


#Article 2: Hastings Kamuzu Banda (474 words)


Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1896 [?] - 25 Novembala 1997) 

Hastings Kamuzu Banda wakaŵa mlongozgi wakwamba wa chalo cha Malaŵi kwambira 1964 paka 1994.

Kamuzu Banda wakababika m’boma la Kasungu ku Malawi (ilo kale likachemekanga kuti British Central Africa) kwa a Mphonongo Banda na ŵawoli ŵaŵo a kupingamnyama ku Mtunthama mu Boma la Kasungu. Paka mwahuno dazi lake lenecho lobabika lilije kumanyikwa chifukwa chakuti kukaŵevya kulembeska kwa kubabika kwa ŵana nyengo izo.

Aŵo ŵakalemba vya moyo wakhe ŵa Phillip Short ŵakati a Banda ŵakwenela kuti ŵakababika mu chaka cha 1898. Nangawuli vili nthe, a Banda ŵakamanyikwa kuti ŵakabakika pa 14 Meyi 1906 ndipo ilo ndilo dazi ilo likulembeka chomene m'mabukhu. Chipepala chonena vya nyifwa yawo chikuti iwo Ŵakaŵa na vyaka 99, nangawuli ŵanyakhe ŵakuti 101. Palije umboni wenecho kweni.
Iwo ŵakatola zina la Chikhirisitu la Hastings pakubatizika mu mpingo wa Church of Scotland cha m’ma 1905.

Mu vyaka vyam'ma 1915-1916, a Banda ŵakafumako kwawo na kwenda na ŵa Hannock Msokera Phiri, a ‘malume’ ŵaŵo aŵo ŵakasambizga ku sukulu ya Livingstonia cha kufupi na kukaya kwawo kwa a Banda ndipo iwo ŵakayenda pasi kuluta ku Zimbabwe, dela la Hartley. Pati pajumpha chaka chimoza, a Banda ŵakayendaso pasi kuluta ku Johannesburg, charu cha South Africa. Iŵo ŵakagwila ntchito zopambana-pambana ku mgodi wa Witwatersrand kwa vyaka vinandiko. Mu 1925 ŵakaluta ku New York, mcharu cha America na ovwilo wa ŵaliska a W.T. Vernon ŵa mpingo wa African Methodist.

A Banda ŵakasambila ku sukulu ya sekondale ya Wilberforce Institute ku Ohio, ndipo ŵakamalizga masambilo ghawo mu 1928. Iwo ŵakalemba kukayamba sukulu ya u dokotala ku Indiana University ndipo kuti pajumpha telemu yanayi ŵakasintha nakukamalizga masambilo ku University of Chicago, uko ŵakamalizga na digiri yokhwaska vya mbiri mu 1931. Iŵo ŵakamala masambilo ghawo gha udokotala ku Meharry Medical College kweniso ku University of Edenburg, nakumala masambilo ghawo mu 1941. Pakati pa 1942 na 1945 a Banda ŵakagwilo ntchito nga dokotala ku Scotland na ku England.

Mu 1946, chifukwa cha amfumu a Mwase ŵa ku Kasungu aŵo a Banda ŵakakumana nawo ku England mu 1936, ndiposo chifukwa cha pempho la ŵa Malawi ŵanyakhe awo Ŵakaŵa na chidwi ku nkhani ya ndale, a Banda ŵakaimira chipani cha Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) ku Manchester. Kuyambira pa nyengo iyi, iwo ŵakawoneska chidwi chomene ku makani yokhwaska uko ŵakafuma ndipo ŵakapempha Congress yi kuti iŵapase ndalama na ovwilo ŵa ŵanthu ŵanyakhe ŵaku England iŵo ŵakavwila kuyowoya makani gha Nyasaland ku London. Iwo ŵakasuska ivyo a Roy Welensky aŵk ŵakadangilanga South Rhodesia, kuti ŵapange federeshoni ya charu cha Nyasaland, Northern na Southern Rhodesia icho iwo ŵakagomezga chingananga ufulu wa ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵa charu cha Nyasaland. “Chitaganya chopusacho’’(umo ŵaka yowoyela) chikapangika mu 1953. 
Vikatchuka mu 1951 kuti iwo ŵawelelaso ku Nyasaland kweni m’malo mwake ŵakaluta ku Gold Coast (Ghana). Iye wakaŵa wankhaza wakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene apo watola ulamuliro wa charu la Malawi.



#Article 3: Malawi/History of Northerners (184 words)


Mudauko wa baTumbuka

Bena Luhanga, Mkandawire na ba mitundu yinyakhe ndibo bene chalo cha Nkhamanga. Bina Gondwe mbalendo ku Nkhamanga, bakafumira ku Tanzania.

Mudauko wa ba Ngoni

Fuko la baNgoni likafumila ku mwela kwa . Banthu aba mbamoza na  ba ku  ndipo bakiza madela gha ku Malaŵi ku mayambiliro gha vyaka vya mu ma 1800. Ba Ngoni aba bakachimbila muwuso wa nkhaza wa fumu yabo ya maZulu, . Mukwenda kwabo bakazgolanga bazga banthu abo bakabasanganga mu nthowa ngati mbaKalanga abo bakabatola cha kumpoto kwa chalo cha  na kumanjiliro gha dazi gha chalo cha .

Mu Malaŵi, baNgoni bakukhala mu maboma gha Mzimba, Mchinji, Dowa na Ntcheu/Dedza. BaNgoni abo bakuyoboya chiNgoni lero mbachoko chomene chifukwa bali kutola viyowoyelo vya banthu awo bakabasanga mumalo yose ayo bakukhala. BaNgoni ba ku Mzimba bakuyoboya chiTumbuka nanga uli mumalo ghanyakhe ngati kwaMpherembe bachali kuyoboya chiNgoni. Chomene-chomene chiwoboyelo chili kusintha chifukwa cha kunjililana kwa zinthengwa pakati pa mitundu yinandi, kusazgirapo pa upusu pakuyowoya kwa viyowoyelo vinyakhe. BaNgoni ba ku Mchinji bakuyowoya chiCheŵa na ChiSenga ndipo ba Ku Ntcheu/Dedza nawo bakuyowoya chiCheŵa.

Mudauko wa BaTonga

Malo agha ghakulindizga imwe kuti mulembepo!




#Article 4: Malawi (848 words)


 

Malaŵi, mwanthunthu, Repabliki ya Malawi, ni charu ku manjililo gha dazi gha chirwa cha Afrika ndipo kale yikachemekanga Nyasaland apo yili pasi pa ŵangelezi. Malaŵi yina mphaka na Zambia, Tanzania na Mozambique. Malawi njikulu kujumpha 118,484 km2 ndipo yina ŵanthu 18,143,217 (mu Julayi 2018). Nyanja Malaŵi, yili chigaŵa chimoza mu vigaŵa vitatu vya malo ghose gha Malawi. Msumba ulula ni Lilongwe, mbwe Blantyre, mbwe Mzuzu mbwe Zomba ughu uli Msumba ulala wakale. Zina la Malawi likufuma ku Maravi, Zina lakale la ŵacheŵa kung'anamula kuti Moto, chifukwa apa ŵakasemanga visulo Moto ukabukanga.


Maunenesko agha ghakufuma ku CIA World Factbook kupatula apo vyayowoyeka. *

Malo gha Afrika agho sono ni Malaŵi kukiza ŵanthu wachi Bantu mvilimika vyachi mankhonde-khonde chachi nkhonde. Mvilimika mankhonde-khonde vati vyajumpha mu chilimika cha 1891 malogha ghakaphangika na ŵangelezi. Mu 1953 Malaŵi, iyo apo yikaŵa Nyasaland, malo ghakuvikililika na United Kingdom, yikazgoka yojilamula yekha pachoko mu mkolano wa Rhodesia na Nyasaland. Mkolano ughu ukasungunulika mu 1963. Mu 1964 uvikiliki wa Nyasaland ukamalizgika ndipo Nyasaland yikazgoka yojilamula yekha kwe pasi pa Karonga Elizabeth II na zina liphya la Malawi. Mbwe pati pajumpha vyaka viŵili ka zgoka ripabuliki, ufumu wa Elizabeth II pa Malawi kumalaso papo. Kufuma pakutola ufulu yika zgoka ya chipani chimoza pasi pa mlongozgi Hastings Kamuzu Banda uyu wakaŵa na nkhongono zose, kukhala pa ulongozgi mpaka 1994. Malawi sono yina Boma la udemoklase, yavipani vinandi na mlongozgi wosankhika na ŵanthu, iyo sono ni Lazarus Chakwera.
Chalochi china wupu la ŵasilikali ŵapamtunda, m'maji na mlengalenga. Malawi yili mu ma wupu gha vyalo vingapo nthe United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, Southern African Development Community (SADC), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), na African Union (AU).

Malawi njimoza ya vyalu vikavu nkhanira pa charu. Chuma chakhe chugomezga chomene ulimi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi mbakukala m'mikaya aŵo ŵakwandana chomene. Boma la Malawi lugomezga nkhanira ovwili wavyalu vyakuwalo.

Ku Malawi Kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluwala HIV na AIDS. Kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufumapo ku Ulaya na ku Asia.

Pambeli ku malo agho sono ni Malawi kundize ŵa Bantu kukaŵa ŵa Kafula kweni ŵa Bantu ŵakamba kwiza mchilimika cha chi khumi kufuma ku mpoto kwa Afrika.
ŵakalutilila ku m'mwela kwe ŵanyakhe ŵakakhala na kwamba ufumu wa Maravi na ŵa nkhamanga.

Pati pajumpha 1600, maravi yikaŵa na Fumu yimoza kwe mu 1700, Ŵakagaŵanika. ŴaArab ŵakamba kugula ŵazga m'Malaŵi chomene nkhanira m'ma 1800s, pafupi ŵanthu 20,000 ŵakibika kufuma ku Nkhotakota kuluta nawo ku Kilwa kukaguliskika.

Mu 1889, uvikili wa Britain ukaŵikika pa mapiri ya Shire, iyo mu 1891 yikasazgika kukwana Malaŵi yose wa mwahuno nga British Central Africa Protectorate. Mu 1907, uvili uwu ukazachemeka Nyasaland.

Mu 1944, Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) yopangika na ŵina Afrika ŵamu Nyasaland kuti yituske kunthazi makhumbo gha ŵina Malawi kwa Boma la ŵazungu. Nyasaland yikazaŵikika ku federeshoni yochemeka Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, kweniso Central African Federation ŵanthu ŵotinkha boma la ŵazungu ŵakakula ndipo NAC yikakula ŵolondezga. Mmoza wa ŵotinkha bola la ŵazungu akaŵa Dr. Hastings Banda, uyu akaŵa doktala ŵosambizgika kuwalo wakachemeka ku kaya ku Nyasaland mu 1958 kuti wavwile kulimbana na Boma la ŵazungu. Banda wakasankhika kuŵa president wa NAC. Ndipo wakakakika. Ŵakamuluka mu 1960 nakufumbika kuti walembe Dango la Nyasaland.

Mu 1961, Malawi Congress Party (MCP) ya Banda yikapambana mvisankho ndipo Banda wakazgo Phungu Yilala mu 1963. Federation yikamala mu 1963, ndipo pa 6 July 1964, Nyasaland yikasanga ufulu kwa ŵina Britain nakujichema Malawi.
Na Dango liphya, Malawi yikazgoka ripabuliki na Banda nga Mlongozgi-charu.

