#Article 1: Chivanhu (257 words)


Shoko rokuti ChiVanhu rinoreva zvunhu zviviri. Chokutanga, Chivanhu zvinoreva mutaura wedu uyo wakapiwa zita rokuti ChiShona nemurungu ainzi Clement Doke mugore ra1931. VaShona pachavo, makare kare, vaiti mutauro wavo unonzi Chivanhu. Chechipiri, Chivanhu zvinoreva bumbiro retsika, mitemo, magariro nemafungiro evaShona.

Mutauro weChiVanhu ndiwounonzi mazuvano mutauro weChiShona uyo wakavumbwa nezvikamu zvemitauro inoti: ChiKaranga, ChiZezuru, ChiManyika, ChiNdau, nezvimwe zvisina kudomwa pano.

Vanhu veChiVanhu vanemafungiro anotangira pakuti zvinhu zvese zvepasirino zvakasikwa naMwari, uyo anofungwa kuti Mweya mukuru kukunda yese uye unoera uine masimba kukunda mweya yese. Mwari, mumavonero eChiVanhu, mweya unogara pese pese, muchinu chese chese chakasikwa, uchiziva zvese zvese zvaivapo, zviripo, nezvichavapo. Zvokufunga kuti Mwari uri kudenga, uyewo kuti Mwari anogara kudenga, ifungwa yakavuyiswa muvanhu veChiVanhu nevanhu veChiRungu, aya ari mafungiro eChiKirisitu. Vanhu veChiVanhu vane mafungiro anoti Mwari ari pese pese, pasirino nekumatenda. Uyewo Mwari unogona kuhwa zvatinotaura nezvatinofunga, uyewo isu tinoenda kuna Mwari tichiturikigwa nekuvadzimu vedu, ayo ari madzitateguru edu, uyewo midzimu yenharaunda, neyenyika. Vadzimu vanotitungamirira mukurarama kwedu, nokugadzikana pakati pedu nenyika nezvisikwa zvese zvapasirino. Hutungamiriri hwavadzimu hunonzi hunobva kuna Mwari, nokuti vadzimu ndivo vanotumwa naMwari kuti vatichengetedze. Zvinhu zvese zvatinoita zvinofungidzigwa kuti zvinechokuita nevadzimu kusvikira kuna naMwari.

Tsika dzeChiVanhu ndiwo maitiro anopa munhu, kana kuti boka revanhu, hunhu mumeso nemavonero evanhu vari munharaunda yovugaro. Kusatevera tsika dzeChiVanhu zvinofungwa kuti zvinotsamisa midzimu uyewo Mwari Musiki wenyika.

kuva nerukudzo munharaunda nevavakidzani itsika dzakanaka

Mitemo yeChivanhu zviga zvinotemwa nemadzishe nemadzimabo enyika. Mitemo hainei nechokuita nemidzimu uye naMwari. Mitemo yeChiVanhu inotarisigwa kuti haipikisani netsika dzeChivanhu. Tsika dzinoonekwa sokuti dzinoera uyewo dzinokosha kudarika mutemo.

Magariro echiVanhu anofambirana netsika uyewo nemafungiro nemitemo zveChiVanhu.




#Article 2: Bonyora (123 words)


Bonyora chiitiko chinoitwa nemunhurume kana munhukadzi anenge abatwa nehavi yebonde, vamwe vanoti abatwa ne hosha kana zemo.Munhu anotambisa nhengo dzake dzezasi achiedzesera zvinoitika pabonde uye achifunga mundangariro dzake kuti ari kusvira kana kuti kusvirwa nemunhu waanoda. Anoramba achidaro kusvika asvika pakutunda; kuvarume zvinoreva kubudisa uronyo. Vamwe varume sa  anochayawo bonyora vachiona mifanikidzo yepono. Vakaita sanaHungwe vanochaya bonyora vachiona mukadzi wemupono achisvirwa asi vakaona vava kuda kutunda dhara remupono risati rava kutunda vano fast forwarder kuti vatundirane panguva imwechete ne dhara remupono. Kunewo mamwe ma pono emhando ye Jerk Off Instructions apo vakadzi vakashama vanenge vachikurudzira muoni wepono kuti achaye bonyora kwavari. Kuita bonyora kunonzi kuchaya bonyora, uye vamwe vanoti bonyora haridiwi mubhaibheri. Ini ndakatanga kuchaya bonyora ndiri Grade 6.

Gwinya Mutsipa

Kutamba gorofu




#Article 3: Masvomhu (139 words)


Masvomhu (kana kuti masamhu) ishoko rinoreva ruzivo gwekuongorora kuva nemusoro kwehuwandu, mamiriro ezvinhu uye marongekero angaitwa zvinhu. Masvomhu ibumbiro reruzivo rwakananganana nendangariro dzehuwandu, maumbirwo, nzvimbo, mapindukiro uyewo nehukama hwezvese izvi. Masvomhu anobatanidza zvidzidzo zvezvataurwa izvi zvinowanikwa muzvikoro.

Isu, vatauri ve chi Vanhu, tichibatsirana needu makodobori ezve Masvonhu, tazvipira kuvaka chikamu chemutauro wedu chinotibatsira kudzidza, kudzidzisana, kufunga nekuongorora kuti tibudise mhinduro kumivhunzo isati yagoneka kupindugwa uyewo kubudisa pachena ruzivo gusati gwazivikamwa muzvidzidzo zve Masvomhu. Tinoda kuzogona kutaura nezvese zve Masvonhu nemutauro we chi Vanhu usina kuvhenganiswa nemashoko emimwe mitauro. Izvi zvichaoma kuti tizozviona zvichiitika asi, hongu, tichazvigona chete.

Kuti tigone kunzvera nekunyora magwaro emasvomhu mu chi Vanhu kubva kuzvikoro zvekuzasi kusvikira kuzvikoro zvekumusoro-soro kune makodobori anoongorora nezvemibvunzo isati yava nemhinduro dzekumanhepfutepfu eruzivo gwemasvomhu.

Tinoda kuzonyora mabhuku e Masvomhu nokutangisa zvidzidzo zveMasvomhu mumutauro wedu muzvikoro zvese zvekuzasi nezvekumusoro mumakore gumi anotevera.




#Article 4: Machende (142 words)


Jende datira kana dati - machende (muruzhinji), masvada. inhengo yemurume inowanikwa pasi pemboro pakati pemakumbo yakarembera. Machende anongogara ari maviri; vamwe vatauri vanoti matsukwe. 

Machende ndiwo anogadzira hurume. Kana pasina machende munhu kana mhuka haikwanise kuberekesa.

Machende ndiwo aya anonzi muchirungu ma testicles; uye maari ndimo munogadzirwa  mbeu yehubaba, unonzi uronyo kana kuti maronyo. Machende anozivikanwawo nezita rekuti makandi asi vamwe vanowanzomati matomatisi kana kuti mabhora. Murume umwe neumwe unenge ane machende maviri, asi kune varume vashoma vane jende rimwe.

Machende anogadzirawo chidenhi chinonzi testosterone chinodenha kuyaruka kwemukomana kuti ave nechimiro chemurume.

Svada (scrotum) zvinoreva chibhegi chinoonekwa kunze chinotakura nhengo iyoyi yehurume.  

Kana jende risiri muhutano, rakurisa zvisina tsarukano rinonzi Jendekufa (Hydrocele) jende guru kudaro rinorapwa naana chiremba kuchipatara nekubisa humvura hunenge hwazara mu masvada.  Kana ukaita rimwe hombe kamwe kari kadiki unonzi une jendekufa zvakare. Adolf Hitler aiva ne jendekufa.

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#Article 5: Zimbabwe (569 words)


Zimbabwe (madanirwo /zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ/), ichinzizve Republic of Zimbabwe, uye yakambozivikanwa seSouthern Rhodesia, Republic of Rhodesia uyezve Zimbabwe Rhodesia, inyika yakakomberedzwa nedzimwe iri kuchamhembe kweAfrica. 

Kumabvazuva kuneMozambique, kuchamhembe kune Chamhembe Africa, kumadokero kune Botswana, kumawodzanyemba kuneZambia. Mutauro wevakambopamba nyika Chirungu (English) asi ruzhinji rwevanhu munyika iyi runotaura ChiShona. ChiShona mutauro wevanhu vakagara munzvimbo iyi kubva makarekare. Rurimi rweSindebele rwunotaurwawo zvakare muZimbabwe nevanhu veMatabele. Ava vanhu vakasvikawo munzvimbo iyi apo veChiShona vanga vatodzika midzi. VeMatabele ava vaibvawo nechekuchamhembe uko vaitiza ishe wavo Shaka Zulu uyo aida kuvatonga ivo vasingadi kutongwa naye

Zvakare kuchamhembe kwenyika iyi kune rwizi rukuru rwunonzi Limpopo, ukuwo kumawodzanyemba kunezve rumwe rwizi rukuru runonzi  Zambezi. Nzizi idzi ihuru kwazvo uye dzinodira mugungwa reIndian Ocean.

Kubvira makore 1250 kabanga kuzvika 1629, nzvimbo yavekuzikanwa seZimbabwe iyi yaitongwa nemadzimambo eMutapa (Mutapa Empire), vachizikanwazve sekuti Mwene Mutapa, Monomatapa kana kuti pachirungu Empire of Great Zimbabwe. Nzvimbo iyoyi yaive nemukurumbira chaizvo panyaya dzendarama (Goridhe), iro raifambiswa nevanhu vechiArab. Zvakadaro, vechiPutukezi (Portuguese) vakauya ndokuparadza hurongwa ihwohwo nokukasira, zvikasiya Monomatapa iri panguva yekusaziva zvekuita .
Gore ra1834 veMatabele, ava vanga vakuzviti maNdebele, vakasvikawo munzvimbo iyoyi yamadzimambo Mutapa. Vakasvika nechekuchamhemhembe kwakadziva kumadokero (South West) kwenzvimbo yamadzimambo Mutapa. Tambo taura pamusoro kuti vanhu ava vakange vari kutiza kubva kunamambo wavowo Shaka ainge arikudya marasha chamhembe ikoko. VechiNdebele ava vaitungamirwawo namambo wavo Lobengula. Nzvimbo yavakagara iyi yaizozikanwa seMatabeleland munguva yaizotevera kusanginisira zvino uno.

Nyika yeZimbabwe yakawana kuzvitonga mugore ra1980, apo bato reZanu-PF raRobert Gabriel Mugabe rakavhoterwa neruzhinji rwevanhu. Mureza weBritain wakadzikiswa musi wa18 April 1980, mureza weZimbabwe ukasimudzwa. VaMugabe vakatonga nyika iyi kwemakore anopotsa makumi mana. Mushure mekudaro, mutevedzeri wavo Emmerson Mnangagwa akatora chinzvimbo chazvo mushure mekunge va Mugabe vamanikidzwa kuti  vasiye basa. Emmerson Mnangagwa uyu haana kuzvitorera chigaro ega, akabatsirwa nemauto uyezve aiva nerubatsiro rwebato raitonga rinova Zanu Pf. Iri ndiro bato richirikutonga munyika ye Zimbabwe zuva ranhasi. Emmeson Mnangagwa akatpinda pachigaro mugore ra 2017 mumwedzi wa Mbudzi, netarisiro yekuti gore raitevera paitwe sarudzo yekutsvaga mutungamiri wenyika anodiwa nevanhu. Ruzhinji rwakamusarudza zvakare asi pakaita mutauro nemutungamiriri webato rinopikisa MDC rinotungamirirwa na va Nelson Chamisa. Myaya iyi yakanetsa ikatozoenda kudare redzimhosva rinoona nenyaya dzebumbiro remitemo. Nyaya ya Va Chamisa yekupikisa zvakabuda musarudzo yakaonekwa nedare isina humbowo, dare rikati Emmeson Mnangawa ndiye akasarudzwa neruzhinji.

Republic of Zimbabwe kuEnglish inokwanisa kuturikirwa kuchinzi Nyika yeRuzhinji rweZimbabwe kana Nyika yeRudhende rweZimbabwe kana Nyika yeMukumbi weZimbabwe. 

Zimbabwe inyika yakapatsanurwa kuva nematunhu makuru masere nemaguta mairi anotarisirwa sematunhu mukuva kwawo. Dunhu rese rine guta guru imo munoitirwa mabhizimusi ehurumende.

Mazita ematunhu akagadzirwa kubva mumazita eMashonaland neMatabeleland iwo akagadzirwa nevarungu munguva yekutongwa neBritain. Mashonaland ndiyo yaive nzvimbo yatanga kugarwa neBritish South Africa Company Pioneer Column uko Matabeleland yaiva nzvimbo yakatorwa mukupera kweHondo yekutanga yemaMatabele (First Matabele War). Nzvimbo idzi dzinotevedzawo nyika dzaigarwa nemaShona nemaNdebele varungu vasati vauya, zvisinei kuti izvozvi kunoita kusangana kwevanhu mumatunhu aya. Dunhu rese rinotongwa naProvincial Governor, uyu anosarudzwa nemutangimiri wenyika yeZimbabwe. Hurumende yematunhu inotungamirwa naiye Provincial Administrator, uyu anosarudzwa nePublic Service Commission. Zvimwewo zvinhu zvinoitwa nehurumende yenyika mumatunhu zvinoitwa nemahofisi emapoka ehurumende yenyika.

Nyika yeZimbabwe iri murumana rwembariro 20oS neNhungo 30oE. Zimbabwe iri pakati peMutsazanisi neTropic of Capricon, inova nzvimbo iri mudunhu reTropics rinowana murazvo wezuva zvakanyanya. Nzvimbo dziri muTropics dzinodziya nguva zhinji, kana tichienzanisa nenzvimbo dziri kunze kweTropics. Zvakadaro tinoda kuonesana kuti nyika yeZimbabwe inotonhorera zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzvimbo dziri mudunhu reTropics. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nokuti chikamu cheZimbabwe chiri panzvimbo yakakwirira inonzi duvurwi (plateau). Nzvimbo dziri pahukwidza (altitude) huri pamusoro dzinotonhorera pane nzvimbo dziri pahukwidza huri pasi.

Hezvinoi zviringani zveTaranyika zvemaguta ari muZimbabwe:




#Article 6: Huronyo (135 words)


Hurete kana huronyo imvura inobuda pamwe nembeu yemunhurume paanosvirana nemunhukadzi (kana kuti umwe murume, achimusvira kumagaro) pa bonde kana kuti paanotunda nebonyora uyezve akadyiwa mboro. Mvura iyi ine ruvara ruchena, uyezve yakada kufanana nemadzihwa. Mbeu yemurume ndiyo inokukumidza zai remunhukadzi kunova ndiko kuvamba kwehupenyu hwemunhu - pachinyorwa chino shoko rokuti rukukumidzo riri kushandiswa kuturikira rinoti fertilization kuEnglish. Kana huronyo hwava kubuda murume anonzwa kunakidzwa zvikuru, uye anonzwa muviri wake uchinyevenuka.

Kukora kana kutetepa kweuronyo kunoenderana nekuti murume uyu anga ava nenguva yakareba zvakadini asati arara nemukadzi. Varume vanobuda mumifananidzo yePono vanobudisa uronyo hwakawanda ungatoti munhu ari kuweta. Vanomwa mapiritsi anoita kuti uronyo hubude hwakawanda. Vakadzi venyika dzekumadokera vanowanzomwa uronyo hwemurume uye vanoti ivo hunoita sekuti hune munyu. 
Vana chiremba vanokurudzira kuti varume vabudise maronyo avo eti lisiti kaviri pavhiki kuita kuti vasabatwa ne purositeti kensa.




#Article 7: Mboro (208 words)


Mboro inhengo yemuviri wemunhu rume. Mboro inoshandiswa kurasa mvura dzemumuviri, nekusika rudzi. Dzimwe mboro dzinobviswa ganda remberi. Kubviswa kweganda uku kunonzi kuchecheudzwa, uye mboro isina ganda remberi inonzi shondo. Vanhu vakadzingiswa vane mikana yakati shomekei yekubata zvirwere zvepabonde nekuda kwekuti rukanda rwepamusoro pemboro runenge rwakati omararei zvinoita kuti utachiona hwezvirwere hunetseke kupinda mumuviri. Uyezve vakachecheudzwa havakurumidze kubuditsa pabonde uye kunakirwa kwavo kushoma.

Nzira inoshandiswa nevarungu inowanzo konzera kuti mboro itadze kumira, inopedzesera yava kungorembera. Dziya dzatinoona mumafirimu emapono dzinenge dziri doko asi kuti panogadzirwa firimu vanoita kuti firimu riratidze kunge hombe. mamwewo mafirimu anoshandisa mboro dzezvimiti kana kuti silicon dzinenge dzaka pfekerwa pamusoro pemboro kuti iratidze kunge hombe.

Wongororo dzakaitwa kuchipimwa hurefu hwemboro dzakabuda dzichitaura zvakasiyana.Mupimoo wemboro wakanaka kunangisa ruoko rwako kubva parwunotangira kusvika panogumira chigunwe chepakati.

Vakaita wongororo idzi kunonzi vaida kubatsira varwere vanonetseka nenhau dzekumira kwemboro uye ave vanotsvaka kuti dziwedzerwe kukura kuZimbabwe.

Varume vazhinji vanoda kwazvo kuva nemboro hombe .Kuva nemboro hombe kunoita kuti varume ava vafunge kuti vanozokwanisa kufadza zvakanyanya kana kuti kunakira vadikani vavo pabonde .Asi mutsvagiridzo dzakaitwa kukura kwemboro hakunei nekunaka kwavanoita kana vava kuita bonde asi kuti kugona kushandisa mboro yacho nekutekenya mabhatani chaiwo. Kukoira kusvinu kunokurudzirwa kuti murume ugutse mukadzi wako pabonde,hazvinei nekuti une mboro yakaita sedora kana kuti chigurinhwa.




#Article 8: Dhodhi (124 words)


DHODHI - kana tadya chikafu choenda mudumbu, kana zvinovaka muviri zvatorwa nemuviri zvinosara ndiro dhodhi ratinozomama kuchimbuzi. dhodhi rine mavara akasiyanasiyana, mamwe madhodhi matema..mamwe ruvara rwezuva, mamwewo euvara rweganda, mashoma anoitawo ruvara rweshizha, eruvara rweganda ndiwo mazhinji acho. Dhodhi rinonhuwa uye harifaniri kudyiwa. kana munhu akarwara, dhodhi rake rinoita mvuramvura apa mvura iyi ino bhuda from the mouth and into the nose and kills the person who the dhodhi has spoiled ish dhodhi rino nhuwa pieyu , iri rinonzi manyoka. Poti rinoyerera riri mvura mvura iri mapazho. dhodhi idhodhi zvisinei nokuti rakadiii uye raitwa nani. dhodhi idhodhi muchirungu kana muchishona.Kana munhu akakutuka kuti unenge wanyanyotukwa zvekuti unoshuwi. Ah hezvo nhaiwe mugombwe kwakanaka here?

This is a Shona term used to mean digested waste products.




#Article 9: Nyoka (102 words)


Nyoka imhuka yesango yakareba isina makumbo inofamba ichi zvongonyoka. Dzimwe nyoka dzine uhuturu huno kwanisa kuuraya munhu uye dzimwe dzaka fanana neshato hadzina kana nehuturu. Vanhu vazhinji vanouraya nyoka kana vakaiona. 

Nyoka dzinowanikwa muAfrica dzinosanganisira shato, chiva, mhungu,Nyaminyami rovambira, nyamafingu,bonga-musakwani, nyarufuru, kangamiti kana kuti karukuni, mhakure,ndara, tsvuku-kuviri, chimanzi, mhakure, rukukutwe, svoti, maswere, binga, hangara, ndinga nedzimwewo.

Nyoka dzinobvisa ganda radzo rekunze pamwaka yakasiyana - ganda iri rinenge rabviswa rinonzi chibvunuro, bvunurwa, vhunurwa, guvurwa kana guurwa - slough in English. Pachinyorwa chino chidzidzo chakanangana neruzivo rwenyoka chinonzi Chironzo Chenyoka kana Ronzanyoka.

Kune mazita emhuri ane chekuita nenyoka. Mamwe ndiwo anoti: Nyoka, Mutimbanyoka zvichingodaro.




#Article 10: Imbwa (134 words)


Imbwa imhuka inochengetwa pamusha.  Imbwa inoshanda mabasa anoti: kuvhima; kufudza zvipfuyo; kuzvuva mitoro kunyika dzinotonhora seCanada; kuchengeta musha; kubatsira mapurisa nemawuto kuronda; kutamba nayo; uye kubatsira vakaremara kana imbwa yakapingudzwa. 

Imbwa dzinoyaruka zvokukwanisa kubereka padzinenge dzave nemwedzi mitanhatu kusvika gumi nemiviri (6-12); izvi zvinoititka kune mikono zvose nehadzi. Nzvari inoti kana yabindura inenge yagadzirira mupfungwa nemuviri wayo kuti inge ichishumirwa nemukono. Kubva painobindura imbwa nzvari, mazai acho anorarama kwesvondo zvichireva kuti panguva iyi nzvari inokwanisa kushumirwa nemikono yakawanda.

Imbwa dzinozvara mushure memazuva 56-72 mushure mekumita. Imbwa inobereka vana vanowanza kusvika vatanhatu (6).  Mwana wembwa anonzi handa, mbwanana, kana kuti mhondana.

Imbwa dzinodyiwa nyama kwemazana emakore mazhinji kunyika dziri kumabvazuva eAsia dzinosanganisira Korea, China neVietnam. Pane kufungidzira kunoti pagore rega-rega kunobaiwa imbwa 13-16million muAsia kuti dzidyiwe nyama. Kunonzi nyama yembwa inosanganiswa nenyama yehuku nenhenhere dzemushenjere




#Article 11: Bhiza (185 words)


Bhiza (Horse in English) imhuka iri pamupanda wedzinoyamwisa inowanikwa ichipfuyiwa pamusha uye inowanikwa musango. Vamwe vatauri vanoti hachi kana kuti mbigi. Bhiza rine mahwande - izvi zvinoreva kuti rine tsimba rakabatana kuita rimwe zvinosiyana nemombe kana mbudzi dzinoita matsimba akapatsanurwa kuita huviri.

Mabhiza imhuka dzinokwanisa kumhanya neSpidhi wepamusoro uye ane chipo chekugona kuramba amire asina kuwa nyangwe akakotsira. Kugona kumhanya uye kukotsira amire zvinobtsira pakuti bhiza rinokwanisa kutiza zvikara zviri nyore.

Mabhiza anoshandiswa mabasa anosanganisira: mujawo; kurima; mitambo yakasiyana-siyana uye muhurapi. Makarekare mabhiza aishandiswa muhondo nemawuto, achitakura mawuto nokusenga mitoro. Zvinhu zvinowanikwa kubva kumabhiza zvinosanganisira: nyama; mukaka; vhudzi; mapfupa uye mishonga inogadzirwa nemutundo wenzvari dzakazvitakura.

Zvichienderana nerudzi rwebhiza, kwarinogara uye machengeterwo, bhiza rinorarama kusvika makore 25-30. Kune mamwe mabhiza akararama kusvika makore 40 mamwe akadarika. Bhiza rakararama zvine tsamba dzinozivikanwa rainzi Old Billy rakararama kusvika makore makumi matanhatu nemaviri (62); iri bhiza rakararama mwaka wechizana 19 - (19th Century). Mumakore amazuvano bhiza rainzi Sugar Puff rakanyowa muGuinness Book of World Records richinzi ndiro bhiza rakararama kuva nemakore makumi mashanu nematanhatu - 56.

Kune mazita emhuri ane chekuita nebhiza. Mamwe ndiwo anoti: Bhiza, Mabhiza, Mahachi, Mbigi.




#Article 12: Sadza (157 words)


Sadza (corn meal mush) ndicho chokudya chikuru muZimbabwe chinobva muchibage chakagaiwa chotipa hupfu uhwo hunozobikiswa sadza racho. Sadza rinogona kubikwa nehupfu hwezviyo. Kana rabikwa kudai rinenge ravakunzi sadza rezviyo. Rimwe izwi rinoreva sadza asizve richitaridza kukosha kwesadza muupenyu hweVaShona nderinoti jenamuponesi.

Chekutanga kukwatisa mvura mupoto yesadza kana yakwata unoisa hupfu hwakafanira mukomichi kana mundiro wosanganisa nemvura yakatonhora wokurunga.Wadaro unozvidira mupoto yesadza wokurunga nemugoti kusvikira zvakwata.Kana zvakwata unombozvisiya kwechinguva zviri pamoto.Wadaro unotora hupfu hwako uchiisa mupoto yesadza uchibika nemugoti kusvikira hupfu hwako hwanyatsobatana.Wadaro unotora mugoti womona uchiitira kuti sadza risave nemapundu.Unogona kumborisiya kwechinguva kuti rinyatsoyibva.Wapedza kudaro unotora mugoti womona wochipakurira vanhu .

Nhepfenyuro yedzimudzangara yeZBC yaimbova nechirongwa chaikurudzira vateereri kuti vatumire zvinyogwa zvinodunzira mabikiro esadza emazuvano.

Imwe nzira yakabuda pachirongwa ichi ndeyekuti apo sadza richikwata, mubiki anobva aisa cheese yakaitwa mafufu. Mubiki anobva akodzonga kuti cheese inyungudike yobva yavhenga nesadza rinokwata. Mushure mekuita izvi, mubiki anobva abika sadza semabikiro atinongoriita anozivikanwa nemubiki wese. Sadza rinobuda apa rinonaka chaizvo!




#Article 13: Roora (241 words)


Roora (rovora muchiKaranga) muripo unobviswa nomunhurume kana achinge ave kuda kugara nomunhukadzi. Roora izwi rinoshandiswa zvikuru muchiZezuru. Rinowanikwawo mumarudzi mazhinji echiShona akaita sechiKaranga (rovora) kana chiManyika. Roora rine zvikamu zvakawanda zvinosanganisira Makandinzwanani, Matekenyandebvu, Kunonga, Kupinda mumusha uye Rusambo. Pane zvimwe zvakawanda zvinobviswa zvichienda nekuti vanhu ndeverudzi rwupi. Roora ndiyo nzira yaVaShona yekubatanidza mhuri mbiri zviri pamutemo kupfurikidza newanano. Roora inzira yevakuwasha yokutenda nayo madzitezvara avo nekuvaberekera mudzimai. VaShona vanoti ukama igasva hwunozadzikiswa nekudya naizvozvo hukama pakati pemhuri mbiri idzi hunototangwa nekudya pamwe chete. Semuenzaniso, kana iri mhuri yekwaChinyati yanoroora kwaChinyuku, inotarirwa kutakura zvidyiwa zvakasiyana siyana nezvimwewo zvekuti mhuri yekwaChinyuku igosara ichishandisa. Madzitezvara anosanotumira vakuwasha rugwaro rwunotaridza mhando yezvitakurwa (groceries) izvi. Muenzaniso wezvitakurwa unosanganisira chingwa, munyu, tsvigiri, sipo, masamba, nyama, zvinwiwa, mukaka nezvimwewo. Mhuri mbiri idzi dzinoungana pamabiko, uri mutambo wekuroodza mwanasikana.

Mazuvano, nekuda kwehudyire, zvakuonekwa sekunge roora kana kuti mari dzinobviswa nemukoma ada musikana semari yekutanga mabhindauko kana kuti dzemabhisimisi. Vabereki vazhinji vava kuda kupfuma pakubvisirwa roora pane kuti pange pachivakwa ukama. Hazvitarisirwe pararamo yedu kuti zvinge zvakadai asi kuti roora riwanikwe riri chikamu chekuvaka hukama pane vadanana.



Kune dzimwe nzvimbo, kune zvimwe zvirango zvinobviswa mushure meroora rataurwa pamusoro apo. Kune mombe yechimanda , yaiurawa kuti idyiwe vanhu vachipemberera kuti mukunda abata pamuviri. Mazuvano vabereki vazhinji vava kungotema mombe yechimanda pamwe chete neroora.

Kunoitawo kamwe kamari kanoripwa kana mukuwasha ari kuda kukumbira mvumo yokuita muchato; iyi imari diki.




#Article 14: Baba (371 words)


Baba kana bambo (father in English) zvinoreva murume akakubereka. Kubvira kuuya kwakaita varungu muZimbabwe vakakwezvawo marudzi akaita sechiChewa kuMashonaland uko kwakazobuda musanganiswa wechiKaranga nemimwe mitauro ukabudisa chiZezuru. Zvino pakati pevaZezuru pane avo vanoti ababa kana kuti abambo vachitoredzera chiChewa kana vachida kuti baba/bambo. Pauwandu zvonzi: vana baba, ana baba, vana bambo, ana bambo, madzibaba, mapambo kana kuti madzibambo.

MuChishona murume akaroora amai vako anodanwa kunzi baba zvakare nyangwe asiri iye akakubereka. Iyi inzira yekuremekedza. ChiKaranga hachibvumi zvachose kuti murume wamai vako umuti babamunini kana babamukuru chero pakava nomuidzo wokuti zvimire saizvezvo. Anenge achinyanya kuremekedzwa apa ndimai, vaya vanombonzi dumbu ravo harina mutorwa. Chikomba chamai chavanonzenzereka nacho hachizobviri hacho kunzi baba nokuti zvinenge zvoita sokumwira mvura tsika isina unhu iyo inenge ichiitwapo. Nokudaro chiKaranga chinotumidza kuti gomba kumurume wakadero.

Nedzimwe nguva tinohwa kuchinzi baba kubvira vatete. Iyi ihazvanzi yababa inenge ichinemegwa kunzi inogona kutora chinzvimbo chababa pavanenge ivo baba vasipo nemababamunini nemababamukuru. Iyi itsika inototatamugwa kwazvo pane dzimwe nguva kuti ibate nyangwe muzukuru chaiye mwana wehazvanzi yababa kuti amire pachinzvimbo chababa mumabasa echiKaranga. Asi hazvizoiti hazvo kuzodana zita rokuti baba kumuzukuru nokuti iye pachake ane chinzvimbo chakwe somuzukuru. Zvino vazukuru vazhinji vapera kubhinya vakadzi vemadzisekuru vachiti he-e ndiri baba, he-e uri mukadzi wenhaka chakuti chakuti. Naivo vakadzivo kunyanya vechiZezuru vava kutozvidavo unohwa voti babamudiki kubvira muzukuru kutsvaka kuzobhinywa naye.

Vanasikana vehazvanzi vanowanzodavo vana vatete kuti vamiririre chinzvimbo chababa apo baba vanenge vasipo. Nokudaro unohwa nyangwe vatete vacho vari vadoko kumwanasikana wehazvanzi uya vanongopuwa chiremerera chababa. Tsika isati yajeka zvachose pachiKaranga ndeyokuti murume wangu anofanigwa kuti chii kuna vatete vangu kana vari vadoko kwandiri. Mukumanyirira kupindura tinowanzoti maiguru tichikangamwa kuti maiguru zvinoreva 'mukuru kuna mai', vuye vukuru bwacho bwuri pazero. Chokwadi chaicho ndechokuti chiKaranga hachina hwi rokushandisa apa nokuti vukama bwakadai habwuna kumbogara bwakurumbira murudzi ugu. Asivo hakuna chisingatangi: zvatovako kuti zita ringagamuchirika ikehino ndireri rokuti maiguru pachinhambo chokungorega munhu uyu asina zita.

Mumutauro wechiKristu uyo wakavamba muZimbabwe kumakore akatenderera 1890, kwakavawo nokukurumbira kwaBaba Vezvomweya. Uyu mudzidzisi kana mutungamiriri wezvechitendero anenge akagadzwa nyanyise mune sangano reRoma Katurike. Apa zvinenge zvichinzi nyakugadzwa uya ndibaba vedu pamweya sokumira kwaiva kwakaita Kristu pachinzvimbo chaBaba Vedu Vari Kudenga. Mumutauro wechiZezuru uyo wakapambadzigwa kubva panzanga yeChishawasha nechekuHarare, Baba nyakugadzwa ava vanogona kumbonzivo Fata rinova hwi rechiTarirana rinoreva baba.






#Article 16: Zviperengo zvehuwandu (169 words)


Zviperengo Zvehuwandu: izwi zviperengo zvinoshandiswa kumirira huwandu muzvinyogwa.

Ngatitangei nezviperengo zvehuwandu:

Muenzaniso: 

(Pfungwa neyambiro zvakanyogwa pano zvaida kunyogwa ku nokuti zvinoda vamwe tese tinyorewo pfugwa nemazano zveduwo. Pfungwa dzevanyori nemazano avanopanana hazvifaniri kunge zviri mukati megwaro rino nokuti hazvisi mumusoro wenyaya yegwaro rino. Gwaro rino rinofanira kunyogwa pamusoro peZviperengo Zvohuwandu chete chete kwete mazano nekupana pfungwa kwevanyori.)

Zvakafanira kuti pave nokupfupisa manyorerwo enhamba kuti usava murabaraba wemashoko. Imwe yenzira  ingatevedzwa kubvisa mashoko anotaura pahuzhinji sokuti nokubatanidza mashoko ari kutaura nhamba imwe. Sokuti panzvimbo pokuti makumi matatu poshandurwa kuti guminhatu; panoti mazana maviri pomira pakati zanambiri. Hongu zvinoita sokunge zvabuda pamatauriro emazuvaose asi zvinobatsira kupfupisa. 

Cherechedzai zvakare kuti ana koma vanotsvetwa mushure menzvimbo nhatu dzega-dzega zvichibva kurudyi kuti nhamba ireruke kuverenga. Pakati pezvibodzi nezvikamu panotsvetwa poyindi. Pakunyora zvakara panotsvetwa koma anotaridza kuti pave kutaurwa nhamba dziri pakati pakoma. Ngatitarisei muenzaniso 431,257,698 nokunyora kwemazuvaose, kunyora kunopfupisa, manyorero kuEnglish  sezvizvi:

Chiperengo ichi, 0, chinomirira kusavapo kwechinhu.

Chi Vanhu changa shisina shoko rinoreva chiperengo 0.

Chipasina kana kuti chishaiwe/shaikwe mashoko anga shandiswe here?




#Article 17: Nhetembo dzemadzinza (112 words)


these things are from sparta tanya Detembo mazwi akanyorwa kana anotaurwa anobudisa dingindira ranyanduri, achishandisa mutauro wakapfuma unosanganisa, tsumo, madimikira, mizvambarara, minzvengure nezvimwewo. Mutupo umwe noumwe une detembo rawo.

NENGA -VATOMBE
Shumba Murambwi
Maita Murambwi
Maita Shumba

Kuona chiso.

Hekani Chibwa, Mushereketi,
Vadzimba vedu, variritiri,
Mutsikapanyoro vana vaChibi,
Vakanyairi, vadyi vemhuka,
Maita Shumba yangu yiyi

Hekani Bumhi rangu riri,
Maita vaMhari, Chipamutoro,
Vari Nyaningwe,
Vari Chamhota,
Maita Shumba.

Mukweverakwasviba,
Asingadyi chokupamba,
Maita vaMhungudza,
Vari Baradzanwa,
Zvaonekwa vaMhari.

Zvaitwa vari Chitonje,
Vanomuka ngwe namasikati.
Zvaitwa Matikaha nokuone gumbo,
Kuone mumhu vanovhunduka.
Maita varere Baradzanwa.
Kwaka paradzanwa baba afa.
Hekani Mhungubwe yangu yiyi!
Zvaitwa mwana waChibi!
Aiawa zvaonekwa
Mhungubwe.
VaNyamukanga, Makovere.
Zvaitwa muNyaningwe, Chibwa!




#Article 18: Shoko - Vhudzijena (104 words)


Eee, maita Shoko Vhudzijena
Ewoi Soko, 
Makwiramiti, mahomu-homu
Vanopona nekuba
Vanamushamba negore
Makumbo mana muswe weshanu
Hekani Soko yangu yiyi
Vakaera mutupo umwe nashe
Vana VaPfumojena
Vakabva Guruuswa
Soko Mbire yaSvosve
Vanobva Hwedza
Vapfuri vemhangura
VekuMatonjeni vanaisi vemvura
Zvaitwa matarira vari mumabwe
Mhanimani tonodya, svosve tichobovera
Maita zvenyu rudzi rukuru

Vakawana ushe neuchenjeri
Vakufamba hujeukidza kwandabva
Pagerwe rinongova jemedzanwa
Kugara hukwenya-kwenya
Vari mawere maramba kurima                                                                                                                                                                             Vana chirera nherera,vanorera nedzisi dzavo                                                                                                                                             Vanokuonai vanoti dai vari vangu
Vamazvikongonyadza kufamba hukanya
Zvibwezvitedza, zvinotedzera vari kure
Asi vari padyo vachitamba nazvo
Zvaitwa mukanya rudzi rusina chiramwa
Maita vari Makoromokwa, Mugarandaguta.                                                                                                                                                Mutendenedzwa vakatendenedzwa neushe
Aiwa zvaonekwa Vhudzijena mwene wazvo                                                                                                                                                                                                 




#Article 19: Hushangazhi (957 words)


Hushangazhi (Industry in English) zvinoreva nvzimbo dzinoitirwa mabasa ekugadzira zvinhu; kushumira nenzira dzakasiyana, nokukohwa zviwanikwa zviri muvhu kana muamasango. Tiri pahushangazhi zvakanaka kutsanangura kupiwa kwemazita matsva ari pano.
 

Kushangazhika (Industrious)- izwi iri rinoreva kushanda nesimba, munhu achiita mabasa mazhinji. Uyu munhu anoshangazhika, munhu anoshanda asina unyope.

Mushangazhi (Industrialist) - iri izita rapiwa kududza muridzi akatanga kambani yake. Pari zvino hatina izwi rinodudza kuti Industrialist tisina kuti muzvinabhizinisi.

Hushangazhi (Industry) - iri izita rapiwa kuti rireve nzvimbo dzose dzakavakirwa kuti vashandi vange vachisangana vachiita mabasa akasiyana-siyana. Muenzaniso ungapiwa ndewekuti muHarare tine Dunhu reHushangazhi reWillowvale - (Willowvale Industrial Area).

Hushangazhi Hwekutanga (Primary Industry) - iri iboka rehushangazhi rinosanganisira: kurima mbesa, miti nemichero; kupfuya mhuka; kuredza hove, kuchera mabwe nesimbi zvichingodaro. Hushangazhi hwekutanga hunechekuita nemabasa anokohwa zviwanikwa zviri muvhu nezvinokura muvhu. Mimwe mienzaniso yeHushangazhi Hwekutanga yatinowana muZimbabwe ndeiyi: kurima nzimbe, chibage, nedonje; kuchera mugodhi ye ndarama, mhangura, zeng'e, platinum, marasha(coal) neChrome; kurima michero yemaranjisi, kurima miti yemapuranga.

Hushangazhi Hwepiri (Secondary Industry) - iri iboka reHushangazhi rinoshandura zvibereko zvinobuda muHushangazhi hwekutanga kuita zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mazuva ose. Zvibereko zveHushangazhi Hwepiri zvinoshandiswa mudzimba, mumabasa uye zvinogona kushanda mune mamwe mapoka eHushangazhi Hwepiri. Mimwe mienzaniso yatinowana muZimbabwe ndeiyi: kugadzira shangu; kugaya chibage kuita hupfu; kuveza midziyo yemumba; kuruka machira zvichingodaro.

Hushangazhi Hwetatu (Tertiary Industry) iri iboka reHushangazhi rinoshumira mumabasa akasiyana-siyana; zvibereko zveHushangazhi uhwu hazvisiri zvinhu zvinobatika asi kubatsira kuwanikwa nekufambiswa kwezvinhu zvinobatika. Marudzi eHushangazhi Hwetatu anosanganisira maBhangi; Zvitoro; Kufambiswa kwezvinhu pamwe nevanhu; Insurance; mabasa eHurumende, matare emhosva; maHotera; nzvimbo dzemafaro nedzekushanya, zvichingodaro. Iri boka reHushangazhi rine chekuita nekusvitsa Hushumiri (Service) kuvanhu uye kune mamwe mapoka eHushangazhi.

Chikamu chino chinotsanangudza zvinodikanwa kuti Hushangazhi hunge huchifamba nenzira yakanaka inounza budiriro. Zvinopinda muHushangazhi (Industrial Inputs) zvinosanganisira: zvinhu zvinobatika; zvivakwa; zvirongwa zveHurumende; zvirongwa zvekuwanikwa kwemari; kuchengetedzwa kwemitemo; kutsiva mari inorasika munjodzi; zvichingodaro.

Vambe, huvambe (Capital)- iri zita rapiwa rinoreva mari inounganidzwa nemushangazhi kutanga bhizinisi kana hushangazhi. Zita iri ribatawo zvakare zvimwe zvinodiwa kutanga bhizinizi, zvinoti: michina, nzvimbo yokushandira, zvivakwa, zvichingodaro. Huvambe hunounganinzwa nenzira dzakasiyana dzinoti: zvikwereti zvema Bhangi, mari yakachengetedzwa, uye kutsvaka mari pamusika wemari (Stock Exchange).

Nzvimbo yekushandira (Land) - mhando dzose dzehushangazhi dzinoda nzvimbo yekushandira ingava: minda, masango, zvivakwa, mahofisi kana mafakitari.

Magetsi (Electricity)- Magetsi akakosha kana tatarisana nehushangazhi hwanhasi nokuti michina mizhnji inosundwa nesimba nemagetsi. Zvakanyanya kukosha kuva nemagetsi akabaka nguva dzose kuti makambani asarase mari achibhadhara vashandi vakatarira michina isiri kushanda. 

Vanhu vane Hunyanzvi (Skilled People)- mabasa anobatwa muhushangazhi anodaidzira hunyanzwi hwepamusoro, hungava hunyanzwi hunodzidziswa muzvikoro zvetatu (tertiary education) kana kuti hunyanzwi hunowanikwa pakambani. Makambani nehurumende vanoshandisa mari yakawanda kudzidzisa hunyanzwi zvemabasa akasiyana-siyana.

Michina yeHushangazhi (Plant, Machines, Equipment)- kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemichina zvichienderana nebasa riri kushandwa. Michina mizhinji inosundwa nemagetsi uye inotengwa nemari zhinji. Pari zvino michina mizhinji inoshandiswa muhushangazhi muZimbabwe, inotengwa kunze kwenyika zvikuru kunyika dziri mhiri kwemakungwa - nyika dzekuEurope neAsia.

Ruzivo RweHumhizha (Technology)- kuti hushangazhi huvepo panofanirwa kuve nehumhizha hwacho hwekugadzira kana kushumira nenzira inobuditsa zvibereko zviri kutengwa nevanhu. Sokuti kuchera ndarama panodiwa kunge paine humizha hunosanganisira: kudhuura matombo pasi pemugodhi, kutakura chitofu (ore) kubva mumugodhi, mhandambwe dzinopwanya nekutseta chitofu (crushers  mills), nezvimwe zvakawanda zvinosvitsa pakuve nechidhinha chendarama. 

Mari yeZvirikwereti (Bank Loans)

Mari yeTsivatsaona (Insurance)- Tsivatsaona chirongwa chinobatsira vemabhizinisi munguva yokunge nzvimbo dzavo dzehushangazhi dzarasikirwa nemari kuburikidza nenjodzi dzinoitika muhushangazhi. Vamabhizinisi vanoripa muripo kuKambani dzeTsivatsaona (Insurance) mwedzi wega-wega; musi unoitika tsaona munzvimbo yehushangazhi, makambani eTsivatsaona anotsiva hukoshi hwechinhu chinenge charasika mutsaona. Izvi zvinobatsira kuti vemabhizinisi vakwanise kudzoka pakushanda zvakare mushure metsaona. Kambani dzeTsivatsaona dzinogamuchira mudeme-mudeme kubva kumabhizinisi akawanda, izvi zvichibatsira kuti pave nehomwe yemari inoshandiswa musi unoitika tsaona kune avo vanenge vakaita mudeme-mudeme. 

Zvirongwa zveTsivatsaona zvinofukidzira kurasikirwa kungaitwa mutsaona dzingava dzemotokari, dzemichina, kutsva nemoto, kukuvara kwevashandi pabasa, rufu nezvimwe zvinenge zvakabvumiranwa kunzi zvive zvakafukidzwa. Kune mitemo yehurumende inopa zvisungo zvokuti vashandi vange vakafukidzirwa pasi petsivatsaona. Zvakare kune mhando dzemitoro isingatenderwe kufamba pamigwagwa isina kutererwa netsivatsaona.

Mitemo yeNyika (Legislation, Policies, Regulations) - Mitemo yenyika yakakosha zvikuru kana tatarisana nesarudzo yokuti muzvinabhizinisi ovaka nzvimbo yohushangazhi kupi. Mitemo yenyika inodudza kuti zviri nyore sei kuvamba bhizinisi munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Zvinhu zvinotariswa nevanovamba mabhizinisi zvinosanganisira: mitero inoripwa nemakambani; mitemo inochengetedza kodzero dzokunge munhu ari muzvinabhizinisi; mitemo inotonga kuburitswa nekuchengetwa kwemari yokunze kwenyika; mitemo inotaura nezvekuchengetedzwa kwezviwanikwa nenharaunda iri kushandira hushangazhi, zvichingodaro. 

Kutakurwa kweNhumbi (Transport) - hakuna nzvimbo inganzi inowanikwa zvinhu zvose zvinodikwa kushandiwa muhushangazhi, kana kuti inowanikwa musika yokutengesera zvabuda muhushangazhi. Apa ndipo pazvinokosha kuti pange pane migwagwa, njanji, ndege nedzimwe mhando dzokufambisa nadzo mbatya nevanhu, kuunza kunzvimbo dzehushangazhi uye kusvitsa kumusika yakasiyana-siyana. Tichoitarisa nyika yedu yeZimbabwe tinoona hushangazhi hwakasimbiswa nekuvapo kwenjanji, nemigwagwa.

Suwo (Port of Entry kuEnglish) inzvimbo inopindwa nayo nevanhu pamwe nenhumbi. Takatarisana nehushangazhi, mukova inzvimbo yakatenderwa pamutemo wenyika kuti ipindwe nayo nevanhu kana nhumbi. Pamitemo yenyika pamukova iyoyi ndipo chete panotenderwa kupinda kwevanhu nenhumbi. Suwo reBeitbridge ndiro rinopinda nenhumbi dzakawanda dzinopinda muZimbabwe.

Kuchengetedza Mitemo (Law Enforcement) - vemabhizinisi vanofara kuziva kuti nzvimbo dzehushangazhi dzavo dzinge dzakachengetedzwa pasi pemitemo uye kuti mbatya dzavanofambisa dzinge dzakachengetedzawo. Izvi zvinovapa kuva nechikuvimba kuti vane rutsigiro pasi pemitemo kana musi wasvika wokuti pane zvinoda kunotongwa kumatare edzimhosva.

Zvirongwa ZveHutano (Health Programs) - Kuvapo kwezvipatara kunosimbisawo hushangazhi zvikurusei takatarisana nekuti vashandi vave nekuchengetedzwa kwehutano.

Bundutso (Processes)- pasi pechikamu cheRuzivo rwehumhizha, Bundutso zvinoreva zvirongwa zvakatsikiswa zvinoshandiswa mukushandura nhumbi dzinopinda muhushangazhi kuti dzive zvibereko zvinokwanisa kutengeseka. Somuenzaniso, gasi reAmmonia rinogadzirwa kuchishandiswa Bundutso raHaber (Haber process). Petrol inowanikwa kubva kuPetroleum kuchishandiswa Bundutso rinonzi Fractional Distilation Process. Sugar inobikwa kuChiredzi kuchishandiswa Bundutso rinonzi pachiNdau kuBumhaCrystallization Process.

(Responsible Authorities). Pakushanda kunoita hushangazhi pane mapazi ehurumende ane hudaviri pamusoro pezvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvine chinangwa chekuchengetedza mitemo yenyika. Mapazi aya akapiwa hutongi (authority) kuti ave anotarira kuti mitemo yakasiyana yehurumende yatevedzwa. Mapazi aya anobata basa zvichienderana nemitemo yakatarwa nedare reParamende - (Acts of Parliament). MuZimbabwe kune Mapazi ane hutongi pamusoro: pemvura; mitero; ndege, kutakurwa kwenhumbi nevanhu; uye michero nemhuka. Muenzaniso ndiyo inoti: Zimra; Zimre; Zinwa; Zinara; Municipalities; Natural Resources Board; Environmental Protection Authority; Civil Aviation Authority zvichingodaro.




#Article 20: Nhevedzwa dzeMvura (748 words)


Nhevedzwa dzemvura chidzidzo chinotsanangudza mafambiro emvura pavhu, pasi pevhu uye mudenga munoumbwa makore. Mvura inosanduka kubva pakuva mazaya, mutuvi uye mupfunga panhambo dzakasiyana dzenhevedzwa dzemvura. Mvura inofamba munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzainoungana dzinoti: gungwa, nyanza, nzizi, mhepo. Izvi zvinoitika kuburikidza nezviitiko zvinoti: kunaya, kuyerera pavhu; kumimina nemuvhu; kusasauka ichienda mumhepo; kubundira mumakore; kuverereka kupinda mumhepo ichibva pamazinga echando; zvichingodaro

Mvura iri mugungwa, nyanza, nenzizi inosasauka kupinda mumhepo kuburukidza nekupisa kwezuva. Kunyika dzinotonhora, mupfunga wemvura unoverereka (sublimation) kubva pasinowo , nemamazaya  (ice) chichipinda mumhepo. Michero inosaukaziya, izvi zvichireva mvura inobuda kubva pamuchero ichipinda mumhepo. Kusumuka kwemweya unopisa kubva padunhu kunosimudzawo mupfunga wemvura kuenda kumakore kunova kunotonhorera. Kutonhora kuri mudenga kunokonzera kuti chapfunga chemvura chibundire kuita madonhwe emvura anoumba makore. Mhepo iri mudenga inotakura mvura iya yabundira zvichiita kuti madonhwe akawanda emvura asangane nekuumbana kuita makore. Imwe mvura iri mumakore inoturuka kuburikidza nekunaya kwesinowo kana chivhuramahwe; iyi mvura inokwanisa kuchengetwa kwemakore iri sinowo kana magodo munzvimbo dzinotonhora. Imwe sinowo inonyauka mumwaka wekupisa. Mvura zhinji inoturuka, inonaya pamusoro pegungwa. Mvura inonaya padunhu inoyerera ichienda munzizi, nyanza, negungwa mainochengetedzwa. Kune chikamu chemvura inonaya padunhu chinopinda muvhu mainochenetedzwa tichizoinwa kubva mumatsime nezvibhorani. Imwe yemvura yepasi iyi inomimina nemuvhu ichinopinda pakaungana mvura munzizi, nyanza, negungwa; imwe mvura inotubuka ichibuda muvhu sechisipiti.

Kusasauka (Evaporation)- uku kushanduka kwemvura  kubva pakuva mutuvi (liquid) ichisasauka kuita mupfunga wemvura (vapour,gas). Mvura inosasauka kubva munzvimbo dzayakaungana senzizi, nyanza, negungwa. Mvura inosasauka kuburikidza nekupisa kwezuva.  Vamwe vatauri vanoti kukwaika kwemvura.

Kubundira (Condensation)- uku kushanduka kwemupfunga wemvura (water vapour) uchiva madonhwe emvura anoungana kuita makore nemhute. Zvakakosha kuti tinonesane kuti mupfunga wemvura unobundirawo zvakare kuita magodo pasina kuita mutuvi; izvi zvinoitika kunyika dzinotonhora panguva imwe chete inoverereka magodo echando kuita mupfunga wemvura. Naizvozvo misandu miviri inoti mutuvi negodo inonzi misandu yakabundira - condensed phases.

Kuverereka (Sublimation) - iri izwi rinoreva kushanduka kubva pakuva magodo echando kuenda pakuva mupfunga wemvura.

Kusaukaziya (Evapotranspiration)- iri izwi rashandiswa kududzira kutaika kwemvura ichibva pamichero kuenda pakuva mupfunga wemvura. 

Mvura Inoyerera Pavhu (Run-off) - iyi imvura inoyerera pamusoro pevhu uye magoronga nenzizi. Imwe mvura inenge yayerera pavhu: inopinda muvhu, imwe yosasauka kupinda mumhepo, zhinji ichizopedzesera yachengetedzwa munyanza, nzizi negungwa.

Mvura Yemuvhu (Groundwater)- iyi imvura inosinina kana kunwirira ichipinda muvhu imwe ichigara muzvipakwa zvemvura (aquifers) zvinowanikwa pakati pehwendefa dzemabwe asingatendere mvura kupfuura. Imwe yemvura inoyerera nemuvhu inotubuka sezvisipiti imwe ichipedzesera yasinina nemuvhu kusvika kugungwa. Mvura inoyerera pamusoro nepasi pevhu inokonzerwa kudaro negunganidzo (gravity), uye nemutsindo (pressure) unosunda mvura kuti igadzikane iri muvhu . 

Gungwa (Sea, Ocean) - iri izwi rinoreva nzvimbo dzakakurusa dzinochengeta mvura yakawanda ine munyu. Magungwa makuru anosanganisira Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, neAtlantic Ocean.

Nyanza (Lakes) - iri zita rapiwa kureva madziva akanyanya kukura anowanikwa padunhu anenge Lake Malawi, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika. Nyanza inenge iri mvura yakaungana pasina kuvakirwa dhamu; izvi zvinosiyana neKariba Dam rakavakwa nevanhu. Zita iri rasiyanisa nekutaura kwemazuva ose kunoti nyanza negungwa zvimwechete. Zita iri riri kutoredzera pamutauro weChewa unoti Lake Malawi inonzi Nyanja - pano pavandudzwa kuti zviende kuChiShona. Nyanza yakakura zvakanyanya kudarika dziva

Kupeperutsa mupfunga wemvura (Advection) - zvakakosha kuti tizive kuti dai pasina mhepo inosunda mvura inosasauka kubva mugungwa, mvura iyoyi ingadai isinganaye padunhu asi yainaya kugungwa kwakare. Nokuda kwemhepo, mvura zhinji inosasauka kugungwa inopeperutswa ichizonaya padunhu. Iyi inovawo nzira yekuchenesa mvura iri mugungwa kuti inaye padunhu isisina kusvipiswa nemunyu wegungwa. Chiitiko ichi chinotaurwa muBhaibheri bhuku raAmos 9:6 apo panonzi Jehovha unodana mvura yegungwa achiinaisa panyika.

Jezi (run-off in, a flood) zvinoreva mvura inoyerera pamusoro pevhu mushure mokunge kwanaya.

Mvura inenge yabundira iri mudenga inoturuka kubva mudenga nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Mudunhu reAfrica kuturuka kuzhinji kwemvura tinokuona kuburikidza nekunaya kwemadonhwe emvura. Kuturuka kwemvura kunoitikawo nenzira dzinoti sinowo, mhute, chivhuramabwe nedzimwe mhando dzinoonekwa kunyika dzinotonhora.

Kunaya kwemvura - uku ndiko kunaya kwemadonhwe emvura inonaya padunhu zvose nepagungwa; chikamu chizhinji chemvura chinonaya padunhu. Iyi ndiyo mhando yekuturuka kwemvura kwatinoona kazhinji muAfrica.

Sinowo (Snow)- sinowo inoturuka munzvimbo dzinotonhora zvakanyanya. Kazhinji sinowo inoturuka kana kuri kutonhora zviri pa 0o celsius zvichidzika, panova ndipo panogwamba mvura kuita magodo echando. Sinowo zhinji inonaya kunyika dzinotonhora dziri kuEurope, Asia, neNorth America. Mazaya echando anowanikwawo munzvimbo dzakakwirira zvakanyanya segomo reKilimanjaro kuKenya nekumakomo makuru ari kuChile kuSouth America.

Chivhuramabwe (Hailstorm) - iyi imvura inoturuka ichidonhedza tumagodo twemvura yakabundira nechando. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo chivhuramabwe chinoparadza zvirimwa chichiparura mashizha ezvirimwa.

Munyika yeZimbabwe bazi reZINWA ndiro rakapiwa hudaviri nehugabe pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwemvura iri munzizi, madhamu, uye iri muvhu. Vanochera zvimborani vanotora mvura imwecheteyo inosininina kupinda munzizi nemumadhamu; nokudaro ZINWA ine chinangwa chokuchengetedza mvura dzose nokuti pakupedzisira kwazvo imvura imweyo.

Bhaibheri rine ndima dzinotaura pamusoro peNhevedzwa dzeMvura dzinotionesa kuti vanyori veBhaibheri vakanga vane ruzivo pamusoro pechiitiko ichi.




#Article 21: Gonyozhinji (238 words)


Muchidzidzo chePimanyika, gonyozhinji (Polygon kuChirungu) chiumbwa chine mativi mazhinji; kubvira pamatatu zvichikwira. Mitsetse inobatana pamikwava inenge yakati twasa.

KuChirungu izwi rokuti polygon rinoreva chiumbwa chine mativi mazhinji uye gonyo zhinji. Shoko rinoti poly rinoreva many - kuwanda. Shoko rinoti gon rinobva pashoko rekuti gonia (Latin) rinoreva bend kana kuti ankle. Isu kuChiShona tichapa zita rokuti gonyozhinji kududzira shoko rokuti polygon. Zvichinge zvamira nenzira iyoyi hazvichanetsi kupa mazita eShona kuzviumbwa; tinenge toverenga kuti chiumbwa chine gonyo (mikwava) ngani kana kuti mativi mangani.

Tichiri ipapo zvakafanira kuti tionesane kuti gonyozhinji rega-rega rakaumbwa riine mativi anoverengwa kuenzana nemagonyo ari mukati mechiumbwa ichocho.

gonyozhinji rega-rega rine mativi anoverengwa kuenzana nemikwava yarinaro. Mukwava wega-wega une magonyo ane chitsama. Magonyo anonyanya kuwongororwa ndeaya:

Magonyo emukati – Magonyo emukati egonyozhinji ine mativi n (n-gonyo) anohwerengedzwa kusvika (n − 2)180o. gonyozhinji ine mativi n inokwanisa kutariswa sokunge yakavakwa negonyonhatu n dzinosangana paGoko regonyozhinji. gonyo inotenderera pagoko yakakura 360o, kana kuti 180(2). Tikabvisa kukura kwegonyo riri pagoko kubva pakukura kwemagonyo ari mugonyonhatu dziripo n, tinowana (n − 2)180o kukura kwemagonyo emukati, megonyozhinji. Poinsot ndiye akatanga kutsvakurudza nekunyora pamusoro pemagonyo emukati egonyozhinji.

Makonyo ekunze - aya magonyo anohwerengedzwa kuita 360k, apa k anenge ari nhamba yakazvikwanira (interger).

Kune gonyozhinji rinenge rine mativi akaenzana uye mikwava yakaenzana; irori rine kuchenzana kwemativi nemagonyo ndiro rinonzi gonyozhiji remachenzano - (regular polygon). Kunoitawo gonyozhinji rine mativi kana magonyo asina kuenzana; irori risina kuchenzana kwemativi nemagonyo ndiro rinonzi gonyozhinji risakachenzana - irregular polygon.




#Article 22: Gonyonhatu (207 words)


Muchidzidzo chePimanyika, gonyonhatu chiumbwa chine mativi matatu nemagonyo matatu. gonyonhatu chiumbwa chiri pamupanda wegonyozhinji. gonyonhatu rine mikwava A, B, C rinonyorwa sezvizvi, ΔABC. 

Muchikamu chino tichataura pamusoro pemarudzi egonyonhatu; mhando dzegonyonhatu dzinotumidzwa mazita zvichienderana nekupimwa kwemativi uye magonyo ari pakati paro. 

Kunoitawo gonyonhatu yemutwi (right-angled triangle) - iyi ine mativi maviri anosvika pamukwava une gonyo re 90o.

Nharaunda yegonyonhatu runonyorwa netsazaniso inoti:

Nharaunda = 1/2(b.h) 

Patsazaniso iri, b, anomirira hwaro hwegonyonhatu; h achimirira hudzamu. Panotsvakwa nharaunda, tinogona kusarudza divi ripi zvaro kuti rive hwaro. Kana tadaro, hudzamu hunenge hwave nhambwe yemutwi unobva pagonyo rakatarisana nehwaro uchinobata pahwaro hwegonyonhatu.

Ichi chidzidzo chononzi trigonometric ratio kuEnglish. Chidzidzo chino chinotaura pamusoro pehukama huripo pakati penhambwe dziri pamativi nemagonyo egonyonhatu. Chikamu ichi tinoshanda negonyonhatu yemutwi tichidzidza nezve rheshiyo dzinoti tangent, sine uye cosine. Rheshiyo idzi dzinoshandiswa kuti tizive mativi uye magonyo ane hukuru hunenge husinga zivikanwe.

Kuti tipinde muchidzidzo cheRheshiyo dzePimagonyonhatu tinotanga tadudza mazita anopiwa kumativi egonyonhatu. Mativi matatu anopiwa mazita zvichibva pakuti tiri kushanda negonyo ripi regonyonhatu. 

Sine yegonyo iRheshiyo yenhambwe dzedarisanwa nemuzendami. Sine ine tsazaniso inoti:

Sine = darisanwa/muzendami

Cosine yegonyo iRheshiyo yenhambwe dzedivi remuny'asi nemuzendami. Cosine ine tsazaniso inoti:

Cosine = divi remuny'asi/muzendami

Tangent yegonyo iRheshiyo yenhambwe dzedarisanwa nedivi remuny'asi. Tangent ine tsazaniso inoti:

Tangent = darisanwa/divi remuny'asi




#Article 23: Gonyoina sambamba (139 words)


Muchidzidzo chePimanyika, gonyoina sambamba (Parallelogram) chiumbwa chine mativi mana - mativi maviri akati sambamba anenge akaenzana - uye gonyo mbiri dzakatarisana dzinenge dzakaenzana. Zvimwe zvinoonekwa ndezvekuti guramakonyo mbiri dzinochekana kuita zvikamu zviviri zvine nhambwe dzakaenzana.

Zviumbwa zviri pamupanda wegonyoina sambamba zvinosanganisira: tsazano; gonyoina tsazamativi uye gonyoina tsazamakonyo.

Skweya (Square) iri shoko rinoreva chiumbwa chine mativi mana ose akaenzana negonyo ina dzose dzakaenzana. Skweya iri pamupanda wegonyoina.

gonyoina tsazamativi (Rhombus) - iri izwi rinoreva gonyoina rine mativi akaenzana nhambwe. gonyo dzakatarisana dzemukati dzinenge dzakaenzana zvakare. Chiumbwa ichi chine madanhamakonyo maviri anochekana negonyo re 90o. Skweya iri pamupanda wegonyoina tsazamativi zvakare.

gonyoina tsazamakonyo (Rectangle) - iri izwi rapiwa kureva chiumbwa chine makonyo mana ose akaenzana; gonyo rimwe nerimwe riine 90o. Mativi maviri akatarisana anenge akaenzana uye akati sambamba. Skweya rinogona kupinda pamupanda wechiumbwa ichi asi kazhinji tinosarudza kuti skweya rimire roga.




#Article 24: Gonyoina (195 words)


Muchidzidzo chePimanyika gonyoina imhando yegonyozhinji ine mativi mana nemakonyo mana. Makonyo emukati megonyoina anohwerengedzwa kusvika pa 360o. 

gonyoina sambamba chiumbwa chine mativi mana; mativi maviri akatarisana anenge akati sambamba uye anenge akaenzana. makonyo maviri akatarisana anenge akaenzana. Zvimwe zvinoonekwa ndezvekuti guramakonyo mbiri dzinochekana kuita zvikamu zviviri zvakaenzana. Zviumbwa zviri mumupanda wegonyoina sambamba zvinosanganisira: skweya; gonyoina tsazamativi uye gonyoina tsazamakonyo.

Skweya (Square) iri shoko rinoreva chiumbwa chine mativi mana ose akaenzana negonyo ina dzose dzakaenzana. Skweya iri pamupanda wegonyoina.

Gonyoina tsazamativi (Rhombus) - iri izwi rinoreva gonyoina rine mativi akaenzana nhambwe. gonyo dzakatarisana mukati dzinenge dzakaenzana zvakare. Chiumbwa ichi chine guramakonyo mbiri anochekana negonyo re 90o. Skweya iri pamupanda wegonyoina tsazamativi zvakare.

Gonyoina tsazamakonyo (Rectangle) - iri izwi rapiwa kureva chiumbwa chine makonyo mana ose akaenzana; gonyo rimwe nerimwe riine 90o. Mativi maviri akatarisana anenge akaenzana uye akati sambamba. Skweya rinogona kupinda pamupanda rechiumbwa ichi asi kazhinji tinosarudza kuti skweya rimire roga.

Gonyoina sambambiri (Trapezium, trapezoid) - sokutaura kwezita racho, chiumbwa ichi chine mativi mana; zvakare chine mativi maviri akati sambamba.

Kayiti (Kite) imhando yegonyoina ine peya (pair) mbiri dzemativi anotevedzana akaenzana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti guramakonyo rimwe rinokamura kayiti kuita gonyonhatu mbiri dzakaenzana; dzine chidzudzani (congruency).




#Article 25: Gonyoina tsazamativi (157 words)


Muchidzidzo chePimanyika, gonyoina tsazamativi (Rhombus) chiumbwa chine mativi mana ose akaenzana. gonyo dzemukati dzakatarisana dzinenge dzakaenzana zvakare. Chiumbwa ichi chine madanhamakonyo maviri anochekana negonyo re 90o. Skweya iri pamupanda wegonyoina tsazamativi. Zita rokuti tsazamativi rinotsangangurwa kuchinyorwa chinonzi pimanzvimbo. Chivakamberi chokuti tsaza- chinobva kushoko rechiManyika rokuti tsazana rinoreva kuenzana.

Gonyoina tsazamativi rega-rega rine maguramakonyo mbiri anobatanidza mikwava (vertices) miviri yakatarisana, uye mativi maviri akati sambamba. Kuchishandiswa gonyonhatu dzine chidzudzani pane umbowo hwokuti gonyoina tsazamativi rine kupimirana kunotevedza madanhamakonyo maviri ari mariri. Chiumbwa ichi chine faniro (properties) dzinotevera:

Faniro yekutanga inotiudza kuti gonyoina tsazamativi riri pamupanda wegonyoina sambamba 

Nharaunda yechiumbwa ichi runowanikwa netsazaniso inoti:

Nharaunda, A  =  1/2.b.h

Apa b anomirira nhambwe yehwaro; h achimirira nhambwe yehudzamu. Tinotora hwaro sedivi ripi zvaro; hudzamu hunozotorwa senhambwe yemutwi unobatanidza mativi maviri asina kutevedzana.

Imwe nzira inokwaniswa kushanda ndeyekuti tinopangidzwa mikwava yegonyoina iri nemavara ABCD; nharaunda tinenge toiwana netsazaniso inoti:

Nharaunda, A  = (AC.BD)/2

Apa AC naBD dzinenge dziri nhambwe dzemaguramakonyo maviri.




#Article 26: Jekanyika (107 words)


Muchidzidzo cheJekanyika (Geodesy), nyika yakatarwa nemhando mbiri dzemitsetse. Kune mitsetse yakatarwa yakayambikana neMuenzanisi inonzi Mbariro dzeTaranyika, (lattitude). Kune mitsetse yakatarwa ichibata kuNorth pole neSouth pole inonzi mitambariko yeTaranyika, longitude. Mitsetse iyi inoshevedzwa nenhamba dzakarongeka. Nhamba dzemitsetse yeMbariro dzeTaranyika dzinoveregwa dzichibva paMuenzanisi dzichienda kumavirira nekumadokero. Nhamba dzemitambariko yeTaranyika dzinoverengwa dzichibva pamutsetse weGreenwich Meridian zvichienda kuNorth pole neSouth pole. Greenwich Meridian mutsetse welongitude unopfuura pedyo neRoyal Observatory, Greenwich, kuUnited Kingdom. 

Naizvozvo nzvimbo dzose dziri panyika dzine nhamba inotaura kuti nzvimbo iri papi mudandemutande remitsetse iyoyi. Ruzivo urwu ndirwo rwakashandiswa muhumhizha hweGPS, Geographical Position System chinova chombo chinobatsira kutaura kuti tiri papi uye kuratidza divi (direction) rine nzvimbo yatinoda kuenda.




#Article 27: Mwaka yepaNyika (1089 words)


Akiso (Axis)- uyu mutsetse uri pakati pechiumbwa unoti zviri kumativi ose emutsetse iwoyu zvinenge zvakafanana nekuenzanza huremu nekuumbwa kwazvo. Takatarisana neEarth, akiso iyi ndiyo monerapo apo panoziririka Earth kamwe pamusi mumwe - izvi zvinokonzera kubuda nokudoka kwezuva. Akiso iyi mutsetse unobatananidza North pole neSouth pole. Earth inonyerereka kana kumonereka paAkiso iyoyi kamwechete pamaawa 24.

Denderende (Ellipse) - iri zita rinoreva munyonga uri pamutsendo, unoonekwa panochekwa charaka zvichitevedza mutsendo nenzira inopa munyonga wakavharwa kwese (closed curve). Izvi zvinoreva kuti mutsendo wacho unocheka nenzira yokuti chiumbwa chinosara pachekwa chine munyonga chete pasina mutsetse wakati twasa; mutsendo haucheke hwaro kana chisuvi chiri pacharaka. Denderende harisi denderedzwa asi rinoda kuita sedenderedzwa rine kuumbwa kwezai. 

Boterero, (Orbit) - iri zita rinoreva nzira inofambwa nayo neEarth apo inenge ichipoterera zuva (sun) kamwe pagore kana kuti pamisi 365. Boterekwa reEarth rine kuumbwa kwakaita denderende. Iri zita rinoshandiswawo kutsanangudza nzira dzinofambwa nedzimwe nyeredzi (planets) padzinopoterera zuva.

Mutsendo (Plane, flat area) izwi rinoreva uso hwakatichechetere kunge pamusoro pemvura. Mutsendo unogonga kunge wakamiswa wakaita mutwi kana kurara kuti sandarara kana kurereka neipi zvayo gonyo. Mutsendo uso hune utandu huviri (2-dimensions)- hwasha nehurefu; mutsendo hauna hudzamu. Earth inoita dendera (revolves) iri pamutsendo wedenderende (elliptical plane) unocheka nepakati pezuva (sun).

Muenzanisi (equator) mutsetse unopangidza panosangana uso hweurungano nemutsendo une munzi wehuremu uye wakarurama neakiso yeurungano yacho. Kureva kuti mutsendo uyu wakaita mutwi neaksio uye kuti wakatakura munzi wehuremu (centre of mass) yeurungano yacho. Iri zita rinoshandiswazve pakutsangudza kuumbwa kweRinopasi, (Earth). Muenzanisi une nhambwe dzakaenzana kubva kuNorth pole ne South pole panzvimbo dzose. 

Gonga reMaodzanyemba ndipo papoyindi panoburikira akiso yekuzeya yeRinopasi  (Earth), kuri kuMaodzanyemba kweRinopasi, riri divi rakapesana neSouth pole. Kana takatarisa kuMabvazuva, Gonga reMaodzanyemba rinenge riri kuruboshwe.

Gonga reChamhembe ndipo papoyindi panoburikira akiso yekuzeya yeRinopasi (Earth), kuri kuChamhembe kweRinopasi. Kana takatarisa kuMabvazuva, Gonga reChamhembe  rinenge riri kurudyi.

Mbariro dzeTaranyika, (Latitude) mitsetse inobatanidza nzvimbo dzine nhambwe yegonyo yakaenzana kana gonyo richipimwa kubva paMuenzanisi zvichienda kuMaodzanyemba kana kuChamhembe kweMuenzanisi. Latitude inoverengwa ichibva paMuenzanisi uyo unopiwa nhamba 0o. Nhamba yelatitude inokwira zvichienda kuNorth pole - nhamba dzichipiwa vara (+), kudzamara dzasvika pa +90o. Nhamba yelatitude inodzika zvichenda kuSouth pole, nhamba dzichipiwa vara (-), kudzamara dzasvika pa -90o. Izvi zvinoreva kuti latitude 20o iri kuMaodzanyemba kweMuenzanisi; latitude -30o kana kuti 30oS iri kuChamhembe kweMuenzanisi. Mepu inotaridza mitsetse yelatitude ichibva kamadokero kuenda kumabvazuva.

Mitambariko yeTaranyika (Longitude) mitsetse inobatanidza nzvimbo dzine nhambwe yegonyo yakaenzana kana gonyo richipimwa kubva paPrime (Greenwich) zvichienda kuMabvazuva kana kuMadokero ePrime Meridian. Longitude inoverengwa ichibva paPrime Meridian iyo inopiwa nhamba 0o. Nhamba yelongitude inokwira zvichienda kuMabvazuva - nhamba dzichipiwa vara (+), kudzamara dzasvika pa +180o. Nhamba yelongitude inodzika zvichenda kuMadokero, nhamba dzichipiwa vara (-), kudzamara dzasvika pa -180o. Izvi zvinoreva kuti longitude +20o iri kuMabvazuva kwePrime Meridian; longitude -30o iri kuMadokero kwePrime Meridian.

Dendera (Revolution) izwi rinoreva kupoterera kunoita Earth ichitendera zuva. Dendera rinotanga nekuperera panzvimbo imwechete - ipapo paratangira ndipo parinogumira kuverengwa. Earth inoita dendera kamwe (1) pamazuva 365 kana kuti pagore.

Kuzeya. Shoko rokuti kuzeya kweEarth rinoreva kuziririka kunoita nyika paAkiso inobatanidza North pole neSouth pole. Nyika inoita monerapo ichiziririka paAkiso iyoyi. Kana tichitarisa North pole kubva muchadenga nyika inoratidzika ichiziririka kuenda nerudzivo rwunopesana newachi - counter-clockwise. Kana kuri kuSouth pole inotaridzika ichitenderera nerudzivo rwunotevedza wachi - clockwise. Kuziririka kunoita nyika ndiko kunoita kuti kuve neusiku nemasikati; nyika inoziririka kamwe (1) panguva inoita 24 maaawa. Pane ipi zvayo nguva: hafu yenyika inenge yakataira zuva iri muchiedza ari masikati; imwe hafu inenge iri murima kudivi risiri kuwana mirazvo yezuva. Saka panyika panogara paine denderedzwa rinotara muganhu pakati perima nechiedza unonzi Denderedzwa reChiedza - Circle of Illumination. 

Dendera. Shoko rokuti dendera rinoreva kupoterera kunoita Earth ichitendera zuva. Earth inoita dendera kamwe (1) pamisi 365,25. Dendera rinotanga nekuperera panzvimbo imwechete - ipapo paratangira ndipo parinogumira kuverengwa - nyika ichizotangazve kutenderera nenzira iyoyo imwechete. Nzira inotenderera nayo nyika tichaidana kuti boterekwa; nzira iyi ine kuumbwa kwedenderende kwete denderedzwa. Nokuda kwekuti boterekwa iri idenderende, nhambwe iri pakati penyika nezuva inosiyana mukufamba kwegore - asi izvi sandizvo zvinokonzera mwaka yepanyika.

Sokutaurwa kwaitwa, Earth inoita dendera (revolves) iri pamutsendo wedenderende (elliptical plane) unochekana neboterekwa rinofamba neEarth kamwe pagore. Panguva imwe chete, Earth inoita monerapo ichiziririka paAkiso inobatanidza North neSouth pole. Akiso yeEarth haina kururama pamutsendo wedenderende asi yakatsveyama negonyo re 23.5o. gonyo riri pakati pemutsendo denderende neAkiso yeEarth haichinje; Akiso inoramba yakanongedza divi rimwe uye yakatsveyama negonyo rimwe re 23.5o. Asi chinoshanduka kuti idivi ripi reAkiso riri pedyo nezuva. Divi riri pedyo nezuva rinowana mirazvo yakanyanya - iri divi ndiro rinenge riri mumwaka wekupisa, zhizha (summer), divi riri kure rinenge riri muchando (winter).

Zuvaragodza (Solstice)

Mazuva eZuvaragodza anoitika June 20-21 neDecember 20-21. 

Pamazuva aya, nzvimbo dzose dziri kuMaodzanyemba eMuenzanisi dzinowana chiedza kwemaAwa anodarika 12; nzvimbo dzose dziri kuChamhembe kweMuenzanisi dzinowana chiedza chiri kwemahawa ari pasi pe 12. Hafu yekuMaodzanyemba inenge iri mumwaka weZhizha, hafu yekuChamhembe inenge iri mumwaka wechando.

Pamazuva aya, nzvimbo dzose dziri kuChamhembe kweMuenzanisi dzinowana chiedza kwemaawa anodarika 12; nzvimbo dzose dziri kuMaodzanyemba kweMuenzanisi dzinowana chiedza chiri kwemaawa ari pasi pe 12. Hafu yekuChamhembe inenge iri mumwaka weZhizha, hafu yekuMaodzanyemba inenge iri mumwaka wechando.

Husiku Hwakaenzana Equinox

Mazuva eHusiku Hwakaenzana anoitika March 20-21 neSeptember 20-21. Pamazuva aya Denderedzwa reChiedza rinocheka Gonga reChamhembe neGonga reMaodzanyemba - mativi ose eAkiso anenge ari nhambwe dzakafanana kubva kuzuva - hapana divi rinenge riri pedyo nezuva kudarika rimwe. Zvakare hapana divi reAkiso rinenge rakanongedza kune zuva. Pamazuva aya nzvimbo dzose dziri panyika dzinowana husiku hwakaenzana, hwakareba 12 maawa - saka mazuva aya achinzi Husiku Hwakaenzana- equinox. 

Kubva pana March 20-21, nguva yechiedza inoenda ichireba kuhafu yekuMaodzanyemba - kutanga kwenguva yeChirimo (spring) kunzvimbo dziri kuMaodzanyemba kweMuenzanisi. Kunzvimbo dziri kuChamhembe, nguva yechiedza inenge ichiderera, kutanga kwenguva yeMatsutso (autumn) kunzvimbo idzi. Pakutsutsa.

Kubva pana Sep 20-21, nguva yechiedza inoenda ichiderera kuhafu yekuMaodzanyemba - iyi inguva yemwaka weMatsutso] (autumn) kunzvimbo dziri kuMaodzanyemba kweMuenzanisi. Kunzvimbo dziri kuChamhembe, nguva yechiedza inenge ichireba, nguva yemwaka weChirimo kunzvimbo idzi.

Nzvimbo dziri kunze kwelatitude yeTropics dzinoverenga mwaka mina inoonekwa zvakati tsvikiti. Mwaka iyi ndiyo chando; chirimo, zhizha, matsutso inova winter, autumn, summer ne spring kuEnglish.

Tamboona kuti longitude inoverengwa iri 0-180oE tichienda kuMabvazuva uye 0-180oW tichienda kuMadokero. Zvinoreva kuti gonyo relongitude rinohwerengedzwa kusvika pa360o. Taona zvakare kuti nyika inoziririka kutenderera kamwe paawa 24h - mahawa 24h anoenderana ne 360o. Panofambwa 15o yoga-yoga nguva inochinja neawa imwe (1h). 

Nyika yeZimbabwe iri murumana rwehunhungo (longitude) +30oE. Pose panochinja muyeranhamo ne 15o, nguva inochinja neawa rimwe (1h). Nokudaro Zimbabwe inopiwa nguva yakawedzerwa 2h (maawa 2) zvichienzaniswa nenguva iri paPrime Meridian. Somuenzaniso kana nguva iri paPrime Meridian iri pa 06:00hrs, nguva yeZimbabwe inenge iri pa 08:00hrs. Nguva iri paPrime Meridian inonzi Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Nokumwe kutaura nguva yeZimbabwe inodanwa ichinzi GMT + 2hrs.




#Article 28: Zvinyanye (125 words)


Muchidzidzo cheMasvomhu, zvinyanye (extrema) izwi rinodudzira panogumira hukuru uye huduku hwemupimo uri kutaurwa nezvawo. Sokuti mvura inowanikwa pakati pezvinyanye zve 0-100o Celsius. Zvinyanye izita rapiwa richitora pakutaura kwemazuva ose patinoti zvanyanya, zvanyanyisa kana kuti zvakanyanya - kuChirungu vachiti extreme or extremely. Kana totarisa humwe hweZvinyanye tinoti chinyanye (extremum, singular)

Nharire (Maximum) - iri izita rapiwa kududzira panogumira hukuru hwemupimo uri kutaurwa nezvawo. Sokuti muZimbabwe motokari dzinotenderwa nharire yemuchacha we 120 km/hr pamigwagwa mikuru. Mukutaura kwemazuva ose nharire inzvimbo yakakwirira, paive nemunhu airinda nyika yaShe achitarira kuti kune vavengi vanouya here.

Nhika (Minimum) - iri izita rapiwa kududzira panogumira huduku hwemupimo uri kutaurwa nezvawo. Sokuti hurumende inoronga kutara mari inotambiriswa vashandi ive panhika ye$150 pamwedzi. Pakutaura kwemazuva ose nhika inzvimbo iri pakadzika tichifananidza nenhraunda yenzvimbo iyoyo.




#Article 29: Gunganidzo (107 words)


Muchidzidzo cheScience gunganidzo (Gravity) izwi rinotsanangudza chiitiko chinoonekwa pazviumbwa zvemuchadenga kuti zvinokweva chero chipi chiumbwa nefosi rine kukura kunoyenderana nehuremu hwezviumbwa. 

Fosi regunganidzo ndiro rinokweva mvura kuti iwungane munzvimbo dziri pakaderera uye kuti chinhu chichinge chakandwa mudenga chidzoke zvakare pasi.

Fosi yegunganidzo pakati pezuva nenyika ndiyo inoita kuti Rinopasi (earth) rirambire muBoterekwa (orbit) rimwechete marinotenderera dendera rimwe (1) pagore risingatetereke muchadenga. Zuva rinokwezva nyika kuti irambe ichitenderera muBoterekwa risingashunduke.

Dzimwe nyeredzi dzose dzinofamba neBoterekwa rakatarwa dzinodariswo negunganidzo pakati penyeredzi (planets) idzodzo nezuva. Zuva rinokwezva nyeredzi kuti dzirambe dzichitenderera neBoterekwa risingashunduke. Chiitiko chegunganidzo chinotsanangurwa nedudzirazivo rakanyorwa naIsaac Newton rave kunzi Mutemo weGunganidzo waNewton - Newton's Law of Gravity.




#Article 30: Charaka (112 words)


Muchidzidzo chePimanyika, charaka (Cone) izwi rinoreva chiumbwa chine uso huviri; humwe uso huri hwaro hwedenderedzwa huri pamutsendo, uso hwepiri huri uso hunopfirira hwaro kusvika pachisuvi (apex). Nguva zhinji chisuvi chinenge chakaita mutwi nemunzi wepakati (centre) pedenderedzwa riri pauso hunova hwaro. 

Shoko reShona rokuti charaka rinotodzana necharaka chinowanikwa paduwo rinoteyeswa hove chine kuumbwa kweiya inonzi cone kuEnglish. Hove inopinda nekwakapamhama, yave mukati charaka chakamanika zvokuti hove inotadza kubuda.

Charaka chinoumbwa kana tikatenderedza gonyonhatu yemutwi pahwaro hwayo, ichiita monerapo padivi rakarurama pahwaro.

Kare kare varimi vaivaka dununu rokuchengetera chibage chinege chakororwa. Dununu raitaridzika sedenga rekicheni yekumaruwa rakasunamiswa chisuvi chichiva pasi - uku ndiko kuumbwa kwecharaka. Vamwe vatauri vanoti dununu ndiro rujada, rudada kana chitanangare.




#Article 31: Tsaza- (124 words)


Mukutaura ChiShona vara rokuti Tsaza- (Equi-) chivakamberi chichange chiri kushandiswa kuratidza kuti zvakadomwa kumashure kwaicho chivakamberi ichi zvakaenzana uye zvakafanana. Tsaza- achange achisahndiswa nenzira imwe inoshandiswa prefix 'equi-' inoshandiswa kuEnglish pamwazwi akaita sa: equidistant; equilateral; equiangular. 

Sarudzo iyi yaitwa pachicherechedzwa kuti kufanana hazvirevi kuenzana; sokuti baba nemwana wavo nyangwe vakafanana, havana kuenzana.

Chivakamberi ichi chiri kubva paizwi reChiManyika rokuti tsazana rinoreva kuenzana.

Mazuva eTsazahusiku anoitika March 20-21 neSeptember 20-21. Pamazuva aya Denderedzwa reChiedza rinocheka North pole neSouth pole - mativi ose eAkiso anenge ari nhambwe dzakafanana kubva kuzuva - hapana divi rinenge riri pedyo nezuva kudarika rimwe. Zvakare hapana divi reAkiso rinenge rakanongedza kune zuva. Pamazuva aya nzvimbo dzose dziri panyika dzinowana husiku hwakaenzana, hwakareba 12 maawa - saka mazuva aya achinzi Tsazahusiku- equinox.




#Article 32: Tsazahusiku (158 words)


Muchidzidzo cheTaranyika (Geography), mazuva eTsazahusiku anoitika March 20-21 neSeptember 20-21. Pamazuva aya Denderedzwa reChiedza rinocheka North pole neSouth pole - mativi ose eAkiso anenge ari hhambwe dzakafanana kubva kuzuva - hapana divi rinenge riri pedyo nezuva kudarika rimwe. Zvakare hapana divi reAkiso rinenge rakanongedza kune zuva. Pamazuva aya nzvimbo dzose dziri panyika dzinowana husiku hwakaenzana, hwakareba 12 maawa - saka mazuva aya achinzi Tsazahusiku- equinox. 

Kubva pana March 20-21, nguva yechiedza inoenda ichireba kuhafu yekuMaodzanyemba - kutanga kwenguva yeChirimo (spring) kunzvimbo dziri kuMaodzanyemba kweMutsazanisi. Kunzvimbo dziri kuChamhembe, nguva yechiedza inenge ichiderera, kutanga kwenguva yeMatsutso (autumn) kunzvimbo idzi. 

Kubva pana Sep 20-21, nguva yechiedza inoenda ichiderera kuhafu yekuMaodzanyemba - iyi inguva yemwaka weMatsutso] (autumn) kunzvimbo dziri kuMaodzanyemba kweMutsazanisi. Kunzvimbo dziri kuChamhembe, nguva yechiedza inenge ichireba, nguva yemwaka weChirimo kunzvimbo idzi.

Chivakamberi chekuti Tsaza- chiri pamberi peshoko rokuti tsazahusiku chinodudza kuti zvinhu zvakataurwa kumashure kwacho zvakaenzana. Vara rokuti Tsaza- rinofanana nerokuti equi- rinoshandiswa kuEnglish pamberi pemashoko anoti: equilateral, equidistant, equiangular.




#Article 33: Zuvaragodza (106 words)


Muchidzidzo cheTaranyika, mazuva eZuvaragodza (solstice) anoitika June 20-21 neDecember 20-21. Pamazuva aya hafu yenyika inowana chiedza chine maawa arakarebesa (longest daylight hours) imwe hafu ichiwana chiedza chine maawa akashomekesa (shortest daylight hours).

Pamazuva aya, nzvimbo dzose dziri kuMaodzanyemba eMutsazanisi dzinowana chiedza kwemahawa anodarika 12; nzvimbo dzose dziri kuChamhembe kweMutsazanisi dzinowana chiedza chiri kwemahawa ari pasi  pe 12. Hafu yekuMaodzanyemba inenge iri mumwaka weZhizha, hafu yekuChamhembe inenge iri mumwaka wechando.

Pamazuva aya, nzvimbo dzose dziri kuChamhembe kweMutsazanisi dzinowana chiedza kwemahawa anodarika 12; nzvimbo dzose dziri kuMaodzanyemba kweMutsazanisi dzinowana chiedza chiri kwemahawa ari pasi  pe 12. Hafu yekuChamhembe inenge iri mumwaka weZhizha, hafu yekuMaodzanyemba inenge iri mumwaka wechando.




#Article 34: Marondera (272 words)


Marondera kaguta kari makiromita anoita makumi matanhatu nechekumabvazuva kweguta guru reHarare makananga munzira inoenda kuguta reMutare. Marondera ndiro guta guru redunhu reMashonaland East. Vagari venzvimbo iyi vazhinji maZezuru. Iri guta rine zvikwata zvakawanda zvevabvakure. Kunoti varungu vanowanzowanika mumapurazi. Kwozotiwo vaMalawi. Zvidza zvegutu iri zveChiZezuru. Marondera inzvimbo ine dzimba huru dzakawanda dzakaipoteredza Svosve, Nysahanu, Chikwaka zvingodaro. Nzimbo dzinogara vanhu kunoti musha weDombotombo, Rujeko, Yellow City, Nyameni, Cherutombo, Rusike, Paradise Park neWeston Part. Zvinamati zvinowanikwa muguta iri kunotiMaKristu akare VaRoma, Ngirandi, Hwisiri nedzimwewo kwozotiwo maKristu emweya veZaoga, Family of God. Kunewo vavhangeri veChurch of Christ neBaptist zvichingodarowo. Kune vateveri vaMahamadhiwo(Muslims) vanova ivo vazhinji veChiMalawi neveChiIndia. Kunowanikwao Vapositori vakawanda. Nzvimbo yeMarondera ine zvikoro zvakawanda zvakanaka zvine dzidzo yepamusoro-soro, zvakaita sePeterhouse nechikoro cheWaddilove chinova icho kudhuze neguta iri.

Guta iri rakatanga kutungamirwa naMeya wechitema aiva Innocent Mutsanziri Shonhiwa kubva muna 1982 kusvikira 1987. Ndiye akava mutungamiri weChivanhu wekutanga kubva muHondo yeChimurenga yeChipiri. Innocent anga akaberekwa namai vake Ottillia Ziteya aiva mwana wa  Leonard Takaendesa Maresva. Innocent wakanga aine mukoma mumwe  aitwa Basil Siliva Takaendesa nehanzvadzi imwe mumba maMai vake aiitwa iye Juliet Pelagia Muzerengi. Baba VaInnocent vaiva vekwaZiteya. Innocent waiva nenzvadzi nemunin'ina mumba maBaba vake.Innocent wakazoteverwa naMeya Chiboth Dakura Mukange aiva mudzidzisi muiri guta. Vagari veMarondera vanowana mvura yekumwa kubva mumadhamu maviri anoitwa Nyambuya neRufaro. Nyambuya idhamu riri murwizi runoitwa Nyakambiri. MuMarondera munowakiwa nzvimbo dzakakosha dzinoratidza zvinyoro zvechinyakare zvepamatombo mumapako ari paTapfuma School. Kunewo Imire GamePark inowanikwapedyo neiri guta ine mhuka dzesango dzemhando dzakawanda.

Marondera inzvimbo ine mapani akwanda naizvozvo munguva dzechando kunotonhora zvakanyanya. Mvura inowanzo nayawo zvikuru munguva yezhizha. Iri guta riri kukura  zvikuru nevanhu vanofarira kuvakiramo vachishanda kuHarare nekuti mutengo wedzimba wakatidererei zvichienzaniswa neHarare.




#Article 35: Kurima neMombe (313 words)


Joko (yoke) - iri idanda rakavezwa rikakwenenzverwa rinoturikwa pamutsipa wemombe kuti dzive dzinokwanisa kuzvuva gejo. Kumativi maviri kunoperera Joki kune nzvimbo mbiri dzine zvikeyi panova panoboperwa mombe kuti joki risimbe mutsipa wembombe usasiyana nejoki. Zvikeyi zvakagadzirwa nemapuranga maviri anopinzirwa akarurama pajoki akataramukana nhambwe inosvika 30-32centimetre Zvikeyi zvakapamhamha kuita 4-5 centimetre uye zvine nzvimbo dzakachekwa apo panoboperwa zvitorobho. Nzvimbo dzokubopera zvitobho dzinokwanisa kuva mbiri kana nhatu pachikeyi chimwe kuitira kuti tikwanise kubopa mombe dzine mitispa yakakura zvakasiyana. 

Gejo - iri ndiro badza resimbi rinokwehwa nemombe richitiginura pasi nokupindura ivhu.

Tyava (whip) chinorukwa netambo dzerwodzi runosvuurwa kubva pamiti yakaita semupfuti, musasa, munhondo zvichingodaro. Tyava chinokwanisa kurukwa netambo nhatu (gurumbindo) kana ina (mhumburu).

Mombe - nguva zhinji mhando yemombe inoshandiswa inenge iri, dhonza kana kuti ngavi. Idzi dzinenge dziri mombe hono dzakatenhwa kuti dzisabereka, izvi zvichibatsirawo kuti dzive mombe dzakapfava kana zvichienzaniswa nemabhuru kana kuti handira. Vamwewo vanoshandisa mombe nzvari, matsiru nemhou pakurima; izvi zvinoitwa kunyanya pasina ngavi mudanga. Mombe yasvika pazera rokuti ichitanga kupingudzwa inonzi jong'osi.

Kupingudza (training or breaking an oxen) - iri izwi rinoreva kudzidzisa mombe isina kumbobvira yakabopwa kuti igone kutevera zvinodiwa nemukokeri ari kushanda nayo. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuti: mombe ive inopfava painosungwa tambo ichinobopwa pajoko, kutevera mashoko anotaurwa nemukokeri sokuti mombe idzoke shure kana mukokeri adaro. Mombe dzinobopwa dzinopingudzwa kusvika pamatanho akasiyana zvichienderana neari kupingudza.

Tambo - dzinosiyana zvichibva nokuti munhu awana pakadii. Kune tambo: dzakarukwa nerwodzi; tambo dzedehwe rakasukwa rakaomeswa; tambo dzeshinda yakasimba zvichingodaro.

Mukokeri uyu munhu anotungamira mombe achiita kuti dzifambe nenzira yekuri kuitwa basa racho. Mombe kana dzapingudzwa dzinokwanisa kusvika padanho rokuti panenge pasisadiwe mukokeri zvikurusei pamabasa ari nyore sekurima negejo.

Mutyairi - uyu ndiye munhu anenge ari kukarira mombe kuti dzishande nesimba imwe nguva achirova mombe netyava kuti dzifambise dzisakorondoke. Munhu mumwe ari pagejo anogona kuva mutyairi panguva imwe chete zvichienderana nokuti mombe dzakapingudzwa dzikaziva basa zvakadini uye kuti iye akabata gejo anobata basa zvakadii ari ega.




#Article 36: Mucheko (119 words)


Muchidzidzo chePimanyika, mucheko (Cross-section) izwi rinoreva uso hunoonekwa kana chiumbwa chine mumhu chachekwa. Chiumbwa chinogona chiri kuchekwa zvichitevedza: mutsetse wakati sambamba nehwaro hwachakagara nacho, mutsetse wakarurama pahwaro, kana mutsetse unoita gonya ripi zvaro pahwaro. 

Ruvanze rweMucheko (Cross-sectional area) - izwi iri rinotaura kukura kweuso hunoonekwa kana chiumbwa chine mumhu chachekwa. Muzvinyorwa zviri kutevera tichange tichidzidza pamusoro petsazaniso dzekutsvaka kukura kwakaita ruvanze rweMucheko.

Denderende ndicho chiumbwa chemunyonga (uri pamutsendo), unoonekwa panochekwa charaka zvichitevedza mutsendo nenzira inopa munyonga wakavharwa kwese (closed curve). Izvi zvinoreva kuti mutsendo wacho unocheka nenzira yokuti chiumbwa chinosara pachekwa chine munyonga chete pasina mutsetse wakati twasa; mutsendo haucheke hwaro kana chisuvi chiri pacharaka.

Denderedzwa ndicho chiumwa chinowanikwa kana charaka chachekwa zvichitevedza mutsetse wakati sambamba nehwaro hwechakara chakarurama.




#Article 37: Nhambwe (121 words)


Muchidzidzo cheKupimanzvimbo, nhambwe (Distance) izwi rinotsanangudza kuti nzvimbo iri kure zvakadii kubva kune imwe. Nhambwe inopimwa nechiyero chinonzi mita - (metre).

Hurefu (length) - shoko iri rinoreva kureba kwenzvimbo kana ichipimwa. Kana tiri kuMasvomho, hurefu hunoshandiswa kududza divi rakanyanya kureba kudarika mamwe.

Hwasha (width) - shoko iri rinoreva kupamhama kwenzvimbo kana ichipimwa

Hudzamu (depth) - shoko rinoreva kudzika kwenzvimbo kana ichipimwa. Shoko iri rinoshandiswa kududza kupimwa kwenhambwe zvichitevedza rudzivo rwekudzika pasi.

Hukwidza (height, altitude) - iri shoko rinonyanya kushandiswa kududza kupimwa kwenhambwe zvichitevedza rudzivo rwekuenda mudenga. Somuenzaniso tingataura hukwidza hwendenge iri kubhururuka kana chivakwa chemudurikidzanwa. Mukutaura kwamazuva ose tinoti chinhu chiri pakakwirira kana pakaderera, muzvidzidzo zveScience zvakafanira kuti titaure pamusoro pehukwidza.

Mipimo yose yataurwa pamusoro inoshandisha chiyero chenhambwe chinonzi mita (metre).




#Article 38: Fundoyetsimba (710 words)


Physics chidzidzo cheScience chine donzvo rekuti tinge tichinzwisisa nyika ino yatigere. Physics inotarisa mitemo inobata pakufamba nokudyidzana kwezvinhu zvose zviri panyika. Chidzidzo ichi chinoongorora kaumbwiro kakaitwa zviri munyika, kufamba kwazvo maringe nokufambawo nenguva uye nzvimbo. Chinodzidzisawo zvekare nhau pamusoro pemhando dzesimba uye ukama huripo pakati pesimba nokuitwa kwebasa.

Chinangwa chechinyorwa chino kuparura nhaurwa yezvidzidzo zvePhysics. Zvakakosha kuti tinge tichitanga nekutsangangura mazita atinosangana nawo pakukurukura Physics.

Mukweso - Resistance

Mutemo (Laws)- sokuti mitemo yaNewton wokutanga, wepiri newechitatu. Mutemo inotsangudzwa netsazaniso dzinonyora ukama huripo pakati pezviyero zvakasiyana.

Rudzivo (Direction)- Iri izwi rapiwa kureva kunongedza divi riri kutaurwa nezvaro, riri kuenda chinhu kana force kana chipi chiyero chine utandu.

Basa (Work)- Basa rinodudzirwa sesimba rinoshanda kana Fosi ichinge yafambisa chinhu zvinoenderana nedzivo yeFosi iyoyo. Basa rinoitwa chete kana Fosi ichinge yafamba nhambwe; Fosi isina chayafambisa hapana basa rinenge raitwa. Basa rine tsazaniso inoti, Basa = Fosi x nhambwe. Basa rinopimwa nechiyero chinonzi Joules.

Simba (Energy)- simba kupimwa kwehuwandu hwebasa rinotarisirwa kuitwa neGumbapamwe (system). Kune marudzi esimba akawanda ose anopimwa nechiyero chinonzi Joule - kunova kuyerwa kwesimba rinenge rashanda kana Fosi ye 1 newton yafamba nhambwe ye 1m ichisunda chinhu. Tsanangudzo yokuti chinonzi gumbapamwe chii iri kutevera mberi.

Pawa (Power)- izwi iri rinodudzira kuitwa kwebasa paumwe hwechiyero chenguva. Kuchivirika knopimwa nechiyero chinonzi Watt kana kuti (Joules/Second). Kana takatarisa mwenje wegetsi yakanyorwa kunzi 100Watts umwe 50Watts, kureva kuti mwenje wokutanga unoshandisa simba remagetsi rakapwetwa kaviri zvichienzaniswa nemwenje wechipiri. Uye tikatora varume vaviri wokutanga asenga masaga 50 echibage pa 4 awa, wepiri akasenga masaga echibage 50 pa 6 awa - wekutanga anenge ashanda nekuchivirika kwakakura pane wepiri.

Fosi (Force)- Manikidzo tinoiwona mazuva ose panosundwa kana kuzvuviwa chinhu. Fosi inokenzera kuchinja kwemuchacha (speed), kuchinja kwedzivo, kana kuchinja kwemaumbirwo akaita chiumbwa (Shape)zvikuru sei takatarisana nezviumbwa zvisina kusimba. Fosi ine tsazaniso (equation) inoti F = huremu X kufangura. Fosi inopimwa nechiyero chinonzi Newton (N).

Puresha (Pressure)- izwi iri rapiwa kutsanangudza chiitiko chekunge Fosi iri kubata paumwe hwechiyero cheruvanze. Puresha inopimwa nechiyero chinonzi Pascal uye inopimwa nerudzivo rwakarurama panharaunda yakadzvanyiwa nepuresha yacho. Ngatitii tine zviumbwa zviviri chimwe nechimwe chine huremu hwe 100kg; ngatitizve chokutanga chakagara pauso hwe 1m2, chepiri chakagara pauso hwe 0,5m2. Zviumbwa zviviri zvine Fosi yakaenzana asi chiumbwa chakagara pauso hudiki hwe 0,5m2 ndicho chinodzvanya nepuresha yakakura. 

Spidhi (Speed)- iri izwi rinodudza nhambwe yafambwa paumwe hwechiyero chenguva. Spidhi ine tsazaniso inoti Spidhi = (nhambwe/nguva); uye une chiyero chinonzi mita pa sekondi (m/s.) Spidhi haitarisi kuti nhambwe yafambwa pakatwasuka here nokuti hauna rudzivo runopimwa - uku ndiko kusiyana kwacho nemuchacha.

Muchacha (velocity)- iri izwi rinodudza nhambwe yafambwa nenzira yakatwasuka paumwe hwechiyero chenguva. Muchacha une tsazaniso inoti Muchacha = (nhambwe/nguva); uye une chiyero chinonzi mita pa sekondi (m/s). Muchacha unopimwa kushanduka kwerudzivo zvakare.

Rufangu (Acceleration)- iri izwi rinoreva kuchinja kwemuchacha paumwe hwechiyero chenguva. Kufangura kune chiyero (m/s2). Tsazaniso inoti Rufangu = (kuchinja kwemuchacha/nguva).

Gunganidzo (Gravity)- iri izwi rinotsanangudza chiitiko chinoonekwa pazviumbwa zvemuchadenga kuti zvinokweva chero chipi chiumbwa nefosi rine kukura kunoyenderana nehuremu hwezviumbwa. Fosi reguganidzo ndiro rinekweva mvura kuti iwungane munzvimbo dzakaderera uye kuti chinhu chichinge chakandwa mudenga chidzoke zvakare pasi.

Huremu (Mass)- huremu kupimwa kwehuwandu hwechinhu. Huremu hunopimwa nechiyero chinonzi kilogram (Kg).

Huduma (density) - iri izwi rinoreva huremu huchipimwa paumwe hwemumhu. Zvinhu zvakasiyana zvine huduma hwakasiyana; kusiyana kwehuduma kunoita kuti zvimwe zvinhu zviyangarare pamusoro pemvura zvimwe zvichinyura. Iri zita rapiwa richitoredzera paguduma rinove sango rine miti yakabatana zvakanyanya. Zvakanaka kuti tinge tichimutsurudza mazwi asingashandiswe mazuva ose tichiashandisa kutaura zvinhu zvatinowona mazuvano zvinoda kufanana nezvaireva mazwi aya kare.

Hujoto (temperature) chiyero chinopima kutonhora kana kupisa kuri kuita chiro kana nzvimbo. Hujoto hunodudza kuti chiro chinokwanisa kudziyisa chimwe zvakadii. Sokuti madziya (heat) anoyerera kubva panzvimbo pane hujoto hwe 100oCelsius kuenda kune hujoto hwe 40oCelsius.

Nguva (Time) - iri izwi rinoreva kupimwa kunoitwa kutaramukana kwakaita zviitiko; nguva inopimwa nechiyero chinonzi sekondi(s).

Dendera (Rotation) - iri izwi rinoshandiswa kana chiumbwa chichipoterera akiso yekufungidzira (imaginary axis) zvikuru sei kana akiso iri kunze kwechiumbwa ichochi. Muenzaniso kutenderera kunoita Earth ichipoterera zuva (sun) kamwe (1) pagore.

Kuziririka (Spinning) - iri izwi rinoshandiswa kana chiumbwa chiri kutenderera pa akiso iri pakati pechiumbwa zvikuru sei sei kana akiso ichidarika nepane munzi wehuremu (centre of mass). Muenzaniso ungapiwa kuzeya kunoita Earth kamwe pazuva ichiziririka nepane akiso inopfuura nepagoko raiyo Earth. 

Nhambwe (Distance)- iri izwi rinotsanangudza kuti nzvimbo iri kure zvakadii kubva kune imwe. Nhambwe inopimwa nechiyero chinonzi mita.




#Article 39: Mazita eChishona (600 words)


Mazita eChiShona ari pachinyorwa chino mazita ari kushandiswa mazuva ano semazita ekupiwa - first names. Mazita eChiShona akawanda nokuti mamwe mazita anopiwa zvichienderana nokuti vabereki kana mhuri iri padanho rakadii muupenyu. Sokuti mhuri yabva mukufirwa inokwanisa kupa mwana azvarwa panguva iyoyo zita rokuti Munyaradzi kana kuti  Tanyaradzwa.

Pachikamu chino hapana kunyorwa mazita emhuri - surnames. Mazita ari pano akanyorwa zvichitevedza marongerwo ezviperengo zvemavara nemashoko (alphabet).

Chinangwa chechinyorwa chino ndiko: kudada nerudzi rwedu; chimiro chedu; nekwatinobva, kuita manyawi nemutauro wedu; kutenda nekurumbidza Mwari kuburikudza nemazita edu; tiine tariro yokuti ramangwana redu rinodadisa.

Vamwe vedu vechitema vari kune dzimwe nyika vanopa vana vavo mazita emutauro wavo; ndicho chishuwo chiri pano kuti tipfumbidze nokupemberera rurimi rwedu rwatakapiwa naiye musiki.

Tarisiro ndeyekuti mazita ari pachinyorwa chino achapfuuura 500; pari zvino mazita aripano anodarika 400.




#Article 40: Pimagonyonhatu (158 words)


Muchidzidzo Pimanyika, pimagonyonhatu chidzidzo chinoongorora hukama huripo pakati penhambwe dziri pamativi nemagonyo egonyonhatu. Kukura kwakaita gonyo kunodudzwa negovano dzinoti sine, cosine, uye tangent

Govano (ratio) izwi rinoreva hukama huripo pakati penhamba mbiri dzine utandu (dimensions) dzakafanana. Govano inonyorwa seizvi (a:b), izvi zvichitiudza kuti nhamba yechipiri inopinda kangani mune yokutanga.

