zimbini, ezilingana no-1.414213 ... . Le ke linani eli-irrational. I-Mathematika iye yabonakalisa okokuba i-square root salo naliphi na inani eli-natural lisenokuba yi-integer okanye sibe linani eli-irrational.

Inani elaziwa kakhulu ngokuba irrational ngu-pi. Le y-i-circumference (umgama ojikeleze) yesangqa yahlulwahlulwe nge-diameter yaso (umgama onqumla kwisangqa). Inani linye kuzo zonke izangqa. Inani eliyi-pi lingaphantse lithi 3.1415926535 ... .

inani eli-irrational alinakubhalwa phantsi ngokuphelelyo ngendlela ekubhalwa ngayo i-decimal . Liyakuba nenani elinee-digits ezi-infinite emva kwe-decimal point. Umahluko ophakathi kuka-0.333333 ..., ezi digits azinakuphinda-phina into engenasiphelo. 

Amanani a-real abhekisa kuzo zonke ingqokolela zamanani ezidweliswe apha ngasentla:

Laa ke ngawo onke amanani angabandakanyi amanani azii-imaginary.

Amanani azii-imaginary are formed by real numbers multiplied by the number i. Eli nani lisi-square root sika minus one (−1).

Akukho nani eliyi-real number elinokuthi xa iphindaphindiwe lenze inani elingu--1. There is no number in the real numbers which when squared makes the number −1. Therefore, mathematicians invented a number. They called this number i, or the imaginary unit.

Amanani a-imaginary asebenza phantsi kwemiqathango nemithetho efanayo nale yee-real numbers:

Ii-imaginary numbers zabizwa ngokuba zii-imaginary kuba ukufunyanwa kwazo okokuqala, iingcali zemathematika ezininzi zange zicinge okokuba ngamanani akhoyo.  umntu owafumanisa ezi-imaginary numbers yaba ngu-Gerolamo Cardano ngoo-1500s. Umntu wokuqala ukusebenzisa amagama athi 'imaginarly numbers yaba ngu-René Descartes. Abantu bokuqala ukusebenzisa laa manani kwaba ngoo-e Leonard Euler no-Carl Friedrich Gauss. Bobabini babephila ngomnyaka wenkulungwana ye-18th century.

Ii-Complex numbers ngamanani anamacala amabini; icala eliyi- real part kunye ne-imaginary part. Zonke ke ezi ntlobo zamanani achazwe apha ngasentla akwazii-complex numbers.

Ii-Complex numbers ziluhlobo oluquka onke amanani.  Ii-complex numbers zingabhalwa kwi-number plane. Le ke yenziwe ngee-real number line, kunye ne-imaginary number line.

Yonke imathematika yesiqhelo ingenziwa ngee-complex numbers:

Kunzima ukuphinda-phinda ii-complex numbers ezimbini. Kulula kakhulu ukuchaza nje ngokubanzi, ngee-complex numbers ezimbini  + bi and c + di.
I-real okanye i-complex number ibizwa ngokuba yi-transcendental number xa ingenakufunyanwa ngenxa yesiphumo se-algebraic equation inee-with integer coefficients.

Kunganzima kakhulu ukufumanisa okokuba ingaba inani elithile li-transcendental na okanye hayi. I-transcendental number nganye ikwayi-irrational number. Abantu bokuqala abaqaphela okokuba kukho ii-transcendental numbers yaba ngu-Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz no-Leonhard Euler. Umntu wokuqala owa-prova okokuba kukho ii-transcendental numbers yaba ngu-Joseph Liouville. Waakwenza oku ngo-1844.

Ii-transcendental numbers ezaziwa kakhulu:




#Article 326: I-Transmission medium (135 words)


A I-transmission medium yimizila yokuhamba konxibelelwano  (eyi-solid eqinileyo, eyi-liquid engamanzi, i-gas engumoya, okanye i-plasma) esetyenziswa ukuhambisa i-energy. Umzekelo, i-transmission medium ehambisa izandi ngomoya. Kodwa isandi sisenokuhanjiswa ngezinto qinileyo ezijiyileyo (eziyi-solid) nezingamanzi (ezizii-liquids). Ucingo lungahambisa ii-electrons ngokohlobo lombane (i-lectricity). Zikho izinto  nezi   kwi-transmission medium nganye. Ezi ke zizinto ezifana ne-cost, i-bandwidth (okanye kujongwe ngazo okokuba ingaba ingakanani na le nto kufuneka ihanjisiwe) , Isantya sokuhanjiswa  kwento kunye ne-.

Izinto ezibonakalayo eziyindlela yokuhamba komyalezo: ziingcingo okanye ii-cables ezisetyenziswa ukuxhumanisa ii-devices ezimbini nangaphezulu. Ezi ke isenokuba zii-twisted pair, ii-coaxial kunye nee-fiber optic cables. Ii-twisted pair cables zazisaya kusetyenziswa kwiingcingo zeefowuni kudala. Kodwa zisasetyenzeswa kakhulu nangoku kubuxhakaxhaka beenkatha zeengcingo nakweminye imisebenzi. zibizwa ngokuba zii-twisted pair cables kuba zineengcingo ezincinane nezibhityileyo ekuthiwa zii-insulated wires. Ezi ngcingo ke zijikelezene ngokuphinyelana kwi- balanced circuit. Ii-twisted pair cables zinganeengcingo ezihamba ngambini ezingama- 4200.   




#Article 327: Albertina nontsikelelo sisulu (874 words)


Bona kwakho Albertina Sisulu
 

USisulu akazange abonakalise mdla kwipolitiki ekuqaleni, ehamba iintlanganiso zombuso kuba wayexhasa uWalter, kodwa ke waphela engena kuzo ezopolitiko wada wangenela i- (ANCWL) ngomnyaka we-1955 ekwathabatha nenxaxheba ekupapashweni kwe-Freedom Charter kwangaloo nyaka.  USisulu nguye kuphela umntu obhinqileyo owayekho ukuqalwa kwe- (ANCYL).  USisulu wade wabalilo nelungu elibekekileyo le-Federation of South African Women ngomnyaka we-1959.  Ngomhla we-9 kweyeThupha ngomnyaka we-1956, wadibana noHelen Joseph kunye noSophia Williams-De Bruyn xa babematsha namanye amanina angama-20 000 esiya kwii-Union Buildings zasePitoli, eqhankqalaza esilwa norhulumente wengcinezelo, owayefuna amabhinqa aphathe amapasi njengenxalenye yemithetho yamapasi.  “Sathi, ‘nothing doing’.  Asisokuze siphathe mapasi thina.” Lo mhla ukhunjulwa ngokubhiyozelwa eMzantsi Afrika njengomhla wamanina obizwa ngokuba yiNational Women’s Day.  Wachitha iiveki ezintathu eluvalelweni phambi kokuba akhululwe etyaleni lamapasi, inguNelson Mandela igqwetha lakhe.  USisulu wayechasene nezifundo ezazibekelwe abantu abantsundu, ukutsho oko iBantu Education, eqhuba izikolo ekhayeni.  
USisulu waye wabanjwa emveni kokuba umyeni wakhe waqhwesha eluvalelweni ukuze azimele ngomnyaka we-1963, waba ngowokuqala owasetyhini ukubanjwa phantsi koMthetho wePalamente Wokulungiswa Kwemithetho Jikelele womnyaka we-1963 owabekwa ngokusesikweni ngenyanga kaCanzibe.  Lo mthetho wanika amapolisa amandla okuba abambe aze avalele abarhanelwa iintsuku ezingama-90 ngaphandle kokubabeka ityala.  uSisulu wafakwa eluvalelweni ixesha elisondele kwiinyanga ezimbini kwade kwangosuku lwesithandathu (6) kwinyanga yeThupha.  Wayengena ephuma ke eluvalelweni ngenxa yemisebenzi yezopolitiko awayeyenza, kodwa uqhubeke waxhathisa ekuchaseni ingcinezelo, nangona wayegxothiwe iminyaka emininzi ngexesha leminyaka yama-1960.  Wayekwanguye nomncedisi-mphathi we- (UDF) ngeminyaka yama-1980.  
Ukususela ngomnyaka wama-1984 ukuya kutsho kumnyaka wama-1989 wokubulawa komyeni wakhe, uSisulu wasebenzela uGqirha obalaseleyo onguAbu Baker Asvat nowathi wamvumela ukuba aqhubekeke ngemisebenzi yakhe yezopolitiko lo gama esamsebenzela, kwaye wayekhona mhla alandulelayo eli uGqirha uAbu Baker Asvat.  USisulu wayebubona kwaye ebuthatha ubudlelwane babo njengobo bomama nonyana wakhe, kwaye esi sibini asizange sibuvumele ubutshaba obabuphakathi kwe-UDF ne-Azapo uAsvat owayenguNobhala Wezempilo kwanelungu elingumsunguli wayo, ukuba luphazamise ubuhlobo babo okanye ubudlelwane bokusebenza kwabo ndaweninye.  
Ngomnyaka wama-1986 wathi wawongwa ngobumi bembeko baseReggio nell’Emilia eseItaly, nekwayidoluphu yokuqala ehlabathini eyathi yawonga eli bhaso libaluleke kangaka kuSisulu.  
Ngomnyaka wama-1984 wakwazi ukufumana ipaspoti waze wakhokela igqiza le-UDF kumazwe aphesheya apho wathi wadibana nePrime Minister yaseNgilane uMargaret Thatcher kwakunye noMongameli waseMelika uGeorge H.W. Bush.  Ngethuba eseNgilane waba sisithethi kwintlangano enkulu yokuchasa ingcinezelo, eyayiqhankqalezela utyelelo  lukamongameli we-National Party, u-FW De Klerk.  Ngonyaka wama-1994, waye wonyulwa kwiPalamente yokuqala yentando yesininzi apho wakhonza isizwe wade wabe uthatha umhlala-phantsi emva kweminyaka emine esebenza.  Kwintlanganiso yokuqala yePalamente, wabanembeko yokonyula u njengoMongameli waseMzantsi Afrika.  Ngaloo nyaka wathi wafumana iwonga ngebhaso ela lisuka kowayenguMongameli ngoko uNelson Mandela.  

Into engapha kweminyaka engamashumi-amahlanu (50), uSisulu wazinikela kwi-The Albertina Sisulu Foundation, esebenzela ukuphucula ubomi babantwana abancinci nabantu abadala.  Waye wawongwa ngembeko ngegalelo lakhe ekulweni ingcinezelo kwakunye nomsebenzi wakhe wobuntlalo-ntle, xa i-World Peace Council eseBasel eSwitzerland yayimonyula njngoMongameli ukususela ngomnyaka wama-1993 ukuyotsho kowama-1996.  Wathi wakhangela wafumana abongikazi ukuba baye eTanzania, ukuze bathathe indawo yabongikazi baseNgilane abathi bahamba emva kokuba iTanzania izuze inkululeko yayo.  Aba mongikazi baseMzantsi Afrika kwanyanzeleka ukuba bathutyeleziswe ukuphuma eMzantsi Afrika ukuya kutsho eBotswana, apho bakhwela khona iinqwelo-moya ukuya kufika eTanzania.  
IAlbertina Sisulu Multipurpose Resource Centre (ASC), ethiywe ngaye uAlbertina Sisulu, yathi yamiswa kwanguye.  Yathi yamiswa phantsi kwemiqondiso emihle yeAlbertina Sisulu Foundation nelumanyano olungenangeniso olwasekwa lusapho lakwaSisulu.  Kwiiveki ezidlula ezo, uAlbertina Sisulu noMandela bathi bavula iWalter Sisulu Peadiatric Cardiac Centre for Africa, eGoli, ethiywe ngomyeni wakhe owalandulelayo eli.  Wathi waba ngumphathiswa weli ziko wanceda ekunyuseni ingxowa-mali yalo.  
USisulu nosapho lwakhe babengabahlali baseOrlando West, eSoweto eseMzantsi Afrika ngexesha eyayimiswa ngayo.  UNkosikazi uSisulu uzibonele ngqo inkqubela yentlalo apho usapho lakwaSisulu laluhlala khona, indawo eswele iinkonzo zoluntu kakhulu nekwajongene nemiqobo emikhulu, wazinikela ekudambiseni ubunzima obukhoyo ekuhlaleni.  IAlbertina Sisulu Multipurpose Resource Centre (ASC) inikezela ngezi nkonzo zilandelayo: 

Ngomnyaka wama-1997, wabizwa phambi kwe-Truth and Reconciliation Commission, eyamiswa ukuze incede abantu baseMzantsi Afrika ukuba bajamelane kwaye baxolele imbali yabo ebuhlungu.  USisulu wangqina phambi kwekhomishini ngeMandela United Football Club, iqela elayanyaniswa nowayesakuba ngunkosikazi kaMandela ngoko, uWinnie Madikizela-Mandela, elalityholwa ngokugrogrisa iSoweto ngeminyaka yama-1980.  Wathi watyholwa ngokuzama ukukhusela uMadikizela-Mandela ngexesha lezi ngxoxo, kodwa ubungqina bakhe babucacile.  Wathi uyakholwa ukuba eli qela iMandela United Football Club latshisa indlu yakhe kuba wakhupha ezinye zezizalwane zakhe ezincinci kweli qela.  
Wathi wangqina kwakhona ngokuva isithonga sompu esabulala umntu awayesebenza naye, ugqirha waseSoweto ukufa kwakhe okwayamaniswa neliqela.  uSisulu, umongikazi kwikliniki yalo gqirha, wathi babenobudlelwane obunjengobo nina nonyana okanye umama nonyana wakhe.  

Umama Albertina Sisulu wasutywa kukufa ngesiquphe kwikhaya lakhe eliseLinden, eGoli, eneminyaka engama-92 ngomhla wesi-2 kweyeSilimela ngomnyaka wama-2011 ngezithuba zentsimbi yesibhozo ngokuhlwa, ebukele umabonakude nabazukulwana bakhe.  Ngokwengxelo zeendaba, wathi wagula ngesiquphe, ekhohlela igazi, kwaye naboncedo lokuqala abathi bakhawuleza bafika kwindawo yexhwayelo abazange bakwazi ukumnceda.  Ngexesha lokusutywa kwakhe kukufa, wayeshiya ngasemva abantwana abahlanu, uMax, uMlungisi, UZwelakhe, uLindiwe, noNonkululeko, abatshana bakhe abamkelweyo uGerald noBeryl, kwakunye nabazukulwana abangama-26 kwakunye nesizukulwana esithathu.  Usapho lwakhe lwadandalazisa ukuxheleka kwabo emphefumlweni ngexesha lokusweleka kwakhe, kodwa bathi bayathuthuzeleka kukwazi ukuba yena nomyeni wakhe weminyaka engama-59 bakunye kwakhona ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo.  
UMongameli uJacob Zuma unike imbeko kuMaSisulu ngexesha lokusutywa kwakhe kukufa.  “UMama Sisulu uthe ekuhambeni kweminyaka akabi yintsika kusapho lakwaSisulu kuphela, kodwa nakubo bonke ebebekwintshukumo yokulwela inkululeko, njengokuba ebebondla, ebanika iingcebiso, esonga kwaye efundisa uninzi lweenkokheli nabasunguli boMzantsi Afrika wentando yesininzi”, utshilo uZuma.  Ukwenze isaziso sokuba uSisulu uya kuthi afumane umngcwabo waseburhulumenteni, kwaye iiflegi zesizwe ziyaku phephezeliswa isiqingatha ukususela ngomhla we-4 kweyeSilimela ide ibe lusuku lomngcwabo.  

Uye wangumncedisi-mongameli wesizwe we-United Democratic Front akuqalweni kwayo ngomnyaka wama-1983.  Emva kwexeshana, uye wazimanya njengelungu ne-ANC Women’s League, kwaye wonyulwa njengosekela-mongameli, kwaye ngomnyaka wama-1994 uye walilungu lePalamente phambi kokuthatha umhlala-phantsi ngomnyaka wama-1998.  
Ilungu- Federation of South African Women, South Africa Sector: Community (1954-2011)




#Article 328: Thornhill Ntabethemba (233 words)


Thornhill yilali ephantsi komaspala wasek'hlaleni iEnoch Mgijima kwisithili iChris Hani District Municipality kwiphondo leMpuma Koloni eMzantsi Afrika. Ngaphambi konyaka ka 1994 lelali yayiphantsi kwe Ciskei Homeland. IThornhill yeyona lali inkulu eNtabethemba

Ngonyaka ka 1976 abantu abaqikelelwa kuma 30000-50000 bafuduka kwiilali ezinga 23 eSterkspruit nase Herschel besiya kumhlaba ekwakungekho-nto iThornhill. Esinye sezizathu esabangela ukuba lenginginya ifuduke yayikukuba kwakungekho mhlaba owaneleyo, kukho ukhukhuliseko lomhlaba kwaye kwakukho abantu abaninzi eHerschel.

Ngaphambi kokuba abantu bafudukele eThornhill bathenjiswa nguMnu Uys ukuba bazak'fumana umhlaba ochumilyo, izindlu kunye namaziko empilo, kodwa bathi xa befika eThornhill akwabikho nenye yezizinto, ntonje bafika kugxunyekwe iintente nezazingabonelanga. Imeko zabanzima kakhulu kwiinyanga zok'qala, kungekho zindlu kwaye nemfuyo yafa ngenxa yokungondleki. Ngenyanga ka Januwari 1977 kwabakho iingxelo zokuba iintsana ezilishumi ziswelekile kodwa nangona kunjalo abantu baqhubeka behlala kulendawo.

Ngonyaka ka 2013 usekela mphathiswa wophuhliso lwamaphandle nobuyekezo lomhlaba umama uPamela Tshwete wanikezela nge R390 million kubantu abangama 3043 base Ntabethemba. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwakhutshwa imali engama R137 345 350,59, umzi ngamnye kwimizi engama 1071 yafumana i R128 240,29. Abantu abaxhamlayo kulemali bahlala kwilali zase Ntabethemba eziquka iMerino Walk, Thornhill, Mitford, Baclesfarm, Tentergate, Thembalethu, Rockland's, Zola, Phakamisa, Ikhwezi, kunye nase Congca

Ezizikolo zifumaneka kulelali:

Amavundle Senior Secondary School

Lelali izinze phakathi kwe Komani ne Tarkastad. Lelali ixhomekeke kwezidolophu ngenkonzo kwaye zombini ezidolophu zidlala indima ekuveliseni imisebenzi. Kodwa ngenxa yenani labantu abafumaneka kule lali imisebenzi kunzima ukuba ifumaneke , lonto iqhubela ekunyuseni inani lolwaphulo mthetho kunye nezinga lokuphila elisezantsi kakhulu 




#Article 329: Zondeni Sobukwe (296 words)


IGAMA: Zondeni Veronica Sobukwe

UMHLA WOKUZALWA: 28 kweyeKhala 1927

INDAWO YOKUZALWA: Hlobane, KwaZulu Natal

UMSEBENZI: Itshantliziyo lezopolitiko, kunye nomongikazi

UMHLA WOKUSWELEKA: 15 kweyeThupha 2018

INDAWO: Graaff Reinet eMpuma Koloni

UZondeni Veronica Sobukwe wazalwa ngomhla wama 27 kweyeKhala 1927, ezalelwa eHlobane, KwaZulu Natal eMzantsi Afrika. UNskz Sobukwe waqeqeshelwa ubumongikazi eVictoria Hospital eLovedale eMpuma Koloni nalapho amanesi awayesebenza apho ayekwingxabano nabaphathi besisibhedlele. UNskz Sobukwe wayengomnye wababekhokhela uqhanqalazo xa uMnu Robert Sobukwe eqala ukudibana naye.

Ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kwakhe koluqhanqalazo, wagxothwa eLovedale college waze emva koko waya eRhawutini ethunyelwa ngumbutho wolutsha weANC waseFort Hare ukuba ase imbalelwano kuWalter Sisulu emazisa ngoqhanqalazo loonesi.

Ubudlelwane bakhe no Robert Sobukwe baya bukhula de ngomhla wesi 6 kweyeSilimela 1954 bazimanya ngeqhina lomtshato, balizwa ngabantwana abane amagama ango Miliswa,  

Dinilesizwe, Dalindyebo Kunye noDedanizizwe. URobert Sobukwe wayengumseki nomongameli wePan Africanist Congress (PAC).

UNskz Sobukwe owaziwa ngabamthandayo uMama weAzania (Mother of Azania) wadlala indima enkulu kumzabalazo, ngonyaka ka 2003 wawongwa yimbongi uEskia Mphahlele ngombongo othi tribute to Zodwa Veronica, A great woman

Njengenkosikazi, umongikazi kunye netshantliziyo, wabhala imbalelwano eziliqela ecela umhlangano neziphatha mandla malunga neemeko ezazingqonge umyeni wakhe owaye valelwe eRobben Island. Wayefuna umphathiswa wezobulungiswa worhulumente wengcinezelo uJimmy Kruger akhulule umyeni wakhe kwaye banikwe yena nosapho lwakhe imvume yokushiya uMzantsi Afrika, kodwa ezo nzame zawela phantsi.

Ngonyaka ka -1997 wavela phambi kwekomishoni yoxolo noxolelwaniso (Truth and Reconciliation Committee) efuna ukufumana inyani ngento eyabangela ukusweleka komyeni wakhe. Kwakule komishoni wadandalazisa indlela embi awayephethwe ngayo umyeni wakhe eziseleni. Wanyanzelisa ukuba oogqirha nabasebenzi ababegcine umyeni wakhe nekwakurhaneleka uku bafaka iingceba ezophukileyo ekutyeni kwakhe mabavele bachaze konke oko ngaphambi kokuba baxolelwe.

Urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika wawonga umama uSobukwe nge-Order of luthuli ngenyanga kaTshazimpuzi 2018 ewongwa ngokulwela inkululeko kunye nokubonakalisa inkxaso kwabo babelwela inkululeko nababevalelwe.

UNskz Zondeni Zodwa Veronica Sobukwe usweleke ngomhla we 15 August 2018 eGraaf Reinet emva kwengulo ende eneminyaka engama-91.




#Article 330: Maqoma (114 words)


Maqoma (1798-1873) waye yinkosi, nentshatsheli yomkhosi yakwaXhosa. Udlale indima enkulu kwiimfazwe yesithandathu neyesibhozo yamaXhosa. Waye dume ngobukhaliphe , nokwazi ukulawula abasemkhosini.

Uzalwe ngonyaka wama-1798 kwindlu yasekunene kaKumkani uNgqika wamaRharhabe. Ebengangqinelelani necebo likayise wakhe lokunikela umhlaba kwiNtshona Koloni (Cape Colony), lonto ibangele ngonyaka wama-1822 adele abankcinezeli ngobuyela nokwakha obakhe ubkhosi kumhlaba wayesikelwe ukuhlukanisa iKoloni namaXhosa.

Imfazwe yesithandathu yaziwa njengemfazwe yaKumkani uHinsta , kodwa zange iqalwe nguye. Ewe uKumkani uHinsta uncedisile kwelidabi kodwa eyona ngqwayi-ngqwayi yalemfazwe yile ngangalala uNkosi uMaqoma.

uNkosi uMaqoma usiwe kabini ngamarhanuka kwanongqongqo  eRobben Island. Ngexha lokuqala uyewavunyelwa ukuba ahlale nomkake kwaye nosapho, kodwa kwelesibini ubhanjwe yedwa. Igosa lasetshetshi elambona ngemizuzu yakhe yokugqibela ngonyaka wama-1873 lithetha kabuhlungu  lisithi Ilile kabuhlungu lendoda, phamb'koba iwiswe yingugo nokunxuba.




#Article 331: NguMgungundlovu (524 words)


NguMgungundlovu (isiZulu: umGungundlovu; IsiNgesi  IsiBhulu: Pietermaritzburg, eyaziwa nangokuthi iMaritzburg; PMB) yinkunzi yePhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala, eMzantsi Afrika. Isixeko, esinamamitha angama-596 ngaphaya kwezinga elwandle entliziyweni yaseZululand, kwakungowokuqala kwinkunzi yokuqala yeRiphabliki yaseBoer yaseNatalia. Nangona kunjalo, isixeko namhlanje sinesimo esiqinileyo seNgesi. Ngenxa yokulondolozwa kwezakhiwo zayo zembali, iPietermaritzburg idlalwa ngokuba yinto yezona zixeko ezintle kakhulu zase-Victori eAfrika.



#Article 332: Isakhono nge-Statistics (785 words)


Abantu basoloko behlohlwa ngobungqina be-statistics kupapasho olwenziwa mihla le (uyakusoloko usiva kusithiwa koogqirha bamazinyo aba-5 ba-4 abancomayo), kwiingxelo ezenziwa ngeendaba (uluvo lwabantu lubonisa okokuba isithunywa okanye umgqatswa ukhokhele ngamanqaku amane), kanti kuyenzeka oku nakwiingxo zemihla ngemihla (Ubukhulu becala andiyazi eyonanto uthetha ngayo). Ingcali  ezingoompondo zihlanjiwe kunye namagqwetha aphum'izandla, asoloko esebenzisa ukubala xa zizathuza ngeenjongo zokutyebisa ubungqina obuthiwa thaca kwiingxoxo zasemthethweni.  Kulapho ke sibaluncedo khona esi statistics. ikwa sesi sakhono se-statistics esinceda umntu ukuba azi okokuba lo mpondo zihlanjiwe uthetha ukuthini na andule ukwenza isigqibo ngento ayaziyo, atsho azi okokuba makholelwe liphi na igqwetha lomthetho. Kubaluleke kakhulu ke oku, kuba kaloku i-statistics sisenokwenziwa ukuba sivelise ubungqina obuhlalutye engeyiyo le ifunekayo, kunjalo nje kungade kucingwe okokuba olu hlalutyo lusemgangathwei okanye lufanelekile. Injongo yokuphakanyiswa kwesakhono kwistatistics (i-statistical literacy) kukuphucula indlela aziwa ngayo amanani neempawu zamanani luluntu jikelele.    

Izigqibo ngezempilo zisoloko zibonakala njengeengxaki ezisekwe kwizigqibo ezithathwe ngokwe-statistics, kodwa bambalwa oogqirha okanye izigulana ezixhotyiswe ngezakhono zesi-statistics, ukuze nabo bakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kubungqina (kwi-data) obukhoyo. 

Iziphumo zophando ngezimvo zabantu zikwakhankanywa nakwimibutho yeendaba, kodwa ukusulungeka nomgangatho wophando olunje ngolu kuyahluka nje geqe. Kangangokuba, olunye uhlobo ekuqondwa ngalo ukusebenza kwe-statistics kwimizekelo yezinto ezicatshulwe kuloo nto iphandwayo ukuze kwenziwe kuzo uphando.   (ezo zinto ke zimele ezinye kuphando kuthiwa ziyi-sampling). Zifuneka kakhulu ke  ukuze kulungiswe ezo ziphumo zithe azahlalutyeka ngendlela eyiyo.  Kananjalo, ezi sample zisenokuba ncinane kakhulu kangangokuba iziphumo zophando eziphuma kuzo azinakuba nantsingiselo iyiyo, kananjalo kwa ukukhethwa kwazo kunenzelwa ebuqhingeni.  Indlela le abekwe ngayo amagama kwiphepha eliqulethe imibuzo yophando angabekwa ngendlela enegobe, angasetyenziswa enjalo kanye xa injongo ikukufumana iziphumo zobuqhinga. Uphando olufanelekileyo lolo lusebenzisa indlela ezingenabuqhophololo, apho ke ixesha elininzi neenzame lichithwa ekuqhulunqeni imibuzo kwaneendlela zokuphanda ezizizo. Ubuchule be-statistics buyimfuneko ukuze kuqondwe okokuba yintoni na kanye le yenza ukuba uphando luthembeke, kwaye umntu akwazi ukulibeka esikalini ixabiso  leziphumo zophando kunye nezigqibo ezithathwe kwezo ziphumo.   

Ngenxa yezi zizathu, kunye nezinye ezingakhankanywanga apha, kuye kwayilwa iinkqubo ezininzi ukuze kuphuculwe isakhona sokusebenzisa i-statistics (i-statistics literacy) kwihlabathi jikelele. Umzekelo, Amaziko e-statistics aseburhulumenteni afana ne-Statistics saseKhanada kunye ne-Statistics esilawulwa ngurhulumente wase-Australia, bonke aba rhulumente baneenkqubo zokufundisa abafundi ezikolweni ngendlela esisebenza ngayo i-statistics. Kukho iziko leprojekthi elijongene nokufundisa nge-statistics kula mazwe mabini. Eli ziko likukuphela kombutho oquka laa mazwe mabini, onjongo yalo ikukuphakamisa iinkqubo zala mazwe eziyakuthi ziqhubele phambili ukwandisa ukufundwa kwe-statistics ngawo onke amalungu asekuhlaleni. Izixhobo eziliqela kunye nezinto ezenziwayo, kuquka neengcaphephe zala mazwe mabini zimaxhaphetshu zizama ukugcina eli phulo liyimpumelelo kuwo onke amazwekazi eli hlabathi. Ikomishini yezizwe ezimanyeneyo kuqoqosho lwelizwekazi laseYurophu, ize nombono wokuqala izifundo ezingesakhono se-stastistics, zifundo ezo eziyakuqalisa kwibanga lesi-2 (u-grade 4), ukuze kwenziwe naluphi na ulwazi ngaloo nto kufundwa ngayo ibe lulwazi oluphathekayo.

IIi-experiments ezeziwa kwi-sciences, iindlela zoshishino kunye neengxelo ezenziwayo, zonke zisebenzisa i-statistics. Abantu abathe bangenazulu kwezi zifundo, bafunde ngentsingiselo yezibalo ezingestatistics, ezifana nomyinge (i-avarage) kunye ne-standard deviation. Iikholeji ezininzi kunye neeYunivesithi zifuna kubekho isifundo sokuqala esingenisa abafundi kwi-statistics, kwaye esi sifundo siyakuba yinxalenye yenkqubo yokunyusa izinga lemfundo yomntu ngokwemfundo nangokwekamva lakhe.  

Ulwazi lwentelekelelo lunganegalelo ekuqondeni okanye athi kanti umntu uluqonda ngenye indlela ekungeyiyo le ifanelekileyo, kathi ke olu lwazi lukwasetyenziswa ukuluxovula ngengxoxo-mpikiswano.  .

Izifundo zophando zibonisa okokuba ukuqikelela kwabantu ngezinto abacinga okokuba zisenokuba njalo, zifuthwa kakhulu ziimeko ezenzeka phantsi kwazo kwakunye namazwi oluthe lwabekwa ngawo olo lwazi luphandiweyo. Ukuqiqa ngokwe-statistics kusenokuba nzima ukuba kukhuliswe kukwanzima okokuba kucokiswe, kwaye oku kukhokhelela ekubeni olu hlobo lokuqiqa luthathwe njenohlobo olungekho ngqondweni.  .

Ukugembula yenye yeendlela ezikhoyo ekubhenelwa kuzo, apho ke kuye kube yilahleko enkulu xa kungasetyenziswanga uhlobo lokubala lwestatistics Umbono okanye ithiyori elula yokuqikelela inceda umntu ukuze akwazi ukuqikelela okanye akwazi ukubala okubandakanywe kolu qikelelo lukwimidlalo yokugembula. Kodwa uninzi lwabantu  luyasilela ukwenza olu qikelelo, umzekelo, uqikelelo lokuqubisana nendlu ephelelyo, kumdlalo wamakhadi owaziwa ngokuba yi-porker. Ukungaqondi ezi ntlobo zokuqikelela kwenza okokuba umntu afunisele  ngokugqithisileyo okanye abuye nganeno ekufuniseleni kwakhe, kunaxa bebenokwazi nokokuba ke kukuqikelela oko kufanelekileyo. Ukwandisa ulwazi nesakhono somntu kwi-statistics, ukuze akwazi ukufunisela ngokufanelekileyo, oko ekufunds kumagumbi okufundela okanye eklasini, kwincwadi zokufundisa ezinemizekelo ye-statistics, kwakunye nezinye iindlela, ezinokukhokelela ekubeni abemi beli lizwe babenolwazi oluthe chatha, nto leyo eyakwenza okokuba batsho bakwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe phezu kolwazi, okanye ngaphandle kolwazi olufanelekileyo.    

Inkcazelo malunga nesakhono nge-statistics kunye neengcinga ngayo yinto ebisoloko ichazwa ngeendle-ngeendlela. Phambi komnyaka ka-1940, ezinye izakhono ze-statistics zaye zagqithiselwa kwizifundo zenzululwazi. Ukanti inxalenye yezakhono ze-statistics zaye zafundiswa kumabanga esikolo, Ngoko ke inqanaba lesakhono se-statistics liyakubekwa kwihlabathi jikelele kwixa elizayo ..... Kutsha nje, bekulindwe lukhulu.   Isakhono se-statistics lulwazi ngezibalo ze-statistics, athi enalo nje umntu, abe ekwathi nokuhlalutya iziphumo zalo eziyakuthi zichaphazele iimpilo zethu.  Imvelaphi yezo ziphumo ze-statistics, idla ngokukwiindlela eziye zasetyenziswa ezithi zifikelele kwiincwadi ze-statistics ezisetyenziswa kwiikholeji ngoo-1940. I-statistics siqhubela phambili ngokuxhobisa abantu ngolwazi. Ukungabikho kwesakhono se-statistics bekusoloko kugxekwa phantsi kwezihloko ezininzi.  H. G. UWels ebesoloko ecatshulwa kwiintetho zakhe esithi Ngenye imini, ulwazi nge-statistics luyakuze lubaluleke kanye njengokubaluleka kokufunda nokubhala. kodwa ke usenokuba ubhekisa kulwazi olunxulumene nezibalo zepolitiki endaweni yezibalo zangoku.  




#Article 333: Nelson Mandela University (115 words)


Nelson Mandela University(NMU ngamafuphi) liziko lemfundo ephakamileyo lase Mzantsi Afrika elizinze kunxweme lwase Bhayi(Port Elizabeth wena khumsha).

Eliziko lemfundo lilo kuphela emhlabeni elibizwa ngegama les'bavubavu sezopolitiko, itsha ntliziyo lomzabalazo ubawo uNelson Rholihlahla Mandela Ahh! Dalibhunga. Le Dyunivesithi yasungulwa ngonyaka ka 2005 emva kwendibanisela yamaziko emfundo amathathu aquka i Port Elizabeth Technikon, University of Port Elizabeth kunye ne Vista University.

Ngaphambili phaya leDyunivesithi yayisaziwa ngokuba yi Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU), kuthe ngomhla wama 20 kweyeKhala 2017 lalahlwa eligama i Metropolitan zee yabizwa ngokuba yi Nelson Mandela University.

I NMU yenye yeeDyunivesithi etsala umdla wabafundi abathwabuluka kwinkalo ngeenkalo zehlabathi, lonto ingqinwa kukuba ngaphezulu kwe 3000 yabafundi iphuma kumanye amazwe aquka i France, Germany, Belgium namanye amaninzi.




#Article 334: Wikipedia (140 words)


I-Wikipedia yi-encyclopedia enokuthenjwa yamahhala e-intanethi, iprojekti ejolise ekudaleni umsebenzi wokusebenzisana kunye neyona encyclopedia enkulu kwimbali kunye nobungakanani, kunye ne-encyclopedia ngokwayo eyiphumo.

Le sayithi ayiyi kukuqinisekisa nantoni na. Abantu abandakanyekayo (kubandakanye nabanye abasebenzisi) kule ndawo abaxanduva lwakho nonke. Wena, sebenzisa le site (lokukhangela, iposi, kubandakanywa bonke re-ukusetyenziswa kwe yangaphandle) ukuba kunjalo, kufuneka wenze ngomngcipheko akho.

Asinalo uxanduva lomonakalo obangelwa ngenxa yokusebenzisa.

Xa ukukhanya imithetho nemimiselo isicelo sakho, ukusetyenziswa le sayithi akusosiqinisekiso sokuba yi esemthethweni.

Zonke isigwebo Ilungiselelwe umxholo, umfanekiso, ulwazi odiyo, semthethweni, ukuchaneka, ukhuseleko kunye ezifana umxholo, oko akusosiqinisekiso kuzo zonke iinkalo.

Asiqinisekisi nto malunga nesayithi yangaphandle edibanisa.

Zombini inqaku lonke, kodwa uya ilayisensi ukuguqulwa kunye kwakhona ukusetyenziswa-esekelwe kwi-mvume exananazileyo CC-BY-SA 3.0 kunye GNU Woxwebhu Free mvume, oko uya kukha mvume ngohlobo saphule imithetho nemimiselo kunye nezinye izenzo zomthetho.

Umfanekiso ngamnye oboniswe kunye kunye nesicatshulwa uya kunikwa ngokusekelwe kwilayisenisi eyahlukileyo kwisivakalisi.