Dango ilo likazgola Malawi la chipani chimoza icho chikaŵa MCP. Mu 1971, ŵakati Banda ni mlongozgi wa Moyo. Kwa pafupi vyaka 30, Banda wakalamulila nthenda. Vipani vyosuska nthe ya Malawi Freedom Movement ya Orton Chirwa na Socialist League of Malawi, yakapangika na aŵo ŵakatchimbizgika mu Malawi.

Banda wakazomela referendamu mu 1993 apo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵawukila boma ndipo ŵanthu ŵakavotela kuti Malawi yiŵe demoklase ya vipani vinandi. Mu 1993, ulongozgi wa Moyo ukakanika ndipo dango liphya likapangika. Mu 1994 mu visankho viphya, Banda wakaluskika na Bakili Muluzi uyu wakasankhikaso mu visola vya mu 1999, Ntheura wakakhara mlongozgi paka 2004, apo Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika wakasoleka na kuzasolekaso mu 2009.

Iye wakatinkhika na ŵanandi, chomene mu ulendo wakhe wachiŵiri nga mlongozgi apo ŵanthu ŵakachi viwoneskelo ivo ŵanthu 18 ŵakakomeka na ŵapolisi ndipo ŵanthu 44 ŵakapwetekeka.

Mu April 2012, Mutharika wakafwa na nthenda ya ntima; ndipo mlongozgi wakazgoka uyu wakaŵa mlongozgi wachiŵiri pasi pa Mutharika Joyce Banda.

Mu 2014 Joyce Banda wakatondeka visankho (kuŵa wachitatu) na kupokeleleka na peter Mutharika munung'una wa Bingu wa Mutharika nga mlongozgi.

Mu visankho vya 2019 wakapambana Peter Mutharika nanangawuli mphara ya milandu ghokhwaska Dango yikagamula kuti chisankho chikibika na chipani cha Peter Mutharika (icho ni Democratic Progressive Party) pamoza na wupu la Visola Ntheura visankho vizamuchitikaso pa 2 julayi 2020 apo chisankho cha 2019 chakomeka.




#Article 5: Mdauko wa chalo cha Malaŵi (925 words)


Viwangwa vya ŵanthu awo bakafwa kale chomene vyaka million yimoza (1 million) na viyabiro vyawo vya malibwe vili kusangikako mu Malaŵi. Ndipo m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya  mukuwoneka kuti mukakhalanga banthu vyaka pakati pa vikhwi makhumi yankhonde na vikhwi makhumi yankhondi na chimoza (50,000 to 60,000). Ndiposo viwangwa vya pamalo ghanyakhe vikuwoneska makhaliro gha banthu ngati banthu bakumafumiro ghazuba kwa Africa. Malo ghanyakheso ghakuwoneska viwangwa ivyo vikuwoneska banthu bakukozgana na banthu bamazuba ghano na bakukhala muthondo ivyo vikulongola kuti bakakhalanga malo agho mu vyaka vya muma 1500  wandaweko.

 ndiwo bakaba bakwamba kufika ku Malaŵi muvyaka vwa mu vikhwi makhumi ghankhondi na chimoza (16th century). Kweni Bazungu bakwamba bakaba wati wiza sing’anga  m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya Malaŵi mu chaka cha . Kufuma apo, bazungu abo bakaba batebeti ba  baku  bakayamba mipingo ku Malaŵi. Banthu aba chinthu chimoza icho bakatemwa chomene kukaba kumalizga malonda gha buzga ku Malaŵi. Ndipo m'chaka cha  bazungu banandi, banandi ba iwo bakufuma ku  ku Scotland bakapanga bungwe la African Lakes kuti liguliskenge malonda ku batebeti ba Chiuta abo. Ndipo batebeti banyakhe, pamo na vibinda na balimi nawo bakayamba kuluta ku Malaŵi.

Mu chaka cha  myimiliri wa boma la  wakasoleka kuba yumoza wa balongozgi ba  ndipo mu chaka cha  Malaŵi, nyengo iyo wali kuchemeka Nyasaland, wakavumbatirika na baNgelezi kuba pa muwuso wawo (British Protectorate). Mu chaka cha  John Chilembwe uyo wakatoleka kuluta ku  na mliska  wakayezga kulimbana nawo baNgerezi aba awo bakachemekanga basamunda (colonialists) kweni chivundungwere chake chikachitapo chilichose yayi, ndipo bakamkoma.

Mu chaka cha  banthu ngati ba  bakayamba kabungwe ako bakakachema  na fundo yakususka ivyo baNgelezi bakachitiranga banthu ba mu Nyasaland. Mu  basamunda bakati basazga vyalo vya Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia (sono ) na Southern Rhodesia (sono ), , banthu bakachikana chisazga ichi, ndipo bakalutizga chomene kugalukira. Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda wakati wafika ku Nyasaland pa  mu chaka cha , wakakwezga nkhongono za chigaluka ndipo mu  bakamukaka nakumtuma ku Gweru, ku Rhodesia wa ku mwera.  Mu  bakamfumiska ku ukayidi kuti wakabepo pa ungano wakudumbiskana malango ku .

Mu mwezi wachinayi pa dazi la chikhumi na chinkhondi mu  chipani cha Malaŵi Congress (MCP) chikawina mu visankho vya Nyumba ya Malango (Legislative Council) ndipo chikaba na nkhongono mu bumba wakulamulira (Executive Council) ndipo chikayamba kunozgekera mubusu wa Nyasaland. Pa ungano wachibiri wakudumbiskana malango mu mwezi wachikhumi na chimoza (November) mu  baNgerezi bakazomela kuti banthu ba ku Nyasaland babe wakujiwusa bekha chaka chikwiza chake ndipo pa dazi lakwamba la mwezi wachibiri (1 February) wa  Kamuzu wakaba nduna yikulu ya Nyasaland. Mu mwezi wachinkhondi (May) malango ghaphya ghakayamba kugwira ntchito nakupa banthu ba ku Nyasaland kujiwusa bekha ndipo mu mwezi waumaliro wa 1963 pa dazi lawumaliro (31 December) Chisazga cha ma Rhodesia na Nyasaland chikamala. Mbwenu pa dazi la chinkhondi na chimoza la mwezi wa chinkhondi na chibiri (6 July) mu chaka cha  Nyasaland wakapokera wanangwa wakujiwusa yekha ndipo pakati pajumpha vyaka vibiri (6 July 1966) bakaba malango gha ulongozgi wa iyo payekha-yekha (republican constitution) ndipo Kamuzu wakaba mulongozgi wake. Mu  mukaba chivundungwere (cabinet crisis) mu mphala ya mlongozgi (cabinet) chifukwa banyakhe ngati bina Kanyama Chiume, Yatuta Chisiza, Henry Chipembere na banyakhe bakatemwa umo Kamuzu wakawusilanga yayi.  Banyakhe bakakomekapo ndipo, banyakheso ngati Kanyama Chiume bakachimbira.

Mu  Kamuzu wakakhala mlongozgi wa umoyo wake wose wa chipani cha Malaŵi Congress (MCP) ndipo mu  bakamupanga kuti wabe mulongozgi wa Malaŵi umoyo wake wose.

BaMalaŵi bakatemwa chomene ulongozgi wa Kamuzu, chomene-chomene kuleka kuzomela kususkika kwake ndipo kuyambiliro ya vyaka vya mu ma 1990 balongozgi ba mpingo wa baRoma  bakalemba kalata yakususka ulongozgi wa nthena ndipo banthu bakayamba kuyowoya. Munthu m’moza uyo wakayowoyapo chomene wakaba Chakufwa Chihana uyo wakayowoyapo chomene apo wakaba kuwalo kwa Malaŵi ndipo wati wawelera ku Malaŵi bakamkaka.

Vyalo ivo vikuvwira Malaŵi na ndalama navyo vukakondwa yayi na ulongozgi wa Kamuzu ndipo vikamchichimizga kuti waleke banthu bayowoyenge. Mu  Kamuzu wakazomelezga kuti banthu bayambe kuyowoya vyakusingo kwawo ndipo banthu bakapanga tumagulu twakudumba na boma (Pressure Groups) tubiri; kakwamba ka Alliance for Democracy (AFORD) ndipo kanyakhe ka United Democratic Front (UDF) nako kakapangika. Tumagulu utu tukachichizga Kamuzu kuti wazomele kuti banthu basankhe bekha naumo balongozgekerenge (referendum) pakati pa chipani chimoza na vipani vinandi ndipo Kamuzu wakazomela kuti vibe nthena. Pa chisankho ichi mu mwezi wachikhondi na chimoza pa dazi la chikhumi na chinayi banthu bakasankha kuti mu Malaŵi mube vipani vinandi ndipo tumagulu uto tukazgoka vipani.

Mu mwezi wachinkhondi mu  chisankho chikachitika ndipo chipani cha UDF na mlongozgi wake bakawina. Bakili Muluzi bakaba mlongozgi wachibiri wa Malaŵi. Muluzi wakasintha malango yanandi, yanyakhe yake kuti pabe muvwiri-mlongozgi wachibiri (second vice-president) nakuzomelezgaso kuti banthu awo balikukakikapo bazomelezgeke kuba balongozgi (kwakuyana na malango ayo yakayamba kugwira ntchito pa 17 May 1994 munthu wanthena uyo wakazomelezgakanga yayi ndipo pakuti Muluzi wakakakikapo chifukwa cha kwiba mapaundi yankhondi na yimoza (£6) nthena wakatondeka kuzakayezgaposo kuti banthu bamsanke ulongozgi).

Pa chisankho cha mu  Muluzi wakawinaso nanga uli banyakhe bakuti wakawina mwakwiba.

Pa nyengo iyi chalo mu cha Malaŵi ukavu wukakula chifukwa chakwiba ndalama za boma na kuleka kwendeska makola ndalama. Kukabaso kutemwerana na kupokela vimbundi (kuhonga).

Wati watondeka kuti bimiliri ba m’mphala ya malango basazgirepo vyaka vyakuti Muluzi wabe mulongozgi wakasankha Bingu wa Mutharika kuti wabe myimiliri wa chipani cha UDF ndipo pa chisankho cha mu  wa Mutharika wakawina nanga uli wunenesko wa chisankho ichi wukumanyikwa makola yayi chifukwa kwiba kukaba kunandi ndipo vipani vyose, kupatulako cha UDF, vikati bendeski ba chisankho (electoral commission) bakendeska makola yayi chisankho ichi. Batumiki ba wupu wa  nawo bakayowoya nthena.

Bingu wa Mutharika wati waba mlongozgi banthu wanandi wakakondwera nayo – banandi bakuti wakuwusa makola ndiposo wayezga kumazga vimbundi, kwiba ndalama za boma nakuti banthu awo bakughanaghanika kuti bakibanga bayamba kubatolera ku khoti.




