#Article 1: Rwanda (1154 words)


U Rwanda ni igihugu giherereye muri Afurika yo hagati mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari, munsi y’Umurongo wa Koma y’isi. Umurwa mukuru w’u Rwanda witwa Kigali. Iki gihugu gikunze kwitwa icy'imisozi igihumbi gikoresha indimi eshatu: Ikinyarwanda, Igifaransa, Icyongereza, Ikiswahili. Ururimi rw’Igihugu ni Ikinyarwanda.

Ubutegetsi  bw'u Rwanda burigenga, ubuyobozi bufite intego igamije guteza imbere abaturage, kandi imiyoborere y'igihugu ntabwo ishingiye ku idini.

Ibirango by’igihugu cy’u Rwanda ni inkingi, ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko z' ubuyobozi, intego n’indirimbo y’Igihugu.

Intego y'Umutegetsi ni Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu.

Indirimbo y’Igihugu ni Rwanda Nziza...

 

Ni igihugu kidakora ku nyanja, kiri muri Afurika yo hagati mu karere bita ak’ibiyaga bigari. U Rwanda rufite ibirunga bitanu, ibiyaga makumyabiri na bitatu n’imigezi myinshi, imwe akaba ariyo soko y’uruzi rwa Nil. U Rwanda rufite ubuso bwa 26,338 km² ubutaka bukaba bwihariye 24,948 km² amazi agafata 1,390 km². Abaturage babarirwa hafi ya 11,533,446 (National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, 2016), ubwo rero ni abantu  438 kuri buri km², u Rwanda rubarirwa mu bihugu bituwe cyane kurusha ibindi muri Afurika.

Imipaka n’ibihugu by’ibituranyi bikurikira ni 893 km: Burundi mu majyepfo (290km), Tanzania mu burasirazuba (217km), Uganda mu majyaruguru(169km) na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (217km). U Rwanda rufite ibihe by’imvura bibiri Itumba-kuva Gashyantare kugera muri Gicurasi, Umuhindi-kuva muri Nzeli kugera muri Mutarama. Mu misozi ibihe biri mu rugero hajya haba ubutita rimwe na rimwe hakaza n’urubura rw’imbonekarimwe.

Igihugu gifite imiterere y’ubutaka itandukanye yiganjemo ibirunga mu majyaruguru kikaba gikikijwe n’ikiyaga cya Kivu  mu burengerazuba. Parike National y’ibirunga iri mu birunga mu misozi miremire n’amashyamba biri mu majyaruguru, iyo pariki ifite ingangi zizwi cyane kw’isi nk'inyamaswa nini cyane zizwi ku kwita ku miryango yazo. Hari inyamaswa nini n’into, naho ikiyaga cya Kivu mu burengerazuba kikaba gifite umusenyi mwiza mu nkengero zacyo ku Kibuye, Kivu ikaba itatswe n’uturwa twinshi. Ahantu ha mbere haciye bugufi mu Rwanda ni mu kibaya cya Rusizi kikaba kiri ku butumburuke bwa metero 950 uhereye ku nyanja. Naho ahantu harehare cyane gusumba ahandi ni ikirunga cya Kalisimbi gifite ubutumburuke bwa metero 4,519.

MUDASIRU Pariki Nasiyonali 

Igihugu cy’u Rwanda kigabanyijemo intara 4 n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Intara zigabanyijemo uturere, imijyi, imirenge n’utugari. Umujyi wa Kigali ugabanyijemo uturere 3, imirenge n’utugari.

Kugeza muri 2005, U Rwanda rwari rugabanyijemo intara cumi n’ebyiri (12) na Komini ijana na cumi n’esheshatu (116). Izi zari: Umujyi wa Kigali,9 Intara ya Kigali Ngali,10 Intara ya Gitarama,11 Intara ya Butare,12 Intara ya Gikongoro,13 Intara ya Cyangugu,14 Intara ya Kibuye,15 Intara ya Gisenyi,16 Intara ya Ruhengeri,17 Intara ya Byumba,18 Intara y’Umutara,19 Intara ya Kibungo.

Ariko ibi byarahindutse kuva ku itariki ya 1 Mutarama 2006. Muri porogaramu yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage no kuvugurura ubutegetsi muri rusange mu gihugu, ubutegetsi bwite bwa leta bwagabanyijwe mu matsinda matoya u Rwanda 13rugabanywamo intara eshanu (5) zagabanyijwemo nazo uturere mirongo itatu (30). Uturere natwo tugabanyijwemo imirenge Magana ane na cumi n’itandatu (416) n’utugali ibihumbi bibiri n’ijana mirongo ine n’umunani (2148). Igihugu cy’u Rwanda kigabanyijemo Intara enye ( 4) n’Umujyi wa Kigali. 

Amazina, umubare n’ibyicaro by’Intara n’iby’Umujyi wa Kigali bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira:

Abanyarwanda benshi ni abayoboke b’amadini 2 akomeye ariyo Ubukirisitu (Abagatolika, Abaporoso, Abapresibuteliyani n’abangilikani) n’ubuyislamu. 

Aya madini niyo shingiro ry’abemera Imana kuva mu gihe cy’ubukoloni. Ikindi kigaragara ni uko abenshi batumva ukuntu wamenya Imana n’umugambi idufiteho utari muri aya madini yavuzwe haruguru.

Kiliziya cyane cyane Kiliziya Gatolika niyo yashinze imizi mu Rwanda. Abanyarwanda benshi ni abagatolika. Rero Kiliziya ifite uruhare runini mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Hari andi madini nayo y’abakirisitu mu Rwanda, ariko ntabwo akomeye nka Kiliziya Gatorika. Iri dini niryo rya mbere ryinjiye mu Rwanda riyobowe na Musenyeri Hirth wo mu muryango w’Abapadiri bera27mu w’1900. abapadiri bera bazanywe mu Rwanda n’abadage, bayobora icyo gihe bategekaga u Rwanda, u Burundi na tanzaniya y’icyo gihe. Abadage barindaga abapadiri bera bizera ko naho bazashyigikira ubutegetsi bw’Abadage (irohat) mu Rwanda.

Ibarura ry’abaturage rya 2002 ryagaragaje ko amadini ahagaze mu buryo bukurikira muri iki gihe: Abagatolika (49,5%), Abaporotesitanti bari mu madini atandukanye (27,2%), Abadivantisite (12,2%); Andi madini ya gikirisito (4%), Abatagira idini (3,6%) N’Abayisilamu (1,8%), indi myemerere 1,7%. Iri barura riragaragaza ko 98,3% by abatuye u Rwanda biyemerera ko bafite idini babarizwamo. Ibi biratwereka ko amadini ari rumwe mu nzego z’imiyoborere ihuza abantu benshi kuko amenshi muri ayo madini atandukanye cyane n’idini gakondo kuko yo ahuza abayoboke bayo kandi akabaha gahunda y’imitekerereze ndetse n’imyitwarire. 

Ibendera ry’Igihugu rigizwe n’amabara atatu: icyatsi kibisi, umuhondo, n’ubururu. 

Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda bugizwe ahanini n’ubuhinzi abenshi mu bahinzi batunzwe n’ibyo bahinga. Ubukungu bukaba buhura n’icyibazo cy’uko abantu ari benshi kurusha ubutaka buhari. Kuba u Rwanda rudakora ku nyanjya bikaba byongera ibyo bibazo kubera ko bituma igihugu kitagera ku masoko mpuzamahanga cyangwa kibagerayo bigoranye. Ibihingwa ngengabukungu bya mbere ni ikawa, icyayi n’ibireti. Ibi n’ibyamasoko mpuzamahanga. Mu gihugu, ibihingwa bihaboneka muri byo ni ibitoki, imyumbati, amasaka, imboga, n’ibirayi. Ariko ntibihagije ku isoko ryo mu Rwanda ibindi bitumizwa mu mahanga. Ibindi byongera ku ntungamubiri ku banyarwanda ni amatungo- inka, ihene n’intama. 

Muri politiki, u Rwanda rwayoborwaga n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye mbere yuko rukolonizwa n’Ababirigi kugeza rubonye ubwigenge ku itariki ya 1 Nyakanga 1962. Ni repubulika iyoborwa na perezida ikaba inagendera kuri demokarasi y’amashyaka menshi. Itegekonshinga rishya ryemejwe ku itariki ya 26 Gicurasi 2003. Umukuru w’Igihugu ni Perezida Paul Kagame naho Umukuru wa Guverinoma ni Minisitiri w’Intebe Édouard Ngirente. Guverinoma ishyirwaho na Perezida.

U Rwanda ni igihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi y’amashyaka menshi. 

Amashyaka ya politike mu gihugu n’abayayobora ni aya: Parti Démocratique Chrétien (PDC) iyobowe na Alfred Mukezamfura ; Parti Social Démocratique (PSD) iyobowe na Vincent Biruta ; Union Démocratique du Peuple Rwandais (UDPR) iyobowe na Adrien Rangira ; Mouvement Démocratique Républicain (MDR) yasheshwe ikaba yarayoborwaga na Kabanda Célestin ; Parti Démocratique Islamique (PDI) iyobowe na André Bumaya ; Parti Libéral (PL) iyobowe na Prosper Higiro ; na Front Patriotique Rwandais (FPR) iyobowe na Paul Kagame.

Hari n’andi mashyaka yahagaritswe kubera ko atemewe n’amategekop. Ayo ni Parti Socialiste Rwandais (PSR), na Parti pour le Progres et la Concorde (PPC) na Parti pour le Renouveau Démocratique

Ayo mashyaka ari ukubiri: hari ayo bamwe bita partis nationaux, ni ukuvuga amashyaka yari afite abayoboke benshi, yari asakaye mu gihugu cyangwa mu duce tunini, akagira n'uburyo bugaragara bwo kwamamaza ibitekerezo byayo n'abayobozi batwaye bagaragara. Tuvuge ayo mashyaka ayo ari yo n'igihe yavukiye: 

Hari n'andi mashyaka akabakaba makumyabiri ataragize uburemere byayo tumaze kuvuga. Ndetse urebye neza, amwe n'amwe muri ayo mashyaka mato yegamiye ayo ane manini. Ayo mashyaka matoya ni aya:

Iki gice kiraganira kuri sosiyete sivile yo mu Rwanda, ariko irashimangira ku mateka yayo, uko iteye, n’amashami yayo aba mu Rwanda. Iki gice kiranagaragaza imibereho ya sosiyete sivile, imigenderane ifitanye na leta y'u Rwanda ndetse n’abaterenkunga, ingorane ihura nazo. Iki gice kandi kiranagaragaza imbogamizi uwo muryango uhura nazo.

Urebye ibibazo uyu muryango uhura nabyo mu byerekeye kumvisha akamaro kawo, ni umuryango w’ubukorerabushake ufata umwanya hagati y’umuryango nyarwanda na leta. Hari amashyirahamwe atandukanye yigenga, yashizweho n’abantu ku giti cyabo kugira ngo babungabunge amahame n’imico yabo.

Ubundi inshingano z’uwo muryango ni kuwinjizamwo imiryango y’abakozi bo mu nzego zose, baba abunganira (avocats), za kiriziya, koperative, amashyirahamwe y’abana n’abagore n’andi mashyirahamwe ashinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage. 