#Article 335: Iyunivesithi yaseMzantsi Afrika (1282 words)


  
 

IYunivesithi yaseMzantsi Afrika (iYUNISA), neyaziwa njengokuba yiYunisa, yeyona yunivesithi yamkela abafundi abaninzi kweli loMzantsi Afrika nakwilizwekazi i-Afrika liphela. Unobangela woko kukuba le Yunivesithi yaasekelezelwa phezu kwenkqubo yokuzisa imfundo kubafundi kwezo ndawo bakuzo. Ngoko ke inani labafundi abafunda kule Yunivesithi alixhomekekanga kubukhulu bamagumbi ekufundelwa kuwo. Yiyo le nto ikwaziyo ukumelana nomthamo omkhulu wabafundi ababhalisela ukufunda kuyo. Yile ndlela ke le yenza umtsalane ongummangaliso kubo bonke abafundi beli loMzantsi Afrika abangaphezu kwesiqingatha. 

Uninzi lwabafundi ababhalisela ukufunda eYunisa, ngabo bafundi abathi benqwenela ukubhalisela imfundo kwamanye amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo, babe bengakwazi ngenxa yeemeko-ngeemeko abaphila phantsi kwazo. Eyona nto imandla, yeyokokuba inkqubo yezinye iiyunivesithi inyanzelisa ukuba umfundi asoloko ekumagumbi okufundela, mihla nezolo. Ibe nemali ebhatalwayo kwezi yunivesithi benegnakumelana nayo aba bafundi. Ukanti ke yona inkqubo yaseYunisa iluncedo kwabo bangathathi ntweni. 

Le Yunivesithi ime ngeekholeji ezahlukeneyo ngokwezifundo eziqulethwe kuzo. Kananjalo, ikwasebenzisana namanye amacandelo ukwenza umsebenzi wayo ngempumelelo nangokupheleleyo. Ngenxa yala masebe nezi kholeji, iYUNISA itsho ibenabafundi abangaphaya kwama-300 000, xa sibala nabafundi abafunda bekwamanye amazwe angama-130 kwihlabathi jikelele. Loo nto itsho iyenze le Yunivesithi ibe yenye yeeyunivesithi ezinkulu kwihlabathi, ikwakukuphela kweyunivesithi elolu hlobo kwi-Afrika iphela.  

Nanje ngeYunivesithi ekwaziyo ukumelana nezifundo ezibalulekileyo zomfundi ngamnye, abafundi eYUNISA bathi befunda izifundo zabo, bekhokhelwa ziititshala zabo ngembalelwano, babe bekwazi ukukusebenzisa ekuhlaleni oko bakufundileyo. Ngenxa yoku ke, abaninzi kwaba bafundi, bafumene iziqinisekiso ezivunywa kumazwe ngamazwe jikelele, kuba kaloku baphum'izandla ngezakhono abanazo. Kangangokuba sele beshiye imizila eqaqambileyo kwiingingi ngeengingqi. Yonke loo nto yenza okokuba abafundi baseYunisa batsho baziwe ngakumbi. Kananjalo bachongelwe imisebenzi kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela.    

IYunisa yiyunivesithi yokuqala emZantsi Afrika - igama eyaqala ukusenza ngalo le yunivesithi ngonyaka we-1873, lithi iYunivesithi yaseCape of Good Hope, phantsi kweKoloni yaseKapa. Indlela eyayiqhuba ngayo le Yunivesithi yayilandela indlela ekwakuqhutywa ngayo yiYunivesithi yaseLondon, apho kwakungatitshwa ngohlobo lokujongana kwetitshala nomfundi kwigumbi lokufundela. Koko kwakubekelwa iikholeji ezayamene nale Yunivesithi, imiqathango emayilandelwe xa kufundwa naxa kuhlalelwa iimviwo. Ixesha layo elininzi ilichithe kwimbali yayo yokuqala njengesetyana elimele iYunivesithi yaseOxford nezaseCambridge, njengemveku efukanyelweyo apho uninzi lwezinye iiYunivesithi zaseMzantsi Afrika luyakuvela khona. 

Emva komanyano lweekoloni zasemZantsi Afrika, phantsi korhulumente omnye ngowe-1910, iYunivesithi yaseCape of Good Hope yanikwa igunya lokujongana nazo zonke iikholeji zeYunivesithi kwilizwe lonke liphela. Yathi yakuphinde ithiywe igama lokuba yiYunivesithi yasemZantsi Afrika, ngomnyaka we-1916, yafuduselwa ePitoli ngowe-1918. Yaza ke ngoku yaba liziko leemviwo elithembekileyo kumaziko ame njengeeYunivesithi ezinkulu nezizimeleyo emZantsi Afrika.  

Ngomnyaka ka-1946, le yunivesithi yaanikwa uxanduva olutsha kwathiwa makube yiyunivesithi efundisa ngokubhalelana nabafundi bayo. Nanhlanje le Yunivesithi ikhupha  iziqinisekiso okanye izetifikethi kwizifundo ezikumanqanaba e-diploma nawesidanga sokuqala ukuya kwisidanga kwinqaba lobuGqirha. 

Ngenyanga yomqungu kumnyaka wama-2004, iYunisa yaamanyana neTechnikon yamaZantsi e-Afrika (neyayisayakwaziwa njengeTechnikon SA), yaza yathi kolu manyano yamkela umbono wemfundo ezizwa kubafundi kwiindawo abakuzo (i-distance education), uhlobo lwemfundo olwalusenziwa yiYunivesithi yaseVista. Le manyano yeziko lemfundo, yahlala iphantsi kwegama elithi iYunivesithi yasemZantsi Afrika. Kungoku nje imi ngeekholeji nezikolo; jonga apha below.

#Article 336: I-Oregoni (276 words)


I-Oregoni luphondo kumaphondo angamashumi amahlanu eYunathedi Steyithi elizwekazi uMntla Melika. Idolophu elikomkhulu lwe-Oregoni yiSalemi. Esona sixeko sikhulu e-Oregoni yiPortlandi. 

Oluphondo lwahlulwe yimida namaphondo emelene nawo amane:

I-Oregoni ikunxweme lwentshona Mntla Melika. Abantu base-Oregoni babizwa ama-Oregoni (Oregonians ngesiNgesi). IPortlandi, iSalemi, i-Yujini kunye neKorvalisi zizixeko ezikummandla obizwa “The Valley” (intlambo ngesiXhosa). Abona bantu baninzi bahlala apha kule ntlambo. Le ntlambo inamahlathi, iingxangxasi, amachibi kunye nemilambo. Empuma yalentlambo yi-High Desert (intlango aphakamileyo ngesiNgesi).

Kwakweli phondo kukho iqela lomdlalo webhola yebhaskithi elibalukekileyo nelibalaseleyo nelixhaswa kakhulu ngabemi bephondo. Igama lalo libizwa ukuba zi Portland Trail Blazers, gama elo elithetha ukuba zingcali nentlola ezazisa ikhondo elitsha.

Kukwakho iYunivesithi eziliqela kweli lase-Oregoni.

Iintabamlilo zenza kwakheka umhlaba we-Oregoni. Oku kuyilwa komhlaba zintabamlilo kwenzeka kudala kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo phambi kokuba kufike abantu. Inkcazo-bungcali ngemvelaphi yoluntu lwaseMelika ichaza ngabantu abavela e-Eyijiya bafika eMntla-Melika bewela ngokunqumla ibholorho yomhlaba. Ukunqunyulwa kwebhulorho yomhlaba ngabantu kwenzeka kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo kodwa oku ke kwenzeka emva kweminyaka emininzi yayilwayo ibhulorho yomhlaba.

Inkcazo-bungcali ihambisa ithi oku kwakheka kwebholorho yomhlaba phakathi kwe-Eyijiya noMntla Melika kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhla komlinganiselo wamanzi olwandle owabangelwa kukuhla ngamandla kobushushu beplanethi. Njengoko umlinganiselo wolwandle usiya usihla ngakumbi umhlaba waya uvela udibanisa la mazwekazi mabini i-Eyijiya nomntla Melika nto leyo yenzeka okokuqala embalini yoluntu. Izinyanya zakudala zabemi bokuqala be-Oregoni beza ngokuwela le bhulorho yomhlaba.

Emva kwexesha elithile ukuhla kobushushu beplanethi kwathoba isantya kwade kwama ekugqibeleni. Emva koko imozulu yaqala ukufudumeza nto eyabangela ukuba umlinganiselo wamanzi olwandle unyuke ude uphuphumela kwicala le Eyijiya noMntla-Melika. Ngokuya amanzi olwandle enyuka aphuphuma yade yagutyungelwa ibhulorho yomhlaba edibanisa la mazwekazi. Amanzi ngoku awahlula lamazwekazi angamaqela ngamaqela abantu: abantu belizwekazi iiMelika kwaye abantu belizwekazi i-Afrika, i-Eyijiya, i-Ostreliya neYurophu. Izinyanya zakudala zoluntu lokuqala lwase-Oregoni lulapha phakathi kwabantu bemveli.




#Article 337: I-Alabhama (283 words)


I-Alabhama luphondo kumaphondo angamashumi amahlanu eYunayithedi Steyitsi elizwekazi uMntla Melika. Idolophu elikomkhulu lwe-Alabhama yiMontgomeri. Esona sixeko sikhulu e-Alabhama yiBirminghami.

Oluphondo lwahlulwe yimida namaphondo emelene nawo a

Oluphondo lwahlulwe yimida namaphondo emelene nawo amane:

I-Oregoni ikunxweme lwentshona Mntla Melika. Abantu base-Oregoni babizwa ama-Oregoni (Oregonians ngesiNgesi). IPortlandi, iSalemi, i-Yujini kunye neKorvalisi zizixeko ezikummandla obizwa “The Valley” (intlambo ngesiXhosa). Abona bantu baninzi bahlala apha kule ntlambo. Le ntlambo inamahlathi, iingxangxasi, amachibi kunye nemilambo. Empuma yalentlambo yi-High Desert (intlango aphakamileyo ngesiNgesi).

Kwakweli phondo kukho iqela lomdlalo webhola yebhaskithi elibalukekileyo nelibalaseleyo nelixhaswa kakhulu ngabemi bephondo. Igama lalo libizwa ukuba zi Portland Trail Blazers, gama elo elithetha ukuba zingcali nentlola ezazisa ikhondo elitsha.

Kukwakho iYunivesithi eziliqela kweli lase-Oregoni.

Iintabamlilo zenza kwakheka umhlaba we-Oregoni. Oku kuyilwa komhlaba zintabamlilo kwenzeka kudala kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo phambi kokuba kufike abantu. Inkcazo-bungcali ngemvelaphi yoluntu lwaseMelika ichaza ngabantu abavela e-Eyijiya bafika eMntla-Melika bewela ngokunqumla ibholorho yomhlaba. Ukunqunyulwa kwebhulorho yomhlaba ngabantu kwenzeka kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo kodwa oku ke kwenzeka emva kweminyaka emininzi yayilwayo ibhulorho yomhlaba.

Inkcazo-bungcali ihambisa ithi oku kwakheka kwebholorho yomhlaba phakathi kwe-Eyijiya noMntla Melika kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhla komlinganiselo wamanzi olwandle owabangelwa kukuhla ngamandla kobushushu beplanethi. Njengoko umlinganiselo wolwandle usiya usihla ngakumbi umhlaba waya uvela udibanisa la mazwekazi mabini i-Eyijiya nomntla Melika nto leyo yenzeka okokuqala embalini yoluntu. Izinyanya zakudala zabemi bokuqala be-Oregoni beza ngokuwela le bhulorho yomhlaba.

Emva kwexesha elithile ukuhla kobushushu beplanethi kwathoba isantya kwade kwama ekugqibeleni. Emva koko imozulu yaqala ukufudumeza nto eyabangela ukuba umlinganiselo wamanzi olwandle unyuke ude uphuphumela kwicala le Eyijiya noMntla-Melika. Ngokuya amanzi olwandle enyuka aphuphuma yade yagutyungelwa ibhulorho yomhlaba edibanisa la mazwekazi. Amanzi ngoku awahlula lamazwekazi angamaqela ngamaqela abantu: abantu belizwekazi iiMelika kwaye abantu belizwekazi i-Afrika, i-Eyijiya, i-Ostreliya neYurophu. Izinyanya zakudala zoluntu lokuqala lwase-Oregoni lulapha phakathi kwabantu bemveli.




#Article 338: Umhobe wesizwe wase Mzantsi Afrika (146 words)


Nkosi sikelel' iAfrika
Maluphakanyisw' uphondo lwayo,
Yizwa imithandazo yethu,
Nkosi sikelela, thina lusapho lwayo.
Morena boloka setjhaba sa heso,
O fedise dintwa le matshwenyeho,
O se boloke, O se boloke setjhaba sa heso,
Setjhaba sa, South Afrika, South Afrika.
Uit die blou van onse hemel,
Uit die diepte van ons see,
Oor ons ewige gebergtes,
Waar die kranse antwoord gee,
Sounds the call to come together,
And united we shall stand,
Let us live and strive for freedom
In South Africa our land.

Kwabhalwa ngo-1918 ngu-C.J. Langenhoven gu qulelwa kwi-afrikaans

Oluhlaza bethu obomvu njengebhakabhaka
Kunzulu njengolwandle oluhlaza 
Kwiintaba ngonaphakade ezimemeze yonke into esiyithethayo
Ngaphezu kweendawo apho kungekho mntu
Ngokucwina kwenkunzi yenkomo
Bava ilizwi labantu bethu ngokuvakalayo
Malunga nalizwe esilithandayo kakhulu 
Siya kuphendula xa ebiza
Siya kumnika into ayicelayo
Siya kuhlala, siya kufa
Lethu lomhlaba Mzantsi Afrika
Epheleleyo kunye nembali Umhobe weSizwe waseMzantsi Afrika omdala Die Stem




#Article 339: Fatima Meer (308 words)


UFatima Meer (nge-12 ka-Agasti ka-1928 ukuya kowe-12 ku-Matshi ka-2010) wayengumbhali wase Mzantsi Afrika, ezemfundo, umbhali wesikrini, kunye neqela labalweli-mthetho babalaseleyo. Unina, uRakeli, wayeyinkedama yohlanga lwamaYuda nesiPhuthukezi, kodwa ke waguqukela kubuSilamsi wathatha igama elithi Amina. Utata kaFatima Meer, uMoosa, wazalelwa e-Surat, Gujarat kwaye wayevela kuluntu oluncinci lwaseSunni Bhora. Nangona wayengafundiswanga ngokusemthethweni kwi-theology yamaSilamsi, wayefundeka ngokubanzi kwaye ehlonitshwa ngolwazi kwakhe olukhulu ngobuSilamsi, ubuHindu nobuKristu. Wadlulisa kuthando lakhe lolwimi, isifundi, ukunyamezelana kwezenkolo kunye nokuchasa ngokungakhathali ucalucalulo ebantwaneni bakhe. U-Moosa wayengumhleli nomshicileli we-Indian Views [ngo-1914 ukuya ngo-1965], ushicilelo lweveki ejolise kuluntu lwamaSulumane athetha isiGujarati kumazantsi e-Afrika. Eyona nto kugxilwe kuyo ephepheni yayingumlo ochasene nolawulo lwabambalwa abamhlophe, kodwa yayinokuma ngokuchaseneyo nekoloniyali, ngakumbi ukutsala ingqalelo kumzabalazo waseIndiya wokulwa nama-impiriya wase-Bhritane.UFatima wayevela kwintsapho enkuluYayilikhaya elalibonisa isimilo senkcubeko eyomeleleyo yamaGujarati-Indiya kunye namaSilamsi kwimvelaphi yesizukulwana sokuqala sosukelo esisokolayo ukuze siphile kwindawo enobuhlanga.

Uninszi lwamadoda kusapho lakwaFatima oluye lwadlala indima ekhokelayo eNatal nakwi-South African Indian Congress.Ukusukela ebuntwaneni uFatima waqala ukwenza imisebenzi engaqhelekanga ukuncedisa ekuveliseni iphephandaba elilelolosapho, i-Indian Views. Ufundile amandla ebhaliwe nelizwi elithethwayo besebancinci, kwaye kwiminyaka edlulileyo waqulunqa umyalelo oqinileyo wolwimi lwesiNgesi, olwalunceda umsebenzi wakhe njengezifundiswa, umbhali, Itshantliziyo lamaLungelo oLuntu kunye nomzabalazo wezopolitiko.Ukuzimisela kukaFatima kwezopolitiko kwaqala kwangoko. Ngo-1944, xa wayeneminyaka eyi-16 kwaye wayengumfundi weSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo saseDurban, wancedisa ukukhulisa i-1000 yeedola zokunceda indlala e-Bengal. Nangona imfutshane kwaye incinci, uMerer waba ngumntu onamandla eluntwini. Wayenobuhle, ekrelekrele, enengqondo ngokukhawuleza, ebukhali, enamandla kwaye enamandla. Ngo-1946 uFatima, njengamawakawaka abantu baseIndiya, watshutshiswa ngephulo le-1946 Indian Passive Resistance Campaign, olwalubonisa kakhulu umdlalo olwa nomkhosi olwa nomkhosi kurhulumente kwimbali yoMzantsi Afrika. UFatima waseka iKomiti yabaPhathi abaPhasileyo yokuXhasa abafundi ukuze axhase eli phulo kwaye oku kwamphembelela eluntwini. Umenyelwe ukuba athethe kwezinye zeenkomfa zasesininzi kwaye wabelane ngeqonga neenkokheli eziphambili ezichasene nocalucalulo, ukuthanda kukaGqr uYosuf Dadoo Ukusukela emtshatweni wakhe ukuya ku-Ismail Meer ngo-1951 kwazalwa abantwana abathathu, uShamin, uShehnaz noRashid, abo kamva basweleka kabuhlungu. UFatima Meer ngokwakhe wasweleka nge-12 Matshi 2010 eneminyaka engama-81. Wangcwatyelwa kwindawo yamangcwaba aseBrooke Street eThekwini.




#Article 340: Cheryl Carolus (109 words)


UCheryl Carolus owazalwa nge-27 kaMeyi 1958 kwezopolitiko waseMzantsi Afrika. Uzalelwe eSilvertown, eCape Flats, eKapa.Utata wakhe wayeqashwe njengomsekeli wePrinta,umama wakhe wayeyiMongikazi.Wafunda kwisikolo esikufutshane amabanga wakhe aphezulu waze wabayinkokheli yabafundi iabakwibanga leshumi elinambini.Emva kwebanga leshumi elinambini waarejistela isidanga seBA nesidanga sobutitshala kwiDyunivesithi yaseNtshona koloni.UCarolus wabangu titshala wesiNgesi.Wayelilungu elafumana iUWO eNtshona koloni Waangena kwezopolitiko esesikolweni waze wabali litshantliziyo emva kokungena kwiUDF ngonyaka ka-1983.Ngonyaka ka-1986 ngoFebruwari uCarolus wamenywa kwiInternational Centre yeSwedish Labour Movement njengelungu leUDF.Ngonyaka ka-1989,uCarolus wabasisithethi seNtshona koloni ngophulo lwendelo elenziwa yiMDM.,ngo-2009 wafumana esisihlalo kwaSAA .UkwanguSihlalo wePeotona Holdings,ikampani yezotyalo ejongene nokuphucula amarhwebo.UCarolus lilungu leKomishini yeInternational Crisis Group.Ngonyaka ka-2015 wayengumthenjwa weBritish Museum.Ngemini yesihlanu kuMeyi ka-2015 imizimba yabazali besoka lakhe yafunyanwa eKapa ibotshelelwe izizidumbu.




#Article 341: Teboho MacDonald Mashinini (102 words)


Teboho Tsietsi MacDonald Mashinini usweleke kabuhlungu ngendlela embi  ngo 1990 ,umzimba  wakhe ubuso bakhe bonakele kabuhlungu, iliso lakhe lasekunxele ,liye laphuma kwibhokisi yakhe  lyokuncwaba,ebesopha kakhulu,.enamanxeba  akhe  ebe nzulu kwi bunzi lakhe.UMashinini uswelekele esibhedlela emvake ntsuku engenisiwe.

Tebogo Mashinini MacDonald Mashinini Tsietsi  ngowase Orlando Central western Jabavu soweto south  africa. Ebe lilungu eliphambili labafundi kumabanga aphantsi e Soweto uprising.

Ngo /June/16 /1976 e soweto ilizwe liye laphasalaka ngengxa yocalucalulo lwabantsundu elalexinizelelwa kwi   bantu education.

Indaba zeli zasasaza ukuba olugcinizelelo lweliozwe laphelela ekubulaweni abantu abaninzi. U Tsietsi ungcwatyelwe  kumanngwaba ase Avalon soweto

Ebelilulngu eliqavileyo kwipolitiki myolutsha ngo 1976/061/16 e  Soweto kwilizwe lo Mzantsi Afrika.  




#Article 342: Eminem (386 words)


uMarshall Bruce Mathers III (eng. Marshall Bruce Mathers III; 17 oktobha 1972, St. Ujoseph, Emissouri, e-USA), ngcono ezaziwayo ngomoya wakhe iqonga igama Eminem (eng. Eminem; stylized njengoko EMINƎM) kwaye alter-ego Slim Shady (ngokuzingisileyo. Slim Shady) — i-american rapper, imbali wonke, umqambi kwaye actor. Ukongeza yakhe solo career, Marshall kanjalo kwi-lamasoldati D12 kwaye hip ngcileza Duo Engalunganga Meets Ububi. Eminem sesinye best-uthengisa umculo abazobi ehlabathini, ngokunjalo eyona-uthengisa imvumi ye-2000s. Yena ufumana igama elinye elikhulu musicians bonke ixesha ngokufowunela ezininzi iimagazini, kuquka Rolling Ilitye, athe wabeka Eminem e inani 83 kwi uluhlu i-100 likhulu abazobi. Enye magazine wabhengeza kuye Ukumkani hip-ngcileza. Ukubala i-Studio umsebenzi zakhe ngamakhamandela, Eminem sele 12 albums ukuze ufikelele phezulu ndawo kwi ibhodi yezaziso 200. Njengokuba solo imvumi, Eminem sele zithengiswe phezu 100 zeerandi albums kwihlabathi liphela kwaye phezu 107 yezigidi yakhe recordings kwaye 44 yezigidi iikopi yakhe albums eamerika yedwa. 

Emva releasing yakhe elizimeleyo debut album Okungenasiphelo ngo-1996, Eminem kwenzeka immense popularity kwi-1999 kunye ukukhutshwa Slim Shady LP kwi enkulu umbhalo. Oku longplay earned Eminem yakhe yokuqala Grammy kweelwimi kuba eyona i-rap album. Yakhe elandelayo ezimbini iimbali, I-Marshall Mathers LP kwaye Eminem Bonisa, kanjalo uphumelele a Grammy enye incwadi, ukwenza Eminem lokuqala imvumi ukuphumelela le mbasa kuba eyona i-rap album phinda-phinda kathathu kumqolo. Oku kwaba yalandelwa Encore kwi-2004 kwaye utyelelo naye, emva kokuba Eminem wathabatha a creative isithuba ngenxa yakhe drug addiction. Ngomhla we-meyi 15, 2009, lowo bakhululwe yakhe yokuqala album kwi-5 ezayo, enesihloko Relapse. Ngo-2010, ukukhutshwa wesixhenxe Studio album Imali, esibizwa celebrated kwihlabathi liphela impumelelo kwaye sathiywa eyona uthengisa album lonyaka, I-Eminem Bonisa kwi-2002. Eminem onayo a Grammy kuba zombini album ka-Relapse kwaye Imali. Ngonovemba 5, 2013, Eminem bakhululwe wakhe wesibhozo Studio album, i-Marshall Mathers LP 2, awathi kanjalo uphumelele a Grammy kweelwimi, kuba kuqhutywe 15 career mbasa. Ngonovemba 24, 2014, ShadyXV, yesibini okuqhelekileyo nge-i-american ilebhile Shady Iimbali, waba bakhululwe kwi Shady kwaye Interscope. Ngomhla we-15 disemba, ngowama-2017, Eminem bakhululwe i-album Revival, yalandela ezintandathu kamva ngo Kamikaze. 

Eminem ngu owenza ezahlukeneyo imisebenzi: unabo eyiyeyakhe imbali ilebhile, athe lilawula iilwandle kunye wakhe Umphathi Upawulos Rosenberg, kwaye sele eyiyeyakhe radio station, Umthunzi 45 kwi Sirius XM Kanomathotholo. Kwi-2002, Eminem starred kwi-semi-autobiographical hip-ngcileza-imeyl i-Wesibhozo mile. Yena uphumelele Academy kweelwimi kuba eyona ngoma kuba wefilim, ngokuba kuqala i-rap imvumi ukuphumelela le mbasa. Kanjalo wabonakala cameo kwi-imiboniso Moika (2001), Pranksters (2009), enze udliwano-ndlebe (2014) kwaye lwethelevijini uphawu Beauties.




#Article 343: Pitika Ntuli (282 words)


UPitika Ntuli (owazalwa ngo-1942, e-Springs, eGauteng) ngumkroli wase-Mzantsi Afrika, imbongi,  umbhali, kunye nesifundi esachitha iminyaka engama-32 yobomi bakhe ekuthinjweni eSwaziland nase-UK. Ubambe i-MFA evela kwiZiko le-Pratt eNew York kunye ne-MA kuDityaniso loBudlelwane boMzi-mveliso kunye nezoLimo kwezobuNzululwazi. Ngexesha lokuthinjelwa e-UK wafundisa eCamberwell College of Art, Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, London College of Printing, Middlesex University and the University of East London. Ukusukela ukubuyela eMzantsi Afrika ufundise eWits nase UKZN.  

UPitika Ntuli ubonakalise kwimiboniso eyahlukeneyo yabantu neqela kumazwe amaninzi e-Europe nase-USA, kwaye waququzelela ubugcisa behlabathi kunye neminyhadala yenkcubeko eBritane. Imifanekiso yakhe eqingqiweyo ikumqokelelo wabucala aliqela kwilizwe jikelele, kubandakanya la kaPaul Simon, uPhuthuma Nhleko, kunye no-Edward no-Irene Akufo-Addo. Eminye yemifanekiso yakhe eqingqiweyo yoluntu inokufumaneka kwiBhanki yeSizwe yaseSwaziland, iSt Mary's Catholic Church eLobamba, eCOSATU House, eRhawutini, naseDieploof, eSoweto. Kude kube ngu-2010 wayengazange abonise kwilizwe lakhe. Wayenomboniso wakhe wokuqala eMzantsi Afrika eMuseum Africa, eRhawutini ngo-2010, elandelwa yimiboniso kwiDurban Art Gallery (www.durban.gov.za) kunye negalari yeUNISA, ePitoli (www.UNISA.ac.za) ngo-2011. 'The Scent of Invisible Footprints: The Sculptor of Pitika Ntuli' wapapashwa yi-UNISA ukuba ahambe noMboniso wakhe weMyuziyam yase-Afrika.  Uye emva kwexesha wabonakalisa kwi-Constitutional Hill naseMelrose Arch eRhawutini kunye neZiko iNkcubeko le-Oliver Tambo e-Ekhuruleni.  

UPitika Ntuli yingcali kwiinkqubo zolwazi lwemveli lwaseAfrika. Ungumhlalutyi oqhelekileyo wezopolitiko nenkcubeko kwiTV nakwiRadio. Uyimbongi kunye nesithethi esaziwayo esibe sisithethi esiphambili kwimisitho emininzi enezinto eziphakamileyo kwaye efundile isihobe kwimibongo emininzi kweli lizwe kunye noMmandla. Ungundwendwe oluhlala rhoqo kumabonwakude nakunomathotholo kwaye ngakumbi kwizinto ezininzi Izikhululo zonomathotholo zoLwimi lweSABC zaseAfrika, kwaye zithathe inxaxheba kwiikomiti zemisebenzi kuzwelonke nakwiphondo nakwiikomiti zokucebisa zabaphathiswa.  

Wayeligwebe kumabhaso eSunday Times Literary Awards (ka-2009). Utyhola iQela loMsebenzi lowama-2010 elacebisa uMphathiswa wezoBugcisa neNkcubeko malunga neenkqubo zenkcubeko ezinxulumene neNdebe yeHlabathi, kubandakanya iminyhadala yokuvula nokuvala.  

UPitika utshatele ku-Antoinette Ntuli; Banoonyana abane, iintombi ezimbini kunye nabazukulwana abane.




#Article 344: Mac Maharaj (209 words)


Sathyandranath Ragunanan Mac Maharaj (kuzalwa 22 apreli 1935 kwi - Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal) ingaba i - Umzantsi Afrika kwezopolito afilisiwe a ne - umbutho  op     hethe ilizwe kwezemfundo nakwishishini ye India lemveli. Nguye yangaphambili esemthethweni esilibambela Kamongameli of umzantsi Africa Ujacob Zuma.

Maharaj yaba ezopolitiko activist kwaye ilungu le - umkomanisi wase mzanzi Afrika Cot Iqela, abo isebenza ngendlela mfondini iintlobo kwi-antayi-wengcinezelo imisebenzi kunye Unelson Mandela. ngojulayi 1964, Maharaj wabanjwa kwi-Johannesburg, ibe igcwalisiwe kwaye ugwetyiwe nabane abanye kwi imirhumo ye sabotage kwi - abancinane Rivonia yovavanyo, kwaye waba kuvalelwe kwi - isiqithi se robben  kunye Mandela. entolongweni yena ikhutshlwe ngases Mandela ke memoir Elide Ukuhamba ukuba Inkululeko kwaye uthungisiwe ngayo baphuma entolongweni ngowe-1976.

NgoFebruwari 2003 iphephandaba laseMzantsi Afrika, I-Su amaxesha esunday, lapapasha izityholo zokuba uMac Maharaj nenkosikazi yakhe uZarina babefumene ngaphezulu kwe-R500,000 phakathi kukaMeyi ka-1998 nangoFebruwari ka-1999 kusomashishini, uSchabir Shaik, owayesebenzisane kwizigidi ezibini zeerandi Izivumelwano ezibonelelwe liCandelo loMphathiswa Wezothutho ngeli xesha uMaharaj wayenguMphathiswa. [8] Ngomhla ka-Agasti ka-2003 uMaharaj wayeka emsebenzini kwi-ibhanki yokuqala kulandela imithombo yeendaba ejikeleze izityholo zenkohlakalo. [9]

Waba emva kowe-1994 Emzantsi Afrika's kuqala Umphathiswa Wezothutho, i-posa wathabatha ngomhla we-11 Kucanzibe ngowe-1994 kwaye agcina de konyulo jikelele we-1999.

Emva wesizwe unyulo 1999, Mac Maharaj inyathelwe phantsi ukususela politics kwaye abaziwayo Firs tRand Bank kwaye waba yayo ephezulu ihlawulwe ongekho.




#Article 345: Letta Mbulu (166 words)


ULetta Mbulu (ozalwe nge-24 kaSeptemba 1942) yimbaleki yaseMzantsi Afrika yejazz ebisasebenza ukusukela kwiminyaka yo-1960, eseluthsha nabanye abavumi base Mzantsi Afrika, be zimela iqela le zomculo kwi kwithiyetha kwenzwa isenzo sika King Kong. ULetta walijongisa  eMelika ngo nyaka ka 1965 ebaleka ubucalucalu base ningizim afrika.

Ekuhlaleni kwakhe emelika wayese New York kulapho wa dibana nabanye abantu bokuqxothwa emzantsi afrika aba fana no Miriam Makeba, Hugh Masekela kanye no Jonas Gwangwa. ULetta waye phangela Cannonball Adderley, David Axelrod no Harry Belafonte.

Kumabona kude weya cula kwimi boniso ehlukahlukene enjenge Roots, The Color Purple (1985), kanye kwi 1973 film A Warm December. Waphinde wavela ku mboniso wase melika eSoul Train. UMbuli waye ngumculi kwi ngoma ecula ngesi Swahili kwi ngoma ka Michael Jackson's, Liberian Girl. Umvelisi uQuincy Jones wathi ngo Mbuli ngesi esithi  Mbulu is the roots lady, projecting a sophistication and warmth which stirs hope for attaining pure love, beauty, and unity in the world.

UMbuli nguye umsunguli we South African Artists United (SAAU) umbutho owaqalwa ngo 1986




#Article 346: Imfazwe ka Mlanjeni (5235 words)


Imfazwe ka Mlanjeni (eyoMqungu/January 1850- January 1853) nguThemba Ngada

Sakukhumbula ke bafundi ukuba ukungena kwabamhlophe kweli kuqale kunxweme lwaseKapa. Bahlasela ke behamba besidla imihlaba yabantu nezizwe zooNoqhakancu naleyo yayisele igonyanyelwe ngamabhulu (wona kaloku afike kwango 1652) bebhuqisa bebhubhisa betshabalalisa oko bangakufuniyo berhwaphiliza mihlaba, zinkomo, mahashe bedlwengula bafazi besenza abantu amakhoboka okusebenzela bona kumhlaba abawutsotsileyo.

Ukusukela kulomlambo kuthiwa yiGamtoos eJeffreys Bay yalemihla, ukuya eSunday’s River eColchester yangoku kwalandela iBushman’s river, kweza iNxuba (Great Fish river) neXesi (Keiskama River) ukuya kuthi gaa ngeNciba (Kei River), oko besidla imihlaba yabantu beshenxisa imida ngobusuku bezisikela bezicandela ngokwalemilambo de kwacaca ukuba iinkosi zethu mazilwe, singaziboni sesiyokuphoswa elwandle kuhleli amagwangqa emihlabeni yoobawo. Amangcwaba abo egquba iimpungutye sikhona.

AmaGqunukwebe wona awulanda umhlaba wawo ogugutha unxweme lolwandlekazi lwamaNdiya olusemazantsi-mpuma, ukusukela ngaphaya kwaseMnyameni (Alexandria) apho wabulawa khona uNkosi Chungwa uyise kaPhatho Ahh!! Zwelandile, uyise kaDilima noKama Ahh!! Mbangobuso, uyise kaMani  noKobe uyise kaKatikati. Nalapho wayexheshwe esuswa kumlambo iBrak eMosselbaai.

Unanamhla amaGqunukhwebe asenentetho ethi xa eqinisekile ngento: Ndikufungis’uChungwa efel’ eMnyameni. (Yekela 1988).

Ayakuthanda ke ukukhuza amaGqunukhwebe kuba naxa engazi kuyenza into okanye ephikisana nayo kuba ingaphesheya komthetho athi: UNotshe efele eNgcamngeni!, kuseXesi ke kuloo lali.

Nale ntetho yamaXhosa xa ubani egagatheka kuvele nelomhlathi onwabile unkabi kuthiwe: Uxhelelwe eXhukwane! Yenye yelali zaseXesi naleyo. Iqhalo elithi: UHili uphumile ezingcongolweni, lithetha ukuba kuye kondlulwa kwabhentsiswa oko bekufihlwa. UHili ke sisilo esibumnturha esinemilingo esivela kwiintsomi zomGqunukhwebekazi wakudala.

Bakukuchubela ke isikhwebu eside abadala ngothotho lweemfazwe namadabi aliwe kulo jingi qhiwu kuhluthwana ngomhlaba ngamangesi namabhulu kunye nezi ziphakathi kwamaXhosa-Rharhabe namangesi. Yikumkani uRharhabe, athi uMqhayi ngaye:

NguNtsinga kaNomagwayi

Ubutsholo bentonga,

Uzamazamis’ilizwe

 

Lide lizamazame,

Usibala-mdaka

Singe siya khona

Mhla singayiyo khona;

 

Size singe asiyi

Kanti kumhla siyayo,

Usambatha zezimfutshane,

Kanti zomlingana,

Kub’ezinkul’esithi

Zimfihlel’amadolo.

Hlungulu laphath’isiqwayi

Kanti liyazingca

 

Kwezinye iintaka.

Hamham kaSitsheketshe

Into yasekunene kukaPhalo.”

Eyasikelwa isahlulo sesibini somhlaba kayise ukumkani uPhalo, ikumkani yokugqibela ukuphatha isizwe samaXhosa esimanyeneyo. Izokubhubhela apha kumneno Nciba kwesikaRharhabe ikumkani leyo kwelinye lamabhotwe ayo eZeleni yabe imshiye ephethe isaphila uGcaleka kwesakhe isiqingatha.

Kanti yenzeka njani le nto? Thoba ke sikutyele, ndifuna ukuthi yiza nendlebe size neendaba! Kaloku ukumkani wazibona eneendlunkulu ezimbini endaweni yokuba nendlunkulu ekhohlo, ze abe nekunene okanye indlu encinci. Ngabafazi ke aba ndithetha ngabo lawundini. Iinkosi kunye namadoda onke ayethatha isithembu okanye abafazi abaninzi phambi kokuba inyevulelwe ngamagqobhoka loo nkqubo.

Indlunkulu ibiba ngulo mfazi uzakuzala indlalifa okanye ikumkani elandelayo kuba kwayena ethathwe kwelinye ikomkhulu engeyontombi nje kaNantsi kodwa eyinkosazana. Abanye kuba bengenagazi limhlophe, elobukhosi ke ukutsho, bebengenabango labundlalifa.

Kwa ukwakhiwa kwezi zindlu zokuhlala apha komkhulu (Nkandla!) kudweliswe kwangokuzana kwabo, phakathi yindlu kamhlekazi, ekhohlo yiNdlunkulu ekunene yiNdlu encinane, ngaphaya kwazo kukho ezinye izindlu ezinamagama azo, iQadi leNdlunkulu, iQadi lasekunene, iXhiba leNdlunkulu, iXhiba lasekunene, uMsengi, noMtshayelo.