#Article 6: AIDS (297 words)


Matenda yambula kuchiliskika ya  yakwambika na kanthu kamoyo kadoko chomene kakuti tingakawona na maso yithu pela kwambula wovwiri wa mashini, (masenga ya bazungu) yayi ako pa chiNgelezi bakukachema kuti vayirasi , panji titi ka jeremusi, ilo zina lake mu chiTumbuka tingati ni ‘kam’pangiski ka urwali uwo wukupangiska thupi la munthu kuti litondeke kurwa na matenda’ ndipo mu chiNgelezi bakukachema ‘Human Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome, pakufupikizga, .
Ka jeremusi aka kakuchimbizgika panji kukomeka mu thupi la munthu yayi chifukwa nkhachenjezi chomene ndipo kakusintha-sintha mwakuti mankhwala yakutondeka kukapanizizga makola kuti yakakome.

Matenda aya yakumala, chomene chomene banthu ba vyaka vyakugwira ntchito kufuma vyaka makhumi yabiri kufika makhumi yankhondi (20 to 50) ndipo ngakuti ise tose tivwilane kuti tiyatonde. Matenda aya yakutikhwaska tose. Tiyeni tose tibe barwi bakulimbana nayo.

Pakuti mbadoko bakuti bakutolera matenda aya mu masingano, vimeto na nthowa zinyake izo zingapangiska kuti vya maji-maji (body fluids) vya munthu uyo wali na kajeremusi aka vinjile mu thupi la munthu munyake, nthowa yakugomezgeka chomene, yakujumpha zinyake zose ni yakujikola – keleka kugonana (kugundana) na mwanalume panji mwanakazi waliyose mpaka nthengwa yiweme. Pambele mundatolane munthu uyo mwatemwana, mose mulute kuchipatala kuti bakamuyezgeni kuti mose muli makola. Pala kakwamba mose muli makola, mose muzizipizge ndipo muluteso kuti bakamuyazgeniso pala pajumpha myezi yitatu. Pala mose muchali makola ndiko kuti pala mose mwababiri mundapange ulebi pawevyenge suzgo lililose.

Munthu wakuti wali na kajeremusi ka HIV bakumanyikwa yayi. Wangaba wakututuba, wakuyonda, musambazgi, mukavu, mliska, msambizgi, mlimi, dokotala (doctor), na waliyoske.
Banthu barwali na AIDS bachali banyithu na babali bithu, tibatemwe na kubavwira bakasankha yayi kuti barwale, nase tingazakarwala ndipo tizamuwonga na kukondwa pala banyithu bakuleka kutichimbila.

Kuchimbilira kuyezga mwanalume panji mwanakazi yayi, nyengo yinu yizenge yakuti imwe na uyo mwatolana nayo mu chitemwa muzampulika kunowa kwa kugundana, ntheula, jipwelelereni – chalo chinu chikumukhumbani – jisungeni mwabana bakwithu!




#Article 7: Uko chili chalo cha Malaŵi (1215 words)


Malaŵi ni chalo icho chilli kumafumilo ya zuba chakumwelako kwa chalo chikulu chakuti chili na vyalo vinyakhe (continent) cha . Chalo cha Malaŵi chilli kuzingirizgika na vyalo vya  icho chili na mphaka na Malaŵi yakukwana ma kilometre 475 ku kumafumilo ya zuba cha ku mpoto, chalo cha  kumanjiliro ya zuba cha kumpoto chili na mphaka ya ma kilometre 837, ndipo chalo cha  kumafumilo na kumanjiliro ya zuba chakumwela chili na mphaka na Malaŵi yakukwana ma kilometre 1,569, kukwaniska mphaka yose ya Malaŵi kuti yikwane ma kilometre 2,881. Indange ilawana eryelo hensili.

Malaŵi wali na vigaba vitatu: cha ku mpoto, chapakati na chakumwela.

Ku mpoto kuli maboma yankhondi na limoza ayo, kufumila kumpoto kukhilanga, ni Chitipa, Karonga, Rumphi, Mzimba, Nkhata-Bay na Likoma. Likoma ni boma ilo likupangika pakusazga tuvilumba twa Likoma na Chizumulo uto tuli mu nyanja ya Malaŵi, kumafumilo ya zuba ya Nkhata-Bay. Tuvilumba utu tuli kufupi na Moçambique kuluska na Malaŵi. Banthu banyakhe bakughana-ghana kuti boma la Likoma likapangikila vifukwa vya ndyale chifukwa banthu awo bakukhala uku mbanandi vibi yayi.
Boma la Mzimba ndilo ndikulu chomene kumpoto na mu Malaŵi mose. Msumba wa Mzuzu wuli mu Mzimba ndipo ndiko kuli malo yakusambilirako yapachanya ayo yakuchemeka Mzuzu University. Ku Mzuzu kukukhala banthu cha mu ma 125,000. Kumpoto kose kukughana-ghanika kuti kuli banthu bakukwana 1.4 million ndipo ndicho chigaba chambula kutukuka chomene ku Malaŵi. Kulije kwakudeka (chibanja) ndege zikulu ndiposo kulijeso sitima ya pa mtunda (njanji). Boma la Chitipa ni boma lekha mu Malaŵi lakuti kulije msewu waphula (tarmac). Mu Mzimba muliso thengere lakuchita kupandika na munthu la Viphya ilo likuba ngeti ni thengere likulu chomene pa mathengere yose yakupandika na banthu mu Africa mose.
Ku Rumphi kuli malo yakupangila magesi kufuma kumaji (hydroelectric power station) pamalo yakuchemeka Wovwe.

Pakati pali maboma yankhondi na yanayi ayo, kwambira ya ku mpoto, ni Kasungu (uko kukaba kwawo kwa a chipondi Dr. H Kamuzu Banda, Nkhota-Kota, Ntchisi, Salima, Dowa, Mchinji, Lilongwe, Dedza (kwawo kwa John Tembo) na Ntcheu.
Lilongwe ndiwo msumba wukulu wa boma mu Malaŵi (capital city). Kuli chibanja chikulu cha Kamuzu International Airport, mphala ya malango, chipatala chikulu na vinthu vinandi vyakwenelera kuba mu msumba wukulu. Lilongwe wali pamalo pa katondo ntheula vyuvyu ni suzgo chomene mumalo yanandi ya msumba uwu. University 
ya Malaŵi yili na vigaba vibiri mu Lilongwe, koleji (college) ya vya ulimi ya Bunda na koleji ya unesi (nursing) ya Kamuzu. Msumba uwu wukasankhika chifukwa chakuti wuli pakati pa chalo cha Malaŵi ntheula nkhupusu na kufupiko kuluta kulikose m’Malaŵi kufuma ku Lilongwe kuluskana na ku Zomba, uwo wukaba msumba wukulu mpaka mu chaka cha 1975. Boma la Lilongwe ndilo lili na banthu banandi chomene pa maboma yose mu Malaŵi – muli banthu pafupi-fupi 1.6 million – Lilongwe payekha wali na banthu bakujumpha chigaba cha kumpoto chose. Banthu bakukhala mu chigaba ichi bakughanaghanika kuti bali 4.8 million.

Chigaba chakumwela ndicho chigaba chakutukuka chomene m’Malaŵi chigaba ichi chilli na maboma khumi na yabiri ayo ni Mangochi, Balaka (boma liphya ilo banyakhe bakuti likapangikira vifukwa vya ndyale), Machinga (uko nkhwawo kwa uyo wakaba mlongozgi wachibiri wa Malaŵi,  ), Zomba, Mwanza, Blantyre, Phalombe (boma liphya linyake), Chiradzulu, Mulanje, Thyolo, Chikwawa na Nsanje (kwawo kwa Gwanda Chakwamba). Apa, ndiko kuti maboma yose mu Malaŵi yalipo makhumi yabiri kusazgirapo yankhondi na yabiri
Blantyre ndiwo msumba wukulu chomene m’Malaŵi kwakuyana na unandi wa banthu awo bakukhala mu msumba uwu. Zina la Blantyre likafumila uko mtebeti wa  wakufuma ku ,  wakawila. Ku Blantyre ndiko kuli malo yakulu (headquarters) ya ma kampani yanandi mu Malaŵi. Ndiko nkhu msumba ukulu wa vyamalonda (commercial capital). Mu Blantyre imo muli koleji ya ung’anga (medicine), ya bakumanya kwendeska ndalama za ma kampani na boma (accountancy) na ya maluso (engineering) na vinyake iyo yikuchemeka Polytechnic.
Nyumba yakukhalamo mlongozgi ya Sanjika yili ku Blantyre ndipo nako kuli chibanja chikulu cha Chileka, chipatala chikulu cha  ya . Ndiwo msumba wekha m’Malaŵi uwo wuli na kwakusunga vinyama (zoo) na kwakusunga vinthu vyakale (museum).
Malo yakupanga magesi kufuma ku maji ya Nkula, Tedzani na Kapichira yali mu maboma ya Blantyre na Chikwawa. Malo aya ndiyo yakupanga magesi yanandi chomene mu Malaŵi, ku Wovwe kukupangika magesi yadoko waka.
Ku Mulanje kuli phiri ilo nditali chomene ku Malaŵi ndipo nditali na ma metre 3002 pachanya pa level ya maji mu nyanja zikulu chomene (sea level).
Boma la Balaka likaba mu Machinga bachali bandalipatule. Chigaba ichi ndicho chilli na banthu banandi chomene mu Malaŵi awo bakughanaghanika kuti bakukwana 5.5 million.

Banthu wose bakukhala mu Malaŵi bali pafupi-fupi 12 million.

Chalo cha Malaŵi chikugomezga ulimi pa nkhani za chuma (ndalama) . Ni chalo ichi chilije migodi yeneko yakuti yikujima na yikuguliska vinthu vya mtengo wapachanya. Mbewu iyo yikulimika chomene mu chalo ichi pa chifukwa cha malonda (cash crop) ni hona. Hona ndilo likulimika chomene ndipo chifukwa cha nkhani ya umo umoyo wa banthu wukukhwaskikira mwa uheni chifukwa cha kukhweba hona sono Malaŵi wayamba kuyezga kulima mbewu zinyakhe ngeti sabola uyo wakuchemeka paprika. Mbewu zinyakhe izi zikulimika ku Malaŵi ni tiyi (tea), thonje, khofi (coffee) na zinyakhe ngeti ni skaba za m’makuni zakuchemeka skaba za macadamia na cashew. Ndipo mbewu izo zikulyeka kweniso zikuguliskika ni ngoma, ntchunga, skaba, mpunga na zinyakhe.

Chakulya ichi chikulyeka chomene mu Malaŵi ni sima (mu vigaba vinyake yikuchemeka nsima). Sima iyi yikuphikika na ufu wa ngoma, kweni mu ma boma yanyakhe ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja ufu wa vikhawu ndiwo bakuphikira sima. Madende yanandi yakulyeka ku Malawi ngeti ni nyama, ntchunga, delele, somba, mphangwe na yanyakhe.
BaMalaŵi mbanthu bakutemwaso twakumwa-kumwa ndipo myoba ya masese na kachasu yikumweka chomene mu mizi apo myoba ya Chibuku, Napolo (iyo yikuyana na moba wa masese) na Carlsberg.