 




#Article 2: Bibiliya (217 words)


Igitabo cya Bibiliya cyangwa Bibiliya Ntagatifu ni igitabo cyaturutse ku Mana.

Ubwo igitekerezo cy'imibereho ya Kirisito ari ukuzuza ubuhanuzi, igitekerezo cy'imibereho ye cyanditswe mbere y'uko avuka. Ubuhanuzi bwo mu Isezerano rya Kera bushyira ahagaragara imibereho ya Kirisito , urupfu no kuzuka kwe mbere y'uko bibaho. Isezerano Rishya ni igitekerezo cy'imibereho ye nk'uko byari byarahanuwe.

Abahanuzi bo mu Isezerano rya Kera babayeho hagati y'imyaka magana atanu, n'igihumbi na magana atanu mbere y'ivuka rya Kirisito , bavuze ingingo nyinshi zifatika zerekeye imibereho ya Mesiya. 

Bibiliya iboneka yose uko yakabaye cyangwa ibice byayo mu ndimi zisaga 2.300, kandi ibyo byatumye igera ku bantu basaga 90 ku ijana by’abatuye isi. Ugeranyije , buri cyumweru hatangwa za Bibiliya zisaga miliyoni! Hacapwe kopi zibarirwa muri za miriyari 3.9 . Giha intera nini cyane mu gukundwa, gusomwa, kugurwa no kwandikwa cyane kurenza ibindi byose biri kuri uru rutonde. Hacapwe ibitabo bigera kuri miriyari 3 na miriyoni 9 by’icyo gitabo kitwa Bibiliya.
 Bibiliya ku murongo wa interineti

Ibitabo bitanu bibanza bya Bibiliya byitwa, iby’amategeko, kuko birimo amategeko Imana yahaye aba Isirayeli ikoresheje Mose, nubwo harimo n’inkuru yuko byagenze. Mose niwe wa byanditse.

Ibitabo bitanu byambere mw’Isezerano rishya. Matayo, Mariko, Luka na Yohana bitwereka imiryango n’ubuzima bwa Yesu Kristo, igitabo gikurikiraho aricyo Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa gikbiyemo amateka y’Itorero rya mbere. Tugiye kwiga kur’ibi bitabo by’amateka mw’Isezerano rishya.

 




#Article 3: Adamu (139 words)


Iy'ingingo iragaruka kunkuru ndetse no kwishusho rusange rya bibiliya. Kubindi bikoreshwa, Ukeneye ibisobanuro byimbitse ndetse no gusobanukirwa birushijeho, reba Adamu na Eva.

Adamu ni ishusho mu gitabo cy'Itangiriro muri Bibiliya y'Igiheburayo, no muri Korowani no mu myizerere ya gikristo. Dukurikije imigani y'irema [1] y'amadini ya Aburahamu, niwe muntu wa mbere. Mu Itangiriro na Korowani, Adamu n'umugore we birukanwe mu busitani bwa Edeni bazira kurya imbuto z'igiti cy'ubumenyi bw'icyiza n'ikibi.

Uburyo butandukanye bwo kurema no gusobanura Bibiliya buvuga ko Adamu ari umuntu wamateka. Ibimenyetso bya siyansi ntibishyigikira igitekerezo cy'uko abantu bose bakomoka ku muntu umwe. 

Ijambo adam rikoreshwa kandi muri Bibiliya nk'izina, umuntu ku giti cye nk 'umuntu kandi mu buryo rusange nk abantu. Adamu wo muri Bibiliya (umuntu, abantu) yaremewe kuva adamah (isi), kandi Itangiriro 1-8 ryerekana uruhare runini rwubucuti hagati yabo, kuko Adamu yatandukanijwe nisi kubwo kutumvira kwe.




#Article 4: Ubukirisitu (116 words)


Ubukirisitu cyangwa Ubukirisito cyangwa Kristendomu (Bakristo)

Ubukirisitu ni imyemerere y'ibya Yezu Kirisitu cyangwa Yesu Kirisito. Uwemera ibyo akabikurikiza bamwita umukirisitu

Ubufatanye bw’itorero Peresibiteriyene mu Rwanda n’andi matorero ya gikirisito mu Rwanda.

Nk’uko byemezwa na twagirayesu na Butselaar, gushaka imibanire myiza n’andi matorero byatangiye n’ivuka ryayo mu 1907 nka kimwe mu biranga EPR. Kuri ibyo, abamisiyoneri bo muri Usambaro bagiranye umubano n’Abamisiyoneri Gatulika b’Abapadiri bera, Abamisiyoneri b’Ababirigi bagiranye umubano na Church Missionary Society (CMS) kimwe mubikorwa bari bahuriyeho ni uguhindura inyandiko ntagatifu mu rurimi rw’ikinyarwanda. Ubufatanye n’imibanire myiza hagati y’amatorero y’Abaporetesitanti mu Rwanda byatumye habaho Inama y’Abaporitesitanti mu Rwanda, Ishami ry’ivugabutumwa ry’abaporotesitanti riri i Butare, byatumye itorero peresibiteriyene rigira uruhare rufatika mu bikorwa byinshi biranga iryo huriro.




#Article 5: Naje kubara inkuru (429 words)


Igisigo cya Sekarama ka Mpumba

Posted by DUSAMANA J.Claude phone:0788995492,0728995491 from École des sciences louis de monfort de Nyanza.

Naje kubara inkuru
yaraye i Murori
kwa Nyiramuyaga na Muhaya
Murorwa yacyuye amahano
za busunzu zirayishoka
ikabamburwa n’ibihunyira
Ruhangwambone rwa Ruhoramumagambo,
umuswa urayanitse mu kigunda,
yapfuye urwa Ruvuzo
yo yigeraga Mfizi ya Makuka
ikayigerera i Buringeri
yacitse nka Mushunguzi
yaguye mu rukobo nk’impabe,
yatsinzwe nka Karihejuru
 
 
Naje ntabara impuha:
impundu ziravuga umurenge
mu mirambi ya Kigali
ziranamije ku Muturagasani.
kandi mbara inkuru ntikuke
y’uko wakukiye Muteri, Mutabazi,
ugatema ibyaro amajosi.
 
Ngiyo ya Sugi
Irasogombwa amahanga,
irahinga iz’amakeba
nkavuga imyasiro
Wasiye Nyamiringa,
Mirindi ya Rumeza,
wayambikiye agashungo
iyo ngoma yawe.
 
Nimuyihe rugari
Yibonereho Ruhangwambone
Nyibaze ay’icyo kirara
kitagira umuraza
mu mirambi ya Rubaho,
cyaroye kikica umukenya
kitaramara kabiri
kimbwire undi waryiswe iryo zina, akaba umuhutu, akaba umutunzi,
akazisazira nyuma.
 
Nandetse we Ruhangwambone
rwa Ruhuzambone
uba udateze amarengero
ugacurisha imihoro?
 
Nimuyihe rugari
yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
Nyibaze: ko amazina yari menshi,
mukurora ukisunga iriheze
rya Ruhararaburozi rwa Mpinga?
Yo muguha impaka uwatwambuye Yuhi,
 
imvano yava ku ki?
Ntizi ko Rugaju 
ari we waduteye imbehoy'isuri
maze tugasanganwa Imana
ibura mwabo ikabona twebwe?
Iyacu ni Rubanguka
rwacyamuye ibihugu,
ni we Rugira wahonokaga mu Buhinda.
Na none niberwe
ayigire intindo
ayitegeke nka Rwuma
maze ive mu rweguriro zirishe;
nirembe ayigire insezo
ayisenyere ijabiro ijabo rishire
izaze akuya kayirenze
yicuza ayo yakoze;
ikungagizwa mu myiri bayinyaze!
 
Nimuyihe rugari
yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
Izaza yumva amatare
ayivuga mu mutwe
mu mpinga ya Butare
amatwi yazibiranye mu minyago,
Mutukura itekanye na Mukeshajabiro.
Nimuyihe rugari
yibonbereho Ruhangwambone!
Izaza ishorejwe amacumu
mu mpinga ya Gatsibo
amacumu yabaye inkwaruro;
mazi ishime ko itagira ubwami
i Bwangaguhuma kwa Gahaya:
ubwo yisunze izina ritagira amarengero
amajyo azayibera amabuye.
Nimuyihe rugari
yibonereho Ruhangwambone:
Izaza yumva insengo
zivuga iwacu mu ngoro
umuryasenge uyirya
yabuze amaboko 
yo kwishima mu gihumbi:
izaba yayakonje Mutukura,
yayageretse ku ya Mutega w'inkanda!
Ruhangwambone nimuyihebe
nta nkandagiro ikizeye!
 
Nimuyihe rugari 
yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
Mbese wowe ntiwahagiye
ku y’i Butembambuto kwa Mataremato,
yaje gutegura ino
Matungo ayigira intindo?
Nimuyihe rugari
yibonereho Ruhangwambone!
Mbese wowe ntiwahagiye
ku y’i Buvuganyanzara kwa Kivugabagore
yahanzwe no kuvuga rimwe
akarimi kayo kagwa mu matsa?
Uzarebe aho izingiye mizinge:
ntikizirikana ay’imusizi
mba ndi ishami ryabyaye Nyirarugaju?
 
Nimuyihe rugari 
yibonereho ruhangwambone!
 
Mbese wowe ntiwahagiye
ku y’i Busobanyamakaraza
kwa Gisababahutu?
Iri ni ishavu ringana aya mazi
rikayirara mu muroha
yarahebye n’abayiyagira
ngo bayihe ubuhura!
Igumye iganye na Ntega:
Bateze inyenga.
 
Rero simbeshya
ni ko ntanga abagabo benshi ba Mikore.
Rukabuza arumva na Nkozimyambi.
Sinzakaraba no kwa Rujyo.
Makomere arabizi na Makuba
na Rukaniramiheto
Simbeshya uzahagira ku rw’i Bumpaka
uzatwika ari umugero
Rugina ikarwubika
rugahinduka Umugina.




#Article 6: Tanzaniya (724 words)


Tanzaniya cyangwa Repubulika Yunze Ubumwe ya Tanzaniya (izina mu giswayili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ; izina mu cyongereza : United Republic of Tanzania ) n’igihugu muri Afurika y'iburasirazuba. Umujyi mukuru wa Tanzaniya witwa Dodoma. Tanzaniya (/ ˌtænzəˈniːə /, [14] [15] [icyitonderwa 2] Igiswahiri: Agace k'ibiyaga bigari. Irahana imbibi na Uganda mu majyaruguru; Kenya mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba; Ibirwa bya Comoro n'Inyanja y'Ubuhinde mu burasirazuba; Mozambique na Malawi mu majyepfo; Zambiya mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba; n'u Rwanda, u Burundi, na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo mu burengerazuba. Umusozi wa Kilimanjaro, umusozi muremure wa Afurika, uri mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa Tanzaniya. 