Ichi chidzidzo chononzi trigonometric ratio kuEnglish. Chidzidzo chino chinotaura pamusoro pehukama huripo pakati penhambwe dziri pamativi nemagonyo egonyonhatu. Chikamu ichi tinoshanda negonyonhatu yemutwi tichidzidza nezve rheshiyo dzinoti tangent, sine uye cosine. Rheshiyo idzi dzinoshandiswa kuti tizive mativi uye magonyo ane hukuru hunenge husinga zivikanwe.

Kuti tipinde muchidzidzo cheRheshiyo dzePimagonyonhatu tinotanga tadudza mazita anopiwa kumativi egonyonhatu. Mativi matatu anopiwa mazita zvichibva pakuti tiri kushanda negonyo ripi regonyonhatu. 

Sine yegonyo iRheshiyo yenhambwe dzedarisanwa nemuzendami. Sine ine tsazaniso inoti:

Sine = darisanwa/muzendami

Cosine yegonyo iRheshiyo yenhambwe dzedivi remuny'asi nemuzendami. Cosine ine tsazaniso inoti:

Cosine = divi remuny'asi/muzendami

Tangent yegonyo iRheshiyo yenhambwe dzedarisanwa nedivi remuny'asi. Tangent ine tsazaniso inoti:

Tangent = darisanwa/divi remuny'asi




#Article 41: Hujoto (132 words)


Muchidzidzo fundoyetsimba, hujoto (temperature) chiyero chinopima kutonhora kana kupisa kuri kuita chiro kana nzvimbo. Hujoto hunodudza kuti chiro chinokwanisa kudziyisa chimwe zvakadii. Sokuti madziya (heat) anoyerera kubva panzvimbo pane hujoto hwe 100oCelsius kuenda kune hujoto hwe 40oCelsius.

Celsius ndicho chikero chinoshandiswa munyika zhinji kupima hujoto. Chikero ichi chinoura kuti 0oCelsius inowankwa pahujoto panogwamba mvura - freezing point of water. kana mvura yasvika pahujoto painofashaira inenge yava pa 100oC.

Kelvin ndicho chikero chinoshandiswa zvikurusei kufundoyetsimba; ichi chikero chinoti 0oC = 273,15K. Kuchishandiswa chikero ichi, 0 Kelvins inenge yaenzana ne -273,15K.

Fahrenheit ndicho chikero chinoshandiswa kupima hujoto kunyika yeUSA. Kuchitevedzwa chikero cheFahrenheit, mvura inogwamba pa 32oF ichizofanza pa 212oF.  Kushanduka kwemvura uku kunenge kuchipimwa papuresha yemweya (atmospheric pressure) unoita 101.365kPa. Mvura iri pamusoro pegomo refu inokurumidza kufanza kupfuura iri pasi nokuda kwemusiyano wemutsindo wemweya.




#Article 42: Sinowo (121 words)


Muchidzidzo Taranyika, sinowo (Snow) imhando yekuturuka kwemvura inoitika munzvimbo dzinotonhora zvakanyanya. Sinowo zhinji inonaya kunyika dzinotonhora dziri kuEurope (Russian Federation, Ukraine]), Asia, neNorth America. Mazaya echando anowanikwawo munzvimbo dzakakwirira zvakanyanya segomo reKilimanjaro kuKenya nekumakomo makuru ari kuChile kuSouth America.

Kazhinji sinowo inoturuka kana kuri kutonhora zviri pa 0 Celsius zvichidzika, panova ndipo panogwamba mvura kuita magodo echando. Sinowo yakareruka pahuremu uye painoungana inosiya tuhomwe twemhepo pakati payo tunova tunoita kuti isarema. Munyika dzinotonhora, kune mhuka dzinohwanda musinowo kana chando chasvika izvi zvichidzivirira kutonhorwa nechando kwakanyanya. Mhuka dzakita setsuro neshiri dzinonzi Ptarmigan dzinofukura zvipako zvokuhwanda musinowo; apa sinowo inenge iri kuita semashe ichishanda kudzivira chando zvinoita iye inonzi insulation kuEnglish. Mhuka yakahwanda musinowo inodzivirira chando kupfuura iyo iri pamhene inorohwa nemhepo inovhuvhuta.




#Article 43: Nyauka (105 words)


Muchidzidzo fundoyetsimba, kunyauka kana kununa (melt; thaw) zvinoreva kushanduka kubva pakuve godo kuenda pakuve mutuvi. Godo rinoshanduka kuva mutuvi kana hujoto hwakwira kusvika pachimiso chekugwamba - freezing point. Somuenzaniso magodo emvura (ice) anotanga kunyauka kana hujoto hwasvika 0oC.

Mamwe mazwi anoreva melting ndeanoti: kunyakatika, kunyakatisa, kunyakatira.

Muchinyorwa chino izwi reEnglish rinoti dissolving ndiro richanzi kunyungudika; izwi reEnglish rinoti melting ndiro richanzi kunyauka.  Mukutaura kwamazuva ose mazwi maviri eEnglish aya anositurikirwa neshoko rimwe rokuti kunyungudika.

Mashoko aya akasiyana pakuti kunyauka zvinoreva kushanduka kubva pakuva godo kuenda pakuva mutuvi kuburikidza nekukwira kwehujoto hwasvika kana kupfuura pachimiso chekugwamba.

Simba remadziya rinopinda kuti godo rinyauke rinonzi mbindikwa yemadziya ekunyautsa. 




#Article 44: Fanza (113 words)


Kufanza zvinoreva kushanduka kubva pakuve mutuvi kuenda pakuve gasi kunoitika pasina kushanduka kwehujoto hwekufanza . Mutuvi unoshanduka kuva godo kana hujoto hwasvika kana kudarika chimiso chekufanza - boiling point. Somuenzaniso, mvura inoshanduka kubva pakuve mutuvi kuenda pakuve mwando wemvura (water vapour) kana hujoto hwasvika kana kudarika hujoto 100oCelsius.

Kufanza kuri pamupanda wokusasauka. Musiyano ndewekuti kusasauka kunoitika chero nepahujoto huri pasi pechimiso chekufanza. Kufanza kunoitika nemudida uri pamusoro uye kufanza kunoitika kana hujoto hwasvika pachimiso chekufanza.

Somuenzaniso, mvura yasiyiwa mubhava panze pazuva inosasauka ikadakara kusvika pakupera ichingosasauka asi isina kumbofanza. Kupwa kwemvura iyi kunotora nguva yakareba zvinosiyana nemvura iri kufanza iri pamoto inokasira kupwa.

Simba remadziya rinopinda mumutuvi richikonzera kufanza rinonzi mbindikwa yemadziya ekufanza




#Article 45: Zuva (103 words)


Muzvidzidzo zvinoti: taranyika; jekanyika; fundoyetsimba; Zvechadenga, zuva imhando yenyenyedzi iri pakati peGumbapamwe reMushana. Zuva rine hujoto hwakakwira zvokuti mbato irimo inoshanduka kubva pakuva mwando unopisisa kuenda pakuva inonzi plasma kuEnglish. Plasma imhando yomusandu ine mwando unopisa zvakanyanya zvokuti maatomu anoshanduka kuva maayoni.

Pimadanho reZuva rine nhambwe yakareva 1,392,000 km, zvichireva kuti zuva akakura zvakapetwa ka 109 kana richienzaniswa neEarth.

Kudzikatirwa kwezuva (Eclipse of the Sun) kunoitika kana mwedzi uri pakati pezuva neRinopasi zvose zvakanangana zviri pamutsetse wakati twasa. Chinoitika ndechekuti mirazvo yezuva inodzikatidzwa nemwedzi yotadza kusvika panyika pane Rinopasi. Nzvimbo dzinenge dzaitika izvi dzinoita rima kunze kugotanga kutonhorera, shiri dzoenda kunovata dzichiti kwadoka.

 




#Article 46: Chisipiti (136 words)


Muchidzidzo chetaranyika, chisipiti kana chinyuka (spring - permanent) zvinoreva panzvimbo panobuda mvura ichitubuka yega kubva pasi.  Kana chisipiti chichibuda kubva pasi pedombo chinonzi dombore.

Panonaya mvura, imwe mvura inosinina ichipinda pasi pevhu. Yave pasi, mvura iyi inotevedza pane ivhu kana mhande yematombo anobvinina (layer of permeable soil or rock). Mvura iyi inokwezvewa kuenda kunzvimbo dziri pakaderera kuburikidza negunganidzo re Earth. Nokuda kwegunganidzo, mvura yemuvhu inoda kuwungana ichigadzikana pasi ipapo kudzamara pamusoro payo pave muchechetere. Iwoyu muchechetere wemvura unodanwa kunzi tafura yemvura - water table kuEnglish.

Imwe nguva mhande chematombo anobvinina chinosvika pachinobudikira pachinosangana nepane nhika pauso hwenyika.  Ipapo kana tafura yemvura iri pakakwirira kudarika nhika iyi, mvura inotubuka kubuda muchiwarikwa chematombo ichizoonekwa sechisipiti.

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo mvura iyoyi inokwanisa kunge yayerera ichibatana nemuzera wedombo rinopisa zvokuti inotubuka panyika yave kudziya kuita chisipiti chinopisa  - Hot springs.




#Article 47: Manikidzo (118 words)


Muchidzidzo chefundoyetsimba, Fosi (Force) kusvudzira kunoita kuti mutumbi ushanduke mukufamba kwauri kuita, murudzivo rwahuri kufamba kana kuti mukuumbwa kwacho. Izvi zvinoreva kuti fosi inokonzeresa chinhu chine huremu kuti chishanduke muchacha wacho (zvichisanganisa kutanga kufamba kwacho mukubva kumira), i.e. rufangu; kana kuti fosi inokonzeresa mitumbi usina kusimba kuti ushanduke mukuumbwa kwahwo. Fosi inogona kutsanangurwa nenzira dziri nyore dzakadai sekusunda kana kuzvuva. Fosi ine zvose hukuru nerudzivo zvichireva kuti fosi chiyero chemhando yemuchovha. Mutemo wechipiri waNewton, F = ma, pawakatanga kunyorwa wakanga wakati siyanei zvishoma, asi mumashoko akafanana: mutemo wakanyorwa naiye  Isaac Newton unoti fosi ikuru (net force) inoshanda pane mutumbi hwakaenzana nerheti yekushanduka kwerunhanhira (momentum).

Fosi inopimwa nechiyero chinonzi Newton (N). Mutemo wechipiri waNewton unoti fosi ine tsazaniso inoti 




#Article 48: Gongo (246 words)


Muchidzidzo Chezvipenyu (Biology) gongo kana gogodza (clitoris in English) chikamu chenhengo yechikadzi inonzi mbutu.  Kuti nhau yokutanya inzwisisike zviri nani tinofanira kukurukura kaumbirwo kakaitwa nhengo yechidzimai sokuonekwa kwainoitwa nechekunze. Vamwe vatauri vanoti chidziviro, uyu uri ndiwo mutauro une chiremera.

Kunze kwayo nhengo yechikadzi ine zvipika zviviri zvingadaidzwa kuti hwabvu - labia kuEnglish.  Hwabvu huri paviri, kunoita hwabvu hukobvu kwoitawo hwabvu hutete. Shoko rokuti hwabvu rinobva kuChiKorekore richireva kuti miromo - lips. 

Hwabvu hukobvu (labia majora) ndihwo hunovhariridza chikamu chenhengo chinoonekwa nokunze. Hwabvu uhwu hunobva kuzvidya kusvika nepakati pane mukoronga kana kuti mutsemu. Pamusoro pehwabvu uhwu ndipo panokura choya kana kuti mavhudzi. Hwabvu hukobvu hunopendera pamukoronga pahunoshanduka kuva nyama tsvuku isina choya.

Hwabvu hutete (labia minora) ndizvo zvinzeve kana kuti mipendero iri mukati mehwabvu hukobvu. Hwabvu uhwu hunotangira nechekumusoro kune kabhinzi (gongo) huchinosvika zasi kune buri rekuzvara.  Sekutaura kunoita zita racho, hwabvu hutete hudiki pane hwabvu hukobvu. Uyu hwabvu hutete ndihwo hunoti mamwe madzimai echitema vanoda kutanya kana kudhonza kuti hurebe kuita matinji.

Pakati panosangana hwabvu hutete nechekumusoro pane kanyama kadiki kangaenzane nebhinzi kukura. Mukutaura kwemazuva ose vamwe vanokati kabhinzi. Kanyama aka ndiko kanodanwa kunzi gongo. Kanyama aka kanoshandawo kuwedzera kuzipirwa kwemukadzi panguva yokunge agara nomurume wake pabonde. Kanyama aka kane zvitape (Nerves) zvinotapa kuzipa panguva yokurarana kwemurume nemukadzi. Kane simba rokugona kusvitsa mudzimai pakuchemerera kana kachinge kapuruzirwa nenzira inofadza.

Mukana ndiro buri rinobuda nemwana pakuzvara uye ndiro rinopinda nenhengo yemurume panguva yebonde. Mukana hausiri iwo buri rinobuda neweti kwete. Buri reweti riri nechepamusoro pari pazasi pegongo.




#Article 49: Matinji (161 words)


Shoko rokuti matinji (stretched labia) rinodudza nyama dzakareba dzinoonekwa kana hwabvu hutete hweMbutu hwadhonzwa. 

Chiitiko ichi chinodanwa nezita rokuti kutanya uye chinonyanya kuitwa nevasikana vachiri vadiki vachiine nyama nhete dzinobvuma kudhonzwa dzichireba. Vamwewo vanoti kutanya kwakafanirwa kuitwa panguva yokunge mudzimai ari pakubindura (ovulation kuEnglish) apo pamotarisirwa kuti nyama dzinenge dzakapfava muviri wemudzimai uchigadzirira kugamuchira mbeu yababa.

Tsika yekutanya inowanikwa kuchamhembe kweAfrica kunyanya muZimbabwe, Zambia neMozambique. Pakati peAfrica tsika iyi inowanikwa kuRwanda.  Vanotaura vanoti kutanya kunobatsira kuchipa murume zvekutambisa zviri nyore zviri pachena panotanga nyaya dzepabonde uye kuti matinji anobatsira kusvitsa mukadzi panguva yokuchemerera.

Kune nyika dziri kuEurope neNorth America vakadzi veko vanoenda kunoona ana chiremba kuti vagadzirwe nhengo dzive nechimiro chavanoda ivo. Pane ava kune vamwe vanoenda vachikumbira kuchekwa hwabvu kuti huite hudiki. Tsika iyi inotaridza kuti inoitwa nokuda kwekuti vakadzi ava kana varume vavo vanenge avsingagutsikane nekuvakwa kwakaitwa nhengo dzavo. Vamwewo nokuti vanoita zvokushambira uye kuzambira mushana vakapfeka mbatya dzokushambira, vanoda kuti nhengo dzavo dziite diki dzirege kuonekera pambatya idzi.




#Article 50: Kutanya (302 words)


Shoko rokuti kutanya rinoreva kudhonzwa kunoitwa nyama dziri pakati penyini kuti dzirebe kuita matinji. Iyi itsika inoitwa nechimwe chikamu chevakadzi vechitema zvikurusei kuChamhembe kweAfrica. Kutanya kunotanga kuitwa vasikana vachiri vechidiki kumazera emakore 12-13 ekuzvarwa. Matinji anogadzirwa sezviro zvokutamba nazvo pabonde kubatsira kumutsa nyama dzemukadzi kuti dzisekese nokuregeredzera murume asati apinda.  Panguva iyi mukadzi ndipo anotanga kunyorova kuzasi nyama dzake dzichivhurika. Vamwe varume vanofarirawo kutamba vachibata zviro izvi.

Kuti nhau yokutanya inzwisisike zviri nani tinofanira kukurukura kaumbirwo kakaitwa nhengo yechidzimai sokuonekwa kwainoitwa nechekunze. 

Kunze kwayo nhengo yechikadzi ine zvipika zviviri zvingadaidzwa kuti hwabvu - labia kuEnglish.  Hwabvu huri paviri, kunoita hwabvu hukobvu kwoitawo hwabvu hutete. Shoko rokuti hwabvu rinobva kuChiKorekore richireva kuti miromo - lips. 

Hwabvu hukobvu (labia majora) ndihwo hunovhariridza chikamu chenhengo chinoonekwa nokunze. Hwabvu uhwu hunobva kuzvidya kusvika nepakati pane mukoronga kana kuti mutsemu. Pamusoro pehwabvu uhwu ndipo panokura choya kana kuti mavhudzi. Hwabvu hukobvu hunopendera pamukoronga pahunoshanduka kuva nyama tsvuku isina choya.

Hwabvu hutete (labia minora) ndizvo zvinzeve kana kuti mipendero iri mukati mehwabvu hukobvu. Hwabvu uhwu hunotangira nechekumusoro kune kabhinzi (gongo) huchinosvika zasi kune buri rekuzvara.  Sekutaura kunoita zita racho, hwabvu hutete hudiki pane hwabvu hukobvu. Uyu hwabvu hutete ndihwo hunoti mamwe madzimai echitema vanoda kutanya kana kudhonza kuti hurebe kuita matinji.

Pakati panosangana hwabvu hutete nechekumusoro pane kanyama kadiki kangaenzane nebhinzi kukura. Mukutaura kwemazuva ose vamwe vanokati kabhinzi. Kanyama aka ndiko kanodanwa kunzi gongo. Kanyama aka kanoshandawo kuwedzera kuzipirwa kwemukadzi panguva yokunge agara nomurume wake pabonde. Kanyama aka kane zvitape (Nerves) zvinotapa kuzipa panguva yokurarana kwemurume nemukadzi. Kane simba rokugona kusvitsa mudzimai pakuchemerera kana kachinge kapuruzirwa nenzira inofadza.

Mukana ndiro buri rekuzvara naro rinova ndiro rinopinda nemboro yemurume panguva yebonde. Buri rekuzvara rinopinda mukati mumuviri richikwira nemuteremuko ungaita 45o. Kwaunoperera mukana uyu kunovharwa rhingi yemhasuru inodaidzwa kuti cervix kuEnglish. Mukana wakaumbiridzwa nenyama dzinotatamuka panguva yokuzvara uye panguva yebonde.




#Article 51: Mbutu (471 words)


Muchidzidzo cheUnenamhenyu (Biology) mbutu, inhengo yesikarudzi yevakadzi inoshandiswa pakutunda nekuzvara. Nhengo iyi ine mazita akawanda anoti: beche, nyini, gambi, pudenda. 

beche chinhu chokuti murume akaona anodzwa ropa kumhanya -mhanya

Mbutu ibeche kana nyini . Mbutu dzinosiyana siyana, dzimwe dzakakura uye dzimwe idoko. Nhengo iyi iri muhudyu panosangana makumbo pakati pawo. Mbutu ine zvikamu zviri kunze nezvikamu zviri mukati memuviri. Mbutu ine maburi maviri anoti rekurasa mvura nerekuzvara. Kana mukadzi akamira kunze kunoonekwa hwabvu hunovhara zvichibva kuzvidya kunosvika pamutsemu uri pakati.

Pakavhariridzwa nehwabvu nechekuzasi panowanikwa buri rekuzvara. Iri buri rinopinda mukati richizonobatana nechibereko. Pakati pemukana nechibereko pane mhasuru inonzi cervix inosunga kuzasi kwechibereko kuchengetedza mwana mukati.

Mbutu iri pedyo nemukosho rinova buri rinoburitsa matuzvi. Madzimai vanofanirwa kuchenjera kuzadza Mbutu yavo matuzvi pakupisika. Murawu wokupukuta kwemadzimai unoti vanofanirwa kupukuta tsvina zvichibva mberi kuenda shure kuti tsvina isapinda kumberi. Izvi zvinodzivirira hutachiona huri mutsvina yemunhu kuti husapinda mberi.

Kunze kwayo mbutu ine zvipika zviviri zvingadaidzwa kuti hwabvu kana kuti miromo - labia kuEnglish. Kunoita hwabvu hukobvu kwoitawo hwabvu hutete. Shoko rokuti hwabvu rinobva kuChiKorekore richireva kuti miromo - lips. 

Hwabvu hukobvu (labia majora) ndihwo hunovhariridza kunze kwayo mbutu kunova kunoonekwa nokunze. Hwabvu uhwu hunobva kuzvidya kusvika nepakati pane mukoronga kana kuti mutsemu. Pamusoro pehwabvu uhwu ndipo panokura choya kana kuti mavhudzi. Hwabvu hukobvu hunopendera pamukoronga pahunoshanduka kuva nyama tsvuku isina choya.

Hwabvu hutete (labia minora) ndizvo zvinzeve kana kuti mipendero iri mukati mehwabvu hukobvu. Hwabvu uhwu hunotangira nechekumusoro kune kabhinzi (gongo) huchinosvika zasi kune buri rekuzvara. Sekutaura kunoita zita racho, hwabvu hutete hudiki pane hwabvu hukobvu. Uhwu hwabvu hutete ndihwo hunoti mamwe madzimai echitema vanoda kutanya kana kudhonza kuti hurebe kuita matinji.

Pakati panosangana hwabvu hutete nechekumusoro pane kanyama kadiki kangaenzane nenyemba kukura. Mukutaura kwemazuva ose vamwe vanokati kabhinzi. Kanyama aka ndiko kanodanwa kunzi gongo. Kanyama aka kanoshandawo kuwedzera kuzipirwa kwemukadzi panguva yokunge agara nomurume wake pabonde. Kanyama aka kane zvitape (Nerves) zvinotapa kuzipa panguva yokurarana kwemurume nemukadzi. Kane simba rokugona kusvitsa mudzimai pakuchemerera kana kachinge kapuruzirwa nenzira inofadza.

Mukana ndiro buri rekuzvara naro rinova ndiro rinopinda nenhengo yemurume panguva yebonde. Buri rekuzvara rinopinda mukati mumuviri richikwira nemuteremuko ungaita 45o. Kwaunoperera mukana uyu kunovharwa nerhingi yemhasuru inodaidzwa kuti cervix kuEnglish. Mukana wakaumbiridzwa nenyama dzinotatamuka panguva yokuzvara uye panguva yebonde.

Nguva ichinge yakwana yokuti mwana ari munhumbu achibuda, nhengo iyi ndiyo inovamukana (vaginal canal) mwana anobuda nawo achibva muchibereko achibuda kunze. Nyama dzemukana dzinotatamuka kuti mwana akwanise kubuda kuna mai vake.

Kuburitsa Zvemuchibereko

Mukana ndiwo zvakare unoshanda kubuditsa ropa panguva yokunge mukadzi ari kumwedzi uye dzimwe mvura (secretions  discharges) dzose dzinobva muchibereko dzinobuda nomukana uyu.

Kutamba paBonde

Panguva yokunge murume nemudzimai vagara vose pabonde, mboro yomurume inopinda pamukana. Imo munhengo iyi mune nyama dzinotapidzwa nokuzipa kwenguva yokunge murume nomukadzi vapindana pabonde. Panguva iyi zvakare mukana unotatamuka kutambira nhengo yemurume. pane tudzihwa tunotsatsadzirwa kana mudzimai azipirwa tunobatsira kuti nhengo yomurume ibude nokupinda zviri nyore pasina kurwadziwa.




#Article 52: Chapfunga (269 words)


Chapfunga, (Bilharzia) inozivikanwawo se fivha yehozhwa, chirwere chinokonzerwa neparasaiti rehwemusi rakati sandara rinonzi schistosome. Nzira yeweti kana matumbu zvinogona kuva neutachiona. Zviratidzo zvinogona kusanganisira kurwadziwa mudumbu, manyoka, tsvina ine ropa, kana weti ine ropa. Vaya vanenge vaita utachiona hwacho hwenguva yakareba vanogona kukuvara chitaka, kukanganisika itsvo, kusabereka, kana kuita kenza yedundiro. Muvana, hunogona kukonzera kusakura zvakanaka uye kuomerwa pakudzidza.

Chirwere ichi chinoparadzirwa munhu akagumana nemvura isina munyu inenge iine maparasaiti. Maparasaiti aya anobudiswa nehozhwa yemumvura isina munyu inenge iine utachiona hwacho. Chirwere ichi chakanyanya kuwanda muvana vemunyika dzichiri kubudirira sezvo vaine mikana yakawanda yokutambira mumvura inenge iine utachiona. Vamwewo vari pangozi vanosanganisira varimi, varedzi, uye vanhu vanoshandisa mvura isina kuchena muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Utachiona uhwu huri muboka reutachiona hwehelminth. Kuti zvizivikanwe kuti ndicho chirwere chacho, panotsvagwa mazai eparasaiti racho muweti netsvina zvemunhu wacho. Chinogonawo kuzivikanwa kuti ndicho nekutsvaga maantibody anenge achirwisa chirwere chacho muropa.

Nzira dzokudzivirira nacho chirwere ichi dzinosanganisira kunatsiridza mikana yokuti vanhu vawane mvura yakachena uye kuderedza uwandu hwehozhwa. Munzvimbo dzakawanda chirwere chacho, mushonga unonzi praziquantel unogona kupiwa vose vari muboka racho kamwechete pagore. Izvi zvinoitirwa kuderedza nhamba yevanhu vanotapurirwa utachiona uye, zvichideredzawo kupararira kwechirwere chacho. Praziquantel ndiyo zvakare mushonga unokurudzirwa neWorld Health Organization (WHO) kuti ushandisirwe vanenge vaoneka kuti vane utachiona.

Chapfunga yakatapukira kuvanhu vanoda kusvika mamiriyoni 210 pasi rose kubvira muna 2012. Vanofungidzirwa kuva pakati pe12,000 ne200,000 vanouraiwa nayo gore negore. Chirwere ichi chinonyanya kuwanika muAfrica, uyewo muAsia nemuSouth America. Vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 700 munyika dzinodarika 70 vanorarama munzvimbo munowanika chirwere chacho. Munyika dzinopisa, chapfunga ndiyo yechipiri, ichitevera marariya pazvirwere zvemaparasaiti zvinonyanya kukanganisa upfumi. Chapfunga iri pakati pezvirwere zvinonzi zvirwere zvakashayirwa hanya zvokunzvimbo dzinopisa.




#Article 53: Harare (322 words)


Harare ndiro guta guru reZimbabwe.  Guta reHarare riri paMbariro yeTaranyika 17°51′50″S uye pamutambariko weTaranyika 31°1′47″E. Zvinofungirwa kuti muguta reHarare chaimo mune vanhu 1,606,000 (2009), pachiva nevanhu 2,800,000 (2006) mumetropolitan area yayo. Mukutongwa, guta reHarare rinovawo guta rinozvitonga rinofananidzwa nedunhu. Harare ndiro guta rakakurisa muZimbabwe yose. Muguta umu munotengeswa nokutengwa zvinhu zvakaita sefodya, chibage, donje nemichero unonzi pachirungu, macitrus fruits. Hushangazhi hurimo hunosanganisira zvesimbi, machira nemakemikari (chemicals). Munharawunda yeguta munocherwa goridhe.

MuHarare ndimo munowanikwa Yunivhesiti yeZimbabwe, inova iyo yunivhesiti huru zvakanyanya munyika yeZimbabwe. Yunivhesiti yeZimbabwe inowanikwa mumusha weMt Pleasant, unovawo makiromita matanhatu kubva pakati peguta. Guta iri rine misha yakawanda, mimwe yacho inochengeta mazita ayakapihwa munguva yekutongwa kwevarungu, yakaita seWarren Park, Borrowdale, Eastlea, Highfields nemimwewo. Guta reHarare rinova nenhandare yendege inonzi Harare International Airport.

Boka remawuto rainzi Pioneer Column, vaishandira Cecil Rhodes ndivo vakavaka guta reHarare kutanga 12 Gunyana 1890. Vakapa guta iri zita rokuti Fort Salisbury, iri ranga riri zita raPrime Minister weBritain panguva iyoyo. Zita reguta rakazopfumbira richinzi Salisbury. Musha uwu wakaitwa municipality mugore ra 1897 ukazogadzwa kuva guta mugore ra1935.

Salisbury ndiyo yakava guta guru remubatanidzwa weRhodesia neNyasaland (Federation) kubva pagore 1953 kusvika 1963. Zvichizoenda mberi rakanga rava guta guru reSouthern Rhodesia. Hurumemde yaIan Smith yakasarudza kuzvitonga ichibva pasi peUnited Kingdom musi wa 11 Mbudzi, 1965 ikabva yapa nyika zita rokuti Rhodesia muna 1970. Nyika yakazonzi Zimbabwe-Rhodesia kwenguva diki muna 1979-1980.  Musi wa 18 Kubvumbi 1980 Zimbabwe yakawana kuzvitonga ichitongwa nevatema vaitungamirwa naRobert Gabriel Mugabe. Asi guta rakaramba richinzi Salisbury kusvika muna 1982.

Zita reguta rashandurwa rikanzi Harare musi wa 18 Kubvumbi 1982 pamhemberero dzechipiri dzekuzvitonga kweVatema muZimbabwe. Zita iri ndiro zita raShe wenzvimbo yakavakirwa guta ainzi Neharawa. Vamwe vanoti Ishe uyu aive nezita rokurumbidzwa rokuti Haarari; Varungu vangatadza kutaura zita iri vachiti Harari. Kunonzi Ishe waiva akachenjera panyaya dzehondo zvokuti hakuna muvengi aimunyangira akamukunda - saka akapiwa zita rokuti Haarari. Neharawa aiva neNharire yake pavakunzi paHarare Kopje mazuvano. Munguva yokunge nyika isati yasununguka musha weMbare ndiwo waidanwa kunzi Harare.




#Article 54: Munyayi (147 words)


Munyayi  munhu anoshanda semutumwa achifambisa mashoko pakati pemhuri mbiri dziri kuroorerana. Nguva dzose munyai munhu wechirume anosarudzwa kumhuri yemurume ari kunoroora. Munyayi ndiye anononzwa kuti tezvara ari kutema pfuma yakawanda sei, achizoturikira mashoko aya kune mukwasha auya kuzoroora. Munyayi ndiye zvakare anodzosa mhinduro dzezvichemo kana kubvumira kwemukuwasha.

Pakubata basa iri, munyai anobatsirwa natete vemusikana vanofanirwa kunge vachiziva tsika dzemusha waberekwa musikana uye vachiziva vanhu vemo kuitira pakutaura ukama hwevanhu kana vasangana mhuri mbiri. 

Kune mamwe matunhu munyayi anodainzwa kunzi sadunzvi kana kuti dunzvi


Shoko rokuti munyayi rinoreva mumiriri panyanya dzakadai sekuroorana. Uyu anenge ari iye anosvitsa mashoko pakti pamhuri mbiri. Nokumwe kutaura tingaturikira tichiti ambassador munyayi zvakare, asi ari munyayi wenyika yake yaanobva. Pakutaura kazhinji tinoti mumiriri weZimbabwe kuUnited nations - zvakadii tikati munyayi weZimbabwe kuUnited Nations?




#Article 55: Shumba (234 words)


Shumba kana mhondoro (Lion in English) imhuka iri pamupanda wekatsi inowanikwa kumatunhu ari kuAfrica neAsia. Shumba inokura kusvika 250 kg; inoverengwa seimwe yemhuka dzine huwandu huri huderera kunyanya munzvimbo dziri kuMadokero eAfrica. Kutambanuka kuri kuita nzvimbo dzinogarwa nevanhu ndicho chimwe chikonzero chiri kuita huwandu hweshumba huderere. Varimi vane mhuka dzavo havafare kana zvipfuyo izvi zvichidyiwa neshumba.

Shumba dzinorarama makore gumi kusvika gumi nemana (10-14) kana dziri musango. Kana dzakatenherwa dzinorarama makore akati rebeyi anganosvika makumi maviri (20). Shumba hono hadzirarame makore anopfuura gumi kana dziri musango nokuda kwekurwa kwadzinogaro ita dzichitanda nzvari. 

Shumba dzinowanikwa mumakura eSavanna asina miti yakawanda, asi dzimwe nguva dzinopinda murimuka mumasango makuru. Mhuka idzi dzinogara mumatanga anenge aine nzvari dzine ukama, vana veshumba, nehono shomane. Vanotarira shumba vanoti hadzinyanye kuvhima vanhu.

Zvinotora danga reshumba kuti dziwise mukono wenyati; kana nepo shumba dzinozowisa mukono uwu dzatombotambura nokutungwa dzichidzinganiswa nenyati. Mapere zvakare anoita chivindi chokudzinga shumba kuva panyama zvikurusei kana mapere auya ari danga rakakura. Bere kamhuka kadiki asi kana achinge awanda anorura zvokushayisa shumba mufaro panyama.

Shumba imhuka inotyiwa nevazhinji; matehwe eshumba aipiwa kuvatongi vakuru kuratidza kuremekedzwa nehukuru hwavo. Munzvimbo zhinji mune zvifananidzo zveshumba zvinoratidza kuremekedzwa kwemhuka iyi.

MuZimbabwe kuState House kunogara President Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa kune zvifananidzo zveshumba zviviri. Pamatumba akavigirwa madzimambo ekuEgypt pane chifananidzo chine musoro wemunhu nemuviri weshumba chinonzi Sphinx. Chiumbwa ichi chiri pedyo nedumba riri paGiza, Egypt. Muguta guru reHarare panze peMeikles Hotel pane zvifananidzo zveshumba zvakare.




#Article 56: Ruboshwe (105 words)


Muchidzidzo Pimanyika, ruboshwe, munzere kana runzere (left-hand in English) zvinoreva divi rinotarisa kuChamhembe kana munhu akatarisa kuMadokero. Divi iri ndiro divi rine moyo wemunhu. Vanhu vanoshandisa ruwoko rweruboshwe vashoma pane vanoshandisa rudyi. Kunoitawo vamwe vane chipo chekugona kushandisa zvose ruboshwe nerudyi.

Verudzi rweChiShona vanokoshesa kumhoresana neruwoko rwerudyi; vamwe vanokoshesawo kudya vachishandisa ruwoko rwerudyi. Hazvitariswe zvakanaka kana munhu akagashira chinhu noruwoko rweruboshwe. Vabereki vanoedza napose kugombedzera vana kuti vashandise rudyi pakumhoresa, kudya, nokugashira. Makarekare vadzidzisi vaiedza napose kukurudzira vana vechikoro kuti vashandise ruwoko rwerudyi pakunyora nokuita mamwe mabasa.

Asi kune avo vane ruboshwe rwakasimba kwave kuita vamwe vanoshandisa ruboshwe irworwo kudya nokuti kwavari ndirwo rwune simba.




#Article 57: Rudyi (103 words)


Muchidzidzo Pimanyika, rudyi (right-hand in English) zvinoreva divi rinotarisa kuMaodzanyemba kana munhu akatarisa kuMadokero. Divi iri ndiro divi rakapesana nekune moyo wemunhu. Vanhu vanoshandisa rudyi vakawanda kudarika avo vanoshandisa ruboshwe. Kunoitawo vamwe vane chipo chekugona kushandisa zvose ruboshwe nerudyi.

Verudzi rweChiShona vanokoshesa kumhoresana neruwoko rwerudyi; vamwe vanokoshesawo kudya vachishandisa ruwoko rwerudyi. Hazvitariswe zvakanaka kana munhu akagashira chinhu noruwoko rweruboshwe. Vabereki vanoedza napose kugombedzera vana kuti vashandise rudyi pakumhoresa, kudya, nokugashira. Makarekare vadzidzisi vaiedza napose kukurudzira vana vechikoro kuti vashandise ruwoko rwerudyi pakunyora nokuita mamwe mabasa.

Asi kune avo vane ruboshwe rwakasimba kwave kuita vamwe vanoshandisa ruboshwe irworwo kudya nokuti kwavari ndirwo rwune simba.




#Article 58: Magaro (106 words)


Muchidzidzo Unenamhenyu magaro  inhengo yomuviri iri seri kwehudyu panosangana makumbo nemutumbi wemunhu. Magaro anodanwa zvakare nezita rokuti matako. Magaro ndiwo anotakura huremu hwemunhu kana akagara pasi. Vamwe vatauri vanoti gwano.

Kune mamwe marudzi magaro anoonekwa sechishongo chinoyevedza pamunhukadzi. Vamwewo vanoti kana voranga mwana vanorova magaro.

Mhasuru dziri panosangana magaro nechidya inonzi many'a

Mazuva ano varume vava kudawo kwazvo kuva namagaro makuru .Izvi zvinoonekwa nebatya dzava kupfekwa ne vanhurume mazuva ano dzinobuditsa magaro avo zvaakaita uye mafambire ava kuita varume vazhinji kunyanya mumadhorobha vava kufamba vakamisa magaro avo .Magaro mahombe anoita kuti batya dzinyatsofita uye vakadzi vazhinji vanodawo varume vane magaro akati kurei kwete vaya vasina .




#Article 59: Kukorora Simbi (195 words)


Kukorora simbi (metal extraction in English) zvinoreva kuita mabasa eshandura dzinobuditsa simbi kubva muchitofu, hutapiri hwesimbi huchiwedzerwa kudzamara simbi yasvika pakunatswa.

Mhandamabwe michina inobanda matombo echitofu. Matombo anenge abva pasi pemugodhi kuti anotsemurwa kuti ave madiki. Matombo echitofu anenge aputitswa pasi pemugodhi anobuditswa akakura kuita 20-50 cm. Matombo aya anotsemurwa neshaya (dzesimbi hukutu) dzemhandamabwe dzinorova nekumanika matombo aya pakati, izvi zvichikonzera matombo aya kuti atsemuke. Panozopera basa remhandamabwe, matombo anenge apwanyiwa atsetseka kuita 2-5 cm.

Chigayo (Mill in English) muchina unotsetsa chitofu chinenge chabva kubandwa ne mhandamabwe. Chitofu chinotsetsewa kusika chaita sejecha chiine tsanga dziri pasi pe 100 micrometer.

Kutapidza zvinoreva kupatsanura muchegwa wakakosha nemuchegwa wemanyara. Muchegwa ndiwo matombo akatakura simbi; aya matombo anochengetwa achipinda mune dzimwe shandura dzinowedzera hutapiri hwesimbi. Chinangwa chekutapidza ndechekuti pakupedzisira simbi ive ine hutapiri hunoramba huchikwira kudzamara yasvika pakunatswa.

Muchegwa wemanyara (gangue mineral) zvinoreva muchegwa uri muchitofu unoraswa nokuti hauna mari. Mambara ndiwo matombo asiri kudiwa asina kukosha; aya matombo anoraswa kumotoro achingobva pasi pemugodhi.

Kunatsa zvinoreva kuchenesa simbi kunobvisa manyara asingadiwe musimbi iyi. Kunatswa kunonyanya kutaurwa kana simbi yava kusvika pahutapiri hungaita 90% yesimbi. MuZimbabwe tine: Bindura Smelter and Refinery; Empress Nickel Refinery; Zimasco; ZimAlloys, dzinova Kambani dzinonatsa simbi.




#Article 60: Muranda (268 words)


Muranda, chitesi, tyoko kana bandadzi (English: Slave) munhu anoonekwa nekubatwa senhumbi kana chimwe chinhu chinotengwa; uye munhu anomanikidzwa kushanda pasina muripo waanopiwa. Munhu ari muhuranda:
anomanikidzwa kugara panzvimbo paasiri kuda; anomanikidzwa kubata mabasa asingade; anoshanda asina muripo; anomanikidzwa kuroora kana kuroorwa; anokwanisa kumanikidzwa kushanda mumawuto achiri mudiki.

Kugara nevaranda uye kutenga nokutengesa varanda itsika yaiitwa nemarudzi mazhinji pasi rose. Huranda hwaiveko munhoroondo yevagari veAfrica; Asia; Europe kana America. Vanhu vaitora varanda verudzi rwavo vane ganda rakafanana neravo kana kuti vaitenga varanda vanobva kune mamwe marudzi. Munhu aigona kuita muranda: mushure mokukundika kubhadara chikwereti; mushure mekutapwa muhondo; atengeswa neverudzi rwake; adzingwa mumusha nezvikonzero zvakasiyana.

Huranda hune nhoorondo huru inozivikanwa kunyanya ndiwo Huranda hwemarudzi eAfrika mhiri kweAtlantic - vanhu vatema vazhinji vakatapwa kubva kuAfrica vachiendeswa kuAmerica neEurope. Uhwu huranda kunodanwa muEnglish kunzi Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade nokuti vatapwa vaiyambutswa gungwa reAtlantic vachiendeswa kumhiri kwaro kuAmerica neEurope.

Huranda uhwu hwekuyambutswa kwevatema ndicho chikonzero kuine vanhu vatema vazhinji kunyika dzekuEurope, North America neSouth America. Huranda uhwu hwakapera mushure mekutarwa kwemitemo munyika idzoddzi inova mitemo yairambidza kutengeswa kwevaranda uye kuva nevaranda.

Pari nhasi vamwe vanoti huranda huchiriko muchivande pasirose. Kune huranda hwekushandiswa: muminda; mumawuto; muchipfambi mudzimba nedzimwe nzira dzakasiyana.

Varanda kuUnited States of America vakanga vasina nhaka, vasina matata, nhaka yavo yaiva miviri yavo chete.

Panguva yakauya varungu muZimbabwe vanhu vatema vakapinzwa pamushando wekumanikidzwa wainzi chibharo. Mabasa aibatwa nevanhu pachibharo aiva mabasa emaoko anorema anosanganisira kuvaka mugwagwa, kuchera migero yemvura nezvimwewo. Vanhu vaishanda chibharo vakanga vasina muripo wavaibhadharwa. Vamwe vainge vakundika kuripa mutero waitereswa nehurumende yavachena. Chibharo chinonzi indentured labor kuEnglish.

Paitengeswa varanda zvaidaro kuti vamwe ana tenzi vaitemera chivabwa pamunhu ainge atengwa semuranda. 




#Article 61: Nyanza (105 words)


Nyanza kana gawa (Lake in English) mutumbi wemvura wakakura samare uye uchiwanikwa padunhu. Muenzaniso ndidzo mvura dzinenge: Lake Malawi; Lake Victoria; Lake Tanganyika; Lake Chad. Nyanza inenge iri mvura yakaungana pasina kuvakirwa dhamu; izvi zvinosiyana neKariba Dam rakavakwa nevanhu. Zita iri rasiyanisa nekutaura kwemazuva ose kunoti nyanza negungwa zvimwechete. 

Zita iri riri kutoredzera pamutauro weChewa unoti Lake Malawi inonzi Nyanja - pano pavandudzwa kuti zviende kuChiShona. PaNhevedzwa dzeMvura nyanza dzinochengeta mvura isina munyu padunhu.

Ziwumbe rine nyanza zhinji ndiro ziwumbe reNorth America rine nyanza dzinoti: Lake Erie; Lake Huron; Lake Ontario; Lake Superior; Lake Winnipeg; Lake Winnipegosis; Lake Manitoba nedzimwewo nyanza zhinji dzine mvura yakachena.




#Article 62: Africa (692 words)


Africa ndiro ziwumbe riri panzvimbo yechipiri pakukura kwenharaunda uye Africa ndiyo yechipiri pakuwanda kwehugari hwavanhu ichitevera Asia. Nharaunda yeAfrica yakakura kusvika 30.2 million km², izvi zvichisanganisira zvitsuwa zviri pedyo nayo. Chikamu chinosvika 6% yenharaunda yeEarth chinotorwa ne ziwumbe reAfrica uye chikamu chinosvika 20.4% chevhu chiri muAfrica.

Africa yakapoteredzwa ne: gungwa reMediteranean kuMaodzanyemba; gungwa reIndian Ocean kuMabvazuva nekuChamhembe; negungwa reAtlantic kuMadokero nekuChamhembe. Madagascar ndiyo chitsuwa chikuru chinoverengwa kuva mudunhu reAfrica. Zvimwe zvitsuwa zvinosanganisira: Seychelles; Mauritius; Cape Verde; Equitorial Guinea; Robben Island; Zanzibar nezvimwewo zvidiki.

Africa ine vanhu vanosvika 1.2 billion (2016) vazhinji vacho vanhu vatema.

Vanhu vekuEurope vakapamba Africa mumwaka wechizana 19 (19th century); pakazopera mwaka wechizana 20 Africa yose yanga yawana rusununguko. Ghana ndiyo yakatanga kuwana rusununguko mugore ra1957 , Namibia ndiyo yakapedzisira mugore ra1990. 

Africa inopatsanurana neEurope pagungwa reMediterranean ichinobatana neAsia paSuez panova panocheka napo muronga Suez Canal. Dunhu reSinai riri mhiri kwemuronga Suez Canal munyika yeEgypt rinoverengwa kunzi riri muAfrica.

Nzvimbo iri kwakanyanya kuenda kuMaodzanyemba inonzi Ras ben Sakka, Tunisia (37°21' N) ; iri kwakanyanya kuenda kuChamhembe inonzi Cape Agulhas muSouth Africa (34°51'15 S). Pakati penzvimbo idzi pane nhambwe inokwana 8000km. Kwakanyanya kuenda kuMabvazuva kune Ras Hafun iri muSomalia (51°27'52 E); kwakanyanya kuenda kuMadokero kune Cape Verde (17°33'22 W). Kubva paRas Hafun kusvika kuCape Verde pane nhambwe inosvika 7,400km. Muganhu wemahombekombe eAfrica negungwa wakareba 26,000km.

Nyika hombesa muAfrica inonzi Algeria, nyika dukusa inonzi Seychelles inova chaunga chezvitsuwa zviri kuMabvazuva kweAfrica. Nyika dukusa paziwumbe rakabatana inonzi Gambia.

Huwandu hwevagari veAfrica hwakakwira zvakanyanya pamakore makumi mana (40) apfuura, nokudaro Africa ine vanhu vazhinji vechidiki. Mune dzimwe nyika dzeAfrica chikamu chinodarika 50% yevanhu vari pasi pamakore 25 ekuberekwa. Huwandu hwevanhu muAfrica hwakakwira kubva pa 221 million muna 1950 kusvika pa 1.0 billion muna 2009. 

Marudzi evanhu vanotaura mitauro yechiBantu ndivo vakawanda mudunhu rinobva pakati peAfrica zvichienda kuchamhembe nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Mudunhu iri muno wanikwawo marudzi vatematema vechiNile vanowanikwa kuSouthern Sudan nekuMabvazuva kweAfrica, pamwe nemaSwahili uye maKhoikhoi vanowanikwa kuchamhembe kweAfrica. Marudzi emaKhoikhoi ndiwo anonzi akatanaga kusvika kuchamhembe kweAfrica kuchizotevera vatauri vendimi dzechiBantu. MaKhoikhoi ndivo vane rudzi runonzi San kana kuti rwainzi Bushmen kare.

KuMaodzanyemba kweAfrica kune mapoka maviri: Berber neArab kumadokero; vaEgypt nevaLibya kumavirira. Verudzi rwechiArab vakasvika mudunhu iri mwaka wechizana 7, vakaunza mutauro weArabic nechinamato cheIslam kunzvimno idzi. Vanhu veMarudzi aShem vakauyawo mudunhu iri vachisanganisira: vaPhoenician nevaHysko - maGreek nemaRoman vakagarawo munzvimbo iyi. Verudzi Berber ndivo ruzhinji munyika yeMorroco uye muAlgeria mune maBerber vane chitsama chakati kuti. Rudzi urwu ndirwo rune vanhu vanogara mugwenga reSahara kunyanya. 

Munyika dzeEritrea neEthiopia mune vaAmhara neTigryans vanotaura mitauro yemarudzi aShem iri pamupanda wendimi dzeAfro-Asiatic. Mudunhu rimwechetero mune vaOromo nevaSomali vanotaura mitauro yemarudzi aCush iri pamupanda wendimi dzeAfro-Asiatic.

Mumwaka wakanga Africa ichiri pasi peVarungu kwakanga kuine varungu munyika zhinji asi iye zvino vasara vane chitsama munyika shoma. Mumakore akawana nyika dzeAfrica kuzvitonga varungu vakatama kubva munyika dzinoti: Algeria, Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique neAngola. Zvinofungirwa kuti maPortuguese vanokwana 1.0 millin vakabuda muAfrica mumwaka 1960-1979. Parizvino varungu vanowanikwa vashoma munyika dzinoti: South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia neRéunion. Nyika ine varungu vakawanda ndiyo South Africa uye nyika iyi ndiyo ine verudzi rwechiJudah zvakanyanya muAfrica - zvinonzi South Africa ine 71,000 verudzi rwemaJudah. Marudzi ane madzitateguru vekuEurope anosanganisira, Afrikaner, Anglo-Africans (vakabva Britain) uye Coloureds.

Kuuya kweVarungu vakauya nechitsama chevanhu vakabva kuAsia zvikurusei marudzi eIndia. Misha inogara marudzi echiIndia inowanikwa muSouth Africa uye muKenya neTanzania. Zvitsuwa zviri mugungwa Indian Ocean zvakagarwa vevanhu vakabva kuAsia - imwe nguva vairoorana neVanhu vemuAfrica pamwe neveEurope. Vanhu vari muMadagascar ndeverudzi rweAustronesian 
asi vanosangana nemarudzi anoti Bantu, Arab, Indian and European. Mumwaka wachizana 20 kumahombekombe eAfrica kumabvazuva nekumadokero kwakasvikavo vane chitsama vemarudzi eku Lebanon neChina.

Pakuverengwa kwemitauro yemuAfrica , kunonzi ziwumbe iri rine mitauro inosvika zviuru zviviri, (2000). Mitauro iyi mizhinji ndeye muAfrica asi kune imwewo yakauya kubva kuEurope neAsia. Kunonzi Africa ndiyo nzvimbo ine vanhu vanotaura mitauro mizhinji pane dzimwe dzose.

Rwizi Nile ndirwo rwakanyanya kureba Pasirose ruchiyerera nhambwe inoita 6,650km. Nile inopinda munyika dzinoti: Burundi; Rwanda; Democratic Republic of Congo; Tanzania; Kenya; Uganda; Ethiopia neEgypt.

KuChamhembe kweAfrica, Rwizi Zambezi ndirwo rwizi rukuru rwakareba 3,540km. parwizi urwu ndipo panowanikwa mapopoma anonzi Victoria Falls ari pamuganhu panosangana Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia neBotswana. Mamwe mapopoma ari parwizi Zamabezi anosanganisira: Chavuma Falls iri pamuganhu weAngola neZambia; Ngonye Falls neSioma Falls kuMadokero kweZambia.




#Article 63: Chibage (182 words)


Chibage (maize or corn in English) chinorimwa kuno kuchamhembe kweAfrica kwachinova ndicho kudya kunodyiwa mazuva mazhinji neruzhinji rwemhuri dziri kuno. Chibage chizhinji chinogayiwa kuita hupfu chodyiwa seSadza; chimwewo ndicho chinogochewa; kukangiwa nokubika manhuchu nemangayi.

Mamwe mazita anoreva chibage ndeaya: mabarwe, chibere, mabagwe, bonore kana mabonore.

Tinotyora chibage mumunda, ndokuchifurura nokuchiisa pamurwi kuti chiome. Chikaoma chinopurwa chova musvo. Musvo unorongedzerwa mudura. Kana hwodikwa upfu, wovazhwa musvo nokudururirwa muduri. Zvino wodzvurwa kuti usvokotorwe maunwa. Wozodururirwa murusero kuti ubvumburwe. Zvino wozosara dzava shoro. Shoro dzogayiwa dzichiva upfu: 



#Article 64: Nyati (264 words)


Nyati (Buffalo in English) imhuka yemusango iri mumhuri yemombe. Nyati dzinowanikwa muziwumbe reAfrica pamwe neAsia. Nyati dzinokura kuita huremu hunosvika 685 kg. Dzinoreba 2.1-3.4m kubva kumusoro kusvika kubesu, pamapendekete dzichireba 1.3-1.7m. Mhuka iyi ine makumbo makobvu akasimba samare, uye ine nyanga dzinopetera kupinda mukati. Mikono inoita nyanga dzinobatana pakati.

Musambara zvinoreva hurefu huripo kubva pahuma kusvika pabesu panotangira muswe wemhuka.

Nyati dzinowanikwa mumasango nemapani eAfrica. Mhou nevana vadzo pamwe nemikono ine makore 2-3 dzinogara mumatanga anokwanisa kukura kusvika chiuru (1000) chemhuka. Mhuka dziri mudanga iri dzinochengetana dzichiita chirwirangwe chokuti kana danga reshumba rinodzinganiswa rikashaya chokubata. Mikono yakura inogara mumapoka angaita mhuka 3-4. Nyati dzinofura sora nokudya rimwe bundo rakasiyana-siyana. Dzinonwa mvura kamwe pazuva saka dzinonyanya kugara pedyo nepane mvura. 

Nyati inotakura pamuviri kwemazuva 340 ichizvara mhuru imwechete (1) ingaita huremu hunosvika 40kg. Mhuru idzi dzinohwandiswa mubundo kuti dzisawonekwa nechikara chesango. Panguva iyi mhuru inoyamiswa namai vayo kwemavhiki akati ichizorumurwa pamazuva 120-360. Mikono inoti kana yasvitsa makore maviri inosiya amai vayo asi nzvari dzinogara naamai vadzo kudzamara dzabereka mhuru. Mikono inoyaruka zvokubereka pamakore manomwe (8), nzvari dzichiyaruka pamakore mashanu (5). Nzvari dzinotandwa nemikono chero nguva yegore asi kutandwa kuzhinji kunoitika mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura.

Nyati inovhimwa nevanhu muno muAfrica. Kana dziri mhuka dzesango: shumba; mapere nembada ndidzo mhuka dzesango dzinovhima nyati. Zvinotora danga reshumba kuti mukono wenyati uwire pasi; shumba imwe haizvikwanise; kana napo iro danga reshumba rinenge ramboshupika richimbodzinganiswa nenyati huru. Mapere nembada zvinonyanya kuvhima zvichitsvaka kubata mhuru dzenyati.

Kune marudzi enyati maviri muAfrica. Kune nyati inogara mumapani inonzi Cape Buffalo; iyi ndiyo inownaikwa muZimbabwe. Kunoitawo imwe nyayi diki zvishoma inogara mumasango inonzi Forest Buffalo.




#Article 65: Chidembo (206 words)


Chidembo (skunk or polecat in English) imhuka yemusango iri pamupanda wemhuka dzinoyamwisa. Chidembo chinozivikanwa nechivendera chine hwema hunonhuwa samare. 

Zvidembo zvinokura kureba 40-90cm kubva kumusoro kusvika kubesu zvichiita huremu hunokwana 0.5-8.9kg. Zvidembo zvinosiyana siyana ruvara rweganda zvichienderana nerudzi rwechidembo chacho. MuZimbabwe munonyanya kuwanikwa zvidembo zvine ruvara rutema (black) neruchena (white); kunoitawo zvidembo zvine brown ne cream.

Chidembo chinodya mhuka zvose nemichero, chinodya zvakasiyana zvichienderana nokuti mwaka uri papi. Chidembo chinodya: madzvinyu; mbeva; matatya; nyoka; shiri; nhuta nemazai. Chinodyawo michero yemusango; hohwa; uswa; mashizha nemidzi.

Zvidembo zvinogona kuronda hwema nekunzwa zvakanyanya asi hazvinatsowona. Chidembo chinonetseka kuona zviri 3m kubva pachiri; izvi zvinokonzera kuti zvidembo zvive zvinorohwa zvakanyanya pamugwagwa. Zvidembo hazvirarame kwenguva yakareba; chikamu chinorarama makore anodarika matatu (3) chiri pasi pe 10%.

Zvidembo zvinotsvetsvana munguva yechirimo; mukono mumwe unokwanisa kutanda nekushumira nzvari dzakawanda. Nzvari yechidembo inotakura pamuviri kwemazuva 66 ichizvara vana 4-7. vana vechidembo vanozvarwa vasinganzvi uye vasingaone. Vanozotanga kuona mushure mevhiki nhatu. Vana vechidembo vanorumurwa vave nemwedzi miviri (2) yokuzvarwa, vochizogara namai vacho kana vave kutsvaka kuzvarawo. Chidembo chinotanga kubereka chave negore rimwe.

Chidembo chinozivikanwa kunyanya nenhau yokumwaya hwema hunonhuwa hunobva mutsatsadzi dziri kushure. Chidembo chinoshandisa mutuvi uyu unonhuwa senzira yokudzinya zvikara zvingada kuchidya. Chine tsatsadzi mbiri dzinomwaya munhuwi uyu; tsatsadzi idzi dziri kumativi maviri emukosho.




#Article 66: Dindingwe (291 words)


Dindingwe (cheetah in English) imhuka yemusango iri mumhuri yekatsi uye ichiwanikwa muziwumbe reAfrica neAsia. Dindingwe ndiyo yoga katsi yesango ine nzwara dzisingadzokere mukati; nokudaro haikwanise kukwira miti yakareba yakamira mutwi kuenda mudenga. Dindingwe rinodheera mapazi ari zasi kwemiti. Hakuna mhuka inomhanya nespidhi unodarika dindingwe; inokwanisa kusvika 110-120km/hr pachinhambwe chidiki chingaita 500m. Dindingwe rinokwanisa kufangura kubva 0-100 km/hr panguva inoita 3 sekondi.

Dindingwe rine dundundu rakadzika uye chiuno chitete. Dindingwe rakura rine huremu hunoita 35-72kg; rinoreba 110-150cm kubva kumusoro kusvika kubesu. Kana richipimwa kureba pamapendekete rinoreba 66-94cm; muskwe unoreba 60-84cm. 

Nzvari dzinoyaruka dzava pamwedzi makumi maviri kuvika makumi maviri ana mana (20-24); hono dzinoyaruka dzasvitsa mwedzi gumi nemiviri (12). Asi ingwe hadzinyanye kutandana dzisati dzasvitsa makore matattu (3); uye kushumira kunoitika chero nguva yegore. Nzvari dzinotsvaka chero ripi dindingwe gono. 

Nzvari dzinotakura pamuviri mazuva 90-99 dzichizvara vana vatatu kusvika vashanu. vana ava vane huremu 150-300gram panguva yokuzvarwa. Dindingwe rinozvarwa riiine mavara aro. Vana vanosiyana naamai pamwedzi 13-20 yekuzvarwa. Nzvari dzinoda kugara dzoga dzisingasangane nedzimwe kunze kwenguva iyo dzinenge dziri kurera vana vadzo. Dindingwe rinosvira kana vanhu kana richinge razvifunga. Panguva iyi ndipo panodzidziswa mwana weingwe zvinhi zvizhinji zvinosanganisira kuvhima. 

Dindingwe rinodya nyama richivhima kunyanya mhuka ndiki dzine huremu huri pasi pe 40kg. Rinonyanya kutanda mhembwe nemhara. Kana ingwe dzichinge dzavhima dzakawanda dzinotanda ngongoni nembizi zvakare. Handa dzomusango netsuro ndidzo dzimwe mhuka dzinovhimiwa nedindingwe.

Dindingwe rinovhima richironda charaona kwete kutevera hwema. Rinonyangira kusvika 10-30m rotanga kudzinganisa mhuka. Kazhinji-zhinji mhuka inenge yabatwa munguva iri pasi pe minute rimwe. Richinge yakudinka kubata mhuka munguva iyoyi dindingwe rinokasira kurasa moyo. Pachinguva chidiki charinenge radzinganisa mhuka, muviri wedindingwe unenge wopisa zvakanyanya. 

Tsumo - Dindingwe rinonakwa richakweva rimwe asi kana iro rokwehwa roti mavara azara ivhu.

Kune mazita emhuri ane chekuita nedindingwe. Mamwe ndiwo anoti: Mukonowengwe, Mutambanengwe, Ngwerume.




#Article 67: Rwizi (263 words)


Muchidzidzo cheTarachisi, rwizi (river in English) zvinoreva muronga unoyeredza mvura kubva kunzvimbo dzakakwirira kuenda kunzvimbo dzakaderera. Rwizi runogona kuva hombe kana diki; dzimwe nzizi dzinoyerera mitunhu yakareba dzichipinda munyika dzakawanda.

Mamwe mazwi anotaura rwizi ndeaya: rukova (brook), rukorodzi (small stream), rukoto, mukomba. 

Izwi rokuti rukoto tinokwanisa kurishandisa kuturikira inonzi tributary kuEnglish, kureva rwizi runodira mune rwumwe rukuru. Sokuti Rwizi Munyati rukoto kuna Rwizi Zambezi.

Machiti (rapids in English) zvinoreva mangondo kana mawere anodzika ari munzira yerwizi, pahumwe zviichinzi chiti. Mangondo aya anoitika pane matombo makukutu akachinjika panoerera nerwizi, asi zasi kune matombo anokukurwa zviri nyore. 

Rwizi Nile ndirwo rwakanyanya kureba Pasirose ruchiyerera nhambwe inoita 6,650km. Nile inopinda munyika dzinoti: Burundi; Rwanda; Democratic Republic of Congo; Tanzania; Kenya; Uganda; Ethiopia neEgypt.

Kuno kuChamhembe kweAfrica, Rwizi Zambezi ndirwo rwizi rukuru rwakareba 3,540km. parwizi urwu ndipo panowanikwa mapopoma anonzi Victoria Falls ari pamuganhu panosangana Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia neBotswana. Mamwe mapopoma ari parwizi Zamabezi anosanganisira: Chavuma Falls iri pamuganhu weAngola neZambia; Ngonye Falls neSioma Falls kuMadokero kweZambia.

Zambezi rine magwenya makuru emagetsi maviri ari paKariba Dam neCabora Bassa Dam. Pane rimwe gwenya diki paVictoria falls.

Chisuvi cheMvura zvinoreva nzvimbo yakakwirira yokuti kumativi ayo nzizi dzinoyerera dzichienda kwakasiyana. 

Somuenzaniso muZimbabwe chisuvi chemvura chinotevedza nzvimbo dzakakwirira pakavakirwa maguta anoti: Harare; Chegutu; Kadoma; Kwekwe; Gweru neBulawayo.

Kune rimwe divi nzizi dzinoyerera dzichienda kuMaodzanyemba kunodira kuna rwizi Zambezi. Nzizi dzinoti: Rwizi Mazowe; Rwizi Munyati; Rwizi Manyame dzinoyerera dzichinodira muna Zambezi.

Nekune rimwe divi dzinoyerera dzichienda mabvazuva dzichinodira muna Rwizi Runde naRwizi Save. Divi iri rine nzizi dzinoti: rwizi Tokwe; rwizi Chiredzi; rwizi Mutirikwe dzine mvura inonopinda kuMozambique ichinodira kugungwa reIndian Ocean.




#Article 68: Rwizi Zambezi (173 words)


Zambezi river rwizi runoyerera kubva kuZambia, rwopinda muAngola, rwuchizotevedza muganhu weNamibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe neBotswana, pedzezvo rwopinda kuMozambique uko rinonodira mugungwa reIndian Ocean.

Kuno kuChamhembe kweAfrica, Zambezi ndirwo rwizi rukuru rwakareba 3,540km. parwizi urwu ndipo panowanikwa mapopoma anonzi Victoria Falls ari pamuganhu panosangana Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia neBotswana.  Mamwe mapopoma ari parwizi Zamabezi anosanganisira: Chavuma Falls iri pamuganhu weAngola neZambia; Ngonye Falls neSioma Falls kuMadokero kweZambia.

Zambezi rine magwenya makuru emagetsi maviri ari paKariba Dam neCabora Bassa Dam. Pane rimwe gwenya diki paVictoria falls.

Rwizi Zambezi rune dzimwe nzvimbo dzine machiti - rapids.

Chisuvi cheMvura zvinoreva nzvimbo yakakwirira yokuti kumativi ayo nzizi dzinoyerera dzichienda kwakasiyana. 

Somuenzaniso muZimbabwe chisuvi chemvura chinotevedza nzvimbo dzakakwirira pakavakirwa maguta anoti: Harare; Chegutu; Kadoma; Kwekwe; Gweru neBulawayo.

Kune rimwe divi nzizi dzinoyerera dzichienda kuMaodzanyemba kunodira kuna rwizi Zambezi.  Nzizi dzinoti: rwizi Mazowe; rwizi Munyati; rwizi Manyame dzinoyerera dzichinodira muna Zambezi.

Nekune rimwe divi dzinoyerera dzichienda mabvazuva dzichinodira muna Rwizi Runde naRwizi Save. Divi iri rine nzizi dzinoti: rwizi Tokwe; rwizi Chiredzi; rwizi Mutirikwe dzine mvura inonopinda kuMozambique ichinodira kugungwa reIndian Ocean.




#Article 69: Ngongoni (338 words)


Ngongoni (Wildebeest in English) imhuka inowanikwa muAfrica iri pamuapanda wedzinoyamwisa. KuMabvazuva kweAfrica ngongoni ndiyo mhuka ine huwandu hwakanyanya pamhuka dzine mumhu muhombe. Rimwe zita rinoshandiswa rinonzi mvumba.

Mhuru dzengongoni dzinozvarwa panguva imwe chete; chikamu chinosvika 90% chinozvarwa panguva yemasvondo matatu (3). Kuzvarwa kwemhuru dzakawanda kudai kunoreva kuti tariro yokuti mhuru imwe neimwe inorarama nekukura zvichienzaniswa nokunge mhuru yazvarwa kunze kwemasvondo matatu aya. Mushure mokunge mhuru idzi dzazvarwa dzinotanga kutevera ana mai vadzo.

Ngongoni dzinozivikanwa nokutama kwadzinoita gore negore dzichitsvaka mafuro matsva. Mhuka idzi dzinovamba rwendo rwekutama mumwedzi waChivabvu naChikumi zvikuru ne chikonzero chekuti mafuro anowanikwa otanga kuoma nenguva iyi mukugadzIrira nguva yechando inenge yoswedera, apo nzara inomanikidza kuti ngongoni dzitame. Mugore rokunge kusina mafuro, dzinokurumidza kutama uku mwedzi waChivabvu kana chikumi usati wasvika dzichitsvaka mafuro manyoro ane chikafu chakarurama. 

Zvikara zvinodya ngongoni zvinosanganisira: shumba; dindingwe; bere; mbada negarwe - zvikara izvi zvinoita sezvinofarira nyama yengongoni. Iyo ngongoni ine simba rokuti inokwanisa kurwisa uye kukuvadza chero neshumba zvakaipisisa. Mhuka iyi inokwanisa kumhanya kusvika pazvinhambwe zvingaita makumi matanhatu nezvina mukati meHour (64km/hr) MuZimbabwe ngongoni dzinowanikwa dzakawanda kuHwange National Park.

Mukutama kwadzinoita Ngongoni mumwaka wekutanga kwechando, dzinofamba dzakaita sevarwi vanezvavakachengetedza. Ngongoni dzinofamba dzakaita chitsama kana dzirimu gurumwandira rimwe, mhou, zvimhuru uye dzakwegura ndidzo dzinofamba dziripakati nepakati pegurumwandira. Chikamu chinotevera chinenge chine majongosi, mhou dzisina mhuru nezvindumurwa. Kumapeto kwegurumwandira kunowanikwa kuine mikono kazhinji. Kurongana ukukunobatsirawo mukuchengetedzeka kwedanga reNgongoni. Mbvumba  dzinowanikwa kumapeto kwegurumwandira dzinorwisana zvikuru nezvikara zvinenge zvoda kudya mhuka idzi. Shumba chaidzo dzinoshaiwa kananeimwa yadzinobata parwiswa neMbvumba.

Marongeke aya anoitawo kuti mafuro achadyiwa nezvikamu zvemhuka idzi asiyane, dziripamberi uye dziri kumacheto dzichawanikwa dzichifura mafuro asakambo furwa chinova chibairo chenjodzi inotarisana nemhuka dzirikumapeto kwegurumwandira.

Ngongoni dzinotanda (Danha) nzvari (mhou kana tsiru) pakupera kwemwaka wekunaya kwemvura apo mhuka idzi dzinenge dzakasimba. Nguva yokushumira iri pakati paChivabvu naChikumi, mhuru dzichizozvarwa pakati paJanuary naMarch. Ngongoni dzinotakura pamuviri kwemwedzi misere kusvika mipfumbamwe (8-9). Nzvari dzinobindura panguva imwe chete. Zvikwata zvenzvari dzengongoni zvinogara munzvimbo dzinochengetedzwa nemikono. Mikono inodana nzvari nokukuma nokudzvova.

Ngongoni inodyiwa nyama kuchamhembe kweAfrica, nyama iyi inoitwa chimukuyu. Vanoodya vanoti nyama yenzvari ndiyo nhete pane yemukono.




#Article 70: Mombe (212 words)


Mombe kana kuti n'ombe (cattle in English) imhuka inopfuwiiwa pamusha. Mombe dzinochengeterwa nyama, kurima, kutakura mutoro, mukaka, dehwe nzvimwewo. Debwe ren'ombe rinokakisa ngoma, rinorukiswa makashu kana kuwaridzwa pokugara. Kareko raigadziriswa sengende dzokusengesa zviyo kana nyama. MuZimbabwe nemuAfrica yose n'ombe ndibwo vufumi bwunokosheswa zvakanyanya zvikuru sei kumaruwa. Mombe dzinoshandiswa pakuripa roora vuye pamabiko nezvirango zvakasiyana-siyana. Mugore ra 2008 vanhu vazhinji vomuZimbabwe vakashandisa n'ombe semari pakutenga midziyo napakuripa ngava dzakasiyana-siyana kushonganisira dzidzo kuzvikoro. Vazhinji ndivo vakatenga nharembozha dzavo nen'ombe.

MuZimbabwe mune mhando dzemombe dzinoti: Hard Mashona; Ntuli; Afrikander; Jersey; Friesland; Hereford nedzimwewo. N'ombe dzinowanikwa muruvara ruchena, rushava, rupfumbu, rutema kana gwesadzaremhunga kuchitivo dzimwe dzinoita makwanda.

Inzwi rekuti (mombe) rinowanikwa mumupanda 9 ne 10(the word mombe is found in mupanda 9 ne 10) nekuti mupanda 10 unotsanangura mhuka uyezve izwi iri riniwanikwa mumupanda uyuzve nekuti rine sungawirirano -dzi( i.e kana mombe iri iri imwe chete tinoti mombe iyi kana dzawanda tinoti mombe idzi) uyezve enderano yeuwandu neushoma.

Kusunura kana kudzuna (to castrate) zvinoreva kucheka machende emhuka hono kuti isakwanisa kubereka. Mombe nembwa dzinosunurwa kuti dzirege kubereka. Mombe kana ichinge yakusunurwa kana kuti kuchekwa inonzi dhonza, ngavi kana kuti jong'osi. Mhuka dzinosunurwa senzira yokusarudza handira dzine rudzi rwakanaka.

 

Tsvina yemombe inonzi ndove inoshandiswa kuita manyowa anowarikwa mumunda. Vamwe vanoti zviya kana yawoma vanoipisa muchoto vachibika mudzimba. 




#Article 71: Tsuro (129 words)


Tsuro (rabbit in English) imhuka inowanikwa musango uye inopfuyiwa pamusha. Tsuro iri pamupanda wemhuka dzinoyamwisa. Mhuka iyi inowanikwa Pasirose iyine mhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Kamwana ketsuro kanonzi kanhowa.

Tsuro dzinowanikwa munzvimbo dzinoti, mapani; masango; matoro. Tsuro dzigadzira nzvimbo pasi pemakwenzi kana kuchera mwena yadzo. Vanamazvikokota vanoti tsuro zhinji dzinowanikwa kuNorth America. Tsuro dzinowanikwayo kuchamhembe kweEurope; kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia; Sumatra; Japan neAfrica.

Tsuro dzine nzeve dzakareba kuita 10cm idzi dzinobatsira kunzva kana zvikara zvouya. Makumbo eshure ndiwo ane simba rakanyanya uye ndiwo anoshanda pakukwakuka kunoita tsuro pakusvekuta nepakumhanya. Makumbo emberi ane zvigunwe zvishanu, nechimwe chiri pamusoro zvishoma.

Tsuro inoreba kuita 20-50cm kubva kumusoro kusvika kubesu, ichiita huremu hunosvika 0.4-2kg.

Ana ambuya nanasekuru vanotaura ngano zhinji dzana tsuro nagudo; tsuro inonyanya kutaridzwa sekamhuka kadiki kakachenjera gudo riri mhuka hombe isina kungwara.

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#Article 72: Mupunga (106 words)


Mupunga (rice in English) idzinde rinenge sora rinorimwa richiita mbeu inodyiwa Pasirose. 

Mupunga ndiko kudya kukuru kunzvimbo dzinoti: West Indies; Middle East; East Asia; Southeast Asia neSouth Asia. Mupunga ndiyo mbeu yepiri pahuwandu hwekukohwewa Pasirose cihitevera chibage. Asi nokuti chibage chinoshandiswa mune zvimwe zvisiri kudyiwa nevanhu, mupunga ndiyo unosara watungamira pakuva chikafu chevanhu.

Kurimwa kwemupunga kwakanakira nzvimbo dzinowanikwa vashandi nemuripo uri pasi nokuti mupunga une basa rakawanda. Mupunga unoda nzvimbo dzinonaya mvura yakawanda nokuti unokura muznvimbo dzine mvura yakawanda. Mupunga ndiwo rimwe remadzinde akagara ari muAfrica kubvira pasichigare.

Nhengo iri padzinde remupunga kana rukweza inotakura mbeu inonzi mwonzora kana nzeve.

Mupunga wakabikwa uchizoiswa dovi unonzi mafaki.




#Article 73: Rwizi Mazowe (109 words)


Rwizi Mazowe (Mazowe River) rwizi rwuri muZimbabwe neMozambique. Rwizi urwu runotangira kuMaodzanyemba kweHarare rwoyerera ruchienda kuMaodzanyemba. Mugore ra1920 dhamu reMazowe rakavakwa 40km kubva kuHarare kuti ripe mvura inodiridza Mazowe Citrus Estates.

Rwizi urwu runopfuura nekunze kweguta reGlendale; vagari veguta iri vanowana mvura yavo kubva muDhamu riri parwizi urwu. Kubva apa rukova urwu runoyerera rwananga kuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kuMabvazuva rwuchinodarika nzira yeBindura-Madziva pahoko ye20km kubva muBindura. 

Vagari veShamva vanowana mvura yekunwa kubva muna rwizi Mazowe; apa rwizi rwunoonekwa pamugwagwa weShamva-Madziwa Mine.  Rwizi Mazowe rwunoramba rwananga kuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kuMabvazuva rwuchinova chikamu chemuganhu weZimbabwe-Mozambique pedyo neMudzi. Rwave muMozambique runenge rwave rwizi Luenha rwuchinodira muna rwizi Zambezi.

Nzizi dzinodira munaMazowe dzinosanganisira: Mupfurudzi; Kayirezi; Nyamuziwa.




#Article 74: Rwizi Pungwe (146 words)


Rwizi Pungwe (Pungwe River) rwizi rwakareba 400km ruri muZimbabwe neMozambique. Rwizi urwu runotangira mujinga regomo Nyangani riri kuMabvazuva kweZimbabwe. Kubva ipapa runoyerera kuenda kuMabvazuva ruchipinda muProvince dzeManica neSofala kuMozambique. Pungwe anodira muIndian Ocean panzvimbo yeMuronga weMozambique (Mozambique Channel). Pungwe anoverengwa pahova huru dzeMozambique; mune makore emvura zhinji anokonzera murove nemafashama emvura munyika iyi.

Mvura inoyerera muna Pungwe inobva muProvince dzeSofala nemanica kuMozambique; nzvimbo iyi ine vanhu 1,081,000 vanowana mvura yerwizi urwu. Imwe muvura inobvawo kudunhu reMutasa muZimbabwe; chikamu chidiki chemvura chinowanikwa kubva kudunhu reNyanga. MuZimbabwe mune vanhu 96,000 vanowana mvura kubva muna Pungwe.

Zimbabwe neMozambique dzine chirongwa chinotonga mashandisirwo emvura yarwizi Pungwe. Guta reBeira nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza dzinowana mvura kubva muna Pungwe. Mugore ra2004 guta irir raitora mvura inosvika 25,339 m3 pazuva kubva muna Pungwe.

Guta reMutare rinotorawo mvura kubva kuna Pungwe; zvichitevera chibvumirano chakanyorwa pakati peZimbabwe neMozambique, Mutare inotenderwa kutora mvura inosvika 60,480 cubic meters pazuva.




#Article 75: Gudo (103 words)


Gudo (baboon in English) imhuka yemusango yakafanana netsoko. Makudo ane mumhu unosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwegudo racho. makudo ari kuGuinea akareba 50cm uye ane huremu hunoita 14kg; makudo ari kuno kuChamhembe kweAfrica akareba 120cm uye ane huremu hunoita 40kg.

Zvinoita sekunge gudo rakabata pfungwa dzevanhu kunyanya nemaitiro aro kana kuti maramiro aro. MuChiShona gudo rine mazita akanyanya kuwanda. Mamwe mazita ndiwo anoti: bveni; diro; mutiro dede. Pahuwandu anonzi matede, makudo kana mapfeni.

Muimbi Oliver Mtukudzi wakaimba, Gudo munorivengerei, gudo haridye husiku? Nhunzi wawapumha ndiye anopa zvirwere.

Kune mazita emhuri ane chitsama ane chekuita negudo. Mamwe ndiwo anoti: Nyamapfeni, Dirorimwe, Jerandoga, Chiro, Mutiro, zvichingodaro (zvd).




#Article 76: Mhara (335 words)


Mhara (Impala in English and Afrikaans) imhuka yemusango inoda kuenzana nemhembwe. Mhara inobva mumhuri yemombe; inosanganisira mombe dzepamusha, hwai, mbudzi nenyati. Mhuka iyi inowanikwa mumasango enyika dzinoti Kenya, Tanzania, Swaziland, Mozambique, kumaodzanyemba kweNamibia, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, kuchamhembe kweAngola, South Africa and Uganda. Huwandu hwe Mhara muAfrica hunodarika 2 million.

Mhara dzine hurefu kusvika pamapendekete huri pakati pe 73–92cm uye kubva kumusoro kusvika kubesu dzinehurebu hunosvika 1.5m. Hono dzinoita huremu huri pakati pe 46–76 kg, nzvari dzinorema zviri pakati pe 35–50 kg. Mhara dzine ruvara rwaka kangavara (reddish-brown), dziine besu rakaita rushava nedumbu jena. Hono dzine nyanga dzinoreba kusvika 90cm asi nzvari hadzina nyanga.

Mhara inodya uswa unyoro munguva yekunaya asi kana pasina uswa uhwu, inodya hwakaoma, mashizha netumiti twutete. Mhara haidyi nyama.

Nzvari neMhara diki dzinogara mumatanga akakura kusvika 200. Munguva yokunge kuine mafuro akanaka mabhuru eMhara anotara muganhu nokuchengera nzvimbo dzawo achitanda dzimwe hono dzingada kupinda munzvimbo idzi. Nzvari dzose dzinopinda munzvimbo yakachengerwa dzinokomberedzwa nemukono uchiedza kudzivirira kuti dzisabude munzvimbo iyi. 

Munguva yokunge kuine nzara munharaunda, matanga ane mikono nenzvari anobatana kuitira kutama dzichitsvaga mafuro. Panguva yakadai Mhara dzinofamba nzendo ndefu dzakawanda dzichienda kumafuro manyoro, uye mikono inogarisana murugare.

Nguva yokuti mikono inonzwa havi yokuda nzvari inotanga panopera mwaka wekunaya kwemvura munaChivabvu; nguva iyi yakareba mavhiki matatu (3). Munguva yehavi iyi mhara hono dzinochengetedza nzvimbo dzadzo zvakasimba uye dzinoisa munhuhwi wadzo kumucheto kwenharaunda dzadzo. Uyezve dzinovhundutsira dzimwe nekuita ruzha, nekumira kunoratidza kusimba asi kana zvanetsa dzinorwa. Mhara nzvare inotakura pamuviri kwemwedzi 6-7; asi nzvari inokwanisa kunonoka kuzvara kana mafuro asina kururama. Panguva yokuzvara, nzvari inozvitsaura kubva kudanga yonozvarira pakahwanda ichichengeta mhuru yayo ipapo kwemavhiki maviri-matatu isati yadzokera kune dzimwe. Mhuru dzinoyamwiswa kwemwedzi mitanhatu (6).

Kana Mhara dzichinge dzavhundutswa nezvikara dzniotanga kusvetuka dzichiita udasvumutasvu dziine chinagwa chokuvhiringidza zvikara. Mhara inokwanisa kukwakuka nhambwe inosvika 10m ichikwira 3m mudenga. Mhara dzinomhaya kusvika 80 km/h kana dzotiza zvikara. Panguva yokutiza dzinomwaya hwema kubva mumakumbo adzo, zvichiyamura kuti danga remhara rirambe riri pamwe.

Zvikara zvinotevara mhara zvinosanganisira: shumba; mbada; ingwe; bere uye garwe kana Mhara dzaenda kunonwa mvura kurwizi.




#Article 77: Kurima (104 words)


Kurima (farming) zvinoreva mabasa anoitwa kuchengeta mhuka dzakapfuyiwa uye kudyara nekukohwa mbesa. Kurima kunosanganisira kukama mukaka wemhuka dzakapfuyiwa, kucheka vhudzi remhuka dzakadai sehwayi; kusarura mukono unoberekesa nzvari; kusarura mbeu  dzakanaka dzokudyara zvichingodaro.

Munyika zhinji dzeAfrica kurima ndihwo hushangazhi hune vanhu vakanyanya kuwanda vanoshandamo. 

MuZimbabwe vanhu vazhinji vari kumaruwa vanoita mabasa ekurima. Vazhinji vanopfuya mhuka dzinosanganisira mombe; mbudzi; hwayi; huku; njiva; hanga; nguruve nedzimwewo. Kuminda vanodyara mbeu dzinosanganisira; chibage; donje; fodya; nzungu; nyimo; mbambaira nezvimwewo.

Madzinde anorimwa muvhu achizokohwewa kuti adyiwe kana kushandiswa nevanhu anonzi mbesa - crop of any kind. Panodyarurwa fodya kana muriwo, madzinde acho madiki ari kudyarurwa anonzi mbesanwa kana kuti nhondo.




#Article 78: Mukaka (119 words)


Mukaka (milk in English) inowanikwa pamhuka dziri pamupanda wedzinoyamwisa. Mukaka unodyiwa nevanhu unokamwa pamombe kana pambudzi. Mombe inokamiwa mukaka panguva yokunge iine mhuru.

Jinya kana majinya (Piece of a curd) kureva horakora remukaka. 

Mukaka unogadziriswa zvinhu zvakawanda zvinosanganisira: yoghurt; cheese; butter; ice cream; milk chocolate nezvimwe zvinwiwa nzvekubikisa.

Kana mukaka uchinge wakodzekwa unoita ruwomba pasi pacho paine mutuvi kana kuti mvura. Ruwomba runoshandiswa ruchidyiwa rwakadaro kana kugadzira butter, cheese nezvimwewo.

Munhukadzi kana asununguka mwana mazamu (breasts) anoburitsa mukaka weanonwisa mwana. Vanoita zvehutano vanokurudzira kuti mwana anwe mukaka uyu kusvika pagore nemwedzi mitanhatu nekuti mumukaka uyu munowanikwa zvese zvinodiwa pakuti mwana akure zvakanaka. Vakadzi vanosununguka vana vaine chirwere cheshuramatongo (HIV) havakurudzirwe kuyamwisa mwana nekuti vanokwanisa kutapurira hutachiwana kumwana nenzira iyi.




#Article 79: Chipembere (103 words)


Chipembere (Rhinoceros in English) zimhuka zihombe remusango rine nyanga pamhuno nemakumbo makobvu. Rimwe zita rechipembere rinonzi nhema. MuAfrica mune marudzi maviri echipembere; kuchamhembe kweAsia kune matatu.

Nhema imhuka huru inokwanisa kusvika 1 tonne pahuremu; ine ganda gobvu rinopimwa kuita 1.5-5cm pakukora kwaro. Mhuka iyi inodya makwenzi zvikurusei mashizha acho; asi kana pasina mashizha inodyawo zvimwe zvine tseta.

Mumasango chikara chikuru chinouraya chipembere ndiye munhu. Mhuru dzachipembere dzinourayiwa neshumba; mbada; dindingwe uye makarwe; mhumhi nemapere. Chipembere chinonwa mvura kurwizi mazuva ose; izvi ndizvo zvinoita kuti chipembere chasanetsa kubayiwa nemakororo anovhima zvokuba.

Vanoba nyanga dzechipembere vanotengesa kuChina uko kune vanotenda kuti nyanga iyi inorapa fever.




#Article 80: Ndege (128 words)


Ndege (Aeroplane) in English. Kuti ndege isumuke kune zvinhu zvakakosha zvinoti:

Kana mhepo ichinge ichivhuvhuta puresha yayo inodzika nekukwira kunoita spidhi yemhepo. Kana spidhi yemhepo ikaderera puresha yemhepo inokwira. Kucherechedzwa kwechiitiko ichi ndiko kunoshandiswa pakusimudza ndege kuenda mudenga.

Paye ndege inenge yomhanya panhandare yendege mweya unomhanya ichipesana nemapapiro endege. Puresha iri pasi pemapapiro inosiyana nepuresha iri pamusoro pemapapiro. 

Paku bhururuka kwendege, pane mamanikidzo(force) mana anonge achitamba pandege. Manikidzo idzi dzinoti, simudzo, gwesho, gunganidzo ne thrust. manikidzo yesimudzo neye gunganidzo dinopesana kana kuti kupikisana dzichibva mativi akasiyana. Ye gwesho ne thrust zvinopikisanawo zvichibva mativi akasiyana asi manikidzo idzi dzinenge dzaka chinjikana ne-e simudzo ne gunganizo. Kuti ndege ikwanise kubhururuka, manikidzo yesimudzo inenge yakafanana neye ngunganidzo.

Simudzo = gunganidzo

Uye ye gwesho inenge yaka fanana neye thrust

Gwesho = thrust




#Article 81: Chikwatamabwe (330 words)


Muchidzidzo cheTaranyika chikwatamabwe (Volcano) inzvimbo inonyuka mabwe achikwata kubva muvhu. Mabwe aya anobuda achipisa samare achiyerera pasi nokudaukira mudenga paanenge okwata. Chikwatamabwe chinokanda madota mudenga nokupwititsa chiutsi chakawanda chinosimuka kusvika pahukwidza hunobhururuka ndege. 

Mugore ra 2010 chikwatamabawe chiri kuIceland chakapwititsa chiutsi chakavharisa nhandare dzendege kuEurope vachityira njodzi kundege kana dzobhururuka mudenga. Madota akakandwa nechikwatamabwe ichi akaonekwa kuziwumbe reEurope achibva kuchitsuwa chinonzi Iceland. Mugore ra2011 vana mazvikokota vane chifundidziro chokuti chikwatamabwe chichatubukazve chichikanda dota mudenga, nekuyeredza mabota emabwe anopisa.

Nekumwe kutaura chiitiko ichi chinodanwa kunzi tyakamabwe; izwi rokuti tyaka rinoshandiswa kuChiKaranga richireva kukwata. Kuno kuAfrica kune chikwatamabwe kuDRC pagomo rinonzi Nyamuragira.

Shoko reEnglish rokuti Volcano rakatanga kutaurwa neVaRoma kuItaly pakaitika chikwatamabwe paGomo reEtna. VaRoma panguva iyi vaitenda kuna mwari wemoto aidanwa kunzi Vulcan. Saka pakaita chikwatamabwe paGomo reEtna vakafunga kuti ndiye Vulcan ari kutaridza hasha dzake. Zita raVulcan rakabva ratumidza kuchiitiko ichi vachitaura neLatin kuti Vulcanus. Kuzoti volcano kwave kusandurudza kuenda kuEnglish - zita iri rakabva rabata nazvino ndiro rinoshandiswa kunyangwe zvazvo ruzivo rwawedzera vanhu vave kuziva kuti chikwatamambwe hachineyi naVulcan.

Vakare vakatumidza maererano nemaonero nemafungiro avo panguva iyoyo. Isu nhasi tinowona chitiko ichi kuri kukwata kwemambwe saka pano panzi chikwatamabwe. Chikwatamabwe chinonzi ikirunga mururimi rweKirundu rwunotaurwa kuBurundi; zvingadaro kuti shoko rokuti chirunga reShona rinoreva icho chikwatamabwe nokuti kune mazwi eChiSHona mazhinji akafanana neKirundu. 

Ichi chiitiko chekuti nyika inondengenyeka ichizunguzika pasi pachifamba.

Nyika yatigere yakawumbwa nehwendefa dzemabwe dzakawarikwa dzichivhara matunhu Pasirose. Hwendefa idzi dzine mitswe nehwangwadza pakati padzo. Hwendefa idzi dzigere pamusoro pemabwe anokwata nekupisa. Hujoto hunosiyana munzvimbo dziri pamatunhu akasiyana; nokudaro hwendefa idzi dzinotambanuka kana hujoto hwakwira nokudzoka kana hwaderera. Mukufamba uku imwe nguva dzinokwesherana dzichitsvedza zviri nyore; imwe nguva dzinokochekerana dzoita mangange poshaya hwendefa inofamba. 

Zvadai fosi inosunda hwendefa idzi inoramba ichikwira padzinenge dzakarumana kudaro. 
Panozosvikwa nguva yekuti nzvimbo dzakabatana hadzichagona dzakurirwa nefosi iri kusunda. Ipapo hwendefa dzinopfutunuka dzotsukunyuka dzichibandana, kupetana nokukonzera kundengenyeka kwenyika. Panguva imwe cheteyo mabwe akanyauka ari pasi pehwendefa idzi anokwanisa kusimuka achiwana mukana wazaruka pamitswe inenge yawedzera kushama. Mabota emabwe aya anozotubuka panyika achive chikwatamabwe.




#Article 82: Kamba (109 words)


Kamba (tortoise) imhuka yemusango inokambaira ine makwati akavhara muviri wayo. Kamba inokwanisa kudzosera musoro wayo, maoko nemakumbo kupinda mumakwati ayo. Kune kamba dzinogara pavhu koita kamba dzinogara mumvura. Kamba iri pamupanda wemhuka dzinokambaira.

Kamba nzvari dzinochera gomba umo dzinokandira mazai angava rimwe kusvika kumakumi matatu (30). 
Mazai anokandirwa munguva dzemanheru kamba yobva yafushira mazai aya nejecha,dhaga nemashizha. Mazai aya anosiyiwa asina kurindirwa achizochechenya pamazuva 60-120 zvichienderana nerudzi rwekamba yacho.

Kana yasvika nguva yokuchechenya nhiyo inoboora zai ichishandisa zino rinenge rakura kachiri muzai iroro. Ipapo nhiyo iyi inochera ichibuda mugomba muya yotanga upenyu hwayo isina amai .

Kamba inodya huswa, sora, mashizha; nemichero yakasiyana-siyana. Mamwe marudzi ekamba anodya makonye netupembenene.




#Article 83: Zizi (120 words)


Zizi kana mbore (owl in English) ishiri inowanikwa kuzviwumbe zvose kunze kweAntarctica; zizi rinowanikwa mumarudzi mazana maviri (200). Zizi rinoverengwa sechikara chinodya dzimwe mhuka. Mazizi anodya tupembenene; dzimwe shiri uye mhuka ndiki dzepamupanda wedzinoyamwisa. Zizi kazhinji rinogara rega uye rinofamba husiku. 

Mazizi ane maziso mahombe ari pamaberi pechiso kwete kumativi emusoro sedzimwe shiri dzinovhima. Maziso ezizi hakafamba saka rinofanira kutenderedza musoro wese kana roda kuona nerimwe divi. Zizi rinozivikanwa nokugona kumonyorora mutsipa negonya rinokwana kusvika 270o kurudyi nekuruboshwe.

Zizi rine maziso anoona zviri kure asi harikwanise kunatsa kuoona zviri pedyo macentimteres mashoma kubava pariri. Saka kana rodya rinoshandisa mukushe ari pamuromo waro kutsvaka kuti chikafu chariri kudya chiri papi chamira sei.  Asi maziso aro anowona kure anobatsira zvakanyanya parinovhima husiku.




#Article 84: Hungwe (316 words)


Hungwe (African Fish Eagle) ishiri huru inowanikwa muAfrica kuchamhembe kweSahara. Shiri iyi inogara munzvimbo dzine mvura yakawanda pane nzizi huru, madhamu kana nyanza; apa dzinenge dzichitevera pane chokudya chakawanda. Hungwe ndiwo shiri iri pamureza weZimbabwe, zvakare ndiyo iri pamureza weZambia. Hungwe yainzi na Vutata ishiri ine mikosh sikisitini, asi wechi seventeen ndewe jet propellation. 
 

Hungwe ishiri huru; nzvari inokura kuita huremu 3.2-3.6kg, mukono uchiita 2-2.5kg pahuremu. Mukono unotambanuka mapapiro achipimwa 2m, iyo nzvari ichiita mapapiro anotambanuka 2.4m. Muviri wayo unokura kusvika 63-75cm dzokureba.

Muviri wehungwe yakura une ruvara rwe brown, namapapiro eshure matema ane simba samare. Musoro nemuswe wayo muchenachena, icho chiso chiri che yellow chsina makushe. Kudya kwehungwe ndizo hove dzainonyukura mumvura asi inodyawo dzimwe shiri dzinotambra pamvura. Anoinzwa kuchema kwayo hungwe anotorangaridzwa kumusha kuAfrica.

Hungwe inowanikwa kune mitumbi yemvura zhinji kune nyanza, madziva, nenzizi; zvakare inowanikwawo pedyo negungwa panosvika nzizi dzichidira mugungwa. Shiri iyi mumusha mayo muAfrica mainowanikwa kuchamhembe kwegwenga reSahara. Nzvimbo dzinoonekwa hungwe kunyanya dzinosanganisira: rwizi Orange kuSouth Africa neNamibia; Okavango kuBotswana; neNyanza yeMalawi. Shiri iyi inonzi inotambirawo kuNyanza Victoria nedzimwe nzvimbo dzine nyanza kuCentral Africa.

Mikono inotanda nzvari munguva yechirimo apo mvura inenge yakaderera. Zvinofungirwa kuti hungwe inotanda hadzi imwe kwehupenyu hwayo hwose. Mukono nehadzi zvinovaka matendere maviri kana kudarika dzichizopota dzichidzokera kumatendere aya. Nokuti dendere rimwe rinokwanisa kushandiswa kakawanda richivakurudzwa nguva dzose, dendere rinogumisidza rakura zvotambarara kuita 2m uye 1.2m pahudzamu . Matendere mazhinji anovakwa mumiti mikuru achivakwa netsotso dzemiti.

Nzvari inokandira zai rimwe kusvika kumatatu; mazai aya machena ane mavara matsvuku. Nzvari ndiyo inorinda mazai asi mukono unorindawo kana nzvari yaenda kunovhima. Mazai anorindirwa mazuva 42-45 asati achechenya. Mazai anokwanisa kuchechenya pamazuva akataramukana, kana zvakadai nhiyo huru ine musambo wekuuraya dzimwe ndiki. Nhiyo dzehungwe dzinogara mudendere kwemazuva 70-75, kwapera mavhiki manomwe (8) nhioy idzi dzinenge dzozvitsvakira chikafu dzochitanga kubuda mudendere.

Hungwe ndiyo shiri iri paCourt of Arms dzenyika dzinoti, Namibia, Zambia neSouth Sudan. Ndiwo zvakare iri pamureza weZimbabwe nepamureza weZambia.




#Article 85: Mhute (113 words)


Mhute chiitiko chinoonekwa kana tumadonhwe twemvura tuchiyangarara mumhepo. Mhute inoitika ichikonzerwa nemamirio ekunze kana kuti pakutubuka kwechikwatamabwe. Inonyanaya kuonekwa apo pane mhepo inotonhora iri pamusoro pemvura inodziya. Kumwe kuitika kwemhute kunoonekwa pakufema pamusi wekuti kunze kune chando. Kupfungaira kunoonekwa kuchibuda pamuromo nemhuno inotova mhute.

MuZimbabwe mhute inoonekwa pedyo nemadhamu munguva yechando; chiitiko ichi chinoonekwa rungwanani padhamu reMazowe. Mhute inokonzera kuti zviri kure zvisanatse kuonekwa, zvokuti vatyairi vemuchovha vanonetseka kuona kwavari kuenda. 

Mhute kana yakanyanya imwe nguva zviri panhambwe inokwana 200m hazvioneke; mhute ichinge yawanda zvokuti zviri panhambwe iyi hazvichaonekwa inonzi bvungapfunga - kuEnglish yonzi fog. Musiyano uripo pakati pemhute nebvungapfunga kuwanda kudzivira kuwona kunenge kuripo kuburikidza nokukora kwacho kana kuti huduma hwemhute yacho.




#Article 86: Bvungapfunga (100 words)


Mhute kana yakanyanya kukora inonzi bvungapfunga. Musiyano uripo pakati pemhute nebvungapfunga kuwanda kwacho kunodzivira kuwona zviri mberi. Mhute ikange yakora zvokuti zviri panhambwe inokwana 200m hazvichaoneke; ndipo painonzi bvungapfunga.

Mhute chiitiko chinoonekwa kana tumadonhwe twemvura tuchiyangarara mumhepo. Mhute inoitika ichikonzerwa nemamirio ekunze kana kuti pakutubuka kwechikwatamabwe. Inonyanaya kuonekwa apo pane mhepo inotonhora iri pamusoro pemvura inodziya. Kumwe kuitika kwemhute kunoonekwa pakufema pamusi wekuti kunze kune chando. Kupfungaira kunoonekwa kuchibuda pamuromo nemhuno inotova mhute.

MuZimbabwe mhute inoonekwa pedyo nemadhamu munguva yechando; chiitiko ichi chinoonekwa rungwanani padhamu reMazowe. Mhute inokonzera kuti zviri kure zvisanatse kuonekwa, zvokuti vatyairi vemuchovha vanonetseka kuona kwavari kuenda.




#Article 87: Muchato (115 words)


Muchato chiitiko chekunge murume nemukadzi vari kuroorana vachiita mhiko dzavo dzokugara vose. kazhinji kuitwa kwemhiko kunoteverwa nemhemberero apo vanhu vakakokwa vanenge vofara pamwe nevachati.

Muchato unokwanisa kuitirwa muKereke kana kuitirwa mudare raMudzviti. Vanochata vanowanza kunge vaine vafakazi vanopupura kuti vaona muchato uwu vachiisa runyoro rwavo pagwaro remuchato. Mukadzi anenge achichata anonzi mwenga, murume anenge achichata anonzi sakuwana kana kuti zenda - saka vachati vanenge vari zenda nomwenga.

MuZimbabwe nekune dzimwe nyika nhau yekuroorana inoperera pamberi pemhuri nevabereki pasina kuenda kunochata kuKereke kana kuhurumemnde. MuZimbabwe murume anenge aripa roora paanozopiwa mukadzi natezvara. Kunyika dzevarungu mukuwasha anopiwa mukadzi asina roora raaripa. Kune dzimwe nyika mukadzi ndiye anoripa mari achitora mururme kuti ave wake; iyi tsika inowanikwa kuIndia.




#Article 88: Gore (127 words)


Muchidzidzo cheSayinzi vanoti: Rinopasi rinodzunguruka richitevera boterekwa rakakomberedza zuva. Nguva inotorwa neRinopasi richipoterera zuva kamwe inonzi Gore. 

Pakufamba kwegore nyika inopfuura mwaka yakasiyana-siyana inoonekwa: nokushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze; kureba kwenguva iri pakati pakubuda nokuvira kwezuva; chimiro chemiti nebundo; uye michero inowanikwa panzvimbo.  Gore rine misi mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nemashanu kana riri makore nje. Kana rasvika gore remucharikwa (leap year) rine mazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nematanhatu.

Gore repaCalendar ndiyo nguva iri pakati pemisi miviri ine zita rimwechete paCalendar.

Hafu yegore inokwanisa kutanga January ichipera June kana kutanga July ichipera December.

Gore rinopimwa nedzimwe nzira dzakawanda.

Gore repaCalendar rinoda kuenderana nedendera rePasi parinopoterera zuva. Gore repaCalendar yaGregory (uye Calender yaJulian) rakareba mazuva 365 kana kuti 366 kana riri gore remucharikwa (Leap Year).

Shoko rokuti makei rinoshaniswazve kureva gore. 




#Article 89: Oliver Mtukudzi (143 words)


Oliver Tuku Mtukudzi muimbi wemuZimbabwe akaberekwa gore ra1952 muHarare. Muimbi uyu anodanwa nezita remusere rokuti Tuku

Mtukudzi akatanga kuimba mugore ra 1977 nechikwata Wagon of Wheels vari vese nomuimbi Thomas Mapfumo. Vakaimba rwiyo rwakaita mukurumbira rwainzi Dzandimomotera. Mtukudzi akazobatana nechikwata chizviti Mahube, chaisangana vaimbi vekuchamhembe kweAfrica.

Mtukudzi ndiye mumwe wevaimbi vanemukurumbira muZimbabwe uye kunze kwenyika iyi. Akaberekwa kurudzi rweChiKorekore, ari wedzinza Nzou Samanyanga. Musambo wenziyo dzaanoimba unodanwa kunzi Tuku Music. Mtukudzi akafamba nebasa rokuimba kumhiri kwemakungwa achisvika kunyika dzinosanganisira UK, US and Canada uko aiunganirwa nevanhu vazhinji.

Mumwaka uno wemamiriro ehupfumi nehutongi munyika yeZimbabwe, Tuku akaimba rwiyo rwunonzi Ndakuvara.  Rwiyo urwu rwunotaura pamusoro pekushungurudzwa kwevanhu zvichienderana nematongerwo enyika. Akatsikisawo rwumwe rwiyo Bvuma Wasakara rwunokurudzira vachembera kusiyira vechidiki mabasa nehutungamiri.

Oliver Mtukudzi ndiye mumwe wevaimbi vane mukurumbira muZimbabwe; vamwe vacho vanosanganisira Alick Macheso, Charles Charamba, Olivia Charamba, Pardon Mutsago, Mercy Mutsvene, Joyce Simeti nevamwewo.




#Article 90: Vanhu vemuAfrica (340 words)


Vanhu vemuAfrica

Huwandu hwevagari veAfrica hwakakwira zvakanyanya pamakore makumi mana (40) apfuura, nokudaro Africa ine vanhu vazhinji vechidiki. Mune dzimwe nyika dzeAfrica chikamu chidarika 50% yevanhu vari pasi pamakore 25 ekuberekwa. Huwandu hwevanhu muAfrica hwakakwira kubva pa 221 million muna 1950 kusvika pa 1.0 billion muna 2009. 

Marudzi evanhu vanotaura mitauro yechiBantu ndivo vakawanda kubva pakati peAfrica zvichienda kuchamhembe nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Mudunhu iri munowanikwawo marudzi eNile vanowanikwa kuSouth Sudan nekuMabvazuva kweAfrica, pamwe nemaSwahili nemaKhoikhoi vanowanikwa kuchamhembe kweAfrica. Marudzi emaKhoikhoi ndiwo anonzi akatanaga kusvika kuchamhembe kweAfrica kuchizotevera vatauri vendimi dzechiBantu. MaKhoikhoi ndivo vane rudzi runonzi San kana kuti rwainzi Bushmen kare.

KuMaodzanyemba kweAfrica kune mapoka maviri: Berber neArab kumadokero; vaEgypt nevaLibya kumavirira. Verudzi rwechiArab  vakasvika mudunhu iri mwaka wechizana 7, vakaunza mutauro weArabic nechinamato cheIslam kunzvimno idzi. Vanhu veMarudzi aShem vakauyawo mudunhu iri vachisanganisira: vaPhoenician nevaHysko - maGreek nemaRoman vakagara munzvimbo iyi. Verudzi Berber ndivo vanova ruzhinji munyika yeMorroco uye muAlgeria mune vane chitsama chakati kuti. Rudzi urwu ndirwo rune vanhu vanogara mugwenga reSahara kunyanya. 

Munyika dzeEritrea neEthiopia mune vaAmhara neTigryans vanotaura mitauro yemarudzi aShem iri pamupanda wendimi dzeAfro-Asiatic. Mudunhu rimwechetero mune vaOromo nevaSomali vanotaura mitauro yemarudzi aCush iri pamupanda wendimi dzeAfro-Asiatic.

Mumwaka wakanga Africa ichiri pasi peVarungu kwakanga kuine varungu munyika zhinji asi iye zvino vasara vane chitsama munyika shoma. Mumakore akawana nyika dzeAfrica kuzvitonga varungu vakatama kubva munyika dzinoti: Algeria, Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique neAngola. Zvinofungirwa kuti maPortuguese vanokwana 1.0 millin vakabuda muAfrica mumwaka 1960-1979. Parizvino varungu vanowanikwa vashoma munyika dzinoti:  South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Réunion. Nyika ine varungu vakawanda ndiyo South Africa uye nyika iyi ndiyo ine verudzi rwechiJudah zvakanyanya muAfrica. Marudzi ane madzitateguru vekuEurope anosanganisira,  Afrikaner, Anglo-Africans (vakabva Britain) uye Coloureds.

Kuuya kweVarungu vakauya nechitsama chevanhu vakabva kuAsia zvikurusei marudzi eIndia. Misha inogara marudzi echiIndia inowanikwa muSouth Africa uye muKenya neTanzania. Zvitsuwa zviri mugungwa Indian Ocean zvakagarwa vevanhu vakabva kuAsia imwe nguva vairoorana neVanhu VeAfrica pamwe neveEurope. Vanhu vari muMadagasca ndeverudzi rweAustronesian 
asi vanosangana nemarudzi anoti Bantu, Arab, Indian and European. Mumwaka wechizana 20 kumahombekombe eAfrica kumabvazuva nekumadokero kwakasvikavo vane chitsama vemarudzi eku Lebanon neChina.




#Article 91: Coloureds (155 words)


Coloured zvinoreva vanhu vakazvarwa pakasangana vabereki vane ganda rakasiyana. Verudzi urwu vazhinji vanana baba Varungu nana Amai vanhu Vatema. Pakauya Varungu vachitapa Africa vakatora vakadzi vechitema vakazvara vana navo. Nokudaro verudzi rwechiColoured vanodanwa kunzi vazukuru nokuti zvinenge zvichinzi vana vehanzvadzi dzedu.

Zita rokuti Coloured rinoshandiswa nenzira iyi kuno kuchamhembe kweAfrica munyika dzinoti Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa neZambia. Kunyika dzinoti Canada, USA, Britain maColoureds vanoverengwa seVanhu Vatema.

Pari zvino nyika dzakaita vatungamiri vechiColoured dzinosanganisira Botswana (Ian Khama) neGhana (Jerry Rawlings).