Mu Malaŵi muli viyowoyelo vinandi. Mwaivi, vyakuyowoyeka chomene ni , , Chiyawo, Chisena, Chilomwe, Chitonga, Chingonde na Chilambya. Chingoni chikuyowoyekako pachoko ku Mpherembe mu boma la Mzimba. Ku mpoto banthu banandi bakuyowoya chiTumbuka, chomene-chomene mu maboma ya Rumphi, Mzimba na kumpoto kwa Kasungu. chiTumbuka chikupambana kwakuyana na uko banthu bakukhala. Ku Rumphi kuli tumitundu (dialects) twa chiTumbuka tunandi ngeti chiPhoka, chiNkhamanga, chiHenga na vinyakhe. Viyowoyelo ivi nvimoza kuti waka nyengo yinyakhe mayowoyelo yakupambana pachoko.
Chicheŵa chikuyowoyeka chomene m’chigaba chapakati umo m’maboma yose chikuyowoyeka., nangauli ku Nkhota-Kota Chitonga nacho chikuyowoyekako.
Chiyawo chikuyowoyeka ku Mangochi, Machinga, Zomba, Chiradzulu na m’mizi ya ku Blantyre. Chilomwe ntcha ku Mulanje na ku Thyolo apo Chisena ntcha ku Chikwawa na ku Nsanje.
Chilambya bakuyowoya ku Chitipa, Chingonde ku Karonga ndipo Chitonga ku Nkhata-bay na ku Nkhota-Kota.
Mitundu ya ku Malaŵi ni iyi: ba Lambya, Ngonde, Tumbuka, Tonga, Ngoni, Cheŵa, Yawo, Lomwe na ba Sena. Mitundu yinyakhe yili kulyekeka mu mitundu yikulu-yikulu ngeti ba Kalanga awo sono bakuyikika mumoza na ba Ngoni.

Mu Malaŵi muli malo yakuvikilirika ya vinyama (game reserves and national parks) yanandi. Ku mpoto kuli Nyika National Park uko kukusangika babulu (zebra) na nyama zinyakhe na Vwaza Game Reserve uko kuli tuyuni na nyama zinyakhe.

Pakati pali Kasungu National Park uko kuli zovu na nkhalamu na vinyama vinyakhe na Nkhota-Kota Game Reserve uko nako kuli zovu na vinyakhe.

Kumwela kuli Lake Malaŵi National Park ya zovu, chipembere, somba na vinyama vinyakhe vya m’maji; Liwonde National Park na Lengwe Game Reserve uko kuli chipembere chapamtunda (rhinoceros).

Vinyama vinyakhe ivo vikusangika mu Malaŵi ni ivi: njati; nyalubwe; munkhwele; ngulube; njoka ngeti ni nkhomi, chipili, chikho, mulinga na zinyakhe; kalulu; fulu, chimbwe; nyiska; tuyuni twa mitundu-mitundu ngeti ni chaholi, kabelubelu, phululu, chibabi, bwabwalala, kataba, kakowa na tunyakhe.




#Article 8: ChiTumbuka (287 words)


Chitumbuka ni chiyowoyelo chachi banthu choyowoyeka ku mpoto kwa Malaŵi na mu Boma la Lundazi ku manjililo gha dazi gha Zambia.

Chitumbuka chili m'magaŵa la viyowoyelo limoza na na Chicheŵa na chiSena (lochemeka Guthrie Zone N)

Ŵakaswili ŵa viyowoyelo ŵa World Almanac mu 1998 ŵakati ŵo yowoya Chitumbuka Ŵalipo 2,000,000 kwe ŵanyakhe ŵakuti figala iyi njokhililapo. 

Ŵanandi ŵoyowoya chiTumbuka ŵakukhala ku Malawi mbwe Zambia.
Chiyowoyelo ichi chikuyowoyeka na banthu bakuti mba Tumbuka pela yayi chifukwa mitundu yinyakhe ngeti mbaNgoni ba ku Mzimba mu Malaŵi bakuyowoyaso chiTumbuka.

Ŵanandi Ŵoyowoya Chitumbuka mba Tumbuka iŵo ŵene ŵamu Malaŵi na ŵadoko ŵamu Zambia. Kweni mafuko nthe ŵaTonga, ŵaNgonde na ŵaNgoni naŵo ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka.
Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumpoto kwa Malaŵi ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyelo ichi.

Pali kupambana kuchoko pakati pa Chitumbuka cha ku misumba na icho cha Kukaya. Icho chikutoleka nga Chitumbuka Chenecho ni icho cha ku Boma la Rumphi.

Chitumbuka chikasuzgika pa ulamuliro wa Kamuzu, uyo kwambila 1968 wakapanga kuti chichewa chiŵe chiyowoyelo chekha chozomelezgeka cha m'Malaŵi ntheula Chitumbuka chikaleka kusambizgika m'Masuku, mawailesi yakaleka Chitumbuka ndiposo ŵa makani ya pa pepala ŵakaleka makani ya mu Chitumbuka.

Kwati kwiza demoklase ya ŵanthu bweka na vipani vinandi, Chitumbuka chikawelelako pachoko pa wailesi kwe mabuku yolembeka mu m'Chitumbuka yachali yachoko.

Pala nthowa ziŵili zolembera Chitumbuka: mwachikaya (nthe mu makani gha pa pepala gha Fuko), umu mazgu nga 'banthu' na 'chaka' ŵakulembeka na 'b' na 'ch', na Malembelo ghozomelezgeka (nthe mu mung'anamuska mazgu wa Citumbuka na mu Mazgu gha Chiuta), umo vikulembeka na 'ŵ' na 'c', Ntheura: ŵanthu na caka. Nyengo zinyake polemba 'r' na polemba 'l', nthe cakulya panji cakurya pakumanyikwa makola chara.

'sk' na 'sy' (nthe miskombe na misyombe) naŵo ŵangasinthiskana

Mavawelo gha Chitumbuka ni agha: a e i o u

Ma konsonanti gha chiTumbuka ghali nthe gha chicheŵa kupambana waka pachoko.




#Article 9: Bingu wa Mutharika (701 words)


Bingu wa Mutharika, uyu pakubabika wakaŵa na zina la Brightson Ryson Webster Thom mu mwezi wachibili pa zuba la makhumi yabili na yanayi () mu chaka cha . Mutharika kwawo ni mu boma la Thyolo ilo lili pafupi-fupi ma kilomita makhumi yatatu (30) kufuma mu msumba wa . Awiske ba Bingu bakaba basambizgi ba sukulu yakudanga (primary school). Wati wamalizga masambilo mu Malawi wakaluta na kukapanga masambilo gha ukhwantha ku Delhi (University of Delhi) ku chalo cha . Uku, Mutharika wakawukako na masambilo ayo pa chingelezi bakuti Masters Degree mu vyakukhwaskana na vyuma ().
Wati wamala masambilo ayo, wakapangaso masambilo yapachanya chomene (Doctorate Degree) ku sukulu ya  ku , mu chalo cha .

Mutharika wakagwilapo ntchito mu boma mu vyalo vya Malaŵi na  ndipo mu chaka cha  Mutharika wakanjila ntchito ku  uko wakakwela kufika pa kuba mulala wa nkhani ya chuma cha malonda na chitukuko (Director of Trade and Development Finance) mu . Mu chaka cha  Mutharika wakalembeka ntchito kuba mulala wa wupu wa vya malonda wa vyalo vya ku mafumilo ya zuba na ku mwela kwa Africa (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa), COMESA.

Ku Malaŵi kwati kwayamba boma la vipani vinandi mu chaka cha , Mutharika wakaba mumoza mwa banthu awo bakayamba chipani cha  (UDF) ndipo wakati wawona kuti wakupulikana yayi na wendeskelo wa Bakili Muluzi pa nkhani ya chuma cha Malaŵi, Mutharika wakayamba chipani chake chakuchemeka United Party mu chaka cha . Mu  Mutharika wakayezga kuyima pa chisankho cha mulongozgi wa Malaŵi kweni wakatondeka.

Bati bamuchimbizga ntchito ku COMESA, Mutharika wakagwilapo ntchito ngeti ni wachibili kwa mulala wa banki yikulu ya Malaŵi (Reserve Bank of Malaŵi) ndipo mu  wakasoleka kuba nduna ya kunozga vya chuma na chitukuko (Economic Planning and Development).

Mu chaka cha  Mutharika wakasoleka na Bakili Muluzi kuti wabe muyimilili wa chipani cha United Democratic Front (UDF) pa chisankho cha mulongozgi wa chalo cha Malaŵi. Nanga uli banthu banandi mu UDF bakakondwela yayi na kusankhika kwa Mutharika na Muluzi pa iyo yekha ndiposo banyakhe banandi bakafumamo muxo UDF chifukwa cha nkhani iyi, Mutharika wakachiyimilila chipani ichi ndipo pa chisankho icho chikachitika pa zuba la makhumi yabili la mwezi wachinkhondi (20 May) mu chaka cha  Mutharika wakasoleka kuba mulongozgi wa Malaŵi pa chisankho icho banthu banandi, kusazgilapo bayimilili ba  bali kuti chikaba chakwibila. Pa zuba la makhumi yabili na chinayi mu mwezi wene uwu wachinkhondi (24 May) Mutharika wakazgoka mulongozgi wachitatu wa Malaŵi.

Banthu banandi bakaghana-ghananga kuti Mutharika wabenge ‘mzguka’ (puppet) wa Muluzi kweni pa myezi yakwamba Mutharika wawoneska kuti wapambana chomene na Muluzi uyo wakasakazanga na kwiba ndalama za boma.

Mutharika wakayamba makola chomene ulongozgi wake kweni vikuwoneka kuti nayo vimbundi ni vinanndi kuti waka wakwiba mwakuchenjela. Mutharika wakuwoneka kuti ni munthu mutesi chomene chifukwa vinandi ivyo wakuyowoya vikuwoneska wuchenjezi wake.

Pa zuba la  Mutharika wakaphalila wupu wabaMalawi kuti wachibili wake Cassim Chilumpha wathula pasi udindo wake (m'machitiro) chifukwa chakugwenthagwentha mawungano (indaba) ghabalalabalala baboma. Nkhani iyi kuti yikakondweska baChilumpha chara, ndipo bakalitorela boma kukhoti. Panyengo yasono, Khoti lilikulamula kuti Khoti la Kendeskero ka charu ndilo liwunike kuti kasi wachibili kwa president wangathula pasi udindo mwantheura.

Muwoli wa Bingu wa Mutharika, Ethel Mutharika, uyo kwawo kukaba ku  wakafwa pa  wakalwalanga matenda ya . Pakwamba, nyumba ya boma yikakananga kuti muwoli wa Bingu wakulwala.

Pa  Bingu wakasolekaso kuba mlongozgi wa chalo cha Malaŵi nangauli banthu banyakhe bakuti wakasoleka chifukwa wakiba ma voti yanandi. Wati wasolekaso munthu uyu wakayamba ulongozgi wa uchinyama ndipo wakayambiskaso kusankha pa kusola basambili bakuluta ku ma school ya secondary na ku malo yakusambililako vya pachanya ().

Bingu wakatolaso mwanakazi munyakhe pa  apo wakatolela Callista Chaponda Chimombo. Banthu banyakhe bakuti chibwezi cha Bingu na Callista chikayamba ndipo muwoli wakwamba wa Bingu wachali wamoyo.

Bingu wali kukoma banthu 19 pa zuba la  pa zuba ilo ba Malaŵi bakawokeskanga kuleka kukondwa na umo chalo cha Malaŵi chikuyendeskekela.