Kwenzekile ke emaTshaweni ikomkhulu lamaXhosa elalimi eThongwana apha phezu komlambo iGcuwa, kwazekwa inkosazana yabaThembu nenkosazana yamaMpondo omabini azibula ngamaduna uRharhabe kuqala kuze uGcaleka.

Lidabi okanye yimfazwe enkulu phakathi kwezizwe eyayiyakuqhambuka xa bekunokuthathwa isigqibo enkundleni sokuba makuhliselwe omnye waba bafazi abe ngomncinci ibiyakuba sisithuko kwisizwe avela kuso. Ingakumbi befike ngemini enye komkhulu balotyolwa ngekhulu leenkomo emnye kubo ngokulinganayo.

Yaphela ingunkinkinki wesintshompothi sentsumantsumane intsinda-badala isishiqi sendaba yakomkhulu. Eyadinga inkonde eyayiliphakathi likaTshiwo uMajeke uMqwambi owayokulandwa eNqabarha, uhambo lwensuku ezimbini. Isigwebo sakhe sadala indlu entsha le kuthiwa kukunene esithi asiyondlu incinci leyo “kuba esona sandla sinamandla sesokunene.”

Endingaziyo nokuba ke ukumkani wayezama ukusompa le ngxuba kaxaka okanye wayezigqibele wabeka uGcaleka esihlalweni sakhe esaphila, nalo ingcwaba lakhe eNgxingxolo eQumrha, apho wazikhethela khona ukuma ikomkhulu.

Ngokulindelekileyo uRharhabe, owayengaphambili ngeminyaka yokuzalwa, wangena ehlathini wabuya nomkhosi ozokuqethula uGcaleka ukuze athathe isihlalo njengokumkani wamaXhosa. Ukunqanda lo mbhodamo uRharhabe wagxothelwa nganeno apha komlambo iNciba, wafika apha waziginyela izizwana ebezilapho zamaTshawe imiDange, amaNtinde, amaGwali, amaHleke, amaMbalu kunye nezingezo zamaTshawe amaQhakancu namaGqunukhwebe ezakhela obakhe ukukumkani. Ukanti ke incwadi kaElliott, ngomlomo weBali lamaCiskei 1981, yona ithi nguGcaleka owahlasela uyise emhlutha ubukumkani esaphila wakhuselwa nguRharhabe uPhalo yiyo nalento eze kuma eZeleni elandela uRharhabe efuna igwiba okanye ukhuselo lwakhe esoyika uGcaleka.

Zingangeentwala kubaThembu ke iingcaciso zokuqhawukana phakathi nokucandeka kubini kobukumkani bamaXhosa phakathi kukaGcaleka noRharhabe, mna ndininike nje elingene mna, zifundele ezinye ndizakukupha uludwe lwemibele endinxunxuthe kuyo ukwakha le mvaba phaya ekupheleni.

Umzekelo, mhla ngetyala lokuhluthwa kobukumkani bamaRharhabe ngurhulumente othi ungowenkululeko, kwaphikisana u-Nkosi Advocate Siqithi Island Maqoma nobawo uMda Mda kwangale nkalo bebeka ezabo izibakala ezifuze le mibengo niyisikelwa apha ngentla.

Nazi iindawo esivumelana kuzo: unyaka ka1700 ubalulekile kule ngxoxo, okwesibini umlambo iNciba ubungazange ubonwe njengomda ngamaXhosa de impambano yenyuka ngodonga phakathi kukaSebe noMathanzima ukuze kude kufuneke incwadi yokundwendwela xa uzakuwuwela.

Okwesithathu akuzange kubekho kumkani yamaGcaleka enyanzelisa eyamaRharhabe ukuba mayikhahlele kuyo ingazange iye nakurhulumente lowo ithi ecela ukugwetyelwa kwimbambano yayo noRharhabe.

Okwesine, ukuba ungena endlini kuhleli lamadoda mabini ubulise  ubuze impilo uRharhabe uzakukhangela kuGcaleka athi “phendula kumkani”, aphendule omnye athi “thetha ngokwakho mkhuluwa uyamlibazisa lo mnene”.

Okwesihlanu, inkosi ibekwa esihlalweni yikumkani yayo ekhonza ekhahlela kuyo yambathiswe yiyo ingubo yobukhosi, kodwa ikumkani yambathiswa yenye ikumkani.

AmaXhosa ke akazisokolisi oko kwangoko akayi kude. Ikumkani yamaGcaleka ibekwa yambathiswe yeyamaRharhabe, neyamaRharhabe ngokunjalo. Asikho isizathu sokuba izizwe zikaPhalo zisusane ngale ndawo.

Hayi masiphume kwiingxoxo zabakhulu sibuyele emxholweni, kodwa ndiyathemba ukuba sonke sindawonye ngoku, siyazazi ukuba sithetha ngowuphi na umhlaba. Ewe uchan’uCwethe ngotolo! Sikulo umfunxamfunxa ligazi lamagorha, amakroti, amakhalipha amafa naNkosi.

Apha ke ekuphangweni kwawo uphele ingumhlatyana ophakathi komlambo iNxuba neNciba, ajikajikile ke amagama awo ngenxa yesihelegu sokudlwengulwa kwawo ngoondlebe zikhany’ilanga. Ukhe wangumda kwathiwa yi Koloni: No Man’s Land, kwaRharhabe, kwaNgqika/Gaika, Cafferland, British Kaffiraria, Queen Adelaide Province, the Cape of Good Hope Eastern Frontier, the Border Region, Ciskei, sisiqingatha seMpuma-Kapa. Ndiyathemba kuthe “qabu uNoqolomba efile nje!”

Zilithoba ke iimfazwe eziliwe phakathi kwamaXhosa namangesi, singazibalanga ke ezi ziliwe ngabamhlophe bodwa emhlabeni wethu behluthana ngenqatha lebhokhwe enomniniyo.  Zine alwe kuzo uNkosi Major-General Maqoma, Ahh! Jongumsobomvu. EkaThuthula iDabi laMalinde ngo 1818, eyobukhaya, kuxabene uNdlambe noNgqika.

Ibe yekaXhoxho 1834 apho sangqisha phantsi ngowokunene umlenze iSayama ngeNtaba zoMnqwazi sisithi, uNotshe, intomb’eLawu!! ukuba kuphalazwe igazi elimhlophe, igazi lenkosana uXhoxho umninawa wakhe, zanqoza.

EkaHintsa 1835 nalapho kwabulawa ikumkani sisiphofuphofu isityhuthutyhuthu sexelegu legangxa lenkumanda yemikhosi yamangesi uSir Harry Smith (uSaqhwithi lo mandimthi jize nangesikhahlelo Ahh! Gil’imikhuba, Ahh!! Zanendlala).

EyeZembe 1846-47 apho uTsili ephuma kwesikaTola kumaNdlambe weba izembe kwivenkile eseBhofolo, ambamba amapolisa eKoloni emqhubela eRhini etyaleni lakhe bhilikidi, waxhwilwa endleleni likhaba elalingayithandanga into yokugxagxanyiswa kogxa wabo esenziwa isisulu somthetho weKoloni.

IKoloni, ngomlomo ka Colonel John Hare (ekuthiywe ngaye iFort Hare), yakhupha umthetho owawubambe busicelo wokuba ukumkani uSandile makakhulule ibanjwa elo alikhulululele emthethweni ukuze liye kujongana nezimoko zalo eRhini. Nkqi ukumkani ukuyenza loo nto. Zanqoza!!!. Akukho nxaxheba ibhadlileyo wayidlalayo ke kule imfazwe uMaqoma. “Kule imfazwe ndilele mna, andinakulibala yimfeketho yooTsili,” watsho omdala.

Elandelayo yaba yekaMlanjeni 1850-53, yile ke sizakuyichuba apha leyo, ukusuka nokuhlala kwayo, siwasenge siwacintelele onke amadabi ayo. Ndingathanda kodwa ukuba khe ndinazise kwaba bantu ndithethe ngamagama abo apha ngentla.

Ngubani uMajor-General Maqoma, uNgqika yena, uThuthula, uNdlambe, uXhoxho, uHintsa, uHarry Smith, uMlanjeni?

Bendikhe ndathetha ngokumkani uPhalo, yena uzalwa nguTshiwo (unina nguSivanxa ezalwa nodade wabo uTiso, noLanga umninawa wakhe) ozalwa nguNgconde, NguTogu, nguSikhomo, nguNgcwangu, nguTshawe unyana kaNkosiyamntu yena ongunyana kaMalangana ozalwa nguXhosa yena ozalwa nguMnguni okanye Mngoni unyana kaNtu.

Masiqaphele ke ukuba uMnguni uzele oonyana abaninzi ababa zizizwe nabo, uXhosa, uLuzumane lo kuthiwa nguZulu ngoku, uSwazi/Ngwane noNdebele.

Qaphela kwakhona ukuba kwindlu kaNkosiyamntu uTshawe ngoweQadi, kwandlunkulu kuphume uCirha ekunene kwaphuma uJwarha. Uphatha ke uTshawe ngokoyisa abakhuluwa bakhe ngomkhosi owawuxuba nesizwe samaRhudulu ooSikhomo, wamleqa uJwara waya kuzimela kulonina. Kwavela intetho, xa kusuke imfazwe, ethi: Umbhaco uwile, igwala kulonina!

UPhalo ke yena wazala uGcaleka noYonzi, noNomrhinti noRharhabe, uRharhabe wazala uMlawu noNdlambe umninawa wakhe. UMlawu wazala uNgqika Ahh!! Lwaganda, noNtibo ekunene. NgoNothonto/Menyezwa uNgqika wazibula ngamawele uMaqoma noNongwane bezalelwa eXhukwane eXesi, kwalandela uTyhali (unina ngu Heka), Xhoxho noAnta (owabanjiswa ukukhosi bukaNtibo wazala isizwe samaGwelane esibizwa ngenkabi yenkomo kaNtibo lowo) kwaza uSandile ezalwa nguSuthu inkosazana yabaThembu, yathi lonto nguye oyakuba yikumnkani, kwalandela uMatwa esiphuma kuye isaci samaXhosa esithi: “Izinto azimntakaNgqika”, noThente bazalwa nguNobutho.

UMaqoma yena waba nabafazi abalishumi, esinamagama abo nguNonxina owokuqala kuze uKatyi owokugqibela. Abantwana bakhe, nguNamba uDalasile noTini endlunkulu, ibe nguKona ekunene kulandele, Mfazwe, Marhexane, Jotelo, Nomakhaya. Uyinkosi yesizwe samaJingqi awasimisela phezu komlambo iNgcwenxa (Kat River) ngemvume kayise. UJingqi ligama lenkabi yakhe yenkomo. Ekayise uNgqika nguMbombo.

Wayethanda ke ukuzihlalela phambi kokuqala kosuku ekhangeleka ekuude ngengcinga eselula, esinga ejongise ngasempuma-langa yilento ke isikhahlelo sakhe sathi Ahh!! Jongumsobomvu.

Ezi zenzo zakhe zifuze ezo zenye ikumkani yamaXhosa uHintsa, yena wathiwa jize ngesikhahlelo esithi Ahh!! Zanzolo.

Waqala ke ukulwa njengenkumanda yomkhosi wamaXhosa phantsi kweNtaba ka Ndoda ukususela eNgcamngeni ukuya eDimbaza kwidabi laMalinde kwekaThuthula, waphuma izandla ke ukuza kuthi gaa kule kaMlanjeni.

Kwizincomo zakhe ke esokuqala kuthiwa: Isirhotsha/Isipili sikaNothonto, ngenxa yokufana nonina intombi kaNxiya oyintombelawu elixubene nobuSuthu. ISayama ngeNtaba zomNqwazi (Katberg Mountain), emfazweni.

INyok’emnyama/iZilenzi eCand’iziziba. INgwe ka Fordyce, kuba waqwenga le nkumanda yomkhosi wamangesi ibambane ngobhongwana kwintaba zomMthontsi (Waterkloof Mountains). Igama elithi Major-General akalilahlelwanga nje kuba eliphiwa oku kwenkam-nkam, alikho elinye emkhosini elingaphaya kwelo. Ukuba belikhona ngekusetyenziswe lona.

Ekulweni kwakhe namangesi ubethe oo Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel, Captain, Major-General, batshintsha-tshintshana bada baba ngamashumi mabini anesibini wabe emi yena inguye kwicala lamaXhosa enyanzelekile ukuba atshintshe ukucinga qho amangesi esiza nenkumanda entsha.

Akuphelelanga apho ke, amangesi kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amathathu atshintshe iirhuluneli kwada kwayeyeshumi elinambini ngelixesha besisele simthathile uyise uNgqika isifo sephepha wabe eseyinkwenkwana uSandile umnini sihlalo kwanyanzeleka ukuba kwelixesha lonke de kwakhula uSandile, abambe njengekumkani yamaXhosa-Rharhabe.

 

UNdlambe ke ngumninawa kaMlawu uyise kaKumkani uNgqika, Mlawu lowo owabulawa emfazweni kusiliwa ngomhlaba namaThembu ehamba noyise uRharhabe. Ebeselula ke uNgqika ukuba angaphatha, kwabanjiswa uyisekazi uNdlambe ngelithi uyakumnika umntwana into yakhe akuba alukile waba yindoda, akubanga njalo, wagweva eXerha okwenkunz’emfene yaseMdantsane uNdlambe, nkqi ukuphuma esihlalweni sikaNgqika. Yaba yimfazwe yobukhaya ke phakathi komRharhabe nomRharhabe. UNdlambe uzala uMdushane kuze uMqhayi, kuze uMhala, kuze uNowawe.  Eli dabi laMalinde lona lisuswa yindelelo kaNgqika ngendaba kaThuthulula.

Ngubani uThuthula?

UNdlambe, esemi eMnyameni, uye wongeza kuthotho lwabafazi bakhe imbelukazi emanzandonga, intombi esithomo sayo sipha!! ukuphakama ngathi iyadlisela. Inkangeleko yayo isondele pha komaEritria, Topiya, Somalia kuphondo lweAfrika. Imilenze ithe tsotsololo yanda ngokunyuka ukuya kusithela phesheya kwenkciyo, isimomondiya esibengezela okweguzu liphuma ekhasini, alapha amafutha eentonga zethu.

Wazala uMthunzana bafondini kwalil’iimazi, angqukuleka amadoda, zitshweda iintsana, bambombozela abafana atshikila amankazana!!

Kanti livulwe nini izulu sesitanasa neengelosi kulomhlaba kaBawo? Bribri mntanam uyagula iyeza lakho ndim, kanti nongenathenda uyasiqhuba isiLahla, nongenabhaskithi uyaya eMalikeni.

Uyawutsala umnxeba nongenamoya. Amehlo akhe lilanga lisithi ndithenge, ngamaqum-qum abuyozoyozo eyengezela ngathi athi “sondela bhuti nengubo ndafa bubuthongo”.

Uncumo alunxibayo ngathi wazuza isidanga salo kwaNokholiji phantsi kweNduli kaQili ka Qoshe. Ungathi umbeke endlini emnyama lukhanyise kuvele namabibi agqunywe phakathi etyesini. Lwangongoza uvalo lomfana oma amathe isemi intombi isabela ubizo.

Xa iguquka ibheka pha nditsho namaxhego adumba iintloko, izihlalo zimiswe kakuhle oku komcoselelo womchweli, ukuhamba ungafunga ukuba uphakathi emanzini unqakraza okwenkabi yebhokhwe emelwe yimbeleko.

Ndingathetha ndithini na ke ngala mawele ahombise isifuba sakhe qabavu qekevu gqamama phetshu ingono okwegqenge-gqenge lepesika evuthelwe ukuvunwa kanye ukutyiwa. Mandikrwele umgca phantsi ukhe wawutsiba undifakile! Ukhetha ntoni icephe elitsha nelidala? Phuma langa sikothe!!

Amaphotho esithsaba yimibedlana yamancanca ukuhambisa iminwe yesandla sayo indoda phakathi kwawo kuyithumela kwilizwe lemimoya, apho kugeleza kunkqenkqeza kuqukuqela kubaleka ubusi ubisi namanzi  eendonga. Vuma kaloku ntombi ndakukuthengela uloliwe nomzila wakhe.

Hayi sukani madoda!! Ziphi na eza nkomo bendiziphawulelwe kulomama? Bathi igama lakhe nguThuthula intombi kaMthunzana. Mna ndithi ngeliphantsi libambe butyhafa budangala liyengezela likhatshwa lolwancumo lukekeleyo lwesincwaso, Thsuthsulaah!!!

Ewe yayisitsho njalo kaloku isoprano kwesa sitibili sethu seza konsathi zaziphathwa nguTsherimani encediswa sisinqininqini sakhe esimthuthela imali yokucela iingoma (Jukebox) ekwakusithiwa ngoSphutsu. Itsho ke isoprano okanye ifesti: “Ndiyamthand’uThuthula, nob’imalayikho, ndizakumlobola ngantoni?” Abalandelayo bemi ngelithi “khelekenkce, khelekenkce, khelekenkce, khenkce, khelekenkce, khenkce, khenkce!!!”.

EsesiZulu istibili sasisithi: “Kukud’eGoli ngezinyawo…” sigqibele ngekhorasi ethi: “Thuthula, hamba Thuthula, emazweni hamba Thuthula, kudala ndihamba Thuthula ezizwe!”.

Eyakho ke izakuthi, “Isikhalo somntwana siho-ye!! Thula mntwanam. Uyaliiil-ubhabha, thula mntwanam, wen’ukhalelani. Thula mntanam, kant’ukhalelani?”

Kwakuhlwa uthi: “Masambe nono….”

Wayijonga le nto uNgqika akayithanda into yokuba induku entle kangaka iphatwe ngamaxhego wamthabatha uThuthula kuNdlambe, esebenzisa iphakathi lakhe logaga uNtlebi kulo mkhuba. UNtlebi ubemi eDikeni ngakwaSikhutshane wabizelwa komkhulu eNgcwazi wanikwa umthetho olinqweme lenkawu, wathuma uBongwe noFolisa ukuba baye kuncinza uThuthula eMnyameni komkhulu kwaNdlambe uhambo lweentsuku ezimbini nobusuku bazo. Babuya naye abamsa komkhulu uNtlebi wasusa uNgqoko ukuba amthi mviii indlebe ukumkani wahlebela omdala ukuba “ikhona la mpahla, uyakusele eyinxibela pha kum entangeni, iyakuthi ke ukuba iyakulingana, unduluke nayo,” kuliwa ngaloo nto ke ngoku.

Ebesoloko ke uNgqika emqeqesha unyana wakhe uMaqoma ukuze abe yikumkani emva kwakhe, phambili kule ngqeqesho yayiyindlela namacebo okukwazi ukulwa kuba kwakuhlaselwana zizizwe, uNgqawane, ihashe likaNgqika, naye wathatha eyakhe indima kolu qeqesho.

Ngale ntsasa ke kaOctober/eyeDwarha 1818 sekubotshelelwe ngumkhosi wamawaka mabini amadoda, waqiniswa (ukugajiswa nokuhlanjwa nokuqatshulwa) wabulala neenkunzi zenkomo zokuwundulula usiya edabini kungena indoda eyayifudula ingumNdlambe, uMprofeti uNtsikana umfo kaGabha owayengumcebisi omkulu wakomkhulu iphethe ingqayi ebhotwe phezu komlambo iTyhume, afike ayiyeke iwe aphalale onke amanzi abekuyo zithi saa iingceba zayo.

Athi kukumkani uNgqika, bendithe yinqande le mfazwe, isizwe samaXhosa sophalala ngolu hlobo, mbize abuye uMaqoma uyakufa pha.

Nangoku waphantsa wafa kwasala enkundleni amaphakathi amaninzi abalulekileyo, ooNtlebi, ooJotelo, ooNteyi ooQukwana bephethelwe imbengwana nguMdushane unyana omkhulu kaNdlambe.

Onke amazwi omprofeti awela phantsi zinkani zekumkani incediswa ngamaphakathi ogaga afana noManxoyi lo.

Ecenga uNtsikana esithi: “Kumkani, sukulwa nabantakwenu yeyona nto izakukulahla phantsi leyo.” Impendulo kaNgqika: “Siyaya emfazweni!!!” Waguqukela kuMaqoma umprofeti ngelincamayo wacebisa: “Xa nibona ngathi utshaba lunitsalela ngaphakathi kwihlelo lalo, ningalandeli nithiyelwe ngesigu esiyingozi.”

Uye waqokela ekhwaza sebekude: “Embonweni wam iintloko zenu beziphangwa ziimbovane.”

Eyona nto yayithethwa ngumprofethi yile yokuba wathi akoyiswa uNgqika kweli dabi waya kucela uncedo ku Governor Lord Charles Somerset ekomkhulu lakhe laliseBhofolo, lithanda lokuqala elasetyenziswa ngamangesi ukungena izinto zamaXhosa de bazokusigonyamela nje unanamhla.

UXhoxho ngumninawa kaMaqoma unina engemnye, wayanyaniswa kuHeka okwangunina kaTyhali. Abanye ababhali bathi uzalwa mfazi mnye noMatwa noThente. Ukanti ke uMatwa uzalwa nguNobutho iQadi likaSuthu ezalwa noThente noMacumbu. Kuthiwa ke uminyaka mithandathu ukoluka kukaMaqoma, ebenomzimba, ebudangala bunyaba ekukhuleni. Uthi uyise ngaye ngenye imini, “Khawujonge le nto, ithe dimfi phaya. Xa uyijongile wena ungathi yinkosana le? Amaphakathi am andicebisa ukuba mandimzeke unina kuba emhle, eyakundiphathela abantwana abahle, khanijonge ke le andiphathele yona ngoku, yintoni yona le?

URhubusana yena ubhala athi ngaye, “yayiyinkosi engathethiyo, yaye kanjalo ibisoyiswa msinya ngamaphakathi akuthetha, noko loo nto ithethwayo ingagqibanga kuyiqonda. Loo nto yenza ukuba ingahlonelwa kuyaphi ngamaphakathi ayo.”

UMaqoma ke yena wayengamboni ngoluhlobo lukayise uXhoxho, wamthanda kakhulu ehleli nje uyamkhusela usoloko enaye apho akhoyo. Yiyo nale ibangela ukuba kubekho imfazwe kaXhoxho 1834, okanye imfazwe eliwe ngenxa kaXhoxho phakathi kwamangesi namaXhosa, isuswa nguMaqoma emva kokuhlaselwa kukaTyhali otyala lakhe yayikukubuyela emhlabeni wakhe owawoxuthwe yiKoloni.

ULieutenant Sutton (abanye benu bathenga eSutton Square eQonce, lowo nguRev.J.G Sutton owayeyinqununu yaseDale College) uthunywa ngu Somaseti ukuba makahlasele uTyhali amthathele nenkomo zakhe. Yaqala inkathazo ngeyoMnga 12 December 1834 zanqoza, bafika belindelwe ngamabutho kaTyhali, abelungu badubula isine sabantu kwachanwa noXhoxho eghruzulwa yimbumbulu icala lentloko. Waphambana uMaqoma: Ligazi elomhlophe eli, linomvuzo nomvuka, aliphalali nje ke. “UNotshe, intomb’eLawu!!!”

Wabophelela amabutho akhe encediswa nangumkhosi wamaqhakancu bezimisele ngempindezelo, baqalisa ngokuwela umda abawubekelweyo yiKoloni bephuthuma iinkomo zabo ebezibiwe, kwaliwa, zanqoza eFort Willshire, ngeli thuba iNgqushwa yayisele ingaphakathi kumda weKoloni.

Ecinga iingxoxo zoxolo ekuvunyelwene ngazo wavuka ngobusuku umfundisi uKayser eKnap’s Hope akuva isandi sokundila komkhono wekati wathi makasiwe kuMaqoma, wamfumana kulontshinyano yehlathi wasikhixa isililo unyawontle ebuza kuMaqoma ukuba “wenzani?” Uphendula ngelithi omdala: “Ndiyimbabala, andithi sidutyulwa sizingelwa njengazo ngoku thina zinkosi, sihluthelwe isidima sethu? Nguwe wedwa na umhambi apha le  nto kucaca ukuba akuvanga ukuba kudutyulwe umntakwethu entloko, asazi ukuba ityala lakhe lithini?”

Umfundisi waqhuba nokumcenga ukuba angahlaseli, wabe esithi yena akaqali mpi, uyaphindisa kuba engenakhaya elala emaweni ngenxa kaSomaseti.

Waqhuba uMaqoma ehlupha iKoloni ehlasela ngesinyokothi enqumlisa le milambo ibisele ixuthiwe yiKoloni kusithiwa ingawelwa kuba yimida, wayiwela yena. Kulapho azuze izincomo ezithi: Yinyok’emnyam’ecand’iziziba!!!

Yimfazwe kaXhoxho ke leyo.

Ilandelwa yekaHinsta, owagetyengwa 12 May/Canzibe 1835 eNqabarha elibanjwa leKoloni kusithiwa uyakukhululwa mhla wakhupha umthetho kuzo zonke iinkosi zamaRharhabe ukuba zahlukane nokuhlasela iKoloni (besitsha zimbumbulu zikaMaqoma), okwesibini, bakumkhulula mhla bafumana 50 000 yenkomo newaka lamahashe.

Omdala wathumela umyalezo kuMaqoma ukuba zifihlwe iinkomo bangacholi naphantsi abamhlope, okwesibini “angaze abathembe abelungu”. Bamdubula ke besenza ngathi ebezama ukwesaba eluvalelweni, bakrolonqa iindlebe namazinyo entlokweni yakhe bezakuzenzela amajikazi neembasa.

UHintsa ke Ahh!! Zanzolo ebeyikumkani yamaXhosa emi kumhlaba wamaGcaleka, ebesithi amaRharhabe akuxakwa acele uncedo kuye, nakule ntsinda-badala yayiphakathi koNgqika noNdlambe wacebisa into yokuba aqeqeshwe uNgqika ngokungabi nambeko nangokulahlela isizwe ezandleni zabelungu, waza wathumela nowakhe umkhosi kwidabi laMalinde ukuze oyiswe nje uMaqoma. Kulo nto yonke ukususela apho ebengenayo enye inkumanda yomkhosi ayithembe ukudlula uMaqoma.

Kungaphelelanga emkhosini nje kuphela nakwezenkcuba-buchopho nezomthetho ebemthanda uMaqoma. Nanko emthuma ukuya kunqanda idabi phakathi kwamaGqunukhwebe kaKama nemiDushane. Intombi kaMdushane ihlolelwe ukuba yendele kuKama, ibe ngumfazi wakhe wesibini. Wayala uKama esithi ungumKrestu yena akasingeni isithembu. Isigqibo salo ntlanganiso sathi: Mna Maqoma, nyana ka Ngqika, andinawo amandla okuphikisana noThixo kaKama, ngubani na ke onokumelana noThixo kaKama, uThixo odale bonke ubukhosi obukhoyo? Adliwa ke amaGqunukhwebe ezo nkomo zokuhlaza intombi yenkosi ibuye ingazekwanga.

Yehla indaba ngenye imini amaphakathi kaHintsa aya kulanda uMaqoma ukuba alamle inguHintsa ke ngoku oyingxaki, ugxothe umkakhe uNomsa inkosazana yamaMpondo ebhotwe kuba bengavani ngoku unyana omkhulu uSarhili kufuneka olukile, akakwazi kungena engenamama. Wathetha nekumkani uMaqoma loluleka iqhina wabuya ukumkanikazi wangena umntwana esuthwini. UHintsa ngunyana kaKhawuta, ongunyana kaNgcaleka. Naliya ingcwaba lakhe phezu komlambo iGcuwa.

Oonyana bakhe nguSarhili, Lind’inxuwa, Ndima, Xhoxho, Tyelimnyama, Mjezu, Bhobhoyi, Nozwane, Ncaphayi, Luyenge nabanye. Intombi nguKoloza nothotho lwezinye.

Imfazwe kaHintsa ke iphela ngophalalo-gazi (ethnic cleansing) olunzulu kwisizwe samaRharhabe.

UMaqoma undulula abafazi abalishumi linanye kuquka nabamhlophe ukuba baye ku Major-General John Cox (ekuthiywe ngaye iFort Cox) eQonce ukuze kuvulwe iingxoxo zoxolo “kuba iinkomo zimkile, amathafa neenduli zinuka ivumba lezidumbu zemfazwe,”watsho kugeleza iinyembezi isidlele esinye.

Ngubani yena uSaqhwithi?

NguSir Harry Smith. Ufika apha eBritish Kaffiraria nge 6 January 1835 ligqala ledabi laseWaterloo. Ubekade eseKapa ephethe amajoni khona. Wanconywa kakhulu yiBhilitane ngegalelo lakhe lokubulala amaNdiya kudlwengulwa umhlaba kwidolophu iAliwal yaseIndiya. Yena uyinzalelwane yaseWhittlesea yaseNgilane. Nguye owanyathela uJongomsobomvu entanyeni eBhayi, nguye onegazi lekumkani uHintsa ezamdleni zakhe.

UMlanjeni ngumprofeti ovela ebantwini ngexa lengxokolo yembalela ka1850, uphuma kwisizwe semiQhayi kwesikaNdlambe. Unomlandeli wakhe ke umprofetikazi umama uNontetha Kwekwe pha eNgcabasa eXesi.

Ulandela ke ekhondweni lothotho lwabaprofeti babantu abathunyelwa nguQamata wesizwe samaXhosa bephethe imiyalezo yokulumkisa nokwakha isizwe.

Tanci kubo nguNtsikana umfo ka Gabha, umCirha uyise kaKobe noDukwana, owathi abantu abantsundu bophalala njengamanzi, isizwe sikaPhalo sozaliswa ziindlela zoololiwe. Wathi kuzakufika abantu abamhlophe bephethe iBhayibhile, ibhotile neqhosha elingenantunja. Kwezi zinto ze sithathe iBhayibhile yodwa. Ibhotile yona izakusiphalaza. “Ngubani na lo? nguYeye, uhamba nabani? noYise. Basphathele ntoni? Amasi. Ngendeb’enjani? Ebomvu. Bayibeka phi? Esbaya? Kwesingakanani? Kwesikhulu. Amabasele? Zizdenge zodwa!!”

Mandenze into engenziwayo nditolike isiXhosa. UYeye yirhuluneli, uyise yikumkani (King William/George). Isiselo samaXhosa yayingamasi ingenguwo umqombothi, eselwa ngendebe eyayingazange ibe bomvu ngebala, yibranti le iphethwe apha. Bayibeka phi? Kwisibaya esikhulu.

IBlanti emaXhoseni zange yangena kulemizana yethu, yangena komkhulu, buza ukumkani Ngqika Ahh!! Lwaganda kaMlawu, buza noNkosi Maqoma Ahh!! Jongumsobomvu. Iphela ke le vesi ngesilumkiso sokuba ningayiphathi. Naza nenjenjalo ke? Peeewu!!!

Waqamba iculo lenkonzo:    

                                   Ulengub’inkul’esiyambatha thina

                                                            Ulongqin’izingela imiphefumlo

                                                            Ulo Thixo omkhulu, ngosezulwini;

                                                            Ungu Wena-wena Khaka lenyaniso.

                                                            Ungu Wena-wena Nqaba yenyaniso.

                                                            Ungu Wena-wena Hlathi lenyaniso.

Abanye abaprofeti besizwe baquka noMakhanda ka Nxele, imfazwe yaseGazini phaya eRhini yaphela ebanjwa egityiselwa esiQithini. Yavela intetho ethi xa ulinde into engazukwenzeka kuthiwe “ulinde ukuza kukaNxele.”

Nalapha, bambulala abelungu baxoka ngelithi warhaxwa ezama ukubaleka. (Iyafana nale kaBiko wahlatyaniselwa ngemibuzo encinwa wagqobhoka ukhakhayi lampompoza igazi lwangcol’ungele).

Ityala lakhe kuba wabahlaza ngalemini ye22 kaApril/Tshaz’iimpuzi 1819 ehlasela emini ilanga lihlabe umhlaba ngamadoda alishumi lamawaka babaleka kuba babengalindelanga nto, babuya sebevutha ngumsindokazi wokucumza yonke into engumNdlambe. Kwaba bubutyityityi begazi kulendawo kuthiwa kuseGazini wena uyakuthi yi 1820 Settlers Monument.

UMprofeti uMhlakaza yena nguyise kaNongqawuse. Bakho neninokubazi abalandelayo, oMgijima, oomama wase Chankcele, oomaNgconde, ooShembe, ooCredo Muthwa, oomamSonandi, ooRhadebe nabanye. Masingabadwelisi apha ke aba batyalwe ngongendawo bafumaneka kulo lonke eli benemilingo nomyalezo othimlisayo.

ISAHLUKO SOKUQALA

Ukuphela kweMfazwe yeZembe.

Ngomhla we 14 December 1847 kufika irhuluneni enthsa ithunyelwa yiKoloni kumhlaba wamaRharhabe ithatha ke emva kukaRhuluneli Lieutenant Governor, Colonel John Hare owayephantsi kwesandla sika Maitland eKapa yena enikezele ulawulo ku Sir Henry Pottinger (kungenzeka ukuba uyazalana nalo wakwa Bell Pottinger inkampani yaseBhilitane esanda kubhadanywa ixhaphe amafutha kwibholo lokuthelekisa uMzantsi ngokobuhlanga ifunjathiswe yinkampani yosapho oluthile lwezinhanha zezifika-namthwalo olunkamfule urhulumente weli kwandawo, lazisikela kumanqatha obutyebi beli). Nguye lo Sir Henry Pottinger owaqhuba idabi lokugqibela leMfazwe yeZembe evuyelela amaGqunukhwebe kaPhatho Ahh!! Zwelandile uNovember wonke noDecember esenza into enye de yanikezela impi yakuthi. Iphela ke iMfazwe yeZembe ekhonkxiwe uKumkani Sandile egxothelwe elubhacweni eBhayi uMaqoma ehlala elalini yamaMfengu apho.

 

EseBhayi njalo uMaqoma urhabula ulwimi ludlula ngeempukane eziluhlaza ukuba kukho irhuluneli entsha ethunyelwe yiBhilitane ezakufika ngalo mhla ngenqanawa kwalapha kunxweme lwaseBhayi. Waphalisa ke naye ukuvukela edolophini apho ukuya kuzibonela. Uqaphela siqhu sithile segxuba labangenelile abamhlophe bexokozela phambi kwehotela iPhoenix, wasondela, enye ingalo eyibeleke ngasemva esinga-singa ngesinye isandla. Ithe irhuluneli le intsha yakumqaphela ngefestile ikumgangatho ophezulu yehla yaphuma.

Wothuka zapoqa iikawusi ngaphaya kwezihlangu omdala xa ebona kumi phambi kwakhe umbulali kaKumkani uHintsa, ebambe imihlathi waziva ethetha yedwa, “kanti iKoloni ithumele lento inguSmith ukuba ibe yirhuluneli? Azi soba ngabakabani?

Yasondela kuye incume olweHlosi naye wacinga ukuba iza ngoxolo, kungathangani rhulukutyu intshuntshe irhuluneli yonda ngoJongumsobomvu, othuke wambatsha uyise wamaJingqi uye wahlehla, gquzu!!! isiqhazolo samadlagusha ohodoshe abebebukele, suka waphinda wayibuyisela kwasesingxobeni sayo waguquka wangena ehotela, engathethanga nto ngaphandle kolo ncumo ludikayo.

Xa lithi ndithenge kwangolo suku uMaqoma ufumana isigidimi sokuba makafike kulaa hotela ehamba netoliki. Ngokwenene ke wazibona enyanzelekile ukuba aye kuba ebizwa yirhuluneli engacelwa ncam koko eyalelwa. Ekufikeni kwakhe, xa esolula isandla ngelixhawulayo elandela isiko lesintu xhakamfu yamngqula phantsi irhuluneli yamnyathela kubhongwana ngesihlangu imvimba umoya.

Xa ezama ukungathi uyalwa, rhuthu kwalaa ntshuntshe yakusasa yamkhomba ngayo yakhonkotha ngaloo mlomo usisankqange la manzwi: “Oku makube sisifundo kuwe ukuba malazi lonke ilizwe looKafile ukuba ndim iNkosi nomlawuli kulo mhlaba kunjalo nje zakuphathwa ngolu hlobo iintshaba zeKumkanikazi yamangesi.” Ibe idume kakhulu ngezenzo zobuqaba nokungachubeki le ngqukumengqe uSmith, yonke into eyenzela ebugangxeni bobuxelegu.

Esothukile owakuthi kodwa uwathandazele wawafumana amandlana okuziphendulela, uthethe ke ngelo lizwi licudisiweyo buduntsa buncwina wenjenje:

Iqhuba nokusinhyala isihlangu entanyeni irhuluneli imxelele ukuba ngenxa yesigezo seeNkosi zamaXhosa kwiMfazwe yeZembe bakuhluthelwa yonke into abanayo, naloo malungelwana bebewanikwe yiKoloni kuba kukhala isihlangu sikaSmith ngoku.

