#Article 1: Luphiko lwemSebenti wetiLwimi taVelonkhe (115 words)


Luphiko lweMsebenti wetiLwimi taVelonkhe (National Language Services, NLS, ‎IRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika) lutfutfukisa futsi luhlelembise kuchumana ngato tonkhe tilwimi. Ngekugcina tidzingo telulwimi teMtsetfosisekelo iNLS yengamele kwehlukahlukana kwetilwimi tesive setfu futsi inemsebenti wekuhlelela tonkhe tilwimi tebantfu betfu ngekubeka esigabeni tindlela tenchubomgomo letimiselwe kutfutfukisa kusetjentiswa kwaletilwimi, futsi naleto tilwimi lebetingafunwa emlandvweni.

Umsebenti lomkhulu weNLS kuhlangabetana netidzingo telulwimi teMtsetfosisekelo ngekuhlelembisa, kutfutfukisa nekuniketa umsebenti wekuhumusha nekuhlela kuto tonkhe tilwimi letisemtsetfweni futsi nangekwengamela kwehlukahlukana kwetilwimi ngekutsi kwentiwe imiklamo yekuhlelwa kwetilwimi nekuhlelwa kwemagama.

Imisebenti yeNLS njengeluhlelo lwaHulumende lwekusita ngebucwepheshe betilwimi ngekuhumusha imiculu lesemtsetfweni kuto tonkhe tilwimi letisemtsetfweni. Umsebenti wayo wekuhlelwa kwemagama kusita kutfutfukisa nekwenta simanje kwemagama lalukhuni etilwimi letisemtsetfweni. Imisebenti yekuhlelwa kwetilwime ifaka ekhatsi kweluleka Hulumende ngekutfutfukiswa kwenchubomgomo yetilwimi nangemasu ekusetjentiswa kwayo.




#Article 2: Umbuso weSwatini (612 words)


Umbuso weSwatini (kaNgwane, eSwatini), live leliseningizimu nelivekati lase Afrika. Live lakaNgwane lincane ngebubanti, kantsi likakwe live lase Ningizimu Afrika enyakatfo, ngentansi, nangasenshonalanga. Emphumalanga likakwe live laseMozambique. Bukhulu belive lakaNgwane litinkhulungwane letilishumi nesikhombisa, emakhulu lamatsatfu, emashumi lasitfupha nalamane ema km2 (17,364). Noma lingalikhulu kangako, lelive lihluka ngetigaba letine tekwakheka kwemhlaba. Leti tatiwa ngekutsi yinkhangala, lihlandze, tintsaba telubombo, kanye nenkhabave.

Live laseSwatini libitwa ngaleligama, ngenca yeNgwenyama Mswati II lobekalibusa lelive kusukela nga 1840 kuze kube ngu 1868. Ekubuseni kwakhe, lelive walincoba, wabuye walihlanganisa. Njengalamanye emave aseAfrika, live lakaNgwane labuswa ngulabamhlophe. Kwatsi nasekwendlule impi yemaBhunu nemaNgisi eNingizimu Afrika, live laseSwatini labuswa ngemaNgisi kwaze kwaba ngu 1968. Emvakwaloko, labese litfola inkhululeko.  Lamuhla live lakaNgwane linebukhosi, liphetfwe yiNgwenyama Mswati III kanye neNdlovukati . Hulumende welive ubukwe ngundvuna nkhulu lobekwa Silo. Inhlokodolobha yakaNgwane kuseMbabane, kantsi sigodlo nephalamende yelive kukaLobamba. Lidolobha lelikhulu kukaManzini. 

Kwetemnotfo, laseSwatini libonywa lilive lelisatfutfuka. Nakubukwa umnotfo wemuntfu amunye lawutfola emnyake, kubalwa imali lenganga $6,367. Liyatimbandzakanya nalamanye emave eticuketfweni letinjenge Southern African Customs Union(SACU) kanye neCOMESA. Liyaye litsengiselane tintfo letinyenti nemave lanjenge Melika, emave lase Europe, kanye neNingizimu Afrika. Empeleni, nemali yakaNgwane, lilangeni limisane kanye nemali yaseNingizimu Afrika, .

Bantfu bakaNgwane, linengi labo ngeMaswati, kubuye kube nalabambalwa labaphunga ngaphandle. Bantfu eveni lakaNgwane babalelwa esigidzini sinye, tinkhulungwane letingemashumi nelushiyagalombili, emakhulu lamane, emashumi lamane kanye nemfica (1,018,449), inombolo leyatsatfwa esibalweni semnyaka wa 2009.

Live lakaNgwane kusukela endvulo belinebantfu labebahlale kulo. Loku kubonakaliswa yimidvwebo lemidzala, isolelwa kutsi yentiwa ngeminyaka yabo 25,000 BC. Lemidvwebo lesematjeni itfolakala etindzaweni letehlukahlukene eveni.

Bantfu lebebahlala kulelive endvulo bekungema Khoisan, lebatiwa kutsi batingeli. Kwatsi ngemuva kwesikhatsi lesidze, labatingeli basuswa nguletinye tive letichamuka ngenhla, etindzaweni letinjengabo Tanzania nabo Kenya lamuhla. Labantfu laba bekubeNguni nebaSutfu, kutsiwa bangena kulelive ngemnyaka wa 400 AD. EmaSwati lebekwatiwa ngekutsi bakaNgwane, bachamuka le kaTembe, bangena kulelive ngeminyaka yabo 1700. Labantfu bakaNgwane bebaholwa nguNgwane wesitsatfu nabafika eShiselweni. Kwatsi ngemnyaka wa 1815, inkhosi Somhlolo yatsatsa bukhosi. Ngalesi sikhatsi bekunebuvunguvungu eveni, ngenca yetimphi nebakaNdwandwe. Kwatsi kulesikhatsi, Somhlolo wasuka eShiselweni wabese wakha sigodlo sakhe kaZombodze losenkhabave. Ngaleyondlela, wakhona kutsi ativikele ekuhlaselweni tive temaZulu netive takaNdwandwe. 

Live lakaNgwane lamuhla latiwa ngekutsi kuseSwatini. Loku kungenca yenkhosi Mswati wesibili, lobekabusa lelive kusukela ngemnyaka wa 1840 kuze kube ngu 1868. Mswati bekatiwa njengenkhosi lebeyilwa timphi letinengi. Ngaphansi kwakhe, live laseSwatini landza labuya lahlangana laba munye. LamaSwati emdzabu leta nemakhosi akaDlamini, aba mdzibi munye nemaSwati lakhandvwa kulelive, lekwatiwa kutsi ngemakhandzambili, kanye nemaSwati lafika ngemuva. 

Kufika kwalabamhlophe evenikati leningizimu Afrika, kwalitsintsa live lakaNgwane, nebantfu balo. EmaNgisi akuhlonipha kutiphatsa kwemaSwati ngemnyaka wa 1881, ngesikhatsi letinye tive temaAfrika betincotjwa ngalapha nangalapha. Loku kutiphatsa kwabuye kwagcizelelwa ngemnyaka wa 1884 emkhatsisini wemaSwati, emaNgisi, kanye . Kwatsi ngemnyaka wa 1894, live lakaNgwane labekwa ngephansi kwelive lemaBhunu, kwodvwa abazange babe nahulumende lophelele. Loku kwagcina ngemnyaka wa 1899 lapho khona kwabhoboka  emkhatsisini wemaNgisi nemaBhunu. Naseyengcile lenamphi, nemaNgisi sekancobile, live lakaNgwane laba ngephansi kwemaNgisi kusukela nga 1903 kuze kube ngu 1968, nalitfola inkhululeko.

Kwatsi live lakaNgwane selitfole inkhululeko, laba nahulumende loholwa yinkhosi yelive Sobhuza wesibili, asekelwa yiphalamende. Lena phalamende beyikhetfwa elukhatfweni lebelubanjwa njalo emvakweminyaka lesihlanu. loku kwachubeka kwaze kwafika umnyaka wa 1973 lapho silo sawucitsa umtsetfo sisekelo, sabusa sodvwa. Kwaze kwaba ngu 1978 lapho khona kwaba nelukhetfo lobelusebentisa indlela lensha yetinkhundla. Inkhosi Sobhuza yakhotsama ngemnyaka wa 1982. Kwatsi ngekukhotsama kwembube, indlovukati Dzeliwe yabese iyabusa imele kutsi kufike sikhatsi sekukhetfwa nebubekwa kwenkhosi lensha. Lokubusa kwaDzeliwe kwaba kufisha ngenca yemphikisano lebeyenteka ebandleni leliphakeme, lelatiwa ngekutsi liqoqo. Leli libandla beliholwa ngumntfwanenkhosi Sozisa. Dzeliwe wakhweshiswa esihlalweni, kwabekwa inkhosikati laTfwala. Makhosetive, lebekungumntfwana loyedvwa walaTfwala, wabese utsatsa bukhosi nga 1986. Nakatsatsa bukhosi wabese watiwa ngekhutsi nguMswati wesitsatfu (Mswati III).

Live laseSwatini belatiwa nge Swaziland iminyaka leminyenti, kantsi emaSwati lamanyenti bekangahambisani naleligama ngenca yekutsi lifaka siZulu (Swazi) kanye nesingisi ( Land).

ISwatini inetifundza letine: Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni. Batehlukanisa  ngetinkhundla (55), batehlukanisa ngemiphakatsi.

Bantfu (2005):

Kune tilwimi:




#Article 3: Mswati III (288 words)


Mswati III yiNgwenyama yeMbuso wakaNgwane (25 Mabasa 1986). Ingwenyama Mswati yatalwa yatiwa ngekutsi ngumntfwanenkhosi Makhosetive esibhedlela sase RFM kaManzini. Wakhulela emtini webukhosi Etjeni madvutane naseMasundvwini. Babe weNgwenyama bekuyiNkhosi Sobhuza II, kantsi make wakhe bekuyinkhosikati laTfwala. Imbube yemhlaba yacala imfundvo yayo esikolweni saseMasunvwini, emuva kwaloko safundza emtini webukhosi kaLozitha. Mswati wabese uwela tilwandle wayowufundza eNgilandi esikolweni sase Sherborne e Dorset eningizimu yelive. Watsi nakabuya nga 1986 wabutsatsa bukhosi watiwa ngekutsi nguMswati wesitsatfu. 

Makhosetive watalwa yiNkhosikati laTfwala nenkhosi Sobhuza II mhla tilishumi nemfica enyangeni yaMabasa ngemnyaka wa-1968. Makhosetive wakhulela eTjeni lobekungumuti wenkhosi sobhuza II wase ungena esikolweni sasemaSundvwini kwatsi ngemuva kwaloko, wafundza esikolweni sasebukhosini kaLozitha. Kutsite nakufika sikhatsi sekutsi angene esikolweni semabanga lasetulu, Makhosetive wawela tilwandle wayofundza eNgilandi esikolweni saseSherborne edolobheni laseDorset.

Ngemnyaka wa-1982 ingwenyama Sobhuza II yakhotsama, Makhosetive wakhetfwa ke kutsi abe yindlalifa yeyise nga-1983. Ngaleso sikhatsi abeneminyaka lelishumi nakune. Nga-1983 wabese uyatfulwa esiveni Ngenyanga yeNyoni. Mhla tingemashumi lamabili nesihlanu kumabasa nga-1986 Makhosetive wabekwa waba yiNgwenyama yemaSwati wabe asanikwa libito laMswati wesitsatfu.

Alishumi nesitsatfu:

Bangemashumi lamabili nelisontfo bantfwana.

Mswati uletse tingucuko kupolitiki nasembusweni weSwatini kodvwa tingcapheli netinhlangano letifana ne People's United Democratic Movement (PUDEMO) tikholewa kutsi letingucuko tekucinisa bukhosi bakhe kutsi abukeke kahle esiveni semaswati. Kuya kwakhe emcimbini wendlovukati yemangisi lebeyatiwa ngekutsi i Diamond Jubilee yenta labanyenti bambuka ngeliso lelimbi impela ngenca yesimo sekuhlukunyetwa kwemalungelo ebantfu esiveni sakhe. Loku kulandzela kutsi atsenge timoto teluhlobo leluphambili impela letibita ngetulu kwa $500,000 loku kufaka phakatsi nalemoto leyatiwa ngekutsi i Maybach yaka DaimlerChrysler ledvume ngekugitjelwa tingamula kuphela , tonke timoto takhe teluhlobo loluphambili tibalelwa ku 62 , loku kwente kutsi akwente kube semtsetfweni kuboshwa kwebantfu labatsatsa titfombe tetimoto takhe. Ngekuya ngebakwa Forbes emnyakeni wa 2009 Mswati bekabalewa kutsi enamali lengu $200 emadola aseMelika lokumenta kutsi abewelishumi nesihlanu eluhlwini lwetinkosi letinjinge impela imhlabeni.




#Article 4: Thomas Mopoku Mofolo (154 words)


Thomas Mokopu Mofolo (22 Ingongoni 1876 – 8 Inyoni 1948) bekangumbhali lomkhulu wetincwadzi tesisutfu. Ubhale tincwadzi letinyenti tesiSutfu. Chaka ngulenye incwadzi layibhala yahunyushwa elulwimini lwesiSingisi.

Thomas Mofolo watalwa e Khojane,e Lesotho, mhlaka 22 Ingongoni 1876. wafundza esikolweni lebesidvute nalabekahlala khona, lesi sikolo lebesisesontfweni lebelatiwa nge Paris Evangelical Missionary Society , lapha ke waphotfula timfundvo tebuthishela watfola sitifiketi ngo 1898. watsi nakacedza kufundza watfola umsebenti esitolo semabhuku e Morija. lapho labanye bafundisi labebama mishinari babona imibhalo yakhe babese bayamgcugcutela kutsi acale kubhala emabhuku, ngulapho wacala kubhala emabhuku ngesiSotho pheceleti libhuku lekucala lewabhala lesihloko salo besitsi Moeti oa bochabela (1907; The Traveler of the East). lelibhuku belitjela ngemlandvo wa Shifu webaSutfu lobekakhuluma aphindze aphonse imibuto ngenkolo yemakrestu, lelibhuku libhalwe ngebuhlakani ngedlela yekuhlanganisa tinkondlo kanye netimva batsi, ngulapho ke wacala kubhala ngetindzaba temilandvo kanye netinganekwane netibongo. impumelelo yalelibhuku yenta bothishela labanyenti kutsi nabo bacale kubhala amabhuku, loku ke kwacala kulandzelwa bantfu labafundzile mbamba e Afrika lese ningizimu. 




#Article 5: Umndeni (171 words)


Umndeni (síNgísi, family).

Tihlobo (síNgísi, relatives) bantfu labatalana nawe nobe kanye nebatali bakho.

Gogo ngumake wababe wakho, nobe ngumake wamake wakho. Liswati alibi nagogo munye, ngoba phela dzadzewabogogo lomncane naye ngugogo kepha yena ubitwa ngagogoncane(gogo lomncane). Lomdzala-ke yena kutsiwe ngugogo lomdzala. Umnakabogogo naye ngugogo kepha yena ubitwa ngagogo lomdvuna.

Mkhulu ngubabe wamake wakho nobe babe wababe wakho. Nobe futsi ngumuphi umuntfu lomdvuna losaluphele ubitwa ngaye mkhulu. Umnakabomkhulu naye ngumkhulu, lomncane kutsiwa ngumkhulu lomncane. Lomdzala kutsiwe ngumkhulu lomdzala/lomkhulu.

Babe ngulendvodza lekutalako, lekunakekelako. Labanye betfu bobabe abasitali kepha basikhulisile. Babe unebanakabo nabodzadzewabo latalwa nabo. Labadzala kunakuye bobabelomkhulu, labancane kunaye bobabe lomncane. Labasikati bobabe lomsikati. Indvodza letsetse make wakho ibe ingakutali uyibita ngababe lomncane. Nobe sewuhlonipha umuntfu lomdvuna losamdzala umbita ngababe.

Make ngulomsikati lowakubeleka nobe lowakukhulisa. Nakunobe ngumuphi umuntfu lomsikati losesigabeni sebufati ubitwa ngamake. Dzadzewabomake lomdzala ngumamkhulu (make lomkhulu), lomncane ngumake lomncane (ncane). Umnakabomake
yena ngumalume.

Ngumuntfu lomdvuna lotalwa ngubabe nobe ngumake. Nebafana bababe lomncane nalomkhulu banaka. Nabontsanga nabo banaka nawubahlonipha.

Ngumuntfu lomsikati lesitalana naye. Nemantfombatane ababe lomncane nalomkhulu bodzadze. Nemantfombatane lalinganako abitana ngabodzadze.




#Article 6: Inhlonipho (111 words)


Inhlonipho yindlela yekutiphatsa lehluka ngesive ngesive.

Indlela lokhuluma ngayo isho kutsi uyahlonipha nobe awuhloniphi, ngesiSwati kungahloniphi kutsi nawukhuluma ubesolo ufaka inhlamba, kanye nemagama etitfo letifihlekile. Nawukhuluma nemuntfu lomdzala kufanele uwakhetse emagama lowashoko

Nekutiphatsa nako kuyinhlonipho, sib. Kudzakwa akumange sekubeyinhlonipho. Etiveni tase-afulikha akusiko kuhlonipha kukhuluma nemuntfu lomdzala ube umutse njo! etinhlavini temehlo.

Sive ngesive sinendlela yaso yekuchaza inhlonipho. Emangisi akutsatsa ngekungahloniphi kudla ngesandla kantsi tsine maSwati asiboni sono lapho. Kuletinye tive kubhodla nawudla kwedzelela, kuletinye usuke ukhombisa kutsi lokudla kwehle ngemgogodla. Kuletinye tive livi lenkhosi nguleligcinako, kuletinye kugcina lebantfu lababuswako.

Ngaloko bekunene inhlonipho yemangisi akusiyo inhlonipho yemaswati, inhlonipho yebakaZulu akusiyo inhlonipho yebaShweshwe. Kepha inhlonipho lenkhulu kuhlonipha emasiko, imihambo, timvo nemibono yalesinye sive.




#Article 7: SíZulu (131 words)


SiZulu. Lolu lulwimi lolukhulunywa kaZulu eningizimu nakaNgwane, bantfu labakhuluma lolulwimi babitwa ngemaZulu. Loku kususelwa esibongweni lesibusako sakaZulu.

Kadzeni Zulu bekusive lesincane lesingenawo nemandla, ngephasi kwaSenzangakhona
Zulu abecinelwa tive letifana naboButhelezi labebabuswa nguPhungashe, boMchunu labebabuswa nguMacingwane naletinye tive. Ngalesikhatsi bakaZulu bebabuswa sive sakaMtsetfwa ngephasi kwaDingiswayo.

Emlandvweni wemaZulu angeke sewuhlale ungahlangani neligama lashaka. Shaka utalwa yinkhosi Senzangakhona kuNandi. Nawufuna kwati ngashaka mcalate khona lapha ngoba lapha sikha etulu. Shaka-ke wesakha sive sakaZulu saba sive lesikhulu, lesinemandla nalesesatjwako kuleli letfu. Manyenti emakhosi lalandzele shaka.

Kubhalwa kwesizulu kwacala ngaso sikhatsi saShaka nakufika baDzeshi. Ngeminyaka yabo 1920 kwvela babhali labansundvu labatfutfukisa sizulu ngendlela lesimanga.kubo kubalwa boA.W.Vilakazi, Sibusiso Nyembezi kanye nalabanye. Kusukela lapho siZulu sikhicite babhali labakhonako kusebentisa siZulu emibhalweni yabo. SiZulu sesinayo nemdlalo yamabonakhashane ledvumile njengabohlala kwabafileyao.

EmaZulu yalucinisa lulwimi nakhulumako futsi anaboNgwacabatfwa labanyenti kwengca siSwati.




#Article 8: Bunkondlo (103 words)


Bunkondlo (ngesíNgísi: poetry). Lobu buciko bekuhlanganisa emagama kute loko lokushoko kuvakale ngendlela lemnandzi ibe ifundzisa. Bunkondlo behluke kuleminye imibhalo ngekutsi bona buhamba ngephethini, bunesigci losivako.

Leti tinkondlo tebuciko bemaswati, umsuka nemlandvo wato usesiveni semaswati.

vakashela Tinanatelo tichazwa ngalokujulile

Tinanatelo tifana netibongo kepha tinanatelo tiba temndeni wonkhe, kutsatfwa mhlawumbe tibongo takhokho lomkhulu, kuphindze kufakwe ekhatsi netihlabani takuleso sibongo.

Tinanatelo tichaza ngemsuka waleso sibongo, kutsi basukaphi, kubani, njani, nini futsi nebuchawe babo.

Sibonelo: nawunanatela bakaDlamini utsi: nine lenacedza lubombo ngekuhlehletela.

Loku kufakatela inkhulumo letsi bachamuka enyakatfo bahlala dvute nemaThonga ngenca yekucabana bakhwela lubombo solo bahlehla badzimate befika eSwatini.

Umgubho yinkhondlo lehlatjelwako, yinkhondlo letsintsa sive sonkhe.




#Article 9: Sobhuza II (136 words)


Sobhuza wesibili watalwa mhla tingu-22 kukholwane nga-1899 yinkhosikati Lomawa Ndwandwe. Ngawo lomnyaka ingonyama Mahlokohla yakhotsama. Emva kwekukhotsama kwengonyama Mahlokohla Indlovukazi Labotsibeni nalomawa babambela Sobhuza.

libito lekutalwa lengonyama  Sobhuza nguNkhotfotjeni. Leli laSobhuza ulitfole nga-1921 nasatsatsa bukhosi.

Nasakhulakhulile Sobhuza Labotsibeni wagcogca timali wakha sikolwa kaLobamba lapho Sobhuza afundza khona. Utsite nacedza lapho wendluliselwa eKoloni eKolishi iLovedale lapho aphotfula khona tifundvo takhe. Konkhe loku yimitamo yaLabotsibeni. Lapha ekolishi Sobhuza wahlangana nebaholi labanyenti base Afrika.

Ngemnyaka wa-1921 Sobhuza wabekwa esikhundleni sebukhosi bemaswati.

Sifiso sekucala seNgonyama bekukulinga kubuyisa live lemaswati lelabe lisetandleni tebadzeshi. Kepha-ke loko bekulukhuni ngoba belumbi bebanetincwadzi letikhomba kutsi live balitsenga engonyameni Mbandzeni. Sobhuza wehla enyuka awela tilwandle aya eNgilandi kundlovukazi yemaNgisi.

Sobhuza wagcina aphumelele ngoba nga-1968 emaswati atfola ndiphethe. Sobhuza uwabusile emaSwati kwadzimate kwaba ngu-1986 lapho akhotsama khona. Emlandvweni wetive tonkhe Sobhuza ngulenye yemakhosi lambalwa labuse sikhatsi lesidze.




#Article 10: Indlovukazi Elizabeth II (118 words)


Elizabeth II, indlovukazi yemaNgisi.

Elizabeth watalwa mhla tingu-21 kuMábasa nga-1926 eLandani atalwa yinkhosiGeorge IV lobeyinkosana ngaleso sikhatsi kanye naElizabeth Bowes-lyon.
Elizabeth wabhabhadiswa esontfweni lebekadze lisesigodlweni ibuckinham.
Yena kanye nadzadzewabo Margareth bafundela ekhaya ngephasi kweliso lamake wabo.Nga-1936 uyise watsatsa sikhundla sebukhosi bemangisi emva kwekubeka phasi kwa Edward VIII,Elizabeth yena wabe sewuba yinkhosatane letawulandzela nakukhotsama uyise.

Ngemnyaka wa-1927 tingemashumi lamabili ku lweti inkhosatane Elizabeth washada na Charles lobekaphuma emndenini webukhosi bemaDanishi(danish).Elizabeth naCharles banebantfwana labane 

imphilo yenkhosi George yacala kuba yimbi nga-1951.Elizabeth kwabe sekunguye lommelako emikhosini yebukhosi.Nga -1952 tisitfupha kuNdlovana inkhosi yakhotsama.Elizabeth lobekasekhenya kwadzingeka abuye emuva kutolungiselelwa kutsatsa sikhundla sebukhosi. mhla titimbili kukunhlaba ngemnyaka lolanndzelako Elizabeth wabekwa Njengembusi wemaNgisi kanye nawo onkhe emave letingaphasi kweNgilandi kusukela lapho wabitwa ngendlovukazi Elizabeth II.




#Article 11: Bukhristu (112 words)


BuKhristu lukholo lolulandzela timfundziso taJesu Khristu letitfolalakala ethestamenteni lelisha ebhayibhelini. Balandzeli balolukholo bakholwa kutsi Jesu Khristu yindvodzana yaSimakadze leyatalwa yaba yinye, nekutsi munye Nkulunkulu lowadala lizulu nemhlaba. Bakholwa kutsi Jesu Khristu nguye lokawapholofithwa ngaye kutsi utawufika atekusindzisa bantfu ababuyisele kuNkulunkulu.

Libhayibheli lisitekela kutsi Jesu watalwa nguMariya intfombi. Ngesikhatsi sekubalwa kwebantfu eveni lonkhe lebelibuswa ngemaRoma. Utsite naneminyaka lelishumi nakubili wamangata labanyenti eThempelini nakakhuluma ngenshisekelo lenkhulu ngemibhalo yemaJuta. Utsite nasakhulile wacala kushumayela nekwenta timangaliso elapha tichwala nalabagulako. Ekugcineni wabetselewa esiphambanweni, wafa wembela, kepha emva kwemalanga lamatsatfu wavuka wabonwa bafundzi bakhe wafundzisa tinsuku letingemashumi lamane wase unyuselwa ezulwini.

Butsatfu lobungcwele yinkholelo yemaKhristu ekutsini Nkulunkulu mtsatfu kepha abe amunye; lobutsatfu Nguyise, indvodzana lenguJesu kanye nemoya loyingcwele.




#Article 12: IGibhithe (102 words)


iGibhithe inemlandvo lomudze wemakhulukhulu eminyaka ekushintjana kwemibuso leminyenti.IGibhithe lelugwadvule kepha-ke yona ayifani naletinye tingwadvule ngoba kuyo kugeleta umfula iNayili lokungumfula lomudze kuyedlula yonkhe emhlabeni.loku ngiko lokwaletsa emaGibhithe ekucala kulendzawo ngeminyaka yabo-8000 BC.Nga-BC 3150 faro Menes wahlanganisa imibuso lemibili,wasenyakatfo naseningizimu kwaba ngumbuso munye wemaGibhithe.emva kwekuhlangana kwalemibuso kwalandzela sikhatsi semphucuko lenkhulu.Emagibhithe afundza kubhala,kudvweba.kwakha nalokunye lokunyeti lokwenta lesive sichakate kwedlula letinye.

Faro Ramses lowabusa kusukela ku-1279 BC kuya ku-1212 BC wakha emathempeli lamanyenti,takhiwo letinhle kanye netindzawo tekuchakambisa lukholo lwemaGibhithe.lomunye faro lowadvuma kwaba ngu-Akhinathoni
lobekagcugcutela kutsi emaGibhithe advumise Nkulunkulu munye.

Nga-332BC emaGibhithe ancotjwa ngu-Alexander the Great lowasungula lidolobha i-Alexandria elugwini lwalelive ,lelidolobha laba yindzawo lebalulekile kutekuhweba.




#Article 13: KaZulu (297 words)


KaZulu, sifundza yeiNingizimu Afrika.

siFundza lesiselugwini lolusemphumalanga neNingizimu Afrikha lesingumakhelwane weMpumalanga enyakatfo, ilisutfu enshonalanga, imphumalanga Koloni eningizimu kanye nelwandle enmphumalanga.

Bantfu bekucala kufika kaZulu batfwa.loku kubonakala etintsabeni nasemitsandzeni takulesifundza mbamba mbamba etintsabeni telukhahlamba.batfwa laba bebasive lesingahlali ndzawonye,indzawo labahlala kuyo bekuba yindzawo lenetinyamatane ngoba phela bebangafuyi kepha baphila ngekutingela kanye nangetitselo nemakhambi kwesiganga.indzawo bebahlala kuyo batfwa kusemtsandzeni.

ngelikhulunyaka lelishumi nemfica kwacala kuchamuka tivana tebenguni 
lebetilichamukisa enyakatfo ne-Afrika.letive leti betifuya tilima takha imiti lemikhulu tinemakhosi tinetindvuna kanye nemabutfo.loko batfwa bekuyinfto bebangayenti baphoceleka kutsi babaleke bashiyele inkhundla letive .
lapha kulendzawo letive tehlukana tendlaleka kulolonkhe lelive kwabe sekuchamuka tibongo letinyenti ,sibongo nesibongo  besinenkhosi yaso nati letinye tato :Zulu,Mchunu,Buthelezi,Zungu,Khumalo,Qwabe,Ndwandwe njlnjl.
letive betihletisene kahle  titsatsana lapho nalapho kube nekucabana kusuke imphi.
Kopha-ke umlandvo walesivundza ucala kugcama kakhulu ngelikhilinyaka lelishumi nesiphohlongo lapho sive sakaZulu besibuswa nguSenzangakhona,ngephasi kwesive sebakaMtsetfwa lebesibuswa nguDzingiswako.ngaleso sikhatsi letinye tive betitinkhulu bekusive semaNdwandwe sibuswa nguZidze,nesive sakaCwabe sibuswa nguPhakatfwako kantsi futsi sive sakaMchunu nesive sakaButhelezi betitive betingatinkhulu kepha titimele .

KaZulu kwatsi nakukhotsama Senzangakhona kwangena Shaka angena ngenkhani elekelelwa nguDzingiswako emva kwekubulala Sigujanalobesatsatse bukhosi.
Shaka wacala indlela lensha yekulwa wahlasela tivana wakhulisa umbuso wakaZulu
lobumncane wedzelelekile futsi.Tinkhe letive Shaka watibumba taba sive sinye nge phasi kwesive semaZulu.Emva kwekubulawa kwakhe Shaka kwalandzela Dingane lowabulala Piet Retief kanye nalamanye emabhunu waphindza wahlasela inkambu yawo.
umbuso wemaZulu wachekeka ekhatsi ngesikhatsi Mpandze abalekela emabhunwini kepha wabuya waba munye ngesikhatsi Deingane ehlulwa emphini yaseMaqongqo mpandze wase ube yinkhosi yakaZulu.nakhotsama mpandze kwalandzela Cetjwako lowelhulwa ngemaNgisi emphini yase sandlwane lase litsatfwa lonkhe live lidzatjula tigodzi letinkhulu Cetjwako wanikwa emalungelo lalingana nalankha alamanye emakhosi.kepha bantfu labanyenti bebasolo bati kwekutsi lusendvo lwaZulu ngulona lubusa tonkhe letigodzi naku phela nga-1905 Bambatsa afuna sibusiso saDinuzulu nakatawuphendvukela emangisi ngendzaba yentsela. 

Nga-1910 nakuhlangna live kwentiwa inyonyana yaseningizimu afrikha lesifundza saba yincenye yelive .ekmlandvweni sikhicite baholi nemachawe lamanyenti njengabo langalibalele dube,t.j jabavu nenkhosi Albert luthuli.




#Article 14: Tinanatelo (298 words)


Tinanatelo tiluhlobo lwetibongo lokuhlonishwa ngalo nobe kubongwe ngalo bantfu besibongo lesitsite. Tikhomba imvelaphi yaleso naleso sibongo. Sinanatelo sivama kucala ngakhokho lomdzala (Nkosi-Ginindza, Tfwala-Mnyamandze), letinye tichakambisa buchawe, bugwala, buhle nebubi balabadzala kuleso sibongo (Nkambule Nine labasibekela inkhosi ngelutfuli). Sinanatelo sibuye sikhombe kuhlobana kwemindeni letsite (Mavuso, Nkosi, Dlamini,Ginindza Shabalala, Mabuza).

Tinanatelo tisetjentiswa emikhosini yesiSwati lapho kuthandazwa kulabadzala kumbe kucelwa lokutsite nobe kujojotelwa. Tiyasebenta nanobe kubongwa emuntfwini  waleso sibongo nobe futsi ancengwa acelwa.

Mlangeni lomuhle
wena longayibhashi imbhasha udla mjingi kuphela
wena lowacedza lubombo ngekuhlehletela
Phuma langa sikotse singenangubo

Nkhosi, Mabuza Shabalala lophanako

Ludvonga lwaMavuso lowagadlebeta umuntfu ngokwakhe watsemba inkhani.

Ndlebe tikhanya lilanga kwatise phela kutsi tiva konkhe,

Sidvwaba silutfuli,simahhehlehhele, kwatsi phela kutsi sifihle lesibumbekile futsi lesibusisekile

ingani kuvundla khona emakhosi netinkhosana.

Wena lowacedza tinkhalo taseSwatini, takaSoshangane nakwaZulu ngekuhamba ubuta kutsi bondlebe nabo Shabalala bashonaphi.

Itsi ingaba luhlata  ngelibala, ibe ifute kaboyihlo, ingakhanya 
ifute kabonyoko, wena wendopi lenkhulu leyatala emakhosi. matsanga 
lamahle!!!

Tsine lesibeke ngenkhani sitsi bhe. asikhulumeli futsi nje 
sakumunya kubonina labandluliselwa, nguwe Mshengu singakhuluma 
kuphendvule nelitje lucobo sisho nine tihlabani, lenalwa imphi enkhabeni
yeAfrika ngisho nobe labanye sebalalekile masaphokati, masaldzawo 
lindza, lindza wengwenyama

Mbonca ndlebanhle, ingani totimbili tikhanya lilanga.

Wena lowaya Embo wabuyelela nenhlambi wetinyamatane

Nine lenacedza Lubombo ngekuhlehletela

KaMabuza akuvalwa ngemvalo tkuvalwa ngemakhandza emadvodza. Mabuza
longalandvuli kodvwa ulandvula ngelitfodlana. wena lowakhokha siyeme 
wafihla umkhonto, ingani botsi umkhonto uyakubambelela. 
Nkhosi...awucedvwa Mshengu, longacedza wena angabe asikhombe 
imihlola...kukucedza kuyatila waNgwane ...Mshengu.

Gatjedze WaNyandza!
Wena welanga, nyandza lendze lehamba ivutsa emvakwa Somhlolo
Nkhosi!




#Article 15: Libandla lemaWeseli (105 words)


Leli libandla lelisabalele umhlaba wonkhe lelasungulwa eNgilandi nguJohn Wesley nemnakabo Charles Wesley kanye nalabanye labebanelicembu letifundvo telibhayibheli.