Bingu wakafwa pa  mtima wake wati waleka kugwira ntchito, icho pa  bakuti  ndipo wakayikika mu dindi pa  ku munda wake uwo wakazenga na ndalama zakwiba wa Ndata. Banandi mu chalo cha Malaŵi bakakondwa chomene na nyifwa ya munthu uyu.

Pa zuba la  mama Joyce Banda wakakhazikiskika kuba mulongozgi wa chalo cha Malaŵi nanga uli banyakhe bakakhumbanga kumuphanga ulongozgi uwo malango ya chalo cha Malaŵi yakamupa iyo pa kufwa kwa. 

 




#Article 10: Bakili Muluzi (680 words)


Elson Bakili Muluzi (ubabiko Malichi 17, 1943 ku Machinga, Nyasaland) ni wa ndale m'Malawi wosankhika ulongozgi wa charu chose wakwamba mu ulamuliro wa vipani vinandi mu 1994 paka 2004. Wakaŵa wa pampando wa United Democratic Front (UDF) mpaka 2009. Paulongozgi wa Malaŵi pambele iye pakaŵa Hastings Kamuzu Banda ndipo wakaŵa mu kabineti yake pa nyengo iyo nangawuli wakaŵevya unkhwantha uliwose

Elson Bakili Muluzi (wobabika Malichi 17, 1941 ku Machinga, Nyasaland) ni wandale wa ku Malawi, iye akaŵa Mlongozgi-charu wakwamba wosankhika muvisankho vyachi Demoklase. Wakaŵa Mlongozgi-charu kufuma 1994 paka 2004. Wakaŵaso wapampando-mlala wa United Democratic Front (UDF) paka 2009.

Iye wakalutizga ulongozgi-charu wa Malawi kwa Hastings Kamuzu Banda. Wakateŵetelaso mu kabineti ga Ministala.

Mu chaka cha  Muluzi wakakakikapo chifukwa chakwiba ndalama za ku mphala (court) zakukwana £6 nyengo iyo Muluzi wakaba kalaliki (clerk) ku mphala iyo.

Muluzi wakanjila chipani cha Malaŵi Congress Party (MCP) ndipo wakatumikapo ku chalo chakuwalo kukapanga luso lwakugwiliska ntchito mathabwa (carpentry and joinery). Mu MCP Muluzi wakakwela ndipo wakabapo mulembi mulala (Administrative Secretary) wa chipani ichi. Chifukwa cha kuleka kwendeska makola chuma cha chipani, Muluzi wakachimbizgika mu chipani cha MCP ndipo wakayamba waka kuba wa malonda.

Ndyali za ku Malaŵi zikati zayamba kusintha, apo Kamuzu wakati banthu basankhe pakati pa kuti mu Malaŵi mube chipani chimoza panji vinandi, Muluzi wakaba mumoza wa banthu awo bakayamba ka gulu (Pressure Group) ka  ako pamoza na ka gulu kanyakhe kakuchemeka Alliance for Democracy (AFORD) bakavwilana kuphalila banthu kuti pa chisankho basankhe kuti kube vipani vinandi. Mu mwezi wachinkhondi na wumoza pa zuba la chinkhondi na chinayi (14 June) mu chaka cha  banthu bakasankha kuti kube vipani vinandi ndipo gulu la UDF likazgoka chipani ndipo Muluzi ndiyo wakaba mulongozgi wa UDF.

Mu mwezi wachinkhondi pa zuba la chikhumi, yankhondi na yabili (17 May) mu chaka cha  Muluzi wakasoleka kuba mulongozgi wa chalo cha Malaŵi. Pa muwoso wakwamba wa Muluzi wakasintha malango ya chalo (constitution) kuzomelezga munthu wakuti wali kukakikapo kuba mulongozgi, kuyambiska kuti kube wachitatu kwa mulongozgi (second vice-president) na malango yanandi kuti vimwendelenge iyo na chipani chake makola.

Mu mwezi wachinkhondi (May)  Muluzi wakasolekaso kuba mulongozgi wa Malaŵi kachibili pa chisankho icho banyakhe bakuti Muluzi wakibila na kuti mweneko uyo wakawina ni Gwanda Chakwamba. Mu chaka cha , Muluzi wakayezeska kuti malango ya chalo cha Malaŵi yasinthike kuti mulongozgi waleke kukanizgika kukhala vyaka vyakujumpha khumi. Kweni banthu bakakwiya na ivi ndipo nanga uli wakagula bayimilili ba ku mphala ya malango ba vipani vinyakhe mphala iyi yikakana kuti mulongozgi wazomelezgeke kuba mulongozgi vyaka vyakujumpha khumi.

Muwuso wa Muluzi wukaba wa vimbundi (kuhonga) na kwiba ndalama za boma chomene. Nduna na batebeti ba boma bakapokelanga vimbundi na kwiba ndalama za boma chomene ndipo chuma cha boma chikasakazikanga chomene ndiposo vinthu vinyakhe vinandi ngeti ni misewu yikanangika chomene. Ukavu nawo mu Malaŵi wukalutilila panthazi chomene chifukwa chakuti wovwili uwo boma likapokelanga wukamalilanga mu mathumba ya batebeti ba boma. Antheura banthu banandi muMalawi bakukhumba chara kuti Muluzi panyake abo bakukwaskana naye banjileso muboma.

Wati watondeka kusintha malango ya boma kuti wabe mulongozgi vyaka vyakujumpha khumi limoza, Muluzi wakasankha Bingu wa Mutharika kuti wabe wakwimilila chipani cha UDF pa chisankho cha mulongozgi. Mumalo mwakuti banthu ba UDF ndiwo basankhe munthu uyo bakakhumbanga, Muluzi wakabasankhila ndipo banyakhe mu UDF ngeti bena Aleke Banda, Harry Thomson, Justin Malewezi (uyo wakaba wachibili kwa mulongozgi nyengo yose ya muwuso wa Muluzi) bakakwiya ndipo bakachileka chipani cha UDF. Banandi bakuti Muluzi wakasankha Mutharika chifukwa wakaghana-ghananga kuti wawusenge ndiyo chifukwa Mutharika wamuwopenge iyo Muluzi, kweni Mutharika wawoneska kuti wakupulikila Muluzi yayi.

Pa nyengo iyo Muluzi wakaba mulongozgi, wakasambazga chomene chifukwa chakuhiba nakupokera vimbundi ndiposo wakagula malo yaweme ku Chichiri apo wali kuzengapo nyumba yake iyo yikuchemeka Keza Office Park na kugula magalimoto yanandi kwambula kulipila msonkho. Muluzi ndiyo yekha pa balongozgi wose ba Malaŵi uyo wakabevye masambilo yapachanya.

Pali banthu banyake mu UDF abo bakukhumba ngeti kuti Muluzi wangayimaso mu visankho vya presidente wa Malawi mu chaka cha 2008. Kweni Muluzi wakukana kuyowopo pa nkhani iyi. Wakakana kuyowoyapo pa nkhani ya Third Term apo sono tikumanya kuti wakakhumbisiska kuti wayimeso mchaka chira cha 2004. Nangawuli pali mayowoyelo agha, ntchakukayikiska kuti wazamuyimaso , ndipo kuti malinga wayimaso wangazakasoleka.




#Article 11: John Chilembwe (514 words)


John Nkolongo Chilembwe (1871 – 3 February 1915) wakawako mu chaka cha 1871 pafupi na pa Sangano mu boma la Chiradzulu. Awiske bakaba baYao ndipo anyina bakaba baCheŵa. 

Mu chaka cha  Awiske na anyina John Chilembwe bakawukako ku muzi kwawo kufupi na ku Sangano na kuluta pa malo ayo yakaba ku manjililo ya zuba ya mulonga wa Mudi – apo sono mphakati-kati pa msumba wa Blantyre. Bakamutumizga John ku sukulu ya Tchalitchi cha ku Scotland (Church of Scotland) uko Chilembwe wakapanga sukulu mpaka Standard 3. Mu chaka cha  Chilembwe wakayamba ntchito ngeti wakuphikila muliska Joseph Booth. Chilembwe wakaba wakutemwa kusambila ndiposo wakatemwa chomene kusambila unenesko wa uKhristu (Christianity). Pa chifukwa ichi, Booth wakamuzgola kuba wakumasulila (interpreter) uphalazgi wake.

Joseph Booth wati watondeka kupanga banthu bafipa (African Americans) kuti bamupe ndalama kuti wayambile ntchito za  mu British Central Africa, wakabapempha kuti ipo bamuyike John Chilembwe kuti wabe pa sukulu ndipo bakazomela na kumuyika Chilembwe pa sukulu ya Virginia Theological Seminary and College ku malo ya Lynchburg uko wakamalizga masambilo yake na kuba muliska mu chaka cha . Wati wamalizga masambilo yake, Chilembwe wakawelela ku British Central Africa. Pakwiza kwake wakayimapo ku  uko wakatola chizomelezgo chakuti wayambiske uphalazgi wake kuno kukaya.
Wati wawela, Chilembwe wakayamba uliska wake na kuchema tchalitchi chake Ajawa Providence Industrial Mission. Chifukwa chakuti banthu banandi awo bakaba baChawa yayi bakizanga, wakafupikizga zina kuti libe waka Providence Industrial Mission.

Chilembwe wakatola Ida uyo wakaba mwana wa mwanakazi wa chiKololo na dada wa chiPhwitikizi (Portuguese).
Nkhondo ya chalo chose chapasi (First World War) yikati yayamba pa zuba lachinayi la mwezi wa chinkhondi na chibili (4 August 1914), baNgerezi ba mu wato wakuchemeka SS Guendlen bakapoka wato wa baGeremani wakuchemeka  Von Wissmann ndipo baGeremani ba ku German East Africa (sono Tanzania) bakanjila nakwamba nkhondo ku Karonga ndipo bangerezi bakayamba kuchichimizga banthu bakuno kuti babavwile pa nkhondo yawo. Chilembwe wakatondeka yayi na ivi chifukwa kuchimbizga baGeremani kubafwiska banthu banandi ba mu Nyasaland. Chilembwe wakalemba kalata mu nyuzi ya Nyasaland Times yakususka kuchichimizga banthu aba na kufumba chifukwa chakuti bafipa bafwile mu nkhondo ya bazungu.
Mazuba makhumi yabili na yatatu mu mwezi wakwamba (23 January) mu chaka cha , John Chilembwe wakayambiska chivundungwele chakuwukila baNgerezi. Chilembwe wakaghana-ghananga kuti pakuti baNgerezi bakaba pa nkhondo na baGeremani babenge na nkhongono zakulimbana na balwi bake yayi. Wakaghana-ghananga kuti ngeti chalo cha Haiti icho chikapoka wanangwa apo mulongozgi wa baFalansa (France)  wakatangwanika na baNgerezi nayo wangatola wanangwa naumo baNgerezi bakatangwanikila na baGeremani. Chilembwe wakayamba chivundungwele ichi nyengo iyi chifukwa wakapokela kalata kufuma kwa Moses Chikwana yakuti bazungu bakakhumbanga kukoma Chilembwe na banthu bake pa zuba la makhumi yabili na yankhondi mu mwezi wakwamba uwu. Chilembwe wakakhumba kuti wayambe kubakoma bazungu ndiyo iwo bandakomepo basambili bake.