Ibisigazwa byinshi by’ibinyabuzima byavumbuwe muri Tanzaniya, nk’ibinyabuzima bya Pliocene bimaze imyaka miriyoni 6. Ubwoko bwa Australopithecus bwabaye muri Afrika yose hashize imyaka 4 kugeza kuri 2; n'ibisigazwa bya kera cyane byo mu bwoko bwa Homo tubisanga hafi y'Ikiyaga cya Olduvai. Nyuma yo kuzamuka kwa Homo erectus mu myaka miriyoni 1.8 ishize, ikiremwamuntu cyakwirakwiriye ku Isi Kera, nyuma mu Isi Nshya na Ositaraliya munsi y’ubwoko bwa Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens nayo yarengeje Afurika kandi ikurura ubwoko bwa kera bwakera nubwoko bwikiremwamuntu. Amwe mu moko ya kera azwi akiriho, Hadzabe, asa nkaho yakomotse muri Tanzaniya, kandi amateka yabo yo mu kanwa aributsa abakurambere bari barebare kandi babaye aba mbere mu gukoresha umuriro, imiti, kandi babaga mu buvumo, nka Homo erectus cyangwa Homo heidelbergensis wabaga mu karere kamwe mbere yabo. 

Nyuma mu gihe cy'Amabuye na Bronze, abimukira mbere ya kera muri Tanzaniya barimo abavuga Cushitike y'Amajyepfo bimukiye mu majyepfo bava muri Etiyopiya y'ubu; na Nilote y'Amajyepfo, harimo na Datoog, wakomotse mu karere gahana imbibi na Sudani y'Amajyepfo na Etiyopiya hagati y’imyaka 2.900 na 2.400 ishize. [16]: urupapuro rwa 18 Izi ngendo zabaye mu gihe kimwe no gutura kwa Mashariki. Bantu ukomoka muri Afrika yuburengerazuba mu kiyaga cya Victoria no mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. Nyuma yaho bimukiye mu bindi bihugu bya Tanzaniya hagati yimyaka 2.300 na 1.700 ishize. [16]

Ubutegetsi bw'Abadage bwatangiriye ku mugabane wa Tanzaniya mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 igihe Ubudage bwashingaga Afurika y'Uburasirazuba bw'Ubudage. Ibyo byakurikiwe n’ubutegetsi bw’Abongereza nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, umugabane w’igihugu wategekwaga nka Tanganyika, hamwe na Archipelago ya Zanzibar hasigaye ububasha bw’abakoloni. Nyuma y'ubwigenge bwabo mu 1961 na 1963, izo nzego zombi zishyize hamwe mu 1964 zishyiraho Repubulika yunze ubumwe ya Tanzaniya. Ibihugu byari byinjiye mu muryango w’Ubwongereza mu 1961 kandi Tanzaniya iracyari umunyamuryango wa Commonwealth nka repubulika imwe.

Umuryango w'abibumbye wavuze ko abaturage ba Tanzaniya mu mwaka wa 2018 bagera kuri miliyoni 56.31, ukaba ari muto ugereranije na Afurika y'Epfo, bityo kikaba igihugu cya kabiri gituwe cyane giherereye mu majyepfo ya Ekwateri. [7] Abaturage bagizwe n’amoko agera ku 120, [20] y’indimi, n’amadini. Igihugu cyigenga cya Tanzaniya ni repubulika ishingiye ku itegekonshinga rya perezida kandi kuva mu 1996 umurwa mukuru wacyo ni Dodoma aho ibiro bya perezida, Inteko ishinga amategeko, na minisiteri zimwe na zimwe biherereye. Dar es Salaam, ahahoze ari umurwa mukuru, igumana ibiro byinshi bya leta kandi niwo mujyi munini mu gihugu, icyambu gikuru, ndetse n’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi kiyoboye. [18] [22] [23] Tanzaniya ni igihugu cy’ishyaka rimwe gifite ishyaka rya demokarasi Chama Cha Mapinduzi ku butegetsi.

Tanzaniya ni imisozi kandi ifite amashyamba menshi mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, aho umusozi wa Kilimanjaro uherereye. Bitatu mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika biri muri Tanzaniya. Mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba hari ikiyaga kinini cya Afurika, ikiyaga kinini cya Afurika, n'ikiyaga cya Tanganyika, ikiyaga kinini cyane cyo ku mugabane wa Afurika, kizwiho amoko yihariye y'amafi. Mu majyepfo hari ikiyaga cya Malawi. Inkombe y'iburasirazuba irashyushye kandi itoshye, hamwe na Zanzibar Archipelago ku nkombe gusa. Agace ko kubungabunga Menai Bay ni agace kanini ka Zanzibar karinzwe. Isumo rya Kalambo, riherereye ku mugezi wa Kalambo ku mupaka wa Zambiya, ni isumo rya kabiri ridasubirwaho muri Afurika.

Ubukirisitu ni ryo dini rinini muri Tanzaniya, ariko kandi hari umubare munini w'Abayisilamu n'Aba Animiste. Indimi zirenga 100 zivugwa muri Tanzaniya, kikaba igihugu gitandukanye cyane mu ndimi muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. Igihugu ntigifite ururimi rwemewe, [27] nubwo ururimi rwigihugu ari Igiswahiri. Igiswahiri gikoreshwa mu mpaka z’abadepite, mu nkiko zo hasi, no mu rwego rwo kwigisha mu mashuri abanza. Icyongereza gikoreshwa mu bucuruzi bw’amahanga, muri diplomasi, mu nkiko zisumbuye, no mu rwego rwo kwigisha mu mashuri yisumbuye ndetse n’ayisumbuye, [26] nubwo guverinoma ya Tanzaniya iteganya guhagarika icyongereza nkururimi rwibanze rw’inyigisho ariko bizaboneka nk amasomo atabishaka. Abagera kuri 10 ku ijana by'Abanyatanzaniya bavuga Igiswahiri nk'ururimi rwa mbere, naho abagera kuri 90 ku ijana bavuga ururimi rwa kabiri.




#Article 7: Kigali (168 words)


Kigali ni umurwa mukuru w'u Rwanda. Ni umujyi uherereye hagati mu gihugu ukaba ufite abaturage 1,095,000
(mu mwaka wa 2019)
Ni wo mujyi nkingi w'ubukungu n' umuco by'igihugu. Imihanda yose yo mu gihugu ni ho itangirira akaba ari yo nkingi ya transiporo.
Ibiro bya za Ministeri, n'ibya Perezida wa Repubulika biri muri uyu mugi. 70% by'umugi ni uduce tw'icyaro.

Kigali yashinzwe mu 1907 mu gihe cy'ubukoloni bw' Abadage (Ubudage) ushinzwe na Richard Kandt, ariko ntiwigeze uhinduka kapitali y'u Rwanda kugeza igihe ubukoloni bwarangiriye (indépendance) muri 1962 . Umurwa mukuru , akaba ari naho umwami yabaga muri icyo gihe wari Nyanza, ariko umugi mukur w'abakoloni wari Butare, icyo gihe yitwaga Astrida. Butare yabonwaga nk'aho ari wo mujyi wahinduka kapitali y' u Rwanda rwigenga ariko Kigali iza guhitwamo kubera ukuntu iherereye hagati mu gihugu.
Guhera taliki ya 7 Mata, 1994, Kigali yabaye isibaniro rya Genocide cyangwa Ethnic Cleasing, —aho abatutsi barenga miliyoni bishwe bazira ubwoko bwabo . Nubwo umugi washenywe mu gihe cya Genocide, ubu urimo kwiyubaka ku ntambwe ishimishije.




#Article 8: Umunyu (220 words)


Imyunyu ngugu kimwe na za vitamini ni ingenzi ku buzima bw’umuntu. Imyunyu ngugu yihariye 4% by’uburemere bw’umubiri w’umuntu. Imwe muri yo igomba kuboneka buri munsi kandi ku rugero ruhagije. Aho twavuga nka sodiyumu (umunyu), potasiyumu, kalisiyumu, feri, manyeziyumu na fosifori. 

Nk’uko aya makuru akomeza abivuga ngo ubusanzwe umubiri ukenera umunyu kugira ngo ugire uruhare mu kuringaniza ubwinshi bw’amazi mu mubiri (régulation de l’eau).

Umubiri wongera kandi gukenera umunyu mu mikorere y’imyakura no mu mikorerere myiza y’inzira zijyana ubutumwa ku bwonko. Aha gatatu umunyu wongera gukenerwa mu mubiri ni mu mikorere myiza y’inyama zitwikiriye amagufwa. Umunyu wo mu gikoni uba ugizwe n’umunyu ngugu wa sodiyumu (Na+) n’uwa chlore (Cl-).

Aya makuru kandi avuga ko ubwinshi bw’umunyu ngugu wa sodiyumu bushobora guteza ibibazo bitari bike mu mubiri. Aha bavuga ko iyo ukabije kuba mwinshi ushobora gutuma habaho ubwiyonegre bw’umuvuduko w’amaraso mu buryo butunguranye kandi ukaba wanakwangiza impyiko mu gihe ukabije kuba mwinshi.

Uyu munyu kandi mu gihe uhuye n’amazi bikagera ku mubiri bishobora kwangiza uruhu. Aha bavuga ko bikunze kubaho mu gihe umunyu uhuye n’icyuya cyabaye amazi. Iyi mvange kandi yangiza amaso, ariko mu gihe kitari kinini.

Iyi myunyu kandi mu gihe igeze mu myanya y’ubuhumekero ishobora kuyangiza rimwe na rimwe igatera inkorora cyangwa guhumeka nabi. Aha bavuga ko ari bibi cyane ko umunyu wagera mu maso kuko ushobora gutera ubuhumyi buhoraho.




#Article 9: Ihene (179 words)


 

Ihene (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Capra aegagrus hircus) ni itungo.

Dore ihene ya sehene. kariya kana mubona, ni sehene uyiragiye. ayiragira neza, yataha bakayimukamira. amata yayo bayita amahenehene. 

Aha bavuga ko ihene ishobora kurisha ibyatsi byinshi bitandukanye mu gihe kimwe. Uko kurisha mu rwuri ihene irisha ibyatsi bitandukanye, bityo zikaba ishobora no kurya imwe mu mirama y’ibiti yatakaye ku butaka bikaza kuzita mu mahurunguru. Izo mbuto zaciye mu nda y’ihene zihakura ubushobozi bwo guhita zimera mu butaka zihuye nabwo.

Mu gihe biriwe n’amatungo cyane cyane bikiri bito ntibiba bigisakaje utubuto twabyo, dutuma bihora bizamuka mu murima mbere y’uko icyo gihingwa kizamuka. Aha basanga ihene ari ingenzi mu kugabanya ibyo byatsi, kandi ahanini usanga zo zibishobora kurusha andi matungo akenshi.

 

Ubworozi bw’ihene bugamije cyane cyane kongera umusaruro w’inyama. Mu mwaka wa 2003 niho hatangijwe igikorwa cyo kuzana mu Rwanda amasekurume y’ihene z’ubwoko bwa Boer, zivuye mu gihugu cy’Afurika y’epfo, hagamijwe kuvugurura ubwoko bw’ihene busanzwe bw’inyarwanda. Ubu tukaba tumaze kugeza mu Rwanda amasekurume 697. Ifoto iri kuri page ikurikira irerekana ubwo bwoko n’amasekurume yamaze kugera mu Rwanda hagati ya 2003 na

 




#Article 10: Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (2175 words)


Urubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti (IGF) ni urubuga ruhurirwamo n'abantu b'ingeri zinyuranye bafite aho bahurira n'ibikorwa bya IG baganira cyane ku bibazo by'ingamba za politiki y'Imicungire n'Imiyoborere ya Interineti. Ishyirwaho rya IGF ryatangajwe ku mugaragaro n'Umunyamabanga Mukuru w'umuryango w'Abibumbye muri Nyakanga 2006 nyuma ritangira gukora mu Ukwakira/Ugushyingo 2006.