Loku losekulibandla lelikhulu kwacala ngesikhatsi Charles Welsey kanye nebangani bakhe labefundza nabo bacala kwenta tifundvo telibhayibheli, kuvakashela labagulako nalabasemajele babaphe umkhuleko. Ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi bamema naJohn Wesley kwekutsi abajoyine.

Lelicenjana bantfu baletsa emabito lamanyenti emkhatsini wawo bekukhona naleli lelitsi: Methodists lokusho kutsi bebabantfu labebenta tintfo ngendlela lehlelekile. 
lelicembu laya ngekuya likhula liba likhulu kepha belisolo lingephasi kwelibandla lemangisi i-Anglican. Loku kwabanga tinkhinga ngoba libandla lemangisi alifunanga kunika John Wesley bafundzisi yena wabona kuncono kwekutsi atigcobele bakhe bafundzisi.
kepha yena Joni Weseli nemnakabo Charles baze bashona solo bangemalungu elibandla laseNgilandi.




#Article 16: LiBhayibheli (603 words)


LiBhayibheli, liyitsatsa njengencwadzi lendze lokumatima kuyicondza ngaletinye tikhatsi.

Leligama Libhayibheli, liphindze libitwe ngekutsi Libhayibheli Lelingcwele, lingasho linye nobe mabili kulamabhuku enkholo layinhlitiyo yenkholo yebuJuda kanye nebuKristu - Mibhalo Lengcwele yeMahebheru kanye neBuKristu ngekuhlonipheka.

Libhayibheli lisilundza sekucala semlandvo wakudzala wase-Isirayeli. Kepha libhayibheli akusilo nje libhuku lemlandvo, kepha mabhuku alo kusuka ku-Joshuwa kuye tukweTikronike tesibili msebenti lowabhalwa bafundzi bemlandvo wakudzala waka-Israyeli. Bafundzi bemlandvo baka-Israyeli babhala lomlandvo ngelwati lebalibona liliciniso ngekwemlandvo. Njengebabhali bemlandvo banyalo, babhali beliBhayibheli bebavamise kuniketa tizatfu ngekwemlandvo nobe lwati lwangaphambilini ngetintfo lebebabhala ngato (e.g., 1Samuel 28:31 Sam. 28:3, 1Kings 18:3, 1 Kings 18:3, 2Kings 9:14b-15, 2 Kings 9:14b-15a, 2Kings 13:5-6, 2Kings 15:12, 2Kings 17:7-23).

BuJuda busebentis incenye yinye yalamabhuku leyatiwangekutsi yi-Tanakh, Libhayibheli lemaHebheru, livamiswe kuhlukwaniswa tincenye letintsatfu: i-Torah (infundziso nobe umtsetfo), i-Nevi'im (bapholofethi), ne-Ketuvim (imibhalo). 

Lelibhayibheli lelifundvwa Makrestu lihlukene tigaba letibili letiliThestamente Lelidzala neliThestamente Lelisha. Kuma kwemibhalo yeliThestamente Lelidzala kuphikiswana ngako emkhatsini wemacembu eBukristu: ma-Protestants atsatsa onke mabhuku siHebheru njengemabhuku lekungiwo lekufanele abe tukweliThestamente Lelidzala. Makhatokila aseRoma kanye nema-Orthodox aseMpumalanga angeta mabhuku e-deuterocanonical, mabhuku emaJuda, njengemibhalo lekufanele ifakwe tukweli-Thestamente Lelidzala. LiThestamente Lelisha lakhiwe maGosbheli (tindzaba letimnandzi), Tento tebaPostoli, ma-Epistles (timcwadzi), kanye neLibhuku leSambulo.

Ngalesinye sikhatsi leligama libhayibheli like lisetshentiswe uma kukhulunya ngalamanye mabhuku lamikhaba yanobe nguyiphi inkholo, nobe uma kukhulunya ngencwadzi lechaza kabanti ngesihloko tsite.

I-Nevi'im, nobe Bapholofethi, ikhuluma ngekukhula kwebuso wemaHebheru, kuhlukana kwawo ube tigaba letibili,  nebapholofeti la, ngeligama Lasimakadze,  bacwayisa makhosi kanye nebaNtfwana bakaIsrayeli ngepanishiwa nguSimakadze. Kugcina ngekuncotshwa kweBukhosi baka-Isirayeli ba-Assyrians, kuncotshwa kwebukhosi bakaJuda maBhabhin, kanye  nekuwa kweliThempeli laseJerusalema. Tincenye talamabhuku alabapholofethi afundvwa maJuda ngeliSabatha (Shabbat). Libhuku la Jonah lifundvwa nge-Yom Kippur.

Ngekwelisiko emaJuda, i-Nevi'im ihlukaniswe tigaba letisiphohlongo temabhuku. Kutolikwa lokusha kwato kuhlukaniswe tigaba letimashumi lamabili nakunye. 

I-Nevi'im iphetse lamabhuku lasiphohlongo lalandzelayo:

Ketuvim, nobe Imibhalo, kufanele kutsi yabhalwa ngesikhatsi nobe emva kwekuBanjwa maBhabhlona. Ngekusho kwemasiko esi-Rabbinic tradition kanye nato tihloko temaHubo, lamanyenti emahubo lasebhukwini lemaHubo abhalwa ngu-Davide; kutsenjwa kutsi Inkosi Solomoni yabhala Tihlabelelo Tetihlabelelo eminyakeni yakhe yebusha, Libhuku lemavi Lahlakaniphile eminyakeni yekhe yebudzala yemphilo, kanye neTicclesiastes ngesikhasi sekagugile; umpholofethi Jeremiya kukholelwa kutsi wabhala Lamentations. Libhuku la-Ruth ngilo kuphela libhuku lasebhayibhelini lelibukene nebantfu labangasi maJuda. Lilibhuku la-Ruth likhuluma ngendzaba yemuntfu lekangasilo liJuda (pheceleti, umMoabi lobekashade nemJuda lekwatsi ngekufa kwalomJuda, walandzela etindleni temaJuda; ngekusho kwelibhayibheli, lona wekunene bekangukhokhokati we-Nkosi Davide. Lasihlanu kulamabhuku labitwa ngekutsi Tikroli Lenhlanu (Megilot),  afundvwa ngemaholide emaJuda: Tihlabelelo Tetihlabelelo nge Passover; Libhuku la-Ruth nge Shavuot; Lamentations ne Ninth of Av; Macclesiastes nge Sukkot; kanye ne-Libhulu la-Esta nge Purim. Konke nje, i-Ketuvim iphetse tinkhodlo temagama, mibono ngemphilo, kanye netindzaba tebapholofethi nalabanye baholi bemaJuda ngesikhatsi kubhaqwe eBhabhilona. Igcina ngemlayelo wasePheshiya lovumela maJuda kutsi abuyele eJerusalema kuyo wakha liThempeli. 

I-Ketuvim iphetse lamabhuku lalishumimi nakuye lalandzelayo, ahlukasiwe kumabhuku latolikiwe anyala agcine sekalishuma nakubili ngekuhlukana kwa Ezra naNehemiya:

Ngekusho kwalamanye maJuda ngesikhatsi se-Hellenistic, njenge baSajusi, i-Torah yayitfolakala ngekutolikwa lokuncane ngekwemlomo, lebekunga chubekeli ngekwekuvisiseka kwelibhayibheli. Ngekusho kweBafarisi, Simakadze waveta i-Torah lebeyibhaliwe kanye ne-Torah leyakhulunywa kuMosi, le-Torah leyakhulunywa beyiphetse tindzaba kanye nemitsetfo. TukwebuJuda bebu-Rabbinic, le-Torah leyakhulunywa ibalulekile ekuvisiseni le-Torah Lebhaliwe ngekwekukhuluma. (ngoba lite bonkamisa, nabongwaca, kanye nesihlukasi magama) ne-exegetically. Le-Torah leyakhulunywa inetigaba letihlukene, sicalo Halacha (imitsetfo), ne-Aggadah (tindzaba), kanye ne-Kabbalah (lwati lolu-esoteric). Tigaba letinkhulu taloMtsetfo Lokhulunyiwe setagcina tibhalwe phansi, sibonelo yi-Mishnah; ne-Tosefta; Midrash, nane-Midrash Rabbah, ne-Sifre, ne-Sifra, kanye ne-Mechilta; kanye ne-Talmud yemaBhabhilona nemaJerusalema futsi. 

buJuda bebu-Orthodox buyachubeka nekwamukela i-Torah Leyakhulunywa njengoba injalo. Masorti ne-maJuda langalamukelilushintsho batsi i-Torah Leyakhulunywa yabusiswa moya loyingcwele, kepha bayakushaya indiva kuphikisana kwalo lapha nalapha. BuJuda lobubuyisanako nabo bamukela i-Talmud lephetse imibhalo ye-Torah Leyakhulunywa, kepha, njenge-Torah leyabhalwa, tindzawana letilawulwe, kepha tingaka ndlovukelwa, nguSimakadze. BuJuda Bekwakhiwa buyabuphika kuchumana ne-Torah, Lebhaliwe kanye naLeyakhulunywa, naSimakadze.

Lombhalo longe Mibono yemaJuda ngeLibhayibheli icoca ngekutsi alivisisa njani Libhayibheli maJuda, kufaka ekhatsi ticephu tembono telibhayibheli takudzala Targums kuya ku-Rabbinic literature, imibhalo ye-midrash, nemibhalo lebalulekile ye-medieval commentators, kanye nemibono yesimanje yemaJuda ngelibhayibheli.




#Article 17: Nelson Mandela (458 words)


Nelson Mandela watalelwa endzaweni yaseMvezo ekoloni lesibitwa ngempumalanga koloni nyalo mhla tilishumi nesiphohlongo enyangeni yaJulayi nga 1918 atalwa nguMphakanyiswa Mandela lobekayinkhosi ebaTsenjini amtala kuNosekeni wakaMpemvu lobekangummfati wesitsatfu wakhe.Libito letsiwa lona ekutalweni kwakhe nguRholihlahla nobe Dvonsalihlahla ngesiswati lokusho umuntfu lonelichweba.njengoba uyise wakhe Mandela abeyinkhosi eMvezo bantfu bebaletsa tinkhinga tabo kuye,yena abese uyatijuba ngelisiko lesintfu.loko-ke kwabanga lenkhulu inkhinga ngobe watsi asagwebile lelinye licala lamudla lelimudlako. Lona lelimdlile wagijimela ebelumbini labafuna kutsi Mphakanyiswa abuyisele tinkhomo tenhlawulo talomuntfu, kepha yena wangavumi. Loko kwamenta walahlekelwa sikhundla sakhe sebukhosi wasuswa naseMvezo wayiswa eCunu(Qunu). ECunu ngulapho afika angena khona esikolweni,lana esikolweni Thishela wakhe wase umetsa kutsi nguNelson.

Kwatsi Mandela naseneminyaka leyimfica babe wakhe washona adliwa sifo sesifuba ngebuDzeshi iTubercolosis.Mandela kwafuneka kutsi esuke eCunu aye ebukhosini bemaChosa kute atofundza kabanti ngemasiko emachosa ngobe bekungguye lobekufanele atstse sikhundlaseyise eqoqweni lenkhos. lapho wafika wangena sikolwa seWeseli. njengelisiko lemaChosa nakaneminyaka lelishumi nesitfupha waya engomeni wasoka.wabuye wachubeka nesikolwa waya esikolweni iClarkeburry boarding school lapho aphotfula khona wase wendlulela eKolishi lemaWeseli eFort Beaufort lapho acala khona kudlala sibhakela kanye nekugijima.

ekuphotfuleni kwakhe waya kuyofundza eFort Hare enta iBachelor of Arts.kuleNyuvesi wahlangana naOliver Tambo lowaba ngumngani lomkhulu wakhe.lomunye latayelana naye kakhulu nguKaizer Mathanzima lobengumntfwanenkhosi ebukhosini bebaTsembu.Ekupheleni kwemnyaka wakhe wekucala,Mandela wajoyina bafundzi labebakhalata ngendlela bandlancane webafundzi lakhetfwe ngayo.loko kwenta baphatsi bamcoshe esikolweni batsi angabuyi adzimate avumelane nalolukhetfo.

Emva kwekucoshwa kwakhe esikolweni Mandela weva tindzaba tekutsi yena naJustice umnakabo uyise labebangephasi kwelihlo lakhe Jongintaba sewubatfolele bafati.bobabili abajabulanga ngaloku bebakutekelwa ngobe phela bona bebangafani nebantfu bakadzeni ngobe bese batfole umtselela wemasiko aseNshonalanga,babona kuncono babalekele eJozi.batsi nabafika ejozi lomunye babe lowati uyise wabatamela imisebenti ,Mandela waba nguMantjingelane egedeni lasemayini kepha kwatsi nakutfolakala kutsi babalekile ekhaya bacoshwa.Mandela watfola umsebenti weBuBhalane ebamelini khona ejozi ngelusito lwaWalter sisulu.ngesikhatsi asebenta Mandela waphotfula tifundvo takhe langaticedzanga eFort Hare wase wenta tifundvo temtsetfo eNyuvesi yase-Witwatersrand.

Ngemnyaka wa-1942 Mandela wajoyina khongolose ngesikhatsi asolo afundza.emva kwekujoyina kwakhe lenhlangano waba lilungu lelikhutsele layo ,waba sembili futsi nakusukunyiswa luphiko lwayo lensha i-ANC Youth League nga-1944.nga-1952 khongolose wahlela lesikhulu siteleka eJozi lesasekelwa tinkhulungwane tebantfu labamnyama labebangahambisani nembuso welucindzetelo.nga-1955 Mandela kanye netigagayi letinyenti baboshwa babekwa emacala ekulinga kuvukela umbuso.kepha umbuso awumange uphumelele lokwenta kutsi lamacala esulwe.

Mandela nalabanye labamalungu akhongolose bebacabanga kwekutsi akusiti kukhulumisana nemuntfu lophendvula ngesibhamu,kungcono nabo batsatse tikhali balwe.kepha Luthuli abengahambisani nalombono njengoba yena abelikholwa lekucina.Ngemitamo yabo boMandela naboSisulu Luthuli wagcina avumile kutsatsa tikhali kepha nabametsembisa kwekutsi ngete kwafa bantfu labamsulwa.Nga-1961 kwasungulwa umkhonto weSizwe luphiko lwemphi kuKhongolose,Mandela waba ngumholi walo.inhloso yawo uMkhonto weSizwe kwabe kukuphakela emandla embuso ngekubhomisa takhiwo tawo njengemaPosi,tinkantolo,ema-Ofisi netintsambo letisa Gesi emadolobheni.nangabe loko kwehluleka bekutawuvukelwa umbuso.

Emva kwekusungulwa kwalombutfo emaphoyisa amfuna ngala nangala Mandela,kwafuneka aphile ngekubhaca.ngawo umnyaka wa-1961 Mandela wafohla waya e-Aijeriya (Algeria) lapho afundza khona ngebusotja kepha watsi ekubuyeni kwakhe nga-1962 waboshwa ngemacala ekuphuma eNingizimu Afrikha ngalokungekho emtsetfweni wagwetjwa iminyaka lesihlanu ejele.

Nelson Mandela ushone mhlaka 5 December 2013 emuva kwekugula sikhashane. 




#Article 18: Ndlovukati Labotsibeni Gwamile Mdluli (246 words)


Labotsibeni Mdluli, lobekaphindze atiwe ngekutsi Indlovukati Gwamile (c. 1859 – December 15, 1925) bekayindlovukati yaseveni lakaNgwane eSwatini. Utalwa Matsanjana lobekasikhulu sebakaMdluli. Ngesikhatsi sekutalwa kwakhe, Matsanjana bekaseNtilasifali endzaweni yase Tsibeni le namuhla yatiwa ngeBabutini, ngiko ke bametsa batsi nguLobetsibeni. Uma kushona babe wakhe wabese uyohlala kamalume wakhe indvuna Mvelase Mdluli eLudzidzini ngaseZulwini, ngulapho ke wakhuliswa khona indlovukati Thandzile  (LaZidze) lotala inkosi Sobhuza. Kantsi kwatsi ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi wabese uba ngulomunye wemakhosikati aMbandzeni Dlamini (c.1857–1889), kantsi bekanebantfwana labane Bhunu (c.1875–1899), Malunge (c.1880–1915), Lomvazi (c.1885–1922), kanye nendvodzakati Tongotongo (c.1879–1918).

uLaMdluli watsatfwa yinkhosi Mbandzeni waba ngulenye yemakhosikati akhe.Ekukhotsameni kwenkhosi Mbandzeni kwakhetfwa Mahlokohla kwekutsi atsatse bukhosi,Labotsibeni wase uba Yindlovukati.

Kepha naye Mahlokohla akabusanga sikhatsi lesidze ngobe kwatsi asenaleyimfica iminyaka ayinkhosi wase uyakhotsama ngemnyaka wa-1899.

kwabe sekubekwa Nkhotfotjeni lobekaseliswane ngaleso sikhatsi,wabanjelwa ngiyo indlovukati Labotsibeni.

Ngiso lesikhatsi lapho indlovukati yabonakalisa khona emandla kanye nesibindzi sayo.Umhlaba lomkhulu wemaSwati bowusetandleni tebelumbi.indlovukati yakhipha emajaha kutsi ayosebenta etimayini teligolide kute kutsengwe umhlaba kubelumbi.

Lesinye sinyatselo leyasitsatsa indlovukati kwaba sekucoca timali tekwakha sikolwa lapho Umntfwanenkhosi Nkhotfotjeni  abetawufundza khona emabanga laphasi.Watsi nakacedza lapho wamedlulisela eLovedale ekolishi kulemaChosa,lesento sahhungatelisa live kutsiwa indlovukati imusa khashane kangaka umntfwanenkhosi kute batekwati kumbulala.

Ngemnyaka wa-1922 Labotsibeni wanikela tintsambo kuye Nkhotfotjeni lowetsiwa laSobhuza Wesibili.Wabitwa ngulabadzala ngemnyaka wa-1925.

Labotsibeni abengumuntfu lonelulaka .ngendlela abenelulaka ngayo bekutsi nalomisile kutsiwe uvimbe litulu ngalokuba lishobolo.kwatsi nobe iMbabane umfula sewubovu ngenca yekumbiwa kwensimbi kwatsiwa nguye uyinyatsele yadvungana yaba bovu.Kwesibili Labotsibeni abenesibindzi,ngesikhatsi abambele ingonyama Sobhuza II bekusikhatsi lesibi lapho khona tive temdzabu beticindzetelwe tingenalo livi,kepha yena wakwati kusibutsa sonkhe sive semaSwati asigcine sibumbene.




#Article 19: Garrett Rhodes (119 words)


Garrett David Rhodes ubuya eMelika. Utawla nga 8 July 1985. Bese ufundzile ePennsbury High School eFairless Hills. Uma ucedzile kufundza ePHS, Garrett uhambe eState College kufundza ePenn State University. Ucale kufundza i-engineering mara utfolile kutsi akatsandzi i-engineering. Ukhetsile kufundza iFilm na Video. Utsandza kushutza kakhulu. 

Rhodes ucedzile kufundza nga 2007. Utfolile idegree. Bese yena bekafuna kusita bantu. Ubhalile i-application kusebenza naPeace Corps. Batsi buya iSouth Africa. Garrett uhambile.

Manje manje Garrett uyavoluntiya eTjakastad. Uyasebenza lilanga lonkhe emalanga onkhe. Udziniwe kahulu. Umhlawumbe utawushadza intfombi lenhle eNingizimu Afrika.

Konje, Garrett Rhodes umuhle kakhule, unemandla, uhlakanphile. Utsandza kufundza incwadzi, kubingelala bantfu, futsi kuvakasha bangani bakhe. Abantu bambiza ngokuthi inkabi enhle ngoba yena unenduku lenhle njenga inkabi

John Dummer ungomunye wabangane bakhe abakhulu.




#Article 20: ISwizalendi (224 words)


iSwizalendi (de: die Schweiz, fr: Suisse, it: Svizzera, rm: Svizra). Live laseYurophu.

I Swizalendi live lelitfolakala phakatsi kwetintsaba kanye nemawa, kantsi lilive lelihlukaniseke katsatfu, lokuhlukaniseka loku kucuketse emawa langema ayisi, umzila lowatiwa ngekutsi i  Swiss Plateau kanye nentsaba leyatiwa ngekutsi i Jura,lomzila udvonsa libanga lelingemakhilomitha langu 41285 km2. kutsi letintsaba temawa lama ayisi sidle sigamu nje lesidze salelive, tibalo tebantfu labatfolakala kulelive tibalelwa ku 8 million kantsi labanyenti babo labantfu batfolakala kuwo lomzila wetintsaba, lapha ke ngulapho kuphindze kutfolakale khona nenhlokodholobha yalo lelive lase Swizalendi kantsi emadholobha ase Swizalendi advume umhlaba wonke aphindze atiwe ngekutsi ngema global cities ngenca yemnotfo wawo, lawa ke i – Zürich kanye ne Geneva.

Lelive lase Swiss linemlandvo lomudze wekungatibandzakanyi etimpini , pheceleti loku lokwatiwa ngekutsi i armed neutrality— kusukela ngemnyaka wango 1815— alikaze lelive libe nempi, ngiko ke loku lokwente kutsi lingenele inhlangano yetive muva ngemnyaka wa 2002. kusesenjalo ke lelive linebudlelwane lobuhle nalamanye emave emhlaba kantsi budlelwane balo bakhelwe esisekelweni sekuletsa kutfula nelucolo emaveni lamanyenti. .i Swizalendi live lakwatalwa khona inhlangano ye Siphambano Lesibovu pheceleti i Red Cross kantsi futsi tinhlangano letinyenti tinemahhovisi awo lamakhulu kulelive lokufaka phakatsi i second largest UN office. Emaveni ase Yuropu leli ngilo live lelisungule inhlangano ye European Free Trade Association loku kuphindze kube yincenye ye Schengen Area – lokufaka phakatsi i nyonyana ye  European Union, endzaweni leyatiwangekutsi yi Eureopean Economic Area.




#Article 21: Thwala (229 words)


Thwala mnyamandze shivakati engenampondo lukhambule wena wa siwela.

uMkhonto odumanjengezulu. Mzimkhulu.

Skhandisa samakhosi,
Thwala lomzimkhulu,
Mnyamande,
Mkhont’oduma njengezulu,
Ithala lomkhonto lisemaNyamandeni,
Nhlangothi zimanxebanxeba,
Wena kaMlamulankunzi ungaziyeki zibulalane,
Wena kaSiwela owawela umfula ngesilulu,
Mnyango kawuvalwa, uvalwa ngamakhand’amadoda,
Ntshivakazi engenampondo,
Bhijela wamaMbane,
Sakade kaGemane,
Gemane kaSiwela,
Nzilagazi!

Thwala, Mnyamande ka naSiwela, Mkhonto oDuma njengeZulu

Mnyango kawuValwa, uValwa ngamakhanda wamadoda

Mgawula nduku kusathethwa

Mzila gazi, ongadli ubende nobubende

Nyembe,

Siwela                                  

The swati version:

nkomo lehlaba ite timpondvo

mkhonto lodvuma njele litulu

kwabetindlu ne tindlwana

dongololudze lumankenenkene

mnyamandze waka la siwela

ftwala manyamandze lukhambule mvulane nongombili dlebankhomo

Isibongo sakwaThwala ngesinye sezibongo ezidume kakhulu eSwazini njalo umlando wabo ubanzi, badlala indima enkulu ngeskhathi kubunjwa umbuso kaSobhuza wokuqala. Ingwenyama ebusa manje eSwazini uMakhosetive(Mswati 3), izalwa ngumaThwala uNtombifuthi. Ubukhosi bakwaThwala eSwazini buseBhadzeni yikho lapho indlovukazi ezalwa khona. AbakwaThwala bathola isibongo lesi ngenxa yemisebenzi ababeyenza ebukhosini bakwaDlamini. Kuthiwa abakwaThwala babethwala izinto zakwaDlamini ma ngabe inkosi ithutha kumbe kufanele iye endaweni ethize. AbakwaThwala ngabantu banye nabakwaMotha, ngabeSotho ngokwendabuko, batholwa eSwazini ngeskhathi kufika abakwaDlamini yingakho sithi ngabeSwati abamakhandambili, amakhandambili yizizwe zonke ezatholwa ngabakwaDlamini(kanye nezinye izizwe ezafika nabo) eSwazini. abakwaThwala abayidli inyama yenkomo engenampondo. Ubudlelwano phakathi kweMbube uMswati 2(1840-1868) nabakwaThwala baqiniswa yizimpi ezalwiwa ngamaSwazi phela abakwaThwala ngamagabazi amakhulu kwezokulwa, bebalwa kuphuke imikhono. Yibona abancedisa abakwaDlamini ngeskhathi uNdlunkulu kaMswati wesibili, u-Thandile Ndwandwe ethola umendo eSwazini.
Izithakazelo zabo :
Tfwala, Motha, Lukhambule, Mnyamandze
Mkhonto lodvuma njengelitulu,
Mafuyankabi, Nshivakati Nkhomo katingeni edamu tiyacabelana,




#Article 22: Ray Phiri (142 words)


Raymond Chikapa Phiri (watalwa mhlaka 23 iNdlovu|23 iNdlovulenkhulu 1947) ngumculi we afrofusion kanye nembaqanga lowatalelwa eMpumalanga. Watalwa ngubabe loweta ngemsebenti avela eMalawi lobekatiwa ngekutsi ngu Just Now Phiri. ngulomunye wemalunga lacala licembu lema Cannibals ngeminyaka yema 1970. ngesikhatsi emaCannibals ahlukana. 

Ray wacala licembu le Stimela, lapho enta khona ema album latfola emacwecwe eligolide kanye neplatinum lafana nabo Fire, Passion and Ecstacy (1991), Look, Listen and Decide (1992) kanye nalevusa lusinga letsi People Don't Talk So Let's Talk.

Ngo 1985, Paul Simon wacela Ray kanye nelicembu le Ladysmith Black Mambazo kutsi bahlanganyele naye eluhambeni lwemhlaba lwe Graceland Tour, lelaba impumelelo lenkhulu, laphindze lasita baculi labanyenti base Ningizimu neAfrika kutsi batentele ligama ngesheya kwetilwandle. Ray waphindze wahlanganyela na Paul Simon ku album yakhe Rhythm of the Saints leyenta kutsi acule e Central Park kanye nase Madison Square Gardens waphindze wavela nakubomabonakudze e USA .




#Article 23: Tananas (126 words)


iTananas , licembu lase Ningizimu Afrika lelasulungwa ngo 1987 . ekucaleni kwalo belina Gito Baloi lowatalwa loculako aphindze adlale siginci se bass . Ian Herman udlala tigubhu sekubuya kube ngu Steve Newman lodlala siginci .bacala bacosha i album yabo yekucala kanye ne Shifty Records . i Tananas ihlanganisa i Jazz kanye ne salsa yase Mozambique iphindze ihlanganise ne mbaqanga . bakhiphe ema albums langu 8 ,lamabili akhona bawakhipha ne Sony Record Label 

i Tananas itakhele balandzeli bayo labayitsandza ngekutsembeka khona eNingizimu neAfrika kusukela ngeminyaka yengema 1980, baphindze bahamba mhlaba wonke baze bayofika nase WOMAD , baphindze bacula nebaculi bemhlaba labafana nabo Paul Simon ,Sting Bonnie Raitt ,Suzanne Vega kanye na Youssou N'dour . lelicembe lahlukana ngo 1993 laphindze labuyelana emahlandla ngemuva kwaloko 





#Article 24: Stimela Semalahle (387 words)


Stimela Semalahle
Nga Bhimbidvwane ngeminyaka wango 1876 Inkapani Yetitimela yase Natal lebeyatiwa ngekutsi iNatal Railway Company yatfola sitimela sayo sekugcina , lesitimela besiselithange senesilinganiso semasondvo langu 4-4-0 , besakhiwe i Kitson and Company saphindze setsiwa ligama sabitwa nge nguMphikileli kumbe ngesingisi i Perseverance . ngembi kwekutsi tonke tinsita temphakatsi kanye nemafa alenkapani atsatfwe mbuso weColony of Natal i Natal Government Railways yabese iyasungulwa.

lesi sesitsatfu siphindze sibe sekugcina sitimela kutsi sisetjntiswe umbuso we Natali besi ne  selithange lenjini. sakhiwa inkapani lebitwa ngekutsi yi Kitson and Company lebeyinetisebenti letingu 2037. lesitimela safika e Durban mhlaka 11 Bhimbidvwane 1876 besikadze silayishwe sikebhe Parthenia,kwatsi emhlanganweni wetikhulu betiphetse mhlaka 2 Indlovulekulu 1876 kwabese kuncunywa kutsi sitawubitwa ngekutsi ngumphikeleli kumbe Perseverancenjengobe besatiwa ngelulwimi lwesingisi.

ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi kubese kuyatfolakala kutsi inkapani i Trinidad Government Railway yase Trinidad nakhona bebanaso sitimela lesifana nalesi. intfo nje lebeyibukeka imehluko kuto totibili letitimela bekubukhulu belithange lemanti. i Perseverance beyinelithange lelincane lemanti lemtsamo longanga , kutsi lesi sona sase Trinidad sibe nelithange lelikhudlwane phambili lebekungumtsamo longu  .

kutse ngekuhamba kweminyaka i Perseverance yabese iyafa yaba tindzala kudvwa lesi sase Trinidad sabekwa njenge ligugu lesive e Harris Promenade e San Fernando.

Ngemnyaka wa 25 Bhimbidvwane 1867 lesi sekucala  sitimeala besihamba emkhatsini wase Durban kanye nase Point station khona e Durban lapho besisebenta nekutfwala imphala lefika ngelwandle, kantsi futsi lomzila waso ubese uyakhuliswa wayophelela  e Umgeni, lapho khona ematje etinkwali bekatsatfwa ayiswe etikibheni. emva kwekungasasebenti kwaso lesitimela , kute leminye imitamo leyentiwa kutsi tiphindze tichubekele embili letitimela taloluhlobo.

ngaphandle kweligama laso , lesitimela asimange sisentjentiswe sikhatsi lesidze. ngemnyaka ngembi kwekutsi siletfwe tonke tinsitancanti kanye nemafa kufaka phakatsi naletinye titimela letintsatfu tatsatfwa enkapanini i Natal Railway Company, ngu Hulumede we  Natal Colonial Government, lobese usungula inkapani leyabitwa ngekutsi yi Natal Government Railways nga Bhimbidvwane 1877. kusukela lapho lohulumende ubese uncuma kucala iCape gauge, kuhambisana kanye netitimela lebetisebenta e Cape of Good Hope, kuphindze kwandziswe nabo  janji phakatsi kwe Kapa nePietermaritzburg, kuyofinyelela e Verulam kuphindze kwehlwe kuyiwe eSiphingo, labojanji labebakhona e Durban babese balinganiswa nelizinga lalabaseKapa , ngulapho leti letinye titimela tase Durban tagcina khona kusentjetiswa.

I Natal yabese itsengiselwa imlimi lotsite , kwase kutsi i Perseverance yaguculwa yentiwa mashendisi wenkapani lencane lebeyisebenta ngashukela khona e Durban, yabese iyakhishwa emsebentini nga 1877. lena yesibili yona yagcinwa emsebentini, kodvwa i saddle-tank engine of 1865, yabese iyitfumela ekapa yayosebentela khona yaphindze yafela khona .




#Article 25: Moses Taiwa Molekekwa (194 words)


Moses Taiwa Molelekwa(17 Mabasa 1973—13 Indlovana 2001) bekangumculi we South African jazz aphindze adlala ne piano. Molelekwa uphuma emndenini webatsandzi bemculo. wakhulela endzaweni yase Tembisa, esifundzeni sase Gauteng, e South Africa. babe wakhe bekatiwa ngekutsi ngu Monk,leligama wanikwa ngobe bekati kabanti ngemculi we Jazz Thelonious Monk. kukhulela enhluphekweni kanye netindzaba telibandlululo ngito letammbambelela Moses esikolweni kutsi angatfoli nemiphumela lemihle. Babe wakhe watama ngemandla akhe onke kutsi anikete Moses timfundvo temculo waphindze wamtsengela ne keyboard lapho besekabona kutsi Moses uyatimisela emculweni. lapha ngulapho Taiwa wangena khona e the Federal Union of Black Arts, nakungulapho waphotfula timfundvo takhe ngemalengiso emnyakeni wa 1987 wabese ucala umculo ngekutimisela.

kuleminyaka lelandzelako wabese sewusebenta nebaculi belidvumo labanjengabo Miriam Makeba, Jonas Gwangwa, kanye nalabanye labanyenti. ngemnyaka wa 1988 Hugh Masekela wamcela kutsi abe ngulomunye wemalunga elicembu lakhe, kulapho Molelekwa wawina tindvondvo takhe tekucala emculweni. kusebenta ayendvwa wacala ngemnyaka wango 1994 lapho wakhipha licwecwe lalibita ngekutsi Finding Oneself. kwatsi ngo 1996 watfola lidvumo njengemculi we Jazz lokhetsekile lapho watiwinela khona ema FNB lamabili njengemculi lohamba yedvwa waphindze wawina i SAMA South Africa Music Awards ngekuhlanganisa umculo wesintfu , waphindze wahlonishwa ngempumelelo yakhe ekudlaleni i Marabi nge piano, alandzela etinyatselweni ta Abdullah Ibrahim.