Mu chaka cha  John Chilembwe wakaluta ku chalo cha  na Joseph Booth. Maghano-ghano ya Booth pakuluta na Chilembwe yakaba kuti wakamuvwile kupempha ndalama zakuvwila uphalazgi wake mu British Central Africa (zina la chalo cha Malaŵi chichali chindachemeke Nyasaland).
Chilembwe wakakomeka na bapolisi na Garnet Kaduya, munung’una wa David Kaduya uyo wakaba munyake chomene wa Chilembwe, pa zuba lachitatu a mwezi wachibili (3 February) mu chaka cha 




#Article 12: BaMalawi (784 words)


Mu chalo cha Malaŵi muli banthu ba mitundu yinandi. Apa, tilongosolengepo mitundu yikulu ya banthu ba mu Malaŵi.

Ba Tumbuka ni banthu awo bakusangika mu Malaŵi ku chigaba cha ku mpoto. Ba Tumbuka beneko bakusangika kufumila ku mwela kwa boma la Karonga kufikila ku mpoto kwa boma la Mzimba. Ba Tumbuka bakafumila mu mphepete mwa mulonga wa Congo ndipo bakiza mu Malaŵi mu vyaka vya muma 1700.

Ba Ngoni ni banthu awo mbamoza na mitundu ya ba Xhosa, ba Zulu na ba Swazi ba ku . Ba Ngoni bakaba na tumitundu (clans) tubili uto tukaba twa ba Zulu awo fumu yawo yakaba Tchaka (banyakhe bakulemba ‘Shaka’) na ba Ndwandwe awo fumu yawo yakaba Zwide. Mu cha  banthu ba Zwide awo bakalongozgeka na Soshangane, Zwangendaba na Nxaba na banthu ba Tchaka awo bakalongozgeka na Mzilikazi na Mgobozi.
Balwi ba Tchaka bakaba na nkhongono kuluska ba Zwide ndipo balwi ba Zwide bakati batondeka pa nkhondo iyi Zwide na banthu bake bakachimbilila ku chalo cha ba Sotho uko Zwide wakafwila. Soshangane wakachimbilila ku  ndipo Nxaba na Zwangendaba bakachimbilila ku . Mu chaka cha  Zwangendaba wakamuvya Tchaka ndipo bakatondekaso ndipo wakachimbilila ku Moçambique kwa Soshangane. Bakakhala makola nyengo yichoko ndipo mu  bakayambana na kulwa apo Zwangendaba wakawukako na kuluta ku Zimbabwe. Ku Zimbabwe wakakhalapo na babali bake awo bakaluta ku Zimbabwe na Nxaba kweni bakapulikana makola yayi ndipo bakalwanaso bekha-bekha. Pakwamba Zwangendaba wakabatonda banthu awo bakaluta ku Zimbabwe na Nxaba ndipo bakachimbilila kwa Nxaba. Bati basazgana na Nxaba bakamukonda Zwangendaba ndipo Zwangendaba wakayenda-yenda mu Zimbabwe nakulwa na ba Shona na ba Kalanga, kugula bespoke ba mitundu iyi kuba badge na kupoka ng’ombe zawo. Bena Soko, Tembo, Nyangulu, Chibambo na ba viwongo vinyakhe awo bakusangika pamoza na ba Ngoni mba Kalanga. Chifukwa cha kuwopa banthu ba Nxaba, ba Soshangane na ba Mzilikazi, Zwangendaba wakawukako ku Zimbabwe ndipo wakakhupuka mulonga wa  pa Zumbo, malo ayo Luangwa wakuthilila mu Zambezi mu mwezi wachikhumi na umoza (November) mu chaka cha .
Wati wakhala mu chalo cha ba Nsenga vyaka vinayi, mu  Zwangendaba wakanjila mu chalo icho sono ni Malaŵi pa malo yikuchemeka Mabili pafupi na ku Loudon. Apo ndipo M'mbelwa, mwana wa Zwangendaba na muwoli wake Mnene wakababikila. Wati walwala, Zwangendaba wakasankha kuti mwana wake wa muwoli wake Mnene, M’mbelwa ndiyo wabe fumu pala iyo wafwa kuleka mwana wake wakwamba, Mpezeni.
Pa Mabili wati wasanga kuti banthu ba chiCheŵa na ba chiTumbuka balije ng’ombe, Zwangendaba wakaukapo mu chaka cha  nakuluta ku  na kukakhala ku mafumilo ya zuba ya nyanja ya Tanganyika ndipo wakazenga mu chalo cha bachiFipa.
Ku Tanganyika bana ba Zwangendaba wakapatukana: Mpezeni wakaluta kumanjililo ya zuba cha ku mwela ku chalo cha ba Bemba na ba Bisa apo M’mbelwa wakakhala kuko ku Tanganyika. Mpezeni wakamalila ku Chipata na Mchinji mu vyalo vya Zambia na Malaŵi.
Mu chaka cha  banthu awo bakaba na M’mbelwa wakawelako ku Tanganyika na kukhalapo ku Henga apo M’mbelwa wakazgoka fumu ndipo bakakhalapo nyengo yidoko. Bakati bafuma pa malo apa bakazakazenga mu Mzimba.

Ba Cheŵa, ngeti ba Tumbuka, bakafumila mu mphepete mwa mulonga wa Congo. Ba Cheŵa ni bamoza ba banthu bakwamba kwiza mu chalo cha Malaŵi. Nyengo yeneko iyo ba Cheŵa bakizila mu Malaŵi (na vyalo vya Zambia na Moçambique) yikumanyikwa makola yayi kweni banyakhe bakughana-ghana kuti ni vyaka vya muma 1400 Yesu wati wawako (AD).
Bakati bafika ku mafumilo ya zuba ya chalo icho sono ni Zambia, banyakhe bakagonanga pachanya pa phili ndipo banyakhe bakazenganga tu visakasa. Bakugona mu mapili bakamba kubachema mwa myati kuti mbena Phiri ndipo bakugona mu visakasa bakachemekanga ba Banda. Kuyambila apa tumagulu tubili twa banthu aba tukaba na mazina ya bena Banda na bena Phiri.
Mu malo ayo ba Cheŵa bakayendanga bakasanganga banthu banyakhe ngeti ni banthu bafupi chomene awo bakuchemeka ba bathwa panjiso bakafula.
Chifukwa cha nkhani ya malonda, ba Cheŵa bakalwapo na ba banthu ba chi Phwitikizi mu vyaka muma  ku malo yikuchemeka Kilwa na Mombasa ndipo bakatondeka padoko waka kupoka malo ya Malindi. Ba Phwitikizi bati bawona nthena, bakatumizga balwi banyakhe mu chaka cha  kweni nawo bakatondeka kubatonda ba Cheŵa.
Ba Cheŵa bakumanyikwa na luso lwa kuvina ‘Nyau’ uyo ni gule uyo bakuvina bakuvwala chakubisa kumaso. Kweni gule uyu wakukwaskanaso na vya ufwiti.

Ngeti mba Tumbuka na ba Cheŵa, ba Tonga nawo bakafumila mu mphepete mwa mulonga wa Congo.

Nxaba should ahve been written Xaba.  This is a small clan under the Ngini speaking people that thas now spread country wide in Malawi.  There are those in Kasenga area (MBalachanda Boma), Ekwendeni, Emtshengula, Enukwini, Edindeni, all these are Northern Regions of Malawi that is very close to the Zambian border post.  Some have settled in Rumphi, Mzuzu, Nkhota Kota aND nHKHATHA bAY.  Before spreading all over Malawi, they settled as one clan under Chindi Jere in Mthwalo.




#Article 13: Vyakumela (150 words)


Chomela ni chamoyo chilichonse icho chikukula kufuma mu nthaka. Ivi ni nthe Makuni na Mphangwe

Vyomela vya gilini vikusanga nkhongono zo melela kufuma ku Muhanya wa Dazi mu ndondomeko yochemeka fotosinfesis kugwiliska mahamba.

Mu chalo cha Malaŵi muli vyakumela vya mitundu yinandi. Muli makuni, utheka na vinyakhe ivyo vikusangika m’Malaŵi pela mu chalo chose chapasi. Makuni ya m’Malaŵi yakupambana-pambana kwakuyana na malo ayo makuni aya yakumelako.

Makuni yanyakhe ngakuchita kupandika na banthu ngeti makuni ayo pa Chingelezi bakuti ma blue gum, pine, gmelina, cypress,  na yanyakhe yanandi. Makuni yakuti ngambula kwiza na banyakhe ni makuni ngeti makuni ya yembe (mango), mitundu ya mawolenji, (citrus),

Makuni yanyakhe ni aya: mubabani, thung’unda, minyozi ya mitundu-mitundu, kabeza, maqokolo, mavilo, masuku, matubeni (strawberry – tree type), mjejengwani, matowo, mulolo, makama, mphangala, kavundula, mono, matwatwa, matunduluka, buyu (baobab), mbula, chifiqe, mubanga, m’zobala, msipani, nthumbuzga za kalulu, kazando, masuju

Muliso mphangwe yakupambana pambana ngati: chindere, nyungu,




#Article 14: Ukhalilo (232 words)


muchaka cha peto tu toto wikifaka pafupi-grupi trincoto pagona areboreclay madafaka chanchuchochachi melotroco potroco brungachunga-trinkaminga

Wukhalilo wa baMalaŵi wukuyana waka mu machitilo ya vinthu vinyake kweni vinyakhe baMalaŵi bakupambana m’machitilo yake kwakuyana na mtundu wa banthu. Wukhalilo wa banthu ndiwo wukubapangiska kuti batumbikike olo panji baleke kutumbikika. Pakuti BaMalaŵi ni banthu ba mitundu yinandi wukhalilo wawo ngwakupambana-pambana kwakuyana mtundu na bazengezgana bakhe. Pala tingati tilute kumpoto na kumpoto kwa maboma ya m’chigaba chapakati (Kasungu na Nkhota-kota), tikusanga banthu awo nthengwa zawo bakulowola mwanakazi kweni mitundu yinandi ya vigaba vyapakati na kumwela yikulowola yayi nanga wuli mu boma la Nsanje mu chigaba chakumwela malowolo yakusangika. 
Mitundu iyi yikulowola mwanakazi wakusama kwawo na kukakhala kwawo kwa mwanalume pala watengwa m’chitilo uwo pa chiNgelezi bakuti  patriarchal system. Mitundu iyo malowolo kulije mwanalume ndiyo wakusama kwawo na kukazenga kwawo kwa mwanakazi, m’chitilo uwo baCheŵa bakuti chikamwini.
Pa wukhalilo wa mitundu yambula malowolo pa bana awo bawako pa nthengwa mudumbu wa mwanakazi (sibweni wa bana) ndiyo wakuba na nkhongono chomene kuluska wiskewo wa bana. 
Ku mitundu iyo yikupeleka malowolo, pala nthengwa yamala, nyengo zinandi uyo ngwakwananga wakuluza bana ndipo wambula kwananga ndiyo wakatola bana.

BaNgoni ni banthu awo kale bakawonekanga ngeti mbakutemwa nkhondo kweni unenesko ngwakuti bakaba banthu awo bakapenjanga malo yaweme kuti bakhazikikepo. Enya, bakakhumbangaso kuti babe na vibeto chifukwa chakuti baNgoni mba dozo ndipo bakutemwa chomene kulya nyama. BaNgoni ni banthu awo bakutemwaso chomene kulya.