Waphakama apho esahexa unyana kaNgqika lungongoza uvalo ecinga ukuba ibuyile nje inja le izakubuyela kulaa nkohlakalo yayo ka1835, apho yayifungele ukubuhlutha ibubhuqe ibuvuthulule ibubhangise buphele ubunganga bezikumnkani neenkosi kumhlaba wamaRharhabe.

Zimbini ke ngoku izihlandlo ahlaziswe kuzo esidlangalaleni ngendlela apha angazukufane ayilibale, okokuqala kukuqweqwediswa kwakhe nabantu bakhe bexheshelwa ngaphandle kumhlaba wamaJingqi eNgcwenxa ngo 1829, nale ke ngoku yokunyathelwa nguSaqhwithi entanyeni abantu nabelungu bejongile.

Sisenzo esi esahlala sihleli siyintlungu kwimbali zamaXhosa ebaliselana isizukulwana ngesizukulwana.

Lithi igqala lenkululeko yabantu, itshantliziyo elingasekhoyo  elaphela liyiNkulu-Mbuso yokuqala yeMpuma-Kapa ubawo uRaymond Mhlaba wayebaliswelwa kakhulu ngoMaqoma ekukhuleni kwakhe eBhofolo kwiminyaka yo1920, ‘Utatomkhulu wam wayede abe ngathi uzakugabha xa ethetha ngoSmith emcaphukelela lento wayesingela phantsi ubukhosi bukaMaqoma, emphatha okwento engento.’

Kungentsuku zatywala emva kwale nkquleqhu irhuluneli entsha isuse elinye kumamaphakathi kaMaqoma ilithuma kumhlaba waseFort Hare ngehashe ukuba malise umyalezo kuKona unyana omkhulu kaMaqoma owayelibambela-kumkani lo gama uyise eseselubhacweni eBhayi. Lafika ke igqala elo emva kokuphalisa iintsuku ezintathu nobusuku bazo liphethe umyalezo wokuba unyana lowo uyafunwa entlanganisweni ekhwetywa yirhuluneli leyo eQonce. “Kuloo nkomfa kohlangana zonke iinkosi zezizwe zamaXhosa kaRharhabe,” laqokela latsho.

Kuthi qatha engqondweni kaKona ukuba “thyini ndiyamnakana lo Sambhuntsuntsu kangxoway’ibotshwa wayegqugqisa ebaphethe mantsantsa ootata apha ndilikrwala ngo 1835, peewu! Kazi le nto ngaba ifuna ukuba yintoni?”

Ukanti ke lonke eli lixa lisemva kweMfazwe yeZembe bebehlelisene kakuhle neKoloni oonyana bakaMaqoma oKona noNamba, besebenzisana neArhente yeKoloni kumhlaba waseFort Hare umfo owayengene kweli ezenza umfundisi kanti ungungcothoza werhuluneli u(Rev?) Henry Calderwood. Bade bathiwa jize ngemihlambi yeenkomo ezihluthwe kuSandile yiKoloni yabanceda ke loo nto ukubuyekeza ilahleko yabo mhla ngeMfazwe yeZembe.

INKOMFA YOKUQALA YASEQONCE

Nge 23 December 1847 yangena inkomfa ebibizelwe eQonce neNkosi zama Xhosa. Abathunywa ke babemi ngulo hlobo, isizwe samaNgqika-Rharhabe sasimelwe ngukumkani  uSandile ephuma eluvalelweni, Anta, Suthu, noKona. UBhotomane noTola bemele imiDange. Kwangena uMhala uNkosi Siyolo noNkosi Siwani bemele amaNdlambe . UTshatshu wamaNtinde noNkosi Phatho Ahh!!!Zwelandile wamaGqunukhwebe.

Irhuluneli ke nayo yaphalisa isuka eBhayi isiya eQonce, ikomkhulu layo eyazakhela lona iseyinkumanda yamajoni kwiminyaka elisumi linanye ngaphambi kwezi zinto. IQonce le abantu bayathanda ukukhalaza ngelithi ishushu kakhulu apha ehlotyeni, andazi nokuba abaqapheli na ukuba isesigingqini irhangqwe zintaba. Yayikhethelwe loo nto kanye nguSmith lo kuba kwakusiliwa, wayephupha ngoMaqoma ozokuhlasela nokuba sekusezinzulwini zobusuku.

Kungoko wayefuna ukulubona utshaba lusesenkcochoyini yentaba nokuba luvele kweliphi icala ingakumbi eli laseDikeni.

Yagaleleka la nkanyamba ithe nkqo inteshana yomxhaxha ivathe unonca ka”ndayame-nhanha” (tight) wetsithakhwe yalomaxesha kucaca ukuba yayimhlophe ngokuya yayifika, phuhlu amaphambili ngaphandle. Ive ngamaquza omkosi anyuke azakuma ngedolo. Ngasentla ngujobela omhle ongulombala wolwandle apha ekudibaneni ngaphambili unemiphetho egolide ehonjiswe ngothotho lwamaqhosha asilivere esehla macala omabini, umphetho wasentanyeni ugotyelwe phezulu. Isithsaba sisidlokolo esikwambala mnye nebhatyi nalomihombiso yemingqi enomtsalane kunene.

Usondele kuzo iinkosi naloo mlomo, ethe qheke lo mazinyo akhabileyo avame ngokugqola yingxubevange yentshongo nekofu. Amabhovu amade amdaka namehlo esikhotshola (inyoka enobuhlungu) azele mome ubuthuku. Uphethe iziqwayi ezimbini wabanika waqalisa ukuphimisela ekhwaza kungekho sizathu etshayinta engemanga ndawonye ethe gaa isifuba okwehobe lojiwe, engqangwe bubugxwangu bamajoni eKoloni. Uthe: “Esinye sezo ziqwayi simele imfazwe esinye simele uxolo, khethani enisithandayo,” watsho ejinga amanqagisa engade awasule (bebezakuthi abakuthi nqanda ezo bhokhwe zimhlophe!!). Zajongana ezakuthi zasa amahlo kwezi zixhobo zala majoni zaya ngokungathi zicebiselene ukuxhumela esi soxolo isiqwayi.

Waphinda waghraghrama ngathi ufuna kuve nabaseBhilitane, “tshayelani basuke bonke abantu benu ebesithe mabangahlali kummandla ongumda phakathi kweKoloni namaXhosa, ukususela ngoku, siyawulawula wonke umhlaba ophakathi komlambo iXesi nomlambo iNciba, ngaphezu kwalo sele siwuginyile. Lo mhlaba ke ngoku uzakuba nguGunyaziwe weBritish Kaffiraria.”

Kulo mmandla ke akukho Nkosi iyakwamkela mirhumo nazinwe ezisuka ebantwini bayo, makuphele tu cwaka gqibe ukunukwa nokungcuthwa kwamagqwira kulo mmandla. Kwisizwe ngasinye kothunyelwa umkomishinala omhlophe yiKoloni ozakuba liliso layo apho.

Le ke intetho yawaqoba umqolo yawujija yawaqhawula umnqambulo onke emalungelo namandla okulawula iinkosi zabantu.

Noxa nje zazifutha ngaphakathi kwanyanzekleka ukuba ziginye nokuba kuyakrakra.

Labe lizalwa ngokutsha kwakhona iphondo leKoloni eselibizwa ngoku ngokuba yiQueen Adelaide Province. Akwalindwa kuqandusela kwankukhu lwaqala ulawulo lweKoloni, ngesiquphe.

UColonel George MacKinnon owayesanda kufika kweli wamiselwa abe ngumkomishinala oyiNtloko weBritish Kaffiraria kwabekwa abakomishinala ababini phantsi kwakhe. uCaptain John Maclean uzakujongana nezizwe zaselunxwemeni, amaGqunukhwebe namaNdlambe. Ityendyana unyana kamfundisi John Brownlee enguCharles yena wamiselwa ukulawula amaRharhabe la kaNgqika, wayesikhupha nangempumlo ke lo isiXhosa ukusithetha ukusibhala nokusitolika ehlala eMkhubiso kokwabo, kule ndawo inesikolo sabelimi ngoku.

Yagaleleka iNyhwagi, fuxe, egcwele indawo uMhlangala endaweni yayo. NgeyoMdumba/February 1848 uyavunyelwa uMaqoma ukuba makabuye elubhacweni eBhayi ukhonjwa kwilali yaseMsobomvu. Apho babekwe khona abantu bakhe besuswa kumhlaba “weKoloni”.

Zaba ne ke iinyanga ebuyile engena ephuma kumhlaba weKoloni ngokungemthetho ekhangela abantu bakhe abachithachithwe yiMfazwe yeZembe, noxa nje yayingemntu wonke oyaziyo eyona nto aphezu kwayo. Abangamthandiyo bamhleba ngokuba wayehamba asarha iCape Smoke (blanti) ezinkantini zaseBhofolo naseRhini.

Mkhulu ke noko umonakalo owenziwa yile Mfazwe nokudlengulwa komhlaba nemfuyo ngaba hodoshe. Isizwe samaJingqi isishiya singamajingi-qhiwu abantu bethe saa umfuyo ishokoxekile.

Ayelishumi linesixhenxe amawaka abalandeli bakaMaqoma ngo 1836 kodwa kufika unyaka ka 1848 sele elawula iqaqobana labantu abamawaka mabini neenkomo ezikwangako. Kwaba ngcono noko kuKumkani Sandile noxa nje naye wabetheka, usele neshumi linesihlanu lamawaka ukususela kwelinesixhenxe labantu abamkhonzayo neenkomo ezilishumi lamawaka nesiqingatha emva ko 1846.

Noxa nje bakhawuleza banikezela kulawulo lobukoloniyali abantu bakaMaqoma, amaJingqi ngawo abetheka kakhulu nangaphezu kwezizwe ezaqhubela phambili nomzabalazo wokulwa abangeneleli. Abanxanelwe igwiba babalekela kwimimandla yamaMfengu, abasenomdla wokulwa bangena kwimikhosi yezinye izizwe ezazisayibambele phezulu imfazwe.

Izihlandlo ezininzi kuJune/eyeSilimela walo nyaka uzame ukukhuphela abantu bakayise kummandla ongaphesheya kweTyhume, kweli cala lingaseBhofolo, kodwa wabethwa ebethiwe egxothelwa kwelinye icala eli ngamapolisa ekoloni kuba kaloku eli cala alinyolukeleyo besele lidliwe yikoloni.

Ezingisile njalo ukubuyela kumhlaba wakhe eNgcwenxa uJongumsobomvu wabhala isicelo sokuba ahlaliswe nabantu bakhe ngentlana kancinane kwindawo eyayiyeyakhe kanye xa udlula ubhekisa ngaseHewu. Sakhatywa esi sicelo kuba lo mhla wawujolelwe amafama amhlophe asalima efuye phaya ke nangoku. Yaqalisa inkosi ukufudumala ngumsindwana wokuzibona sele iyimbabala yolwantunge kumhlaba kayise.

Ulwamvila lolawulo lweKoloni lwakhawuleza lwathi tshitshilili kummandla iBritish Kaffiraria emva kokubhavumla kukaSaqhwithi uSmith kwinkomfa yaseQonce.

Abakomishinala awababekayo wabalandelisa ngomkhosi wokukhusela izigqibo zabo ukuze kungabikho bani uphikisana nolawulo lweKoloni. Lo mkhosi wogonyamelo wawuhleli uhleli, umawaka mabili amajoni amhlophe, exutywe nawamaqhakancu kunye namakhulu amapolisa angamaXhosa.

Phantsi kwale meko yogonyamelo amadoda amaninzi amaXhosa aphela engabaqeshwa kwidolophu ezazisaqala zabelungu ooQonce nooMonti aba. Njengokuba kwakhukuliswa onke amaRharhabe phesheya komlambo iTyhume kwakulungiselelwa ukufakwa kwabelungu njengabahlali bezi ndawo. Iilali zabo bazibiza Woburn, Auckland neJuanasberg, kwatwezwa neelali zamamfengu iDike eli lonke ukungqinga iFort Hare le kanye.

Isizwe samaXhosa sazala zindlela neeblorho neenqaba lankenteza kwakhona ilizwi likaMprofeti uNtsikana. AmaXhosa amaninzi abhenela kwizikhululo zabefundisi beLizwi apho babenikwa amakhuba nembewu nto leyo eyababekela bucala yabenza into engento abalawuli bemveli eyayingumsebenzi wabo lo eluntwini.

Ngoku amaXhosa ayehluthwe onke amandla okuzingca. Kwezolawulo ayexhomekeke kubakomishinala bakaSmith, ngomthetho bephantsi kwamapolisa eKoloni, uqoqosho lonke lusezandleni zabangeneleli amaXhosa ekhongozela iimbhuphu eziwa kwezo tafile zihlihlimayo zivuza indyebo yomhlaba wawo.

Ngokwengqiqo ayexhomekeke kwintshumayelo yabefundisi abamhlophe eyayibabonisa ubuhle bempucuko yaseNtshona ekufuneka yamkelwe njengoko isiza ingavukelwa.

Wayijonga uMaqoma le nkquleqhu wafungela ukungabuhlaziyi ubuhlobo bakhe naba befundisi lence, wabalela nabantu bakhe ukuba baqhube nokungena ezi nkonzo zilahlekisayo. Waphawula nokuba sehle saya kufika emanqineni isidima sobukhosi bemveli ingakumbi oko kwapheliswa izinto ezimbini ezazibugcinile, iinkomo zesahlulo ngenqoma, kunye neenkundla ezazinuka zigwebe amagqwirha.

Imfazwe yeZembe yaphela ngenkulu yona indlala, khumbula kaloku ikoloni xa ihlasela yayiceba elona xesha libalulekileyo ebomini noqoqosho lomXhosa, xa iinkosi zikhuphe umthetho wokuba makutyalwe amasimi okanye xa kuvunwa. Ngale mfazwe ke umkhosi wamagwangqa wawufika ubhubhise ubulale undlengule utshise namasimi ukuze abantu abaseleyo balambe baye kucela umsebenzi kubangeneleli. Alamba ke amaXhosa aphela eqala umkhuba wokuphuthuma iinkomo zawo ngaphesheya komda wamakoloniyali ngokungekho mthethweni.

Omnye wabakomishinala uBrownlee utyhola ngelithi uKona wayefundisa abalandeli bakhe ebakhuthaza ukuba mabebe iinkomo zabelungu kuba ezama ukuthandwa kuno Namba umntakwabo oyena wayezalelwe ukuba yindlalifa kaJongumsobomvu. Ngeli lixa ke yena uNamba wayesabacenga abelungu kummandla alawula kuwo.

INKOMFA YESIBINI YASEQONCE

Le nto yakhokelela uSaqhwithi Ahh!! Zanendlala Sir Harry Smith iRhuluneli ukuba akhwaze enye inkomfa nge 07 October/Canzibe 1848 apho wafika wazigxwagxusha iinkosi zamaXhosa ezishayitela ukubiwa kwenkomo zabelungu okuthande ukuxaka.

Wabhavumla engqale kukumkani etshukutshela lo mbuzo, “San Dili, cacisa, kutheni iinkomo zabelungu ziphela ngamatutu?” IKumkani uSandile yajonga kumkhuluwa wayo uMaqoma iqonda nje ukuba eli lelinye lamathuba ezaa mpendulo zakhe zingambaliyo uSaqhwithi zingamazi nokuba usisiciko sayiphi na imbiza. Walibhaqa eli qhinga umlungu wakhonkotha, “Ndithe San Dili akhange ndithi Mocomo, phendula ngokwakho.”

Zahlala ke iinkosi zizezo zishwayimbana etshayinta losambhuntsuntsu ethetha yedwa ethethela phezulu eshiya alilibeleyo ebathembisa ngohlaselo lomkhosi ukuba ubusela beenkomo zabelungu abupheliswa ziinkosi kanye ngaloo mzuzu.

Ingxelo kamkomishinala uCharles Brownlee yayingatyeki ngakumaJingqi. Wasola wona kakhulu ngobu busela kummandla aphathiswe wona. Kubhaqwa amadoda amaJingqi esiba ukutya kwezi nqaba zabelungu mihla le atyatyulwe isigwebo semivumba engamashumi amathutha zincazelane izihlalo. Waqokela watsho umkomishinala.

Aya esiya ngokuphela amathemba kuMaqoma akuqaphela ukuba luyendela ulawulo lobukoloniyali, luyabhanga ulawulo lweenkosi. Kwakungekho kwandlela yakucenga ingakumbi nje ngokuba iKoloni ithumela uSaqhwithi nje eBritish Kaffiraria ukuba ayilawule ngeli bhunguza aliphetheyo.

NgeyoMdumba ka 1949 uKona wagweba uPantsi omnye kubantu bakhe owatyholwa ngobugqwirha waza wancinwa wangcungcuthekiswa wafa. Umkomishinala uCharles Brownlee waliphanda elityala wagibisela entolongweni abo babandakanyekayo kuquka noNed Maqoma noThata igqirhakazi.

Engazange abufumane enjalo ubungqina obubambekayo bokuvalela uKona emjiva, yazicacela kuye into yokuba ikoloni ibingafekethi ngokuya ibisithi makuphele tu cwaka ukunukwa kwamagqwirha.Kwathi xa kusithela eYokwindla/March ku 1949 uMaqoma noNamba balahleka iinyanga ezintathu zonke bengabonakali kumhlaba kaRharhabe kanti basatyelele uManyawuza uNomsa indlunkulu kaHintsa nonyana wakhe uSarhili kukho macebo athile ababeye kuhlangula wona ukuze babuyele nawo ekhaya kumcimbi othile ozayo ongaziwa mntu ke phofu ulinqweme lakomkhulu. Behleli ke ezinyanga zingaka bebencina apha kumama wesizwe amaqhinga okugxotha umhlola ekhaya, lo kaloku wedolo lomlungu elihleli esifubeni samaRharhabe angakwazi nokuzonwaya.

Sele edlulile amashumi mabini eminyaka uMaqoma wamnceda uNomsa lo egxothwe ngumyeni iKumkani uHintsa lo wagwintwa nguSmith wambulala. Akucaci ke ukuba zaphela ndawoni ezi ngxoxo kodwa awazange athathe nxaxheba isesidlangalaleni amaGcaleka kwiMfazwe eyalandelayo kaMlanjeni, mhalwumbi ke uMaqoma wayebacengela ukuba mabenze olwabo uvukelo lwekoloni abavuma.

Usathwasa nje unyaka ka1850 uvula ngenkulu imbhalela eyalibharhisa latshaza laxweba kalusizi ilizwe likaRharhabe elibizwa British Kaffiraria. Ngenxa yobunzima iinkosi zaqalisa ukuphuthuma izahlulo zazo ebantwini, kaloku “inkomo yenqoma yintsengwebheka” madoda, uyisenga nje uyabheka hleze umniniyo sele elapha ukuza kuyiphuthuma, ubuyibolekiwe kakade.

Yabaqumbisa ke abantu le nto baqalisa ukuhumshela ngenkohlakalo yezi nkosi zingenalusini. Phakathi kwaloo ngxokolo uninzi lwabantu lucunukile yindlala, yimbalela nesenzo seenkosi kwabakho ngesiquphe indoda eyaba ngumprofeti ivela kwisizwe semiQhayi kwaNdlambe egama linguMlanjeni.

 

#Article 347: I-backlinks kunye ne-SEO (309 words)


I-backlinks kunye ne-SEO -iyintoni na kwaye uyifumana njani

Ngoku lulwazi oluqhelekileyo ukuba ii-injini zokukhangela zithanda ukubuyela umva kumgangatho ophezulu ukujonga ubungakanani bephepha lakho kumaphepha enjini yokukhangela. I-backlinks sisithako esibalulekileyo kwishishini eliphumelelayo kwi-Intanethi, njengoko basebenza njengezothutho zendlela kunye nesikhokelo kwabo banomdla kwiimveliso kunye neenkonzo zakho.

Xa ubhala amanqaku okanye uwahambisa kwiikhombisi, kubalulekile ukufumana uhlobo olufanelekileyo lwasemva oluhambelana nomsebenzi wakho. Umxholo wekhasi kufuneka ube ngamagama aphambili-ubutyebi kwaye kufanele ube phezulu kuluhlu lweziphumo kwiGoogle nakwezinye iinjini zokukhangela. Nangona i-backlinks iyimfuneko kwiwebhusayithi ephumeleleyo kunye nemikhankaso yentengiso ye-intanethi, ayizizo zonke i-backlink ezenziwe zalingana. Ukwazi indlela yokufumana amakhonkco aphambili kunye nendlela yokuyisebenzisa ukuphucula umgangatho wakho yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuthengisa kwe-SEO.

Ukwenza i-backlinks esemgangathweni kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kweinjini yokukhangela, njengoko ezifanelekileyo azikonyusi isikhundla sakho kwiziphumo, kodwa kunokukunceda ukufezekisa iinjongo zakho zentengiso. Kubalulekile ukuseta iinjongo ezicacileyo zomkhankaso wakho we-SEO kunye nokusebenza nzima ekufezekiseni ezo njongo. Injongo kufuneka ibe kukwandisa ubukho bakho kwi-Intanethi ukuze abantu abaninzi babe nomdla koko sele ubonelele kona.

Ukuba unqwenela ukufunda okungakumbi nge-SEO, kuya kufuneka uthethe nomntu onerekhodi yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenjini yokukhangela. Kuyinyani ukuba umntu onamakhulu eminyaka yamava unokukhohliswa ngamacebo athile athi inoveli kwi-Intanethi, kodwa ayisoze liphele ilizwe xa ufumanisa ukuba imizamo yakho ye-SEO ayisebenzi.

I-SEO kunye ne-backlinks zihlala zihambelana kunye kwaye kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi kwezi zimbini. Ukuba ubhloga, ubhalela iwebhusayithi, okanye ukuba ungumnxibelelanisi wewebhusayithi, akunakulindeleka ukuba ube nokufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kulawulo lwe-backlink. Kwezo meko, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyenzile kukuvelisa kunye nokungenisa umxholo ekumgangatho ophezulu ukuba injini yokukhangela yenziwa ngcono, ngaphandle kwayo indawo yakho ayinakubekwa mgangathweni kakuhle.

Ezinye iindlela zokunxibelelana ezithathwa njengobungakanani obuphezulu be-backlink yilezo zinikezwe ezinye iwebhusayithi onazo nabanye abanikazi bewebhusayithi. Ngokubamba ii-backlinks ezisemgangathweni ezivela kwezinye iiwebhusayithi, uyayixhasa imixholo yeewebhusayithi kwaye uzibeka kwinqanaba elifanayo nelakho. Oku kuyakwenza ukuba kube lula ebantwini ukukufumana.

Okokugqibela, masingalibali ukuba enye yeqhosha le-SEO kukubuyela umva. Nje ukuba ube nesicwangciso esifanelekileyo kwaye emva koko usebenze nzima ukufumana ezo zibhengezo zangasemva, imizamo yakho yokuba newebhusayithi ethandwayo iya kuvuzwa ziinjini zokukhangela.




#Article 348: Isifo se-Coronavirus 2019 (454 words)


Isifo seCoronavirus ngo-2019 (COVID-19) sisifo esosuleleka xa umntu osulelwe intsholongwane ye-corona (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) esosulela abanye abantu..Umntu, okanye ngokuchukumisa imihlaba ebikade ichaphazelekile yile ntsholongwane kwaye emva koko achukumise okanye abambe amehlo, impumlo okanye umlomo. Ngokwesiqhelo, intsholongwane isasazeka ngamachaphaza okuphefumla awenziwa xa umntu osulelweyo ekhohlela okanye egungxula. Nabani na osondeleyo ngokwaneleyo (ngaphantsi kwe-1.8 yeemitha) kumntu otyibilikayo okanye okosulelayo wosulelwa kakhulu yile ntsholongwane. Ngenye indlela umntu unokuyifumana intsholongwane ngokuchukumisa umphezulu osulelekileyo aze achukumise amehlo, iindlebe okanye impumlo ngaphandle kokuchaphazela izandla zakho.

si sifo saqala ukubonwa e-Wuhan, idolophu elikhulukazi kwiphondo lase Hubei e China, ngasekupheleni kuka-2019. Ukusukela ngoko, esi sifo sisasazeke kwihlabathi lonke. Nge-11 Matshi 2020, Umbutho Wezempilo weHlabathi wabhengeza esi sifo sisifo. Ubhubhane sisifo esisasazeke kwiindawo ezinkulu zehlabathi okanye kwihlabathi liphela. Amazwe achaphazeleke kakhulu yile ntsholongwane afumene amaqondo aphezulu okusweleka kunye noxinzelelo olukhulu kwiinkqubo zawo zezempilo. Umlawuli jikelele woMbutho wezeMpilo kwiHlabathi, uGqr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, wathi, Le ayisiyongxaki yezempilo nje kuphela, yingxaki enokuthi ichukumise onke amacandelo - ngenxa yoko icandelo ngalinye nelungu ngalinye kufuneka libandakanyeke emzabalazweni.

Okwangoku (ukusukela nge-2 ka-Tshazimpunzi ngo-2020) ngabantu abayi-1 462 abaye bavavanya i-coronavirus apha eMzantsi Afrika. Abantu abahlanu basweleke ngenxa yokosulelwa sesi sifo, ngelixa abantu abangama-31 besiphilisile. Ngokwesebe lezeMpilo leSizwe, uqikelelo lwangoku luqikelela ukuba intsholongwane ichaphazela ama-60% abantu baseMzantsi Afrika ngaxa lithile, kodwa ngaxeshanye.  Ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwesi sifo, ilizwe belikwi ukuvalwa ngokusemthethweni ngokususela nge-27 Matshi 2020. Ukongeza, uMongameli Ramaphosa wabhengeza nge-30 Matshi 2020 ukuba abasebenzi abangama-10 000 bezempilo babe sele bethathiwe ukutyelela amakhaya bevavanya abantu ukuba bayayifumana na intsholongwane.

Ezona mpawu ziqhelekileyo zosulelo zibandakanya ukukhohlela, umkhuhlane, ukudinwa kunye nokuphefumla okufutshane. Ezinye iimpawu zinokubandakanya iintlungu zemisipha, ukuvelisa umphunga, urhudo, umqala obuhlungu, ukuphulukana nephunga kunye nobuhlungu besisu. Ukuba umntu wosulelwe yi-coronavirus, iimpawu zingavela kwiintsuku ezi-2 ukuya kweli-14 emva kosulelo, kodwa uninzi lwabantu luya kubonisa iimpawu kwiintsuku ezintlanu emva kosulelo. Abantu abaninzi baya kubonisa kuphela iimpawu ezibuthathaka. Kwiimeko ezinzima, ukosuleleka kunokukhokelela kwi-pneumonia kunye nokungaphumeleli kwezitho. Iimpawu ezinobunzima zifuna ukhathalelo lonyango olungxamisekileyo.

Abantu banokusulelwa yintsholongwane kwaye bangabonakalisi zimpawu. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba kukuzonwabisa. Nangona umntu owosulelekileyo engabonisi zimpawu, baya kosulela abanye abantu abanxibelelana nabo. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokusasazeka kwesi sifo ngokukhawuleza.

Oogqirha bavavanya i-coronavirus ngokufumana i-swab yempumlo kumntu okrokrelwa ukuba unesifo. Oku kwaziwa njenge-nasopharyngeal swab. Esi sifo sinokufunyaniswa kusetyenziswa iskena esise-CT.

Ukuba umntu uvavanywa ukuba unayo intsholongwane, uyakulaliswa esibhedlele kwaye ahlulwe kubantu abangosuleleki. Nangona ngoku kungabikho nyango intsholongwane, uninzi lwabantu luyakusinda esi sifo ukuba lufumana unyango olufanelekileyo.

Ukusasazeka kwesi sifo kuthintelwa ikakhulu kukugcina umgama obonakalayo kwabanye abantu kunye nokuthintela iindimbane okanye iindawo ezinabantu abaninzi. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba kukude ekuhlaleni. Apho unxibelelwano lungekhe luthintelwe, kusetyenziswa imaski yobuso (okanye isigqubuthelo sokukhohlela kunye nokuthimla ngesiciko okanye ngengalo yangaphakathi) kunye nokunxiba iigloves zerhasix kuyacetyiswa. Ukongeza abantu kufuneka bahlambe izandla rhoqo ngesepha okanye ngesanitizer sekwe otywala sesandla sakho semizuzwana engama-20. Ekugqibeleni abantu bayacetyiswa ukuba bangachukumisi ubuso babo ngezandla ezingahlanjwanga.




#Article 349: SABC1 (179 words)


I-SABC 1 sisitishi sikamabona-kude sosasazo  eMzantsi Afrika esisasazwa liShishini loSasazo laseMzantsi Afrika (SABC) elisasaza inkqubo ngesiNgesi namanye amalwimi esiNguni.

Yenziwa ngo 1996, xa i-SABC ibiguqula izitishi zayo zosasazo. I-SABC 1 yayisasaza inkqubo ezasuka kwisitishi sakudala esavalwayo i-CCV (Contemporary Community Values), esi sitishi senziwa kwizitishi zakudala u-TV2, TV3 no TV4 ezenziwa nge1980s. I-SABC 1 itsala elona nani elikhulu lababukeli eMzantsi Afrika ngenxa yenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezisasazwa kuzo ezifana ne Generations, Uzalo neSkeem Saam.

Ngomhla ka 1 EyoMqungu 1982, amakhasi amabini wosasazo avulwa, u-TV2 owayesasaza ngesiZulu  nangesiXhosa no TV3 owayesasaza ngesiSotho and nangesiTswana, zombini zazibhekise kubabukeli abantsundu. Isitishi esingundoqo, u-TV1, wasasaza ngesiNgesi nesiBhulu. Ngo 1985, isitishi esitsha esabizwa ngoTV4 saqala ukusasaza, siphethe inkqubo ezemidlalo, isebenzisa ikhasi le TV2 no TV3, ezayeka ukusasaza ngo 9:30pm. 

Ngo 1992, u-TV2, TV3 noTV4 bahlanganiswa banikwa igama elingu CCV (Contemporary Community Values). Esesithathu isithishi sabizwa i-TSS, okanye  i-TopSport Surplus, i-TopSport iligama lesebe losasazo lika-SABC lwezemidlalo, yaze yaba ngu-NNTV (National Network TV), ikhasi lezemfundo ngo 1994.

Ngo 1996, i-SABC yaqokelela izitishi zayo ezintathu ngenjongo yokuzenza nokubonakalisa ulwimi olusasaza ngazo. EzI zitishi zabizwa ngoSABC 1, SABC 2 noSABC 3.




#Article 350: Bing Crosby (562 words)


Harry Lillis Crosby ( Tacoma, United States, 3 maypole ka- 1903 - Alcobendas, Spain, 14 ka-Oktobha ka- 1977 ), eyaziwa ngokuba Bing Crosby waba imvumi ( crooner ) kunye Actor American kunye umsebenzi nempi isiqingatha senkulungwane ingqalelo le Inkwenkwezi yokuqala yemultimedia.

IBing Crosby ithengise ngaphezulu kwebhiliyoni enye yerekhodi kwihlabathi jikelele ukuza kuthi ga ngoku   mhlawumbi yeyona nto ithengisayo kakhulu kwimbali, kunye nengoma ethengiswa kakhulu emhlabeni ebizwa ngokuba yiKrisimesi emhlophe ( iKrisimesi emhlophe) ), ngaphezu kweekopi ezingama-50, 000 000 ezithengiswa kwihlabathi liphela.  

UCrosby wayedumile kwaye ethandwa kakhulu kwinkulungwane yama-20 emhlabeni jikelele kangangokuba uvavanyo olwenziwe emva koko lwabonisa ukuba uCrosby wayedumile kwaye ehlonitshwa kunoPopu Pius XII ngelo xesha.

Impumelelo yetshathi yakhe ihlala inomtsalane: Iitshathi ezingama-396 umntu ngamnye, kubandakanya no-41. Ukuba ubala amaxesha amaninzi i-Christmas White inikwe amanqaku, oko kungakuzisa inani elingama-43, ngaphezulu kwe-Beatles kunye no-Elvis Presley.

UCrosby wayenee-single singles zonyaka ngamnye phakathi konyaka we-1931 nowe-1954, kwaye wayenama-24 kuphela amaculo aqhelekileyo ngo-1939 kuphela.

I-Bing Crosby erekhodwe ngaphezulu kwama-2 000 erekhodisho kurhwebo kunye namajelo osasazo angama-4,000, ukongeza kuluhlu olubanzi lokubonakala kwifilimu nakumabonwakude, ngoyena mculi urekhodiweyo kwimbali.

I-Bing Crosby ifumene amanqaku angama-41. Iirekhodi ezi-1 kwiitshathi (ezingama-43 kubandakanywa nezihloko zesibini nezesithathu ze White Christmas), ngaphezulu kweBeatles (24) kunye no- Elvis Presley onerekhodi (18) yeerekhodi. 

Ukurekhodwa kwakhe kwafikelela kwiitshathi amaxesha angama-396, ngaphezulu kukaFrank Sinatra (209) no- Elvis Presley (149) badibene. 

UCrosby uveze iingoma ezi-13 zika-Oscar ezikhethiweyo, ezine ziphumelele imbasa yeAlvance ngeNgoma eBalaseleyo: uLeilani Omnandi ( Umtshato waseWaikiki, ka-1937), IKrisimesi emhlophe ( IHoliday Inn, 1942), Ukutyibilika kwiNkanyezi ( Ndahamba ngendlela yam, ngo-1944), nakwi- Pholile, kupholile, ngokuPholileyo ngorhatya ( Apha ufika uMyeni, ngo-1951). 

UBing Crosby unikwe iinkwenkwezi ezintathu kwiHollywood Walk of Fame: enye erekhodwa, enye yerediyo, enye yeefilimu.

UHarry Lillis Crosby wazalelwa eTacoma, eWashington, nge- 3 kaMeyi, ngo- 1903, kwindlu eyakhiwa nguyise (1112 North J Street, Tacoma, Washington). Intsapho yakhe yafudukela eSpokane (eWashington) ngo- 1906, ngenjongo yokufumana umsebenzi. Wayengowesine kubantwana abasixhenxe: amadoda amahlanu, uLarry (1895-1975), uEverett (1896-1966), uTed (1900-1973), uHarry (1903-1977) noBob (1913-1993); kunye nabasetyhini ababini, uCatherine (1905-1988) kunye noMary Rose (1907-1990). 

Utata wakhe, uHarry Lowe Crosby (1871-1950), wayengumcwangcisi-mali waseBritane- kwaye emveli waseMelika, kwaye umama wakhe, uCatherine Harrigan (1873-1964) wayeyintombi yomakhi waseMayo County kwaye, ngokucacileyo, wayengummi wase -Iran. 

Ookhokho bakhe, uThomas Prence kunye noPatience Brewster, bazalelwa eNgilani bafudukela eUnited States ngenkulungwane ye- 17 . Intsapho yakwaBrewster yeza eMelika ivela eYurophu ngenqanawa edumileyo kaMayflower  

Bing Crosby yayingenaso isiqinisekiso sokuzalwa; umhla, ke, ibiyimfihlo kude kube ( icawa ) yecawa yobutsha bakhe, e-Tacoma, yatyhila irekhodi lakhe lokubhaptiza elinegama lokuzalwa kwakhe ngqo. 

Ngo- 1910 uHarry Lillis oneminyaka emithandathu wafumana iphepha elipheleleyo elinenqaku kuhlelo lwangeCawa loSithethi-mali, i -Bingville Bugle . IBugle, icandelo elibhalwe ngumhlekisi u-Newton Newkirk, eneneni yayili-parody elapapashwa kwiphepha-ndaba. A ummelwane oneminyaka engama-elinesihlanu ubudala, Valentine Hobart, ekwabelwana ihlombe Crosby ukuze ezi parodies wabiza iphephandaba Bingo for Bingville. Ukusuka koku kuye kwavela igama le-Crosby: icinezelwe ikhonkrithi yokugqibela yegama elithi Bingo, uCrosby wamkela igama le- Bing . 

Ngehlobo lowe- 1917 uCrosby wasebenza eSpokane Auditorium, apho wabona ubungqina begcisa eliphambili ngelo xesha, kubandakanya u- Al Jolson, oza kuthi uCrosby athi,  Kum, wayengoyena mculi ubalaseleyo wakha wakhona . 

Ngo- 1920 Bing yabhaliswa kwiYunivesithi yaseJaitit Gonzaga ese Spokane, eWashington, ngenjongo yokuphumelela njengegqwetha. Ufumene i- B + yenqanaba eliphakathi. Ngelixa e-Gonzaga, wathenga ikhithi yedrum ngokwenza i-imeyile. Emva kokuziqhelanisa nokusebenza nzima, izakhono zakhe zabonakala kwaye wakumenywa ukuba ajoyine iqela lendawo elakhiwa uninzi lwabantwana besikolo ababizwa ngokuba ziMusicaladers, abakhokelwa nguAl Rinker . Uye wakwazi ukufumana imali eninzi ngalo msebenzi kangangokuba wagqiba kwelokuba ashiye izifundo zakhe kunyaka wakhe wokugqibela ukuze azinikele kwilizwe lokuzonwabisa. 