Kunoitawo vamwe maColoured vanana baba veChitema asi ava vashoma kana zvichienzaniswa nevanana baba Varungu. Varume Vanhu Vatema vakaroora Varungu vazotanga kuwanda nokuwanda kwevanhu vakanodzidza mhiri kwemakungwa kunyanya kuRussia, Ukraine, Poland neGermany kune madzimai veChirungu vanenge vaigamuchira kuroorwa neVatema pane varungu vakagara vari muZimbabwe.
 

Mhuri dzemaColoured dzine mazita anoti, Green, DeKock, Klassen, Jacobs, Josephs, Culverwell, Peters, Young, Rahman, DeJaeger nemamwewo mazita eVarungu ana baba vavo. Kunoitawo maColoured akazvarwa nanababa vechiArab, Malay, Indian nemamwewo marudzi akatora vakadzi vechitema.




#Article 92: Nhumbu (139 words)


Munhukadzi anonzi ane nhumbu kubva panguva yaanosangana nemurume mwana obva aumbwa muchibereko chemukadzi. Panguva yokunge mukadzi ave nenhumbu dumbu rake rinotanga kukura zvichienderana nekukura kuri kuita mwana muchibereko. Vamwe vatauri vanoti mimba.

Nhumbu yemunhu inotakurwa kwemwedzi mipfumbamwe (9). Vanhu vanoberekana nenzira inokumbanidza mbeu yemurume nezai remukadzi mushure mokunge murume nemukadzi vasangana kana vakumbana panguva yakafanira. 

Kutsika mwedzi (to miss a period and become pregnant).

Zvinosarira muchibereko mushure mokunge mwana abuda zvinonzi rusarira, musana kana kuti chavakuru - after-birth.

Mazwi anoti rusurumuko kana nguva yekusurumuka iri kuturikira gestation period inova nguva kubva pakunamba pamuviri kusvika kuzvarwa kwemwana. Munhukadzi anosurumuka mavhiki makumi mana. Asi vana chiremba vanotarisira nguva yekusurumuka kubva pamavhiki makumi matatu nemasere (37) kusvika makumi mana nemaviri (42). Zvakakosha kuzivisana kuti izwi iri haritaurwe kuShona saizvozvi - pano kuda kuvaka mutauro chete - kana pane izwi riri nani ngaripinde.




#Article 93: Munwe (137 words)


Minwe ndidzo nhengo dziri kunoperera mawoko dzatinoshandisa kubata nadzo zvinhu. Munhu ane minwe gumi. 
Mamwe mazita: chinwe, chigunwe, zvinwe kana zvigunwe.

Shoko rokuti chitupa (1. Finger mark; 2 Thumbprint) rinotaura mudhindo weminwe unotorwa kana munhu achitsikisa chitupa. Vamwe vatauri vanodana mudhindo uyu kuti ruchiva kana ruchivo.

Pfundo kana fundo (joint of finger).

Chara (thumb) ndiwo munwe mupfupi mukobvu unopfumbana nemimwe minwe yose. Kana munhu akabata mupinyi webadza, chara chinopoterera nedivi racho chega. Chara chinshandiswa kutswanya sekutaura kwetsumo inoti: Chara chimwe hachitswanyi inda. Pahuwandu toti zvara

Munongedzi, muchimbo, chitendeko, mutendeka kana kuti Mutendeki (index or pointing finger) ndicho chigunwe chinotevedzana nechara chinova ndicho chinoshandiswa kunongedza.

Kasiyanwa' karavi, karava kana munwana (pinky finger) ndiwo munwe mudukusa uri kune rimwe divi rakapesana nechara. Kukwenya munho nekasiyanwa kunotaurwa apo munhu anenge achiita tarisiro rokuti ave nerombo rakanaka pane chaakamirira kuti chiitike.




#Article 94: Bulawayo (190 words)


Bulawayo ndiro guta rechipiri pakukura muZimbabwe. Mukuzvitonga, guta iri rakafananawo neguta reHarare nokuda kwekuti rinonziwo rimwewo rematunhu eZimbabwe. Guta reBulawayo rinonziwo nevanhu 'City of Kings', 'Skies', 'Bluez' kana 'KoNtuthu ziyathunqa' - rinova izwi muSindebele rinoreva 'nzvimbo inemoto wakawanda utsi' - pakati pemwamwewo mazita. Ruzhinji rweguta iri rwakawanda maNdebele. Guta iri rakavakwa riine nzvimbo dzehushangazhi zhinji asi pari zvino vana muzvinabhizinizi vazhinji vakatama nezvinhu zvavo kuenda kuHarare nekuda kwekunetsa zvinhu munyika yeZimbabwe. Bulawayo ndirowo guta rega rikuru rinova pedyo neHwange National Park, Matopos National Park neMapopoma eMos-io-atunya.

Guta reBulawayo ragorizikanwa senzvimbo yehushangazhi muZimbabwe. Ine makambani akawanda akaita seMerlin textiles, Zimbabwe Engineering Company (Zeco), Hubert Davies, Radar Metal Industries, National Blankets, G  D Shoes, Merlin, Tregers Group, Stewarts  Lloyds, Hunyani Holdings neCold Storage Commission pakati pemamwe. Asi pari zvino makambani aya mazhinji akatama akaenda kuHarare kana kuti akatovhara. Izvi zvirikukanganisa budiriro yeguta iri. Mishina nezvivakwa zveushangazhi muguta iyi zvakasiiwa zvichikonzera kushata kwezvivakwa izvi. Zvinotevera ndezve kuti mainivhesita anobva atya kuuya kuzoisa mari dzavo muguta iri. 

Guta iri rinewo nhandare yendege yayowo inova inonzi Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo International Airport. Nharaunda yendege iyi yakawedzerwa mukukura nekuda kwekuwedzera kwevashanyi muguta nenzvimbo dziri pedyo neguta iri.




#Article 95: Europe (184 words)


Europe rimwe rematunhu ziendanakuenda anonzi ziwumbe kana kuti continent kuEnglish. Izwi rokuti continent rinoreva continous land. Ziwumbe reEurope ndiko kunobva Varungu kwavakapararira vachibva vakanotapa nokutonga nzvimbo dzinoti: Australia; United States of America; Canada neNew Zealand. 

Europe ndiyo chikamu chiri kumadokero kweziendanakuenda reEurasia. Asia neEurope dzine muganhu pachisuvi chemvura chiri pamakomo eUral neCaucasus, parwizi Ural, negungwa Caspian Sea neBlack Sea. Dzinoganhurana zvakare pamvura inobatanidza Black Sea neAegean Sea. KuMaodzanyemba kweEurope kune Artic Sea nemamwe makungwa, kuMadokero kune gungwa Atlantic, kuChamhembe kune gungwa Mediterranean neBlack Sea nemuronga unobatanidza magungwa aya. Europe inopatsanurana neAfrica pagungwa reMediterranean iyo iri kuMaodzanyemba kweAfrica.

Europe ndiyo ziwumbe rechipiri pakudupuka kwenharaunda; ziwumbe iri rine nharaunda inokwana square kilometres zvinova zvikamu 6.8% chenharaunda inevhu Pasirose. Europe ine nyika dzinoda kusvika makumi mashanu (50), Russia iriyo nyika hombe pakuwanda kwevanhu nenharaunda. Vatican city ndiyo yakanyanya kudupuka. Europe ndiro ziwumbe rechitatu pakuwanda kwehugari hwevanhu ichitevera Asia neAfrica. Europe ine vanhu 733 million chinova chikamu gumi nerimwe kubva muzana (11%) chehugari hwevanhu Pasirose. Mugore ra1900 zvinofungidzirwa kuti Europe yaive nehugari hwevanhu vanokwana zvikamu makumi maviri nemashanu (25%) yevanhu Pasirose.

Russia ine zvikamu zvevhu muEurope zvese neAsia.




#Article 96: Gomo reNyangani (150 words)


Gomo reNyangani ndiro gomo rine hukwidza hwakanyanya muZimbabwe, rinokwira kusvika 2,592 m (8,504 ft). Gomo iri riri muInyanga National Park mudunhu reNyanga , inova nhambwe inokwana 275 km (171 mi) kuri kuChamhembe kwakadziva kuMabvazuva kweHarare. Chisuvi chegomo iri chinoonekwa padombo rinosumuka 40m kubva panzvimbo yakatenderedza dombo iri. Chimwe chikamu cheGomo reNyangani makomo madiki neduvurwi rinobata ndima inokwana 8km2. Kunoperera duvurwi kune mawere akanyanya zvichienda kuMabvazuva nekuMadokero. 

Mvura inona pagore yakawanda (inokwana 2200 mm), asi munguva yechando May kusvika August kunenga kwakawoma. Gomo iri riri mudunhu reTropics uye harina kunyanya kukwira saka sinowo inonaya nenguva iri kure. Sinowo yakapedzisira kuwonekwa muGomo reNyangani muna August 1935. 

Pane nzizi nhatu dzinovamba muGomo reNyangani: rwizi Nyamuziwa, rwizi Kairezi (Gairezi), nerwizi Pungwe. Nzizi mbiri dzokutanga dzinonodira muna rwizi Mazowe, iye Mazowe achidira muna rwizi Zambezi.

Rwizi Nyama rwunodira muna rwizi Kairezi runodonha kubva paduvurwi kuri kuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kuMabvazuva kweGomo reNyangani. Mapopoma eKairezi ari kumabvazuva kweduvurwi.




#Article 97: Ropa (205 words)


Ropa, gazi kana ngazi (blood) ndiwo mutuvi mutsvuku unowanikwa uchiyerera mumitswe iri munyama  dzemhuka dzose. Mitswe inofamba neropa inonzi tsinga. Ropa rinofambisa chikafu negasi reoxygen kusvitsa kunhengo dzemuviri uye rinotakura tsvina kubva kunhengo dzemuviri.

Mutandira Unopotereka Ropa - kuturikirwa kwechinonzi Blood Circulatory System kuEnglish. Apa mutandira izwi rinoshandiswa pachinyorwa chino kuturikira chinonzi system.

Mitswe inofamba neropa ndiwo aya machubhu anonzi blood vessels kuEnglish. Pachinyorwa chino pachasiyaniswa mhando yemitswe iyi kuti tiyedze kuturikira zvinonzi veins, arteries and capillaries kuEnglish. Uku kupatsanura kwakakosha zvikuru nokuti mitswe inofamba neropa ine mabasa akasiyana.

Artery ichanzi tsinga nokuti idzi ihuru uye dzinonatsa kuonekwa nechekunze paganda. Tsinga dzinotakura ropa kubva kumoyo kuenda kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri. 

Mushwaira(Capillary blood vessel) zvinoreva mhando yetsinga ndikisa dzinobatsira mukutsinhana kana kugachidzana kwezvinhu zvinowanikwa mumuviri zvinoti: oxygen, carbon dioxide, mvura, chikafu, nemishonga inoraswa pakati peropa nenhengo dzemuviri. Mishwaira inobatanidza tsinga hombe dzinotakura ĝropa kubva kumoyo kuenda kunhengo dzomuviri netsingana ndiki chinodzosera ropa kumoyo. Shoko rokuti mushwaira rinoreva kanzira kadiki kasina kunatsa kupfumbira; aka kanenge kari kanzira kanonetsa kuona pakari chaipo. Apa ndipo pabva paturikirwa kuti shoko rinoti mushwaira rive ndiro rinoreva zvimwe nereEnglish rokuti capillary. Iri zita rinoduza zvakanakisa kuti capillary tutsinga tudokosa zvichifanidzwa nedzimwe tsinga dzinoonekwa pamuviri wemhuka kana munhu. Pakuwanda mushwaira inodanwa kunzi mishwaira




#Article 98: Kadoma (220 words)


Kadoma (Kadoma city) iguta riri muProvince yeMashonaland West, riri chinhambwe chinokwana 140km kubva muHarare munyika yeZimbabwe. Guta iri rainzi Gatooma kusvika mugore 1982. 

Kadoma inowanikwa mumugwagwa mukuru weA5 pakati peHarare neBulawayo, pachinhambwe chinosvika makilomita 305 (190 maera) kumaodzanyemba nechekumadokero kweKadoma.  Mitsetse yakatarwa yakati sambamba yeKadoma inoti: 18° 20' 24.00S, 29° 54' 0.00E (Mbariro yeTaranyika:18.3400; Mutambariko weTaranyika:29.9000). Kadoma Inowanikwa pamusoro pegungwa mamita anosvika p1,183 m (3,881 feet).

Gatooma yakavamwa muMwaka wechikumi 1890 semusasa wemugodhi; kukazogadzwa dare raitarira musha mugore 1907. Mugore 1917 Gatooma Municipality yakamisikidzwa. Guta iri rakapiwa zita raShe aigara pedyo ainzi Katuma. 

Hotera Specks yakavhurwa mugore 1907, chikoro cheJameson high chikavambawo gore rimwechete apo Mai Amelia Fitt vakatanga kupa zvidzidzo kumba kwavo. mai Fiit vaive mudzimai waMayor wekutanga weguta reKadoma. Magetsi akatanga kusvitswa kuvanhu mugore 1922, kwakzotevera kuvhurwa kweGrand Hotel mugore 1925.

Guta reKadoma rinozivikanwa nenhau yemigodhi inochera gold. Mugodhi wakaita mbiri ndiwo wainzi Cam and Motor Mine uri nhambwe inokwana 7km kubva mukadoma pamusha weEiffel Flats. Mugodhi uyu wakzovharwa uri pasi peRio Tinto Zimabwe. Cam and Motor ndiwo Harare wakabura gold rakanyanya kuwanda munguva yeZimbabwe .

Donje rinorimwa mudunhu reKadoma uye kune hushangazhi hune chekuita nekushanda nedonje. david Whitehead Textile yakavhurwa mugore 1952.

Kadoma iri pahukwidza 1,162 m uye ine hugari hwevanhu hunosvika 81,000 pakuwonekwa kwa2007.
Guta iri riri parumbariro -18.3 nemutambariko +29.9 zvichireva kuti riri murumana rweTropics.




#Article 99: Kareya (118 words)


Kareya kana chinongo (defect or weakness, blemish or flaw) zvinoreva kusakwana kusvika pane zvakatarwa kuti zvivepo pane chiri kushandwa kana kuburwa chichibva kugadzirwa.. Vanoshanda  muhushangazhi vane pavanenge vakaronga kana kurangana kuti zvavanobura zvinofanira kusvika  maererano nehusvinu huri kudiwa. Izvo zvinenge zvaburwa zvichitadza kusvika pane husvinu kana kuti kururama kwakatarwa, zvinonzi zvine kareya. Vamwe vatauri vanoti kadenda, kana kuti chinongo.

Vari muhushangazhi vanoda kuziva kuti pane zvavanenge vabura zvingani zvine kareya uye zvingani zvisvinu. Izvi vanoda kuziva nokuti zvine kareya zvinokwanisa kunge zvisingatengeseke, kana kuti zvinoda kushandwa zvakare kuti zvisvike pakuva zvisvinu zvinotengeseka. Imwe nguva zvinhu zvine kareya zvinenge zvashata zvokusvika pakuraswa.

Kudzokorora kushanda chinhu chamboshandwa kunotora nguva, simba, uye mari.  Varidzi vehushangazhi havafare kunge vachirasikirwa nayo mari iyi.




#Article 100: Husvinu (107 words)


Husvinu (quality in English) zvinotaura kuti chinhu chinosvika pakururama kunodiwa here. Husvinu hunopimwa maererano nezvakabvumiranwa pakati pemutengi nemutengesi. 

Ngatitii mutengi ati anoda chingwa chine huremu hunodarika 750gram. Pazvingwa  zana kana makumi manomwe echingwa chikaita huremu honosvika 750gram kureva kuti 80% yechingwa chasvika pahusvinu huri kudiwa. Chingwa ichi chasvika patingati panogamuchirika takatarisana nehusvinu kana kururama kwacho.

Apa papihwa muenzaniso mumwe wechinhu chingapimwa kana kuchitariswa husvinu. Vamwe vangada kupima husvinu hwesimbi yabva mukunatswa vachishandisa hunatswi kana kuti kuchena kwakaita simbi iyi. Sokuti copper yakanatswa kusvika pa 99.9% ine hunatswi hwemhando yepamusoro kudarika ine 97% copper.

Pakutaura mazuva ose kunotaurwa kuchinzi:

Saka pano panzi husvinu hunoenderana neshoko reEnglish rekuti Quality.




#Article 101: Gweru (262 words)


Gweru (yainzi Gwelo kusvika 1982) iguta riri pakati peZimbabwe riri paMbariro yeTaranyika  neMutambariko weTaranyika . Gweru ine vagari 146,073 (2009), zvoreva kuti ndiro guta rechitatu pahugari hwevanhu muZimbabwe. Gweru ndiro gutaguru reProvince yeMidlands. Gweru yakavambwa mugore 1894 naDr. Leander Starr Jameson. Bhanga rekutanga rakavhurwa 1896, Stock Exchange yakaveko 1898. Njanji yakasvika mugore 1902. Gweru yakava Municipality muna 1914, yakava guta muna 1971. Zita rakasandurwa kuti inzi Gweri mugore 1982.

MuGweru ndimo mune Thornhill Air Base, Zimbabwe Military Museum neAntelope Game Park.  Rusvingo rweNalatale nerwe Danangombe zviri pedyo neGweru, nzvimbo idzi dzinozivikanwa nekuvakwa kwezvidziro zvine matombo akarongwa zvinoyevedza uye nemidziyo yakasiyiwa yemaPortuguese.

Mugore ra1928 mugari weGweru ainzi Mai Jean Boggie wakavakisa nharire yeBoggie Clock Tower senzira yekurangarira murume wake akanga ashaya. Nharire iyi iriko nanhasi yava chishongo chinozivikanwa chinoonekwa muGweru.

Hushangazhi uri muGweru unosanganisira Zimbabwe Alloys, Bata Shoe Company (yakavambwa muna 1939) ne Anchor Yeast inova yega kambani inogadzira yeast muZimbabwe. Guta reGweru riri munzvimbo yakanakisa kwazvo kuchengeta mombe: kurma kunoitwa munharaunda yeguta kunotevera hushangazhi hwemombe (zvese hwemombe nemukaka). Cold Storage Commission ine nzvimbo yekuuraya mombe muGweru. Maruva anorimwawo munharaunda yeguta kuti atengeswe kudzimwe nyika.

Zvinofungwa kuti muGweru munova nevanhu 300,000 vanogaramo asi vanokwanisa kupfurikidza nhamba iyi sezvo vanhu vazhinji muZimbabwe vanochengeta umwe musha kumaruzevha. Nekuti inogara pakati pematunhu emaShona nemaNdevere, vanhu vakawanda muGweru vanogona kutaura zvese chiShona ne chiNdevere asi chiShona chinotaurwa nevazhinji kwozoita 30% yehugari inotaura chiNdevere.

Sisitemu yedzidzo yepuraimari nesekondari haina kushandirwa zvakanyanya mumakore apfura. Zvikoro muGweru zvinotevedza sisitemu yedzidzo yemaBhuritishi senyika yese. Vadzidzi vanopedza makore manomwe varikupuraimari nemana (O'level) kana matanhatu (A'level) varikusekondari zvichitemba nekuti vanoda kudzidzo yakaita sei.  




#Article 102: Doro (177 words)


Doro (Beer) chinwiwa chinogadzirwa nokuviriswa kwezvirimwa kuchishandiswa mbiriso. Doro rinodhaka kana rikanwiwa rakawanda uye harina kunaka kuhutano kana richinwiwa rakawandisa. 

Mamwe mazita edoro anonzi hwahwa, mhamba, mupeta uye kune mhando dzaka siyana siyana dzinoti, masese (dregs), kachasu, kangopisa ne doro rechi Rungu. MuZimbabwe doro rechirungu rinogadzirwa neNational Breweries, masese achi gadzirwa ne Chibuku Breweries uye nema kanzuru ne Afdis inogadzira kangopisa.

Kune matanho akasiyana ekubatwa nedoro zvichienderana nehuwandu uye mhando yedoro ranwiwa, uye vanhu vanodhakwa nehuwandu hwedoro hwakasiyana.

Kana munhu anwa doro anotanga kudhakwa doro richinge rawanda mumuviri. Kudhakwa kazhinji kunoonekwa nematauriro anenge oita munhu imwe nguva nyadzi dzapera otaura zvinhu asingawanzo kutaura kana doro risati ramubata. 

Vamwe vatauri vanoti kudzandiwa vachireva kudhakwa asi pano tichati kudzandiwa kunodarika kudhakwa. Apa doro rinenge rabata muviri nepfungwa dzomunhu zvinodarika mwero wekunzi kudhakwa. Apa munhu anenge asisagone zvinhu zviri nyore sokufamba kana kumira.

Vamwewo vanoti kukorewa nedoro; asi pano tichati kukorewa doro rinenge rabata zvinodarika kudhaka nokudzandiwa. Apa doro rinenge romurwarisa munhu nokuwanda kwaro - iyi ndiyo inonzi intoxication kuEnglish. 

Munhu anodhakwa kana kuti kuraradza anonzi chidhakwa kana kuti chiradza.




#Article 103: Asia (127 words)


Asia ndiro ziendaenda redunhu rakabatana neAfrica neEurope. Asia ndiyo ziwumbe rakakura pana ose pahuwandu hwevanhu uye kukura kwedunhu racho.

Asia ndiyo chikamu chiri kumabvazuva kweziendanakuenda reEurasia. Asia neEurope dzine muganhu pachisuvi chemvura chiri pamakomo eUral neCaucasus, parwizi Ural, negungwa Caspian Sea neBlack Sea. Dzinoganhurana zvakare pamvura inobatanidza Black Sea neAegean Sea. KuMaodzanyemba kweEurope kune Artic Sea nemamwe makungwa, kuMadokero kune gungwa Atlantic, kuChamhembe kune gungwa Mediterranean neBlack Sea nemuronga unobatanidza magungwa aya. Europe inopatsanurana neAfrica pagungwa reMediterranean iyo iri kuMaodzanyemba kweAfrica.

Kubva panyika yeTurkey zvichienda kumabvazuva inenge yava Asia, ichinobatanidzira Middle East, India, China, kunosvika kuKorea. Asia ine zvitsuwa zvakawanda zvinosanganisira Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Hong Kong, nezvimwewo.

Nyika dzine hugari hwevanhu vazhinji dziri muAsia dzinoti, China, India, neIndonesia. Russia ndiyo nyika yakanyanya kukura muziwumbe reAsia.




#Article 104: Tendai Biti (122 words)


Tendai Laxton Biti akambobata basa sa Minister of Finance muZimbabwe, panguva yehurumende yemubatanidzwa (GNU) kubva mugore ra 2009 kusvika mugore ra 2013. 
Parizvino Biti ndiye mutungamiri we People's Democratic Party (PDP) mushure mekusiya chigaro se Munyori Mukuru weBato. 
Musi wa 29 Gunyana 2017, bato ravanotungamira rakapatsanurana nenyaya yekuti Va Biti vakabatana naVa Tsvangirai mu MDC Alliance

Biti akaberekwa kuDzivarasekwa, Harare, akadzidza kuGoromonzi High School kubva gore 1980 kusvika 1985. Akanopinda kuUniversity of Zimbabwe mugore ra1986 achidzidza Mutemo (law). Ari paUniversity akabata chinzvimbo cheMunyori Mukuru weStudents Union , munguva iyi akatungamira vadzidzi kuratidzira vachipokana nekumbunyikidzwa kwaiitwa vadzidzisi vairambidzwa kutaura pfungwa dzavo zvizere. Paakapedza kuUniveristy Biti akanotanga basa neKambani yemagweta Honey and Blackenberg achizova mumwe wana muzvinabhizinisi ava nemakore 26.

Tarisa chinyorwa chinonzi Maheu.




#Article 105: Hunzwi (137 words)


Munhu pamwe nemhuka akasikwa ane hunzwi (senses). Hunzwi hunorava, kusiyanisa nokufananidza, kusarudza, kuketa zvacho zviri kunzverwa.

Kune hunzwi hushanu hunonyanya kuzivikanwa hunoti: kuoona nemaziso; kunzwa nenzeve; kuraidza nerurimi; kunhuwidza nemhuno, uye kukwanisa kugunzva kunoti muviri wakabatana kana kugunzvana chimwe chinhu munhu anozviziva. Munhu achinge agunzvana nechimwe chinhu anokwanisa kuziva kuti chinhu chakapfava, chikukutu, chinopisa, chinotonhora

Hunzwi hwese uhwu hunoraviwa muhuropi munowongorora kuti zvabva kune dzimwe nhengo zvinorevei nokupa zano rokuti munhu angaita sei nezviri kurehwa nedzimwe nhengo dzine hunzveri. Kunzwa hwema hwemanhuwire echinhu kunonzi kukamba. Saka imbwa inokamba hwema kudarika zvinoita munhu.

Akaimba muimbi Thomas Mapfumo achitenda Mwari kuti vakatipa Pfungwa shanu - idzodzo pfungwa shanu dzakarehwa naThomas Mapfumo ndidzo dziri kunzi hunzwi muchinyorwa chino.

Muenzaniso wekutaura kunoitwa mazuva ose:

Pakutaura kwemazuva ose panoshandiswa shoko rokuti kunzwa pane hunzwi huna kunze kwekuona nemaziso chete.

Humwe hunzwi honosanganisira:




#Article 106: Chitofu (mugodhi) (106 words)


Muhushangazhi hwemugodhi, chitofu (Ore kuEnglish) izwi rinoreva matombo ane simbi kana chimwe chicherwa chakakosha chiri kutsvakwa chiri kuchererwa mugodhi wacho. 

Chitofu chinokwanisa kunge chiine ndarama, mhangura, nickel, platinum kana ipi zvayo simbi iri kutsvakwa nevacheri vemigodhi. Pamigodhi mizhinji chitofu chinowanikwa chiine simbi dzine ukoshi mbiri kana nhatu. 

Panocherwa mugodhi panobudawo mamwe matombo asina simbi yakakosha; nguva zhinji matombo aya anoburitswa kuti nzira dzinosvika kune dombo rine mari dzitambanuke. Matombo asina mari anodanwa kunzi mambara. Vavariro yevanochera mugodhi ndeyekuti: dombo risina mari rive ndiro shoma; dombo risina mari ritsaurwe kubva pane rine mari; dombo rine mari rikororwe (extraction) napose panogonekwa nenzira dzisina njodzi kuvanhu, mugodhi kana michina.




#Article 107: Mbiru (161 words)


Mbiru (Pillars, columns of building) zvinoreva matanda makobvu anotsigira denga remba kana nhano dzepamusoro pachivakwa chemudurikidzanwa. Mbiru dzingava dzakagadzirwa nezvidhinha, concrete, simbi kana matanda emuti. Chakakosha kuti mbiru ive yakasimba zvokugona kutakura mutoro wakagara pamusoro payo. Vamwe vatauri vanoshandisa izwi rokuti shongwe kutaura mbiru

Chivakwa chiri panhandare yendege Harare Aiport chine mbiru dzine kuumbwa kwemhanda kumusoro kwadzo.

Bango rine mhanda rakamira rinoshandiswa sembiru kutsigira chivakwa rinonzi bindu.p

Shongwe yeBabel  (Tower of Babel) inotaurwa muBhaibheri senzvimbo yakaungana guwende revanhu vaine chinangwa chokuvaka shongwe inosvika kudenga. Vanhu ava vakanaga vaine donzvo rokuti kana vavaka shongwe iyi, ivo pachavo vaizove nemukurumbira pakutaurwa kwenhoroondo yevanhu; vaida kuti zita ravo nemabasa avo akurumbire. Shoko raMwari (Genesis 11:3-4) rinoti panguva iyi vanhu vakanga vari rudzi rumwe, vaine mutauro mumwechete, vachigona kunzwisisana vose vemhuri dzakasiyana. Shoko rinowonesa kuti Mwari havana kufara nechinangwa chevanhu chekuda kuzvitsvakira mbiri, saka Mwari vakaparadzanisa vanhu vakavaendesa kunzvimbo dzakasiyana. Panguva iyoyi mhuri dzevanhu dzakapihwa mitauro yakasiyana, vanhu vakabva vatadza kunzwanana mitauro yavo (Genesis 11:6-9).




#Article 108: Hugadaga (106 words)


Kana zvinhu zvichinzi zviri Gadaga (State of Balance in English) zvinoreva kuti hazvina kurerekera kana kuwandira kudivi rimwe asi zvakaenzana mativi ari kutariswa. Shoko iri richange richishandiswa muzvinyorwa zviri pano kutaura inonzi Balance kuEnglish.

Panodaro paine rimwe shoko rinotaura balance kuChiShona rapotswa pano. Iri shoko rekuti gadaga ndere chimanjemanje uye ndiro raonekwa riri pedyo kutaura chinonzi balance. Nokuti pashaiwa shoko rimwe zvinyorwa zviri pano zvichange zvichishandisa shoko rokuti gadaga.

Vechidiki vakakura mumwaka wechikumi cha1970 vaibvunzana hupenyu vachiti Uri gadaga here? - izvi zvichireva kuti, Uri bhoo here, zviri right here?. Ikoko kuva bhoo zvinhu zviri right zvakamira zvakanaka ndihwo hugadaga kana kuti balance iri kutaurwa pano.




#Article 109: Glendale (231 words)


Glendale musha uri mu Mazowe District kuMashonaland Central, Zimbabwe. Glendale yakapiwa zita iri kufananidzwa netaundhi iri kuNorthumberland, England. Musha weGlendale uri pamupata weRwizi Mazowe chinhambwe chinokwana 60km kubva kuHarare. Izwi rokuti Mazowe rinobva pane rokuti Manzou; uku kwaive kutadza kutaura kwevarungu.

Pakuverengwa kwevanhu mogore 1982 Glendale yaiva nehugari hwevanhu 6,076. Musha uyu wakapoteredzwa nemapurazi anorima chibage, donje, gorosi nekupfuya nguruve, mombe, uye kukama mukaka. Minda yemaranjisi yeMazowe Citrus Estates iri pedyo neGlendale. Humwe hushangazhi huri muGlendale hunosanganisira National Railways of Zimbabwe, Cotton Company of Zimbabwe,  Glendale Spinners,  KuChamhembe kweGlendale kune mugodhi unochera Iron Pyrites unonzi Iron Duke Mine uri nhambwe inokwana 15km kubva kuGlendale.

Nzvimbo ine musha weGlendale yakanga yakagarwa nevanhu verudzi rweVaShona vari pasi paShe Chiweshe, anova ndiye ari kutonga nhasi ari muruwa rweChiweshe. Mumakore 1884-1902 Vapambe pfumi vaibva kuBritain vakazotora nyika ino mugore ra1889 vakaitumidza kuti Rhodesia, nhoroondo kubva mubhuku rava: Arthur Keppel-Jones  . Vawuyi ava avakanaga vachiva ivhu renvzimbo iyi rinova gova rakanaka samare uye vakachiva gold raiwanikwa munzvimbo iyi.

Mumakore akatevera Glendale yakagarwa nevarimi vachirungu, vnahu Vatema, nevashandi vakatama kubva kuMozambique, Malawi neZambia. Kubva mugore 2000, mapurazi mazhinji airimwa nevarungu akatorwa nehurumende akapiwa kuvanhu vatema. Varungu vasara vashomane mumusha weGlendale.

Vana muzvinabhizinisi vechitema vari muGlendale vanosanganisira: Daniel Chinyemba weGlendale General Engineering and Marketing (Pvt) Ltd ne Blue Fountain Holdings (Pvt) Ltd.

Mamana ari muGlendale anosanganisira Valley Low Density, Tsungubvi Township, Sisk, Rujeko, Highway, Westville neEastview residential suburbs. 




#Article 110: Rovambira (474 words)


Rovambira () imhando yenyoka inowanikwa muAfrica, kunyanya ku . Rovambira ndiyo nyoka ine muchetura hwakanyanya kusimba panyoka dzinowanikwa muAfrica. Muchirungu inonzi .Yakapiwa zita iri nokuda kwemukanwa mayo mutema, kwete nokuti inyoka nhema.

Mamba izita rechiNdevere nechiZulu renyoka iyi. Nyoka iyi ino nyanya kuwanikwa ine wurebu wunobvira pa 2.5 metres kusvika ku 3.2 metres, asi dzimwe nguva inoreba kusvika pa 4.45 metres. Rovambira ndiyo nyoka  inomhanya kudarika dzimwe nyoka dzose pasi rose. Inokwanisa kusvika paSpidhi ye 4.32 to 5.4 metres pa second (11km/h). Inomhanyirana nebhiza riri kuzvimanyira nyore nyore.
...........

Rovambira ndiyo nyoka inotyiwa kupfuura dzimwe nyoka dzese muZimbabwe. Izvi zvinokonzerwa neukasha hune nyoka iyi kana ichinge yashatirwa. Tiri vadiki kwaitaurwa nyaya(malengends) dzekuti kune nyoka inomira nemuswe yokukobora panhongonya. Ino nyanya kushanda masikati. Mangwanani isati ya yenda kundo vima ino wanza kuwanikwa ichi dziya mushana mumapazi emuti. Ino gara mumabako, mumwena kana mumatombo, apo paino dzokera maneru ose kundo rara .  

Nyoka iyi ino farira kuvhima mhuka diki, dzine ropa rino dziya zvikuru. Ino vhima masikati. Kana ichi vhima, ino zivikanwa noku simudza zvikamu zvitatu kubva muzvina zvemuviri wayo. Ino nyanya kuvhima zvi nhavira, makonzo, mbeva ne mbira. Dzimwe nguva, nyoka iyi inovhima shiri hombe dzaka ita se huku, ne matendere. Kana yaka ruma, hayi zvinetsi noku ramba yaka bata nhaphwa yayo. Ino ruma yo tevera mhuka yayo ku svika  yafa, yochidya hayo. Muchetura wayo wakaipa zvokuti uno gona kuvuraya gonzo pa maminitsi mana. Kana mhuka yainenge yaruma yakada kutiza kana kurwisa, nyoka iyi ino ruma zvekare kuti mhuka yacho ikasire kufa. Senyoka dzese, rovambira ino tanga neku medza musoro wenaphwa yayo.

Pa kusanga, rovambira hadzi ino buditsa hwema hwuno kwezva hono. Hono dzin ouya nehuwandu hwadzo, zvichi enderana nehu hwandu hwadzo  mudunu. Dzino rwisana, inenge yakunda ndiyo inowana mukana weku sangana nehadzi. Hadzi ino gona ku kandira mazayi anosvika ku makumi ma nomwe. Mazai aya ano tora mwedzi mitatu kuti achochonye. Nyoka dze rudzi uru idiki hadzi wanzo ku wonekwa, pamwe nekuti dzinokasira kukura. Pagore nyoka iyi inenge yatosvika pamametre maviri.

Kunyoka idzi, hombe, hapana zvino nyanya kuiuraya, nyagwe ichisangana nezvityiso zvakaita seshiri dzinodya mhuka, dzakaita semakondo enyoka. Kana dzichiridoko dzinenge dzirimunjodzi yokudyiwa nedzimwe nyoka, dzakaita semhungu. Vanhuwo vanouraya nyoka idzi nokuda kwokutya. Imwe mhuka inofarira kudya nyoka idzi, i dzvoro (). Mhuka iyi ine muviri unogona kurwisana ne mucheturo wenyoka dzemuAfrika, zvinoita kuti ive inove muvengi mukuru wenyoka.

Kana yatangwa, rovambira rinotora chimiro chayo, chaiyine mbiri nacho. Inomira nemusve, yakasimudza chikamu chino pfura hafu yomuviri wayo. Yovhura moromo wayo unotyisa. Inofarira kutarisana nemu vengi wayo pameso. Izvi inoitira kutyisidzira muvengi wayo. Ino sarura kutiza, asi kana yaka tsamwa ino ruma zvaka petwa. Mucheturo wayo unouraya mhunu mukuru mukati mezuva rimwe chete, uye unonjandayisa mukati ne awa rimwe chete. 

Nyoka iyi ndiyo ino manya kudarika dzose pasirino. Inomanya zvokusiya munhu pamusoro pechinambwe chidiki. Inosvika pa 11km/h kusvikira ku 20km/h. Uye pakubhagamura ndiyo zvekare inotonga.  




#Article 111: Leopold Takawira (100 words)


Leopold Takawira (1916-1970) igamba rehondo yeChimurenga yakarwiwa nechinangwa chekusunungura nyika yeZimbabwe kubva kuutongi hweudzvanyiriri hwevarungu vakabva kuBritain.

Leopold Takawira akanga ari Vice President we Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). Murume uyu akanga ambotsigira National Democratic Party (NDP) pashure akazotsigira Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) .Leopold Takawira waizivikanwa nemutupo wake we Mhazi kana kuti 'Shumba yeChirumanzi'

VaTakawira vakazvarwa ku Chirumanzi, Victoria district mugore 1916. Vakadzidza muzvikoro zveRhodesia vakazonorava zvokuva mudzidzisi ku Mariannhill muguta re Natal, South Africa. VaTakawira  vakazova Headmaster we Chipembere Government School kuHighfield. Vakazosiya basa rokudzidzisa vachinoshanda na Colonel David Stirling we Capricorn Africa Society, uko vakanoitwa Executive Officer.




#Article 112: Herbert Chitepo (118 words)


Herbert Wiltshire Chitepo igamba rehondo yeChimurenga yakarwiwa nechinangwa chekusunungura nyika yeZimbabwe kubva kuutongi hweudzvanyiriri hwevarungu vakabva kuBritain.

Herbert Wiltshire Chitepo (15 June 1923 – 18 March 1975) akanga ari mutungamiri weZimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) rinova bato rairwira kuzvitonga kwevatema munguva dzeRhodesia. Herbert Chtepo wakaurawa mugore ra1975 mwedzi waKurume. Hazvizivikanwe kuti Chitepo wakaurayiwa nani. Munyori wenguva dzeRhodesia anonzi Peter Stiff anoti musoja wemawuto British anonzi, Hugh Hind ndiye anonzi akauraya Herbert Chitepo.

Chitepo ndiye akava munhu mutema wekutanga munguva yeRhodesia kuva barrister; rinova rimwe danho rohugweta.

VaChitepo vakazvarwa kuWatsomba mudunhu reInyanga; akanga ari werudzi rweva Manyika. Akadzidza pazvikoro zvinoti St David's Mission School (Bonda), St Augustine's School (Penhalonga) vachizoenda kuAdam's College (Natal, South Africa) kwaadzidza kuvamudzidzisi mugore 1945.




#Article 113: Josiah Chinamano (138 words)


Josiah Mushore Chinamano (akashaya 1984) igamba rehondo yeChimurenga yakarwiwa nechinangwa chekusunungura nyika yeZimbabwe kubva kuutongi hweudzvanyiriri hwevarungu vakabva kuBritain..

Josiah Mushore Chinamano wakarwa muhondo yechimurenga achibata ari mubato Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU). Mushure mekunge nyika yasununguka VaChinamano vakashanda muhurumende vari gurukota re Transport.

Chinamano ndiye aiva mutevedzeri waJoshua Nkomo - vaviri ava vakanga vaine mifungo yakafanana pamusoro pezve matongerwo enyika. VaChinamano nemudzimai wavo Ruth, Joshua Nkomo na Joseph Msika vakasungwa nehurumende yaIan Smith vakapika jeri mugore 1964.  Hutungamiri hwevarume ava vachikokera vanhu munguva yechimurenga hwakatyisa hurumende ya Ian Smith.  

Vatungamiri vana ava vakaita makore vasingaonane nemhuri dzavo vari mujeri ku Gonakudzingwa Restriction Camp.

Smith akagombedzerwa nezvematongerwo enyika akadzamara akasunungura vatungamiri ava. Mushure mekubuda jeri VaChinamano vakaenda mberi nebasa reChimurenga.

VaChinamano vakashaya mugore 1984 vakaradzikwa pa National Heroes Acre mu Harare. Vakasiya vanakomana vaviri, mwanasikana mumwe nevazukuru vatatu.




#Article 114: Joseph Msika (254 words)


Joseph Wilfred Msika igamba rehondo yeChimurenga yakarwiwa nechinangwa chekusunungura nyika yeZimbabwe kubva kuutongi hweudzvanyiriri hwevarungu vakabva kuBritain. Murume uyu akanga ari mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weZimbabwe, Robert Mugabe.

Joseph Msika akazvarwa musi wa 6 December 1923 kumaruwa eChiweshe mudunhu reMazowe. Baba vake vakanga vaine barika, mudzimai wavo wekutanga akazvara vanasikana; iye Joseph ndiye akazova mukomana wekutanga akazvarwa nemudzimai wechipiri. Baba naAmai vaJoseph vaiva memba dzeKereke yeAnglican. Kunonzi baba vaJoseph Msika yaiva hurudza ine gumbi remombe dzasvika zana nekuraudza uye vakanga vakaita bhizinisi rekutaura nhumbi nevanhu kubva kuMazowe kuenda kuHarare. 

Joseph akapinda chikoro kuHoward Institute uko akagamuchirwa mushure mekupereka muripo wemazai matanhatu. Mugore 1937 akagamuchirwa kuva mubhodha pachikoro ichi, karamba aripo kudzimara akunda Standard IV. Chakanga chiri chishuvo chaJoseph Msika kuva mudzidzisi asi baba vake vakanomupinza muzvidzidzo zvekuveza kuMount Selinda Mission. Joseph akabudirira muzvidzidzo zvekuveza pngauva imwecheteyo akapasa Junior Certificate yake achiverenga zvinyorwa zvaitumidzirwa.

Semukomana mukuru Joseph Msika akanga ane janha rekubatsira kupinza vanun'una vake chikoro, saka aipota achishanda nguva nziyami (part time) kuBulawayo mumwaka wezororo achibata pakambani yaitakura nhumbi. Mugore 1951 Joseph akapinda basa rekuveza midziyo iro akanga obata nguva izere - full time. Akabata basa iri kudzimara gore 1953, apo akazosiya achinopinda basa kuJohannesburg South Africa pakambani yaisona machira. Kamabani iyi payakapinda mukushaya mari, vakuru vepo vakarongera Joseph Msika kuti anopinda basa kune imwe kambani yaisona machira kuBulawayo, uko akanotanga basa semutariri wevashandi, achizova mubati mukuru pashure. Nekufamba kwenguva Joseph Msika akazova Personnel Officer achishanda kuyananisa vashandi nanaManaja mukugadzirisa matambudziko aiva pakati pavo. Basa iri rakamukwezvera kubandiko evashandi, akazoguma ava President weTextile and Allied Union.




#Article 115: Chimiro chemuviri (248 words)


Chimiro chemuviri wemunhu chinokonzerwa nezvinhu zvinoti: mapfupa eragwanda rake; mhasuru dzaanadzo; nemafuta ari paari. Chimiro cheragwanda chinokura nekushanduka kudzamara munhu akura abva zera, chimiro ichi chinozoramba chakadaro kwehupenyu hwese.

Panguva yekuputudza chimiro chemunhu chinoshanduka zvichigadzirira chitiko chekusikarudzi. Muvanhu vayaruka mhasuru dzinochinja nokuda kwekushenaira uye nzvimbo dzine mafuta pamuviri nehuwandu hwacho zvinochinja zvichikonzerwa nezvidenhi. Dzimwe nhodzerwa dzinobva kuvabereki dzine chekuita nemawumbirwo anoitwa muviri wemunhu.

Chimiro chemunhu chinokonzera mafambiro uye mamiriro akasiyana uye chimiro chikwanisawo kukwezva vamwe vanhu. 

Kuumbwa kwakaitwa ragwanda remapfupa emunhu ndiko kunonyanya kududza kuti munhu ane chimiro chakaita sei uye ragwanda harichinje zvakanyanya pahupenyu hwemunhu. Varume vanoonekwa vakareba pane vakadzi kazhinji-zhinji.

Kufara pamapendekete kunoonekwa muvarume panguva yekuputudza. Kukura kwemapfupa embabvu kunokonzerwa nechidenhi chinonzi testosterone panguva yokuputudza. Saka varume vaine mapendekete akakura nedundundu rakabuda, zvinotendera kuti vafeme mweya wakawanda  unoenda kumhasuru dzavo.

Pakuputudza vakadzi vanokura magaro izvi zvichikonzerwa nechidenhi chinonzi estrogen. Bvupa repahudyu rinofara iyi iri umwe musiyano pakati pevarume nevakadzi. Vakadzi vane zvidya zvakafara zvinova zvinoenderana nekuzvara vana; kukura muzvidya  zvinotendera kuti mwana abude nyore panguva yokusununguka. Mushure mekuputudza zvidya zvevakadzi zvinenge zvafara kudarika mapendekete avo; kuvarume mapendekete anofara kudarika zvidya.

Estrogen inokonzera kuti mafuta achengetwe mumagaro, zvidya nemuhudyu muvakadzi. Kana nguva yasvika yokuti vakadzi vaguma chizvaro, chidenhi chinonzi oestrogen chinoderera, zvichikonzera kuti mafuta atame kubva mumagaro, zvidya nehudyu kuenda muchiuno. Pava paya mafuta aya anochengetwa padumbu. Naizvozvo vakadzi vanoonekwa vane chiuno chitete nemagaro makuru.

Varume vane mafuta mashoma pachiso izvi zvichikonzerwa nechidenhi chinonzi testosterone, inobatsira kuparadzwa kwemafuta. Varume vanochengeta mafuta muchiuno nepadumbu nokuti havana estrogen yakawanda.

 




#Article 116: Sinyoro (522 words)


Sinyoro mutupo unodanwa varume verudzi rwechi Njanja rudzi rwevatema vari muZimbabwe.  Mudzimai wa Sinyoro anodanwa kunzi Gambiza. Hanzvadzi yake ichinzi Achinjanja kana MaMoyo. Vanhu vechi Njanja vanhu verudzi rwechi Shona vachitaura mutauro wechi Shona.

Vanhu verudzi urwu vanowanikwa munzvimbo yaimbonzi Njanja asi yava kuni Chikomba district mu Mashonaland east province mu Zimbabwe. 

Zvinonzi vakazvarwa nemadzitateguru akabva kuPortugal. Karekare, maPutukezi vaipinda muAfrica vachishambadza machira ne ndarira. Zinonzi mumwe wemaputukezi ainzi Muroro akarwara akasiiwa nevamwe vake vachiti ambozorora. Akasara munyika yavaera Shiri nyinka yaitongwa na Chigwa. Mwanasikana wamambo Chigwa ainzi Mushawashe ndiye akipwha basa rekuchengetedza Muroro kusvika apora. Nekufamba kwenguva vaviri vakadanana zvisina kufadza Mamabo Chigwa. Kune nhoroondo inoti Mambo havana kufara nazvo zvekuti vaida kumuuraya. Zvinonzi akapotera kunharira kwaigara va Rozvi vaera Moyo. Zvinozi ndopaakatora mutupo wekeunzi Sinyoro -Moyo. Imwe nhoroondo inoti akagamuchirwa na Mambo semukwasha, asi panofa Mambo anotongaira vanokomana nehama dzamambo kuzivizsha ishe ariku Dzimbahwe. Zvinotsamwisa Ishe zvekuti anomva  aita Muroro mambo we nyika yanga iri ya Chigwa. Zinonzi hama dza Chigwa dzinoronga kumuuraya asi ano chengetedzwa ne va Rozvi vaera Moyo nekuti anga akatora mutupo we Moyo. Baba vake vamwe vaiti vakabva ku Portugal, asi Mai vake vainzi Gambiza vakanga vari we rudzi rwechi Nyungwe rwaigara ku senna munyika yava Mozambique. Zita rekunzi Muroro zvinonzi akariwana kubva mukutaura kwake nekuti aitaura achiti ro-ro-ro.  Zita rokuti Sinyoro rinobva pane zita rechiPutukezi rokuremekedza rokuti Senhor. Hushe hwake hwainzi Gambiza ndiye akava Chief Gambiza 1. Hushe uhwu hwakaguma in 1908 pakashaika Chief Gambiza 5 nekuti panga paita kusawirirana mudzimba dzana sinyoro.

Vakadzi vavo vanonzi ana Gambiza kubva kuna amai va Muroro.  

Mune dzimwe nguva kunozvarwa vana vanokura vachiita vhudzi dema rakaita chizerere kana kuti rine ma”Curls” Rudhende rwavo bvudzi repagotsi runoyerera kana rakura. Uye vane maziso akaita green kufanana nemaziso evarungu. Imwe nguva izvi zvinotaridza kuti vana ava vane madzitateguru varungu vakabva kuMhiri Kwemakungwa.

Muroro na Mushawashe begot Mesama and Gotoriberi

Mesama begot Chidembu  and Masoka

Masoka begot  Neshangwe, Zinyemba  and Mugari



#Article 117: Shondo (104 words)


Shondo imboro inenge isina ganda   rekumberi rinovhara musoro kana kuti inenge yakachecheudzwa. Varume vanoiswa shondo kana vachinge vasangana nematambudziko pakusvira kana kuti pakuchaya bonyora.shondo imwe inoitika pakukura musoro unokura zvinobva zvaita kuti ganda risavhara zvakanaka.vanhu vanokura neshondo vanoonekwa nenharo zhinji panevamwe.  Asi shondo dzinogona kuiswawo nekuda kwechitendero chevanhu vakasiyana siyana. Zvinonzi mboro dzine shondo dzino nonoka kubata hutachiwana hunotapudzirana pakusvirana, izvo zvinosanganisira sifirisi, gonoriya neAIDS. Tinoudzwa isu kuti vakadzi vanoti varume vane shondo ndivo vanonaka nenzira yekuti pamberi peganda ravo panenge patindivara pasisiri yatingati senzitivhi pachirungu. Izvi zvinoita kuti vakwanise kuramba vachikoira vasingatundi kwenguva yekareba. Pavanozotunda mbewu yavo inenge iri hobvu, ungati mukaka wakakora.




#Article 118: Pono (151 words)


Pono mifananidzo yemavhidhiyo kana mapikicha yevanhu vasina kupfeka vanenge vachisvirana, kuchayana bonyora kana kuti kumwanana mboro. Kune mhando dzemapono dzakasiyana siyana, uye mazuva ano vanhu vave kukwanisa kuwana pono zviri nyore panhepfenyuro ye indaneti pama kombiyuta kana kuti pama foni pavo. Pono dzinonyanya kugadzirwa kunyika dzekumadokero dzakafanana nekunanaAmerika, Bhiriteni, Europe, nedzimwewo. Asi nyika dzakafanana ne Japan ne India dzave kugadzirawo mifananidzo yemapono inodakadza chose. Vanobuda mumapono vanobhadharwa mari yakawanda inoita kuti vabvume kutaridza zviso zvavo vachisvirwa kaka kuti kusvira. Vakadzi ndivo vanonyanya kuita mari yakawanda kubva ku pono. Tinoziva isu kuti zvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe nezvishanu muzana zvevarume zvinooona pono. Pasichigare pono dzaiwanzogadzirwa semagadziriro avanoita mabhaisikopo kana kuti ma movie, zvichireva kuti panenge pane nyaya inenge ichitevedzwa. Mukuenderera kwenyaya iyi ndimo munobuda kuzosvirana nekumwiwa mboro. Mazuva ano, nekuda kwekuburira munyaya dze tekinoloji, mapono ava kungotanga vanhu vachitosvirana pasina nenyaya iripo, yatingati storyline mururimi rwevapambevhu. Kambhani ye Bang Brothers ndiyo yakachinja maitirwo epono.




#Article 119: Isaac Newton (111 words)


VaSir Isaac Newton (4 Ndira 1643 – 31 Kurume 1727) vaiva scientist nephilosopher vane mukurumbira vaibva kuEngland.

Muchidzidzo chemasvomhu, vaNewton vakawedzera zvikuru, ruzivo rwedu rwemasvomhu. Nharaunda dzavakabetsera kuwedzera ruzivo dzinosanganisira zvese mukubva mukarikurasi (calculus), pimanzvimbo nealgebra. Pamwe chete naGottfried Wilhelm Leibni zvakabatsira kuumba ruzivo rwedu rwekarikurasi - nyangwe vakashanda vakazvimiririra. Muchidzidzo chefundoyetsimba, vaNewton vakawanikidza kuti chiedza chichena hachisi cheruvara rimwe asi chakagadzirwa nemavara avakapa zita rekuti maprimary colours (mavara ekutanga). Experimentum crucis yavo inehumbowo hwedudzirazivo (theory) yavo yekugadzirwa kwechiedza murutsaudzo runoitika kana chiedza chichipfuura nemuzhumwi.

Mukudzidza kwekukuhamba (motion), mabhuku aNewton, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, akakosha zvikuru mufundoyetsimba yanhasi. Bhuku rekutanga mumabhuku acho rinopa uye rinotsanangura Mitemo yeruhambo yaNewton (motion) inganyorwa sezvizvi:




#Article 120: Mhandara (134 words)


Mhandara kana mhandwe kuChiNdau (virgin in English) musikana asati amborara nemurume kuita zvebonde kana kuti ane chipfuva chimbishi. Kana musikana achinge abva humhandara pane rukanda runonzi katahwi rwunodambuka paanosangan nemurume. Nekumwe kutaura kubva humhandara kunonzi kuboorwa. Tsika zhinji dzemuAfrica dzinokoshesa kuti musikana asvike pakuroorwa ari mhandara. 

MuZimbabwe kana musikana achiroorwa kune zvirango zvinobhadharwa zvokutenda kuti musikana akawanikwa ari mhandara. Chirango ichi chinonzi chimanda. Kazhinji chimhanda chinobhadharwa iri mbudzi kana mombe, uye chinounzwa pamwe negumbeze.

Kana musikana achinge awanikwa asiri mhandara mombe yechimanda haibviswe. Vamwe vanosarudza kudaro vanobvisa gumbeze rinenge raboorwa buri, asi vamwe havatevedzi maitiro aya nokuti vanoti kunyadzisa munhu achave mudzimai wako paruzhinji.

Kune dzimwe nyika kwave nezvinoitwa nana chiremba kugadzirisa katahwi kanenge kadamburwa apo musikana anorara nemurume. Mukutaura kwemazuvano vechidiki vanoti musikana akabva humhandara anonzi mvandara, kureva kuti ave mvana isina mwana.




#Article 121: Eritrea (131 words)


Eritrea inyika iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva mudunhu rinonzi Runyanga rweAfrica. Gutaguru renyika iyi rinonzi Asmara; iyo Eriteria yakaganhurana nenyika dzinoti: Sudan kumadokero; Ethiopia kuchamhembe; neDjibouti iri kumabvazuva. Matunhu ari kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweEriteria ane miganhu wakatambarara uri paGungwa Dzvuku, kwakatarisana nenyika dzinoti Saudi Arabia neYemen. Nyika iyi ine nharaunda inoda yakakura kusvika skweya ekiromita 117,600 tichisanganisira Ruwarinako rweZvitsuwa zveHanish neRuwarikano rweZvitsuwa zveDahlak.

Nyika yeEritrea ine marudzi mazhinji evanhu, kune marudzi mapfumbamwe ane anozivikanwa ane makonzwa. Nyika iyi ine hugari hwevanhu mamirioni matanhatu. Vagari vemo vazhinji vanotaura misaku yemitauro yeAsia neAfrica iri mitauro yezvizvarwa zveMhuri dzaShem neMhuri dzaCush. Marudzi eVaTigrinya ane zvizvarwa zvinokwana kusvika 55% yehugari hwevanhu, ayawo marudzi eVaTigre achibata chikamu chinosvika 33% yevagari muEritrea. Kunoitawo marudzi ezvidza zveNile vane mitauro yenharaunda yeNile-Sahara. Vagari vazhnji veEritrea vanotecedza zvitendero zvechiKristu nechiIslam.

 




#Article 122: Cameroon (107 words)


Cameroon inyika iri muAfrica iri kumadokero kweDunhu rePakati peAfrica. 

Nyika dzakakomberedza Camerron dzinoti:  Nigeria kumadokero; Chad kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva; Central African Republic kumabvazuva; nekuchamhembe kune Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, neRepublic of the Congo. Cameroon ine zita remadunhurirwa rokuti Africa doko nokuda kwehuwandu hwevanhu vakasiyana tsika nemagariro uye uwandu hwezvishongo zveketanyika. Nyika iyi yakashongedzwa nezvinoti: makomo, masango anonaya mvura; makura uye magwenga. Nzvimbo iri pakanyanya kukwirira ndiro Gomo reCameroon riri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero. Maguta makurusa ndiwo anoti Douala, Yaoundé neGaroua. Cameroon ine mapoka endimi dzinotaurwa anodarika 200.

Nyika iyi inozivikanwa nokuda kwemhando yayo yemimhanzi kunyanya makossa nebikutsi  uye chikwata chenhabvu chine mukurumbira wekugona nhabvu. French neEnglish ndiyo mitauro yekumahofisi.




#Article 123: Uganda (120 words)


Uganda inyika yakakomberedzwa nedzimwe iri kumabvazuva kweAfrica. Uganda inoganhurana nenyika dzinoti: Kenya iri kumabvazuva; South Sudan iri kumaodzanyemba; Democratic Republic of the Congo iri kumadokero; Rwanda iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero uye Tanzania iri kuchamhembe. 

Kuchamhembe kwenyika iyi kunobatanidzira chikamu chikuru cheNyanza Victoria iyo ine zvikamu muKenya neTanzania; izvi zvoreva kuti Uganda iri muDunhu reNyanza Huru dzeAfrica. Uganda iri munzvimbo inobva mvura yeRwizi Nile uye matunhu ayo ane mamiriro ekunze akatsaukana asi achienderana nepairi pane muenzanisi.

Zita rokuti Uganda rinobva paUshe hweBuganda, hunobatanidzira chikamu chikuru chekuchamhembe kwenyika zvichisanganisira gutaguru reKamapala. Mutauro wekumahofisi ndiyo English. Mutauro weLuganda wakatekeshera nenyika yose uye kune mimwe mitauro mizhinji inosanganisira Swahili. Mutungamiri wenyika pari zvino (2014) anonzi Yoweri Kaguta Museveni uyo akatora chigaro nechisimba mugore 1980.




#Article 124: Eswatini (121 words)


Eswatini inodanwazve ichinzi kaNgwane kana Eswatini inyika iri kuchamhembe kweAfrica. Nyika iyi yakakombwa neSouth Africa kumaodzanyemba, chamhembe madokero nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva; kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva inoganhurana neMozambique. Nyika iyi nevanhu vemo vanotora zita kubva kuna Mambo Mswati II.

Swaziland ndiyo yedzimwe nyika dikisa muAfrica.  Kubva kumaodzanyemba kusvika kuchamhembe kwayo pane makiromita 200, uye kubva kumabvazuva kusvika kumadokero pane makiromita 130. Asi zvakadaro nyika iyi inowanikwa rutaranyika rwakatsaukana nemamiriro ekunze akasiyana siyana; kumakomo kunotonhorera kwakadzika kunopisa uye kwakawoma. Vagari veSwaziland ndeverudzi rwechiSwati vanotaura rurimi rweSiSwati. Nyika iyi yakavaururwa pakati pemwaka wechizana 18 ichitungamirwa naNgwane III; miganhu yayo iriko zvino yakatarwa mugore 1881. Mushure meHondo yeVangirandi neMabhunu, Swaziland yakava Nyika yakachengetedzwa neBritain kubva mugore 1903 kusvika 1967, cihizowana kuzvitonga musi wa 6 September 1968.




#Article 125: Gonyo rasudurukwa (187 words)


Muchidzidzo fundoyetsimba kana kuchitaurwa zveGonyo rasudurukwa (Angular displacement in English) panenge pachitsvakwa kuti  poyindi iri pachiumbwa chiri kutendera paakiso,  yatenderera gonyo rakakura sei kubva patangirwa. 

Somuenzanizo, tikacherechedza poyindi iri pamapeto evhiri tinoona kuti poyindi iyi hasuduruki kutiza kubva pane akiso yevhiri. Asi poyindi iyi inoshanduka pairi mukutenderera kunoita vhiri. Saka zvadai kunenge kopimiwa kuti poyindi iyi yapoterera gonyo rakadii kubva payanga iri pavambwa kupima.

Nokumwe kutaura gonyo rasudurukwa rinopima  gonyo rafambwa nemutsetse kana poyindi pakutendererwa akiso inozivikanwa yakatarwa. Gonyo iri rinenge richipimwa nechiyero chinonzi radian kana kuti dhigirii kana dendera.

Pamuenzaniso uri kurudyi, kabanzu kari pachiumbwa P kari nhambwe r kubva pagoko rechiumbwa O. Gonyo θ ratendererwa nekabanzu riri kushanduka asi nhambwe r kubva pagoko haisi kuchinja. Kabanzu pakanotenderera denderedzwa kanofamba nhambwe s inotodzaniswa kugonyo rafambwa kuchishandiswa tsazaniso inoti

Gonyo rasudurukwa rinonyanya kupimwa nema radians kwete degrees. Radian inoita zvive nyore kutodzanisa gonyo rafambwa θ, nenhambwe yafambwa pamunyonga s, nenhambwe  r kubva pagoko. 

Somuenzaniso kana kabanzu kapoterera 360 degrees padenderedzwa rine taramunyongo r, gonyo rasudurukwa rakaenzana nenhambwe yepimamuganhu inopiwa netsazaniso inoti  is 2πr
Kana zvagovaniswa netaramunyongo:  zviri nyore kusvika pana . Saka dendera rimwe rakaenzana ne  radians.




#Article 126: Mudzi wenhamba (102 words)


Muchidzidzo masvomhu, mudzi wechi n we nhamba iri kumurirwa na x (nth root of a number), inhamba inomirirwa na r, yokuti kana yaradanurwa padanho n, zvinoenzana na x. Hukama uhwu hunonyorwa sezvizvi,

apa n anenge ari munongedzo remudzi wacho. Mudzi wepiri unenge une munongedzo wa 2, mudzi wechitatu unenge une munongedzo wa 3, mudzi wemakumi maviri unenge une munongedzo wa 20, zvichingodaro. 

Mudzi wenhamba unowanza kunyorwa kuchishandiswa chiratidzo  kana , kana  kana  kureva mudzi wepiri.

Apa  anoshandiswa kumiria mudzi wetatu,  anomirira mudzi wechina, zvichingodaro. Pakupangidza , n anonzi munongedzo - index kuEnglish. Apa n anotiudza kana kunongedza kuti parikutsvagwa mudzi wenhamba wechingani.




#Article 127: Muravanegumi (467 words)


Muchidzidzo masvomhu, muravanegumi (decimal system in English) zvinoreva tsika inotevedzwa yokuverenga nokunyora nhamba kuchishandiswa gumi sehwaro hwekuverenga nhamba. Patsika iyi panoshandiswa mavara gumi anoti: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 kuratidza huwandu chero hupi hunoverengeka. Apa nhamba dzinenge dzakarongwa nenzira yokuti dzinokwanisa kufananidzwa negumi kana kuti nezvitsama zvegumi. Pamaverengero anoitwa nhamba paChiShona tinoona nhamba dzakarongwa sezvizvi:

Saka pano taona kuti gumi ndihwo hwaro hunoshandiswa pakuwumba tsika yatinoshandisa kuverenga nokunyora nhamba. Tsika iyi yokuverenga negumi inoshandiswa munyika dzose Pasirose asi haiziri iyo yoga tsika inoshandiswa kuverenga nhamba. Kare-kare vagari veBabylon vaishandisa makumi matanhatu sehwaro pakuverenga nhamba. Pari nhasi macomputer anoshandisa tsika yemuravanembiri (binary system) inova inotora nhamba dzinoti 0 na 1 dzoga.

Shoko reEnglish rokuti decimal rinoreva kuti Pertaining to tens or proceeding in tens. Apa ndipo paturikirwa kuti kuChiShona kunzi kuravanegumi nokuti marongerwo enhamba kana dzichiverengwa dzinotevedza gumi nezvitsama zvegumi.

Nokumwe kutaura  tsika inoshandiswa pamuravanegumi ingadzi rugumidzira, kana toshandura kuEnglish zvoreva kuti – ‘’following tens or by way of ten’’.

Pamuravanegumi nhamba dzinonyorwa kuchishandiswa mavara gumi akasiyana anoti: 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Panotangwa kuverengwa nhamba mavara aya anodanwa akatevedzana saizvozvi. Mushure ma 9 hakuchina rimwe vara rakasiyana. Panhamba inotevera panowedzerwa chimwe chinzvimbo mavara otanga kuchidzokorora. Saka panhamba inotevera 9 panonyorwa pachitsvetwa 1 achiteverwa na 0 kuti pave nenhamba inonzi 10. 

Tsika yokuronga nhamba muzvinzvimbo zvakasiyana tichaidana kuti tsika yezvinzvimbo zvenhamba - positional numeral system. Tsika iyi inopa vara huhombe hwakasiyana zvichienderana nokuti vara ratsvetwa pachinzvimbo chipi. Kana vara 1 riri panzvimbo yokutanga anomirira huwandu hwechinhu chimwe. Kana vara 1 riri pachinzvimbo chechipiri anomirira huwandu hwezvinhu gumi, apa nzvimbo yokutanga inenge yakanyorwa vara 0. Panokwidzwa nhamba kamwe nzvimbo yokutanga kuruboshwe inoshandurwa kuenda pana 1 kuti nhamba ichiva 11; izvi zvoreva kuti pava negumi nerimwe.

Zvinzvimbo zviri paMuravanegumi zvinomirira huhombe hwakasiyana; hazvinei kuti vara riri pazvinzvimbo izvi ringange riri rakafanana. Huhombe uhwu hunotaridzwa nemuradanuro wa 10 nepawa rinokura zvichienda kuruboshwe. Somuenzaniso kana nhamba 3523 ichipenengurwa inonyorwa sezvizvi:

Izvi zvinoreva kuti 3 ari panzvimbo yekutanga kurudyi anomirira huwandu hwechinhu chimwe. Mumwe 3 ari pachinzvimbo chechina kubva kurudyi anomirira huwandu hwezviuru zvitatu.

Nzvimbo dzenhamba idzi dzinopiwa mazita adzo sezvizvi:

Zvakafanira kuti tinoensane kuti marongerwo akaitwa mapawa agumi pamusoro, kana onyorwa senhamba anenge akarongeka achibva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe. Shoko rokuti zvibodzi rashaniswa kuturikira units rinobva kuchiKorekore; chibodzi rinoreva chimwe (1), pakuwanda konzi zvibodzi.

Tichitarisa chero ipi tsika inoshandisa hwaro -b, tinoona ine mavara ane huwandu b, uye nhamba

(Zvakakosha tionesane kuti  anomirira kutevedzana pamarongerwo emavara, kwete rutsamo)

Shoko rokuti chimedu cheMuravanegumi (decimal fraction) rinoreva chimedu chine chisazita chinonyorwa ari gumi ari kuradanurwa nepawa rakakodzera. Chimedu cheMuravanegumi chinopangidzwa kuchinyorwa koma kuruboshwe kwemberengi; kana zvadai chisaazita rinenge risisanyorwe. Ana zero vanotsvetwa pakati pekoma nemberengi kana zvakakodzera kuti nhamba dzemberengi (numerator) dzigonyorwa panzvimbo yakakodzera. 

Ngatitarisei somuenzaniso zvidimbu zvinotevera: 8/10, 83/100, 83/1000, and 8/10000; kana zvoshandurwa kupinda paMuravanegumi zvinonyorwa sezvizvi: 0.8, 0.83, 0.083, and 0.0008.

Nhamba dziri kurudyi kwapoyindi paMuravanegumi dzinopihwawo mazita sezvizvi:




#Article 128: Tsika yezvinzvimbo zvenhamba (267 words)


Tsika yekutsveta nhamba muzvinzvimbo (positional numeral system) zvinoreva tsika inoshandiswa pakunyora nhamba kumasvomhu. Tsika iyi inopa vara rimwechete renhamba huhombe hwakasiyana zvienderana nekuti vara iri rakanyorwa pachinzvimbo chipi.

PaMuravanegumi nhamba dzinonyorwa kuchishandiswa mavara gumi akasiyana anoti: 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Panotangwa kuverengwa nhamba mavara aya anodanwa akatevedzana saizvozvi. Mushure ma 9 hakuchina rimwe vara rakasiyana. Panhamba inotevera panowedzerwa chimwe chinzvimbo mavara otanga kuchidzokorora. Saka panhamba inotevera 9 panonyorwa pachitsvetwa 1 achiteverwa na  0 kuti pave nenhamba inonzi 10. 

Tsika yokutsveta nhamba muzvinzvimbo zvakasiyana tichaidana kuti tsika yezvinzvimbo zvenhamba - positional numeral system. Tsika iyi inopa vara huhombe hwakasiyana zvichienderana nokuti vara ratsvetwa pachinzvimbo chipi. Kana vara 1 ari panzvimbo yokutanga anomirira huwandu hwechinhu chimwe Kana vara 1 ari pachinzvimbo chechipiri anomirira huwandu hwezvinhu gumi, apa nzvimbo yokutanga inenge yakanorwa vara 0. Panokwidzwa nhamba kamwe nzvimbo yokutanga kuruboshwe inoshandurwa kuenda pana 1 kuti nhamba ichiva 11; izvi zvoreva kuti pava negumi nerimwe.

Chinzvimbo choga choga pamuravanegumi chine huhombe hwakasiyana nyangwe vara riri pazvinzvimbo izvi riri rakafanana. Huhombe uhwu hunomirirwa nekuradanuka kwa 10 nepawa rinokura zvichienda kuruboshwe.  Somuenzaniso kana nhamba 3523 ichipenengurwa inonyorwa sezvizvi:

Izvi zvinoreva kuti 3 ari panzvimbo yekutanga kurudyi anomirira huwandu hwechinhu chimwe. Mumwe 3 ari pachinzvimbo chechina kubva kurudyi anomirira huwandu hwezviuru zvitatu.

Nzvimbo dzenhamba idzi dzinopiwa mazita azvo sezvizvi:

Zvakafanira kuti tinoensane kuti marongerwo akaitwa mapawa agumi pamusoro, kana onyorwa senhamba anenge akarongeka achibva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe. Shoko rokuti zvibodzi rashaniswa kuturikira units rinobva kuchiKorekore; chibodzi rinoreva chimwe (1), pakuwanda konzi zvibodzi.

Tichitarisa chero ipi tsika inoshandisa hwaro -b, tinoona ine mavara ane huwandu  b, uye nhamba

(Zvakakosha tionesane kuti  anomirira kutevedzana pamarongerwo emavara, kwete tsamaniso)




#Article 129: Muravanembiri (276 words)


Muchidzidzo masvomhu, muravanembiri (binary numeral system in English) zvinoreva tsika yokuverenga nokunyora nhamba kuchishandiswa nhamba mbiri sehwaro hwekuverenga nhamba. Apa kunenge kuchishandiswa 0 na 1 chete. Kuverenga nhamba nenzira iyi kunoshandiswa kuma computer. Nokumwe kutaura tsika inoshandiswa pamuravanembiri ingadzi rumbiridzira, kana toshandura kuEnglish zvoreva kuti – ‘’following twos or by way of two’’.

Kuverenga nhamba paMuravanembiri kunoitwa nenzira yakafanana nokuverenga nhamba paMuravanegumi. Tichitanga nevara rokutanga mavara anorongwa nenzira inoenderana nokukwira kwehuwandu. Kana pari paMuravanegumi panoshandiswa nhamba gumi dzinoti 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9; zvino paMuravanembiri panoshandiswa nhamba mbiri dzinoti 0, 1.

Kana mavara apedza ese pachinzvimbo chokutanga chiri kurudyi, nhamba iri kuruboshwe inobva yakwidzwa, kuverengwa kwovambazve pana 0 pachinzvimbo chokutanga chiri kurudyi.  Somuenzaniso pamuravanegumi kuverenga kunofamba sezvinotevera:

Kana nhamba yasvika 9, danho rinotevera kuti chinzvimbo ichocho chivambe pana 0, nhamba iri pedo kuruboshwe yokwidzwa kuva 1. PaMuravanembiri panoverengwa nenzira yakafana asi kuchishandiswa mavara maviri 0 na 1.  Saka kana chinzvimbo chakana kusvika pana 1, panova nokuvambazve kuenda pana 0, uye chinzvimbo chiri kuruboshwe chinokwidza kuenda pana 1 sezvinotevera:

PaMuravanembiri, chinzvimbo choga-choga chinomirira muradanuro wa 2 nepawa rinokwira zvichibva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe. Kumucheto kurudyi kuna 20, panotevera kuruboshwe pana 21, kwotevera 22, zvichingodaro. 

Matanho anoitwa kuti nhamba iri kuMuravanembiri ishandurwe kuenda kumuravanembiri ndeaya:

a. Tsamanisa nhamba dziri pamuravanembiri nedanho ra 2 riri panhamba imwe neimwe.

b. Chepiri wedzanisa zvitsama izvi zvawawana pamusoro.

Somuenzaniso ngatishandure 10112 kuenda kuhwaro hwa 10. Vara 2 rakanyorwa pasi pa 1011 rinopangidza hwaro 2. Saka nzira inotevedzwa sekutsanangura kuri pamusoro ndeiyi:

Naizvozvo tinoti 10112 = 1110.

Ngatitevedzei muenzaniso wekushandura 5910 kuenda kuhwaro 2.

 

Saka zvinoreva kuti mhinduro yekushandura 5910 kuenda kumuravanembiri ndi 1110112.

Kuti tibate chokwadi panoda kudzorera nhamba iyi kuMuravanegumbi sezvizvi:

Kureva kuti svomhu yashandwa nemazvo.




#Article 130: Bonga-musakwani (105 words)


Bunga-masakwani (Gaboon Viper pachiRungu) inyoka inowanikwa munyika yeZimbabwe. Zita renyoka iyi rinobva pakuti mavara eganda rayo akada kufanana nemashizha akawoma (sakwani)-kunga-masakwani, bunga masakwani, senge masakwani, (mashizha akaoma). Izvi zvinoita kuti kana yakahwanda musakwani inetse kuwona. Zvinoibatsira pakutsvaga chikafu apo inoita zveku hwandira mhuka. Mhuka painoti ipfure ndopainobva yabatwa. Nyoka iyi ine mazino akareba kupfura edzimwe nyoka dzese pasi rese. Mazino acho anonzi anokwanisa kureba masendimita 5.5

Mu Zimbabwe inongowanikwa nzvimbo dziri kumabvazuva kwenyika uko kuno naya mvura yakawanda Huturu hwenyoka iyi imhando yehwuya hwuno kuvadza ropa (haemotoxin pa chiRungu) uye hwuno kwanisa kuwuraya munhu. Imwe mhando yehwuturu hwunowanikwa munyoka huturu hwunokuvadza uropi (neuro-toxin pa chiRungu)




#Article 131: Ivhu (ndima yenyika) (139 words)


Shoko rokuti ivhu (earth, soil, clay) rinoreva chikamu kana kuti ndima yenyika. Ndima yenyika iyi inokwanisa kunge iri kushandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira: kurima, mugodhi, kuvaka musha, kuvaka guta, kuvaka mugwagwa zvichingodaro.

Nyaya yevhu kana kuti yeminda yakatanga kare pakauya varungu muno kuma 1890. Varungu vakanga vauya muZimbabwe vachitsvaga goridhe, asi pavakazoona kuti goridhe rakanga risingangowanikwe pese-pese sezvavaifunga, vakabva vatanga kuita chipata-pata kutora nzvimbo dzekurima nekuchengetera mombe. Kambani yeBSA yakaita kuti zvive nyore kuti varungu vawane minda, uye haina kumboita han’ya nekodzero dzevanhu vatema vakanga vari varidzi venzvimbo dzaitorwa idzi.

Mushure mekurwisana kwevanhu vatema nevarungu muna 1893 na1896/7, vanhu vatema vakakundwa zvekuti varungu ndivo vakanga vave nesimba rese. Vakabva vabvisa vanhu munzvimbo dzakanaka, vachivaisa mumaruzevha ane ivhu risina kunaka.  Vadaro, vakabva vatanga kubhadharisa vanhu vatema miripo yevhu ravo. Izvi zvakakonzera kuti vanhu vatema vatsvage basa kuvarungu avo vaivadzvinyirira vachivapa mari shoma.




#Article 132: Mabwe (110 words)


Ibwe kana buwe (rock in English) imhando yegodo rinowanikwa Pasirose. Matombo ane marudzi akasiyana ose akagadzirwa nokuwumbana kwezvinhu zvinosanganisira muchegwa, madzinde akafa, Ivhu rakakukurwa rikazowumbana, manyau echikwatamabwe nezvimwewo. Pahuzhinji anonzi matombo, mabwe kana mapuwe.

Mamwe maDuramazwi anodudzira achiti dombo ibwe guru - boulder or large rock. Kune nzvimbo iri pedyo neHarare inonzi Domboshava ine mabwe makuru. Domboramwari inzvimbo iri kuEpworth muHarare ine dombo rine tsoka yakatsikapo.

Matombo akakosha pakuti anoshandiswa: kuvaka dzimba, kuveza mifananidzo, uye kukorora simbi kubva maari.

Igneous rocks

Sedimentary rocks

Metamorphic rocks.

Chivhungahwe (Decomposed rock) apa kureva bvubvururwe rinobuda kana dombo rabvurunhurwa nezvinhu zvinosanganisira mvura inoyerera, gukuravhu, zuva, chando, midzi yemiti uye mhuka dzinofamba dzichitsika matombo aya.




#Article 133: Chisumamunyati (126 words)


Shoko rokuti chisumamunyati (Hypothesis in English) ringadudzirwa sezvizvi:

Zvakakosha kuonesana kuti chisumamunyati chinotaura zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinotsanangura chiitiko chiri kucherechedzwa nenzira yakatsarukana pamberi penyanzvi uye zvichifannidzwa nezvinozivikanwa nechekare. Icho chisumamunyati chinotoda kuyedzwa kuti pabatwe kuti chinoreva chokwadi here patsananguro yachinopa. Kune rimwe divi dudzirazivo rinenge rakaedzwa rikawonekwa richireva idi panhambo zhinji zvokuti rave kutembeka mune zvarinotaura.

Zita rokuti  chisumamunyati rabatanidza mazwi anoti kusuma uye munyati. Izwi rokuti kusuma rinoreva kupira mashoko kuvanhu kana kuti kuudza vanhu mashoko - to inform or propose. Shoko rokuti munyati rinoreva mazano, pfungwa zvikurusei mazano ane tsarukano anogamuchirika anotaridza kuti munhu ari kufunga zvakarongeka. Saka pano chisumamunyati chinosuma pfungwa nemazano enyanzvi iri kunyora kune avo vachaverenga kana kunzwa. Chichifaninidzwa nezvinoitwa pakusuma mashoko padare mumusha, mashoko anotaurwa nechisumamunyati anogona kuvandudzwa zvichienderana nehumbowo hutsva.




#Article 134: Kuenda kuMwedzi (150 words)


Shoko rokuti Kuenda kuMwedzi kana kuti kutevera rinotaura tsika yekurasa ropa kubva panhengo yesikarudzi inoitika kumadzimai abva zera. Chiitiko ichi chinodzokorora mushure memazuva makumi maviri nemasere (28) zvichiitika kwemazuva anokwana mana kusvika matanhatu (4-6). Mamwe mazwi anotaura kuenda kumwedzi ndeanoti: kutevera; kutema rushanga; masambo kana mashambo. 

Vanhukadzi vanovamba kuenda kumwedzi pamakore ari pakati pegumi nemaviri kusvika gumi nematatu. Pachinyorwa chino, nguva iyi inovamba munhukadzi kuenda kumwedzi ichanzi mambamwedzi apa kureva mavambo ekumwedzi muchidimbu. Shoko rokuti mambamwedzi riri kutevedzera matauriro muchidimbu patinoti mambakwedza panzvimbo pokuti mavambo ekuedza. KuChirungu chiitiko ichi chokuvamba kutevera chinonzi menarche. Shoko rinoti men richireva moon kuLatin, arche richireva beginning.

Vanhukadzi vanozomira kumwedzi vave nemakore ekuberekwa ari pakati pemakumi mana nemashanu kusvika makumi mashanu nemashanu (45-55). Mukutaura kwemazuvaose kuguma kwekutevera kunonzi kuguma ura, pano pachawedzerwa izwi idzva rokuti gasamwedzi - iriyo inonzi menopause kuChirungu. Kana kuenda kumwedzi kwakasa, munhukadzi anenge asisabereke nenzira isina kupindira kwehunyanzvi hwe science pazviri.




#Article 135: Dudzirazivo raPythagoras (354 words)


Muchidzidzo pimanyika, Dudzirazivo raPythagoras, itsazaniso yakanyorwa naPythagoras inotaura hukama huripo pakati pemativi matatu egonyonhatu yakarurama. Zvichinyorwa sehukuru hwenharaunda, dudzirazivo iri rinoyorwa sezvizvi:

Nharaunda yeskweya rine divi muzendami yakaenzana nekubatanidzwa kwenharaunda dzemaskweya maviri ane mativi ari pamakumbo maviri egonyonhatu yakarurama - (apa kuchirehwa makumbo anosangana pagonyo rakarurama).

Dudzirazivo iri rinonyorwa setsazaniso inotaura hukama pakati pehurefu hwemativi a, b and c, inonzi Tsazaniso yaPythagoras:

Apa c anomirira hurefu hwemuzendami, a na b vachimirira hurefu hwemakumbo maviri anosangana pagonyo rakarurama.

Dudzirazivo iri rakapiwa zita remurume wekuGreece anonzi Pythagoras anova ndiye anonzi akatanga kuwona hukama pakati pemativi egonyonhatu yakarurama. Asiwo kunonzi magodobori emasvomhu ekuBabylon akange achiziva zvohukama uhwu Pythagoras asati azviziva. Pari zvino hakuchina humbowo hunotsigira kuti vaBabylon vakanga vachiziva dudzirazivo raPythagoras kana kuti vakanga vamboshandisa ruzivo rwunotaurwa naPythagoras.

Sekutaurwa kwamboitwa kana c achimirira hurefu hwemuzendami,  a na b vachimirira hurefu hwemamwe mativi, dudzirazivo raPythagoras rinonyorwa setsazaniso yaPythagoras sezvizvi:

Kana hurefu hwemativi a na b huchizivikanwa, hurefu hwedivi c hunowanikwa  sezvizvi:

Kana hurefu hwemuzendami c nerimwe divi (a kana b) huchizivikanwa, tinenge toti hurefu hwerimwe divi hunowanikwa netsazaniso idzi:

Dudzirazivo raPythagoras rinopa hukama hwemativi egonyonhatu yakarurama nenzira yakareruka, zvokuti kana hurefu hwemativi maviri huchizivikanwa, hurefu hwedivi rechitatu hauchanetse kuwana.  Nekumwe kutaura kunonongedza zviripo padudzirazivo, muzendami wakareba kudarika divi rimwe nerimwe asi muzendami mupfupi pane kubatanidzwa kwehurefu hwemativi maviri. 

Humbowo hwegonyonhatu dzakafanana

Humbowo huri pano hunoshandisa muzasedimbu uri pakati pemativi egonyonhatu dzakafanana, izvi zvichireva kuenzana kwerheshiyo dzemativi egonyonhatu dzakafanana, zvisinei kuti gonyonhatu idzi hadzina kuenzana.

Ngatiti ABC rive gonyonhatu yakarurama ine gonyo rakarurama pana C, sezviri kutaridzwa pamufananidzo. Ngatitarei mutsetse kubva pana C, uchinorurama pahwaro AB papoyindi H. Poyindi H inokamura muzendami c  kuita zvikamu  d  na e. Gonyonhatu idzva ACH rakafanana negonyonhatu ABC nokuti dzose dzine gonyo re90o, uye dzine gonyo rakaenzana pana A. Izvi zvinoreva kuti gonyo rechitatu rakaenzana mugonyonhatu dziri mbiri, iri gonyo riri kudanwa kunzi θ pamufananidzo. Nenzira imwechete yemafungiro tinoona kuti gonyonhatu CBH rakafanana negonyonhatu ABC. Kufanana kwegonyonhatu idzi kunoreva kuti panokwanisa kunyorwa tsazaniso dzinotevera:

Tsazaniso rekutanga rinoenzanisa cosine dzemakonyo ane zita θ, tsazaniso rechipiri rinoenzanisa sine dzemakonyo.

Rheshiyo idzi dzinonyorwa sezvizvi:

Tichiwedzanisa tsazaniso mbiri idzi tinowana,

zvakanyorwa pamusoro kana zvarerutswa zvinopa dudzirazivo raPythagoras:




#Article 136: Gonyonhatu yakarurama (128 words)


Muchidzidzo chePimanyika, gonyonhatu yakarurama (right-angled triangle) imhando yegonyonhatu ine mativi maviri anosangana pamukwava une gonyo rakakura 90o. Nokumwe kutaura gonyonhatu yemutwi inodaidzwa kunzi gonyonhatu yemutwi, izvi zvichidudza gonyo re 90o rainaro.  

Mativi matatu egonyonhatu iri anopiwa mazita akasiyana zvichibva pamamiriro akaita gonyonhatu. Kune mativi maviri anosvika pamukwava une gonyo ye 90o; pamativi aya rokutanga rikanzi remuny'asi (adjacent), repiri richabva ranzi darisanwa (opposite side). Divi guru rine nhambwe yakareba kupfura mamwe rinonzi muzendami (hypotenuse) nokuti rinoita sokunge rakazendamiswa rakatsigirwa kuhwaro nemutwi.

Sarudzo yokuti darisanwa idivi ripi uye remuny'asi idivi ripi inodudzirwa nokuti timire mugonyo ripi. Muzendami ndiye murefu anoramba aine zita rimwechete - uyu haachinje. Divi rakabatana negonyo ratiri kushanda naro ndiro rinova remuny'asi, repiri rakaita mutwi nedivi remuny'asi ndiro rinova darisanwa. Zvizhinji zvichatsanangurwa muchikamu chePimagonyonhatu, (trigonometry) chichatevera mberi.




#Article 137: Chipandwa (120 words)


Shoko rokuti chipandwa (clue, hint) rinoreva mashoko, kana chimwe chinhu chinonongedza kana kunyevera zviri mberi kana zviri kutaurwa nezvazvo. Mudzidzisi akaona vadzidzi vatadza kupindura mubvunzo anogona kupa chipandwa chinotungamira vari kurayiridzwa kuti vasvike pane mhinduro yacho.

Mukutaura mazuvaose tinopanana zvipandwa neavo tinofara navo. Murume anogona kuti kumudzimai wake, Fembera kuti nhasi ndasangana nani mubhazi. Mudzimai akaedza kufembera achitadza, murume ndipo anopa chipandwa. Mukadzi anogona kubvunza kuti, Mukadzi here kana murume?. Murume oti Hongu mukadzi anobva kumusha kwenyu kwaRusape.

Chipandwa chinoshandawo kune vanoferefeta kuronda nokutsvaka panenge pakaparwa mhosva. Mudhindo unosiiwa neshangu unokwanisa kuva chipandwa chinotaura kuti munhu murume kana mukadzi, uye kuti akapinda nekupi akabuda nekupi.

Shoko rokuti chipande ringagona kuzoshandiswa kuturikira inonzi capital kuEnglish - apa kureva mari yekuvamba bhizinisi.




#Article 138: Dhorobha (152 words)


Guta (City; very large village of a chief, polis) zvinoreva nzvimbo yakakura yakagarwa nevanhu vakavaka dzimba nezvimwe zvivakwa. Gutaguru reZimbabwe rinonzi Harare; mamwe maguta anosanganisira, Bulawayo, Gweru, Mutare, Kadoma, Chinhoyi, Bindura.

Mamwe mazita anoshndiswa ndeekuti dhorobha kana kuti taundi.

Nyika imwe neimwe ine guta rakasarudzwa kuti rive ndiro gutaguru. Kazhinji guta iri ndiro rinenge rakavakwa hofisi dzemutungamiri wenyika uye hofisi dzemakurukota ehurumende yenyika iyi. Munyika dzakawanda gutaguru ndiro rine hugari hwevanhu vakawanda kudarika mamwe maguta ose enyika iyi. Asi mune dzimwe nyika zvinoitika kuti guta guru harisiro rine hugari hwevanhu vakawanda kudarika mamwe maguta ose enyika iyi. Somuenzaniso gutaguru reNigeria rinonzi Abuja rine hugari hwevanhu 776,298 asi guta reLagos rine vanhu vanosvika 7,937,932. Kunyika yeCanada gutaguru reko Ottawa rine hugari hwevanhu 883,391 asi guta reToronto riine hugari hwevanhu 2,615,060; kureva kuti huwandu hwevanhu muToronto hwakapetwa kana kudarika Ottawa. 

Zvichida mazwi emitauro yeBantu aya anokwanisa kuturikira chinonzi polis, polity, policy, politics, politician kuEnglish.




#Article 139: Makonyo Mhirikano (101 words)


Muchidzidzo pimanyika, makonyo mhirikano kana kuti makonyo anoirikana (Supplementary angles) zvinoreva makonyo maviri okuti akabatanidzwa anosvika 180o. Saka mhiriko yegonyo X rinowanikwa sezvizvi, (180 - X). Shoko rokuti mhiriko rinoreva huwandu hunofanirwa kuwedzerwa kuti chinhu chizare kusvika panodiwa.

Kana makonyo maviri akabatana, rimwe divi raasiri rinenge rine mutsetse wakatwasuka. Asi izvi hazvireve kuti makonyo mhirikano anofanirwa kubatana; anokwanisa kunge akataramukana paagere. Somuenzaniso makonyo egonyoina sambamba ari divi rimwe anenge ari makonyo mhirikano. Makonyo akapesana ari pagonyoina remudenderedzwa anenge ari makonyo anoirikana.

Ana sine vemakonyo mhirikano vakaenzana. Ana tangent nana cosine vamakonyo mhirikano vanenge vane huhombe hwakafanana asi vane zviratidzo (+/-) zvakasiyana.




#Article 140: Mutemo waPareto (305 words)


Mutemo waPareto chinyorwa chinodudzira hukama huripo pakati pehonzeri zvinokonzera zviitiko zvizhinji, nemusaka kana mhedzisiro dzinoonekwa pazviitiko izvozvi. Mutemo uyu wakanyorwa nemurume ainzi Joseph M Juran wekuUnited States of America uyo aiva nyanzvi yeruzivo rwehumaneja. Joseph M. Juran akatumidza mutemo uwu zita reimwe nyanzvi yainzi Vilfredo Pareto; murume uyu aiva chizvarwa cheku Italy. Mugore ra1906 Vilfredo Pareto akanga avarura chinyorwa chaiwongorora nhau yekugovewa kweivhu  munyika yeItaly. Pareto akacherechedza kuti zvikamu zvevhu makumi masere kubva muzana (80%) zvakanga zviri mumawoko echikamu chevanhu makumi maviri kubva muzana (20%).  

Mutemo waPareto unoti, pakuverengwa kwehonzeri nemusaka, zvikamu makumi masere kubva muzana (80%) zvemusaka inoonekwa zvinokonzerwa  nehonzeri zvikamu makumi maviri kubva muzana (20%). 

Zvichitodzana nemutemo uyu, kunonzi mumabhindauko chikamu makumi manomwe kubva muzana (80%) chezvinotengwa chinotengwa nechikamu makumi maviri kubva muzana (20%) chevatengi - kureva kuti ruzhinji rwevatengi (80%) vanotenga zvjnhu zvine hukoshi hwunosvika 20%.  Hapana chakakosha panhamba 80% asi kungoti ndiyo nhamba inonyanya kuwonekwa panocherechedzwa hukama hwezvikonzero nemhedzisiro pazvinhu zvizhinji.

Zvichitodzana zvakare nemutemo uyu hanzi hukama hunotevera hwakawonekwa mumabhindauko:

Mutemo waPareto unoshandiswa muhushangazhi kunongedza njodzi dzinonyanya kukonzera kuti vashandi vasangane netsaona pabasa. Kuchitevedzwa mutemo uyu zvinoreva kuti chikamu chemakumi maviri kubva muzana (20%) chenjodzi chinokonzera tsaona dziri pachikamu chemakumi masere kubva muzana (80%). Saka vanodzidzisa zvokudzivirira tsaona pabasa vanonangana nokurwisa chikamu che 20% chenjodzi idzi dzinokonzera chikamu chetsaona chiri pa 80%.  Izvi zvinorevawo kuti vanodzivirira tsaona vakasacherechedza njodzi dzinokonzera 80% yetsaona, vakangoti toita chero, zvichakaro itika ndezvekuti vacharwisana nechikamu chemakumi masere (80%) chenjodzi dzinokonzera tsaona dziri pachikamu chemakumi maviri (20%). Uku kureva kuti nguva nemari inoshnda pasina shanduko huru inobudapo.

Asi kana nguva nemari zvikashanda kurwisana nechikamu chemakumi maviri (20%) chenjodzi  chinokonzera tsaona dziri pachikamu chemakumi masere (80%), panokwanisa kuwonekwa shanduko yakakura mukuderera kwetsaona.

Hanzi nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzakavarura gwaro mugore ra 1992 raitaura kuti chikamu che 82.7% chemari inotambirwa Pasirose inotambirwa nevanhu vane huwandu hwechikamu che 20% yevanhu vari Pasirose.




#Article 141: Kukombodza (migodhi) (252 words)


Shoko rokuti kukombodza (beneficiation or value addition) rinotaura pamusoro pemhindu dzose dzinoitwa dzokuvandurira chitofu chinobva kumigodhi kuti chisvike apo chinozokwaniswa kubikwa chichinyautswa mumabhaera emoto. Mhindu idzi dzine chinangwa chokupatsanura dombo rine muchegwa une mari nedombo mambara risina mari. Izvi zvinenge zvakapangama nokuti dombo rinozonobikwa mubhaera ndeiro rinenge rine muchegwa wemari kunyanya kwete imwe mbwizhu yose isina chiguro kana chimuko pairi. Izvi zvinoita kuti kambani dzisarasikirwa nemari kutenga magetsi achibikiswa dombo mambara.

Mhindu dzinoitwa dzinosanganisira: kutsemura kana kubanda mabwe nemhandamabwe, kugaya mabwe nezvigayo zvine mabhora esimbi, kupatsanura mambara nemuchegwa wemari, nokukokorodza muchegwa wemari.

Shoko rokuti kukombodzwa rinokwaniswa kushandawo kutsanangurwa zviri kurongwa muZimbabwe kuti ngoda ivezwe nokukwenenzwerwa muZimbabwe. Izvi zvinoita kuti ngoda iyevedze kuvatengi yave kupenya, saka inenge yave kuchizotengeswa kunyika dzokunze nomutengo wepamusoro. Kana ngoda isina kuvezwa sezvizvi, ingori dombo rakabva pasi pemugodhi mutengo pacarat unenge uri pasi. Kukombodza zviwanikwa zveZimbabwe munyika imomo zvinobatsira kuwanisa vanhu mabasa pane kupa vekunze mabasa mamwechetewo.  

Tiri ipapa ndipo panokosherewo kuti zvirimwa zvakaita sana donje zvinge zvichitengeswa ava machira kwete kutengesa mabhero edonje. Chisina kukombodzwa hachina mari inodarika icho chakakombodzwa - kuEnglish ndiyo inonzi beneficiation or value-addition. 

Shoko rokuti kukombodzwa rinotodzana nerekuti kukomborera rinoreva kuitira zvakarurama, zvinofadza, zvinopfumisa panyama kana pamweya. Nenzira imwe, chiro chinenge chakombodzwa chinenge chapfuma pamutengo wacho uye chapfumisawo nyika nevanochishanda kuti chikombodzwe. Mutengo wacho pa tonne kana pachiyero chipi chingashandiswa unotarisirwa kukwira kwete kuderera.

Panokombodzwa chiro panoitwa zvimwe zvisina hukoshi hwepamusoro zvinopatsanurwa kubva kune zvakakosha zvichiraswa kana kutengeswa sechimwe chibereko chinoshandawo chiri choga. Zvinoraswa tingazvifananidza nedemhe rakomborwa zvemukati zvakakosha iro rakasara rava demhe.




#Article 142: Ndara (123 words)


Ndara kana kuti Mhunzamusha inozivikana nezita rekuti southern file snake paChirungu
Nyoka iyi inoyera zvisingaite uye ichena. 

PACHIVANHU mhuka nezvimwe zvisikwa zvakasiyana zvine zvazvinomirira nekududzira kana zvichinge zvaonekwa, zvimwe zvacho zvinonzi zvakanaka asi zvimwewo zvichinzi zvakaipa zvichifambirana nekuti zvaonekwa panzvimbodzakaita sei.

Seshiri dzemashuramurove, dzikaonekwa vanhu vanobva vaziva kuti mvura inenge yave pedyo nekunaya. Imwezve shiri, haya, ikaswerochema inonzi inenge ichishura kunaya kwemvura uye njiva dzikabhururuka nepamusoro pemba dzichirira hanzi pamusha ipapo pachashanya vayenzi.

Nerimwewo divi, huku dzikarwa pamusiwo pemba zvinonzi zvinorevazve kuti pachauya vayenzi asi kamhuka kanonzi hovo kanonzi kakadarika mugwagwa nepamberi pevanhu vari parwendo, mashura, kwamunenge muchienda kunenge kusina kunaka.

Asi chikara chisingatombodiwa pamusha nevaotenda zvechivanhu inyoka inodadzwa kuti ndara kana kuti munzamusha (Cape file snake muchiRungu). Inonzi ikaonekwa bedzi pamusha, zvinoshura.




#Article 143: Pawa (294 words)


Muchidzidzo fundoyetsimba, Pawa (Power) izwi rinodudzira kuitwa kwebasa paumwe hwechiyero chenguva. Pawa inopimwa nechiyero chinonzi Watt kana kuti (Joules/Second). Kana takatarisa mwenje wegetsi yakanyorwa kunzi 100Watts umwe 50Watts, kureva kuti mwenje wokutanga unoshandisa simba remagetsi rakapwetwa kaviri zvichienzaniswa nemwenje wechipiri. Uye tikatora varume vaviri wokutanga asenga masaga 50 echibage pama hour 4, wepiri akasenga masaga echibage 50 pamaawa 6 - wekutanga anenge ashanda nepawa rakakura pane wepiri.

Kushandurwa kwesimba kunogona kushandiswa kuita basa saka pawa inogonawo kurehwa sehuyero hwemudida (rate) wekuita basa. Basa rakafanana rinogona kuitwa nemunhu anokwira masitepusi akatakura saga rehupfu zvisinei kuti amhanya kana kuti afamba here, asi pawa yakawandiswa inoshandiswa pakumhanya nekuti basa racho rinoitwa munguva ishoma kupfura kana munhu wacho akamhanya. 

Nzenda (dimension) yepawa isimba kugova pana nguva. Chiyerwo muSI iWatt, yakatsazana neJoule rimwe pasekondi. Zvimwewo zviyero zvepawa zvinosanganisirawo masimbabhiza (horsepower), mafoot-pounds pamineti, nemakarori (calorie) paawa anoshandiswa munezvekudya. Simbabhiza rimwe rakaenzana nema33 000 foot-pounds pamineti zvakaenzanawo nemawatt 746.

Pawa mumasisitemu echimakanika (mechanical systems) isanganisiro yemafosi nehusuduruka. Chikuru, pawa maunga mhande efosi inoshanda pachinhu nemuchacha hwechinhu ichocho, kana kuti maunga mhande etoki (torque) pachiro chakaoma (rigid body) negonya muchacha (angular velocity) hwechiro ichocho.

Pawa mumakanika inokwanisawo kutsanangurwa setoredzero yebasa munguva (time derivative of work). Muzvemamakanika (mechanics), basa rinoitwa ne fosi F pachiro chinenge chichifamba munzira yakakombwa (curved path) C inopihwa neindegira pamutsetse (line integral):

panova x iri nzira C ne v uri muchacha munzira iyi.  Toredzero munguva yetsazaniso yebasa inopa pawa panguva imwe se:

Mumasisitemu anoziririka, pawa huunga mhande hwetoki τ negonya muchacha ω,

panova ω inoyerwa muma redhieni pasekondi.

Pawa yemagetsi inopihwa kune michina kana chinhu chinoshanda nemagetsi pane nguva imwe chete inowanikwa netsazaniso inoti

pachiva ne

Kana kamuchina kanenge kachishandiswa kari rizisita (resistor) inenge ine rheshiyo yebasa paumwe hwechaji kune Muyerero weMagetsi usingachinje, zvinotevera kuti: 

iriyo mukweso hunoyerwa mumaohm.

 




#Article 144: Fosi yeRutondapakati (154 words)


Muchidzidzo fundoyetsimba, Fosi yeRutondapakati (centripetal) ifosi inokonzera mutumbi kufamba pamunyongo; inokonzera kuti mutumbi usataramuka kubva pachimiso chiri pakati pemunyonga kana denderedzwa. Mafambiro akadai anokonzerwa nokunge paine fosi ine yakananga kana kutonda pakati pemunyonga kana kuti denderedzwa. 

Fosi yeRutondapakati (centripetal force) zvinoreva fosi inokonzera kuti mutumbi ufambe nespidhi isingachinje panzira yakaita denderedzwa. Fosi yeRutondapakati ine rudzivo rwakarurama nerudzivo rwemuchacha wemutumbi wacho.

Isaac Newton akatsangura achiti Fosi yehudzivapakati ifosi inokonzera kuti mutumbi ufambe nenzira yokunge uri kuvavarira kana kukwezvewa kuenda kune chimiso chiri pakati pedenderedzwa rinova nzira iri kufambwa nayo. Nokudaro mutumbi uyu unorambira mudenderedzwa iroro.

Shoko rokuti centripetal rinobva pamashoko anoti centre and petere. 

Naizvozvo shoko rokuti centripetal rinoreva directed toward or seeking the centre.

KuChiShona kutonda zvinoreva kutarisa - facing in Engish.

Ngatitii mutumbi une huremu, m, uri kufamba pamunyonga une taramunyongo r, nemuchacha we v m/s. Fosi yeRutondapakati inobata pamutumbi iwoyu inowanikwa netsazaniso inoti:

F = ma = (mv2)/r

Apa a anomirira rufangu.




#Article 145: Chikonzero (128 words)


Chikonzero zvinoreva izvo zvinoitisa kuti chinhu chiitike. Vamwe vatauri vanoti chisakiso.

Vanhu vanotenda kuti chinhu chose chine chikonzero, hapana chiitiko chinongoitika chega, kunotova nechimwe chinochisunda kuti chiitike. Zvinhu zviri panyika hazvina kungoitika zvoga asi kuna Mwari akazviita kuti zvivepo. Asi ivo Mwari havana akavakonzera, vanorarama voga kubva kusingaperi kusvika kusingaperi.

Tsaona dzose dzine chinokonzera hadzingoitike dzoga.

Mutemo waPareto unoti, pakuverengwa kwemusaka nehonzeri, zvikamu makumi masere kubva muzana (80%) zvemusaka dzinoonekwa muzviitiko zvizhinji, zvinokonzerwa  nehonzeri zvikamu makumi maviri kubva muzana (20%). 

Zvichitodzana nemutemo uyu, kunonzi mumabhindauko chikamu makumi manomwe kubva muzana (80%) chezvinotengwa chinotengwa nechikamu makumi maviri kubva muzana (20%) chevatengi - kureva kuti ruzhinji rwevatengi (80%) vanotenga zvjnhu zvine hukoshi hwunosvika 20%.  Hapana chakakosha panhamba 80% asi kungoti ndiyo nhamba inonyanya kuwonekwa panocherechedzwa hukama hwezvikonzero nemhedzisiro pazvinhu zvizhinji.




#Article 146: Mukweso (137 words)


Mukweso wemagetsi (muChirungu: electrical resistance) wechinhu chinoshanda nemagetsi zvinoreva kupikisa kwekufamba kwemuyerero wemagetsi muchinhu ichocho. Kana mukweso wakondekwa (inverse) unonzi mugwinho; izvi zvinoreva kuti zviri nyore sei kuti muyerero wemagetsi upfuure muchinhu chinoshanda nemagetsi. Chiyerwo chemukweso mudandira rezviyero pasirose (SI) chinonzi ohm. Mugwinho hunoyerwa mumasiemens.

Chiro chine mucheko wenharaunda, wakaenzanirana chinoratidza mukweso une rupandavaro rwakadondeka hurefu. Zvinhu zvese zvine mukweso wemagetsi, kunze kwemasupakondakita asina mukweso.

Mukweso (R) wechiro unodudzirwa semudida webasa paumwe hwechaji (vhoruteji) kumativi kwechiro (V) nerufuvha muchiro ichocho (I) pachiva nemugwinho (G) iri pindukwo yacho:

Kune zviro zvizhinji, V na I zvine rupandavaro rwakadondeka; izvi zvoreva kuti R na G mikokonerwa (constants) (asi zvinogona kushanduka zvichienderana nezvimwe zvinhu somuenzaniso, hujoto). Rupandavaro urwu runodudzirwa neMutemo waOhm uye zviro zvinotaridza rupandavaromsaizvozvi zvinonzi zviro zviri ohmiki.

Mukweso wemagetsi unoyerwa neohmita (ohmmeter).

Rimwe izwi rinoreva resist nderekuti kutayira, kutavira.???




#Article 147: Manicaland (161 words)


Manicaland idunhu munyika yeZimbabwe.

Dunhu rakapoteredzwa nedunhu reMashonaland East kumaodzanyemba, nyika yeMozambique kumabvazuva, dunhu reMasvingo nedunhu reMidlands kumadokero. Guta guru redunhu, Mutare (hugari:184,205), rinova iro 265km kubva kuHarare, inova guta guru yenyika yeZimbabwe neguta rakakurisisa munyika iyoyo, netara.

Dunhu reManicaland rine nharaunda ye36,459 km2 nehugari hwemamirioni 1.57, sokubvira 2004., and a population of approximately 1.57 million, as of 2004. Guta reMutare ndiro guta guru redunhu.

Manicaland yakagovaniswa kuita zvikwata zvinomwe, Buhera, Chimanimani, Chipinge, Makoni, Chikwata Mutare iripakati, zvichisanganidza guta reMutare, Mutasa neNyanga iri kumadokero kwemaodzanyemba.

Vanhu veku Manicaland vanotaura chiShona asi zvikwata zvakasiyana siyana zvinoitawo mitauro-pazasi (sub-dialect) wawo wega. Somuenzaniso, chikwata Mutasa chinoshandisa mutauro pazasi wechiManyika. Kuchikwata Makoni, vanhu vanoshandisa mutauro-pazasi unonzi Maungwe. vanhu vazhinji vanotevera zvinamato zvechivanhu asi vanoteverawo ChiKristu. Vazhinji maKristu vanova vatendi ve Kereke yeMethodist, vamwe veKereke yeEngland (kereke Anglican) asi vamwewo maRoma. Vamwewo vanopinda makereke echipostori.