Nyuma y'inama yari igamije kwegera uwo ariwe wese ufite icyo yamara muri iki gikorwa yahamagajwe muri Gashyantare 2006, Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa ONU yashyizeho Itsindangishwanama, MAG mu magambo ahinnye, n'Ubunyamabanga buhoraho n'inkingishingiro za IGF.


Amakuru arambuye ku mahame y'imikorere ya MAG n'ibishingirwaho mu gutoranya abayigize bikubiye muri the summary report of its Gashyantare meeting available at 

Ivugururwa ry'ubunyamuryango bwa MAG
Ibiro by'Umuryango w'Abibumbye biri i Jeneve mu Busuwisi, ku wa 22 Kanama 2008, byavuguruye ubunyamuryango bwa MAG mu rwego rwo gutegura inama ku Rubuga ku micungire n'imiyoborere ya Interineti izabera Hiderabadi (Hyderabad) mu Buhindi (India). A total of 50 members, 17 among them new have been appointed, which represents 1/3 of its membership. Nitin Desai continues to be the Chairman for Itsindangishwanama. (Source: UN Department of Public Information, United Nations Office in Jeneve. Kugira ubushobozi bwo kugera ku makuru wifuza (Access)ed online at:




#Article 11: Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda (185 words)


Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda (NUR mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza; cyangwa UNR mu magambo ahinnye y’igifaransa; izina mu gifaransa: Université nationale du Rwanda ; izina mu cyongereza : National University of Rwanda) ni yo Kaminuza nini mu Rwanda. Ibarizwa kuri 2° 36′ 58″ S, 29° 44′ 34″ E mu mujyi wa Butare. Yashinzwe mu mwaka w’1963, ishingwa na guverinoma y’u Rwanda ku bufatanye n’abakristu b’abadominikani bo mu mujyi wa Québec mu gihugu cya Kanada.
 

Ikimara gushingwa, iyi kaminuza yatangiranye amashami (facultés) atatu gusa, ari yo: Ishami ry’ubuganga; Ishami rijyanye n’ubumenyi bw’umuryango (sciences sociales) n’Ishami nderabarezi (science de l'éducation). Yatangiranye kandi abanyeshuli 51 n’abarimu 16.  

Muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yo muw’1994, iyi kaminuza yaguyemo inzirakarengane nyinshi ndetse ikurizamo no gufunga, ifungura mu mwaka w’1995. Ikimara gufungura, ururimi rw’uburezi rwahise ruba icyongereza, kigakoreshwa hamwe n’igifaransa. 

Mu mwaka w’2005, uburere bwatangwaga muri kaminuza bwibanze ku bumenyi-ngiro (science) n’ikoranabuhanga, ndetse n’ubumenyamuntu (humanités), bikigishwa mu rurimi rw’igifaransa n’icyongereza.   Guhera mu mwaka w’2005, abanyeshuli bigaga muri iyi kaminuza babarirwaga kuri 8221, naho abarimu bakaba 425. 

Dore amatariki y’ingirakamaro n’ibikorwa byabayeho muri kaminuza y’u Rwanda:

Kaminuza y’u Rwanda ifite amashami 9, ari yo:

 




#Article 12: Ikimera (100 words)


Ikimera (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Plantae) ni ikimera kizima, igice cyacyo, umurama cyangwa igice gituma cyororoka,

U Rwanda rucumbikiye ibimera by’amoko menshi anyuranye kubera urusobe rw’imiterere y’igihugu n’urw’ikirere ruhanitse kuva mu burengerazuba kugera mu burasirazuba. Ibimera bito bizamura amazi mu miheha yabyo (plantes vasculaires) bibarirwa hafi mu moko 3000 aturuka mu turere dutandukanye bitewe n’imiterere nyabuzima y’ahantu.

Amoko hafi 280 y’ibimera bigira uburabyo bituruka mu Rwanda abonwa nk’akomoka muri Albertine Rift. Muri ayo moko cyimeza, hafi 20 yihariwe n’u Rwanda, amoko 50 aboneka gusa mu Rwanda no muri Kongo y’Uburasirazuba ,naho amoko 20 yabonetse gusa mu Rwanda no mu Burundi.




#Article 13: Inkoko (123 words)


Inkoko (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini  Gallus gallus domesticus) ni itungo.

Isake (ubuke: Amasake) = inkoko y’igitsina gabo.

Inkoko z’amagi

Inyama y’inkoko 

Ubworozi bw’inkoko bugamije kongera inyama n’amagi. Kubera indwara y’ibicurane by’ibiguruka, ituragiro rya Rubirizi, ari naryo ritanga icyororo cy’inkoko mu Rwanda ryafunzwe kuva muri 2006 kugeza mu mpera za 2007. Mu ntangiro za 2008 niho iryo turagiro rya Rubirizi ryongeye gufungura no kuzana imishwi iturutse mu mahanga, yo korora no kuvanaho icyororo cy’inkoko z’amagi n’inyama. Uyu mwaka wagiye kurangira aborozi b’inkoko bamaze kugezwaho imishwi 46,048 y’ubwoko bw’inkoko zitera amagi n’izitanga inyama.

N’ubwo ituragiro ryari rifunze, aborozi b’inkoko bakomeje gutumiza imishwi hanze y’igihugu (Uganda, Kenya) ku buryo muri 2008 hatumijwe imishwi 329,000 n’amagi 1,200,000. Umusaruro ukaba utangiye kongera kugaragara ku isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu.

  

  




#Article 14: Inka (561 words)


Inka (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Bos primigenius taurus ♀) ni itungo. 

Inyana (izina mu Cyongereza calf)

Kubungabunga ubwoko bw’inka z’inyambo:

Nk’uko bigaragara gahunda z’ubworozi zose zigamije kongera umusaruro (intensification) hakoreshejwe amoko y’amatungo atanga umusaruro mwinshi ku butaka buto. Ibi birasaba kubangurira ku bwinshi inka z’inyarwanda hafi ya zose ku bwoko bw’amata (Friesian, Jersey) muri gahunda yo kongera umukamo. 

Inka y’inyarwanda izwi kuba igira umukamo muto, ariko nanone izwiho kugira inyama nziza (less cholesterol) ari nacyo gituma mu bihugu byinshi batangiye kujya bayitwaraho icyororo. Mu rwego rwo kubungabunga izo nka z’inyambo, kugira ngo ubwo bwoko butazazima, hashyizweho amashyo atatu (3) y’Inyambo z’amashashi 600 zatoranyijwe muri Uganda, zikaba zororewe Gako mu Bugesera na Karama muri Nyagatare. Ifoto ikurikira iragaragaza amashashi y’inyambo yororewe mu rwuri rwa Karama.

Guteza imbere ubworozi bw’inka z’inyama :

Ubworozi bw’inka z’inyama nabwo ntabwo bwibagiranye. Aborozi batuye mu Murenge wa Ndego mu Karere ka Kirehe, batangiye guhuza ubutaka bwabo, bagamije kugira inzuri nini zakororerwaho inka z’inyama. Leta izabafasha kubona icyororo cy’izo nka, byaba ari ukuzigura mu mahanga cyangwa hakoreshwa intanga (ndetse n’insoro) z’ubwoko bwa Bonsmara na Brahaman zamaze kugurwa no kugezwa mu Gihugu n’izindi zose zishobora gutumizwa hanze.

Abikorera ku giti cyabo nabo Leta irabashishikariza korora ibimasa bivuye mu ma farms y’inka zitanga amata, bakabibyibushya ku buryo byatanga inyama.

Indwara z’inka muri rusange ziterwa n’udukoko nka virusi, bacteria n’ibihumyo. Hano hari zimwe mundwara zifata inka:

Uburenge : Iyi ndwara iterwa n’agakoko ka virusi. Ituma itungo ricika integer rikagira n’umuriro. Ifata ururimi, iminwa, igikanu, amaguru, amacebe n’amabere akagira ububabare.

Kuyigenzura : Ukongera isuku no gukingira. Akenshi kuyihagarika biragora iyo yagaragaye. Kubera ibyo, ni byiza kwica izarwaye.

Indwara ya tuberculosis : Ni indwara iramba iterwa na bacteri. Yi ndwara irakaze cyane kuko n’abantu bayandura bayikuye kunka inyuze mu mata no kubikomoka ku mata.

Kuyigenzura : Gufata ingamba zo gushyira mu kato no gupima bihoraho iyi ndwara. Amatungo adwaye agomba gushyirwa mukato kandi akabagwa. Gutera imiti yica udukoko buri gihe.

Indwara ya lung plague (pleuropneumonia) : Ni indwara iterwa n’agakoko ka virusi ituma itungo rikorora rigacika integer mbere y’uko ripfa. Ishobora kugenzurwa ushyira amatungo adwaye ukwayo.

Indwara ya Rinderpest (cattle plague) : Ni indwara ikaze iterwa n’agakoko ka virusi. Ibimenyetso harimo kutamera neza mu gifu bigatera guhitwa, umuriro mwinshi, gusohora imyanda ivanze n’amaraso no gucika integer muri rusange ku matungo.

Kuyigenzura : Ishobora kuvurwa ukoresha urukingo rwo kwirinda no gushyira amatungo adwaye ukwayo.

Indwara y’inzoka : Murizo harimo flukes, inzoka zo mumazi n’inzoka zo kubutaka. Ibimenyetso harimo kutarya.

Kuyigenzura : Guhora wica inzoka. Isuku nziza. Guhindura aho kororera.

Indwara y’umusinziro (Trypanosomiasis) : Iyi ndwara iterwa n’isasi yitwa tsetse. Udukoko dushwanyaguza ingingo zo mu maraso. Ibimenyetso harimo muri rusange gucika intege n’umuriro mwinshi. Kuyirinda bishobora wica amasasi ya tsetse no gukingira. Ishobora kugenzurwa ushyira amatungo adwaye ukwayo no kuyabaga.

Udukoko tubeshwaho n’inyamanswa: Utu dukoko duto dutwara indwara ariko udukoko dukaze ni nka ikirongwe,amasazi, n’inda. Ikirongwe nicyo kiboneka cyane kandi gitera cyane umuriro.

Uburyo butatu bwo kugenzura udukoko: Kugira aho ziba hasukuye. Kogesha amatungo amazi yica udukoko. Guhozaho umwotsi wirukana udukoko.

Ikiraro ni ingenzi ku matungo n’uburyo bwo korora bwerekana ubwoko bazifashisha. Ubwoko bw’ibiraro burimo ibice bitatu hari aho bubaka hato hagatanga umusaruro mwinshi, aharinganiye n’ahanini ariko hatanga umusaruro muke.

Ubwoko bubiri bwambere busaba kubaka ikiraro gifite igisenge n’uruzitiro, mugihe ubwoko bwa gatatu budasaba ikiraro kubera ko ureka ubushyo buke bwakijyambere cyangwa ntabwo babureka bukarisha mu gisambu. Ikibitandukanya ni igihe amatungo amara ari hanze y’ikiraro.