#Article 351: Iimaski zobuso ngexesha lobhubhane we-coronavirus ka-2019 ukuya ku-2020 (341 words)


Ukunxitywa kweemaski zobuso ngexesha lobhubhane we-coronavirus ka-2019 ukuya ku-2020 kuye kwafumana iingcebiso ezahlukeneyo kwii-arhente zezempilo zoluntu noorhulumente. Esi sihloko sibe yinto ekuxoxwa ngayo, ii-arhente zezempilo zoluntu kunye noorhulumente bengavumelani nomgaqo wehlabathi wokunxitywa kweemaski zobuso.

Ezinye zezizathu ezichazwe ngamagosa ezempilo aseTshayina ngokunxiba iimaski nangabantu abaphilayo zezi zilandelayo: 

Ugqirha weentsholongwane kwiDyunivesithi yaseLeeds obizwa ngokuba nguStephen Griffin uthi 'Ukunxiba imaski kungalinciphisa ithuba [lokuba] abantu bachukumise ubuso babo, kuba ngumthombo wosulelo ngaphandle kococeko lwezandla olufanelekileyo.

Imaski yobuso yelaphu yimaski eyenziwe ngamalaphu aqhelekileyo enxitywa ngaphezulu komlomo kunye nempumlo, uninzi lwenziwe ngomqhaphu. Ngokungafaniyo neemaski zoogqirha zokuhlinza kunye neziphefumlisi, zona azikho phantsi kwemiqathango. Okwangoku kukho uphando oluncinci okanye isikhokelo ekusetyenzisweni kwazo njengenyathelo lokukhusela ekusasazeni isifo okanye ekungcoleni komoya.

Imaski kagqirha yokuhlinza sisixhobo esinxibeka khululekileyo, esilahlwayo esithi sidale umqobo phakathi komlomo kunye nempumlo yalowo uyinxibayo kunye nezinto ezinokubangela ukungcoliseka kwindawo ezikuyo. Imaski kagqirha yokuhlinza yenzelwe ukunceda ukuthintela amathontsi amakhulu amachaphaza, ukutshiza, okanye ukutshiza okukhulu okungaqulatha iintsholongwane kunye neebaktheriya ukuba inxitywe ngokufanelekileyo, ukuthintela ezi zinto ukuba zingafiki emlonyeni nakwimpumlo yalowo uyinxibileyo. Imaski kagqirha yokuhlinza inokuthi incede ekunciphiseni ukubonakala kwamathe alowo uyinxibileyo kunye nokuphefumla komoya kwabanye.  Imaski kagqirha yokuhlinza ayenzelwanga ukuhluza okanye ukuvimba amathontsana amancinci emoyeni anokusasazeka kukukhohlela, ukuthimla, okanye iinkqubo ezithile zonyango. Imaski kagqirha yokuhlinza ayiboneleli ngokhuseleko olupheleleyo kwiintsholongwane kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ngenxa yokunxibeka okuthe tye phakathi komphezulu wemaski yobuso kunye nobuso. Imaski kagqirha yokuhlinza yenziwe ngelaphu elingelilo elenziwe ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokuntyibilikisa.  

Imaski engu-N95 lilatshana lobuso elisisihluzi samasuntswana okuphefumla esidibana ne-N95 ongumlinganiselo wokucoca umoya wase Melika kwiZiko elijongene noKhuseleko kunye neMpilo yaBasebenzi. Ihluza ubuncinci beepesenti ezingama-95 amasuntswana omoya. Ingumzekelo kamatshini osisixhobo sokuphefumla, osinika ukhuselo kumasuntswana, kodwa hayi iigesi okanye umphunga. Njengemaski kagqirha yokuhlinza, imaski engu-N95 yenziwa ngefabriki engatyibilikiyo ye-polypropylene.  Imaski yobuso ehambelanayo esetyenziswa kwi-European Union yi-FFP2 respirator. 

Imibutho yezempilo iye yacebisa ukuba abantu bagqume umlomo kunye nempumlo ngengqiniba egobileyo okanye nge-tissue xa bekhohlela okanye bethimla, balahle i-tissue kwangoko.  

Imaski kagqirha yokuhlinza iyacetyiswa kwabo banokuba bosulelekile,   njengoko ukunxiba imaski kunokunciphisa umyinge kunye nokuhamba umgama kwamachaphaza aphuma emlonyeni athi asasazeke xa uthetha, uthimla, naxa ukhohlela.

Ingcebiso yoMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi kuluntu phantsi kwemeko ye-COVID-19 ixhasa ukusetyenziswa kweemaski kuphela phantsi kwale miqathango ilandelayo:




#Article 352: Izifo ezidaleka emoyeni (347 words)


Isifo esidaleka emoyeni siso nasiphi na isifo esibangelwa ziintsholongwane ezibhabha okanye ezihlala emoyeni nakwi zinto ezibhabhayo ixeshana. Izifo ezi loluhlobo uyakufumanisa ukuba zifumaneka kwizilwanyana kunye nasebantwini. Ezintsholongwane zizifo ngezifo ezosulela ngokuphefumla, ukuthetha, ukukhohlela, ukuthimla, ukufafazwa kwezinto ezingamanzi, kunye nayiphi na into ebangela kushiyeke izinto ezibhabhayo emoyeni. 

Amaxesha amaninzi izifo ezifumaneka emoyeni zibangela ukurhawuzelela okanye izilonda kwiimpumlo, umqala kunye nemiphunga, kubange ukukhohlela oko, umqala obuhlungu, kunye nezinye iimpawu ezibonakala kumzimba wonke.

Izifo ezininzi ezixhaphakileyo ekuqwalaseleka ukuba zosuleleka ngokuhlala emoyeni ziquka ezi zilandelayo, kodwa zibe zingaphelelanga apha: coronavirus, measles morbillivirus, chickenpox virus; Mycobacterium tuberculosis, influenza virus, enterovirus, kunye ne-norovirus. Ezi zifo ziye zifune ukuba umntu ahlale eyedwa angadibani nabanye ngexesha lokunyangwa. 

Izifo ezidaleka emoyeni zibangelwa kukuhamba-hamba nokubhabha kweentsholongwane emoyeni. Unobangela wazo ke kukosuleleka kwezinto ngezinto, ukususela kwiincindi zomzimba zabantu nezilwanyana, okanye kwinkunkuma. Ezintsholongwane ziye zande ngokuba zihlale kuthuli okanye emoyeni othi abhabhe lee na lee ixesha elide. Umzekelo, ukuthimla kuhamba umgama omde, omlinganiso ubukhulu ngange bhasi 

Izifo ezidaleka emoyeni zinako ukosulela nezilwanyana. Umzekelo, intsholongwane ekuthiwa yiNewcastle ukubizwa, sisifo esichaphazela iintlobo ezohlukileyo zeenkukhu zasemakhaya ilizwe jikelele, esosuleleka ngokungcoliseka komoya.

Usulelo lwezi zifo kwenzeka xa athe umntu ophilileyo waphefumla umoya ekufumaniseka ugcwele ziintsholongwane, okanye xa umoya omdaka uthe wangena emehlweni, empumlweni, okanye emlonyeni. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ude udibane buso ngobuso nomntu onaso esi sifo ukuze wosuleleke kuba sihlala kwaye sibhabha emoyeni. Ubushushu nokufudumala kwangaphakathi endlini kunye nangaphandle bunendima obuyidlalayo ekuhambiseni izifo ezidaleka emoyeni. Eminye imiba ebangela ukwanda nokuhamba-hamba kwezi zifo ezidaleka emoyeni yimvula, umoya, ubumdaka bendawo kunye nokuziphatha kakubi kwabantu.

Ezinye iindlela zokuzithintela kwezi zifo zidaleka emoyeni kuquka amayeza afana nezitofo, ukunxiba isifonyo esogquma umlomo ne nempumlo, kunye nokuphepha wonke ubani ekufumaniseka ukuba unaso esi sifo. Xa uthe wadibana kunye nomntu onaso esinye sezi zifo zidaleka emoyeni akuthethi ukuba sele wasulelekile waze wanaso nawe, kuba ukusuleleka kwezifo eziloluhlobo kuxhomekeke empilweni nasemandleni omntu ngamnye, kunye nokuba loondawo athe wakuyo umntu ichaphazeleke kangakanani na. Izibulala-ntsholongwane zingasetyenziswa ukuzikhusela kwizifo ezifumaneka emoyeni ezifana nePneumonic plague. Lingcali zonyango zicebisa ucoceko kunye nokuhlala nganye-nganye ekunciphiseni izinga lokosuleleka ngezi zifo. Ukuncedisa ukwehlisa amathuba okusuleleka kucetyiswa ukuba wonke ubani enze oku kulandelayo:

Sukubamba ubuso bakho okanye abanye abantu ngezandla ezimdaka.




#Article 353: Ichiza (875 words)


Ugonyo lonyango lwebhayoloji olulungiselelwa ukuba lunike amandla kumajoni omzimba ukulwa isifo esithile esosulelayo. Ichiza lokugonya ngokwesiqhelo lihlala linomgunyaziso ofana nesifo esibangela iintsholongwane ezingabonakaliyo. Ihlala yenziwe kwizinto ezibuthathaka okanye ezibuleweyo ze-microbe, izinto ezimdaka, okanye enye yeeprotheyini zayo ezingaphezulu. Umgunyazisi ukhuthaza amajoni omzimba ukuba aqaphele i-arhente njengesoyikiso, ayitshabalalise, kwaye aqonde ngakumbi aze atshabalalise naziphi na iintsholongwane ezinxulumene nayo kwixesha elizayo.

Ukunika umntu iyeza lokuthintela isifo kuthiwa kukugonywa. Ugonyo yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuthintela izifo ezosulelayo. Ugonyo lunoxanduva lokuphelisa irhashalala kunye nokuncitshiswa kwezifo ezifana nepoliyo, imasisi, kunye ne-tetanus. Ugonyo olufunyenwe lusebenza ngokufanelekileyo lubandakanya iyeza lokuthintela umkhuhlane, ichiza lokuthintela isifo i-HPV, kunye nechiza lokuthintela ingqakaqha (chicken pox).

Amagama ichiza kunye nokugonya afunyenwe kwi-Variolae vaccinae (irhashalala yenkomo), gama elo lisungulwe ngu-Edward Jenner ngenxa yerhashalala yenkomo

Ugonyo yindlela ekhuselekileyo nesebenzayo yokulwa nokutshabalalisa izifo ezosulelayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusikelwa umda ekusebenzeni kwazo kukhona.

Ukusebenza ngempumelelo okanye ukusebenzisa ugonyo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi:

impendulo e-idiosyncratic kugonyo; Abanye abantu abasetyenzelwa kakuhle ngamachiza okugonya athile.

Ukuba umntu ogonyiweyo uhlaselwe sisifo agonyelwe sona (isifo esosulelayo), isifo sinokuba nobungozi obunciphileyo kunamaxhoba angagonywanga.

Oku kulandelayo luqwalaselo olubalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yogonyo:

Ugonyo luye lwakhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kwerhashalala, esona sifo esosulelayo nesibulalayo ebantwini. Ezinye izifo ezinje nge-rubella, ipoliyo, imasisi, uqilikwane, ingqakaqha, kunye nokudumba kwamadlala aziqhelekanga njengoko zaziqhelekile kumakhulu eminyaka eyadlulayo ngenxa yogonyo lwajikelele.

Ukuba uninzi lwabantu lugonyiwe, kunzima kakhulu ukuba kuqhambuke isifo okanye sisasazeke. Esi siphumo sibizwa ngokuba kukungabikho komhlambi.

Amachiza akwanceda ukunqanda ukukhula kweyeza lokuthintela intsholongwane. Umzekelo, xa kuncitshiswa izigulo zenyumoniya ezibangelwa yi-Streptococcus pneumoniae, iinkqubo zokugonya zinciphisa ukubakho kosulelo olunxamnye ne-penicillin okanye ezinye izibulali-ntsholongwane.

Ichiza lemasisi liqikelelwa ekuthinteleni ukusweleka kwabantu kangangesigidi esinye ngonyaka.

Ugonyo olunikezwe ngexesha lobuntwana lukhuselekile ngokubanzi. Iziphumo ezigwenxa, ukuba zikhona, ngokubanzi zilulamile. Iziphumo eziqhelekileyo ezichaphazelekayo zibandakanya umkhuhlane, iintlungu ezijikeleze indawo yesitofu, kunye nokuqaqanjelwa yimisipha. Ukongeza, abanye abantu banokungadibani nezinye izinto eziye zafakwa kwichiza lokugonya. 
Iziphumo ezibi zinqabile kakhulu. 

Izitofu ziqulathe izinto ezifileyo okanye ezingasebenziyo okanye iimveliso ezihlanjululweyo ezivela kuzo. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokugonya ezisetyenziswayo.

Olunye ugonyo luqulathe izinto ezincinci ezingasebenziyo eziye zatshatyalaliswa ngeekhemikhali, ubushushu, okanye imitha. Imizekelo ibandakanya ichiza lokugonya ipoliyo, isifo se-hepatitis A, ichiza lokugonya isifo samarabi kunye namanye amachiza omkhuhlane. 

Amanye amachiza ogonyo aqulathe iintsholongwane ezingabonakaliyo ezinokuphila. Ezi zihlala zicaphukisa iimpendulo ezinde zogonyo, kodwa zisenokungakhuseleki ukuba zisetyenziswe kubantu abangagonywanga.

Amachiza okugonya ityhefu enziwa ngezinto ezinobutyhefu ezingasebenziyo ezibangela ukugula ngaphandle kwe-ntsholongwane engabonakaliyo.

Iyuthi encinci yamachiza isebenzisa isiqwengana sentsholongwane engabonakaliyo ukwenza intshukumo yokuzikhusela komzimba.

Ezinye iibhaktheriya zigqunywe ngeengubo zepynysaccharide ezingalunganga kakuhle emzimbeni. Ngokudibanisa ezi ngubo zangaphandle kunye neeprotheyini, amajoni omzimba angayibona ipolysaccharide ngokungathi yiprotheyini antigen.

Inani lamachiza okugonya asemanyathelweni okuphuhliswa kwaye ayasetyenziswa.

Uninzi lwezitofu zokugonya ziyenziwa kusetyenziswa inkomponi engasebenziyo okanye echongwe kwimicro-organism. Izitofu zeplastiki zokugonya ziyilwe ziquka ikakhulu zizinto zeplastiki.

Amachiza okugonya anokuxhaphaka kube kanye okanye kaninzi. Ichiza logonyo olubonakala kanye lenzelwe ukuba kugonywe intsholongwane enye okanye intsholongwane engabonakaliyo enye. Ichiza logonyo olubonakala kaninzi lenzelwe ukukhusela iintsholongwane ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zentsholongwane engabonakaliyo ezifanayo, okanye ngokuchasene ne-microogarnism ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu.

La ngamachiza asebenzisa i-pathogens zezinye izilwanyana ezingabangeli sifo okanye zibangele isifo esingaxhalabisiyo kumntu lo unyangwayo.

Amajoni omzimba aqaphela ii-arhente zamachiza ogonyo njengezangaphandle, azitshabalalise, kwaye azikhumbule'. Xa udidi lwengozi ye-arhente ludibana, umzimba uyayibona intsholongwane kwaye uzimisele ukuphendula:

likhawulezise impendulo evela kumajoni omzimba.

Amachiza ogonyo anganako nokuqulatha izilondolozi ezinqanda ungcoliseko lwentsholongwane kunye nokubola.

Ukwenzela ukubonelela ngokhuseleko olululo, abantwana bayacetyiswa ukuba bafumane ugonyo ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba amajoni omzimba abo aphuhliswe ngokwaneleyo ukuba aphendule kwichiza lokugonya oluthile. Izikhuselo ezongezelelweyo 'zokuxhobisa' ziyafuneka ukuze kufezekiswe 'ukugonywa' ngokupheleleyo. Oku kukhokelele kuphuhliso lweeshedyuli zokugonya ezintsonkothileyo.

Izitofu ezininzi zokugonya zicetyiswa kweminye eminyaka yobudala okanye isitofu esiphinda-phindwayo ubomi bonke. Umzekelo, imasisi, isifo sokuqina kwemiphunga, umkhuhlane, kunye nenyumoniya. Iingcebiso zokugonywa kwabantu abadala zigxile kakhulu kwi-nyumoniya kunye nomkhuhlane.

Phambi kokungeniswa kogonyo kunye nezinto ezivela kwiimeko zorhashalala lwenkomo, irhashalala inokunqandwa ngokufakwa ngabom kwentsholongwane yerhashalala xa ugonywa. Iingcebiso zangaphambili zokuqhuba ngalendlela ziphuma e Tshayina kwiinkulungwane ezilishumi zangaphambili.

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1760 uEdward Jenner wafunda ukuba abasebenzi bamveliso zobisi zange bayifumane irhashalala kuba sele bosuleleka yirhashalala yenkomo . Ngo-1796, uJenner wathabatha ubofu kwisandla somama osengayo owayenerhashalala yenkomo, wayityikida engalweni yenkwenkwana eneminyaka esi-8 ubudala, kwathi emva kwiiveki ezintandathu wayigonya le nkwenkwana ngechiza elinerhashalala. Akazange abenarhashalala umfana. UJenner wazandisa izifundo zakhe kwaye ngo-1798 waxela ukuba ichiza lakhe lokugonya likhuselekile ebantwaneni nakubantu abadala.

Isizukulwana sesibini sokugonya saziswa malunga no-1880s nguLouis Pasteur.

Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwabonwa ukuqalwa kogonyo oluyimpumelelo oluninzi, kubandakanywa naleyo ichasene ne-diphtheria, imasisi, uqilikwane, kunye nerubella. Impumelelo enkulu ibandakanya ukuphuculwa kwezitofu zokugonyela ipoliyo ngeminyaka ye-1950s kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwerhashalala ngeminyaka yo-1960 kunye no-1970. UMaurice Hilleman wayengoyena mntu uphucukileyo wabaphuhlisi balamachiza kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

Uninzi kuphuhliso lwamachiza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku luxhomekeke kwinkxaso-mali kurhulumente, iidyunivesithi kunye nemibutho engenzi nzuzo. Amachiza amaninzi okugonya axabisa kancinci kwaye ayinzuzo kwimpilo yoluntu. Inani lamachiza asetyenzisiweyo axhume ngokumangalisayo kwinkulungwane yeminyaka yakutshanje. Ukongeza, ugonyo lwezilwanyana kusetyenziswa ukunqanda usulelo lwezifo kunye nokusasazeka kwezifo ebantwini. 

Ukugcwaliswa kwamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kwiinkqubo zophuhliso lokugonyelwa nako kunokuba ngumqobo kuphuhliso lwamachiza amatsha. Ngenxa yokhuselo olubuthathaka olunikezelwa ngamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza, ukukhuselwa kwezinto ezintsha zihlala zenziwa ngokushicilela inkqubo yophuhliso nangokukhuselwa kwemfihlo.

Ngokutsho koMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, owona mqobo mkhulu kwimveliso yamachiza ogonyo lwasekhaya kumazwe angaphuhlanga kakhulu yimali, iziseko ezingamancedo, kunye neemfuno zomsebenzi wobungcali obufunekayo ukuze ungene kwimarike.

Ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo zokuhanjiswa ezintsha kuphakamisa ithemba lamachiza akhuselekileyo nalungele ngakumbi ukuhanjiswa nokusetyenziswa.

Uphuhliso oluphawulekileyo kubuchwephesha bokuhambisa ichiza lubandakanya amachiza omlomo. Iyeza lokunqanda ipoliyo ngomlomo libonakala lisebenza xa linikezelwa ngabasebenzi abangafuni ntlawulo ngaphandle koqeqesho olucwangcisiweyo.
Ugonyo lokuvavanywa ngaphandle kwenaliti. luyaqhubeka kwizilwanyana. Isikiti esilingana nesitampu esifana ne-bande enamathela ama-20,000 microscopic eziqikelelweyo nge-cm nganye.

Ukuphuhliswa kwechiza lokugonya luneemo eziliqela




#Article 354: Impembelelo kokusingqongileyo ngesifo esingubhubhane i-coronavirus ka2019-2020 (707 words)


Ukuphazamiseka kwelizwe lonke okubangelwe ngubhubhane i-coronavirus ka-2019-20 kubangele iimpembelelo ezininzi kokusingqongileyo nakwimozulu. Ukwehla okunamandla kukhenketho olucwangcisiweyo  kubangele imimandla emininzi ukuba ive ukuhla kongcoliseko lomoya. Ukuvalwa kwamazwe kunye namanye amanyathelo eChina kukhokelela ekunciphiseni kweepesenti ezingama-25 kukuphuma kwekhabhoni [3]. Inzululwazi yenkqubo ye-One Earth iqikelela ukuba kungenzeka ukuba oku kusindise ubomi obungama-77,000 ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezimbini. [4] Ukugqabhuka kuye ngelishwa kwaphazamisa iinzame zonozakuzaku bendalo, kuquka ukuhlehliswa kweNkomfa yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yoTshintsho lweMozulu (United Nations Climate Change Conferences)[5]. Ukudodobala koqoqosho kuphazamiseko lwehlabathi kuqikelelwa ukuba kucothise utyalomali kwi- green energytechnologies. [6]

Ukuya kuthi ga ku-2020, ukunyuka kwesixa segesi yegreenhouse eziveliswe ukusukela oko kuqalile ukwenziwa kobuninzi bemveliso kubangele ukuba amaqondo obushushu emhlabeni anyuke. Oku kubangele iimpembelelo kuquka ukunyibilika kwamaqhwa kunye nokunyuka kwamanqanaba olwandle. [7] [8] Umsebenzi woluntu ubangele ukonakaliswa kwendalo ngeendlela ezininzi. Le yimpembelelo ye-anthropogenic.
Phambi kobhubhane we-COVID-19, amanyathelo ebekulindeleke ukuba acetyiswe kwabasemagunyeni kwezempilo kwimeko yalo bhubhane abandakanya ukuvalelwa kwiindawo ezithile kunye nokumela mgama kubantu ngokwentlalo[9]
Ngokuzimela komnye nomnye, abaphandi baxoxe ngaphambi kobhubhane i-COVID-19 onciphise umsebenzi wezoqoqosho ozakunceda ukunciphisa ukufudumala komhlaba, umoya kunye nokungcoliseka kolwandle, ukuvumela okusingqongileyo ukuba kuchume kancinci. [10] [11]

Ngenxa yokugqabhuka kwe coronavirus nefuthe kwezokhenketho nakushishino, uninzi lweengingqi luye lwafumana ukwehla kungcoliseko lomoya.[12] Ukucutha ungcoliseko lomoya kunganciphisa zombini ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye neengozi ze-COVID-19 [13] kodwa akukacaci ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zongcoliseko lomoya (ukuba zikhona) iingozi eziqhelekileyo kuzo zombini ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye ne-COVID-19. IZiko loPhando ngezaMandla kunye nomoya oCocekileyo (Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air) lunike ingxelo yokuba iindlela zokubamba ukusasazeka kwe-coronavirus, ezinje ngeendawo zokugcinwa kunye nokuvalwa kokhenketho, kukhokelele ekunciphiseni kweepesenti ezingama-25 zokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni e-China. [3] [4] Kwinyanga yokuqala yokuvalwa kwamazwe, iChina yavelisa malunga ne-200 yezigidi ze carbon dioxide kunexesha elinye ngo-2019 ngenxa yokuncitshiswa kwetrafikhi yomoya, ukucocwa kweoyile, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamalahle. [4] Isazinzulu esinye senkqubo yezomhlaba siqikelela ukuba kungenzeka ukuba oku kuncitshisiweyo kusindise ubomi obungama-78,000. [4] Nangona kunjalo, uSarah Ladislaw ovela kwiZiko lweZicwangciso kunye noPhononongo lweZizwe eziManyeneyo (Centre for Strategic and international Studies) waphikisa ukuba ukuncipha kwizinto ezikhutshwayo ngenxa yokudodobala kwezoqoqosho akufuneki kuthathwe njengokuyinzuzo kuba iinzame zaseChina zokubuyela kumazinga angaphambili okukhula phakathi kweemfazwe zorhwebo kunye nokuphazamiseka konikezo kwintengiso yamandla ziyakwenza ufuthe lube lubi mpela kwimo engqongileyo. [14] Phakathi kwe-1 kaJanuwari ukuya kwi-11 kaMatshi ka-2020, i-Arhente ye-Space yase-Europe (European Space Agency) yabona ukwehla okuphawulweyo kukhutshwa kwe-nitrous oxide evela ezimotweni, kwizikhululo zamandla, nakwimizi-mveliso kwingingqi yePo Valley emantla e-Italy. Oku kuncitshiswa kwenzeka ngexesha lokuvalwa kwamazwe. [15]

I-NASA kunye ne-ESA bebesoloko bejonga indlela igesi yeNitrogen dioxide eyehle kakhulu ngexesha lesigaba sokuqala saseTshayina kwisifo se-COVID-19. Ukwehla kwezoqoqosho ukusuka kwinqanaba lentsholongwane kwehle ngokungxama amanqanaba okungcoliseka, ngakumbi kwizixeko ezifana neWuhan, eChina ngo-25%. [16] [17] I-NASA isebenzisa isixhobo sokujonga i-ozone (i-OMI) ukuhlalutya kunye nokujonga ungcoliseko lwe-ozone enje nge-NO2, ii-aerosols kunye nezinye. Esi sixhobo sincede i-NASA ukuba isebenze kwaye itolike idatha ezayo ngenxa yokuvalwa kwehlabathi [18].

Ubango lwentlanzi kunye nexabiso leentlanzi zombini ziye zehla ngenxa yobhubhani, [19] kunye neenqanawa zokuloba kwihlabathi jikelele zihlala zingenamsebenzi. [20] URainer Froese uthe intlanzi iya kwanda ngenxa kokuhla okukhulu ekulobeni, kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba kumanzi aseYurophu, ezinye iintlanzi ezinjenge-herring zinokuphinda kabini uhlobo lwazo. [19]

Ukusuka ku-Epreli ku-2020, imiqondiso yokubuyiselwa kwizinto ezinxulumana namanzi ihlala inqabile. [21] 

Ngaphandle kokwehla okwethutyana kokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yehlabathi, i-Arhente i-International Energy (International Energy Agency) yalumkisa ukuba isiphithiphithi kwezoqoqosho esibangelwa kukugqabhuka kwe-coronavirus kungathintela okanye kulibazise iinkampani ekutyaleni imali kwi-green energy. [6] [22] [23] Nangona kunjalo, ixesha elongezelelekileyo lokuhlala bucala likhulise ukwamkelwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokusebenzela ukude. [24] [25] Ngenxa yesiphumo sokusebenzisa iimaski zobuso, amanani abalulekileyo angena kwindalo esingqongileyo, esongeza kumthwalo wehlabathi wokulahlwa kweeplastiki. 
IZiko laseYurophu le Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (i-ECMWF) libhengeze ukuba ukuncitshiswa kweenqwelomoya kuzwe lonke ngenxa yenyikhityha kunganefuthe ekuchanekeni kwesimo sezulu. Kungenxa yokusebenzisa iinqwelomoya ezingongeniso-mali i-Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) njengegalelo elibalulekileyo ekuchaneni uqikelelo lwesimo sezulu. I-ECMWF yaxela kwangaphambili ukuba ukugubungela i-AMDAR kuya kuncipha nge-65% okanye nangaphezulu ngenxa yokuhla kweenqwelomoya ezingongeniso-mali. [27]

INkomfa yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yoTshintsho lweMozulu ka 2020 (The 2020 United Nations Climate Change Conference) yamiselwa u-2021 ekuphenduleni kwesi sifo sikho kwilizwe jikelele emva koko indawo ebanjelwa kuyo yaguqulelwa kwisibhedlele. Le nkomfa ibibalulekile njengoko amazwe ayecwangciselwe ukungenisa ugalelo lwesizwe oluqinisekisiweyo kwisivumelwano seParis (Paris Agreement), kunye namabhongo aphuculweyo. Lo bhubhane ukwanqumamisa amandla ezizwe okungenisa ugalelo kuzwelonke ngokuzimiseleyo, njengoko izizwe ngoku zigxile kubhubhane. [5] I-Time magazine iphawule ukuba umnqweno wokuqala kutsha uqoqosho lwehlabathi lonke olunokubangela ukugcwala kwimveliso ye-greenhouse gas. Nangona kunjalo, uMlawuli Jikelele we-Arhente i-International Energy (International Energy Agency) uthe ukwehla kwamaxabiso e-oyile ngexesha lokudodobala kwamandla ngexa le coronavirus inokuba lithuba elihle lokususa inkxaso-mali yezibaso zefosili. [28]




#Article 355: Isiphumo sokuxilonga (270 words)


Ebugqirheni, unobangelasifo yinkqubo echaza okokuba sesiphi isifo okanye imeko-mpilo ecaciswa ziimpawu zomntu. Lenkqubo idla ngokubizwa njengo nobangelasifo ibe imeko yempilo ifakiwe.  Ulwazi oludingekayo kuze kuqondwe unobangelasifo luqokelelwa kwintetha ephakathi kogqirha nosigulwana nangokuxilongwa komzimba walomntu udinga uncedo. Iqhelekile inkqubo yokuvavanya ngedlela ezinintsi kuze kuqondwe unobangelasifo. Ngamanye amaxesha kuba ngumceli mngeni ukufumana unobangelasifo xa iimpawu zesifo zingaveli kwangexesha okanye xa zingacacanga. Umzekelo, ububomvu emzimbeni bungabonakalisa iimpawu zezifo ezininzi oku akucaciseli okokuba yintoni kanye-kanye ingxaki ngokwempilo.

Amalungu akhoyo kwinqkubo yokuqonda unobangelaisifo ngokuxilonga ngendlela ezininzi aquka:

Buninzi ubuchule obungasetyenziswa kwinqkubo yokuqonda isifo, ungenza isiphumo sokwahlula unobangelasifo okanye ulandele i-algorithm yobugqirha. Ngokuqiniseklileyo, inqkubo yokuqonda isifo ingenziwa ngeendlela ezininzi.

Ukuze kuqondwe ukuba umntu usuleleke nge covid-19 kungajongwa ukuba unazo iimpawu zesisifo, isiqinisekiso sifunyanwa ngokwe reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) kwincindi esulelekayo okanye ngomfanekiso weCT. Isiphononongo esaye senzwa eWuhan esithelekisa iPCR neCT sicebisa okokuba iCT ibuthathaka kakhulu kunePCR kodwa ayikwazi ukohlula phakathi kwe Covid 19 nezinye izifo ezibonisa iimpawu ezifanayo neCovid-19. Ukusukela ngenyanga yoKwindla kunyaka ka2020, iKholeji yaseMerika yenzululwazi ngeX-reyi neminye imitha esetyenziswa ngakumbi ekunyangeni icebisa okokuba iCT inga setyenziswa ukuvavanya iCovid-19 okanye ingabiyindlela yokuqala yokuvavanya esisifo.

iWHO ishicilele imithetho eyahlukeneyo yovavanya iRNA kwicoronavirus COVID-19, eyokuqala imithetho ikutshwe nge17 kweyoMqungu. Oluvavanyo lusebenzisa ireverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) ngokwenyani kwexesha (real time). Uvavanyo lungenziwa kwisampuli efumaneka kwincindi yomphefumlo okanye kwigazi. Iziphumo zifumaneka emveni kweyure okanye iintsuku ezimbalwa. Uvavanyo ludla ngokwenziwa ngokusebenzisa inasopharyngeal swab kodwa ingasetyenziswa neswab yomqala.

iiLebhu kunye nenkampani ezininzi ziqalisa uvavanyo olu-serological, oluvavanyo lufumana izilwa-sifo ezisegazini. Ukusukela nge6 kuTshazimpunzi, akukho nenye efunyanwe ichanekile ngokwaneleyo okokuba yamkelwe ukuze isetyenziswe ngokuthe saa. E-Merika uvavanyo lwe-serological oluqalwe yinkampani iCellex lwamkelwe okokuba lungasetyenziwa kwithuba lukaxakeka ziilebhu ezinemvume kuphela.




#Article 356: Ukuqelelana kwabantu (766 words)


Le nkulungwane idlulileyo ibone uthotho lobhubhane lomkhuhlane oluthe lwasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi jikelele. Intsusa yalo bhubhane isuka kwiivayirasi zomkhuhlane wezilwanyana ezijikeleza ngokwendalo emoyeni zosulele iintaka kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana. Amaxesha ngamaxesha ezivayirasi zezilwanyana ziyaguqulwa zibe ziintsholongwane zabantu, ezithi ke zidluliselwe kumntu nomntu. Zibizwa ngokuba lusulelo lwe-zoonotic kuba zisuka kwizilwanyana.

Ukuqelelana kwabantu (ngokuchanekileyo kubizwa ngokuba kukumela mgama ngokomzimba) kubalulekile ekunqandeni nasekumiseni ukusasazeka kwalo bhubhane womkhuhlane ofana ne-COVID-19. Ukumela mgama ngokomzimba ngokulula kuthetha ukugcina umgama phakathi kwakho nabanye abantu odibana nabo kwindawo zikawonke-wonke, okanye ukuzinqanda ungayi kwiindawo ezinjalo xa ukwazi.  UGqr Jeff Kwong oyingcali yezifo ezosulelayo we kwiDyunivesithi yaseToronto, ucebisa athi igama elithi ukumela mgama ngokomzimba kuchaphazela ngokuchanekileyo into ekufuneka yenziwe ngabantu ukuthintela usulelo kwaye oko akuthethi ukubekelwa bucala.  Iingcali zigxininisile kwisidingo sokunxibelelana nabahlobo kunye nabo ubathandayo ngexesha lobhubhane.

Ukuqonda umsebenzi wokuqelelana kwabantu, siqala ngokujonga kwakhona imodeli elula yokuthibaza ubhubhane eyakhiwe ziingcali zesifo esosulelayo. Kule modeli ilula, kusetyenziswa idatha kunye nezifundo ezityhilekayo zika 2019/2020 ze-Covid-19 engubhubhane. Siqala ngedatha evela e-China, apho lo bhubhane waqala khona emva koko silandele ukukhula nokunaba kobhubhane we-Covid-19 eMzantsi Afrika. Oku kunika isiseko sokuvavanya ifuthe lokuqelelana kwabantu ekuthinteleni nasekuthomalaliseni ukunaba kobhubhane i-Covid-19. Siqukumbela inqaku ngokujonga indlela zokuba iimpembelelo ezimbi zokuqelelana kwabantu ngokomzimba zinokuthintelwa kwaye zoyiswe njani.

Izifo ezosulelayo ezifana ne-COVID-19 zihlala zisasazeka ngezigaba ezintathu. Ezi zigaba zibonakaliswa kwigrafu engezantsi.

[insert graph]

Umzobo: Igrafu 1 ukuthomalalisa ubhubhane ngu Toby Morris. TheSpinoff 9 Match 2020 

Iingcali zesifo esosulelayo zibhekisa kwezi zigaba zintathu zibonakaliswe kwigrafu engaphezulu njengobhubhane owosulelayo. Ubhubhane owosulelayo ubonakalisa umfanekiso wenani lwabantu abafunyaniswe benentsholongwane eyosulelayo kunye nenqanaba apho usuleleko lusasazeka khona ngokuhamba kwexesha. 

Umzobo: 2 Ukuthibaza usasazeko 

Ngokuchasene nale mvelaphi kucacile ukuba izifo ezingubhubhane ezosulelayo njenge Khovidi zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kubemi boluntu njengesiphumo ngqo sokunxibelelana kwabantu. Ukuhambela okanye ukumela mgama ngokwasentlalweni kunye nangokomzimba kwabantu yenye yeendlela eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa ukuphazamisa kwaye nokubamba ukusasazeka kwezifo ezosulelayo.

Ukumela qelele ngokomzimba sisenzo sezempilo sikawonke-wonke esijolise ekuthinteleni abantu abagulayo ukuba bangadibani nabantu abasempilweni ukuze banciphise amathuba okusasazeka kwezifo ezosulelayo nezinobungozi. Kubandakanya amanyathelo amakhulu anjengokunyanzela ukumiswa kweedolophu kunye nelizwe liphela kunye nezenzo ezizodwa njengokukhetha ukuphepha iindawo zikawonke-wonke. Amanyathelo amakhulu ubukhulu becala abekwa rhoqo ngabasemagunyeni njengoorhulumente besizwe. Umzekelo wenyathelo elinjalo kukumiswa kwelizwe ngokubanzi eMzantsi Afrika ukususela ezinzulwini zobusuku nge-26 kaMatshi 2020 kude kubesezinzulwini zobusuku bange-16 ka-Epreli ngo-2020, kwaze emva koko kwandiswa ezinye iintsuku ezili-14. Ukumiswa kwelizwe kwatyalwa ngokwecandelo lama-27 (2) loMthetho woLawulo lweNtlekele. (Disaster Management Act) kwaye kwabekwa uluhlu lwezithintelo, olujolise ekunciphiseni ukunxibelelana ngokwasemzimbeni phakathi kwabantu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, icandelo 11B lemigaqo: 

Imigaqo nayo ithi:

Ukongeza le migaqo ikwaxhobisa abasemagunyeni kuzwelonke nabamaphondo ukuba bakwazi ukubeka abantu abathile bucala. Amanyathelo wokuba umntu makahlale yedwa ekhusini abeka imida yokuhamba kwabantu abanokuthi babe nakho ukosuleleka yintsholongwane yekhorona ngokubasa kwindawo yokugcinwa yodwa kangangexesha elithile elichaziweyo. Imilinganiselo yokuhlala bucala yahlukanisa abantu abosulelwe yintsholongwane yekhorona kubantu abasempilweni.