Kazhinji muManicaland munova nechikoro mukati metaramunyongo ye5km. Kune zvikoro zvakawanda zvepuraimari nesekondari zvinowanikwa mudunhu iri. Govaniso yezvikoro inoratidzwa mutafura iri pazasi.




#Article 148: Guta reHo Chi Minh (105 words)


Ho Chi Minh Guta (Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Ho Chi Minh City), Saigon guta neVietnam. Zvinofungirwa kuti muguta reHo Chi Minh chaimo mune vanhu 7,406,000 (2010), pachiva nevanhu 9,000,000 (2011) mumetropolitan area yayo. 

Mukutongwa, guta reHo Chi Minh rinovawo guta rinozvitonga rinofananidzwa nedunhu. Ho Chi Minh Guta ndiro guta rakakurisa muVietnam yose. Muguta umu munotengeswa nokutengwa zvinhu zvakaita sefodya, chibage, donje nemichero unonzi pachirungu, macitrus fruits. Hushangazhi hurimo hunosanganisira zvesimbi, machira nemakemikaru (chemicals). Munharaunda yeguta munocherwa goridhe.

MuHo Chi Minh ndimo munowanikwa Yunivhesiti yeVietnam, inova iyo yunivhesity ikuru zvakanyanya munyika yeVitenma. Guta reHo Chi Minh rinova nenhandare yendege inonzi Tan Son Nhat International Airport.




#Article 149: Chimera (118 words)


Chimera mumera kana kuti mamera (malt; sprouted corn, used in brewing traditional beer) imbesa dzinoshandiswa mukubikwa kwedoro. Vamwe vanoti mvuriro. Chimera chinogadzirwa nekunyikwa mumvura kusvika mbesa dzacho dzava kutanga kumera. Padzinenge dzava kutanga kumera dzobva dzanyururwa dzowomeswa nekusasikwa pamushana dzobva dzatswiwa muduri kana kukuyiwa paguyo. Mbesa dzinonyanya kushandiswa dzinoti zviyo, semuenzaniso njera, mapfunde, chibage, barley negorosi.

Pazvinonyikwa zviyo, zvino funga kuti zvadyariwa. Mutota wobva wakonzeresa mbeu idzi kuti dzigadzire maenzymes akasiyana-siyana anosanganisira erwudzi rwemaprotease nemaamylase. Ma enzymes aya anotanga kugaya maproteins nemacarbohydrates ari mumbeu kuenda kumaamino acid netsvigiri izvo zvinodiwa pakumera kwembesa dzacho. Dzisati dzanyanya kukura vanobva vamisa kukura uku nekuwomesa mbesa dziya maenzymes aya asati ashandiswa nedzinde riri kumera. Ma enzymes aya ndiwo anozo shandiswa mukubikwa doro.  




#Article 150: ChiShona (147 words)


ChiShona mutauro unobatanidza ndimi dzakawanda dzinotaurwa muZimbabwe, Botswana neMozambique. Mitauronyina kana muyambonyina inobatanidzwa ichinzi ChiShona inosanganisira: Karanga, ChiManyika, Zezuru, Korekore, Ndau, Budya, ChiTonga nemimwewo.

Zvakadaro zvakafanira kuti tionesane kuti kune vamwe vatauri vasingafare kuti vanzi vari muboka remutauro weChiShona - ivava vanoona mitauro yavo semitauro yakazvimirira yoga isiri pasi peChiShona.

Bhuku renganonyorwa rekutanga rakanyorwa mugore ra1957 naSolomon Mutswairo rinonzi Feso. 

Vanhu vakaronga kuti ChiShona chive chinonyoreka ndiClement Doke naGeorge Glynn Fortune.

Kune kusa wirirana kwemanyorerwe emutauro weChiShona zvichibva pakuti vatauri vazhinji vari kutadza kubvuma (recognise) kuvako kwemashoko (words) madiki akaita sekunge anotevera aya: ku, pa, ma, va, aka, zvichingo daro. Zvakafanana nekuvapo kwemashoko anenge I, of, is, for paChiRungu. Semuenzaniso, paragraph yechipiri kubva kumusoro yaifanira kunyorwa ichiti, Zvakadaro zava fanira kuti tiwonesane kuti kune vamwe vatauri.

Tika kwanisa kunyora tichidai zvinoita nyore kune vanoda kunyora kana kusika (create) maprogram kana software kana maapp yekuturukira mutauro wedu weChiShona.




#Article 151: Nguva dzezuva (180 words)


Chinyorwa chino chinotaura pamusoro penguva dzezuva nematauriwo adzinoitwa muZimbabwe.

Nguva yemangwanani ndiyo nguva yokutanga kwezuva kubva pakuyedza  kwezuva vanhu vachimuka. Nguva iyi inotaurwawo nenzira dzimwe dzakasiyana. Kubata jongwe muromo kunotaura kuti munhu amuka rungwanani machongwe asati akukuridza. Mashambanzou inguva yerungwanani zvakare apo panoonekwa nzou dzichienda kudziva kunonwa mvura nokugeza miviri yadzo. 

Iyi inguva yokunge zuva rakwira zvichibva pana 12 masikati. Panguva iyi vanhu vanenge vokwazisana Masikati asi kwete maswera sei?.
Rudziyakamwe inguva apo zuva rinopisa zvakanyanya; panguva iyi zuva rinenge riri pakati pedenga richirova nhongonya. Nokumwe kutaura nguva iyi inonzi yechikumura mabhachi.

Nguva yemanheru inotaurwa kana zuva rarereka paye parinenge ronodoka. Apa vanhu vanenge vokwazisana manheru, maswera sei?. Nguva iyi inotaurwa nenzira dzimwe dzakasiyana. Rubvunza vaeni inguva dzekunge zuva ronodoka vanhu vabva kumabasa kana kumunda apo paisvika vanhu mumisha kwobvunzwa kuti ko ndiani mueni asvika pamusha uyo. Nokumwe kutaura nguva iyi inokwanisa kunzi madeko.

Shoko rokuti husiku rinotaura nguva iyo zuva rinenge radoka kwasviba, kusisina vazhnji vanobata basa kana kufamba. Nguva iyi inobatanidza apo vanhu vanenge varara ichinopinda murungwanani.

Ticharara kwaMutoko masiku maviri. We shall sleep two nights in Mutoko.




#Article 152: Muchovha Mota (104 words)


Muchovha zvinoreva ngoro ine maviri ine injini inoshandiswa kutakura vahu kana nhumbi kubva pane panzvimbo kuenda pane imwe. Izvi zvoreva kuti motokari; bhazi; gonyeti zvose muchova nokuti zvinokwanisa kuchova munhu kubva panzvimbo kuenda pane imwe. Mutauro wekuti muchovha ungaita kunge wechimanjemanje asi panhau yokunge towumba mazwi matsva mururimi rweShona, shoko iri ndiro riri pedyo kududza chinonzi vehicle muchirungu. Zvakanaka kuti paonekwe kuti muchovha hazvisiki kureva chitsaru aiwa, kana chitsva chacho muchovha.

Chitsaru chave kunetsa kufamba kwacho ndicho chinonzi sikorokoro.

Simbi yakaita denderedzwa inopoteredzwa nevhiri remuchovha kana bhasikoro (rim) inonzi gangari paChiShona.

Kugadzira (to make)

Kunhadzira kana kunasira kuChiNdau (to make).

Kufotokoza (repair in Chewa) 




#Article 153: Kubvutwa kweKereke (220 words)


Kubvutwa kweKereke (rapture of the saints) chiitiko chakanyorwa muBhaibheri chinotendwa nemaKristu kuti chichaitika munguva iri mberi. Chiitiko ichi chinotaura pamusoro pekudzoka kwaJesu Kristu achizotora vatsvene vake vakatenda kwaari kuti vazogara naiye Jesu nokusingaperi. Pane zviviri zvakakosha kana kuchitaurwa pamusoro peKubvutwa kweKereke. 

Pane ndima nhatu dziri mubhaibheri dzichabatwa pano dzinotsangura nhau iyi:

Ndima yakanyorwa pana Johane 14:1-3 inopa chivimbiso chekuti Jesu Kristu achadzoka kuzotora vatsvene vake. Inotaura ichiti: 

Ndima iyi haitaure kuti kubvutwa kweKereke kunoitika riinhi asi chete inopa chivimbiso chokuti Jesu vachadzoka kuzotora vatsvene vachizogara ikoko kunogara Jesu. Zvino nokuti Jesu akaenda kudenga zvinorevawo kuti chivimbiso ichi ndechekuti maKristu vachaendako kudenga kuna Jesu.

Ndima iri pana 1 Tesaronika 4:13-18 inotsanangura kurongeka kwezviitiko zvichatevedzwa pakubvutwa kweKereke. Ndima iyi inotaura pamusoro pevatendi vachanga vari vapenyu zvose nevanenge vafa panguva ichabvutwa vatsvene. Ndima iyi inotaura pamusoro pevakafa sokunonzi vavete muna Kristu. Ndima iyi inoti:

Ndima iri pana 1 VaKorinde 15:50-58 inotaura pamusoro pokushandurwa kwemiviri yavakatendeka,kuti itore kusafa uye kusawora. Vose vatende vapenyu naavo vakafa vanenge vamutswa panguva iyi vachashandurwa miviri yavo saizvozvi.

Vhesi 50-53 anoti Zvino hama dzangu, ndinoreva ndichiti, nyama neropa hazvingagari nhaka yoUshe hwaMwari; nokuwora hakungagari nhaka yokusawora. Tarirai ndinokudzai chakavanzika: hatingavati tose, asi tichashandurwa tose; pakarepo nokubwaira kweziso, nehwamanda yokupedzisira; nokuti hwamanda icharira, ipapo vakafa vachanutswa nokusawora; nesu tichashandurwa nokuti ichi chinowora chinofanira kufuka kusawora; nechichi chinofa chinofanira kufuka kusafa.




#Article 154: Rudzindi (321 words)


Muchidzidzo fundoyetsimba, fosi yerudzindi kana kuti rudzindi (friction kuEnglish) imhando yefosi inowanikwa pakati pemitumbi iri kufamba yakagumhana. Fosi iyi inowanikwawo zvakare pakati pemitumbi inobhururuka mudenga nemweya uri mudenga macho.

Pano pachapiwa mitsara inotaridzaa kuti sei friction yatrurikirwa kunzi rudzindi. Shoko rokuti -dzindi rinotaura kusada, kupikisa, kudzivisa, kukakarara. Menzaniso ndiyo iri pasi:

Muchova pauno famba, unogoneswa kuenda mberi nokuda kwefosi yerudzindi iri pakati penzira nemavhiri emuchovha. Rudzindi pakati pemavhiri emuchovha nemugwagwa rwakakosha zvikurusei kana kwanaya kuti muchovha usatsvedza pamugwagwa. Munhu paano famba anokwanisa kuenda mberi nokuda kwefosi yerudzindi rwuri pakati petsoka dzake nepanzira pakatsikwa. Rudzindi rwunokonzerewo kuti mutumbi uri kufamba uzogumisidza wamira usisafambe kana pasina fosi iri kusairira. Izvi zvichikonzerwa norudzindi rwuripo pakati pemutumbi nemhepo uye rudzindi pakati pemutumbi uyu nepasi pakagumhana nemutumbi. Mutumbi unokwanisa kufamba chete kana fosi yedzitsinyira yakakura kudarika  fosi yerudzindi. Ndege padzinobhururuka mudenga, mhepo inenge ichikwevera shure nefosi yerudzindi. Saka fosi yedzitsinyira inosairira ndege inofanira kukurira fosi yerudzindi rwemhepo.

Saka rudzindi rwakakosha pakuti rwunodzivirira kutsvedza izvi zvichigonesa mitumbi kuti ifambe kuenda mberi. Asi napowo rudzindi runodzivisa mitumbi kufambira mberi kusvika fosi yedzitsinyira yadarika fosi yerudzindi. Rudzindi runokonzera kuti pave nekupisa panogumhana mitumbi miviri. Mucherechedzo unoonekwa kana munhu akakweshanisa mawoko ake mutsvanza, panova nokudziya kwetsvanza. Rudzindi runoita kuti spidhi yemitumbi iri kutekaira idzikire apo zvinenge zvichikwesherana. Fosi yerudzindi inosiyana zvichienderana nokuti zviso zvemitumbi yakagumhana zvakamanzika kana kukwenenzwerwa zvakadii. Rudzindi rwakakura kana mitumbi ine zviso zvakamanzika; rudzindi rwakadzikira kana zviso izvi zvakakwenenzwerwa.

Rudzindi rwemweya - rwunokonzerwa nemhepo kana mweya uri pedyo nemutumbi uri kutekaira. Mweya uyu unonda kudzivisa mutmbi unofamba kuti uende mberi.

Rudzindi rwenhakairo, (kinetic friction) Urwu rudzindi rwuri kupimwa pamutumbi uri kutekaira kubva panzvimbo kuenda pane imwe. Apa fosi yedzitsinyira inenge yakakura kudarika fosi yerudzindi.

Rudzindi rwezvimire, (static friction) urwu rudzindi rwuri kupimwa pamutumbi une fosi yedzitsinyira asi mitumbi uyu usiri kufamba kana kutsukunyuka kubva pauri. Apa fosi yedzitsinyira inenge iri diki kune fosi yerudzindi.

Rudzindi rwezvinoyerera, (fluid friction) urwu rudzindi pakati pemhande dzezvinoyerera sokuti mafuta akagumhana nemvura.




#Article 155: Kujingirisa (138 words)


Shoko rokuti kujingirisa (making ends meet, joining things) together ishoko rechimanjemanje rinoreva kuita mabhindauko ekushava mari kuti vanhu vawane kurarama. Iri shoko rakapfumbira muZimbabwe panguva yakaoma kurarama mushure mokunge mari yemunyika yawa pahukoshi hwayo. Makore ekutambura aya anganzi akanyanya kunetsa zvchibva pagore 2000 kusvika pari zvino muna 2013. Mamwe mazwi anoda kureva zvimwe nerokuti kujingirisa ndiwo anoti: kukiyakiya kana kujoinhidza.

Hazvinatse kuzivikanwa kuti shoko iri rakauya sei. Rinokwanisa kunge richitodza pane rokuti jinga rinoreva panosangana muny'asi megomo panosangana dunhu negomo. Saka zvoreva kuti kujingirisa kuita kuti zvido zvomunhu zvibudirire zvichisanganawo nemari. 

Shoko rokuti kujingirisa rinodarowo richitodza pakuti kuchingidzira kana kuchingura. Kuchingura zvinoreva kubva panzvimbo pauri pangava pamusha  kuenda kunosangana nemweni ari kuuya. Saka apa zvakare kujingirisa kunenge kuchireva kuita bamba mumabasa anoita kuti zvido zvishuwo zvako munhu zvisvike pazvinogutswa kungava nokuwana mari, kana chimwe chinogutsa zvishuvo zvako munhu.




#Article 156: Musenerera (147 words)


Musenerera (Osmosis kuEnglish) chiitiko chinoonekwa chekuti nyungurudzi inowanikwa ichidarika nhengopfunha inosarura zvinobvinina, ichibva kudivi rine gupuko renyungurwa rakadzikira kuenda kune gupuko wenyungurwa rakakwirira. Mhedzisiro yemusenerera ndeyekuti mativi maviri erukanda anenge ava negupuko  rengunyudurwa rakaenzana.  

Musenerera wakakosha pakurarama kwemadzinde nokuti ndiyo nzira inoshandisa kusveta mvura kubva muvhu ichitevedza nhengo dzedzinde dzamara yasvika kumashizha. Fertilizer ikawanda muvhu zvinokonzera kuti dzinde ritsve nokuti apa musenerera unenge woitika mvura ichibuda mudzinde kupinda muvhu; saka kuchinzi fertilizer isawanzwa.

Shoko rokuti  musenerera rinotodza pane rekuti senerera rinoreva kumanikidzira kupinda kanzvimbo kadiki pakamanika. Kana kuri kuEnglish shoko rokuti osmosis rinotodza rechiGreek rekuti osmos rinoreva to thrust or push in – izvozvi zvokusundira kana kusenerera kupinda pakamanika ndizvo zvinoitika neosmosis..

Shoko rokuti gupuko (concentration kuEnglish) rinoreva huwandu hwenyungurwa yakanyungudutswa mumunyungu huchipimwa pachiyero chimwechete chehuwandu hwemunyungu. Huwandu hwemunyungu huri kucherechedzwa hunokwanisa kunge huri huremu kana  mumhu. Shoko iri rinotodzana nerinoti kukupuka rinoreva kupfuma, kukuputsa roreva kupfumisa.




#Article 157: Chubhu dzinotakura ropa (164 words)


Chinyorwa chino chinotaura pamusoro pechubhu dzinotakura ropa (blood vessels in English) ichubhu dzinotakura ropa pakati penhengo dzose dzemuviri kudzosera kumoyo kana kubva kumoyo.

Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzechubhu dzinotakura ropa dzinodanwa kunzi veins, arteries, capillaries kuEnglish. Pachinyorwa chino pachaedzwa kupatsanura mhando dzechubhu idzi kuti dzionekwe musiyano wadzo.

Artery ichanzi tsinga nokuti idzi ihuru uye dzinonatsa kuonekwa nechekunze paganda. Tsinga dzinotakura ropa kubva kumoyo kuenda kune dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri.

Vein ichanzi mutsi nokuti iyi idiki pane tsinga uye hainyanye kuonekwa nechekunze. Mitsi inotakura ropa kubva kunhengo dzemuviri kudzosera kumoyo. Shoko rokuti mutsi rinoda kutodzana nerokuti umutsi rinoreva blood vessel kumutauro wechiKirundu chinotaurwa kuBurundi. Pano shoko iri rashansiwa kuti pakwaniswe kupatsanura musiyano wechubhu dzinotakura ropa; kana kuchizenge kwawanikwa rimwe zita riri nani tichashandisa iroro.

Mushwaira (Capillary blood vessel) zvinoreva mhando yetsinga ndikisa dzinobatsira mukutsinhana kana kugachidzana kwezvinhu zvinowanikwa mumuviri zvinoti: oxygen, carbon dioxide, mvura, chikafu, nemishonga inoraswa pakati peropa nenhengo dzemuviri. Mishwaira inobatanidza tsinga hombe dzinotakura ropa kubva kumoyo kuenda kunhengo dzomuviri netsinga ndiki chinodzosera ropa kumoyo.




#Article 158: Rudzi rwaIsrael (727 words)


Rudzi rwemaJudha (Jews in English) rudzi rwevanhu vane madzitateguru akabva kunyika yeIsrael vari vanhu vakazvarwa nevanakomana gumi nevaviri vaJacob . Nhoroondo yerudzi urwu inotevedza madzibaba avo ane mazita akanyorwa muBhaibheri vanoti: Abraham; Isaac; naJacob.  Abraham naSarah vakazvara mwanakomana anonzi Isaac uyo akazvarwa mumakore ekunge vose vakwegura. Uku kwakanga kuri kuzadziswa kwechivimbiso chaMwari pavakatuara naAbraham vachiti uchava nemwanakomana kuburikidza nomudzimai wako Sarah. Mwari vakaitawo zvimwe zvitsidzo kuna Abraham zvinosanganisira: kuti huwandu hwevana vake hucahava sejecha riri pamhenderedzo yegungwa; kuti Mwari vachapa nyika yeCanaan kuna Abraham nevana vake vaizotevera shure kwake; kuti Mwari vacharopafadza vana vaAbraham zita ravo rikaita mukurumbira; kuti avo vanoropafadza vana vechipikirwa vaAbraham navowo vacharopafadzwa; kuti avo vanotuka vana vaAbraham nanvowo vachatukwa.

Isaac akaroora Rebecca, vakazvara mapatya, mukuru ainzi Esau mudiki achinzi Jacob. Uyu mukomana mudiki ndiye akaenda pamberi pababa vake nounyegeri akakwanisa kuti baba vamupe ropafadzo dzedangwe dzaifanirwa kunge dzakagadzwa pamukoma wake Esau. Mushure mokunge aba maropafadzo sezvizvi, Jacob akatiza pamusha akanogara mumusha wemadziSekuru ake hanzvadzi dzaAmai vake. Ikoko Jacob akanoshandira Sekuru vake Laban zvichitevedza chivimbiso chekuti Jacob aizopihwa mukunda wavo Rachel kuti ave mukadzi wake. Pamusi wekuti chitsidzo chizadziswe, Laban akapinza mukunda mukuru Leah mumba maJacob, Leah akava ndiye mukadzi wekutanga waJacob. Mushure mezvo Jacob anonopopotana naLaban, vakazoguma vatenderana kuti Jacoab ashande mamwe makore masere kuti apihwe Rachel somukadzi wechipiri. Kwapera makore mazhinji Jacob akadzokera kumusha kwake kuCanaan mushure mokunge audzwa naMwari kuti achidzokera kwake. Pakuenda Jacob akanoenda nevarongo vaviri vaiva varandakadzi vemadzimai ake Leah naRachel. Leah naRachel vakapa Jacob varongo ava kuti vagozvarira Jacob vana. Jacob akava baba wevanakomana gumi nevaviri. 

Jacob vanakomana vake vakayambukira kuEgypt vachitsvaga chokudya mumwaka wenzara. KuEgypt vanoyamurwa naJoseph mwanakomana waJacob uyo akanga atengeswa nevakoma vake muhuranda. Panguva iyoyo Joseph akanga otonga segurukota reEgypt anorayira vakoma vake kuti vanounza baba vake nemhuri yose - mambo weEgypt anovagamuchira zvakanaka fani achivapa dunhu reGoshen kuti vagareko nezvipfuwo zvavo. Joseph nevakoma vake vanofa vachisiya mhuri dzavo dzichigara muEgypt. Kwapera makore mazhinji, kunouya mumwe mambo akanga asingazive utongi hwaJoseph uye chirangano chaivepo nerudzi rwemaJudha. Mambo aitya kuti vana vaIsrael vakanga vawanda zvokuti muhondo aizogona kukurirwa kana maJudha vakabatana nevavengi vake. Saka mambo anoranga nemachinda ake kuti vabate maJudha kuvaita varanda vachikanya zvidhinha nokuita mamwe mabasa amambo Pharaoh. Panguva iyoyi vana vaIsrael vanochema kuna Mwari, ivo Jehovha vachibva vamutsa Moses kuti atungamire rudzi rwaIsrael kubva muEgypt kuenda kunyika yechipikirwa yeCanaan. Urwu ndirwo rudzi rwakatungamirwa naMoses kubuda muEgypt rwudzi urwu rwakapiwa  Mitemo gumi yaMwari iyo yaidzidziswa naMoses apo akabva kunosangana naMwari pagomo reSinai.

Kune maJudah achiriko anogara munyika yeIsrael inova nzvimbo yavanokoshesa senyika yechipikirwa chakaitwa pakati paMwari namadzibaba avo. MaJudah akawanda vakapararira Pasirose vaine hugari hwakawanda munyika dzinoti: USA; France; United Kingdom; Russia Argentina; Brazil nedzimwewo nyika. Pachinyorwa chino mazwi anoti mharadzirwa yemaJudha (Jewish Diaspora) ari kureva vanhu vose veRudzi rwaIsrael vanogara mune dzimwe nyika dzisiri Israel. Kuno kuAfrica maJudha vane hugari hwakawanda kunyanya muSouth Africa; hugari hwavo hunoda kusvika 71,100 munyika iyi. MuSouth Africa maJudah vakauya panguva yekupambwa kwenyika iyi, vamwe vachizouya munguva yohutongi hwevachena. Kune maJudah ari muSouth Africa akabva kuRussia uye kunyika dziri kumavirira kweRussia. Nyika idzi dzinosanganisira Lithuania; Poland; Estonia neLativia.

MaJudah akauya muZimbabwe panguva yakauya Varungu ndokuumba Chita chavo chemaJudah mugore ra 1895. Ichi chita chaitungamirwa naJoe van Praagh akava Mayor wechiJudah wekutanga muguta reHarare. Milton Park muHarare ine mugwagwa wakapiwa zita raJoe van Praagh. MuGuta reKadoma kwakambova naMayor wechiJudah akagadzwa mugore ra1956; murume uyu ainzi Robert Sternberg.

  
Hugari hwemaJudah munyika yeZimbabwe hwaderera kubva pahwaive panguva yeRusununguko. Vamwe vavo vakatamira kuSouth Africa, vamwe vachienda kuIsrael, USA nekuEurope. MaJudah anozivikanwa munhoroondo yeZimbabwe anosanganisira: Alfred Beit; Dr Michael Gelfand; Professor Laurence Levy; Joe van Praagh; B.S Leon; Sam Levy; Gary Thompson nevamweyo.

Mubayiro weNobel Prize wakavambwa mugore ra1901 nemururme ainzi Alfred Nobel akazvarwa kunyika yeSweden. Mibayiro yezvikamu zvinoti: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace yakatanga kupiwa mugore ra1901. Peace Prize inopiwa kuOslo, Norway, mimwe mibayiro inopiwa kuStockholm, Sweden. Kunonzi chikamu gumi nemanomwe kubva muzana (18%) chemibayiro yeNobel Prize chakatorwa nemaJudah kubva pakavambwa mibayiro iyi.

Rushigido  kana kuti Holocaust kuChirungu raiva jambwa rokuurayiwa kukuru kwemaJudah munguva yakarwiwa Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri. Urwu rushambwa rwakatungamirwa naAdolf Hitler neBato reNazi avo vakakonzera kuurayiwa kwemaJudah vaigara muGermany nevamwe vaigara kune mamwe matunhu akanga akapambwa neGermany munguva iyi kuEurope. Nyanzvi dzenhoroondo dzine fungidziro yokuti maJudah vakaurayiwa  nejambwa iri vakasvika mamiriyoni matanhatu (6m). Shoko rekuti Holocaust rinoreva burnt whole, saka kwedu kuChiShona kwanzi rushigido kureva kuti muviri wemunhu waipiswa zvakaperera. Kushigida kana kushikita - to burn utterly.




#Article 159: Muenzanisi (392 words)


Muchidzidzo chePimanyika, muenzanisi (equator) mutsetse unopangidza panosangana uso hweurungano nemutsendo une munzi wehuremu uye wakarurama neakiso yeurungano yacho. Kureva kuti mutsendo uyu wakaita mutwi neaksio uye kuti wakatakura munzi wehuremu (centre of mass) yeurungano yacho. Iri zita rinoshandiswazve pakutsangudza kuumbwa kweRinopasi, (Earth). 

Takatarisana neRinopasi, muenzanisi mutsetse wekufungidzira une nhambwe dzakaenzana kubva kuGonga reMaodzanyemba kusvika keGonga reChamhembe panzvimbo dzose. Mutsetse uyu unocheka urungano yeRinopasi kuita zvikamu zviviri zvakaenzana.

Gonga reMaodzanyemba, (North pole) ndipo papoyindi panoburikira akiso yekuzeya kweRinopasi (Earth), kuri kuMaodzanyemba kweRinopasi, riri divi rakapesana neSouth pole . 

Gonga reChamhembe, (South pole) ndipo papoyindi panoburikira akiso yekuzeya kweRinopasi (Earth), kuri kuChamhembe kweRinopasi. 

Muchinyorwa chino mativimana erudzivo (direction) achange achinyorwa achitanga nevara guru kuti zvive pachena kuti parikutaurwa rudzivo, kwete chimwewo chinhu.

Mutsazanisi unopfuura nemunyika 11 dzinoti:

Muchidzidzo cheTaranyika (Geography), nyika yakatarwa nemhando mbiri dzemitsetse. Kune mitsetse yakatarwa yakati sambamba nemuenzanisi inonzi latitude; kune mitsetse inotenderera nyika ichibata kuNorth pole neSouth pole inonzi longitude. Mitsetse iyi inoshevedzwa nenhamba dzakarongeka. Nhamba dzemitsetse yelattitude dzinoveregwa dzichibva pamuenzanisi dzichienda kuNorth pole neSouth pole. Nhamba dzemitsetse yelongitude dzinoverengwa dzichibva pamutsetse weGreenwich Meridian  zvichienda kuMavirira nekuMabvazuva. Greenwich Meridian mutsetse welongitude unopfuura pedyo neRoyal Observatory, Greenwich, kuUnited Kingdom. Naizvozvo nzvimbo dzose dziri panyika dzine nhamba inotaura kuti nzvimbo iri papi mudandemutande remitsetse iyoyi.  Ruzivo urwu ndirwo rwakashandiswa muhumhizha hweGPS, Geographical Position System chinova chombo chinobatsira kutaura kuti tiri papi uye kupa rudzivo (direction) rwenzvimbo yatinoda kuenda.  

Chirongwa chekutarwa kwenyika nenzira yatsananguwa iyi chinodanwa kunzi Geographic Coordinate System - kuChiShona tochiti Dandira reMapanganwa eTarachisi. Zita reChiShona iri rakaumbwa nenzira inotevera:

Latitude  inopima nhambwe yegonyo riri pakati pemutsendo weMutsazanisi nemutsetse unobata pamunzi hweRinopasi kuenda panzvimbo ipi zvayo iri pauso hweEarth. Latitude inoverengwa ichibva paMutsazanisi une nhamba 0o; nhamba iyi inokwira zvichienda kuNorth pole - nhamba dzichipiwa vara (+). Nhamba yelatitude inodzika zvichenda kuSouth pole, nhamba dzichipiwa vara (-). Izvi zvinoreva kuti latitude 20o iri kuMaodzanyemba kweMuenzanisi; latitude -30o kana kuti 30oS iri kuChamhembe kweMutsazanisi. Mepu inotaridza mitsetse yelatitude ichibva kamadokero kuenda kumabvazuva.

Mitsetse yelatitude inodanwa kunzi tsambamba (parallels) nokuti inenge yakati sambamba, uye yakataramukana nhambwe dzakaenzana panzvimbo dzose. Kana 1o yelatitude yapimwa tsambamba dzinenge dzakataramukana 111km (kana 69maira). gonyo rapimirwa latitude ndiro zita rinopiwa tsambamba yacho ine nhambwe dzakaenzana kubva paMutsazanisi. Somuenzaniso 45o latitude ndiyo nhambwe yegonyo iri pakati peMutsazanisi ne tsambamba 45, (45th parallel). Saka 45th parallel inenge uri mutsetse wokuti nzvimbo dzese dziri pauri dzine latitude 45o.

Mitsetse yeLatitude yekurangarira




#Article 160: Mukondombera AIDS (243 words)


Mukondombera izwi rinoreva pandemic disease paChirungu. Inzwi iri rino enderana nerimwe inzwi rinoti Shuramatongo. Mazuvano vanhu vazhinji vano kanganisika ne kufunga kuti zvinoreva chirwere che HIV Aids. Izvi zvaka tangira apo muimbi Thomas Mapfumo aka imba kambo kake kainzi mukondombera kanova ndiko kaka ita kuti izwi iri riite mukurumbira. Paku taurwa chaiko kana tichida kureva HIV AIDS tino fanira kuti Mukondombera we AIDS zvichi reva kuti HIV pandemic.

Zvino notaura kurwara nezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana kunoonekwa mushure mekunge masoja anodzivirira kurwara kwemumuviri aparadzwa neutachiona hweHIV. Saka mukondombera hachisiri chirwere chimwe asi izita rinotsanangura mamiriro ekunge muviri usisakwanise kuzvidzivirira kubva kuchitsama chezvirwere mushure mekunge utachiona hweHIV hwatekeshera mumuviri wemunhu. Mukondombera unowanzovapo kwapera makore akati kuti munhu atapukirwa neutachiona hweHIV.

HIV hutachiona hunoparadza hudzivisi hwezvirwere pamuviri wemunhu. HIV hutachiona hunokonzera Mukondombera - kana kuti AIDS. Hutachiona uhwu hwunoparadza masoja anorwisa zvirwere zvakasiyana - siyana mumuviri wemunhu. Izvi zvinoita kuti munhu ane utachiona arambe achirwara - rwara kusvikira ave nemukondombera. 

Pari nhasi (April 2013) hakuna mushonga unorapa Mukondombera. Kune mishonga yakasiyana siyana inoshandiswa kudzivisa kutekeshera kwehutachiona hunokonzera mukondomera asi denda iri rinoramba ririmo mumuviri.

Hutachiona hunowanikwa mumvura dzemumuviri dzakaita seropa nemvura dzinobuda kana vanhu vachiita zvepabonde (mumbeu yababa nemumvura dzinobuda munhengo yemunhukadzi kana pachiitwa zvepabonde). Unowanikwa zvakare mumukaka waamai. Hutachiona uhwu hunowanzoparadzirika nenzira dzinotevera: 

MuZimbabwe ropa rose rinoshandiswa muzvipatara rinovhenekwa kuti harina HIV here risati rapiwa kumurwere. Kana rikaonekwa rine 
utachiona uhwu harizomboshandiswa muvarwere vanoda kuwedzerwa ropa. Hutachiona hwe HIV hauparadzirwe ne:

AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

  




#Article 161: Nhoozhinji (159 words)


Muchidzidzo Pimanyika, nhoozhinji (polyhedron kuChirungu) zvinoreva shepi ine mitsendo mina kana kudarika.Mitsendo iyi inenge ichibatana pamikwava nenzira inoita kuti shepi iyi ive chiumbwa chakavharika kwose.

KuEnglish shoko rokuti polyhedron rinobva pamashoko anoti poly rinoreva many, uye hedron rinoreva base, chair or face. Saka zvichibatanidzwa zvoreva many faces or many bases.

Zita rokuti nhoozhinji rinobva pakuti shepi dzemhando iyi dzakavharwa mativi ose nenhoo dzinoonekwa kunze kwechiumbwa. Nhoo mbiri dzega-dzega dzinosangana pamikwava kana kuti pamutsetse mumwe. Nhoo nhatu kana kudarika dzinosangana pachisuvi chimwe. Kuverengwa kwehuwandu hwenhoo dziri pachiumbwa ndiko kunopa chiumbwa zita racho. Pano pasarudzwa kuti boka rezviumbwa izvi zvinzi nhoozhinji zvichitodzana nenhoo (Sheild) inodzivirira ari seri kwayo akaibata. Panotariswa zviumbwa izvi mativi acho ndiyo ari kufananidzwa nenhoo.

Kune mhando yenhoozhinji inoita zviso zvakaenzana nekufanana; nhoozhinji ine kuchenzana kwezviso inonzi nhoozhinji yemachenzano - regular polyhedron.  Boka renhoozhinji rinoitawo zviumbwa zvisina kuchenzana kwezviso, apa kureva kuti zviso hazvitodzani pakuenzana kana kufanana. Nhoozhinji ine zviso zvisina kuchenzana inonzi nhoozhinji isakachenzana - irregular polyhedron.




#Article 162: Kuchaya mapoto (229 words)


Shoko rokuti kuchaya mapoto (cohabitation kuChirungu) rinotaurwa kana vanhu vaviri munhurume nemunhukadzi vasina kuroorana pamberi patezvara vachigara pamwechete sokunge murume nemukadzi vakaroorana. Tsika yekuchaya mapoto inonyanya kuwanikwa kumadhorobha akadai seHarare uye inowanikwawo pakati pemaZimbabwe vakayambuka kunogara kumhiri kwemakungwa kunyika dzinosanganisira United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, neUnited States of America. 

Kugara nekugara varume vazhinji vanotya kuchengetana nemukadzi wavasina kuroora pamberi patezvara. Izvi vanotya kuzviita nokuti musi wokunzi mukadzi uyu afa kana kuti asangana netsaona ari  muakdzi anga achichaya mapoto murandu wacho unoripwa ipapo wakaoma. Kune nhau dzinotaurwa zhinji dzokuti tezvara vanoramba kuviga mwanasikana anga achibika mapoto kusvikira roora kana imwe mirandu yaripwa.

Varipo varumwe vanosvika pakutobereka mhuri dzichikura pasina roora rakaripwa kuna tezvara; zivi zvinhu zvinoshoresa zvikuru patsika dzevaShona. Musi wokuti murume ari kuchaya mapoto afa achisiya vana, zvinotarisirwa kuti mhuri yake kana vana vake ndivo vachazoripa mari yeroora kuroora mukadzi uyo akagara nehama yavo mushakabvu.

Madambudziko anosangana nevanhu vanochaya mapoto anosanganisira: 

Tsaika yekuchaya mapoto inowanikwawo pakati pevanhu maZimbabwe vakayambuka kunogara mhiri kwemakungwa; kuita izvi kunova nyore nokuti ikoko kure kazhinji kunenge kusina maziso evabereki kana vehama vanozviona kuti vatsiure kana hanzvadzi inonzi inochengera. Kunyika dziri kumavirira tsika yekuchaya mapoto yakatekeshera pakati pezvizvarwa zveko; vamwe vekwedu vanosvika vachipinda mutsika dzenyika idzodzi. 

Kunoti vanochaya mapoto vari maZimbabwe pachavo kwoitawo vamwe vanochaya mapoto nemarudzi mamwe akauya kunyika idzi kana marudzi ezvizvarwa zveko kunyika idzi. Matambudziko anoita kuti vamwe vagumisidze vagara mukuchaya mapoto anosanganisira:




#Article 163: SADC (123 words)


Sangano reBudiriro kuChamhembe kweAfrica, (Southern Africa Development Community) - SBCA-SADC isangano rinokotsvanidza nyika dziri mudunhu rekuchamhembe kweAfrica kuti dzishande pamwe mumabasa ebudiriro anosanganisira: kuronga zvokuchengetedza hupfumi; kutengeserana; kudzivirira nyika; uye matongerwo enyika. Muzinda weSADC uri muGaberone gutaguru reBotswana.

Nhengo dzesangano iri ndidzo dzinoti: Zimbabwe; Zambia; Mauritius; Seychelles; Madagascar; Angola; Namibia; South Africa; Mozambique; Democratic Republic of Congo; Malawi; Swaziland; Tanzania;Lesotho neBotswana. Nyika yeMadagascar yakambomiswa kuva nhengo yemukotsvanidzwa uyu mushure mokunge Andy Rajoelina abvuta zvechisimba chigaro chokuva mutungamiri wenyika. Nyika dziri murumana rweSADC (SADC region) dzine hugari hwevanhu mamiriyoni 277 vanogara munharaunda inoda kusvika mamiriyoni gumi eskweya rekiromita.

Kune dzimwe nyika dzinogamuchira mitauro mizhinji pakushanda mumabasa, mitauro iyi inokwanisa kunyorwa iri miviri panotaurwa mazita emasangano. Kana nesuwo mukutaura zita resangano reSADC tinokwanisa kunyora sezvizvi:




#Article 164: Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri (222 words)


Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri (HP2) (neChirungu: World War Two, WW2) kana kuti Hondo yaHitler  yaiva hondo dandiranyika yakarwiwa nenyika zhinji dzePasirose kuvamba mugore 1939 ichizopera mugore 1945. Hondo iyi yakarwiwa nehuzhinji hwenyika dziri pasirose, kusanganisira mhitsa dzehondo - super-powers. Pakuguma kwazvo kwakamuka mapoka enyika akabatana kurwa hondo aiti mawuto echikumbano (allied forces) nemawuto ezvikerema - (axis forces), . Hakuna hondo pasirose yambotekeshera matunhu sehondo iyi, yakarwiwa nevarwi vemawuto vanosvika mamirioni zana (100 million) vaibva kunyika dzinodarika makumi matatu (30). Munguva iyi nyika dzakanga dziri muhondo dzakunga simba rose rehupumi, dzidzo yeScience, uye hushangazhi hwadzo kuti hushandire hondo iyi. Musiyano pakanga pasisina pakati pemawuto nevanhuwo zvavoakanga nokuti vose vakanga voita shishi nebamba rose kuti vatsigire nyika dzavo pakukunda hondo iyi.

Vanhu vazhinji vakafa muhondo iyi kusanganisira vazhinji verudzi rwaIsrael vakaurayiwa nemutongi godzonga (tyrant, dictator) ainzi Adolf Hitler muhuipi hunodanwa kunzi rushigido rwemaJudah - (Holocaust). Vanhu vakafa muhondo iyi vanofungidzirwa kusvika 50-70 miriyoni. Nhamba yevanhu vakafa iyi inoita kuti hondo iyi ive ndiyo hondo yakaipisa parufu rwevanhu munhoroondo yepasirose.

Apo Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri yanga yosvika pakupera kwakashandiswa zvombo zveshomwe zviviri, zvose zvakadonhedzwa  nendege dzemawuto eUnited States panyika yeJapan. Musi waAugust 6, 1945 bhomba rakasenga Uranium rakadhurwa kuJapan muguta reHiroshima. Mushure memazuva matatu bhomba rakasenga Plutonium rakadhuurwa kuJapan zvakare muguta reNagasaki. Zvombo zveshomwe zviviri izvi zvakauraya vanhu vanosvika chifo che 200,000 vakanga vakuvadzwa zvakaipisa nekudhuuka kwawo.




#Article 165: Gumbo Madyirapazhe (165 words)


Mazvita Gumbo
Maita zvenyu Madyirapazhe
Shava huru yaka pamba Gona
Gara ramasango
Chipauro chamafuta
Chikodza mhandara
vaidyira panze nekutya vayerashiri
Godza muto mhuru inobva Gona
Vezheve tsuku VeRufura
Mushukuru we Gona
Vane chitanga chisisazari ngombe
Chinotozara musi wezvita

Maita vari Masakadya
Maita vari Njaidza
Vari mhiri kwaNyazvidzi
Vari Hwiri
Vari Zvomutumbwe
Vari Raubwi
Vari Muharu huru
Vari chikomo chaMabwazhe, Chisema, Sambiri . Vane gidi ririmuura

Chikara chapazhemwongo

Mazondo tinodya

Maita vari Svikire
Maita vari Maturi
Vari Chivende
Vari Hubvumwe

Chiputsamakuru Godzamuto
maita gumboretatu
mutsipa unemongo

Maita vari mupfukudza kunodyiwa boora nemuchirimo
Vari Chikakatanwa
Vari Boromoka
Vari Mandira

Ganyamatope, hekani Madyirapazhe
Kuti vane zhara vaponewo
Hekani Musipa mareranherera
Matsikapasi kuzorora kuvata
Hekani Gutu
Hekani weGona
Ndisengei, senganhundwa
Sengamusoro pane romo neziso
Hekani Mhandamakanga

Matangakumwa muviri une nyota
Matsikapachena nepane rima
Vatambi vomuganyiro

Bumazvirema, hekanhi Masengedzwa
Teveratsimba mustvairo wezhira
Hekani Murendo

Mafuta tinozora 
Runyanga igonangombe
Gumbo mubhadha
Dovo tinowadza
Vanoridza ngoma nemudzonga wenyama
Nyama tinodya, mukaka tinomwa
Muswe inhawo, ndove inodzura mumba
Zvaitwa Chitova, mushukuru we Gonangombe




#Article 166: Muridzi (103 words)


Muridzi, tewe kana mwene zvinoreva munhu ane chinhu chinonzi ndechake pamberi pomutemo. Munhu anokwanisa kuva muridzi wechinhu kuburikidza nokunge akachitenga, kupihwa, kugara nhaka, kana kuchishandira. Pahuwandu vanenge vonzi varidzi. KuChiNdau vanoti mune, kududza muridzi.

Mamwe mashoko anoreva muridzi ndiwo anoti mwene kana vene pahuwandu. Shoko rokuti muzvina rinoshandiswawo, asi iri rinoreva uyo anoshandisa chiro chiri kurehwa, anokwanisa kuva iye mwene wacho kana akabata chete anochishandisa. Sokuti muzvinapembe anokwanisa kune ari kuridza pembe isiri yake. Tine mufungo mumwechete muzvinabhizinisi anokwanisa kunge ariye maneja mukuru anotungamira bhizinizi rine varidzi varo, asi iye ndiye ane hudaviri pamusoro paro. Izwi rokuti kuzvina rinoreva kudzana (to dance) kuChiNdau.




#Article 167: Dare reVakokeri (170 words)


Sachigaro weDare reVakokeri (Chairman of the Board) mumwe pakati pevaSadare anotungamira mabasa nemisangano yavo.

Mukokeri wekunze (Non-executive director or outside director) anenge ari nhengo yeDare reVakokeri asi asiri mukokeri mushandi.

Mukokeri Mukuru kana kuti Mukokeri Muzvinabamba (Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer) anenge ari mushandi wesangano uye ari nhengo yeDare reVakokeri aine basa rokutungamira mabasa esangano zuvanezuva. Mukokeri Mukuru anoshanda ari pasi peDare reVakokeri achipanga mazano mudare iri.

Mukokeri webamba kana kuti Mukokeri wemukati  (Executive Director or inside director) anenge ari mukokeri anoshandira sangano riri kutaurwa nezvaro zuva-nezuva, ari anoona kuti zvirongwa zvedare revakokeri, zviri kutevedzerwa nokuwaniswa midziyo, mari nehumhizha hunodikwana mubazi raanotungamira.

Mukokeri weMushininga (Chief Operating Officer or Operations Director) anenge ari mukokeri uye mushandi weSangano anotungamira mabasa esangano mazuva ose. Mukokeri weMushaninga anoshanda ari pasi peMukokeri Mukuru.

Kuronza (deputizing) zvinoreva kufana kubata chigaro cheuwo asipo kana kuva mutevedzeri wemukuru panzvimbo. Wacho anenge ari mutevedzeri anokwanisa kunzi muronzi.

Mukokeri wezveMari kana kuti Mukokeri wezveMuduso (Finance Director or Chief Financial Officer)

Mukokeri wezveVashandi (Human Resources Director)

Mukokeri wezveKutengeserana (Marketing Director)




#Article 168: Mukokeri Mukuru (141 words)


Mukokeri Mukuru  (Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer) anenge ari mushandi wesangano uye ari nhengo yeDare reVakokeri aine basa rokutungamira mabasa esangano zuvanezuva. Mukokeri Mukuru anoshanda ari pasi peDare reVakokeri achipanga mazano mudare iri. Kuti muzvinabamba zvinoreva kuti ndiye mukuru anotungamira mabasa anoitwa nemapazi ose anounza hupfumi kusangano kana kambani.

Mukokeri webamba  (Executive Director) anenge ari mukokeri anoshandira sangano riri kutaurwa nezvaro zuva-nezuva, ari anoona kuti zvirongwa zvedare revakokeri, zviri kutevedzerwa nokuwaniswa midziyo, mari nehumhizha hunodikwana mubazi raanotungamira.

Mukokeri weMubisho (Chief Operating Officer or Operations Director) anenge ari mukokeri uye mushandi weSangano anotungamira mabasa esangano mazuva ose. Mukokeri weMubisho anoshanda ari pasi peMukokeri Mukuru.

Mukokeri wezveMari kana kuti Mukokeri wezveMuduso (Finance Director or Chief Financial Officer)

Mukokeri wezveVashandi (Human Resources Director)

Mukokeri wezveKutengeserana (Marketing Director)

Mukokeri wekunze (Non-executive director or outside director) anenge ari nhengo yeDare reVakokeri asi asiri mukokeri mushandi.




#Article 169: Gideon Gono (189 words)


Gideon Gono (akaberekwa 29 November 1959) ndiye Mukokeri Mukuru weReserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) uye akambenge ari mukokeri mukuru weJewel Bank, inova yaimbonzi Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe.

Gideon Gono akatanga kushanda mugore 1977 ari mubiki wetiyi kukambani yeNational Breweries kuKweKwe. Murume uyu akanyora bvunzo dzeO-level neA-level achidzidza ari kumba. Akazoshandira Zimbabwe Fertiliser Company semuchengeti wemabhuku ezvemari - Bookkeeper. Mushure mekushandira Van Leer basa raAccountant akashevedzwa kuita Maneja wezveMuduso (Finance Manager) ku Zimbabwe Development Bank (ZDB) mugore 1987. Akazosiya basa kuZimbabwe Development Bank mugore 1995, panguva iyo anga ava Maneja weBambarose General Manager. Akazokwirira achiita Mukokeri Muzvinabamba webhanga rakaparara reBank of Credit and Commerce of Zimbabwe (BCCZ). Gono anozivikanwa saiye munhu akamutsiridza bhanga reBCCZ rakanga rakundika, ndokurisimbisa rava kunzi  The Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe, kana kuti 'Jewel Bank'. Bhanga iri rakazokura rikabva rozivikanwa serimwe remabhanga makuru munyika yeZimbabwe. Kumutsurudza kwaakaita bhanga iri kwaita kuti Gideon Gono awonekere nokuva nomukurumbira izvo zvakabatsira kuti azopiwa basa reMukokeri Mukuru weReserve Bank of Zimbabwe

Gideon Gono akaverenga akapiwa degree reMasters in Business Administration paUniversity of Zimbabwe, akazova murariridzi pachikoro ichi uye akagadzwa kuti atungamire Dareguru reUniversity of Zimbabwe. Chikoro chikuru ichi chakamupawo dhigiri roruremekedzo




#Article 170: Baradzarudzi (101 words)


Shoko rokuti baradzarudzi (genocide kuChirungu) rinoreva chirongwa chakanangana nokuparadza vanhu verumwe rudzi vanhu ava vachiurayiwa nenzira yakarongwa neavo vanenge varangana kuti vaite huipi hwakadaro. Chiitiko chebaradzarudzi chakaitika kuEurope panguva yeHondo yePasirose yeChipiri apo pakaurayiwa maJudah vanosvika mamiriyoni matanhatu (6m) vakapondwa nemawuto aitungamirwa nemutongi godzonga (tyrant, dictator) ainzi Adolf Hitler. Nhoroondo yejambwa iri inowanikwa pachinyorwa chinonzi rushigido.

Baradzarudzi rakaitikawo zvakare munyika yeRwanda apo pakava nekupondwa kwemhomho yevanhu verudzi rwechiTutsi vachipondwa nevanhu verudzi rwechiHutu mugore 1994. Izvi zvakaitika kwenguva inokwana mazuva zana (100); nhamba inomisikidzwa yevanhu vakapondwa iri pakati pe 500,000 kusvika 1,000,000 vari chikamu chemakumi maviri pazana (20%) chevagari vemuRwanda panguva iyoyo.




#Article 171: Kamba dzekuuraya (253 words)


Kamba dzekuuraya kana kuti kamba dzekupfuudza (Extermination camps or death camps kuChirungu) zvinotaura kamba dzakavakwa neBato reNazi rekuGermany munguva yeHondo yePasirose yeChipiri (1939–45) izvi zvichiitwa nechinangwa chekuuraya mamiriyoni evanhu. Nzvimbo idzi dzaishandiswa nhungu dzechefu yegasi uye kushandisa vanhu kwenguva ndefu vasina chokudya chakakwana. Kwakaurayiwa vanhu vemarudzi akawanda asi vanhu vechiJudah ndivo vakanyanya kuurayiwa. Baradzarudzi iri ndiyyo yakanga iriyo nzira yakasarudzwa neBato reNazi kupedza Chinetso chemaJudah 

 

Kamba dzekuuraya kana kuti kamba dzekupfuudza mazwi maviri anoreva zvimwechete, anoshandisa kureva kamba dzakavakwa nebato reNazi nechinangwa kwete chekuranga vasungwa asi chekuuraya vasungwa vakanga vaunzwa kunzvimbo idzodzi. Apa kuti vasungwa hazvireve kuti vanhu ava vakanga vaine mhosva dzavakanga vapara, vasungwa ava vaisungirwa kuva verudzi rwavaiva, maJudah kana maRomani. 

Hurumende yaGermany ichitungamirwa nebato reNazi 1933–45) yakavaka kamba dzekupfudza dzaizezesa muPoland panguva yehutapwa. Kamba idzi dzakanga dzakasiyana nekamba dzekufurutsa dzinenge Dachau neBelsen dzakanga dzavakirwa kuchengetera vanhu vaisungwa mushure mokunge bato reNazi rati vanhu vakazvidzwa zvichitevedza maoenero ematongerwo enyika uye kugarisana munzanga dzemisha. Mumakore ekutanga erutsvamhumburu maJudah vaiendeswa kukamba dzenhapwa asi zvichitanga gore 1942 vakanga voendeswa kukamba dzekuuraya.

Kamba dzekupfuudza dzakanga dzakasiyana nekamba dzechibharo (forced labor camps) idzo dzakavakwa mumatunhu akapambwa neGermany senzvimbo dzaishandiswa vasungwa vaisanganisira vasungwa vehondo vachishanda  sevaranda. Mumakamba ekupfuudza mazhinji vanhu vaifa nerheti yakakwira; zvaiti: vamwe vachiurayiwa, vamwe vachifa nenzara, vamwe nazvirwere, vamwe nekuneta uye hutsinye hwemawuto eGermany. 

Nyanzvi dzenhoroondo yerutsvamhumburu dzinoti bato reNazi rakavaka makamba ekupfuudza matanhatu (6) muPoland panguva yehutapwa. Kamba dzinonzi  Chełmno neAuschwitz II dzakanga dziri kumadoekero kwePoland mumatunhu akabvutwa nemaNazi ekuGermany mugore 1939, mamwe makamba mana akavakirwa mumatunhu ehurumende yePoland. Mazita emakamba aya ndeanotevera:




#Article 172: Nhungu dzechefu yegasi (257 words)


Shoko rokuti nhungu dzechefu yegasi (Gas chambers kuChirungu) riri kushandiswa pano kureva chombo chekuuraya mhuka kana vanhu chinoshandisa chefu yegasi inopomberwa mumba yakavharika kwose zvokuti hapana pokuti gasi ringabude kana kuti munhu angabude. Gasi rinonyanya kushandiswa sechefu rinonzi hydrogen cyanide, asi  carbon dioxide uye carbon monoxide dzinomboshandiswawo. nhungu dzechefu yegasi dzaishandiswa senzira yekuuraya vasungwa vainge vatongerwa kufa muUnited States of America mumwaka wechizana 1920. Hurumende yebato reNazi rekuGermany yakashandisa nhungu dzechefu yegasi senzira yokuuraya vanhu vazhinji muzvirongwa zvebaradzarudzi zvakauraya maJudah mamiriyoni matanhatu; chiitiko ichi chinozivikanwa nezita rokuti rutsvamhumburu. Kunonzi nyika yakasununguka yeCroatia yakashandisawo nhungu dzechefu yegasi kukamba yekuuraya yaive kuJasenovac.

Nhungu dzechefu yegasi dzakashandiswa zvakanyanya muGermany panguva yeNazi, iyi iri nzira yekuparadza vanhu vakaremara mitezo kana pfungwa neavo vaizvidzwa semhandu panhau dzematongerwo enyika. Izvi zvakaitika mumwaka wechikumi 1930 uye 1940. Mugore 1942 mwedzi waJune vasungwa vane chitsama chemazana vaisanganisira 45 vebato remaCommunist rekuNetherlands vakaurayiwa nechefu yegasi paBernburg. Panguva iyi gasi raisarudzwa pakuita izvi raive carbon monoxide iro raitorwa kubva pamuchovha uri kutinhira.

Dzimwe kamba dzekuuraya dzemaNazi dzaishandisa hydrogen cyanide yainge yakanhadzirwa seZyklon B.

Panguva yerushigido, nhungu dzechefu yegasi dzakanga dzakavakwa kuti dzikwanise kupinda vanhu vazhinji zvichitevedza murayiro wakanga watemwa nebato reNazi webaradzarudzi waivavarira kuparadza maJudah.  Bato iri rakanga rakateya kuti riuraye vanhu vechiRomani, ngochani, vanhu vakaremara mitezo nepfungwa, nyanzvi dzakadzidza uye vafundisi. Gwaro rakaparurwa neNizkor Project mugore 1941 (September 3) rinoti vasungwa vehondo vekuSoviet Union vanosvika 600 vakaurayiwa neZyklon B pakamba yekuuraya yeAuschwitz, uku ndiko kwakava kutanga kupagidza mashandiro egasi iri paAuschwitz. Magwaro anonyorwa naJürgen Langowski padandirautande anotaura kuti carbon monoxide yakashandiswa kuuraya vanhu pakamba yekuuraya yeTreblinka.




#Article 173: Kamba dzenhapwa (129 words)


Shoko rokuti kamba dzenhapwa (Concentration camp kuChirungu) rinoreva kamba dzinotenherwa vanhu nenzira yekumanikidzwa uye zvisiri pamitemo yakaysarukana. Kazhinji vanhu ava vachigara zvisina kusununguka munzvimbo dzisina kutsvinda uye dzisina kudya kwakakwana. Magariro emukamba dzenhapwa haagamuchirike pamberi pemutemo wenyika zhinji nokuti vanhu vakatapwa havana mukana wekuva nemumiriri pamberi pedare remhosva. Nokumwe kutaura idzi ikamba dzevakokorodzwa vasina mhaka pamberi pemitemo yenyika, chikonzero chekusungwa chiri: ruvengo, rusarurarudzi, rusaruraganda kana imwewo mhando yerusaruraboka.

Munguva yaitonga bato reNazi kuGermany, nyika iyi yakavaka kamba dzenhapwa zhinji dzaitenherwa vanhu vanosanganisira maJudah, vaRomani nengochani. Kamba dzevatapwa dzekutanga dzakavakwa muGermany pakagadzwa Adolf Hitler kuva mutungamiri wehurumende yeGermany muna ndira wa1933. Kamba idzi dzaitenherwa vainzi vavengi vebato reNazi uye vatungamiri vemasangano evashandi; pakupera kwegore 1933 kamba idzi dzakanga dzave nevasungwa 45,000 uye huwandu hwakakura mushure mekupiswa kwakaitwa dare reReich mugorero.




#Article 174: Dandiranyika (202 words)


Shoko rokuti dandiranyika (International kuChirungu) riri kushandiswa kutsanangura chiro (chingava nhau, mutauro, sangano, kambani,  kana mitemo) chinobata nyika dzakawanda, idzi dzingava nyika mbiri kana kudarika. Somuenzaniso Chirungu mutauro wakadandiranyika (International language), apa kureva kuti mutauro unotaurwa munyika dzakawanda dzinodarika nyika imwe. Mutemo Unodandiranyika (International law) mutemo unoshandiswa munyika dzakawanda dzinodarika imwe; mitemo wakatendera kuti Charles Taylor atongwe kudare riri kuHague, kunyika isiyake, mutemo dandiranyika.

Zvakakosha kuonesana kuti pane nhambo dzokuti shoko rokuti dandiranyika riri nyore kushandisa mukutaura kwoita pamwe pokuti rinoremera zvichienderana nekubatanidzwa kwemazwi ari kutaurwa. Shoko rokuti Pasirose rinokwanisa kushandawo panzvimbo pokuti dandiranyika zvikurur sei kana chirongwa chiri kutaurwa chichibata huzhinji hwenyika dzePasirose. Sarudzo yokuti kwashandiswa izwi ripi, Pasirose kana dandiranyika zvinoenderana nokureruka kutaurwa zviripo zvacho uye kuti shoko rasarudzwa rinokwanisa kunatsa kutsanangura zviripo here.

KuChirungu tinoona kune sangano rinonzi World Trade Organisation asi richisiya dzimwe nyika dzakawanda, dzakakurumbira kana dzine hugari hwevanhu vakawanda kubva panhengo dzaro. Kwenguva huru China yakanga isiri nhengo yeWorld Trade Organisation asi iyi ndiyo nyika ine hugari hwevanhu vazhinjisa Pasirose uye ndiyo iri panhamba yechipiri pakutengeserana nhumbi nedzimwe nyika. 

Masangano akatandira nyika zhinji dzePasirose anosanganisira anotevera:

Sangano reMushando Pasirose, Sangano reMubatanidzwa weAfrica,  Sangano reHutano Pasirose, Sangano reKurima neChokudya, Sangano reMubatanidzwa weNyika Pasirose, Sangano reNhabvu yeMabandiko ePasirose




#Article 175: Imba yeSatyagraha (261 words)


Imba yeSatyagraha,sekuzivikanwa kwainoitwa seImba yeGandhi,musha unowanikwa munzvimbo yeJoni waiva waMahatma Gandhi uyezve nzvimbo yaaigara nekushandira pakati kwemakore 1908 ne 1909.Imba yakanyoreswa sechidimbu chenhoroondo yenhaka yeJoni. Imba inowanikwa nekuchengeterwa zvinhu zvaaishandisa munguva yekare uyezve senzvimbo inovhakachirwa nekugarwa nevashanyi. Satyagraha zvinoreva kurudziro yechokwadi. Imba iyi yakagadzirwa zvakafanira nemuvaki Herman Kallenbach achigadzirira Gandhi naiye pachezvake.

Ghandi akagara muSouth Africa kwemakore 21 kubva muna 1893 kusvika  muna1914, kunyangwe zvazvo aimboshanyira nyika ye India zvese ne nyika ye UK. [1]  Zvinonzi Ghandi akazotoziwa nezvehusaruraganda paakasungirwa pachiteshi chechitima che Pietermaritzburg apinda maisabvumirwa vanhu vatema.[2]

Muna 1904, Ghandi akasangana na Kallenbach MuJerimani akanga auya ku South Africa muna 1896. Kallenbach akanga ari bhiridha. Muna 1907, Kallenbach akavaka dzimba mbiri  dzakafanana nedzaivakwa nevatema asi achishandisa zvaishandisa varungu. Imba iyi yakapihwa zita rekuti 'Kraal'  rinoreva danga muchirungu ne Afrikaans.

Imba yeSatyagraha yaive nedanga remhuka nepanotambirwa mutambo weTennis,asi vese vairarama hupenyu hwerunyararo hwakadzikama. Ghandi airara muimba yaive pamusoro paaikwira neladder asi iye naKallenbach vaishandisa vese imba yekubikira nekugamuchira vaenzi muimba yekutandarira.
Imba yacho yaive isina musuwo inosangana,saka vaifanirwa kutanga vabuda mune imwe imba kuti vakwanise kupinda mune imwe imba. Hupenyu hwaKallenbach hwakashandurwa nemararamiro avaiita vari vaviri uyezve mari yaaishandisa iye Kallenbach pachezvake yaidamburwa kagumi pane yaaiwana. Vakabva mugore ra1909,imba yavaigara ikazogarwa nevakawanda mushure mekuzotengwa mugore ra2009 nevezvemabhizimusi vanova Voyageurs du Monde vachitengera Hurumende yeINDIA senharaunda yenyika ndokuzoigadzira kuti veruzhinji vakwanise kushanya mugore. Zvese izvi zvakaitika mugore ra2011.

Museum inochengetwa na Lauren Segal, anochengeta mamwe ma museum,zvese ne museum ye Rusaruraganda ku South Africa (Apartheid). Satyagraha zvinoreva kuti simba re chokwadi, tichitarisa ku nyunyuta murunyararo kwakatangwa na Gandhi achigara mu South Africa.




#Article 176: Mukundo (241 words)


Shoko rokuti mukundo kana chiremera (Authority kuChirungu) rinoreva simba kana mvumo yokurayira zvinofanirwa kuitwa panzvimbo kana nhambo nenzira yakatarwa pasi pemutemo wenyika kana murawo wesangano. Pakushanda kunoita masangano akatsaukana chinhu chakakosha kuti zvitsungo kana zvirongwa zvinoitwa zvidavidzirwe kana kurayirwa nemunhu kana boka revanhu rine mvumo yekuita saizvozvo. Masangano ose anosanganisira mapato matongerwo enyika, hurumende, madzishe, makanzuru, makambani zvichingodaro, anoita zvakarurama kana achitevedza mutowo wemashandiro akadaro.

Kuti shoko rashandiswa nderipi mukundo kna hugabe zvinoenderana nemunhu ari kutaura, ose anoreva zvakafanana.

Chisimba (Use of force to bring about a decision). Vamwe vatauri vanoti mukundo.

Madzishe ematunhu muZimbabwe vane mukundo wekugovera  minda mumaruwa ari pasi pavo. 

Mapazi ehurumende ane hudaviri pamusoro pezvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvine chinangwa chekuchengetedza mitemo yenyika  -  kuEnglish anonzi (Responsible Authorities). Mapazi aya akapiwazve mukundo kuti ave anotarira kuti mitemo yakasiyana yehurumende yatevedzwa.  Mapazi  aya anobata basa zvichienderana nemitemo yakatarwa nedare reParamende - (Acts of Parliament). MuZimbabwe kune 
mapazi ane hugabe pamusoro: pemvura; mitero; ndege, kutakurwa kwenhumbi nevanhu; uye michero nemhuka. Muenzaniso ndiyo inoti: ZIMRA; ZINWA; ZINARA; Municipalities; Natural Resources Board; Environmental Protection Authority; Civil Aviation Authority; POTRAZ zvichingodaro.   

Nokumwe kutaura tichitodza mutauro weKirundu wekuBurundi, mukundo unganzi hugabe; izwi iri rinotodza rechiKirundu rokuti ubugabe rinoreva authority. Mutauro weKirundu uri pamupanda wemitauro yechiBantu inotaurwa kuno kuChamhembe kweAfrica uye une mashoko mazhinji akatodzana neChiShona 

Mukundo kana kuti hugabe isimba rakapiwa pasi pemitemo yenyika kana sangano kuti munhu kana boka revanhu rive neutongi pamusoro pemabatirwo ezvinhu zvinosanganisira: vanhu; basa; mari; ivhu; michero; hutano; mishonga zvichingodaro. 




#Article 177: Mount Darwin, Zimbabwe (148 words)


Mount Darwin iguta riri kumusoro kweZimbabwe. Pane makiromita 156 kubva muHarare kusvika muMount Darwin. Vanhu veko vanotaura mutauronyina weShona unonzi ChiKorekore.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Mount Darwin ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga kushandirwa nemamishenari mudunhu rezasi kweAfrica nemuPutukezi aive muKatorike ainzi Gonçalo da Silveira, akasvika mugore ra1560 uye akazourayiwa muna March 1561 pedyo neMount Darwin mushure mekunetsana nemumwe wemadzishe emo.[citation needed]. Mount Darwin yakapihwa zita rayo nemuvhimi wechichena aivewo mufambi anotsvaga hupfumi ainzi Frederick Courtney Selous rinova zita raCharles Darwin, uyo aizivikanwa nenyaya dzekuita tsvakurudzo yekwakabva vanhu nezvisikwa.

Vanhu vane mukurumbira muZimbabwe vanobva kuMount Darwin ndiMai Joice Mujuru, Oliver Mtukudzi, Ignatius Mabasa naSaviour Kasukuwere. Mai Mujuru ndivo mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wenyika yeZimbabwe VaRobert Mugabe. Oliver Mutukudzi muimbi nemuridzi wemagitare, Ignatius Mabasa munyori wemabhuku uye Saviour Kasukuwere igurukota muhurumende yeZanu PF.

Mount Darwin inzvimbo inowanikwa chipatara chine mukurumbira cheKaranda Mission Hospital. Vanhu vekuMount Darwin vanozivikanwa nekurima, asi vavewo kuraramawo nekuchera goridhe muhova dziriko. 




#Article 178: Kumhoresana (115 words)


Vanhu veChiShona vanokoshesa kumhoresana.  Kazhinji mwana mudiki anotarisirwa kutanga kumhoresa munhu mukuru.  Kune mamhoresero akasiyana-siyana, zvichienderana nenguva uye mazera evanhu.  Vanhu vanomhoresana kana vatanga kuonana asi vasingazivane; kana vachizivana asi vapedza mazuva matatu kana kupfuura vasina kuonana; kana kuti vachigara vachionana asi zvichienderana kuti inguvai yezuva. 

A: Mhoro.(Achitambanudza ruoko rwerudyi) 
B: Mhoro.  Wakadii zvako/hako?(Achitambanudzawo ruoko rwerudyi) 
A: Ndiripo kana wakadiiwo. 
B: Ndiripo zvangu/hangu. 

Mwana : Mhoroi.(Achitambanudza ruoko rwerudyi) 
Mukuru: Mhoro.  Wakadii zvako/hako?(Vachitambanudzawo ruoko rwerudyi) 
Mwana : Ndiripo kana makadiiwo. 
Mukuru: Ndiripo zvangu/hangu. 

A: Mhoroi.(Vachitambanudza ruoko rwerudyi) 
B: Mhoroi.  Makadii zvenyu/henyu?(Vachitambanudzawo ruoko rwerudyi) 
A: Ndiripo kana makadiiwo 
B: Ndiripo zvangu/hangu 

Mukuru: Mhoroi vana/vakomana/vasikana 
Vana  : Mhoroi.  Makadii zvenyu/henyu? 
Mukuru: Ndiripo kana makadiiwo 
Vana  : Tiripo zvedu/hedu 




#Article 179: Karoi (186 words)


Karoi idhorobha riri mudunhu reMashonaland West, muZimbabwe. Zita renzvimbo iyi rakavapo mushure mekuge maitika nyaya dzakasiyana siyana.Nzvimbo iyi yakava nemukurumbira wemadzimai ayishanda husiku vangadedzwa muchivanhu chedu sevaroyi. Mushure mekunge vabatikidzwa kwayedza nguva dzakati wandeyi vagari venzvimbo iyi pamwe nevavakidzani vakaona zvakakodzera kuti nzvimbo iyi ipiwe zita rinoenderana nemabasa evagari vemo            

Karoi inowanikwa makiromita makumi masere nemashanu (53 maera) kubva muguta reChinhoyi iri guta guru riri pedyo, uye makiromita mazana maviri kuchamhembe nechekumadokero kubva muHarare.  Dorobha reKaroi riri mumugwagwa mukuru weA1 pakati peHarare neChirundu, pamuganhu weZimbabwe neZambia, iri makiromita 170 kuchamhembe nechekumadokero kubva muKaroi.   Mitsetse yakatarwa yakati sambamba yeKaroi inoti: 16° 48' 36.00S, 29° 42' 0.00E (Mbariro yeTaranyika:16.8100; Mutandariko weTaranyika:29.7000).

Mudhorobha reKaroi munowanikwa muzinda weKaroi District Administration. Rakakomberedzwa nemapurazi anorimwa fodya inobadara zvikuru.

Zita reKaroi rinoreva kuti kamuroi kadiki.  Mugore 1945 Karoi yakava nzvimbo yakapiwa kunyanya varungu vari varwi vehondo yepasi rose yechipiri vakawana rubatsiro kubva kuhurumende kuti vatange zvekurima fodya.

Mugore ra1992 kwakava nekuverengwa vanhu mudhorobha reKaroi kufungizirwa kuti huwandu hwaisvika pa14,763. Mugore ra2004, kwakafungizirwa kuti huwandu hwaisvika pa25,030. 

Karoi ine masabhabha anonzi Chikangwe iri pachinhambwe chema makiromita maviri (1.2 maera), nechekumabvazuva nechepakati panoitirwa zvimabizimisi (CBD). 




#Article 180: Alaska, Zimbabwe (111 words)


Alaska imusha uri mudunhu reMashonaland West, muZimbabwe.

Alaska inowanikwa makiromita 15 (9 maera) kubva muguta reChinhoyi.  Mitsetse yakatarwa yakati sambamba yeKaroi inoti: 17° 22' 30.00S, 30° 3' 54.00E (Mbariro yeTaranyika:-17.3750; Mutandariko weTaranyika:30.0650).  Inowanikwa pamusoro pegungwa mamita anosvika pa1,200 (3900 ft).
 
Makilomita 7 (4.3 maera) kuchamhembe nechekumabvazuva kubva kuAlaska kunowanikwa Chirorodziva reChinhoyi muChinhoyi Caves National Park, nzvimbo inoshanyirwa nevagari vemunharaunda. 

Nzvimbo iyi yakapfuma nendarama. Mugore ra1959 mugodhi wendarama weAlaska Mine wakatanga kucherwa ndarama. Ndiwo wakabata dhorobha, parizvino wakavharwa.  Zvichakadaro, mimwe migodhi iri mudunhu ichiri kuchera ndarama iyo inounzwa kuAlaska kuzonyunguditswa nekunhadzurudzwa. 

Vanoti zita rekuti Alaska rakauya mushure mawanikwa goridhe muAlaska, kuNorth America, panguva imwe chete. 

Mugore ra2004, kwakafungizirwa kuti huwandu hwaisvika pa4,575.




#Article 181: Kutanda botso (153 words)


Kutanda botso kunotaurwa kana munhu oshungurudzwa nemweya yengozi inouya mushure mekurova, kutuka, kurova kana kuuraya amai vakakubereka.Kutanda botso muripo
Waunobhadhara kuti udzinge ngozi iyi.Ngozi yebotso haingo konzerwe nekurova amai vekubereka chete asi zvinosanganisa chero angave ani zvake akazvarwa mudzinza raAmai,zvichireva Amainini munin'ina waMai kana mwana WaSekuru hanzvadzi yaMai.Kutanda botso mukumbira tsitsi kubva muNgozi iyi.Ngozi yebotso hairwadzi chete kune uyo aipara.Inogona kubata neVazukuru muchiri.
Nyakupara mhaka dzimwe nguva anosvika pakufa achisiira jambwa kuvana neVazukuru vaakabereka.Kana vana veMunin'ina kana mukoma wake,kana ani zvake weDzinza.Kutanda botso kunoitwa pamberi peuzhinji wevanhu .Panofanirwa kunge pane hama yeRopa yaMai vakatadzirwa anozova ndiye anoteketera kuHama yake (nyakutadzirwa) kuti aregerere nekunzwira tsitsi mwana akatadza.Kutanda botso kurinyore kana kuti kwakati rerukei kana nyakutadzirwa achiri mupenyu.

Nyakutanda botso anogona kufamba dunhu rese achishambadza kuti akatuka Amai,vanhu vachiita madiro naye kumushungurudza.Vamwe vanomutuka,kumuzodza tsvina,kumusvipira,nezvimwe zvingaitwe kushungurudza munhu.

AMAI HAISI HAMA YAKO
Tsika iyi inotidzidzisa kuti Amai havatambwe navo,vangave Amai vanemaiitiro anoshoreka dzakadii Amai ndi Amai.  




#Article 182: Zvombo zveShomwe (229 words)


Zvombo zveShomwe (Nuclear Weapons) imhando yebhomba rinoputika richishandisa rupinguro rweshomwe yehatomu, uku kungava kushanduka kwemutowo wekubanzuka kweshomwe (nuclear fission) yehatomu kana kunyenguka kweshomwe (nuclear fusion) yehatomu. Nokumwe kutaura tinokwanisa kuti zvombo zveusomo. Hondo yeZvombo zveShomwe yakarwiwa kamwe apo United States of America yakadonhedza zvombo zveshomwe pamaguta eHiroshima neNagasaki kuJapan mugore 1945.

Kubvira pakadhuurwa mabhomba kuHiroshima neNagasaki, zvombo zveshomwe zvadhuurwa panhambo dzinodarika zviuru zviviri (2,000) nechinangwa chokuwongorora mashandiro uye kuratidzira ezvombo izvi. Nyika dzine zvombo zveshomwe kana dziri dzinozivikanwa kuti dziri kuzvitsvaga inyika shomane. Nyika dzinozivikanwa kuti dzakadhuura zvombo zveshomwe dzinosanganisira: United States, Soviet Union (Russia ndiyo yakagamuchidzwa zvombo zveshomwe), United Kingdom, France, China, India, Pakistan, neNorth Korea. Kune kufungidzira kuti Israel ine zvombo zveshomwe asi iyo Israel yaibvume kuti ine zvombo izvi. South Africa yakambenge yagadzira zvombo zveshomwe, asi kunonzi panguva yakanga yofa hutongi hwerusaruraganda zvombo izvi zvakagurunurwa, mushure mokunge South Africa yagamuchira Chibvumirano Chekumisa Kutekeshera kweZvombo zveShomwe.

Izwi rokuti nucleus rakabva pazwi reLatin rokuti nuc rinoreva little nut, kernel or core  - apa kuchirehwa chikamu chenzungu chakapfava, chinodyiwa, chisiri mateko. Saka pano kuturikira kernel kuChiShona tinenge toti shomwe kana kuti usomo.  Shomwe kana kuti usomo zvinoreva mhodzi dzinowanikwa mukati memateko enzungu kana pakati petsongoro pamichero yakadai sehacha kana pfura - idzi dziri mhodzi dzakapfava uye dziine mafuta. 

Zvombo zveshomwe zvose zviriko zvinowana simba rekudhuuka kubva parubanzura shomwe.

Imwe mhando yezvombo zveshomwe ndeizvo zvinoburitsa simba razvo kubva paRunyengutsa Shomwe.




#Article 183: Hondo yeZvombo zveShomwe (140 words)


Hondo yeZvombo zveShomwe zvinoreva kurwa hondo inoshandiswa zvombo zveshomwe nechinangwa chekuparadza muvengi zvakanyanyisisa. Zvombo zveshomwe zvinoparadza nzvimbo yakakura munguva ndiki. Takatarisana nenhoroondo yadzo hondo, parizvino kwakashandiswa zvombo zveshomwe zviviri, zvose zvakadonhedzerwa pamaguta ekuJapan nemawuto eUnited States apo Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri yanga yosvika pakupera. Musi waAugust 6, 1945 bhomba rakasenga Uranium rakadhurwa kuJapan muguta reHiroshima. Mushure memazuva matatu bhomba rakasenga Plutonium rakadhuurwa kuJapan zvakare muguta reNagasaki. Zvombo zveshomwe zviviri izvi zvakauraya vanhu vanosvika chifo che 200,000 vakanga vakuvadzwa zvakaipisa nekudhuuka kwawo.

Izwi rokuti nucleus rakabva pazwi reLatin rokuti nuc rinoreva little nut, kernel or core  - apa kuchirehwa chikamu chenzungu chakapfava, chinodyiwa chisiri mateko. Saka pano kuturikira kernel kuChiShona tinenge toti shomwe kana kuti usomo. Usomo kana kuti shomwe zvinoreva mhodzi dzinowanikwa mukati memateko enzungu kana pakati petsongoro pamichero yakadai sehacha kana pfura - idzi dziri mhodzi dzakapfava uye dziine mafuta. 




#Article 184: Shomwe yehatomu (162 words)


Shomwe yehatomu (Atomic Nucleus) zvinoreva nzvimbo iri pakati pehatomu panova ndipo pane maProton nemaNeutron. Huremu hwose hwehatomu hunowanikwa pashomwe, chikamu chidiki chehuremu chiri gute rema electron. Shomwe yehatomu yakadumbunurwa kekutanga mugore 1911 naErnest Rutherford achitsangangura zvakanga zvacherechedzwa mutsvakurudzo yakaitwa naHans Geiger achishanda naErnest Marsden.

Izwi rokuti nucleus rakabva pazwi reLatin rokuti nuc rinoreva little nut, kernel or core  - apa kuchirehwa chikamu chenzungu chakapfava, chinodyiwa chisiri mateko. Saka pano kuturikira kernel kuChiShona tinenge toti shomwe kana kuti usomo. Usomo kana kuti shomwe zvinoreva mhodzi dzinowanikwa mukati memateko enzungu kana pakati petsongoro pamichero yakadai sehacha kana pfura - idzi dziri mhodzi dzakapfava uye dziine mafuta. 

Atom riri kunyorwa kuChiShona richinzi hatomu kuitira kurerutsa kunyora pahumwe zvose nehuwandu uye kunzvenga kunyora ana aa vakateedzana vangatadzisa kuverengeka kuri nyore. Kuverenga panoti hatomu kunenge nyore pane kuti maatomu. Saka two Atoms dzinenge dzonzi hatomu mbiri rimwe richinzi hatomu rimwe.

Zvose zvinowanikwa pashomwe zvinenge zvonzi ushomwe - nucleons.

Mazwi ari pasi aya zvichida angabatsira kuturikira chinonzi atom.




#Article 185: Chiweshe (152 words)


Chiweshe maruwa ari mudunhu reMashonaland Central pedyo neGlendale. Chiweshe iri mu district rinonzi Mazowe rinobva ku divi re Harare kusvika kudivi re Muzarabani, Centenary.

Nzvimbo dzine mukurumbira  muChiweshe dzinosanganisira: Gweshe; Nyachuru; Kanyemba; Bell Rock; Mupandenyama Shopo; Shutu; Nzvimbo; Kanhukamwe; Jaji; Nyakudya; Bare; Mukodzongi; Muchirikuenda, Gwingwizha, Gwangava, Musarara, Rosa, Mukunyadzi, Chinehasha, Gunguhwe, Madombwe, Rwere, Chaona inova yekupedzisira.Chiweshe ine mugwagwa mukuru wetara unodimbura nemo uchibva pa Glendale uchienda ku Centenary wakareba ma km angaite 90. 
Chiweshe yave pasi pe kanzuru inonzi Mazowe Rural District Council. Yaimbonzi Chiweshe asi yakazobatanidzwa nedzimwe sekuti maruva Ava kunyangwe varungu vasati vauya aive akaita sezvaava parizvino. Saka pakuti titi Chiweshe takuti Mazowe District. Nzvimbo iyi ine madzishe maviri Chief Negomo anotungamirira kubvira divi re Harare kusvika pa Nzvimbo kwozoti Chief Makope anotungamirira kubvira pa Nzvimbo kusvika ku Chaona. Chiweshe yakakombwa nemapurazi anorimwa zvikuru uye iyo Chiweshe inorimwa zvikuru. Mvura inonaya zvine mwero wakanaka kashoma kuti kwakashaikwa mvura vanhu havakohwe.




#Article 186: Chikuvamagwaro (185 words)


Shoko rokuti chikuvamagwaro kana kuti chikuvamabhuku (Library in English) riri kushandiswa pano kuturikira imba inowunganidzwa mhando dzakasiyana dzemagwaro, vanhu veruwa vachizopota vachikwereta vachizodzosa. Mhando dzemagwaro dzinochengetwa muchikuvamagwaro dzinosanganisira: mabhuku; mapepanhau; magazini; mimhanzi nezvimwewo. Zvikuvamagwaro zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzinoti: zvikoro; mahofisi; dzimba; uye mumaruwa. Nokumwe kutaura tinokwanisa kuturikira shoko rokuti library tichiti bangiramagwaro, apa kureva nzvimbo inochengetwa magwaro.

Kumutauro weFrench chikuvamagwaro chinonzi bibliothèque iri izwi richiumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvinoti biblio kureva bhuku uye -thèque kureva collection kana kuti zvakakuviwa. 

Shoko rokuti kukuva rinoreva kuunganidza zvinhu uchichengeta kuita iya inonzi collection. Shoko rokuti kukuva rinowanikwa richishandiswa nenzira dzakatsaukana mumazita emhuri anotevera: Makuvatsine; Chikuvanyanga; Makuva; Guvamatanga; Guvamombe; Kaguvi; Makuvire zvichingodaro. Mazita aya angadudzirwa sezvinotevera:

Mamwe mazwi anotodzana nezwi iri ndiwo anoti: guvi; huva; chikuva zvichingodaro. 

Tichitevedza mashoko iwaya tinokwanisa kuturikirazve tichiti:

Chikumbiro kuti musadzime zvanyorwa pano musina kuedzawo kupa zita riri nani rine tsananguro yekuti masvika sei pariri. Mukutaura kwamazuva ose tinodudza tichiti Raibhurari izvi zviri zvitsvene pakuti tinoziva chiri kurehwa - asi pano tiri kuedza kuwumba mutauro weChiShona tichishandisa mashoko eChiShona chega. Zvinodaro kuti mungada kunatsa mashoko ari pano kuti anatse kupindirana nemipanda yemutauro weChiShona, zvichinge zvakadaro zvinokudzwa.




#Article 187: Chirwere cheEbola (372 words)


Ebola virus disease (EVD) kana kuti Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) chirwere cheEbola chinobata vanhu zvichikonzerwa neutachiona hweEbola. Zviratidzo zvechirwere ichi zvinowanzooneka mumazuva maviri kusvika kumavhiki matatu pashure pokunge munhu ava neutachiona, zvichitanga nefivha, pahuro, kurwadza kwetsandanyama, uye kutemwa nemusoro. Izvi zvinowanzoteverwa nekuda kurutsa, kurutsa, uye manyoka, pamwe chete nokutadza kushanda zvakanaka kwechiropa neitsvo. Kana zvadai, vamwe vanotanga kubuda ropa.

Utachiona uhwu hunogona kutapukira kana munhu akabata kana kuguma ropa kana mvura dzomumuviri dzemhuka inenge inahwo (kunyanya kana iri yerudzi rwetsoko kana chiremwaremwa chinodya michero). Hazvisati zvanyatsoonekwa kana chirwere ichi chichitapukira nomumhepo. Zviremwaremwa zvinodya michero zvinonzi zvinotakura uye kuparadzira utachiona uhwu asi izvo zvisingarwariswi nahwo. Kana munhu angobatira utachiona hwacho, chirwere chacho chinogona kutapukirawo vamwe. Varume vanenge vapukunyuka pachiri vanokwanisa kuramba vachichitapurira vamwe nomuurume hwavo kwemwedzi inoda kusvika miviri inotevera. Kuti munhu azonzi ane chirwere ichi, zvinowanzotanga zvaonekwa kuti haana zvimwewo zvirwere zvine zviratidzo zvakafanana nacho here, zvakadai semarariya, korera kana kuti umwewo utachiona hunoparira kupisa kwomuviri uye kubuda ropa. Kuti panyatsova nechokwadi chokuti munhu ane utachiona uhwu, ropa rake rinoongororwa kuti zvioneke kana rava nezvinorwisa utachiona, RNA, kana kuti utachiona hwacho chaihwo.

Kuzvidzivirira pachirwere ichi kunosanganisira kuderedza kutapukira kwachinoita kuvanhu chichibva kumhuka dzerudzi rwetsoko kana nguruve dzinenge dziinacho. Izvi zvingaitwa nokuongorora kuti mhuka dzacho hadzina chirwere ichi here, uye kana dziinacho, kwava kudziuraya uye kudzirasa nenzira yakakodzera. Kunyatsobika nyama nemazvo uyewo kupfeka zvokuzvidzivirira nazvo pakuibata, zvinogona kubatsirawo, sezvinongoitawo kupfeka zvokuzvidzivirira nazvo uye kugeza maoko kana tiri pedyo nomunhu ane chirwere chacho. Mvura dzomuviri pamwe nenyama zvemiviri yevanhu zvinotorwa kuti zvizoongororwa zvinofanira kungwarirwa chaizvo pakuzvitakura.

Hapana marapiro ati awanikwa echirwere ichi; vanhu vanacho vanobatsirwa nemvura yesauti neshuga (kuvapa mvura iri kuti tapirei uye ine sauti yokuti vanwe) kana dhiripi. Chirwere ichi chinoparira nhamba yakakura yeuwandu hwevafi: chichiwanzouraya vanhu vari pakati pe50% ne90% vevanenge vabatwa noutachiona hwacho. EVD yakatanga kuonekwa kuSudan nekuDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Chirwere ichi chinoita zvokuita denda chairo munzvimbo dzinopisa dzeSub-Saharan Africa. Kubvira 1976 (pachakatanga kuonekwa) kusvikira 2013, vanhu vanoda kusvika 1 000 vanobatwa nacho gore negore. Kusvika iye zvino,  denda reEbola ra2014 rokuWest Africa ndiro rinodarika mamwe ose, uye riri kuwanika munyika yeGuinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia uye ringangosanganisira Nigeria. Kubvira muna August 2014 vanhu vanopfuura 1 600 vakabatwa noutachiona uhwu. Zviri kuyedzwa kuti pagadzirwe mushonga; asi hapana wati wawanika.




#Article 188: Mutauro (104 words)


Mutauro kana rurimi hunhu wevanhu unoita vakwanise kutaurirana, uye mutauro unorevawo muenzaniso wezvinoitika. Ruzivo rwakadzama nezvemitauro runonzi linguistics. Nyanzvi dzemitauro dzinonzi vanagodobori.

Pane kufungidzirwa kwehuwandu nezvemitauro pasirose yakasiyana-siyana pakati pe5000 ne7000.  Nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti pakati pemakumi mashanu kubva muzana yemitauro kuchange kuchina zvekuti pakupera kwegore 2100 inenge yaparara.

Mitauro iri kushanduka nekufamba kuri kuita nguva, nemunhoroondo yekushanduka inogona kuvakiridzwa nekuenzaniso nemitauro yemazuva ano. Mitauro inotaurwa nevanhu vakabva kumadzitateguru ane madzinza akafanana vanotaura muri mitauro yakafanana (language family). 

Marudzi anonyanyotaurwa anosanganisira mitauro yeChiIndo-European (neChirungu neChiSpanish), mitauro yeChiSino-Tibetan (neChiMandarin, ChiCantonese), mitauro yeChiAfro-Asiatic (neChiArabic, ChiAmharic, ChiSomali, neChiHebrew), nemitauro yeChiBantu (neChiSwahili, ChiZulu, ChiShona).

Mazwi anoshandiswa kutsanangura zvemaumbirwo omutauro




#Article 189: Rukoto (muripo) (100 words)


Shoko rokuti rukoto (tribute) rinoreva mari inoripwa nenyika ndonda kune imwe nyika mhitsa iri mari yekubvuma kuti nyika ndonda yakakurirwa nenyika mhitsa, kana kuti nyika mhitsa ine chivimbiso chokudzivirira nyika ndonda kubva kumawuto emhandu dzayo. Izvi zvoreva kuti panenge paine chivimbo chokuti nyika mhitsa ichagona kudzivirira nyika ndonda. Ipapa nyika dzinogona kunge dziri pasi pamadzishe sechinyakare kana pasi pemakurukota ehurumende sazvino.

Kunonzi muripo werukoto wairipawo zvakare kana munhu arima bindu mudunhu remumwe Ishe asiwake, uri muripo wekuripa ivhu raShe iyeyo. Vamwe vaturi vanoti kuruva, sokuti mamwe marudzi airipa mutero wekuruva kumaPutukezi munguva dzakare. Wacho anotambira mutero wemhando iyi anonzi muruvisi. 




#Article 190: Gonga reChamhembe (203 words)


Gonga reChamhembe kana kuti  Gonga reTaranyika rekuChamhembe ndiko kuturikirwa kweiya inonzi South Pole kuEnglish. Gonga rechamhembe rinotaridza panoburikira akiso yekuzeya kweRinopasi uye riri kuChamhembe mudunhu reAntarctica. Gonga reChamhembe riri parumbariro 90oS.  Gonga reChamhembe rezveTaranyika harina kufanana ne Gonga reMagineti rekuChamhembe nokuti iri rinodudzirwa zviri maringe neDandare remagineti yeRinopasi. Kuuzuru kweRinopasi kune Gonga reMaodzanyemba rinowanikwa mudunhu reArctic.

Tichitaura maringe nezvinangwa zvizhinji, Gonga reChamhembe ndiyo poyindi iri kuchamhembe (iyi iri imwe yenzvimbo mbiri) inotaridza panoburikira akiso yekuzeya kweRinopasi. Ringaniso dzeTaranyika dzinopangidza Gonga reChamhembe dzinopiwa dzakanzi 90oS; hunhungo hwaro hauna kududzirwa uye hauna maturo. Kana zvadaro kuti hunhungo hunodiwa, apa hunonyorwa hwakanzi 0o. Kana munhu ari paGonga reChamhembe kwose kwaanotarisa anenge akatarisa kuMaodzanyemba.

Munzvimbo zhinji pane Rinopasi nguva inotodzana nehunhungo hwepo, zvichireva kuti nguva pamusi mumwe inoenderana nepane zuva mudenga - sokuti kana dziri nguva dza-12 masikati zuva rinenge riri pakanyanya kukwira parinogumira. Murangariro uyu haushande paGonga reChamhembe nokuti ikoko zuva rinoyedza uye richizodoka kamwe pagore. Nhungo dzose nemipanda yenguva yose zvinobatana pagonga iri. Pakashaikwa chikonzero chakafanira chekuti nguva paGonga reChamhembe ive inoringaniswa nemipanda wenguva upi zvawo. Kwaaitwa sarudzo yokushandisa mupanda wenguva yekuNew Zealand nokuti Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station inoshandisa nguva yekuNew Zealand - chikonzero chiri chekuti station iyi inoyigirwa nhumbi nemidziyo zvichibva kuChristchurch, New Zealand.




#Article 191: Akiso yeRinopasi (100 words)


Rinopasi rinopoterera (revolves) riri pamutsendo denderende (elliptical plane) unochekana neboterekwa reRinopasi kamwe pagore. Panguva imweyo Rinopasi rinoita rinozeya rumonerapo richiziririka paAkiso inobatanidza Gonga reMaodzanyemba neGonga reChamhembe. 

Akiso yeRinopasi haina kururama pamutsendo wedenderende asi yakatsveyama negonyo re 23.5o. Gonyo riri pakati pemutsendo denderende neAkiso yeEarth harichinje; akiso inoramba yakanongedza divi rimwe muchadenga uye inoramba yakatsveyama negonyo rimwe re 23.5o. Asi chinoshanduka ndechekuti gonga riri pedyo nezuva nderipi zvichireva kuti divi reAkiso rakatarisana nezuva rinoshanduka zvichienderana nemwaka wacho. Divi riri pedyo nezuva rinowana mirazvo yakanyanya - iri divi ndiro rinenge riri mumwaka wekupisa, zhizha (summer), divi riri kure rinenge riri muchando (winter).




#Article 192: Mhakatwa (181 words)


Muchidzidzo fundoyetsimba, sebhe (matter kuEnglish) izwi rinoreva chero chipi chiro chine mumhu, uye chine huremu. Sebhe inowanikwa pamisandu inoti: godo (solid), mutuvi (liquid), gasi (gas) uye plasma.

Mhando dzose dzegasi dzinosanganisira mweya watinofema (air);  oxygen; nitrogen; chlorine; sulphur dioxide, zvichingodaro dzose dziri muboka irori resebhe. Tingatadza kutaura kuti ndapfumbata gasi muruoko asi tinokwanisa kukohwa gasi takaritora kuripinza mubhodhoro sezvinoitwa ’’acetylene’’ inoshandiswa nevanonama simbi.

Sebhe inosanganisira zvinhu: zvinobatika nezvisingabatike; zvine mumhu nezvisina mummhu; zvinoonekwa neziso nezvisingaonekwe, zvatinokwanisa kushandisa tichiita mhindu kana bundutso nazvo.

Tiri ipapo zvakanaka kuti tionesane kuti sebhe inosanganisira zvinhu zvakaita semasaisai anowanikwa muchidzidzo chemagetsi nemagineti (Electromagnetic waves).  Masaisai aya tinokwanisa kuita mhindu dzakasiyana siyana nawo. Asi izvi zvichange zvichizokurukurwa mberi nokukura kwezvidzidzo zviri kuparurwa muChiShona.

Mukutaura kwemazuva ose vechidiki kana vachiti sebhe  vanoreva chinhu chavashaira zita kana chine zita risina kuuya mupfungwa panguva iyoyo. Muenzaniso wekutaura kwechimanjemanje.

Saka sebhe chinhu chinozivikanwa kunzi chiripo - pano pari kunzi zvinhu zvose zvakagadzirwa nesebhe inozivikanwa kunzi iripo. Kupiwa kwezita kuchitora mazwi echimanjemanje chinhu chinoitwa mumutauro kazhinji, izwi richipedzesera rapinda mukutaurwa mazuva ose pamwechete nevakuru. Zvakanaka kuti patorwa izwi ragara richitoshandiswa nevezera rechidiki.




#Article 193: Mukana (nhengo) (489 words)


Muchidzidzo Chezvipenyu (Biology) mukana, (birth canal) inhengo yesikarudzi yevakadzi inoshandiswa pakuzvara. Nhengo iyi ndiwo muronga unobuda nemwana achibva muchibereko achizobuda kunze.  

Pakutaura kwemazuva ose nhengo iyi chimwe chikamu chembutu kana kuti beche. Muchinyorwa chino muchashandiswa zita rokuti mbutu nokuti ndiro rinenge rine chiremera. Kuti tinatse kunzwisisa tinofanirwa kutsanangudza chimiro chayo mbutu yose.

Mbutu dzinosiyana siyana, mamwe makuru uye mamwe madoko. Nhengo iyi iri muhudyu panosangana makumbo pakati pawo. Mbutu ine zvikamu zviri kunze nezvikamu zviri mukati memuviri. Mbutu ine maburi maviri anoti reweti nerekuzvara. Kana mukadzi akamira kunze kunoonekwa hwabvu hunovhara zvichibva kuzvidya kunosvika pamutsemu uri pakati.

Pakavhariridzwa nehwabvu nechekuzasi panowanikwa buri rekuzvara.  Iri buri rinopinda mukati richizonobatana nechibereko. Pakati pemukana nechibereko pane mhasuru inonzi cervix inosunga kuzasi kwechibereko kuchengetedza mwana mukati.

Mbutu iri pedyo nemukosho rinova buri rinoburitsa dhodhi. Madzimai vanofanirwa kuchenjera kuzadza Mbutu yavo matuzvi pakupisika sezvo. Murawu wokupukuta kwemadzimai unoti vanofanirwa kupukuta tsvina zvichibva mberi kuenda shure kuti tsvina isapinda kumberi. Izvi zvinodzivirira hutachiona huri mutsvina yemunhu kuti husapinda mberi.

Kunze kwayo mbutu ine zvipika zviviri zvingadaidzwa kuti hwabvu kana kuti miromo - labia kuEnglish. Kunoita hwabvu hukobvu kwoitawo hwabvu hutete. Shoko rokuti hwabvu rinobva kuChiKorekore richireva kuti miromo - lips. 

Hwabvu hukobvu (labia majora) ndihwo hunovhariridza kunze kwayo mbutu kunova kunoonekwa nokunze. Hwabvu uhwu hunobva kuzvidya kusvika nepakati pane mukoronga kana kuti mutsemu. Pamusoro pehwabvu uhwu ndipo panokura choya kana kuti mavhudzi. Hwabvu hukobvu hunopendera pamukoronga pahunoshanduka kuva nyama tsvuku isina choya.

Hwabvu hutete (labia minora) ndizvo zvinzeve kana kuti mipendero iri mukati mehwabvu hukobvu. Hwabvu uhwu hunotangira nechekumusoro kune kabhinzi (gongo) huchinosvika zasi kune buri rekuzvara.  Sekutaura kunoita zita racho, hwabvu hutete hudiki pane hwabvu hukobvu. Uhwu hwabvu hutete ndihwo hunoti mamwe madzimai echitema vanoda kutanya kana kudhonza kuti hurebe kuita matinji.

Pakati panosangana hwabvu hutete nechekumusoro pane kanyama kadiki kangaenzane nenyemba kukura. Mukutaura kwemazuva ose vamwe vanokati kabhinzi. Kanyama aka ndiko kanodanwa kunzi gongo. Kanyama aka kanoshandawo kuwedzera kuzipirwa kwemukadzi panguva yokunge agara nomurume wake pabonde. Kanyama aka kane zvitape (Nerves) zvinotapa kuzipa panguva yokurarana kwemurume nemukadzi. Kane simba rokugona kusvitsa mudzimai pakuchemerera kana kachinge kapuruzirwa nenzira inofadza.

Mukana ndiro buri rekuzvara naro rinova ndiro rinopinda nenhengo yemurume panguva yebonde. Buri rekuzvara rinopinda mukati mumuviri richikwira nemuteremuko ungaita 45o. Kwaunoperera mukana uyu kunovharwa nerhingi yemhasuru inodaidzwa kuti cervix kuEnglish. Mukana wakaumbiridzwa nenyama dzinotatamuka panguva yokuzvara uye panguva yebonde.

Nguva ichinge yakwana yokuti mwana ari munhumbu achibuda, nhengo iyi ndiyo inovamukana (vaginal canal) mwana anobuda nawo achibva muchibereko achibuda kunze. Nyama dzemukana dzinotatamuka kuti mwana akwanise kubuda kuna mai vake.

Kuburitsa Zvemuchibereko

Mukana ndiwo zvakare unoshanda kubuditsa ropa panguva yokunge mukadzi ari kumwedzi uye dzimwe mvura (secretions  discharges) dzose dzinobva muchibereko dzinobuda nomukana uyu.

Kutamba paBonde

Panguva yokunge murume nemudzimai vagara vose pabonde, mboro yomurume inopinda pamukana. Imo munhengo iyi mune nyama dzinotapidzwa nokuzipa kwenguva yokunge murume nomukadzi vapindana pabonde. Panguva iyi zvakare mukana unotatamuka kutambira nhengo yemurume. pane tudzihwa tunotsatsadzirwa kana mudzimai azipirwa tunobatsira kuti nhengo yomurume ibude nokupinda zviri nyore pasina kurwadziwa.




#Article 194: Kuperekera magetsi (126 words)


Muchidzidzo fundoyetsimba shoko rokuti kuperekera magetsi (conduct in English) rinoreva kutakura magetsi kubva pane nzvimbo kuenda pane imwe. Simbi dzinopereka magetsi kubva panzvimbo A kuenda pana B. Apa kupereka kutaura kuti magetsi ndiwo achafamba, iyo simbi pachayo inokwanisa kusafamba asi ichifambisa magetsi.  Iri shoko rokuti kupereka richafanobata kusvika pawanikwa rimwe riri nani. Simbi inopereka magetsi inogwinha nokuda kwemagetsi ayakatakura. Copper ndiyo simbi inoshandiswa kunyanya pakuperekesa magetsi nokuti inotakura zvakanaka pane dzimwe simbi, isingarase simba remagetsi.

Apa zviri kuitwa nesimbi inotakura magetsi zvakafanana naTete vanonopereka muzukuru wavo Kundayi kwaBangamuseve uko akaroorwa asi ivo Tete pachavo vasiri kubva pavo pamusha pavanogara. Apa Tete vanonosvitsa Kundayi kumusha kwemurume wake asi yavo nzvimbo yavanogara haichinje. Iri shoko richashandiswawo kutaura kufamba kwemadziya kubva panopisa kuenda panotonhora; zvakare simbi dzinopereka madziya zvakanaka.




#Article 195: David chifunyise (190 words)


Kubva kuWikipedia

David Chifunyise,anozivikanwa zvakare sekunzi D-va zita raakapihwa muhujaya hwake,muimbi nemunyori wemimanzi yechimanje manje. David ndiye mumwe wevatangi vemumanzi yechimanje manje muZimbabwe inodaidzwa kunzi Urban Grooves. Akatsikisa mumanzi wake wekutanga ,Tauya Naye mugore ra1999 iripadambarefu rainzi The future rakagadzirwa neShamiso Records. Izvi zvakateverwa nedambarefu rake rekutanga raisheedzwa zvakare nezita rimwero rine mimanzi inosanganisira Hapana Chakaipa uyezve akapihwa mukana wekuridza mimanzi yake pawairesi uyezve pachikamu chemimanzi pachivhivhiti cheChannel O. 
Mugore ra2002,David akatsikisa dambarefu rake rechipiri rinonzi The Private Collection rine mimanzi yakanetsa inosanganisira Sarudzai. Mugore ra 2004,David akatsikisa dambarefu rake rechitatu rinonzi Zvandiri kana kuti As I Am rinova dambarefu rake rakapenengura zvakawanda nezvake. Mugore ra 2010, akatsikisa dambarefu rinonzi Classica Volume 1. 
David ndiye zvakare akaimba dziyo inoridzwa panotanga chirongwa chinozivikanwa muZimbabwe chinonzi Studio 263 chinoburitswa pa nepfenyuro ye ZBC Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation uyezve Obe tv Sky channel 223.

David mugadziri zvakare we software ari Microsoft Certified. Ane kambani yake inogadzira software inonzi Cybercard Trading P/L inowanikwa muZimbabwe.





#Article 196: Nziyo Dzevana (129 words)


Katsuro Mugomba
Katsuro Mugomba
Karere Karere
Uwe unoziva here kana komuka
Kanoti Tomuka tomuka tomuka
(Pavanoti tomuka tomuka, vana vanenge vachitamba zvavo vachisvetuka)

Ndaone KaPunha x 2
Ndaone Kapunha keisuke ndiro
Keisuke ndiro, keisuke ndiro pakati pedziwa
Pakati pedziwa, pakati pedziwa, gwe wakauya
Gwe wakauya, gwe wakauya, ndimutora zvose
Ndimutora zvose, ndimutora zvose, kuise murete
Kuise murete rinemombe shawa, rinemombe shawa
Rinemombe shawa, rinemombe shawa, dzinonwa ngemushwe
Dzinonwa ngemushwe, ndinonwa ngemushe, nyanga dzakabatwa
Nyanga dzakababtwa, nyanga dzakabatwa, nemagonombira
Nemagonmbira, nemagonombira, anobva ute
Ute, ute, ute, ute kunobudire zuwa.

Uyo ndiyani, uyo ndiyani
Unobveiyo, unobveiyo, Gumbimukumbi, 
Gumbimukumbi unotsvakei, unotsvaka mand'yambira ake
Mand'yambira ake akadhambuka, akadhambuka kwaNyachikwenjere
KwaNyachikwenjere kutora dzomu, kutora dzomu kuise mugaba
Kuise mugaba raMakosi, raMakosi kurima kwekwedu
Kurima kwekwedu kungoti koro, kungoti koro, chachakuchakubvu,
Chachakuchakubvu unozvicheka, unozvicheka, kekeureke.




#Article 197: Hurungwe (118 words)


Hurungwe idunhu rinowanikwa kumadokero kweMashonaland West. Kuchamhembe kune Dhamu reKariba nemasango anochengetwa mhuka. Guta guru remuHurungwe rinonzi Karoi rine chinhambwe chinosvika makiromita mazana maviri nenzira ekubva muguta reHarare. Uhwandu wevanhu vemudunhu reHurungwe unosvika pa300,000.

Mugore 1945 Hurungwe yakava nzvimbo yakapiwa kunyanya varungu vari varwi vehondo yepasi rose yechipiri vakawana rubatsiro kubva kuhurumende kuti vatange zvekurima fodya.

Mamwe madhorobha (growthpoints) anoti Magunje .

MaWards edunhu reHurungwe anoti: Chemusimbe, Chidamoyo, Chiroti/Fulechi, Chisape, Chundu, Dandahwa, Kanyati, Kapfunde, Kapiri, Karereshi, Karoi, Karuru, Kazangarare, Mukakatanwa, Makuti  Charara, Mahwada, Masanga, Matau, Mudzimu, Muzilawembe, Nyama, Nyamhunga, Piriviri, Pote I, Pote II, Pote III, Ward 6 (Maumbe),  Ward 7 (Chanetsa), Zvipani; 

Dzisina kuongororwa: Mana Pools National Park, Chewore Safaria Area, Hurungwe Safari Area, Sapi Safari Area




#Article 198: Kudzitirwa kwemwedzi (114 words)


Kudzitirwa kwemwedzi musi waOctober 8, 2014

Kudzitirwa kwemwedzi (eclipse of the moon) zvinoreva kuvhariridzwa kwemwedzi kunoitika kana zuva, Rinopasi, nemwedzi zvanangana zviri pamutsetse wakati twasa; apa Rinopasi rinenge riri pakati pezuva nemwedzi.  Chinoitika ndechekuti mwedzi unenge usisa tambire chiedza chinobva kuzuva, chinova icho chinoonekwa sechadzera pakupenya kwemwedzi manheru. Kana zvadaro mwedzi unoenda murima kwechinguvana, kusvika mitumbi mitatu iyi yapesana pasisina kuvharidzirwa kwechiedza chinobva kuzuva chinoita chadzera chinopenyesa mwedzi. 