#Article 26: John Robert Dunn (292 words)


John Robert Dunn (1834–1895) watalwa South Africa aphinze asakhamuti, mtingeli, kanye na sopolitiki wandzabuko yase Scotland. watalwa e Port Elizabeth kumbe e  Port Natal ngeminyaka yangabo 1834, wakhulela e Natali/ngase Durban. 

ngesikhatsi asakhula Dunn ,babe wakhe wanyatselwa wabulawa yindlovu, kwatsi make wakhe wabese ushone iminyaka lemibalwa ngemuva kwekushona kwababe wakhe. lesi ngiso sikhatsi lapho Dunn wacala kutiphilisa ngekusebentela batfutsi betimpahla kanye nebatingeli, futsi lesi ngiso sikhatsi lawacala kuba nelutsandvo lekutingela. lapha ngulapho bekahamba kakhulu etindzaweni letehlukene atingela adzabula imifula netihobodla temfula Tugela wate wafika ebukhosini baka Zulu. loluhambo lwakhe lwambona aphindzela kanyenti kulendzawo yema Zulu waze watakhela budlelwane nabo bukhosi njengemhumushi ngenca yekufundza nekukhuluma lulwimi lwesi Zulu kahle. etikhatsini letinyenti lapho bukhosi bebumbonga ngetipho ekuhumusheni kwakhwe, tipho lebetifaka phakatsi tinkomo kanye nebafati. lena yintfo lengazange imjabulisa umka Dunn Catherine Pierce kodwa Dunn bekachubeka abamukela bafati labephiwa bona bukhosi bema Zulu. Umka Dunn beka yindvodzakati yabafiki labamhlophe ngelibala base Kapa. Dunn waphindze waphiwa umhlaba nguZwane wakaMangethe eceleni nase Ngoye lapho wakha wahlala nebafati bakhe labangu 48.

ngenyanga yamhlaka 11 Bhimbidvwane 1879 emasotja emangisi adzabula umfula i Tugela , eceleni kwase Fort Pearson abese anika Cetjwayo imiyalela kutsi akhetse kodvwa yena wacinisa inhloko, wakhetsa impi. lesi ke ngiso sikhatsi lapho khona Dunn wabese utsengisa Cetjwayo emangisini kwabese kuyiwa empini lenkulukata emlandvweni wemangisi nemabhuni leyatiwa ngekutsi i impi yesandlwana kumbe i Battle of Isandlwana. lapho khona emaZulu ancojwa emfuleni i Tugela, kwatsi emangisi ngenyanga ya 1 Inyoni 1879 abese atsatsa bukhosi ba Cetjwayo abuhlanganisa kanye ne sifundza sase Natali. ngalesento Dunn waniketwa umhlaba lumkhulu impela waba nendzawo lehlukanisa sive salamhlophe kanye nalabamnyama lebebangatsenjwa ngulabamhlophe.

John Dunn wafa mhlaka 5 Ingci 1895, ashade nebafati labangu 48 aphindze anebantfwana labangu 117. wonke umndeni wa Dunn utfolaka eceleni kweTugela uphindze ube nemalungelo kuyo leyo ndzawo kuze kube ngulomuhla.




#Article 27: Danny Jordaan (655 words)


Daniel Alexander Danny Jordaan (Watalwa 3 Lweti 1951) ngumongameli we libhola letinyawo lase Ningizimu Afrika (SAFA) kantsi futsi ngembi kwekutsi abe ngumongameli, bekafundzisa ezingelileliphakeme aphendze alwa nencindzetelo yelubadlululo. Jordaan bekangulomunye lowaholela live lase Ningizimu Afrika empumelelweni ye 2010 FIFA World Cup. leli kwaba likhetfo lekucala evenikati lase Afrika kutsi kube khona lomncintiswano we FIFA. kantsi futsi Jordaan bekakhona kulelitsimba lekucala lelenta imitamo yekuletsa wona lomncintiswano we 2006 FIFA World Cup eveni lasi Ningizimu Afrika longazange ube yimpumelelo. kwatsi nawuphumelela lowesibili umtamo wekuletsa lomncintiswano wabese lowa Jordaan uba ngusihlalo we FIFA eNingizimu Afrika.

Uhleti etihlalweni letinyenti ke Jordaan lokufaka phakatsi kuba ngusihlalo kanye nemcodzisi we Youth World Cup (now FIFA U-20 World Cup), 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup kanye ne 2002 FIFA World Cup e Korea/Japan. uphindze waba ngunkomishane we 2006 FIFA World Cup lapho bekaphindze alilunga lebhodi yekuhlela khona ku 2006 FIFA World cup. lirekodi lakhe lekuhlela nekuhlala etikhundleni tebuholi belibhola letinyawo buyimpumelelo lenkulu, ngoba watiwa njengemuntfu lonelwati ngekuhlela nekucondzisa lemidlalo ,uphindze abe ngumpetsa ekukhangiseni nasekutsengiseni lemidlalo loku kubonakale ngesikhatsi ahlela i 2010 FIFA World Cup kanye ne 2009 FIFA Confederations cup.  

Danny Jordaan watalelwa e  Port Elizabeth, leli lidholoba lelisempumalanga ngaselugwini lelwandle, kantsi utalwa ngu Maxine kanye na Alexandre Jordaan. ebusheni bakhe wacala kutibandzakanye ekulweni nembuso wencindzetelo , petseleti i Apartheid lapho engenela khona tinhlangano letifana ne South African Students' Organisation (SASO) ngeminyaka yabo 1970s, kwatsi lapho Steve Biko asungula inhlangano leyatiwa ngekutsi i Black Consciousness Movement kutsi anike sive lesimnyaka livi ngulapho ke lowa Jordaan naye wacala khona kutibandzakanya netindzaba tepolitiki, waba lilunga layo lenhlangano i BCM ekuweni nencindzetelo yebafundzi belibala. kwatsi ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi, Jordaan waba lilunga le United Democratic Front waphindze wajoyina licembu letembangave i African National Congress (ANC).

Wacala kufundzisa ke ngeminyaka yabo 1974 ngumva kwekuphotfula timfundvo takhe tebuthishela, kuyo yona leminyaka yangabo 1970 kuya ku 1983 bekaphindze atibandzakanye aphindze angumdlali we cricket kanye nelibhola letinyawo. ebholeni letinyawo wabangumpetsa ekudlaleni kwalo nasekuhleleni imidlalo yalo, ngulapha ke lawacala khona kulwa nekucwasana ngelibala kanye nelibandlululo kulomdlalo. 

kwatsi ngo 1983 kuya ku 1992 wabamba tikhundla letinyenti ebholweni letinyawo lapho bekaba khona ngumcondzisi kumbe mongameli, lesi ke sikhatsi lapho waba ngumcondzisi wema Olimpiki e Kapa Olympic.

Ngiso ke lesi sikhatsi labekamatasatasa kulo licembu le ANC lapho wakhetfwa khona kuba ngusihlalo ngo 1990 e Port Elizabeth. ngemuva kwelikhefo lwekucala lwentsandvo yelinyenti e Ningizimu Afrika ngo 1994, waba lilunga lephalamende ngaphansi kwamongameli Nelson Mandela, lesi sikhatsi lowasihlala kwaze kwaba ngu 1997. kwatsi angaphuma ephalamende wabese ubangusihlalo we SAFA In 1997, futsi lesi ngiso sikhatsi lapho wahola khona live lase Ningizimu Afrika emitameni yekuletsa lomncintiswano we 2006 FIFA World Cup lapho kwasala kancane kutsi iNingizimu Afrika ihlulwe i Jalimane, kodvwa nanobe yahluleka iNingizimu Afrika, yena Jordaan wahlonishwa kakhulu emave emhlaba ngemsebenti wakhe lowawenta ekuletseni lendzebe, kwatsi nakufika litfuba lesibili kutsi iNingizimu Afrika incintisane wabese uyawuphumelela lomjaho wekuletsa lendzebe.

ngaphandle kwaloku Jordaan ube buso nelivi lekukhangisa imidlalo kakhulukati kumabonakudze kusukela ngo 1998. mhlaka 28 Lweti 2013, Jordan wacokwa kutsi abe ngumongameli lomusha we SAFA, atsatsa etintsenjeni ta Kirsten Nematandani. wahlula Mandla Mazibuko ngemavoti langu 162 kulangu 88 etindzaweni letingu 52.

Jordaan une BA degree layitfole e University of the Western Cape aphindze abe ne Honours degree layitfole e University of South Africa. uphindze abe nekuhlonishwa nge me Degrees lamatsatfu ngemazinga laphakeme etemfundvo iNelson Mandela Metropolitan University ku (D.Phil),kanye ne  University of South Africa ku (D. Admin), kuphindze kube yinyuvesi la photfula khona tifundvo takhe i University of the Western Cape nge (D. Phil).

watfola i award yelikhetselo leyatiwangekutsi i presidential award kumongameli Nelson Mandela ngo 1994 kantsi ngetulu kwaloko uphindze abe nalenye lowahlonishwa ngiyo ngumongameli Thabo Mbeki ngo 2001. uphindze wawina tekukhangisa nekutsengisa ngemnyaka wa 2000 ngemsebenti wakhe kanye nelikhono lakhe lekukhangisa nekutsengisa temidlalo . nog 2004, wavotelwa njengalobe ngundzabamlonyeni  waphindze watfolwa i mayoral award e Los Angeles, eCalifornia mhlaka 24 Ingci 2004. Jordaan uphindze wanikwa i freedom of the city yelidholobha lase Maracaibo, eveni lase Venezuela. ngaphandle kwalawa , utfole ema Award kanye nekuhlonishwa emadholobhenin lamanyenti ase Ningizimu Afrika  




#Article 28: Noxolo Nogwaza (369 words)


Noxolo Nogwaza (1987 – 24 April 2011) watatelwa e Ningizimu Afrika , atsandzana ngebulili lobufanako aphindze alwela emalungelo ebantfu labatsandzana ngabo bulili lobufanako. Nogwaza bekahlala endzaweni yase Ekurhuleni aselikomidini lelimele wona emalungelo ebantfu labatsandzana ngebulili lobufanako. Noxolo wadlwengulwa, wagwazwa waphindze wagandvwa ngematje wate wafa, yonke lentfo yenteka endzaweni yaKwaThema, Gauteng. Imbangela yalesehlakalo yabangwa ngukutsi emadvodza latsite asukele singani sakhe ashishele embi kwakhe Nogwaza, kwaba ngulapho wetama kubabonisa khona kutsi kumele bamhloniphe ngoba nabo angete baphatseka kahle uma umuntfu lomunye angashela tingani tabo phambi kwabo. 

Emaphoyisa atfola emakhondomu lasentjetisiwe, libhodlela letjwala kanye nelitje lelikhulu lebeligcwele ingati eceleni nemtimba wa Nogwaza, yonke lentfo yenteka eceleni nemgwaco.

Lokuhlaselwa kwa Nogwaza kubukeka kwangatsi bekukumlungisa bulili peceleti i corrective rape ngesingisi, lesi sento lesivame kwentiwa emadvodza latondza bantfu labatsandzana ngebulili lobufanako bavame kuhlukubeta bafati ngekwemacansi batsi bayabalungisa kuloku labangiko. bomake labafika ku 31 sebabulewe ngalo lona leluhlobo lekulungisa bulili e Ningizimu Afrika loku kucashunwe ngu Luleki Sizwe lowadlwengulwa naye ngaloluhlobo, ubuye anabe atsi timpisishaka letingu 10 tiyadlwengulwa ngeliviki nje kuphela etindzaweni tase Cape Town. Human Rights Watch described the attack as part of a hate crime epidemic against South African gays, comparing it to the rape and murder of footballer and lesbian activist Eudy Simelane in the same township three years before.

Umngcwabo wa Noxolo bewuhanjelwe bantfu labangetulu kwa 2,000. bonke labantfu bebatfuswe ngulendlela lafe ngayo lowekunene, bebahaya baphindze bacule tingoma letigama latsi labadlwenguli kumele bajujwe emalunga abo angasese ngema razor uma emaphoyisa atohluleka kubabamba abavalele. 170,000 people worldwide signed a petition for authorities to crack down on corrective rape.

Noxolo ushiya bantfwana lababili. ngemuva kwekufa kwakhe ematsimba latimele ase United States abese ahlanganisa timali tekwatisa nekufundzisa kabanti imiphakatsi lehlukene ngebantfu labatsandzana ngebulili lobufanako, bantfwana besikole nabo bafundziwa kutsi kumele babeketelele bangani babo labatsandzana ngebulili lobufanako etindzaweni labahlala kuto. lokhulumela emaphoyisa akamange afune kuvumelana kanye nalamagama e  Human Rights Watch kanye ne  Amnesty International, yena nje bekayibuka lentfo njengebugebengu watsi kubulala nje kubulala ngaphandle kokutsi inhloso yakho yini. No arrests had been made in the case of as November 2012.

Ngo November 2012, inhlangano yeAmnesty International yafaka lendzaba kutsi ikhankase ngemalungelo abo bantfu lababulawa ngenca yekutsandzana ngebulili lobufanako yayibita ngekutsi yi Write for Rights campaign, injongo yalomkhankaso kutsi lelicala livulwe liphindze liphenywe kabusha .




#Article 29: Steve Kekana (168 words)


Steve Kekana (watalwa ngo 1958 e Zebediela, eLimpopo) ngumculi wase Ningizimu Afrika aphindze abe ngumbhali wetingoma. Kekana walahlekelwa kubona emehlweni aneminyaka lesihlanu nje kuphela, ngulapho khona ke wangeniswa esikolweni sebantfu labangaboni emehlweni  ePietersburg. Lesi sikhatsi lapho waba khona nelutsandvo nemculo kakhulu, ngulapho wacala khona emacembu emculo kanye nebangani bakhe.
 
ngo 1979 nango 1980, Kekana wawina indondo lebeyatiwa ngekutsi yi SABC Black Music Award kubantfu besilisa, lendondo wayiwina ngelivi lakhe lebelitsandzeka. lengoma yaKekana letsi Raising My Family yaba yimpumelelo kakhulu ngoba beyitsandvwa ngesheya kwetilwandle emaveni ase Europe ngabo 1980. sekaphelele onke ema album a Kekana angemashumi lamane.. le album yakekana letsi The Bushman kanye naleletsi Feel So Strong (lebeyifaka phakatsi ingoma letsi Hotline) tadla lubhedvu Springbok Radio lena Radio beyinema charts labekafaka baculi belizinga lelisetulu ngalesosikhatsi selibandlululo e Ningizimu Afrika, kantsi letingoma taKekana taba ngubo nombolo #13 kanye na nombolo #6 emkhatsini kwa 1982 kanye na 1983 ngekulandzelana.
 
Steve Kekana uphindze abe neticu te B Juris kanye ne LLB degrees.  Ungumshushisi aphindze abe ngumfundzisi wetemtsetfo eNyuvesi yase Ningizimu Afrika.
 

 

 




#Article 30: Mbandzeni (162 words)


Mbandzeni ( lophindze atiwe nga Dlamini IV, emaNgisi bekamati nga Umbandine, Umbandeen ) (1855–1889) BekayiNkosi yesive sase Swaziland kusukela ngemnyaka wa 1875 kuya ku 1889.
Ingwenyama Mbandzeni bekayindvodzana ya Mswati II kanye na Nandzi Nkambule. Indlovukati ya Mswati yashona mbandzeni amncane. Mbandzeni watsatsa bukhosi ngemuva kwekutsi umnakabo Ludvonga II ashone ngembi kokutsi abekwe njengeNkosi. Kufa kwaluDvonga kwenta kutsi  inkhosikati
Lamgangeni atsatse Mbandzeni lobekete make amente indvodzana yakhe, loku ke ngiko lokwamenta waba yiNkosi. Sigodlo sakhe besise Mbekelweni. Emkhatsini wemnyaka wa 1884 kanye na 1894  Mbandzeni, waniketa emaNgisi ngemalungelo ukulima, kanye nekumba, waphindze waniketa ngemhlaba wase Ntilasifali  (Transvaal) lomnyenti kakhulu. Lokuniketwa kwemihlaba (ngelusito lwa Offy sherpstone) Kwenta kutsi live laseSwatini libe lincane kakhulu. Mbandzeni walekelela emangisi kutsi bancobe inkosi yemaPedia Sekhukhune ngo 1879 loku kwaphindze kwasita kutsi emaZulu angahlaseli indzawo yeNtilasifali. Ngaloko ke live laseSwatini latimela njenge Sive. Mbandzeni wafa ngemnyaka wa 1889 . Kantsi wakhuluma lamagama ngembi kokushona  Bukhosi BemaSwati bufa kanye nami.  Wangcwatjwa emalibeni ebukhosi base Mbilaneni eceleni kwababe wakhe kanye namkhulu wakhe inkosi  Sobhuza I. Mahlokohla walandzela ngemuva kwekufa kwaMbandzeni bakanye neNdlovukati Labotsibeni Mdluli batsatsa bukhosi ngemuva kweNdlovukati Tibati Nkambule.  Takhiwo letinyenti kanye nemigwaco ibitwa nga Mbandzeni. 




#Article 31: I HIV/AIDS eSwatini (492 words)


Ingculaza leyatiwa kabanti ngesingisi kutsi iHIV/AIDS seyifike ezingeni lelisetulu impela eSwatini.

i HIV/AIDS iyinkinga lenkulu eveni lase Swazitini kanye nasekukhuleni kwemnotfo walelive. lesifo sikhona kulo lonke lelamswati kusukela ekucaleni kwemibiko yaso lesifo yangabo 1986.

Kuhlolwa njalo njalo kwalesifo kubomake labatitfwele emitfolampilo kunetinkomba tekukhula kwelizinga lalesifo kulelakaNgwane. luhlolo kubomake labatitfwele lolwentiwe ngemnyaka wanga 2004 lukhomba kutsi bangemaphesenti langu 42.6% labanaleligciwane lengculaza. bantfu labatsintseke kakhulu emaphesentini langu 28% batfolaka emantfombataneni lasemkhatsini weminyaka lengu 15 kuya ku 19. bese kutsi bafati labasemkhatsini weminyaka lengu 25 kuya ku 29, batsintseke ngemaphesenti langu 56%.

Kukhula kwebantfu esiveni kumbe peceleti i Human Development Index ye UN Development Programme ibika kutsi  ngenca ye HIV/AIDS, lizinga lempilo kanye netibalo tebudze beminyaka yebantfu tehlile eSwatini tisuka kuminyaka lengu 61 ngo 2000 kuya eminyakeni lengu 32 ngo  2009.

ngemnyaka wa 2000 inhlangano ye World Health Organization WHO itse nayihlatiya yatfola kutsi imbangela yekufa eSwatini lehlangene ne HIV/AIDS engemaphesenti langu 64%.  mgemnyaka wa 2009, bantfu lababalelwa 7,000 babulalwa ngiso lesifo samashaya abhuce. Etibalweni tebantfu besive labalinganiselwa ku 1,185,000 loku kuchaza kutsi i HIV/AIDS ibulala emaswati lalinganiselwa emaphesentini langu 0.6% ngemnyaka. tifo letifana nesifo senhlitiyo stroke, kanye nemdlavuta tibulala bantfu labalinganiselwa ngaphansi kwa 5% , kantsi lesibalo nasilinganiswa nelive lase United States of America tibalo titsi bangu 55% bantfu lababulalwa ngito letifo tamehlala akhona.

inhlangano yetive (UN) itsi uma ngabe lesifo sengculaza singachubeka nekubhebhetseleka ngelizinga lesibhebhetseleka ngaso, live lase Swatini ngeke libe khona njengembuso.

Ngekwelisiko lemaswati kuya emacansini ngendlela lephephile akusiyo intfo legcizelelwako. tivikeli letinjenge lijazi lemkhwenyane kanye nekuba nemlingani munye utsembeke kuye akusito tintfo letisemihambweni nasemasikweni emaswati. kunalomcabango wekutsi kumele kwandziswe sive semaswati nekutsi umfati kemele abe nebantwana labasihlanu lokungenani. kantsi futsi nesitsembu yintfo nje leyamukeleke mbamba emihambeni yakaNgwane... bantfwana labanyenti basele bangenabatali ngenca yaso lesifo. emakhulukhulu ebantwana akhuliswa ngubogogo kumbe bakhulele etihlotjeni labanye bete kwasa leto tihlobo ngobe wonke umndeni ucedvwe ngiso sona lesifo kantsi bantwana labakhulela emndenini lona babe namake balinganiselwa emaphesentini langu 22%.

ngemnyaka wa 2003, i National Emergency Response Committee on HIV/AIDS (NERCHA) yasungulwa ekulweni nalesifo lesi. litiko letemphilo kanye netenhlalakahle babuka tindlela labangatenta kuvikela kukhula kwalesifo kanye nekwatisa umphakatsi ngengoti yaso. baphuma netimpendvulo letinyentana lebetibukune nekwandzisa lwati ngengoti yalesifo, kunakekela labo labagulako, kuvikela kwaso, kanye nelwati lwetinsita uma uphila nalo leligciwane lesandulela ngculaza.

lenye inkinga lebukane nekuphatfwa ngulesifo ngukutsi angete wamukeleke emphakatsini, loku ngiko lokubangela bantfu bangafuni kwatiwa kutsi banaso lesifo ngobe besaba kwenyatswa. kodvwa nobe kunjalo bokhona bona bantfu labaphumela ngaphandle kutsi batiwe laba kuvame kuba bantfu labadvumile, bantfu betenkolo kanye nebemasiko, loku ngiko lokubangela kusitakala kwebantfu ngesikhatsi. 

Sifo sesifuba siyinkinga lenkulu ebantfwini labane HIV ngenca yekutsi tigulane letinyenti tine MDR TB loku kuchaza lesifo sesifuba lesingalashwa ngemaphilisi latayelekili kodvwa sifuna kunakekelwa impela kantsi siphindze sifune luhlobo lolukhetsekile lwemaphilisi esifuba. loku kuba yinkinga uma bantfu baluphisa kunatsa emaphilisi abo ema ARV kanye newesifuba kuphindze kubhebhetseleke uma babhema futsi bente imikhuba lenjengekunatsa tjwala. bantfu labane MDR kube baphetfwe i HIV babalelwa emaphesentini langu 83 . bantfu labasuleleka ngesifo se TB ye MDR kube bane HIV/AIDS bangu 14,000 ngemnyaka. 




#Article 32: Linda Sikhakhane (101 words)


Linda Sikhakhane ngumdlali we-saxophone aphindze abe ngumcambi wetingoma teluhlobo lwe Jazz. Utalelwe eMlazi eNingizimu Afrika elokishini lase Durban. Lutsandvo lwakhe lwemculo lwacala asemcane, kantsi ngulapha ke watfola tifundvo temculo ngaphansi kwa Dokotela Brian Thusi kanye na Mnumzane Khulekani Bhengu labatiwako ngetekufundzisa umculo. Ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi ubese uchuba tifundvo takhe esikolweni semculo lesatiwako ngeUKZN Howard College. Sikhakhane udlale nebadlali bemculo labanyenti base Ningizimu Afrika kanye nalabavela kuto tonkhe tinkhalo telive. Uphindze futsi abe nelutsandvo lwekufundzisa bantfu labasha umculo, kantsi lena yintfo layicala asafundza enyuvesi. Ngaphambi kwekuphotfula timfundvo takhe watfola umfundzate e SAMRO, kanye nase National Arts Council kutsi achube timfundvo takhe embili .




#Article 33: Mpandze ka Senzangakhona (282 words)


Mpandze (1798–1872), uMsimude owavela ngesiluba phakathi kwamaNgisi namaQadasi, leti bekutinanatelo takhe, kantsi Mpandze bekayinkosi yesive sema Zulu kusukela ngemnyaka wa 1840 kuya ku 1872, loku kwamenta waba yenkosi leyabusa sikhatsi lesidze emlandvweni wemakhosi aka Zulu. bekamnakabo Shaka kanye na Dingane ngabo make, kantsi futsi utsatsa kubo bukhosi.

Mpandze watalwa e Babanango, ka Zulu, bekabukwa njengemuntfu longenamandla futsi angetfusi, kantsi ke bekangesatjwa kutsi angacelela phansi kumbe acumbe umbuso , ngiko loku lokwenta wayekelwa kube bonke banakabo lebebabonwa njengebantfu labangacumba phansi umbuso. bekutsi lapho Dingane anika khona miyalelo endvuneni yakhe Ndlela kaSompisi kutsi kumele abulale Mpandze Ndlela bekangatsita atsatse sikhatsi sakhe kucabanga ngalendzaba ngobe bekabona kutsi Mpandze nguye yedvwa umntfwana wemfana loyindla lifa kantsi longaphindza andzise lusendvo abuye achubekise nebukhosi baka Zulu, Ndlela waphindze wabona kutsi Mpandze unengati yebukhosi , loku kuyintfo lebalulekile ekuhlonishweni kanye nasekuletseni kutfula esiveni kanye nasebukhosini bema Zulu. ngalesento sakhe lesi Ndlela wabulawa ngu Dingane. Mpandze ke waba nemadvodzana lamanyenti phakatsi kwawo bekungu Cetshwayo, lowamlandzela ebukhosini kanye nabo Mbuyazwe, Dabulamanzi, Ndabuko, Sitheku, kubala labambalwa.

nga Bhimbidvwane wa 1840 Andries Pretorius na Gert Rudolph balekelela Mpandze ekulweni nemfowabo Dingane, lowabulawa ngemkhambatsi lowatsatsa indzawo enyakatfo ne Hlatikhulu Forest.

Imitsetfo ngekukhetfwa kwemakhosi esiveni semaZulu ngaleso sikhatsi beyingakacaci kahle kodvwa bekwatiwa kutsi ngekwelisiko kumele bukhosi butsatfwe ngumntfwana wemfana wendlovukati yecucala yenkosi. ngelishwa ke inkosi ngiyo beyikhetsa kutsi ngubani nkosikati wayo wekucala kantsi futsi loku kungagucuka , lokwaba ngiyo intfo leyenteka lapha, kantsi loku kwaholela empini leyabakhona emkhatsini wa Cetshwayo na Mbulazi, lempi beyatiwa ngekutsi i  Ndodakusuka, yatsatsa indzawo emlanjeni we Tugela River kantsi Cetshwayo watfola lusito ku  John Dunn, Cetshwayo wayingcoba lempi kantsi nanobe Mpandze amange wamnika bukhosi tisuka nje, Cetshwayo besekwatiwa kutsi nguye lolandzelako nakuphuma babe wakhe Mpandze, lekuyintfo leyentaka ngemuva kwemnyaka nje.




#Article 34: Solomon Mahlangu (228 words)


Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu (10 Kholwane 1956 – 6 Mabasa 1979) bekangu mfana lobekazbalazela emalungelo eluntfu e South Africa bekaphindze alilunga le ANC Umkhonto weSizwe (MK). Mahlangu wabandzakanya netembangave walwa nencindzetelo eNingizimu Afrika waboshwa wabese ugwetjwa sigwebo sentsambo ngo 1979 ngemuva kwekutfweswa emacala ebuphekula kanye nekubulala.

Mahlangu watatelwa e Pitoli mhlaka 10 Kholwane 1956. Bekangumntfwana wesibili wa Martha Mahlangu kantsi babe wakhe wamshiya nga 1962 ngaloko ke wakhuliswa ngumake wakhe kuphela lobekasebenta emakhishini. Wangena sikolo sase Mamelodi High School wagcina ebangeni lesiphohlongo, lokunye futsi lokwabangela kutsi angacedzi sikolo kwaba kutsi bekunetidlova tetembangave ngaleso sikhatsi lokwenta kutsi tikolo tihlale tivaliwe .

Mahlangu azange ahlanganyele ku sidvumo sango 16 June 1976 kodvwa wangenena umbutfo we ANC ngenyanga yeNyoni 1976. wabese ke uyahamba uyoceceshelwa kuba lisotja leMkhonto weSizwe e Angola kanye nase Mozambiki kwatsi mhlaka 11 Inhlaba 1977 wabuyela eNingizimu Afrika njengelisotja ahlomile angena ngendlela yaseSwatini. Mahlangu Bekahamba nebangani bakhe bo Mondy Johannes Motloung kanye na George Lucky Mahlangu, kulapho ke babanjwa maphoyisa e titaladini tase Jozi e Goch Street. “Lucky” Mahlangu wakhona kubaleka kodvwa Solomon kanye na Johannes babalekela endzaweni lebeyigcwele emaphoyisa, ngulapho ke kwacala kudutjulwana kwafa bantfu lababili kantsi labanye lababili balimala. Solomon Mahlangu kanye na Motloung baboshwa kwatsi emuva kweminyaka lemibili Solomon wabulawa ngekulengiswa ngentsambo emva.
ngembi kwekulengiswa Solomon wakhuluma emagama latsi TJELA BANTFU BAMI KUTSI NGIYABATSANDZA , ABACHUBEKE NEKULWELA INKULULEKO, INGATI YAMI IYONOTSISA LOMHLABA WESIHLAHLA SENKULULEKO, MZABALAZO PHAMBILI.




#Article 35: Umkhonto weSizwe (215 words)


Umkhonto we Sizwe lophindze watiwe ngekutsi i MK bekuliphiko letempi te African National Congress (ANC), kantsi lomunye wesunguli balo ngu Nelson Mandela ngemuva kwesehlakalo sekubulawa kwebantfu e Sharpeville.  lenye intfo leyenta kwasungulwa leliphiko bekungukutsi I ANC beyingasakhoni kuchubeka netinkulumiswano tekucedza libandlululo kanye nekuyinyova ngekuthula ngaphandle kweludlame. Injongo ye ANC bekukulwa nelubandlululo nobe ngabe kutsatsani.Ngemuva kwekunika sicwayiso umbuso welubandlululo ngenyanga ya Lweti 1961, umbuso awumange ubatsatsele enhloko, wachubeka ngencindzetelo yebantfu labamnyama, ngulapho ke licembu lwe Mkhonto weSizwe lahlela laphindze lahlasela kwekucala mhlaka 16 Ingongoni 1961. Lokuhlasela loku umbuso welubandlululo wakubona njenge kuvukela umbuso kantsi yona I MK yabonwa njengelicembu lwemavukela mbuso I Ningizimu Afrika kanye ne Melika.

Emahhovisi awo Umkhonto bekase Rivonia e Johannesburg sikhatsi lesidze , kwatsi ngemnyaka wa 1963 baholi bayo labangu 19 baboshwa lokufaka phakatsi bo Arthur Goldreich kanye na Walter Sisulu, baboshwa e ensimini yase Liliesleaf farm e Rivonia.Umnikati walelisimu bekungu Arthur Goldreich kantsi latsengwa ngemali ye South African Communist Party kanye ne ANC. Lokutsengwa lalindzawo yase Liliesleaf kwenteka ngoba bantfu labamnyama bebangakavumeleki kuhlala etindzaweni tebantfu labamhlophe ngaphansi kwemtsetfo lobewatiwa nge Group Areas Act. Kwatsi bonke labaholi bangaboshwa babese baya gwetjwa ecaleni lebelatiwa nge Rivonia Trial. Wilton Mkwayi wakhona kufohla ejele wabaleka kusatsetfwa lelicala.

Kwatsi nakufika inkululeko e Ningizimu Afrika ngo 1994, I MK yafakwa ngaphansi kweliphiko lwetekuvikela takhona e Ningizimu Afrika.




#Article 36: Indlu yeSatyagraha (263 words)


Indlu yeSatyagraha, leyatiwa pheceleti ngekutsi ngumuti wa Gandhi, iyindlu yemlandvo kantsi iphindze ibe yindlu yetivakashi. Lendlu itfolakala eJozi kantsi ngulapho bekahlala aphindze asebentele khona Mahatma Gandhi kanye nemndeni wakhe kusukela eminyakeni yangabo 1908 kuya ku 1909.Nyalo lendlu ibhaliswe njengalinye lebalulekile emlandvweni kanye nakumagugu esive asendzaweni yase Jozi. Satyagraha kuchaza kuhlala ungasuki ecinisweni. Kantsi lendlu yadvwetjwa yaphindze yakhiwa sati ngetakhiwo umnumzane Hermann Kallenbach kantsi naye Herman Kallenbach bekaphindze ahlala khona kulendlu kanye nabo Gandhi. 

Gandhi wacitsa iminyaka lengu 21 eNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngo 1893 kuya ku 1914,kodvwa kuso sona leso sikhatsi bekavakashela eNdiya kanye nase UK. Kutsiwa Gandhi wati ngelibandlululo uma aboshwa ngemaphoyisa estimeleni kutsi ugebele endzaweni yalabamhlophe.  

ngo 1904, Gandhi wahlanganga na Hermann Kallenbach, lijuta laseJalimane lebelifike e Ningizimu Afrika ngo 1896. ngo 1907 Kallenbach wabese udvweba lendlu wayihlela kutsi ibe ngemaguma lamabili,lokusakhiwo lebesifana naletinyenti takhiwo tasemakhaya taborantabula.  Naloku besifana nesakhiwo sasemakhaya, waphindze wasebentisa tindlela tekwakha taseyurobhu. Babese bayibita ngekutsi Sibaya lendlu.

Lendlu beyinetitebula kanye nendzawo yekudlala umphebeto, bobabili bebaphila impilo yekutingcwelisa nekungahlanganyeli eminakweli yelive. Gandhi bekalala endzaweni lesetulu lapho bekagibela khona ngesitepisi, kodvwa bobabili bana Kallenbach bebasebentisa indzawo yekuphekela kanye kanye. lendlu beyite iminyango leyakulamanye emagumbi kodvwa bekufanele umuntfu aphume egumbini lelinye kuya kulelinye. Impilo ya Kallenbach yagucuka impela nakahlala na Gandhi imali lebekayisebentisa yabayincane kakhulu ngenca yekutsi impilo yakhe beyingasancikanga emalini. Ngaphambi kwekutsi lendlu itsengwe ngemnyaka wa 2009 inkapani i French travel company Voyageurs du Monde , lenye yetinkapani tembuso weNdiya beyifuna kuyigucula iyente indlu yemasiko elive laseNdiya kodvwa inkapani yaseFrance yayiwina enkantolo yabese iyayivuselela yayenta umtapo wemagugu kanye nendlu yetivakashi ngemnyaka wa 2011. Umphatsi walendlu lokhona nyalo ngu Lauren Segal.




#Article 37: Eduardo Mondlane (594 words)


Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane (Inhlaba 20, 1920 - Indlovana 3, 1969) bekangumongameli wekucala welicembu letembangave le Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO) kusukela ngemnyaka wa 1962, ekusungulweni kwayo i FRELIMO e Tanzania, kwate kwafika lapho abulawa khona ngemnyaka wa 1969. Bekaneticu te anthropology kodvwa bekafundzisa temlandvo kanye nenhlalakahle e Syracuse University.