 




#Article 15: Igi (114 words)


Igi (ubuke: Amagi )

Kurya amagi menshi, kenshi, ni ukuvuga ngo urengeje amagi 3 mu cyumweru, na byo bishobora gutera kanseri y’amabere, mu gifu, ibihaha, urwagashya, umura, agahu koroheye ko muri nyababyeyi gategura ururenda rurinda nyababyeyi no mu mirera ntanga y’abagore. Abayarya cyane bakunda kurwara uruhu, ubugora, kwishimagura, imvuvu, kuribwa mu nda, imvururu mu mara, impiswi, ubuhwima. Iyo igi rihuye n’amatoto y’inkoko rikimara guterwa rihura na microbe yitwa Salmonella itera kuribwa mu mara na tifoyide. Amagi afite umunyu mwinshi agakena muri potasiyumu, ni cyo gituma akwiriye kwirindwa n’abarwaye indwara y’umutima. Amagi atera kanseri yo mu maraso cyane ku bagore, ni na yo atera kanseri yo mu gifu. Si byiza kuyaha umwana utari wuzuza umwaka.

 




#Article 16: Igiti (106 words)


Igiti (Ubwinshi: Ibiti) kiri mu muryango w’ibinyabuzima. Kiramera, kigakura, kikaba cyarabya, cyakwera imbuto, hanyuma kikazasaza. Cyakora ntigishobora kwiyimura aho kiri.

Igiti kigizwe n’imizi, n’igihimba, n’amashami, n’amababi, n’indabyo zibyara imbuto. Imizi ifatisha igiti mu butaka, ikabuvanamo ibigitunga. Igihimba gitangirira ku butaka kigakura kijya hejuru. Igiti gihumekera mu mababi. Aho ibiti biri ari byinshi bahita ishyamba. Bavuga ko amashyamba akurura imvura akanarwanya isuli.

Ibiti bigira akamaro kenshi: hari ibyera imbuto: nk’amacunga, amapapayi, indimu, amatunda, marakuja, za avoka, imyembe n’ibindi byinshi. Hari n’ibyubakishwa amazu n'amateme; hakaba n’ibisaturwamo imbaho, zikabazwamo ibikoresho by’amoko menshi, hakaba n’ibicanwa. Hari n'ibiti bitanga igicucu kuburyo abagenzi bashobora kwikinga izuba baruhuka bamara gutora akabaraga bagakomeza urugendo.




#Article 17: Mitarayeze (125 words)


Mitarayeze (mitrailleuse) ni yo yari igezweho mu gihe cy’intambara ya mbere y’isi. Icyo gihe inganda zashyize ingufu mu gucura ibikoresho by’intambara muri rusange, ariko bakaba bari bamaze imyaka 50 bari mu kugerageza niba babigeraho. Guhera mu 1914, ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga byakoreshejwe bidasubirwaho mu nzego nyinshi, cyane cyane izifite aho zihurira n’imirwano.

Inganda zicura ibyuma n’ikoreshwa ry’ubumara byatumye abahanganye ku rugamba bagira ingufu mu kwirinda umwanzi. Ka gerenade (grenade) kari gasigaye ari ako kwitwaza mu kwikiza umwanzi ku buryo butunguranye. 

Igihe iyi ntambara yabaga havumbuwe ibintu byinshi, harimo igisasu kiremereye cyarashwe mu 1915; canons antiaériens, ni ukuvuga uburyo bwo kuyobya ibisasu n’indege biri mu kirere; kuyobora indege ziri mu kirere; itumanaho hagati y’abari ku rugamba n’abayobozi babo, n’ibindi; ariko nyine ibyo byose bikajyana no gutwara ubuzima bw’abantu. 




#Article 18: Pariki ya Nyungwe (655 words)


Pariki ya Nyungwe cyangwa Pariki Nasiyonali ya Nyungwe ni ishyamba cyimeza riri mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw’u Rwanda kandi riri hejuru y’inkombe z’ikiyaga cya Kivu. Iryo shyamba rifatanye na Pariki Nasiyonali ya Kibira yo mu gihugu cy’u Burundi kandi rishobora kuba ari ryo shyamba ry’inzitane ryo mu misozi minini kandi miremire muri Afurika yose ; ryari rifite ubuso bwa km² 924 mu mwaka w’i 2000. Iryo shyamba riri mu misozi ifite m 1600 na m 2950 kandi ririmo amoko menshi y’ibimera abana n’amoko anyuranye y’inyamaswa ; agizwe ahanini n’inyoni n’ingunge. Ishyamba cyimeza rya Nyungwe ni kimwe mu bigega by’amazi y’u Rwanda: ritanga hafi 60% by’amazi y’u Rwanda. Ikindi kandi isoko ry’uruzi rwa Nili iri muri iryo shyamba.

Amakuru dukesha RDB avuga ko iyi Pariki ya Nyungwe ifite ubuso bungana na kilometerokare hafi 1000, mu misozi y’agahebuzo yo mu majyepfo y’u Rwanda, Pariki ya Nyungwe ni ishyamba rirusha ayandi ubugari mu mashyamba yo mu misozi mu karere ka Afurika y’Iburasirazuba no hagati; akaba ari nayo yabayeho mbere y’izindi yahereye mu gihe cyiswe icy’Ubutita (Période Glacière). Ni igice gikize mu runyurane, rw’ibimera, ishyamba rigizwe n’amoko arenga 200 y’ibiti, n’urwunge rw’ibiti by’indabyo harimo n’igiti cy’inganzamarumbo lobelia n’izindi zitatse amabara menshi.

Umubare w’abanyarwanda basura Pariki ya Nyungwe ngo uragenda wiyongera, ibi ngo bikaba biterwa n’uko muri Pariki ya Nyungwe hubatswe urutindo rwo mu kirere, aho ugenda witegeye ishyamba ryose. Ibyo byatangajwe n’Umuyobozi bwa Pariki ya Nyungwe, wanasabye abanyamakuru gufata iya mbere mu gusura iyi Pariki kugira ngo babashe gutangaza ibyiza bitatse u Rwanda, nabo ubwabo babisobanukiwe.

RDG ivuga ko iri shyamba ricumbikiye inyoni z’agahebuzo mu Rwanda, Nyungwe irimo amoko agera kuri 300 y’inyoni, muri yo amoko 24 aboneka mu mashyamba macye y’ikibaya Kigali cya Albertine. Inyoni z’akataraboneka ziri mu nyoni za Nyungwe, harimo ikinyoni kinini cy’Ubururu bita Turaco, inyoni iteye ubwuzu z’ubururu, umutuku ndetse n’icyatsi zijwigira ziva mu giti zijya mu kindi nk’urugero rw’ibisiga bisa nk’ibishuhe. 

Iyo witegereje neza muri Pariki ya Nyungwe, ubona ko habonekamo amoko 13 y’inguge zibaho mu mutuzo muri iyi pariki yose. Izi nguge zibera muri iri shyamba; amwe moko agize izi nguge ashobora gusurwa na ba mukerarugendo, andi yo ntabwo asurwa. Izi nguge zikurura abakerarugendo benshi, kuko hari amwe muri aya moko y’inguge utasanga ahandi ku mugabane w’Afurika, uretse mu Rwanda. Uru rutonde twarusanze mu nzu y’ububiko bw’ubumenyi bwerekeye iyi Pariki ya Nyungwe, iherereye ku Uwinka. 

Dore amwe mu moko y’inguge ziri muri Pariki ya Nyungwe: icyondi (Cercopithecus lhoesti), igihinyage, inkomo (Colobus angolensis ruwenzori), inkima (Cercopithecus mitis doggetti  kandti ), inyenzi, impundu (Pan troglodytes schweinfurtii).

Muri iyi pariki ya Nyungwe kandi ushobora kuhabona andi moko y’inguge atandukanye arimo; Umukunga (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti), (Cercopithecus aethiops), igishabaga (Cercopithecus albigena johnostonii), Galago zo mu burasirazuba, Galago ntoya n’inini ndetse n’Igitera.

Nyungwe irushaho kuba agahebuzo kubera inguge zayo. Muri rusange zirimo amoko 13, harimo n’izisa n’umuntu cyane bita impundu, tutibagiwe inguge y’ubwoko bw’ibyondi (Cercopithecus lhoesti) hamwe n’amagana y’ubushyo buteye ubwuzu z’inkomo (Colobus angolensis ruwenzori).

Uretse muri iyi pariki y'igihugu ya Nyungwe, inzovu zo muri pariki Nasiyonali y'Akagera zazanywe mu mwaka w' 1975 zivanywe mu Bugesera, icyo gihe zari zikiri nto, gusa muri izo nzovu twavugamo nka Mutware, Helico na Mwiza kuko ari zo zashoboye kumenyera ariko izindi ziguma ari inyamaswa z' ishyamba.

Ukinjira muri Parike ya Nyungwe usanganirwa n’umwuka mwiza uhehereye, akayaga gatuje gaherekejwe n’utujwi tw’inyoni n’impumuro nziza y’indabyo ziganje muri iyo Parike, wakebuka hiryo hino ugahuza amaso n’utunyamanswa twiza cyane duteye ubwuzu bityo ukumva wakomeza kwihera ijisho.

Mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe uhasanga amoko 1250 y’ibimera harimo amoko 50 y’ibishihe, amoko 133 ya « Orchidées » indabo z’agahebuzo, amoko 275 y’inyoni (orchidées : indabo z’agahebuzo harimo amoko 24 gakondo

Twababwira ko iryo teme ryubatse muri metero 50 uvuye ku butaka, rikaba rireshya na metero 150. Ni ryo rya mbere rigeze muri Afurika y’Iburasirazuba, rikaba ndetse irya 3 muri Afurika nzima nyuma ya Gana na Afurika y’Epfo. Iryo teme rifasha abasura pariko kuyireba bayihereye hejuru, ku buryo bifasha mu kureba amaso ku yandi utunyoni ndetse n’inkende biba muri iryo shyamba.

 




#Article 19: Amahwa ya Kasi (158 words)


Amahwa ya Kasi (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Pinus kesiya ) ni igiti gikura vuba cyo muri Aziya, kitajya kiboneka hanze y’aho gihinze. Ibiti bigira uburebure buri hagati ya metero 30 na 35 n’igihimba gishobora kugera kuri metero 1 y’umubyimba. Buri shami rigira amahwa atatu, rimwe rimwe rifite hafi ya santimetero 15 na 20 z’uburebure. Imbuto z’ibi biti (mu ishusho ry’umutemeri) zigira uburebure buri hagati ya santimetero 5 kugera ku 9 noneho intete zikagira hagati ya santimetero 1,5 kugera kuri 2,5.

Inkomoko y’amahwa ya Kasi ni mu karere ka Himalaya: uhereye mu majyaruguru y’uburasirazuba bw’ubuhinde (muri iki gihe hakurwa imbaho gusa mu misozi ya Kasi na naga, muri leta ya Megalayi na Manipuru), mu Bushinwa (Mu ntara ya Yunani), Buruma (Miyanimari), amajyaruguru ya Tayilani, Lawosi, Viyetinamu (Layi Cawu, Langi soni, Cawo Bangi, Kuwangi Ninihi) no muri Filipine (Luzoni). Amahwa yo muri Filipine aboneka mu bwoko bwa Pinus insularis. Mu Bushinwa haboneka ubundi bwoko bwitwa amahwa ya Yunani (Pinus yunanensis).   