Onke la manyathelo abe neempembelelo ezibonakalayo ekucothiseni nasekubambeni ukusasazeka kwentsholongwane ikhorona kwaye uMzantsi Afrika uvele njengenkokheli yehlabathi ekubambeni esi sifo. [x] UMzantsi Afrika, awukhange ulandele indlela elindelekileyo yokubamba lo bhubhane wosulelayo.  Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, itsibe isigaba sesibini sobhubhane owosulelayo kuba akukabikho kunyuka lukhulu kumanani okanye kwisigaba sosulelo loluntu. Endaweni yoko iqondo lokuchongwa losulelo lwabantu abatsha luye lwehla lisuka kuma-42% laya kwi-4% emva kokuba kwaziswe ukumiswa kwelizwe. Oku kubonisa ukuba usulelo loluntu lwalusezantsi kwaye ngenxa yoko bekukho ukwehla kwenani losulelo olutsha.

Ilizwe lithumele iqela labasebenzi bezeMpilo yoLuntu ukuba bajonge esi sifo eluntwini kwindlu nendlu.

Ukuthetha nesizwe kumabonakude ngomhla we-9 ka-Epreli ngonyaka ka-2020 uMongameli u-Cyril Ramaphosa wakuchaza oku kumanqanaba aphezulu okuhambisana nemithetho yokumiswa kwelizwe: 

Nithe nakuhlonipha ukumiswa kwelizwe kwaye ikakhulu nagcina imigaqo. Nithe nayamkela imiqobo eqatha ekuzuleni kwenu kunye nenkululeko yemihla ngemihla esingayithatheli ngqalelo. ”

Iingcali zesifo esosulelayo ziye zalumkisa ukuba ukwanda kosulelo olutsha kusenokwenzeka. Ungenelelo lukarhulumente, lukucothisile ukusasazeka kwentsholongwane, usasazeko libe nefuthe kwaye sifumene ixesha.[xiii] Ngaso esizizathu, ukunyenyiswa kwamanqanaba okumiswa kwelizwe kuzakuqaliswa.

Intsholongwane ye Khovidi sisifo esosulelayo esiye sasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi liphela njengoko ingxelo yokuqala yaxelwa kwisixeko saseWuhan kwiphondo lase-Hubei e-Tshayina ekupheleni konyaka ka-2019. Iingcali zonyango zase-Tshayina zichonge imigca emibini ephambili yokulwa nesi soyikiso sempilo yoluntu: ( 1) ukulawula kunye nokuthintela lo bhubhane (2) nophando lwezenzululwazi.  Abezenzululwazi baseTshayina kunye noochwephesha bezonyango banegalelo elikhulu ekuchongeni kwangoko le ntsholongwane ye Khorona kwaye ubunkokheli boMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (WHO) babubalulekile ekuthini baphendule kwihlabathi lonke ngobhubhane owosulelayo oye wanwenwa ngo-2020.

Ukuqelelana kwabantu ngokomzimba nasekuhlaleni kungqineke kubalulekile kakhulu ekunqandeni nasekulawuleni kokusasazeka kwesi sifo njengoko ubungqina obuvela eMzantsi Afrika bubonisa ngokucacileyo. Amaziko Olawulo Lwezifo kunye noThintelo (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) acebise ukuba, “Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlala unxibelelana nabahlobo kunye nosapho abangahlaliyo ekhayeni lakho. Ukufowuna, ukuncokola ngevidiyo okanye ukuhlala unxibelelana usebenzisa amakhasi onxibelelwano. Wonke umntu uphendula ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwiimeko zoxinzelelo kwaye ukumela bucala kumntu omthandayo kunokubanzima kakhulu.  Olu xinzelelo lwenziwa ngokucacileyo luloyiko, ixhala kunye nokungaqiniseki okuhambelana nobhubhane wehlabathi. Iingcali zonyango zicebisa ukuba kunikwe ingqalelo ethile ekunciphiseni iziphumo zengqondo zokumela qelele eluntwini.




#Article 357: Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi (1062 words)


Iphandemikhi (lo mxholo usuka kwisiGrike), kuxa kukho uqhambuko lwesifo esosulelayo esihamba siye kwilizwe elinye nangaphezulu okanye kwingingqi enye nangaphezulu. Ukusuleleka kwesifo ebantwini abaliqela kwingingqi enye kwixesha elifutshane kuthiwa yi-ephidemikhi. Isifo esisuleleka ngokubanzi kodwa esichaphazela abantu benani elizinzileyo kuthiwa yi-endemikhi, hayi iphandemikhi. Usasazeko ngokubanzi lwezifo ezichaphazela abantu benani elizinzileyo, njengophindaphindo lomkhuhlane oluthi lufike ngamaxesha athile onyaka, alubandakanywa kuba luqhubekeka ngexesha elinye kwiingingqi ezinkulu elizweni, hayi ukuthi zisasazeka kwizwe lonke.

Iphandemikhi yi-ephidemikhi eyenzeka kwinqanaba elikhulu ngaphesheya kwimida yamazwe. Isifo okanye isigulo asiyophandemikhi kuba sisasazeka ngokubanzi okanye kuba sibulala abantu abaninzi; kufuneka sisuleleke. Umzekelo, umhlaza ngunobangela wokusweleka kabantu abaninzi, kodwa awuyophandemikhi kuba awosuleleki.

Amazinga osuleleko kwii-ephidemikhi (kunye neephandemikhi) alandela inkqubo elandela umgca onomjikelo xa wakhelwe kwigrafu. Mgca lowo ubonisa inani labantu abosulelweyo kwixesha elithile. Umgca we-ephidemikhi ufana nomgca wephandemikhi ixesha elininzi xa isifo eso sihamba sisasazeka. Izifo ezosulelayo zisasazeka ngezigaba ezintathu njengakule grafu ingezantsi.

Isigaba sokuqala senzeka ekuqaleni komgca onomjikelo. Ukuba umntu usebenzisa usasazeko lweCovid-19 njengomzekelo we-ephendemikhi, oku kungaphawula ukuqala kokusasazeka kwesifo, ngoku abantu abosulelekileyo bebambalwa.

Isigaba sesibini somgca we-ephidemikhi onomjikelo sibonisa isigaba soluntu.  Oku kuxa inani lisanda labantu abatsha abosulelekayo.

Isigaba sesithathu somgca onomjikelo we-ephidemikhi sibonisa i-ephendemikhi iphantsi kolawulo okanye akukho suleleko lutsha.

Akhona amanyathelo angathathwa ngoorhulumente ukulawula usasazeko lwephandemikhi. Ngonyaka wama-2005, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation) wamkela iMigaqo yezeMpilo yeHlabathi (International Health Regulations), inkqubo-sikhokelo esemthethweni ukuthintela, ukulawula nokuphendula kumngcipheko wempilo yoluntu olungasasazeka kumazwe amaninzi.  Ukongeza, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation) uphuhlise incwadi yesikhokelo eneenkcukacha malunga nokusombulula iiphandemikhi zomkhuhlane. Le ncwadi yaqala yapapashwa ngowe-1999, yaze yahlaziywa ngowama-2005 nangowama-2009. Uninzi lwamanyathelo athathiweyo ukulwa iphandemikhi yeCovid-19 asuka kwiMigaqo yezeMpilo yeHlabathi (International Health Regulations) yangowama-2005 nakwizikhokelo zokulungiselela iphandemikhi yomkhuhlane zoMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (zeWorld Health Organisation).

Zininzi iingxoxo ezikhoyo malunga nendlela ye3T (Uvavanyo, Unyango, Ulandelelo). Le ndlela ivumela amazwe achonge abantu abachaphazelekileyo nabosulelweyo ngokukhawuleza, phambi kokuba babekelwe bucala banyangwe. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukulandelela bonke abantu abadibene nomntu osulelekileyo, nabo babekelwe bucala. Le ndlela ikhuthazwe kukusebenza kwayo kumazwe afana neSouth Korea neSingapore, kodwa oorhulumente bala mazwe bebeyilungiselele ngcono le meko emva kokuphazamiseka okwenziwe nguSARS.

Ukuqelelana kwabantu yimpilo yoluntu yokuziqhelisana nendlela enenjongo yokuthoba isantya sosasazeko nohambo lwesi sifo, ngokuthi kuthintelwe abantu ukuba bangasondelelani ukuze kuncitshiswe amathuba osulelekho lwesi sifo sosulelayo. UMlawuli uGqirha Michael J Ryan woMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation) uthe kwingcaciso yomshiceleli ngomhla we-19 kweyoKwindla kowama-2020, ukuqelelana kwabantu lunyathelo lwexeshana ukuthoba isantya sosasazeko lwentsholongwane, nokususa uxinzelelo kwinkqubo yezempilo, hayi ukuxazulula udabi lwentsholongwane. Kuyindleko kwaye kufuneka kusetyenziswe amanye amanyathelo ukuze le ngxaki ixazululeke.. UGqirha Ryan wenze kwacaca ukuba ukuzibhekelisa kodwa akuzususa sifo.

Nangona iWHO isebenzisa ibinzana elithi i-ephidemikhi yehlabathi ukuchaza iHIV, yiphandemikhi ngokulandela intsingiselo yegama kuphela. Ukusukela kowama-2018, izigidi zabantu behlabathi ezingama-37.9 zosuleleke yiHIV. . Ngowama-2018, kubhubhe abantu bamawaka asi-770,000 nguGawulayo (iAIDS).  Okwangoku, iSub-Sahara yeAfrika yeyona ngingqi ichaphazekileyo. 

Iintsholongwane zeCorona (iiCoV) zilusapho lweentsholongwane ezibangela izigulo eziqala kumkhuhlane wesiqhelo ukuyoqhina kwizifo ezifana nezifo zokuphefumla iMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) kunye neSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). Uhlobo olutsha lwentsholongwane yecorona (SARS-CoV-2) lubangela isifo sentsholongwane yeCorana (seCoronavirus) yama-2019. Ezinye iintsholongwane zecorona zosuleleka kwabantu zibe zisuka kwizilwanyana. Uphando oluneenkcukacha lufumanise ukuba iSARS-CoV yosuleleke ebantwini ibe isuka kwiikati ezizii-civet. I-MERS-CoV yona isuka kwiinkamela ezizii-dromedary yaze yosuleleka ebantwini. Zininzi iintsholongwane zecorona ezisezilwanyaneni ezingekosuleleki ebantwini.

Udidi olutsha lwentsholongwane yecorona luqale eWuhan, kwiphondo leHubei, eChina, kwimihla yokugqibela kweyoMnga kowama-2019. Le ntsholongwane ibangele iqela lezifo zokuphefumla ezinzima, ekuthiwa sisifo sentsholongwane yecorona (okanye secoronavirus) sonyaka wama-2019 (iCOVID-19). NgokweDashboard yeYunivesithi iJohn Hopkins, amazwe achatshazelwe yiCOVID-19 angama-200. Awona mazwe abenosoluleleko oluninzi yiMelika, yiChina kwiingingqi ezisembini, yintshona eYurophu kunye neIran. Ngomhla we-11 kweyoKwindla kowama-2020, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation) uphawule usasazeko lweCOVID-19 njengephandemikhi.  Ukusuka kumhla wama-23 kuTshazimpunzi kowama-2020, inani labantu abosuleleke yiCOVID-19 zizigidi ezi-2.63 kwihlabathi lilonke, ababhubhileyo beli-184,249 kwaye abanyangekileyo bengama-722,055.

IMalariya idla ngokusasazeka kwiinginqi ezisondele kwi-ikhweyitha ezishushu ezifumileyo. Oku kubandakanya iingqingqi kwiiAmericas, eAsia naseAfrika. Nyaka ngamnye, kosuleleka abantu abazizigidi ezingama-350-500 yimalariya. Ukuxhathisa kwamayeza okunyanga imalariya yingxaki ekhulayo ekuyinyangeni imalariya ukusekela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, kuba ukuxhathisa kwamayeza okunyanga imalariya kuxhaphakile kuwo onke amayeza okunyanga imalariya, ngaphandle kwe-artemisinins.

IMalariya yayixhaphake eYurophu naseNtshona-Melika, apho ingasekhoyo ngoku. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iMalariya ibinegalelo ekutshabalaleni kwesizwe samaRoma. Esi sifo saqale saziwa njengomkhuhlane wamaRoma. I-Plasmodium falciparum yabasisoyikiso esikhulu kubahlali beekoloni nakubantu bemveli ukufika kwayo kwiiAmericas ngexesha lokuthengiswa kwamakhoboka.

Umkhulhane weSpanish (ngowe-1918 - 1920) wosulele abantu abazizigidi ezingama-500 kwihlabathi lilonke, oku kubandakanya abantu abakwiingingqi ezikude njengeziQithi zePacific nakwiArctic, lomkhuhlane waze wabulala abantu abazizigidi ezingama-200 ukuya kwezili-100.  Uninzi losasazeko lomkhuhlane lubulala ngokungakhethiyo abancinci kakhulu kunye nabadala kakhulu. Aba baphakathi ngabona banethuba lokusinda. Nangona, umkhuhlane weSpanish ubulale isikakhulu abaphakathi ngendlela engaqondakaliyo. Umkhuhlane weSpanish ubulale ukodlula iMfazwe yeHlabathi yoku-1 kwaye ubulale abantu abaninzi kwiiveki zawo zokuqala ezingama-25 ukodlula uGawulayo kwiminyaka yokuqala engama-25.   Intshukumo yabantu abaninzi kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezisondeleleneyo kubangele ukuba isasazeke ngokukhawuleza kwaye itshintshatshintshe iindidi ngesantya esiphezulu. Usuleleko olulula kwamajoni lungaba lubangelwe luxinzelelo, ukungondleki, kunye nokuhlaselwa ngemichiza. Uphuhliso lweenkqubo lwezithutho lwenze kwalula ukuba amajoni, oomatiloshe kunye nabantu basasaze esi sifo.

Iintsholongwane ezixhathisayo kwizibulala-ntsholongwane ziqhele ukubizwa izinambuzane ezinamandla. Zinganegalelo ekuvukeni kwezifo eziphantsi kolawulo olulungileyo. Umzekelo, usuleleko lwesifo sephepha esixhathisayo kumayeza onyango aqhele ukusebenza luhlala liluxhala kubasebezi lwecandelo lezempilo. Inani losuleleko lwesifo sephepha esixhathisa kumayeza onyango (MDR-TB) kwihlabathi lonke nyaka ngamnye liphantse lafika kwama-500. IChina neIndiya ngawona mazwe ahambela phambili kusuleleko lweMDR-TB.. UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation/ iWHO) uxela ukuba inani labantu abosulelekileyo yiMDR-TB kwihlabathi lonke zizigidi ezingama-50. Iipersenti ezingama-79 kwabobantu bosulelekileyo abanyangeki kuba isifo sabo sixhathisile kwizibulala-ntsholongwane. Ngowama-2005, useleleko lweMDR-TB kubantu abali-124 lwenzeke eMelika. Usuleleko lwesifo sephepha esixhathisa kakhulu kunyango (XMDR-TB) luchongwe eAfrika ngowama-2006, kwaye kufunyaniswe ukuba lukhona kumazwe angama-49 - oku kubandakanya iMelika. I-WHO iqikelela ukuba kubakho usuleleko lweXMDR-TB olunani lingama-40 000 nyaka ngamnye.

Kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, iibhaktheriya eziqhelekileyo iStaphylococcus aureus, iSerratia marcescens kunye neEnterococcus ziphuhlule uxhathiso lwezibulala-ntsholongwane ezininzi ezifana ne-vancomcyn, i-aminoglycosides kunye ne-cephalosporins. Iintsholongwane ezixhathisayo kwizibulala-ntsholongwane zibangela usuleleko (HAI) oluninzi okunxulumene nokhathalelo lwempilo (nosocomial). Ngaphezulu, usuleleko olubangelwe ziindidi zeentsholongowane ezisuka eluntwini lwengingqi ze-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) kubantu abanempilo entle luye lwaxhaphaka kwiminyaka edlulileyo.

Imikhuhlane yeViral hemorrhagic yosuleleka kakhulu kwaye iyabulala. Imizekelo ibandakanya intsholongwane yeEbola, umkhuhlane weLassa, umkhuhlane waseRift Valley, isifo sentsholongwane yeMarburg kunye nomkhuhlane weBolivian hemorrhagic. Imikhuhlane yeViral hemorrhagic inaso isakhono sokubayiphandemikhi. Isakhono sayo sokubangela iphandemikhi sithintelwe kuba usuleleko lwezi ntsholongwane ludinga ukusondela kakhulu emntwini osulelekileyo kwaye umntu osulelekileyo ugula ixesha elifutshane phambi kokuba abhubhe. Ixesha lifutshane sokuba umntu asisulele esi sifo kwaye ukukhawuleza lokuqala kweempawu luvumela oogqirha bakhawuleze bambeke ekhusini, bamthintele angakwazi ukuyisulela mntu intsholongwane.

Amanqaku aphambili:2015–16 Zika virus epidemic, Zika virus, and Zika fever.

Usasazeko lwentsholongwanye yeZika luqale ekuqaleni lowama-2015 lwaze lwaqhina ekuqaleni lowama-2016, kusuleleke abantu abasisigidi esi-1.5 kumazwe angaphaya kwe-12 kwiiAmericas. UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi ulumkise ukuba iZika inesakhono sokubayiphandemiki eza konakalisa ihlabathi ukuba ayilawulwanga.




#Article 358: Ukuhlamba izandla (308 words)


Ukusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kosulelo lwe-COVID-19 kwihlabathi liphela kubangele uqoqosho oluninzi luyekelele baza abantu abaninzi bagula kakhulu abanye basweleka. Umzamo omkhulu wenziwe ukunqanda ukwanda kwe-coronavirus, kunye nokunciphisa inani losulelo olutsha lesifo se-COVID-19.

Ngelixa abasemagunyeni bezempilo beqhubeka besebenzisa izixhobo zenzululwazi ukubeka esweni usulelo olutsha kunye nezonyango ukunyanga abantu abosulelekileyo ukuze ekugqibeleni baphuhlise unyango olusebenzayo kunye nogonyo nxamnye nesi sifo, sonke sinako ukuthintela ukwanda kwesi sifo. Olu thintelo lunokwenziwa rhoqo okanye ngaphandle kwendleko, lusebenza kakhulu kwaye lufuna nje ukuba sitshintshe indlela esiziphatha ngayo ukuze sihlale singaphambili ngenyathelo elinye ngaphambi kokuzosulela, iintsapho zethu kunye noluntu lwethu ngale ntsholongwane ibulalayo.

Izifundo ezininzi zibonakalise ukuba eyona ndlela isebenzayo kwaye enexabiso eliphantsi lokuthintela nokubamba ukusasazeka kwezifo ezosulelayo ezifana ne-COVID-19, kukusoloko uhlamba izandla zakho ngesepha namanzi abalekayo.    Kodwa kuthetha ntoni kanye “ukuhlamba izandla rhoqo”? Iingcali zezempilo kunye nezifo zithi kufuneka uhlale uhlamba izandla:

Kucacile ukuba ukuhlamba rhoqo izandla ngesepha kunye namanzi abalekayo ngumkhwa obalulekileyo wezempilo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhlanjwa kwezandla kusebenza kuphela xa kwenziwe kakuhle. Ukuhlamba izandla ngokufanelekileyo kubandakanya:

Abanye abantu abakwazi ukufikelela kumanzi amaninzi abalekayo acocekileyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, sibonile ukuba amanzi acocekileyo, abalekayo abalulekile ukuhlamba izandla zakho ngokufanelekileyo ukuze ukhuseleke kwiintsholongwane ezingabonakaliyo. Kwicandelo elilandelayo, sijonga into esinokuyenza xa amanzi acocekileyo engekho.

Ukuba amanzi acocekileyo nabalekayo awafumaneki ngokulula, amanzi afumaneka kwimilambo okanye emadamini anokunyangwa ukuze angabi nazintsholongwane ezingabonakaliyo. Ngokufutshane, unyango kufuneka lubandakanye:

Isihluzi se-Biosand esiya kususa intshela, isihluzi kunye nokucoca amanzi amdaka, kwaye kulula ukusakha senziwe liZiko lobuchwephesha ngandlela zimbi zaManzi kunye neLindle. Yiya kwi-resources.cawst.org/package/biosand-filter-instruction-manual-en, ukuze ukhuphele incwadana yolwakhiwo.

Akuba amanzi ecociwe, kufuneka abe ayabaleka xa uhlamba izandla. Uninzi lwezixhobo ezilula, nezisebenziseka zipakishwe lula zinokwakhiwa. U-Peter Morgan udibanise incwadi ebonakalisa amava akhe e-Zimbabwe. Ungayifumana ku-https: //wwwaquamor.info

Ukuhlamba izandla zakho rhoqo nangokucocekileyo ngesepha okanye uthuthu kunye namanzi abalekayo yeyona ndlela ingenandleko yokunqanda ukusasazeka kwezifo ezosulelayo. Xa ubhubhane wehlabathi ofana nesifo i-COVID-19 sisoyikisa ukuphila kwethu, uluhlu lweenguqu ezongezelelekileyo zokuziphatha ezinje ngokungasondelelani koluntu nokunxiba imaski yobuso xa usesidlangalaleni kunyanzelekile.




#Article 359: Isifo esosulelayo (585 words)


Intsholongwane ebangela isifo ibancinci - yintsholongwane engabonakaliyo ngeliso lenyama. Ibangela usuleleko olubangela isigulo okanye isifo. Ngamanye amaxesha, intsholongwane izondla kumamkeli. Ezona ntsholongwane ziqhelekileyo ziibhaktheriya nee-ntsholongwane.  Izifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane - njengesifo se-COVID-19 - kuthiwa zizifo ezosulelayo.

Igama elithi usuleleko libhekisa nakweyiphi na intsholongwane ebangela isifo, nokuba sinzima kangakanani na kodwa lisetyenziswa ukuchaza usuleleko oluneempawu ezichongekayo. Ngamanye amaxesha, oku kudala ukudideka okuthile. Kunjalonje, abo bakwicandelo lezonyango badla ngokuthetha ngothatho-lawulo xa iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo zikhona kodwa kungekho sifo sikhoyo.

Usuleleko oluneempawu lohlulwa kabini: isifo esineempawu ezichongekayo kunye nesifo esineempawu ezingachongekiyo. Izifo ezizibonakalisyo/ ezisebenzayo kodwa ezingena mpawu kuthiwa zizifo ezineempawu ezingachongekiyo (okanye ezingacacanga okanye ezithuleyo)

Usuleleko olungekaphuhli lusuleleko olukhoyo kodwa olungekasebenzi okanye oluthuleyo. Umz. isifo sephepha esithuleyo lusuleleko lwebhaktheriya ethuleyo. Usuleleko lweentsholongwane nalo luyakwazi ukuthula, umzekelo ii-herpes.

Usuleleko luphinda lohlulwe kabini kwezi ndidi zilandelayo: izifo ezikhawuleza ukuphuhla,  (apho iimpawu zikhawuleza ukuphuhla), izifo ezingakhawuleziyo ukuphuhla, (apho iimpawu ziphuhla ngokuthe chu) izifo eziphuhla ngesantya esiphakathi, (apho iimpawu zithatha ixeshana ukuphuhla kodwa hayi njengesifo esineempawu eziphuhla ngokuthe chu), usuleleko olungekaphuhli (xa iimpawu zingekho kodwa intsholongwane ikhona yona) kunye nosuleleko olugxile kwindawo ethile,  (oku kuchaza apho usuleleko luqale khona phambi kokuba lusasazeke emzimbeni wonke).

Inkqubo echaza ukudluliseka kweentsholongwane kumntu olandelayo kuthiwa yinkqubo yokudlulisika kweentsholongwane. Iintsholongwane ezithile zibangela usuleleko oluthile kwaye usuleleko ngalunye lune nkqubo yalo yokudluliseka kumntu olandelayo. Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni lusenzeka usuleleko neyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuluthintela, izazinzulu kufuneka siqondisise inkqubo yokudluliseka kweentsholongwane kusuleleko ngalunye.

Inkqubo yokudluliseka kweentsholongwane ibanezigaba ezithile Ngokufutshane, zithi:

Intsholongwane ingadluliseka ngeendlela ezininzi kumamkeli isiya kumntu ongayamkela lula. Ezinye iintsholongwane zidluliseka ngokutya okanye ngamanzi, ezinye ngokuphathana kwaye ezinye zisemoyeni. Kweli nqaku siza kugxila kwiintsholongwane ezisemoyeni.

Zimbalwa izifo ezifunyanwa ngabantu abanempilo entle nangona zininzi iintsholongwane. Inkangeleko kunye nobunzima besifo buxhomekeka kubuchule bomamkeli ekulweni iintsholongwane zesosifo. Ngamanye amaxesha inkqubo yokomelela komzimba ikwayiyo edala iingxaki kumamkeli xa izama ukulawula usuleleko. Yiyo loo nto abasebenzi becandelo lezempilo bezahlula iintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kumntu onempilo entle kwiintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kumntu onempilo ehleli ingekhontle.

Iintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kumntu onempilo entle

Iintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kumntu onempilo entle (okanye iintsholongwane) zibangela isifo nje ngobukho bazo kumntu onempilo entle. Uninzi lweentsholongwane zabantu zichaphazela abantu kuphela kodwa ezinye izifo ezinzima ziyakwazi ukubangelwa ziintsholongwane ezisingqongileyo okanye ezichaphazela abamkeli abangengabo abantu.

Iintsholongwane ezibangela isigulo kuba umntu ehleli enganampilo intle ziyakwazi ukubangela isifo sosuleleko kubantu abangakwazi ukulwa izifo (ukunqongophala kwamandla kwinkqubo yokomelela komzimba/ i-immunodeficiency), okanye kwiimeko ezifana nohlinzo/ notyando okanye ingozi zingafumana ithuba lokungena embzimbeni. Iintsholongwane ezi nje ziyachuma xa umamkeli esempilweni embi.

Usuleleko oluyintsusa lubonwa njengosuleleko olubangela ingxaki enxulumene nempilo. Usuleleko lwesibini lubhekisa kusuleleko olubangelwe yingxaki edalwe lusuleleko oluyintsusa.

Izifo ezosulelayo kuthiwa zizifo ezosulelayo kuba zidluliseka lula ngokudibana nomntu ogulayo okanye ngokudibana nolwelo lomzimba lomntu ogulayo (umz. umkhuhlane). Ezinye iintlobo zezifo ezosulelayo okanye ezidluliseka ngendlala ekhethekileyo, njengezifo ezidluliseka ngokwesondo, azichongwa njengezifo ezosulelekayo, kwaye azidingi ukuba amaxhoba azo ahlale kuvalelo. Izifo ezosulelayo zidla ngokudluliseka kumntu olandelayo ngokuphathana ngqo okanye ngokusasazeka kwamathontsi. Kodwa, ziyakwazi nokudluliseka emoyeni, ekutyeni okungculisekileyo nasemanzini, ukuphathana kwabantu nezilwanyana okanye ukulunywa zizinambuzane.

Iimpawu zesifo zixhomekeka kwintlobo yesigulo. Ezinye iimpawu zosuleleko zichaphazela umzimba wonke, njengokudinwa, ukungalambi, ukuncipha komzimba, umkhuhlane, ukubila kwasebusuku kunye neentlungu. Ezinye zigxila kumalungu athile omzimba, njengamaqhakuva eluswini, ukukhohlela onye imifinya.

Ngamanye amaxesha, izifo ezosulelayo azibonisi mpawu tu kwabanye abantu. Usuleleko alusoloko lunxulumana nesifo esosulelayo, kuba usuleleko oluthile alubangeli sigulo kumamkeli.

Kuba usuleleko lwebhaktheriya nosuleleko lwentsholongwane lubangela iimpawu eziyeleleneyo, kuthanda ukubanzima ukuchonga ukuba loluphi olubangele usuleleko oluthile. Ukuqonda umahluko kubalulekile, kuba usuleleko lweentsholongwane lunganyangeki ngezibulala-ntsholongwane. Kodwa usuleleko lwebhaktheriya lona luyanyangeka ngazo.

Xa usuleleko luhlasela umzimba, amayeza okuchasa usuleleko angasetyenziswa ukucinezela usuleleko. Zininzi iintlobo zamayeza ezicinezela usuleleko. Izibulala-ntsholongwane zisebenzela ibhaktheriya kuphela, hayi iintsholongwane. Izibulala-ntsholongwane zisebenza ngokuthoba isantya sokuphindaphindana kwebhaktheriya okanye ngokubulala ibhaktheriya.




#Article 360: UNDP South Africa (158 words)


Inkqubo yoPhuhliso yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (i-UNDP) eMzantsi Afrika yenye yeeofisi ezili-177 zeNkqubo yoPhuhliso lweZizwe eziManyeneyo kuthungelwano lwehlabathi kwaye ikwikomkhulu leli lizwe iPitoli. Injongo yayo exeliweyo kukuxhobisa ubomi babantu kunye nokunceda izizwe ukuba zomelele kwaye zomelele ngakumbi. Njengenxalenye yeenzame ezibanzi zophuhliso lwe-UNDP, i-ofisi yengingqi inoxanduva lokufezekisa iiNjongo zoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo (i-SDG) eMzantsi Afrika kwaye ixhase urhulumente ukuba enze imigaqo-nkqubo. Iindawo ezithile ekugxilwe kuzo eMzantsi Afrika kukunciphisa indlala, ulawulo lwentando yesininzi ngokunjalo nokusingqongileyo namandla. Ezinye iiprojekthi zophuhliso zijolise kwezemfundo nakuthintelo lwe-HIV / AIDS kunye nonyango, igalelo ekulweni ukungalingani, ukukhuthaza umanyano kwezentlalo kunye nenxaxheba yabemi, izityalo nezilwanyana, amandla azinzileyo nacocekileyo.

Iriphabliki yoMzantsi Afrika yamkela ngokusesikweni ubulungu be-UNDP ngo-1994 kwaye yamkelwa kwibhodi yesigqeba ye-UNDP ngoJanuwari 1998. UMzantsi Afrika ngokusebenzisa iSebe leMicimbi yangaPhandle, ulungelelanisa imisebenzi ye-UNDP. I-UNDP iyabandakanyeka kwiiprojekthi ezininzi eMzantsi Afrika ezijongana namasebe oorhulumente akumbindi kunye nephondo.

Iimveliso zolwazi

I-ofisi yelizwe ikhupha iimveliso zolwazi ezahlulwe phakathi kweengxelo ezinceda inkqubo-qhinga yokuphumeza inkqubo ye-ofisi yelizwe kunye neengxelo zophando ezijolise ekuncedeni urhulumente kuphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo nasekumiliselweni.

Iingxelo zenkqubo:




#Article 361: Mike Horn (581 words)


UMichael Mike Horn (owazalwa ngomhla we-16 kuJulayi ngo-1966) ngumhloli wamazwe waseSwitzerland owazalelwa eMzantsi Afrika. Uzalelwe eRhawutini, eMzantsi Afrika ngoku uhlala eChâteau d'Œx, eSwitzerland. Ufundele iNzululwazi yoLuntu kwiYunivesithi yaseStellenbosch eNtshona Koloni, eMzantsi Afrika. Uphondo ngoku wenza iphulo lakhe lakutshanje iPole2Pole, iminyaka emibini ejikeleza umhlaba ngokusebenzisa iipali ezimbini.

UMike uphondo yingcali yokusinda kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. .

UMike Horn waduma ngo-2001 emva kokugqiba unyaka, iinyanga ezi-6 zokuhamba wedwa ejikeleza i-ikhweyitha ngaphandle kwezithuthi. Ngo-2004 wagqiba iminyaka emibini, iinyanga ezi-3 ejikeleza i-Arctic Circle, kwaye ngo-2006 kunye nomhloli wamazwe waseNorway u-Børge Ousland, baba ngamadoda okuqala ukuhamba ngaphandle kwenja okanye ngenqwelo-mafutha yezothutho ukuya eNyakatho Pole ebusika, kubumnyama obungapheliyo. .

UMike wazalelwa eRhawutini, eMzantsi Afrika. Wachitha ixesha elininzi ebuntwaneni bakhe ekhwela emithini, ehamba ngebhayisikile kangangeekhilomitha kunye nokuloba nabantakwabo noodadewabo abathathu. Bobabini abazali bakhe babengabafundisi baseyunivesithi, kodwa utata wakhe wayengumdlali wombhoxo ongahlawulwayo.

UMike uthe wafunda ukuzicel 'umngeni esemncinci, kodwa ngumkhosi owamfundisa ngokusinda. Ndiyayicaphukela imfazwe kodwa ndicinga ukuba indilungiselele le ndiyenzayo namhlanje, utshilo, ekhumbula iintsuku zakhe kwinkonzo yasemkhosini xa wayethunyelwe eAngola kwaye eqala ukubona ukufa. Ndandineminyaka eyi-18 kuphela xa ndafumanisa ukuba omnye uza kwenza nantoni na ukuze aphile.

Wafunda izifundo zeNzululwazi yezeNzululwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseStellenbosch eNtshona Koloni, eMzantsi Afrika.

UMike uthi waqala weva umnxeba wasendle eneminyaka engama-24 ubudala. Uyeke umsebenzi wakhe wobugcisa kwezemidlalo, wanika yonke into wafudukela eSwitzerland. Ukusuka apho, waqala uthotho lweziganeko, kubandakanya ukwehla ngenqwelomoya ukusuka kwintaba yeenyawo ezingama-22,000 kunye nokuhamba ngomlambo kumwonyo onzulu wehlabathi.

Ukutyhubela iminyaka uye waba ngopopayi kwiindawo ezinobutshaba, kwi Basic Survival, ku-Autonomy, (), ukomelela () kunye nokuzonwabisa ().

UMike wayetshatile noCathy Horn. Usweleke ngoFebruwari 2015 ngenxa yomhlaza wamabele.

Uphondo usebenzisa amava akhe ukukhuthaza abantu bezemidlalo kunye nabanye abantu ababandakanyeka kwimisebenzi enzima njengokubhabha ulwandle nzulu. Ngexesha lika-2010 nango-2011, waqhuba iiseshini zenkuthazo kwiQela leQakamba laseIndiya ngokwesicelo somqeqeshi walo, uGary Kirsten. Iqela liye laphumelela iNdebe yeHlabathi yeQakamba ka-2011 okwesibini emva kweminyaka engama-28. Amalungu eQela leQakamba laseIndiya bawamkele umsebenzi okhuthazayo wephondo. 

U-Horn emva koko wayehamba no-Kirsten kunye neqela leqakamba lo Mzantsi Afrika, u-Kirsten emva koko waqeqesha, kuhambo oluya e-Alps ngo-2012, njengeqela lokuzilolonga kunye nenxalenye yamalungiselelo abo kumdlalo wabo wovavanyo ngokuchasene neqela lase-England elaliku-1 ngelo xesha. Baye balawula iNgilane kuvavanyo lokuqala (kuthotho lweemvavanyo ezi-3), umdlalo owawungazange ubonwe yiNgilani kunye neqakamba zehlabathi kwiminyaka elishumi. Ekugqibeleni, uMzantsi Afrika uqhubekile kwaye waphumelela uthotho lwe-2-0 ngovavanyo olunye olwenziweyo. 

Ngale mpumelelo, uMzantsi Afrika uthathe inqanaba loku-1 kuvavanyo olusuka eNgilane, kwaye ngoku ubambe inkungu. [6] Waye waqeshwa liqela le-Kolkata Knight Riders ye-IPL-7 kwaye i-KKR yaphumelela umdlalo wokuqala ne-41 ibaleka idibana ne-Indiya zase-Mumbai yaza yaqhuba imidlalo eli-9 ingaphumeleli ekugqibeleni yaphumelela isihloko se-IPL-7. 

Okokugqibela emgceni wokuxhamla kubuchwephesha bephondo liqela lebhola laseJamani. Iqela lonke laya kuhambo olwandle kunye noPhondo ngoJuni ngexesha lokulungiselela iNdebe yeHlabathi kwaye baphuma behlaziyekile. Ukapteni wase-Germany u-Philipp Lahm wachukumiseka, esithi yinto engakholelekiyo into enokufezekiswa ngumzimba womntu. Kufuneka sizilungiselele kakuhle, kwaye kufuneka simhloniphe umdlali welinye iqela, utshilo uLahm xa ebuzwa ukuba bafunde ntoni emva kwengxelo yoPhondo. Ekugqibeleni neJamani yaphumelela iNdebe yeHlabathi yeFIFA, emva kweminyaka engama-24.