Mondlane uphuma esiveni semaShangane kantsi bekangumntfwana wesine kumadvodzana lalishumi nesitfupha, babe wakhe bekayindvuna ebukhosini bakaMondlane kantsi yena Eduardo watalwa e Nwajahani, esigodzini sase Mandlakazi esifundzeni sase Gaza, eMozambiki ngo 1920. Angumfana bekalusa waze waba neminyaka lengu 12. Wangena etikolweni letinyenti telibanga leliphansi ngaphambi kwekungena e Swissndash;Presbyterian madvute nje nasse Manjacaze, Kodvwa libanga lelisitulu ulicedzele e Ningizimu Afrika kulo lona lilunga lalesikholo eLemana eTransvaal. Ubese wenta umnyaka munye esikolweni senhlala kahle iJan Hofmeyer School of Social ngaphambi kwekucala timfundvo takhe eWitwatersrand University e Jozi Kodvwa wabese uyacoshwa eNingizimu Afrika ngo 1949 ngaphansi wemtsetfo welibandlululo lowaciniswa emacembu etembangave latsatsa umbuso ngaleso sikhatsi. Ngenyanga yeNhlaba 1950 Mondlane wangena e University of Lisbon, edolobheni lase  Lisbon, inhloko dholobha yase Portugal, kodvwa kwatsi lapho sekaneminyaka lengu 31 wabese uyacela Mondlane kutsi andluliselwe e Melika wabese uchuba timfundvo takhe ngaphansi kwemfundzate wePhelps Stokes scholarship e Oberlin College edholobheni lase Ohio. Mondlane  wangena ekolishi lase Oberlin emnyakeni wa 1951, kwatsi ngemnyaka wa 1953 waphotfula timfundvo takhe ku anthropology kanye naku sociology. Wachubeka ke netimfundvo takhe e Northwestern University edholobheni lase Evanston, e Illinois, ngulapha watfola khona iMA kanye ne PhD ngulapho waphindze washada khona nankosikati welibala lelimhlophe Janet Rae Johnson, lobekaphuma e Indiana kodvwa abehlala endzaweni yase Chicago. 

Emva kwekuphotfula tifundvo takhe Eduardo Mondlane wabese usebenta Kwi Nhlangano yeTive:United Nations. Lapha wahlangana nabo António de Oliveira Salazar lobekangumeluleki wembuso lobalulekile was Portugal kanye na Adriano Moreira, lebekafundzisa tifundvo tepolitiki aphindze abukene netangaphandle tembuso we Portugal, kantsi ngekubona kukhalipha kwaMondlane, lamadvodza lamabili atama kumheha kutsi asebentele umbuso we Portugal abukane netindzaba tase Mozambique kodvwa Mondlane amange akhombise kutimisela ngekutsatsa lesikhundla kodvwa wakhetsa kuyongenela emacembu labekase Tanzania alwela inkululeko yase Mozambiki. Kwatsi ngo 1962 Mondlane wakhetfwa njenga mongameli welicembu lebelitsandza kubunjwa i Mozambican Liberation Front (Frente de Libertação de Moçambique kumbe FRELIMO), lebelibunjwe ticucu temacembu labekalwela inkululeko. Ngo 1963 wahlala kanye nemndeni wakhe dvutane nemaHhovisi eFRELIMO e Dar-es-Salaam e Tanzania. Lelicembu lelisha belitfola kuchaswa ngemave langesheya lafana nabo Russia lebeyatiwa nge USSR, kanye nemave as Afrika lamanyenti, ngulapha ke i FRELIMO yacala kuhlasela ngetempi ilwela inkululeka yeMozambiki eveni lase Portugal. Licembu leFRELIMO belihlukene kabili ekucaleni kwalo, nanobe bonke baholi balo bebalwela inkululeko yeMozambiki kodvwa bekunelihlangotsi lebelifuna kutsi kukhishwe emaputukezi bese kuchubeka bantfu labamnyama etikhundleni tawo, laba bekungubo Nkavandame kanye nabo Simango, bebaphindze bafuna kutsi umbuso ucunjwe phansi kantsi bo Mondlane, Machel kanye nabo Chissano bebafuna kutsi bantfu labahluphekako baseMozambiki babeyincenye yekulwela inkululeko kantsi bebafuna kutsi emaputukezi acoshwe ngendlela yekuhlwa hhayi kucumba phansi umbuso. Lokungaboni ngeliso linye kwacazululwa ngelukhetfo lwenhlangano lelenteka nga Kholwane 1968 lapho luvo lwabo Mondlane laphumelela kwatsi Mondlane wabuyiselwa esikhundleni sebungameli belicembu.

Ngemnyaka wa 1969 i bhomu yafakwa phakatsi kwelibhuku yabese iyatfunyelwa emahhovisi eFRELIMO e Dar es Salaam, eTanzania. Yadubuka yambulala khona lapho Eduardo Mondlane. Tinhlangotsi letinyenti tiyasolwa ngekufa kwa Mondlane kusukela embusweni wetekuhlola tase Portugal kuya kulamanye emahlangotsi e FRELIMO. Lomunye lebekayinhloli yetembuso we Portugal iPIDE Oscar Cardoso utsi lona lowahlanyela lebhomu leyabulala Mondlane bekasebenta naye ngu Casimiro Monteiro.

Inkonzo yemngcwabo yaMondlane beyiphetfwe ngumfundisi Edward Hawley lowafundza naye e Oberlin baphindze babangani labebasondzelene impela , waphindze wakhuluma lamagama watsi Mondlane ufele liciniso kantsi futsi bekamutfu lohloniphekile aphindze asebenta matima 

ngo 1975 i Universidade de Lourenço Marques lebeyisungulwe maputukezi kantsi futsi leligama belisetjentiswa kubita lidholobhakati lase Mozambiki iMaputo  laguculwa labitwa ngeUniversidade Eduardo Mondlane, kumbe Eduardo Mondlane University.  Lenyuvesi itfolakala enhlokodholobha lase Mozambiki eMaputo. 




#Article 38: Cahora Bassa (131 words)


The Cahora Bassa lake—in the Portuguese colonial era (until 1974) known as Cabora Bassa, from 
Nyungwe Kahoura-Bassa, meaning finish the job—is Africa's fourth-largest artificial lake, situated in the Tete Province in Mozambique. In Africa, only Lake Volta in Ghana, Lake Kariba, on the Zambezi upstream of Cahora Bassa, and Egypt's Lake Nasser are bigger in terms of surface water.

iCahora Bassa yacala kwakhiwa eMozambiki ngumbuso wase Portugal ngo 1960s njengencenye yekutfutfukisa kanye nekwenta imali kwelive lase Portugal. umbuso weNingizimu Afrika nawo watibandzakanye ekwakhiweni kwalesiteshi, kwabese kucikicwa tivumelwano kutsi umbuso wase Portugal itowakha lesiteshi semanti sekuphehla gezi lotosentjetiswa eMozambiki kanye nase Ningizimu Afrika . Umbuso weNingizimu Afrika wabese wakha siteshi lesincane sekuhlela lomlilo bewubuya kwi Cahora Bassa e Midrand, kodvwa ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi iNingizimu Afrika yacindzeteleka kutsi itsenge umlilo wagezi lebewuphehlwa ngisi lesiteshi. 




#Article 39: Radio Studio 54 Network (289 words)


Umsakato wemoya lowatiwa pheceleti nge Radio Studio 54 Network, kumbe i Studio 54 Network, ungumsakato wemoya lotfolakala eveni lase Taliyane kantsi ungumsakato lotfolakala endzaweni yase Locri, esifundzeni sase Calabria. Kusakata Kwalesiteshi kutfolakala etifundzeni letiyimfica etindzaweni letisihlanu takhona eTaliyane esigodzini sase Messina. kantsi tifundza lomsakato lofinyelela kuto tifundza tase , Vibo Valentia, Catanzaro, Cosenza, Crotone, Lecce, Potenza kanye nase Salerno). Tinhlelo tawo tingemculo kanye nelwati lelumenyetelwa njalo kute kube ngemahlandla langu 28.

Studio 54 Network sasungulwa nga Mabasa 6, 1985 kantsi bantfu lebadlala indzima lebalulekile ekusungulweni kwaso bekungubo Pietro Parretta , Francesco Massara, Enzo Gatto, Memmo Minniti kanye na Pietro Musmeci, kantsi ligama lase lekucala lesiteshi bekuyi Radio DJ Studio Club 54.

Njengato tonke titeshi temisakato yemoya ticala njengemidlaloLike kutsi ngemnyaka wa 1990 lesiteshi sacala sasakta ngetinhlelo letibalulekile.

Ngekwemtsetfo wase Mammi lovumela kusakata ngemnyaka wa 1990, titeshi bekumele tiphatse tinhlelo letitowakha sive. 

ngo 1991, ngulapho kwacala khona luhlobo lwemisakato leyatiwa ngema Calabrian e Taliane kantsi futsi ngulapho kwacala kusebenta khona Tinhlelo tema Data System. 

Ngo 1994, misakato yabese inge ku inthanethi kantsi loku kwente kutsi misakato ikhone kulalelwa mhlaba wonke. kantsi loku kwacalwa i khona e Taliane kwandza umhlaba wonke.

Kusukela ngo 1995, i Calabria yasentjetiswa nguwo wonke umuntfu kantsi yonke imisakato yemoya yacala kufaka imisakato yayo ku inthanethi kwabuywe kwentiwa imitsetfo nge Calabrai leyanikwa titeshi lebetisungulwa kusukela ngaleso sikhatsi.

ngo 1997 wabese ucala kusakata nge inthanethi yamabona kudze. 

kantsi ngo 1998, kwaba ngulapho igucula khona ligama yaba i Studio 54 Network.

Kwatsi ngo 2000,sakhiwo saso lesiteshi sacala kwakhiwa.

i Studio 54 Live Tour icale kusakata ngaphange kute kutsi bantfu basati kancono. Kantsi nobe ngabe lesiteshi siphuma sisakatela tinhlelo ngaphandle konke loku kuphindze kwenteke ku inthanethi.

Lawa ngemantfombatane awo lomsakato lahamba nawo ngabe uphuma kantsi asebenta kukhangisa ngetinhlelo siteshi letisentako.




#Article 40: Inkhomo (231 words)


Inkhomo silwane lesifuywako lokutfolakala kuso inyama,lubisi kanye sikhumba lokwentiwa ngaso lokunyenti lokufaka ekhatsi ticatfulo nemajobo

Inkhomo ifuywe mhlaba wonkhe, futsi kwacala ndvulondvulo kwekutsi ifuywe. bantfu bekucala kufuya tinkhomo tive te-Afrikha lesetineminyaka letinkhulungwane letilishumi (10 000) tacala kuyifuya. intfo yayenta bantfu bafuye tinkhomo ngiko lokuba nelubisi kwato nanekutsi tinenyama, futsi tinjalo nje tinemandla ekusebenta. betisetjentiswa nekulimeni nekudvonseni umtfwalo. tive temaLawu tona betiyigibela inkhomo njengemuntfu agibele lihhashi

sive Gibhithe eminyakeni letinkhulungwane letiyimfica leyengcile besifuye tinkhomo. bekusenga, tidvonsa nemitfwalo tiphindze tilime etindzaweni letikhashane. loku kubonakala khona emibhalweni yemaGibhithe yakadzeni. Njengoba iGibhithe ilugwadvule nje ngaphandle kwetindzawo letisondzelene iNayili umfula, tinkhomo betisetjentiswa kakhulu nakuyiwa etindzaweni letikhashane.

bokhokho betive tebeNguni batsi nabehla ngeminyaka yabo 600 bewusa i Afrikha bebafuyile nabo. letinkhomo bebatifuyile lamuhla setatiwa ngemaNguni.

Inkhomo ibaluleke kakhulu kumhambo wetive letinyenti.

Kulobola lisiko letive te-Afrikha lapho khona umkhwenyana nebakubo bakhipha tinkhomo bakhiphela intfombi labafuna kuyenta umfati. lilobolo-ke libalwa ngetinkhomo. tinkhomo kufneka letilishumi lokutsiwa emabheka bese kuba yinkhomo yelugege kanye insulamnyembeti.

Umsebenti wemadloti

Inkhomo isebenta kakhulu uma umuntfu ente umsebente walabaphansi, umsebenti wayo kudliwa. silwane lekusetjentiswa titfo taso yimbuti, bese kutsi inkhomo bantfu badle nje. nakuleminye imisebenti njengemishado, imingcwabo inkhomo kuhlatjwa yona kute bantfu badle inyama.

Cishe tonkhe tive te-Afrikha betincike kakhulu enkhomeni. umuntfu abebonakala kunjinga kwakhe ngelinani letinkhomo abenalo. lonetinkhomo letinyenti bekunguye anjingile. tinkhomo bekunguyona ndlela yekuhweba futsi, umuntfu abebhadalwa ngetinkhomo emva kwekwenta umsebenti. nanamuhla tinyanga netangoma tisatsi natikwelapha tibite ngenkhomo, kepha setisho imali kwekutsi inkhomo ingumalini.




#Article 41: Ligciwane lesifo se-Ebola (321 words)


Ligciwane lesifo se-Ebola (EVD) nobe Imfiva yekophela ngekhatsi ye-i-Ebola/ ihemorrhagic (EHF) Isifo seluntfu lesibangelwa ligciwane le-Ebola  Timphawu tivamise kucala etinsukwini letimbili kuye emavikini lamatsatfu ngemuva kwekutfola leligciwane, lelihambisana nemkhuhlane, umphimbo lobuhlungu, iMyalgia/ tinhlungu temamaseli, kanye nekubulawa yinhloko. Ngalokwetayelekile kugonyuluka, kuhlanta, kanye nensheko kubese kuyalandzela, kuhambisane nekwehla kwekusebenta kwesibindzi kanye netinso. Kulesikhatsi lesi, labanye bantfu bacalwa kuba netinkinga tekopha.

Leligciwane lingatfolakala ngekuchumana nengati nobe lokusamanti lokuphuma emtimbeni wesilwane lesisulelekile (kuvamise kuba tingobiyane nobe emalilwane ladla titselo). Kubhebhetseleka ngemoya akukashicilelwa njengendlela leyenteka ngekwemvelo. Emalilwane ladla titselo kukholeka kwekutsi aba nalo leligciwane abuye alibhebhetselekise nangaphandle kwekutsi abe nalo. Ngalesikhatsi sekusuleleka kweluntfu, lesifo sisuke sesibhebhetseleka emkhatsini webantfu. Besilisa labanaso bakwati kusibhebhetselisa lesifo  ngalokusamanti kwebudvodza lokungenani etinyangeni letimbili.  Kute kube khona kwelapheka, ngalokuvamile letinye tetifo letinetimphawu leticishe tifane naleti malalaveva, sifo sensheko/ ikholera kanye naletinye letitsatselana ngemikhuhlane yemagciwane ekophela ngekhatsi/ ihemorrhagic letingakabalwa ekucaleni. Kucinisekisa kwelapheka kuye kutsatfwe emasampuli engati ahlolwe leligciwane tibulalamasotja, nobe ligciwane ngekwalo.

Kuvikeleka kufaka ekhatsi kunciphisa kubhebhetseleka kwalesifo etingobiyaneni lesetinaso kanye nasetingulubeni kute tingangeni kubantfu. Loku kungentiwa ngekutsi kuhlolwe tilwane letinjalo tibuye tibulawe kufake ekhatsi nekugujelwa kwenyama yato nangabe itfolakele inalesifo. Kuphekisisa kahle inyama kanye nekugcoka timphahla tekutivikela nako kungasita kakhulu nangabe usebenta ngenyama, njengako kufaka timphahla tekuvikela kanye nekugeza tandla nangabe usedvute nemuntfu lonalesifo. Emasampuli alokusamanti kwemtimba kanye neticubu temuntfu lonalesifo kumele kusetjentiswe ngalokukhulu kucophelela.

Alikatfolakali likhambi lokungilo lalesifo; imitamo yekusita labo labasulelekile ifaka ekhatsi kunika nanobe ngukuphi kwaloku kwelapha kwalokunatfwako (emanti ekunatsa lanashukela nasawoti lomncane) nobe lokusamanti lokufakwa engatini nobe emitsanjeni yengati. Lesifo sisezingeni lelisetulu  lekubulala: lokungenani emkhatsini kwema-50% ne-90% alabo labasuleleke ngaleligciwane. I-EVD yatfolakala kwekucala-, eSudan kanye nase Democratic Rephabliki yaseCongo. Lesifo sivamise kucubuka etifundzeni letinemswakamo loshisako tase Sub-Saharan Afrika. Kusukela nge-1976 (ngalesikhatsi itfolakala kwekucala) kute kufike nge-2013, bantfu laba-1, 000 ngemnyaka sebasulelekile. Kubhebhetseleka lokukhulu kute kube ngunamuhla kungulokuchubekako 2014 yeNshonalanga ne-Afrika lebhebhetseleka nge i-Ebola, yayedlulisela  e-Gunea, Sierra Leone, Liberia kanye nalokungenani  neNigeria. Kusukela ngeNgci 2014 kube netehlakalo letitfolakele letingetulu kwe-1600. Imitamo iyachubeka kute kutfutfukiswe  imijovo: nanobe kunjalo, ayikho letfolakele.




#Article 42: Soshangane (125 words)


Soshangane kaZikode (wekutalwa eminyakeni yabo 1790 -1858) bekangumsunguli wesive semaShangane aphindze abe yinkosi yekucala ebukhosini beGazankulu,  longebukhulu bawo ngaleso sikhatsi bewucala eMozambiki utsatse tindzawo taseMpumalanga kanye netifundza teLimpopo eNingizimu Afrika. Soshangane ubuse lendzawo yeGazankulu kusukela ngo-1825 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe nga-1858. Soshangane udzabuka esiveni semaNdwandwe kantsi bekatiwa futsi ngetibongo letitsi Manukosi Kantsi nguye lowabulala Janse van Rensburg.

Soshangane watalwa ngabo 1790 kulendzawo leyatiwa namuhla ngekutsi nguKwaNongoma, KwaZulu kuZikode kaGasa, lobekanguNdvunankulu wendlulencane yebukhosi baka Ndwandwe lebeyatiwa ngekutsi liKhohlo. Bantfu beGasa bebahlala endzaweni yaseMkhuze ematsafeni entsaba yeTjaneni  lebeyatiwa ngentsaba yetipoko. 

Indlunkulu ke yona beyikaZwide eMagudu eceleni nematsafa ePhongola. Ngalesikhatsi bukhosi bakaNdwandwe bukhula ngemandla nangembutfo wetimpi ngileso sikhatsi mzala wakhe Zwide bekatsatsa bukhosi bakaNdwandwe-Nxumalo kulandzela kufa kwababe wakhe Langa kaXaba.

Soshangane udzabuka esiveni sebakaNdwadwe/Nxumalo. Lawa lalandzelako ngemakhosi latala soShangane




#Article 43: Ifiva ye-Zika (253 words)


Ifiva ye-Zika  (lephindze yatiwe  ngeligciwane i-Zika ) sifo lesibangelwa ligciwane le-Zika.Esikhatsini lesinyenti akubi netimphawu, kodvwa uma ngabe tiba khona tiba tincane kantsi tingabukeka njengefiva ye-dengue. Timphawu tingafaka ekhatsi ifiva, emehlo labovu, tinhlungu temacakala, inhloko lebuhlungu, kanye nekucubuka lokubitwa nge-maculopapular.Timphawu tivamise kuba khona emalanga langandluli kulasikhombisa. Atikabangeli noma kuphi kushona lokubikiwe ngalesikhatsi sekucala kubonakala kwalesifo. Lesifo sihambisana  timphawu tetifo letihlukene te-Guillain–Barré (GBS).

Ifiva ye-Zika ivamise kubhebhetseka ngemuva kwekulunywa timbuzulwane teluhlobo lwe-Aedes. Singabuye sendluliswe ngekwemacansi sisuka endvodzeni sindluliselwa kumlingani wakhe laya naye emacansini kantsi singabuye sindluliswengekufakelwa ingati yalomunye. Bomake labanetifo ngalesikhatsi bakhulelwe bangahle batidlulisele kubantfwana bese loko kuholela ekuphunyelweni sisu kanye nekungakhuli kwemcondvo ngalokuphelele. Kuhlolwa nekubonwa kwalesifo kwentiwa ngekuhlolwa kwengati, umchamo, noma ematse kute kubonakale ligciwane le-Zika  RNA uma ngabe lomuntfu agula.

Kuvikela lesifo kubita kutsi kwehliswe lizinga lekulunywa timbuzulwane etindzaweni letinalesifo kanye nekusebentisa kahle lijazi lemkhwenyane. Imitamo yekuvikela kulunywa ifaka ekhatsi kusetjentiswa kwemitsi lebulala timbuzulwane legcotjiswako, kugcoka timphahla letivala umtimba wonkhe, kusebentisa emanetha ekuvimbela timbuzulwane, nekungabi nemanti ladamile labangela kutsi timbuzulwane titalane tandze.  Awukho umutsi losebenta kahle. Tisebenti tetemphilo tincoma kwekutsi bomake labasetindzaweni letinaleligciwane 2015-16 Kubhebhetseka kwe-Zika kwenta bantfu baphunyelwe tisu kantsi labo labakhulele akukafaneleli kutsi bahambele kuleto tindzawo.  Ngalesikhatsi kungekho kwekulilapha ngco leligciwane, i-paracetamol (i-acetaminophen) kungasita kulwa naletimphawu.   Kulaliswa esibhedlela kuyintfo lebalulekile.

Lamagciwane labangela lesifo sacala kubonakala nga 1947. Lokubhebhetseka kwaso ebantfwini kwekucala lokwabhalwa phansi kwenteka nga 2007 e-Federated States yase Micronesia. , lesifo besesisetigodzini letingemashumi lamabili taseMelika. Sivamise kuphatsa bantfu base Afrika, Asia, nase Pacific. Ngenca yekubhebhetseka lokwacala eBrazil nga 2015, iNhlangano Yetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe isimemetele njengesimo lesiphutfumako Setemphilo lesitsintsa Umhlabawonkhe ngaFebruwari 2016.




#Article 44: Umtfundzangati (235 words)


Umtfundzangati, lobuye watiwe njenge fiva yesneyili, ise-helminthiasis lesibangelwa manyokane lasicabati  labitwa nge schistosome . Lishubhu lelihambisa umchamo noma ematfumbu kungangenwa tifo.  Tinkhomba netimphawu tingafaka ekhatsi buhlungu besisu, kusheka, emangcoliso lanengati , noma ingati kumchamo. Labo labangenwe ngulesifo sikhatsi lesidze bangahle babe nesifo sekulinyalelwa sibindzi, kungasebenti kwetinso, kungatfoli bantfwana, noma umdlavuza wesinye. Kubantfwana, kungahle kubangele kahle kanye nebulukhuni bekungakhoni kufundza.

Lesifo sibhebhetseka ngekutsintsa emanti lahlantekile lanaleligciwane.  Lamagciwane aphuma kuminenke lenalesifo lehlala emantini lahlantekile. Lesifo sijwayelekile kutsi siphatse bantfwana emaveni lasatfutfuka njengoba batsandza kudlala emantini lanaleligciwane. Lamanye emacembu lasengotini lesezingeni leliphakeme kufaka ekhatsi balimi, badwebi, nebantfu labasebentisa emanti langakahlanteki onkhe malanga ekuphila kwabo. Sitfolakala ecenjini nesifo se-helminth .Kutfolakala kwalesifo kutsi kutfolakale emacandza aleligciwane kumchamo noma emangcoliso emuntfu.  Singabuye sicinisekiswe ngekutfola ema-antibodies lahambisana nalesifo emtimbeni.

Tindlela tekuvikela lesifo kutsi kwentiwe kancono indlela yekufinyelela emantini lahlobile nekunciphisa lizinga leminenke. Etindzaweni lapho khona lesifo sitfolakala kakhulu, umutsi i- praziquantel unganiketwa kanye ngemnyaka kulo lonkhe lelicembu. Loku kwentelwa kwehlisa linani lebantfu labangenwa ngulesifo, ngaloko, nekubhebhetseka kwalesifo.  I praziquantel  ibuye ibe ngulomutsi lonconywe -yiNhlangano Yetemphilo Velonkhe (i-WHO) kulabo lekwatiwa kwekutsi banalesifo. 

Umtfundzangati ungena bantfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-210 mhlabawonkhe kusukela nga 2012. Bantfu labalinganiselwa ku-12,000kuya ku 200,00 babulawa ngulesifo njalo ngemnyaka. Lesifo sivame kutfolakala e-Afrika, nase Asia ne South Amerika.  Batfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-700, kumave langetulu kwa 70, bahlala etindzaweni lapho lesifo sivame khona. Emaveni lashisako, umtfundzangati ungewesibili kulandzela malaleveva kutifo letinemagciwane laba nemtselela lomkhulu emnotfweni.  Umtfundzangati ubalwe kuloluhlu njengesifo lesinganakwa etindzaweni letishisako.




#Article 45: Emarabi (536 words)


Emarabi asifo lesitsatselanako lesibangela kugula kakhulu lokubitwa nge-encephalitis  ebantfwini kanye naletinye tilwane letinengati leshisako. Timphawu letingasheshe tibonakale tingafaka ekhatsi ifiva nekunwayiswa emtimbeni.  Letimphawu tilandzelwa ngukunye noma ngetulu kwaletimphawu letilandzelako: kuhambahamba lokuneludlame, kujabula lokungalawuleki, kwesaba emanti, kanye nekungakhoni kusebentisa letinye tincenye temtimba, kudideka, kanye nekulahlekelwa ngumcondvo. Ngemuva kwekutsi timphawu tibonakale, emarabi avame kubulalana. Lesikhatsi lesisemkhatsini wekutsi utfole lesifo kanye nekucala kwetimphawu kuvamise kuba nguyinye yaletinyanga letintsatfu. Noma kunjalo, lesikhatsi singahluka kusukela kulesingaphansi kweliviki linye kuye ngetulu kwemnyaka munye.  Lesikhatsi lesicitfwako sitawuya ngebudze bekutsi leligciwane selihambe libanga lelingakanani kufika emcondvweni. 

Emarabi andluliselwa ebantfwini asuka kuletinye tilwane. Emarabi angandluliselwa uma ngabe silwane lesinalesifo sitinwaya noma siluma lesinye silwane noma umuntfu.  Ematse laphuma esilwaneni lesingenwe ngulesifo nawo angandlulisela emarabi uma ngabe lamatse atsintsana nemtsambo lomanti walesinye silwane noma umuntfu.   Emarabi lamanyenti langena bantfu avela ngekutsi balunywe tinja.  Emaphesenti langu 99% laphatselene neludzaba lwemarabi abangelwa kulunywa yinja.  Emaveni ase Amerika, kulunywa ngemalulwane yimitfombo leyetayelekile yekungenwa sifo semarabi ebantfwini, kantsi ngaphansi kwemaphesenti la 5% kuvela etinjeni.  Tilwanyana letilumako atikavami kutsi tibe nemarabi. Ligciwane lemarabi liya engcondvweni ngekulandzela lesemitsanjeni yeperipheral. Lesifo singatfolwa kuphela uma ngabe sekucale kubonakala timphawu. 

Tinhlelo tekulawulwa nekugonywa kwetilwane tiyabehlisa bungoti bemarabi etinjeni etigodzini letinyenti emhlabeni.  Kugoma bantfu ngembi kwekutsi bangenwe ngulesifo kubalulekile kulabo labasengotini ngekwelizinga leliphakeme. Laba labasengotini ngelizinga leliphakeme kufaka ekhatsi bantfu labasebenta ngemalulwane noma labacitsa sikhatsi lesidze etindzaweni tasemaveni lapho kuvame kutfolakala khona emarabi.   Kubantfu labangenwe ngemarabi, umjovo wemarabi nangalesinye sikhatsi emarabi ne-immunoglobulin tiyasebenta ekuvikeleni lesifo uma ngabe lomuntfu alashwa ngembi kwekubonakala kwetimphawu temarabi.  Kugeza lapho ulunywe khona nekuhwebheka imizuzu le-15 ngemanti nensipho, nge-povidone iodine , noma umutsi longahle ukhone kubulala leligciwane nako kubonakala njengalokuyimphumelelo ekuvikeleni kungenwa ngemarabi. Bambalwa bantfu labaphilile ngemuva kwekutsi balashelwe emarabi ngemuva kwekukhombisa timphawu talesifo. Loku bekuhambisana nekulashwa lokwendlulele lokubitwa nge  Milwaukee protocol .

Umjovo wemarabi ngumjovo losetjentiselwa kuvikela emarabi. Kunetindlela letitsite letikhona tekulapha letimbili tiphephile futsi tiba yimphumelelo. Tingasetjentiswa kuvikela emarabi ngembi futsi nangalesikhatsi sangemuva kwekungenwa nguleligciwane ngekulunywa yinja noma ulunywe lilulwane.  Lokuvikelwa lokwentiwako kutsatsa sikhatsi lesidze ngemuva kwekunatsa katsatfu umutsi.  Kuvamise kutsi lomutsi uniketwe ngemjovo esikhunjeni noma kumsipha.  Ngemuva kwekujovwa ngalomjovo uvamise kusetjentiswa kanye nalona  wemarabi lobitwa nge-immunoglobulin. Kuphakanyiswa kwekutsi labo labasengotini kakhulu yekungenwa ngulesifo bagonywe ngembi kwekutsi sibangene.  Kugonywa kuba yimphumelelo ebantfwini nakuletinye tilwane.  Kugoma tinja kuba yimphumelelo kakhulu ekuvikeleni tifo ebantfwini. 

Tigidzi tebantfu mhlabawonkhe bagonyiwe kantsi kulinganiselwa ekutseni loko kuphephisa bantfu labandlula ku-250,000 ngemnyaka.  Kungasetjentiswa ngekuphepha kubo bonkhe bantfu beminyaka yonkhe. Bantfu labangemaphesenti lange-35 kuya 45 bayavuvuka kwesikhashane babe bovu futsi beve buhlungu lapho bajovwe khona.  Emaphesenti lalinganiselwa ku-5 kuya ku-15 ebantfu bangahle babe nefiva, kubandvwa yinhloko, noma kunyakuleka. Ngemuva kwekungenwa ngemarabi atikho tinkhomba tekutsi kungasetjentiswa umutsi ngoba utawuba yingoti nawusetjentiswa. Imijovo leminyenti ayinayo i-thimerosal. Imijovo leyentiwe ngemathishu emanevu isetjentiswe emaveni lambalwa, ikakhulukati e-Asia ne Latin Amerika, kodvwa ayisebenti kahle futsi inemitselela lemihle. Kusetjentiswa kwawo akusekelwa yiNhlangano Yetemphilo Velonkhe.

  

Uma uwutsenga embonini ubita emkhatsini wa 44 na 78 USD kutsi ulashwe kusukela nga 2014. E-United States umjovo wekulashelwa emarabi ubita ngetulu kwa 750 USD.

Emarabi ayimbangela yekufa kwebantfu labalinganiselwa ku 26,000 kuya ku 55,000 emhlabeni wonkhe ngemnyaka. Kundlula ku-95% wekushona kwenteke e-Asia kanye nase Afrika. Emarabi akhona kumave landlula ku-150 nakuwo onkhe emave kodvwa hhayi e-Antarctica. Bantfu labatigidzi leti-3 bahlala etigodzini takulomhlaba lapho kunemarabi khona.  Etindzaweni letinyenti e-Europe nase Australia, emarabi atfolakala kuphela kumalulwane.  Emave lamanyenti lasetichingini awanawo emarabi.




#Article 46: I-Onchocerciasis (259 words)


i-Onchocerciasis, lebuye yatiwe njengekungaboni ngekwemfula kanye nesifo se-Roble, sifo lesibangelwa kungena kweligciwane lelivela kumanyokane lanetifo  i-Onchocerca volvulus  Timphawu tifaka ekhatsi kunwayiswa njalo, emagubudla ngaphansi kwesikhumba, kanye nekungaboni. Imbangela yesibili lejwayelekile yekungaboni ngenca yekusuleleka ngalesifo, ngemuva kwe-trachoma.

Lamanyokane latfwele lesifo abhebhetsekiswa kulunywa yimphungane lemnyama yeluhlobo lweSimulium. Kulunywa lokunyenti kwenteka ngembi kwekutsi kungene lesifo. Letimphungane tihlala dvutane nemfula, kungako lesifo sibitwa njalo.  Uma ngabe sesimngenile umuntfu, lamanyokane akha i-larvae lekabese aphuma esikhunjeni.  Lapho angachubeka asulele lenye imphungane lemnyama ngalesifo bese sindluliselwa kulomunye umuntfu ngekumluma.  Kunetindlela letinyenti tekutfola ngalesifo kufaka ekhatsi: kwenta i-biopsy yesikhumba ku-saline leyetayelekile bese kubukelwa le-larva iphuma, bakubuka emehlweni kute babone i-larvae, nekubuka kulamagubudla lasesikhunjeni kutsi akhona manyokane lamakhulu. 

Umutsi wekulapha lesifo awukho. Kutivikela kubita kutsi uvikele kutsi ulunywe timphungane.  Loku kungafaka ekhatsi kusebentisa kwekugcobisa lokubulala timphungane kanye nekugcoka timphahla letikahle.  Leminye imitamo ifaka ekhatsi leyo yekwehlisa linani laletimphungane ngekufutsa umutsi wekubulala tinambutane. Imitamo yekucedza lesifo kutsi kulashwe onkhe emacembu ebantfu kabili ngemnyaka kuyachubeka kuletinye tindzawo letibaliwe kulamanye emave. Kulashwa kwalabo lesebasuleleke ngalesifo kutsi kusetjentiswe umutsi i-vermectin njalo ngemuva kwetinyanga letisitfupha noma letilishumi nakubili.  Lomutsi wekulapha ubulala le-larva kodvwa hhayi lamanyokane lamakhulu. Lomutsi i-doxycycline, lehambisana nebhakthira lebitwa nge-Wolbachia, leyenta emanyokane angabi namandla kantsi inconywa nangulabanye futsi.  Kukhishwa kwemagubudla ngaphansi kwesikhumba ngekuhlindvwa nako kungentiwa. 

Bantfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-17 kuya ku-25 banesifo sekungaboni kwemfula, kantsi labalinganiselwa ku-0.8 bona abasaboni.  Tifo letinyenti tiba khona e-sub-Saharan Afrika, nanoma nje lokunye kugula kubikiwe endzaweni yase Yemen naletinye tindzawo letise Nkhabeni kanye naseNingizimu ne Amerika. Nga 1915, dokotela  Rodolfo Robles  nguye lowatsi lamanyokane ahambisana nesifo semehlo. Ibhaliwe eluhleni leNhlangano Yetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe njengesifo sasetindzaweni letishisako lesinganakwa.