Shoko rokuti kudzitirwa (Screened; overshadowed; eclipsed; hidden) rinotaura kuvhariridzwa kwechinhu chinosionekwa  nokuda kwechimwe chapinda pakati pemucherechedzi nechinhu chekutanga. Saka pamuenzaniso uri pano mwedzi unodzitirwa neRinopasi kana Rinopasi richinge rapinda pakati pezuva nemwedzi zvichikonzera kuti maranzi ezuva asasvika kumwedzi; izvi zvoreva kuti chadzera chezuva chinosionekwa pamwedzi hachichaonekwe.




#Article 199: Mharadzirwa yemaJudha (130 words)


Mazwi anoti Mharadzirwa yemaJudha ari kushandiswa pachinyorwa chino kuturikira zvinonzi Jewish Diaspora kuEnglish, kunova kupararira kwevanhu verudzi rwemaJudha kubva munyika yechipikirwa yeIsrael vachikandwa mune dzimwe nyika dziri Pasirose. 

Kune maJudah achiriko anogara munyika yeIsrael inova nzvimbo yavanokoshesa senyika yechipikirwa chakaitwa pakati paMwari namadzibaba avo. MaJudah akawanda vakapararira Pasirose vaine hugari hwakawanda munyika dzinoti: USA; France; United Kingdom; Russia Argentina; Brazil nedzimwewo nyika. Pachinyorwa chino mazwi anoti mharadzirwa yemaJudha (Jewish Diaspora) ari kureva vanhu vose veRudzi rwaIsrael vanogara mune dzimwe nyika dzisiri Israel. Kuno kuAfrica maJudha vane hugari hwakawanda kunyanya muSouth Africa; hugari hwavo hunoda kusvika 71,100 munyika iyi. MuSouth Africa maJudah vakauya panguva yekupambwa kwenyika iyi, vamwe vachizouya munguva yohutongi hwevachena. Kune maJudah ari muSouth Africa akabva kuRussia uye kunyika dziri kumavirira kweRussia. Nyika idzi dzinosanganisira Lithuania; Poland; Estonia neLativia.




#Article 200: Mukokeri weMubisho (186 words)


Mukokeri weMubisho (Chief Operating Officer or Operations Director) anenge ari mukokeri uye mushandi weSangano anotungamira mabasa esangano mazuva ose. Mukokeri weMushaninga anoshanda ari pasi peMukokeri Mukuru. Shoko rokuti mushininga rinoreva kushanda nesimba kana kushanda basa guru ringava rinorema kana rinoda kukasira kana rinoda kuchama (concentration) - irori shoko rokuti mushininga ndiro riri kuturikira inonzi operation kuChirungu.

Shoko rokuti operation  iri richireva to work or labour kana kuti to have effect, be active, cause.

Mukokeri Mukuru  kana kuti Mukokeri Muzvinabamba (Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer) anenge ari mushandi wesangano uye ari nhengo yeDare reVakokeri aine basa rokutungamira mabasa esangano zuvanezuva. Mukokeri Mukuru anoshanda ari pasi peDare reVakokeri achipanga mazano mudare iri.

Mukokeri Sakutwara  (Executive Director) anenge ari mukokeri anoshandira sangano riri kutaurwa nezvaro zuva-nezuva, ari anoona kuti zvirongwa zvedare revakokeri, zviri kutevedzerwa nokuwaniswa midziyo, mari nehumhizha hunodikwana mubazi raanotungamira. Izwi rokuti execute rinoreva to carry out, ixvi zviri izvo zvinoitwa naExecutive Director.

Mukokeri wezveMari kana kuti Mukokeri wezveMuduso (Finance Director or Chief Financial Officer)

Mukokeri wezveVashandi (Human Resources Director)

Mukokeri wezveKutengeserana (Marketing Director)

Mukokeri wekunze (Non-executive director) anenge ari nhengo yeDare reVakokeri asi asiri mukokeri mushandi.




#Article 201: Mubisho weMurambatsvina (163 words)


Mubisho weMurambatsvina zvinotaura charadza chakaitwa nehurumende yeZimbabwe payakaraira kuparadzwa kwematangwena munyika yose.  Mubisho weMurambatsvina wakaitika mugore 2005; Sangano reMubatanidzwa weNyika Pasirose rinoti vanhu vanosvika 700,000 vakarasikirwa nedzimba dzavo vamwe vakarasikirwa nemabhizinisi aivararamisa. Kune fungidziro yokuti vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 2.4 vakarasikirwawo nedzimwe nzira. Mutungamiri wenyika Robert Mugabe nemakota ehurumende vanoti ivo Mubisho weMurambatsvina wakaitwa nechinangwa chekumisa bongozozo rakanga ravepo pakutengeserana nhumbi uye kuvakwa kwedzimba zvisiri pamutemo. Kunonzi donzvo reHurumemnde rakanga riri rokudzivirira njodzi dzekupararira kwezvirwere zvinotapukira munzvimbo dzinogara vanhu.

Mapato anopikisa, maKereke, neMasangano Asiri eHurumende vakatsoropodza Mubisho weMurambatsvina zvikuru, uye mashoko ekutsoropodza akabudawo kubva kurudhende rwedzimwe nyika. Sangano reMubatanidzwa weNyika Pasirose rakaonesa kuti chirongwa ichi chakaitwa senzira yekudzinga nekushayisa pekugara vanhu vanopikisa vaRobert Mugabe; ava vanhu varivo chikamu chikuru chevarombo vari mumadhorobha nekumaruwa. Shoko rokuti charadza (campaign, hunting expedition) rinotaura mabasa ekushingaira kwevavhimi, apo vanoita rwendo rukuru rwekunovhima kwemazuva ane chitsama; kuvhima kwerudzi urwu riri basa guru risangasiitwa mazuva ose. Saka pakuita Mubisho weMurambatsvina vamwe vangati hurumende yakanga iri kushingaira pabasa rekuvhima nokuparadza matangwena.




#Article 202: Gwamba reKudzimurira (129 words)


Gwamba reKudzimurira (control panel) zvinoreva zvinoti:

Takanangana nekushanda kwana munjeredzi (engineers), Gwamba reKudzimurira zvinoreva nzvimbo ine rufendu, rwakasungirirwa zvombo zvinodzimurira mashandiro panzvimbo kuburikidza nekugamuchidzana kwemirayiro nemashoko pakati pemichina, Gwamba reKudzimurira,  nemubishi. Gwamba reKudzimurira rinowanikwa pakushanda kunoitwa mumafekitori, mungarava nemundege. 

Moto ukatanga kubvira uchipisa chivakwa chakadai semba kana fekitori, Gwamba reKudzimurira rwezvemoto runobatsira kuti vana madzimamoto vazive kuti moto watangira papi.  Unyanzvi hwakare hwakange hwakabatanidzwa nemabhatani ekusunda, asi nhasi uno kwave nezvekutinya zvirinyore (touchscreen). 

Takatarisana nekushandiswa kwemakombiyuta, Gwamba reKudzimurira zvinoreva gwamba rinokumbanidza dandira rinobishidza kombiyuta  (operating system) - apa ndipo pane njere dzekombiyuta dzinoita kuti mashandisirwo ashanduke kuburikidza nekurayana mashoko pajingazviso (interface) remuchina nemubishi.

Izwi rokuti kudzimurira riri kuturikira inonzi control kuEnglish. Tingataura tichiti - imi vari mberi dzimurirai mutyairi arege kunyanyomhanyisa bhazi.

Pachinyorwa chino pane mazawi achaturikirwa sezvizvi:

.




#Article 203: Kushambira (187 words)


Kushambira (swimming) zvinoreva kuyangarara pamusoro pemvura munhu achienda mberi kuburikidza nokuchayira mvura kumashure nemaoko nemakumbo. Vanhu vanoshambira munzvimbo dzinoti: rwizi, dziva, dziva rokushambira; nyanza; negungwa. Kushambira kunoitwa sekuvaraidza nguva, kutamba, kana makwikwi

Zimbabwe ine musikana akakunda kumakwikwi ePasirose anonzi Olympics. Musikana uyu anonzi Kirsty Coventry akatora menduru dze gold ne bronze pamitambo ya2008.

Vanoshambira vane mbatya dzavanopfeka dzakagadzirirwa kuti vasaremerwa nemvura inenge yachakwatisa mbatya. Jira rinosoneswa mbatya dzekushambira rakagadzirwa kuti risabata mvura yakawanda. Kutsika dzeVarungu zviri mavari kuti vabereki vanoshambira pamwe nevana vavo kana kuti muroora anoshambira natezvara akapfeka mbatya dzokushambira.

Kuno kuAfrica vanhu Vatema vashoma vanoshambira zvikurusei kune vakura kana  vakaroorana. Hachisi chinhu chinotariswa mune zvakanaka kuti mubereki anoshambira pamwe nemwana kana kuti muroora natezvara. Kune zvizvarwa zveZimbabwe zvagara kumhiri kwemakungwa kuEurope, USA neAustralia yave tsika yave kuonekwa kuti vabereki vanoshambira nevana vavo; izvi zvichitevedzawo tsika nemitemo yenyika idzodzo. 

Kunyika idzi vanoda kuti mwana ari pasi pemakore gumi nemaviri ave nemukuru anomutarira kana ari mudziva rokushambira. Kazhinji zhinji mubereki ndiye anotora danho irori rokuva mutariri wevana vake. Zvisineiwo zvinotaridza kuti vanhu vechizvarwa cheZimbabwe vanokasira kutorawo tsika dzekunyika dzavakatamira - kusiri kunzi maitiro aya akashata kana kururama.




#Article 204: Rupandano (158 words)


Muchidzidzo masvomhu, izwi rokuti rupandano (Proportionality in English) rinocherechedza hukama huripo pakati pehuwandu hwezvipimwa zviviri. Ngatitii munhu anoshanda pabasa panobhadhara $60 pazuva (8hr). Kana akashanda 6 awa anenge achifanirwa kubhadharwa $45 kana kuti (60 x 6/8) nokuti ashanda Chiharu chezuva chete. Iyi ndiyo mari inoyenderana nenguva yaashanda. Akashandawo 4  awa, anenge akafanirwa kubhadharwa $30 kana kuti (60 x 4/8). Saka apa mubhadharo unopiwa serupande rwemari yepazuva rose rokubata basa (8hrs).  Kutaura kwekuti Rupandano kunorevera kuti huwandu hwemari yabhadharwa hunofananidzwa nemari yekushanda zuva rose  nechimedu chinonyorwa paenzane sezvizvi:

Mari yabhadharwa   =  (Mari yepazuva  x  Nguva yashandwa)/(Nguva yekushandwa pazuva)  =  (60 x N) x 1/(8)

Kureva kuti chikamu chezuva chinobhadharwa chichitevera chivavatara cheRupandano 1/8, apa N anomirira awa dzashandwa pazuva. Munhu achinge ashanda zuva rose (8hr) anowana chikamu (8/8 =  1) chemari yepazuva, inova (60 X 1)

 : y = 1/x Kuti pabude y panokondekwa x kunze kwepana x = 0. 

Mashoko ari pano achada kunhadziridzwa kuti areve zvinodiwa nemazvo.




#Article 205: Sengende (Masvomhu) (108 words)


Muchidzidzo cheMasvomhu sengende (vector in English) zvinoreva chiyero chinopimwa nehuwandu zvose nerudzivo. Mienzaniso yezviyero zviri pamupanda wemichovha ndezvinoti: fosi, rufangu, muchacha, nhambwe yasudurukwa. Chinhu chakakosha kuziva rudzivo rwuri kufamba narwo zviyero zvakaita seizvi.

Shoko reEnglish rokuti vector rinoreva that which carries or that which transports ndiro radudzirwa pano kuti rinzi sengende kuChiShona.

 huwandu hwemhando yesengende.

Muenzaniso wakanaka ndewemusiyano uripo pakati penhambwe njee isinei kuti kwafambwa kuchiendwa nekupi uye nhambwe yasudurukwa ine rudzivo.  Somuenzaniso kana tichibviwa kuHarare kuenda kuVictoria Falls mugwara resengende kazhinji kunotevedzwa nzira yokuBulawayo, ndokuzokwidza kubva Bulawayo kuenda Victoria Falls. Tikazvitarisa Victoria Falls iri kuMadokero kweHarare, asi rwendo urwu rwunomboenda kuchamhembe pedzezvo rwozokwira kuenda kuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kuMadokero. 




#Article 206: Divi (rekunhu) (177 words)


Muchidzidzo chepimanyika, rudzivo kana divi (Direction) rinoreva mashoko anotigonesa kunongedzwa kuti nzvimbo iri kupi. Rudzivo runonongedza divi riri kutaurwa nezvaro. Rudzivo ndiyo mhinduro yatinotsvaga patinobvunzwa mibvunzo yokuti: 

Mepu dzepanyika dzinotaridza mativi mana erudzivo anoti: Mabvazuva, Madokero, Maodzanyemba, neChamhembe.

Maodzanyemba kwakadziva kuMabvazuva (North East in English) ndirwo rudzivo rwunoti kana munhu akatarisa kuMaodzanyemba, anofanira kutenderera gonya rinokwana 45o achinanga kuMabvazuva. Rudzivo urwu rwuri 45o kubva kuMaodzanyemba, uye 45o kubva kuMabvazuva.

Kana potaurwa muchidimbu kunonzi kuMaodzanyemba nechekuMabvazuva.

Maodzanyemba kwakadziva kuMadokero - ndirwo rudzivo rwunoti kana munhu akatarisa kuMaodzanyemba, anofanira kutenderera gonya rinokwana 45o achinanga kuMadokero. Rudzivo urwu rwuri 45o kubva kuMaodzanyemba, uye 45o kubva kuMadokero.

Chamhembe kwakadziva kuMadokero (South West in English) ndirwo rudzivo rwunoti kana munhu akatarisa kuChamhembe, anofanira kutenderera gonya rinokwana 45o achinanga kuMadokero. Rudzivo urwu rwuri 45o kubva kuChamhembe, uye 45o kubva kuMadokero.

Kana potaurwa muchidimbu kunonzi, Chamhembe nechekuMadokero.

Chamhembe kwakadziva kuMabvazuva (South East in English) ndirwo rudzivo rwunoti kana munhu akatarisa kuChamhembe, anofanira kutenderera gonya rinokwana 45o achinanga kuMabvazuva. Rudzivo urwu rwuri 45o kubva kuChamhembe, uye 45o kubva kuMabvazuva.

Kana potaurwa muchidimbu kunonzi, Chamhembe nechekuMabvazuva.




#Article 207: Kudzingiswa (156 words)


 Dzingiswa 

Izwi rokuti kudzingiswa (circumcision in English) rinoreva kuchekwa kweganda rinovhara kumberi kwenhengo yesikarudzi yechirume inonzi mboro. Vamwe vanoshandisa izwi rokuti kuchecheudzwa kutaura tsika iyoyi.

Zvichienderana netsika munzvimbo dzakasiyana ganda iri rinochekwa pamazera akasiyana okuzvarwa. Zvakare zvikonzero zvinopiwa kutevedza tsika iyi zvinosiyana. Vamwe vanoita tsika iyi vachitevedza Chinamato. Vamwe vanoita vachiti inzira yokutaridza kuyaruka kwemukomana kuti ava murume. Vamwe vanoita senzira yokuchengetedza hutano vachiti nhengo yakachecheudzwa haichengete tsvina kumberi kwayo kana ganda riya rabiswa. 

Kurudzi rwemaJudah, tsika yokudzingiswa inoitwa kana mwana ave nemazuva manonwe (8) okuzvarwa. MaJudah vanoita izvi vachitevedzwa mhiko yakaitwa nababa vavo Abraham pamberi paMwari.

Vanamati vechiMuslim vanoitawo tsika yokudzingisa.

Kuno kuAfrica vaRemba vanowanikwa kunyanya mudunhu reMberengwa vanoitawo tsika yokudzingisa iyi. Rudzi rwevaRemba vanoti madzibaba avo maJudah kana kuti vakabva kwakare kunyika yemaJudah.

Mamwe marudzi anoita tsika iyi yokudzingiswa anosanganisira: Xhosa; Shangani; Chewa; Varungu nemamwewo marudzi.

Hurumende yeZimbabwe ichishanda mubazi rezveHutano iri kukurudzira kuti varume vadzingiswe senzira yokuderredza kutapurirana kwehutachiona hunokonzera AIDS hunonzi HIV.




#Article 208: Middle East (197 words)


Middle East izita rakapiwa neVarungu kureva dunhu rekuMadokero kweAsia pamwe neEgypt. Marudzi akatekeshera mudunhu iri vanosanganisira: VaArab; VaAzeri; VaKurd; VaPersia; neVaTurk, ava variyo marudzi ane vanhu vakanyanya kuwanda mudunhu iri. Mamwe marudzi vane huwandu hudiki ndevanoti: VaArmenia; VaAssyria; VaCircassia; VaCopt; VaDruze maJudha VaMaronite, nemaSomali.

Nhoroondo yedunhu reMiddle East inozivikanwa kubva kumhokore uye dunhu iri rakagara riri gombe munyaya dzinobata Pasirose. Zvitendero zvine chitsama zvakadzikwa zvichibva kuMiddle East - izvi zvinosanganisira ChiJudha, ChiKristu ChiIslam; ChiBaha'i, uye Unitarian Druze, nezvimwewo zvitendero zvakapfumbira mudunhu iri. Middle East idunhu rinopisa uye rakawoma; asi riiine nzizi huru dzinodiridza minda nokuraramisa hurimi munzvimbo dzeko. Nzizi idzi ndedzinoti: Rwizi Nile kuEgypt uye Rwizi Tigris neRwizi Euphrates dzine muzanda kumatundu eMesopotamia inova nzvimbo inozivikanwa kunzi Fertile Crescent. Nyika zhinji dzedunhu iri dzakaganhurana nePersian Gulf uye dzine hupfumi hwakakura hwemafutarubwe. Zvinonzi kune magodzonga eVatongi munhu iri vanosimbisa utongi hwavo nemari inobva mukutengesa mafutarubwe kunyika dzekunze. Dunhu reMiddle East idunhu rine makakatanwa mazhinji munhau dzinobata: matongerwo enyika; tsika; chitendero; hupfumi nerunyera mupingo - strategy. 

Mupingi - (leader). Rupingo (foremost).

Kana kuchinyorwa mazuvano, nyika dziri mudunhu reMiddle East ndedzinoti: Bahrain Cyprus; Egypt; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Oman; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Syria; Turkey; United Arab Emirates; neYemen.




#Article 209: Chapotera cheNhangande Dzakadevana (202 words)


Chapotera cheNhangande Dzakadevana (Periodic Table of Elements) chinyorwa chinotaridza Nhangande dzemishonga dzakadungamidzana pamindanda. Apa Nhangande dzinenge dzakarongwa dzichichitevedza zvipimwa zvakacherechedzwa nenyanzvi kuti zvinoramba zvichidzokorora. Chapotera chinotaridza Nhangande dzakatevedzana: nehukuru hwenhamba yeHatomu; kurongeka kwegute rema electron nedzimwewo faniro dzakacherechedzwa. Nhangande dzinonyorwa dzichimirirwa nemavara anodudza mazita acho, imwe neimwe mubhokisi rayo. 

Shoko rokuti kudevanisa rinoreva kuronga wakadungamidza zvichitevedza hungava: hukuru; huremu; hwasha; zera kana chimwe chingacherechedzwa chinokwaniswa kupimiwa. Sokutaura kwaitwa pamusoro pane zviripo zvakacherechedzwa paNhangande zvinotigonesa kudzidevanisa saizvozvi dzakaita ruwarikano rwemindanda. 

Rupoterera zvinenge zvoturikira periodicity - apa kureva kupota kunoramba kuchidzoka panhambo inozivikanwa.

Boterero (Period) apa kureva mizera yakachinjika paChapotera. Sokuti muzera unovambira pane Hydrogen (H) kusvika pane Helium (He) iboterero rokutanga. Boterero rechipiri rinovambira pane Lithium (Li) kusvika pane Argon (Ar).

Boka (Group) apa kureva shongwe dzinodzika kubva kumusoro ichienda zasi paChapotera.  Sokuti shongwe inovambira pane Beryllium (Be) kusvika pane Radium (Ra) iboka rechipiri. Boterero regumi rinovambira pane Nickel (Ni) kusvika pane Darmstadtium (Ds) .

Nhangande Dzakadarikira (transition elements) imhando yenhangande dzine chikokerero (shell/orbital) chezasi chisina kuzara asi chikokerero chekumucheto chizere nema electron anokwanamo. Nhangande rudarikira dzine nhamba dzeHatomu dzinoti: 21–29, 39–47, 57–79, uye 89–107. Saka zita rokuti Nhangande Dzakadarikira rinobva pakuti dendera remukati igasva asi dendera rekumuchete rizere. Nickel imhando yenhangande rudarikira.




#Article 210: Gwarazima (114 words)


Mazwi anoti mukwarazima kana gwarazima ari kushandiswa pano kuturikira chinonzi Algorithm kuEnglish. Apa gwarazima unenge uri mutowo wakarongeka uye wakanatsa kudenengurwa unotaura matanho akafanirwa kutevedzwa pamishumo yeMasvomhu uye yemaKompiyuta. 

KuEnglish izwi rokuti Algorithm rinodudzirwa richinzi:  Izwi iri rinotodza zita remurume wekuPersia aiva nyanzvi yeMasvomhu ainzi Al-Khwarizimi. Mukuturikira kuChiShona pashandiswa mazwi anoti: gwara kureva nzira, uye nzima kureva divi renzira risina kureruka kudarika. Izwi rokuti nzima rapfupiswa rikava zima kuti zvitodzane nekutaurika kwezita raAl-Khwarizimi.  

Izvi zvoreva kuti Algorithm inodiwa pakushanda zvinhu zvisina kureruka, zvinoda kuitwa nomutowo wakanatsa kudenengurwa. Pahuzhinji Algorithms inenge yonzi makwarazima.
 




#Article 211: Tafura yeKuwanza Huwandu (167 words)


Muchidzidzo masvomhu, Tafura yeKuwanza Huwandu (Multiplication Tables or Times Tables ) zvinoreva tafura inoshandiswa pa[.kuwanza. Kuruboshe kwetafura iyi ndiko kune mberengi, kumusoro kwetafura kune nhamba dzinotaura kuti mberengi iri kuungwa kechingani. PaMuravanegumi, Tafura yeKuwanza Huwandu inoonekwa sehwaro pachidzidzo chemasvomhu. Vadzidzisi vazhinji vanerudaviro rwekuti zvakakosha kuti vadzidzi vange vachiziva Tafura yeKuwanza Huwandu nemusoro kusvika pana 12 x 12.

Tafura iri pasi apo inosvika pana 20 x 20. MuZimbabwe vadzidzisi vazhinji  vanodzidzisa vanoda kuti vana vazive kusvika pana 12 x 12.

Panoitwa Tafura yeKuwanza Huwandu,  (multiplication table)  sezviri pamufananidzo uri pamusoro, kune nhamba inoverengwa nayo inonzi mberengi, n. Kuruboshwe kwetafura zvichidzika ndiko kune mberengi, pamusoro petafura kubva kuruboshwe zvichienda kurudyi ndipo panoverengwa kuwanzwa kwemberengi.

Murume wekuGreece ainzi Pythagoras aiva godobori remasvomhu, akanyora Tafura yeKuwanza Huwandu iri kutaridzwa pamufananidzo uri pano.

Mugore 1820, godobori remasvomhu John Leslie akadhindisa bhuku rainzi The Philosophy of Arithimetic iro raiva nebamhamberengi ya 99 kusvika pana 99 x 99. John Leslie aikurudzira vadzidzi vake kuti vazive Tafura yeKuwanza Huwandu nemusoro kusvika pana 25 x 25.




#Article 212: Nyere yaGalvani (263 words)


Mazwi anoti Nyere yaGalvani ari kushandiswa pano kuturikira chinonzi Galvanic cell kuEnglish - iyi inyere yemushongagetsi inowana simba remagetsi kubva pakupirimuka kwemishonga iri mukati menyere icharehwa. Nyere iyi yakaumba nesimbi mbiri dzakasiyana dzinobatana kuburikidza nezambuko remunyu kana kuumbwa nenyere-gasva dziri mbiri idzi dzakapatsanurwa nenhengodzivo inobvinina norusarura - selectively permeable membrane.

Zvakakosha kuti tionesane kuti vakatanga kunyora nezve hutsanzi hwezvemagetsi vaifunga kuti muyerero wemagetsi wakanga uri wemheu dzakadenenguka. Uyu unonzi muyerero wakateramiswa nembungano - conventional positive current. Saka tsananguro dzavo pamusoro pemagongwa nemandimu dzakaitwa vaine murangariro iwoyu. Tsananguro iyoyi ichiri kurarama zvichitevedza guungano renyanzvi rakatenderana kuti zvirambe zvakadaro.   Pari nhasi zvave kuzivikanwa kuti ma electron ndiwo anofamba muwaya dzemagetsi, kwete positive current.

Magetsi anobuda muNyere yaGalvani achikwira kugumbugetsi reZinki.  Nokudaro gumbugetsi iri richanzi gumbunhuka, zvichitodzana nezwi rokuti kuduka rinoreva kukwira kwezuva richibuda -  iri rinonzi anode kuEnglish. Izwi rokuti anode rinoreva way up.  Kudivi irori, manondanhoka eZinki, ane chaji yakadara (positively charged zinc ions) anokatanura mhodzigetsi mbiri dzinobuda kuwaya yekunze, iwo manondanhoka eZinki achipinda mushurushuru. Manondanhuka esalfeti ane chaji yakahwarara (negatively charged sulphate ions), anokwezverwa kugumbunhuka reZinki. Izwi rokuti kunhoka rinotodzana nemazwi anoti kudoka kwezuva (sunset).
 
Magetsi anodzika achipinda muNyere yaGalvani nekugumbugetsi weKopa. Nokudaro gumbugetsi iri richanzi gumbunhoka - iri rinonzi cathode kuEnglish. Shoko reEnglish rokuti cathode rinoreva way  down.  Kudivi irori, manondanhoka eKopa ane chaji yakadara (positively charged copper ions) anogashira mhodzigetsi mbiri dzinobva muwaya yekunze - iwo manondanhoka eKopa anenge achibva mushurushuru anokwatikira pagumbunhoka reKopa. Manondanhoka eHydrogen ane chaji yakadara (positively charged hydrogen ions) anokwezverwa kugumbunhoka reKopa.

Tarisai chinyorwa chinonzi chikukuragetsi.

Zvichida mazwi ari pas ayo anokwanisa kuturikira chinonzi anode kana cathode.




#Article 213: Rusengedzano (118 words)


Pachinyorwa chino shoko rokuti ruchichinuko rusengedzano (convection) riri kushandiswa kuturikira mafambiro anoita madziya mumvura iri pachoto nenzira inoti madziya anosimuka pamwe nemvura yakadziyiswa pagaro repoto kuenda kumusoro kwepoto kunodziya zvishoma. Nekune rimwe divi mvura yakatonhora iri pamusoro inonyura kuenda pasi; ipapo inodziyiswa yobva yasimukawo zvichingodaro. Mafambiro aya anokonzerwa nokusiyana kwehuduma hwemvura dzine hujoto hwakasiyana.

Gute romweya wakatikomberedza rinotaridza mafambiro emadziya nemutowo werusengedzano zvakare . Kana muri mudzimba mweya unodziya unokwira kuenda kudenga kumarata, mweya unotonhora uchidzika pasi panogara vanhu. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonero zvinoti dzimba dzivakwe sirin'i (ceiling) kuitira kuchengata mweya unodziya muchikamu chemba chinogarwa nevanhu kwete kudenga kumbariro kusina anogara kana kuvatako.

Izwi rokuti rusengedzano rinotodzana nerokuti kusenga rinoreva kutakura kuendesa kune imwe nzvimbo - to transport.




#Article 214: Nguva yaNoah (238 words)


Bhaibheri rinotizivisa kuti Noah akanga akarurama, achifamba nenzira dzaifadza Mwari, asingatevedzi huipi hwakanga huzere munyika. Nokuda kwehuipi uhwu Mwari vakaita chitsidzo chokuti vaizoparadza Pasirose nemafashamo emvura - vachiponesa Noah nemhuri yake. Pakaitika mafashamo emvura iyi, kwakapona vanhu vanomwe (8) vanoti: Noah nemukadzi wake; vanakomana vaNoah vainzi Shem, Ham naJaphet; uye vakadzi vakanga vakaroorwa nevanakomana vaNoah.

Genesis 7:11 inotaura kuti, imwe mvura yainaya asi imwe mvura yaibva pasi muninga dzemvura dziri pasi pevhu. Pana Genesis 7:12 Bhaibheri rinotionesa kuti mvura yakanaya siku nesikati kwemazuva makumi mana.

Bhaibheri rinotionesa kuti Noah akagara muAreka kwenguva inodarika gore. Genesis 7:11 inotaura kuti Noah akapinda muAreka riri zuva regumi nesere (17), mumwedzi wechipiri (2), riri gore remazana matanhatu (600) rokuberekwa kwake. Uyu ndiwo musi wakatanga kunaya kwemvura uye kutubuka kwemvura yakakonzera mafashamo Pasirose.  Genesis 8:13 inotaura kuti mvura yakawoma pasi mumwedzi wekutanga (1) wegore remazana matanhatu rerimwe (601) rokuzvarwa kwaNoah. Asi Noah akazobuda muAreka pazuva remakumi maviri nesere (27), mumwedzi wechipiri mugore remazana matanhatu nerimwe (601). 

Tichiverenga nemazuva ekuberekwa kwaNoah, musi wa 17-02-600 ndipo pakatanga mafashamo. Musi wa 27-02-601, Noah nemhuri yake vakabuda muAreka. Saka Noah nemhuri yake vakanga vagara muAreka kwenguva inodarika gore rose.

Mhuka zhinji dzakapinzwa muAreka dziri zvikwata zvehono nehadzi mbiri dziine rudzi rwadzo. Asi kune dzimwe mhuka dzakapinda dziri zvikwata zvisere (7) zvehono nehadzi.

Kufukaidza, kufukamira kana kufukaira (1. Flood, 2. Innundate,3. Cover with water) mazwi anoreva kuti mvura yazara pamusoro penyika seguwe kana mafashamo. Vamwe vatauri vanoti kufukanyira. 




#Article 215: Zhombe (503 words)


  

Zhombe ruwa ruri mudunhu diki rinonzi Kwekwe mudunhu guru re Midlands, munyuka yeZimbabwe. 
Mamwe matunhu madiki muMidlands ari muzvikwata zvitanhatu zvinoti 

kureva kuti Dunhu reMidlands rakagovaniswa kuita
zvikwata zvinomwe.  

Uye Zhombe izita renzvimbo yemabhizinisi iri muRuwa rune zita rimwero, uye izita roRwizi rukuru muruwa urwu, nezitawo rechikomo chaimbonzi Jombe kare. 
 
Ruwa rweZhombe, nyanye kuMabvazuva,  runozivikanwa nekucherwa kweNdarama nevanhu vasina mvumo yakati tsvikiti vanodaidzwa kunzi Makorokoza (Gold pannners). Zvisinei hurumende iri kuedza kuumba zvikwata zvemakorokoza aya vovapa mvumo yokuchera zviri pamutemo, vachitevedza mitemo yebazi rehurumende rinoona nezvezvicherwa. 

Pamuzinda weZhombe,  pane mahofisi makuru emumiriri weZhombe muDare reMabhuyoParamende, uri panzvimbo inozikanwa sokuti paJuweri Zhombe Joel inova makiromita makumi matanhatu kubva muKwekwe wakananga  Maodzanyemba kwakadziva kuMadokero kweKwekwe yacho. Joel raiva zita ramuzvina-bhizinisi wekutanga munzvimbo iyi kumakore aana 1965 uko. 

Zhombe Joel inzvimbo yemabhizimusi (Growth Point) inotarisirwa kuzova guta kana kuti dhorobha nerimwe ramazuva mukutekaira kwemakore, iri parumbariro nehunhungo 18.6770° S; 29.3490° E    

Zvinonzi zita rokuti Zhombe rakabva muzita rinoti Jombe. 
Jombe chikomo chiri neche kumadokero kwapanosangana rwizi Zhombe noRwizi Munyati.
Mapangana (Coordinates) echikomo ichi inoti:

 
Irowo zita rokuti Jombe rinenge rakauya nevacheri vendarama vaibva kune dzimwe nyika dziri mhiri kwemakungwa sezvo risiri inzwi rinowanikwa mundimi dze chivanhu chaitaurwa munyika dzose dzaiva pasi poumambo hwaMutapa. 

Muruwa rweZhombe mune nzwimbo mbiri dzinotarisirwa kuzova maguta madiki kana kuti madhorobha nerimwe razuva mukutekaira kwemakore dzinoti yataurwa kare inonzi Zhombe-Joel, pamwechete neEmpress Mine Township. Parizvino nzvimbo idzi dznonzi muChirungu Growth Points. 
Kana iri Empress yatokura kupfuura Zhombe-Joel uye yava kutoratidzika seguta diki.  

Empress Mine iri nechekuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kuMabvazuva kweZhombe-Joel. 

MuEmpress Mine Township ndimo mune chikoro chinodzidzisa varimisi chinonzi RioZim Foundation Zhombe Agricultural College, chaimbozikanwa nezita rokuti Rio Tinto College of Agricultuture.

MaWadhi akatarwa nevaigadzira miganhu yenzvimbo diki dzezve Matongerwo eNyika mumatunhu nemuzvikwata zvematumhu, uye pasi pemakanzuru ye Zibagwe Rral District Council mune maWard 33; 11 awo ari muZhombe Constituency. Wadhi 1 ne 2 anova Zesa-Munyati, Zibagwe neSosombe-2-Extension ava pasi peZibagwe-Chirumanzu pakumiririrwa mu dare reParamende yeZimbabwe asi achingova muruwa rweZhombe. Wadhi 5 ne 17 ava pasi peSilobela Constituency asi ari muruwa rweZhombe zvekare.   

Mugore ra2011 muruwa rweZhombe maiva nenzvimbo dzemabhisisi 14, zvikoro zvedzidzo yokutanga 53 (Primary Schools) pamwe ne 18 zvikoro zvedzidzo yepamusoro zvishoma (Secondary Schools). 

Zvipatara zvidiki anonzi makiriniki (clinics) igumi (10), uye kune chipatara chimwe chete chinonzi Zhombe Mission Hospital, chiri pasi pekereke yechikatorika (Roman Catholic).

Mombe dzimuruwa urwu dzinopfuura 48 000
, uye nzvimbo dzinoonwa nezvoutano hwezvipfuwo igumi nenhatu (13), nematuhwino emombe makumi maviri nematanhatu (26 
Dip Tanks).  

Muruwa rweZhombe mune nzvimbo mbiri dzinoita kurimwa dzichidiridzirwa dzinoti Ngondoma Irrigation Scheme inotora mvura muDhamu reNgondoma,  pamwechete nediki yacho inonzi Senkwasi Irrigation Scheme inotora mvura mudhamu reSenkwasi. 
Minda iyi inodiridzwa iri kubatsira zvikuru vanhukadzi vemuruwa kuvapawo pundutso muupenyu vachishandisa maoko avo.  

Neche kumawodzanyemba kweNgondoma Irrigation Scheme kunowanikwa mugodhi wematoto ezviremwaremwa unonzi Mabura Caves (Vusa emtoto), uyo parizvino usati watangisa kushandiswa zvizere. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mugodhi uyu une mupfudze wematoto   enyenganyenga ungava nouwandu hwematani mamiriyoni mazana maviri (200 million tonnes of Bat guano).   

MuZhombe mune madzishe mana vanoti Ishe Gwesela naShe Samambwa vari divi remabvazuva eZhombe, kotiwo Ishe Malisa naShe Ntabeni vari nechekumadokero kweZhombe.




#Article 216: Muhambo weRukamukano (162 words)


Mashoko anoti Muhambo weRukamukano kana muhambo wakakamuka (relative motion) ari kushandiswa pano kutaura kufamba kwezvinhu zviviri zviri kufamba nomutowo wekukamukana. Apa muhambo wekukamukana zvinotaura mutowo wemuhambo unosanganisira: kusiyana kwespidhi kana mafambiro; kuparadzana; kutarangana kana kusiyana kwedivi riri kuendwa. Mihambo yose inoonekera zvichienderana nokuti wacho ari kucherechedza ari kutarisa ndima ine miganhu ipi. Nzvimbo iri kucherechedzwa tichaiti ndima yakarehwa  - frame of reference. Saka maonero okuti chinhu chiri kuhamba zvakadini anobva pakuti ndima yakarehwa iri nomucherechedzi ndeipi.

Pamwe tingaturikira relative motion tichiti muhambo unotaranza.

Ngatitii kuna Tendai akagara padivi penjanji. Tendai anokwanisa kuona chitima chichipfuura nespidhi 50 km/hr kubva kumabvazuva] kuenda kumadokero. Kana Tendai ane meso akapinza anokwanisa kuona chigubhu chiri patafura iri muchitima zvakare. Kuna Tendai chigubhu ichi chinenge chihamba nespidhi 50 km/hr kubva kumabvazuva kuenda kumadokero zvakare. 

Ngatitii kuna Ngwarai akagara pabhenji riri muchitima pedyo netafura ine chigubhu. Ngwarai akatarisa chigubhu ari paagere anoona sokuti chigubhu hachisi kuhamba - nokuti iye pamwe nechigubhu vagere muchitima chimwe pasina chiri kufamba muchitima makare.




#Article 217: Empress Mine Township, Zimbabwe (511 words)


Empress Mine Township, Zimbabwe musha unogara voruzhinji, ugere panzvimbo yaimbonzi Salakuhle (Salagushle),  muruwa rweZhombe, mudunhu diki reKwekwe, mudunhu guru reMidlands, munyika yeZimbabwe.

Salakuhle  inzwi rechiNdebele rinoreva kuti Sara-zvakanaka. Vechichena vainyora panoti Salakuhle vakuti Salagushle  

Empress Mine Township inowanikwa 70km necheKuChamhembe kwadziva kuMadokero kweguta guru reKadoma, uyewo 98km KuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kuMadokero kweguta guru reKwekwe  

Mitsetse yakatarwa
yakati sambamba 
yeEmpress Mine Township inoti -18.4622700S; 

apa paKirabhu (club) kumaCAMMERA.
 

Musha uyu wakatanga kuvakwa muna 1968 neEmpress Nickel Mine iyo yaichera dombo rinokosha rinonzi Nickel kusvika pakazovharwa mugodhi uyu muna 1982.     

Nzvimbo iyi yakavakwa ine mativi maviri emusha, kunogara veruzhinji (High Density Suburban) nekunogara vashoma (Low Density Suburban). Kwaigara vashoma nanhasi kuchiri kunzi kuma CAMMERA, inzwi raimiririra manzwi aiti 'Cam and Motor Mine European Residential Area' . 
Kambani yezvemigodhi ine zita rinonzi RioZim nanhasi, ndiyo yaiva varidzi ve 'Cam and Motor Mine' yaiva panzvimbo yavakunzi Effel Flats nhasi neche kuMabvazuva kweguta reKadoma . 
Iyoyi RioZim yakavambwa nekambanhi yemhiri kwemakungwa inonzi 'Rio Tinto' mugore ra1956, chinangwa chiri chekuchera 'nickel' paSalakuhle, pavakazoti Empress Nickel Mine. 
Nokudaro misha waigara vachena ku 'Cam and Motor Mine' ku Gatooma ndiyo yaiva nemazita ekuti CAMMERA. Vachena vazhinji vakashanda paEmpress Nickel Mine vaiva vabva ku 'Cam and Motor Mine' , naizvozvo vashandi vavo vemudzimba ndivo vakatakura zita rokuti CAMMERA ndokuuya naro ku 'Empress Nickel Mine' . Nanhasi nzvimbo iyi inongonzi kumaCAMMERA. 

KumaCAMMERA uku ndiko kwainzi kuEmpress Mine Township, ukuwo kwaigara veruzhinji kwainzi Mopane Compound Township. Nanhasi vanokuti kuKomboni, zvichireva kuti ku 'Compound Township' . 

Nzvimbo iyi yakakura namakore 15 chete kusvika pakuita seguta diki, muchiwanikwa zvose zvaiwanikwa mumaguta mazuva iwayo. Pakazovhara Empress Nickel Mine, musha uyu wakatanga kuva dongo zvokuti nanhasi hausati wanyatsomuka. 

Parizvino musha uyu wava pasi peKanzuru yeZRDC 'Zibagwe Rural District Council' uye wava kuratidza kumuka zvishoma nezvishoma. 

Mumusha uyu pakati pemaCAMMERA neMopane Township pane chikoro chinodzidzisa varimisi chinonzi RioZim Foundation Zhombe Agricultural College, chaimbonzi Rio Tinto College of Agriculture.  Chichitanga mazuva eEmpress Nickel Mine chakanga chiri chokuvaka (Building Centre).   

KuMadokero kwemusha uyu kune Dhamu guru rinonzi Ngondoma, riri muRwizi Ngondoma.  Dhumu iri rinokwanisa kupa mvura kuEmpress Mine Township yese, neNgondoma Irrigation Scheme pamwechete neColumbina Rural Service Center pasina damudziko.   

Empress Mine Township inotarisirwa kuva guta diki munguva pfupi inotevera kana zvichitaurwa. Parizvino Empress yava 'Growth Point' hombe kupfuura Zhombe-Joel inova ndiyo muzinda weruwa rweZhombe. 

Mune chikoro chedzidzo yepasi chinonzi Mopane Primary School, uye vapedza paMopane vanogona kuenda kuNyaradzo neSidakeni Secondary Schools,  zvikoro zviri pedyo nomusha uyu. 

Nzvimbo yemabhizinisi inovimba neEmpress Mine Township parizvino ndeye Columbina Rural Service Center iyo inozikanwa se 'Machipisa' nevemuEmpress Mine Township asi vapfuuri ndipo pavanoti paEmpress nokuda kokuti ndipo panomirira mabhazi nemaKombi anotakura vanhu vese vepaEmpress Mine Township. Zvinoratidza kuti nokuenda kwenguva Columbina Rural Service Center ichamedzwa neEmpress Mine Township nokuti inongova 4km chete kubva kumaCAMMERA kusvika pa Machipisa sekudaidzwa kwapanoitwa. 

Mumusha weEmpress ndimo mune kambha yemapurisa inonzi 'Zhombe Samambwa ZRP Base' uyewo pava nemahofisi aRegistrar General  zvokuti zvitupa netsamba dzikuzvarwa kwevana dzava kungotorerwa pedyo nemisha yeveruzhinji muruwa rweZhombe East. 

Pane zvoutano; pane kiriniki (clinic) iri munharaunda yechikoro chevarimisi, asi inobatsira vanhu vese zvavo vemuEmpress pamwe nevemumisha yakakomberedza. Hurapi huri apa ndewe mhando yokumaguta makuru.   




#Article 218: Columbina Rural Service Center (254 words)


Columbina Rural
Service Center inzvimbo  yemabhizimusi, iri mukati mechikamu cheZhombe chinoitwa hushangazhi hwakasiyana siyana. Paimboizikanwa sepaMachipisa kare; nhasi panozikanwa seEmpress, kunyange zvayo  Empress Growth Point iri chinhabwe chinosvika 4km kuChamhembe kweColumbina Rural
Service Center. Umu muMidlands muZimbabwe

Nzvimbo ino iri parumbariro nehunhungo -18.4468360S; 

 

Zita rokuti Columbina rakauya nevaichera ndarama panzvimbo iyi yavaiti Columbina Mine. Columbine iri nzvimbo iri kunyika dzinonzi United States of America.

Columbina Rural Service Center inowanikwa pa '45km Peg' muMugwagwa unobatanidza Mugwagwa-Kwekwe-Gokwe pamwechete noMugwagwa-Kwekwe-Kadoma uchipfuura nepaVenice Mine. Kubva pano kuenda kuKadoma pane 67km nemugwagwa, kana kuti 51km nemudenga wakananga KuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kuMabvazuva. 

Guta reKwekwe riri 98km nomugwagwa uchipfuura nokuVenice Mine, kana 66km nemudenga wakananga KuChamhembe kwakadziva kuMabvazuva. 

 Gokwe Center iri 86km nomugwagwa, kana 57km nomudenga wakananga KuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kuMadokero. 

'Growth Point' Zhombe-Joel iri 44km nemugwagwa unetara, uyo unopfuua nekuChemagora; kana kuti 36km nomugwagwa unodimbudzira nokuSenkwasi. 

Ngondoma Irrigation Scheme iriwo chinhambwe chinokwana 4km kubva pano.

'Columbina Rural
Service Center' iri mumusha unobatwa naSabhuku Mahogo, pasi paShe Samambwa; muWadhi 6 (Mabura Ward). 

Mabhizinisi epano anovimba nevatengi vanobva mu Empress Growth Point , Ngondoma Irrigation Scheme, Commoner Mine Houses nemisha yakakomberedza. 

Mvura inowanikwa pazvibhorani zviviri zviri pedyo, pamwe nokumukoronga (canal) unofambisa mvura inoenda kuminda inoita zvokudiridzirwa yeNgondoma Irrigation Scheme ichibva kuDhamu Ngondoma. 
Parizvino Kanzuru yakabatana neZINWA vari mubishi rokuisa pombi dzemvura panzvimbo ino. Matanghi emvura ari kutovakwa, uye mvura inotarisirwa kunge yavapo muna Ndira 2016.

Mugwagwa unopfuura nepano uneTara asi wasakadzwa nouhwandu hwemazimota anotakura zvinorema anopfuura napano siku nesikati. 

Nzvimbo iyi inotarisirwa kuzobatana ne Empress Growth Point kuva guta diki rokutanga muruwa rweZhombe .

 




#Article 219: Pasika (131 words)


Pasika (easter passover) izororo rinorangarirwa nemaKristu nemaJudha. Izwi rokuti pasika rinobva kuPortuguese inoti pascao.

Mwari vakarayira vana vaIsrael kuti varangarire Pasika gore negore uye kuti vadzidzise mhuri dzavo kucherechedza pasika. Zororo iri rinovayeuchidza kubuda kwavakaita kubva muEgypt vachitiza hudzvanyiriri hwamambo Pharaoh. Mwari vakatuma Moses kuti andoudza mambo atendere vana vaIsrael kuti vabude vadzokere kwavakabva kuCannaan, asi Pharaoh anowomesa moyo achiramba kutendera kuti Israel ibude. Mwari vanotuma zvirango gumi kuna Pharaoh zvine chinangwa chekuratidza hukuru hwaMwari pamusoro pevamwari veEgypt. Chirango chegumi chaiva chekuurayiwa kwematangwe emhuri dzevaEgypt asi matangwe evaIsrael vachirarama. Vana vaIsrael vakanga varayirwa naMwari kuti vazodze ropa regwayana pamagonhi avo, izvi kuitira kuti kana ngirozi yekuuraya yauya igochidarika imba dzavana veIsrael. Saka nanhasi maJudha anorangarira kabata kwakaita Jehovha nenzira iyi.

Vatendi vechiKristu vanorangarira Pasika vachipemberera kutifira kwakaita Jesu Kristu pamuchinjikwa paCalvary.




#Article 220: Ngondoma Irrigation Scheme (392 words)


Ngondoma Irrigation Scheme inzvimbo ine minda inoita zvokudiridzirwa muchirimo kana muzhizha. 

Irigesheni iyi inowanikwa muruwa rweZhombe, munyasi morwizi Ngondoma mumisha yaSabhuku Nzama-Mahogo naSabhuku Maisa rimwe divi. Ishe wenzvimbo iyi ndiSamambwa, uye iri muMabura Ward, muZhombe, Kwekwe District, Midlands, Zimbabwe.

Mitsetse yakatarwa
yakati sambamba 
yeNgondoma Irrigation Scheme inoti: 

Nzvimbo yemabhizinisi iri pedyo iColumbina Rural
Service Center iyo iri chinhambwe chinosvika 4km nomugwagwa. 

Ngondoma Irrigation Scheme iri muRegion 3 kana kuchitevedzwa ihwandu hunonaya nakwo mvura muZimbabwe. Kureva kuti inzvimbo inonaya mvura ingangosvika 600mm chete pamwaka wemvura gore rimwe nerimwe. 
 
Nokudaro irigesheni inobatsira kwazvo munzvimbo dzinonaya mvura isingavimbiki kudai. 
 

Minda yeIrigesheni iyi pamwechete inema hekita anodarika 44 (44.4 ha) nevarimi 180. Pavarimi 180 ava, 134 vacho vanhukadzi. 

'Scheme' iyi yakavambwa muna 1968, mazuva mamwewo avambawo 'Empress Nickel Mine' mushure mokunge Dhamu Ngondoma rapera kuvakwa. 

Minda iyi yakambokwira kuvavarira kusvika 70ha asi yakazodzorwazve pa 44ha. Zvisinei irigesheni iyi yakaberekawo imwe irigesheni diki ine 6ha nechekumusoro kunobva nemvura. Yakaberekwa iyi inonzi 'Ngondoma Irrigation scheme Extension' . 

Irigesheni inowana mvura yayo kubva muDhamu Ngondoma  kuburikidza neKanari (canal) inoshandisa matenu enyika kuunza mvura pamadiro, kana ichinge yangovhurwa kuti ichiuya kuIrigesheni. Hapana muchina unoshandiswa kuunza mvura kudiridza 51ha dzeminda iyi. Inongouya yega ichitevedza Kanari nokutenukira kwayo ichishandisa simba regunganidzo rinonzi 'Gravity' pachiRungu. Mutsindo wayo unoenda nokuti pombi yekudhamu yavhurwa kuti iwande zvakadii. Kana ichiuya yakawanda Mutsindo (presure) wayowo unowandawo. 

Dhumu Ngondoma rinotakura '7.5 million cubic metres' dzemvura.   Iyi imvura yakawanda kwazvo, inonzi nomutaueo wevana vamazuva ano 'inopera yabiwa' . 

Irigesheni iyi inorimwa kunyanya Chibage, Madomasi, Muriwo  Bhinzi neDerere. Mazuva ano vamwe vorima Gorosi neMhiripiri. Makavhu aya anonzi mabhatanatsi  (Butternuts) anorimwa muminda iyi. 

Varimi vanobatsirwa noruzivo nevarimisi vanoshandira Hurumende, mubazi rezvekurima, veAGRITEX. 

Varimi vanotengerwa zvirimwa zvavo nevemisha yakapoteredza irigesheni, vekuColumbina Rural
Service Center , veku Empress Growth Point, pamwe neve kumaguta. Derere rinodiwa zvakanyanya kuBulawayo. 

Varimi vanopota vachisarudza hutungamiri hweIrigeshen mushure kwenguva yakatarwa (3 years).

Komiti iyi ( 'Irrigation Management 
Committee' ) inoshanda pamwe nemurimisi, nevashandi veHurumende kuona kuti zvose zvinoda kuitwa nokugadziriswa muIrigeshen zvabudirira. 

Makore apfuura murimi umwe neumwe aingozvionera kuti orima sei bande rake muIrigeshen. 
Vazhinji vaiwanzo Kurima neMombe dzavo kana dzokuripira.
asi gore 2015 Hurumende yakaunza michina namatarakita kubatsira varimi, abo vabhara mutengo unonzwisisika, kuti varirwe. 

MaTarakita aya pamwe nemichina yokurimisa yakatsvagwa neHurumende kubva kunyika yeBrazil. 
  

Matarakita aya anogona kubatsirawo varimi vekunze kweIrigesheni kana zvichibvira. 

Varimi vemuIrigeshen havadyi chinovava nokushandisa maoko avo. Ramangwana reIrigesheni iyi rinoratidza kujeka chaizvo.

  

 




#Article 221: Shumba Nyamuzihwa (104 words)


Maita Nyamuzihwa,

Shumba, Hara, maita Muchori.

Maita waNanga wasina mhezi,

Wakabva Buja neMbondwe.

Maita Nechinanga, muzukuru waChakoreka.

Ewo Bonga, waChingate,

Muzukuru waMapahwe, wari Choma,

Ewoyi Shumba, maita Hara.

Maita Bonga rangu riri,

Maita Nyamuzihwa,

Maita wari Mangadza.

Maita wari Dombojawa rina mwarara machena,

Dombo rakaramba kumera uswa nemiti,

Rinoti kukwira munokwira namabvi,

Rina makwapa-kwapa anenge nzira.

Maite zvenyu Shumba,

Chikanda changu chichi,

Maita waTsuri wamasawara.

Kana musipo hapana chinochekwa.

Maita Chiurayi, hekani Chikanda,

Mwana waMukombwe naNohoreka,

Chipfuyawarombo, hekani waNjapa,

Maita mutumbe, Donga, wari Man’anja’

Samanyara,

Zvaitwa Kondovha asingachariki mvura,

Mwana waChinyanga asingaje imwe mbeu,

Kusiya kwezviyo chete.

Maita wari Tsatsa Mukonde,

Aiwa zvaonekwa Nyamuzihwa,




#Article 222: Ndemeredzi (yeHurwere) (166 words)


Muchidzidzo chehurapi izwi rokuti ndemeredzi riri kushandiswa kuturikira chinonzi immunity kuEnglish. Kana munhu achinzi ane ndemeredzi kuchirwere zvinoreva kuti chirwere chiri kutaurwa hachigone kupomera paari, kana kuti haachazorwara nacho.

Ndemeredzi yekudowera inowanikwa kana munhu akambobatwa nehurwere kana nehutachiona asi akakwanisa kukunda chirwere ichi; chirwere pachinodzokazve anenge adowera, nyama dzasimbaradzwa zvokuti chirwere hachichamubati. Ndemeredzi yekuRovedzwa ndiyo inonzi adaptive immunity kana acquired immunity kana specialized immunity kuEnglish. Paya panonzi munhu ave kurwara neAIDS zvinoreva kuti ndemeredzi yekudowera inenge yaparara.

Nomurangariro uri pamusoro apo chirwere cheMukondombera AIDS chingadudzirwa sezvinotevera: Mudovodzanwa pakaWondongwa Ndemeredzi yekuRovedzwa. Shoko rokuti mudovodzanwa riri kutirikira chinonzi syndrome kuEnglish kutaura rumomotera rwezvirwere nehutachiona zvauya panguva imwechete nokuda kwekuparara kwakaita ndemeredzi inorwisa hurwere. Syndrome rakaumbwa nemazwi anoiti syn- (together) uye drone (to run). Kuita dovo zvinoreva kumhanya, saka mudovodzanwa uri kurehwa kumhanyidzana kwezvirwere, hutachiona nehumwe hudenengudzwa hunowongororwa nevarapi.

Izwi rokuti ndemeredzi riri kushandiwa pano kuturikira chinonzi immunity chinodudzirwa kuEnglish kuchinzi - Freedom or exemption from any charge, duty, obligation, office, tax, imposition, penalty, or service; a particular privilege.




#Article 223: Kwekwe District, Midlands (214 words)


Kwekwe District (Dunhu diki)  

Kwekwe District nderimwe rematunhu madiki manomwe anovaka Midlands, muZimbabwe.    

Mamwe matunhu diki matanhatu ndeaya: 

Kwekwe District riri paMitsetse yeNyika inoti:

Mbariro dzeTaranyika:-19.0000;
Mutambariko weTaranyika:29.7500. 

Huwandu hwevanhu vedunhu iri muna 2012 hwaiva pa 174,727 

Dunhu iri rine maguta maviri Kwekwe neguta diki Redcliff.

Guta rinonzi Kwekwe ndiwo muzinda weKwekwe District. 
Muguta diki rinonzi Redcliff ndimo mune ZISCO inova kambani hombe kuna dzose dzinobika simbi muZimbabwe. 

Industries Limited inowanikwawo muKwekwe District, mumugwagwa unobatanidza Guta reKwekwe neGuta reKadoma (A5). Iyi ndiyo yoga muZimbabwe kambani inobika Fetaraiza (Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer)  yatinowanza kudaidza kuti AN, fetaraiza yepamusoro.  Sables yakatanga basa muna 1969, nanhasi ichiri kuvimbika munyika yose. 

Kwekwe District yakakomborerwazve neimwe kambabi inogadzira zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nomukaka inonzi Dendairy. Dendairy ndiyo yoga munyika yose inokwanisa gugadzira mukaka (UHT milk) unikwanisa kuchengetedzeka usina kukora nguva inotokwana gore rese usiri mudonhodzo (fridge).
Kambani iyi inogadzirawo mukaka wakakora (fermented milk) unonzi maas, neYogati (youghurt), Aizi Krimu (ice cream), huye zvinwiwa zvinosanganiswa mukaka nomuto wemichero (fruit juices).
 

Kozotiwo mudunhu diki reKwekwe District ndimo mune gwenya ramagetsi rinonzi Munyati. Munyati Power Station iri mujinga moRwizi Munyati kuMaodzanyemba kwakatidzivei kumabvazuva (NNE). 
Pane 30km kubva muguta reKwekwe kuenda kuMunyati Power Station nemuchadenga. 

Mune zvikoro zviviri zvinodzidzisa varimisi muKwekwe District (Agricultural Colleges) zvinoti Mulezu chiri kwaChiwundura neRioZim Foundation Zhombe chinowanikwa kuEmpress Mine kuZhombe .




#Article 224: Rupande (244 words)


Muchidzidzo Masvomhu, shoko rokuti Rupande  (fraction in English) rinoreva chikamu kubva pane chinhu mhumburu. Rupande  kana rwanyorwa rwunotaura kuti pari kuhwerengedzwa zvikamu zvakaenzana zvingani. Sokuti mapande matatu emana (3/4), Rupande  rumwe rwemaviri (1/2), mapande mana emasere (4/7). Pakunyora kwakapfupiswa tichati 4/7 inonyorwa ichingonzi mana-pausere.

Rupande  njee rwakafanana nekuti 1/2, 8/5, 4/7 chakaumbwa chiine nhamba izere pamusoro nenhamba izere pasi. Nhamba yepamusoro inonzi mberengi, iyi nhamba ndiyo inotaura kuti pane zvikamu zvingani zvakaenzana. Nhamba yepasi inonzi chirevazita, iyi nhamba inotaura kuti chinhu chizere (mhumburu) chakaumbwa nezvikamu zvakaenzana zvingani.

Rupande  njee nemhando dzacho

Rupande  njee inhamba yakanyorwa sezvinoti a/b. Apa a na b dzinenge dziri nhamba dzizere; a anonzi mberengi, b anonzi chirevazita. Mberengi inotaura kuti pane zvikamu zvakaenzanz zvingani. chirevazita chinotiudza kuti pane zvikamu zvingani zvakaenzana zvinoumba chizere chose uye hachifanirwe kuva zero. Pamuenzaniso 7/3 uye 5/9, mutsetse uri pakati penhamba mbiri unonzi mutsetse weRupande - fractional line.

Rupande  njee chine mhando mbiri dzinoti Rupande rwakafanira uye Rupande rusakafanira. 

Rupande rwakavhengana chinowanikwa panowedzaniswa nhamba izere neRupande rwakafanira; apa nhamba izere inenge isiri zero. Somuenzaniso kana kuchitaurwa makeke maviri pamwe nehafu yekeke inonyorwa ichinzi .

Rupande  rwakavhengana imwe nzira yokunyora nhamba mhumburu ichiwedzaniswa neRupande rwakafanira. Rupande  rwakavhengana runokwanisa kushandurwa kuva Rupande rusakafanira nenzira inotevera:

Zvinogonanwo kuti Rupande rusakafanira rushandurwe kuva Rupande rwakavhengana nenzira inotevera:

Rupande rwakavhengana runogona kuva nhamba yakademera (negative number in English), sezvizvi , zvichibva zvaenzana sezvizvi .

\

Shoko rokuti Rupande rweMuravanegumi riri kuturikira inonzi decimal fraction kuEnglish. Tarisai chinyorwa chinonzi Rupande rweMuravanegumi.




#Article 225: Yunivhesiti yeOslo (104 words)


Yunivhesiti yeOslo (nechiNorwegian: Universitetet i Oslo) yakavambwa kare yakakura zvikuru ine fundo yepamusoro-soro kupinda mamwe mayunivhesiti muNorway. Yakavakwa muOslo guta guru renyika yeNorway.  Kusvika mugore ra1939 yakapihwa zita rekuti Royal Frederick University (nechiNorwegian: Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet). 

Muyunivhesiti umu mungangosvika 27,700 vadzidzi nevashandi vanosvika 6,000.  Muzvidzidzo zvayo zvinosanganisira zvidzidzo zvaMwari (theology), zvemitemo, zvekurapa, unhu, masvomhu, nezviwanikwa zvine ruzivo rakadzama (natural sciences). Yunivhesiti yakavakwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana muguta reOslo, sekuti Zvidzidzo Zvemutemo zvinoitirwa pakati peguta pachivakwa chekare, uye zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoitirwa pachivakwa chitsva cheBlindern.

Yunivhesiti yakavambwa mugore ra1811 yaishandisa maitirwo aitwa kuYunivhesiti yeCopenhagen uye panguva iyoyo kuchangovambwa Yunivhesiti yeBerlin.  

Yunivhesiti yeOslo ndiko kunowanikwa vakapihwa mibairo yeNobel Prize vashanu.




#Article 226: Rushigido (363 words)


 

Rushigido rwemaJudha  kana kuti Holocaust kuChirungu raiva jambwa rokuurayiwa kukuru kwemaJudah munguva yakarwiwa Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri. Urwu rushambwa rwakatungamirwa naAdolf Hitler neBato reNazi avo vakakonzera kuurayiwa kwemaJudah vaigara muGermany nevamwe vaigara kune mamwe matunhu akanga akapambwa neGermany munguva iyi kuEurope. Nyanzvi dzenhoroondo dzine fungidziro yokuti maJudah vakaurayiwa  nejambwa iri vakasvika mamiriyoni matanhatu (6m). Shoko rekuti Holocaust rinoreva burnt whole, saka kwedu kuChiShona kwanzi rushigido kureva kuti muviri wemunhu waipiswa uri mhumburu kuita dota pasina chaisara.

Zvinonzi panguva iyi muEurope maiva nevagari verudzi rwechiJudah vanosvika mamiriyoni pfumbamwe (9m); muhondo iyi vakatsakatika vaiva zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu (2/3) ivava vakaurayiwa nerushigido. Vana vadiki vechiJudah vakafa murushigido vanosvika miriyoni rimwe (1m), madzimai vakafa vanokwana mamiriyoni maviri (2m) uye varume vakaurayiwa mujambwa iri vanokwana mamiriyoni matatu (3m). Makamba nenzvimbo dzakashandiswa kutenhera, kumbunyikidza nokuuraya maJudah nevamwe vemarudzi akasiyana dzinonzi dzaisvika zviuru makumi mana (40,000).

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzenhoroondo dzinoti nhamba yevanhu vakafa nekupondwa kwemhomho dzevaRomani uye kuurayiwa kwevanhu vakaremara inofanirwa kunge ichiverengwawo sechikamu cherushigido. Saka kune vamwe vadzidzi venhoroondo vanoshandisa irori shoko rekuti rushigido kurevawo vanhu vasiri vechiJudah vakafa mukuponda murakatira kwose kwakaitwa neBato reNazi. Vamwe vakaurayiwa vanosanganisirisa: vasungwa vehondo vekuSoviet Union, uye vanhu vemumaruwa ekuPoland neSoviet Union pamwe nengochani. Nhamba dziri kumisikidzwa zvichibva pakuwa kwakaita Soviet Union dzinoti vanhu vemumaruwa pamwe nevasungwa vehondo vakapondwa neBato reNazi vanosvika mamiriyoni gumi nerimwe (11m).

Kune matanho emitemo akatanga kutemwa muGermany aya matanho achizoteverwa nekufurutswa kwevanhu pamwe nejambwa remharadzarudzi. Kwakatarwa mitemo yakatsaukana yaive nechinangwa chokubvisa maJudah kubva mumaruwa mavaigara; iyi inosanganisira mitemo yeNuremberg yegore 1935 nemimwe yakatarwa Hondo yePasirose yeChipiri isati yatanga. Hurumende yaHitler yakavaka kamba dzenhapwa (concentration camps) uko kwavharirwa vanhu vachishandiswa sevaranda kudzamara vafe nezvirwere kana kuneta. Mumatunhu akanga apambwa neGermany kumabvazuva kweEurope kwakaumbwa zvikwata zvechiwuto zvaita basa rokuponda mhomho dzemaJudah pamwe nevaipikisana nemawuto aya pane zvematongerwo enyika.

Mawuto eGermany mumatunhu avakanga vapamba akaisa mitemo yaimanikika vanhu verudzi rwechiJudah pamwe nevaRomani kuti vagare mumatangwena umo vanhu vaigara riri dzvikitsviki kunzvindana sematemba. Vanhu vaitorw kubva mutangwena umu vachiendeswa nechitima kuenda kukamba dzekuuraya (extermination camps) uko vaiurayiwa munhungu dzechefu yegasi ndokunge vararama rwendo rwechitima.  Mapazi ose ehofisi dzeGermany akanga achibatirana mukushanda mabasa akasvitsa kuti kuve nebaradzarudzi.

Mamwe mazwi anoreva kupisa zvachose ndeanoti: kushigida; kushuguda; kurokoteka; kurukutika; kunyuguda; kunyuguta; dhogoma  (burn beyond redemption). 




#Article 227: Kuunzika (107 words)


Kuunzika (to concentrate) riri kushanda pane kuturikira chinonzi concentrating kuEnglish  - izvi zvinoreva kuungira muchegwa wakakosha uchisarudzwa kubva kune muchegwa wemambara.  Muchegwa wakakosha ndiwo matombo akatakura simbi; aya matombo anochengetwa achipinda mune dzimwe shandura dzinowedzera chiunziko chesimbi. Chinangwa chekuunzika ndechekuti pakupedzisira pave nemuunzikwa wesimbi wakapfuma, simbi ichiwanda kudzamara yasvika pakunatswa. Muunzikwa ishoko riri kuturikira chinonzi concentrate. Kambani yeUnki iri kuShurugwi ine mugodhi unotengesa muunzikwa weplatinamu - platinum concentrate.

Muchegwa wemanyara (gangue mineral) zvinoreva muchegwa uri muchitofu unoraswa nokuti hauna mari. Mambara ndiwo matombo asiri kudiwa 5asina kukosha; aya matombo anoraswa kumotoro achingobva pasi pemugodhi.

Mukutaura kwemazuva ose, kuunzika (accumulate, gather, heap together) zvinoreva kuunganidza semhurwi panzvimbo imwe.




#Article 228: Nhareyamado (105 words)


Nhareyamado kana nharemado (cellphone) imhando yerunhare isina waya dzakabata kwairi inoshanda nemasaisai emhando rwe radio. Nokumwe kutaura inonzi nharembozha.

Shoko rokuti nharemado rinotoredzera kubva pachizinga chinogadzirirwa huchi nenyuchi chine mado ane kuumbwa kwakaita gonyanhanhatu. Kushanda kunoita nharemado ndekwekuti inotambira nokupa mashoko kushongwe iri pedyo. Shongwe dzinopana nokutapurirana mashoko, nharemado  dzotapurirana neShongwe iri pedyo. 

Shongwe dzeNhare (Base Station Towers) dzinowumba dandira reshongwe zhinji dzinopana mashoko. Shongwe imwe neimwe inenge iri munharaunda mayo; nharaunda idzi ndidzo dziri kudanwa kunzi mado. Kureva kuti dandira reshongwe (network) rakaumbwa nemado. Nharaunda dzeShongwe dzakarongeka nokubatana sokurongeka kungafananidzwa nemado ari pachizinga chehuchi hwenyuchi. Munzvimbo zhinji, nharaunda yakakomberedza shongwe ine chiumbiko chakaita gonyanhanhatu. 




#Article 229: Husiku Hwakaenzana (139 words)


Muchidzidzo cheTaranyika (Geography), mazuva eHusiku Hwakaenzana (Equinox) anoitika March 20-21 neSeptember 20-21. Pamazuva aya Denderedzwa reChiedza rinocheka North pole neSouth pole - mativi ose eAkiso anenge ari hhambwe dzakafanana kubva kuzuva - hapana divi rinenge riri pedyo nezuva kudarika rimwe. Zvakare hapana divi reAkiso rinenge rakanongedza kune zuva. Pamazuva aya nzvimbo dzose dziri Pasirose dzinowana husiku hwakaenzana, hwakareba 12 maawa - saka mazuva aya achinzi husiku hwakaenzana- equinox. Nokumwe kutaura tinokwanisa kuti masikujechetere kana masikumaenzane.

Kubva pana March 20-21, nguva yechiedza inoenda ichireba kuhafu yekuMaodzanyemba - kutanga kwenguva yeChirimo (spring) kunzvimbo dziri kuMaodzanyemba kweMutsazanisi. Kunzvimbo dziri kuChamhembe, nguva yechiedza inenge ichiderera, kutanga kwenguva yeMatsutso (autumn) kunzvimbo idzi. 

Kubva pana Sep 20-21, nguva yechiedza inoenda ichiderera kuhafu yekuMaodzanyemba - iyi inguva yemwaka weMatsutso] (autumn) kunzvimbo dziri kuMaodzanyemba kweMuenzanisi. Kunzvimbo dziri kuChamhembe, nguva yechiedza inenge ichireba, nguva yemwaka weChirimo kunzvimbo idzi.




#Article 230: Nhukira (hombesa) (185 words)


Muchidzidzo chemasvomhu, nhukira imhando yezvinyanye inoreva mwero wekukurisa kwehuwandu hwechinhu chiri kutaurwa nezvacho.

Zvinyanye (Extrema) - iri shoko rinodudzira panogumira hukuru uye huduku hwemupimo uri kutaurwa nezvawo. Sokuti mvura inowanikwa pakati pezvinyanye zve 0-100o Celsius. Zvinyanye izita rapiwa richitora pakutaura kwemazuva ose patinoti zvanyanya, zvanyanyisa kana kuti zvakanyanya - kuChirungu vachiti extreme or extremely. Kana totarisa humwe hweZvinyanye tinoti chinyanye (extremum, singular)

Nhukira (Maximum) - iri izita rapiwa kududzira panogumira hukuru hwemupimo uri kutaurwa nezvawo. Sokuti muZimbabwe motokari dzinotenderwa Nhukira yemuchacha we 120 km/hr pamigwagwa mikuru. Mukutaura kwemazuva ose nhukira inzvimbo yakakwirira, pamusoro-soro pegomo.

Nhika (Minimum) - iri izita rapiwa kududzira panogumira huduku hwemupimo uri kutaurwa nezvawo. Sokuti hurumende inoronga kutara mari inotambiriswa vashandi ive panhika ye$150 pamwedzig. Pakutaura kwemazuva ose nhika inzvimbo iri pakadzika tichifananidza nenhraunda yenzvimbo iyoyo.

Mwanza (Average) - iri izita rapiwa kudzudzira nhamba inowanikwa kana nhamba dziripo dzahwerengedzwa, dzichizogovaniswa nehuwandu hwenhamba dziripo. Sokuti vana vanopedza Chikoro ChePrimary vari pamwanza wemakore 13 ekuberekwa.

Guwe (Mode) - iri zita rapiwa kududzira nhamba inoonekwa zvizhinji paboka renhamba dziri kutaurwa nezvadzo. Sokuti kana tiine boka (set) renhamba dzinotevera: 3,4,6,7,8,9,10,4,11,2,1,4; tinenge toti nhamba 4 ndiro guwe




#Article 231: Chindeya (115 words)


Muzvidzidzo zvinoti: taranyika; jekanyika; fundoyetsimba, chindeya izita riri kutorwa kumirira anonzi planets kuEnglish anova mitumbi inopoterera zuva. Nyeredzi imwe neimwe ine boterero rainofamba mariri ichipoterera zuva.

Zvindeya zvinosanganisira mitumbi inoti: Earth; Mars; Jupiter; Mecury; Venus; Saturn, Uranus neNeptune.. Idzi ndizvo zvindeya zvine maboterekwa anopoterera zuva ratinoona rinobuda nokunyura panyika yatigere. Kubatanidzwa kwezvindeya idzi pamwe nezuva kunodanwa kuEnglish kunzi Solar System - kuShona tichati Mutandiro weMushana, iro izwi rokuti mushana richimirira zuva ratinozambira panyika.

Mutumbi wePluto waimboshevedzerwa kunzi chindeya asi zvakazoshandurwa neInternational Astronomical Union. Iye zvino Pluto yakushevedzerwa kunzi nyeredzi diki (dwarf planet).

Zvakanaka kuwonesana kuti izwi rokuti chindeya haritaurwi semashandisiro ariri kuitwa pano kuShona inodzidziswa muzvikoro. Kana Shoko ririmnani rabuda, Shoko rokuti chindeya rinokwanisa kushandurwa.




#Article 232: Kutambanura (nhamba) (114 words)


Muchidzidzo masvomhu, kutambanura (Exponentiation in English) chiitiko chinonyorwa sezvizvi, bn, chinotora nhamba mbiri, hwaro b ne mutambanuri (kana munongedzo) n. Kana n ari nhamba izere uye ari nhamba yakakura kudarika zero, kutambanura kwakafanana nokupamha kuwanza. Izvi zvinonyorwa sezvizvi:

zvinoda kunofanana ne kuwanza kunova kunodzokorora kukumbanidza:

Kurerutsa Mutauro

Zvakakosha kuti pave nekuturikirwa kwemazwi anoshandiswa kuEnglish kuti kutaura kureruke sezvizvi:

Mukutaura kwemazuva ose kutambanura zvinoreva kurebesa tambo nenzira yokubhedhenura kana kumononora - (uncoil).

Shoko rokuti kutambanura (hold out hand; open out roll) rinoreva kutambanudza ruwoko kana kupetenura chinhu chakapetwa, izvi zvoita kuti hukuru hwacho huwonekwe.

Kutambanura (to stretch out thing that is folded) zvichireva kubhedhenura chiro chakapetwa. Apa zvoreva kuti chinotambanuka hukuru hwacho hunobva hwanatsa kuonekwa.




#Article 233: Gustave Coriolis (433 words)


Gustave Coriolis (1792-1843) aiva murume wekuFrance anozivikanwa nokududzira chiitiko chinozivikanwa chokuti mitutu yemhepo inomonereka nemativi akasiyana kuChamhembe  nekuMaodzanyemba kweMuenzanisi.

Pachinyorwa chino Coriolis Effect iri kuturikirwa kunzi Musaka waCoriolis uye inotsangangurwa sezvinotevera. 

Musaka waCoriolis unoonekwa pakuti kuChamhembe mweya uri mudutu remhepo unomonereka nedivi rakarondana nekiroko; asi kuMaodzanyemba mweya uri mudutu remhepo unomonereka nedivi rakapokana nekiroko. 
 
Mhepo inokonzerwa nokusiyana kwepuresha yemweya munzvimbo dzakasiyana pano paNyika. Mhepo inovhuvhuta ichibva kupuresha yakakwirira ichienda kupuresha yakaderera.  Apo mhepo inofamba ichienda kune puresha yakaderera (sezvarehwa), gwara rainotevera rinopandana negwara repakutanga; izvi zvichikonzerwa neFosi yaCoriolis. Mhepo inovhuvhuta kuChamhembe kweMuenzanisi inopandukira kuruboshwe ichisundwa neFosi yaCoriolis. Mhepo inovhuvhuta kuMaodzanyemba kweMuenzanisi inopandukira kurudyi. Mwero wekupanduka kwemhepo kubva mugwara repakutanga unoyenderana nespidhi kuti mhepo iri muvhuvhuta munzvimbo yerumbariro rwupi. Mhepo ine spidhi yakakakura inopanduka zvakakurawo. Mhepo iri kuvhuvhuta kurumbariro rwakakwirira pedyo nemagonga (poles) inopanduka zvakanyanya kubva mugwara repakutanga.  Fosi yaCoriolis inenge iri zero pamuenzanisi.

Fosi yaCoriolis inotsanangurwa nokucherechedza zvinhu zvinotevera:

Pakukumonereka kunoita Nyika paakiso, inomonereka ichibva kuMadokero kuenda kuMabvazuva. Spidhi paGonyo (angular velocity) yakaenzana munzvimbo dzose paNyika. Spidhi paMutsara (linear velocity) yakasiyana zvichienderana nenhambwe iripo kubva paMuenzanisi - iyi yakakwirisa pamuenzanisi yoenda ichiderera kumagonga ekuChamhembe nekuMaodzanyemba.

Mutumbi usina kubatirira pasi uri kuhamba kubva kuchamhembe kana kuMaodzanyemba unoramba uine spidhi yakarereka kuMabvazuva yepanzvimbo pawatangira kufamba isingashanduke. Mutumbi uri kubva paMuenzanisi unoramba une spidhi yakaenzana nemimwe mitumbi yakasara paMuenzanizi; pakufamba kwemutumbi uyu kuenda kuChamhembe kana kuMaodzanyemba, unogumisidza wave nespidhi inodarika yenzvimbo dzeNyika dziri kure neMuenzanisi. Mhedzisiro yacho ndeyekuti mutumbi uri kubva paMuenzanisi uchienda kuMaodzanyemba unoita spidhi yakarereka kuMabvazuva inodarika spidhi yenzvimbo dziri pasi pawo - kutaridzika kwazvo kunoita kunge mutumbi uyu wasundwa ukapandukira kuMabvazuva.  Mutumbi uri kuenda kuMuenzanisi uchibva kuMaodzanyemba unoita spidhi yakarereka kuMabvazuva yakaderera pane spidhi yenzvimbo dziri pasi pawo - kutaridzika kwazvo kunoita kunge mutumbi uyu wasundwa ukapandukira kuMadokero.  

Zvakanaka kuonesana kuti Fosi yaCoriolis haisi fosi yemazvirokwazvo - hakuna fosi chaiyo inobata mhepo kana mitumbi saizvozvi. Chiri kurasisa meso apa ndechekuti mitumbi yakasununguka kubva pasi inenge ichifamba nespidhi yakasiyana nenzvimbo dziri pas kuenda kurudyi kana kuruboshwe. Naizvozvo Fosi yaCoriolis ingadzi fosi yekufungidzira.

Ngativambei nemutumbi uri panzvimbo yepaNyika ine spidhi yakarerekera kuMabvazuva inozivikanwa. Zvino tochifambisa mutumbi uyu tichienda kuMabvazuva kana kuMadokero nespidhi yakasiyana nespidhi iri panzvimbo yepaNyika patangirwa. Mufananidzo uri pano wakaita sedombo rakasungirwa pandandi inotatamuka (dombo richitaramuka) panokwira spidhi, ndanndi yodzokera pahupfupi (dombo richidzoka pedyo) panodzika spidhi. Zvinocherechedzwa ndezvekuti mitumbi (yakadai sendege kana zvipotswa) iri kuenda kuMabvazuva inoda kutaramuka kubva paAkiso yeNyika, naizvozvo mitumbi iyi inopandukira kwakadziva kuMuenzanisi ichisiya gwara repakutanga - izvi kuitira kuti nhambwe kubva paAkiso irebeswe.  Mitumbi iri kuenda kuMadokero inoda kuswedera kuAkiso yeNyika, naizvozvo mitumbi iyi inopandukira kubva kuMuenzanisi ichisiya gwara repakutanga - izvi kuitira kuti nhambwe kubva paAkiso ipfupiswe.




#Article 234: Mbariro dzeTaranyika (107 words)


Muzvidzidzo zvinotevera: Taranyika; Jekanyika, nePimanzvimbo, Mbariro dzeTaranyika, (Latitude) mitsetse inobatanidza nzvimbo dzine nhambwe yegonyo yakaenzana kana gonyo richipimwa kubva paMuenzanisi zvichienda kuMaodzanyemba kana kuChamhembe kweMuenzanisi. 

Rumbariro runoverengwa zvichibva paMuenzanisi uyo unopiwa nhamba 0o. Nhamba yerumbariro inokwira zvichienda kuNorth pole - nhamba dzichipiwa vara (+), kudzamara dzasvika pa +90o. Nhamba yerumbariro inodzika zvichenda kuSouth pole, nhamba dzichipiwa vara (-), kudzamara dzasvika pa -90o. Izvi zvinoreva kuti latitude 20o iri kuMaodzanyemba kweMuenzanisi; rumbariro -30o kana kuti 30oS iri kuChamhembe kweMuenzanisi. Mepu inotaridza mitsetse yelatitude ichibva kamadokero kuenda kumabvazuva.

Zvizere zvinotsanangura kukosha kwerumbariro zvinowanikwa pachinyorwa Mwaka yepaNyika.
Nokumwe kutaura tingaturikira tichiti runera kana kuti muyeramwaka. Gonga rekuChamhembe riri parumbariro 90oS.




#Article 235: Spidhi yepaGonyo (120 words)


Spidhi yepaGonyo (angular velocity) unotaurwa kana chinhu chiri kutenderera pamunyonga kana kuti pachikamu chedenderedzwa. Pakadai chiumbwa ichi chinenge chisingatize kubva pakati pedenderedzwa panova ndipo pane akiso yekutenderera. Saka muchacha wepa gonya unokwanisa kupimwa kuchitevedzwa kuti chatenderera gonya rakakura zvakadii. 

Muchacha pima negonya unopimwa nechiyero chinonzi radian pa mineti uye unonyorwa uchiratidzwa nevara rinoti  omega (ω, kana kuti Ω).

Spidhi yepaGonyo unoshandiswa kunyanya panotaurwa kuti muchina inotendera pamutanda weakiso inomhanya zvakadini. Michina iyi inosanganisira: injini, gwenya, vhiri nemimwewo.

Somuenzaniso kana injini ichimhanya kunotaurwa Spidhi yepaGonyo yeinjini unopimwa nechiyero chinonzi dendera pa mineti. Injini inokwanisa kumhanya nemuchacha wepa gonya unosvika 2000 dendera pa mineti kana kuti 2000 revs per minute. Zvakakosha tionesane kuti dendera roga-roga rinomirira 360o, saka dendera pacharowo rinopima gonya.




#Article 236: Mitambariko yeTaranyika (217 words)


Muzvidzidzo zvinotevera: Jekanyika; Taranyika nepimanyika, Mitambariko (Longitude) mitsetse inobatanidza nzvimbo dzine nhambwe yegonyo yakaenzana kana gonyo richipimwa kubva paPrime (Greenwich) zvichienda kuMabvazuva kana kuMadokero ePrime Meridian. Pahumwe tochiti Mutambariko.

Mitambariko inoverengwa ichibva paPrime Meridian iyo inopiwa nhamba 0o. Nhamba yemitambariko yeTaranyika inokwira zvichienda kuMabvazuva - nhamba dzichipiwa vara (+), kudzamara dzasvika pa +180o. Nhamba yeMitambariko inodzika zvichenda kuMadokero, nhamba dzichipiwa vara (-), kudzamara dzasvika pa -180o. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mutambariko weTaranyika +20o huri kuMabvazuva kwePrime Meridian; mutambariko weTaranyika -30o huri kuMadokero kwePrime Meridian.

Mitambariko yeTaranyika inobatanidza gonga remaodzanyemba negonga rechamhembe. Nzvimbo dzose dziri paMitambariko imwe dzinenge dziri panhamba yemutambariko weTaranyika yakaenzana.

Mitambariko yeTaranyika inoverengwa iri 0-180oE tichienda kuMabvazuva uye 0-180oW tichienda kuMadokero. Zvinoreva kuti gonyo reMitambariko yeTaranyika dzinohwerengedzwa kusvika pa360o. Taona zvakare kuti nyika inoziririka kutenderera kamwe pamahawa 24h - mahawa 24h anoenderana ne 360o. Panofambwa 15o yoga-yoga nguva inochinja nehawa imwe (1h). 

Nyika yeZimbabwe iri murumana rwemutambariko weTaranyika (longitude) +30oE. Pose panoshanduka mutambariko weTaranyika ne 15o, nguva inoshanduka awa rimwe (1h). Nokudaro Zimbabwe inopiwa nguva yakawedzerwa 2h (awa 2) zvichienzaniswa nenguva iri paPrime Meridian. Somuenzaniso kana nguva iri paPrime Meridian iri pa 06:00hrs, nguva yeZimbabwe inenge iri pa 08:00hrs. Nguva iri paPrime Meridian inonzi Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Nokumwe kutaura nguva yeZimbabwe inodanwa ichinzi GMT + 2hrs.

Zvizhinji zvinotsangura kushanda kwemitambariko yeTaranyika zvinowanikwa pachinyorwa Mwaka yepaNyika.




#Article 237: Mathias Kanda (239 words)


Mathias Mirimi Kanda (2 June 1942 #x2D; 30 October 2009)+ agaari muZimbabwean mutsara ne munda mutambi vakaberekerwa kuChivhu   uyo vaikwikwidzana muna  

Cheffers akafunga kuti Kanda hayenenguvha kuwana medal muna Mexican Olympic yedaro refu. Mumakore vhiki mu June 1968, Kanda wakahwina Zimbabwe / Rhodesian Olympic Marathon kuyitwa kuBulawayo (nenguva 4500 nekuyenda netsoka) muna 2: 27: 04.7 kumhepo inotonora kosi kuti akanga ane 8 kiromita kuyita pakupera kwekosi.  On 4 May 1968 Kanda uyewo Mahwina South African yedaro refu Championship (panguva Libanon Mine Track 20 chete kubva Johannesburg) pa 5337 tsoka ari 2: 27: 24.8.  Tichifunga kuti vose marudzi vakanga chinokosha kukwira (pamwe Libanon Mine Track pedyo 7382 tsoka Mexico City) Kanda zvakanaka vakaumbwa ambotiza pana Mexico City. Bulawayo nguva yake angadai vatora 6th muna Mexico Olympic yedaro refu. Akakunda Republic of South Africa yedaro refu Championships muna 1964, 1968 uye 1969 uye, sezvo gore ra2013, akasungirirwa nevamwe vanoverengeka sezvo mumhanyi anenge akunda zvikuru yedaro refu Championships kuSouth African kumhanya nhoroondo.   kurovedza Kanda ari mangwanani Kuma1960 zvaisanganisira uchimuka nenguva 3:00 am, kuenda kuti kurovedza run, ipapo basketball kushanda (panguva Bulawayo City Council), uye ipapo kuenda kuti kurovedzwa run pashure basa. 

Akanga nyaya mufananidzo yakatorwa David Paynter muna 1968 iyo akava Associated Press June 1968 Photo romwedzi.  Munguva mufananidzo, Kanda anoonekwa achimhanya pamusoro chitima. mufananidzo uyu kwave Zvinyorwa kakawanda nevamwe vemifananidzo uye chiratidzo vagadziri kubvira 1968. The 26 July 1968 Life Magazinerakabudiswa mufananidzo uyu papeji 30.  Ari vasiya mudzimai, Florence, nevana vatanhatu.




#Article 238: Gutse reVarapwa (116 words)


Mazwi ekuti Gutse reVarapwa ari kushandiswa pano kuturikira chinonzi Medical Aid Society or Medical Insurance kuEnglish. Nokumwe kutaura tinokwanisa kuti Nzanga yeChikutse cheVarapwa. 

Duramazwi rinoturikira izwi rokuti Society richiti Nzanga. Mhando dzeNzanga idzi dziri boka revarapwa vanokutsirana kuripa mari inodiwa kuti nhengo yeNzanga inenge yarwara kana kurwarirwa iwane rubatsiro rweVarapi. Mazwi okuti chikutse kana kukutsira tinoanzwa kazhinji kana vanhu vaviri kudarika vakabatsirana kurwisa munhu mumwe anonetsa kukurira wamurwisa uri wega. Aya ndiwo mashandiro anoita Gutse reVarapwa pakuti mwedzi uchipera nhengo dzeGutse dzinoripa mari inopinda muguvi remari inozoshandiswa kana imwe nhengo yarwara kana kurwarirwa.

Kune mitemo inotevedzwa inotaura kuti guvi remari iyi rinoshandiswa sei. Nzanga zhinji dzinoripa chikamu chemari yekurapa nhengo dzarwara; imwe mari yasara inoripwa nomurapwa.




#Article 239: Mipanda yeRopa (222 words)


Vanhu tine ropa rakasiyana. Nyanzvi dzehurapi dzakawongorora ropa nokurironga muMipanda yeRopa zvichienderana nokusiyana kwarakaita.

Ropa rinowanikwa mumipanda inonzi Mupanda A, Mupanda B, Mupanda AB neMupanda O. Mipanda yeRopa inotevedza madzivaureya  (antibodies) anowanikwa mumutuvi weropa uye mabaraureya (antigens) anowanikwa padeko renyere tsvuku dzeropa - red blood cells. Mhasa iri kurudyi iyo inotaridza mipanda yeropa saizvozvi - kuronga uku kunotevedza Dandira reMipanda ABO rakaitwa nemuJudah ainzi Karl Landsteiner. Kune dzimwe nzira dzokuronga nadzo Mipanda yeRopa dzinoshandisa maDandira akasiyana.

Vanhu vane ropa reMupanda O vanokwanisa kupa nyere tsvuku dzeropa kuvanhu vamwe vose. Nokudaro mupanda O unodanwa kunzi mupi wedekeshera - universal donor. Vanhu vane ropa remupanda AB vanokwanosa kugashira nyere tsvuku dzeropa kubva kuvanhu vose. Nokudaro mupanda AB unodanwa kunzi mugashiri wedekeshera - universal recipient.  Pano izwi rokuti dekeshera riri kushandiswa kuturikira chinonzi multitude kana universal kuEnglish - vamwe vatauri vangati dekeshera.   Izwi rokuti nyere riri kushandiawa kuturikira chinonzi cell.

Mazwi anoti dzivaureya  kana mhikisaureya ari kushandiswa pano kuturikira chinonzi antibody kuEnglish – apa kureva murimo uri mumuviri unoshanda basa rekurwisa kareya kose kapinda mumuviri. Chinongo kana kareya takatarisana nehurapi chinenge chiri chiro chisina kunakira muviri: ichi chingava chinokonzera hurwere; kusashanda nemazvo kwenhengo dzemuviri kana kuti chiro chisina kugona kuzivikanwa nomuviri. Chinongo kana kareya zvinoreva blemish or flaw kuEnglish. Kuwanda kwemazwi asarudzwa kududzira antibody inzira yokubvuma kuti pachiri kutsvagwa izwi chairo rakafanira, rinova ndiro richazopfumbira. 




#Article 240: Baraureya (118 words)


Mazwi okuti mabaraureya kana baraureya ari kushandiswa pano kuturikira chinonzi antigen kuEnglish chinova chiro chinokonzera kuti muviri uburitse mhando yemurimo unonzi dzivaureya – antibody.

Chivakashure chokuti ureya chiri kutodzaniswa nezwi rinoti kareya (blemish, flaw) rinoreva chiro chinonyangadza kana kushatisa panhu - takanangana nehurapi chinenge chiri chinhu chinokanganisa hutano hwemuviri kana chapinda. Chivakamberi chokuti bara- chiri kutodzaniswa nezwi rinoti Kupara (Set-up, Establish, Found) rinoreva kuvamba knap kudzika sangano, nzanga kana Kereke. Takanangana nehurapi baraureya ndicho chipenyu chiri kukonzeresa kuti muviri uburitse madzivaureya – antibodies. Apa kureva kuti baraureya riri kudenha kubuda kwedzivaureya.

Vamwe vangada kuturikira vachiti baradzivaureya kureva icho chinodenha kubuditswa kwemurimo unonzi antibody kuEnglish.

Barandemo,  kana barandemeredzi riri kuturikira chinonzi immunogen kuEnglish - pahuwandu toti mabarandemo kana mabarandemeredzi.




#Article 241: Nyere (Dzezvipenyu) (110 words)


Nhengo dzose dzezvinhu zvinorarama dzakaumbwa nenyere (cells) dzinova ndidzo zvikamu zvidukusa zvinokwanisa kuita mabasa anoraramisa zvinhu zvipenyu. Kune marudzi akawanda enyere ane mabasa akasiyana uye zvimiro zvakasiyana. 

Nyere dzinonyanya kutaurwa inyerehadzi nenyererume dzemhuka kana madzinde. Mudzimai paanobata pamuviri nyererume inowanikwa muhuronyo inenge yabatana nenyerekadzi inosvinwa kubva kumunhukadzi kamwe pamwedzi. Panonyengana nyere mbiri idzi ndipo panovamba hupenyu hwemunhu muchibereko chemunhukadzi. Mururimi rweChiShona chipenyu chinoumbwa panobatana nyere mbiri idzi tichati chinonzi chipandamwana zygote.

Shoko rokuti Nyere rinowanikwa panotaurwa chizinga chinorongerwa huchi nenyuchi - cell of a honeycomb. Chizinga chehuchi chine nyere dzine chiumbiko chakaita gonyanhanhatu (hexagon). Kuumbwa kwakaitwa chizinga nekubatana kwenyere dziri pachiri kunoda kufanana nekuumbwa kwakaitwa nhengo dzemuviri dzichibatanidza nyere dzakatsaukana. 




#Article 242: Chouviri (150 words)


Mazwi anoti chouviri kana uviri riri kushandiswa pano kutaura zviwanikwa zvakadai sendarama, ngoda, nzizi, michero zvirimo munyika zvekuti vanhu vanokwanisa kukohwa kubva pazviri vachishandisa - apa kureva chinonzi resources  muChirungu. Nekumwe kutaura tinokwanisa kuti zviwanikwa.  Nokumwe kutaura shoko rokuti chouviri rinoshanda kuturikira panoda kunzi resources - apa chouviri chiri chiro chinobatsira munhu kugona kuzviraramisa achiwana kudya, mbatya neimba yekugara.

Izwi rokuti kuvirika kana kuirika rinoreva kuwedzera pane zvisina kuzara kuti zvisvike pakuzara. Mwero uyu wezvinhu zvinowedzerwa kusvika pakuzara unonzi mhiriko. Chouviri zvinoreva chiro chiripo chokuti munhu anopota achinokora, kutanha, kana kuwana mamwe mabatiro nacho kuti ararame. Izwi rokuti mhirimo rinoshandiswa kureva hari inotakurirwa doro kubva pamabiko panga pane doro zhinji. Aya ndiwo mashandiro echinonzi resource, chinenge chiri chiro chinokwanisika kunoshandiswa kumwe. Nokudaro mazwi anotodzana aya anenge ndiwo akafanira kuturikira chinonzi resource kuEnglish.

Nyika yeZimbabwe yakashongedzwa (is resourced) nemhirimo zhinji dzinosanganisira: ngoda; platinum; marasha; nzizi; mapopoma; ivhu rekurima; mhuka dzesango zvichingodaro. 




#Article 243: Dzikamudza (168 words)


Izwi rokuti dzikamudza ari kushandiswa pano kuturikira chinonzi substance kuEnglish, unova mushonga usingashanduke pachiviri chawo uye pakukumbanidzwa kwemishonga. Kana pachinzi dzikamudza kureva kuti mushonga uyu haugone kupamburwa pasina kugura zvisungo zvemishonga. Nokumwe kutaura tingati substance ndiwo muro wakaumba chiro. 

Izwi rokuti substance rinobva kuzwi reLatin rinoti substantia; izwi iri rine zvikamu zviviri zvinoti sub  uye stantia.  Chivakamberi sub chinoreva under. Chivakashure stantia chinoreva to stand. Tichidzokera kuChiShona, chivakashure mudza chinoreva nzvimbo iri kutsi kana pasi pechinhu; chikamu chinoti dzika chiri kubva pazwi rokuti kutsika. Izvi zvoreva kuti substance iri kuwonekwa sechiro chakatsika mudza. Pahuwandu tinenge toti madzikamudza kureva substances. Vamwe vatauri vangada kuti dzikakutsi, apa izwi rokuti kutsi kuchireva nzvimbo iri pasi kana mukati.

Mvura muenzaniso wedzikamudza dzvene; rine faniro dzisingashanduke uye rheshiyo yeoxygen nehydrogen zvisingachinje - apa hazvinei kuti mvura  yacherwa murukova kana kuti yagadzirwa murabhotori. Mimwe mirimo inowanikwa iri mitsvene inosanganisira: diamond; munyu wekubikisa (Kloraidhi yeSodhiyamu); shuga negoridhe. Asi kashoma kuti dzikamudza riwanikwe uri muutsvene hwakaperera; asi hutsvene hunorehwa zvichienderana nezvikamu zvedzikamudza zviri pamushonga uri kuwongororwa.




#Article 244: Shongwe yeBabel (285 words)


Shongwe yeBabel  (Tower of Babel) inotaurwa muBhaibheri senzvimbo yakaungana guwende revanhu vaine chinangwa chokuvaka shongwe inosvika kudenga. Vanhu ava vakanga vaine donzvo rimwe; vaida kuti zita ravo nemabasa avo akurumbire. Vakati kana tavaka shongwe iyi, tichaita mukurumbira uchapfumbira pakutaurwa kwenhoroondo yevanhu.  

Shoko raMwari rinotaura kuti Mwari vakasika munhu wokutanga anonzi Adam. Uyu Adam ndiye akazova tateguru wevanhu vakapararira Pasirose. Mushure memakore 1656, Mwari vakaparadza nyika neguwe remvura rakatekeshera Pasirose. Guwe iri rakaparadza vanhu vose kukararama vanomwe chete. Panyika pakasara: Noah nemudzimai wake; vanakomana vake vatatu nemadzimai avo - kureva kuti kwakararama vanhu vanomwe (8). Mushure mezvi, Mwari vakaraira vanhu kuti vaberekane vagowanda zvokuzadza Pasirose - Genesis 9:1.  

Vanhu vakazvarwa mushure meGuwe raNoah havana kuda kutya Mwari; vakaita chirangano chokuti vavake Shongwe paBabel kuti mazita avo nemabasa avo agove nemukurumbira kana vachinge vapararira nenyika. Shoko raMwari (Genesis 11:3-4) rinoti panguva iyi vanhu vakanga vari verudzi rumwe, vaine mutauro mumwe uye vachigona kunzwisisana vose. Shoko rinowonesa kuti Mwari havana kufara nechinangwa chevanhu chekuda kuzvitsvakira mbiri, saka Mwari vakaranga vanhu nokuvapa mitauro yakasiyana kuti vasakwanise kunzwanane. Kubva pakurangwa ikoku, Mwari vakaparadzanisa vanhu ndokuvaendesa kunyika dzakasiyana. (Genesis 11:6-9).

Nyanzvi dzinobata Bhaibheri neScience dzinoti ipapa pakuparadzaniswa kwakaitwa mapoka evanhu paShongwe yeBabel ndipo pakabvawo kuzosiyana kweganda revanhu vematunhu akatsukana. Nokuti mapoka aya havaizova vakafanana pane zvose; vamwe vaiwandira pakuva nemelanin zhinji voita vatema, vamwe vachiwandira pakuva nemelanin shoma voita vachena, vamwe vaine melanin iri chepakati voita vashava zvichingodaro. Mapoka akaenda kwakasiyana akatanga kutsaukana patsika, ganda, vhudzi chiviri nechimiro. Nokufamba kwenguva zvaiti vanhu veboka rimwe vairoorana pachavo nokuti vainzwanana mutauro uye vaigara munyika imwe. Pakuzvarwa kwevanhu kwakatanga kuve nemusiyano weganda pakati pamapoka aya; izvi zvikapa kuti kuve nesu Vanhu Vatema; Varungu; maIndia; maChina; Marudzi eChivare kuNorth America; Marudzi eChivare kuAustralia; maArab zvichingodaro. 




#Article 245: Marudzi eChivare (119 words)


Mazwi okuti Marudzi eChivare ari kushandiswa pano kuturikira chinonzi indigenous tribe or peoples kuEnglish, apa kuchirehwa vanhu vemarudzi akatanga kugara munyika dzavagere iko zvino. Ava vanhu ndivo vane matateguru vakavamba kutema ruvara munyika, vakava ndivo ana banguranyika vekatangidzira munyika idzi. Somuenzaniso vanhu vatema ndivo marudzi echivare munyika zhinji dzeAfrica.

Mazwi rokuti chivare rinoreva chinhu, chisakamboitwa chiri kuitwa kekutanga. Izwi rinotaura chiito (verb) nderinoti kuvarura kana kuparura. Saka Rudzi rweChivare zvoreva rudzi rwakavamba kugara munzvimbo isati yambogarwa nemamwe marudzi - apa tichitarisa nhoroondo ine humbowo hunozivikanwa chete.

Aya mazwi haashandiswe mukutaura kweVaShona pari zvino, anyorwa pano nechinangwa chokuedza kuumba mutauro chete. Kana kuchizowanikwa mazwi ari nani aya mazwi achabviswa. Vamwe vatauri vangada kuti mwana wevhu, vana vevhu kana vene venyika.




#Article 246: Chimbwamupengo (571 words)


Chimbwamupengo ivhairasi rechirwere chinokonzera kuzvimba kweuropi muvanhu nedzimwe mhuka dzine ropa rinodziya. Zviratidzo zvokutanga zvinogona kusanganisira fivha uye kubayabaya panzvimbo inenge yapinda utachiona. Zviratidzo izvi zvinoteverwa nechimwe chete kana zviviri zvezvinotevera: maitiro echisimba, kufarisa kusina muganhu, kutya mvura, kutadza kufambisa dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri, kuvhiringidzika, uye kufenda. Kana zviratidzo zvaoneka, chimbwamupengo kakawanda kacho chinouraya. Kubva panguva yokutapurirwa utachiona kusvika panotanga kuoneka zviratidzo, panowanzova nemwedzi mumwe chete kusvika kumitatu. Zvisinei, nguva iyi inogona kusiyana-siyana ichitangira pasi pevhiki rimwe chete kusvikira kugore kana kudarika. Kureba kwenguva kunotsamira pakuti vhairasi racho rinofanira kufamba daro rakadini kuti risvike kumuzongoza uye uropi. 

Chimbwamupengo chinotapurirwa kuvanhu chichibva kune dzimwe mhuka. Chimbwamupengo chinogona kutapurirwa kana mhuka inacho ikamara kana kuruma imwe kana munhu. Rute rwemhuka ine utachiona runogonawo kutapurira chimbwamupengo kana rukaenda pamikana inobuda kunze kwomuviri yeimwe mhuka kana munhu. Kakawanda, chimbwamupengo muvanhu chinobva pakurumwa nembwa. Munyika dzine imbwa dzakawanda dzine chimbwamupengo, inopfuura 99% yechimbwamupengo inokonzerwa nokurumwa nembwa. Munzvimbo dzeAmericas, kurumwa nechiremwaremwa ndiko kunonyanya kukonzera kutapukira kwechimbwamupengo, uye kutapukira kuri pasi pe5% kunokonzerwa nembwa. Kashoma chaizvo kuti mbeva nezvimwe zvakada kudaro zvitapurirwe chimbwamupengo. Vhairasi rechimbwamupengo rinofamba kuenda kuuropi richitevedza manevhi ekunze. Chirwere ichi chinogona chete kuzivikanwa kuti ndicho kana zviratidzo zvacho zvatanga kuoneka.

Mitemo yokuchengetedza mhuka uye zvirongwa zvokudzibaya ndizvo zvaderedza kutapukira kwechimbwamupengo kubva kumbwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi. Zvinokurudzirwa kufanobaya mishonga yokudzivirira vaya vane mikana yakakura yekutapurirwa chirwere ichi. Vari pangozi yakanyanya vanosanganisira vanoshanda nezviremwaremwa kana vaya vanotora nguva yakareba vari munzvimbo dzenyika dzinonyanya kuva nechirwere chacho. Kuvanhu vanenge vaita mukana wokubatwa nechimbwamupengo, mushonga wokudzivirira chimbwamupengo uye dzimwe nguva immunoglobulin yechimbwamupengo zvinogona kushanda pakudzivirira kuti vasabatwe nechirwere ndokunge varapiwa zviratidzo zvechimbwamupengo zvisati zvatanga. Kugeza panenge parumwa kana kumarwa kwemaminitsi 15 nesipo nemvura, povidone iodine, kana mishonga yokuchenesa nayo zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinogona kudzivirira kutapukira kwechimbwamupengo sezvo zvichigona kuuraya vhairasi racho. Vashomanene chete ndivo vakapukunyuka utachiona hwechimbwamupengo pashure pokunge vatanga kuratidza zviratidzo zvokuva nacho.  Ava vakawana marapiro akasimba anozivikanwa seMilwaukee protocol.

Mushonga wekudzivirira chimbwamupengo mushonga wekudzivirira unoshandiswa kudzivirira chimbwamupengo. Kune yakati wandei inoshandisika zvisina ngozi uye inoshanda. Inogona kushandiswa kudzivirira chimbwamupengo kubvira panguva munhu yaanenge asati awana utachiona kusvikira kunyange pashure pokunge arumwa nembwa kana chiremwaremwa. Pashure pokuwana mushonga katatu, kudzivirirwa kunobva kwaita kwenguva yakareba. Mishonga yacho inowanzoita zvokubayiwa nejekiseni muganda kana patsandanyama. Kana munhu ambova pangozi yokuwana chirwere, mushonga wokudzivirira wacho unowanzoshandiswa pamwechete neimmunoglobulin yechimbwamupengo. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti vaya vane mikana yakakura yekutapurirwa chirwere ichi vafanobayiwa mishonga yokudzivirira. Mishonga yokudzivirira inoshanda zvakanaka muvanhu nepadzimwe mhuka. Kubaya imbwa kunoshanda chaizvo pakudzivirira vanhu pachirwere.

Mamiriyoni evanhu pasi rose vakabayiwa mishonga yokudzivirira uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti izvi zvinoponesa upenyu hwevanhu vanodarika 250,000 pagore. Inogona kushandisirwa vanhu vemazera ose. Vanhu vari pakati pe35 kusvika 45 muzana vanomboita kanguva kadiki kokuti pacho pabaiwa jekiseni panotsvuka uye kurwadza. Vanhu vari pakati pe5 kusvika 15 muzana vanogona kuita fivha, kutemwa nemusoro, kana kunzwa kuda kurutsa. Hapana pazvinonzi hazvichaite kushandisa mushonga unodzivirira chimbwamupengo kana munhu ava nacho. Mishonga yakawanda yokudzivirira haina thimerosal. Mishonga yokudzivirira inogadzirwa nenyama yemanevhi inoshandiswa munyika shoma, kunyanya Asia neLatin America, asi hainyanyoshandi uye ine zvakawanda zvainovhiringa muvanhu. Kushandiswa kwayo hakukurudzirwe neWorld Health Organization.  