Isiqithi: seuls au monde

Ukusukela ngo-2015 uPhondo ebethatha inxaxheba kumdlalo kamabonakude wase-M6 wase-France othi “Isiqithi: Seuls au monde” ixesha loku-1, lesi-2 nelesi-3 njengengcali yokuphila kulo mboniso, apho abelana ngolwazi lwakhe olunzulu lokusinda  kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba balo mboniso ukuze Sinda kwisiqithi seTropiki ngaphandle kokutya okanye uncedo kwinyanga enye.

À L'État Sauvage

Phakathi kuka-2016 no-2018, uPhondo uthatha inxaxheba kwinguqulelo ye-M6 yesiFrentshi yenkqubo kamabonwakude yaseMelika: Ukubaleka endle noBhele uGrylls, ogama lingu: À L'État Sauvage. Kwisiqendu ngasinye, Uphondo luzisa usaziwayo owahlukileyo kunye kwiihambo  zakhe. Aba bantu badumileyo base-6 baseFrance benza i-adventure kunye noPhondo: , , , u,

, u, , u no. Isiqendu ngasinye senzeke kumazwe ahlukeneyo kwihlabathi liphela: iNamibia, iSri Lanka, iBotswana, iVenezuela kunye neNepal.

Uphondo lweCap




#Article 362: Magema Magwaza Fuze (716 words)


UMagema Magwaza Fuze (imihla yakhe yokudla ubomi 1840 – 1922) wayengumbhali wencwadi esihloko sayo sithi - Abantu Abamnyama Lapa Bavela Ngakona. Le yincwadi yokuqala eyathi yabhalwa ngolwimi  lwesiZulu, yaphinda yapapashwa ngumntu ontetho yakhe ikwalolo lwimi lwesintu, isiZulu.  

Wazalelwa kwaZulu, waza wathi xa kanye akule ntanga yokonakalelwa lilizwi, eneshumi elinesibini leminyaka ezelwe, wakhuliswa nguBhishophu u-uJohn William Colenso waza waguqulelwa kwinkolo yobuKrestu. Emva kokuba eziphothulile izifundo zakhe emishini, waba sele eqeqeshelwa ukuba ngumshicileli nomqambi kwiziko likaColenso ekwakushicilelwa kulo, phambi kokuba ayekuqala ukuzivulela elakhe ishishini lokushicelela. .  Waabhala intaphane yamaphepha-ndaba esiZulu, waza ngomnyaka ka-1896 waya kwisiqithi sase-Saint Helena, apho wabangunobhala kaDinuzulu Cetshwayo, ikumkani yamaZulu, waza wabuyela eNatal ngo-1898. 

Le ncwadi yakhe isihloko sayo sithi Abantu Abamnyama yaapapashwa ngo-1922, yaza yaguqulelwa kulwimi lwesiNgesi ngowe-1979. Ichazwe njengomnye wemithombo ephambili kwimbali yamaZulu. 

UMagema Magwaza Fuze wazalwa kufutshane nasemMgungundlovu (ePietermaritzburg) kwaZulu, phaya kwiminyaka yoo-1840, ezalwa nguMagwaza, unyana kaMatomela, ongunyana kaThoko. AmaFuze laa ke wona aye eziinzalelwane zakwaNgcobo. Akukho nto yaziwayo ngonina amzalayo.  Igama lakhe awalithiywa ngabazali bakhe nguManawami, kodwa ke wanikwa igama lesiteketiso elithi Skelemu, gama elo elathathwa kwigama  lesiBhulu elithi skelm, ekubizwa ngalo isikhohlakali okanye umkhohlisi. Waxelela abazali bakhe ukuba akazukukhuliswa ekhaya kodwa uzakusebenzela indoda yomlungu ebalulekileyo. Le ncwadi yakhe isihloko sayo sithi Abantu Abamnyama yaapapashwa ngo-1922, yaza yaguqulelwa kulwimi lwesiNgesi ngowe-1979. Ichazwe njengomnye wemithombo ephambili kwimbali yamaZulu. 

UFuze loo uthe esakuba ne-12 leminyaka, wathathwa ngumfo omhlophe, uJohn William Colenso, ngeenjongo zokumkhulisela kuye. Into ka-Colenso iBhishophu yokuqala eNatali. Unyaka wokuzalwa kukaMagema, waaqikelelwa nguColenso, kuba esithi udibene nomfo kaFuze okokuqala ngqa, eminyaka ili-12 ubudala. UColenso wamshumayeza uMagema, emguqulela kubuKristu, waza wambhaptiza ngo-1859, wamnika eli gama lesiZulu lithi Magema. UColenso akazange awathiye magama esiNgesi okanye amagama aseBhayibhileni amaKrestu awawaguqulayo. Wayefundiswe e-Ekukhanyeni (indawo yokukhanyiselwa) kwisikhululo semishini.  

Ngeminyaka yoo-1850, uFuze waqeqeshelwa ukuba ngumbhali wemibhalo eshicilelweyo kwiphepha-ndaba likaColenso elishicilelwayo. Waqala ukubhala ngesiZulu eselula kakhulu, kwaye wazikhethela ukusebenzisa ulwimi lwakhe lweenkobe isiZulu kuphela kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe yokubhala. Inqaku lakhe lokuqala laba sisincoko esichaza ngendlela ekuphilwa ngayo Ekukhanyeni imihla ngemihla. Elinye inqaku lokuqala liphantsi kwesihloko esithi Amazwi abantu. Eli linqaku eligeencoko zemihla ngemihla eziqhutywa ngolwimi lwesiZulu. Waqala ukuvela umfo ka-Fuze ngombhalo oshicilelweyo kwincwadi ka J.W Colenso eyapapashwa ngo-1860, esihloko sayo sithi Iingxelo ezintathu ngobumveli, (ngesiNgesi sithi Three Native accounts (1860), ephokoza amava akhe ngotyelelo  lukaColenso eKing Mpande ngo-1859.

Washicilela iiBhayibhile esebenzisa oomatshini bokushicilela Ekukhanyeni ngelixa uColenso wayesathe tsi gxada eNgilane, waza wathi kamva wavula ishishini lakhe lokushicilela eMgungundlovu  Ingxelo awayinikayo  ngokundwendwela kwakhe kwaZulu ngomnyaka ka-1877 yapapashwa kwiMagazini kaMacMillan ngo-1878 phantsi kwesihloko sayo esithi Ukundwendwela uKumkani uCetshwayo. Ubuye wabhala iileta kunye namanqaku waza wapapasha konke kumaphepha-ndaba afana ne-Ilanga laseNatala kunye ne-Ipepo Lo Hlanga . 

Ngo-1896 waya kwisiqithi sase- Saint Helena ukuba abe ngunobhala kuDinuzulu kaCetshwayo, ikumkani  yamaZulu, eyabhacela esiqithini emva kokukhokhela uqhankqalazo.  Uthe ke esesesiqithini njalo uMagema, wanxibelelana no-Alice Werner wesikolo sezifundo ngezinto zengingqi.  Wabuyela eNatala kunye noDinuzulu e-SS Umbilo, ekuqaleni kuka-1898. 

Emva komnyaka ka-1900 uFuze wabhala incwadi esihloko sayo sithi Abantu Abamnyama Lapa Bavela Ngakhona. ukubhala kwakhe le ncwadi yayikukusabela isicelo sabafundi bamanqaku akhe njengentatheli. Kodwa ayizange ipapashwe ngoko nangoko ngenxa yokunqongophala kweentsiba, imali ke ngamanye amazwi.  Yada yaba iyapapashwa bucala ngo-1922. Ngokubhala le ncwadi, umfo kaFuze waba ngumbhali wokuqala ezimbalini ukuba athi entetho yakhe isisiZulu, abe epapashe incwadi ayibhale kwangolwimi lwesiZulu.   Yathi yakuba ibhaliwe le ncwadi, yaphicothwa ngeenjongo zokuba iphononongwe nguAlice Werner kwiJenali yombutho engentlalo yaseAfrika. Olu phononongo lwaba yinxalenye yophicotho lwamanqaku phakathi kwamanye amanqaku ambalwa awathi aphononongwa ngelo xesha. kodwa ke akuzange kuqhubeke oku ngo-1931. Ngo-1979, le ncwadi yaapapashwa ngesiNgesi licandelo leYunivesithi yaseNatala elipapasha imisebenzi ebhaliweyo neshicilelweyo, kwithala leencwadi elalibizwa ngokuba yi-Killie Campbell laseAfrana kwaye isihloko sayo saaguqulelwa esiNgesini sathi The Black People and Whence they Came: A Zulu view in a translation. Yaathi yaguqulelwa esiNgesini nguHarry Camp Lugg, waza yena unjingalwazi Trevor Cope wenza izilungiso apho kufanelekileyo.

UHlonipha Mokoena weYunivesithi yase Witwatersrand uyichaza le ncwadi njengebaluleke kakhulu. Uthi ukubaluleka kwayo akuphelelanga nje ekusebenziseni ulwimi lwesiZulu, kodwa umongo wayo ngembali yolwimi lwesiZulu wenza okokuba ibe ngomnye wemithombo yokuqala ngembali kaZulu. Kusenjalo ngumzekelo womsebenzi weqela phakathi kwamanye amaqela abantu abathi baguqulwa njengamakholwa ukuba babengamaKrestu kwimfundo yasemishini eyayiqhutywa eMzantsi Afrika. Olu ke yaaba luphawu lotshintsho ukusuka kwisithethe somlomo ukuya kwinkcubeko yokufunda nokubhala. 

UFuze usweleke ngo-1922.  Ukukhethwa kwamaphepha akhe kwaabanjelwa kwingqokolela yokubhaliweyo eyayisenziwa nguCampbell kwiYunivesithi yaKwaZulu-Natala.  Ngo-2011, kweenziwa imbali ngobomi bakhe, phantsi kwesihloko esithi: uMagema Fuze: ukwenziwa kwengcali elikholwa, (NgesiNgesi: The making of a kholwa Intellectual) ngokubhalwa nguMokoena, yaza yapapashwa liziko loshicilelo elipapasha okubhaliweyo phantsi kweYunivesithi yakwaZulu Natala. T   




#Article 363: Solomom Motswairo (480 words)


USolomon Mangwiro Mutswairo ukwapelwa ngale ndlela Mutsvairo, (waazalwa ngomhla wama-26 kuTshazimpuzi ngo-1924 - wasweleka ngeyeNkanga ngo- 2005) wayengumbhali weenoveli nembongi yaseZimbabwe. Wayelilungu lohlanga lwamaZezuru oluzinze kumbindi weZimbabwe. UMutswairo waabhala inoveli yakhe yokuqala ngolwimi lwakhe lweenkobe isiShona, Isihloko senoveli sithi 'Feso.  

Kwiminyaka  yokwaluphala kwakhe, uMutswairo wayesisifundiswa esihloniphekileyo esisisele sombinza ngamasiko esintu ngokubanzi. Waba ngumntu wokuqala ukubizwa njengombhali kwindawo ezazihlala abafundi kwiYunivesithi yaseZimbabwe, kwaye wayekwangusihlalo weBhunga lezobuciko kuZwelonke eZimbabwe phaya ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990s. UMutswairo waabhala amazwi athi Simudzai mureza weZimbabwe, umhobe wesizwe saseZimbabwe. 

Incwadi esihloko sayo sithiFeso,yaaqala yapapashwa ngolwimi lwesiZezuru ngo-1957, ngelo xesha ilizwe laseZimbabwe laliphantsi kolawulo lobukolonali negama lalo linguMzantsi Rhodesia. Le ncwadi ingembali equlethe izikweko ekuqhushekwe kuzo amava nengqiqo ngezopolitiko, ezasekwa kumakhulu-ngamakhulu eminyaka eyadlulayo, phambi kokuba bufike ubukoloni kweli lizwe. Le ncwadi ayihelelanga nje ekusebenziseni ulwimi lwesiShona, kodwa iqulethe iqela leempawu zamasiko nezithethe ezibuthume kulwimi lwesiZezuru, ezifumaneka kwiingoma, nakubuciko obukhatshwa zizangotshe ezisetyenziswa xa kubaliswa amabali. Nangona wayesebenzisana neqaqobana lezinhanha  zeenkcubabuchopho ezazikhona eZimbabwe, le ncwadi eyayibizwa ngokuba nguFeso yayifundwa phantse nguye wonke umntu, yayide ifundiswe nasezikolweni. de yavalwa ngurhulumente waseRhodesia phakathi kanye kwiminyaka yoo-1960s.  

UMutswairo wayakufunda okokuqala eMelika ngeminyaka yoo-1960s, ngenkxaso awayifumana ngesibonelela sikaFulbright grant. Ekugqibeleni ke wafumana isidanga sakhe sePh.D. kwiYunivesithi yaseHoward ngo-1978, esasiqulethwe kuxwebhu lobungqina bomsebenzi wakhe kwinqanaba lobugqirha i-doctoral dissertation, ngamanye amazwi, esihloko sayo sithi Oral Literature in Zimbabwe: An Analytico-Interpretive Approach. Nangona umsebenzi wophando lwakhe kumasiko nobuciko obufumaneka ngomlomo wabantu baseZimbabwe, uye wabaluleka kakhulu de wasetyenziswa ziingcali zama-Afrika nezaseNtshona,  kumsebenzi wakhe, wayenento yokusebenzisa into esingathi kukushukuxa imbali yelizwe lakhe.  Wayezihlokoza iingxuba-kaxaka, kuthotho lweengxoxo-mpikiswano ezazibanjwa koomabonakude, esithi amaShona amelwe kukubizwa ngokuba ngamaMbire. 

Ekwaluphaleni kwakhe, uMutswairo waabhala izibongo nezicengcelezo ngolwimi lwesiNgesi. Iinoveli zakhe ezimbini ezazithetha phandle ngezopolitiko nezembali ngokubhekiselele kumatsha-ntliziyo amabini awalwela ukuba iZimbabwe ibe lilizwe elizimeleyo ngokwasemthethweni kwiminyaka yenkulungwane ye-19th. Igorha lokuqala yayinguKadungure Mapondera noChaminuka, obunjani bona ubulumko, ingqiqo namava aphilisayo, kule ngqokolela yeentsomi zaseZimbabwe, zombini ke ezincwadi zibhalwe ngesiNgesi, kwaye izibongo zakhe ezingeNgesi zirhiba ngomsinga ofanayo. Kumfanekiso-ngqondweni awunika ngoNahanda no Kagubi, esentlungwini uyangqukruleka esenza isimbonono ekhwaza ubukho bamandla kaNehanda Nyakasikana, umfazi owatshutshiswa  emva kwefuthe awabanalo ekulweleni inkululeko kwiminyaka yenkulungwane ye-19:

UMutswairo uthi izibongo zakhe zifuthwe zizibongo zesiNgesi, nangesingqi saso esisoloko sikho, kodwa izibongo ezingolwimi lwesintu isiShona zona zisekwe kuphinda-phindo olusoloko lusenzeka kwizibongo.  Kuba eziguqulela umsebenzi wakhe kwiilwimi zombini, uye wafunda ukuwubeka umxholo ngobuchule obungummangaliso obuphuphuma ubulumnko bokubona ubudlelwane phakathi kwezi lwimi zimbini. Uthi wazifumanela ngokwengqiqo yakhe iindlela zokwenza imitsi ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye, nakuba kukho amaxesha apho intsingiselo yegama lesiShona ithi ingabikho kwisiNgesi. NakwelesiNgesi igama ngokunjalo:
Umzekelo, iqhalo elithi 'Chauinacho batisisa midzimu haipe kaviri: Loo nto unayo yibambe uyiqinise, kuba izinyanya azisayi kuphinde zikunike kwakhona. Lingangavakali kakuhle ke eli qhalo xa ulibeka ngesiNgesi. Mhlawumbi kungangcono xa unokusebenzisa elesiNgesi iqhalo elisondele kweli, njengelithi, A bird in hand is worth two in a bush. kodwa qaphela ke, ufumana indlela le lisetyenziswe ngayo yahlukene kwaphela nale kusetyenziswe ngayo elesiShona, nangona umbono wona umnye. Ngako oko ke zininzi iintetho ezingafaniyo phakathi kwezi lwimi zimbini, kodwa ke ngandlela thize,uyalifumana igama elinokungqamana.




#Article 364: Jacob &quot;Mpharanyana&quot; Radebe (115 words)


UJacob Mpharanyana Radebe (16 kuTshazimpuzi 1948 - 21 kweyeThupha ngo1979) wayeyimvumi-mbhali wemvumi kunye nesiginci soMzantsi Afrika. Umculo wakhe uhlala uhlelwa njenge-jazz, i-fusion, iDisco, iSoul kunye ne-mbaqanga. Ukuqamba kukaRadebe ubukhulu becala kwakungeSesotho kodwa ngamanye amaxesha wayecula ngesiNgesi.

URadebe wazalelwa eKatlehong eMpuma weRandi kwaye umdla wakhe emculweni wavuselwa esemncinci. Wayethathwa njengelinye lawona mazwi anamandla kumphefumlo waselokishini. KwiSprings wayedlala neThe Peddlars kwaye eKatlehong wayeyimvumi ephambili kwiThe Weavelets. Elinye lamalungu eli qela yayinguLloyd Lelosa, owathi kamva wadlala ikhibhodi kwiStimela. Ngexesha lama-60 de kwasekufeni kwakhe uRadebe wasebenza neemvumi ezininzi ezithandwayo zoMzantsi Afrika eziquka uRay Phiri noWest Nkosi awathi wabumba nabo iqela iThe Cannibals.

Wayesaziwa ngokukhohlela xa ecula. Wayenakhohlokhohlo okunganyangekiyo, apho abavelisi babeza kuhlenga-hlengisa ngaphambili, kodwa kamva wenziwa uhlobo lwentengiso yomculo.




#Article 365: Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje (311 words)


USolomon Tshekisho Plaatje (waazalwa ngomhla wesi-9 October 1876 – wasweleka ngomhla we-19 June 1932) wayeyinkcubabuchopho yasemZantsi Afrika, ekwayintatheli, eyingcali kwizifundo eziphicotha iilwimi, engusopolitiki, ekwayitoliki ekwaziyo ukuyibeka ngolunye ulwimi intetho eyenziweyo okanye ebhaliweyo. Loo mfo wayekwangumbhali ophum'izandla. UPlaatje wayelelinye lamalungu kwanososiba jikelele wokuqala wombutho weenzalelwane zeSizwe sasemZantsi Afrika (SANNC), mbutho lowo ungukhongolose (ANC) namhlanje. UMasipalathi ongurhulumente wengingqi iSol Plaatje, ubandakanya isixeko saseKimberley, ubizwe ngegama lakhe, nje ngeYunivesithi iSol Plaatje kwakwesi siXeko, esavulwa ngokusesikweni ngo-2014.

UPlaatje waazalelwa eDoornfontein  near Boshof, Orange Free State (now Free State Province, South Africa), the sixth of eight sons. His grandfather's name was Selogilwe Mogodi (1836-1881) but his employer, the Boer farmer Groenewald, nicknamed him Plaatje in 1856 and the family started using this as a surname. Abazali bakhe uJohannes kunye noMartha babengabelizwe lasebuTswana. BabengamaKrestu besebenza kwisitishi sasemishini, besebenzela amamishinari emZantsi Afrika. Waathi xa aminyaka mine uSolomon, usapho lwakhe lwafudukela ePniel kufuphi naseKimberly kumNtla koloni eKapa lusiya kusebenzeka ummishinari waseJamani, uErnst Westphal, nenkosikazi yakhe uWilhelmine. Kulapho wafumana khona imfundo yasemishini. Waathi akuqgwesa bonke abafundi, waanikwa uchatha wezifundo zabucala ezinikwa nguNkosikazi. Westphal, ikwayile nkosikazi eyamfundisa ukudlala i-piano kunye ne-violini, waba sele emnika nezifundo zomculo.  Ngenyanga yomDumba ngo-1892, waye-15 leminyaka ubudala, wabangutishala efundisa abantwana, isikhundla wawasibamba iminyaka emibini. 

Emva kokuba eshiyile esikolweni, waafudukela eKimberley ngo-1894, apho wayakuba ngunoposi owayeqeshwe yi-Ofisi yePosi ukuba ahambise iimbalelwano zocingo (iitelegram).  Ngokufutshane nje emva koko waphumelela uviwo lokuba ngumabhalane. Waaba ngoyena ufumana amanqaku aphezulu ukodlula wonke umntu owabhala olo viwo kule Koloni elubhala ngolwimi lwesiDatshi aze aphinde abhale ngo kuchwetheza (ngokwengxelo eyanikwa nguNeil Parsons kumazwi akhe okuvula kwiUbomi beenzalelwane zasemZantsi Afrika, Phambi nangeminyaka okoko kwangeemfazwe zaseYurophu novukelo lwamabhulu). ngelo xesha, ikoloni yaseKapa yayise inikele ngeziqinisekiso zorhwebo kuwo onke amadoda awayeneminyaka engama-21 nangaphezulu, esi siqinisekiso sasinikwa umntu okwaziyo ukufunda nokubhala isiNgesi kunye nesiDatshi. Lowo ke wayesamkela iiponti ezingama-50 ngonyaka. Wathi xa egqiba ama-21 eminyaka ubudala ngo-1897, wakwazi ukuvota, lungelo elo awathi kamva waliphucwa, ukuphela kolawulo lwaseBritane. 




#Article 366: John Langalibalele Dube (1267 words)


UJohn Langalibalele Dube (waazalwa ngowe-11 kweyomDumba ngo-1871 – waza wasweleka ngowe-11 kweyomDumba ngo-1946), wayengumbhali wasemZantsi Afrika owayebhala amabali, ekwayingqondi, umfundisi okanye ititshala, ingcali kwezopolitiki, umpapashi, umhleli, umbhali weenoveli, kwanembongi. Waaba ngumyili nomongameli wonkongolo yeeNzalelwane zeSizwe sazemZantsi Afrika (i-SANNC), mbutho lowo owaba owaba yiNkongolo yeSizwe sasemZantsi Afrika ngo-1923. Lo kaDube waasebenza njengoMongameli wale Nkongolo ukusuka ngo-1912 ukuya ku-1917. Waasiwa eMelika ngamamishinari awayeze kuzimasa isikolo sokuqeqesha i-Oberlin. Waabuyela emZantsi Afrika, waza ngo-1903 ekunye nenkosikazi yakhe yokuqala, uNokutela Dube, bayila iphepha-ndaba, nelibizwa ngokuba l'Ilanga lase Natal.

Ngo-1901, waaqala iziko leendibano zamantombazana eNanda e-Ohlanga. Wayesoloko ethundeza abantu abamnyama ukuba bashishine, watsho yena ngo-1903 waqala iphepha-ndaba lalke ngolwimi lwesiZulu nelibizwa, isihloko salo sithi 'Ilanga'. Ngo-1930, uJohn Dube waapapasha Umzimba wesiCaka sikaShaka. Wayekwabhala ngobomi beenkokheli zakwaZulu, eziquka ukumkani uDinizulu.

Wayengumntu oqhuba iingxoxo ngezopolitiko. I-ANC yakhe yayingombutho olwayo ngeminyaka yoo-1960s, kodwa akazange alahlekelwe yile mibandela mibini ilandelayo:
Okokuqala, amalungelo abantu, okwesibini, ukubaluleka kokumanyana kwama-Afrika. Lo ngumyalezo awayewushumayela imihla yonke yokudla kwakhe ubomi, de wasutywa kukufa ngo-1946. 

UJohn Langalibalele waazalelwa eNatala kwisitishi semishini yaseNanda esikwa yimishini yobambiswano phakathi kweMelika noZulu(Meli-ZulAZM), isebe leBhodi yekomiti yaseMelika elimele iimishini zamanye amazwe, ikwaleli sebe elathi kamva lamanya iimishini zeenkonzo zomZantsi Afrika kunye noozakwabo yimishini yeecawa zenkongolo yeNtlangano yeemishini zaseLondon kwaye iManyano yenkongolo yomzantsi Afrika ukwakha Icawe yasemZantsi Afrika yenkongolo emanyeneyo (UCCSA).  Uyise owayengumfundisi uJames Dube, wayengomnye wabefundisi bokuqala ukugcotywa nje ngomfundisi ongumAfrika we-AZM. UDube waqala ukufunda eNanda nakwiKholeji iAdams College, eManzimtoti.

Umfundisi uWilliam Cullen Wilcox waabizwa ukuba aze kuthetha noDube, owayehlupha kwisikolo saseAdams. ngelo xesha uyise uJames Dube wayengumfundisi webandla laseNanda. 

ngo-1887, usapho lwakwaWilcox lwaluphindela eMelika, waza uJohn Dube ekunye nonina bathi gqolo becenga esi sibini samamishinari ukuba bahambe kunye naye uDube xa besiya eMelika, apho wayezakuqhubela phambili nezifundo zakhe. Saavuma ke esi sibini ngelithi bangahamba naye, ngaphandle kokuba uzakuzihlawulela iimfuno zakhe zemihla-ngemihla. Kodwa ke baamcebisa, waza wathi akufika eMelika uDube, uWilliam wamfumanela umsebenzi wasemgaqweni.

DUDube waaya kufunda kwisikolo soqeqesho lokuqala i-Oberlinl nangona waafunda ukuchwetheza nokuzinceda, akazange ade abe uwongwa ngempumelelo kwelo nqanaba.

UDube wayengumntwanegazi, ngokwelungelo lakhe, eyinkosi yohlanga lwamaQadi. Kwathi kuba uyise wayesele eguqulelwe kubuKrestu ngamamishinari okuqala phambi kokuba kubekhoiRiphabhlikhi yasemZantsi Afrika, zange awalawule amaQadi. Eyona fani kaDube nguNgcobo, owayenobukhosi bamaQadi akwaZulu.

Kumntu owayenomfutho wemfundo yobumishinari, kwakukho ungquzulwano phakathi kwale mfundo yaseNtshona intsha ifikayo kunye nendlela ekwakuhlalwa kuphilwa ngayo ngokwemveli yamaAfrika. Kodwa yena uDube waakwazi ukuyithatha le yantlukwano ngokwasekuhlaleni esebenzisa amava akhe nanje ngendoda eyayithembekile kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni, njengokuba kwiminyaka elandelayo, waathi wathenjwa yindlu yobukhosi bamaZulu. Sekuyinto eyamkelekileyo umbono othi lo kaDube ngewayengazange abe lilungu leSANC, kodwa ngenxa yokokuba iimfundiso kunye neencoko zakhe ngokubaluleka komanyano zangena nokungena komfutho wezopolitiko. Namhlanje kubonakala kufanelekile kwiingcali zembali ezinomkhethe ukukhankanya okokuba ukunesa kwakhe le mfundo intsha umfo kaDube bubungqina obathi bakhokelela ekubeni athi kamva ohlukane ne-ANC. Kodwa, eyona nyaniso yeyokokuba, i-ANC yayingazange ibe ngumbutho wamatsha-ntliziyo awayelwela imibandela efana nelungelo lokuvota kwenzalelwane zemveli ezingabantu abadala de kwenziwa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo ngokuthi kuqalwe okanye kuyilwe umbutho wolutsha oyiANC Youth League ngeminyaka yoo-1940.

Iintetho zikaDube njengomongameli wombutho wezopolitiko lwabantu abamnyama azizange zibhengezwe, ngoko ke azizange zibenakufumaneka. Omnye umbutho wabantu abamnyama owathi wakhiwa njengombutho wentsebenziswano kwezentlalo nopolitiko neNtlangano kaMarcus Garvey engophuculo lwabantu abangama-Negro negqiza lazizwe zamaAfrika, eyafunyanwa ngo-1914. Kwiintshukumo zakhe zopolitiko okaDube wayehlaba ekhangele kwaye engagxeki kwaphela, kodwa ephuma elubala ngamalungelo abantu abamnyama nangokubaluleka komanyano - wayibona imfuneko yokumanyana kwabantu abamnyama kude le, phambi kokuba kufike uGarvey kweli lizwe.

UDube wayekwayititshala, isithethi esibalulekileyo kwisekethe eyayifakana imilomo nabelungu kwiindibano ekwakusothulwa kuzo iintetho kwisizwe jikelele.  Ngo-1901 yena kunye nenkosikazi yakhe yokuqala, uNokutela Dube, baqala isikolo soshishino samaZulu angamaKrestu, nesaziwa nje ngesiKolo semfundo ephakamileyo i-Ohlange kwase-Ohlange, kufuphi nasePhoenix kunye nasEkuPhakameni. Eli yayiliziko lemfundo lokuqala emZantsi Afrika ukuqalwa ngabantu abamnyama.  Wayezinika imfundiso zakhe ngokumenywa waza ke ngenxa yoko wawongwa ngesidanga sobugqirha kwifilosofi (kwezolwazi nobulumko). Igalelo lakhe njengetitshala alibhalwanga ngokwaneleyo, kodwa ubenayo ekwayibeka imibono yakhe ngemfundo nesiko emayisetyenziswe kwiindlela eziyingozi zorhulumente wengcinezelo xa athe waluthathelakuye ulawulo ngo-1948 efaka umthetho weBantu Education Act. UDube wayebone kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa imfundo yaseNtshona kunye namasiko nezithethe zalapha ekuhlaleni, kodwa konke kwakhelwe ngendlela ekuphilwa nekwenziwa ngayo izinto ngama-Afrika. Imibono yakhe ngemfundo ifunyanwa kwi-Ukuziphatha kunye ne-Isita.

Uphakathi kwamadoda ayeziintloli zokuqala ezaabhala iileta ezadlala indima enkulu ukuze kufunyanwe uncwadi lwesiZulu. Wayengomnye wabapapashi nababhali besiZulu bokuqala, nangona incwadi yokuqala ukupapashwa yayibhalwe nguMagema Magwaza Fuze, ombali yakhe ngamaZulu ithi, Abantu abamnyama lapo bavela ngakona (eguqulelwa esiXhoseni ngolu hlobo,Abantu abamnyama nalapho bavela khona), yaapapashwa ngo-1922, kodwa yayibhalwe ngeminyaka yoo-1880 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1890s. Umsebenzi wokuqala owapapashwa nguDube kwakusisincoko esasibhalwe ngolwimi lwesiNgesi sincoko eso esasingokuziphucula nokubanesidima.Esi sincoko saapapashwa ngo-1910. Umsebenzi owakhokelela ekubeni makabe uwongwa ngesidanga sobugqirha befilosofi sisincoko esasisihloko sayo sithiUmuntu Isita Sake Uqobo Lwake (Utshaba lomntu nguye yena qobo lwakhe) ibhalwe ngakutsha ngo-(1992)(uhlobo lwakudala lokubhala ngolwimi lwesiZulu phambi ko-1936). Waaqhubela phambili epapasha ineveli engembali ekwacaca okokuba iyathandwa kwaye inefuthe kwingqokolela yokubhalwe ngesiZulu phantsi kwesihloko esithiInsila kaShaka (isicaka somzimba kaShaka) ngo(1930). UDube wayekwazinikele kumsebenzi wokubhala ngobomi beentsapho zeenkosi zamaZulu, ingakumbi iintsapho zeNkumkani uDinizulu, owaba ngumntu wokuqalwa ukubhalwa kwemvelaphi yakhe kwimbali yamaAfrika. Kukwakho neqela lemisebenzi engenafuthe nengabalulekanga kangako ngokomgangatho, imisebenzi efana nesincokoUkuziphatha [esingokuziphatha komntu] ngo(1910).

Ngaphezu koko, uDube nenkosikazi yakhe bavula iphephandaba lokuqala elalibhalwe ngesiZulu/nangesiNgesi Ilanga laseNatali ngo-1903, olu papasho lwathi lwenzelwa umsitho womnyhadala kuvuyiswana nalo ngo-2003. Ilanga laseNatali alisazimelanga okoko lathi lathengwa ngumbutho wezopolitiko owawubizwa ngokuba yInkatha yeNkululelo yeSizwe ngo-1988, owawukhokhelwa nguMangosuthu Buthelezi, waza wathi kamva waba ngumbutho wezopolitiko emva korhulumente wengcinezelo emZantsi Afrika wabizwa ngokuba yInkatha Freedom Party (IFP). UDube waabhala waza wahlela izihlandlo ngezihlandlo kweli phepha nakwamanye awayenababhali amagama abo angowobuxoki. Wayesakupapasha namanye kwimibongo. Waafundisa iintatheli ezathi kamva zaqhubela phambili zabangabahleli kwiphepha lakhe banika inkxaso ekuqaqambiseni nasekuphuhliseni imbali noncwadi lwesiZulu.  

UDube nenkosikazi yakhe yokuqala, uNokutela Dube, banconywa ngokwenza iculo likaEnoch Sontonga edumileyo ethi Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika. eli culo laathi kamva laba ngumhobe weSizwe emva kokuba ikwayala yeziko lemfundo ephakamileyo i-Ohlange iziko leMfundo ithe yalicula. Balicula kwindibano yombutho kaKhongolose wabantu beMveli beSizwekazi i-Afrika ngo-1912. Eli culo laaculwa emva komthandazo wokuvala, yaza i-ANC yamisa okokuba libe ngumhobe wokuvala ngokusesikweni ngo-1925. 1925.

UDube waliva ngokwakhe ifuthe lika likaBooker T. Washington xa wayehambele e-USA esiyakwandisa imfundo yakhe ekuqaleni phaya kwiminyaka yoo-1890. Yena ekunye nenkosikazi yakhe baqala isikolo semfundo ephakamileyo i-Ohlange ngo-1901, esi sisikolo esasenzelwe ukuba sifundise aBantu basetyhini ngendlela zempucuko ukuze bakhululeke baze bafumane indawo kwisizwe esiphucukileyo. Kwisincoko sakhe esithi Ukuziphatha uDube waaqaphela okokuba abantu basetyhini abamnyama ngabona babuthathaka ekuphuhliseni intlalo yabantu bemveli ngenxa yemiqathango nokuncitshiswa kwamathuba abo okuba bafunde, waza waqaphela okokuba impumelelo nokuqaqamba kwabantu basetyhini kuvutha kuphele okomlilo weendiza. Eyona nto eyaba nefuthe kwimpumelelo kaDube yaba kukufunda kwakhe incwadi yaseWashington esihloko sayo sithi Up From Slavery, incwadi engokuzithemba, ivangeli eyayishunyayelwa ngokwesiko laseMelika nguRalph Waldo Emerson. Le ncwadi yaabonakalisa ukuba nefuthe elingummangaliso kwiingcinga zaBantu bemveli kwilizwe i-Afrika, nakuye wonke umntu omnyama ehlabathini jikelele. Yahamba yahamba yaguqulelwa nakwezinye iilwimi zaBantu abamnyama emZantsi Afrika, kodwa uDube akazange ayiguqulele nakoluphi na ulwimi, ndaweni yoko, wasuka wathatha iimfundiso zayo wazifaka ukuba zenziwe njengoba zinjalo. Obu bubuchule nenkqubela engazange yenziwa ngomnye umntu, ngaphandle koGarvey nemigushuzo yakhe eyayingathi ayinto  kangako kodwa ibalulekile kusopolitiki uSteve Biko ekwikhaya lakhe eQonce kwiphondo laseMpuma-Koloni. UDube wayethanda kakhulu liziko lase Washington iTuskegee; kwiminyaka emva koko, uMarcus Garvey waazama ukubona i-Washington kuba yabanomtsalane ofana nokaDube nakuye, ngangona yena waafika eMelika ngo-1916, yayise ifile ke yona iWashington kumnyaka ogqithileyo. Isikolo sikaDube sisasebenza nangoku. UDube wayelikholwa elingagungqiyo ekuzithembeni, ekuziphatheni nangokunxanelwa ukomoya wokuqonda ukuba nesidima nentlonipho emehlweni abantu. KwIsita ushumayela ukuzimela nemfuneko yokuba abantu abamnyama baziqalele amathuba ezoqoqosho ukuze bahlonitshwe lihlabathi.  

Impumelelo yombutho kaNokutela noJohn Dube yayingenakwayanyaniswa nomtshato wabo. Bathi kona bakungabi nabantwana kwabonwa njengento embi kuNokutela,   waza uJohn wanguyise wosana lwabo bantwana babo. Kwavulwa ikomiti yokuphanda uJohn, kodwa zange enziwe nto waza uNokutela waziva enukunezwe ngokomphefumlo.  Esi sibini soohlukana phakathi ngo-1914, waza Nokutela wafudukela kwiPhondo laseTransvaal wahlala apho ke de wafikelwa kukugula sisifo sezintso. Wabuyela wayakuhlala noJohn Dube eRhawutini, waza wasweleka 
ngo-1917 enama-44 eminyaka ubudala. Abantu ababezimase umngwabo wakhe yayinguPixley uka  uIsaka uSeme namanye amalungu aphambili ento eyayizakuba yi-African National Congress.




#Article 367: Thomas Mofolo (532 words)


UThomas Mokopu Mofolo (waazalwa ngomhla wama-22 kweyomNga ngo-1876 – wasweleka ngomhla wesi-8 kweyomSintsi ngo-1948) waziwa njengombhali wabeSuthu ophum'izandla Ubukhulu becala ubhala ngolwimi lwesiSuthu, kodwa eyona ncwadi yakhe ithandwa kakhulu esihloko sayo sithi,uChaka, iguqulelwe kulwimi lwesiNgesi nakwezinye iilwimi. 