#Article 47: Bulephelo (319 words)


Bulephelo, lesiphindze satiwe ngesifo se-Hansens(HD, sifo lesikugula sikhatsi lesidzele kugulwa kwakhona kubangelwa ligciwanei-Mycobacterium leprae neMycobacterium lepromatosis.  Ekucaleni, lokusuleleka ngalesifo bekungenatimphawu kantsi kuchubekile kwahlala kunjalo kusukela eminyakeni lesi-5 kuya kule-20.  Timphawu letiba khona tifaka ekhatsi i-granuloma yemiva, sikhala sekuphefumula, sikhumba nemehlo.  Loku kungabangela kutsi ungaseva buhlungu kanye nekulahlekelwa tincenye temingcele ngenca yekulimala lokuphindziwe noma kusuleleka ngesifo ngenca yetilondza lebetinganakwa.  Kungabi nemandla nekungakhoni kahle nako kungaba khona.

Bulephelo bubhebhetseka busuka kulomunye umuntfu buye kulomunye. Kukholelwa ekutseni bundlulela kulomunye ngekukhwehlela noma kutsintsa lokusamanti lokuphuma emphumulweni yemuntfu lonalesifo.  Bulephelo buvame kuba khona ikakhulukati kulabo labahluphekako kantsi kukholelwa kutsi bundluliselwa ngekuphefumula.  Lokuhlukile kulombono lekukholelwa kuwo,  kutsi asitsatselani. Tinhlobo letimbili letibalulekile tetifo ticondziswe kulenombolo yemagciwane lakhona: paucibacillary ne multibacillary. Letinhlobo letimbili tihlukaniswa ngenombolo yekungabi nembala lokahle, kuba nensindze esikhunjeni, ne paucibacillary ibe sihlanu noma lembalwa ne multibacillary lenaletindlula kusihlanu Lokuhlolwa kwalesifo kucinisekiswa ngekutfolakala kwe-esidi lebitwa nge bacilli leyentiwa nge-biopsy yesikhumba noma ngekubuka I-DNA kusetjentiswa i-polymerase leluchungechunge

Bulephelo buyalapheka ngemutsi lobitwa ngekutsi yi-Multidrug therapy (MDT).   i- Kulashwa kwebulephelo i-multibacillary kwentiwa ngemitsi  I-rifampicin ,  dapsone, ne clofazimine tinyanga leti-12. Lokulashwa kuniketwa mahhala hha yiNhlangano Yetemphilo Velonkhe. Lamanye ema-antibiotics angasetjentiswa. Mhlabawonkhe nga 2012, inombolo yekugulwa bulephelo sikhatsi lesidze yehla yaba ngu 189,000 kuya phansi isuka ku 5.2 wetigidzi ngemnyaka wangabo 1980. Inombolo yekugula lokusha bekungu 230,000. Kugula lokusha kwavela kumave la-16, lapho i-india ngiyo lebeyinebantfu labanyenti lababalelwa kuhhafu.  Kuleminyaka lenge-20 lendlulile, tigidzi leti-16 tebantfu mhlabawonkhe balashelwe bulephelo. Bantfu labalinganiselwa ku-200 babikwa njalo ngemnyaka e-United States. 

Bulephelo butsintse bantfu iminyaka letinkhulungwane.  Lesifo sitsatsa ligama laso kuligama lesiLathini lelitsi lepra, lokusho kutsi “kuhlubeka”, ngalesikhatsi leligama “sifo se-Hansen” laniketwa ngemuva kwalodokotela lobitwa nga Gerhard Armauer Hansen . Kuhlukanisa bantfu ngekubabeka kusenteka etindzaweni letifana ne india,I-China, ne Afrika. Noma kunjalo, emakholoni lamanyenti avaliwe njengoba bulephelo abutsatselani.  kucwaswa emmangweni bekuhambisana nebulephelo yintfo yakudzala, kantsi kusachubeka kuba ngumngcele ekutseni bantfu batikhulumele nabagula nekulapheka ngesikhatsi.  Labanye leligama lelitsi Bulephelo balitsatsa njengalelitfukako, banconota lomusho lotsi “bantfu labagulwa bulephelo”. Lilanga leBulephelo Velonkhe lacalwa nga 1954 kutsi kwatiswe.




#Article 48: Sifo se-Leishmaniasis (227 words)


 Sifo se-Leishmaniasis , lesibuye sipelwe nge leishmaniosis , sisifo lesibangelwa yipharasayithi  yemajini iprotozoaniprotozoan Leishmania lebuye isatjalaliswe kulunywa nguletinye tetinhlobo teti nambutane tenhlabatsi Lesifo singatibonakalisa ngetindlela letintsatfu letibalulekile: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral leishmaniasis. Lendlela ye-cutaneous ivela netilondza esikhunjeni, ngalesikhatsi i-mucocutaneous yona ivela ngetilondza esikhunjeni, emlonyeni, nasemphumulweni, kantsi leletitfolakala etilwaneni ticala ngetilondza esikhunjeni bese sekulandzela ngefiva, kwehla kwemasotja emtimba labovu, nekuvuvuka kwenyongo nesibindzi. 

Kungena kwalesifo kubantfu kubangelwa tilwanyane letindlula ku-20 te Leishmania. Tintfo letiyingoti tifaka ekhatsi kweswela, kungadli kahle, kujutjwa kwemahlatsi kanye nekuguculwa kwetindzawo tibe tekuhlala. Tonkhe letinhlobo letintsatfu tingabonwa ngekubonakala kwaleligciwane ngekusebentisa i-microscope.  Ngalokungetiwe, tifo letivela etilwaneni tingabonakala ngekutsi kutsatfwe ingati. 

i-Leishmaniasis incenye yayo ingavikeleka ngekulala ngaphansi kwenetha ufake umutsi wekuvikela kulunywa tinambutane. Letinye tindlela tifaka ekhatsi kufutsa umutsi wekubulala tinambutane netimphungane nekulapha bantfu labanalesifo kusenesikhatsi kute kuvikelwe kuchubeka nekubhebhetseka.  Lokulashwa lokudzingekako kuya ngekutsi lesifo usitfole kuphi, letitalelwane te Leishmania, kanye naloluhlobo lwalesifo lesikungenile.  Leminye imitsi lengahle isetjentiselwe sifo se-visceral ifaka ekhatsi i-liposomal amphotericin B, inhlanganisela ye-pentavalent antimonials ne paromomycin, ne miltefosine.kusifo se- cutaneous , paromomycin fluconazole, noma i-pentamidineingahle isebente.

Bantfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-12 bangenwe ngulesifo emaveni lange-98.  Kunebantfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-2 labasandza kungenwa ngulesifo labasemkhatsini wema-20 kuya ku-50 walabashona njalo ngemnyaka.  Bantfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-200 base Asia, Afrika, eNingizimu naseNkhabeni ye-Amerika, eNingizimu ne Europe bahlala etindzaweni lapho lesifo sivame khona.  INhlangano Yetemphilo Velonkhe batfole taphulelo kuleminye imitsi kulapha lesifo.  Lesifo singabonakala nakuletinye tilwane letimbalwa kufaka ekhatsi tinjakanyetilwanyane.




#Article 49: Sifo Semzinyane (353 words)


Sifo semzinyane, lesibuye satiwe ngekutsi yi-postpartum, ngumkhuhlane wemzinyane noma sifo lositfola nawuyobeleka, ngunoma ngusiphi sifo noma ligciwane lelitfolwa ngumake esitfweni sakhe sangasese lapho kundlula khona umntfwana nakabelekwa loko kwenteka nakacedza kubeleka noma . Timphawu netinkhomba tivame kufaka ekhatsi kuchucha lokundlula , emakhata, buhlungu besinye, kantsi lokuyaye kuhambisane nekunuka kabi nekuphuma kweluketjezi esitfweni sangasese. Kuvamise kuba khona ngemuva kwemahora lange-24 nangemuva kwemalanga lalishumi ngemuva kwekubeleka. 

Kugula lokukhulu kuvamise kuba ngulokubambeka kwesibeletfo kanye nemitsambo lesedvute naso leyibitwa ngekutsi ngema-puerperal sepsis  noma ema-postpartum metritis. Titfo letingaba bungoti tifaka ekhatsi , kuba khona kwemagciwane langafaka ekhatsi licembu B le-streptococcus esitfweni sangasese, kudzabuka kwemitsambo sikhatsi singakafiki, kanye nekuhelwa sikhatsi lesidze kuletinye tintfo letingaba khona.  Kungenwa tifo letinye kungafaka ekhatsi emagciwane lahlukahlukene.  Kutfola tindlela tekulapha kungasita  yelusiko lwetekulashwa kwengati kanye nesitfo sangasese. Kulabo labangakhombisi kuba ncono kungadzingeka kwekutsi kusetjentiswe imitsi yekwelapha.  Leminye imikhuhlwane leba khona ngemuva kwekubeleka ifaka ekhatsi: kugcwala kwelubisi emabeleni, kuba buhlungu kwemzila wemchamo, kuba buhlungu kwesinye noma buhlungu besitfo sangasese  lapho usikwe khona nawubeleka noma, kanye nekungasasebenti kahle noma kungasasebenti kwemaphaphu.

Ngenca yebungoti lobuba khona ngemuva kwekuhlindvwa kuyanconywa kwekutsi bonkhe bomake batfole umutsi wekuvikela loyi- lenjenge  ngaleso sikhatsi sekusikwa.  Kulashwa kwetifo letibe khona tilashwa ngema-anthibhayothiki kubantfu labanyenti baba ncono ngemuva kwemalanga lamabili kuya kulamatsatfu. Kulabo labanetifo letingasilukhuni bangasebentisa ema-anthibhayothiksi lanatfwako noma uma kungenjalo kungasetjentiswa ema-anthibhayothiksi lahlukile.  Ema-anthibhayothiksi lajwayelekile afaka ekhatsi i-ampicillin kanye ne-gentamicin ngemuva kwekutibelekela noma  i-clindamycin ne gentamicin kulabo lababeleke ngekusikwa.  Kulabo labangabi ncono ngekulashwa lokufanele lokunye kugula lokungahle kube khona lokufana nematfumba kufanele kutsi kunakwe. 

Emaveni lesekatfutfukile kuba neliphesenti linye noma mabili ebantfu labagulako ngemuva kwekutsi batibekele ngekwabo. Loku kuyakhula kusukela kumaphesenti lasihlanu kuya kulalishumi nakutsatfu kufaka ekhatsi labo lababeleke kalukhuni kanye nemaphesenti lalishumi nesihlanu alabo lababeleke ngekusikwa ngembi kwekutsi basebentise ema-anthibhayothiki ekutivikela.  Ngemnyaka wa 2013 loku kugula kwabangela kutsi kushone  24,000 kantsi bekwehle kusuka ku 34,000 walabashone nga 1990.  Inchazelo yekucala yalokushona isibuyisela emuva lokungenani kusentjuri ye-5 BCE lapho kubhale khona emahiphokhrithi. Loku kungenwa kugula bekuba yimbangela yekufa lokunyenti ngalesikhatsi kubelekwa lokwacala lokungenani kumasentjuri abo 18 kuya kubo 1930 ngalesikhatsi sekutfolakala ema-anthibhayothiki.  Nga 1847, e-Austria, Ignaz Semmelweiss ngekusebentisa  indlela yekugeza tandla kusetjentiswa  kwehlisa emazinga ekubulawa ngulesifo ngemaphesenti lalinganiselwa kulangemashumi lamabili kuya kumaphesenti lamabili.




#Article 50: Tilondza esitfweni samake sangasese (337 words)


Tilondza esitfweni samake sangasese FGM, letiphindze tatiwe ngekutsi kusikeka esitfweni sangasese kanye nekucwiywa kwesitfo samake sangasese, kuchazwa Inhlangano Yetemphilo Velonkhe (WHO) njengekuhlindvwa lokufaka ekhatsi kukhishwa kwencenye noma konkhe lokulimele kulesitfo sangasese noma lokulimala kulesitfo samake sangasese kwentela tizatfu tekulapha. I-FGM yentiwa njengelisiko yentiwa  newesintfu emaveni lange-27 Sub-Saharan kaye ne-Northeast Afrika, kancane futsi nase Asia, Enkhabeni yeMpumalanga kanye nakuleminye imiphakatsi yebachamuki kuletinye tindzawo.   Iminyaka yebudzala yekwentiwa kwalelisiko iyahluka kusukela kumalanga ngemuva kwekubelekwa kuya ngalesikhatsi sekutfomba, kuhhafu wemave lapho kutfolakala khona emanani avelonkhe, emantfombatane lamanyenti ajutjwa ngembi kwekutsi ahlanganise iminyaka lesihlanu. 

Lesento sifaka ekhatsi inchubo yekusikwa yinye noma timbili, kantsi kuba nemehluko ngekuya kwetinhlanga letihlukene. Kufaka ekhatsi kukhishwa yonkhe incenye yesicotolo kanye nesigcoko saso sicotolo; tonkhe noma letinye tincenye talesicotolo nemalebe angekhatsi; nangalendlela lekulula ngayo kuhlanganisa emalebe nesicotolo kutfungelwe ndawonye noma incenye yalokwangekhatsi kanye  nalawa angaphandle kanye nekuvalwa kwesitfo sangasese. Kulenchubo yekulashwa yekugcina, letibitwa yi-WHO ngekutsi  Type III FGM, kushiywa sikhadlala lesincane kwentelwe kutsi kuphume umchamo nengati uma ngabe usesikhatsini, bese sitfo sangasese siyavulwa kwentelwe kuya emacansini kanye nekubeleka.  Lemitselela kutemphilo iya ngalenchubo yekuhlindvwa kodvwa ingafaka ekhatsi kusuleleka ngetifo lokungapheli, buhlungu lobungalapheki, isisti, kungakhoni kukhulelwa, kuba netinkinga ngalesikhatsi ubeleka kanye nekopha lokungabangela kufa. 

Lenchubo isuselwa ekungalinganeni ngekwebulili, imitamo yekulawula indlela bomake labaya ngayo emacasini, kanye nemibono ngekuba msulwa, kubukeka kahle nangekwesimanje. Loku kuvamise kucaliswa futsi kwentiwe bomake, lebakubona njengendlela yekuhlonipheka, laba basuke basaba kwekutsi uma ngabe bangavumi kutsi bantfwana babo nebatukulu babo bajutjwe kutawenta kwekutsi lamantfombatane anganakwa ngumphakatsi. Bomake labadlula kutigidzi leti-130 kanye nemantfombatane bayentile i-FGM kulamave lange-29 lapho lenchubo inakwa khona.  Ngetulu kwetigidzi letisiphohlongo tivaliwe ngaphansi kwesitfo sangasese, lekuyintfo letfolakala kakhulu eDjibouti, Eritrea, Somalia nase Sudan.

I-FGM ayisekho emtsetfweni noma ayisavumelekanga kulamave lamanyenti lapho yentiwa khona, kodvwa lemitsetfo ayisetjentiswa kahle.  Bekunemitamo lekhona kusukela nga 1970 kuzama kwenta kutsi bantfu bayiyekele, kantsi nga 2012 kuNhlangano Lengamele Emave Emhlaba, babona i-FGM njengalebukela emalungelo ebantfu phansi.  Labo labaphikisako nabo banemibono yabo lehlukile, ikakhulukati  kulaba labafundza ngebantfu nemasiko abo. Eric Silverman i-FGM seyibe sihloko lekucociswana ngaso kakhulu kulabafundza ngebantfu nemasiko abo, babuta imibuto lelukhuni lephatselene nemaciniso ngemasiko, kubeketela kanye nekuhlukana kwemalungelo ebantfu. 




#Article 51: Kubeleka (324 words)


Kubeleka, lekubuye kwatiwe ngekutsi umhelo noma kukhululeka nabewutitfwele, kungalesikhatsi kuphela kukhulelwa ubeleka umntfwana munye noma ngetulu aphuma esibeletfweni samake. Ngemnyaka wa-2015 bekubeleke bantfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-135 mhlabawonkhe.  Bantfwana labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-15 batalwa ngembi kwemaviki lange-37 sekukhulelwa, ngalesikhatsi labangu 3 kuya ku-12% batalwa sekundlule emaviki lange-42. Emaveni lesekatfutfukile bantfu labanyenti babelekela etibhedlela, ngalesikhatsi emaveni lasatfutfuka bantfu labanyenti babelekela emakhaya basitwa ngumuntfu lomdzala wendzawo lobelekisako.

Indlela lejwayelekile yekubeleka ngulena yekukhipha umntfwana ngesitfo sangasese. Lendlela ifaka ekhatsi tinyatselo letintsatfu temhelo:  nekufinyela kanye kube netinhlungu nasivulekako, kwehla kwemntfwana nekubeleka lomntfwana, nekuchilita ukhiphele ngaphandle indlu yemntfwana. Lesigaba sekucala sitsatsa emahora lalishumi nakubili kuya kulishumi nemfica, sigaba sesibili sitsatsa imizuzu lengemashumi lamabili kuya kumahora lamabili, kantsi sinyatselo sesitsatfu sitsatsa imizuzu lesihlanu kuya kulengemashumi lamatsatfu.  Lesigaba sekucala sicala ngekutsi kusike esinyeni netinhlungu ecolo letitsatsa sigamu semzuzu bese buyabuya lobuhlungu njalo ngemuva kwemizuzu lelishumi kuya kulengemashumi lamatsatfu.  Letinhlungu letisikako tiba buhlungu ngemandla futsi tisondzelane ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi.  Ngalesikhatsi sesigaba sesibili kutawuvakala kuchiliteka kanye netinhlungu temhelo.  Kusigaba sesitsatfu  kwentsambo yenkhaba kuvamise kunconywa.  Tindlela letinyenti letihlukene tingasita ekudzambiseni tinhlungu njengemasu ekwehlisa emaphaphu, ema-opioids, kanye nekushikisha umgogodla.

Bantfwana labanyenti nababelekwa kuphuma inhloko kucala; nomakunjalo, 4% beta ngetinyawo kucala noma tibunu kucala, lekubitwa ngekutsi ngekuvundla. Ngalesikhatsi uphetfwe ngumhelo ungakwati kudla nekuhamba ngendlela lofuna ngayo, kuchilita akukavumeleki ngalesikhatsi sesigaba sekucala noma ngalesikhatsi kuphuma inhloko, kanye nekujova akukavumeleki. Ngalesikhatsi kujutjwa kuvulwa sikhala kulembobo yangasese, lekubuye kwatiwe ngekutsi yi-episiotomy, kujwayelekile kantsi akudzingeki kangako.  Nga 2012, kubeleke bantfu labalinganiselwa ku-24 wetigidzi ngekutsi bahlindvwe kujutjwe esuswini lekutsiwa yisiza. Isiza inganconywa uma ngabe umuntfu abeleka emawele, kunekucindzeteleka kwemntfwana, noma  eta afulatsela. Lendlela yekubeleka ingatsatsa sikhatsi lesidze kutsi uphole uma usebentise yona. 

Umnyaka ngamunye tinkhinga letiphatselene nekubeleka kanye nekukhulelwa tiba yimbangela yekushona kwalabalinganiselwa ku 500,000 ngemnyaka, tigidzi letingu-7 tabomake baba netinkhinga letimbi letitsatsa sikhatsi lesidze, kantsi tigidzi letinge-50 tabomake baba nemitselela lengasimihle yemiphumela yetemphilo ngemuva kwekubeleka.  Lokunyenti kwaloku kwenteka emaveni lasatfutfuka.  Kungahambi kahle lokunyenti kufaka ekhatsi kuphatamiseka kwemhelo,  kopha ngembi kwekubeleka, eclampsia , kanye nekusuleleka nge-postpartum. Tinkhinga letiba khona emntfwaneni tifaka ekhatsi kutalwa ne-asphyxia.




#Article 52: Kuhlela umndeni (417 words)


Kuhlela umndeni, lekubuye kwatiwe ngekutsi kuhlela kanye nekuvikela kukhulelwa, leti tindlela noma ngemathulusi lasetjentiselwa kuvikela kukhulelwa. Kuhlela, kwenta kutfolakale, kanye nekusebentisa tinsita tekulawula kubeleka kubitwa ngekutsi kuhlela umndeni. Kulawula indlela yekubeleka isetjentiswe kusukela etikhatsini takadzeni, kodvwa tindlela letiyimphumelelo naletiphephile kuphela tibe khona ngemasentjuri abo-20. Letinye tinhlanga tinciphisa noma atikhutsati kusetjentiswa kwetindlela tekulawula kubeleka ngoba tibonakala tingahambisani nemihambo, tenkholo, noma tepolitiki.  

Indlela lesebenta kahle kakhulu yekulawula kubeleka kuvala kwesikhashane ngekusebentisa ivasekthomi emadvodzeni kanye nekuboshwa kwemashubhu kubomake,  ngekusebentisa emathulusi lafakwa esinyeni (ema-IUD), kanye kwekuhlela umndeni lokuhlanyelwa esinyeni. Loku kulandzelwa tinhlobonhlobo ngemahomoni kufaka ekhatsi  nalanatfwako, umndeni, lokuyindingilisi lokufakwa esitfweni samake sangasese, kanye naletimijovo. Tindlela letingasebenti kahle tifaka ekhatsi  kuvikela ngekusebentisa umtimba njengelijazi lemkhwenyane nemadayaframu kanye  nesipontji sekulawula kubeleka kanye netindlela tekucwayisa ngekutfomba.  Indlela lesebenta kancane kunciphisa budvodza kanye  lekukukhipha lekwentiwa yindvodza nekutfundzela ngaphandle. Kuvala, bekuyindlela lesebenta kahle, kodvwa awukhoni kuyibuyisela emuva; tonkhe letinye tindlela tiyajikiseka, hhayi ngekushesha ngemuva kwekutiyekela.  Kuya emacansini ngalokuphephile, njengekusebentisa lijazi lemkhwenyane nelijazi labomake, nako kungasita kuvikela tifo temacansi letitsatselanako. Kwekuvikela kutfola bantfwana kwesimo lesiphutfumako kungavikela kukhulelwa kulamalanga lambalwa ngemuva kwekuya emacansini ngaphandle kwekutivikela. Labanye babona ngatsi  uvele utihlalele kuyindlela yekuhlela umndeni, kodvwa imfundziso yekungayi emacansini uma iyodvwa ingakhulisa emazinga ekukhulelwa kwebantfwana uma ngabe kuhanjiswa ngaphandle kwemfundvo lephatselene nekuhlela ngalenye indlela, ngenca yekutsi ingalandzelelwa. 

Endzabeni  yalabasebancane, lokukhulelwa kwabo kusebungotini bekutsi kube nemiphumela lemihle.  Kufundziswa ngalokugcwele ngetemacansi kanye nekufinyelela etintfweni tekuhlela umndeni kwehlisa emazinga ekukhulelwa lokungadzingeki kubantfwana labasebancane.  Ngalesikhatsi titinyenti tindlela letingasetjentiswa kuvikela bantfu labasha, tindlela letingasetjentiswa sikhatsi lesidze tibuye tiyekelwe njengaletifakwa ngekhatsi, i-IUD, noma lokuyindandatho lekufakwa esitfweni sangasese tiyindlela lekahle kakhulu lehlomulisako ekuvikeleni kukhulelwa kwelusha.  Ngekuva kwekubeleka umntfwana, make longamunyisi angahle akhulelwe futsi ngemuva kwemaviki lamane kuya kulasitfupha.  Letinye tindlela tekuhlela umndeni tingacalwa ngekushesha ngemuva kwekubeleka, ngalesikhatsi letinye tidzinga kutsi ulindze tinyanga letisitfupha.  Kubomake labamunyisako,  lesetjentiswako iyanconywa kutsi ingasetjentiswa njengendlela yekuhlela ngalesikhatsi umunyisa kunekunatsa emaphilisi.  Kubomake lesebafike esigabeni semenophozi, kunconywa kwekutsi bachubeke bahlele umnyaka wonkhe ngemuva kwalenyanga yekugcina kwabo kuya esikhatsini. 

Bomake labalinganiselwa kutigidzi letinge-222 labafuna kuvikela kukhulelwa  amhlabawonkhe abasebentisi letindlela tekuhlela umndeni tesimanje.  Kusebentisa indlela yekulawula kubeleka emaveni lasatfutfuka yehlise inombolo nekushona ngalesikhatsi ukhulelwe ngemaphesenti langu 40% (kuvikelwa kufa kwalabalinganiselwa ku-270,000 nga 2008) kantsi bekungavikelwa 70% uma ngabe letidzingo letigcwele tekulawula kubeleka bekufinyelelwa kuto.  Ngekulindza sikhatsi lesidze ngemuva kwekuphindze ukhulelwe, kulawula indlela yekubeleka kungenta kancono indlela bomake lababeleka ngayo kanye nekuphila kwebantfwana babo.  Emaveni lasatfutfuka imiholo yabomake,  tintfo labanato,  nesisindvo, kanye nemfundvo yebantfwana babo nemphilo yabo konkhe kuyatfutfuka uma ngabe bafinyelela kahle kutindlelo tekulawula indlela yekubeleka.  Kokubili kulawula indlela yekubeleka nekukhula kutemnotfo ngenca yekuba nebantfwana labambalwa lobondlako, bomake labanyenti labasebentako, kantsi basebentisa kancane tinsita letingatfolakali kalula. 




#Article 53: Kukhipha sisu (402 words)


Kukhipha sisu kujuba/kuphelisa  kukhulelwa ngekususa noma ngekukhipha sisu ngesihluku lesitfwele umntfwana longakavutfwa noma imbewu ngembi kwekutsi  ikhone kutikhulela ngekwayo. Sisu singaphuma ngalokungakalindzeleki ngekushesha, loko lekubese kubitwa ngekutsi  kuphunyelwa sisu. Kungentiwa futsi ngamabomu lapho kubitwa ngekutsiwa kukhishwa kwesisu ngekutitsandzela kusetjentiswa imitsi. Sikhatsi sekukhishwa kwesisu kuvamise kucondziswa ngalesikhatsi kukhishwa sisu ngekutitsandzela kusetjentiswa imitsi kumuntfu lokhulelwe. Indlela lefanako ngemuva kwekutsi umntfwana akwati kutiphilela ngekwakho ngekwetemphilo ivamise kubitwa ngekutsi kukhipha sisu ngemuva kwesikhatsi lesidze ukhulelwe.

Betekulapha besimanje basebentisa imitsi noma tindlela tekuhlindza kute kukhishwe sisu ngekutitsandzela. Lemitsi lemibili lebitwa nge-mifepristone kanye ne-prostaglandin isebenta kahle kakhulu kufana nendlela yekuhlindvwa uma ngabe usesetinyangeni tekucala letintsatfu tekukhulelwa. Nanoma kusetjentiswa kwemitsi kungaba yimphumelelo kuletinyanga letine kuya ngetulu tekukhulelwa, indlela yekuhlindvwa ibonakala inebungoti lobuncane ekutseni kube nemitselela lengemihle nakwentiwa lenchubo.  Kuhlelwa kwemndeni, kufaka ekhatsi  lamaphilisi kanye neluphu kungentiwa ngekushesha ngemuva kwekukhipha sisu.  Kukhishwa kwesisu kulomhlaba lesewutfutfukile kunemlandvo lomudze wekutsi kuletinye tindlela letiphephile tekusebentisa imitsi uma ngabe tivumelekile nemtsetfo wakuleli. Kukhishwa kwesisu ngaphandle kwetihibe akubangeli kugula kwesikhatsi lesidze kwengcondvo noma tinkinga tekungaphili kwemtimba.  Inhlangano Yetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe incoma kwekutsi lelizinga lelifanako lekuphepha nekukhishwa kwesisu ngalokusemtsetfweni litfolakale kubo bonkhe bomake mhlabawonkhe.  Kukhipha tisu ngendlela lengakaphephi, noma kunjalo, kuyaye kubangele kushona kwalabalinganiselwa ku-47,000 webantfu labakhulelwe kanye netigidzi leti-5 tebantfu labangeniswa etibhedlela njalo ngemnyaka mhlabawonkhe jikelele. 

Kukhishwa tisu letilinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-44 mhlabawonkhe jikelele ngemnyaka, kantsi letilinganiselwa kuhhafu yaloko kwentiwa ngendlela lengakaphephi.  Emazinga ekukhishwa kwetisu sekagucukile kancane kusukela emkhatsini wanga 2003 na 2008,  ngemuva kwekucitsa iminyaka kwehla ngalesikhatsi kuzanywa kufinyelela kumitamo yekufundzisa ngekuhlelwa kwemindeni kanye nekulawula indlela yekubeleka.  , bomake labangemaphesenti lalishumi nakune mhlabawonkhe bayakwati kufinyelela kutinsita tekukhipha sisu ngekutitsandzela basebentisa imitsi ngalokusemtsetfweni ngaphandle kwekuhlangabetana netintfo letingaba tihibe noma kudzingeke tinchazelo.  Noma kunjalo, kunemikhawulo yekutsi ungakhipha sisu uma sewunesikhatsi lesingakanani.

Kukhishwa kwesisu ngekutitsandzela ngekusebentisa imitsi  emlandvweni. Kwentiwa ngetindlela letihlukile, kufaka ekhatsi  langumutsi wesintfu , kusetjentiswa kwemathulusi lakhaliphile,  kuviswa buhlungu emtimbeni, kanye naletinye  letitindlela tendzabuko lebetisetjentiswa kwakudzala. Umtsetfo nemitsetfo lengamele kukhishwa kwetisu, kutsi isetjentiswa kangakanani, kanye nesimo sayo kutemasiko netenkholo kuyahluka kakhulu mhlaba wonkhe. Ngalesinye sikhatsi, kukhishwa kwesisu kuba semtsetfweni ngekuhambisana netimo letitsite, njenga nawudlwengulwe sihlobo, kudlwengulwa,  nekushona kwemntfwana esuswini, leminye imitselela letsintsa simo setemphilo nemnotfo noma bungoti emphilweni yamake lokhulelwe.  Etindzaweni letinyenti tavelonkhe kunetingcogco nekudideka kwebantfu ngekuvumeleka kwalesento, nekuba semtsetfweni kwetindzaba letiphatselene nekukhishwa kwetisu. Labo kwetisu bavamise kusho kwekutsi loku lekusuke sekwakhele esuswini noma lomntfwana longekhatsi usuke sekangumuntfu futsi lanelilungelo lekuphila kantsi bacatsanisa kukhipha sisu nekubulala. Labo labasekela nemalungelo ekukhishwa kwetisu bagcizelela  njengemalungelo emuntfu wesifazane ekuncuma ngetintfo letiphatselene nemtimba wakhe kanye nekugcizelela emalungelo eluntfu sekafaka ekhatsi konkhe.




#Article 54: Kukhulelwa (382 words)


Kukhulelwa, lekubuye kwatiwe ngekutsi kutetfwala noma kuba matima, kungalesikhatsi umuntfu atfwele umntfwana munye noma ngetulu akhulela ngekhatsi esuswini samake. Kubeleka nekukhulelwa emawele kufaka ekhatsi kubeleka bantfwana labangetulu kwamunye, njengemawele. Umuntfu angakhulelwa ngekuya emacansini noma ngekusitwa kutsi akhulelwe ngekusebentisa itheknoloji. Kuvame kutsatsa emaviki langema-40 (10NBSP; tinyanga tekukhulelwa kusukela ngalesikhatsi ugcina kuya esikhatsini (LMP) kuphele ngalesikhatsi ubeleka. Loku kuba ngemaviki lalinganiselwa kula-38 ngemuva  nekubamba sisu.
Kukhulelwa kuhlukaniswe ngetigaba letintsatfu.  Sigaba sekucala sisukela kuliviki lekucala kuya emavikini lalishumi nakubili kantsi kufaka ekhatsi kubamba sisu.  Kubamba sisu kulandzelwa kuvundziswa kwelicandza lelihamba lehle ngelishubhu lelisesinyeni bese liyonamatsela esibeletfweni lapho licala khona kwenta umntfwana kanye nendlu yakhe. Lesigaba sekucala sinebungoti lobukhulu bekuphunyelwa sisu (kushona kwelicandza lelivundzisiwe noma umntfwana lesekangekhatsi). Lesigaba sesibili sisukela kuliviki le-13 kuya ku-28 nesiphohlongo.  Ngasemkhatsini walesigaba sesibili ungahle uve umntfwana adlala.  Nawunemaviki lange-28 ngetulu kwemaphesenti lange-90% bangakhona kuphila ngaphandle kwesibeletfo uma ngabe banakekelwa ngelizinga leliphakeme letemphilo. Sigaba sesitsatfu sisukela emavikini la-29 kuya kumaviki lange-40.

Kunakekelwa kwalokhulelwe kwenta imiphumela yekukhulelwa ibe mihle kakhulu.  Loku kungafaka ekhatsi kunatsa emaphilisi lamanyenti efolikhi esidi, ungatsatsi tidzakamiva netjwala, utilolonge njalo, utihlole ingati, nekuhlala njalo uhlolwa umtimba wakho. Kuba netinkhinga nawukhulelwe kungafaka ekhatsi  tekunyukelwa yingati nawukhulelwe, kuba nesifo sashukela nawukhulelwe, kungabi nengati kahle nekuswela i-ayoni, kanye  lehambisana nekunyakuleka nekuhlanta kakhulu kuletinye tifo letikhona.  Kukhulelwa kwethemu kuba nemaviki lange-37 kuya kumaviki lange-41, kantsi ithembi lengembi kwesikhatsi kuba ngemaviki la-37 ne 38, ithemu lephelele yekukhulelwa ngu-39 emaviki kuya kula-40, kantsi ithemu lendlulelwe sikhatsi ngu-41.  Ngemuva kwemaviki la-41 kwatiwa ngekutsi sewundlulelwe sikhatsi.  Bantfwana lababelekwa ngembi kwemaviki lange-37 babelekwe ngembi kwesikhatsi kantsi basengotini yekugula njengekuphatfwa  sifo sekutsikameteka kwengcondvo nekungahambi ngendlela lefanele. Kuyanconywa kwekutsi kubeleka kungabi ngulokuchilitwako mhlawumbe ngekujovela kutsi kucale umhelo noma kubeleka ngekuhlindvwa ngembi kwemaviki lange-39 ngaphandle kwekutsi kube nesidzingo ngenca yetizatfu tetemphilo. 