Inohodhwa nemutengo uri pakati pe44 ne78 USD pakurapwa kwega kwega, kubva muna 2014. MuUnited States kurapiwa pachishandiswa mushonga unodzivirira chimbwamupengo kunodarika 750 USD.

Chimbwamupengo chinouraya vanhu vanokwana 26,000 kusvika 55,000 pasi rose, pagore. Inodarika 95% yenzufu idzi inoitika kuAsia nekuAfrica. Chimbwamupengo chinowanika munyika dzinopfuura 150 mumakondinendi ose kunze kweAntarctica. Vanhu vanodarika 3 bhiriyoni vanogara munzvimbo dzenyika munowanika chimbwamupengo. Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeEurope neAustralia, chimbwamupengo chinongowanika muzviremwaremwa chete. Nyika dzakawanda dzakaita zvitsuwa hadzina chimbwamupengo zvachose.




#Article 247: Onchocerciasis (306 words)


Onchocerciasis, kana kuti pachirungu river blindness uye Robles disease, chirwere chinokonzerwa neutachiona hunoparirwa nehwemusi rinogara mumuviri Onchocerca volvulus. Zviratidzo zvacho zvinosanganisira kuvaviwa kwakanyanya, mapundu muganda, uye kusaona. Pautachiona hwose hunokonzera kusaona, uhwu hunouya pechipiri, huchitevera hwetrachoma.

Hwemusi rinorarama mumuviri racho rinouya munhu paanorumwa nenhunzi nhema yerudzi rweSimulium. Kakawanda munhu anofanira kurumwa kakati wandei kuti azotapurirwa utachiona uhwu. Nhunzi idzi dzinogara pedyo nenzizi, ndokusaka zita rechirungu rechirwere chacho richitaura zverwizi. Paanenge ava mumunhu, mahwemusi acho anogadzira makonye anozofamba kupinda muganda. Kana ava muganda ndipo paanozotapukira kunhunzi nhema inenge yaruma munhu wacho. Pane nzira dzakati wandei dzinoshandiswa kuona kana munhu aine utachiona uhwu dzinosanganisira: kuongororwa kweganda kunoitwa nokuriisa mumusanganiswa wesaline kwava kutarisa kuti makonye abude, kutarisa muziso kana muine makonye, uye kutarisa mumapundu ari muganda kana muine makonye anenge akura.

Hapana mushonga wokudzivirira chirwere ichi. Kuti munhu azvidzivirire, anotofanira kuita kuti asarumwe nenhunzi dzinotakura utachiona hwacho. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kushandisa mishonga inodzinga zvipembenene uye kupfeka zvakakodzera. Dzimwe nzira dzinosanganisira kuderedza uwandu hwenhunzi dzacho nokufirita nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Zviri kuedzwa kuti chirwere chacho chibviswe zvachose kuburikidza nokurapa mapoka ose evanhu kaviri pagore uye izvi zviri kuitwa munzvimbo dzakawanda pasi rose. Vanenge vaine utachiona hwacho vanorapwa nemushonga unonzi ivermectin pamwedzi 6 kusvika 12 yoga yoga. Kurapa uku kunouraya makonye asi kwete mahwemusi anenge akura. Mushonga unonzi doxycycline, unouraya rimwe bhakiteriya rinowanikawo bacterium muutachiona hwacho rinonzi Wolbachia, unenge unoitawo kuti mahwemusi acho apere simba uye vamwe vanokurudzira kuti uchandiswe. Mapundu anoitika pasi peganda anogona kubviswawo nekuita zvekuvhiiwa.

Vanhu vari pakati pemamiriyoni 17 kusvika ku25 vane utachiona hwechirwere cheriver blindness, uye vanenge mamiriyoni 0.8 havachanyatsooni zvakanaka. Utachiona uhwu hunonyanya kutapukira munyika dzesub-Saharan Africa, kunyange zvazvo pane vamwe vakatapukirwa kuYemen nenzvimbo dzakataramuka dzeCentral neSouth America. Muna 1915, chiremba anonzi Rodolfo Robles ndiye akatanga kuona kuti hwemusi iri ndiro rinoparira chirwere chemaziso. World Health Organization yakanyora pasi chirwere ichi sechirwere chakashayirwa hanya chekunzvimbo dzinopisa.




#Article 248: Maperembudzi (373 words)


Maperembudzi kana mapere, ayo anozivikanwawo nokuti Hansen's disease (HD), utachiona hwenguva yakareba hunokonzerwa nebhakiteria Mycobacterium leprae uye Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Pakutanga, hapana zviratidzo zveutachiona uye izvi zvinowanzoramba zvakadaro kwemakore 5 kusvika 20. Zviratidzo zvinozobuda zvinosanganisira kubumba munzvimbo dzemanevhi, munofamba nemhepo yokufema, muganda, uye mumaziso. Izvi zvinogona kuguma munhu asisanzwe kurwadziwa zvoita kuti arasikirwe nemicheto yemuviri pamusana pekuramba achikuvara kana kukanganiswa neutachiona asi iye asinganzwi kuti ava nemaronda. Zvinogona kuitikawo kuti munhu ashaye simba kana kutadza kuona zvakanaka.

Maperembudzi anotapuriranwa muvanhu. Zvinodavirwa kuti izvi zvinoitika pakukosora kana pakugunzva mvura dzemumhino yemunhu ane utachiona. Maperembudzi anonyanya kuitika kuvaya vanogara muurombo uye zvinodavirwa kuti anoparadzirwa netumadonhwe twemvura inobuda pakufema. Kusiyana nezvagara zvichifungidzirwa, maperembudzi haasi chirwere chinonyanya kutapukira. Mhando mbiri dzechirwere ichi dzinosiyaniswa nekuwanda kwemabhakiteria anenge aripo: kune mhando yepaucibacillary neyemultibacillary. Mhando mbiri dzacho dzinosiyaniswa nekuti pane makamba mangani eruvara rusina kunyatsonaka, eganda risisanzwi kurwadza, paucibacillary iine mashanu kana mashoma uye multibacillary iine anodarika mashanu. Zvinozonyatsonzi munhu ane chirwere chacho kana ganda rake rikatorwa robva rawanika riine bhakiteriya bhakiteriya rinoramba kuchinjwa ruvara neacid  kana kuti atariswa DNA pachishandiswa nzira yepolymerase chain reaction.

Maperembudzi anorapika pachishandiswa mibatanidzwa yemishonga kana kuti pachirungu multidrug therapy (MDT) Kana ari maperembudzi epaucibacillary, panoshandiswa mushonga wedapsone newerifampicin kwemwedzi mitanhatu. Kana ari maperembudzi emultibacillary panoshandiswa werifampicin, dapsone, neweclofazimine kwemwedzi 12. Nzira idzi dzokurapa dzinoitwa mahara neWorld Health Organization. Mimwewo mishonga inouraya utachiona (antibiotics) inogona kushandiswa. Muna 2012, vanokwana 189,000 vaiva nechirwere ichi chenguva refu zvichireva kuti vakanga vadzikira kubva pamamiriyoni 5.2 vekuma1980. Vakabatwa kekutanga nechirwere chacho vaiva 230,000. Vakawanda vevakabatwa kekutanga ndevemunyika dzinokwana 16, uye vanodarika hafu yavo vari vokuIndia. Mumakore 20 adarika, vanhu vanokwana mamiriyoni 16 pasi rose vakarapwa chirwere chemaperembudzi. Vanokwana 200 vanobatwa nechirwere ichi pagore muUnited States.

Vanhu vatambudzwa nemaperembudzi kwezviuru zvemakore. Zita rechirwere ichi rinobva pashoko rechiLatin rokuti lepra, kureva kuva nemakamba, asi rokuti Hansen's disease richibva pane rachiremba Gerhard Armauer Hansen. Zvokuchengeta varwere mumisha yevane maperembudzi kwavanenge vari kwavo vega zvichiri kuitwa munzvimbo dzakadai seIndia, China, nomuAfrica. Asi misha yevane maperembudzi yakawanda yakatovharwa sezvo chirwere chemaperembudzi chisinganyanyotapukire. Kusarurwa nevamwe kwevarwere ndiyo nyaya hombe kubva kare, uye izvi ndizvo zvinotadzisa vanenge vabatwa nechirwere chacho kubuda pachena vorapwa nguva ichiripo. Mashoko okuti une maperembudzi anogona kugumbura vamwe. Zuva Repasi Rose Remaperembudzi rakatangwa muna 1954 kuitira kuti vaya vane chirwere ichi vafungwewo nezvavo.




#Article 249: Leishmaniasis (257 words)


Leishmaniasis, inonyorwawo kuti leishmaniosis, chirwere chinokonzerwa neprotozoa parasaiti remhando yeLeishmania uye chinoparadzirwa munhu paanorumwa neimwe mhando yeumhutu hwemunzvimbo dzine jecha. Chirwere ichi chinobudira munzvimbo nhatu: muganda, muganda nemikana inobuda kunze kwemuviri, kana leishmaniasis yemuchipfuva nemudumbu. Kana riri ganda, panoita maronda, kana riri ganda nemikana inobuda kunze kwemuviri panoita maronda paganda, muromo uye mhino, nepo kana muri muchipfuva nemudumbu, panotanga maronda paganda, pozova nefivha, kushomeka kwemasero matsvuku eropa, uye kukura kwechiropa nechitaka.

Utachiona muvanhu hunokonzerwa nemhando dzinodarika 20 dzeumhutu hweLeishmania. Zvinowedzera dambudziko iri zvinosanganisira urombo, kushaika kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri, kuparadzwa kwemasango, uye kuwedzera kwevanhu mumaguta vachibva mumamisha. Mhando dzose dziri nhatu dzechirwere ichi dzinogona kuzivikanwa nokutarisa utachiona hwacho pachishandiswa maikorosikopu. Uyewo, kana iri mhando yemuchipfuva nemudumbu, inogona kuzivikanwa nekuongororwa kweropa.

Leishmaniasis inogona kudzivirirwa nekurara munhu akazvidzivirira nemambure akaiswa mishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Dzimwe nzira dzinosanganisira kufirita kuti umhutu hwemujecha hufe uye kukurumidza kurapa varwere kuitira kuti utachiona husarambe huchipararira. Marapirwo anozoshandiswa anotsamira pakuti chirwere chacho chawanika kupi, mhando yeumhutu hweLeishmania, uye mhando yeutachiona hwacho. Mimwe yemishonga inogona kushandisirwa kurapa mhando yemuchipfuva nemudumbu inosanganisira liposomal amphotericin B, mubatanidzwa wepentavalent antimonials neparomomycin, uye miltefosine. Kana chiri chirwere chemuganda, paromomycin, fluconazole, kana pentamidine inogona kushanda.

Kutaura kuno, vanhu mamiriyoni 12 vatori neutachiona munyika dzinokwana 98. Vanokwana mamiriyoni maviri vakabatwa nahwo kekutanga uye vari pakati pe20,000 ne50,000 vanofa gore negore. Vanenge mamiriyoni 200 muAsia, Africa, South nemuCentral America, nekumaodzanyemba kweEurope vanogara munzvimbo dzinonyanya kuwanika chirwere ichi. World Health Organization yakaita kuti mimwe yemishonga inorapa chirwere ichi iwanike nemitengo yakaderedzwa. Chirwere chacho chinogonawo kuva pane dzimwe mhuka, dzinosanganisira imbwa uye mbeva nezvimwe zvakada kudaro.




#Article 250: Zika fivha (274 words)


Zika fivha (inozivikanwawo seZika virus disease) kurwara kunokonzerwa neZika vhairasi. Kakawanda hapana zviratidzo zvinovapo, asi kana zvikavapo, kazhinji zvinenge zvisinganyanyi kurwadza uye zvinogona kuda kufanana nezviratidzo zvedengue fivha. Zviratidzo zvinogona kusanganisira fivha, kutsvuka maziso, kurwadziwa munobatana mabhonzo, kutemwa nemusoro, uye tumapundu twemaculopapular. Zviratidzo zvacho zvinowanzogara kwemazuva asingasvike manomwe. Hapana vanozivikanwa kuti vakauraiwa nayo munguva yainotanga kutapukira. Zvakaoneka kuti utachiona hwacho hwakabatana neGuillain–Barré syndrome (GBS).

Zika fivha inonyanya kuparadzirwa munhu paanorumwa neumhutu hwerudzi rweAedes. Inogonawo kuparadzirwa pabonde ichibva kumurume kuenda kuvaanoita zvepabonde navo uye inogona kuparadzirwawo nekuisirwa ropa. Utachiona huri mumukadzi ane nhumbu hunogonawo kukanganisa mwana uye zvakaonekwa kuti hunogona kukonzera kubvisika kwepamuviri uye kutadza kukura kweuropi kana kuti microcephaly. Zvinozozivikanwa kuti munhu ane chirwere chacho kana aongororwa ropa, weti, kana mate pachitsvagwa Zika vhairasi RNA munhu paanenge achirwara.

Kudzivirira kunosanganisira kuderedza kurumwa neumhutu munzvimbo dzinowanika chirwere chacho uye kushandisa zvakanaka makondomu. Kuedza kuzvidzivirira kunosanganisira kushandisa mishonga inodzinga zvipembenene, kupfeka hembe dzinonyanya kuvhara muviri wose, mambure eumhutu, uye kuparadza zvimadziva zvemvura isingayerere umo munoberekera umhutu. Hapana mushonga wokudzivirira unoshanda. Vezvoutano vanokurudzira kuti vakadzi vari munzvimbo dzakawirwa nedenda ra2015–16 vafunge nezvokumbomira kuita nhumbu uye kuti vane nhumbu vasashanyire nzvimbo dzacho. Nepo pasina mushonga chaiwo wokurapisa, paracetamol (acetaminophen) inogona kubatsira kuderedza marwadzo. Kashoma chaizvo kuti munhu agariswe muchipatara nechirwere ichi.

Vhairasi rinokonzera chirwere ichi rakatanga kunyatsozivikanwa muna 1947. Denda rokutanga kuitika pavanhu uye rakanyorwa nezvaro ndiro rakaitika muna 2007 muFederated States of Micronesia.  Kubvira January 2016, chirwere ichi change chichiwanika munharaunda makumi maviri dzeAmericas. Chinonzi chinowanikawo muAfrica, Asia, nemuPacific. Pamusana pedenda rakatangira muBrazil muna 2015, World Health Organization yakazivisa kuti chirwere chacho chakanga chava dambudziko renyika yose, pachirungu Public Health Emergency of International Concern muna February 2016.




#Article 251: Desvenenga (127 words)


Muchidzidzo chePimanyika, desvenenga (Pyramid kuEnglish) chivakwa chine zviso zvese zvokunze (tisingaverenge hwaro) zvakaumbwa kuita gonyonhatu uye zviso izvi zvichinosangana pamunzi uri pachisuvi.  Hwaro hwedesvenenga hunogona kunge hwakaumbwa kuva chero ipi zvayo gonyozhinji (polygon). Izvi zvinoreva kuti desvenenga rine zviso zvakaumbwa kuva gonyonhatu zvinoverengwa kuva zvitatu kana kuraudza. Desvenenga reSkweya ndiro rinowonekwa kazhinji.

Shoko rokuti desvenenga rinotoredzera kubva pakuti chiumbwa ichi chakatesva zvichibva pasi kuenda padenga. Iri zita rapiwa nokuti ndiro riri pedyo pakucherechedza kuumbwa kwakaitwa desvenenga. Mamwe mazita angadudzira chimiro chePyramid ndiyo anoti: mutesverwa kana desvadenga. Pahuwandu kunonzi matesvenenga, matesvadenga kana mitesverwa.

Tiri muchidzidzo Kupimanyika, kune marudzi ematumba anodanwa zvakasiyana zvichienderana nechiumbwa chiri pahwaro hwedesvenenga racho. Sokuti kune: desvenenga regonyonhanhatu (hexagonal pyramid); kwoita desvenenga reSkweya (square based pyramid); desvenenga regonyonhatu (triangular pyramid); desvenenga reRungamagonyo (rectangular pyramid), zvichingodaro.




#Article 252: Gurunera raMaslow (144 words)


Gurunera raMaslow kuturikirwa kwegwaro rakanyorwa nemurume anonzi Abraham Maslow rinonzi Maslow's Hierachy of Needs. Gwaro iri  rinotaura pamusoro pezvinhu zvakakosha zvinokwashiwa nevanhu pakurarama kwavo, ichidudzira hukoshi hwezvinhu izvi zvichienderana nedanho rasvikwa nemunhu pahupenyu hwake. Saka gwaro raMaslow rinotaura pamusoro pekutanhikidwa kwezvinhu zvakakomba zvinokwashiwa nevanhu - apa kureva kuti kune matanho akasiyana ezvikombe izvi. Shoko rokuti gurunera  riri kushandiswa kuturikira chinonzi hierarchy kuEnglish chinova gwaro rinodudza kutevedzana kwakaita vanhu kana zvinhu nemwero wehukuru hwavo kana hukoshi - mawuto, nzanga, masangano, hurumende zvose zvine gurunera  hunodudza kuti munhu nemunhu chinzvimbo chake ndechipi, ndiyani mukuru wake uye vadiki kwaari ndevapi.

Shoko rokuti gurunera  riri kushandiswa pano kuturikira hierachy. Saka pano matanho ehukuru kana hukoshi hwezvinhu ari kuonekwa segurunera. Pfungwa yatevedzwa ndiyo iri pamazwi anoti: gurudadi, gururunda; gurusvusvu; gurumwandira.

.

Gurunera raMaslow rinobata zvinhu zvinosanganisira:

Pane mazwi akakosha pakutsanangura magwaro akanyorwa naMaslow; aya mazwimawunganidzwa pano kuti azoshandiswa mberi.




#Article 253: Muruko weMukotsvanidzwa (141 words)


Mazwi okuti Muruko weMukotsvanidzwa kana utunganidzwa (synthetic material) ari kushandiswa pano kureva chiro chakarukwa kana kugadzirwa nokubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvakashandwa nemunhu. Chiro kana chine muruko wemukotsvanidzwa kureva kuti chimiro chacho hachiwanikwe pakati  pezvisikwa asi chinenge chashandurwa nokubatanidzwa kwezviro zvakasikwa zvinenge zvavandudzwa nevanhu. 

Izwi reChirungu rinoti synthetic rinoreva put together or placed together. Izwi rokuti kukotsvanidza rinoreva kuunganidza pamwe zvinhu zvakasiyana - to gather together different things.

KuChiShona shoko rokuti kukosa rinoreva kurukanisa tambo mbiri dzemakavi. Tambo idzi dzinomonwa dzichipuruzirwa nechanza pagumbo remuruki, ruwoko rwuya parunodzokera shure dzobva dzamonana kuita tambo imwe inonzi mukosi. Kukosanidzwa kungaitwa zvimwe zviro hakuitwe nemutowo uyu asi chakakosha pano kuti zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana zvinogumisidza zvava chiro chimwechete.

Kuti pazotaurwa muruko wemukotsvanidzwa nguva zhinji kunenge kune chimwe chiro chemhando iri kucherechedzwa chinowanikwa chakasikwa chakangodaro; saka apa panenge pava kuda kusiyaniswa pakati peicho chakaumbwa nebamba revanhu, neicho chinowanikwa kubva muzvisikwa.




#Article 254: Denga neNyika (135 words)


Izwi rinoti Denga neNyika riri kushandiswa pano kuturikira chinonzi universe kuChirungu zvinoreva kuhwerengedzwa kwezvinhu zvose zvakasikwa naMwari. Denga neNyika rinobata nokusanganisira: sebhe dzose (matter kuChirungu); simba; nyeredzi; nyenyedzi; nguva nedengezeze rechadenga. Izwi rokuti Denga neNyika rinongova kubatanidzwa kwemazwi anoti denga nenyika.

Zita iri rapiwa richicherechedza kuti icho chinonzi Universe kuChirungu idunhu rimwe rine mamwewo matunhu anopatsanurwa mariri. Nyangwe zvaro rine zvikamu zvizhinji nemapoka mazhinji, rudunhumwe idunhu rimwe rine mitemo yaro, nekudyidzana kwezvinhu zvirimo. Iko kudyidzana kwezvinhu murudunhumwe hakusati kwapera kuongororwa nyangwe naivo ana mazvikokota vanofunda chikamu chemitumbi iri pamukaha wechadenga; kana nemiganhu yerudunhumwe hapana chaiye anoziva kuti inogumira kupi. 

Chakakosha pakupiwa kwezita iri ndiko: kugonawo kutaura nerurimi rwedu zvinhu zvikuru, zvinoshamisa, zvisina mukare wakamboona akatizuwira kuti kwakadai kumatenga kuziyenda-nakuenda uko.

Denga neNyika rinobatawo Rinopasi ratinorarama pariri nedengezeze rechadenga chatinoona zuva nenyeredzi, kunova ndiko kunobhururuka chitundumusere.




#Article 255: Njandaya yemaJudha (144 words)


Mazwi anoti Njandaya yemaJudha ari kushandiswa pano kuturikira chinonzi pogroms of the Jews kuEnglish, izvi zvichidudzira kupfurutswa kukuru kwakaitwa maJudha munyika dziri kuMabvazuva kweEurope dzinosanganisira Russia, Ukraine, Belarus nePoland.

Izwi rokuti njandaya (brutal treatment) rinoreva kutambudzwa kukuru.

Njandaya yemaJudha yakatanga apo Hupambi hweRussia hwakatapa matunhu akanga ava nehugari hwemaJudha vakawanda, izvi zvakaitika mumakore 1791-1835. Hurumemnde yeRussia yakatara matunhu aitenderwa kugarwa nemaJudha, matunhu aya akapiwa zita rokuti Rumanda rweHugari kureva kuti maJudha vakasungirwa kugara imomu chete. Njandaya huru yakaitika mumatunhu eRumanda rweHugari uye maJudha mazhinji vaisatenderwa kutamira kune mamwe matunhu ari kunze kwenzvimbo yakatarwa seRumanda rweHugari - Pale of Settlement.

Njandaya yekutanga yaiva Njandaya yepaOdessa yakaitika mushure mekuurawa kweGregory V Mukuru weGreek Orthodox kuConstantinople. Njandaya iyi yakauraya maJudha gumi nevana (14). Vakavamba njandaya iyi vakanga vari maGreek avo vakanga vakawanda mumaguta anosvikira ngarava mudunhu reNovorossiya. Vamwe vanyori vanoti njandaya yekutanga ndiro bongozozo rakaitika 1859 paOdessa.




#Article 256: Tsenzi (107 words)


Tsenzi (cane rat).

Tsenzi dzine muviri wakareba 35 kusvika 60 . Kana dzichipfuyiwa dzinokura kusvika huremu 6-7 kg; asi musango dzinosvitsa 10 kg. Mhuka idzi dzakadhafuka, dzine mvere dzakakasharara. Tsenzi dzinogara mutoro kana pedyo nenzizi nemadziva. Tsenzi dzinodya bundo resango. pedyo nerukova tsenzi dzinowanzodya tsanga, sora remunzizi uyewo midzi yemasora emurukova. Mumaruwa dzinodya zvirimwa zvemuminda saka izvi zvoreva kuti dzinorozva varimi veminda. kugara pedyo nenzizi kunobetserawo tsenzi kuva dzakachengeteka kubva kuzvikara zvinofarira kudzidya. ukuzhe hwetsenzi humoidzivirira kubva mukubayiwa nemazhizha etsanga. kumamisha dzinogadzira tunzira peyo nepanofamba nevanhu.

Nzvari dzinozvara vana vaviri kusvika vana kamwe pagore; asi kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinozvara kanadarika kamwe. Tsenzi dzinoyaruka zvokuzvara pamwedzi mitanhatu (6).




#Article 257: Mazita Anovamba naNe- (109 words)


Chinyorwa chino chinounganidza mazita anovambwa nemavara anoti Ne-. Vamwe vatauri vanoti Ne- uyu anotaurwa achireva rukudzo takatarisana nechinhu kana nzvimbo yakadomwa ichitevedza Ne- wacho. Asi mune mamwe mazita zvinotaridza sokunge zita riri kunongedza kuti pane chiitiko chakaitwa kana kusungwa kuburikidza nechiro chinodomwa chichitevedza Ne- wacho. Vamwe vatauri vanoti zita rokuti Neshuro rinokwanisa kupiwa munhu akaripa mhosva kana mungava achishandisa shuro.

Nechinanga; Nechironga; Nedevedzo; Nedziwa; Nedziwe; Neganje; Negomo; Negonde; Negondo;  Negwaya; Nehanda; Neharava; Nehumba; Nehoreka; Nehonde; Nehondo; Nehwati; Nehwangura; Nekati;Nemakonde; Nematadzira; Nemangwe; Nemasasi; Nembire; Nemashakwe; Nematombo; Nemaruru; Nembudziya; Nemhara; Nenhunzi;Nengomasha; Nenguke; Nenguwo; Nenera??; Nengare; Nenyanga; Nenzou; Nerwande; Nerupiri kana Norupiri; Nerupfunde Nerutanga; Neshamba; Neshangwe;  Nesongano; Neshuro; Neshumba; Neuso; Neusu; Nezandonyi.






#Article 259: Lcd (124 words)


Lcd definition inoti liquid crystall display.Inoshandisa maorganic elements nemanon organuc elements.Lcd inoiswa pamawire madikidiki aripascreen.Wakabatidza phone yako unoona mabox madikidiku wakanyatsotarisisa.Maboxi iyayo emawaya ndeanoti pazobuda matext pascreen ari emacolor akasiyana zvichienderana  neiripo.

LIQUID CRYSTALL
Liquid crystall inogadzirwa nemaorganic matters nemanon organic.Zvinhu zvakaita sesoap solution inokwanisa kuita liquid crystall.Lcd inokonzerwa kuti ibake neback light.Wakuvhura lcd unoona like chimirror cheplastic.Ichi chinoshandiswa kuti light rerflect richienda mbera kwete kuti rebude nekunze.Kunota chimwe chinenge chinemalights icho chinoti kana malights abaka chese icho chinoti screen yese ibake.Kozoita cheblack ndichk chinova nemawaya maduku akawandisa akaita criss cross.

Kudhara kwakanga kune cathode ray tube .Matv aya akanga ainegotsi.Aishandisa inonzi electron gun yakananga paphosphor screen.Screen iri rinobaka kana paitika radiation from  electron gun.Crt akabviswa akaiswa lcd , lcd iyi ndoyakushandiswa pamaphone nepamaplasma.




#Article 260: Science (126 words)


Science istudy yezvinhu zvinofema nezvisingafemi.Zvinhu sezvinoti vanhu , miti , plants.Miti nezvimaplants zvakazoiswa nekuti zvinofema pamaliving things.Zvine maDNA sezvovanhu vane maDNA.Dna : deoxyribonnucleic acids.

Biology isubject about living things it includes about nutrions , health and disease.Inotaura pamusoro pevanhu futi. 

bilogical  features include vanhu , zvirimwa nezvimwewo.Biology studies is about human life and life science.This include  .Bio in human life states about human science , life science , drug and abuse and health.Zvimwe zvipuka zvisingazivikanwe zvino iswa pabiology  nekuti bio ndeyeliving things.

Chemistry isubject inoitwa nezvemachemicals mainly.Inoti maelements nebonding how kwaanotorwa.inotaura pamusoro pezvema acids bases and salts.Maflammable liquids and their 

Physics inotaura pamusoro pezvinhu zvisingararame.zvinhu zvacho zvinoti force  , weight , eletricity and thermodynamics.Physics,  ndiyo inochinja zvinhu zvekare ichiisa, zvinyowani.physics inotora zvinhu zvekuchemistry ichiita mataste experiments




#Article 261: Transistor (117 words)


transistor kadive kanashandiswa pazvinhu zvakawanda.kane 3terminal iye anoti base emitter and collecter.inoshandiswa,muzvinhu zvezhinji zvamazuvano.

Transistors are used in 
chips.

Matransistor ndeemuma integrated circuits nekuti anochengeta information nekachengeta mawords.Anonyanyo shandiswa pawaves  transimmission.Matransistor akubatsira pazzvinhu zviri remote controlled.Anoshandiswa pakureceiver masignals emaradiowaves
.Matransistor aku printwa pasi necopper arimumananometers.Haumbooni mananometers neziso.Matransistor kuti aiswe muma anofanhirwa kuti paivenesmall technology printing (STP).Izvi zvinodhura.

Matransistors ekutanga akanga ari mumavacuum tubes(maglass tube asingapinze mhepo mukati.Sange mamemory cards amazuvano anenge anematransistor more than one billion
Akaiswa mukamemory card kadiki diki.Kanachengeta information through matransistor ega ega.One transistor rinotora two mawords.Transistor emavacuum tubes akanga akareba zvekuti memory card rakanga rakaenzana nebazi chairo.Paakazoreplaswa nemasilocon chips akanga akuitwa achiita madiki every two years ende zita retheory rakanga rakunzi Moores law.




#Article 262: Logic gates (185 words)


Logic gates redirects here.Logic gates in english
Logical malogical devices inaproducer maoutputs akasiyana zvichenderana netype of gate arikushandiswa.Pane manand gates maand gates nemanot gates.

Ilogic device inobudista output yechokwadi, kanainputs ese ari echokwadi.Ine two inputs ne1output which inoratidza kuti mapinda,echokwadi kana eunyepa.Makapinda 1  0 input oi ututput inenge iri zero.Makapinda 1,  1 output inenge iri 1.Makapinda 0 0 output Inenge iri 0.Ma and g ates haachinje pamoutput zvekuti  anozoshamisira.And gates  anonyanyoshandiswa muma7400 series.

Nand gate ilogic device inobuditsa output  yekunyepa.Iyi tinoti inoshamisira nekuti innmoita vise vesa palogic gates.Ine two matransistor anokwanisa kuti iyo yibudiste false output.Inoti.  Wakaisa 1 0 the output inobuda ndi0.Wakaisa 0  0 output inobuda ndi2?1.Wakaisa 1  1  output inobuda ndi0.Nand gate anoshandiswa pamacalculator nekuti anokwaniswa kuprogramwa futi wakushandisa mabuttons.Nand gate anokwaniswawo kuiswa paplay yekuti anochengeta information pakuchinja maoutputs kwaanoita.Anofanirwa ane a.c voltage ndobest

Not gate ilogical device inoshandiswayo pakuproducer false output when input yaiswa iricorrect.Ine one input neone output.Malogic device aya ndeepama reprogrammable circuits that can allow kudilitwa nekurestore data.Anobatanidzwa oita maparrarrel groups.Inochengeta information through many connections.Mumemory card munokwaniswa kuwaniwa about 4000ma nand gates nema not gates for memory programmable and erassable




#Article 263: Hydrogen (202 words)


Hydrogen redirects here other visit in english
 
hydrogen igas  rinobvira zvikuru.Riripanamba 1 paperiodic table and atomic mass yacho i11.Hydrogen igas  risina manuetrons nekuti atomic mass idukusa.

Hydrogen mumalabs rinotorwa through chemical reaction.Rinotarwa kana paitika inonzi bubles pass out.Semuenzaniso calcium yakaiswa mumvura panotonga kubuda mabubbles - ahydrogen.Hydrogen inoita zvekuputika kana iripadhuze nechimwe chinhu chino bvira.Hydrogen inotorwa zvakara kana paitika chemical reaction neacid.Hydrogen inobuda musulphuric acid kana paiswa zinc .Mabables anotanga kubuda zvekare pachibuda yatinoti hydrogen 

Mumaindustries hydrogen inobuda kubvamumaelectrolysis yemvura nesalt .Electrolysis mvuta nesalt panakonzera kuti bude hydrogen nechlorine.Chlorine ndiyo inozoshandiswa pakubleacher maagents.Hydrogen iyi yocollecter yoiswa mumatanks.Hydrogen inogadzirwa futi kubva musulphuric acid.Panoitwa inonzi ekectrolysis kuchibuda hydrogen neoxygen.
Oxygen inenge yakushandiswa kunevarwere varikutadza kunyatsofema.Hydrogen inotorwa yyoisw as  mumatanks yonotengeswa

Hydrogen inonyanyo kushandiswa pakubvirisa zvinhu.Inoshandiswa kugadzira acetylene by burning calcium carbide in destructive distillation by water to form acytelene.Hydrogen Inoshandiswa futi kugadzira methane by mixing hydrogen with carbon - dioxide.
Hydrogen inoshandiswe zvekumaAcids.Infact maacids ese anehydrogen.

Macompound akawandisa tongoti unongowawana every corner.Macompounds ehydrogen anoti mvura , acids , hydroxides , organic compounds.As u may know hydrogen, is part of ou were lives.It is available in foods as hydrocompounds.Aya tomati , mahydrocarbons.Chese chikafu chatinodya chinocontainer  mahydrocarbons.Hydrogen common acids are nitric  acid  , hydrochloric  acid ,sulphuric,   acid.




#Article 264: Element 1 (202 words)


Hydrogen redirects here other visit in english
hydrogen igas  rinobvira zvikuru.Riripanamba 1 paperiodic table and atomic mass yacho i11.Hydrogen igas  risina manuetrons nekuti atomic mass idukusa.

Hydrogen mumalabs rinotorwa through chemical reaction.Rinotarwa kana paitika inonzi bubles pass out.Semuenzaniso calcium yakaiswa mumvura panotonga kubuda mabubbles - ahydrogen.Hydrogen inoita zvekuputika kana iripadhuze nechimwe chinhu chino bvira.Hydrogen inotorwa zvakara kana paitika chemical reaction neacid.Hydrogen inobuda musulphuric acid kana paiswa zinc .Mabables anotanga kubuda zvekare pachibuda yatinoti hydrogen 

Mumaindustries hydrogen inobuda kubvamumaelectrolysis yemvura nesalt .Electrolysis mvuta nesalt panakonzera kuti bude hydrogen nechlorine.Chlorine ndiyo inozoshandiswa pakubleacher maagents.Hydrogen iyi yocollecter yoiswa mumatanks.Hydrogen inogadzirwa futi kubva musulphuric acid.Panoitwa inonzi ekectrolysis kuchibuda hydrogen neoxygen.
Oxygen inenge yakushandiswa kunevarwere varikutadza kunyatsofema.Hydrogen inotorwa yyoisw as  mumatanks yonotengeswa

Hydrogen inonyanyo kushandiswa pakubvirisa zvinhu.Inoshandiswa kugadzira acetylene by burning calcium carbide in destructive distillation by water to form acytelene.Hydrogen Inoshandiswa futi kugadzira methane by mixing hydrogen with carbon - dioxide.
Hydrogen inoshandiswe zvekumaAcids.Infact maacids ese anehydrogen.

Macompound akawandisa tongoti unongowawana every corner.Macompounds ehydrogen anoti mvura , acids , hydroxides , organic compounds.As u may know hydrogen, is part of ou were lives.It is available in foods as hydrocompounds.Aya tomati , mahydrocarbons.Chese chikafu chatinodya chinocontainer  mahydrocarbons.Hydrogen common acids are nitric  acid  , hydrochloric  acid ,sulphuric,   acid.




#Article 265: Atomic number 1 (202 words)


Hydrogen redirects here other visit in english
hydrogen igas  rinobvira zvikuru.Riripanamba 1 paperiodic table and atomic mass yacho i11.Hydrogen igas  risina manuetrons nekuti atomic mass idukusa.

Hydrogen mumalabs rinotorwa through chemical reaction.Rinotarwa kana paitika inonzi bubles pass out.Semuenzaniso calcium yakaiswa mumvura panotonga kubuda mabubbles - ahydrogen.Hydrogen inoita zvekuputika kana iripadhuze nechimwe chinhu chino bvira.Hydrogen inotorwa zvakara kana paitika chemical reaction neacid.Hydrogen inobuda musulphuric acid kana paiswa zinc .Mabables anotanga kubuda zvekare pachibuda yatinoti hydrogen 

Mumaindustries hydrogen inobuda kubvamumaelectrolysis yemvura nesalt .Electrolysis mvuta nesalt panakonzera kuti bude hydrogen nechlorine.Chlorine ndiyo inozoshandiswa pakubleacher maagents.Hydrogen iyi yocollecter yoiswa mumatanks.Hydrogen inogadzirwa futi kubva musulphuric acid.Panoitwa inonzi ekectrolysis kuchibuda hydrogen neoxygen.
Oxygen inenge yakushandiswa kunevarwere varikutadza kunyatsofema.Hydrogen inotorwa yyoisw as  mumatanks yonotengeswa

Hydrogen inonyanyo kushandiswa pakubvirisa zvinhu.Inoshandiswa kugadzira acetylene by burning calcium carbide in destructive distillation by water to form acytelene.Hydrogen Inoshandiswa futi kugadzira methane by mixing hydrogen with carbon - dioxide.
Hydrogen inoshandiswe zvekumaAcids.Infact maacids ese anehydrogen.

Macompound akawandisa tongoti unongowawana every corner.Macompounds ehydrogen anoti mvura , acids , hydroxides , organic compounds.As u may know hydrogen, is part of ou were lives.It is available in foods as hydrocompounds.Aya tomati , mahydrocarbons.Chese chikafu chatinodya chinocontainer  mahydrocarbons.Hydrogen common acids are nitric  acid  , hydrochloric  acid ,sulphuric,   acid.




#Article 266: Element rekunga (202 words)


Hydrogen redirects here other visit in english
hydrogen igas  rinobvira zvikuru.Riripanamba 1 paperiodic table and atomic mass yacho i11.Hydrogen igas  risina manuetrons nekuti atomic mass idukusa.

Hydrogen mumalabs rinotorwa through chemical reaction.Rinotarwa kana paitika inonzi bubles pass out.Semuenzaniso calcium yakaiswa mumvura panotonga kubuda mabubbles - ahydrogen.Hydrogen inoita zvekuputika kana iripadhuze nechimwe chinhu chino bvira.Hydrogen inotorwa zvakara kana paitika chemical reaction neacid.Hydrogen inobuda musulphuric acid kana paiswa zinc .Mabables anotanga kubuda zvekare pachibuda yatinoti hydrogen 

Mumaindustries hydrogen inobuda kubvamumaelectrolysis yemvura nesalt .Electrolysis mvuta nesalt panakonzera kuti bude hydrogen nechlorine.Chlorine ndiyo inozoshandiswa pakubleacher maagents.Hydrogen iyi yocollecter yoiswa mumatanks.Hydrogen inogadzirwa futi kubva musulphuric acid.Panoitwa inonzi ekectrolysis kuchibuda hydrogen neoxygen.
Oxygen inenge yakushandiswa kunevarwere varikutadza kunyatsofema.Hydrogen inotorwa yyoisw as  mumatanks yonotengeswa

Hydrogen inonyanyo kushandiswa pakubvirisa zvinhu.Inoshandiswa kugadzira acetylene by burning calcium carbide in destructive distillation by water to form acytelene.Hydrogen Inoshandiswa futi kugadzira methane by mixing hydrogen with carbon - dioxide.
Hydrogen inoshandiswe zvekumaAcids.Infact maacids ese anehydrogen.

Macompound akawandisa tongoti unongowawana every corner.Macompounds ehydrogen anoti mvura , acids , hydroxides , organic compounds.As u may know hydrogen, is part of ou were lives.It is available in foods as hydrocompounds.Aya tomati , mahydrocarbons.Chese chikafu chatinodya chinocontainer  mahydrocarbons.Hydrogen common acids are nitric  acid  , hydrochloric  acid ,sulphuric,   acid.




#Article 267: Lithium (153 words)


Lithium	is found here for other uses trace en wikipedia
lithium is an element with an atomic number 3.Lithium ielement iripa[atom]ic number 3.Lithium iAlkali meta and izvi zvichireva kuti ine one electron kunze kweorbit / shell relithium.

Lithium inoexist seore.Lithium iriyega inonetsa kuwana.Lithium inototorwa through electrolysis.Lithium inodissolve mumvura through chemical reaction saka lithium iri rinowanikwa futi mumvura yeku sea.Inowanikwa mumvura yekusea insmall amounts.Litgium inotorwa through eletrolysis kubva kucompound inoti potassium chloride KCI ne Lithium chloride zvakazangana.Panobuda chlorine ichienda mudenga kusara iyo lithium nepotassium pasi.

Lithium inoshandiswa  kugadzrira maglass.Lithium to lightest metal inozivikanwa isingambiremi.Inoshandiswa mumabattery nekuti iri simple pakuchengeta moto.Inoreplacer mazinc carbobate batteries nekuti iyo inobuditsa 3volts mutumabattery madiki uye zinc carbonate ichibuditsa 1.5volts mabattery mahombe mbichina kune lithium batteries.

Lithium i[alkali] metal nekuti inoone ekectron kunze kweorbit racho. Lithium iripaatomic number 3 and chemical symbol Li.kana iri alkali metal inoita chemical reaction nemvura pachibuda lithium hydroxide a base.
Li + H2O = LiOH.




#Article 268: Electricity (122 words)


Magetsi izita rechishona uye richireva zvakafanana, naelectricity nechirungu.Magetsi anobvakumaElectrons muchemistry zvichireva positive(-) .Magetsi iproduct yechemistry zvichisanginisira physics.

magetsi anoshandiswa muzvinhu zvakawanda sezvumumba.magetsi , anemavolts epamusoro anoshandiswa kumaindustries .Magetsi anowanikwa futi mumafoni  kumatv.. Magetsi  mazuvano akunyanyoshandiswa kupfura mushandisiro akare. Anoshandiswa pamastove , mafridge nepamalights akuvheneka mumba.  Magetsi anowinikwa futi paInonzi electrostatic.Inonyanyowanikwa kanazvinhu zviviri zvarabhaniswa zvese.

Magetsi anobva kuma chemicals seSulphuric.acid anowanikwa naturally sange electrostatic .Anowanikwa futi kubva paelectromagnetic radiation.Magetsi akosha - mulife ende kwakoshandiswa masmall device kuti afambise magetsi.Magetsi aya anopinda mumacircuits ochinjwa chinjwa.Anoshandiswa futi kuchinja kubva kumagetsi to light.Masolar cells anochinja maelectromagnetic radiation kumaisa  kumagetsi.Zuva rinobuditsa maelectromagnetic radiation ndokumaendesa kunyika  .Maradiation aya ndeanozoshandiswa 
Kuchinjwa kubvakuradiation kuiswa kumagetsi.Ndosaka uchiona solor isingaunze magetsi.  Solar  haishandise heat  irikubva kuzuva, ichiisa kumagetsi but inoshandisa electromagnet radiation





#Article 270: Helium (141 words)


helium a type of gasi
Helium igas riri paelement number 2 kubva pahydrogen.Helium igas risiyana nehydrogen .For element number 3 see lithium

Helium haibvire ndosaka yakabvisa hydrogen kubva kuma balloons levitation.Hydrogen inobvira zvikuru ndosaka isingaiswe kumaballoom levitation.Helium isecond lightest gas rinozivikanwa muearth hydrogen ndonumber 1.Helium iri light 7 times lighter than air uye hydrogen iri twice lighter than helium.helium inochinja voice remunhu kubva kuremunhu mukuru kuriita rechidiki.Helium igas riri radioactive .Rinobuditsa alpha Radiation inozostopwa nehuman skin kana kuti thin paper.

Helium inoble gas ende futi rinonetsa kuwana munyika.Vamwe vanoritora kubva ku 
Natural Gas natural gas iyi inenge ichibuda pasi ichienda mudenga.inowanzowanikwa, kunotorwa mapetrol pasi.Natural gas iyi rinotwa kuti riite liquid patemperature inosvika -200degrees celcius.Painoita liquid helium gas ndoinosara iri gas.Vamwe vanogadzira helium
Kubva pafractional distillation of liquid air.Padistillation iyi panobuda magases anoti  oxygen , nitrogen, helium , argon, neon , xenon.




#Article 271: Beryllium (291 words)


beryllium imetal riripaatomic number 4 rineatomic mass 9 nechemical formula ye(Be).
Beryllium imetal ririsilver gray ende riripanumber 4.Beryllium rinonetsa kuwanda muuniverse yese .rinonyanyo wanikwa kumastars kanacomets.Muearth rinowanikwa kubva kudombo rinonzi bery.

Beryllium rakasanganiswa necopper harispark ndosaka richishandiswa mumarockets.Beryllium haritorwa nemagnet


#Article 272: Transformer (107 words)


Transformer idevice inochinja alternating current voltage ichiidzikisa kana kukwidza voltage.Kune step up transformer nestep down transformer.

Step up transiformer itransformer inochinja low voltage yekualternating current ichiisa kuhigh voltage .Step up transformer inemacoiled wire mashoma kuprimary
Coil than kusecondary.Zvinhu izvi zvinofanha kusiyana kumacoiled times kuti zvichinje voltages.

Step downer transformer ndere kudzikisa mavoltages from high voltage to low voltages.Mastep down transformers aya anemany coiled copper kuprimary core nemafew coiled copper  kusecondary circuit.

Transformers anoshandiswa pakuwedzera masignals arikudiwa kuti mardaio waves ashande.Matransformer anoti maradio frequencies awedzere .Anoshandiswa kutransmitter zvinhu zviri kure kure.Kumagetsi matransformer anoshandiswa kuwedzera magetsi kana kudzora magetsi.Matransformers aya aitakuti technology yeve simple.




#Article 273: Boron (111 words)


boron atomic number 5 ne atomic mass 11
Boron ielement rinonetsa rinonyanyowanikwa mumasupernovuea.Boron rinotorwa kubva kuma byrates.





#Article 274: Alpha Radiation (433 words)



Alpha radiation imhando yeradiation ino wanikwa ku ma nucleus ane maelectron maviri ne ma neutron maviri which is helium . Helium inonzi ino buditsa ma alpha radiation ndosaka ichinzi iri radioactive

#Article 275: Carbon (156 words)


carbon, element number  5, what is previouse to nitrogen is carbon, atomic mass 12, 	
Carbon ielement haisi metal haisi liquid but rinowanikwa mualmost living thins.What type of element is found in all living things answer inenge iricarbon.Carbon iricheap paactive transport.Carbon hari exist rega kungoti carbon rinowanikwa muzvinhu zvakasiyana siyana.

Carbon rinowanikwa mumaplants nemaanimals.Carbon rinobuda kubva kumaplants risiri rega but rakaita chemical combination seMethane ineformula inoti CH4.Carbon anobuda mumaplants mazhinji secarbon monoxide mupresent yeair coformer carbon dioxidee ennde carbon dioxide yakasangana nemvura inobuditsa acid inoitwa carbonic acid.

Methane inogadzirwa nechemical reaction yehydrogen neCarbon dioxide.Izvi zvinomikisana kuformer methane inozoshandiswa,pakubika.

C2H2.
Ethene kana kuti acetylene igas risina kana oxygen asi rakasangana paine spark zvinoputika.Panenge paitika chemical reaction ye(+)molecule ne(-)molecule.Kana (+) ne(-)atom kana molecule zvakabatana panoitika reaction inoshamisira.Saka ethene inogadirwa kubva mucalcium carbide nemvura uchishandisa destrucive distillation ndopanobuda ethene.

Carbon inoshandiswa kumagreen house effect which iri special kuma lives evanhu.Carbon inoita kuma plants kuti iite active transport uye kuti akure.






#Article 277: Hydrogen chloride (199 words)


hydrogen chloride itype yegas inechemical formula HCl.Hydrochloric acid , hydrogen chloride iri mumvura inokwanisa kupiwa chemical formula HCl.

hydrogen chloride idiatomic gas inocontainer hydrogen  atom neChlorine atom yakabatanidzwa necovalence bonding.Hydrogen chloride iri very soluble mumvura nemamwe mapolar solvents.
kamagasi two aya akabatana akabatana nemvura anogadzira mahydronium cations H3O nemaChlorine anions 
izvi maresults acho panobuda hydrochloric acid ende iri strong acid.hydrogen chloride inoitisa ngura kana paine moisture.

kumaindustries mazhinji brine(solution of sodium chloride in water) inoitwa electrolysis pachibuda chlorine nehydrogen.

Hydrogen chloride mumalabs inokwaniswa kugadzirwa through chemical reaction.
hydrogen chloride inokwanisa kubva pachemical reaction yesodium chloride nesulphuric acid.pakaitika chemical reaction panobuda hydrogen chloride segas.

reaction iyi inoitika at room temperature asi pakuproceeder kuita 400 degrees yekupisa reaction results anenge asiyana

Most Hydrogen chloride inoshandiswa pakugadzira hydrochloric acid , iri important reagant kune mamwe maindustries chemical transformation

inokwaniswo shandiswa kuseperater cotton from wool.inoshandiswa kugadzira malewis acids.
inoshandiswa paku purify silicon semiconducter.

hydrogen inokwanisa kukuuraya nekuti yakapinda mumhino inoisa inflammation mumhino , coughing , choking, circulatory failure.Yakaenda paskin panoita patsvuku uye pachirwadza.hydrogen chloride will interact mametals but hydrochloric acid haidaro.




#Article 278: Oxygen (229 words)


oxygen ichemical element ine symbol (O). and atomic number 8.Iri mugroup rinonzi chalcogen group paperiodic table.Inoreacter nemetal kugadzira maoxides.oxygen iripa number 3 pathe most abundant element in universe , after hydrogen and helium.Paroom temperature matwo atoms anobinder aritwo kugadzira  dioxygen iri colorless ine formula O2.

paroom temperature oxygen iri colorless ende iri odorless in chemical name inonzi Dioxygen.

oxygen inonzi iri weak magnetic.Oxygen inobonder three times kugadzira ozone.Ozone iri rare gas rinowanikwa paearth troposphere.Chemical formula yeozone inoti O3

ozone rine imwe zita rinonzi trioxygen nekuti inenge inemaoxygen matatu.Oxygen inowanikwa muearth crust as oxides like silicon oxide inowanikwa muvhu nemumagranite stones.The rest of the earth cryst - are made of oxides.

oxygen inoshandiswa mumafurnaces.Oxygen inoshandiswa kumelter steel through oxy-acetylene.ethene yakasangana neoxygen inobuditsa moto inosvika heat temperature ye3200 degrees.Ethene ne oxygen zvinoshandiswa kumelter steel.

oxygen kumaanimals yakakosha zvikuru.Inoshandiswa nemaanimals pakufema .Pavanofema panobudacarbon dioxide inocpntainer carbon kubva kumabonzo emunhu neoxygen inobva paatmosphere.Oxygen yaita carbon dioxide inozo chingwa nemaplants kuoxygen zve	kubva paprocess inonzi photosynthesis.

kumaindustries oxygen inoshandiswa kumareactions nekumalaboratories.Oxygen yakasangana nehydrogen panobuda mvura.Oxygen inoshandiswa kumaproduction yema oxides anoti Nitrogen dioxide kugadzira nitric acid nesulphur trioxide kugadzira sulphuric acid

oxygen inogadzirwa kubva paindustrial distillation yeliquid air.Some products anobuda anenge akasiyana sange manoble gases , nitrogen including helium.Oxygen inobuda iri liquid.

oxygen inogadzirwa kubva paelectrolysis yeSodium hydroxide (NaOH).maproducts anobuda ihydrogen neoxygen.




#Article 279: Ethene (116 words)

Ethene or ethylene is a hydrocarbon ine chemical formula inoti C2H4.Icolorless , gasi rinobvira rinonhuwirira.

ethylene inoshandiswa kumaindustries akawanda.Inoshandiswa kugadzira plastic rinonzi poly-ethylene , plastic rinoshandiswa zvakanyanyisa rinepolymer

hydrocarbon iri rinema4 hydrogens and double macarbon yakabatanidzwa nedouble bond.

mareaction ethylene mumaindustries anoita oxidisation, polimerization , halogenation , hydration nemamwewo.Ethylene inoshandiswa kugadzira ethylene chloride kana kuti oxide.

ethelyne is oxidized to produce ethylene oxide.Inokwaniswa kushandiswa kugadzira ethylene glycol (uses : inoshandiswa seantifreeze).

ethene inogadzirwa kubva kumahydrocarbons saninge candle.Mahydrocarbon anoheater kumatemperatures anosvika 700-900 degrees.Ethylene inozoobtainer kubva kurepeat compression nedistillation process.
 

ethylene kumalabs kashoma kushandiswa asi inogadzirwa from chemical reaction.Ethylene inogadzirwa kubva kuethanol nesulphuric acid.Panoitika reaction iyi panobuda ethene.




#Article 280: Atomic bomb (159 words)


nuclear weapon or atomic bomb inuclear weapon inoshandisa nuclear reaction yacho sedestructive explosion.nuclear explosion inoshandisa all its energitic force padestruction.Manuclear weapons akashandiswa neUSA pavaiita hondo nejapan.

pane two types dzemanuclear weapons uye anoti


maweapons aya anenge achishandisa nuclear fission reaction kuti iproduce maexplosives.
mumaweapons aya anoshandisa supermassive radio active plutonium.macommon nuclear reacters anoshandiswa  anoti uranium 235 nePlutonium 239.



#Article 281: Utachiona hwemunzira inobuda nemwana (347 words)


Utachiona hwemunzira inobuda nemwana, uhwo hunozivikanwawo nekuti utachiona hunotevera kubuda kwemwana, fivha yemunzira inobuda nemwana kana kuti fivha yepanozvarwa mwana, ibhakiteriya rechero utachiona hwenzira yemukadzi inobuda nayo nemwana pashure pekuzvara kana kupfupfudza. Zviratidzo zvacho zvinowanzosanganisira fivha inodarika , kupindwa nechando, kurwadziwa  nechemuzasi medumbu, uye kakawanda kacho kunhuwa kwezvinoyerera zvichibuda musikarudzi. Izvi zvinowanzoitika padarika maawa 24 uye mukati memazuva gumi kubva panobuda mwana.

Utachiona hunowanzoitika ndehwechibereko nenzvimbo dzakachitenderedza uye hunozivikanwa paChirungu sepuerperal sepsis kana kuti postpartum metritis. Utachiona hunowanzovapo kana pakaitwa zvinotevera oparesheni yeCesarean section, kuvapo kweutachiona hwakaita sehwestreptococcus yechikamu B musikarudzi, kukurumidza kubuda mvura yemuchibereko, uye kurebesa kwenguva yekuzvara nezvimwewo zvakawanda. Utachiona hwakawanda hune chekuita nemubatanidzwa wemabhakiteriya akasiyana-siyana. Saka hazvinyanyobatsiri kutora uye kuongorora mabhakiteriya anenge atorwa musikarudzi kana muropa. Kana vari vaya vanenge vasiri kupora, zvingadiwa kuti vavhenekwe pachishandiswa michina. Zvimwe zvinokonzera fivha inouya pashure pekuzvarwa kwemwana ndeizvi: kuzvimba kwemazamu, utachiona hwemunzira yeweti, utachiona hwepadumbu panenge pachekwa kana kuchekwa kwesikarudzi, uye kudhirika kwebapu.

Pamusana pematambudziko anokonzerwa neoparesheni yeC-section, zvinokurudzirwa kuti vakadzi vese vadzivirirwe nemishonga inouraya utachiona yakaita seampicillin oparesheni isati kana kuti yaitwa. Kana zvajeka kuti paita utachiona, panoshandiswa mishonga inouraya utachiona uye vanenge vachirapiwa vanotanga kuratidza kupora mumazuva maviri kana matatu. Vaya vanenge vaine chirwere chisina kunyanya kukomba vanogona kushandisirwa mishonga inouraya utachiona inoita zvekunwiwa, asi inoita zvekubaiwa ndiyo inokurudzirwa. Mishonga inowanzoshandiswa kuuraya utachiona inosanganisira musanganiswa weampicillin negentamicin zvichitevera kuzvara nekusikarudzi kana clindamycin negentamicin kuvaya vanenge vaitwa oparesheni yeC-section. Kana vari vaya vasiri kupora nepo vachirapiwa sezvinodiwa, panofanira kuongororwa kana pasina mamwe matambudziko akaita sekuungana kweurwa.

Munyika dzakabudirira vakadzi vari pakati pe1 ne2% vanoita utachiona hwemuchibereko zvichitevera kuzvara nekusikarudzi. Uwandu uhwu hunozosvika pa5 kusvika 13% yevaya vanoita matambudziko pakuzvara uye 50% yevaya vanoitwa oparesheni yeC-section pasati pashandiswa mishonga inouraya utachiona. Muna 2013 utachiona uhwu hwakakonzera kufa kwevanhu 24 000 kana tichienzanisa ne34 000 vakafa muna 1990. Chirwere ichi chakatanga kutsanangurwa nezvacho kuma 400 BCE muzvinyorwa zvaHippocrates. Utachiona uhwu hwainyanya kuuraya vanhu panguva yekuzvarwa kwevana kutangira kuma 1700 kusvikira kuma 1930 pakazotanga kugadzirwa mishonga inouraya utachiona. Muna 1847, muAustria, Ignaz Semmelweiss kuburikidza nekugeza maoko achishandisa mushonga unonzi chlorine akaderedza nzufu dzinokonzerwa nezvirwere kubva panenge pa20% kusvika pa2%.




#Article 282: Kuchekwa kwenhengo yemunhukadzi (359 words)


'Kuchekwa kwenhengo yemunhukadzi (), kunozivikanwawo sekucheka uye kuchecheudza vakadzi, kunotsanangurwa neWorld Health Organization (WHO) sezvese zvinoitwa zvinosanganisira kubvisa zvese zvekunze zvenhengo yekubereka nayo yemunhukadzi kana kukuvadzwa kwechero nhengo dzekubereka nadzo dzemunhukadzi asi zvisiri kuitirwa kurapa. Izvi zvinoitwa setsika nemapoka emarudzi enyika 27 dziri musub-Sahara uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAfrica, asi tsika yacho yakati dererei muAsia, Middle East nemuvanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika.  Tsika yacho inoitwa panguva dzakasiyana-siyana dzinobvira pamazuva munhu achangoberekwa kusvika ayaruka; muhafu yenyika dzinozivikanwa kuti dzine vanhu vangani, vakawanda vevasikana vanochekwa vasati vasvika makore mashanu.

Tsika iyi inosanganisira chimwe chete kana zvinodarika chezvinotevera, uye zvinosiyana-siyana neboka rerudzi riri kuiita. Zvinosanganisira kubvisa chidimbu kana gongo rese uye ganda repamusoro pegongo; gongo rese kana chidimbu charo uye matinji; uye kana vari vaya vanonyanyisa vacho (vanobvisa zvachose) vachibvisa chidimbu kana zvese zvepakati uye zvekunze ganda rakatenderedza sikarudzi uye kuvhara sikarudzi. Pamaitiro apedzisira kutaurwa, ayo anodaidzwa neWHO kuti Type III yekuchekwa kwevanhukadzi, panosiiwa kamwena kadiki keweti neropa rekuenda kumwedzi, uye sikarudzi inozovhurirwa bonde uye kuzvara. Matambudziko eutano anoparirwa nemaitiro aya anotsamira pakuti zvii zvaitwa asi anogona kusanganisira utachiona hunoramba huchidzoka, kurwadziwa kweupenyu hwese, mabundu anonzi macyst, kutadza kuita nhumbu, matambudziko pakuzvara uye kubuda ropa kwakaipisisa.

Tsika iyi inobata vakadzi zvisiri izvo, ndeyekuedza kuva nechisimba chisiri icho paupenyu hwemunhukadzi, pakuchena uye pakutaridzika kwavo. Inokurudzirwa uye inoitwa nevanhukadzi, vanenge vachifungidzira kuti inounza rukudzo pavakadzi, uye vanenge vachityira kuti kana vakatadza kuiita pavanasikana vavo kana pavazukurusikana zvichaita kuti vasikana vacho vasaremekedzwe nevamwe. Vakadzi uye vasikana vanodarika 130 miriyoni vakachekwa nhengo dzekubereka nadzo munyika 29 munonyanya kuitwa tsika iyi. Vanodarika mamiriyoni masere vakabviswa zvachose nhengo dzekunze, izvo zvinonyanya kuitwa muDjibouti, Eritrea, Somalia nemuSudan.

Kucheka nhengo dzekubereka nadzo kwava kuonekwa sekutyorwa kwemutemo munyika dzakawanda, asi hazvitariswi zvakasimba kana mitemo yacho iri kutevedzwa. Kubvira kuma 1970 zvave zvichiedzwa pasi rose kukurudzira vanhu kuti vasiye tsika iyi, uye muna 2012 United Nations General Assembly, yakatema kuti kuchecheudza vanhukadzi kutyora kodzero dzavo. Kupikisa tsika iyi kunoshorwawo nevamwe, kunyanya vaya vanoita zvekudzidza nezvetsika nemagariro zvemarudzi evanhu. Eric Silverman akanyora kuti kuchekwa kwenhengo dzekubereka dzevanhukadzi inyaya inonyanya kutaurwa nevanodzidza nezvetsika nemagariro zvemarudzi evanhu, uye pane zvakaoma zvinobvunzika nezvekuremekedza tsika nemagariro sezvazviri, kusapindira uye kuziva kuti vanhu vese panyika vane kodzero dzavo.




#Article 283: Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri (518 words)


Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri, dzinozivikanwawo pachirungu secontraception kana fertility control, inzira kana zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kuti munhu asaite nhumbu. Kuronga, kuita kuti vanhu vawaniswe, uye kushandisa zvekudzivirira nazvo pakubata pamuviri ndiko kunonzi kuronga mhuri. Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri dzakabvira kare kare dzichishandiswa, asi nzira dzinonyatsoshanda uye dzisina ngozi dzakazotanga kuwanika kuma1900. Dzimwe tsika hadzipi vese vese kana kuti hadzitokurudziri kudzivirira pamuviri nekuti izvi hazvienderani netsika dzavo, manamatiro, kana zvematongerwe enyika zvavo.

Nzira dzinonyanya kushanda ndidzo dzinoti sterilization inoitwa kuburikidza nekuchekwa kana vari varume uye kusungwa kwemachubhu echibereko kana vari vakadzi, chigadzirwa chinoiswa muchibereko, uye zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira kubata pamuviri zvinoiswa mumuviri. Izvi zvinozoteverwa nenzira dzinoshandisa mahomoni kusanganisira mapiritsi ekuita zvekunwa, zvinamirwa, marin'i anoiswa musikarudzi, uye majekiseni. Nzira dzisinganyanyi kushanda dzinosanganisira zvinodzivirira kuti urume nezai zvisabatane zvakaita semakondomu, madiaphragm uye zvipanji zvinodzivirira pamuviri uye nzira dzekuziva nadzo kana iri nguva yekuti mukadzi abate pamuviri. Nzira dziri kwekupedzisira pakushanda ndidzo dzinoti mishonga inouraya urume uye kubudisa nhengo yemurume kunoitwa murume asati abudisa urume. Nepo sterilization ichishanda chaizvo, kakawanda haibvisike; dzimwe nzira dzese dzinogona kubvisika, uye dzakawanda dzacho dzinotoguma kushanda ipapo ipapo. Bonde rakadzivirirwa, rakadai sekushandisa kondomu rechirume kana makondomu evakadzi, zvinogona kubatsira kudzivirira utachiona hunotapuriranwa pabonde. Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri pashure pebonde dzinogona kudzivirira nhumbu kwemazuva pashure pebonde risina kudzivirirwa. Vamwe vanoona kusaita zvepabonde senzira yekudzivirira nayo pamuviri, asi kudzidzisa vanhu kusaita zvepabonde chete zvinogona kuwedzera nhumbu dzevachiri kuyaruka kana kudzidzisa kwacho kukaitwa pasinawo kudzidziswa nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri, zvichibva pakuti vachiri kuyaruka vanogona kutadza kuteerera zvavari kudzidziswa.

Nezvenyaya yevachiri kuyaruka, nhumbu dzacho dzine mikana yakakura yekusafamba zvakanaka. Dzidzo yezvebonde inotaura zvese uye kuwanika kwenzira dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri zvinoderedza uwandu hwenhumbu dzisina kurongwa dzevachiri kuyaruka. Nepo nzira dzese dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri dzichigona kushandiswa nevadiki, nzira dzenguva yakareba asi dzinobvisika dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri sezvakaita zvigadzirwa zvinoiswa mumuviri, kana marin'i anoiswa musikarudzi inzira dzinonyanya kubatsira kuderedza uwandu hwenhumbu dzevachiri kuyaruka. Pashure pekuzvara mwana, mukadzi anenge asiri kuyamwisa chete chete, anogona kubata zvakare pamuviri pashure pemavhiki 4 kusvika ku6. Dzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri dzinogona kutotanga kushandiswa pashure chaipo pekuzvara mwana, nepo dzimwe dzichida kuti pambomirwa kwenguva inosvika mwedzi 6. Kana vari vakadzi vari kuyamwisa, nzira dzemahomoni eprogestin chete ndidzo dzinonyanya kukurudzirwa pane mapiritsi emubatanidzwa. Kana vari vakadzi vanenge vaguma kubereka, zvinokurudzirwa kuti varambe vachishandisa nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri kwegore pashure pemwedzi wavanenge vaguma kuenda kumwedzi.

Munyika dzichiri kubudirira vakadzi vanokwana 222 miriyoni pasi rese avo vasiri kuda kubata pamuviri havasi kushandisa nzira dzemazuva ano dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri. Munyika dzichiri kubudirira, kushandiswa kwenzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri kuri kuderedza mafa anoitika pakuzvitakura kwemadzimai ne40% (mafa anenge 270 000 dzakadziviswa muna 2008) uye dzinogona kudzivirirwa kusvika pa70% kana vanhu vakawaniswa nzira dzese dzavanoda dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri. Vakadzi vakura vanogona kuwedzera mikana yekuzvara vana zvakanaka uye yekuti vana vavo vararame kana vakarebesa nguva yepakati penhumbu dzavo vachishandisa nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri. Munyika dzichiri kubudirira, mari inotambirwa nevakadzi, zvinhu, uremu, uye dzidzo yevana vavo pamwe chete neutano zvinogona kuwedzera kana pakawaniswa nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri. Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri dzinowedzeresa kubudirira mune zveupfumi nekuti panenge pava nevana vashoma vekutarisira, uye panova nevakadzi vakawanda vari muchikwata chevashandi, uye zvinhu zvekurarama nazvo hazviwandirwi.




#Article 284: Kubvisa nhumbu (367 words)


Kubvisa nhumbu ndiko kugumiswa kwenhumbu zvichiparirwa nekuita zvekubvisa kana kubudiswa mudumbu kwemwana kana kasvava nguva isati yakwana yekuti anogona kuzviraramira ari kunze kwedumbu. Nhumbu inogona kubvisika yega uye izvi zvinowanzonzi kupfupfudzika. Munhu anoita izvi achida hake anonzi abvisa nhumbu. Mashoko ekuti kubvisa nhumbu anonyanya kureva kubvisa nhumbu munhu achida hake. Izvi zvinogona kuitwawo panguva yekuti mwana anogona kuzviraramira ari kunze kwedumbu kana kuti kubvisa nhumbu inenge yakura.

Vezvokurapa vanhasi vanoshandisa mishonga kana oparesheni senzira dzekubvisa nadzo nhumbu. Mishonga miviri inoti mifepristone uye prostaglandin inonyatsoshanda sezvinongoita oparesheni padanho rekutanga. Nepo mishonga ichigona kushandiswa zvakare padanho rechipiri, oparesheni inzira isina zvakawanda zvainozokonzeresa. Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri, kusanganisira mapiritsi uye koiri rinopfekerwa muchibereko zvinogona kutotanga kushandiswa panongobviswa nhumbu. Zvinonzi kubvisa nhumbu munyika dzakabudirira kwava nenguva yakareba kuchizivikanwa semarapiro asina ngozi kana zvichitenderwa nemutemo wemunharaunda. Nhumbu dzinenge dzabviswa zvakanaka hadzipariri kurwara pfungwa kana mamwe matambudziko pamunhu. Sangano reWorld Health Organization rinokurudzira kuti mabvisiro aya asina ngozi uye epamutemo awaniswe vakadzi vese pasi rese. Zvisinei, gore negore kubvisa nhumbu zvine ngozi kunoparira nzufu 47 000 kufa kwevakadzi vane nhumbu uye 5 miriyoni vanoiswa muchipatara.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti nhumbu dzinokwana 44 miriyoni dzinobviswa gore negore pasi rose, uye dzinoda kusvika hafu dzacho dzinobviswa zvine ngozi. Uwandu hwenhumbu dzinobviswa hauna kunyanya kuchinja pakati pa2003 na2008, zvichitevera makumi emakore huchidzika nechikonzero chekudzidziswa zvakawedzerwa kwevanhu nezvekuronga mhuri uye nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri.  Kubvira 2008, 40 muzana yevakadzi pasi rese vakava nemikana yekubvisa nhumbu zviri pamutemo vasingabvunzwi chikonzero. Zvisinei, paurefu hwenguva yenhumbu, pane nguva yekuti zvinenge zvisisaiti kuti nhumbu yacho ibviswe.

Kubvisa nhumbu kune nhoroondo yakareba. Pane nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzaishandiswa, kusanganisira mishonga yemakwenzi, maturusi akapinza, kukuvara zvakaipisisa, uyewo nzira dzechinyakare zvakabvira kare kare. Mitemo ine chekuita nekubvisa nhumbu, yekuti dzinobviswa kangani, neyetsika uye manamatiro zvinosiyana-siyana pasi rese. Mumwe macho, kubvisa nhumbu kuri pamutemo zvichitsamira pane zvinenge zvaikonzeresa, sezvakaita makunakuna, kubatwa chibharo, matambudziko ane chekuita nemwana ari mudumbu, mamiriro ezvinhu emari nemagariro, uye kuva pangozi kweutano hwamai. Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi pane kusawirirana kweruzhinji nezvetsika, kururama, uye kuva pamutemo kwekubvisa nhumbu. Vaya vanopikisa kubvisa nhumbu vanowanzotaura kuti kasvava kana mwana munhu ane kodzero yekurarama saka vakawanda vanoti kubvisa nhumbu kuponda. Vaya vanotsigira kodzero dzekubvisa nhumbu vanosimbisa kodzero yemukadzi yekusarudza panyaya dzine chekuita nemuviri wake uye vanosimbisawo kodzero dzevanhu vese.




#Article 285: FIFA World Cup (2522 words)


The FIFA World Cup,  World Cup uye munguva pfupi ichangopfuura World FIFA Cup chinhu dzakawanda nhabvu makwikwi inoitwa nerimwe mana makore. Makwikwi ichi, akasikwa 1928 muFrance achitungamirirwa President Jules Rimet, yakazaruka neshamwari zvose kuzivikanwa FIFA (International Federation of Association Football, muna France: Federation Internationale of Football Association). The zita mutana mukombe zvinoreva Jules Rimet. Wokutanga shanduro kwakaitika muna 1930 muUruguay, ane kusarudzwa aiva Kumukundi.

Kutsauka World Cup 1930, kuti mutambo agara yakaitwa maitikiro maviri. Takarongwa nokuda Continental confederations, World Cup qualifiers kubvumira akanakisisa zvikwata kubva mumwe kondinendi kuti ndiitewo makwikwi, zvinotora nzvimbo munyika hondo imwe kana kupfuura. The kuitika World youduku ndiyo matatu namaviri National zvikwata kwenguva inenge mwedzi.

Nyika sere chete vaitsigira nyika nhasi. The Brazil, chikwata chete kuti muchinangwa makwikwi zvose, ndiye shasha mukuru pamwe shanu okuremekedza. Ndirwowo chete zvechigarire muridzi Jules Rimet Cup (kuiswa kutamba muna 1930) uye akahwina zvakajeka nekuda nyika iyo yakahwina nokuti kechitatu ushasha, kwakaitika muna makwikwi muna 1970 pamwe Pele, chete mutambi nekatatu nyika shasha munhau . The chikwata Brazilian rinoteverwa Italy uye Germany, tichidzivirira shasha, pamwe neimwe mikombe mina. The chikwata kuti akunda yokutanga edition, Uruguay akakunda kaviri sezvo Argentina, imwe nyika yokuSouth America. Pakupedzisira, France, England uye Spain akunda World Cup neimwe. Uruguay (1930), Italy (1934), England (1966), Germany (1974), Argentina (1978) uye France (1998) akakwanisa kuwana nyaya kanenge mumwe pamba. Nepo chete nyika kuti vawane kunyika ayo Brazil muEurope muna 1958 uye Asia muna 2002, Spain mu Africa muna 2010 uye Germany muna América do Sul muna 2014. The pazviridzwa yakawanda mitambo iri World Cup vari : Germany machisa 106, Brazil pamwe 104, Italy pamwe 83, Argentina pamwe 77 uye Britain ne 62.

The World Cup ndiyo akatarisa zvemitambo chiitiko munyika, inopfuura kunyange yeOlympic. Zvoupfumi, makwikwi kunobatsira kukura zvimwe sectors uye kukura kunyika wehondo. Mitambo zvivako, kusanganisira nhandare dzinovakwa kana patsva nepatinenge. Migwagwa, dzendege, hotels uye kwezvivako zvavo, vari nani kuti chehondo makwikwi. Zvisinei, mumwe muduku dzakasimukira nyika, asi World Wechitatu, vangatambura zvinopfuura kutarisirwa kuronga World Cup.

The World Cup ane enyika zvinhu. Sezvo zvinogona kutapurira tsika norugare uye universalism, makwikwi zvinogonawo kuva chiitiko kupararira kurwa uye mhirizhonga akapoteredza machisi, kana kunyange pave nekukurukurirana hondo pakati nyika. Pane kursy akawanda kuronga World Cup.

Chiitiko yose iri varipowo dzakakurumbira netsika, mumafirimu akawanda uye anonzi, uye ndiyo mukana kusika nziyo kana nziyo. yemavhidhiyo uye chinamirwa Albums ose footballers Somuenzaniso, zviri kutengeswa pamberi World Cup uye tanga guru mukana zvoupfumi.

Chirongwa kuronga World Cup anotanga paakasika FIFA (International Federation of Association Football) musi May 21, 1904. FIFA, nyika nhabvu muviri, rakaumbwa muna Paris, France uye makuru Zurich, Switzerland . Muna 1906, kuti kuedza rokutanga nyaya, hwakaitwa neDare Dutch mutungamiri Carl Hirschmann akanga aronga muSwitzerland, nemapoka mana zvikwata zvina sechinhu rwakapoteredza yokutanga yakanga rakatangwa. Asi panguva pakuguma okuverengwa nerusimbiso vaenzi gumi nyika, musi waAugust 31, 1905, hapana mubatanidzwa akasimbisa yavanopedza uye chirongwa panguva iyoyo yakasiyiwa. With pokugadzwa mumwe mutambo pakati Olympic nhabvu muna 1908, Hirschmann aida ndifambire mberi kuzivikanwa ino Olympic mutambo sezvo nyika ushasha kuti mudzidzi nhabvu. Pfungwa yave yakasimbiswa panguva FIFA Congress muna 1914, asi Hondo Yenyika akadzikatidza kutanga. Pashure pehondo, FIFA vakachinja mafungiro ayo. Pashure sarudzo yake seMutungamiri FIFA, yeFrench Jules Rimet akaisa zvose panzvimbo pamwe compatriot mitambo mukuru Henri Delaunay, kuti hamucharambi kuziva yeOlympic mutambo sezvo nyika ushasha kuti mudzidzi nhabvu, vachitamburira kuti pave makwikwi idzva. The Olympic Games muna 1924 uye 1928 vakakwanisa kutanga nhaurirano rinovaka pakati idzodzo weAmerica do Sul uye Europe.

The FIFA World Cup kupfimbwa akabvumirwa pane musangano muAmsterdam musi May 26, 1928, makumi maviri namashanu mavhoti nepakudiwa uye shanu pamusoro, pamwe chete abstention. The sangano rokutanga World Cup nyika yakanga zvino basa Uruguay muna FIFA Congress muBarcelona, ​​May 18, 1929, kuti vapemberere Centenary rwawo asiwo nokuti kusarudzwa akanga Olympic shasha kaviri, muna 1924 uye ra1928.

Nokufamba World Cup wakaiswa, rakatumbuka pamwe yeOlympic. Panguva pakusikwa World Cup, anenge zvose zvikwata vaiva kudzidziswa chete panguva Olympic Games uye World Cup nokuti aiva mudzidzi hweHIV. Zvisinei, makwikwi akabva ava nyanzvi. Kana mitambo yeOlympic yakanga kuti amateurs, FIFA akaziva World Cup uye akagamuchira zvikwata kuti vakasarudza professionalism. Nanhasi, nenzira, zvinangwa uye tsika akasiyana, World Cup yakazaruka nyanzvi dzose uye amateurs. [6] Vakawanda nhabvu vatambi munyika vane mabasa maviri. Zvakajairika kuona vatambi pokuita uyewo muuduku World Cup, sezvo pasi-20 uye pasi-17.

The reShanduro yeNyika Cup yokutanga yakaitwa muUruguay muna Montevideo muna 1930. zvikwata National gumi nenhatu chete vakasangana panguva iyoyo, uye nyika dzokuEurope mana chete rwizi Atlantic Ocean chikepe kukwikwidzana kuti mutambo. Belgium, France uye Romania akakwira chikepe Conte Verde.  Mumapoka 2, 3 uye 4, vakanga Classified Spain, Sweden neUruguay, ukuwo. Uruguay akashandisa imwe 8-0 achikurovai muBolivia, uye Spain nokuda 6 1. mupikisi ake okupedzisira aiva Uruguay, iyo yakanga yakasungirirwa pamwe Spain uye Sweden akunda. Zvikwata zviviri kuridzwa panguva Maracana musi July 16, 1950, zvichienzaniswa vanenge 200,000 vanhu. Brazil aida chete SWEDERA, apo Uruguay aifanira kukunda riziviswe Kumukundi ari makwikwi. The Zimbabwean kudzivirira akabata kurwisa yokuBrazil akanga scored gumi zvinangwa zviri ndechekuti uye mamakisi akava 0-0 rokutanga hafu. Mukutanga wechipiri nguva, Brazil scored pamwe Friaça. Mushure maminitsi 21, Juan Alberto Schiaffino equalized kuti Uruguay uye 34, Alcides Ghiggia akatendeuka mutambo nokuda Celeste. The Zimbabwean chikwata yaiva nyika shasha kechipiri.

The 1954 reShanduro yeNyika yakaitwa kuSwitzerland. The chikwata Hungary aiva kufarira ari mutambo. Anonziwo The Golden Time, kusarudza enchanted nyika nhabvu pamwe tarenda ake uye akasimbisa vavo kufarira chinzvimbo kuti mutambo wenyika makwikwi okutanga, kurova South Korea kubudikidza 9-0 uye West Germany ne 8 kusvika 3. International se  Portugal, Hungary,  France,  Spain uye  Argentina haana kukodzera kuti nyaya. Ukuwo,  Israeri uye  Morocco kupindira kekutanga World Cup  The nebope pakati  West Germany uye England ari quarterfinals akanga 2-0 nokuti Chirungu zvisipo maminitsi pfuurei 20 kupedza mutambo. Asi West vokuGermany pota vakakunda 3-2 muna chiwedzerwa pashure kusungira mutambo mumaminitsi 90. Munguva semifinals, kuMavirira German chikwata akatarisana  Italy mu Azteca Stadium, akavaka kunyanya nokuda World Cup. Italy akakunda mutambo 4-3 mu nguva, mushure mutambo apedza 1-1 chaiye nguva. The  West German Franz Beckenbauer akaramba achitamba ruoko ari chipfuramabwe nokuti pane clavicle kukuvara.  Mune dzimwe semifinal, kuti  Brazil kurova  Uruguay nokuda 3-1 kugumbuka. Apo Uruguay akanga achiteverwa nevanhu 1-0, iri Brazilian Pele akapa pamusoro mutambi Dagoberto Fontes kugokora (vakanga vafamba rake ruoko pakutanga game), asi mutongi rakachinja kushaya, zvichiratidza munhu hazvimo mhosva Sources  On mukuru mugumo rokuItari vatambi havana kubata kurwisa Brazilian uye vakarasika kuti vanyatsoparadzwa, kubudikidza 4 1.  With zvinangwa 10, kuWest Germany Anouraya Gerd Müller aiva pamusoro scorer. In ichi World Cup, Pele akaratidza kamwe zvakare ake tarenda ane kuedza kuita chinangwa 50 metres kubva Vatambi ravane Uruguay kana Ladislao Mazurkiewicz. Akakunda ake wechitatu World Cup, achiva chete mutambi kuti vabudirire Feat yakadaro. Brazil zvakare akahwina ake rwechitatu rokuremekedza uye nokudaro akawana kodzero kuramba Jules Rimet Cup zvachose.

The  North Korea yaiva kushamiswa kwakaitwa World Cup 1966, vachitora nzvimbo England. The chikwata  Asian kurova  Italy muboka Danho ukwanise kuita quarterfinals. Vakakurumidza akatonga  Portugal Panguva iyi, zvichiita 3 kusvika 0. Zvisinei, maitiro Portuguese Akatoshamisika uye dzakaguma mukuwana mutambo kubudikidza 5-3 nezvinangwa ina kubva Eusebius. Pamba,  England chikwata yaingoda, kutanga nokuti vakapata ose mutambo ari  Wembley Stadium uye nekuti  kuyananisa zvakanga zvakanaka. Munguva quarterfinals, kuti  Mukuru uye  Argentina, Antonio Rattín akanga risingabatanidzwi mutambo maminitsi 35 kupinda mutambo pamusoro wehondo, achisiya wake chikwata gumi pamusoro gumi,  izvo dzakaguma kuyerwa, sezvo England chikwata varohwe 1 kusvika 0. Mumazuva Semi okupedzisira, England akakunda Portugal (yakanga Kwakabvisa  Brazil, tichidzivirira shasha, rokutanga chokutambudzika) ne 2-1 nekuvongwa zvinangwa zviviri kubva Bobby Charlton. Mune dzimwe semifinal, kuti  West Germany kurova  Soviet Union ne 2 1. At pamugumo mutambo, England akaramba kuenda West Germany. Mushure 2-2 anokweva dzose nguva, pamwe West vokuGermany vakakwanisa chinangwa yapera kuti kutamba, mutambo akaenda chiwedzerwa. Geoff Hurst, vakanga scored chinangwa, akaita maviri (wokutanga pamutemo, sezvo bhora haana kupfuura chinangwa mutsetse) , vakanochengeta kuhwina 4-2 kuna Chirungu. England yakahwina rokutanga uye chete World Cup.

Pashure pokukunda of  Brazil mu  1970, kuti makwikwi kwaiva gadzai makore mana gare gare, nyika West Germany. The  Haiti zvakashamisa  qualifiers kuti akodzere, vachisiya | uye Mexican Selection United States vanhu National chenhabvu United] States] Football | Mexico (yakanga vaipinda rapfuura World Cup) kubva makwikwi. The 1974 World Cup ndiyewo debut iri  Australia ari makwikwi. In wokutanga chokutambudzika, kuti  East Germany kushamiswa mukuwana  West Germany By 1-0, pamwe chinangwa Jürgen Sparwasser apo vaviri zvikwata zvina dzakaumbwa, pamwe maviri rokutanga nomumwe kiyi mapoka mana okutanga pechikuva. In wechipiri chokutambudzika, kuti  Netherlands akatonga boka ravo uye zvachose pakudzivirira vakundi, Brazil, apo West Germany vakarova  Poland ne 1-0 mumunda zvikazara kuhwina nzvimbo kutarisana kuNetherlands ari wokupedzisira. The Dutch, akatungamirirwa Johan Cruijff, akatanga akanaka nhabvu iyo enchanted nyika, anozivikanwa nhasi sezvo  Dutch carousel . Zvisinei, muna chokupedzisira mutambo, muridzi wemba, West Germany akakunda 2-1 akagumbuka pamusoro simba kusarudzwa Netherlands. Pasinei pokukundwa chikwata kwake kwokupedzisira, Cruyff akanzi yakanakisisa mutambi ari 1974 World Cup.

Argentina vaipinda ari FIFA World Cup 1978. The qualifiers zvakaoma chaizvo, nokuti vakanga zvigaro 14 chete zvikwata 97 kuti vaikwikwidzana. The Cup akanga Virtual zvakanyanya. West Germany, vachidzivirira shasha uye Argentine National chikwata, hondo, akanga atova yakasimbiswa nzvimbo. zvikwata simba kufanana kuUruguay, England, Soviet Union uye Yugoslavia vakanga vasara kubva mutambo. Ukuwo, Iran uye Tunisia akaita debut dzavo makwikwi. rokutanga kutotanga uyewo kupatsanura mashoko vakamira panze  national chikwata, richiswedera zvose zvayo wazvipira. In chechipiri chokutambudzika, vakanga Classified  Poland,  West Germany, Italy uye  France kuna semifinals, pamwe magetsi Champion  Argentina, chapedzwa. In wokutanga Semi wokupedzisira kwePoland pasina Zbigniew Boniek, avo rwoga playmaker, vakarasikirwa kuna Italy zvinangwa zviviri Paolo Rossi. Mumwe mutambo pakati France uye West Germany ndokuguma ari SWEDERA kubudikidza 1-1, pachena ne mutongo zvechisimba dzisina kunyorwa zita kubudikidza muzvinapembe,  ari Vatambi  West German Harald Schumacher mu  French Patrick Battiston, uyo akatambura chipaparadzungu uye akarasikirwa zviviri zino va  With chisungo , mutambo vakapinda nguva, iyewo rakava akaenzana pamwe French achiuya kuvhura 3-1 asi kubvumira maitiro West vokuGermany, uyo akakwanisa kuvhuna kunyange. Mushure remakuwerere 3-3, mutambo raifanira akasarudza ari mutongo shootout, apo West Germany vakakunda 5 kusvika 4.   The yokupedzisira, muchinangwa Madrid, akanga Italy sezvo vakundi nyore pane kutarisirwa. Vakazarura 3-0 pamusoro West vokuGermany, uyo cashed pamwe Paul Breitner. Paolo Rossi kwete chete akahwina musoro wake selection, asi aivawo pamusoro scorer uye zita mutambi ari mutambo.

Pakutanga akafanoona mu Colombia, iyo 1986 reShanduro yeNyika Cup zvinoitika Mexico zvakare. Sezvo makore mana apfuura, France yakakundwa ari semifinals ari makwikwi ne West Germany. The French akapedza mutambo yetatu pashure kurova  Brazil. Mune quarterfinals ari machisi kuti kwakasarudzwa negakava kuti mutongo va  The makwikwi pakataurwa Kusangana pakati Argentina uye  England ari quarterfinals, apo mukuru  Argentine Diego Maradona scored kuva nechinangwa ruoko. maminitsi mana mushure chinangwa, gare gare chakazonzi  the Mano de Dios ,  Maradona dribbled vatambi matanhatu Chirungu uye vatambi Peter Shilton unotara ane chinangwa anthological, iyo pakupedzisira akasarudzwa sezvo  chinangwa remakore.  ari semifinal, ari Argentine playmaker scored maviri kukunda wake kusarudzwa kuzorwa  Belgium ne 2 kusvika 0. mu add dzi, Argentina yakahwina reShanduro yeNyika Cup yechipiri muMexico pamwe Jorge Burruchaga wokupemberera 43 kechipiri pamusoro West Germany, kuona kukunda kubudikidza 3 2.  Diego Maradona akanga zvokusarudzwa mutambi ari makwikwi, ukuwo  Chirungu Gary Lineker aiva scorer.

The 1990 World Cup akanga muchinangwa Italy kechipiri. Kudzivirira shasha  Argentina vairidza machisi rokutanga pamusoro  Cameroon. Mukukunda Cameroon aiva kushamiswa kwakaitwa mutambo wekutanga. Cameroon, Sezvineiwo, vakava rudzi wokutanga  African ukwanise kuita quarterfinals ari makwikwi, achirova  Colombia yechipiri yakapoteredza, vachidikanwa mutambo ne 2 1 ari uyewo, nezvinangwa zviviri kubva Roger mi, akanga 38 panguva iyoyo. Kusarudzwa Cameroon vakakanda kuti uyewo vakaenzana akaenzana England, uye pashure kuswedera pedyo 2-2 chaiye nguva yakanga zvachose makwikwi pashure kutambura chinangwa Chirungu wechitatu nguva / imwe nguva. The ipapo shasha Argentina akatarisana  chikwata National Naples kutamba, guta kwaaigara Maradona, sezvo waitsigira tsvimbo dzemo kwayakanga chidhori,  Napoli .  The vokuItaly akazarura scoring pamwe Salvatore Schillaci. Claudio Caniggia akasungirirwa Argentines uye mutambo vakapinda nguva, izvo vakaramba chisungo 1-1 uye ruvara rokupedzisira yakanga kuridzwa Zvirango. The Vatambi  Argentine Sergio Goycochea raiva zita guru raJehovha makwikwi, tichidzivirira madzoro Roberto Donadoni uye Aldo Serena. The Argentines yakahwina 4-3 ne mutongo shootout. The semifinal yechipiri yakanga akasarudzawo pamusoro Zvirango.  West Germany uye England rakasungirwa 1-1 chaiye nguva uye nguva hapana akawana mambure. Stuart Pearce uye Chris Waddle vakarasikirwa kuunganidza dzavo uye West vokuGermany vakaswedera okupedzisira. Pakupedzisira, Argentine vatambi vaviri vakadzingwa uye West Germany akahwina 1-0 chirango chinangwa Andreas Brehme, pamwe maminitsi mashanu kusvika kumagumo mutambo. Mushure West vokuGermany akarasikirwa vaviri yakarurama ndechekuti, Lothar Matthäus akamutsa  Trophy World Cup uye ivo akakunda zvavo wechitatu rokuremekedza. 

Mushure wakanaka mabasa Cameroon iri pakadhindwa 1990, FIFA vakasarudza kupa sefungu rechitatu kondinendi yose Africa. The World Cup 1994 kwakaitika United] States]. nyika 147 muchirongwa  qualifiers.  Uruguay,  England,  Portugal,  France uye  Denmark, vaitsigira  European Championship, vakanga vasara kubva makwikwi. Kutanga World Cup aizivikanwa yakanaka kwakaguma Anti-doping Diego Maradona, ndikarohwa kushandisa [zvinodhaka] [] s. The  American vakasarudzwa, World Cup hondo, akanga abvisa yechipiri kumativi ne  Brazil. Brazilians vari makwikwi ichiri kurova  Netherlands uye  Sweden, mumwe zvinoshamisa zviri mutambo. Uyewo munhu Semi-finalist muna 1994 World Cup, kuti  Bulgaria aiva mumwe kukatyamadzwa  ari Bulgarian chikwata, Hristo Stoichkov, akanga abvisa panyika semifinals pedyo  Italy, izvo wokutanga chokutambudzika, vanokwanisa chete sezvo wechitatu yakanakisisa wokupedzisira vanokwanisa pashure kukundwa pamusoro  Ireland iri mutambo yokutanga. The yokupedzisira akabva vachitamba pakati peBrazil Italy mu Rose Bowl mu Los Angeles, California. Kusiyana nevamwe makwikwi, zvikuru kurwisa, avhareji 2.7 zvinangwa por yemhuka,  chisarudzo yakavharwa, kuzvidzivirira chaizvo. Panoperera nomurau nguva mugumisiro rapera 0-0, izvo haana kuchinja mu ovhataimu.   L'Equipe, 50 yatiri of mutambo, numéro. cit. , p. 655, Le Brésil à l'arraché» Patrick Urbini  Zvakange wokutanga Cup wokupedzisira kuti akasarudza Zvirango.  vateresi maviri okutanga zvainyepa asi vaiva kukundikana kuti  vokuItaly. Daniele Massaro uye Roberto Baggio kusarudza kuti Brazil kuhwina zvavo wechina ushasha nyika  iri mumagazini ino, Romario yakanga chikuru mutambi ari chikwata yokuBrazil uye akavhotera zvakanakisisa mutambo. 

The World Cup 1998 wechipiri kuti dzakamhanya-mhanya munzvimbo France mushure  1938. Zvakanyorwa  qualifiers rova ​​rekodhi, pamwe kusangana munyika 174 dzakanyorwa. Nokuti kokutanga FIFA World Cup yaisanganisira 32 zvikwata. Pakudzivirira Champions, Brazil zvakare kusvika chokupedzisira World Cup kuburikidza achirova Netherlands iri mutongo shootout ari semifinals. Mushure Unobata matatu kubva mumitambo nhatu Group C, France yapa pamusoro  Paraguay mu  neLens ane chinangwa goridhe kuti Laurent Blanc  Mune quarterfinals, kuti  Blue  Kwakabvisa mumhanyi-up Italy kuitika  Pakupedzisira, French haana mukana Brazil nezvinangwa zviviri kubva Zinédine Zidane uye Emmanuel Petit, thrashed kuti Brazilians 3-0 mu Stade de France  Iyi yaiva nguva wechitanhatu chiitiko yakanga vakakunda hondo rudzi. The vavashungurudza Brazil eiro  Ronaldo, 21, akanga zvokusarudzwa mutambi ari mutambo.

Yakarongwa Japan uye South Korea, ya2002 World Cup aiva pakadhindwa rokutanga mutambo kuitika Asia uye ane nyika mbiri hondo.Nyika akaona Brazil kuhwina wechishanu nguva makwikwi, vachidikanwa pentacampeonato.The anokumhan'arira of Brazilians mune rokupedzisira aiva Germany, uya akakunda South Korea chikwata ari semifinals.Ronaldo, atova kusarudza ari semifinal kuzorwa Turkey,scored kaviri yokupedzisira, chete zvinangwa maviri mutambo.Apedza sezvo pamusoro scorer nezvinangwa sere,asi Vatambi German Oliver Kahn akanga zvokusarudzwa yakanakisisa mutambi the World Cup.South Korea, mumwe wehondo kunyika, inotungamirwa Dutch murairidzi Guus Hiddink, aiva kushamisika kwakaita nyaya. Shure kwokurohwa Portugal vari boka pachikuva,vakarova Italy rechipiri yakapoteredza aine chinangwa yendarama kubva Ahn Jung-Hwanuye vakabatsirwa kuyananisa, izvo akapidigura zvinangwa dzose mbiri,uyewo zvachose Spain ari quarterfinals pamusoro chirango shootout.France, tichidzivirira shasha, akanga pa rwakapoteredza iri mutambo wekutanga asina chinangwa,rimwe boka apo vakundi nyika mbiri dzakanga kupera, sezvo kuUruguay, yakanga iri boka iri, uyewo akapedzisira kusiya World Cup rokutanga chokutambudzika.Argentina, imwe nyika shasha selection, akanga pa muboka pachikuva,akabatana France sezvo mwoyo zvikuru wokutanga World Cup of XXI remakore.




#Article 286: Gwirikwiti (262 words)


Gwirikwiti, irowo rinozivikanwa nekuti morbilli, rubeola, kana kuti gwirikwiti dzvuku, utachiona hunotapukira chaizvo hunokonzerwa nevhairasi rinonzi measles. Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvinowanzosanganisira fivha, inowanzodarika 40 °C (104.0 °F), kukosora, kuyerera dzihwa, uye maziso akatsvuka. Pashure pemazuva maviri kana matatu kubva panotanga zviratidzo zvacho, mumukanwa munooneka tumapundu tudiki tuchena, tunozivikanwa nekuti Koplik's spots. Tumapundu tutsvuku tusina kukura utwo twunowanzotanga pachiso twobva twapararira nemuviri wese twunowanzotanga pashure pemazuva matatu kusvika kumashanu kubva panotanga kuoneka zviratidzo. Zviratidzo zvinowanzotanga kuoneka mazuva 10–12 pashure pekunge munhu ava pedyo nemunhu ane chirwere chacho, uye zvinogara kwemazuva 7–10. Zvinhu zvinozowedzera kuipira inenge 30% uye zvingasanganisira kuita manyoka, upofu, kuzvimba kweuropi, uye mabayo nezvimwewo. Rubella (gwirikwiti rekuGerman) rakasiyana nechirwere chinonzi roseola. 

Gwirikwiti chirwere chinofamba nemumhepo icho chinopararira zviri nyore mukukosora nemukuhetsura kwevane utachiona hwacho. Chinogonawo kupararira munhu paanobata kana kuguma mate kana madziwa zvemunhu anacho. Vanhu vasina kudzivirirwa vanokwana 9 pa10 vega vega vanobatira chirwere chacho kana vachigara nemunhu anacho. Vanhu vanotapurira vamwe chirwere ichi mumazuva mana tumapundu tusati twaoneka pavari uye mumazuva mana pashure pekunge twatanga kuoneka. Kakawanda vanhu vanowana chirwere ichi kamwe chete. Zvakakosha kuti vanenge vafungirwa kuti vane chirwere ichi vaongororwe kuitira kuti chisapararire kuvanhu vakawanda. 

Mushonga wekudzivirira gwirikwiti unoshanda chaizvo pakuridzivirira. Kudzivirira kwakaguma nekuderedzwa ne75% kwenzufu dzinoparirwa negwirikwiti pakati pa2000 na2013, vana vanenge 85% zvavari kudzivirirwa pasi rese. Hapana marapiro chaiwo aripo. Zvisinei, kutarisirwa kwakanaka kunogona kuvandudza utano. Izvi zvingasanganisira kupa mvura yekunwa ine shuga nemunyu (inoti tapirei uye ine munyu), zvekudya zvine utano, uye mishonga inobatsira kurapa fivha. Mishonga inouraya bhakiteriya inogona kushandiswa kana pakava neutachiona hwacho hwakadai sehwemabayo. Munyika dzichiri kubudirira, zvinokurudzirwawo kutora zvinowedzera Vhitamini A. 




#Article 287: Kuponiwa (339 words)


Kuzvara, uko kunonziwo kusununguka kana kubereka, ndiyo mhedzisiro yenhumbu zvichibva pakuti mwana kana kuti vana vanenge vabuda muchibereko chamai. Muna 2015 kuzvara kunokwana mamiriyoni 135 kwakaitika pasi rose. Vanenge mamiriyoni 15 vakaberekwa mavhiki 37 enhumbu asati akwana, ukuwo vari pakati pe3 kusvika 12% vakaberekwa pashure pemavhiki 42. Munyika dzakabudirira vana vakawanda vanozvarirwa muzvipatara, nepo munyika dzichiri kubudurira vana vakawanda vanozvarirwa kumba paine rubatsiro rwanyamukuta.

Vana vakawanda vanozvarwa vachiita zvekubuda nekusikarudzi. Izvi zvinoitika mumatanho matatu: anoti kupfupika uye kuvhurika kwemuromo wechibereko, kudzika uye kuzvarwa kwemwana, kwozouya kusundirwa panze kwerukuvhute. Danho rekutanga rinowanzotora maawa 12 kusvika ku19, danho rechipiri maminitsi 20 kusvika kumaawa maviri, uye danho rechitatu maminitsi mashanu kusvika ku30. Danho rekutanga rinotanga nekukaka nechemudumbu kana kurwadziwa kumusana kwenguva inokwana hafu yeminiti asi kuchiitika pamaminitsi 10 kusvika 30 ega ega. Marwadzo ekukaka anoramba achiwedzera uye nguva yaanombomira kuitika inoramba ichishomeka nekufamba kwenguva. Mudanho rechipiri munogona kuitika kusungika kunoparira kuti mwana atange kusundwa. Mudanho rechitatu kunonoka kusunga rukuvhute zvinokurudzirwa chaizvo. Pane zvinogona kubatsira kuderedza marwadzo zvakadai sekubatsira kuti munhu anzwe akazorora, mishonga inonzi maopioid, uyewo mishonga inokonzera chiveve.

Vana vakawanda vanotanga kubudisa musoro; zvisinei vanokwana 4% vanotanga nemakumbo kana garo izvo zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa sebreech. Munguva yemarwadzo ekubereka mukadzi anogona hake kudya uye kufamba famba madiro, kusunda mwana hakukurudzirwi mudanho rekutanga kana panguva yekuti musoro uri kubuda, uye hazvikurudzirwi kuiswa enema. Nepo zvekucheka muromo wesikarudzi zvichiitwa chaizvo, uye zvichizivikanwa nezita rekuti episiotomy, kakawanda hapana chikonzero chekuzviita. Muna 2012, kuzvara kunokwana mamiriyoni 23 kwakashandisirwa oparesheni inozivikanwa nekuti Caesarean section. Oparesheni yeCaesarean section inogona kunzi iitwe kana ari manyambiri, zvaoneka kuti mwana ava kukanganiswa, kana kuti aita breech. Zvinotora nguva yakareba kuti munhu apore pamazvariro aya.

Gore negore matambudziko ane chekuita nenhumbu uye kuzvara anokonzera madzimai 500 000 kufa nepamuviri, vanokwana mamiriyoni 7 vanoita matambudziko akanyanya uye enguva refu, uye mamiriyoni 50 vanotanga matambudziko eutano anokonzerwa nekuzvara. Kakawanda izvi zvinoitika munyika dzichiri kubudirira. Matambudziko acho anosanganisira kuvharidzirwa kwenzira inobuda nemwana, kuramba ropa richibuda pashure pekuberekwa kwemwana, pfari, uye kupinda kweutachiona munzira inobuda nemwana pashure pekuberekwa kwemwana. Matambudziko anosangana nemwana anosanganisira kushaya mhepo yokufema pakuberekwa.




#Article 288: Nyika yeRudhende (109 words)


Nyika yeRudhende (Republic) zvinoreva nyika inotongwa, kwete naMambo kana Ishe, asi nevamiriri vakasarudzwa neruzhinji rwevanhu. Izvi zvoreva kuti simba revamiriri rinobva pakuvhoterwa nevanhu uye rinopfumbira pakuita zvinofadza ruzhinji rwevanhu. Nyika dzine hutongi hwechinyarudhende dzinosanganisira: United States of America, South Africa, India, Botswana, Nigeria, France, zvichingodaro.

Republic of Zimbabwe inokwaninya kuturikirwa kuchinzi Nyika yeRudhende rweZimbabwe kana Nyika yeRuzhinji rweZimbabwe kana Nyika yeMukumbi weZimbabwe. 

Mashoko ari pamusoro aya kuedza kuumba mutauro weShona kuti ududze zvinorehwa kuEnglish.

Izwi rokuti republic rakaumbwa kubva kuLatin. Izwi rokuti res rinoreva thing, entity, izwi rokuti publica rinoreva public kana ruzhinji rwevanhu. Saka izwi rokuti republic rinoreva entity of the public. Zvino kuChiShona kwaturikirwa kuchinzi Nyika yeRudhende.




#Article 289: Kupara Mwana (144 words)


Pachinyorwa chino mazwi anoti kupara mwana ari kushandiswa kuturikira chinonzi adoption kuEnglish; izvi zvichireva kutora mwana mutorwa wausina kuzvara ugochimuchengeta sewako nenzira yakatenderwa pamutemo wenyika.

Mazwi anoti kupara mwana asarudzwa kuti atodzaniswe nekupara moto, izvi zvichireva kuenda pamoto uri kubvira nechekare kwave kutora mazimbe epo kuti unovamba moto pane chimwe choto. Vamwe vatauri vanoti kugoka moto. Kufananidzwa kuri apa ndekwekuti mwana wekupara anenge achitorwa kubva pana Amai naBaba nyakubereka achinopiwa kuna Amai naBaba nyakupara; apa mwana aripo akazvarwa kare asi anorerwa nevamwewo Amai naBaba. Zvichida tingati kugoka mwana kana mwana wekugoka.

Zvakanaka kuonesana kuti mashoko ari pano haasi kushandiswa kuChiShona chinotaurwa mazuvaose; chiri kutiwa pano kuedza kuturikira mazwi anotaurwa kuEnglish.

Pano panyorwa mazwi ari pedyo nezita iri kune mimwe mitauro yeChiBantu, asi zvinoreva zita zvigona kusiyana zvachose nemazwi ari pasi aya. Chinangwa ndechekutsvaga zvinoreva mazita, zvikurusei kana mazita aya asisiri kutaurwa mumutauro wemazuva ano.




#Article 290: ChiNdau (105 words)


ChiNdau, Ndau, chiNdau kana Ndzawu mutauro unotaurwa kumabvazuva kweZimbabwe nevanhu neVaNdau, uye mumatunhu eMozambique. Nzvimbo dzinotaurwa ChiNdau dzinosanganisira Chipinge, Chimanimani zvichingodaro.

Muenzaniso uri pasi unotaridza musiyanpo uripi pakutaurwa kweChiNdau neChiZezuru.

Baba edu ari mudenga, ngariremeredzwe zina renyu 
UMambo hwenyu ngahuuye 
Kuda kwenyu ngakuitwa munyika kudai ngomudenga
Tipei nege kurya kwedu kwatinotama nyamashi 
Tirekererei ndaa dzedu kudai tisu takarekerera avo vane ndaa kwetiri
Usatipinza mukuedzwa, asi tinunure kuno uwo wakashata. 

Munamato uyu uchitaurwa neChiZezuru unoti: 

Baba vedu vari kudenga, zita renyu ngarikudziwe. 
UMambo hwenyu ngahusvike. Kuda kwenyu ngakuitwe, pasi sokudenga. 
Tipei nhasi kudya kwedu kwezuva. 
Tiregererei zvatinokutadzirai sekuregerera kwatinoita vakatitadzira. 
Musatipinze mukuedzwa, asi mutinunure mune zvakaipa.




#Article 291: Rupambuko rweChiedza (146 words)


Muchidzidzo fundoyetsimba, rupambuko rwechiedza (refraction of light in English) zvinoreva kubhenda nokushanduka kwakanangwa kunoitika kana masaisai achipfuura muhwendedzo (medium) hwakasiyana. Panoshanduka hwendedzo, muchacha wesaisai unoshanduka asi frequency yemasaisai haishanduke. Rupambuko rwechiedza runoonekwa kana masaisai achisvika pahwendedzo negonyo risiri 90o kana 0o. Rupambuko runonyanya kuonekwa pamasaisai echiedza, asi unoitikawo kana masaisai emuriro achipfuura muhwendedzo hwakasiyana. Rupambuko runoitika kana masaisai emvura achipfuura mumvura yakadzika zvakasiyana. Chiitiko chekukombamiswa kana kutsaudzwa kwechiedza pakati pehwendedzo huviri chinotsanangurwa nemutemo waSnell unonyorwa sezvinotevera:

Pane hwendedzo huviri huri kudarikwa nesaisai rine dendera pa mineti rakafanana, rheshiyo yemasine egonyo rokusvika  θ1  negonyo rerupambuko θ2 yakaenzana nerheshiyo  yemuchacha muhwendedzo mbiri (v1 / v2). Zvakare rheshiyo idzi dzakaenzana nemusunamiswa werheshiyo dzemutendeki werupambuko, (n2 / n1):

Rupambuko chiitiko chinoonekwa kana masaisai achidarika hwendedzo mbiri dzine mutendeki werupambuko wakasiyana. Pamuganhu wehwendedzo mbiri idzi, spidhi yemasaisai inoshandurwa, izvi zvokonzera kushandura kwedivi rakanangwa nemasaisai. Hurefu hwemasaisai hunoshanduka asi mudida wacho haushanduke.