#Article 15: Vinyama (383 words)


Vinyama ni vyamoyo vya ivyo vikulya vyamoyo vinyakhe, kuthuta mphepo izo zina oksijini, vingenda, vingandana kweniso vingamela.
Pa charu pali mitundu ya nyama yojumpha mamiliyoni 1.5 ivyo vili moyo —mu vinyama ivi 1 million ni vibenene pela— ndipo vibenene ivyo vili m'vigaŵa mamiliyoni 7.

Nyama zingaŵa zidoko chomene panji zukulu chomene mu usani, utali na uzito.

Ŵanthu naŵo ni nyama nangawuli kanandi ŵakuzunulika nga ni nyama chara. Sambilo la vinyama likuchemeka zuwoloje

Nyama zamoyo zinandi ni Tuvibhunkhu tuchokotuchoko ito tukuwoneka na maso pela chara.

Ŵanthu ŵakugwiliska nyama pa vinthu vinandi nga chakurya (mu nthe mlenga, mkaka, na masumbi), nga vidha (mu nthe vipapa and uzi), kweniso viŵeto na nthowa ya mendelo. Ntcheŵe zagwiliskika pa uŵinda, apo zinyake za m'maji na pa mtunda zakoleka nga chakurya na pa ma seŵelo wopikisana.

Nyama zumanyikwa kwa vyamoyo vinyakhe mwa ntheula.
Nyama zikuthuta mphepo, nyama zikurya na kumwa, nyama zikufunyamo vya m'thupi ivyo ntchito yake yamala ndipo nyama zikwenda. Vyose ivi kuti ziŵe na moyo na kuti zilutilile kuŵa na moyo

Nyama zili m'magulu magulu kutolela umo vikuryela na ivyo vikuryanga.

Magulu agha ghali ntheula 

Nyama zikukhumbika nkhongono zofuma ku Vyomela, ivyo vikusanga nkhongono kufuma ku zuŵa mu nthowa ya fotosinfesisi nkhongono izi ndizi zikulutaso mu nyama zorya nyama zinyakhe pela.

Nyama zakwamba zikaŵa za mumaji.

Mu chalo cha Malaŵi muli vinyama vya mitundu-mitundu. Pali vinyama vya m’thengele ivyo vikulya chomene utheka ivo pa Chingelezi bakuvichema , ivyo vikulya vinyama vinyakhe ivyo pa Chingelezi bakuvichema  na ivyo vikulya vinyama vinyakhe na utheka wuwo ivyo bakuti ma. Vinyama ivi ni vinyama vyapasi na tuyuni wuwo.

Vinyama ivyo vikulya utheka m’Malaŵi ni vinyama ngeti ni ivi: njati (buffalo), mtundu wa nyiska (antelope), kalulu (hare/rabbit), mbabala/mbaŵala (bushbuck), ngulube/nguluŵe (warthog), boli (zebra), chipembele (rhinoceros), chigwele (hippopotamus), ndlovu (elephant), Ntandala (antelope), chikwiba (waterbuck)

Vinyama vya mtundu uwu ni vinyama ngeti ni nkhalamu (lion), nyalubwe (leopard), chimbwe (hyena),

Vinyama ivi ni vinyama ngeti ni ba munkhwele (monkeys and apes), kambwe (jackal), mbeba/mbeŵa (rats/mice),

Viyuni navyo m’Malaŵi ni vinandi. Viyuni ivyo vikusangika chomene ni viyuni ngeti ivi: phululu (owl), kabelu-belu/kaŵelu-ŵelu (swallow), njiba/njiŵa (dove), chaholi (crow/raven), chababi/chabaŵi (eagle), nkhanga (guinea fowl), nkhwali (francolin).

Vinyama vinyakhe ivyo vikusangika m’Malaŵi ni vinyama ngeti ni ng’wina (crocodile), kababa/kaŵaŵa (alligator), njoka (snake) ngeti ni nkhomi (black mamba), chipili (cobra), chikho (puff adder), nkhukuluzi (cricket), somba za mitundu-mitundu ngeti ni mulamba (catfish), chambo, sanjika na zinyake-zinyake.




#Article 16: Cassim Chilumpha (245 words)


Cassim Chilumpha niwachibili kwa presidenti mu chalo cha Malawi.

Cassim wakasebezapo muboma la Bakili Muluzi umo wakaba nduna ya za ndalama mu vyaka va 1998 mpaka 2000. Kweni chifukwa chakusachizkikila kuti wakabovwira banthu bakuzenga masukulu kupusika boma na kusakaza ndalama zinandi Muluzi wakabalekeska.

Vikati vachitika ivi, Cassim wakakhala chete panyengo yitali, apo Brown Mpinganjira yumoza uyo bakamuleskela lumoza wakapanga chipani chake cha National Democratic Alliance (NDA). Wakazizika banthu banandi apo wakanjila mugulu la FORUM - gulu limoza ilo likachemelelanga kuti Bakili Muluzi waleke kuyimaso pa udindo wa presidentte wa Malawi.

Chikabaso chakuzizika kuti Bakili Muluzi wakasankha Cassim Chilumpha kuti wayimilile lumoza na Bingu mu chipani cha UDF. Pa zuba la makhumi yabili na chinayi mu mwezi  wachinkhondi mu chaka cha 2004 (24 May 2004) Chilumpha wakazgoka wachibili kwa mulongozgi wachitatu wa Malaŵi, Bingu wa Mutharika.

Kweni Chilumpha na Mutharika bakuba ngeti bakusebezera lumoza chara, chifukwa pakhala vyakuchitika vinandi ivo vikulongola kuti pali suzgo pakati pabanthu babili aba. Banthu banandi bakughanaghana kuti Cassim wakuyendela ndondomeko ya presidenti wakale Bakili Muluzi.

Pa zuba la 8 February 2006 Mutharika wakaphalila wupu wabaMalawi kuti wachibili wake Cassim Chilumpha wathula pasi udindo wake (m'machitiro) chifukwa chakugwenthagwentha mawungano (indaba) ghabalalabalala baboma. Nkhani iyi kuti yikakondweska baChilumpha chara, ndipo bakalitorela boma kukhoti. Panyengo yasono, Khoti lilikulamula kuti Khoti la Kendeskero ka charu ndilo liwunike kuti kasi wachibili kwa president wangathula pasi udindo mwantheura.

Pa 30th January 2007 mphala yayikulu yikayamba mulandi wa Cassim Chilumpha apo boma lilikumumanga chifukwa chakuti bati walikuwukila boma.




#Article 17: Lilongwe (133 words)


Lilongwe ndiwo msumba wukulu wa boma mu Malaŵi (capital city).

Kuli chibanja chikulu cha Kamuzu International Airport, mphala ya malango, chipatala chikulu na vinthu vinandi vyakwenelera kuba mu msumba wukulu. Lilongwe wali pamalo pa katondo ntheula vyuvyu ni suzgo chomene mumalo yanandi ya msumba uwu. University ya Malaŵi yili na vigaba vibiri mu Lilongwe, koleji (college) ya vya ulimi ya Bunda na koleji ya unesi (nursing) ya Kamuzu. Msumba uwu wukasankhika chifukwa chakuti wuli pakati pa chalo cha Malaŵi ntheula nkhupusu na kufupiko kuluta kulikose m’Malaŵi kufuma ku Lilongwe kuluskana na ku Zomba, uwo wukaba msumba wukulu mpaka mu chaka cha 1975. Boma la Lilongwe ndilo lili na banthu banandi chomene pa maboma yose mu Malaŵi – muli banthu pafupi-fupi 1.6 million – Lilongwe payekha wali na banthu bakujumpha chigaba cha kumpoto chose.




#Article 18: Joyce Banda (142 words)


Mama Joyce Hilda nyaMtila Banda wakaba wachibili kwa mulongozgi wa chalo cha Malaŵi kuyambila mu mwezi wa May mu chaka cha 2009 mpaka pa 5 epurelo 2012 apo wakafwila mulongozgi wa chalo cha Malaŵi, Bingu wa Mutharika.

Mama Joyce Banda wakawako pa 12 epurelo 1950 mu muzi wa Malemia mu boma la Zomba mu chalo cha Malaŵi. Mama uyu wakazgoka mulongozgi wa chalo cha Malaŵi wati wafwa mulongozgi wa chalo ichi Bingu wa Mutharika kweni wakakhazikiskika pa ulongozgi wati walapa pa 7 epurelo 2012. Mama Joyce Banda wakatengwa kwa Roy Kachale uyo wali nayo bana batatu mpaka mu chaka cha 1981 apo nthengwa yikamalila na Kachale. Sono mama uyu ni muwoli wa uyo wakaba mulala wa mphala yikulu ya chalo cha Malaŵi yakuchemeka Supreme Court of Appeal, badada .

Mama Joyce Banda wakatondeka pa visankho vya mulamulili wa Malaŵi mu May 2014.




#Article 19: Leonardo da Vinci (101 words)


Leonardo da Vinci, wakaŵa munthu ŵachi Italy uyu wakaŵa nkhwantha mu maluso ghanandi nthe: kuzenga kwa makina ghiphya, kujambula, kuŵaja vikozgo, akitekicha (ilo niluso lonozga ndondomeko zakawonekelo ka vyozenga), sayansi (luso lakusanga nakuŵika m'ndondomeko umanyi uwo ulufufuzika ndipo una umboni), sumi, samuzi, uinjiniya (luso logwiliska sayansi kuzenga Vinthu), vyolemba, anatome (vya umanyi wa viŵalo vya thupi la munthu), jiyoloje (sayansi ya Malibwe yamitundumi yapa charu) , astronome (sayansi ya Vinthu vyamlengalenga), ubotani (sayansi ya vyomela) na upaleontolo (sayansi ya vyokhalira vya vinthu vya Kufwa).

Wakumanyika nga yumoza wa ŵankhwantha pa Charu chose na nyengo zose pa luso la kujambula, nangawuli Vyojambula 




#Article 20: Samuzi (132 words)


Samuzi ni luso la sayansi lokhwaskana na kaŵilo ka Vinthu chomenechomene mu unandi, kagaŵiro na kwandana kwa vinthu.

Mu Samuzi, kuwelezgawelezga kukupenjeka mu kaŵilo ka Vinthu kuti kugwiliskike ntchito yosangila mazgolo ku suzgo zopambana pambana; unenesko panji utesi wa mazgolo agha ghakusangikanga kugwiliska ndondomeko zakumanyikwa makola zasamuzi.

Pala Samuzi zagwiliskika ntchito mu vyakuchiyika m'moyo wa dele na dele, kaghanaghaniro ka ntheura kakupeleka mboniwoni kukhwaskana na umo charu na vya mu charu vikwendela.

Malo gha chitukuko chokwamba pa Charu kalekale — ku China, India, Egypt na Mesopotamia — ndiŵo ŵakamba kutoleska Samuzi.

Mitundu ya Samuzi yangagaŵika m'magulu ghamasambilo ghatatu: Arifimetiki, jiyometri na alijebra.

Mu Arifimetiki, tikugwiriska ma Nambala, ndipo ma Nambala agha tikugha panga Vinthu nge kughasazga, kughatoleska, kugha ghandaniska na kughagaŵa.

Mu alijebra tiku gwiriska vimanyijwiro, kuti tisinthe kaŵiro ka ma Nambala.