Bantfu labakhulelwe labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-213 bakhulelwa nga 2012 lapho khona tigidzi leti-190 bebase maveni lasatfutfuka kantsi tigidzi leti-23 bebasemaveni lesekatfutfukile.  Loku kulinganiselwa kubantfu labangu 133 kubomake laba-1,000 labasemkhatsini weminyaka leli-15 kuya 44.  Kukhulelwa lokulinganiselwa ku 10% kuya ku 15% lokwatiwako kanye nekuphunyelwa tisu.  Ngemnyaka wa 2013 kuba netinkhinga kwalabakhulelwe kwaholela ekutseni 293,000 webantfu bashone kunalaba labangu 377,000 banga 1990.  Timbangela letetayelekile tifaka ekhatsi kopha nawukhulelwe, tinkhinga tekukhipha sisu, kwenyukelwa yingati nawukhulelwe, kuba ne-sepsis nawukhulelwe, kanye kuphatamiseka kwemhelo. Mhlabawonkhe 40% wekukhulelwa  futsi kungafunwa. Ihhafu yalokukhulelwa lokungakahlelwa kukhiswha kwetisu. Ngekhatsi kwalokukhulelwa lokungakahlelwa e-United States, 60% walabomake basebentisa kwekuhlela umndeni ngalesikhatsi salenyanga labakhulelwe ngayo. 




#Article 55: Tibongo tenkhosi Mahlokohla/Bhunu (255 words)


Mahlokohla lomnyama, ngulondzatja ngentsamo

Lohlokohle timbiba taphuma tenta buhlakalala,

Taye tayawubanjwa ngudaladi esangweni
KaZombodze wemagugu.

Ngwane Lulakane nekhaya netsafeni,

Bebatemdzindz' umkhaba.

Uyisaphi kuLancabane?

Ngwane usona nonani,

Loku bahlaba tinkhomo bayahlindzisana,

Mngce kushe kube sehlobo, 

Kuye kusuk' emalangabi.

Hlangu sinembele wenkhomo.

Ntsambo katetfwalwa kaZombodze wemagugu.

Wahlohla-ke dvoye!

Nangelutsi lwemkhonto bewungahlohla.

Ngiyamesab' umtakaMadzanga,

Wabit' inkhosi ngebudzatja,

Waye wayibita ngebugeletjane.

Hhululu!

Wehle njani emahlatsini lamadze?

Kantsi ngaseMamphondvweni.

Ngingayitsatsaphi inkhosi lengangaNgwane?

Ngiyikhwet' etu kweMdzimba.

Mlom' ufika ezulwini.

Ngwane emantini ngimfanisa nesitiba;

Ngwane endleleni ngimfanisa nalevundlako;

Ngwane emitsini ngimfanisa nemnyamatsi;

Ngwane enkhomeni ngimfanisa nenshivatane.

Ngcabiya teluhlunguhlungu tiyababa.

Mkhondvo wetindlovu awulandvwa,

Uyawulandvwa bafana basetingadzeni.

Mhhamuta bantfu bangenaboya Ngwane.

Ligodza lakaZombodze

Kadze liwagil' emadvodza emacakala.

Inyoni ledlalel' emahubhen' etintsaba.

Ingwe ledl' ematfole etinyatsi.

Buhle baNgwane bungididile,

BungangaVimba kanye naMashongololo.

Uyephana yela Ngwane!

Ngekupha tinyoni teMamphondvweni,

Tidla atiwesuli umlomo,

Wapha Cayitane,

Wase uyawubita Bhebhebhe,

Kutsi kuyadliwa eMamphondvweni,

Wase uyewubita lelikhulu

Lelinemphandl' enhloko.

Buhlalu kabuhlangan' entsanyeni,

Ingani kuCikose buyahlangana.

Umvemve wakitsi ngete ngawubeka emutaneni,

Ngingawubeka kaZombodze wemagugu.

Ngwane phani losemnyango,

Losemsamo umtsambekele.

Mbhabha ngajozi lakhe.

Nkhomo taphela tinselo tiy' emtini wakho
EMamphondvweni.

Uyadzela mfati waseSigombeni,

Walibuka lijaha laNdaba,

Uyadzela mfati waseNyakeni,

Walibuka lijaha laNdaba,

Uyadzela mfati waseMafutseni,

Walibuka lijaha laNdaba,

Liyoshoshobala ngesikhala lesasishona

Khuzwayo waMahlalela waNkhosi.

Uyadzela mfati wakaMshikashika,

Walibuka lijaha laNdaba.

Uyadzela mfati wakaMkhweli,

Ngekubuka lijaha laNdaba.

Intfumbeleti yaDlamini,

Itfumbelete futs' emahlatsini eMadvokanyawo.

Uyadzela Mashicela,

Ngetulu kweLubombo,

Walibuka lijaha laNdaba.

Lugobe lukhulu lusihlalele,

Lubitwe ngemadvuna akaNgwane,

Buhle bungandlati teShowe,

Tona timashob' ahlula ludzaka.

Lowadzabula kuLongwevu,

Wayifulel' indlu yeMbabane,

Wentel' emadvodza khona

Atekuba mphunga.

Mdlovu bawuhlabile,

Bawuhlab' ekupheleni kwetimphondvo

Wayishay' inhloko yaLembelele waSobhuza!

Bayethe!




#Article 56: Siciwi i-Blyde River Canyon (889 words)


Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve (nobe i- Motlatse Canyon Provincial Nature Reserve) itfolakala emewukeni we-Drakensberg escarpment encenyeni yase Mpumalanga, South Africa. Lesiciwi sivikela i - Blyde River Canyon, lokufaka ekhatsi tincenye tase Ohrigstad, Blyde Rivers  kanye nekwakheka kwemvelo ngase - Bourke's Luck Potholes, lapho i-Treur River iwela  nobe ihlangana khona ne-Blyde ngaphasi. Lesiciwi sichubeka netintsaba size sifake ekhatsi tindzawo letibitwa ngekutsi i-Devil's Window kanye ne God's Window. Leti tindzawo letatiwa kakhulu lapha e-Lowveld. Kutsiwa loku kutfolakala ngaseningizimu yaletintsaba.

Ingcoca yetintsaba i-Mogologolo (1,794 m), Mariepskop (1,944 m) kanye neHebronberg (1,767 m) tingena ngencenye letsite kulesiciwi. Kwenyuka kwaletintsaba kutsiwa kusemkhatsini kwemamitha langu 550 nalangu 1944 ngetulu kwelizinga lemfula. Tindzawo tekuvakasha kulesiciwi yi-F.H. Odendaal kanye neSwadeni,kepha kutsiwa letindzawo tivakasheleka umangabe usesifundzeni sase Limpopo. Lendzawo lengemakhilomitha lange- 290 (290km2) ilawulwa  yiMpumalanga. Loku kutfolakala kulelikhasi; (

Lendzawo ledvonsa emehlo etivakashi itfolakala emkhatsini kwemifula i-Treur kanye ne-Blyde Rivers, kulesiciwi emnceleni longaseNyakatfo ngasenyakafto;   . Emahhovisi alesiciwi  semvelo atfolakala khona eceleni kwesigodzi sase Moremela ngaseningizimu nelive taletintsaba.

Emanti lagijima ngaphasi kwemfula adala ema-kolks lapha kulomfula weTreur. Loku kubese kudala ema-plunge pools kulomfula we Treur. Lama kolks adale imigodzi nobe ema- giant's kettles, lamakhulu labonakalako uma ubuka ngeliso lelisuselwa etintsabeni letisetulu. Libito lawo lisuselwa kumtingeli wetimbiwa  lomkhulu yena Tom Bourke lowacombelela kutsi kungaba negolide kulendzawo kepha wangayitfoli yena lucobo lwakhe. Kunemabhuloho ebantfu labahamba ngetinyawo (pedestrian bridges) lahambela etulu lenta kutsi ibonakale ingephasi (overlooks) lemigodzi uma uhmaba kuwo.

Emalonto  lamatsatfu tintsaba letitsatfu leticijile etulu letivalwe tjani. Kutsiwa letintsaba tifananiswa letindlu takadzeni letatifulelwa ngetjani. Kutsiwa ngalesinye sikhatsi tibitwa ngabodzadze labatsatfu kepha loku kubanga kudideka kubantfu ngobe kunalenye indzawo lebitwa ngeligama labonakala uma udlula lapha ku N1 road esifundzeni sase Northern Cape, kudze neningizimu.

Emagama aletitsaba leticijile aletsa kubonga kumholi  wendzabuko (19th century) umnumzane Maripi kanye nemakhosikati akhe lamatsaftu. Lencenye lecodzile leseceleni kwema-Rondavela kulentsaba ibitwa ngekutsi nguMapjaneng, lokusho kutsi Indvuna lekhunjulwa ngekulwa nema Swazis etimphini temnhlaba letikhunjulwako. LamaLantabula etsiwe emva kwemakhosikati akhe lomholi wendzabuko – Magabolle, Mogoladikwe kanye naMaseroto. Emva kwalamalantabula kubonakala tintsaba tase Mariepskop. Ngaphandle kwalelidamu, tintsaba taseThabaneng tatiwa ngekutsi ma sundial nobe “ tintsaba letinesiftunti lesihambako. Kutsiwa lesitfunti sikhombisa sikhstsi selusuku.

Umangabe sibhakabhaka singenawo emafu, ibukeka iyinhle kakhulu. Uma ulapha etulu etintsabeni ubuka lamLantabula abukeka amahle kakhulu. Kulendzawo, umuntfu ukhona kubona ngale kwesitiba lamalonto lamatsatfu lahacwe tintsatjana eNyakatfo neDrakensberg. Ikuvetela sitfombe lesinhle ngendlela lesimanga, ledzinga utininke sikhatsi nawuyibuka.

Kwakheka kwalamatje lamahle kungachazwa ngesayensi njenge kudzilika kwematje latsambile latfolakala ngaphasi kwemhlaba lokwenteka kancane kancane. Loku kushiya ematje lacinile ahleti ebaleni lekwenta emaLantabula lawo lesiwatfokotelako. Akukakhatsalaleki kwekutsi adzabukaphi  ngobe mahle ngempela. Tonkhe letindzawo, i-God's window, Bourkes Luck Potholes, emalantabula lamatsatfu atsatsa sikhundla sekuba yintsaba lenkhulu yesitsatfu emhlabeni wonkhe jikelele. 

I-God’s Window (God's Window)] indzawo ledvumile lebukisako ngencenye yase Drakensberg escarpment, ngaseningizimu nelive yalesiciwi.

Lapha tintsabakati tingemamitha langema 700 e-lowveld. Letintsaba tiletsa buhle lobufana neEden lokwaholelwa kutsi ibitwe ngaleligama lebitwa nagalo. Umangabe sibhakabhaka sivulekile, uyakhona kubona i-Kruger National Park ngaseLebombo Mountains emnceleni we Mozambique.

I-God’s Window ivela kahle efilimini i- cult film The Gods Must Be Crazy ngemnyaka wa- 1980. Ngasemaphetselweni alelifilimu, umlingisi Bushman Xi (lodlalwa ngumlimi wase Namibian N!xau) uhambela letintsaba taseGods window. Ngenca yemafu lomlingisi ucabanga kutsi ufike ekugcineni lwelive.

Sicalo saleLifasitelo bekulidvwala lebelisepulazini, kepha ngenca yequarry operation nekulinywa kwetihlahla, lilidvwala lelibukeka njengesikwele belingeke lisebentiseke, ngako-ke lasuswa nguhulumende walibeka elusentseni lwale escarpment.

Indzawo kekubukela  dvute lesikhumulo setimoto ikunika sitfombe lesinhle ngalokubabatekako salesihobadla selitsafa lelingentasi.

Kuletindzawo letiyinkhangala kuhlala i-mountain reedbuck, baboon troops kanye nerock hyraxes. I- Hippo kanye necrocodile akhona kuBlyderivierpoort Dam. Impala, kudu, blue wildebeest, waterbuck kanye nezebra tikhona kulendzawo.

Tinhlanti tasemaveni letifana nema smallmouth bass, brown kanye ne rainbow trout tiyatfolakala kulomfula, lokukwehlisa bubanti be Treur river barb.  Ngekusebentisa tindlela tesayensi letitste ngemnyaka wa 1970, iphatseke kahle lendzawo . Ema-Natal mountain catfish titfolakala ngekwehlukana eLimpopo , futsi i-Belvedere creek ngiyo yodvwa indzawo lapho i- Rosefin barb itfolakala khona.

EmaAfrican fish eagle kanye nema African finfoot ayatfolakala lapha eBlyde River. I-lowveld icuketse emapurple-crested lourie, emerald cuckoo, red-backed mannikin, golden-tailed woodpecker, gorgeous bushshrike, white-faced owl kanye nema raptors lafana nema white-backed vulture, gymnogene, black-chested snake eagle, Wahlberg's eagle and long-crested eagle. Lamanyenti ema raptors latfolakala kakhulu kuletintsaba afaka ekhatsi ema cape vulture, black eagle, jackal buzzard, peregrine falcon, lanner falcon kanye nema rock kestrel.

Tinyoni letihambisana letihlahla letinetimbali tifaka ekhatsi ema Gurney's sugarbird kanye nemalachite sunbird. Umndeni wema bald ibis atfolakala etincenyeni letinetjani ngaphandle kwema cape eagle-owl kanye nema red-breasted sparrowhawk. Tinyoni tesiganga letikhona tifaka ekhatsi ema crowned eagle, Knysna lourie, cinnamon dove, olive bushshrike, green twinspot kanye nema wood owl.

Inhlanyelo yalesiciwi ihlelenjiswe  njenge Northeastern Drakensberg High-Mountain Sourveld ecoregion, indzawo lesengcupheni  yemlilo lobangelwa ngumbani. Tihlahla tayo letehlukahlukene tibangelwa kutfolakala kwemvula lelingene lebalelwa ku-541 mm kuya ku- 2,776 mm ngemnyaka kanye nePedology. Lendzawo icuketfwe kakhulu ngobe ifaka ekhatsi tindzawo letifana nema- grassland plateaus, ticoja , ema-sponge , ema-grassland slopes,tiganga tema-afromontane , riparian forest, indzawo yemahlatsi lanemswakama, nendzawo yemahlatsi lomile kanye nema shrublands. Tiganga letine letitfolakala kuyo i-Afromontane Forest, North-eastern Mountain Sour Grassland, Sour Lowveld Bushveld kanye ne Mixed Lowveld Bushveld.

Tihlahla letehlukene letitfolakala lapha tibalelwa enkulungwaneni. Loku kufaka ekhatsi i- cycads le tfolakala ngekwemvelo kulesiciwi sase Blyde river cycad, lokungafaka ekhatsi 200 tintfo. Tinhlobo te-orchid, lily kanye neprotea ( ngalokwetayelekile i-Protea ne Faurea) tiyatfolakala. Ema Tree ferns akhula encenyeni leyehlelako.

Tiganga letivela ngekwemvelo tivala umhlaba lolinganiselwa ku 2111 ema hekitha alesiciwi. Kutsiwa lokuvalwa kwehlukaniswe ngetindlela letehlukile tesayensi kusukela ebudzeni kwetintsaba kuya ekuhlukeni kwemnotfo walendzawo.

Lesiciba sitfolakala ngase mpumalanga nelive madvute ne Mariepskop neKlaserie Waterfall Nature Reserves, kanye nendzawo yase Mapulaneng , ngaphasi kwe escarpment. Simo seticiwi nabomakhelwane bato atikakhohlwa. Yonkhe imisebenti yekulima leyenteka lapha kuleticiwi imisiwe.

Indzawo yase Percy Fitzpatrick neyase George Fullerton's summer quarters ngemnyaka wa 1880 beyitfolakala e-Paradise Camp  emakhilomitha yasitfupha neNingizimu nelive. Madvute neGods window kutfolakala emabhudlo lafaka ekhatsi,i- Berlin Falls kanye neLisbon Falls.




#Article 57: Komati River (540 words)


Umfula e-Komati watiwa ngekutsi Incomati,lona ngumfula lose South Africa, Swaziland kanye nase Mozambique. Budze balomfula bungu 480 wemakhilomitha, kanye nesimunyo semanti lesinganga 50,000 wetikwele temakhilomitha. Lesimunyo sikhulula emanti langanga 111 wemamitha ngelisekhendi emlonyeni waso.Leligama lelitsi Komati lisukela egameni lenkhomo lensikati lekhicita lubisi, lenkhomo kutsiwa Inkomati.

Lomfula usukela e-Carolina, akhuphukele nga 1500 wemamitha celeni kwase Breyten i-Ermelo, Mpumalanga. Agelete lomfula aye ngase lwandle lwemandiya i-Maputo Bay ngekucedza kuhamba emakhilomitha langanga 480.Bese kuba nalomunye umfula lokutsiwa i-Komati Gorge longetulu kwemfula we Nkomati kantsi futsi kulapho kuhlala khona tilwane letinjenge tinyoni. Emnyakeni wa 2001 libondza lelikhulu lelidamu lase Maguga lelingemamitha langu 115 kuya etulu lacedzwa e-Piggs Peak, eswatini. 

Etulu kwalomfula eceleni kwase Steynsdorp kunemhlaba wemagolide, kepha ngaphansi kwemanti kunematje emnotfo. Lomfula wehla ngase Drakensburg ngemakhilomitha langanga 48 ngentansi kwe- Barberton, kantsi futsi uphindze welele ngase gedeni lase Mpumalanga lase Swatini. Uchubeke ngekucondza angene etintsabeni tase Lebombo. Ngasenyakatfo ngema digrizi langu 32 e-Mpumalanga phindze kube nema digrizi langu 25 e-Ningizimu eceleni kwelidolobha lase Komatipoti, uhlangana kanye nemfula we-Tingwenya. Lomfula lomkhulu wetingwenya uyaphakama lesikhatsi umfula i-Elands River lose Bergendel longu 1,961 wemamitha eceleni kwemanti lasetulu e-Komati, ugeletele ngase Mpumalanga ezingeni lelisetulu, abuye ajikele ngase Nshonalanga afikelele e- Drakensberg lapho kwehlela khona. Kuwa kwase ndzaweni lephansi kunganga 600 wemamitha kanye nemakhilomitha langu 48 kantsi futsi kuwelele emkhatsini kwe Drakensberg kanye ne Lebombo, ngebudze lobunganga 161 wemakhilomitha, kantsi e-Lubombo uchubeke uwe nga 900 wemamitha.

Emuva kwelikhilomitha ngaphansi kwesijomelelo semfula  wetingwenya, lomfula watiwa ngekutsi i- Manhissa londlulela ekuhlanganeni kwemhlaba kanye nemanti, ngebudze lobunganga 190 ngemamitha intsatjana, etulu kwe Lebombo lowatiwa nge- Komatipoti, kufaka ekhatsi umfula we picturesque. I- Komatipoti lehlukanisa emave lamabili, lomfula ungaphansi kwemakhilomitha langu 100 kusukela emlonyeni emgceni locondzile, kepha esiphambanweni lomfula wenta bunwebeka ba 322 wemakhilomitha ekucaleni kwe kwenshonalanga kwehlela ngase ningizimu, kwakheka umsele kanye nemanti labuyela emuva. Futsi atfola emanti laphuma ngase nshonalanga ngalobunye bukhulu. Ngesikhatsi sesikhukhulo semanti kuba neluchumano lase nshonalanga kanye nemifula yase Liompopo. Umfula i-Komati ungena elwandle ngemakhilomitha langanga 24 enshonalanga yase Maputo. Uyalandzeleleka kusukekela emlonyeni lapho emanti angemamitha langu lasihlanu ngekushona, kuze kuyofikela enyaweni lase Lebombo. 

Emaputukezi etsa ematje angaphansi atsi e-Rio des Reijs, noma emanti elayisi.Libhuku la Jan van RIEbeeke liyasho kutsi wakhuluma leligama i-Rio de Reijis lesikhatsi akhuluma nemkhumbi empumalanga ayofuna ilayisi. Enzaweni yase Voortrekker, incwadzi noma libhuku la Louis Tregardt litsi lendzawo i-Manhissa, ligama lelisaphila, kepha kubelungu be British batsi kuse King George River. .

Negmnyaka wa 1725, luhambo lwema Dutch lalihholwa ngu-Francois de Kuiper lebebayohlola lomfula i- Komati phindze bahamba emakhilomitha langu 30 bavakashela i-Mpumalanga, ngaphambi kwekutsi bahlaselwe bantfu balendzawo, baphoceleka kutsi babuyele e-Delagoa Bay. 

Ngelilanga le-Nyoni mhlaka 23 emnyaken wa 1900 lesikhatsi kunemphi ye-Second Boer War, emabhunu langu 3,000 ewela edolobheni lase Komatipoti, atinikrla emaphoyiseni ema Portuguese. Elangeni la 7 November 1900, emabhange ase Komati aba yindzawo yemphi yema British kanye nemabhunu. Imphi yase Leliefontein yayekelwa ma- British, bahlushwa ngemabhunu , emabhunu lasongela kubamba e- British Artillery. Tikhali tema British tasindziswa bukhosi base Canadian Dragons labahlawulisa emabhunu, babeka tikhali lapho bangeke bafikelele khona..

Umgwaco losuka e-Maputo aye e-Pretoria uhamba ngekucondza, ngemakhilomitha langu 72, afikele e-Komati. ulandzela umfula we libhange lase ningizimu ungenele eveni lelisetulu e- Komatipoti. Usuke lapho ushine ngase nyakatfo aye emfuleni wetingwenya, ngebudze bakhona. lomgwaco wakhiwa inkapani lokutsiwa i- Netherlands- South Africa (NZASM), wavulwa emnyakeni wa 1895.

public domain




#Article 58: Umfula wase Maputo (188 words)


Umfula wae-Maputo (e-Portuguese Rio) watiwa ngekutsi i-Great Usuthu River, umfula we-Lusutfu noma umfula we Suthu lose South Africa, Swaziland, kanye ne Mozambique. Lligama le-Suthu lisukela ebantfwini be-Bosotho lebebahlala eceleni kwalomfula, kepha bahlaselwa phindze basuswa maSwati.  Phindze lichaza kuba mnyama loku kukhomba budzaka..

Lomfula ukhuphukela eceleni kwase Amsterdam, Mpumalanga e-Ningizimu Africa lapho uhamba khona ngaseswatini, lapho ungenela etintsabeni tase Lebombo. Emuva kwemakhilomitha langu 13, lomfula uhlukanisa emave lamabili, Swaziland kanye ne South Africa. Emuva kwemakhilomitha langu 20, lomfula wakha ligede mekhatsini we South Africa kanye ne Mozambiki. Endzaweni yetilwane e-Ndumo Game Reserve itfwala imifula ye-Pongola River. Ubese ungenela i-Mozambiki uze uyofika ngase ningizimu ye-Maputo Bay, ngekwehlela ngema khilomitha langu 85.

E-Swatini kunemfula lokutsiwa i-Great Usuthu noma Lusutfu lohamba ngase Bhunya, Luyengo, Siphofaneni kanye ne Big Bend. Lelidolobha lidvutane endzawe lapho kuhamba khona lomfula. Lomfula i-Great Usuthu ngumfula lomkhulu eswatini. ushona ngemamitha langanga 21 kantsi futsi watiwa ngemanti lamhlophe. Kute lamanye emadolobha lakhona kuba nalomfula ngoba uyashona. Kantsi futsi lomfula ulikhaya lase meahhotela kanye naletinye tindzawo tetilwane.

Kusukela emlonyeni walomfula, lemifula leyakhako yi: Seganagana, Bonnie Brook, Mpuluzi, Buhlungu, Umvenvane, Lusushwana, Sidvokodvo, Mkhondvo, Mhlamani, Mzimneni, Mzimphofu, Mhlathuzane, Mtsindzekwa, Nyetane, Funuane, kanye ne Pongola Rivers.




#Article 59: Umgwenya (e-Limpopo) (240 words)


Umgwenya (Afrikaans) ngumfula loseSouth Africa. Emva kwekuhlangana kwalomfula neMarico River, yomibili lemifula yakha i- Limpopo River.

Umgwenya utalwa lapha etintsabeni tase uchamukela etintsabeni tase Witwatersrand, asukela e-Constanitia Kloof, Roodepoort, Gauteng Lidamu lekucala leligcwaliswa ngumfula wetingwenya lidamu lase Lake Heritage,ngasenyakatfo etindizeni tase Lanseria. Ngasenshonalanga kwalendzawo yetindiza uhlangana kanye nemfula wase Juksei. Acubeke agelete ngase North West lapho kunemadamu lamabili latsiwa i-hartbeespoort dam kanye nelidamu lase Roodekoppies. Ngaphambili kwelidamu lase Hartbeespoort, lomfula wendlula edolobheni lase Brits. Umfula we Elands uhlangana nemfula logeletako asukela edamini lase Vaalkop, ngemakhilomitha langu 20 nje umfula we Pienaars uyangenelela, kafishane nje ekuphumeni lidamu lase Klipvoor.

Endzaweni yase Limpopo Province, ngemakhilomitha nje langu 35, lomfula umgwenya undlulela edolobheni lase Thabazimbi kwakhekha umsele logwengile ngemakhilomitha lambalwa endzaweni lapho kuhlala khona tilwane ngaphambi kwekutsi uhlangane kanye nemfula we Marico ngasenyakatfo ye Rooibokkraal ekugcineni kwe North West Province kutowakha umfula wase Limpopo. .

Lomfula Umgwenya mukhulu nje uhlanganiswa ngulemifula i-Bloubankspruit, umfula we Hennops, umfula we Jukskei, umfula we Magalies, umfula we Sterkstroom, umfula we Rosespruit, umfula we Skeerpoort,umfula we Kareespruit, umfula we Elands, umfula we Bierspruit kanye nemfula Welisondvo..

Umfula Umgwenya nguye umfula lofinyetekile e- South Africa. Imitselela yalokungcola isukela edolobheni lase Johannesburg kanye nasedolobheni lase Tshwane, kumosha tindzawo letiningi letimcoka, kufaka ekhatsi tilwane tasemantini. tindzawo tase mayini, tindzawo tekulima kanye nekungcola kwasetindlini ngiko lokwenta emanti kutsi angasahlobi kahle kantsi futsi angasebentiseki, kantsi futsi netihlahla tiyalimala ngaletigameko. Kulima lokukabi kuphoceleka kutsi umhlaba amosheke, loku kulimata umfula.

Lomfula wemadamu uyincenye yemanti etingwenya (Enyakatfo) kanye nemanti ase Marico Management Area. Emadamu lakulomfula:




#Article 60: Ligede lase Mozambique kanye ne-Ningizimu Afrika (201 words)


Leligede emkhatsini kwe Mozambique kanye ne South Africa lihlukaniswe kabili, libe lembuso wase Swatini. Lelelinye luhlangotsi lungase Nshonalanga ngemakhilomitha langu 410 (255) ngebudze, leligijima ngase nshonalanga kanye nase ningizimu emkhatsini kwetintsaba tase Lebombo kusukela e- Zimbabwe kuya eswatini. Loluhlangotsi lwase ningizimu lolungu 81 wemakhilomitha ngebudze (50 mi), kusukela empumalanga e-Maputland, kusukela eswatini kuya elwandle lwemandiya.

Luhlanganiso nelive lase Zimbabwe luse Crooks Corner emfuleni wase Limpopo,kungabe dvute kanye nemfula wase Luvuvhu. Leligede ligijima emgceni locondzile kusukela kuhlanganiswa kanye nemfula we-Shingwedzi, kantsi kunuye futsi ligijimele etulu kwase nshonalanga kwehlela ngasetintsabeni tase Lebombo. Leligede lendlulela umfula we-Olifants, Sabie kanye newe Komati. Lokuhlukana kwaleligede kugcina ngase nshonalanga e-Swatini ekuhlanganeni kwe-Mpundweni beacon eceleni kwe Namaacha

Iningizimu yase Swatini icuketfwe e-Abercorn Drift emfuleni we-Usuthu lapho khona ligede lase Mozambique kanye nelase Swatini ngasetintsabeni tase Lebombo kuhlangana umfula. Kusukela lapho leligede lilandzela umfula we-Usuthu kuyohlangana kanye nemfula wase Pongola lapho khona leligede lavalwa. Leligede libese ligijima ngase mpumalanga emgceni locondzile kuhlangane kanye nema beacons ezingene lelifanako kanye ne-Usuthu-Pongola (kubekiswa kwa 26* 52 eningizimu).Uhlangana kanye nelwandle lwemandiya ngaphansi kwe-Monte Ouro peak, ngase ningizimu nje yase Ponta do Ouro.

Kunemagede ekwewela lamane, lamatsatfu ngasenyakatfo kanye nalinye ngase ningizimu. Lokwewelwa khona ngco kuse Ressano Garcia nobe e-Lebombo lapho kunemugwaco wase Maputo kanye nemgwaco wesitimela ngale kwaleligede.Lokuwela kwehlukaniswa kulelitafula langaphansi.




#Article 61: Umtsetfo Sisekelo wase Ningizimu Afrika (153 words)


Umtsetfo sisekelo we Ningizimu Afrika ngumtsetfo lolawula live lase Ningizimu Afrika. Unikela sisekelo etinkundleni tekulawulwa kwemitsetfo yaseveni lase Ningizimu Afrika. Lomtsetfo wentiwa ngemnyaka wa 1994, kantsi ngembi kwaloluku bekunemtsetfo welibandlululo ngelibala. Wabese uphasiswa nga 1996 kantsi ngo 1997 wabese ucikicelwa emtsetfweni we live lase Ningizimu Afrika ngumongameli Nelson Mandela.  neither it nor the acts amending it are allocated act numbers. Umtsetfo sisekelo watiwa ngekutsi i Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Kantsi ngembi kwaloku bekatiwa ngekutsi i Act of Parliament. 

Nakuphela umbuso welibandlululo kwacala tinkulumiswano tekuguculwa kwemtsetfo sisekelo ngobe emitsetfo leminyenti ngesikhatsi selibandlululo beyivuna belumbi.

I CODESA bekuyinkundla lebalulekile etinkulunyiswaneni temacembu embangave kanye ne malunga etemtsetfo. Letinkulunyiswano tacala ngo 1992 kantsi licembu lebelungu i National Party beyifuna kuchubeka kutsi liphalamende ligcwale ngemalunga alo lalinganiselwa emaphesentini langu 75 ngaphandle kwekuvota. Umtsetfo sisekelo awumange ukuvumele loko, kepha wavumela kubusa ngentsandvo yelinyenti lapho khona bantfu bonke batovotela umbuso wentsandvo yelinyenti ,netihlalo ephalamende tilingane emavoti ebavoti.




#Article 62: Cyril Ramaphosa (120 words)


Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa (born 17 Lweti 1952) ngumongameli wesihlanu welive lase Ningizimu Afrika.  Ramaphosa ulandzela ngemuva kwa mongameli Jacob Zuma. Ungaphansi kwelicembu le ANC.

Ramaphosa ngulomunye wekucala bebaholi belicembu le ANC lowahlela umtsetfo sisekelo sase Ningizimu Afrika, kantsi emuva kwenkululeko ubese ungenela temabhizinisi watakhela ligama.  

Ramaphosa watalelwa e, Johannesburg, ngo 17 November 1952, umtfwana wesibili ebantfwaneni labatsatfu.  . babe wakhe bekaliphoyisa. Kantsi ufundze e Tshilidzi Primary School kanye nase Sekano Ntoane High School e Soweto.   Ngo 1971 wenta matikuletjeni wakhe e Mphaphuli High School e Sibasa e Venda. Ngesikhatsi asesikolweni bekahola litsimba letenkolo ayinhloko ye SCM. 

Kutse lapho aseNyuvesi watibandzakanya netepolitiki wajoyina macembu lafana nabo SASO kanye nabo BPC.  . Ramaphosa uphotfule timfundvo takhe e UNISA la atfole khona i B. Proc. Degree in 1981.




#Article 63: Kukhanyisa sikhumba (171 words)


Kukhanyisa sikhumba ngumkhuba wekusebentisa timonyu, emakhatsakhatsa, kumbe letinye tindlela tekwenta sikhumba sibe mhlophe. Imitsi yekukhanyisa sikhumba isebenta ngekwehlisa linani  melanin yesikhumba. Imitsi leminyenti ikhonjisiswe kutsi inemandla ekukhanyiseni sikhumba, leminye inemitselela lenemvuzo (sib..: ema-antioxidant, tondlamtimba, kumbe yehlise bungoti betinhlobo tsite temdlavuza); leminye yalemitsi inebungoti lobukhulu emphilweni (sibonelo, timonyo letinemekhuri).

Tindzawo letitsite letishe kakhulu tinebumnyama lobendlulele njengemabla e-lentigo , tinsumpe nemkhango tingakhanyiswa kute umbala wato uhambisane newesikhumba lesimadvutane. Mayelana nekucateka, sikhumba lesingakacateki singakhanyiswa kwentelwe kutsi kube nekufanana kwesikhumba sonkhe.

Melanogenesis inhibitors have been discovered and developed through several methods, including: screening of synthetic chemical libraries (high throughput screening is occasionally used), screening of plant extracts, computational (in silico) search, found as a side effect of previously known drugs and exploration of structural analogues of previously known tyrosinase inhibitors based on knowledge (in varying degrees) of their structure-activity relationship. Thus, the development and discovery of melanogenesis inhibitors illustrates many of the methods used in drug design. Some of the most potent competitive reversible tyrosinase inhibitors are synthetic compounds with a potency hundreds of times that of kojic acid.




#Article 64: Glayton Modise (114 words)


Glayton Modise bekangumholi welibandla le International Pentecostal Holiness Church (IPHC). Lelibandla linemalunga labalelwa etigidzini letintsatfu lokulenta lelinye lemasontfo lamakhulukati eNingizimu Afrika kanye nasevenikati leAfrika. 

Glayton watalelwa eMeadowlands eSoweto kantsi bekangena esontfweni lase Zion Christian Church ( ZCC) kanye nababe wakhe lobekangumfundisi kulelosontfo. Kwatsi ngemnyaka wa 1962 waphuma e ZCC umdeni wakaModise wavula libandla lekucala khona eSoweto, kukhona lapha Glayton bekahola lamanye emalunga e IPHC lamacange, kantsi ngulapho wafundza khona ngetebuholi belibandla. 

Ngemuva kwekufa kwababe wakhe wabese uhola onke emabandla e IPHC kantsi ngulapho lelibandla lakhula khona laba nemalunga lamanyenti ngemuva kwekutsi Glayton atsi ubonisiwe nguNkulunkulu ngekukhula kwalelibandla. Emuva kwekushona kwa Glayton kwabese kuba khona umbango ebantfaneni bakhe ngoba akamange ashiye silawulo sekwabela lifa lakhe. 