#Article 292: Mutupo weMbeva (153 words)


Mhuka yembeva mutupo wedzinza revaRemba, Lemba, vaShavi or vaMwenyi vemuZimbabwe. Mutupo zvinoreva chiereswa chedzinza zvikuru sei mhuka kana nhengo yemhuka. Vaera mbeva havadyi mhuka iyi. Havadyiwo chikafu chabikirwa muhari kana poto inobikirwa mbeva. Uyu mutemo unoita kuti vaera mbeva vasadye chikafu mudzimba dzevanhu dzakawanda nekuti vanoda kuchengetedza murau wedzinza ravo. Mbeva imwe chete zvayo asi vanoera mbeva vane mipatsa. Kune vanoera mbeva yekwaMusoni. Ava vanezvidau zvakasiyana zvinoti Mukundwa, Tovakare, Zungunde, Warerwa nezvimwe. Kune vanoera mbeva shana kureva kambeva kadoko kakacheneruka. Zvinoita sekuti ava ndivo vanonzi vaSena zvakare. Ava vanowanikwa muZimbabwe kuBuhera kudivi rekuMozambique nemu Mozambique macho. Kune vanoera zhou asi isiri nzou samanyanga asi nzou yevaRemba. Ava vanowanikwa kuMberengwa. Kune vamwe vanobva kuMalawi vari maChewa vanetsika dzakada kufanana nevaRemba vanozivikanwa nekuti veChirudzi. Ava vanowanika kunzvimbo dzinemigodhi nemapurazi muZimbabwe seBindura, Shamva, Kwekwe nedzimwe. Ava vanhu havana mitupo yembeva or zhou. Munhurume anoera mbeva anodanwa kunzi Musoni kana kuti Mushavi uye munhukadzi achidanwa kuti Mambeva. 




#Article 293: Chivi, Zimbabwe (128 words)


Dunhu rekwaChivi riri kuMasvingo Province muZimbabwe.  Chivi idunhu remhari rakashomeka mvura yekunaya, rinowanikwa riri paMutunhu weKurima 4 pamwe ne5. Munguva yaitonga Varungu dunhu iri raidanwa kunzi Chibi. 

Dunhu rekwaChivi rinowanikwa munyika inonyanya shangwa, iri kuMaodzanyemba kweMwenezi nekuMadokero kweMasvingo (District).  Chikamu chikuru chedunhu iri chakagarwa nevarimi vanozvirimira nemhuri dzavo. Nokuda kwekushomeka kwemvura yekunaya, Hurumende yeZimbabwe yakaparura mibisho yevanodiridza minda, izvi zvine chinangwa chokubatsira mhuri dzemo kuwana mari yokuraramisa.

Dunhu rwekwaChivi rine Zvikoro zvizhinji, pane zvakakurumbira kunoti: Chibi High, Berejena Mission, Nyaningwe St. Lukes nezvimwe zvikoro zvidiki zvinopinda vana vachibva kudzimba. Zvikoro zvePrimary zvinowanikwa mudunhu iri zvinosanganisira: Mushayi; Madyangove ; Mpagamuri; Mawadze; Musvovi; Chomuruvati; St Marry, Nemauzhe; Berejena mission; Chikofa, Gwamatoto; Muvhundusi, Vundembe, Dombo, Mazorodze, Mangwana, Nyevedzanai, Masunda South, Masunda North, Chasiya; Matihwa, Mhosva, Befura, Mukotosi, Madamombe, Mudadisi, Sukwe zvichingodaro.




#Article 294: Mutunhu weKurima (154 words)


Mazwi anoti Mutunhu weKurima (Agriculture Region) akanangana neZimbabwe anodudza miganhu yakatarwa muZimbabwe inopangidza huwandu hwemvura inonaya pagore, uye mhando dzembesa dzinokwanisika kurima zviri nyore munzvimbo dzakatarwa idzi.

Mutunhu uyu unonaya mvura inodarika 1000mm pagore, uye wakanakira mombe dzemukaka, kurima chibage, miti yemichero, miti yesango uye mombe dzenyama.

Mutunhu uyu unonaya mvura inosvika 750-1050mm pagore, uye wakanakira kurima zvakadzama kwembeu dzinoti chibage, donje, nefodya,  pamwe nezvipfuwo.

Mutunhu uyu unonaya mvura inosvika 500-800mm pagore. Uyu mutunhu wekurima mbeu dzekudya kwezvipfuwo uye mbeu dzemari dzinoti chibage, donje, nefodya, kuchitevedzwa kumaneja hurimi kwakangwaruka.

Mutunhu uyu unonaya mvura inosvika 450-650mm pagore. Mutunhu uyu unorimwa nzvimbo dzakatambarara zviri pakati uye kwakanakira kupfuya zvipfuwo nokudyara mbesa dzinotirira mhari. Kurima miti yesango, kuchengeta mhuka dzesango, nezvevashanyi mamwe emabasa anoitwa kumutunhu uyu.

Mutunhu uyu unonaya mvura isingadariki 450mm pagore. Mutunhu uyu unorimwa nzvimbo dzakanyaya kutambarara uye kwakanakira kupfuya zvipfuwo mumafuro akatambarara. Kurima miti yesango, kuchengeta mhuka dzesango, nezvevashanyi mamwe emabasa anoitwa kumutunhu uyu.




#Article 295: Bere, Mhuka (106 words)


Bere (Hyena in English) imhuka yemusango ine makamba matema nebrown inokura kusvika pamhumhu wembwa.  Vamwe vatauri vanoti: chipere; bongo, svitsi, tika kana magondo - asi mazita aya anokwanisa kureva marudzi akatsaukana emapere. Iyi mhuka inowanikwa muziwumbe zveAfrica neAsia. Bere imhuka inozivikanwa nokufamba usiku uye nemusana waro wakaita muteremuko unobva kumakumbo emberi uchidzika kuenda kumakumbo eshuru.

Bere rakasiyana nekatsi dzemusango pakuti rinobata dzimwe mhuka richishandisa mazino kwete makumbo ane nzwara sezvinoita mbada. Danga remapere rinesimba rokudzinga shumba kubva padzinenge dzavhima dzikabata mhuka yesango. Mapere anovhima nyati achikwanisa kuiwuraya; izvi zvinogoneka kana riri danga remapere.

Kune mazita emhuri ane chekuita nebere. Mamwe ndiwo anoti: Bere, Mapere, Chipere, Beremauro.




#Article 296: Rupinguro rweMishonga (206 words)


Rupinguro rweMishonga (chemical reaction, change of form, state or attitude) zvinoreva kushanduka kana kupishinuka kubva pakubatanidzwa kwakaitwa hatomu dziri pamishonga. Rupinguro rweMishonga runoonekwa kana chimwe chezvinotevera chaitika:

Mazwi anoti Rupinguro rweMishonga runotaura kushanduka kwechimiro chemushonga kuburikidza nekushanduka kunenge kuchiitika pane zvakakomberedza mushonga. Zvakafanira parizvino kuonesana kuti mushonga uri pamhene pane mhepo uri kutosangana nemhepo ipapo panosangana mhepo nemushonga. Muchidzidzo chezvemishonga mhepo itori mushonga une magasi akasiyana-siyana. Saka kana mushonga uyu uchikwanisa kuita muvandu nemhepo unototanga kuita. Zvakafanana ne iron iri pane mhepo nemvura inotanga kuita ngura.

Izwi rokuti kupingura rinotaurwa kuChiNdau richireva kupindura - (answer, reply, respond, react).

Rupinguro rweMishonga runokwanisa kuitika nokukasira kana kunonoka zvichienderana: nemishonga yacho yasanganiswa; uye kuti mishonga iri pahujoto hwakadii nemutsindo wakadii. 

Somuenzaniso gasi rinonzi oxygen rikasanganiswa negasi rinonzi  hydrogen pahujoto 100oC nemutsindo 1 atmosphere, panoitika rupinguro rwemishonga runoburitsa mvura; Kupishinuka uku kunoitika nokukasira kwakanyanya. Pakupishinuka uku panonzwikwa kuputika.

Panoita iron ngura inenge yasangana nemvura – kuvanduka uku kunoitika kuchinonoka nenzira isina kuputika.

Pano pari kuumbwa mazwi matsva anokwanisa kuzoshandurwa kana mutauro wedu wokura. Chikumbiriso kuti musashandura kana musingaunze shoko idzva. Tarisai nhasi English inodana kukwata kwemabwe kuti volcano zvichibva pazita ramwari wemaRoman weMoto nemarimi emoto. Zita iroro rakapfumbira kusvika nanhasi kunyangwe ruzivo rwavepo rwokuti volcano hainei nechekuita naVulcan mwari wemaGreek.




#Article 297: Danhautande (218 words)


Danhautande kana madanhautande (internet or web)  kuChirungu zvinotaura mukumbanidzwa weUtande hwemaComputer unobatanidza computer dziri pautande hwakasiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana Pasirose. Danhautande rakarongwa nenzira yokuti utande hwakawanda hunokwanisa kunzwanana mutauro, computer dziri pautande hwakasiyana dzichikwanisawo kutumirana mashoko.  Nemamwe matauriro tingati Danhautande ringanzi utande weutande. Varidzi veutande hunobatanidzwa paDanhautande vanosanganisira: hurumende dzenyika; masangano epovho; masangano akazvimirira; mabhizinisi nezvikoro.

Danditautande riri kushandura mafambiro emashoko nenzira dzave kubatawo zvinhu zvinosanganisira: runhare, mimhanzi; mafirimu netelevision zvinova zvave kushongedzwa kuti zvishande paDanhautande. Pari zvino vanhu vave kukwanisa kukurukura kuburikidza neDanhautande, ari panhare achitaura neumwe ari pane imwe nhare kana pacomputer. Vanodhinda mapepanhau, mabhuku, nezvinyorwa zvakatsaukana  vave kupinda mukushandisawo Danhautande vachivamba ruvazheutande (website) dzokuti vatengi vanouyapo vachikurukura uye vachiwana nokutenga zvavanoda. Danhautande ravakugonesa nzira dzitsva dzokuti vanhu vakurukure dzinoti: mashoko pakarepo (instant messaging); hurukuro dzepadandira (internet forums); uye kuzangarara pautande (social networking).

Pfungwa yokuva neDanhautande yakavarurwa nehurumende yeUnited States of America mumwaka wechikumi 1960 apo yaitsvaka nzira tsvene dzokufambisa nadzo mashoko kuchishandiswa computer. Tsvakurudzo iyi yakaitwa vachikutsirana neUnited Kingdom uye France, kwakaumbwa utande hwaipirana mashoko kokutanga asi chirongwa ichi hachina kuburitsa danhautande panguva iyi. Hapana kubvumirana kuzere kuti danhautande svinu rakazovepo riinhi asi nyanzvi zhinji dzinorerekera pakuti Danhautande rakasimbiswa mumwaka wechikumi 1980.

Peji yepaMukova (Home Page kuChirungu)  ipeji rinobuda pokutanga pakuvhura ruvazheutande. Kazhinji peji iri rinoratidza misoro yezviripo pachinyorwa ichi.

Kukochanidza (Link, verb)
Muchodzanidzo (Link, noun)




#Article 298: Runyengutsa Shomwe (162 words)


Shoko rokuti Runyengutsa Shomwe (nuclear fusion) riri kushandiswa pano kutsanangura kubhodherana kweshomwe dzehatomu mbiri dzonyenguka kana kuwumbana kuva shomwe imwe yehatomu; iyi iri mhando itsva yeshomwe. Shomwe mbiri pakunyenguka dzichiwumbana nenzira iyi, hapana kubangwa kwehuremu nokuti humwe huremu hunoshanduka huchibva hwaita simba - energy. Kudhivana zvinoreva kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zviviri (kana zvinodarika), izvi zviri zvinhu zvakasiyana kana zvine mwero wakasiyana zviri kubatanidzwa.

Shoko rokuti kunyenguka rinoreva kupindana kwezvinhu zvichibatana kuva chinhu chimwe - disappear into each other or into another. 

Runyengutsa Shomwe runoitika kuburikidza nokubatanidza shomwe dzehatomu mbiri, zvikurusei hydrogen kana dzimwe shomwe dzakareruka dzichibva dzaumba shomwe dzakarema. Kunyenguka kunoitika kana plasma yadziyiswa kusvika pahujoto hwakanyanyisa kukwira izvi zvichibva zvakonzera kuti shomwe dzehatomu dzibonderane nespidhi yakakwira. Shomwe dzakarema dzinoumbwa nenzira iyi hadzina kutsigama, nokudaro dzinotetsura neutron rimwe kana kudarika dzinodauka nespidhi yakakwirisa. Chiitiko ichi chinoburitsa simba rakawanda kudarika rinoshanda paRunyengutsa Shomwe dzacho, izvi zvobva zvakonzera mudorodera werupinguro rweshomwe nokuda kwekuti imhando yerupinguro runoteura madziya. Nyanzvi dzinoti kunyenguka kweshomwe ndiko kunokonzera kupisa kwezuva nenyenyedzi.




#Article 299: Dunhu reMadondazuva (162 words)


Muchidzidzo Taranyika mashoko anoti: Dunhu reMadondazuva kana Dunhu reMbirira (Tropics, Torrid Zone) ari kushandiswa pano kuturikira nzvimbo dzakakomberedza muenzanisi dziri pakati perumbariro 23° 26′ 16″ kumaodzanyemba uye 23° 26′ 16″ kuchamhembe. Mbariro dzeTaranyika idzi dzinonzi Tropic of Cancer neTropic of Capricon kuEnglish. Shoko rokuti mbirira rinoreva kupisa kwakanyanya - isu vagari vemudunhu iri tingasaona kupisa kwamo asi avo vanobva kunyika dziri kumusoro dzinotonhora nemazaya echando vanooona dunhu iri richipisa kunyanya kana vachifananidza nekwavo - saka pano panzi dunhu rembirira. Muchidimbu tinokwanisa kungoti kuMadondazuva.

Shoko rokuti tropics rinobva kuGreek richireva to turn izvi zvichibva pakuti nyanzvi dzakare kuEurope dzaitenda kuti zuva raipinduka kudzokera kwarabva kana rasvika pakurova nhongonya riri paMbariro dzeTaranyika dzeCancer naCapricon. Zita iri harina kushandurwa pavakazobata idi rokuti zuva haripinduki pambariro mbiri idzi. Saka kuChiShona tichangoti Mudondazuva weCancer neMudondazuva weCapricon. Dunhu reMbirira rinogara muzuva nguva zhinji, risina kutonhora kwakanyanya. Mbariro dzeMudondazuva weCancer neMudondazuva weCapricon dzinopangidza muganhu wenyika inowira maranzi ezuva akanatsa kutonda pamusoro penyika; kunze kwenzvimbo iyoyi, mabwirazuva anowira panyika akarereka.




#Article 300: Bande reMachingano eMhepo kuMadondazuva (104 words)


Mazwi anoti, Bande reMachingano eMhepo kuMadondazuva ari kushandiswa kuturikira chinonzi Intertropical Convergence Zone, ITCZ kuEnglish izvi zvichireva nzvimbo inosangana mhepo dzinovhuvhuta dzichibva kuzasi nekumusoro muDunhu reMudondazuva. Nokumwe kutaura tinogona kuti Ruvara rweMachingano eMhepo kuMadondazuva. Chiitiko ichi chinobva pakuti, Dunhu reMadondazuva rinopisa zvakanyanya nokuda kwemaranzi ezuva anenge akatonda dunhu irori kwemwaka wakareba. Kupisa kwezuva uku kunosakisa kuti mweya unopisa ukwire kudenga, pasi pachisara ndima ine puresha yakaderera. Zvadaro mhepo dzinovhuvhuta dzichibva kudivi riri zasi nedivi riri kumusoro nechinangwa chekupinda mundima ine puresha yakadera. Mhepo dzinobva kumusoro dzinochingana nemhepo dzinobva nechekuzasi kwemuenzanisi. Iyoyi nzvimbo inochingana mhepo dzinobva zasi nekumusoro kwemuenzanisi ichadanwa kunzi Bande reMachingano eMhepo kuMadondazuva.




#Article 301: Vlamertinge (243 words)


Vlamertinge musha uri munharaunda yeBelgian yeWest Flanders uye bhuti reguta reYpres. Musha weVlamertinge uri kunze kweguta reYpres, mumugwagwa mukuru N38 kusvika kuguta riri pedyo rePaperinge.

Mukuwedzera kune nechepakati peguta re Ypres pachako, Vlamertinge ndiro guta guru reYpres. Kumadokero kweVlamertinge, mumugwagwa unoenda kuPaperinge, ndiyo nyundo yeBrandhoek.

Nhoroondo yekutanga pamusoro peVlamertinge inobva kubva kuMiddle Ages. Muna 857 chivako chakavakwa. Muna 970 Ypres yakaparadzwa uye temberi yeVlamertinge yakapisa. Nyaya yakare-kare, inozivikanwa kuti iwedzere, iyo inosanganisira zita rinonzi Flambertenges, ibasa regore ra1066. Baudouin van Lille, nhamba yeFlanders, mudzimai wake Adela nemwanakomana wavo Baudouin, mubhuku iri vakapa zvinhu kukereke uye chitsauko kubva kuSint-Pieters kuLille. Zvinhu izvi zvaiva pakati pevamwe chegumi chiri muElverdinge uye chegumi chiri muVlamertinge  - In territorio Furnensi, in villa Elverzenges, decinam unam ; Flambertenges decinam similiter unam.

Pasi pehurumende yekare, Vlamertinge aiva makore makumi maviri nemaviri shure kwekubwinya kweVeurne-Ambacht uye akatambura zvikuru kubva kumaieges eYpres ari pedyo.

MuHondo Yenyika Yokutanga, musha wose wakaparadzwa nekuputika. Muna 1944, panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, Vlamertinge yakasunungurwa nePoland yakashongedzwa nemauto.

Vlamertinge mamiriyoni 17 kumusoro kwegungwa. Muguta uyuwo unopinda kumakomo eYpres muEast, Voormezele muSouth-East, Kemmel uye Dikkebus muZouth, Reningelst kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, Poperinge kumadokero, Elverdinge muNorth uye Brielen iri kumaodzanyemba.

Kubva muna 1487 kusvika muna 1697 kwaive nekuderera kukuru kwevanhu veVlamertinge. Tsanangudzo yakajeka zvikuru yeiyi ingadai yakave yeEighty Years 'War muNetherlands. Pakati peHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, nhamba yevanhu yakaramba zvakare. Izvi ndezvokuti pedo neYpres, iyo yakanga iri iyo pamberi peguta, yakanga iine bhomba zvikuru uye Vlamertinge akatamburawo zvikuru kubva pamhirizhonga iyi yebhomba.




#Article 302: SOMALILAND (124 words)


Somaliland Republic 

Somaliland (Somalia: Somaliland; Arabic: صوماليلاند Ṣūmālīlānd, أرض الصومال Arḍ aṣ-Ḩūmāl), zvakajeka Republic of Somaliland (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland, Arabic: جمهورية صوماليلاند Jumhūrīyat Ṣūmālīlānd), ihurumende inofanirwa munyika yose inozivikanwa senharaunda yakazvimirira yeSomalia. 
Mamiriro ehurumende yenyika yeSomaliland ndiyo pachake nyika inotsigira kune yekare yeBritish Somaliland kudzivirira, iyo, nenzira yeHurumende yakasununguka yaSomaliland, yakarongerwa 1 July 1960 neTrust Territory yeSomaliland (iyo chiItaly Somaliland) kuumba sangano reSomalia. 
Somaliland nhema dziri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweSomalia, kumhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba kweGulf of Aden. Inoparadzaniswa nevamwe vose veSomalia (kuburikidza nekuzivikanwa kwenyika yose) kumabvazuva, Djibouti kusvika kuchamhembe, uye Ethiopia kune zasi nekumavirira. Nharaunda yaro inonzi inenge yakareba makiromita 176 120 (68,000 sqm),  ine mamiriyoni mana vagari vemo. Iko guta guru uye guta guru pane Hargeisa, pamwe nehuwandu hwevanhu vanenge 1 500 000 vagari vemo.




#Article 303: Murimo (Masvomhu) (106 words)


Muchidzidzo chemasvomhu murimo (function in English Mathematics) hukama huripo pakati pemapoka maviri anonzi nhutirwa nenhururwa - inputs and outputs. Nhutirwa imwe neimwe inenge ichidyidzana nenhururwa imwe yoga. 

Somuenzaniso murimo chinopa hukama pakati pa x neskweya yacho x2. Zvinoturuka kana kubuda kubva pamurimo, f zvichipindirana nenhutirwa x zvinotaridzwa nekunyora kunoti f(x) - (inoverengwa ichinzi murimo wa x). 
Pamuenzaniso uri pano, kana nhutirwa ari minus;3, nhururwa ichava 9, izvi zvigonyorwa zvichinzi f(minus;3) = 9. 

Shoko rokuti murimo rakasarudzwa nokuti nhutirwa imwe inonangana nenhururwa - X anopanga Y mumwe.

Zvakanyorwa pano hazviko kuChiShona chinodzidziswa kuZvikoro asi kudzesera kuturikira chete - kana izwi kiri nani rawanikwa ndiro richatsiva rokuti murimo.




#Article 304: Kunaya kweMvura (131 words)


Chinyorwa chino chinotaura pamusoro pekuturuka kwemvura ichibva kudenga kuuya pasi nemhando dzaco dzkuturuka kwemvura.

Munhuruka ndiyo nguva inotanga mwaka wekunaya kwemvura, painotanga kuturuka.

Mvura inenge yabundira iri mudenga inoturuka kubva mudenga nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Mudunhu reAfrica kuturuka kuzhinji kwemvura tinokuona kuburikidza nekunaya kwemadonhwe emvura. Kuturuka kwemvura kunoitikawo nenzira dzinoti sinowo, mhute, chivhuramabwe nedzimwe mhando dzinoonekwa kunyika dzinotonhora.

Kunaya kwemvura - uku ndiko kunaya kwemadonhwe emvura inonaya padunhu zvose nepagungwa; chikamu chizhinji chemvura chinonaya padunhu. Iyi ndiyo mhando yekuturuka kwemvura kwatinoona kazhinji muAfrica.

Sinowo (Snow)- sinowo inoturuka munzvimbo dzinotonhora zvakanyanya. Kazhinji sinowo inoturuka kana kuri kutonhora zviri pa 0o celsius zvichidzika, panova ndipo panogwamba mvura kuita magodo echando. Sinowo zhinji inonaya kunyika dzinotonhora dziri kuEurope, Asia, neNorth America. Mazaya echando anowanikwawo munzvimbo dzakakwirira zvakanyanya segomo reKilimanjaro kuKenya nekumakomo makuru ari kuChile kuSouth America.




#Article 305: Daraunene (184 words)


Muchidzidzo cheMasvomhu daraunene (logarithm in English) renhamba X pahwaro b ndiyo nhamba inotaura kuti hwaro hunofanirwa kudzokorora kuwanza kangani  kuti pazobuda X. 

Somuenzaniso, daraunene  rechiuru (1000) pahwaro hwagumi (10) ndinhatu (3). Apa tiri kududzira masvomhu anoti 1000 = 103. Zvoreva kuti daraunene rinotaura kuti gumi (10) ari kudzokorora kuwanza kangani kuti pabude 1000. Gumi ndiye hwaro, nhatu ndiye daraunene. Somuenzaniso daraunene rinonatsa kuwonekwa kana mutsara wemasvomhu wanyorwa sezvizvi:

Mashoko anoti daraunene  rechiuru (1000) pahwaro hwagumi (10) ndinhatu (3), anonyorwa achipfupiswa sezvinotevera: 

Daraunene10 1000   =   3

Nemurangariro mumwechete mashoko anoti, daraunene  remakumi matanhatu neina (64) pahwaro hwambiri (2) ndinhanhatu (6), anonyorwa achipfupiswa sezvizvi:

Daraunene2 64   =   6

Zvakafanira kuti panyorwe mashoko anotaurika kuEnglish achiturikirwa kuenda kuChiShona:

Izwi rokuti daraunene rakaumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvinoti dara nokuti unene.  Mitauro yeBantu inodudza kutara (to count, to reckon) ichireva kuverenga huwandu. Izwi rokuti unene (large, great, magnitude) rinodudza huhombe hwechinhu chiri kupimwa.   Saka kana panyorwa daraunene rakadenengara pahwaro tinobva tabuditsa pachena nhamba iri kutsvagirwa daraunene. Tarisai zviri panoperera mutsara unotevera:

Zvakakosha kuonesana kuti mashoko ekuti daraunene hariko kuChiShona chinodzidziswa kuZvikoro; pano munyori ari kuzama kuturikira chete mashoko anotaurika kuEnglish.




#Article 306: Mundandaridza (174 words)


Mundandaridza kana mundandaritsa (Process in English) zvinoreva mabasa anoitwa nematanho uye nenzira dzakarongeka zvichishandiswa mukushandura nhumbi dzinopinda muhushangazhi kuti dzive zvibereko zvinokwanisa kutengeseka. Pakuwanda tinenge toti Mindandaridza (processes).

Kana mundandaridza wavapo unonyoreswa kuPatents Office kuitira kuti vanoda kuzoshandisa mundandaridza uyi vanopota vachiripa rukoto kune muridzi akavamba mundandaridza wacho. Nokudaro mindandaridza inonyorwa pasi kuchidudzwa kuti kunoshandiswa mutowo yakadii kuita basa iri. Zvose zvinopinda pamundandaridza, zvinosanganisa nhumbi, hujoto hunodiwa; nguva inoshandwa nezvimwewo zvinofanirwa kududzwa.

Somuenzaniso, gasi reAmmonia rinogadzirwa kuchishandiswa Mundandaridza waHaber (Haber process). 

Somuenzaniso uri nyore kunzwisisa, mundandaridza wekuvhota unotevedza nzira iyi: 

Shoko rokuti mundandaridza rinobva pane rokuti mundanda (an arrangement of things in line) rinoreva kurongeka kwezvinhu pamutsetse zvichidevana zvakarongeka. Ndizvo zvimwechete nechinonzi Process kuEnglish kana ichinge yashanda nemazvo inofanira kubuditsa zvibereko nenzira yakarongeka inopa: chouviri, chinofadza, chinotengeseka, chinopa kurarama, kana kubuditsa zvine tsarukano. 

Mundandaridza unosvitsa zvinhu mberi, tisingati zvasvika pakugumisira pazvo asi kuti zvasvika pari nani pokuti kana zviri zvinotengeswa zvave nemutengo uri nani - value added.

Process - a continuous action or operation, a series of changes taking place in a definite manner.




#Article 307: VaRemba (272 words)


VaRemba (kuti Remba chiShona muZimbabwe uye muchiVenda kuSouth Africa zvakafanana nekuti Lemba) rudzi rwevanhu vatema vanowanikwa muZimbabwe, South Africa, Malawi and Mozambique. Umbowo hwesainzi pamwe nengano zvoniwirirana kuti madziteteguru avo vaive verudzi rwechiJudah. KuSouth Africa rudzi urwu runodanwa nezita rokuti Lemba. MuZimbabwe VaRemba vanodanwawo kuti vaMwenyi.  

Vanhu verudzi rwaVaRemba vanotaura mitauro yechiBantu inosanganisira ChiShona, Venda neKalanga. VaRemba vane tsika dzavanotevedza nemaitiro eChinamato anotodza kana kufanana nemaitiro echiJudah. Zvisinei kune vamwe vavo nhasi vanotevedza chiKristu vamwe vachitevedza chiMuslim, kunyangwe vazhinji vachichengetedza tsika dzinofanana nemaJudah.

Tiri muZimbabwe vaRemba vanowanikwa mumatunhu akasiyana. Mudunhu reMberengwa vanowanikwa vachiera mutupo we zhou vachidanwa kunzi vaShavi kana kuti vana Mavedzenge. KwaGutu (Hwingwiri, Rufurwokuda, Muzungu, Faraoh,Muremba,Mumwenyi, Vasengwesengwe). Buhera, Guruve, Masvingo District (kwaMurinye), Muzarabani nedzimwe nzvimbo vanowanika vachiera mutupo we Zhou kana kuti Mbeva uye vachidanwa kuti vanaMusoni kana kuti vaShavi.

Maita musoniMuzungu  vasingarimi, vasibati nyamaVanovetera yabva pamoto, vasengwengwe Varungu vakabva kusina mhezi, Akagara ngozi,Maita varembaVamwenyeVauyi vakabva kusina mhezi
Vasingasoni neshinda nhema
Vaera mbeva
Vakashoshonora shono mumwena
Aiwa zvaitwa musoni
Vahaji veshambo chena.

Tsika dzevaRemba dzinofanana nemaJudah ndidzo dzinotevera:

Mazita emadzinza evaRemba anoda kunofanana neemhuri dzechiArab uye dzechiJudah. Muenzaniso ndiwo mazita aya: Rufurwokuda, Hwingwiri, Faraoh, Sadiki, Hasane, Hamisi, Haji, Bakeri, Sharifo naSaidi. Zvakadaro vamwe vavo vanoshandisawo mazita akangofanana nevamwe verudzi rweChiShona.

VaRemba vanozivikanwa vanosanganisira: Fungisai Zvakavapano-Mashavave; Courage Mashavave; Durajadi Simba; Rudo Mathivha; Hamandishe Maramwidze (anomirira Gutu North mudare reParamende); Tinofa Mutevedzi (a demographer,population health specialist, health bio-ethicist and research operations expert); Munamato Mutevedzi (current Chief Magistrate of Zimbabwe), Sylvester Hashiti (Advocate of the Superior Courts of Zimbabwe), Justice Foroma (Judge of the High Court of Zimbabwe), Jacob Mutevedzi (Commercial Lawyer and Arbitrator). Nevamwewo vanosanganisira Stanley Chinho, Tapiwa Chatora and Willie Mutangadura.




#Article 308: Chiwirano (114 words)


Muchidzidzo chePimanyika (Geometry), chiwirano kana chiwirirano (congruency in English) zvinoreva kuti zvivakwa zviviri zvine chiumbwa (shape) chakafanana uye hukuru (size) hwakaenzana. Izvi zvoreva kuti chiumbwa chokutanga chinokwanisa kushandurwa mamiriro kusvikira chati gedye-gedye kupindirana nechiumbwa chepiri; zvimwechitezvo tichitanga kushanda nechiumbwa chepiri. KuEnglish izwi rokuti chiwirano rinoturikirwa richinzi congruency.

Zita rokuti chiwirano riri kutoredzera mashoko okuti kuwira, kuwirira kana kuwirana. Zviumbwa zvine chiwirano zvinoyerana mupimo wemativi nemakonya. Chikuru chinoonekwa pazviumbwa zvine chiwirano, kuringana kwemativi nemakonya ezviumbwa zviri kufananidzwa.

Izwi reEnglish rokuti congruent rinoreva to come together, fit in, agree uye rinobva pamazwi maviri anoti inguere (to fall upon) and com (together).

Muchidzidzo chetarachisi izwi rokuti chiwirano rinoshandiswa sezvizvi. Izwi rokuti kuenzana rinosishandiswa panzvombo yechiwirano pazviro zvinotevera.




#Article 309: Mabari (116 words)


Kuzvidzidzo zveUnenamhenyu izwi rokuti mabari riri kushandiswa kufanoturikira chinonzi genes kuEnglish. Pahumwe toti bari. Shomwe yeNyere (Cell Nucleus), ine nhengo dzinonzi mabari dzinopereka mabvumbo kubva kuna Baba naAmai vemunhu. Mabari inhangande dzinotakura mashoko emabvumbo eropa rechinhu chose chinorarama. Mabari inhengo dzetsatsimuvara. Panoitika kuberekana kweNyengo (sexual reproduction), bari rechirume rinosangana nebari rechikadzi kuti pachivamba kuumbwa mwana. Mabari ndiwo anotsetsenura zvinhu zvinosanganisira: ruvara rwemaziso; mipanda yeropa; ruvara rweganda; ruvara rwevhudzi;  zvichingodaro. Asi nyanzvi dzinoti hunhu hwemunhu hautongwe nemabari ari pamunhu.
		

	
Izwi rokuti mabari riri kutodzaniswa nezwi rokuti kubarika - to spark.  Saka mabari inhangande dzenhakaropa (units of inheritance) dzinobarika kubva kuna baba naAmai vemunhu dzichinoumba muviri wemwana.

	 	

Mazwi eEnglish achada kuturikirwa anosanganisira: generic, genome, genomics, genetics, geneticist, genealogy.
 

		 

	

	
	




#Article 310: Hutsatsvuku (143 words)


Pachinyorwa chino mazwi okuti hwaratsvuku kana hutsatsvuku ari kushandiswa kuturikira chinonzi infra-red kuEnglish.

Izwi rokuti infra-red rine chivakamberi chinonzi infra- (below, underneath, beneath; later than, smaller, inferior to) chinoreva chiri muhwaro. Izwi rokuti kutsi (under, beneath) rinoreva pasi pe, nyasi kana zasi. Hwaro (base) zvinoreva chakatsigira pasi kana kutsi. Pano tiri kuedza kushandura izwi rokuti hwaro ritaure sezwi rechiitiko.

Mugore 1800 William Herschel akaita mahwekwe nehutsatsvuku achiita tsvakurudzo yekuda kuziva hukama pakati pemadziya nechiedza. Herschel akanga achishandisa prism kupandanura chiedza chezuva kuita nangazira rechiedza. Akanga achiisa thermometer murupande rumwe nerumwe rwechiedza - paakazoisa thermometer zasi kwerupande rutsvuku temperature yakakwira sokunge chiedza changa chiri kuwira chipimautsvo. Pavakapfuurira mberi netsvakurudzo zvakaratidza kuti maranzi asingaoneke anoitawo sezvinoita chiedza pakuti anokwanisa kuhwiturwa necharingira. Saka hutsatsvuku maranzi egetsimagineti ane rudido rwuri zasi kwechiedza chinooneka uye hwaratsvuku hwakareba 0.7 micrometer kusvika 1 millimetre hunova hurefu hwesaira hwakadarika hwechiedza chinooneka.




#Article 311: Dandira reMapangana eTarachisi (697 words)


Muchidzidzo cheTarachisi, (Geography), nyika yakatarwa nemhando mbiri dzemitsetse. Kune mitsetse yakatarwa yakati sambamba neMutsazanisi inonzi latitude; kune mitsetse inotenderera nyika ichibata kuNorth pole neSouth pole inonzi longitude. Mitsetse iyi inoshevedzwa nenhamba dzakarongeka. Nhamba dzemitsetse yerumbariro dzinoveregwa dzichibva paMutsazanisi dzichienda kuNorth pole neSouth pole. Nhamba dzemitsetse yehunhungo dzinoverengwa dzichibva pamutsetse weGreenwich Meridian zvichienda kuMavirira nekuMabvazuva. Greenwich Meridian mutsetse welongitude unopfuura pedyo neRoyal Observatory, Greenwich, kuUnited Kingdom. Naizvozvo nzvimbo dzose dziri panyika dzine nhamba inotaura kuti nzvimbo iri papi mudandemutande remitsetse iyoyi. Ruzivo urwu ndirwo rwakashandiswa muhumhizha hweGPS, Geographical Position System chinova chombo chinobatsira kutaura kuti tiri papi uye kupa rudzivo (direction) rwenzvimbo yatinoda kuenda.

Chirongwa chekutarwa kwenyika nenzira yatsananguwa iyi chinodanwa kunzi Geographic Coordinate System - kuChiShona tochiti Dandira reMapangana eTarachisi kana kuti Dandira reMbariro neNhungo dzeTaranyika. Zita reChiShona iri rakaumbwa nenzira inotevera:

Rumbariro runopima nhambwe yegonya riri pakati peMutsazanisi nechimiso chiri kuMaodzanyemba kana kuChamhembe kweMutsazanisi; chimiso chinogona kunge chiri papi zvapo pauso hweEarth. Latitude inoverengwa ichibva paMutsazanisi uyo unopiwa nhamba 0o. Nhamba yelatitude inokwira zvichienda kuNorth pole - nhamba dzichipiwa vara (+), kudzamara dzasvika pa +90o. Nhamba yerumbariro inodzika zvichenda kuSouth pole, nhamba dzichipiwa vara (-), kudzamara dzasvika pa -90o. Izvi zvinoreva kuti latitude 20o iri kuMaodzanyemba kweMutsazanisi; latitude -30o kana kuti 30oS iri kuChamhembe kweMutsazanisi. Mepu inotaridza mitsetse yelatitude ichibva kamadokero kuenda kumabvazuva.

Mitsetse yerumbariro inodanwa kunzi tsambamba (parallels) nokuti inenge yakati sambamba, uye yakataramukana nhambwe dzakaenzana panzvimbo dzose. Kana 1o yerumbariroyapimwa tsambamba dzinenge dzakataramukana 111km (kana 69maira). Mugwava wegonya rinopimwa parumbariro rwega-rwega zvichibva paMutsazanisi, ndiro zita rinopiwa tsambamba yacho. Somuenzaniso 45o latitude ndiyo nhambwe yegonya iri pakati peMutsazanisi ne tsambamba 45, (45th parallel). Saka 45th parallel inenge uri mutsetse wokuti nzvimbo dzese dziri pauri dzine latitude 45o; uye tsambamba iri riri pahafu yenhambwe iri pakati peMutsazanisi neNorth pole.

Longitude inopima nhambwe yegonya riri pakati pePrime (Greenwich) Meridian nechimiso chiri kuMabvazuva kana kuMadokero ePrime Meridian; chimiso chinogona kunge chiri papi zvapo pauso hweEarth. Longitude inoverengwa ichibva paPrime Meridian iyo inopiwa nhamba 0o. Nhamba yelongitude inokwira zvichienda kuMabvazuva - nhamba dzichipiwa vara (+), kudzamara dzasvika pa +180o. Nhamba yelongitude inodzika zvichenda kuMadokero, nhamba dzichipiwa vara (-), kudzamara dzasvika pa -180o. Izvi zvinoreva kuti longitude +20o iri kuMabvazuva kwePrime Meridian; longitude -30o iri kuMadokero kwePrime Meridian. 

Nekumwe kunyora nzvimbo dziri kuMabvazuva kwePrime Meridian dzinonyorwa dzine vara rinotaridza East, sokuti +30o inenge yonzi 30oE. Nzvimbo dziri kuMadokero kwePrime Meridian dzinenge dzine vara rinotaridza West, sokuti -30o inenge yonzi 30oW. Nokuda kwekuti runyoro urwu runoshandiswa Pasirose tichasiya mavara anotaridza East neWest akadaro tisingaturikire kuenda kuShona. 

Kujekesa Longitude - Pane nhambwe ye +180o kuenda kuMabvazuva kubva paPrime Meridian, zvakare pane nhambwe ye -180o kuenda kuMadokero kubva paPrime Meridian. Nhamba mbiri idzi dzinosangana dzichiratidza pane International Date Line apa panova panoverengwa kuti zuva repanyika rinotangira nekugumira. Izvi zvichireva kuti pakudarika International Date Line tichienda kuMadokero tinowedzera musi mumwe. Somuenzaniso, pakudarika International date Line tichienda kuMadokero tinobva pamusi weSvondo kudivi riri kuMabvazuva tichipinda pamusi weMuvhuro kudivi riri kuMadokero. Pakudarika International Date Line tichienda kuMabvazuva tinodzoka musi mumwe - sokuti kubva pamusi weMuvhuro kudivi riri kuMadokero tichipinda pamusi weSvondo kudivi riri kuMabvazuva.

Mepu dzinotaridza mitsetse yelongitude yakatarwa ichibata paNorth pole neSouth pole nerudzivo Maodzanyemba-Chamhembe (North-South). Mitsetse yese yelongitude inocheka Mutsazanisi uye yakarurama painocheka mitsetse yose yelatitude. Tiri paMutsazanisi, mitsetse yelongitude yakataramukana nhambwe inosvika 111km. KuNorth pole neSouth pole mitsetse iyi inonobatana; izvi zvichireva kuti nzvimbo mbiri idzi hadzina kupimwa chaiko kwelongitude. 

Nyika yeZimbabwe iri murumana rwelatitude 20oS nelongitude 30oE. Zimbabwe iri pakati peMutsazanisi neTropic of Capricon, inova nzvimbo iri mudunhu reTropics rinowana murazvo wezuva zvakanyanya. Nzvimbo dziri muTropics dzinodziya nguva zhinji, kana tichienzanisa nenzvimbo dziri kunze kweTropics. Zvakadaro tinoda kuonesana kuti nyika yeZimbabwe inotonhorera zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzvimbo dziri mudunhu reTropics. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nokuti chikamu cheZimbabwe chiri panzvimbo yakakwirira inonzi duvurwi (plateau). Nzvimbo dziri pahukwidza (altitude) huri pamusoro dzinotonhorera pane nzvimbo dziri pahukwidza huri pasi.

Heanoi Mapangana eTarachisi emaguta ari muZimbabwe:

Tamboonesana kuti Zimbabwe iri murumana rwune hunhungo (longitude) +30oE; pose panochinja muyeranhamo ne 15o, nguva inochinja neawa rimwe (1h). Zimbabwe inopiwa nguva yakawedzerwa 2h (maawa 2) zvichienzaniswa nenguva iri paPrime Meridian. Somuenzaniso kana nguva iri paPrime Meridian iri pa 06:00hrs, nguva yeZimbabwe inenge iri pa 08:00hrs. Nguva iri paPrime Meridian inonzi Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Nokumwe kutaura nguva yeZimbabwe inodanwa ichinzi GMT + 2hrs.




#Article 312: Mutandira (130 words)


Shoko rokuti Mutandira riri kushandiswa pachinyorwa chino kuturikira chinonzi system kuEnglish. Mutandira uri kurehwa unenge une: ndima ine miganhu yakatarwa, ine wamashandirwo ebasa nekufambiswa kwamashoko nemutowo wakarongeka. Zviitiko zvinowonekwa pakucherechedza mutandira, zviitiko  zvinopota zvichidzokorora zvokuti zvinobvira kuziva zvichazoitika paMutandira munhambo dzakatarwa. Kana totaura pahuzhinji systems dzinenge dzichinzi mitandira. Pahumwe tinokwanisa kuti dandira.

Shoko rokuti mutandira rinodudzirwa kuEnglish richinzi regular organised procedure, system or community. 

Kuti titsanangure Mutandira tinogona kusanganisira: 

Mutandira une hukama hunosimbiswa neenzane pakati pezvinopimwa (equations  relationships), maitirwo ezvirongwa (procedures  protocols), zvinyanye (extrema), zvichingodaro. 

Mutandira - co-existing or working combined together kana kuti regular organised procedure, system or community pakupirikira kuEnglish.

KuEnglish system inodudzirwa ichinzi any formulated, regular, or special method or plan or procedure or an assemblage or set of correlated members.   

Kune Mitandira yakatsaukana inotaurwa KuScience anosanganisira:




#Article 313: Chatemagombwe (114 words)


Chatemagombwe kana Chatemagongwa (aristocracy) izwi iri riri kushandiswa pachinyorwa chino kureva mutowo wematongero unotevedza zvinodiwa nemakombwe ari panzvimbo. Mazwi okuti gombwe, makombwe kana gongwa (rich and influential people) anodudza vanhu vapfumi, vakakosha uye vane simba rokuti gombedzera ruzhinji nevatongi kuti vatevedze zvido zvemakombwe.

Izwi rokuti aristocracy rakabva kuGreek - iro rakaumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvinoti: aristos kureva best, uye kratia kureva rule or strength. Saka kuChiShona chivakashure chikuti chatema- chiri kureva nzira yehutongi inopa simba kuboka rakarehwa - pano Chatemamwari huri hutongi hunotevedza mitemo yaMawri. Tarisai zviri pasi pandima iri zasi yemitauro yeBantu kuti pane dudziro yezwi rokuti tema.

Zvakakosha kuonesana kuti mashoko ari pano haako kuChiShona chemazuva ose, asi kuedza kuturikira mazwi anotaurwa kuEnglish.




#Article 314: Chatemavabinyi (102 words)


Chatemavabinyi (kleptocracy) izwi iri riri kushandiswa pachinyorwa chino kureva mutowo wematongero unotevedza zvinodiwa nevabinyi kana mbavha dziri panzvimbo yehutongi. Saka uku kududza kuti nyika, nzanga kana sangano rinenge richitongwa neboka rembavha. 

Izwi rokuti kleptocracy rakabva kuGreek - iro rakaumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvinoti: klepto kureva mbavha, uye kratia kureva rule or strength. Saka kuChiShona chivakashure chinoti chatema- chiri kureva nzira yehutongi inopa simba kuboka rakarehwa - pano Chatemamwari huri hutongi hunotevedza mitemo yaMawri. Tarisai zviri pasi pandima iri zasi yemitauro yeBantu kuti pane dudziro yemazwi okuti tema.

Zvakakosha kuonesana kuti mashoko ari pano haako kuChiShona chemazuva ose, asi kuedza kuturikira mazwi anotaurwa kuEnglish. 




#Article 315: Chatemamumwe (120 words)


Chatemamumwe (autocracy) izwi iri riri kushandiswa pachinyorwa chino kureva mutowo wematongero unotevedza zvinofungirwaa kuti ndizvo zvinodiwa naMwari.

Izwi rokuti autocracy rakabva kuGreek - iro rakaumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvinoti: auto kureva self, same, one's own uye kratia kureva rule or strength. Saka pano chivakashure chokuti chatema- chiri kureva nzira yehutongi inopa simba kuboka rakarehwa - pano Chatemamumwe huri hutongi hunotevedza mitemo yemunhu mumwe. Tarisai zviri pasi pandima iri zasi yemitauro yeBantu kuti pane dudziro yemazwi okuti tema uye guru. Mitauro yekuchamhembe nekumabvazuva kweAfrika ine mashoko anotodzana, saka pano pasarudzwa mazwi eChiBantu. Izwi rokuti guru rinoonekwa pakuti:  gurusvusvu; gurumwandira; gurudadi; gurundundu; guruutsi uye guru remhuri yakawanda.

Zvakakosha kuonesana kuti mashoko ari pano haako kuChiShona chemazuva ose, asi kuedza kuturikira mazwi anotaurwa kuEnglish. 




#Article 316: Kukumbana pabonde (157 words)


Kukumbana pabonde kana kukumana ishoko rinoreva kusangana kwemurume nemukadzi pabonde. Mamwe mashoko anoshandiswa kureva zvimwechete ndeanoti; kurara, kuisa, kana kuti kukwira. Shoko rekuti kurara, sekuti kurara nemukadzi ndiro rinonyanyoshandiswa kana vanhu vachitaura pane ruzhinji, kana vanyarikani. Nhengo dzemurume dzinodaidzwa namazwi akasiyanawo sekuti; mboro (rinonyadzisira),chombo, kana kuti mhuka. Nhengo dzemukadzi dzinodaidzwawo namazwi anoti; beche (rinonyadzisa), mbutu [rinonyadzisira], mukana kana kuti kunzira. Izwi rekuti nhengo dzesikarudzi rinokwanisa kureva nhengo dzemurume kana dzemukadzi. 

Muchiitiko ichi, tsinga dzenhengo yemurume dzinozara neropa zvinokonzera kuti nhengo yacho iwomarare, kana kuti kumira. Kana ichinge yamira kudaro murume anopinza nhengo yake mune yemukadzi, achiita seanopinza nekuburitsa. Kupinza nekuburitsa uku kunoita kuti murume nemukadzi vanakirwe nechiitiko ichi. Panozosvika nguva yekuti murume anozwa kunakirwa kwakadzama kunozokonzera kuti nhengo yake iburitse mbeu, kunonzi kutunda. Vakadziwo vanokwanisa kusvika pakunakwirwa kwakadzama uku, asi nekuti chiitiko ichi hachisi chinhu chaingotaurwa taurwa pese pese, vazhinji vaisaziva kuti vakadzi vangasvikewo pachinhanho ichocho nenyaya yekuti kazhinji murume ndiye anotanga kusvika obva oregera mukadzi asati.




#Article 317: Larry Abramson (374 words)


Larry Abramson (akazvarwa muna 1954) chizvarwa cheku South Africa, anoshandira munyika yeIsraeri. 

Larry Abramson akaberekwa muna 1954 muSouth Africa.  Muna 1961, mhuri yake yakatamira kuIsrael ndokugara muJerusarema . Muna 1970, sevakuru vekuchikoro chesekondari, aiva mumwe wevanyori vekuramba nehana yeIsrael kurambwa kweMutungamiri weEgypt weNasser wekuronga.     Muna 1973 Abramson akadzidzidzira Foundation Course panguva Chelsea College of Art uye Design, London. Paakadzokera kuIsrael akatora nzvimbo semukandisi uye muchengeti wezviratidzwa paJerusarema Print Workshop, kwaakashanda kwemakore mapfumbamwe, kusvika muna 1986. 

Abramson akaratidza mifananidzo yake ari ega kokutanga mugore ra1975. Basa rake muma1980 rakarongedzwa nezviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana kubva mumifananidzo yemazuva ano yeEurope, kunyanya Black Square yaKazimir Malevich, yaakashandisa kusimbisa mamiriro ezvinhu akabatanidza kusangana pamwe nekufananidzira kwemaitiro . 

Muna 1993 na1994 Abramson akaumba runyora rwebasa tsooba, iro rakaratidzwa paBibbutz Art Gallery muguta reTel Aviv. Nyaya dzakatevedzwa makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe (mafuta pamusana), maziso makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe pamapepanhau emifananidzo yekunaka, uye boka rehupenyu huri kuiswa pashure pekuenzanisa kwemafiriro akatorwa kubva panzvimbo iyi. 

Nyaya idzi dzinofananidzwa neguta rezvakaparadzwa pedyo neBibbutz Tzova, nzvimbo yakarongedzwa makore gumi pamberi pezvaiitwa naJoshua Zaritsky . Kunyange zvazvo Zaritsky asina hanya nematongo ePalestina akawanikwa panzvimbo yacho uye naizvozvo akafumisa nzvimbo yacho, Abramson akanyora maonero echokwadi uye akazvidzivisa. Noku kuona matongo emusha wePalestine, anotsoropodza pfungwa yeIsraeli iyo inoedza kubvisa chimiro chePalestine kubva munharaunda yakagadzirirwa.  

Muna 1984, Abramson akabatana nevadzidzi vekudzidzisa bazi rezvigadzirwa zveBeezalel Academy of Arts and Design muJerusarema . Muna 1992 akagadzwa mukuru weBazi yeArt, uye muna 1996 akatanga uye akatungamirira Bezalel muzvirongwa zvevechidiki (Tenzi wehunyanzi wezvakanaka). 

Muna 2000 na2003 akakokwa semudzidzisi muSan Francisco Art Institute, uye muna 2002 akabatana nechechi yezvidzidzo kugadzirisa kushanda kwebazi idzva rekudzidzira kuShenkar College yeEngineering ne Design  muRamat Gan munyika yeIsrael.  

Muna May 2002 Abramson akabudiswa mumagazini yakanzi Studio imwe nyaya yakanzi Tose takafananana Felix Nussbaum , umo akatsanangura ukama hwakaoma pakati pezvifananidzo nenhoroondo munguva iyo Holocaust yakanga yapfuura.  

Muna 2005 Abramson akaratidza chiratidziro chemabasa pasi pezita rokuti The Pile iyo yaisanganisira  mifananidzo yakagadzirwa nemarasha, yemapuranga ekugadzira matombo, ane chokuita nenhau yekumirira matongo mumifananidzo uye mufananidzo wemuJudha wechiGermany Felix Nussbaum. Nyaya idzi dzakaratidzwa paFelix-Nussbaum-Haus Museum muOnnabrück, (Germany) uye paChaim Atar Museum yeArt Kibbishz Ein Harod muJezreel Valley . 

Muna 2007 Abramson akabata mharidzo yemifananidzo yakangobva kuGordon Gallery iri muTel Aviv, uye mugore ra2010 maitiro akawandisa ekudzoka kwebasa rake akaitwa paTel Aviv Museum of Art . 




#Article 318: Chatemabanze (115 words)


Chatemabanze, chatemavabanze kana gutsaruzhinji (democracy in English) mazwi anoreva mutowo wekutonga kana kutema mitemo unotevedza zvido zveruzhinji rwevanhu: izvi zvichiitwa kubudikidza nekuvhotera vamiriri muchivande uye kusarudza nzira dzinodiwa neruzhinji rwevanhu panhau dzinenge dzaiswa mudariro. Kuita sarudzo dzevamiriri mudare reparamende chikamu chikuru pahutongi hweutemabanze. Asi chatemabanze hachiperere pakuita sarudzo; panofanirwa kuva nezvirongwa zvokugutsa ruzhinji kuchitevedza zvido zveruzhinji.

Izwi rokuti demoocracy rakabva kuGreek - iro rakaumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvinoti: demo kureva ruzhinji rwevanhu kana banze, uye kratia kureva rule or strength. Saka pano chivakashure chinonzi chatema- chiri kureva nzira yehutongi inopa simba kuboka rakarehwa - sokuti chatemabanze hutongi hunotevedza mitemo yebanze. 

Zvakakosha kuonesana kuti mashoko ari pano haako kuChiShona chemazuva ose, asi kuedza kuturikira mazwi anotaurwa kuEnglish. 




#Article 319: Mukoranidzwa weNhamba (107 words)


Izwi rokuti mukoranidzwa wenhamba riri kushandiswa pano kuturikira chinonzi factorial kuEnglish zvichireva ku multiplier tichibva pana 1 kusvika panhamba yakadudzwa.

Somuenzaniso 6! inonzi six factorial kuEnglish; iri kunzi mukoranidzwa wechitanhatu; izvi zvinoreva nhamba inobuda pakuti 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 = 720.

Mazwi okuti mukoranidzwa wenhamba ari kududzwa achitodzaniswa nezwi rokuti kukoranidza (inspan oxen together; link together) rinoreva kubopa madhonza pamwechete. Kana madhonza abopwa pamwechete kureva kuti anoshanda pamwechete. Izwi rokuti kukora kana kukola rinotaurwa kumitauro yeBantu richireva kushanda kana kugadzira.

KuEnglish izwi rokuti factorial rinotodzana nerokuti factor (doer, maker). Mazwi maviri aya anotodzana neLatin yokuti facere (to make; to do).




#Article 320: Upanganhundu (263 words)


Pachinyorwa chino izwi rokuti Upanganhundu riri kushandiswa kuturikira inonzi economics kuEnglish rinova denhe reruzivo rinodzidzisa zvehupfumi hwenyika. Chidzidzo ichi chinotarisa zvinosanganisira: mhando dzehupfumi huri panyika; kuunganidzwa kwehupfumi; kukotsa hupfumi kuti husaparadzwa; mitemo yekuchengetedza hupfumi; mashandirwo  ehupfumi kuti hubereke; kuwanikwa kwendimo dzinobereka hupfumi uye kugoverwa kwehupfumi hunoberekwa munyika. 

Nyika dzakasiyana dzine hupfumi hwakasiyana. Zimbabwe ine hupfumi hwesimbi dziri muvhu dzakadai segoridhe; platinum; nickel uye chrome. Humwe hupfumi huri mubanganhundu reZimbabwe hunosanganisira: vanhu vane humhizha hwemabasa; mhuka dzesango dziri mumarimuka; hova nenzizi; mapurazi; maguta nemana anogara vanhu; uye zviptara nezvikoro. Pakuwanikwa kwehupfumi hakuna nyika ingati mubanganhundu redu tine zvose zvatinoda tinokwanisa kurarama sechitsuwa tiri toga. Nyika dziri Pasirose dzinoshavana; dzichifambidzana nekudyidzana kuti vagari vadzo vawane michina, nhumbi nemichero inobva kune dzimwe nyika dzokunze.  Kana totaura pamusoro pehupfumi munyika zhinji toti mapanganhundu - economies.

Izwi rokuti economy rinobatanidza maviri anoti eco uye nomos. Chivakamberi eco chinobuda mumazwi eEnglish anoti economy, ecology, ecosystem - chichireva house, dwelling place, habitation. Chivakashure chinoti nomos chinoreva distribution, managing, control or arrangement.  Saka pakuumbwa kwezwi iri economics zvaireva machengeterwo akanaka emusha ungava musha mudiki, musha mukuru. KuChishona kwatorwa izwi rokuti nhundu kuturikira eco. Izwi rokuti nhundu (a family and its belongings) rinotaura mhuri pamwe nepfuma kana nhumbi. Chivakashure nomos chaturikirwa kupanga (to make a law, command, order,  arrange, organise, align, to devise). 

Zvakanaka kuonesana kuti mazwi ari pano haako kuChiShona chinoturwa mazuvano (2015); chiri kuitwa kuedza kuumba mazwi matsva anoturikira mazwi eEnglish kuti tigokwanisawo kutaura zviri kuEnglish tichishandisa mutauro wedu. Chikamu chino chiri kunyorwa kuti zvive nyore kutaura kuchishandiswa mazwi anotodzana nerinoti Upanganhundu riri kuturikira economics. Saka pakutaura zvinenge zvoutrikirwa sezvizvi:




#Article 321: Mbembesi (117 words)


Mbembesi maruwa ari kuMatebeleland North pachinhamwe chinokwana 43km kubva kuBulawayo kuri kwakadziva Madokero eMaodzanyema.

Mushure melange Varungu varwisa Matebeleland mugore ra 1893, MaNdebele vakarwisa Varungu mugore ra1896 vaine chinangwa chekumutsurudza humambo hweMaNdebele. Cecil John Rhodes akaunza chikwata cheVaFengu avo valanga vamborwa hondo kuCape vachirwira divi rema British. Chinangwa cha Rhodes chaiva chokutonhodza maNdebele avo vaizlvikanwawo nokurwa hondo, saka Rhodes akapinza maFengu muSouthern Rhodesia. Apa Rhodes akanga avimbisa maFengu murume wega-wega aizoshanda mwedzi mitatu pagore uye mushure mekushanda mwedzi 36 aizopiwa ivhu rokurima. Munguva iyi vamwe vatungamiri veMaFengu vakapinda muSouthern Rhodesia, pakati pavo vaisanganisira vanamati veWesleyan Methodists, Salvation Army, Anglican, Presbyterian uye Lutheran.

Mugore ra2000, nzanga yeFengu/Xhosa yakapemberera kana remakore rokupinda kwavo muZimbabwe. MaFengu vari muZimbabwe vanotaura Xhosa.







#Article 323: Tuberculosis (332 words)


 Rurindi (MTB, TB) ichi chirwere chinotapuriranwa chinokonzerwa nebhakiteriya rinonzi Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rurindi rwunowanzokanganisa mapapu, asi rwunogonawo kukanganisa dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri. Kakawanda hapana zviratidzo zvekutapurirwa chirwere ichi, icho chinozivikanwa nekuti rurindi rusina zvarwuri kuita mumuviri. Kutapurirwa kunoda kuita 10% kwechirwere ichi kunozochinja zvishoma nezvishoma kuchiva chirwere chine zvachiri kuita mumuviri, icho chinoti kana chikasarapwa, chinouraya vanoda kukwana hafu yevese vanacho. Zviratidzo zvinonyanyozivikanwa zvechirwere cheTB chine zvachiri kuita mumuviri zvinoti kukosora kusingaperi kunobudisa gararwa rine turopa, fivha, kudikitira usiku, uye kuderera kweuremu. Kuderera kweuremu uku ndiko kwakaiita kuti chirwere ichi chinzi kudya munguva dzekare.

 Utachiona hwechirwere ichi hune zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana kana hwaenda padzimwe nhengo dzemuviri. 

Rurindi runoparadzirwa nemumhepo vanhu vane TB ine zvairi kuita mumapapu pavanokosora, kusvipa, kutaura, kana kuhetsura. Vanhu vane TB isina zvairi kuita mumuviri havaparadziri chirwere chacho. Kutapurirana kweutachiona hune zvahuri kuita mumuviri kunoitika kakawanda muvanhu vane HIV/AIDS nevaya vanoputa. Kuti munhu anzi ane chirwere cheTB chine zvachiri kuita mumuviri, zvinenge zvaonekwa paanotorwa X-ray yepachipfuva, uye pakuongororwa pachishandiswa maikorosikopu uye kuongororwa mvura dzemumuviri dzinenge dzachengetedzwa. Kuonekwa kweTB isina zvairi kuita mumuviri kunotsamira pa ongororo yerurindi inoitwa paganda (TST) kana kuti ongororo dzeropa.

Kudzivirira TB kunosanganisira kuchengetedza vaya vane mikana yakakura yekutapurirwa vari kwavo vega, kukukurumidza kutariswa uye kurapwa, uye kufanodzivirira nemishonga pachishandiswa mushonga unonzi bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Vari pangozi yakakura yekutapurwa chirwere vanosanganisira vemumba, vekubasa, uye vaya vanowadzana nevanhu vane TB ine zvairi kuita mumuviri. Panodiwa mishonga yakasiyana-siyana inouraya utachiona uye ichishandiswa kwenguva yakareba. Dambudziko riri kuramba richiwedzera ndiro rekuramba kurapika nemishonga zvichiguma nekuwedzera kwerurindi runoramba kurapiwa nemishonga inoshanda yakawanda (MDR-TB).

Chikamu chimwe chete pazvitatu chevagari vepasi rese chinofungidzirwa kuti chine TB. Pagore rega rega vanhu vanokwana 1% vanobatwa nechirwere ichi. Muna 2014, pakava nemamiriyoni 9.6 ane TB ine zvairi kuita mumuviri izvo zvakazoguma nekufa kwemamiriyoni 1.5. Nzufu dzinodarika 95% dzakaitika munyika dzichiri kubudirira. Nhamba yevanobatwa nechirwere ichi gore negore yakaderera kubvira muna 2000. Vanhu vanoda kuita 80% yevagari vemunyika dzakawanda dzemuAsia nemuAfrica, ne5–10% yevagari vemuUnited States vakaongororwa ganda ravo vakaonekwa vaine chirwere ichi. TB yave ichiwanika muvanhu kubvira nguva dzekare kare.




#Article 324: Rurindi (333 words)


Rurindi Rurindi (MTB, TB) ichi chirwere chinotapuriranwa chinokonzerwa nebhakiteriya rinonzi Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rurindi rwunowanzokanganisa mapapu, asi rwunogonawo kukanganisa dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri. Kakawanda hapana zviratidzo zvekutapurirwa chirwere ichi, icho chinozivikanwa nekuti rurindi rusina zvarwuri kuita mumuviri. Kutapurirwa kunoda kuita 10% kwechirwere ichi kunozochinja zvishoma nezvishoma kuchiva chirwere chine zvachiri kuita mumuviri, icho chinoti kana chikasarapwa, chinouraya vanoda kukwana hafu yevese vanacho. Zviratidzo zvinonyanyozivikanwa zvechirwere cheTB chine zvachiri kuita mumuviri zvinoti kukosora kusingaperi kunobudisa gararwa rine turopa, fivha, kudikitira usiku, uye kuderera kweuremu. Kuderera kweuremu uku ndiko kwakaiita kuti chirwere ichi chinzi kudya munguva dzekare. Utachiona hwechirwere ichi hune zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana kana hwaenda padzimwe nhengo dzemuviri. 

Rurindi runoparadzirwa nemumhepo vanhu vane TB ine zvairi kuita mumapapu pavanokosora, kusvipa, kutaura, kana kuhetsura. Vanhu vane TB isina zvairi kuita mumuviri havaparadziri chirwere chacho. Kutapurirana kweutachiona hune zvahuri kuita mumuviri kunoitika kakawanda muvanhu vane HIV/AIDS nevaya vanoputa. Kuti munhu anzi ane chirwere cheTB chine zvachiri kuita mumuviri, zvinenge zvaonekwa paanotorwa X-ray yepachipfuva, uye pakuongororwa pachishandiswa maikorosikopu uye kuongororwa mvura dzemumuviri dzinenge dzachengetedzwa. Kuonekwa kweTB isina zvairi kuita mumuviri kunotsamira pa ongororo yerurindi inoitwa paganda (TST) kana kuti ongororo dzeropa.

Kudzivirira TB kunosanganisira kuchengetedza vaya vane mikana yakakura yekutapurirwa vari kwavo vega, kukukurumidza kutariswa uye kurapwa, uye kufanodzivirira nemishonga pachishandiswa mushonga unonzi bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Vari pangozi yakakura yekutapurwa chirwere vanosanganisira vemumba, vekubasa, uye vaya vanowadzana nevanhu vane TB ine zvairi kuita mumuviri. Panodiwa mishonga yakasiyana-siyana inouraya utachiona uye ichishandiswa kwenguva yakareba. Dambudziko riri kuramba richiwedzera ndiro rekuramba kurapika nemishonga zvichiguma nekuwedzera kwerurindi runoramba kurapiwa nemishonga inoshanda yakawanda (MDR-TB).

Chikamu chimwe chete pazvitatu chevagari vepasi rese chinofungidzirwa kuti chine TB. Pagore rega rega vanhu vanokwana 1% vanobatwa nechirwere ichi. Muna 2014, pakava nemamiriyoni 9.6 ane TB ine zvairi kuita mumuviri izvo zvakazoguma nekufa kwemamiriyoni 1.5. Nzufu dzinodarika 95% dzakaitika munyika dzichiri kubudirira. Nhamba yevanobatwa nechirwere ichi gore negore yakaderera kubvira muna 2000. Vanhu vanoda kuita 80% yevagari vemunyika dzakawanda dzemuAsia nemuAfrica, ne5–10% yevagari vemuUnited States vakaongororwa ganda ravo vakaonekwa vaine chirwere ichi. TB yave ichiwanika muvanhu kubvira nguva dzekare kare.




#Article 325: Mushonga Unodzivirira weBCG (202 words)


Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) mushonga unodzivirira unonyanyoshandisirwa rurindi (TB). Munyika dzinowanzova nerurindi, zvinokurudzirwa kuti vacheche vane utano hwakanaka vapiwe mushonga wacho nekukurumidza zvichitevera kuzvarwa kwavo. Vacheche vane HIV/AIDS havafaniri kupiwa mushonga uyu. Munharaunda musingawanzovi nerurindi, vana vane mukana wakakura wekubatira chirwere chacho ndivo chete vanopiwa mushonga wekudzivirira uye kana zvafungirwa kuti vane rurindi, vanobva vaongororwa vorapiwa. Vanhu vakuru vasina rurindi uye vasina kumbobvira vapiwa mushonga wekudzivirira, asi vachigara vari pangozi yekutapurirwa rurindi rusisarapiki nemishonga, vanogonawo kupiwa mushonga wekudzivira.  

Kudzivirirwa kunosiyana-siyana chaizvo uye kunogara kwemakore ari pakati pegumi nemakumi maviri. Kana vari vana kunodzivirira vanenge 20% pakutapurirwa utachiona uye pane vaya vanotapurirwa, kunodzivirira hafu yavo pakuzova nechirwere chacho. Mushonga wekudzivirira unoitwa zvekupinzwa muganda nejekiseni. Umboo hunoratidza kuti hapazodiwi kudzokorora kupiwa mushonga wacho. Mushonga uyu unogonawo kushandiswa pakurapa dzimwe mhando dzekenza yedundira. 

Kashoma kuti pave nematambudziko anokonzereswa nemushonga uyu. Kakawanda panenge pabaiwa nejekiseni panotsvuka, panozvimba, uye panorwadza. Panogona kuvawo nekabundu kadiki uye kana papora panogona kusara paine karonda. Kukanganiswa nemushonga uyu kunowanzova kwakawanda uye kwakaipisisa muvaya vane miviri isina simba rekuzvidzivirira pazvirwere. Mushonga uyu une ngozi kana ukashandisirwa vaya vane pamuviri. Pakutanga mushonga wekudzivirira uyu waigadzirwa kubva pabhakiteriya rinonzi Mycobacterium bovis iro rinowanika kakawanda mumhou. Kunyange zvazvo richinge raderedzwa pakuva nesimba asi rinenge riri mhenyu. 




#Article 326: Meningitis (311 words)


Meningitis chirwere chakaipisisa chine chekuita nekuzvimba kwenhengo dzinochengetedza dzakaputira uropi uye muzongoza, izvo zvinozivikanwa nezita rechirungu kuti meninges. Zviratidzo zvinonyanyozivikanwa zvinoti fivha, kutemwa nemusoro uye kurwadziwa mutsipa. Zvimwe zviratidzo zvinosanganisira kukangaidzika kana kuti kudzungaira, kurutsa, uye kusagona kushivirira chiedza kana ruzha rwakanyanya. Kakawanda vana vadiki vanoita zviratidzo zvisina chirwere chaicho chazvo, zvakadai sekusatana kugumbuka, kuti rukutu, kana kusadya zvakanaka. Kana paine tumapundu, izvi zvinogona kuratidza kuti chii chaicho chakonzera meningitis; semuenzaniso, meningitis inokonzerwa nebhakiteriya rinonzi meningococcal inogona kuvapo pamwe chete netumapundu tunoenderana naizvozvo.  

Kuzvimba kwacho kunogona kukonzerwa neutachiona, bhakiteria, kana tumwe tunhu tupenyu tudikidiki, uye mamwe madhiragi, asi kari kashoma kuti zviitike. Meningitis inogona kuisa upenyu pangozi pamusana pekuzvimba kunoitikira pedyo neuropi kana nemuzongoza; saka kurwara kwakadai kuri pasi pezvinonzi zvinoda kurapwa nekukurumidza. Kutorwa mvura yemumuzongoza uko kunonzi lumbar puncture kunotarisa kana kusatarisa meningitis. Tsono inopfekerwa mumwena wemuzongoza kuti itore chitorwa chemvura dzecerebrospine (CSF), idzo dzinenge dzakaputira uropi uye muzongoza. Mvura dzacho dzinonzi CSF dzinoongororwa murabhoritari yezvekurapa. 

Dzimwe mhando dzemeningitis dzinodziviririka nekupa mishonga inodzivirira yemeningococcal, mahumunya, mabayo, neHib. Zvinogonawo kubatsira kana vaya vane mikana yekubatira dzimwe mhando dzemeningitis vakapiwa mishonga inouraya utachiona. Kurapa kwekutanga kunoitwa meningitis yakaipisisa kunosanganisira kukurumidza kupa mishonga inouraya mabhakiteriya uye dzimwe nguva mishonga inorwisa utachiona. Mishonga inonzi corticosteroids inogonawo kushandiswa kudzivisa kukanganisika kwakaipisisa kunokonzerwa nekuzvimba kwakanyanya. Meningitis inogona kuguma yakonzera matambudziko enguva refu akadai sehumatsi, pfari, mvura muuropi, kana kutadza kuziva, kunyanya kana ikasarapwa nekukurumidza. 

Muna 2013 meningitis yakaitika muvanhu vanoda kuita 16 miriyoni. Izvi zvakaguma nenzufu 303 000 pasi rese– kuderera kubva panzufu 464 000 dzemuna 1990. Kana pakava nekurapwa kwakakodzera kuuraiwa nemeningitis yebhakiteriya kunenge kuri pasi pe15%. Gore negore pakati paDecember naJune, panova nematenda emeningitis yebhakiteriya mune imwe nzvimbo iri kusub-Saharan Africa inozivikanwa nekuti nharaunda yemeningitis. Matenda madiki anogonawo kuitika mudzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi rese. Shoko rekuti meningitis rinobva pashoko reGreek rekuti μῆνιγξ méninx, kureva chinoputira uye panyaya dzekurapa mabhii ekupedzisira aro ekuti -itis, anoreva kuzvimba. 




#Article 327: Mushonga unodzivirira Meningitis (259 words)


Mushonga unodzivirira chirwere cheMeningitis zvinoreva chero mumwe wemishonga inodzivirira unoshandiswa pakuchengetedza vanhu kubatira utachiona hunonzi Neisseria meningitidis. Mhando dzakasiyana dzawo dzinoshanda chaizvo pakurwisa mhando dzese dzinotevera kana kuti dzimwe dzemeningococcus: A, C, W135, neY. Mishonga inodzivirira yacho inoshanda zviri pakati pe85 ne100% kwenguva inodarika makore maviri. Inoita kuti pave nekuderera kwemeningitis uye kuwanda kwetunhu tudikidiki tunokanganisa mumuviri izvo zvinonzi sepsis pavanhu vakawanda vanenge vashandisa chaizvo mishonga yacho. Mishonga yacho inoita zvekuiswa mutsandanyama nejekiseni kana nechepazasi peganda.  

Sangano reWorld Health Organization rinokurudzira nyika dzine chirwere ichi zviri pakati nepakati kana kuti zvakanyanya, kana kuti dzinogara dzichiita matenda kuti dzigare dzichipa vanhu mishonga inodzivirira. Munyika dziri pangozi isina kunyanya yekuwana chirwere ichi, sangano iri rinokurudzira kuti mapoka evanhu ari pangozi yakakwirira apiwe mishonga inodzivirira. Kana iri nharaunda yemeningitis iri muAfrica zviri kuedzwa kuti vanhu vese vane gore rimwe chete kusvika 30 vapiwe mishonga yemeningococcal A conjugate inodzivirira. MuCanada nemuUnited States zvinokurudzirwa kuti mishonga inodzivirira iyo inoshanda chaizvo pakurwisa mhando ina dzechirwere chacho, igare ichipiwa vari kuyaruka uye vamwe vari pangozi yakakwirira. Zvinonziwo mishonga iyi ipiwe vanenge vachienda kuMecca kuHajj. 

Kashoma chaizvo kuti pave nezvakaipa zvinokonzereswa nemishonga iyi. Vamwe vanorwadziwa kana kutsvuka pacho pavanenge vabaiwa nejekiseni. Zvinoratidzikawo kuti kakawanda hapana zvinokanganisika kana ikashandisirwa vanhu vane pamuviri. Zvakaipisisa zvinokonzereswa nemishonga zvinoitika kasingasviki kamwe chete pakupiwa mishonga kunodarika miriyoni. 

Mushonga wekutanga pamishonga inodzivirira yemeningitis wakatanga kuwanika kuma 1970. Uripo paMazita Emishonga Inonzi neWorld Health Organization Ndiyo Inokosha, kureva mushonga unonyanyokosha panyaya dzekutarisirwa kweutano. Kana wakawanda unoita pakati pe3.23 ne10.77 USD pamushonga mumwe chete kubvira muna 2014. MuUnited States unoita 100 kusvika ku200 USD pakosi. 




#Article 328: Hepatitis B (510 words)


Hepatitis B chirwere chinotapukira chinokonzerwa nevhairasi reHepatitis B (HBV) iro rinokanganisa chiropa. Chinogona kukonzera hwese huri huviri, utachiona hwenguva refu uye hwakaipisisa. Vakawanda pavanotanga kubatira utachiona uhwu vanenge vasina zviratidzo zvekuvapo kwacho. Vamwe vanorwariswa ipapo ipapo vachibva vatanga kurutsa, kuita ganda reyero, kunzwa kuneta, weti yakasviba uye kurwadziwa mudumbu. Kakawanda zviratidzo izvi zvinogara kwemavhiki mashoma uye kashoma kuti kubatira utachiona kwekutanga kugume nekufa. Zvingatora mazuva 30 kusvika 180 kuti zviratidzo zvitange kuoneka. Kana vari vaya vanobatira utachiona hwacho panguva yekuzvarwa, 90% ndiyo inoguma yava nehepatitis B yenguva refu ukuwo vasingasviki 10% yevaya vanobatira utachiona hwacho pashure pemakore mashanu ichiguma yavawo nehepatitis B yenguva refu. Vakawanda vevane chirwere chenguva refu vanenge vasina zviratidzo; zvisinei, vanogona kugumisira vava necirrhosis uye kenza yechiropa. Migumisiro iyi ndiyo inoguma nekufa kwe15 kusvika 25% yevaya vane chirwere chenguva refu.  

Utachiona uhwu hunotapukira kana munhu akabata kana kuguma ropa kana mvura dzemumuviri dzine utachiona. Kubatira utachiona panguva yekuzvarwa kana kuti kubva kuvamwe vanhu mwana paanenge achiri mudiki ndiyo nzira inowanzobatirwa nayo hepatitis B munzvimbo dzinonyanyowanika chirwere chacho. Munzvimbo dzisingawanzowaniki chirwere ichi, kutapukira kwacho kunowanzobva pakushandisa madhiragi anoita zvekubayirwa mutsinga uye pakuita bonde. Zvimwewo zvinoparira kutapukira zvinosanganisira: kushanda munzvimbo dzinorapirwa vanhu, kuwedzerwa ropa, kuchenesa ropa kunonzi dialysis, kugara nemunhu ane utachiona, kushanyira nyika dzakawanda utachiona hwacho, uye kugara munzvimbo dzinogarwa nevakawanda. Kuzvinyora-nyora muviri uye marapiro ekubaya muviri netsono akaita kuti kubatira chirwere ichi kuwedzere kumakore ekuma1980; zvisinei, izvi zvaderera pamusana pekuwedzera kwakaita nzira dzekuchenesa nadzo midziyo inoshandiswa pakuita izvi. Utachiona hwehepatitis B haugoni kuparadzirwa nekubatana maoko, kushandisa zvekudya nazvo zvimwe chete, kukisana, kumbundirana, kukosora, kuhetsura, kana kuyamwa. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti munhu ava nechirwere chacho pashure pemazuva 30 kusvika 60 kubva paanochibatira. Zvinozonzi munhu ane chirwere ichi kana aongororwa ropa pachitsvakwa zvidimbu zveutachiona hwacho uye pachitsvagwa masoja emuviri anenge achihurwisa. Utachiona uhwu ndehumwe hweutachiona hushanu hwehepatitis hunozivikanwa: A, B, C, D, neE. 

Kupararira kweutachiona kwave kuchidzivisika zvichibva pakushandisa mishonga inodzivirira kwakatanga muna 1982. World Health Organization inokurudzira kupa mushonga unodzivirira pazuva rekutanga rekuzvarwa kana zvichiita. Kudzokorora mushonga wacho kaviri kana katatu kunozodiwa pave paya kuitira kuti munhu anyatsodzivirirwa zvakazara. Mushonga uyu unoshanda 95% yenguva. Kubvira muna 2006, nyika dzinoda kuita 180 dzakapa mushonga uyu sechikamu chezvirongwa zvenyika. Zvinokurudzirwawo kuti ropa rese riongororwe kuti harina hepatitis B here risati raiswa mumunhu uye kuti makondomu ashandiswe pakudzivirira kubatira utachiona. Panotanga kubatira munhu utachiona, kutarisirwa kwake kunotsamira pazviratidzo zvaanenge aita. Kana vari vaya vanoguva vava nechirwere chenguva refu, mishonga inorwisa utachiona yakadai setenofovir kana interferon ingagona kubatsira, zvisinei mishonga iyi inodhura. Panyaya yecirrhosis, dzimwe nguva munhu anogona kuisirwa chimwe chiropa. 

Vanhu vanoda kukwana chetatu chevagari vepasi rese vane nguva yavakambobatwa neutachiona uhwu muupenyu, kusanganisira 240 miriyoni kusvika ku350 miriyoni yeavo vane utachiona hwenguva yakareba. Vanhu vanodarika 750 000 vanofa nehepatitis B gore rega rega. Chirwere ichi chazova chakakurumbira muEast Asia nemusub-Saharan Africa umo mune vanhu vakuru vari pakati pe5 ne10% vane chirwere chenguva refu. Uwandu hwekubatira utachiona hwacho huri pasi pe1% kuEurope nekuNorth America. Pakutanga chirwere chacho chainzi hepatitis yemuseramu iyo inowanika muropa. Tsvakurudzo dziri kutarisa kana pachigona kugadzirwa zvekudya zvinenge zviine mishonga inodzivirira inonzi HBV. Chirwere ichi chinogona kubatawo tsoko huru. 




#Article 329: Mushonga unodzivirira Hepatitis B (225 words)


Mushonga unodzivirira Hepatitis B mushonga unodzivirira hepatitis B. Mushonga wekutanga unokurudzirwa kuti upiwe mumaawa 24 ekutanga kubva panozvarwa mwana, pachizoteverwa nekupiwa kwemushonga kechipiri kana kechitatu. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuupa vaya vane miviri isina simba rekuzvidzivirira pazvirwere vakadai sevane HIV/AIDS uye vaya vakazvarwa nguva isati yakwana. Muvanhu vane utano hwakanaka, kugara vachidzivirirwa kunoguma nekudzivirirwa kwevanhu vanodarika 95%.  

Zvinokurudzirwa kuti ropa riongororwe kuti zvioneke kana mushonga unodzivirira wakashanda kune vaya vane mikana yakakura yekubatira utachiona hwacho. Kudzokorora kupiwa mishonga kungadiwa muvanhu vane miviri isina simba rekuzvidzivirira pazvirwere asi izvi hazvidiwi hazvo pavanhu vakawanda. Vaya vanenge vakava pangozi yekubatira utachiona hwehepatitis B asi vasina kudzivirirwa, vapiwe mushonga unodzivirira kupararira kwechirwere chacho unonzi hepatitis B immune globulin kuwedzera kumushonga unochidzivirira. Mushonga wacho unoita zvekuiswa mutsandanyama nejekiseni. 

Kashoma chaizvo kuti pave nematambudziko akakura anokonzereswa nemushonga unodzivirira hepatitis B. Panenge pabaiwa nejekiseni panogona kurwadza. Hauna ngozi kuvaya vane pamuviri kana kuti pakuyamwa. Hauna kumbova nechekuita nechirwere chinonetesa tsandanyama chinonzi Guillain-Barre syndrome. Mishonga inodzivirira iripo iye zvino inogadzirwa kubva pamibatanidzwa yezvinowanika mumaDNA. Inowanika yakazvimiririra pachayo uye iri mibatanidzwa nemimwe mishonga inodzivirira. 

Mushonga wekudzivirira wekutanga wakapiwa mvumo muUnited States muna 1981. Mushonga usina zvakawanda zvaunokanganisa wakazotanga kutengeswa muna 1986. Uripo paMazita Emishonga Inonzi neWorld Health Organization Ndiyo Inokosha, kureva mishonga inonyanyokosha panyaya dzekutarisirwa kweutano. Kubvira 2014, kana uchitengeswa wakawanda, unoita mari iri pakati pe0.58 ne13.20 USD pamushonga. MuUnited States unoita 50 kusvika ku100 USD. 




#Article 330: Mushonga unodzivirira Hepatitis A (182 words)


Mushonga unodzivirira Hepatitis A mushonga unodzivirira hepatitis A. Unoshanda painenge 95% yevane chirwere chacho uye unoramba uchishanda kwemakore anodarika 15, uye uchidaro kweunenge upenyu hwese hwemunhu. Kana uchipiwa, zvinokurudzirwa kuti munhu aupiwe kaviri kutangira pashure pekunge asvitsa gore. Unoita zvekuiswa mutsandanyama nejekiseni.  

Sangano reWorld Health Organization (WHO) rinokurudzira kuti munhu wese apiwe mushonga unodzivirira munharaunda dzisina kunyanya chirwere ichi. Kana dziri nharaunda machakanyanya kupararira hazvikurudzirwi kupa munhu wese mushonga unodzivirira sezvo vese vasingazobatiri zvakare chirwere chacho zvichibva pakuti vanenge vakatozvidzivirira kare pavakabatwa nacho vari vana. Sangano reCenter for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) rinokurudzira kuti vakuru vane mikana yakakura yekubatira chirwere ichi uye vana vese vapiwe mushonga unodzivirira. 

Kashoma chaizvo kuti pave nezvakaipa zvinokonzereswa nemushonga uyu. Zvinoitika kuti vana vanenge 15% uye hafu yevanhu vakuru irwadziwe pacho panenge pabaiwa nejekiseni. Mishonga yakawanda inodzivirira hepatitis A ine utachiona hunenge hwakaitwa kuti husashande, uye mishoma yacho ine utachiona hunenge hwakapedzwa simba. Mishonga ine utachiona hwakapedzwa simba haikurudzirwi kuvaya vane pamuviri kana vaya vane miviri isina simba rekuzvidzivirira pazvirwere. Mimwe mishonga mishoma inogadzirwa pachiita zvekusanganiswa mushonga unodzivirira hepatitis A nemushonga unodzivirira hepatitis B kana typhoid. 




#Article 331: Hepatitis A (272 words)


Hepatitis A (kare yaimbonzi hepatitis inotapukira) chirwere chakaipisisa uye chirwere chinotapukira chechiropa chinokonzerwa neutachiona hwehepatitis A (HAV). Kana muri muvana, kakawanda kacho panenge pasina zviratidzo kana kuti zvinenge zviri zvidikidiki. kureba kwenguva inobvira pakutapurirwa kusvika pakuoneka kwezviratidzo, kana muri muvaya vanooneka zviratidzo zvacho, inguva iri pakati pemavhiki maviri kusvika kumatanhatu. Kana paine zviratidzo, izvo zvinowanzogara kwemavhiki 8 uye zvingasanganisira: kunzwa kuda kurutsa, kurutsa, manyoka, ganda reyero, fivha, uye kurwadziwa mudumbu. Mumwedzi 6 pashure pekutapurirwa kwekutanga kweutachiona, inoda kuita 10–15% yevanhu inowana zvakare zviratidzo zvayakambova nazvo. Kashoma kuti pave nekutadza kushanda kwechiropa kwakaipisisa asi izvi zvinowanzoitika mune vaya vakwegura.  

Hepatitis A inowanzoparadzirwa nekudya kana kunwa zvekudya kana kunwa mvura inenge yapinda utachiona hunenge hwabva mutsvina. Zvinodyiwa zvinobva mugungwa izvo zvinonzi shellfish ndizvo zvinowanzoparira chirwere ichi kana zvikasabikwa zvakakwana. Inogonawo kuparadzirwa nekuva pedyo nemunhu ane utachiona. Kunyange zvazvo kakawanda kacho vana vanenge vatapukirwa neutachiona hwacho vasingaratidzi zviratidzo, vanenge vachigona kutapurira vamwe. Munhu paanongotapukirwa kamwe chete, haazotapukirwi zvakare kweupenyu hwese. Kuti zvinzi munhu ane chirwere ichi panodiwa kuongororwa ropa sezvo zviratidzo zvacho zvakafanana nezvezvimwe zvirwere zvakawanda. Utachiona uhwu ndehumwe hweutachiona hushanu hwehepatitis hunozivikanwa: A, B, C, D, and E. 

Mushonga unodzivirira wehepatitis A unoshanda chaizvo pakudzivirira. Dzimwe nyika dzinokurudzira kuti ugare uchipiwa vana nevaya vari pangozi yekutapurirwa utachiona hwacho vanenge vasina kumbobvira vapiwa mushonga unodzivirira. Zvinoita sekuti unoshanda kweupenyu hwese. Dzimwe nzira dzekuzvidzivirira nadzo dzinosanganisira kugeza maoko uye kubika zvekudya nemazvo. Hapana marapiro chaiwo, asi zvinokurudzirwa kuti munhu azorore uye apiwe mishonga inobatsira kudzivisa kunzwa kuda kurutsa uye manyoka sezvinenge zvichidiwa. Kakawanda kutapurirwa utachiona kunozongopera zvachose uye pasina chirwere chinoenderera mberi chechiropa. Kana zvikaitika kuti pava nekutadza kushanda kwechiropa kwakaipisisa, izvi zvinorapwa nekuisirwa chimwe chiropa. 




#Article 332: Mushonga unodzivirira gwirikwiti (253 words)


Mushonga unodzivirira gwirikwiti mushonga unodzivirira unoshanda chaizvo pakudzivirira gwirikwiti. Pashure pekupiwa mushonga kamwe chete, 85% yevana vane mwedzi 9 ne95% yevane mwedzi inodarika 12 vanobva vatodzivirirwa. Vanenge vese zvavo vanotadza kudziviririka pamushonga wekutanga, vanova vakadzivirirwa pamushonga wechipiri. Kana uwandu hwevanodzivirirwa munyika hukadarika 93%, gwirikwiti rinobva rinomira kuwanika; zvisinei, rinogona kutanga kuwanika zvakare kana uwandu hwevanodzivirirwa hukaderera. Kushanda kwemushonga unodzivirira uyu kunogara kwemakore akawanda. Hazvisi pachena kana kudzivirira kwawo kuchiita kuchiderera simba nekufamba kwenguva. Mushonga uyu unogonawo kudzivirira kana ukapiwa munhu anenge ava nemazuva mashoma abva kutapurirwa chirwere chegwirikwiti. 

Kakawanda mushonga unodzivirira uyu hauna matambudziko aunokonzera kusanganisira muvaya vane utachiona hweHIV. Kazhinji, kukanganiswa nemushonga uyu kunenge kusina kunyanya uye kuri kwenguva pfupi. Izvi zvingasanganisira kurwadziwa panenge papinda nejekiseni kana kuti fivha isina kunyanya. Zvakashumwa kuti kurwariswa kweipapo ipapo kwakaitika mumunhu mumwe chete pavanhu vanoda kuita 100 000. Zvinoratidzika kuti uwandu hwechirwere chinonetesa tsandanyama chinonzi Guillian-Barre syndrome, chinonzi autism uye chirwere chekuzvimba kwematumbu hauna kuwedzerwa. 

Mushonga unodzivirira uyu unowanika wakazvimiririra pachawo kana kuti uri mubatanidzwa nemimwe mishonga inodzivirira inosanganisira mushonga unodzivirira rubella, mushonga unodzivirira mahumunya, uye mushonga unodzivirira varicella (mushonga unodzivirira unonzi MMR nemushonga unodzivirira unonzi MMRV). Mushonga unodzivirira uyu unoshanda zvakanaka uri mumagadzirirwo akasiyana-siyana. World Health Organization inokurudzira kuti upiwe pazera remwedzi 9 munharaunda dzepasi rese munonyanyowanika chirwere chegwirikwiti. Munharaunda musinganyanyowaniki chirwere ichi zvine musoro kuti mushonga wacho upiwe pazera remwedzi 12. Mushonga wacho unenge uri mushonga mupenyu unodzivirira. Unouya uri upfu uhwo hwunozoda kutanga hwasanganiswa usati waiswa nechepazasi peganda kana kuti mutsandanyama. Zvinogona kuonekwa kana mushonga unodzivirira wacho wakashanda zvakanaka zvichiitwa nekuongorora ropa. 




#Article 333: Mushonga unodzivirira Pertussis (271 words)


Mushonga unodzivirira Pertussis mushonga unodzivirira unochengetedza vanhu kuti vasabatire chikosoro chinonzi paChirungu whooping cough. Pane mhando mbiri huru: mishonga inodzivirira yemasero akazara nemishonga inodzivirira isiri yemasero. Mushonga unodzivirira wemasero akazara unoshanda zvakada kuita 78% nepo mushonga unodzivirira usiri wemasero unoshanda zvinoita 71–85%. Kushanda kwemishonga iyi inodzivirira kunoita sekunoderera zviri pakati pe2 kusvika 10% pagore asi mushonga unodzivirira usiri wemasero uri iwo unonyanya pakuderera kwacho. Kupa mushonga unodzivirira panguva yekuva nenhumbu kunogona kudzivirira mwana. Mushonga uyu unodzivirira unofungidzirwa kuti wakachengetedza vanhu vanodarika hafu yemiriyoni muna 2002.  

Sangano reWorld Health Organization nereCenter for Disease Control and Prevention rinokurudzira kuti vana vese vapiwe mushonga unodzivirira chikosoro chepertussis uye kuti mushonga wacho uve pakati pemishonga inodzivirira inogaropiwa vanhu. Mushonga uyu uri pakati peiya inopiwa vanhu vane HIV/AIDS. Kakawanda zvinokurudzirwa kuti vana vadiki vapiwe mushonga uyu katatu kubvira pavanenge vaine mavhiki 6 ekuzvarwa. Vana vati kurei kana kuti vanhu vakuru vanogona kuzopiwa zvakare mushonga wacho. Mushonga uyu unodzivirira unongowanika chete uri mubatanidzwa nemimwe mishonga inodzivirira. 

Mishonga inodzivirira isiri yemasero ndiyo inonyanyoshandiswa munyika dzakabudirira pamusana pekuti ine zvishoma zvainokanganisa muvanhu. Vanhu vari pakati pe10 ne50% yevanopiwa mishonga inodzivirira yemasero akazara vanotsvuka paya panenge pabaiwa nejekiseni uye vanoita fivha. Pfari dzefivha uye kuchema kwenguva refu zvinoitika muvana vari pasi pechikamu chimwe chete muzana. Kana iri mishonga inodzivirira isiri yemasero panogona kuva nenguva pfupi yekuzvimba kweruoko uko kunenge kusiri dambudziko. Kukanganiswa nemishonga inodzivirira yese iri miviri kunoita kushoma nekuva mudiki kunenge kwakaita mwana apiwa mishonga yacho, kunyanya kana uri mushonga wemasero akazara. Mushonga wemasero akazara haufaniri kushandiswa pashure pekunge mwana asvitsa makore 6 ekuzvarwa. Hapana matambudziko akadzama uye enguva refu ane chekuita nepfungwa anonzi anokonzerwa nemishonga yacho iri miviri. 




#Article 334: Chikosoro chinonzi &quot;Whooping cough&quot; (342 words)


Pertussis, iyo inozivikanwa sechikosoro chinonzi pachirungu “whooping cough” kana kuti chikosoro chemazuva 100, chirwere chinokonzerwa nebhakiteriya chinotapukira zvakanyanya. Kakawanda zviratidzo zvekutanga zvakafanana nezvefuruu inoparira kuyerera mumhino, fivha uye kakukosora. Izvi zvinobva zvazoteverwa nemavhiki enguva dzekukosora kwakanyanya. Kana nguva yekukosora yapera kunozouya kakufema kekuti hupu kanogona kunzwika munhu wacho paanenge achifema. Kukosora uku kunogona kugara kwenguva inodarika mazuva zana kana mavhiki gumi. Munhu anogona kukosora zvakasimba zvekuti anorutsa, kutyoka mbabvu, kana kuneta zvakanyanya kubva pakukosora kwacho. Vana vane mwedzi iri pasi pegore vanogona kukosora zvishoma kana kusatombokosora asi voita nguva dzavanenge vasingafemi. Nguva iri pakati pekutapurirwa utachiona kusvika pakuoneka kwezviratidzo inowanzova mazuva 7 kusvika ku10. Chirwere ichi chinogona kuitika muvanhu vakapiwa mushonga unodzivirira asi kakawanda kacho zviratidzo zvacho zvinenge zvisina kunyanya. 

Pertussis inokonzerwa nebhakiteriya rinonzi Bordetella pertussis. Ichi chirwere chinofamba nemumhepo icho chinopararira zviri nyore mukukosora nemukuhetsura kwemunhu ane utachiona hwacho. Vanhu vanotapurira vamwe kubvira panguva inotanga kuonekwa zviratidzo kusvikira kumavhiki anoda kuita matatu ekukosora kwemunhu. Vaya vanenge varapwa nemishonga inouraya utachiona vanenge vasisiri kutapurira vamwe pashure pemazuva mashanu. Kuongororwa chirwere ichi kunoitwa nekutora chitorwa chinobva nechemukati memhino kana kuti mehuro. Chitorwa ichi ndicho chinozotariswa pachiongororwa maitiro evanhu kureva culture kana kuti pachiongororwa maitiro echirwere kana kuti polymerase chain reaction. 

Kudzivirira chirwere ichi kunowanzoitwa nekupa mushonga unodzivirira kureva mushonga unodzivirira pertussis. Kudzivirira kwekutanga kunokurudzirwa pakati pemavhiki 6 kusvika ku8 ekuzvarwa, mwana achipiwa mishonga kanokwana kana mumakore maviri ake ekutanga. Mushonga unodzivirira wacho unopera simba nekufamba kwenguva pachikurudzirwa kuti vana vati kurei uye vanhu vakuru vapiwe zvakare mishonga yacho. Mishonga inouraya utachiona inogona kushandiswa kudzivirira chirwere kune vaya vanenge vari pangozi yekuchitapurirwa uye vanenge vari pangozi yekubata chirwere chakaipisisa. Kune vaya vane chirwere chacho mishonga inouraya utachiona inoshanda kana ikatanga kutorwa mumavhiki matatu ekutanga kubva panoonekwa zviratidzo, asi mishonga iyi haina zvainobatsira muvakawanda. Kana vari vana vane mwedzi isingasviki gore uye vaya vane pamuviri, zvinokurudzirwa kuti vatore mishonga yacho mumavhiki 6 kubva panoonekwa zviratidzo. Mishonga inouraya utachiona inosanganisira erythromycin, azithromycin, kana trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Hapana umboo hunogutsa hunoratidza kuti mishonga inonyatsoshanda zvakanaka kurapa chikosoro ichi. Vana vakawanda avo vanenge vaine mwedzi isingasviki gore vanotofanira kurapirwa muchipatara. 




#Article 335: Mutsuwiko wemagetsi (105 words)


Muchidzidzo fundoyetsimba shoko rokuti mutsuwiko wemagetsi,  (electrical insulator) rinoreva chiro chisingatakure magetsi chinoshandiswa kuputira waya inotakura magetsi. Kazhinji  mutsuwiko wemagetsi  inenge iri plastic inoputira mbereki yemagetsi. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo mutsuwiko wemagetsi unokwanisa kugadzirwa nepuranga kana ceramic. Mutsuwiko wakakosha pakuderedza njodzi dzokugwinhiwa nemagetsi.

Shoko reEnglish rokuti insulate rinotaura zvinoreva to make into an island. Apa kutaura kuti waya yemagetsi inenge yaitwa kunge chitsuwa,  magetsi asingakwanise kubuda pairi. Saka pano panzi insulation idanwe kunzi mutsuwiko kubva pazwi rokuti chitsuwa. Pakuwanda inenge ichinzi mitsuwiko yemagetsi.

.

Zvichida tinokwanisa kushandisa izwi rokuti chirundu kuturikira insulator??. 

Kune mamwe mazwi ari pedyo nekuti mutsuwiko atingafananidze nayo, sokuti: chitimiko, mudzindiko, murumiko, mudzamiko.







#Article 337: Mhou Shiri (126 words)


Shiri inonzi Mhou kana mhowani ishiri inowanikwa muziwumbe reAfrica isingakwanise kubhururuka. Shiri iyi yakakura zvokudarika kureba kwemunhu; inoreba zvokusvika 1.7-2.3m kana yakamira. Mhou inozivikanwa nokuva nemakumbo marefu nemutsipa murefu.

Mhou dzinodya zvinomera muvhu, mashizha nemichero. Dzinodyawo mhuka dzisina muzongoza. Mhou dzinogara mumapoka ane shiri dzinobva pashanu kusvika pamakumi mashanu (5-50). Kana mhou yayingirwa nechikara inohwarara pasi kana kuti inotiza. Kana ichinge yasvitswa pakamanika inorwisa ichikava nemakumbo ayo ane simba samare. 

Nguva dzekunge mikono ichitanda nzvari dzinosiyana nenzvimbo; asi mikono inochengera nzvimbo dzayo ichichengera nzvari dzingava mbiri kusvika sere (2-7).

Mhou dzinopfuyiwa munyika dzakawanda Pasirose; minhenga yadzo ichishandiswa kushongedza mudzimba uye semitsvairo yekupumha guruva pamidziyo. Matehwe adzo anoshandiswa kugadzira mabhegi nemabhande uye nyama yadzo inotengeswa ichidyiwa. Nyama yemhou yakatsvuka seyemhuka dzemusango uye ine kunhuwirira kwayo kunokwezva moyo.




#Article 338: Funguragetsi (132 words)


Funguragetsi (Electrolysis in English) chiitiko chinoshandiswa kupfudzunura nhonda kuchishandiswa magetsi. Funguragetsi rinogoneka pane shurushuru inopereka magetsi. Chiitiko ichi chinoshandiswa paSable Chemicals kuKwekwe apo vanoshandisa magetsi kupatsanura oxygen ne hydrogen anova magasi anogadzira mvura.

Izwi rokuti nonda riri kuturikira chinonzi ions kuEnglish iro richidudza kuti I go or that which goes. KuChiShona patorwa izwi rokuti nonda rinodudza kutevera, to follow - sokuti Makanaka akati nonda nenzira yekurukova - Makanaka followed the path to the river. Nonda dzinokwezvewa kudivi rimwe renyere zvichienderana nechaji iri kudivi iroro. Manondanhuka (anions) ane chaji yakahwarara anokwezverwa kugumbunhuka rine hugonga nharadada - positive polarity. Manondanhoka (cations) ane chaji yakadara anokwezverwa kugumbunhoka rine gonga hwaradada - negative polarity.

Izwi rokuti funguragetsi rakaumbwa richitodzaniswa nemazwi anoti: 

Zvakanaka kuti tipe mashoko anorerutsa kuzotaura zvidzidzo izvi tichipfuurira mberi.

Tarisai chinyorwa chinonzi Nyere yaGalvani.




#Article 339: Chizvarwa cheNyika (579 words)


Mukutaura pamutemo, izwi rokuti chizvarwa kana sanyika (citizen kuChirungu) rinotaura hukama huripo pakati pemunhu nenyika yaari sanyika, zvikurusei rinodudza kodzero dzinopihwa munhu kana ari sanyika munyika iyi. Kuva sanyika munyika kunopa munhu kodzero dzinosanganisira: kodzero yekugara nokushanda munyika iyi; kodzero yokuripa mitero nekushandisa zvose zvinoripirwa  nemitero iyi; kodzero yokuti ange achivhoterwa kana kuvhota munyaya dzematongerwo enyika iyoyi.

Pachinyorwa chino Ishe wenyika ari kunzi Muzvinanyika - lord of the land kana zvoturikirwa; kureva kuti ana sanyika vanhu vari pasi paShe asi zvichikwanisa kusanganisira Ishe pachake.

Kuva chizvarwa munyika hakureve kuti chizvarwa anofanirwa kunge ari munhu akazvarwa munyika iyi kwete; chakakosha ndiyo mvumo yokuva chizvarwa nekodzero dzezvizvarwa dzinopihwa nemitemo yenyika iyi. Vanhu vanokwanisa kuva zvizvarwa zvenyika zvichibva nenzira dzakasiyana, zvisinei kuti munhu akazvarwa munyika iyi kana kuti kwete.

Mukutaura kwemazuva ose tinoti vanhu vane zita rakafanana vanonzi ana sazita. Pakati pavo ana sazita hapana mumwe ane mvumo kana kodzero yezita kudarika mumwe, vose vane kodzero dzakaenzana pazita racho. Tiine mufungo mumwechete iwoyu, ana sanyika ndivo varidzi venyika imwecheteyo, uye vane mvumo nekodzero dzakaenzana munyika iyi. 

Husanyika hwemadzinza, (citizenship by descent) . Nyika zhinji dzinoti kana mwana akazvarwa nemubereki mumwe  kana vabereki vose vane husanyika, mwana iyeyu anenge ari sanyika munyika iyi kana kuti ane kodzero yokuva sanyika munyika imweyo.  Husanyika hunouya nenzira iyi hunobva pakuti munhu ane madzitateguru venyika iyi kana kuti anobva kurudzi rwuri munyika iyoyi. Nyika zhinji dzinotara miganu kuti husanyika hwemadzinza (citizenship by descent) hungatenderwa kusvika kumazera mangani akaberekwa kunze kwenyika iyoyi.

Husanyika hwekuzvarirwa munyikamo. (citizenship by birth) Nyika zhinji dzinotendera kuti mwana azvarwa munyika iyoyo ave nekodzero yehusanyika munyika yaazvarirwa. Husanyika hunouya nenzira iyi hunoti ikodzero nokuti azvarwa munyika yedu. Husanyika hwemhando iyi hwakanga huchitenderwa  munyika zhinji dziri kuEurope kusanganisira kuEngland mumakore akare. Pari zvino nyika yeCanada inotendera husanyika hwekuzvarirwamo - citizenship by birth. Dambudziko rinokwanisa kuuya kunyika dzakabudirira nokuti vamwe vabereki vokunze kwenyika vasina husanyika munyika idzi vanoita sarudzo dzokuti madzimai avo vanosununguka pamuviri kunyika dzakabudirira kuti mwana ave sanyika.

Husanyika hweroora. (citizenship by marriage). Husanyika hunokwanisa kutenderwa kuburikidza nokunge munhu akaroorana nemurume kana mukadzi anenge ari sanyika wenyika iyoyi. Dambudziko riripowo zvakare nderekuti munhu wekunze kwenyika anoroorana nasanyika, kuri kuwanana kwenhema, iri nzira yekuti awane mvumo yehusanyika chete.

Husanyika hwevagodza - (citizenship by naturalization). Dzimwe nyika dzinotendera kuti munhu kana akatamira kunyika iyi ogogara munyika iyi makore akatarwa anenge ava sanyika munyika iyi. Mune dzimwe nhambo iye munhu atamiramo munyika iyi anosungungirwa kunyora bvunzo asati agachidzwa husanyika kana kuti anofanirwa kugura husanyika hwekune hwaaiva nahwo kune dzimwe nyika. Nokumwe kutaura tingati uhwu husanyika hwemakonzwa nokuti hunopihwa kumugari ane makonzwa anenge ari mugari agodza munyika makore akawanda.

Mugari ane Makonzwa munyika (permanent resident kuChirungu) munhu akatamira munyika achibva kunze asati agamuchidzwa husanyika asi aine mvumo yokugara munyika iyi. Munyika zhinji mugari ane makonzwa anopiwa mvumo pazvinhu zvinoti: kugara munyika; kushanda munyika; kuenda kuchikoro; kuripa mitero nekugashirawo zvinobva pakuripa mitero yacho. Asi mugari ane makonzwa haatenderwi kuvhota kana kukwikwidza semuyedzwa wesarudzo dzematongerwo enyika. Makare munhu ainzi ane makonzwa kana agamuchirwa mumusha kuva senhengo yemusha uyu.

Shoko rokuti mutorwa (stranger, foreigner) rinokwanisa kushandiswa kureva munhu asiri sanyika wenyika iyoyo. Iri shoko ndiro rakashandiswa kuturikira foreigner mumabhuku ebhaibheri, ndiro richashandiswa pazvinyorwa zvino. Vamwe mukutara kwemazuva ose vanoshandisa shoko rokuti mubvakure kureva munhu asina kuzvarirwa munyika iri kurehwa.