#Article 21: Sayansi (232 words)


Sayansi (kufuma ku lizgo la chiLatin kung'anamula umanyi) ni ndondomeko za ku ndondomekeskeka makola chomene zo ŵika Mahala na umanyi mu kaŵilo koti kanga pimika kuti unenesko umanyikwe pala ulipo.

Vyolembeka vyakwamba vyakukhwaska sayansi vilukusangika ku Egypt (Eguputo) na ku Mesopotamia ivyo vyaŵapa kwamba vilimika vya pakati 3500 na 3000 Pambele kubabika kwa Yesu uyu wakababika vilimika 2000 vyajumpha.

Iŵo ŵaka sazga Mahala yawo ku masambilo ya uSayansi nthe samuzi, astronome na mankhwala ndipo Mahala aya yakaŵa sanga ŵa Griki (Greek) mu ughanaghanilo wawo pa uLengiwa, navinyankhe, pokhumba kuzgola mafumbo ya Charu cha pasi yaliyose kugwiliska kulongosola kwa umboni wa vinthu vyopimika, vya ku uzimu chara ivyo vinga pimika chara na ŵanthu.

Sayansi ya lero yikugaŵika m'magulu yatatu yatatu aya yali ntheula: sayansi ya uLengiwa (nthe, biology, chemistry, and physics), Sayansi ya ŵanthu (e.g., Chuma, mendelo gha skoko, na ubale wa ŵanthu), sayansi yosangila mazgolo gha mafumbo ghaliwose (nthe, lojiki, Samuzi, na vya mendelo ya kompyuta)

Paliso gulu la sayansi yo gwiliska maunenesko ghomanyikwa nakale nthe uinjiniya na mankhwala.

Maunenesko gha sayansi ghakwenela kufuma ku kafukufuku na kuŵa na ukaboni uwo aliyose angatsimikiziskila.

Mazgo woti sayansi na uLengiwa nga Lero kwe ndondomeko za uSayansi zikagwiliskika na ŵaMesopotamia ŵakalekale pa ku wumba vinthu vya dongo, kupanga galasi, kupanga sopo, visulo, na vinyakhe vya ntheula.

Ŵakaŵazgaso viŵalo vya nyama kuti ŵavipulikiske na kendelo kavinthu ivyo vili mu mlengalenga

Iŵo ŵakaŵa khumbo lomanya vyokhwaska mankhwala.




#Article 22: Afrika (986 words)


Afrika ndicho chibumila chikulu chomene na cha ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kupatula chimoza pela. Afrika yikutola malo wokwana 6% (vigaŵa 6 mu vigaŵa 100) gha charu chose chapasi (maji na mtunda wuwo) na 20% gha mtunda pela wapachalo. Afrika yilina ŵanthu 1.2 biliyoni aŵose mbakukwana 16% gha ŵanthu ŵose ŵapa Charu.

Afrika yilikuzingilizgika na chiyanjano cha Mediterranean, cha Red, cha Indian na cha Atlantic Ocean to the west.

Kabumila ka Madagascar ako kali mu maji gha pafupi na afrika kakutoleka nga nkhamoza na chibumila cha Afrika. Afrika yilina vyaru 54. Vrayu vinandi mwa ivi vili ku lwande lwa kumpoto lwa mzere wa mgaŵa-pakati kweni vinandiso ku mwela kwakhe viliko.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika chomenechomene mba vyaka vichoko vyakubabika kuluksa vibumila vinyakhe vose. Ŵanandi ŵakutalikila yayi vyaka 19 vyakubabika.

Ŵankhwantha pa vya mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakupulikana kuti ku zambwe kwa afrika ndiko nkhwa mdauka wa ŵanthu ŵose ŵa pa Charu cha pasi.

Afrika yilina ŵanthu ŵa mitundu-mitundu yinandi chomene na viyowoyeloso vinandi chomene.

Muchaka chachi 19 kufuma apo Yesu wakababikila, Ŵazungu ŵaku chibumila cha Europe ŵakagaŵana malo pafupi ghose gha Afrika nge ghawo vyaru vyaŵo nakuŵalamulilanga ŵanthu ŵapa Afrika. Vrayu pafupi vyose vya mwahuno vya Afrika vikufumila pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa Afrika ŵakawukila maboma gha ŵazungu agho ghakaŵa lamulilanga.

Vyaru vya Africa viku pulikana kwendela wupu wochemeka Umoza wa Afrika (African Union) ugho ukudangilika kufuma ku wa Addis Ababa ugho uliku Ethiopia.

Afri linaŵa zina la ŵanthu aŵo ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa dera la Afrika ku malo ghochemeka Carthage. Ka akung'anamula ŵanthu panji malo.

Ŵanthu ŵanyakhe ŵakughanaghana kuti zina loti Africa likafumila ku: lizgu la chilatini lakuti aprica ilo likung'anamula ku malo ghoŵala zuŵa chomene.

Ŵanthu ŵanyakheso ŵakuti, Lizgo la chigiriki aphrike ilo likung'anamula malo aŵo kukuzimanga chara.

Pambere ŵanthu ŵandambe kulemba

Afrika yikuyoghoyeka kuti Ndiyo chibumila icho ŵanthu ŵakhalapo kwa nyengo yitali chomene. Pakuti vilusangika viwangwa vya ŵanthu ivyo vilupimika kuti nvya kale chomene.

Kuŵeta kwa ng'ombe nga chakurya kukasamba ku Afrika pambere kundambike kulima kwa chakurya. Vikuwoneka kuti ng'ombe zikazgoka viŵeto vyaka 6000 pambere Yesu wandababike, ku mpoto kwa Africa.

Mu vyaka 1000 pambere Yesu wandababike, kusema kwa visulo ukambika ku mpoto kwa Afrika ndipo malo ghose ku Afrika nako mbwe ŵanthu ŵakambako.

Malo ya vitukuko vya kwamba ku Afrika

Mu vyaka 3300 Yesu wandababike, ŵanthu ŵakambako kulemba vya mbiri na vya vinthu vinyakhe ku Afrika, chomenechomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Eguputo (Egypt) uku kukaŵa kumiza kwa kwamba chitukuko pa Charu chose cha pasi.

Chikhristu chikafalika ku Afrika mwaluŵilo chomene kufuma ku Judaea uku Yesu wakakhalanga kunjirira ku Egypt na kufika ku Ethiopia.
Kumambirilo gha vyaka vyachi 700 kufuma paku babika kwa yesu, chisilamu nacho chikazanjira mu Egypt na malo gha nyakheso ku Afrika kufumira ku Arabia uko ni kumpoto kwa Africa.

Kuguliskika kwa ŵakapolo

Ukapolo ku Afrika ukakhumba ni kale. Pakati pa vyaka 700 na vyaka 2000 kufumira pa ku babika kwa Yesu ŵanthu ŵachi Arab ŵakamba kugula na Kuguliska ŵakapolo ŵa kufuma ku Afrika, ŵakatola ŵakapolo ŵakukwana cham'ma 18 miliyoni. Pakati pa vyaka 1500 na 1900 kufumira pa ku babika kwa Yesu, Ŵazungu ŵaku Europe naŵo ŵakamba kugula ŵakapolo kwende mu chiyanja cha Atlantic ndipo ŵakatola ŵakapolo ŵa pakati pa 7 na 12 miliyoni kuŵayeyela kwaŵo.

Ku manjiriro gha dazi kwa Africa, Kuguliskika kwa ŵakapolo kukamba ku mala pachokopachoko mu vyaka vya m'ma 1820 Ivi vikakwezga nkhongono vyaru vya ŵazungu kuti vi pange malamulo ghoti ghatondeskenge Kuguliskika kwa ŵakapolo nanguwulu kuti ŵanthu ŵakalekelathu penepapo yayi.

Kugaŵika kwa Afrika

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900 kufumira pa ku babika kwa Yesu, Ŵazungu ŵa vrayu vya Europe ŵakagaŵana pafupi-fupi chibumila chose cha Afrika, kupatula charu cha Ethiopia na cha Liberia.

Vyaru ivyo vikagaŵana afrika ivi: Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, United Kingdom, Italy na Portugal.

Wungano wa ku msumba wa Berlin

Kukaŵa ungano ku msumba wa Berlin mu charu cha Germany uko vyaru vya ŵazungu ŵakapulikana kuti ŵa gaŵenge wuli Afrika pakati paŵo. Ungano ughu akadangililika na Karonga wa charu cha Belgium, Leopold II, ndipo kukaŵa vrayu vya Europe ivyo vikatenge malo gha ku Afrika ngaŵo. Ungano uwo ukaŵa wakuti umazge mkangano wakuti malo nga gha ku Afrika nga njani mwa iŵo ŵazungu.

Kujilimbila ufulu kwa Afrika

Apo nkhondo ya charu chose chapasi yachiŵuri yikamalanga, vyuru vyamu afrika vikamba kujilimbila ufulu. In 1951, Libya, a former Italian colony, gained independence. Pakufika chaka 1970 vikagaŵa kuti pafupi vrayu vyose vya Afrika vyasanga ufulu wojilamulila.

Afrika pa ufulu wojilamulila

Mwahuno, Afrika yili na vyaru 54 vojilamulila, pafupi vyose miphaka yaŵo yikagwalika nyengo yakulamulika na vyaru vya ku Europe. Mu ufulu wojilamulila, vyaru vinandi vya ku Afrika viluku suzika na Ukavu, ubendezi, nkhondo, na ŵa longozgi ŵo lamulila nge charu ntchaŵo na chaŵo. Vyaru vinyakhe kweni vilukwaniska kuŵa na Boma lokhazikika lo longozgeka na munthu mzika wosankhika na ŵanthu, nakukwaniska kujipangila chuma, nangawuli imu namo masuzgo ghaneghawo ghalimo kwe pachoko pela.

Masuzgo ghanandi ghalupangika ku Afrika chifukwa cha umu mi phaka gha vyaru vya Afrika ghakalembekela na ŵazungu chifukwa miphaka iyi yiluŵika ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yopambana niviyowoyelo yopambana pamoza ndipo sono ŵanthu aŵo ŵakuleka ku pulikana.

Wupu wa Umoza wa Afrika, African Union ni wupu wa vyaru 55 vya ku Afrika. Wupu wu ukapangika pa dazi la 26 mwezi wa June chaka cha 2001 ndipo msumba wa Addis Ababa ku Ethiopia ndiko kuli malo agho ŵakwendeskela wupu ughu. Mu July 2004, Mphara ya wupu wa Umoza wa Afrika ukakhazikika ku South Africa, kweni wupu ŵa vya ufulu wa ŵanthu ukakhalila ku Addis Ababa kuko.

Viyowoyelo vyojumpha 1000 vikuyowoyeka ku Afrika. Yanandi mwa agha nga Afrika kwe gha nyakheso nga kufuma ku vibumila vinyakhe.

Nagawuli kuli vyuma vinandi mu nthaka yaku Afrika, Afrika ndicho chibumila chikavu chomene pa Charu cha pasi. Vifukwa vyakhe ni nthe ma Boma gha ubendezi, kuleka kumanya kuŵelenga na nkhondo pakati pa mitundu ya ŵanthu.

Charu chikuru nkhanira mu Afrika ni cha Algeria ndipo chichoko chomene ni cha Seychelles na la Gambia.




#Total Article count: 22
#Total Word count: 9766