#Article 65: Dorothy Masuka (100 words)


Dorothy Masuka (watalwa 3 Inyoni 1935 - 23 Indlovana 2019  ) ngumculi waseNingizimu Afrika lowatalelwa eZimbabweMasuka bekucula luhlobo lwemculo we Africa Jazz kantsi usebente nebaculi labanyenti labatiwako betikhatsi tangabo 60s labafaka phakhatsi Hugh Masekela, Merriam Makeba kanye na Jonas Gwangwa. Tingoma takhe letinyenti betilwa nencindzetelo yebantfu labamnyama emaveni ase Afrika. 

Masuka uhleti emaveni lamanyenti ngenca yemculo wakhe lochumele netepolitiki kanye nekulwa nelubandlululo, kantsi loku kumente watiwa emaveni lamanyenti ase Afrika waphindze watiwa nangubosopolitiku kanye nebaculi labanyenti evenikati lase Afrika kanye nase Yurope. Lulwimi lebekacula ngalo belufaka Singisi, Sindebele kanye nesiShona. 

Masuka ushone emuva kwekugula sikhatsi lesidze. Ubulelwe sifo lesihambisana nenhlitiyo. 




#Article 66: Tuberculosis (208 words)


Sifuba semoya(i-TB) sifo lesitsatselanako lesivamise kubangelwa  ngemabhakthiriya esifo semoya (ema-MTB). Sifuba semoya sivamise kuhlasela luemaphaphu, kantsi singatihlasela naletinye tincenye temtimba. tifo letinyenti letitsatselanako atinato timphawu, leto tivamise kwatiwa ngekutsi yi-latent tuberculosis. kusuleleka lokubalelwa ku10% kwe-latent kuyaye kuchubeke kube sifo lesiphilako, uma ngabe siyekeliwe sangalashwa, sivamise kubulala ihhafu yalabo labanaso. Timphawu letatiwako tesifo seTB lesiphilako kutsi ukhwehlele lokungapheli netikhwehlela letinengati, ifiva, kujuluka ebusuku, nekondza . loku bekuvamise kubitwa nge kuphelelwa lebekubangelwa ngulokondza. kusuleleka kwaletinye titfo temtimba kungabangela timphawu letinyenti.

Sifuba semoya sisabalala emoyeni uma ngabe bantfu labane TB emaphashini abo bakhwehlela, bakhafuna, bakhuluma noma batsimula. bantfu labane TB leyisengakabonakali abasisabalalisi lesifo. Kusuleleka ngalesifo ngalokubonakalako kuvela kakhulu ebantfwini labane HIV/AIDS nalabo lababhemako. Kutfolakala kwalesifo lesiphilako se-TB kucondziswe kuma X-rays esifuba, kanye nekuhlolwa ngemicroscop ne simo salokuliketjeti lokusemtimbeni. Kuhlolwa kwesifo se-TB lesengakabonakali kweyame kuluhlolo lwesikhumba lolubitwa nge tuberculin  (i-TST) noma luhlolo lwetingati.

Kuvikelwa kwe-TB kufaka ekhatsi kuhlolwa kwalabo labasengotini kakhulu, kutfolakala kwalesifo kusenesikhatsi nekulashwa kwalabagulako, nekuniketwa imitsi lehambisana ne bacillus Calmette-Guérin (i-BCG). Labo labasengotini kakhulu kufaka ekhatsi labasemakhaya, emsebentini, nalabo latsintsana nabo emphakatsini labanesifo se-TB. Kwelashwa kudzinga tindlela letiphindziwe tekusetjentiswa kwema antibiotics sikhatsi lesidze. kungasebenti kwema Antibiotic yinkinga lebhebhetsekako bese kuba nekukhula kwemazinga kwekungasebenti kwetidzakamiva tekulapha sifo sesifuba semoyalesingalapheki lula (i-MDR-TB) kanye nekungasebenti kwetidzakamiva ngalokuphakeme nakulashwa sifo semoya lesibitwa nge (XDR-TB).




#Article 67: Samora Mashele (114 words)


Samora Moses Mashele (29 Septhemba 1933 - 19 Okthoba 1986) bekangusopolitiki abuye abe nguMongameli wekucala welive laseMozambiki. Mashele washona anguMongameli ngo-1986 ngesikatsi indiza yakhe iwa iphahlateka endzaweni yaseMbuzini edvute kwemngcele waseMozambiki nase

Mashele wacala kufundzela buhlengikati enhloko-dolobha yaseLourenço Marques (namuhla iMaputo), acala timfundvo takhe ngo-1954. Ngo-1950s, watsi nakafika kulendzawo wafuna kuphucula indzayawo yangakubo kutfsi ifane nayo lena.

Mashele wakhangwa mibono lelwa nebukoloni futsi wacala imisebenti yakhe yetepolitiki esibhedlela saseMiguel Bombarda eLourenço Marques, lapho bekaphikisana nekutsi bahlengikati labamnyama baholelwa imali lengaphansi kwalabamhlophe kube benta umsebenzi lofanako. Mashele watsatsa sencumo sekushiya iLourenço Marques, lapho uJoão Ferreira, wamcwayisa ngokutsi ubukwa maphoyisa etepolitiki asePortugal, iPIDE. Weca umngcele wayojoyina i-FRELIMO eDar es Salaam, adlula eSwatini, eNingizimu Afrika kanye naseBotswana. 




#Article 68: Umjovo i-BCG (210 words)


Umjovo i-Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (i-BCG) ngumjovo losetjentiselwa kulapha sifuba (i-TB). Emaveni laphi sifo sesifuba sisinyenti khona kuyaye kunconywe kutsi umntfwana ngamunye lophilile anatse kanye ngalesikhatsi abelekwa ngendlela lekungakhonakala ngayo. Bantfwana labane HIV/AIDS akukafaneli kutsi bajove. Etindzaweni lapho sifo sesifuba singasisinyenti khona kuba bantfwana labasengotini kuphela labagomako uma ngabe kusolelwa nekutsi kutfolakale labanesifo sesifuba bese bayalashwa. Bantfu labadzala labangenaso sifo sesifuba kantsi bangakaze bagome kodvwa bahlalelana nebantfu labanesifo sesifuba lesingalapheki ngekunatsa emaphilisi nabo kungafanele kutsi bagonywe.

Emazinga ekuvikela ayahluka kakhulu kantsi aphelela emkhatsini weminyaka lelishumi kuya kulemashumi lamabili. Ebantfwaneni kuvikeleka silinganiso lesingu 20% kutsi singasuleleki kantsi nakulabo labasulelekako ivikela ihhafu yabo kutsi bangabi naletinye tifo letivumbukako.  Lomjovo uwutfola ngekuhlatjwa ujove esikhunjeni. Emanani langetiwe alomjovo awakasekelwa ngulobufakazi. Ungabuye usetjentiswe ekulashweni kwaletinye tinhlobo temdlavuza wesinye. 

Imitselela lemibi ayivamisi kuba khona. Kuvamisa kuba nalokubovu, kuvuvuka, nebuhlungu lobuncanyane lapho ujovwe khona. Silondzanyana lesincane singakheka nesibati ngemuva kwekuphola. Imitselela lemibi ivamile nekutsi iyaye ibe khona kulabo labanemasotja langasebenti kahle. Awukaphephi kutsi ungasetjentiswa nawukhulelwe. Lomjovo wasungulwa kwekucala ususelwa kuma-Mycobacterium bovis lekavamise kutfolakala etinkomeni. Ngalesikhatsi isebutsakatsaka isuke isaphila.

Umjovo we-BCG wasetjentiswa kwekucala nga-1921. Iseluhleni Lwemitsi Lebalulekile Lwetinhlangano Tetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe, umitsi lobaluleke kakhulu ledzingekako kuluhlelo lolusisekelo lwetemphilo. Tindleko tawo ewoliseli ubita 0.16 USD ngelidosi kusukela nga-2014. E-United States ubita 100 kuya ku-200 USD. Umnyaka ngamunye lomjovo uhlatjwa kubantfwana labalinganiselwa kutigidzi leti-100.




#Article 69: Simungwamungwane (321 words)


Simungwamungwane, lesibuye satiwe njenge-morbilli, irubeola, nesimungwamungwane lesibovu, sifo lesisulelanako lesinemtselela lomkhulu lesibangelwa ligciwane lesimungwamungwane. Tinkhomba tekucala netimphawu tivamise kufaka ekhatsi ifiva, levamise kuba ngetulu kwa-40 °C (104.0 °F), kukhwehlela, kwehla kwemafinyila nemehlo labovu. Emalanga lamabili noma lamatsatfu ngemuva kwekucala kwaletimphawu kungavela emathuthumba lamancane lamhlophe ekhatsi emlonyeni, lekatiwa ngekutsi emathuthumba eKoplik. Kucubuka lokubovu, lokusicabati lokuvamise kucalisa ebusweni bese kusabalalela emtimbeni wonkhe ngalokujwayelekile avame kucala ngemuva kwemalanga lamatsatfu kuya kulasihlanu ngemuva kwekucala kwaletimphawu. Timphawu tivamise kuvela etinsukwini leti-10–12 ngemuva kwekuvela emntfwini losulelekile nekumalanga ekugcina la-7–10. Tinkhinga tivame kuvela kulokubalelwa ku-30% kantsi kungafaka ekhatsi umsheko, kungaboni, kuvuvuka kwengcondvo nenyumoniya kulokunye. IRubella (lebitwa ngesimungwamungwane semjalimane) ne-roseola tifo letihlukene. 

Simungwamungwane sifo sematsambo sesiphephetsekako lesitsatselana kalula ngekukhwehlela nekutsimula kwalabo labanaso. Singahle sibuye sibhebhetsekiswe ngekutsintsana ngematse noma emafinyila. Bantfu labayimfica kulabalishumi labangakagomi kantsi bahlala nemuntfu lonaso bangasuleleka. Bantfu bayatselelana ngetifo ngembi kwekutsi tibonakale emalanga lamane nangemuva kwemalanga lamane tibonakele futsi kucale lokucubuka. Batfu bavamise kutfola lesifo kuphela lokungenani kanye. Kuhlolwa kwaleligciwane lapho kusolelwa khona kubalulekile kwentela imitamo yekuvikela imphilo yebantfu. 

Lomjovo wesimungwamungwane uyasebenta ekuvikeleni lesifo. Kugoma sekubangele kwehla kwekushona kwebantfu nga 75% kusimungwamungwane emkhatsini wa-2000 kuya ku-2013 nebantfwana labalinganiselwa ku-85% mhlabawonkhe kwanyalo babe bagomile. Akukho kwelashwa lokucondzile lokukhona. Kunakekelwa ngekusekelwa, noma kunjalo, kungenta imiphumela lencono. Loku kungafaka ekhatsi kuniketwa lokunatfwako kwekucedza kuphelelwa ngemanti emtimbeni (kujuluka kancane nelakumanti lokunasawoti), kudla lokunemphilo, nemitsi yekusita ngalefiva. Ema-antibiotic angasetjentiswa uma ngabe kusuleleka ngaleligciwane lelifana nenyumoniya kwenteka. Titsako tetinsita tavithamini A nato tiyanconywa kulomhlaba wetfu losatfutfuka. 

Simungwamungwane singena bantfu labalinganiselwa kutigidzi letinge-20 ngemnyaka, ikakhulukati etindzaweni letisatfutfuka tase Afrika nase Asia. Kubangela imijovo lebaluleke kakhulu yekuvikela kufa lokubangelwa ngunoma ngutiphi tifo. Kwabangela kufa lokulinganiselwa ku-96,000 ngemnyaka wa-2013 kwehla kwaba kusukela ku-545,000 kwekufa kwanga-1990. Nga-1980, lesifo silinganiselwa kutsi besiyimbangela yekufa kwebantfu labatigidzi leti-2.6 ngemnyaka. Ngembi kwekugoma e-United States emkhatsini webantfu labagulako labatigidzi letintsatfu kuya kuletine bekwenteka njalo ngemnyaka. Labanyenti bal;abo labasulelekile nalabashonile bebangaphansi kweminyaka lesihlanu budzala. Bungoti bekufa kulabo labasulelekile kuvamise kuba ngu-0.2%, kodvwa kungaya kube ngu-10% kulabo lebebabulawa yindlala. Akukholelwa kwekutsi kungene nakuletinye tilwane.




#Article 70: Umjovo wesimungwamungwane (251 words)


Umjovo wesimungwamungwane ngumjovo losebenta kahle kakhulu ekuvikeleni simungwamungwane. Ngemuva kwekunikwa lidosi linye kubantfwana labanetinyanga letiyimfica budzala silinganiso lesingu 85% na 95% ngemuva kwetinyanga letilishumi nakubili budzala bayagonywa. Mhlawumbe bonkhe labo labangasuleleki ngemuva kwelidosi linye baba naso ngemuva kwelidosi lesibili. Uma ngabe emazinga ekugonywa ebantfwini angetulu kwa-93% wekubhebhetseka kwesimungwamungwane akusavamisi kwenteka; noma kunjalo, kungahle kwenteke futsi uma ngabe emazinga ekugoma ehla. Lokusebenta kwalomjovo wekugoma kuhlala sikhatsi lesidze. Akucaci kutsi ngabe ubese ungasebenti kahle ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi. Lomjovo ungabuye uvikele kungenwa ngulesifo uma ngabe uniketwe emalanga lamabili usulelekile. 

Lomjovo kahle-hle uphephile kufaka ekhatsi nekusuleleka nge-HIV. Imitselela lemibi iba mincane futsi iba yesikhashane. Loku kungafaka ekhatsi buhlungu lapho ujovwe khona noma ifiva lencane. I-anaphylaxis nayo itfolakele kumuntfu munye kulabayinkulungwane. Emazinga esifo se-Guillian-Barre, i-autism nesifo sekuvuvuka nawuya ngaphandle akubonakali njengalokukhulako.

Lomjovo uyatfolakala kokubili ngekwawo nangekuhlanganyela naleminye imijovo kufaka ekhatsi umjovo werubella, umjovo wemaguludla, nemjovo we-varicella (umjovo we-MMR nemjovo we-MMRV). Lomjovo usebenta ngalokulinganako kahle kuko konkhe lokwakheka. Inhlangano Yetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe incoma kwekutsi uniketwe uma umuntfu anetinyanga letiyimfica kuletinye tindzawo tasemhlabeni lapho lesifo sivame khona. Etindzaweni lapho lesifo singakavami khona kuniketa lomjovo etinyangeni letilushumi nakubili kungalunga. Ngumjovo lophilako. Ufika njengalokusamphuphu leyomile lekufanele uhlanganiswe kungaba ngaphansi kwesikhumba noma emsipheni. Kucinisekisa kwekutsi lomjovo bewusebenta kungahlolwa ngekubuka ingati. 

Bantfwana labalinganiselwa ku-85% mhlabawonkhe sebawutfolile lomjovo kusukela nga-2013. Nga-2008 emave lokungenani lalinganiselwa ku-192 anikete emadosi lamabili. Wavetwa kwekucala ngemnyaka wa-1963. Lenhlanganisela yemjovo wesimungwamungwane-emaguludla-irubella (i-MMR) kwatfolakala kwekucala nga-1971. Umjovo wencubulunjwane wangetwa kuloku lokutsatfu nga-2005  lowenta kutsi kube nemjovo we-MMMRV. KukuLuhla Lwemitsi Lebalulekile Lwenhlangano Yetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe, umutsi lobaluleke kakhulu lodzingekako kuloluhlelo lolusisekelo lwetemphilo. Lomjovo awuduri.




#Article 71: Pertussis (326 words)


IPertussis, leyibuye yatiwe ngekutsi kukhwehlela kubhadle sikhwehlela noma kukhwehlela emalanga lali-100, sifo lesinemagciwane latsatselana ngalokundlulele. Timphawu tekucala tivamise kufana naleto temkhuhlane lojwayelekile ngekutsi uvute emafinyila, ifiva nekukhwehlela kancane. Loku kubese kulandzelwa kukhwehlela kakhulu lokungapheli. Loku kulandzelwa ngemaviki ekukhwehlela kamatima. Bese kulandzela kuhlala ukhwehlela njalo kulandzele kukhwehlela kubhadle sikhwehlela kantsi lomsindvo ungavakala noma umuntfu aphefumula.  Lokukhwehlela kungachubeka kundlula emalanga lalikhulu noma emaviki lalishumi. Umuntfu angakhwehlela kamatima aze ahlante, aphuke timbambu, noma ative akhatsele ngalesento. Bantfwana labangaphansi kwemnyaka munye budzala bangahle bakhwehlele kancane noma bangakhwehleli noma babe netikhatsi lapho bangakhoni kuphefumula khona. Lesikhatsi lesisemkhatsini wekusuleleka nekucala kwetimphawu kuvamise kuba ngemalanga lasikhombisa kuya kulalishumi. Tifo tingavela kulabo labagomile kodvwa timphawu tivamise kuba tincane. 

IPertussis ibangelwa ligciwane leBordetella pertussis. Sifo lesibhebhetsekako lesisabalala kalula ngekukhwehlela nekutsimula kwemuntfu losulelekile. Bantfu bayabasulela labanye kusukela nakucala kubonakala timphawu kudzimate kufike emaviki lamatsatfu kulokukhwehlela kamatima. Labo labalashwa ngekunatsa ema-anthibhayothiki abasasindlulisi lesifo ngemuva kwemalanga lasihlanu. Kucwaningwa kwentiwa ngekubutsela isampuli ngemuva ngekhatsi emphumulweni nasemphinjeni. Losampuli ingabese iyahlolwa ngekusebentisa lisiko noma ipholimerasi lekuluchungechunge lwetento. 

Kuyivikela kuvamise kuba kutfola umjovo wepertussis. Kugoma kwekucala kuyanconywa emkhatsini wemaviki lasitfupha kuya kulasiphohlongo budzala ngemadosi lamane lewuniketwa wona kuleminyaka lemibili yekucala emphilweni. Lomjovo uya ngekungasebenti kahle ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi bese kudzingeka kutsi utfole lamanye emadosi kubantfwana labadzadlana nakulabadzala. Ema-anthibhayothiksi angasetjentiswa kuvikela lesifo kulabo lebasengotini yekutfola letinye tifo. Kulabo labanalesifo ema-anthibhayothiksi abalulekile uma ngabe acalwe kungakapheli emaviki lamatsatfu nakucala kubonakala timphawu kodvwa avamise kuba nemtselela lomncane kubantfu labanyenti. Kubantfwana labangaphansi kwemnyaka munye nakulabo labakhulelwe kunconywa kutsi baniketwe kungakapheli emaviki lasitfupha nakucala kubonakala timphawu. Ema-anthibhayothiki lasetjentiswako afaka ekhatsi i-erythromycin, azithromycin, noma itrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Bufakazi bekusekela lemphumelelo yekusebenta kwemitsi kulokukhwehlela bubi. Bantfwana labanyenti labangaphansi kwemnyaka munye budzala badzinga kulaliswa esibhedlela. 

Kulinganiselwa ekutseni ipertussis ihlasela bantfu labatigidzi leti-16 mhlabawonkhe ngemnyaka. Kugula lokunyenti kwenteka emaveni lekasatfutfuka kantsi bantfu labaneminyaka lehlukene bangasuleleka noma bangakanani. Nga 2013 kubangele kushona kwebantfu labangu-61,000 – kwehla kusuka ku-138,000 wekushona kwebantfu nga-1990. Bantfwana labasulelekile labalinganiselwa ku-2% labangaphansi kwemnyaka munye bayashona. Kubhebhetseka kwalesifo kwacala kwachazwa ngesentjuri ye-16. Leligciwane lelibangela lokungenwa ngulesifo latfolakala nga-1906. Lomjovo wacala kutfolakala nga-1940.




#Article 72: Umjovo wePertussis (231 words)


Umjovo wePertussis ngumjovo lovikela kukhwehlela kubhadle sikhwehlela. Kunetinhlobo letimbili letibalulekile: umjovo wemasotja laphelele nemjovo wemasotja langakapheleli. Lomjovo lophelele wemasotja uyimphumelelo kulokulinganiselwa ku-78% ngalesikhatsi lomjovo lonemasotja wona uyimphumelelo lengu-71–85%. Lemphumelelo yalomjovo ubonakala kwekutsi uyehla ngemaphesenti lama-2 kuya kulali-10 ngemnyaka kantsi unekwehla lokukhulu ngalomjovo locuketse emasotja. Kujova nawukhulelwe kungahle kuvikele umntfwana. Lomjovo ulinganiselwa kutsi bewungabe usindzise ihhafu yetigidzi tebantfu nga-2002. 

Inhlangano Yetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe yeSikhungo Sekulawula Nekuvikela Tifo income kwekutsi bonkhe bantfwana bajovelwe ipertussis nekutsi ifakwe kuloluhla lwekuhlala bayigomela. Loku kufaka ekhatsi bantfu labane HIV/AIDS. Emadosi lamatsatfu acale kuniketwa kulabanemaviki lasitfupha budzala nawo ayanconywa kubantfwana. Lamanye emadosi langetiwe anganiketwa kubantfwana lesebabadzala nakubantfu labadzala. Lomjovo utfolakala kuphelangekuhlanganiswa naleminye imijovo. 

Lomjovo lonemasotja uvamise kusetjentiswa emaveni lesekatfutfukile ngenca yekungabi nemitselela lemibi leminyenti. Emkhatsini wa-10 na 50% webantfu labaniketwa lomjovo wemasotja laphelele baba nalokuvelako lokubovu lapho bajove khona nefiva.  people given the whole-cell vaccines develop redness at the injection site and fever. Beva kushisa kakhulu bachuzule nekukhala sikhatsi lesidze kuyenteka kulabangaphansi kweliphesenti linye. Ngalomjovo wemasotja kuba nesikhashane sekuvuvuka lokungasho lutfo emkhonweni kungahle kubonakale. Imitselela lemibi kuyo yomibili imijovo, kodvwa ikakhulukati lomjovo wemasotja laphelele, iba mincane uma lomntfwana amncane. Lomjovo wemasotja laphelele akukafaneli usetjentiswe ngemuva kweminyaka lesitfupha. Tinkhinga letinkhulu tesikhatsi lesidze letiphatselene nengcondvo atihambisani nanalonye luhlobo. 

Umjovo wepertussis wasungulwa nga-1926. UkuloLuhla Lwemitsi Lebalulekile Lwenhlangano Yetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe, umutsi lobaluleke kakhulu lodzingekako kuloluhlelo lolusisekelo lwetemphilo. Incenye lebuye ifake ekhatsi itetanus, diphtheria, polio, nemjovo we Hib bekubita 15.41 USD idosi ngayinye nga-2014.




#Article 73: Ihepatitis A (294 words)


Ihepatitis A (lebeyatiwa ngehepatitis lesulelanako) sifo lesibucayi lesitsatselanako sesibindzi lesibangelwa ligciwane lehepatitis A (i-HAV). Tigulane letinyenti tiba netimphawu letincane noma tingabi nato ikakhulukati kulabasebancane. Lesikhatsi lesisemkhatsini wekusuleleka netimphawu, kulabo lababa nato, kuba ngemaviki lamabili kuya kulasitfupha. Uma ngabe kunetimphawu tivamise kuba khona emaviki lasiphohlongo kantsi tingafaka ekhatsi: kunyakuleka, kuhlanta, kusheka, sikhumba lesimtfubi, ifiva, netinhlungu tesisu. Bantfu labalinganiselwa ku-10–15% baba netimphawu letiphindzekako ngalesikhatsi setinyanga letisitfupha ngalesikhatsi basuleleka kwekucala. Kungasebenti kakhulu kwesibindzi kungahle kube khona ngalokungakavami kantsi loku kuvamise kakhulu kubantfu labadzala. 

Ivamise kusabalala ngekudla kudla noma kunatsa emanti lanemangcoliso. I-Shellfish lengakaphekeki ngalokwanele nayo ingulenye yetimbangela letijwayelekile. Ingahle isatjalaliswe ngekutsintselana dvutane nemuntfu lonalesifo. Ngalesikhatsi bantfwana bavamise kungabi netimphawu ngalesikhatsi basulelekile bangakhona kundlulisela lesifo kulabanye. Ngemuva kwekusuleleka kanye umuntfu utawuchubeka asuleleke imphilo yakhe yonkhe. Kuhlolwa kwalesifo kudzinga kutsi uhlolwe ingati njengoba letimphawu tiyafana naleto letinyenti taletinye tifo. Ngusinye saletisihlanu yemagciwane latiwako ehepatitis: A, B, C, D, na E. 

Umjovo wehepatitis A uyasebenta kute uvikele. Lamanye emave ayawuncoma kutsi usetjentiswe njalo kubantfwana nalabo labasengotini kakhulu lebangakaze bagonywe. Kubonakala ngatsi usebenta imphilo yakho yonkhe. Letinye tindlela tekuvikela tifaka ekhatsi kugeza tandla nekupheka kahle kudla. Akukho kulashwa lokubekiwe, ngako konkhe nemitsi yekuvimbela kunyakuleka noma kusheka iyanconywa kutsi isetjentiswe njalo nayidzingeka. Kusuleleka kuvamise kusonjululwa ngalokuphelele nangaphandle kwesifo sesibindzi lesichubekako. Kwelashwa kwekungasasebenti kakhulu kwesibindzi, uma kwenteka, kutsi ufakelwe lesinye sibindzi. 

Mhlabawonkhe labalinganiselwa kutigidzi letingu-1.5 labanetimphawu baba khona njalo ngemnyaka kantsi kuba khona kusuleleka kwetigidzi letilishumi sekukonkhe. Kujwayelekile etigodzini tasemhlabeni letingenakutfutsa kwendle lokukahle nemanti lanele nalahlantekile. Emhlabeni losatfutfuka bantfwana labalinganiselwa ku-90% bayasuleleka nabaneminyaka leli-10 kantsi babese ababi sengotini yekusuleleka nasebabadzala. Kuvamise kwenteka lapho kubhebhetseke khona emaveni langakatfutfuki kakhulu lapho khona bantfwana abangenwa tifo ngalesikhatsi basebancane nekutsi akubi khona kugonywa lokusatjalaliswako. Nga-2010, ihepatitis A leyingoti ibangele kufa lokulinganiselwa ku-102,000. Lusuku LweHepatitis Mhlabawonkhe luba khona njalo ngemnyaka ngenyanga yaKholwane ngamhla ti-28 kute kwecwayiswe ngeligciwane lehepatitis.




#Article 74: Umjovo wehepatitis A (159 words)


Umjovo wehepatitis A ngumjovo lovikela ihepatitis A. Usebente kahle kakhulu kubantfu labagulako labangu 95% kantsi ube khona lokungenani iminyaka lelishumi nesihlanu nesikhatsi umuntfu langahle asiphile. Uma uniketwa, emadosi lamabili ayaconywa ekucaleni ngemuva kwemnyaka munye. Uniketwa ngekukujova emsipheni.

Inhlangano Yetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe (i-WHO) incoma imijova lesebenta ndzawotonkhe etindzaweni lapho ungakavami kangako. Lapho lesifo sijwayeleke khona imijovo lesabalele ayinconywa njengoba bonkhe bantfu bavame kungenwa kusuleleka ngetifo ngemntfwana. Sikhungo Lesilawula Nalesivikela Tifo (i-CDC) incoma kujovwa kwebantfu labadzala labasengotini kakhulu nabo bonkhe bantfwana.

Imitselela lemibi lecacile ayikavamisi kwenteka. Kuba khona tinhlungu kulelicala lelijoviwe lobulinganiselwa ku-15% kubantfwana nehhafu yebantfu labadzala. Imijovo leminyenti yehepatitis A icuketse emagciwane langaphili ngalesikhatsi leminye inemagciwane langenamandla. Lena lenemagciwane lengenamandla akufanele itsatfwe ngalesikhatsi ukhulelwe noma kulabo labanemasotja langasebenti kahle. Kwakheka lokumbalwa kwenhlanganisela yehepatitis A mhlawumbe nehepatitis B noma umjovo wethayifodi. 

Umjovo wekucala we-A wavunyelwa e-Europe nga-1991 nase United States nga-1995. KukuLuhla Lwemitsi Lebalulekile Lwenhlangano Yetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe, umutsi lobaluleke kakhulu lodzingekako kuloluhlelo lolusisekelo lwetemphilo. E-United States ubita emkhatsini wa-50 na 100 USD. 




#Article 75: Ihepatitis B (401 words)


Ihepatitis B sifo lesisulelanako lesibangelwa ligciwane lehepatitis B (i-HBV) lesitsikameta sibindzi. Ingabangela kokubili kusuleleka ngesifo kakhulu nangendlela lengalapheki. Bantfu labanyenti ababi netimphawu nabasuleleka kwekucala. Labanye bavele bagule bacale kuhlanta, babe nesikhumba lesiluphuti, bative bakhatsele, umchamo lomnyama nekulunywa sisu. Letimphawu tivamise kuba khona emaviki lambalwa kantsi akukavami kwekutsi lokusuleleka kwekucala kubangele kufa. Kungatsatsa emalanga lange-30 kuya ku-180 kutsi timphawu ticale. Kulabo labasulelekako ngaleso sikhatsi sekubelekwa labangu-90% baba nesifo lesingalapheki sehepatitis B ngalesikhatsi labangaphansi kwa-10% walabo labasulelekile baba nalesifo nabaneminyaka lesihlanu. Labanyenti balabo labanalesifo lesingasalapheki ababi netimphawu; noma kunjalo, icirrhosis nemdlavuza wesibidzi kungahle kucale kube khona. Lokucakeka kuyaye kubangele kufa kwalabangu-15 kuya ku-25% walabo labanesifo lesingalapheki. 

Leligciwane lindluliselwa ngekusuleleka ngengati noma lokuliketjezi lokunalesifo lokuvela emtimbeni. Kusuleleka ngalesikhatsi kubelekwa noma kutsintsana nalabanye bantfu ngalesikhatsi basebancane yindlela lejwayeleke kakhulu lapho khona ihepatitis B itfolakala etindzaweni lapho khona lesifo sijwayelekile. Etindzaweni lapho lesifo singakavami khona kusetjentiswa kwetidzakamiva ngekutijova nekuya emacansini ngito tindlela letijwayelekile tekundlulisa lesifo. Letinye tintfo letiyingoti tifaka ekhatsi: kusebenta kutemphilo, kufakelwa ingati, idayalisisi, kuhlala nemuntfu losulelekile, kuya etindzaweni lapho lesifo sisiningi khona, nekuhlala esikhungweni. Kwenta ithathu nekuhlatjwa ngetinalitsi emtimbeni bekuholela kumazinga laphakeme ekugula ngeminyaka yabo 1980; noma kunjalo, loku akusavamanga ngenca yekuhlantwa kwetintfo lesekwentiwe ncono. Ligciwane lehepatitis B angeke lasatjalaliswa ngekuchebulana, kusebentisa titja tinye, kucabuzana, kugonana, kukhwehlela, kutsimula, noma kumunyisa. Lokusuleleka kungatfolwa ngemuva kwemalanga lange-30 kuya ku-60 ngemuva kwekusuleleka. Kuhlolelwa lesifo kwenteka ngekuhlola ingati kute kutfolakale tincenye talesifo nemasotja lalwisana naleligciwane. Ngulesinye salamagciwane lasihlanu latiwako ehepatitis: A, B, C, D, na E. 

Lokusuleleka bekuvikeleka ngekugoma kusukela nga-1982. Kugoma kuyanconywa yiNhlangano Yetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe ngelilanga lekucala uma kukhonakala. Emadosi mabili noma matsatfu ayadzingeka ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi kute kusebenteke ngalokuphelele. Lomjovo usebenta ngalokulinganiselwa ku-95% ngaleso sikhatsi. Emave lalinganiselwa ku-180 aniketa lomjovo njengencenye yetinhlelo tavelonkhe kusukela nga-2006. Kuyanconywa futsi kutsi ingati yonkhe ihlolelwe ihepatitis B ngembi kwekuyindlulisela kulomunye nekutsi kusetjentiswe emajazi emkhwenyane kuvikela kusuleleka. Ngalesikhatsi sekucala kusuleleka, kunakekela kucondziswe kuletimphawu umuntfu lanato.  Kulabo lababa nesifo lesingalapheki imitsi yekulwisana naleligciwane lefana ne tenofovir noma interferon ingahle ibe lusito, noma kunjalo lemitsi iyabita. Kufakelwa sibindzi lesisha ngalesinye sikhatsi kuyentiwa uma une cirrhosis. 

Incenye yebantfu balokutsatfu emhlabeni bake basuleleka ekuphileni kwabo, kufaka ekhatsi tigidzi leti-240 kuya kutigidzi leti-350 webantfu lebasulelekile ngesifo lesingasalapheki. Bantfu labangetulu kwa-750,000 babulawa yi-hepatitis B njalo ngemnyaka. Lesifo nyalo sivamise e-East Asia nase sub-Saharan Africa lapho khona bantfu labadzala labasemkhatsini wa-5 na 10% banetifo letingalapheki. Emazinga ase Europe nase North America angaphansi nga-1%. Bekuvamise kwatiwa nge-serum hepatitis. Lucwaningo lubuke ekwakheni kudla lokunemutsi we-HBV. Lesifo singaba nemtselela kuletinye timfene futsi. 




#Article 76: Umjovo weHepatitis B (171 words)


Umjovo weHepatitis B ngumjovo lovikela ihepatitis B. Lelidosi lekucala kunconywa kwekutsi utsatfwe ngemuva kwemahora lange-24 ngemuva kwekubeleka mhlawumbe atsatse emadosi lamabili noma matsatfu nangetulu anganiketwa emvakwaloko. Loku kufaka ekhatsi labo lebanemasotja langasebenti kahle ngenca ye-HIV/AIDS nalabo lababelekwe sikhatsi singakafiki. Ebantfwini labaphililetindlela tekugoma tibangela kutsi bantfu labalinganiselwa ku-95% bavikeleke. 

Kuhlolwa kwengati kucinisekisa kwekutsi lomjovo usebentile kuyanconywa kulabo labasengotini kakhulu. Emadosi langetiwe angadzingeka ebantfwini labanemasotja labutsakatsaka kodvwa akakavamise kutsi abe ebantfu labanyenti. Kulabo lebasengotini yekutfola ligciwane lehepatitis B kodvwa bangakagonywa, ihepatitis B yemasotja eglobulin kufanele iniketwe kungeta ngekwemjovo emsipheni. 