Mupoteri munhu ari kutiza njodzi dziri panzvimbo kana munyika yaanogara kuenda kumwe kwaari kutsvaga pokutizira paanokwanisa kurarama zvisina njodzi dzaari kutiza. Vapoteri vanotiza njodzi dzakasiyana dzinosanganisira: hondo; nzara; kushushwa kana kuurayiwa nekuda kwenyaya dzematongerwo enyika; baradzarudzi kana kushaikwa kwehushavi hunopa raramo yakanaka. 

 




#Article 340: Miyambonyina (100 words)


Pachinyorwa chino mazwi anoti miyambonyina kana mitauronyina ari kushandiswa kuturikira chinonzi dialects kuEnglish, apa zvichireva mitauro yakafanana mazwi mazhinji zvokuti vatauri vanonzwanana, asi pachizoita mamwe mazwi akasiyana pakutaura nepakunyorwa. Somuenzaniso ChiShona chine mitauronyina inodarika minomwe. Mitauronyina kana miyambonyina inobatanidzwa ichinzi ChiShona inosanganisira: ChiKaranga, ChiManyika, Zezuru, ChiKorekore, Ndau, Budya, ChiTonga nemimwewo.

English ine miyambonyina yakawanda zvichienderana nenyika yacho inobva vatauri. Kune British English, American English, Australian English, South African English zvichingodaro. Somuenzaniso South African English ine mazwi anotevera asingawanikwe kuBritain: braai, naartjie, kopje, veld, kloof, kraal, boerwors zvichingodaro.

Zita rokuti miyambonyina rasarudzwa pano richitodza izwi rokuti kuamba rinowanikwa kuMitauro yeBantu sezvizvi:




#Article 341: Bing Crosby (304 words)


Harry Lillis Crosby ( Tacoma, United States, 3 maypole ose 1903 - Alcobendas, Spain, 14 October kubva 1977 ), nani aizivikanwa Bing Crosby aiva muimbi ( crooner ) uye Actor American aine basa zvakatevedzana hafu yezana remakore vaiona Yekutanga multimedia nyeredzi, Bing Crosby ndiye ainyanya kutengesa uye akabudirira zvikuru mimhanzi chiitiko chemakumi maviri emakore.

Crosby aive mutungamiri mukutengesa kutengesa, mareti zviyero, uye mari yakawandisa yemuvhi - mumwe wevanonyanya kukosha uye vane pesvedzero mavara emuzana ramakore rechi 20 pasi rose. Iye aive mumwe wevokutanga midhiya maartistadist.

Pakati pa1954 na1954, Crosby aive nemubhadharo aisamirira pamwe nemaalbum ake, ratings dzakakura pazviteshi zveredhiyo nemafirimu ane mukurumbira nyika.1 Anowanzoonekwa semumwe wevatambi vekuimba vane mukurumbira munhoroondo uye nhasi uno Zvakawanda zvakanyorwa nezwi remunhu zvemunhu.2 Kukudzwa kwehunyanzvi kwaCrosby kuri kwepasirese, zvakakosha kuti titaure kuti aive mumwe wekurudziro huru kune vamwe vatambi vakuru vechirume vaimutsigira, saFrank Sinatra, Perry Como, Dean Martin, John Lennon , Elvis Presley, Michael Bublé kudoma vashoma.

Bing Crosby atengesa anopfuura bhiriyoni imwe rekodhi pasi rese kusvika nhasi3 4 pamwe rekodhi inotengesa yakakura kwazvo munhoroondo, pamwe nerwiyo rwuri kutengeswa zvakanyanya pasi rose rakanzi White Christmas, nemakopi anopfuura zviuru makumi mashanu ezviuru zvinotengeswa pasi rose

Crosby aive akakurumbira uye aive akakurumbira mukati mezana ramakore re 20 munyika zvekuti ongororo yakaitwa kare ikaburitsa kuti Crosby aive akakurumbira uye airemekedzwa kupfuura Papa Pius XII panguva iyoyo.

Kubudirira kwake kweshodhi kunoramba kuchishamisa: Makadhi 396 emunhu mumwe chete, kusanganisira 41 Nhamba 1 hits. Beatles naElvis Presley vakasanganiswa.

Crosby aive akapatsanurwa chati rimwe pagore gore ra19311 na1954, uyezve aive nemakumi maviri nematanhatu mhemberero dzakakurumbira muna 1939 chete.

Bing Crosby akarekodha zvinopfuura zviuru zviviri ezvekutengeswa pamwe neredhiyo zviuru zvina, pamwe neruzhinji runyorwa rwemafirimu ne terevhizheni kuratidzwa, ndiye anonyanya kurekodwa muartist.

Bing Crosby akahodha 41 No 1 marekodhi pamateki (43 kusanganisira yechipiri neyechitatu misoro ye White Kisimusi), kupfuura The Beatles ine (24) naElvis Presley ine (18) marekodhi.




#Article 342: Horamvura (175 words)


Pachinyorwa chino, izwi rokuti horamvura riri kushandiswa kuturikira chinonzi aquifer kuEnglish. Aquifer inzvimbo inochengeta mvura pasi pevhu, iyo yakaumbika semukoto uri pakati pemaware emabwe asingabvinine. Mvura ikange yanaya munzvimbo dzine vhu nemabwe anobvinina, inonyura kupinda pasi ichinoungana yasvika pane dombo risingabvinine. Kune mamwe matunhu mabwe anobvinina anopinda pasi pevhu ari mukoto wakatanangirwa pakati pemabwe asingatenderi kusinina kwemvura - zvoreva kuti mvura inodzika yosvika payakamanikwa isina mukana wekukwira kana kudzika. Mvura iri muhoramvura inokwanisa kubatwa kana kwacherwa mugodhi unodhuurwa maware emabwe ari kumusoro kwemukoto wakanwirira mvura yekunaya - mugodhi kana tsime rerudzi urwu rinonzi artesian well kuEnglish. Asi kana pasina kucherwa nekudhuura mamaware emabwe akakwidibira nechekumusoro, mvura iyi inorarama mumukoto uyu makore mazhinji isina kwainoenda. Pakaitawo mutswe mumaware emabwe, mvura iyi inokwanisa kubuda sechisipiti.

Zita rekuti horamvura hariko kuChiShona chemazuvaose, asi pano kuedza kududzira chinonzi aquifer. Izwi rokuti aquifer rakaumba nezvikamu zvinoti: aqui - kureva mvura uye fer - ichi chiri chivakamberi chinodudza kutakura. Saka aquifer zvinoreva icho chinotakura mvura. Kumitauro yeChiBantu kwakawanikwa izwi rokuti kola rinobva kuVaYao richireva kuva ne kana kuwana, kana kupfuma ne. 




#Article 343: ChiBengali (144 words)


Mutauro wechiBangali (unozivikanwawoseBangla , Bangla , kana chiBangali mazita) mutauro weIndo-Aryan, mutauro unonyanyakutaurwa uye wakanyorwa worudzirwechiBangali muSouth Asia . Matrbhasira of the Bengali Indo-European mutauro wemhuri,wechina uye wechitanhatu mukurusa mumutauro wepasi rose.  ChiBengali ndiyo mutauro wechinomwe mukurusa munyika maererano nehuwandu hwevashandisi .Bengali ndiwo mutauro chete nehurumende uye mutauro unonyanya kushandiswa pazvinhu zvizhinji dzinozvitonga mutauro anotsanangura rudzi - ezvinhu Bangladesh uye ari naBharaki Valley pakati West Bengal ,Tripura , Assam , India . Mutauro wakasarudzika. ChiBangali ndiwo mutauro unonyanya kutaurwa weAndaman IslandsmuBay of Bengal. Kunze , pane zvinokosha nhamba Bengali kutaura vanhu vari Indianinoti zviri Pradesh , Chennai , Meghalaya ,Mizoram uye Orissa . Bengali ndiyo yechipiri zvikuru anotaurwa mutauro muna Indiapashure Hindi .  Uyewo zvinokosha kwazvo Bengali vaitaura vatamira kuMiddle East , America uye Europe.  zvose, vanopfuura 26 crore vanhu munyika kushandiswa Bengali muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva.  ari rwenyika uye rwenyikauyeRwiyo rwacho runoumbwa muBangali.




#Article 344: Kupfeka masiki munguva ye hutachiona we corona 2019-20 (389 words)


Kupfekwa kwe mamask munguva yedenda rehutachiona hwecorona muna 2019-20 kwakagamuchira kurudziro dzakasiyana siyana kubva kumasangano evehutano hweruzhinji pamwe nehurumende dzakasiyana. Nhau iyi yakave hurukuro ine kupokana, pakati pevamiriri vehutano weruzhinji  nedzi hurumende vasingabvumirane pane mitemo yemapfekerwo emask.

Zvimwe zvikonzero zvakataurwa nevatungamiriri vehutano ku China maererano nezvekupfeka mamasiki kunyange nevanhu vatano ndezvinotevera:
 

 
Mazvikokota wezve hutachiona kuUniversity yeLeeds anonzi Stephen Griffin anoti Kupfeka mask kunogona kudzikisa mukana wekuti vanhu vabate zviso zvavo, zvinova zviri izvo zvinonyanya kukonzera hutachiona pasina hutsanana hwekugeza maoko.

Mask yejira yakagadzirwa nejira ratinoziva mazuva ose inopfekwa kuvhara muromo nemhino, inowanzogadzirwa nejira redonje. Mask yejira yakasiyana nemask yana chiremba neyana mukoti neimwe inobatsira kufema, nekuti haasi pasi pemutemo. Parizvino pane zivo nehutungamiri shoma pane kugona kwayo kudzivirira kutapukira kwechirwere kana kutapukira kwetwunhu tusingaonekwi nemaziso twuri mumhepo.
 
Mask yavana chiremba nana mukoti inopfekwa zvakaregerera, inoshanda sechidziviso pakati pemuromo nemhino yemupfeki nezvinogona kumutapukira kubva muzviri munzvimbo yaari. Mask yavana chiremba nana mukoti iripo kubatsira kudzivirira madonhwe makuru, zvisaswa, zvipfapfaidzwa, kana zvityapaidzwa zvinogona kunge zviine hutachiona nebacteria kana yakapfekwa zvakanaka, inodzivirira zvinhu izvi kuti zvisasvike pamuromo nemhino dze akaipfeka. Mask yavana chiremba nana mukoti inogonawo kudzikisa kutapukira kwemate emunhu akaipfeka nezvimwe zvinobva mukufema kwake kusvika kune vamwe. Mask yavana chiremba nana mukoti haina kugadzirirwa kusefa kana kudzivirira hutachiona nebacteria dziri mumhepo dzinogona kuparadzirwa nekukosora, kuhetsura, kana mamwe maitiro emukurapa. Mask dzavana chiremba nana mukoti hadzipe zvakare dziviriro yakakwana kubva kumagerms nezvimwe zvinotapukira nekuda kwemapfekerwo akaregerera pakati pechiso nemask yacho. Mask dzavana chiremba nana mukoti dzakagadzirwa nemucheka usina kurukwa sezvinoitwa jira asi wakagadzirwa  nekupiswa nekubatanidzwa nemishonga  neshinda. 
 
Mask inonzi N95 imask inosefa-twunhu tudiki diki nekubvumira akaipfeka kufema , inoteedza mutemo weN95 inosefa mhepo inobvumirwa neUS National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Iyo inosefa zvinosvika 95 kubva mu100 zvezvinhu zviri mumhepo. Iyo muenzaniso yemuchina wekufemesa, unodzivirira kubva kutwunhu tuduku duku, asi kwete magas kana mupfunga. Kufanana nemasiki dzavana chiremba nana mukoti, N95  yakagadzirwa neshinda dzisina kurukwa dzejira rinonzi polypropylene.  Mask inoenderana naiyoyo inoshandiswa kunyika dzemuEuropean Union inonzi FFP2 respirator.  

Masangano ezvehutano akurudzira kuti vanhu vavhare muromo nemhino vachishandisa gokora kana tishu pavanenge vachikosora kana kuhetsura, uye kurasa tishu racho pakarepo.  Mask dzavana chiremba dzinokurudzirwa kune avovanogona kunge vaine hutachiona,    nekuti kupfeka mask kunokwanisa kuderedza huwandu nechinhambwe chinofambwa nema donhwe anobva mukufemera kunze anopararira pakutaura, kuhetsura, kana kukosora.

Yambiro Kubva kuWorld Health Organisation kurizhinji maringe neCovid-19 inotsigira kushandiswa kwemask pasi pemamirairo inotevera chete. 
 




#Article 345: Chinyorwa chikuru chePandemic (1279 words)


Shoko rekuti Pandemic rakabva parurimi rwechiGreek ishoko rinoreva kupararira kwechirwere chinopomeranwa icho chinenge chafamba kana kushanyira matunhu kana nyika dzakawanda kudarika imwe chete. Kupararira nekukasira kwechirwere muvanhu vazhinji vagere munzvimbo imwe kana dunhu rimwe nemnguva pfupi kunodaidzwa nezita rechirungu rekuti epidemic. Chirwere chakapararira asi huwandu hwevanhu vachakabata huchiramba hwakadzikama chinonzi endemic, kwete pandemic. Chirwere chikava endemic asi chiine huwandu hwakadzikama hwevanhu vachakabata , zvakafanana nedzihwa rinopota richinyuka zvichienderana nemwaka chiri kunze kweboka iri nokuti zvinoitika panguva imwechete mumatunhu mahombe dzepasi rose kwete kupararira nenyika yose.

Zita rekuti pandemci rinoshandiswa kutsanangura epidemic iri kuitika ichigura miganhu yenyika.  Chirwere kana chimiro chero chikapararira kwakawanda kana kuuraya vanhu vakawanda hachizodaidzwi kuti pandemic nokuda kwaizvozvo zvoga, chinofanirawo kuva chinotapuriranwa. Semuenzaniso, chirwere chegomarara chinokonzera kufa kwevanhu vazhinji asi hachiverengwi sepandemic nekuti hachitapuriki kana kuparadzirwa.

Kupararira kwema epidhemic (nemapandemic) kana kuchitaridzwa pagraph kunobudisa chimiro kana kuti dendenedzu rakaita sebhera, chichitaridza huwandu hwevanhu vanenge vabatwa nechirwere panguva imwe neimwe. Dendenedzu iri kazhinji rinongobuda rakadaro kana chirwere chapararira. Zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa kazhinji zvinopararira muzvikamu zvitatu sezvakataridzwa pagraph rinotevera. Mufananidzo wekutanga: Graph rinoratidza dendenedzu reepidemic, rakanyorwa naToby Morris. MuThe Spinoff ya9 Kurume 2020  

Chikamu chekutanga chinowanikwa panotanga dendenedzu. Kana tikatora chirwere chapararira cheCOVID-19 semuenzaniso, ndizvo zvinotaridza panotangira kupararira kwechirwere, panenge panevanhu vashoma vanenge vachizivikanwa kuti vakabatwa nechirwere chacho.

Chikamu chechipiri chedendenedzu reepidemic chinotaridza nhanho inodaidzwa nezita rechirungu rekuti community phase  Panhanho iyi ndipo panobuda hochekoche yekubatwa kwevanhu nechirwere apo vanhu vanga vasina chirwere ichi vanotangawo kubatwa nacho.

Chikamu chechitatu chedendendzu reepidemic chinotaridza kuti kupararira kwechirwere kwadzorwa, kana kuti hazvichakwanisiki kuti kuwanikwe vamwe vanhu vatsva vanobatwa nacho.

Kune matanho akawanda anogona kutorwa nenyika kudzora kunyuka kwepandemic. Mugore ra2005, sangano reWorld Health Organisation rakakumikidza gwaro rinodaidzwa nechirungu kuti International Health Regulations, rinova iro gwaro remutemo rekudzivirira, kudzora pamwe nekumirisana nezvimiro zvehutano zvinogona kutapuriranwa pakati penyika dzakasiyana.  Matanho mazhinji ekudzivirira chirwere cheCOVID-19 akatorwa kubva mugwaro reInternational Health Regulations 2005 nemuzviga zveWorld Health Organisation zvekugadzirirwa kwekumirirsana nemapandemic edzihwa.

Pava nenhaurirano dzakawanda pamusoro penzira yekurwisa inodaidzwa kuti 3T's (Testing, Treatment, Tracing) zvichireva (kuvheneka, kurapa, kuteverera) iyo inoita kuti nyika dzikwanise kuona nekukasira uwandu hwevanhu vakabatwa nechirwere dzisati dzavapatsanura kubva kune vamwe vanhu pamwe nekuvarapa.. Kusvika mugore ra2018, vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni makumi matatu nemanomwe nechidimbu (37.9 million) pasi rose vakanga vabatwa nechirwere cheShuramatongo. Mugore ra2018, vanhu vakafa nechirwere ichi vanosvika mazana manonwe nemakumi manomwe ezvuru (770,000). Parizvino, dunhu rekuchamhembe kweAfrica ndiro rakanyanya kukanganiswa neShuramatongo. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvikamu zvikumi zvitanhatu nechimwe kubva muzana (61%) zvevanhu vakabatwa neutachiwana hweShuramatongo kekutanga vanhu vemudunhu iri.

Hutachiwana hwemhando yemaCoronavirus iboka guru rehutachiwana hunokonzera zvirwere zvinosanganisira kubva padzihwa ramazuva ose kusvika pane zvimwe zvirwere zvakasimba seMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) neSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). Imwe mhando itsva yekoronavhayirasi (SARS-CoV-2) inokonzera chirwere cheCoronavirus 2019, kana kuti COVID-19. Mamwe marudzi ehutachiwana hwemaCoronavirus anodaidzwa kuti ari 'zoonotic', kureva kuti anotapuriranwa pakati pevanhu nemhuka. Tsvagurudzo yakadzama yakaitwa yakabudisa kuti SARS-CoV yakatapurirwa vanhu kubva pamhuka yerudzi rwechidembo, uyewo MERS-CoV yakatapurirwa vanhu nemangamera. Kune hutachiwana hunozivikanwa hwakawanda hwemhando yemacoronavirus huchiri kungotenderera mumhuka husati hwatapurirwa kuvanhu. Mhando itsva yehutachiwana hweCoronavirus hwakatangira muguta reWuhan, mudunhu reHubei kuChina kupera kwaZvita 2019, hwakonzera chitsama chechirwere chakasimba chinokanganisa munhu kufema, icho chinodaidzwa nezita rekuti Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Dandemutande reHopkins University  Musi wa 11 Kurume mugore ra2020, sangano rezvehutanho pasirose reWorld Health Organisation rakapinza kupararira kweCOVID-19 muchikamu chemapandemic   Kusvika musi wa23 Kubvumbi 2020 uhwandu hwevanhu vakanga vabatwa nechirwere cheCOVID-19 hwakanga hwasvika pamamiriyoni maviri nemakumi matanhatu nematatu ezviuru (2.63 million) pasi rose, huwandu hwevafa nacho huchisvika zana nemakumi masere nemana ezvuru nevanhu makumi maviri emazana nemakumi mana nevapfumbamwe kana kuti 184,249 ukuwo vakapora pachirwere ichi vachisvika mazana manomwe nemakumi maviri ezvuru anemakumi mashanu nevashanu, kana kuti 722,055. 

Marariya chirwere chakakurumbira munzvimbo dziri pakati nepadhuze pedendenedzu renyika idzo dzinodaidzwa nechirungu kuti ma tropical and subtropical regions dzinosanganisira mamwe matunhu eAmerica, Asia pamwe neAfrica. Gore negore vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuti vanosvika huhwandu hwunobva pamazana matatu nekakumi mashanu emamiriyoni kusvika pamazana mashanu emamiriyoni vanobatwa nechirwere ichi. Dambudziko guru mumakore e21st century nderekuti chirwere chinojairira mishonga iyo inobva yashaiwa simba rekurapa chirwere ichi, izvo zvinova zvava kuitika kumhando dzose dzemishonga yemharariya, kunze kwe mando inodaidzwa nezita rekuti artemisinins  

Marariya chirwere chakamboita mukurumbira munyika zhinji dzekuEurope neAmerica yekuchamhembe, uko isingachawanikwi.  Marariya inofungidzirwa kuti yakabatsira pakuwondomoka kwehumambo hweRoma. Chirwere ichi chakatozombozikanwa nezita rekuti Roman fever. Hutachiwana hwePlasmodium falciparum yakava njodzi huru kuvapambepfumi pamwe nevagari venzvimbo apo hwakapinda mudunhu reAmerica pamakore ekutengeswa kwenhapwa. 

Dzihwa reSpanish flu (1918 kusvika 1920) rakabata vanhu mazana mashanu emamiriyoni pasi rose, kusanganisira vanhu vanogara pazvitsuwa zvePacific nedunhu rechando reArctic, rikauraya vanhu vari pakati pemamiriyoni makumi maviri ne mamiriyoni zana.   Zvirwere zvinji zvedzihwa zvinouraya zvisina kuenzana vana vadiki diki nevanhu vakwegura zvakanyanya, mukana wekurarama uchiwanikwa nevari pamazera epakati nepakati. Asi dzihwa reSpanish flu rakauraya zvisina kutarisirwa vemazera epakati nepakati. Dzihwa reSpanish flu rakauraya vanhu vakawanda kudarika hondo yekutanga yepasi rose, kana kuti World War I huyewo mumavhiki makumi maviri nemashanu ekutanga kwaro rakuraya vanhu vakawanda kudarika zvakaitwa neShuramatongo mumakore makumi maviri nemashanu ekutanga kwayo.  Kuvapo kwemauto muhuwandu nekugara kwawo pakamanikana pamakore ehondo yekutanga yepasi rose kwakakonzera kuti hwupararira nekushanduka nekukasira; kuva nyore kubatwa nechirwere ichi kwemauto kunogona kungewo kwakabatsirwa nekusagadzikana mupfungwa, kushaya chikafu chinovaka muviri nekurwiswa kwavo nezvombo zvine mushonga inoparadza. Kuvandudzika kwemafambiro nezvifambiso kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kuti mauto, vatyairi vezvikepe nevafambiwo zvavo vaparadzire chirwere ichi.

Chinyorwa chikuru: Kupikiswa kwemishonga yerudzi rwemaAntibiotic

Hutachiwana hune simba rekupikisa mushonga wemaAntibiotic hunodaidzwa dzimwe nguva nezita rechirungu rekuti masuperbugs. Hutawana hwerudzi uhwu hwunokwanisa kubatsira kunyuka zvakare kwezvirwere zvanga zvambokwanisa kudzorwa zvakanaka.  Semuenzaniso, zviitiko zvechirwere cherurindi kana kuti TB zvine simba rekupikis amishonga yagara ichizivikanwa kuti inorapa chirwere ichi zvakanaka idambudziko guru kune vezveutano. Zviitiko zvitsva zvinoda kusvika chidimbu chemiriyoni imwechete zvekupikiswa kwemishonga mizhinji yerurindi, uko kunodaidzwa nechirungu kuti multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) zvinoitika gore negore.  China ne India ndidzo nyika dzine zviitiko zvakawanda zve dambudziko iri.  Sangano rezveutano hwepasi rose reWorld Health Organisation (WHO) rinobudisa mashoko ekuti huwandu hwevanhu vanofungidzirwa kusvika pa mamiriyoni makumi mashanu pasi rose vane chirwere cheMDR TB, zvikamu makumi manomwe nezvipfumbamwe kubva muzana zvavo zviri zvevanhu vane chirwere cherudzi rwunopikisana nemishona mitatu kana kupfuura. Mugore ra2015, zviitiko zvinosvika zana nemakumi maviri anezvina zveMDR-TB zvakaonekwa muAmerica (United States) chete. Imwe mhando yechirwere cherurindi inopikisana mishinga yakawanda zvakapamhidzirwa iyo inodaidzwa nechirungu kuti extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) yakaonekwa muAfrica mugore ra2016, ikazoonekwa kuti yaiwanikwawo munyika makumi mana nepfumbamwe, kusanganisira muAmerika. Sangano reWHO rinofungidzira kuti zviitiko zvitsva zveXDR-TB zvinosvika zviuru makumi mana (40 000) zvinoonekwa pagore.  

Mumakore makumi mana apfuura, hutachiwana hwamazuva ose hunosanganisira hunonzi Straphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens neEnterococcus, hwakaumba simba rekupikisana nemishonga ine chitsama yakafanana nevancomycin, pamwe nezvikwata zvimwe zvizere zvemishonga inorwisa hutachiwana yemaAntibiotics yakaita sema aminoglycosides nemacephalosporins. Hutachiwana hunopikisa mishonga yemaAntibiotic yava honzeri huru ye kubatwa nezvirwere kune chekuita nezvekurapwa kwevanhu , kana kuti muchirungu healthcare-associated (nosocomical) infections (HAI, muchidimbu). Pamusoro pazvo, huhwere hunokonzerwa nemarudzi anotapurwa mukugarisana (community-acquired strains) ehutachiwana hwemethicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) muvanhu vagara havo vaine hutano hwavo, hwawedzera kutekeshera makore ano. 

Hurwere hwunobudisa ropa, hunodaidzwa nechirungu kuti viral hemorrhagic fevers, huhwere hunotapuriranwa zvakanyanya huye hunouraya kwazvo. Mienzaniso inosanganisira zvirwere zvinoti Ebola, Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, Marbug virus disease neBolivian hemorrhagic fever. Zvirwere zvemhando iyi zvine mukana wekupararira kuita pandemic.  Simba razvo rekukwanisa kupararira nekukasira kuva pandemic rakapomhodzwa nekuti kuparadzirwa kwehutachiwana hwacho kunogoneka chete kana munhu asina hutachiwana agunzvana neanahwo, uyewo iye anehutachiwana hwacho anenguva pfupi asati asangana nerufu kana kuti kurwara kwakanyanya. Nguva diki inowanikwa panotangira munhu kubatwa nehutachiwana kusvika paanotanga kuratidza zviratidzo zveurwee hwacho inopa vezvehutano mukana wekukasira kumutsaura pane vamwe, kuitira kudzivirira kutapurira kwake hutachiwana kune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Chinyorwa chikuru: epidhemiki ya2015 kusvika 2016 yeZika virus, Zika virus neZika fever

Kupararira kweZika virus kwakatanga mugore ra2015 kukazokwira zvakanyanya mumwedzi yose yekutanga kwa2016, kuchionekwa zviitiko zvinodarika miriyoni imwechete nechidimbu munyika dzinodarika gumi nembiri munyika-dunhu reAmerica. Sangano reWorld Health Organisation rakayambira kuti Zika yaiva nesimba rekuzoputika kuita pandemic inobata pasi rose kana ikasadzorwa.




#Article 346: Chirwere chinogara mumhepo (414 words)


Chirwere chemumhepo chirwere chose chinokonzerwa nehutachiona hunogona hunotakurwa kuburikidza nemhepo kwenguva refu uye kwechinhambwe chiri pazvidimbu zvidiki. Zvirwere zverudzi urwu zvinoonekwa zvakakosha mumishonga yevanhu uye mishonga yemhuka. Ma pathogens anogona kuva hutachiona, bhakitiriya, kana fungus, zvinogona kupararira kubudikidza nekufema, kutaura, kukosora, kuhetsura, kusimudza guruva, kupfapfaidza, kugoja chimbudzi kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinoburitsa aerosol kana madonhwe. Kazhinji, hutachiona hwemumhepo hwepathogens kana allergens hunokonzera kuzvimba mukati memhino, huro, mhombwe, uye mapapu, zvinozokonzera kukosora kunozarira, kurwadza kwehuro, uye zvimwe zviratidzo zvinogona kukanganisa kunyange muviri wese. Zvirwere zvakawanda zvakajairika zvinonzi zvirwere zvemumhepo, zvinosanganisira asi zvisiri izvo chete: coronavirus, gwirikwiti, morbillivirus, hwutachiona hwechickenpox; Mycobacterium tuberculosis, hutachiona hwefuruwenza, enterovirus, norovirus, uye zvishoma zvisina kujairika, adenovirus pamwe nehutachiona pamwe werespiratory syncytial. Rudzi urwu rwehutachiona kazhinji rwunoda independent ventilation panguva yekurapwa.

Zvirwere zvemumhepo zvinokonzerwa nekutapurirana hutachiona hunotakurwa kuburikidza nemhepo. Zvinogona kunge hutachiona huchibva mumvura dzemuviri wemhuka ine hutachiona kana munhu, kana tsvina dzomuviri kana marara. Hutachiona hunokonzeresa chirwere hunozivikanwawo senge pathogens. Hunogona kupararira nemu oerosols, guruva kana zvinwiwa, izvo zvinogona kugara mumhepo kwenguva yakareba zvichipararira kwechinhambo. Semuenzaniso, kuhetsura kunogona kuti hutachiona hupararire kuzadza bhazi nourefu hwaro. Kufema hutachiona hwemumhepo kunowanzo konzera kuzvimba uye kukanganisa maitiro emunhu ekufema. Zvirwere zvemumhepo zvinofambiswa nevanhu hazvisanganise mamiriro anokonzerwa nekusvibiswa kwemhepo, asi mhepo yakasviba inowedzerawo zvakanyanya kune zvimwe zvirwere zvisiri zvemumhepo zvinosanganisira chirwere cheasthma. Kusvibiswa kwemhepo kunonzi kunowedzera kushanda kwemapapu nekuwedzera kukura kwenzira dzinofamba nadzo mweya wokufema.  Zvirwere zvemumhepo zvinokanganisawo mhuka. Semuenzaniso, chirwere cheNewcastle chirwere chinonzi chinobata mhando dzakawanda dzeshiri dzinochengetwa pasi rese dzichitapurirana kuburikidza nemhepo yasvibiswa.

Hutachiona hunopararira kana vanhu vane hutano vakafema mhepo ine hutachiona hweaerosols, kana iyo aerosols ikaenda paziso,pamuromo kana pamhino. Munhu anex hutano haafanire kutarisana kumeso kana kuve mukamuri rimwe chete nemunhu ane hutachiona kuti atapukirwe. Kupisa uye unyoro zvese zviri zviviri meteorological (outdoor) uye human (indoor) zvinobatsiridza mukutapurirana kwezvirwere zvinokonzerwa nehutachiona hwemumhepo. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinokonzera kupararira kwemadonhwe imhepo, mvura inonaya uye hunhu hwevanhu pamwe nehutsanana.

Dzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira zvirwere zvinofamba nemumhepo dzinosanganisira disease- specific immunization senge ma vaccines, kupfeka chifukidzo chechiso uye kusava nemunhu anodaro aine hutachiona. Kuva pedo nemunhu kana mhuka ine chirwere chinofamba nemumhepo hazvirevi kuti unobva wabatawo chirwere, sezvo hutachiona huchienderana nekusimba kwe immune system yemunhu uye huwandu hweutachiona zvatapukira. Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inogona kushandiswa kudzivisa zvirwere zvinotapukira zvichifamba nemumhepo, senge denda repneumonic. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzezvehutano hweveruzhinji dzinokurudzira kuchengetedza hutsanana uye kuchengetedza chinhanho kubva pane mumwe (also known as social distancing) kuri kuderedza kutapurirana hutachiona hunofamba nemumhepo. Hazvigoneki kuderedza mukana wekutapukirwa nechirwere chemumhepo, asi usingadziviriri kutapukirwa. Kudzikisa mikana yekutapukirwa:

Regedza kubata kumeso kwako kana vamwe vanhu nemaoko asina kugezwa. 




#Article 347: Mushonga wenhomba (1047 words)


Mushonga wenhomba mushonga unogadzirirwa kupa muviri simba rekuzvidzivirira kubva kuchirwere chinotapuriranwa chaunenge wakanangana nacho. Mushonga wenhomba kazhinji unenge une agent inofanana neutachiwana hwunokonzera chirwere. Agent iyi inogadzirwa kubva pautachiwana hwakaurawa kana kushaiswa simba, uturu hwaho, kana rimwe remapuroteni ahwo epamusoro. Agent iyi inomutsa masoja emuviri ekuzvidzivirira kuti aione agent iyi semuvengi, roiparadza, uye nekuzoramba mune ramangwana richiziva nokuparadza utachiwana hwose hwakafanana nahwo. Kupa munhu mushonga wenhomba chirwere kunonzi kudzivirira.Kupa munhu mushonga wenhomba chirwere kunonzi kudzivirira. Kubaya nhomba ndiyo nzira yepamusoro yekudzivisa zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa;. Zvirongwa zvekubaya nhomba zvirwere ndizvo zvakanyanyobatsira kupedza chirwere chechibhokisi nezvimwe zvirwere zvakafanana nemhetamakumbo, gwirikwiti, neruomesashaya. Mishonga yenhomba yakataridza kuva nesimba inosanganisira wekudzivirira influenza, wekudzivirira HPV, newekudzivirira chibhokisi. Shoko rekuti vaccine (mushonga wenhomba) nerokuti vaccination (kubaiwa jekiseni renhomba) anobva pashoko rekuti Variole vaccinae (chibhokisi chinobata mombe), iro rakavambwa na Edward Jenner kutsanangura chirwere che “cowpox”.

Mishonga yenhonmba inoshanda zvakachengeteka pakurwisa uye nekupedza zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa.  Asi, pane zvimwe zvinorwisa kubudirira kwayo. Kubudirira kwemushonga wenhomba kwakatsamira pazvinhu zvakawanda:

Zvinotevera zvinofanira kukosheswa kuitira kuti chirongwa chekubaya mishonga yekudzivirira chibudirire:

Mishonga yenhomba yakabudirira kupedza chirwere chechibhokisi, chinova chimwe chezvirwere zvainonyanyopararira pamwe nekuuraya vanhu. Zvimwe zvirwere zvakaita se rubella, mhetamakumbo,gwirikwiti, mahumunya, chibhokisi, typhoid zvava zvishoma kudarika zvazvaiva makore zana apfuura. Kana vanhu vakawanda vakabaiwa majekiseni enhomba, zvinoomera zvirwere kunyuka kana kupararira. Chimiro chakadai chinodaidzwa nezita rechirungu rekuti herd immunity. Mishonga yenhomba inobatsira kumisa hutachiwana kubva kuzvisimbisa kuti husarapike nemishonga inouraya hutachiwana. Semuenzaniso, kuderedzwa kwechirwere chemabayo anokonzerwa nehutachiwana hwe Streptococcus pneumoniae, zvirongwa zvekubaya mishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere zvakaderedza kupararira kwezvirwere zvinesimba rekuramba kurapwa ne penicillin nemimwe mishonga inouraya hutachiwana. Mushonga wekudzivirira gwirikwiti unofungidzirwa kuti unoponesa vanhu vanosvika miriyoni imwe chete gore negore. 

Kubayiwa mishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere pazera diki hazvina njodzi kazhinji kacho. Kana zviripo zvainokonzera zvisina kutarisirwa, zvinenge zviri hazvo zvisina simba rakawanda. Izvi zvinosanganisira kunzwa kutsva kwakanyanyisa, marwadzo pakapoteredza panenge pabaiwa jekiseni pacho, nekurwadza kwemarunda. Pamusoro pazvo vamwe vanhu miviri yavo inogona kutadza kuwiririrana nezvimwe zvishandiswa zvinogadziriswa mishonga yenhomba. Kubuda zvisina kutarisirwa kwekubaiwa kwemishonga hakuwanzowanikwa zvako.

Mishonga yenhomba inogadzirwa nehutachiwana hwakaurawa kana kushaiswa simba kana kuti nezvidimbu zvakashambidzwa zvinobva pahwuri. Kune mhando dzakawanda dzinishandiswa dzemishonga yenhomba.

Mimwe mishonga yenhomba inogadzirwa neutachiwana hwakashaiswa simba nekuuruawa ne mishonga, kupisa kana kupiswa nemirazvo ye radiation. Mienzaniso inosanganisira mishonga yenhomba inodzivirira kubva kune mhetamakumbo, hepatitis a, maria nefuruwenza.

Mimwe mishonga yenhomba inogadzirwa neutachiwana upenyu hwakapomhodzwa uturu. Izvi zvinomutsa masoja emuviri anogara kwenguva yakareba, asi hazvishande zvakachengetedzeka muvanhu vasina immune system [masoja emuviri] yakasimba. 

Mishonga yenhomba yakabviswa uturu inogadzirwa nemisanganiswa yakabviswa uturu hunokonzera urwere kwete utachiwana hwacho.

Mishonga wenhomba yerudzi urwu inoshandisa chidimbu chehutachiwana kugadzira simba remasoja emuviri rekudzivirira muviri. 

Kune umwe utachiwana makanda ekunze erudzi rwe polysaccharide awo ane simba shoma rekumutsa masoja kurwisana nehutachiwana. Masoja ekudzivirira muviri anobatanidza makanda ekunze ezvivakamuviri kuti akwanise kuona polysaccharide racho sechivakamuviri chehutachiwana hunomutsa simba rekurwisa chirwere. 

Pane mishonga yenhomba mizhinji ichiri kugadzirwa mimwe ichitoshandiswa.

Mishonga yenhomba mizhinji inogadzirwa neutachiwana hwakashaiswa simba kana kuti hwakapomhodzwa uturu. Mishonga yenhomba yakaita zvekugadzirwa inogadzirwa nezvidimbu zvezvigadziriso kana kuti zvizere.

Mishonga yenhomba inogona kuva monovalent kana multivalent. Kana uri monovalent zvinoreva kuti wakagadzirirwa kurwisa chidimbu chimwe chete cheutachiwana kana kuti mhando imwe chete yeutachiwana. Kana uri multivalent zvinoreva kuti wakagadzirirwa kudzivirira zvidimbu zviviri zvichikwira zvakasiyana zveutachiwana humwechete kana kuti kurwisana nemhando mbiri zvichikwira zveutachiwana.

Kune mishonga yenhomba inoshandisa utachiwana hwakabva pane zvimwe zvipuka zvisingakonzeri chirwere kana kuti zvinokonzera chirwere chisina simba muchisikwa chiri kurapwa chacho.

Masoja emuviri anoona nekurangarira agent yemishonga yekudzivirira sezvinhu zvisakatenderwa mumuviri oiparadza nekuikirema. Kana muviri ukazosanganazve ne agent ine simba rakapamhidzirwa, unoirangarira wobva watogadzirira kurwisana nayo nenzira dzinoti:

Mishonga yenhomba kazhinji inogadzirwa nechimutsasimbarekurwisa chimwe kana zviviri , izvo zvinopa masoja emuviri kushanda  nesimba uye nekukasira. Mishonga yenhomba inokwanisawo kunge yakaiswa mishonga yekuichengetedza inodzivirira kuti isakanganiswa neumwe utachiwana.

Kuitira kuti vadziviririke zvakakwana kuzvirwere, zvinokurudzirwa kuti vana vapiwe mishonga yenhomba pavanongoonekwa kuti miviri yavo yava nemasoja akasimba zvakakwana zvokuti akwanise kugamuchira mishonga yenhomba yakatarwa. Mamwe majekiseni ekusimbaradza masoja emuviri anozodiwa kuti muviri ugova nekudziviririka kwakazara. Izvi ndizvo zvakakonzera kuvambwa kwenhevedzano dzemhando yepamusoro dzekubaiwa kwemajikesi emishonga yenhomba. Mishonga mizhinji yenhomba inokurudzirwa pane mamwe mazera kana kuti kuramba munhu achingoibaiwa kweupenyu hwose. Semuenzaniso, mishonga yekudzivirira gwirikwiti, ruomesashaya, furuwenza, nemabayo. Mishonga inokurudzirwa yekudzivirira zvirwere muvanhu vabva zera inowanzonangana nechirwere chemabayo ne furuwenza.

Kare kusati kwawanikwa nzira yekudzivirira kuchishandiswa zvikamu zvakatorwa pa cowpox, smallpox yaidzivirirwa nekubaiwa maune jekiseni rineutachiwana hwechibhokisi. Umbowo hwemaitiro awa hwakatanga kuonekwa kunyika yeChina mu10th Century. Mumakore ekupedzisira ekuma 1760, Edward Jenner akaona kuti vanhu vaishanda nemombe dzemukaka vaisabatwa nechirwere chesmallpox nokuti vakanga vatobatwa kare necowpox. Muna 1796, Jenner akatorwa urwa paruoko hwemukami wemukaka wemombe uyo akanga aine chirwere che cowpox, akahubayira muruoko hwemwanakomana aiva nemakore masere ekuberekwa, uyo akabva adzivirirwa kubva kuchirwere che smallpox mukati memavhiki matanhatu, akasazobatwazve nacho. Jenner akaramba achitatamura zvidzidzo zvake zvemushonga uyu kusvika mugore ra 1798 aburitsa mashoko ekuti mushonga wake waknga wakakodzera kushandiswa muvana vadiki zvese nemuvanhu vakuru zvisina njodzi. Rudzi rwakatevera remishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere rakazoburitswa mumakore ana 1880 na Louis Pasteur. Makore e20th century, akauya nekuburitswa kwemishonga mizhinji yekudzivirira zvirwere inosanganisira yekuparadza chipembwe, gwirikwiti, mahumunya ne rubella. Budiriro huru yakava yekugadzirwa kwemushonga wekupedza mhetamakumbo mumakore ana 1950 nekupedzwa kwe smallpox mumakore ekuma 1960 nema 1970. Maurice Hilleman ndiye munhu akanyanyokurumbira mukugadzira mishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere mu 20th century. Kugadzirirwa kuzhinji kwemishonga yenhomba kusvika nanhasi kwaitsigirwa nemari inobva kudzihurumende, mayunivhesiti, nemasangano anobatsira asina kutarisira kuita mari nazvo. Mishonga mizhinji iyi nokudaro yakachipa zvikuru huye yakabatsira muhutano hweveruzhinji. Mumakore ane makumi akati kuti adarika, uhwandu hwemishonga yenhomba hwakakwira zvakanyanya.  Pamusoro pazvo, mishonga yekudzivirira mhuka kuzvirwere inoshandiswa kudzidzivirira kuzvirwere pamwe nekudzivirira kuti dzisazviparadzire kuvanhu.

Kubatira rupawo pakugadzirwa kwemishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere dzimwe nguva kunopingaidza mabasa ekugadzirwa kwemishonga iyi mitsva. Nokuda kwekusasimba kwemitemo yekubatira rupawo, mvumo yerupawo nguva zhinji inochengetedzwa nekubatira rupawo rwematanho ekugadzirwa kwemishonga pamwe nekuchengetedza zvakavanzika zvemagidzirirwe acho. Vesangano reWorld Health Organisation vanoti chimhingamupini chikuru pakugadzirwa kwemishonga yenhomba munyika dzichiri kusimukira kuwanda kwemari inodiwa uye kudhura kwe zvivakwa pamwe nevashandi vane ruzivo,zvinova zvinhu zvinodiwa kuti mushonga ukwanise kuzopinda pamusika weruzhinji.

The development of new delivery systems raises the hope of vaccines that are safer and more efficient to deliver and administer. Kugadzirwa kwenzira dzitsva dzekufambisa mishonga kunopa tariro yekuwanikwa zviri nyore kwemishonga yenhomba isina njodzi uye iri nyore kufambisa nekuibaya vanhu. Pane mushonga wekudzivirira uchiri kuzamiwa pamhuka uyo usinei nekushandisa jekiseni. Kachidimbu kakaenzana nechitambi chetsamba kakafanana nebhandeji kanotakura zvidimbu zvidiki zvisingaonekwi zvinosvika makumi maviri ezvuru (20 000) pa square cm yoga yoga.

Kugadzirwa kwemishonga yenhomba kwakafamba nenzira dzakawanda dzinoti:




#Article 348: Kuchinja kwezvinhu munyika nekuda kwe denda re coronavirus muna 2019 na 2020 (665 words)


Kuvhiringika kwenyika kwakakonzerwa ne denda recoronavirus muna 2019 na 2020 kwakonzera mikanganiso yakawanda munharaunda nemumamiriro ekunze. Kuderera kwekufamba kwevanhu  kwakonzera kudedera kwemhepo yakasviba munzvimbo dzakawanda. Kuvharwa kwezvinhu nemamwe matano akatorwa muChina akakonzera kuderera kwecarbon emissions ne25 percent. Mumwe mu Earth systems scientist anofunga kuti zviitiko izvi zvakabatsira kuchengetedza hupenyu hwevanhu vanosvika 77,000 pamwedzi miviri yakapfuura. Kuparirana kwechirwere ichi kwakanganisa kuenda mberi kwenyaya dzemunharaunda, nekukonzeresa kumiswa kwemusangano we2020 United Nations Climate Change Conference. Kudonha kwehupfumi hwenyika dzose kwakakonzereswa nekukanganiswa kwenyika dzose kunofungidzirwa kunonotsa mari ichaenda ku green energytechnologies.

Kusvikira 2020, huwandu wema greenhouse gases kubvira kutanga kwekuwanda kwema industry kwakakonzeresa kuti kupisa kweNyika dzose kukwire. Izvi zvakakonzeresa kunyungudika kwematombo echando mumagungwa nekuwanda kwemvura irimugungwa. Maitiro evanhu akonzeresa kushata kwemunharaunda munzira dzakawanda. Iyi ndiyo anthropogenic impact. Denda reCOVID-19 risati raitika, mutemo wanga uchifanirwa kupiwa kuvashandi vehutano kukaitika denda nderekuvharira vanhu futi nekusasangana kwevanhu. Zvisinei, ma researchers akataura denda reCOVID-19 risati raitika kuti kudzora kwezvinoitika mu economy zvinodzora kupisa kwenyika, kusviba kwemhepo nemvura yemugumgwa, zvichibvumira kuti nharaunda ikure zvishomashoma.

Kuvhiringwa kwekufamba uye nema industry nekuda kwekutapukira kwe coronavirus, matunhu mazhinji akawana kudonha kwekusvibiswa kwemhepo. Kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo kunogona kuderedza kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye nenjodzi dze COVID-19 asi hazvisati zvanyatsooneka kuti ndedzipi mhando dzekusvibisa mhepo (kana paine) dzakajairikwa senjodzi dzinoitika kumamiriro ekunze uye nekuCOVID-19. Iyo Centre ye Research Energy and Clean Air yakataura kuti idzo nzira dzekudzora kutapurira kwe coronavirus, sekuvharirwa mudzimba uye nekurambidzwa kufamba, zvakakonzera kuderedzwa kwe carbon emissions 25 percent ku China. Mumwedzi dzekutanga kwekuvharira vanhu, China yakagadzira ma metric tons e carbon dioxide arimashoma ne 200 million kunenguva yakafanana muna 2019 nekuda kwekuderera kwekufambiswa kwendege, kunatsa mafuta, uye nekushandiswa kwemarasha. Mumwe mu Earth systems scientist anokunga zviitiko izvi zvakabatsira kuchengetedza hupenyu hwevanhu 77,000. Nekudaro, Sarah Ladislaw anobva kuCentre for Strategic  International Studies akataura kuti kudzikisira kwema emissions nekuda kwekuderera kwehupfumi hwenyika hakufanirwe kuonekwa sezvakanaka nekuti kuyedza kweChina kudzoka kumitengo yekudara yekukura mukati mehondo dzekutengesa pamwe nekuvhiringidza nzira yekuwana zvinhu mumusika wemagetsi unozowedzera kukanganisa zvinhu munharaunda. Pakati pa 1 January na 11 March 2020, European Space Agency yakaona kuderera kweiyo nitrous oxide mumhepo kubva kumotokari, zvidyiro zvemagetsi, uye nemafekitori mudunhu rePo Valley kuchamhembe kwe Italy. Uku kuderedza kwakaita panguva yekuvharirwa kwevanhu mudzimba mudunhu.

NASA ne ESA vanga vachiona kuti sei Nitrogen dioxide gas yakadzikira zvakanyanya pakutanga kwedenda re COVID-19 kuChina. Kuderera kwehupfumi hwenyika kwakakonzereswa nahutachiona hwakadonhedza zvakanyanya huwandu hwekusvibisa, kunyanya mumaguta akaita seWuhan, China ne 25%. NASA inoshandisa inonzi ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) kuongorora ozone layer nezvinosvibisa kunge NO2, aerosols ne zvimwe. Ichi chishandiso chakabatsira NASA kududzira data ranga richiuya nekuti nyika yese yanga yakavharwa.

Kudiwa kwehove nemitengo yehove kwese kwadzikira nekuda kwedenda, uye zvikepe zvevarauri vehove hazvisi kufamba. Rainer Froese akati kuwanda kwehove kuchawedzera nekuti kubata hove kwaderera zvakanyaya, uye akafungidzira kuti mumvura dzeEurope, dzimwe hove dzakaita se herring dzinogona kuwedzera mbiri dzadzo. Kubva muna April 2020, zviratidzo zvekupora kwehupenyu hurimumvura zvingorinyaya.

Kunyangwe carbon emissions dzenyika dzakaderera, International Energy Agency yakataura kuti kushunguridzika kwehupfumi hwenyika kwakakonzereswa nekutapurika kwe coronavirus kunogona kudzivirira kana kunonotsa makambani kuisa mari mu green energy. Nekudaro, kuwedzera kwenguva yekuvharira vanhu mudzimba dzavo kwakasimbisa mutemo wekushandira kure nebasa. Mumhedzisiro wekushandisa ma masks echiso kusina kujairikwa, kwawedzera kuwanda kwavo munharaunda, izvi zvirikuwedzera kumutoro wetsvina ye plastic panyika.

European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) yakatizivisa kuti kudzikiswa kwekufamba kwendege munyika kwakakonzerwa nedenda kunogona kuvhiringidza maMeteorologist kunyatsoziva mamiriro ekunze. Zvinodaro nekuti ndege dzinofambiswa neruzhinji dzinoshandisa Airlines Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) sechinhu chakakosha pakunyatso ziva mamiriro ekunze. ECMWF yakatotaura kuti kushanda kwe AMDAR kuchadonha ne 65% kana kudarika nekuti ndenge dzinoita zvekutengesa dzavashoma.

Musangano we2020 United Nations Climate Change wakamiswa kusvika muna 2021 sepinduro yedenda kumashure kwekuchinjwa kwedzvimbo yavo yesangano kuitwa chipatara. Musangano uyu wanga wakakosha sezvo mazwi angaagadzirira kupa mifungo yavo kunyaya ye Paris Agreement, nechinangwa. Futi denda iri rinomisa kugona kupa mifungo dzemazwi,sezvo ivo varikutarisisa iro denda.[5] Time Magazina yakanyora kuti chishuwo cheku tangidza hupfumi hwenyika huchakonzeresa kukwira zvakanyanya kwema greenhouse gas. Nekudaro Executive Director we Energy Agency akataura kuti kudonha kwemitengo yemafuta panguva ye coronavirus kunogona kurimukana wakanaka kubvisa mari irimuma fossil fuel.




#Article 349: Zvirwere zvinopararira (558 words)


Pathogen imicroorganism - chinhu chidiki chisingaonekwe nemaziso – chinokonzera hutachiona nekurwara. Mapathogens anonzi hutachiona, kana dzimwe nguva zvipembenene, nekuti inoraramiswa  neimwe mhuka kana munhu. Hutachiwana hwakajairika hunozi mavirus nemabacteria. Zvirwere zvinokonzereswa nemapathogens – kunge chirwere cheCOVID-19 – zvinonzi zvirwere zvinotapukira kana zvirwere zvinopararira.

Vara rekuti utachiona rinoreva chinhu chinikonzera chirwere, kunyangwe chiri chidiki sei asi vara iri rwajaira kushandiswa kureva hutachiona hunoratidzika. Dzimwe nguva zvinogona kukonzera viringo, saka avo vanoshanda mumabasa ekurapa vanowandzo taura nezve colonization kana zvinhu zvinokonzera zvirwere zviripo asi pasina chirwere chacho. Zviratidzo zvechirwere zviri muzvikamu zviviri: zvinoratidzika nezvekurapa. Hutachiona huripo, asi pasina zviratidzo (zvekare zvinonzi zvisingaonekwe kana zvakanyarara) Hutachiona husingaratidzike panzhe hunoreva hutachiona huripo asi husingaratidzika. Muenzaniso: tuberculosis isingaratidzike hutachiona we bacteria isingaratidzike. Hutachiona wema virus unogonawo kusaratidzika, se herpes. Hutachiona hunogona kupatsunurwa muzvikamu zvinotevera: acute, (apa zviratidzo zvinokura nekukasira), chronic, (apa zviratidzo zvinokura zvishoma nezvishoma) subacute, (apa zviratidzo zvinotora nguva yakareba kuti zvikure asi zvinokurumidza kupfuura chronic), latent, (apa zviratidzo azvipo asi iyo pathogen iripo) ne focal, (iyi inotsanangurwa pakatanga hutachiona kubva hwatapararira kumuviri wese).

Kutakurwa kwema pathogens kubva kuvanhu achienda kunevamwe vanhu kunozivikanwa se transmission cycle.Mapathogens akasiyana anokonzera hutachiwana hwakasiyana ne transmission cycle yakasiyana. Kuti tinzwisise kuti nei hutachiwana huchiitika nekuziva kuhudzivirira, ma scientists anofanirwa kunzwisisa transmission cycle yehutachiwana.

Transmission cycle inematanho akawanda. Ndeaya:

Pathogen inogona kutakurwa kubva kune host ichienda kunemumwe munhu anogona kuigamuchira munzira dzakasiyana siyana. Mamwe ma pathogens anotakurwa muchikafu kana mumvura, mamwe nekubatana nemamwe ma pathogens anotakurwa mumhepho. Mubepa rino ticha tarisa ma pathogens anotakurwa mumhepo.

Zvirwere zvishoma zvinokonzerwa muvanhu vanehutano kunyangwe marudzi ema microorganisms akawanda. Kuonekwa nekushata kwechirwere kunoenderana nekugona kwepathogen (kana hutachiona) kukuvadza host nekugona kwe host kurwisa hutachiona nedzimwe nguva imune system ye host inogona kukuvadza host painenge ichiedza kudzora utachiona. Vashandi vehutano saka vanopatsanura utachiona se primary pathogens kana se opportunistic pathogens.

Primary pathogens (kana hutachiona) anokonzera zvirwere nekungovapo muviri we host anehutano futi nekugona kwavo kukonzera chirwere. Utachiona hwakawanda hwevanhu hunongotapukira vanhu asi humwe hurwere wekufa hunokonzerwa nenhongo dzirimunharaunda kana dzinotapukira kuzvinu zvisiri vanhu.

Opportunistic pathogens anogona kukonzera chirwere chinotapukira muvanhu vanehutano usina kusimba (Immunodeficiency), kana nekuti kwaitika surgery kana tsaona unogona kupinda mukati memuviri. Opportunist pathogens anokura kana host asina kusimba. 

Primary infection inoonekwa sechinhu chinokonzera kurwara, secondary infection inoreva hutachiona wakonzereswa nechikonzero chekurwara.

Zvirwere zvinotapukira dzimwe nguva dzinodaidzwa kunzi zvirwere zviricontagious kana dzichitapukira zvinyore nekubata munhu akurwara kana kubata zvidonhwe zvemunhu uye (e.g., influenza). Dzimwe mhando dzezvirwere dzinotapukira nenzira dzakasiyana, sekutapukirana pabonde, hawanzodaidzwa kunzi contagious, kazhinji ivo vakurwara avavarirwe. Zvirwere zvinotapukirana zvinowanzo tapurirana kubva kumunhu kuenda kunemumwe munhu nekubatana kana kutapurira nemadonhwe, zvakare zvinogona kutapurirana mumhepo, muchikafu nemumvura yekunwa, futi nekusangana kwemhuka nevanhu uye nekurumwa nezvipembenene.

Zviratidzo zvehutachiona zvinoenderana nerudzi rwechirwere. Zvimwe zviratidzo zvehutachiona zvinokanganisa muviri wese, sekushaya simba, kushaya nzara yekudya, kuonda, kupisa, kudikitira husiku, kutonhorwa, nekurwadziwa muviri. Dzimwe ratidzo dzakanangana nenhengo dzemuviri, kunge mapundu epaganda, kukosora, kana mhino ikubuda madziwa. Dzimwe nguva, zvirwere zvinotapukira zvinogona kusataridza mumunhu. Hutachiona hahuna kufanana nechirwere chinotapukira, sezvo humwe hutachiona haukonzeri kurwara mumunhu akahutakura.

Hutachiona wema bacteria nema virus hunogona kukonzera zviratidzo zvakafanana, zvinogona kunetsa kuziva chikonzero chechirwere. Kunzwisisa mutsauko kwakakosha, nekuti hutachiona wema virus harapike nemishonga asi hutachiona wema bacteria hunorapika nemishonga.

Kana hutachiona huchirwisa muviri, mishonga inorwisa hutachiona inogona kudzikirisa hutachiona wacho. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemishonga inorwisa hutachiona iripo. Mishonga inorwisa ma bacteria inoshanda pama bacteria chete ayishandi pama virus. Mishonga inorwisa ma bacteria inoshanda nekudzora kuwanda kwema bacteria kana kuuraya ma bacteria.




#Article 350: Chirwere cheCoronavirus 2019 (474 words)


Chirwere chehutachiona hweCorona 2019 (COVID-19) chirwere chinowanikwa kubva kumunhu ane hutachiona hwecorona hwakasimba (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) otapurirawo vamwe vanhu.  Hutachiona hunogona kupararira chete nekuswedera pedyo nemunhu ane hutachiona, kana kubata madziro akatapukirwa nehutachiona wobata maziso, mhino kana muromo. Kazhinji, hutachiona hunopararira kuburikidza nemadonhwe anobuda pakufema kwemunhu ane hutachiona kana achinge akosora kana kuhetsura. Chero ani zvake ari pedyo zvakakwana (less than 1.8 meters) nemunhu anenge ahetsura kana kukosora ane hutachiona anogona kutapukirwa nehutachiona. Neimwe nzira munhu anogona kubata hutachiona nekuda kwekubata madziro akatapukirwa nehutachiona obva abata maziso, nzeve kana mhino asina kushambidza maoko ake. 

Chirwere ichi chakatanga kuonekwa nekuzivikanwa muWuhan, guta guru redunhu reHubei kuChina, kutanga kwa 2019. Kubva ipapo, chirwere ichi chakapararira pasi rese. Musi wa 11 Kurume 2020, World Health Organization yakazivisa chirwere ichi kuti idenda. Denda chirwere chapararira kumatunhu makuru epasi kana pasi rese. Nyika dzakanyanya kusangana nehutachiona dzakasangana nekufa kwakanyanya uye nekumanikidzwa kwakasimba pamaitiro ezve hutano. Mukuru mukuru we World Health Organisation-General, Tedros Adnahom Ghebreyesus akataura kuti, “Uku hakusi kungori kwehutano hweveruzhinji, idambudziko rinobata dunhu rega rega - saka dunhu rega rega uye munhu wega wega anofanira kupindirwa muhondo iyi.”

Pari zvino kune vanhu ( sezvazviri 8 Kubvumbi 2020) 1845 vakavhenekwa vakaonekwa vane hutachiona hweCorona muSouth Africa. Vanhu gumi nevasere vafa mushure mekutapukirwa nechirwere ichi, uku vanhu 45 vakapora. Maererano nebazi reNational Department of Health, “Fungidziro dzazvino dzinofungidzira kuti hutachiona hunogona kukanganisa makumi matanhatu muzana veSouth Africa pane imwe nguva, asi kwete panguva imwechete.”  Kudzivirira kupararira kwechirwere ichi, nyika yose yakavharwa zviri pamutemo kubva musi wa 27 Kurume 2020. Pamusoro pezvo, mutungamiri wenyika vaRamaphosa vakapa chiziviso nomusi wa30 Kurume 2020 kuti vashandi vehutano 10 000 vachasangana voziviswa kuti vashanyire dzimba vachivheneka vanhu hutachiona. 

Kazhinji zviratidzo zvehutachiona zvinosanganisira kukosora, kupisa miri, kuneta uye kuzarirwa. Zvimwe zviratidzo zvinosanganisira kurwadziwa nemhasuru, kuita madzihwa akawanda, manyoka, kurwadziwa pahuro, kurasikirwa nemunhuhwi uye kurwadziwa mukati kati. Kana munhu akabatwa nehutachiona hwecorona, zviratidzo zvinogona kuoneka kubva pamazuva 2 kusvika ku 14 mushure mekutapukirwa, asi vamwe vanhu vanoratidza zviratidzo izvi pamazuva 5 mushure mekutapukirwa.Vanhu vazhinji vanongoratidza zvakapusa. Munezviitiko zvakakomba, hutachiona hunogona kukonzera mabayo uye  kukundikana kwenhengo dzemuviri. Zviratidzo zvakakomba zvinoda kurapwa nekukurumidza. 

Vanachiremba vanoedza coronavirus nekuwana nasal swab kubva kumunhu anofungidzirwa kuti ane chirwere. Izvi zvinozivikanwa se nasopharyngeal swab. Chirwere ichi chinogona zvakare kuongororwa uchishandisa CT scan. Kana munhu akaonekwa aine hutachiona, anoendeswa muchipatara uye anosiyiwa kubva kune vanhu vane mulondombera. Kunyangwe hazvo parizvino pasina mushonga weutachiona, vanhu vazhinji vachapora chirwere ichi kana vakawana kurapwa kwakanaka.

Iko kupararira kwechirwere kunonyanya kudzivirirwa nekuchengetedza nzvimbo iri kure kubva kune vamwe vanhu nekudzivisa mapoka kana nzvimbo dzakazara vanhu. Izvi zvinozivikanwa sekudyidzana kwenzanga. Kana kusangana kusingadzivirirwe, kushandiswa kwemaski kumeso (kana kufukidza zvikosoro uye zvinotsvedza netauro kana kuti ruoko rwemukati) nekupfeka magurovhosi kunokurudzirwa. Pamusoro pezvo vanhu vanofanirwa kushambidza maoko avo nguva dzose nesipo kana seanonwa-doro-ruoko sanitiser kwemasekondi makumi maviri. Pakupedzisira vanhu vanorairwa kuti varege kubata kumeso kwavo nemaoko asina kushambwa. 




#Article 351: Kusaungana kwevanhu (1125 words)


Muzana ramakore rakapfuura takaona denda zhinji dzefuruwenza dzakateerana uye dzakakurumidza kupararira pasi rese.  Huturu hwacho hunobva muhutachiona hwefuruwenza dzemhuka uye dzinotapukira kushiri uye kuvanhu. [I] Nguva nenguva uhwu hutachiona hwemhuka hunoshandurwa kuva hutachiona hwevanhu, hwobva hwatapurwa pakati pevanhu. Hutachiona hunobva kumhuka huchienda kuvanhu hunezita rechirungu rinonzi:’zoonotic’.

Kusaungana kwevanhu (zvakanyatsodanwa ‘physical distancing’ pachirungu, zvinoreva kuti ‘kupatsanirwa kwevanhu muruzhinji’) kwakakosha mukudzivirira uye kune kuderedza kupararira kwefuruwenza nedenda dzinenge COVID-19.  Kufambidzana chaiko kunongoreva kuchengeta nzvimbo huru pakati pako nevamwe vanhu vaunosangana navo munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji, kana kungozvibvisa munzvimbo dzakadaro pazvinenge zvichikwanisika.  [ii] Dr Jeff Kwong inyanzvi yezvirwere zvinotapukira kubva kuYunivhesiti yeToronto, avo vanopa pfungwa yekuti izwi rekufamba riri panyama rinobata zvakanyatsoita izvo vanhu vanofanira kuita kudzivirira kutapurirana uye hazvireve kuzvitsaura paruzhinji  [iii] Nyanzvi dzakasimbisa zvikuru kukosha kwekubata shamwari nevadikani panguva yedenda.

Kuti tinzwisise basa rekusaungana kwevanhu, tinotanga nekuongorora muenzaniso uri nyore weGraph rakagadzirwa nenyanzvi dzezvirwere rinoratidza huwandu hwevanhu vanobatwa nechirwere panguva dzedenda.  Kune ino modhi irinyore, dhata uye makosi ekudzidza kubva kune iro denda reCovid-19 muna 2019 nemuna 2020 rakashandiswa.  Tinotanga nedatha rinobva kuChina, uko denda rakatangira uye tevera kukura kwedenda/denda reCovid-19 muSouth Africa.  Izvi zvinopa hwaro hwekuyedza simba rekusaungana kwevanhu mukudzivirira uye kumisa kupararira kwedenda Covid-19.  Tinopedzisa chinyorwa china nekutarisa nzira dzekunzvenga uye nekukurira zvakaipa zvingakonzerwe nekusaungana kwevanhu.

Zvirwere zvinotapukira seCOVID-19 zvinowanzopararira matanho matatu. Aya matanho akafananidzirwa negirafu riri pazasi.

Mufananidzo: 1 Girafu redenda rakashandurwa naToby Morris.  TheSpinoff 9 Match 2020 [iv] (INSERT IMAGE)

Nyanzvi dzezvirwere zvinotapukira dzinoreva zvikamu zvitatu zvinoratidzwa mugirafu riri pamusoro sezvo denda riripo. Girafu racho rinoratidza huwandu hwevanhu vakabatwa nechirwere nemakwiriro ehuwandu ihwohwo anofambirana nenguva.

(a) Chikamu chekutanga chinoitika pakutanga kwegirafu.  Kana munhu akashandisa kupararira kwechirwere cheCovid-19 semuenzaniso, izvi zvaizoratidza kutanga kwekupararira kwechirwere, apo kwaingova nevanhu vashoma vakange vabatwa nechirwere.

(b) Chikamu chechipiri pagirafu chinoratidzira chikamu chekuenderera. [v] Apa ndipo panotarisana nehutachiona hwehutachiona hwevanhu sezvikamu zvitsva zvevanhu zvinotapukirwa .. Ichi chikamu chinoiswa nekuwedzera kukuru kwehuwandu hwevarwere vatsva pazuva, zvichiwedzera kuoma kwekutsvaga vamwe varwere.. Vakuru vazhinji vakapindura nekuvhara zvifambiso zvevoruzhinji mumaguta akakanyanyozara nevanhu vanechirwere uye nekuderedza kutama kwevanhu, maererano neInternational Heath Regulation [vi] .. International Heath Regulations mitemo yakagadzirwa neWorld Health Organisation yekudzivirira, kudzora nerwisa njodzi dzeutano dzveruzhinji dzingapararira pakati penyika dzakawanda. Matanho aya ari pamoyo pemitemo yekusaungana kwevanhu. (achatsanangurwa pamapeji arikuuya). Akarongedzerwa kubata kumeso kwedenda nekudzora huwandu hwevarwere vatsva. Pfungwa iyi inoratidzwa mune mifananidzo iri pazasi.

Mufananidzo 2: Kubatisisa curve. [Vii] (INSERT IMAGE)

(c) Chikamu chetatu chechirwere chinoratidza kuti denda ringave rakakurirwa, kana kuti hapana varwere vatsva.

Neruzivo urwu, zvave pachena kuti chirwere chehutachiona hunotapuririka seCovid-19 chinopararira nekukurumidza mukuwanda/kusapatsanurwa nekubatana kwevanhu.  Kusaungana kwevanhu idanho rakakosha pakukanganisa uye ne kukurira zvirwere zvinotapukira.

Kugara kure nevamwe itsika yehutano hwevanhu inovavarira vanhu vaneutachiona kuti vasasvike pedyo nevanhu vatano kuti mikana yekutapurirana chirwere chinotapukira uye chinopararira idzike. Izvo zvinosanganisira matanho akakura, sekuvara guta zhinji nenyika uye nekurambidza zviito zvevanhu zvakaita sekuvaudza kuti vanzvenge nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji. Matanho akakura anowanzoiswa nezviremera zveruzhinji senge hurumende dzenyika.  Muenzaniso wematanho akadai akaonekwa muSouth Africa kubva pakati pehusiku pa 26 Kurume 2020 kusvika pakati pehusiku pa 16 Kubvumbi 2020, uye kwakazowedzerwa mamwe mazuva 14.  Kuvhara kwacho kwakaiswa maererano neChikamu 27 (2) cheDisaster Management Act [viii]; kwakaiswa zvimisikidzwa zvakasiyana, zvinangwa zvekudzikisira kusangana pakati pevanhu.  Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, chikamu 11B chemirairo:

Mirairo zvakare:

Pamusoro pezvo mirau inopa zvakare masimba emunyika nevematunhu kusarudzika kana kuisa vanhu vamwe munzvimbo.  Matanho ekugara oga anovharidzira kufamba kwevanhu vanogona kuvepo pachena kune coronavirus nekuvagarisa munzvimbo inogara vanhu kwenguva yakakodzera.  Matanho ekupatsanura anopatsanura vanhu vane hutachiona neiyo coronavirus kubva kune vanhu vatano.

Matanho ese aya ave nechiratidzo mukunonotsa kupararira kwechirwere cheCovid-19, uye South Africa yave semutungamiriri wepasi rose mukurwisa chirwere. [X] South Africa, haina kutevera curve redenda rinowanzotarisirwa.   Parizvino, yanzvenga chikamu chechipiri che curve redenda uye hayisati yawana ‘rate’ yekukura kwehuwandu hwevarwere kwakawandisa pazuva.  Panzvimbo pezvo chiyero icho makwesi matsva awonekwa akadzika kubva pamakumi mana neshanu kusvika muzana% mushure mekuvharwa. [Xi] Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kutapurirana kwenharaunda kwakaderera nekudaro pakanga paine kuderera kwehuwandu hwehutachiona hutsva.

Nyika yakaendesa zveVashandi veHutano vakawanda kunotsvaga varwere mudzimba dzevanhu.

PaT.V. musi wa9 Kubvumbi 2020 mutungamiri wenyika, VaCyril Ramaphosa, vakanyora izvi kumatunhu akanyanya kutevedza mitemo yekuvhara:

Nyanzvi dzezvirwere zvinotapukira dzakayambira kuti kupararira kweutachiona hutsva kuchiri kugona kuitika.  Kupindira kweHurumende, kwakanonotsa kutapurirana kwehutachiona, huwandu hwayo huchiri pasi uye takawana imwe nguva. [Xiii] Nechikonzero ichi, zvishoma nezvishoma kudzoreredza kwekuvhara nyika kuchaitwa.

COVID-19 chirwere chinotapukira chakapararira nekukurumidza pasirese kubvira nyaya dzekutanga dzakataurwa muguta reWuhan mudunhu reHubei kuChina mukupera kwa 2019 Nyanzvi dzekurapa dzekuChina dzakaratidza mitsara miviri yekurwisa iyi njodzi yehutano hweveruzhinji: (1) kudzora nekudzivirira kwechirwere uye (2) kutsvakwa kwesainzi.  [Xiv] Masayendisti ekuChina nenyanzvi dzekurapa vakabatsira zvikuru pakuzivikanwa kweiyo koronavirus yekutanga uye hutungamiri hweWorld Health Organisation hwaive hwakakosha mukugadzirisa mhinduro yenyika yechirwere chakatanga kuitika muna2020.

Kufambidzana munharaunda neyemuviri kwakaratidza kuve kukosha mukudzivirira uye kudzora kupararira kwechirwere sezvo humbowo hunobva kuSouth Africa huchiratidza zvakajeka.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention yakayambira kuti, Zvakakosha kuti ugare uchisangana neshamwari uye nehama dzinogara mumba mako.  Foneranai, taurai pamavhidhiyo kana rambai makabatana muchishandisa social media.  Wese munhu anosangana nenzira dzakasiyana kune zvinonetsa zvinhu uye kusangana neruzhinji kubva pane munhu waunoda zvinogona kuoma. ”[Xv] Kushushikana uku kunowedzerwa pachena nekutya, kusagadzikana uye kusagadzikana kwakabatana nedenda repasi rose.  Nyanzvi dzekurapa dzinokurudzira kuti kuve nehanya kwakanyanya kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kuti kuderedze kukanganisa kwepfungwa kwekusagadzikana munharaunda.


#Article 352: Kugeza maoko (270 words)


Kukurumidza kupararira kwehutachiona hweCOVID-19 kupote nyika kwakakonzera hupfumi hwakawanda kuvhara uye vanhu vazhinji vava kurwara zvakanyanya uye kufa. Kuedza kukuru kwakashandiswa mukudzivirira kupararira kweiyo corona, uye kudzikamisa huwandu hwehutachiona hutsva nechirwere cheCOVID-19.

Nepo zviremera zvehutano zvichiramba zvichishandisa maturusi esainzi kutarisa hutachiona hutsva nesainzi yekurapa kurapa vanhu vane hutachiona uye nekugadzira mishonga inoshanda uye mavacccin angashandiswa kurwisa chirwere, isu tese tinokwanisa kudzivirira kupararira kwechirwere. Izvi zvekudzivirira zvinogona kuwanzo kuitwa nemari shoma kana kusabhadhara, zvinoshanda zvakanyanya uye zvinongoda kuti isu tishandure maitiro edu kuti tigogara nhanho imwe mberi kuti tisatapukirwa nehutachiona, mhuri dzedu nenharaunda dzatiri nehutachiona uhu hunouraya.

Muongororo dzinoverengeka dzakaitwa dzakaratidza kuti kune nzira imwechete inoshanda uye isingadhuri yekudzivirira uye ichitadzisa kuparira kwehutachiona hwezvirwere zvakadai seCOVID-19, ndeyekuwanzo kugeza maoko ako nesipo uye nemvura inoyerera.  Asi zvinorevei chaizvo kushambidza maoko? Nyanzvi dzezve hutano nezvezvirwere dzinoti geza maoko nguva dzose:

Kana mvura yakachena, inoyerera isingawanikwi zviri nyore, mvura inowanikwa murwizi kana mumadamu inogona kutiritwa kuitira kuti ibve hutachiona husingaonekwe.  Muchidimbu, kutiritwa kunofanira kusanganisira:

Biosand filter inoita sediment, svina uye shuwa mvura yakasviba, uye iri nyore kugadzira yakagadzirwa neCentre for Alternate Water and Sanitation Technologies. Enda kune zviwanikwa.cawst.org/package/biosand-filter-instruction-manual-en, kurodha bhuku rekuvaka.
Kana mvura ichinge yacheneswa, inofanirwa kunge ichiyerera kana uchigeza maoko ako. Kune zvinhu zvakawanda zvisinganetse, uchishandisa mapepa akaoma ekupaka anogona kuvakwa. Peter Morgan akaisa pamwechete bhuku rinotsanangura zvakaitika kwaari muZimbabwe. Rinowanikwa pa: https: //wwwaquamor.info

Kushambidza maoko ako kazhinji uye zvakakwana nesipo kana dota uye nemvura inoyerera ndiyo nzira isingadhure uye inoshanda kwazvo yekudzivirira kupararira kwezvirwere zvinotapukira. Kana denda renyika rakadai sechirwere chCOVID-19 rikatyisidzira kurarama kwedu chaiko, panofanira kuva nekuchinja kwehuwandu hwedu kwakanyanya senge kusiya chinhanho pakati pedu uye kukoshesa kupfeka maski kumeso paruzhinji.




#Article 353: Kumbondera chirwere (497 words)


Mumutauro wevanoita nezveutano, shoko rekuti kumbondera chirwere kana kuti nechirungu diagnosis rinoreva gwara rinotungamirira pakuzoziva kuti ndechipi chirwere kana chimiro chiri kukonzera zviratidzo zveurwere pamunhu. Kazhinji-zhinji kacho izvi zvinodaidzwa nezita rekuti kumbondera zvakarerekera kunezveutano. Humwe humbowo hunodikanwa pakumbondera chirwere hunounganidzwa kubva munhoroondo yemurwere nekumuongorora muviri wake. Kazhinji, kunotevedzwa danho rimwe kana maviri ekumbondera chirwere, akaita sekuvhenekwa nanachiremba. Dzimwe nguva kunyangwe kumbondera pamunhu atofa kunotorwa senzira yekumbondera zviri pamurawo wezveutano. Kumbondera chirwere kazhinji kunogozha, nokuti zviratidzo zvizhinji hazvina chirwere chimwe chazvakarerekera kwachiri. Semuenzaniso, kutsvukuruka kweganda kunogona kuva mucherechedzo wezvimiro zvakaipa zvakawanda, nokudaro hakugoni kutaridza mushandi wezveutano pane dambudziko. 

Zvikamu zvinowanzowanikwa mugwara rekumbondera chirwere muruzhinji rwenzira dziripo dzekuita izvi dzinosanganisira:

Kune nzira nezvidobi dzakawanda zvinogona kushandiswa mugwara rekumbondera chirwere, kusanganisira kumbondera kunobudisa musiyano pakati pechirwere nezvimwe zvirwere zvine zviratidzo zvakafanana nacho kana kuita wongororo inoshandisa mishina yema kombiyuta inodaidzwa pachirungu kuti medical algorithms.  Chokwadi ndechekuti gwara rekumbondera chirwere rinosanganisira zvidimbu zvidimbu zvenzira dzakasiyana-siyana.

Kubatwa kwemunhu nechirwere cheCOVID-19 kunogona kufanombonderwa nekutarisa zviratidzo zvechirwere kunyangwe hazvo izvi zvichifanira kuzotsinhirwa neinonzi pachirungu reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) yetsvina dzemuviri wemurwere wacho kana kuti ne mishina inoongorora mukati memuviri, kana kuti nechirungu CT imaging. Tsvagurudzo yakaitwa yekuenzanisa PCR ne CT muguta reWuhan inoratidza kuti CT inoratidza zviri nane pane PCR, kunyangwe zvayo isinganyatsodondanisa, zviratidzo zvizhinji zvayo zvichinopindirana nezvezvimwe zvirwere zvemabayo. Kusvika mumwedzi waMarch 2020, veAmerican College of Radiology vanokurudzira kuti CT haifaniri kushandiswa senzira yekutanga yekunzvera nekumbondera chirwere che COVID-19.

Sangano reWHO rakabudisa zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvemirairo yekushandisa RNA testing pakumbondera chirwere. che COVID-19, chekutanga chacho chichibuda musi wa 17 ndira.   Nzira iyi yekunzvera inoshandisa reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) yechiriporipo. Kunzvera uku kunogona zvakare kuitwa paropa kana pamamte anenge atorwa pamurwere kuti anowongororwa. Zvinobuda muwongororo iyi kazhinji zvinowanikwa mukati memaawa mashoma kana mazuva. Kazhinji wongororo iyi iyi inoitwa pachikarahwa chinotorwa kumasure kwehuro kubudikidza nemumhino, kunyangwe hazvo dzimwe nguva pachishandiswa chinotorwa kumashure kwehuro kubudikidza nemukanwa.

Nzvimbo zhinji dzekuwongororwa kwehutachiwana kanakuti marabhoritari nemamwe makambani, ari kuita wongororo yeropa iyo inokwanisa kuona nekuwana masoja emuviri kana kuti nechirungu ma antibodies. Kusvika musi wa16 Kubvumbi 2020, hapana imwe yenzira idzi yati yabudirira zvakakwana zvekuti ingagamuchirwa kuti ichishandiswa kwese-kwese. Munyika yeAmerika wongororo inotsvaga chirwere nekuwongorora ropa iyo yakagadzirwa nekambani yeCellex yakabvumidzwa kushandiswa nemarabhoritari ane zvitupa chete.

Mifananidzo yakatorwa nemishina, yerudzi rwe radiograph ne CT yevanhu vane zviratidzo zvechirwere inosanganisira zvinodaidzwa nechirungu kuti asymmetric peripheral ground glass opacities and absent pleural effusions. Sangano re italian Radiological Society riri mushishi kubatanidza dura reruzivo richakwanisa kuwanikwa nenyika dzose padandemutande rinoratidza mifananidzo yezviwanikwa zvakabuda pakuongororwa kwevanhu vakatotsinhirwa kuti zvirokwazvo vane hutachiwana hwe COVID-19.  Nokuda kwekuti zvimwe zvirwere zvakaita se adenovirus zvinogona kubudisa mifananidzo yakafanana, mifananidzo isina kutsinhirwa nePCR hainyatsogamuchiriki semucherechedzo we COVID-19. Wongororo huru yakaitwa munyika yeChina iyo yaienzanisa mifananidzo yechifuva ye CT neyePCR yakaratidza kutikunyangwe hako kutorwa kwemifananidzo kusinganyatsodondana nehutachiwana , nzira iyi inokasira zvakare inobudisa zvechokwadi, zvichireva kuti yakakodzera kutorwa seimw enzira yekuwongorora chirwere munzvimbo dzachinenge chapararia kusvika padanho rekuva epidemic. Kune purogiramu dzezvemishina yemakombiyuta dzakagadzirwa dzinokwanisa kuona zvimiro zvemufananidzo wehutachiwana dzichishandisa zvose mishina yema xray neye CT.




#Article 354: Ungaruvara (178 words)


Muzvidzidzo zveruambamhenyu, mazwi rokuti ungaruvara kana ungamuvara ari kushandiswa kuturikira chinonzi Chromosome kuEnglish. Ungaruvara rakaumbwa nezvinhu zvakarongeka uye zvakatsinhana (closely packed). Nhengo iyi ndiyo yakatakura DNA zhinjisa munyama yechose chinyanhengo chinorarama - living organism. Pahuwandu toti maungaruvara.

Izwi reEnglish rokuti chromosome rakaumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvinoti: chroma (meaning colour) uye soma (meaning body). Tazvibatanidza zvikamu izvi zvobva zvadudza coloured body.

Nomurangaririro mumwechete, izwi rokuti ungaruvara rakaumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvinoti unga uye ruvara. Chikamu chekuti ungo (collection, mass, gathering, body) rinoreva chiunga. Izwi rokuti muvara rinoreva ruvara (colour); apa richitaura kupuvira (to become soaked) kunoita nhengo iyi kana yanyikwa mumvura ine mukando (dye). Nyanzvi dzeHurapi dzinoshandisa mukando wemhando dzakasiyana kuti dzikwanise kutsauranisa nhengo dzemuviri. Izvi zvinochiotwa nechinangwa chokuziva nhengo dzine hutano nedzisina. Zvakaonekwa kuti ungaruvara dzinokasira kunwira  dhayi inoshandiswa kuLaboratory. 

Nyere dzemuviri wemunhu dzine mapeya emaungaruvara makumi maviri nambiri (22), dzoita maungaruvara maviri dzekushara ubare - sex/gender. Kune idzo dziri pahuviri, rimwe divi rinobva kuna baba, rimwe divi richibva kuna Amai vemunhu. Ungaruvara tingadzidudzira serurebvu rwakamonana runosenga mabari akarongeka parundaza. Idzo mbari dzakatakura nhaka yemuropa inobva kuna baba naAmai vemunhu.




#Article 355: Nhangande Rudarikira (140 words)


Nhangande Rudarikira (transition elements) imhando yenhangande dzinoti gokerero (shell/orbital) rezasi chakaperevedza (hachina kuzara) asi gokerero rekumucheto riine mhodzigetsi (electrons) dzakakwana. Nhangande rudarikira dzine nhamba dzeatomu dzinoti: 21–29, 39–47, 57–79, uye 89–107. Saka zita rokuti nhangande Rudarikira rinobva pakuti gokerero remukati rakaperevedza asi gokerero rekumucheto rizere. Nickel imhando yenhangande rudarikira.

Zvichibva muGold Book ravo veIUPAC vanoti nhangande rudarikira inhangande ine gokerero-D (D-orbital) rakaperevedza pakuverengwa kwemhodzigetsi kana kuti nhangande inobuditsa manondanhuka aine gokerero-D rakaperevedza. Kutsetsenura kweduramazwi iri kunoreva kuti mapoka 3-11 ari pasi penhanhgande rudarikira. Mukutsetsura seizvi IUPAC yakasiya boka-12 kubva mubande renhangande rudarikira - zvoreva kuti zinc, cadmium and mercury dzakasiiwa kunze kwenhangande rudarikira. 

Asi vamwe ana mhizhamushonga (chemist) vanochinjanisa zita renhangande dzeDandare-D (D-block) nenhanagande rudarikira, saka ava vanenge vachibatanidzira mapoka 3-12 senhangande rudarikira. Panhambo iyi, nhangande dzeboka 12 dzinobatwa nemutowo wakasarudzika wenhangande rudarikira unotendera kuti mhodzigetsi dzegokerero-D dzisagoverwa pakubhondha kwemitombo.




#Article 356: Brenda Fassie (146 words)


Brenda Nokuzola Fassie aiva muimbi, mudzani nemushingairi airwisa rusaruraganda rweApartheid kuSouth Africa.

Brenda Nokuzola Fassie akazvarwa mumusha weLanga, Cape Town - akanga ari gotwe pavana vapfumbamwe. Paakanga va nemakore 16 muna 1981 Brenda akashanyirwa naKoloi Lebona. Mushure mezvi, akabva ku Cape Town akananga Soweto muguta reJohannesburg, chinangwa chake chiri chekutsvaga mari semuimbi. Pakutanga Brenda akajoina bhendi revaimbi rainzi Joy achifanobatira mumwe muimbi akanga aenda kumaternity leave. Mushure mezvi Brenda akazova lead singer weboka revaimbi rainzi Brenda and the Big Dudes. Mugore 1985 Brenda akazvara mwanakomana, Bongani, Baba vacho vari mumwe wevaimbi veBig Dudes. 

Brenda akaimba rwiyo rwainzi Memeza rwakaita mbiri mugore ra1997. Mazwi acho aiti: Noma nginga memeza ma Akusizi lutho achireva kuti - Kunyangwe ndikazhamba hazvibatsire. Ndini ndamisidzana navo. Ndini navo Ishe. 

Noma nginga memeza ma 
Akusizi lutho 
Yimi nabo, 
Yimi nabo Nkosi yami 

Even if I scream 
It won't help 
It's me and them 




#Article 357: Tsaona yekurova nekutiza (118 words)


Tsaona yekurova nekutiza (hit and run) zvinoreva kuti mutyairi akonzera tsaona pamugwagwaasi iye achibva atiza asina kumirira kusvitsa nyaya kumapurisa. Kutiza panzvimbo yetsaona sezvizvi kunotoonekwa semhosva yakazvimirira.

Munyika zhinji vatyairi vanenge vaita tsaona sezvizvi vakasungirwa kupa information yeinsurance uye kudeedza emergency services painenge ichidiwa. Apo panenge pakuvadzwa nhumbi asi mwene wadzo asipo, mutyairi akasungirwa kusiya tsamba inodudza kuti iye ndiyani uye anowanikwa kupi.

Mitemo inotonga tsaona yekurova nekutiza yakatemwa zvichitevera kunetsa zvazvaiita kubata vatyairi vainge vapara mhosva idzi asi vasingabude pachena kuti nyaya dzitongwe kumatare. Mumazuva akatanga kufamba motokari, vatyairi vaipfeka ma goggles saka zvainetsa kubata zviso zvavo, motokari dzakanga dzisati dzava nema licence plate uye migwagwa yakanga isina tara zvichireva kuti kwaibhumuka guruva rinotadzisa kuona zviri nyore.




#Article 358: Bhondi yeGombedzanwa (106 words)


Mazwi anoti bhondi yegombedzanwa ari kuturikira chinonzi Covalent Bond kuChemistry. Bhondi yegombedzanwa inoitika kana maatomu maviri achiumba molecule rimwe nenzira yekusheya mhodzigetsi mbiri, kuatomu rimwe nerimwe kuchibva mhodzigetsi imwe iri mugokerero rekunze. 

Valence - izwi iri rinoshandiswa kuChemistry richireva the quality that determines the number of atoms or groups with which any single atom or group will unite chemically kana kuti combining power of an element relative to the standard hydrogen atom. Izwi iri rakaumbwa kubva kuLatin inoti valentia kureva Strength or capacity. 

VaShona vanoti hombarume vachireva strong man. Izwi rokuti gombwe rinoreva rich, influential man. Saka ipapa pane kutodzana nezvinorehwa nezwi rokuti valence kana valency.




#Article 359: Mwedzi muChadenga (111 words)


Mwedzi (the Moon) mutumbi uri muchadenga unopoterera Earth kamwe pamazuva makumi maviri nemanomwe (28). Mwedzi une boterekwa rinopoterera Rinopasi uchiita dendera rimwe (1) pamazuva 28.

Mhindo (last quarter) – aya mazuva gumi okupedzesera panhevedzwa dzemwedzi. Mwedzi waenda kumhindo: the moon is waning. Pamazuva echiseremkusvika rechipfumbamwe pamhindo anonzi mwedzi wafa.

Kudzikatidzwa kwemwedzi (eclipse of the Moon) zvinoreva kuvhariridzwa kwemwedzi kunoitika kana zuva, Rinopasi, nemwedzi zvanangana zviri pamutsetse wakati twasa; apa Rinopasi rinenge riri pakati pezuva nemwedzi. Chinoitika ndechekuti mwedzi unenge usisa tambire chiedza chinobva kuzuva, chinova icho chinoonekwa sechadzera pakupenya kwemwedzi manheru. Kana zvadaro mwedzi unoenda murima kwechinguvana, kusvika mitumbi mitatu iyi yapesana pasisina kuvharidzirwa kwechiedza chinobva kuzuva chinoita chadzera chinopenyesa mwedzi. 




#Article 360: Kuurayiwa kwa Uyinene Mrwetyana (109 words)


Uyinene Nene Mrwetyana (20 April 2000-24 August 2019) aive musikanana wemu South Africa aidzidza pachikoro cheUniversity cheku Capetown. Aive nemakore 19 paakaurayiwa mushure mekunge abatwa chibharo nemurume aive nemakore 42 ekuberekwa.Zvese izvi zvakaitika munzvimbo inonzi Claremont irimuSouth Africa. Kuurayiwa kwa Uyinene kwakabuditsa pachena mamwe matambudziko ekushungurudzwa nekuurayiwa kwevakadzi munyika ye South Africa.

Mrwetyana akazvarirwa ku East London, munzvimbo ye Eastern Cape nevabereki vake Noma na Phillip Mrwetyana. Mrwetyana akakurira muguta re Beacon Bay ku East London akaenda kuchikoro che Hudson Park Primary School kwaaiva ari mudzidzi aikoshesa chikoro zvakanyanya. Akazoenderera mberi kunodzidza pachikoro che Kingswood College ndokuzoenderera mberi nechikoro zvakare ku University yecapetown kwaaita zvidzidzo zve Film and Media.




#Article 361: Mwedzi yeGore (331 words)


Mwedzi chimwe chezvikamu gumi nezviviri zvenguva zvinoumba gore. Gore rinotanga mumwedzi waNdira richipera mumwedzi waZvita.

	
Zvinyogwa zviri pano zvakanyogwa sedudziro muChiShona yemashoko akanyogwa muChiRungu  (ndakariverenga muna Nyamavhuvhu 19, 2012) raVaSolomon Murungu.	

Mwedzi waNdira ndiwo mwedzi wokutanga wegore. Zita remwedzi uyu rakabva paizwi rinoreva zvipembenene zvinonzi zvindira (black beetle). Nokudaro mwedzi waNdira unonzi mwedzi wendira.

Kukadzi mwedzi wechipiri wegore.

Kurume mwedzi wechitatu wegore.

Mwedzi waKubvumbi mwedzi wemvura inonaya. MuZimbabwe mvura painonaya inonaya yakawanda munguva diki-diki uye iine mabhanan'ana. Mvura inozongonaya zvokusasa kana mwaka wekunaya wave kundopera mumwedzi waKubvumbi. Kubvumbi zvoreva kunaya kwemvura kunoitika zvinyoro-nyoro ichisasa mubvumbi.

Mwedzi uyu wakanzi Chivabvu nokuti ndiwo mwedzi wokupedzirisira kwemwaka wezhizha uri mwedzi unowanikwa chibagwe chokugocha chokupedzisira. 

Rimwe zita remwedzi weChivabvu rinoshandiswa nevamwe vatauri veChiVanhu ndiBandwe.

Chikumi mwedzi wechitanhatu wegore. Uyu ndiwo mwedzi uripakati pegore.

Mwedzi uyu wakanzi Chikunguru nokuti ndiyo nguva inoibva muchero unonzi nhunguru. Hutsvuku hwenhunguru hunoendera nemashizha matsva emiti wemusasa newemutondo, izvi zvichiita kuti ruvara rwehutsvuku ruve rwakatandira nenyika.

Mwedzi waNyamavhuvhu mwedzi wekuvhuvhuta kwemhepo zvichibva pakuti mwedzi uyu ndiyo kuva inoita mhepo yakasimba kudairika mwedzi yese.

Gunyana mwedzi wechipfumbamwe wegore unouya pamberi paNyamavhuvhu, uchiteverwa naGumiguru. Mvura yeGukurahundi inonaya mumwedzi waGunyana.

Mwedzi waGunyana ndivo mwedzi wenguva yokuzorora kukohwa zvese nekurima, iri nguva yekunyatsopeta makumbo, vanhu vakafunya, vakagara zvavo vachitandara mushure mokupedza kukohwa mwedzi yapfuura uyewo nguva yokurima ichiri kure mumwedzi inotevera.

Mwedzi waGumiguru ndiwo mwedzi wegumi pamwedzi yegore.

Mwedzi waMbudzi ndiwo mwedzi apo mbudzi zhinji padzinobereka kana kuti padzinotarisira kubereka mbudzana. VaWilbert Sadomba, apo vainyora mugwaro rakanyogwa muChiRungu rinonzi Using Taboos and Proverbs as Oral Archives of Indigenous Knowledge, vakanyatsogona kutsetsenura kududzira mwedzi waMbudzi nemashoko anotevera:

Mashoko aya idudziro yemashoko akanyogwa naVaSadomba eChiRungu anotevera:
 

Zvita ishoko rinobva pakuti mazviita zvakanaka vadzimu vedu kuti chengeta gore rose. Nokudaro, mwedzi waZvita mwedzi mwedzi wekurangarira nokutenda madzitateguru, ivo vari vadzimu vedu. Zviitwa zvese zvinoera mumwedzi weMbudzi zvigona kuti zvichiitwa mumwedzi waZvita. Vanoroorana vagona kuchiroorana havo. Mbudzi nedzimwe mhuka dzinogona kuchiuraigwa vusavi zvino pamakungano emaroora. Vanhu vagonazvavo kuchiita ungano dzekupira kuvadzimu kana kugadzira vafi. Zvese izvi zvinochiitwa mukufara nokupemberera. 




#Article 362: Chatemambara (113 words)


Chatemambara  (meritocracy) izwi iri riri kushandiswa pachinyorwa chino kureva mutowo wematongero unotevedza zvinodiwa nevanhu vanova mbarevare dziri panzvimbo. Mazwi okuti mbara kana mbala (shrewd, smart, cunning intelligent people) anowanikwa kumitauro yeBantu achidudza vanhu  vakadarika ruzhinji pakuchenjera, izvi zvichionekwa nemabasa anoonekwa avakaita munyika.

Izwi rokuti aristocracy rakabva kuGreek - iro rakaumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvinoti: aristos kureva best, uye kratia kureva rule or strength. Saka kuChiShona chivakashure chikuti chatema- chiri kureva nzira yehutongi inopa simba kuboka rakarehwa - pano Chatemamwari huri hutongi hunotevedza mitemo yaMawri. Tarisai zviri pasi pandima iri zasi yemitauro yeBantu kuti pane dudziro yezwi rokuti tema.

Zvakakosha kuonesana kuti mashoko ari pano haako kuChiShona chemazuva ose, asi kuedza kuturikira mazwi anotaurwa kuEnglish.




#Article 363: Muringo (160 words)


Muchidzidzo fundoyetsimba, muringo yesebhe (States of Matter) izita rapiwa kududza chimiro chezvinhu zvinobatika nekuonekwa nekunzwikwa pakunge zvasvitswa panharaunda yakasiyana hujoto kana mutsindo (temperature and pressure). Kune miringo mitatu yemvura zvichienderana nehujoto hwemvura yacho.

Godo (solid) - iri izwi rapiwa kutsangudza chinhu chakaumbana chisingayerere chingafananidzwa nedombo kana simbi. Takatarisana nemvura tinoona inoita magodo emazaya echando (ice) kana mvura yatondodzwa zviri pasi pe 0o Celsius. Magodo haayerere uye anochengeta kuumbwa kwaakaitwa, pasina kutsindirika kwakanyanya kungaitwa.

Mutuvi (Liquid) - iri zita rapiwa kududza chinhu chine kutaridzika kunenge kwemvura inoyerera. Chinhu chine muringo weMutuvi chinoyerera uye chakadirwa mugapu, chinotora kuumbwa kwakaita gapu iroro zvichienderana nehuwandu wemutuvi wacho. Muenzaniso wemituvi inosanganisira mvura, mukaka, huchi, peturu, zvichingodaro. Iri zita rapiwa richitoredzera mutuvi unova mvura iya yemukaka.

Gasi (Gas) - iri zita rapiwa kuzvinhu zvinenga mweya watinofema, zvisingabatike, asi zvichigona kunzwika kuti zviripo. Gasi rinotambanuka kuzadza nzvimbo kana rongo raunenge waiswa, zvakare unogona kutsindirwa kana mutsindo wawedzerwa. Mienzaniso yegasi inosanganidza oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide zvichingodaro




#Article 364: Kupararira kweChirwere muZimbabwe (354 words)


Kusvika kwechirwere che Covid 19 muZimbabwe kwakaitika mumwedzi wa Kurume 2020. Chakasvika muZimbabwe panguva yairura chirwere che Malaria munzvimbo dze Manicaland uyezve neku Masvingo. 

Nyangwe zvazvo chirwere cheMalaria chichirapika kushaikwa kwemishonga uyezve kupararira kwechirwere che Covid 19 panguva imwechete kwakakonzeresa kuti zvipatara zvemu Zimbabwe  zvikurirwe.

Musiwa wa 12 Ndira 2020, sungano rezve hutano repasi rose rinozivikanwa nekunzi  World Health Organisation (WHO), rakaisa chiziviso chekuti chirwere che Corona Virus chaive chaparira chichibva kunyika yeChina kwachikatangira mumwedzi wa Zvita 2019. Sungano iri rakaisa chiziviso chekuti chirwere ichi chaive nehukasha uyezve chaive chirwere chemapapu chaive nesimba nekupararira nekurumidza  uyezve chaiuraya zvakanyanya.

Musiwa wa 21 Kurume, nyika yeZimbabwe yakave nemunhu wekutanga aive abatwa nechirwere che COVID 19. Munhu uyu aive murume aive mugari wemu Victoria Falls aive abva mhiri kwemakungwa kunyika ye UK. Paive pasati pave nemunhu aive afa nechirwere ichi naizvozvo murume uyu akakurudzirwa kugara kumba akazvibvisa pane vamwe kuti asaparadzire chirwere ichi. 

Mushure maizvozvo kwakave nevamwe vanhu vaviri vakabatwa zvakare vese vaive vagari vemu Harare. Mumwe wevaviri ava aive mutapa nhau aive nemukurumbira ainzi Zororo Makamba. Ndiye zvakare akave munhu wekutanga kuurayiwa nechirwere ichi. 

Mumwedzi wese waKurume, vamwe vanhu vanosvika 8 vakatanga kubatwa nechirwere ichi.

Mushure mekufa kwa Zororo, vamwe vanhu vaviri vakashaika zvakare. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezvezvipfeko zvekudzivirira chirwere ichi, varapi vemuZimbabwe vakange vopererwa kuti vodzivirira sei chirwere ichi. 

Musiwa 13 Kubvumbi, vamwe vanhu vatatu vakabatwa zvakare nechirwere ichi zvinova zvairatidza kuti chirwere chaive chopararira. 

Panguva iyoyo vatapi venhau vashanu vakange vasungwa nekuda kwekunyora nezvechirwere che COVID 19

Panguva iyi vanhu 144 vakange vabatwa nechirwere cheCovid 19. 

Musiwa 12 Bandwe, bato remutambo we cricket rekuIndia rakakanzura mutambo wavo waifanirwa kutanga muna Chikunguru 2020. 

Obadiah Moyo , anova mutungamiri wezvehutano muZimbabwe pamwe nemwana wemutungamiriri wenyika Collins Mnangagwa vakasungirwa huori hwemari inosvika 4 mirioni yavanofungidzirwa kunzi vakaba. 

Mumwedzi wa Bandwe vamwe mazana (413)evanhu vakatanga zvakare kubatwa nechirwere ichi. Vanhu vange vaurayiwa nechirwere panguva iyi vakange vawanda zvekusvika 7.

Mapurisa vakange⁸ vasunga vanhu vanosvika 105 000 vakange vatyora mutemo nekusapfeka zvekuzvidzivirira zvakakwana kubva kuchirwere cheCorona. 

Musiwa 21 Chikumi, kwakashevedzerwa nguva yaibvumirwa vanhu kufamba famba kubva na 8 makuseni kusvika 3 masikati. Izvi zvaitirwa kuti vakwanise kutapudza kupararira kwechirwere muvanhu. 




#Article 365: Kuwanza Huwandu (187 words)


Muchidzidzo masvomhu kuwanza (multiplication in English) nhamba mbiri, kwakafanana nekuunganidza mapoka ane huwandu hwakaenzana nenhamba yechipiri - boka rimwe nerimwe rine nhengo dzinokwana kuenzana nenhamba yekutanga. Panoitwa maunga huwandu nhamba yekutanga inenge ichiwedzaniswa kanokwana kuenzana nenhamba yechipiri. Asiwo nhamba yechipiri inogona kuva iyo iri kuwedzaniswa kanokwana kuenzana nenhamba yekutanga. 

Somuenzaniso, nhatu (3) kuwanza neina (4), zvakafanana nokuwedzanisa nhatu (3) kanokwana kana (4):

Nokumwe kutaura panganzi zvinhu zvitatu zviri kupetwa kana.  Apa tinenge tichivamba kuverenga boka rezvitatu rokutanga kusvika pane boka rechina. Saka kuti tirerutse kutaura, paya panonzi kuEnglish, 12 times 10 isu tinokwanisa kuti gumi nembiri kuwanza negumi - kureva kudzokorora kuverenga boka rezvinhu gumi nembiri kanokwana kagumi.

Chiitiko chokuwanza huwandu ndicho chinoshandiswa pakuita Tafura yeKuwanza Huwandu  - multiplication tables. Somuenzaniso kana shanu ariye nhamba iri kuraviwa nayo tinoti: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45..., zvichingodaro.

Kurerutsa mutauro 

Zvakafanira kuti pange pachiturikirwa mazwi kubva kuEnglish kuenda kuChishona kuti zvireruke pakutaura masvomhu. Saka mukutaura mazuva ose zvinenge zvamira sezvizvi: 

Kuwanza kunonyanya kunyorwa kuchishandiswa chiratidzo chekuwanza huwandu x pakati penhamba dziri kuwanzana. Mhedzisiro yacho inopangidzwa nechiratidzo chekuenzana (equals sign). Somuenzaniso:

Kune manyorero akawanda anoshandiswa pakuwanza sezvizvi:




#Article 366: Ugondamano (123 words)


Izwi rokuti ugondamano riri kuturikira chinonzi philosophy kuEnglish. Ugondamano chidzidzo chakanangana: nekubuditsa pachena misimboti yedenhe reruzivo riri kutariswa; kubata chokwadi chedingindira riri kucherechedzwa, uye kuumba patsva ruzivo rwakagamuchirwa nevanhu nechekare. Ana chigondamano (philosopher) vanhu vanoshanda mubande reUgondamano.

Philosophy izwi reEnglish rakaumbwa nemazwi maviri anoti: philo- (meaning love) uye sophia (skill, knowledge, wisdom) kana sophis (wise, learned).
KuChiShona izwi rokuti kugonda (to trust, to depend on) rinoreva kuvimba mune chinhu. Saka Ugondamano zvinoreva chidzidzo chakanangana nekuwana uye kunzwisisa ungwaru hwakapinda pakuumbwa kwenhaurwa; zvinhu; mubisho; mutemo; kana zvisikwa zviri panyika nemuchadenga.

Pano panyorwa mazwi ari pedyo nezita iri kune mimwe mitauro yeChiBantu, asi zvinoreva zita zvigona kusiyana zvachose nemazwi ari pasi aya. Chinangwa ndechekutsvaga zvinoreva mazita, zvikurusei kana mazita aya asisiri kutaurwa mumutauro wemazuva ano.




#Article 367: Esperanto (145 words)


 
Esperanto ndiyo yainyanya kutaurwa kuvakwa dzakawanda upiyona mutauro . Yakagadzirwa nePolish ophthalmologist LL Zamenhof muna 1887. Zamenhof akatanga kutsanangura mutauro muThe International Language, uyo waakaburitsa nemitauro mishanu pasi pezita rekunyepedzera Doktoro Esperanto. (Iri bhuku rinowanzo kupihwa zita rekuti Esperanto seLa Unua Libro kureva Bhuku rekutanga . Izwi rekuti esperanto rinoturikira ku chiEnglish richiti one who hopes. 

Chinangwa chaZamenhof kwaive kugadzira mutauro uri nyore uye unopfava uyo unoshanda semutauro wechipiri wepasi rose kukurudzira rugare rwepasi rose nekunzwisisa kwepasi rose, uye kuvaka nharaunda yevatauri, sezvo aifunga kuti munhu haangave nemutauro pasina nharaunda yakadaro. . 

Zita rake rekutanga remutauro uyu raingove mutauro wepasi rese ( la lingvo internacia ), asi vatauri vekutanga vakada zita rekuti Esperanto ndokutanga kurishandisa sezita remutauro makore maviri chete mushure mekugadzirwa. Iri zita rakakurumidza kuwana mukurumbira uye rave kushandiswa sezita repamutemo kubva ipapo.

Mashoko eve Universal Esperanto Association (UEA) pamapembero epasi rese ezuva rezvinyorwa:




#Article 368: Enzanhara (110 words)


Pachinyorwa chino izwi rokuti enzanhara riri kuturikira chinonzi isotope kuEnglish. Maenzanhara inhanngande dzine nhamba yemhodzigetsi yakaenzana asi dzine nhamba yehuremu yakasiyana zvichibva pakusiyana kwenhamba yema neutron. Sokuti carbon-12 neCarbon-14 inhangande dzine mhodzigetsi 6; asi dzinozosiyana pakuti Carbon-14 ine ma neutron 8, Carbon-12 yoita ma neutron 6. Maenzanhara anowanikwa munhara imwechete paPeriodic Table. 

Izwi reEnglish rokuti isotope rakaumbwa nezvikamu zvviri zvinoti iso (equal, same) kureva zvakaenzana - chikamu chepiri chinoti tope (place) chinoreva nzvimbo - apa zvichirevera mipanda yepa Periodic Table.

Izwi rokuti enzanhara riri kududza kuti nhangande mbiri dziri kurehwa dzinowanikwa munhara imwe paChapotera cheNhangande. Maenzanhara akaenzana panhamba yeAtomu, asi nhamba dzehuremu dzinosiyana. Yureniyamu ine maenzanhara anoranzukira, zvimwechete neSizinyamu inodarowo.




#Total Article count: 368
#Total Word count: 82089