#Article 20: Ingagi (243 words)


Ingagi (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Gorilla) 

Kwiga iby’inguge ni ugusesengura ubuzima bw’inguge. Iri ni ishami ry’ibinyabuzima rikaba rifitanye isano rya bugufi n’ibijyanye no kwiga imiterere y’ikiremwa-muntu. Ubu ni ubumenyi bw’inguge ku muntu w’iki gihe (genus Homo) cyane cyane umuntu wo mu gihe tugezemo (Homo sapiens). Ubwo bumenyi bubumbira hamwe kwiga ibisamuntu, birimo abakurambere ba muntu hamwe n’ubundi bwoko bw’inguge zo muri Afurika. Ubumenyi bwo kwiga inguge bugezweho ni ubuhanga buhambaye. Ubwo bumenyi buhera ku kwiga imiterere y’abakurambere b’inguge hamwe, aho zikunze kwibera, ibijyanye n’imitekerereze yazo n’imivugire yazo. Ibi byafashije cyane mu kurushaho ku kumenya ibanze ry’imyifatire y’umuntu n’ibijyanye n’iyo myifatire ku bakurambere ba muntu. 

Amoko menshi y’ inguge hari byinshi ahuriyeho n’ abantu ariko ingagi zo ni akarusho! Ibirenge n’intoki byazo biteye nk’iby'abantu kurusha ubundi bwoko bwose bw’inguge ; ingagi zimara igihe kinini ku butaka kurusha izindi nguge zose, niyo mpamvu ibirenge byazo bishobora kugenda nta kibazo. Ibi ubibonera cyane ku ngagi zo mu birunga.

Umubare munini w’izo ngagi uba mu gace k’Afurika yo hagati mu karere k’ibirunga byo mu Rwanda, Repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya Kongo na Uganda. Abayobozi b’ibi bihugu bafatanije n’imiryango iharanira gusigasira urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bakaba barakoze ibarura ryasanze muri 2011 hazaba hari ingagi zigera kuri 480 mu gihe muri 2003 zanganaga na 380. Iyi mibare ikaba ituma ku isi yose ubu habarirwa ingagi zigera kuri 786. Uyu mubare nk’uko ubuyobozi bw’i’bihugu bibamo ingagi bubivuga ukaba wariyongereye bitewe n’ingamba zafashwe zo kurwanya abahiga inyamaswa. Ibi bikiyongera no ku kurwanya itwika ry’amashyamba. 




#Article 21: Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga (614 words)


Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga cyangwa  Pariki y’Ibirunga, Pariki y’Ibirunga y’u Rwanda, Pariki Nasiyonali y’Ibirunga. Pariki iri mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'u Rwanda. Iyi Pariki ni nayo ibonekamo Ingagi zo mu misozi (cyangwa zo mu birunga). Yemejwe bwa mbere mu mwaka wa 1925. Muri icyo gihe yari agace gato hagati y’ibirunga bya Kalisimbi, Bisoke na Mikeno. Niyo pariki nkuru y’igihugu yashinzwe bwa mbere muri Afurika.

Mu mwaka wa 1929 iyo pariki yongerewe ubunini kuko yahise ifata ubutaka bw’ U Rwanda ndetse na Congo Mbiligi ariyo Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo uyu munsi. Icyo gihe iyi pariki yahise igira ubuso bungana na 8090 km² , ibyo byakozwe mu rwego rwo kuyihinduramo Parc Albert yacungwaga n’abakoloni b’Ababiligi dore ko ari nabo bakoronizaga ibyo bihugu byombi.

Nyuma y’uko Congo ibonye ubwingenge mu 1960 ndetse n’U Rwanda mu 1962, Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga yahise icikamo ibice bibiri, buri gihugu kigira agace gicunga, ku ruhande rw’U Rwanda iyo pariki yahise itangira kugabanuka ubunini kuko abaturage batangiye kuyisatira bashaka aho gutura no guhinga.

Mu mwaka wa 1967 iyi pariki yabaye intangiriro y’ubushakashatsi ku ngagi bw’ Umunyamerikakazi wabaye ikirangirire mu bushakashatsi bw’ibidukikije, Diana Fossey. Akigera muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga yahise atangiza ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi yise Karisoke Research Centre, hagati ya Karisimbi na Bisoke. Guhera ubwo, igihe cye kinini yagifataga muri pariki, kandi akeshwa kuba yarahesheje agaciro ingagi zo mu Rwanda, asaba ko zitabwaho ku rwego mpuzamahanga.

Diana Fossey yiciwe mu rugo iwe mu mwaka w’1985, azize abashimusi batazwi yari amaze igihe akumira, ahambwa muri pariki y’Ibirunga hafi y’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi yari yarashinze.

Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga yaje kubamo umutekano mucye ubwo intambara yatangiraga hagati y’abahoze ari ingabo z’U Rwanda n’ingabo za FPR- Inkotanyi, ku buryo mu mwaka wa 1992 hagabwe igitero ku cyicaro gikuru cy’iyo pariki biza gutuma ibikorwa bya ba mukerarugendo ndetse n’ubushakashatsi bwakorerwaga muri iyo parike bihagarara. Ibikorwa by’umutekano mucye byarakomeje bitewe n’abahoze mu ngabo zatsinzwe bacengeraga baturutse muri Congo ihana imbibe n’U Rwanda mu majyaruguru. Ibyo bikorwa by’ubugizi bwa nabi byahagaze mu 1999 bihoshejwe burundu n’ingabo z’igihugu cy’U Rwanda.

Iyi pariki irimo urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima nk’ibimera ndetse n’inyamaswa. Ibimera bigenda bitandukana bitewe n’ubutumburuke. Hari ishyamba ry’imisozi migufi (igice cyaryo kinini cyarahinzwe). Hagati ya metero 2400 na 2500 z’ubutumburuke, hari ishyamba ryo mu bwoko bwa Neoboutonia, naho ku butumburuke bwa metero 2500 kugeza kuri 3200 hari ishyamba ry’urugano rwo mu bwoko bwa Arundinaria alpine, riri ku buso bubarirwa kuri 30% bya pariki yose.

Ku butumburuke bwa metero 2600 kugera kuri 3600, ahanini ku bice by’imisozi bikonja byo mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba, hari ishyamba ryo mu bwoko bwa Hagenia-Hypericum, ribarirwa kuri 30% bya pariki yose. Iri shyamba ni rimwe mu mashyamba manini muri Afurika rifite ibiti byo mu bwoko bwa Hagenia abyssinica.

Ibimera byo ku butumburuke bubarirwa hagati ya metero 3500 na 4200, rigaragaramo cyane ibiti byo mu bwoko bwa Lobelia wollastonii, L. lanurensis na Senecio erici-rosenii, rikaba ribarirwa ku bugari bwa 25% bya pariki yose. Kuva kuri metero 4300 kugeza kuri 4200 z’ubutumburuke, ibyatsi ni byo bihagaragara.

Hagaragara kandi igisambu cy’ibyatsi binini ndetse n’icy’ibito, ishyamba risanzwe n’ibiyaga bito, ariko ibi byose bibarirwa ku buso buto.

Mu rwego rw’ isi, iyi pariki izwi cyane ku ngagi zo mu misozi (Gorilla beringei). Izindi nyamaswa z’inyamabere zigaragara muri iyi pariki ni: Inguge zo mu bwoko bwa inkima  (Cercopithecus mitis kandti); inzovu (Loxodonta africana); impyisi z’amabara zo mu bwoko bwa Crocuta na impongo (Tragelaphus scriptus). Iyi pariki kandi irimo inzovu n’ubwo ari nke. Harimo amoko 178 y’inyoni, byibura 13 muri yo na 16 y’ibisanira byayo akaba ari yo aboneka cyane mu birunga no mu misozi ya Rwenzori. 

Muri Pariki Nasiyonali y’Ibirunga usangamo 245 y’ibimera harimo amoko 13 ya zirinzwe mu rwego mpuzamahanga, 115 y’inyamaswa zonsa harimo Ingagi zo mu misozi zirenze 650, amoko 187 y’inyoni, amoko 27 y’ibikururanda n’imitubu, n’amoko 33 y’udukoko.

 




#Article 22: Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda (103 words)


Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda (izina mu cyongereza Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda ; izina mu gifaransa Journal Officiel de la République du Rwanda)

Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda isohoka buri wa mbere w’icyumweru.

Amafaranga y’ifatabuguzi ry’umwaka wose, ayo kugura inomero imwe n’ayo kwandikishamo inyandiko arihirwa mu Kigo cy’Igihugu cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro (RRA); uwishyuye yerekana urupapuro yishyuriyeho kugira ngo serivisi ishinzwe Igazeti ya Leta imukorere icyo yishyuriye. Ifatabuguzi ry’umwaka wose rirangirana n’umwaka wishyuriwe kandi kwishyura bigakorwa mbere y’ukwezi kwa Mutarama k’umwaka ufatirwa ifatabuguzi. Abishyura batinze barakirwa bagahabwa numero zasohotse batarafata ubuguzi, iyo zihari, zaba zarashize ntibagire icyo babaza.




#Article 23: Cécile Kayirebwa (337 words)


Cécile Kayirebwa (yavutse kuwa 22 Ukwakira 1946) ni Umwanditsi, umusizi, n'umuririmbyikazi w'umunyarwanda.

Cecile Kayirebwa ni umuvukarwanda wa mbere werekanyeko umuziki utazanywe mu Rwanda n’abazungu. Yamenyekanishije ubwiza bw’umuziki gakondo w’u Rwanda mu mahanga kandi kugeza n’ubu ntawe uramuhiga, Ariganwa ariko ntarashyikirwa.

Cécile Kayirebwa yavutse muri 1946 I Kigali. Kuri iki gihe,abantu bari babayeho mu mahoro nubwo u Rwanda rwari ku ngoyi y’umukoloni. Se yayoboraga chorale ya paroisse akanigisha abana be indirimbo mu kinyarwanda n’ikilatini. Ageze muri secondaire yabaye umwe mu bashinze Rwandan Song and Dance Circle ; Ni bwo yatangiye kuririmba indirimbo gakondo atangira no guhimba ize bwite yishimisha, azitura inshuti ze cyangwa azinyujije kuri Radio Rwanda.

Akazi ke nka assistante sociale katumye ahura n’abantu bo mu bice bitandukanye by’igihugu n’ubwiza bw’umuco gakondo n’ubuvanganzo bitandukanye. Yatangiye gukorana n’abaririmbyi n’abacuranzi cyane cyane ab’inanga. Nk’umuntu ujijutse, yatangiye kubona ko umuziki gakondo nyarwanda ushobora kuzatakaza agaciro, afata icyemezo cyo kuwuteza imbere no kuwumenyekanisha hose utarazimira.

N’ubwo yakoze iki gikorwa kitoroshye ariko yababajwe cyane n'ubwicanyi bwabaye mu Rwanda aho Interahamwe zicaga abatutsi n'abahutu bashira mu gaciro mugihe FPR-Inkotanyi zari zatangije intambara yo kubohoza i gihugu. Kayirebwa nawe yatakaje abantu benshi yari azi. Ikindi ni uko muri iyi album yaririmbaga ubwiza bw’u Rwanda nk’igihugu abana bacyo bagomba kwitangira no kubanamo mu mahoro. Muri iyi album harimo indirimbo nka Rwanamiza,Tarihinda,Kana,Inkindi,Mundeke Mbaririmbire,Urusamaza,Rubyiruko,Umulisa,Cyusa,Ndare na Umunezero.