Imitselela lemibi kakhulu levela kulomjovo wehepatitis B ijwayelekile. Kungahle kube buhlungu lapho kujovwe khona. Kuphephile kutsi ungawusebentisa nawukhulelwe nanoma nawumunyisa. Awukaze ucatsaniswa nesifo se-Guillain-Barre. Lemijovo lekhona nyalo ikhicitwa ngematheknikhi ema-DNA seli lakheke kabusha. Iyatfolakala kukokubili ngekwako nangenhlanganisela yaleminye imijovo. 

Umjovo wekucala wehepatitis B wavunyelwa e-United States nga-1981. Luhlobo loluphephile lwafika emakethe nga-1986. KukuLuhla Lwemitsi Lebalulekile Lwenhlangano Yetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe, umutsi lobaluleke kakhulu lodzingekako kuloluhlelo lolusisekelo lwetemphilo. Tindleko tawo ewoliseli ubita 0.58 nga 13.20 USD ngelidosi kusukela nga-2014. E-United States ubita emkhatsini wa-50 na 100 USD.




#Article 77: Imenenjayethisi (179 words)


Imenenjayethisi kuvuvuka lokubalulekile kwemitsambo legigeletele ingcondvo nemgogodla, lekwatiwa ngalokuphelele njengemenenjesi. Timphawu letijwayelekile kuba yifiva, inhloko nekucina kwemntsamo. Letinye timphawu tifaka ekhatsi kudideka noma kuba ngatsi ulahlekelwa yingcondvo, kuhlanta, nekungakhoni kubeketelela kukhanya noma umsindvo lomkhulu. Bantfwana bona bavamise kuba netimphawu letingachazeki, njengekucasuka, kukhatsala noma bangadli kahle. Uma ngabe kuba nekucubuka, kungahle kukhombise imbangela letsite yemenenjayethisi lebangelwa ligciwane lemeningococcal lingahambisana kucubuka lokutsite. 

Lokuvuvuka kungabangelwa kusuleleka ngemagciwane, tifo, noma lamanye ema-microorganisms, noma kungavama kodvwa hhayi kakhulu kuba ngulamanye emakhambi. Imenenjayethisi ingahle ikubulale ngenca yalokuvuvuka lokusondzelene nengcondvo nemgogodla; ngako-ke, lesimo sakhona sitsatfwa njengesimo semphilo lesibalulekile. Kuhlatjwa sikhadlane kute uhlolwe noma kungafakwa imenenjayethisi. inyalitsi ifakwa emgogodleni kutsatsa isampuli lesamanti emgomgodleni (i-CSF), lokuvale ingcondvo nemgogodla. I-CSF elabholathri yetemitsi. 

Nga-2013 imenenjayethisi yabamba bantfu labatigidzi leti-16. loku kubangele ekushoneni kwebantfu labangu-303,000 mhlabawonkhe – kwehle kusukela ku-464,000 kwekushona nga-1990. Ngekutfola kwelashwa lokufanele uma kunebungoti bekufa kuleligciwane lemenenjayethisi kungaphansi kwa-15%. Kusabalala kweligciwane lemenenjayethisi kwavela emkhatsini weNgcongoni neNhlaba njalo ngemnyaka etindzaweni tase sub-Saharan Africa lekwatiwa ngekutsi libhande lemenenjayethisi. Kusabalala lokuncane kungange kubekhona kuletinye tindzawo tasemhlabeni. Leligama lelitsi menenjayethisi livela kuligama lesiGilikhi μῆνιγξ méninx, umtsambo kantsi lesicu salo ngekwetemphilo -itis, kuvuvuka.




#Article 78: Umjovo i-Meningococcal (188 words)


Umjovo i-Meningococcal kushiwo noma ngukuphi kusuleleka ngetifo lokusetjentiselwa kuvikela sifo i-Neisseria meningitidis. Tinhlobo letehlukene tiyasebenta kwelapha lokunye noma tonkhe letinhlobo te-: A, C, W135, ne Y. Lomjovo ube yimphumelelo kulokusemkhatsini wa-85 na 100% lokungenani iminyaka lemibili. Ubangela kwehla kwemenenjayethisi nesepsis ebantfwini lapho usetjentiswa kakhulu khona. Bavamise kuwuniketwa ngemjovo emsipheni noma ngaphansi kwesikhumba.

Inhlangano Yetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe incoma kwekutsi emave lanemazinga lalinganene noma laphakeme etifo noma laba nekubhebhetseka njalo kwetifo kufanele ahlale ajova. Emaveni lanebungoti lobuphansi betifo, kuphakanyiswa kwekutsi emacembu lasengotini kakhulu kufanele ajovwe. Kulolo luchungechunge lwe e-Afrika imitamo yekugoma bonkhe bantfu labaneminyaka lesemkhatsini wamunye kuya kumashumi lamatsatfu ngemjovo we-meningococcal A conjugate kuyachubeka. EKhananda nase United States lomjovo ube yimphumelelo kuto tonkhe tindlela letine letinconyiwe tebantfwana labasemkhatsini nalabanye labasebungotini lobukhulu. Uyadzingeka kubantfu labatsatsa luhambo loluya eMecca bentela i-Hajj.

Kuphepha kuhle kakhulu. Labanye beva buhlungu bese baba bovu nabajovile. Kuwusebentisa nawukhulelwe kubonakala kuphephile. Kuyaye kube nemiphumela yekugula lokubangelwa yi-aleji kumadonsi langaphansi kwesigidzi sinye. 

Umjovo wekucala we-meningococcal wacala kutfolakala ngabo-1970. Useluhleni Lwemitsi Lebalulekile Lwetinhlangano Tetemphilo Mhlabawonkhe, umitsi lobaluleke kakhulu ledzingekako kuluhlelo lolusisekelo lwetemphilo. Tindleko tawo ewoliseli ubita 3.23 na 10.77 USD ngelidosi ngalinye nga-2014. E-United States ubita 100 kuya ku-200 USD umjovo.




#Article 79: Sifuba semoya (311 words)


Sifuba semoya(i-TB) sifo lesitsatselanako lesivamise kubangelwa ngemabhakthiriya esifo semoya (ema-MTB). Sifuba semoya sivamise kuhlasela luemaphaphu, kantsi singatihlasela naletinye tincenye temtimba. tifo letinyenti letitsatselanako atinato timphawu, leto tivamise kwatiwa ngekutsi yi-latent tuberculosis. kusuleleka lokubalelwa ku10% kwe-latent kuyaye kuchubeke kube sifo lesiphilako, uma ngabe siyekeliwe sangalashwa, sivamise kubulala ihhafu yalabo labanaso. Timphawu letatiwako tesifo seTB lesiphilako kutsi ukhwehlele lokungapheli netikhwehlela letinengati, ifiva, kujuluka ebusuku, nekondza. Loku bekuvamise kubitwa nge kuphelelwa lebekubangelwa ngulokondza. Kusuleleka kwaletinye titfo temtimba kungabangela timphawu letinyenti.

Sifuba semoya sisabalala emoyeni uma ngabe bantfu labane TB emaphashini abo bakhwehlela, bakhafuna, bakhuluma noma batsimula. Bantfu labane TB leyisengakabonakali abasisabalalisi lesifo. Kusuleleka ngalesifo ngalokubonakalako kuvela kakhulu ebantfwini labane HIV/AIDS nalabo lababhemako. Kutfolakala kwalesifo lesiphilako se-TB kucondziswe kuma X-rays esifuba, kanye nekuhlolwa ngemicroscop ne simo salokuliketjeti lokusemtimbeni. Kuhlolwa kwesifo se-TB lesengakabonakali kweyame kuluhlolo lwesikhumba lolubitwa nge tuberculin (i-TST) noma luhlolo lwetingati.

Kuvikelwa kwe-TB kufaka ekhatsi kuhlolwa kwalabo labasengotini kakhulu, kutfolakala kwalesifo kusenesikhatsi nekulashwa kwalabagulako, nekuniketwa imitsi lehambisana ne bacillus Calmette-Guérin (i-BCG). Labo labasengotini kakhulu kufaka ekhatsi labasemakhaya, emsebentini, nalabo latsintsana nabo emphakatsini labanesifo se-TB. Kwelashwa kudzinga tindlela letiphindziwe tekusetjentiswa kwema antibiotics sikhatsi lesidze. Kungasebenti kwema Antibiotic yinkinga lebhebhetsekako bese kuba nekukhula kwemazinga kwekungasebenti kwetidzakamiva tekulapha sifo sesifuba semoyalesingalapheki lula (i-MDR-TB) kanye nekungasebenti kwetidzakamiva ngalokuphakeme nakulashwa sifo semoya lesibitwa nge (XDR-TB).

Kusukela nga 2018 ikota yinye yebantfu labaphilako kucatjangwa kwekutsi basuleleke nge-TB. Kwesuleleka lokusha kulinganiselwa ku 1% walabantfu labakhona njalo ngemnyaka. Nga 2017, bekunebantfu labagulako labangetulu kwetigidzi leti-10 labanesifo se-TB lokwaholela kwekutsi kushone bantfu labalinganiselwa kusigidzi 1.6. Loku kwenta kwekutsi lesifo sibe yimbangela lehambembili yetifo letisulelanako letibulalanako. Kufa lokungetulu kwa 95% kwenteka emaveni lasatfutfuka, nangetulu kwa 50% e-India, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, nase Philippines. Inombolo yebantfu labasha labagulako njalo ngemnyaka yehlile kusukela nga 2000. Bantfu labalinganiselwa ku-80% emaveni lamanyenti ase Asia nase Afrika batfolakele banalesifo ngalesikhatsi 5-10% webantfu base United States batfolakele banalesifo ngalesikhatsi bahlolwa ngeluhlolo lwe-tuberculin. Sifo sesifuba semoya besisolo sikhona ebantfwini kusukela etikhatsini takudzala.




#Article 80: Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly (1685 words)


Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly and Others; Democratic Alliance v Speaker of the National Assembly and Others [2016]  is a major judgment of the Constitutional Court of South Africa which finds that President Jacob Zuma breached the South African Constitution by failing to implement the recommendations in the Public Protector's Nkandla report.

In 2009, during President Zuma's first term, his Nkandla homestead was extensively renovated and upgraded. The Presidency said these were lawful security upgrades. However, it soon emerged that the upgrades included non-security features like a swimming pool and cattle kraal. The Public Protector, Thuli Madonsela, began an investigation into the apparent misuse of state resources. On 19 March 2014, she released her so-called Nkandla report, which found that some of the upgrades were unlawful and recommended that President Zuma pay back the money used for them.

The report proved highly controversial, as Zuma and his ANC government refused to act on it and questioned its legitimacy. On three occasions during 2014, the Presidency wrote letters to the Public Protector taking a skeptical attitude to the report. On 14 August 2014 Zuma said he would allow Parliament, and the Minister of Police, to determine what remedial steps, if any, he should take. He later denied that the Public Protector's recommendations were legally binding. Zuma's evasiveness led to severe and widespread criticism, including by opposition parties the Economic Freedom Fighters and Democratic Alliance(South Africa). EFF MPs frequently interrupted parliamentary proceedings to demand that Zuma pay back the money, leading to confrontations between them and Speaker of the National Assembly Baleka Mbete, considered by some to be partial to Zuma in her management of parliamentary proceedings. On one such occasion, at Zuma's 2015 State of the Nation address, these interruptions led to brawl between MPs and security personnel and a subsequent court action (which was decided against the government). When Zuma appeared in Parliament he repeatedly ignored or laughed off questions about Nkandla. Eventually the EFF announced, in May 2015, that it would file a court application to compel Zuma to act on the Public Protector's report. The DA filed a similar application shortly thereafter.

As anticipated, the ANC-controlled National Assembly constituted an ad hoc committee to conduct a parallel investigative process led by Minister of Police Nathi Nhleko, whose report, released in August 2015, purported to exonerate Zuma. This report was adopted by Parliament on 18 August 2015. On this basis, Zuma continued to ignore the Public Protector's recommendations.

On 8 October 2015 the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa handed down a judgment in a separate matter (namely SABC v DA, about the Hlaudi Motsoeneng saga) that found the Public Protector's reports are legally binding. In doing so the Court reversed the High Court of South Africa, whose judgment on 24 October 2014 had said the reports are merely advisory.

A week before the hearing, the Presidency made a surprise attempt to settle the matter and compiled a draft order offering to pay back some of the money. The Public Protector noted that the draft order reflected only partial compliance with her recommendations. The EFF made a counter-offer in the form of a draft order stating that the Nkandla report was legally binding on Zuma and that by failing to implement it he had breached the South African Constitution and his oath of office. The parties failed to reach a settlement.

The hearing took place on 9 February 2016. At it, Zuma's counsel, Jeremy Gauntlett SC, made a series of major concessions, including that the Nkandla report was binding on Zuma, but asked the Court not to declare that Zuma had acted unconstitutionally. The issue was significant because such a declaration would be a basis for Zuma's impeachment. Zuma's strategy was perceived as an attempt to evade responsibility and throw his ministers under the bus. Minister Nhleko's legal team, in turn, said his hands were tied because he was following instructions from Zuma and the National Assembly. Only Speaker Baleka Mbete's counsel, Lindi Nkosi-Thomas SC, seriously disputed the EFF and DA's account of the facts and law, but was ultimately forced to capitulate and was widely mocked for her bumbling performance.

The Constitutional Court's unanimous judgment was delivered on 31 March 2016 by Chief Justice of South Africa Mogoeng Mogoeng. It confirms the SCA's holding in SABC v DA that the Public Protector's recommendations are binding. It does this on the basis of a Purposive interpretation of the South African Constitution; without the power to make binding recommendations, Mogoeng CJ holds, the Public Protector would be ineffectual: 

The upshot, according to Mogoeng, is that the Public Protector's recommendations must be implemented unless they are set aside by a court: 

Since President Jacob Zuma ignored the report even without having them set aside, Mogoeng held he had breached the South African Constitution: 

The Court's order substantially repeated the remedial steps required by the Public Protector. The National Treasury — headed by Pravin Gordhan, who had recently locked horns with Zuma's administration — was ordered, within 60 days, to determine the costs of the non-security upgrades at Nkandla, and the proportion thereof to be repaid by Zuma. The President was ordered to make this repayment within a further 45 days and to reprimand the ministers who had overseen the building work.

Mogoeng's powerful and profound judgment was hailed as a triumph for the rule of law, and a major blow to the widely criticised President, of whose conduct the judgment was scathing. One commentator said Mogoeng's judgment was his moment of triumph and redemption, and marked his transformation from a supposed tool of the establishment to a national hero in a manner reminiscent of Earl Warren. Political analyst Steven Friedman said the judgment was the clearest message yet that the Constitution is working; another commentator said the judgment's importance was that it is a muscular assertion that all rule in this country is subject to the Constitution. Former President Thabo Mbeki said the judges of the Constitutional Court should be salute[d] for the meticulous manner in which they discharged their constitutional responsibilities as our apex court. Justice Edwin Cameron, who sat in the case, suggested in a public address that it was one of the Court's two most significant ever judgments. One commentator noted, however, that President Zuma's counsel had conceded most of the points the Court decided against him.

The exception was the Court's declaration that Zuma had breached the Constitution, which was a potential basis for Zuma's impeachment. In the immediate wake of the judgment, Julius Malema and Mmusi Maimane, the leaders of the two victorious applicants in the case, called for Zuma to step down. However, Zuma sought to downplay the judgment. In a press statement the following evening, he said he welcomed the judgment and had always accepted the Public Protector's reports were binding, and noted that the Court found he had been entitled to institute a parallel investigative process and had acted honestly and in good faith. Legal commentators condemned these claims as serious misrepresentations of the judgment. They pointed out that it could not possibly have been the case, as Zuma claimed, that he was merely adopting the High Court's approach to the powers of the Public Protector in its DA v SABC judgment, because that was handed down six weeks after Zuma signaled his intention not to comply with her report. Commentators also condemned the Presidency's statement that the Court had never found Zuma breached his office, since that was the judgment's unmistakable implication.

But the ANC continued to support Zuma. The ANC Women's League had released a statement hours after the judgment saying its faith in Zuma remains unshaken. Secretary-General Gwede Mantashe, speaking on behalf of the so-called Top Six, said he welcomed Zuma's apologetic statement but that calls for his impeachment were over-exaggerated. Chief whip Jackson Mthembu and Deputy Minister of Justice John Jeffery took the view that, although Zuma had breached the Constitution, the breach was not serious. The impeachment bid by opposition MPs on 5 April 2016 failed by over 120 votes. Some were surprised that even Zuma's opponents within the ANC like Cyril Ramaphosa and Pravin Gordhan had voted against the motion. The Congress of the People, an opposition party, said it would boycott parliamentary proceedings in light of the National Assembly's failure to implement the Court's judgment.

Nevertheless, many analysts said the judgment might prove a fatal blow to Zuma, although factional battles within the ANC would be the ultimate decider. One suggested that powerful ANC members had lost faith in Zuma and might move to oust him at a more opportune moment. The South African Communist Party, part of Zuma's own tripartite alliance, had been skeptical about the adequacy of his response to the judgment. Some ANC members booed Zuma at his next subsequent appearance. And several prominent members of civil society and former ANC insiders, including Ahmed Kathrada, Ronnie Kasrils, Trevor Manuel, Cheryl Carolus, and retired Constitutional Court judge Zak Yacoob, called for Zuma's resignation, prompting a backlash from certain Zuma allies. The South African Council of Churches did the same, saying Zuma had lost all moral authority. The Gauteng ANC, led by noted Zuma critic Paul Mashatile, formally resolved that Zuma must resign; doubts were raised about Zuma's leadership even within his traditional strongholds like the ANC's Limpopo branches; and an internal ANC memorandum sent by party veterans to the Top Six allegedly demanded Zuma's recall and compared him to detested apartheid-era President P. W. Botha. Finally, members of the Gupta family, thought to be Zuma's long-standing allies and crucial financial backers, resigned from their major holding company and fled South Africa for Dubai in the week after the judgment – leaving Zuma, in the opinion of some analysts, extremely vulnerable. In the wake of these developments, Malema said it was now time to crush the head of the snake. On 12 April 2016, Max du Preez said the key question, now that the balance of power has turned irrevocably against Zuma, was how to ensure he makes a managed — and non-violent — exit.




#Article 81: IReconstruction and Development Programme (170 words)


iReconstruction and Development Programme (RDP)  iPholisi yase Ningizimu Afrika leyabekwa iPhathi yeAfrican National Congress (ANC) leyayibuswa ngu Nelson Mandela nga 1994 emvwa kwe tinyanga tekudzingidza nekubonisana emkhatsini kwayo iANC, nalamanye emabanga njenge Congress of South African Trade Unions neSouth African Communist Part phindze iMass organisations in the wider in the wider civil society. 

Sizatfu sekubonelela kutsi leProgramme yeRDP iyaphumelela ngukutsi bekumele kulungiseke tentakalo . Kakhulu kulungisa tindzaba tendlala, nema  (njenge kulahlwa kahle kwetibi, emanti lahlobile, tindlu letiphephile).Kulungisa tindzaba tendlala nekucinisa simo semnotfo bekumaphuzu lahlangene futsi lamcoka, ngoba kutfutfuka phandle kwekukhula kungaba kuntengentenge kwesimo semnotfo. Phindze kukhula phandle kwekundlondlobala kungenta lushintjo kakhulu etimalini kutsi bantfu bangafani bese kube baningi labasala endlaleni. iRDP izama kuhlanganisa letinhlangotsi kuze kutotfutfukisa simo semnotfo ngeku nciphisa iTax, nciphisa sikwelede sahulumende nekwakha. Ngekwenta loku lepholisi yalungisa tintfo letingingi ngekuhlanganisa emaphuzu.

Tihlweli teRDP ticabanga kutsi lePrgramme ayzange ibuka letinye tinhlangotsi letibaluleki Eningizimu Afrika:

Bachwephesha banemibuto ngemisebenti wahulumende, batsi hulumende wenta shangatsi wente umsebti loncomekako kantsi khona lekubhedza khona. Bochwephesha batsi simo senhlalakuhle, temphilo, emanti, kunika kwemhlaba akuhambi kahle:




#Article 82: Bilady, Bilady, Bilady (212 words)


Bilady, Bilady, Bilady (si-Arabhu: بلادي بلادي بلادي, siSwati: live lami, live lami, live lami) - iGibhithe ihubi lesive (1979):  Muhammad Yunis al-Qadi, Sayed Darwish.

كورال:
بلادي بلادي بلادي
لك حبي وفؤادي
بلادي بلادي بلادي
لك حبي وفؤادي

١
مصر يا أم البلاد
أنت غايتي والمراد
وعلى كل العباد
كم لنيلك من أيادي

كورال

٢
مصر أنت اغلى درة
فوق جبين الدهر غرة
يا بلادي عيشي حرة
واسلمي رغم الأعادي

كورال

٣
مصر أولادك كرام
أوفياء يرعوا الزمام
نحن حرب وسلام
و فداكي يا بلادي

كورال

Belâdi, belâdi, belâdi
Lake ħobbi wâ fuʾâdi
Belâdi, belâdi, belâdi
Lake ħobbi wâ fuʾâdi

Maṣre yâ ʾomm el-belad
ʾÂnte gâyti wa-l-morâd
Wa-ʿalâ koll el-ʿabâd
Kam le-Nilek men ʾâyâdi

Kurâl

Maṣre ʾante âglâ dorrah
Fawqe jebin ad-dahr gorrah
Yâ belâdi ʿâyši ħorrah
Wa-aslami ragam al-ʾaʿâdi

Kurâl

Maṣre ʾawlâdek kerâm
ʾAwfeyâʾ yarʿu az-zemâm
Naħno ħarbon wa-salâm
Wa-fedâki yâ belâdi.

Kurâl

Egypt! O mother of all countries,
You are my hope and my ambition,
And above all people,
Your Nile has countless graces!

Egypt! Most precious gem,
A blaze on the brow of eternity!
O my homeland, be for ever free,
Safe from every enemy!

Egypt, noble are thy children.
Loyal, and guardians of the reins.
Be we at war or peace
We will sacrifice ourselves for you, my homeland.




#Article 83: Sifo seKhorona yango-2019 (115 words)


Sifo seKhorona yango-2019 (COVID-19) sifo lesitsatselanako lesibangelwa yi-acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). kwekucala ngaDisemba wa-2019 eWuhan, eChina, sabese sisabalala mhlaba wonke. Kusukela mhlaka 24 Meyi 2020, sekubikwe macala langetulu kwetigidzi letingema-5.35 emaveni nasetifundzeni letingama-188, lokuholele ekufeni kwabantfu labangetulu kwa-343,000. Bangetulu kwetigidzi letinga-2.14 batfu lasebaluleme kulesifo. 

Timpawu letijwayelekile tifaka phakatsi umkhuhlane, kukhwehlela, kukhatsala, kuphefumula etulu, kanye nekulahlekelwa liphunga lekunambitsaKantsi letinye timpawu tifaka phakatsi kwehluleka kwetitfo letinhlobonhlobo, kantsi bungoti balesifo bufaka phakatsi iseptic kanye nekuxinana kwengati. Kutsatsa liviki kutsi lesifo sikubulale uma ungayi emtfolampilo masisha. 

Leligciwane lisakateka kakhulu phakatsi kwebantfu ngesikhatsi sekuchumana, imvamisa ngemaconsi lamancane lakhicitwa kukhwehlela. Utsi umutfu nakatsimula abese emaconsi ayaphapha ahlala emoyeni sikhashana, kubese kutsi lapho atfola bantfu angene lamaconsi asakateke wonke umtiba.




#Article 84: Michael S. Smith (372 words)


UMichael Sean Smith (owazalwa ngo-1964) ungumklami wangaphakathi waseMelika ozinze eLos Angeles. USmith waqokwa nguMongameli uBarack Obama eKomitini Lokulondolozwa kweWhite House kusuka ngo-2008 kuya ku-2016 futhi ubhekele ukuguqulwa kweHhovisi le-Oval ngo-2010.

UMichael Smith wazalwa ngo-1964. Wafunda e-Otis College of Art and Design eLos Angeles naseVictoria nase-Albert Museum eLondon ezifundweni zokuthweswa iziqu.

Uqale umsebenzi wakhe esebenza nomthengisi wasendulo uGep Durenberger nomklami waseNew York uJohn Saladino. Usebenze ibhizinisi lakhe lokwakha ingaphakathi kusukela ngo-1990.

Enkulumweni abe nayo neWashington Post, uchaza isitayela sakhe ngokuthi sesenziwe saba sesimanjemanje; empeleni, umsebenzi wakhe uxuba ukubukeka kokuvuna nokwesimanje nezinto ezinjengokuthi Ama-antique aseGeorgia, izindwangu zase-Uzani suzani, iphepha lodonga lamaShayina lekhulu le-18, omagazini baseMoroccan abansundu nelanga lokuthinta i-anthropology kanye nobumba lweBarn. .

I-Architectural Digest ibandakanya uSmith phakathi kwe- 100 CE yakhe, ukukhetha kwakhe abaklami abaphambili nabasiki bengaphakathi okushicilelwe kumagazini eminyakeni yamuva. Umlando wakhe wokuhlela kaSmith ubeka isitayela sakhe njengenhlanganisela yesitayela sakudala saseYurophu kanye nesimanjemanje saseMelika. USmith waphinde waqokwa njengo Designer of the Year 2003 ngu-Elle Decor. Idume kakhulu ngokusebenzisa izinto eziningi zokuhlobisa kufaka phakathi isiguqo () ukuletha ukuthinta okunethezeka, okuphumuzayo nenhle esikhaleni.

Amaklayenti kaSmith afaka uPeter Chernin, uMongameli weNews Corporation, uHoward Marks, uMongameli wase-Oaktree Capital, uGigi Levangie Grazer, umbhali, uCindy Crawford, oyisibonelo (uSmith amenzele amakhaya amabili eCalifornia nezindlu ezimbili eNew York), uSteven Spielberg, umqondisi, nabalingisi uDustin Hoffman noMichelle Pfeiffer.

Ngo-2008, uBarack noMichelle Obama baqoka uMnuz Smith ukuba baphinde bahlobise izindawo zokuhlala eWhite House. Phakathi nale phrojekthi, uSmith wasebenza noMichelle Obama noMgcini weWhite House uWilliam Allman ukukhetha imisebenzi yobuciko ebolekiswe eminyuziyamu ezokhonjiswa ezindaweni ezizimele nakwezinye izindawo.

NgoFebhuwari 2010, uMongameli u-Obama wamqoka waba yilungu leKomidi Lokulondolozwa kweWhite House. Ukuguqulwa kukaSmith kwehhovisi le-Oval kwembulwe emphakathini ekupheleni kuka-Agasti 2010. Elawulwa ngamathoni we-taupe namanani we-beige, umklami wahlobisa kabusha amabhokisi ezincwadi ngamabhasikidi aboMdabu baseMelika kanye nezitsha zobumba ezivela eNational Indian Museum of America futhi wafaka umugqa owelukiwe wezingcaphuno ezivela kuMartin Luther King Jr, uJohn F. Kennedy nabanye; amasofa amabili ombala okotini anemibala e-tan; amalambu amabili amahle aluhlaza phakathi kwamabili nguChristopher Spitzmiller; netafula lekhofi le-mica owayephila kakhulu ngesikhathi sikaRoman Thomas, umenzi wefenisha waseNew York .

USmith ungumbhali wezincwadi eziningana ngokwakhiwa kwangaphakathi, kufaka phakathi: Indlu Ekhethiwe: Ukwakha Isitayela, Ubuhle, neBalance, Ukwakha Ubuhle: I-Alchemy Yedizayini, Amakhishi Namabhati, Izindlu, Nezinto Zesitayela.

Wayehlala eMadrid, eSpain, nomlingani wakhe, Inxusa laseMelika eSpain, uJames Costos. Njengamanje, uSmith noCostos bahlala endaweni yaseBel Air eLos Angeles nasePalm Springs, eCalifornia.




#Article 85: Sifonyo Sebuso (110 words)


Ukusebenzisa izinto zokuphefumula ebusweni kuyinqubo ephumelelayo yokuvimbela ukusabalala kweminyakazo yokuphefumula.

Nonke kufanele nigqoke umshini wokuphefumula ebusweni ngenkathi nivakashele iziguli esibhedlela, ikakhulukazi emazingeni okushisa noma emishinini yokuphefumula.

Kusetshenziswa umshini wokuphefumula ebusweni uma:

Ukumisa ukusakazeka kwamagciwane kwabanye, sicela usebenzise isifihla-buso uma kwenzeka izimpawu zezifo zokuphefumula ezinjengomkhuhlane, ukukhwehlela, nekhala eligijimayo.

Izinto zendwangu ezibhekene nokuphefumula kufanele zihlale zihlanzwa kaninginingi.Izindwangu zokuphefumula kufanele zihlanzwe kusetshenziswa okokuhlanza ngamanzi afudumele futhi kusulwe ngokulandelayo kumjikelezo ofudumele ukususa amabhaktheriya nezilwanyana ezincane.Uketshezi olunensipho efudumele yisisombululo. Insipho inganciphisa izingubo ezinamaprotheni zalelo gciwane futhi isebenza kahle kakhulu.Uma i-y'all idinga ukusebenzisa futhi umshini wakho wokuphefumula ngaphambi kokuthi uyihlanze, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi uhlanze izandla zakho khona manjalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukubuyisele futhi ukuze ugweme ukugcoba ubuso bakho.




#Article 86: Jacob &quot;Mpharanyana&quot; Radebe (115 words)


UJacob Mpharanyana Radebe (16 Ephreli 1948 - 21 Agasti 1979) bekangumculi waseNingizimu Afrika longumculi nembhali wetingoma. Umculo wakhe uvame kuhlukaniswa nge-jazz, i-fusion, iDisco, iSoul kanye ne-mbaqanga. tingoma taRadebe betibhalwe ngesiSuthu ikakhulukati,  kodvwa bekavamise kucula ngesiNgisi.

Radebe utalelwe eKatlehong e-East Rand kantsi inshisakalo yakhe emculweni yaqala asemncane. Bekatsatwa njengomunye wemavi lanemandla kakhulu emphefumulweni waselokishini. LaseSprings bekedlala neThe Peddlars kanti eKatlehong bekangumculi lohamba phambili weThe Weavelets. Lelinye lemalungu aleli cembu bekunguLloyd Lelosa, logcine ngokudlala ikhibhodi ku Stimela. Eminyakeni yema-60 kwaze kwaba sekushoneni kwakhe Radebe wasebenta nencwaba yabaculi labadvumile baseNingizimu Afrika lokubalwa kubo phakatsi Ray Phiri naWest Nkosi lenta nabo icembu leThe Cannibals.

Bekatiwa ngekukhwehlela ngesikhathi acula. Bekanokuhlwehlela kungamahlalakhona, bakhiqiti lababetokuhlela phambilini, kodwa kamuva kwentiwa luhlobo lwentsengiso yemculo.




#Article 87: Harvey Weinstein (191 words)


Harvey Weinstein (/ ˈwaɪnstiːn /; utalwe ngeNdlovulenkhulu 19, 1952) ungumkhiqiti wemafilimu aseMelika futsi waba nelicala lokwephula umtsetfo ngokwelicansi. Yena nemfowabo Bob Weinstein basungula inkampani yemafilimu iMiramax, leyayikhiqita amafilimu latimele laphumelele lokubalwa kuwo iSex, Lies, and Videotape (1989), The Crying Game (1992), Pulp Fiction (1994), Heavenly Creatures (1994), Flirting with Disaster (1996), Shakespeare in Love (1998). Weinstein uzuze umklomelo we-Academy ngokukhiqita iShakespeare in Love kanye nema-Tony Awards lasikhombisa emidlalweni lebhanyabhanya, kufaka phakatsi iThe Producers, Billy Elliot the Musical, na-Agasti: Osage County. Ngemuva kwekushiya iMiramax, Weinstein nemnakabo Bob basungula iThe Weinstein Company, lesitudiyo samafilimu lesikhulu. Kantsi lakulenkapani lensha bekangusihlalo lobambisene kanye naBob, kusukela ngo-2005 kuya ku-2017.

Ngo-Okthoba 2017, kulandzela tinsolo tekunyukubetwa ngekwelicansi letisukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yema-1970, Weinstein wamukwa inkapani yakhe kanye ne-Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Bangetulu kwa-80 besifazane labente tinsolo letibukiswa kuWeinstein ngo-Okthoba 31.tinsolo letasusa umkhankaso wetinkundla tekuchumana i- # MeToo kanye netinsolo letiningi tekuhlukunyetwa ngekwelicansi letibukene nekucoshwa kwamadvodza lanemandla emhlabeni jikelele kanye nasetindzaweni tekusebenta; le nto ibitwa ngokutsi umphumela we-Weinstein. UWeinstein waboshwa wabekwa licala lokudlwengula eNew York ngoMeyi 2018. Watfweswa anemacala ekudlwengulwa lamabili kulasihlanu ngenyanga yendlovana 2020, wagwetshwa iminyaka leengama-23 ebhadla ejele, kanti udonsa isigwebo sakhe eWende Correctional Facility.




#Article 88: Evelyn Mase (127 words)


Evelyn Ntoko Mase (18 Meyi 1922 - 30 Ephreli 2004), kamuva lobese atiwa nga-Evelyn Rakeepile, bekangumhlengikati waseNingizimu Afrika aphindze abe ngunkosikati wekucala wesishoshovu lesasilwa nelubandlululo Nelson Mandela. Washada naMandela kusukela ngo-1944 kuya ku-1958. 

Mase watalwa e-Engcobo, eTranskei kantsi waba yintsandzane asemncane. Wabese utfutsela eJozi kuyoceceshelwa kuba ngumhlengikati, kulapho ke wahlangana khona washada naMandela. Babese batfola indlu eSoweto e-Olarndo West lapho batfola bantfwana labane, kwashona munye umtfwana kantsi letintsatfu bekungubo — Thembekile, Makgatho kanye naMakaziwe. Sonke lesikhatsi Mase bekangumhlengikati kantsi wabese uceceshelwa kuba mbelekisi. 

Ngabo-1950, budlelwano bakhe naMandela bacala babanetinkinga lapho khona Mandela wacala kutibandzakanya ne-African National Congress kanye nemkhankaso wayo wokulwa nelibandlululo; Kantsi ngaleso sikhatsi Mase watibandzakanya kakhulu naboFakazi bakaJehova. Mandela wabese ucala kujola ngalesikhatsi, kantsi Mase wabese umsola ngekujola na Lilian Ngoyi kanye na Ruth Mompati. 




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