UThomas Mofolo waazalelwa eKhojane, eLusotho, ngomhla wama-22 kweyomnga ngo-1876. 


#Article 368: SABC 2 (517 words)


I-SABC 2 lijelo losasazo losapho laseMzantsi Afrika eliphantsi kweQumrhu losasazo laseMzantsi Afrika (SABC). Usasazo lwe-SABC 2 lwenziwa ngesiNgesi, isiBhulu, isiVenda nesiTsonga

Yayisungulwa nge-6 kaJanuwari 1976 phantsi kwegama elithi SABC TV / SAUK TV. Ngomhla woku-1 kweyoMqungu ngo-1982, yatshintsha igama layo laba yi-TV1, ngokusungulwa kweenkonzo ezimbini ezintsha: usasazo lwe-TV2 ngesiZulu nangesiXhosa kunye nokusasazwa kwe-TV3 ngesiSuthu nesiTswana, zombini ezijoliswe kubaphulaphuli basezidolophini abaNtsundu. Ijelo eliphambili, ngoku elibizwa ngokuba yiTV1, lahlulwe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwesiNgesi nesiBhulu, njengangaphambili. Ngo-1985, kwaqaliswa inkonzo entsha ebizwa ngokuba yi-TV4, iphethe ezemidlalo kunye neenkqubo zokuzonwabisa, kusetyenziswa ijelo ekwabelwana ngalo yi-TV2 kunye ne-TV3, eyeke ukusasaza ngo-9: 30 ebusuku. Ngo-1992, i-TV2, i-TV3 kunye ne-TV4 zahlanganiswa zayinkonzo entsha ebizwa ngokuba yiCCV (Contemporary Community Values). Ijelo lesithathu laziswa laziwa njenge-TSS, okanye iTopSport Surplus, iTopSport iligama lophawu lwezemidlalo kwi-SABC, kodwa oku kwathathelwa indawo yi-NNTV (iNational Network TV), ijelo lezemfundo, elingelilo elorhwebo, ngo-1994. Ngo-1996, i-SABC yahlengahlengisa amajelo ayo omabonakude amathathu ngeenjongo zokwenza ukuba abamele amaqela eelwimi ezahlukeneyo. La majelo matsha abizwa ngokuba yi-SABC 1 (eyayisakuba yiCCV), i-SABC 2 (eyayisakuba yi-TV1) kunye ne-SABC 3 (eyayisakuba yi-NNTV). Ixesha elabelwe inkqubo yolwimi lwesiBhulu kwitshaneli entsha (i-SABC 2) lehle ukusuka kuma-50% laya kwi-15% - intshukumo eyahlukanisa izithethi zesiBhulu.

Emva kokuba iSABC ihlengahlengise amajelo ayo kamabonakude, iSABC 2 yathatha indawo yejelo lakudala leTV1. Ukuncipha kokuqaqambeka kwesiBhulu kwacaphukisa abantu abaninzi abathetha olu lwimi, nangona eli jelo lisenenani elibonakalayo lenkqubo yesiBhulu, kubandakanya ukusasazwa kweendaba rhoqo ngeveki ebusuku ngo-19: 00 nangeempelaveki ngo-18: 00.

I- M-Net ebona imfuno yentengiso, yaqalisa ijelo lesiBhulu i-KykNet ngo1999, walandela ngo2005 ngejelo lomculo i-MK (eyayisaziwa ngokuba yiMK89). Ngo-2009, uM-Net wasungula iKoowee, itshaneli yabantwana yosasazo kwi  Afrikaans. 

Eli jelo lithandwa kakhulu ngee-soapies zalo ezimbini ezisebenza ixesha elide i-7de Laan kunye no Muvhango, imidlalo efana ne-Erfsonders, Gerramtes kwi-die Kas, Roer Jou Voete kunye ne-90 Plein Street, kunye ne-Telenovelas ezifana ne-Keeping Score kunye ne Giyani: Land of Blood. 

I-SABC 2 kwixa elidlulileyo, ibisasaza uthotho lwamanye amazwe afana ne-  i-NCIS, Pretty Little Liars, Teen Wolf ne Vampire Diaries. Nangona kunjalo eli jelo ngoku lijolise kwinkqubo ezenyaniso ezasekuhlaleni kunye nezinto ezikhoyo ezinje ngeSpeak Out, Relate, kunye ne Saving Our Marriage, ii-comedies ezinje ngeGa Re Dumele kunye noKe Ba Bolleletse, kunye nothotho lwamanye amazwe afana ne- American Ninja Warrior. 

Ijelo linenani elincinci lentetho, lokuhamba kunye nemiboniso yamaphephancwadi. Imiboniso ibandakanya iMotswako, iVusaseki, iNhlalala yaRixaka, 50/50, iVoetspore kunye neTalkAbility. 

I-SABC 2 idlala umculo we-afro-soul kunye nomculo wep pop ungenelela phakathi kweenkqubo. Ikwanayo nemiboniso yomculo efana neAfro Cafè, i-Soul'd Out Sessions, i-Kliphard, i-Musiek Roulette kunye neNoot vir Noot. 

Eli jelo lineenkqubo zonqulo ezijolise kubuKrestu, ebuYudeni nakumaHindu. Imiboniso yasekhaya ibandakanya owona mboniso mde I-It's Gospel Time, i-Gospel Classics, i-Psalted, i-Simcha, i-Derech Erets, kunye ne-Issues of Faith. 

I-SABC 2 kunqabile ukuba isasaze ezemidlalo ngenxa yemicimbi yenkxaso-mali, kwaye endaweni yoko igxile kwimidlalo. Eyona nto yayo ijolise kumdlalo wamanqindi, umbhoxo, ukuqubha nembaleki. 

Eli jelo libonelela ngeebhulethini zokuqala ezintathu ze Tshivenda / Xitsonga, Afrikaans, kunye SeSotho / SeTswana / Sepedi iilwimi. Ukongeza, ineenkqubo zemicimbi yangoku enje ngeFokus, Ngula Ya Vutivi, Zwa Maramani kunye neLehlo La Sechaba. Ikwazisa ngesidlo sakusasa esona sisekude kakhulu esidlala kusasa. Iyaziwa ngeziganeko zesizwe ezinje ngokusungulwa kukaMongameli,  iNtetho kaMongameli engoBume beSizwe, iiNtetho zoHlahlo-lwabiwo mali, kunye nezehlo zasePalamente.

Ijelo laziwa ngokuba ziimovie ezonwabisayo zosapho kunye needrama, ii-autobiographies kunye neemovie zoopopayi. 




#Article 369: Paris (314 words)


IParis ngowona masipala unabemi abaninzi kunye nekomkhulu laseFrance.

Ime embindini wolwandle olukhulu olunomhlaba ochumileyo kunye nemozulu epholileyo, isitya saseParis, kumjikelo we, phakathi kokuhlangana kwayo neMarne neOise. IParis ikwalikomkhulu lommandla wase-Île-de-France kunye neziko lemetropolis ye-Greater Paris, eyenziwe ngo-2016. Yahlulwe yangamacandelo, njengezixeko zaseLyon naseMarseille, ezingamashumi amabini. Kulawulo, ukusukela nge-1 kaJanuwari, i-2019, isixeko esi siye saba kukudibana kunye nenqanaba elikhethekileyo elibizwa ngokuba sisiXeko saseParis (ngaphambili, yayingumasipala kunye nesebe). Urhulumente unamalungelo athile apho amapolisa asebenza eParis. Isixeko sineenguqu ezinzulu phantsi kobukumkani besibini kumashumi eminyaka ye-1850 kunye ne-1860 ngemisebenzi emikhulu ebandakanya ikakhulu ulwakhiwo lweendlela, izikwere kunye negadi kunye nolwakhiwo lwezakhiwo ezininzi, eziyalelwe nguBaron Haussmann, enika I-medieval eParis yobuso esibaziyo namhlanje.

Isixeko saseParis sasinabemi abazizigidi eziyi-2,187 nge-1 Januwari 2020. Abemi baso babizwa ngokuba ngamaParis. Umdibaniso weParis ukhule kakhulu ngekhulu lamashumi amabini, edibanisa abemi abazizigidi ezili-10.73 nge-1 Januwari 2020, kunye nommandla wasezidolophini (umanyano kunye ne-peri-urban ring) babalelwa kwizigidi ezili-12.78. Umdibaniso weParis ngowona unabantu abaninzi eFrance,  kwaye ngowama-32nd uninzi lwabantu ehlabathini ngoJanuwari 1, 2019.

Indawo yokuma kwe, kwesi siqithi namhlanje kuthiwa yi-Ile de la Cité, ivumela ukuwela komlambo omkhulu ohamba inqanawa onguSeine ngendlela edibanisa uMantla kunye noMazantsi eGauls, eneneni ukusukela kwantlandlolo isixeko esibalulekileyo, ikomkhulu leParisisi, emva koko indawo yokuhlala yomlawuli waseRoma. Isikhundla saso kumbindi wommandla olawulwa ngookumkani baseFrank senza ukuba sikhethe njengekomkhulu laseFrance endaweni yeTournai. Ifunyanwa embindini womhlaba ochumileyo wezolimo onemozulu efumileyo nefumileyo, iParis yaba sesinye sezona zixeko ziphambili eFrance ngenkulungwane yeshumi, kunye namabhotwe asebukhosini, iizindlu ezityebileyo kunye necawa enkulu. Ngexesha leshumi elinambini, kunye neYunivesithi yaseParis, isixeko saba lelinye lamaziko okuqala eYurophu kwezemfundo nakwezobugcisa. Amandla asebukhosini amiselwe kwesi sixeko, ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho nezopolitiko akupheli ukukhula. Ke, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesine, iParis yayisesinye sezona zixeko zibalulekileyo kwilizwe lamaKristu. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe, yayilikomkhulu lelona gunya liphambili kwezopolitiko zaseYurophu; ngenkulungwane ye-18, lelinye lamaziko enkcubeko amakhulu eYurophu; Kwaye ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, ikomkhulu lobugcisa kunye nolonwabo. Ukusuka kwinkulungwane ye-16 ukuya kwinkulungwane yama-20, iParis yayilikomkhulu loBukhosi bamaKoloniyali baseFrance. IParis ke ngoko idlale indima ekhokelayo kwimbali yeYurophu kunye nehlabathi kangangeenkulungwane.




#Article 370: SABC 3 (624 words)


I-SABC 3 ngumnatha kamabonakude wasimahla waseMzantsi Afrika ophantsi kweQumrhu lezoSasazo laseMzantsi Afrika (i-SABC). Iqhuba inkqubo ngesiNgesi kwaye, ukusukela ngo-Epreli 2009, isiBhulu, ebikade inoluhlu lwayo kodwa kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo ibiphindaphinda i-7de Laan.

Ngomhla woku-1 kuJanuwari 1982, iinkonzo ezimbini zaziswa, usasazo lwe-TV2 ngesiZulu nangesiXhosa kunye ne-TV3 kusasazo ngesiSuthu nesiTswana, zombini ezijoliswe kubaphulaphuli basezidolophini abaNtsundu. Ijelo eliphambili, ngoku elibizwa ngokuba yiTV1, lahlulwe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwesiNgesi nesiBhulu, njengangaphambili. Ngo-1985, kwaqaliswa inkonzo entsha ebizwa ngokuba yi-TV4, iphethe ezemidlalo kunye neenkqubo zokuzonwabisa, kusetyenziswa ijelo ekwabelwana ngalo yi-TV2 kunye ne-TV3, eyeke ukusasaza ngo-9: 30 ebusuku. Ngo-1992, i-TV2, i-TV3 kunye ne-TV4 zahlanganiswa zayinkonzo entsha ebizwa ngokuba yiCCV (Contemporary Community Values). Ijelo lesithathu laziswa laziwa njenge-TSS, okanye iTopSport Surplus, iTopSport iligama lophawu lwezemidlalo kwi-SABC, kodwa oku kwathathelwa indawo yi-NNTV (iNational Network TV), ijelo lezemfundo, elingelilo elorhwebo, ngo-1994. [5] Ngo-1996, i-SABC yahlengahlengisa amajelo ayo omabonakude amathathu ngeenjongo zokwenza ukuba abamele amaqela eelwimi ezahlukeneyo. La majelo matsha abizwa ngokuba yi-SABC 1, SABC 2 kunye ne-SABC 3. I-SABC3 ifumene iinkqubo zayo ezininzi kumabonakude i-TV1, umzuzu wobumhlophe wase Mzantsi Afrika. I-SABC 3 ijolise kuluntu olutyebileyo lwaseMzantsi Afrika oluthetha isiNgesi; Eyona njongo yentengiso ijolise kuyo ngababukeli abaneminyaka eli-18 ukuya kwengama-49 ubudala. Icacisa indibaniselwano yeenkqubo zamazwe aphesheya ezivela eUnited States naseUnited Kingdom, kunye nemidlalo yeesepha eveliswe apha ekhaya, iinkqubo zentetho kunye nomdlalo weqonga. I-SABC 3 ikwindawo yesine kumajelo ama-analogu oMzantsi Afrika kumanqaku lwababukeli.

I-SABC3 kuphela kwesitishi se-SABC esibonisa inani elikhulu kuthotho lwamazwe aphesheya. Sijongene neenkampani zesitudiyo eMelika kunye nothungelwano lukamabonakude olwahlukeneyo e-UK ukusasaza uthotho oluthile ngolibaziseko lweenyanga ezimbalwa ezivela kumoya wazo wamazwe aphesheya.

Eli jelo laziwa ngesona sixhobo sidlala ixesha elide Isidingo, nakwiidrama zangaphambili ezazisasazwa kwalapha ezifana neHigh Rollers, kunye needrama zamazwe aphesheya ezithandwayo iDays of Our Lives kunye neBold and the Beautiful, iSABC3 eyayeka ukuzibonisa ngenxa yengxaki yemali. Ababukeli baqala uxwebhu lwezikhalazo ukugcina umboniso usebenza. Ijelo okwangoku libonelela ngeedrama zamazwe aphesheya ezinjengeKnightfall, iNCIS, iHouse of Cards kunye ne-El Chapo.

Ijelo linomxholo wabantwana basekuhlaleni njengoChallenge SOS, iTalente on Track, i-Yum.Me kunye neHectic on 3, kunye nekhathalogu yamanye amazwe yabantwana kunye nolutsha kulonwabo oluvela kwiDisney neNickelodeon. Oku kubandakanya abantwana babonisa iMickey Mouse Clubhouse kunye nabahlobo bam uTigger noPooh, kunye nemiboniso yolutsha eyoyisayo, iWizards of Waverly Place, iCarly, Shake It Up, Cory In The House, Girl Meets World, K.C. Undercover, Sam  Cat, Violetta kunye neHectic on 3 .Ngokungafaniyo namajelo odade wabo, i-SABC 3 ineenkqubo ezimbalwa ezivela kwisibhengezo semfundo se-SABC Education.

I-SABC3 yayiqhele ukwenza ilayisensi kwaye ivelise iinguqulelo zalapha ekhaya zamazwe aphesheya ezinje nge-NBC The Apprentice, i-BBC The Weakest Link kunye n Top Chef ku Bravo. Ukuziqhelanisa noMzantsi Afrika kwe-The Apprentice kunye ne-Weakest Link bekungekho semoyeni kwaye kuphume nemveliso ixesha elingaphezu kweminyaka elishumi. Ngo-2017, uHlaudi Motsoeneng nowayesakuba ngu-COO we-SABC, wayalela ukuba izikhululo ze-SABC ze-TV kufuneka zisasaze i-90% yomxholo walapha ekhaya. Ummiselo ufumaneke ungaphumelelanga, njengoko iimveliso zasekuhlaleni bezingabukelwanga kangako kwisitishi. Emva kwexesha elithile, uthotho lwabo lwamazwe aphesheya lubuyile, njenge Survivor kunye neAmazing Race. Umjelo okwangoku unochungechunge lwenyani olunje nge Judge Faith, Ready For Love kunye noChristina Milian. Ijelo likwabonelela ngamaxwebhu endalo avela kwi-National Geographic nakwi-BBC Earth.

Eli jelo likwajolisa kumculo wabantu abadala wangoku kunye nasezidolophini kwaye linomculo okhethekileyo kubaculi basekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Imiboniso efana ne The Mic, iBase3 kunye neTapestry ziyahanjiswa kwisiteshi.

I-SABC 3 ijolise kakhulu kwiintetho zasekhaya nezamazwe aphesheya kunye neemagazini ezinje ngomboniso wesidlo sakusasa i-Expresso, i-Afternoon Express, i-The Real, i The Scoop kunye no Harry

I-SABC3 yayisasaza imidlalo yeNkulumbuso yeNkulumbuso ukusuka ekupheleni kuka-Agasti 2018 kude kube ngu-Agasti 2019 kwaye yayingumsasazi osemthethweni wayo yonke imidlalo ye-38 PL yeqela lebhola ekhatywayo laseChelsea. Iminyaka i-SABC 3 ibisasaza imidlalo yeqakamba efana ne-T20, ODI, uthotho lweeMvavanyo, iNdebe yeHlabathi kunye nemidlalo yeNdebe yeZizwe zaseAfrika, njl.njl. Eli jelo linamalungelo okusasaza imidlalo yobugcisa bemfazwe evela kwi-Extreme Fighting Championships. I-2020, iSabc 3 isasaza iBundesliga njengoyena msasazi woMzantsi Afrika kumaxesha amabini

Eli jelo likhonza iindaba kwizithethi zesiNgesi, zisasaza iindaba zosasazo ngejelo labo leendaba leSABC. Inemicimbi yangoku kunye neyamazwe angaphandle kunye namaxwebhu.




#Article 371: Naruto (688 words)


INaruto (waseJapan: NARUTO ナ ル ト) luluhlu lwe-manga lwamaJapan abhalwe kwaye aboniswa nguMasashi Kishimoto. Ibalisa ibali likaNaruto Uzumaki, i-ninja encinci efuna ukwamkelwa koontanga bakhe kunye namaphupha okuba yiHokage, inkokheli yelali yakhe. Ibali lixelwa kwiindawo ezimbini-iseti yokuqala kwiminyaka yangaphambi kokufikisa, kwaye eyesibini ikwishumi elivisayo. Olu luhlu lusekwe kwimifanekiso emibini kaKishimoto: Karakuri (1995), eyafumana uKishimoto ukuba akhankanywe kwi-Award ye-Hop Step Award kunyaka olandelayo, kunye no-Naruto (1997).

I-Naruto yafakwa kwi-magazine ye-Shueisha, ngeveki Shōnen Jump ukusuka ngo-1999 ukuya ku-2014, kwaye yakhululwa kwifom ye-tankōbon (incwadi) kwimiqulu engama-72. I-manga yahlengahlengiswa kuthotho lwe-TV kamabonwakude eveliswe nguPierrot kunye no-Aniplex, owayesasaza iziqendu ezingama-220 eJapan ukususela ngo-2002 ukuya ku-2007; uhlengahlengiso lwesiNgesi kuthotho olusasazwe kwiCartoon Network kunye neYTV ukusukela ngo2005 ukuya ku2009. UNaruto: Shippuden, elandelelana kuthotho lwantlandlolo, laqala ukuboniswa eJapan ngo-2007, lwaze lwaphela ngo-2017, emva kweziqendu ezingama-500. Ukutshintshwa kwesiNgesi kwasasazwa kwiDisney XD ukusukela ngo-2009 ukuya ku-2011, kusasazwa iziqendu zokuqala ezingama-98, emva koko kwatshintshelwa kwibloko yenkqubo yabantu abadala yokuDada ngoJanuwari ka-2014, ukuqala kwisiqendu sokuqala. Ukuziqhelanisa nesiNgesi kusaqhubeka veki nganye kuNdadi yaBadala ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje. Ngaphandle kothotho lwe-anime, uPierrot uphuhlise iimuvi ezilishumi elinanye kunye neempiliso zoqobo zevidiyo (ezilishumi elinambini). Olunye urhwebo olunxulumene neNaruto lubandakanya iinoveli ezikhanyayo, imidlalo yevidiyo, kunye namakhadi okurhweba aphuhliswe ziinkampani ezininzi. I-Viz Media ilayisenisile kwimanga kunye ne-anime kwimveliso yaseNyakatho Melika kunye ne-serial yeNaruto kwimagazini yabo yedijithali yeVeki yeShonen Jump. Uthotho lwe-anime lwaqala ukusasaza e-United States nase-Canada ngo-2005, nase-United Kingdom nase-Australia ngo-2006 nango-2007 ngokwahlukeneyo. Iifilimu kunye nee-OVAs ezininzi kuthotho zikhutshwe nguViz, kunye neyokuqala umboniso bhanyabhanya kumdlalo bhanyabhanya. I-Viz Media yaqala ukusasaza uthotho lwee-anime kwinkonzo yabo yokusasaza uNeon Alley ngoDisemba ka-2012. Ibali likaNaruto liyaqhubeka nonyana kaNaruto, uBoruto Uzumaki, eBoruto: Naruto Izizukulwana ezilandelayo: UBoruto unqwenela ukwenza eyakhe indlela ye-ninja endaweni yokulandela uyise . UNaruto luthotho lwesine lwama manga athengiswa kakhulu kwimbali, ethengisa iikopi ezizizigidi ezingama-250 kwihlabathi liphela kumazwe angama-46, kunye nezigidi ezili-153 zentengiso eJapan kuphela kwaye ezisele ikopi ezizigidi ezingama-97 kwenye indawo. Iye yaba lolunye uthotho lwama-manga athengiswa kakhulu eViz Media; Iinguqu zabo zesiNgesi zemiqulu ziye zavela kwi-USA Today kunye ne-New York Times uluhlu oluthengisa kakhulu, kwaye umqulu wesixhenxe waphumelela i-Quill Award ngo-2006. Ababuyekezi bancoma ukuphuculwa komlingiswa wama-manga, amabali abukhali, kunye nemidlalo yokulwa eyenziwe kakuhle, nangona Abanye baziva imiboniso yokulwa icothisa ibali. Abagxeki baqaphela ukuba imanga, enomxholo wobudala obudala, isebenzisa izingqinisiso zenkcubeko ezivela kwiintsomi zaseJapan nakwiConfucianism.

Impungutye enamandla eyaziwa ngokuba yiNine-Tails ihlasela iKonoha, ilali yamagqabi efihliweyo kuMhlaba woMlilo (village hidden in the leaves in the Land of Fire), elinye lamazwe amahlanu amakhulu e-shinobi kwilizwe leNinja. Ukuphendula, inkokheli ka-Konoha oyiHokage yesine, u-Minato Namikaze (kunye nenkosikazi yakhe u-Kushina Uzumaki) batywina impungutye ngaphakathi komzimba wonyana wakhe osandul 'ukuzalwa, u-Naruto Uzumaki, esenza ukuba u-Naruto abe ngumkhosi werhamncwa; oku kuthabatha utata ka-Naruto ubomi bakhe, kwaye iHokage yesiThathu ibuya kumhlala-phantsi ukuze iphinde ibe yinkokheli yeKonoha. UNaruto uhlala egculelwa ngabantu baseKonoha ngokuba ngumgcini weNine-Tails. Ngenxa yommiselo owenziwe yi-Hokage yesiThathu ethintela nabani na ukuba akhankanye ezi ziganeko, uNaruto akazi kwanto malunga neNine-Tails de kwayiminyaka eli-12 kamva, xa uMizuki, i-ninja ekreqileyo, etyhila inyani kuNaruto. UNaruto emva koko woyisa uMizuki kumlo, efumana imbeko katitshala wakhe u-Iruka Umino.

Kungekudala emva koko, uNaruto uba yininja kwaye umanyana noSasuke Uchiha, ahlala ekhuphisana naye, kunye noSakura Haruno, lowo atyunyuziweyo naye, ukuba enze iQela lesi-7, phantsi komntu onamava, i-ninja ekumgangatho ophezulu uKakashi Hatake. Njengawo onke amaqela e-ninja avela kwilali nganye, iQela lesi-7 ligqibezela imisebenzi (missions) eliceliwe ngabantu belali, ukusukela ngokwenza imisebenzi kunye nokuba ngoonogada ukwenza ukubulala. Emva kwemisebenzi eliqela, kubandakanya eyona iphambili kwiLizwe lamaza, uKakashi uvumela iQela lesi-7 ukuba lenze uviwo lwe-ninja, elibenza bakwazi ukuqhubela phambili kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwaye bathathe imisebenzi enzima ngakumbi, eyaziwa njenge-Chunin Exams. Ngexesha leemviwo, uOrochimaru, ulwaphulo-mthetho olufunwayo, uhlasela i-Konoha aze abulale i-Hokage yesiThathu ukuziphindezela. UJiraiya, enye yeeninja ezintathu ezaziwayo, uyala isihloko seHokage yesihlanu kwaye yena noNaruto bakhangele uTsunade ukuba abe yiHokage yesihlanu endaweni yoko.

Ngethuba lokukhangela, kutyhilwa ukuba u-Orochimaru unqwenela ukuqeqesha uSasuke ngenxa yelifa lakhe elinamandla, i-Sharingan. Emva kokuzama kukaSasuke ukusilela ukubulala umntakwabo omkhulu u-Itachi xa wayevela eKonoha ukuba athimbe uNaruto, wahlangana noOrochimaru, ngethemba lokufumana kuye amandla afunekayo okubulala u-Itachi. Ibali lithatha indawo xa uSasuke eshiya ilali yaseKonoha kwaye xa uTsunade efumanisa, uthumela iqela le-ninja, kubandakanya uNaruto, ukuba athathe uSasuke, kodwa uNaruto akakwazi ukumcenga okanye amnyanzele ukuba abuye. UNaruto noSakura abayeki kuSasuke: UNaruto ushiya i-Konoha ukuze afumane uqeqesho kuJiraiya ukuze azilungiselele ixesha elizayo xa edibana noSasuke, ngelixa uSakura esiba ngumfundi kaTsunade.




#Article 372: Data breach (860 words)


Ukophulwa kwedatha () kukukhululwa ngabom okanye ngokungacwangciswanga kolwazi olukhuselekileyo okanye lwabucala / oluyimfihlo kwimeko engathembekanga. Eminye imiqathango yale nto ibandakanya ukuxelwa kolwazi olungenanjongo, ukuvuza kwedatha, ukuvuza kolwazi kunye nokuchitheka kwedatha. Iziganeko zisukela kuhlaselo oluhlanganisiweyo lweminqwazi emnyama, okanye abantu abathile abazenzela uhlobo oluthile lokuzizuzela, olunxulunyaniswa nolwaphulo-mthetho oluququzelelweyo, itshantliziyo lezopolitiko okanye oorhulumente belizwe ukuya kukungakhathali kwezixhobo zekhompyuter ezisetyenzisiweyo okanye imithombo yeendaba yokugcina imithombo yolwazi kunye nomthombo ongenakuphikiswa.

Ingcaciso: Ukophulwa kwedatha kukwaphula umthetho apho kukhutshelwa idatha ekhuselekileyo, ekhuselekileyo, ekhutshelweyo, ebonwayo, ebiweyo okanye esetyenziswa ngumntu ongagunyaziswanga ukwenza oko. okanye iinkcukacha zebhanki, iinkcukacha zempilo yakho (i-PHI), ulwazi oluchongiweyo lomntu (PII), iimfihlo zorhwebo zemibutho okanye iipropathi ezinengqondo. Inkoliso yolwaphulo-mthetho lwedatha lubandakanya ukuvezwa kakhulu kunye neenkcukacha ezingacwangciswanga ezibubuchwephesha - amaxwebhu, kunye nolwazi olubuthathaka. 

Ukophulwa kwedatha kunokuba yindleko enkulu kwimibutho eneendleko ezichanekileyo (ukulungiswa, uphando, njl.

Ngokombutho wabathengi ongajonganga nzuzo oCoca amalungelo endawo, ama-227,052,199 eerekhodi ezizezinye ezinolwazi lomntu zibandakanyeka kulwaphulo-mthetho e-United States phakathi kukaJanuwari 2005 noMeyi ka-2008, ngaphandle kweziganeko apho idatha ebuthathaka yayingakhange ivezwe. 

Imimandla emininzi idlulisile imithetho yokwaphula idatha, ifuna inkampani ebephantsi kolwaphulo lwedatha ukwazisa abathengi kwaye ithathe amanye amanyathelo okulungisa ukwenzakala okunokwenzeka.

Ukophulwa kwedatha  ngobusela okanye ukulahleka kwemidiya yedijithali enje ngeethephu zekhompyuter, iihard drive, okanye iikhompyuter zeelaptop ezinemithombo yolwazi apho kugcinwa olo lwazi lungabhalwanga, ukuthumela olo lwazi kwiwebhu ngokubanzi okanye kwikhompyuter efikelelekayo. ukusuka kwi-Intanethi ngaphandle kolwazi olufanelekileyo lokhuseleko, ukugqithisela olo lwazi kwinkqubo engavulekanga ngokupheleleyo kodwa engagunyaziswanga ngokufanelekileyo okanye ngokusesikweni yokhuseleko kwinqanaba elivunyiweyo, njenge-imeyile engabhalwanga, okanye ukudlulisela olo lwazi kulwazi Iinkqubo ze-arhente enobutshaba, enje ngenkampani ekhuphisanayo okanye ilizwe langaphandle, apho inokuthi ivezwe kubuchule obunamandla bokuchasana. 

I-ISO / IEC 27040 ichaza ukwaphulwa kwedatha njenge: ukulalanisa kukhuseleko olukhokelela kwintshabalalo ngengozi okanye ngokungekho mthethweni, ilahleko, utshintsho, ukuveza okungagunyaziswanga, okanye ukufikelela kwidatha ekhuselweyo ehanjisiweyo, egcinwe okanye eqhubekiswe ngenye indlela. 

Umbono wendalo ethembekileyo ulwelo oluthile. Ukuhamba komntu othembekileyo onokufikelela kulwazi olunobuzaza kunokuba kukwaphulwa kwedatha ukuba umsebenzi ugcina ukufikelela kwidatha emva kokupheliswa kobudlelwane bokuthenjwa. Kwiinkqubo ezisasaziweyo, oku kunokwenzeka nangokuqhekeka kwiwebhu yethemba. Umgangatho wedatha yenye yeendlela zokunciphisa umngcipheko wokophulwa kwedatha, ngokuyinxenye kuba ivumela umnini wedatha ukuba alinganise idatha ngokokubaluleka kwaye anike ukhuseleko olungcono kwidatha ebaluleke ngakumbi.

Uninzi lweziganeko ezinje zapapashwa kumajelo eendaba zibandakanya ulwazi oluyimfihlo lomntu ngamnye, o.k.t. iinombolo zokhuseleko loluntu. Ukulahleka kolwazi oluhlanganisiweyo olunjengeemfihlo zorhwebo, ulwazi olubuthathaka lwenkampani, kunye neenkcukacha zezivumelwano, okanye ulwazi lukarhulumente zihlala zingachazwa, kuba akukho sizathu sinyanzelisayo sokwenza oko kungabikho monakalo kubemi babucala, nakuluntu ngokubanzi umsitho unokuba ngowonakalisayo kunolahleko lwedatha ngokwayo. 

Abo basebenza ngaphakathi kwintlangano ngoyena nobangela wolwaphulo lwedatha. Uqikelelo lolwaphulo-mthetho olubangelwe ziimpazamo zomntu ngengozi ukusuka kwi-37% yiPonemon Institute ukuya kwi-14% yiVerizon 2013 yeNgxelo yoPhando loPhando. Udidi lwesoyikiso lwangaphandle lubandakanya abahlaseli, imibutho yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nabadlali abaxhaswe ngurhulumente. Imibutho yobungcali yabaphathi beempahla ze-IT basebenza ngokuqatha kunye neengcali ze-IT ukubafundisa ngezona ndlela zokunciphisa umngcipheko kuzo zombini izoyikiso zangaphakathi nangaphandle kwiiasethi ze-IT, isoftware kunye nolwazi. Ngelixa uthintelo lokhuseleko lunokuphambukisa ipesenti ephezulu yemizamo, ekugqibeleni umhlaseli okhuthazayo unokufumana indlela kuyo nayiphi na inethiwekhi. Esinye sezicatshulwa ezili-10 eziphezulu ezivela kwi-CEO yeCisco uJohn Chambers sithi, Zimbini iintlobo zeenkampani: ezo ziye zaqhekezwa, kwaye ezo zingazaziyo ukuba ziqhekeziwe. Ummeli okhethekileyo we-FBI weCyber ​​Special Operations uLeo Taddeo walumkisa kumabonakude waseBloomberg, Uluvo lokuba ungayikhusela iperimeter yakho iyawa ecaleni kwendlela kwaye ubhaqo ngoku lubalulekile.

Inqaku eliphambili: Ukophula idatha yonyango

Abanye abantu abadumileyo bazifumene bengamaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho olungafanelekanga lokufikelela, nangona kunjalo ngokukodwa, hayi inxenye yolwaphulo olukhulu. Ngenxa yoluhlu lokophulwa kwedatha yezonyango kunye nokunqongophala koluntu, amanye amazwe amisele imithetho efuna ukuba kubekwe ukukhusela nokukhusela ulwazi oluyimfihlo njengoko kwabelwana ngalo ngombane kunye nokunika abaguli amalungelo athile abalulekileyo okujonga iirekhodi zonyango kwaye zifumana isaziso selahleko kunye nokufunyanwa okungagunyaziswanga kolwazi lwezempilo. I-United States kunye ne-EU inyanzelise ukwaphulwa kwedatha yezonyango. Ukwaphulwa kwengxelo yolwazi ngezonyango kuya kusiba yinto eqhelekileyo eMelika.

Nangona izehlo ezinje zibeka umngcipheko wobusela okanye ezinye iziphumo ezibi, kwiimeko ezininzi akukho monakalo uhlala uhleli; nokuba ukwaphulwa kwezokhuseleko kuyalungiswa ngaphambi kokuba ulwazi lufikelelwe ngabantu abangathembekanga, okanye isela linomdla kuphela kwizixhobo ezibiweyo, hayi idatha equlethwe kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, xa ezo ziganeko zaziwa esidlangalaleni, kulisiko ukuba umntu owonileyo azame ukunciphisa umonakalo ngokunikezela ngobhaliso lwexhoba kwiarhente yokunika ingxelo ngetyala, umzekelo, amakhadi amatyala amatsha, okanye ezinye izixhobo. Kwimeko ekujoliswe kuko, ulwaphulo lwendleko luka-2013 Iithagethi yokwehla okubonakalayo kwenzuzo, ethi ijikeleze iipesenti ezingama-40 kwikota yesine yonyaka. Ekupheleni kuka-2015, ekujoliswe kuko kwapapashwa ingxelo ebanga ilahleko iyonke yeedola ezingama-290 yezigidi kukophula idatha ehlawulwayo.

Ukwaphulwa kwe-Yahoo kuchazwe ngo-2016 kunokuba yenye yezona zibiza kakhulu namhlanje. Ingathoba ixabiso lokufunyanwa kwayo yiVerizon nge-1 yezigidigidi zeedola. I-Verizon kamva ikhuphe ukuphinda-thethana kwabo kwi-Yahoo bevuma ukwehlisa ixabiso lokugqibela ukusuka kwi- $ 4.8 ukuya kwi- $ 4.48 yezigidigidi. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwe-Intanethi lubiza iindleko zamandla kunye neenkampani eziluncedo ezixabisa i-12.8 yezigidi zeedola ngonyaka kwishishini elilahlekileyo nakwizixhobo ezonakalisiweyo ngokwe-DNV GL, iqumrhu lezatifikethi lamazwe aphesheya kunye noluntu oluhleliweyo olusekwe eNorway. Ukophulwa kwedatha kuxabisa imibutho yokhathalelo lwempilo i-6.2 yezigidigidi kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo (mhlawumbi ngo-2014 nango-2015), ngokophando lwePemon.

Kwezempilo, ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-25 zabantu baye babiwa ukhathalelo lwempilo, okukhokelela ekubeni kubiwe isazisi sabantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-6, kwaye iindleko zokuphuma epokothweni zamaxhoba ziphantse zangama- $ 56 ezigidi.

Kunzima ukufumana ulwazi malunga nelahleko ethe ngqo nengathanga ngqo ngenxa yokophula idatha. Indlela eqhelekileyo yokuvavanya ifuthe lokophuka kwedatha kukufunda indlela abasabela ngayo kwimakethi enjalo njengommeli weziphumo zoqoqosho. Oku kuqhutywa ngokusetyenziswa kwezifundo zomnyhadala, apho umlinganiso wefuthe loqoqosho lomsitho unokwakhiwa ngokusebenzisa amaxabiso okhuseleko aqatshelwe ngaphezulu kwexesha elincinci. Izifundo ezininzi ezo zifundo ziye zapapashwa ngeziphumo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya imisebenzi kaKannan, Rees, noSridhar (2007), Cavusoglu, Mishra, and Raghunathan (2004), Campbell, Gordon, Loeb, and Lei (2003) kunye no Schatz no IBashroush (2017).




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