Nyuma ya 1994 cecile Kayirebwa yagaragaye nk'umuntu waririmbaga indirimbo zikurura amacakubiri mu banyarwanda. Izo ndirimbo zirimo amarenga acibwa aganisha mu kunnyega abahutu bivanze n'agasuzuguro no kurata abatutsi mu buryo bwuzuyemo ubwishongozi n'ubwirasi. Zimwe muri izo ndirimbo harimo Inzovu, Ubumanzi, Ngire nte? na Mpore wararaye.

Umuco w'ivangura wakomeje kuranga Kayirebwa, watumye mu itorero rye hatarangwamo umuhutu n'umwe.

Ikindi cyavuzwe kuri Kayirebwa ni ugucuruza abangavu b'abanyarwanda mu bihugu by'i Burayi bagakoreshwa nk'indaya. Ibi byatumye abanyarwanda benshi bamuzinukwa, bigera aho mu mwaka wa 2012, byandikwa ko ari kwanduranya mu zabukuru, aho yaregaga ibitangazamakuru byo mu Rwanda ko ngo bicuranga indirimbo ze batamwishyuye. 

Muri ayo mahari, Kayirebwa yanarezemo isosiyeti ya RwandaAir ko ngo icuranga indirimbo ze nta ruhushya mu ngendo z'indege zayo zerekeza muri Nigeria. 

  

  




#Article 24: Noheli (147 words)


Noheli (izina mu cyongereza : Christmas ; izina mu gifaransa : Noël )

Ijambo Noheli rikomoka ku ijambo ry’Igifaransa “Noël”, naryo ryakomotse mu Kilatini “Natalis” bivuze “amavuka”. Mu Cyongereza Noheli ikaba “Christmas”. Mu Cyongereza, iri jambo ni inyunge (compound) aho rigizwe na “Christ” na “Mass”, aho rikomoka ku cyongereza cya kera “Christemass” nabyo biva ku cya kera cyane “Cristes mæsse” ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu 1038. Naryo rikaba rikomoka mu Kigereki n’Ikilatini, aho Cristes bikomoka ku Kigereki “Christos” namæsse rikava ku Lilatini “missa”. 

Mu bihugu bindi bigira umubare muto w’Abakristu, naho ngo ntibibuza ko uyu munsi wa Noheli uba ari konji. Igihugu nka Korea, ahagaragara umubare muke w’Abakristu, ngo usanga bizihiza Noheli ku buryo budasanzwe, kuko mu gihugu hose uhasanga imitako y’uyu munsi. Ibihugu bitizihiza umunsi wa Noheli ni nk’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa (havuyemo Hongo Kongo na Macao), Ubuyapani, Arabiya Sawudite, Aligeriya, Tayilande, Nepali, Irani, Turukiya na Koreya ya Ruguru. 

 




#Article 25: Revolusiyo ya kabiri ya 1973 (126 words)


Revolusiyo ya kabiri ya 1973  yatangiranye n’ihirikwa ku butegetsi bwa. Perezida Grégoire Kayibanda na Général Juvénal Habyalimana, Umukuru w’Ingabo z’Igihugu akaba na Minisitiri w’Ingabo muri Gouvernement ye akanaba n’umuhutu mugenzi we. Kayibanda n’abajyanama be bakomeye bahise bafungishwa ijisho. Yishwe n’inzara imyaka itatu ishize.

Urebye Habyalimana yakomeje umugambi wari warateguwe na mugenzi we wamubanjirije. Gutoteza no guheza abatutsi, mu kuyobya uburari ahisha igisirikare cye kugirango yemeze abantu ubutegetsi bwe nk’umusivili, habyalimana yahimbye ishyaka rye Mouvement Révolutionnaire National pour le Développement (MRND) mu 1975. ibi byahurije hamwe ingufu za Revolution ya kabiri mu Rwanda.

Imyaka itatu nyuma yahoo mu 1978 habyalimana atangaza ko ishyaka rye ariryo shyaka ryonyine rya politike mu Rwanda. Habyarimana yagumye ku butegetsi mu Rwanda imyaka ikurikiyeho 21 kugeza ku italiki ya 6 Mata 1994.




#Article 26: Chris Maina Peter (140 words)


Prof. Chris Maina Peter (14 Mata 1954) ni Umwarimu w’Amategeko akaba ariwe ukuriye
Komite ishinzwe gufasha mu by’amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam. Niwe umaze gusimburwa ku mwanya w’inama y’ubutegetsi ya Kituo Cha katiba akanaba umwe mu bari bagize inama y’ubuetegetsi ya Kituo Cha Katiba. Niwe wari ayoboye Misiyo yo mu Rwanda; YAnditse ku burenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu n’amategekonshinga mu karere k’Iburasirazuba. Imirimo ye irimo 
The Goldenberg Affair in Kenya: A Peoples’ Opinion (With Justice Samuel Wako Wambuzi and Prof. Joseph Oloka-Onyango), 2005; Constitutionalism  Transition: African and Eastern European Perspectives (wWith Prof. Joseph Oloka-Onyango), 2004; Constitutional Review Process in Kenya: A Report of a Fact-Finding Mission (Compiled and Edited with Prof. Edward F. Ssempebwa), 2003 and Constitutionalism in East Africa: Progress, Challenges and Prospects (With Kivutha Kibwana and Nyangabyaki Bazaara). Iyi mirimo yose yakozwe mu rwego rwa Kituo Cha Katiba. 

  




#Article 27: Edith Kibalama (113 words)


Edith Kibalama ni Umuyobozi wa Porogaramu muri Kituo Cha Katiba. Ni Umunyamatageko wo mu rwego rwo hejuru ubizobereyemo akaba afite LL.B na LL.M yakuye muri Kaminuza ya Makerere, Kampala, Uganda. Yakoze ubushakashatsi anagira uruhare mu bintu by’itegekanshinga n’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu muri Uganda no mu karere ka Afurika y’Iburasirazuba. Ibitabo yanditse zirimo “Opening up into a Cul-de-Sac: The State of Constitutionalism in Uganda in 2002,” in JJUUKO, Frederick (ed.), Constitutionalism in East Africa: Progress, Challenges and Prospects in 2002, Kampala: Fountain Publishers and Kituo Cha Katiba, 2005; and “Affirmative Action and the Status of Women in Uganda,” Volume 6 No. 1 East African Journal of Peace and Human Rights (HURIPEC – Makerere University Kampala, Uganda). 




#Article 28: Kituo Cha Katiba (416 words)


Kituo Cha Katiba (KcK) yatangijwe mu mwaka wa 1997 itangirana umugambi wo kwinjiza amatwara yo gukora amategeko nshinga na n’imiyoborere ya demokarasi mu karere ka afurika y’iburasirazuba. KcK itanga ubwisanzure ku baharanira inyungu zitandukanye, abari mu by’amashuri n’abanyapolitiki mu kwitabira ibiganiro, mu bitekerezo byo kwisuzuma ku bibazo by’ingutu bitandukanye bifite akamaro muri iki gihe. Imurongo wa KcK n’uguharanira ko imiryango itegamiye kuri leta yakwitabira imitunganyirize y’imiyoborere ikanigisha umuco wa demokarasi ihuje n’ibyifuzo n’ibyo rubanda rusanzwe rukeneye kandi ikanakrurikirana y’uko imiyoborere ya demokarasi ikoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi,guhera mu rugo, bigakomereza ku kazi, mu kagali, lmu gihugu no muri Afurika yo hagati muri rusange. KcK iyoborwa n’inama y’ubutegetsi igizwe n’banya Kenya, Uganda, Tanzaniya ndetse na Zanzibar. Ubunyamamabanga bwayo ubu ubukaba bukorera I Kampala muri Uganda.

Muri iyi myaka itatu ishize, KcK yakoze misiyo z’ubushakashatsi muri Zanzibar, Kenya na Uganda. Misiyo yo muri Kenya yari iyobowe n’Umukuru wa komisiyo ya Uganda ishinzwe ivugurura ry’Itegekonshinga, Prof. Frederick Ssempebwa, Misiyo yo muri Uganda yari iyobowe n’uwari Umujyanama w4umuryango w’Abibumbye muri Liberia, Prof. Haroub Othman wo muri Zanzibar; Miyiyo yo muri Zanzibar yari iyobowe na Hon. Abubaker Zein, umwe mu bagize komisiyo yo kuvugurura itegekonshinga rya Kenya.Raporo z’izo misiyo zose zarafashije cyane mu mirimo irimo gukorwa yo guteza imbere Amategeko nshinga. Misiyo yo mu Rwanda nayo yari muri urwo rwego.

Abagize misiyo bwa mbere baje mu Rwanda kva ku itariki ya 21 kugeza ku ya 26 Kamena 2004. Misiyo ikurikira yabaye kuva ku itariki ya 20 kugeza ku ya 26 Nyakanga 2004.Impanvu ya misiyo ya kabiri yari iyo kuganira nabo bireba bose misiyo ya mbere itari yabashije kubona ku nshuro ya mbere, cyane cyane imiryango ishinigye ku kwemera n’izindi minisiteri z’ifatizo. Misiyo yo kwimenyereza no kubonana n’abantu batandukanye yari yakozwe ishingiye kuko uretse ko hari imipakaisanzwe, u Rwanda rwari rumwe na Afurika y’iburasirazuba, urebeye ku misanire y’imico, indimi n’imigenzo y’abatuye Afurika y’iburasirazuba n’abanyarwanda. Kubera izo mpanvu, ibibazo by’u Rwanda ni ibibazo bya Afurika y’I Ubrasirazuba bikbba bikeneye igisubizo kimwe nka Afurika y’I burasirazuba.

Icya kabiri, uhereye kuko u Rwanda rwari rugiye kwinjira mu muryango w’ibihugu bya Afurika y’Iburasirazuba bye Kenya, Uganda na Uganda mu byo bise East African Community (EAC, Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika), KcK nk’umwe mu bafatanyije na EAC n’indi miryango itari iya leta (ONG), yumvise ari inshingano zayo gushyira u Rwanda muri gahunda zayo.

Icya gatatu, Jenoside mu Rwanda yazahaje cyane abaturage b’u Rwanda inasiga ingaruka zikomeye mu mibereho y’abanyarwanda. Nubwo habayeho imbaraga zishimishije mu gusana u Rwanda nk’igihugu, KcK yasanze ari ngombwa gushimangira kurushaho umugambi wo kurusana.




#Article 29: Hondurasi (131 words)


Hondurasi cyangwa Repubulika ya Hondurasi ni igihugu cyo muri Amerika yo hagati gifite ubuso bungana na km2 112 492 ndetse n’abaturage bagera kuri 7.792.854. Abaturage bacyo ni ubwoko bw’Abamestizos bagera kuri 98%, na ba kavukire bagera kuri 7% (ari bo Abamisikitos, Abapech, Abajikakis, ndetse n’Abarenkas) n’abirabura bagera kuri 2% ; ndetse n’abera bagera kuri 1%. Ururimi rukoreshwa muri rusange ni Icyesipanyole, nkuko hari n’izindi ndimi za kavukire. Idini ikomeye cyane ni iya Gaturika y’i Roma 85%, hagakurikiraho 10%, n’utundi tutsiko natwo tugize 5%.

Ubutumwa bw’Ivugurura bwageze muri Hondurasi mu mwaka 1960 ari na bwo mwene data Silivestre Cabanillas ndetse n’abandi babwiririshaga ubutumwa ibitabo bahatangizaga uwo murimo. Mu mwaka wa 1963 itorero ryahawe ibyangombwa n’ubuyobozi bwa Leta yaho, kandi uhereye ubwo, ni bwo Honduras yahindutse umubibyi w’imbuto muri Amerika yo hagati yose.




#Article 30: Perezidansi y’Amerika (277 words)


Perezidansi y’Amerika cyangwa Perezidansi ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika (izina mu cyongereza: White House )

Iyo nzu mwumva bita “White House”, tugenekereje mu kinyarwanda ni ukuvuga Ingoro y’umweru. Ni ingoro irimo ibiro n’ahantu ubaye Perezida wese wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USA) agomba gukorera akanaturamo we n’umuryango we. Iriya ngoro iri mu mujyi wa Washington DC (District of Columbia) irimo n’ibiro by’abandi bakozi bakora muri Perezidansi, ibibuga, ubusitani, pisine, aho barebera amacinamico, amafirimi n’ibindi byiza byinshi. Ku isi yose babona iyo ngoro nk’ikimenyetso gikomeye cy’ubutegetsi bwa USA n’igitinyiro cy’igihugu urebye ukuntu umutekano wayo ucunzwe dore ko hari impuguke zivuga ko hari ibyogajuru bikora gusa akazi ko gucunga umutekano wayo. 

Amateka y’iriya nzu atangirana n’igihe Perezida wa mbere wa USA, Bwana George Washington yajyaga ku butegetsi mu 1789. Icyo gihe yakoreraga muri Hotel 2 zari mu Mujyi wa New York. Izo hotel ni iyitwaga Samuel Osgood, yayibayemo kuva muri Mata 1789 kugeza muri Gashyantare 1790 ndetse n’indi yitwaga Alexander Macomb yakoreyemo kuva muri Gashyantare ukageza muri Kanama 1790. Mu kuboza 1790, perezida George Washington yasinye itegeko ry’Inteko ryavugaga ko icyicaro cy’ubutegetsi cya Leta ya USA kigomba kuba mu mujyi wa Philadelphia by’agateganyo mu gihe cy’imyaka 10. Ubwo bateganyaga ko iyo myaka ihagije kugira ngo icyicaro gikuru cya Leta y’Amerika kibe kirangiye kuzura i Washington DC. Umujyi wa Philadelphia wamukodeshereje Hotel yihariye yo gukoreramo yitwaga Robert Morris. Kuva muri Nzeri 1970 kugeza mu Werurwe 1979 perezida George Washington yabaye muri Hotel yitwaga Market Street. Iyo Hotel ngo yaje kuyikorera ivugurura ryamuhaye igitekerezo cy’uko White House izaba isa. George Washington afatanyije n’umuhanga we wari ushinzwe gutunganya imijyi witwa Pierre L’Enfant nibo bahisemo aho White House(Perezidansi y’Amerika) yubatse ubu ngubu. 




#Article 31: WikiLeaks (258 words)


Inyandiko zigera ku 250 000 Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika zandikiye cyangwa zandikiwe n’ibihugu byo hanze zimwe muri zo zikubiyemo amabanga ya diplomatie akomeye zashyizwe ahagaragara n’urubuga rwa internet WikiLeaks kuri iki Cyumweru, ku buryo hari amwe mu mabanga akomeye yashyizwe ku karubanda, nk’igihe Arabia Saudite yandikiraga Leta Zunze Ubumwe izisaba kugaba igitero kuri Iran.

Amakuru dukesha AFP aratumenyesha ko White House yamaganye ishyirwa ahagaragara ry’izo nyandiko ivuga ko rishobora guteza akaga, ivuga ko iki gikorwa cya WikiLeaks gishobora guteza ibibazo ku bantu bamwe na bamwe bishobora no kubaviramo kwicwa.

Ibinyamakuru byinshi bikomeye byo ku isi nta yindi nkuru ikomeye iri kuvugwa kurenza igikorwa cya WikiLeaks. Ikinyamakuru New York Times cyo cyatangaje ko izo nyandiko zigaragaza ku buryo busesuye imiterere y’ibivugirwa hanze y’amanama hagati ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’ibindi bihugu, ndetse n’imikorere ya za ambasade za Amerika ku isi yose. 

Mu Nyanja y’u Buhinde hakambitse abasirikare b’Abafaransa bashinzwe gukurikiranira hafi u Rwanda ndetse n’ibihugu birukikije, ubu bukaba ari bumwe mu buryo bushya bwashyiriweho gukurikiranira hafi ibihugu bya Afurika, nk’uko byashyizwe ahagaragara n’urubuga Wikileaks rukomeje kumena hanze amabanga ya bimwe mu bihugu by’ibihangange ku isi, by’umwihariko Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Igikorwa kizwi giheruka cyakozwe n’ingabo z’Abafaransa mu Rwanda ni “Opération Turquoise” mu 1994 ubwo ingabo z’Abafaransa zigera ku 2550 zambukaga zikinjira mu Rwanda zinyuze mu burengerazuba bw’u Rwanda bavuga ko bari bagamije kurinda abaturage b’abasivile, ariko icyegeranyo cyashyizwe ahagaragara n’u Rwanda muri Kanama 2008 cyiswe “Raporo Mucyo” cyabigaragaje ukundi kuko cyashinje izo ngabo kugira uruhare mu bwicanyi bw’Abatutsi ndetse no gufata abagore b’Abatutsikazi bari barokotse ku ngufu.

 




#Article 32: Umupira w’amaguru (190 words)


Umupira w’amaguru (izina mu cyongereza Football ) ni umukino.

Muri iki gihe hari byinshi bivugwa ku buryo amategeko y’umupira w’amaguru asigaye ateye, ibi akenshi bigaragara iyo igitego cyanzwe, nibwo abafana bava ku kibuga bijujuta bikomeye cyane bavuga ko bibwe, maze bakishyiriramo abasifuzi nyamara abasifuzi baba barengana kuko akenshi iyo babonye ibyabereye mu kibuga neza bitabacitse baba bakurikije amategeko ya FIFA nkuko abivuga.

Iyo witegereje neza ukareba itegeko rya 11 rivuga amakosa, hari byinshi ritwereka nko mu gika cyaryo cya mbere aho basobanura ikosa icyo ari cyo.

Abantu bakunda umupira w’amaguru.

Uko bigenda ahantu hose ku isi hari coach (umutoza) ushinzwe ibyo mu kibuga hakaba Team manager (umyobozi ushinzwe kumenya ibibazo by’abakinnyi ndetse n’uburyo bahagaze ku mikinire), coach (umutoza) afite ushinzwe kumenya Forme manager (ushinzwe kumenya uko abakinnyi bahagaze) z’abakinnyi akamenya ni ba coach (umutoza) atanga imyitozo, akanahuza coach (umutoza) na Direction (ubuyobozi) nk’iyo hari ikibazo.

Ariko mu guhamagara abakinnyi ni coach (umutoza) ubahamagara, ariko team manager (ushinzwe kureba uburyo abakinnyi bahagaze) aba yararangije kumubwira abafite forme (abahagaze neza), donc (ni ukuvuga) by’umvikana ko ari ibintu bitatu bitandukanye kandi team manager (ushinzwe abakinnyi) hari n’abatamushaka bagashyiraho directeur technique (umuyobozi ushinzwe tekinike).




#Article 33: Amavubi (137 words)


Ikipe nkuru y'igihugu cy'u Rwandamu marushanwa mpuzamahanga ya ruhago, iri mu nshingano za Federasiyo y'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda kandi ikaba imwe mu zigize Federasiyo Nyafurika y'umpira w'amaguru muri Afrika. Amavubi ahanini yitoreza muri stade Amahoro iherereye i Kigali, mu murwa mukuru w' u Rwanda.

Amavubi yitabiriye bwa mbere amarushanwa y'igikombe Nyafurika cya ruhago muri 2004 . . Umukino wa mbere Amavubi yaguye miswi na Guinea  igitego kimwe kuri kimwe, nyuma yaje gutsindwa na Tunisia ibitego bibiri kuri kimwe, ndetse itsinda Repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya Congo igitego kimwe ku busa. Nyamara ibyo ntibyari bihagije ngo u Rwanda rukomeze kuko rwaje gusezererwa.

Mu mikino ya FIFA u Rwanda rugaragazwa n'ijambo: RWA. Iri jambo rikoreshwa kandi na FIFA,  CAF ndetse na CECAFA. U Rwanda rwakunzwe kurangwa kandi n'ijambo: RR, bisobanuye, Repubulika y'u Rwanda cyangwa République du Rwanda mu rurimi rw'igifaransa.




#Article 34: Rhapidophyllum hystrix (111 words)


Rhapidophyllum hystrix ni kimwe mu bwoko bw’amamesa bwihanganira cyane ubukonje. Hari ubwoko bumwe gusa mu bwoko bwa Rhapidophyllum. Ahantu aya mamesa akunda kwibera ni ahantu hatoshye mu gace k’amajyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ikindi kandi yishimira ubukonje bwo hasi bwa dogere 20 munsi ya zero, ni igihingwa cyaba ahantu hose ku isi cyanecyane i Burayi.

Ni ubwoko kukomeye bw’amamesa, bugira uburebure hagati ya metero 1 kugera kuri 3 kikagira amahwa menshi akurura ku ruti. Rapidofilumu Hisitirikisi ni amamesa agira uduti turandaranda tukagira utubumbe ku ruhu, utu duti twinshi tugenda twihuza tugafatana tugakora uruti rw’umubyimba ugenda uhindagurika. Nyuma y’igihe, uru ruti rufatanye cyane ruvamo igihimba kidashobora kwinjirwa mo amazi. 

  




#Article 35: Parajubaea torallyi (136 words)


Parajubaea torallyi ni imikindo myiza cyane kandi ibasha guhangana no kwihanganira ibihe bibi cyane. Icyakora, ihingwa gake cyanye hanze y’ubuturo bwayo kimeza na abanyabusitani bitewe nimbuto zayo nini cyane (bivugako ubwikorezi bwacyo bwo mu bwato buhenze), ubuturo bwayo kimeza ni Boliviya.

Ni kimeza muri Boliviya, gikura muduce twumagaye kandi dufite ivumbi ryinshi, hagati y’ibibabaya by’ Ubuhinde k’ubutumburuke bwa metero 2700 na 3400 uvuye kubutumburuke bw’inyanja. Niyompamvu, iyi mikindo, aricyo kimera cyambere kwisi gishobora gukurira ku ubutumburuke burebure cyane aho ariho hose ku Isi. Ni gakeya cyane Ubushyuhe bujya hejuru ya 20 °C kandi akenshi usanga kuri ubu butumburuke nijoro haba hari ibihu byinshi cyane. Ubushyuhe usanga bugera hasi ya 7 ni ukuvuga –7 °C mugihe cy’ukwezi kwa Nyakanga na Kanama (Igihe cy’impeshyi) kandi igipimo cy’imvura mugihe cy’umwaka kingana gusa na metero 550 ni ukuvuga 550 m. 

  




#Article 36: Ikigori (392 words)


Ikigori (ubuke: Ibigori ; izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Zea mays ; izina mu cyongereza: Maize cyangwa Corn ; izina mu gifaransa: Maïs ) ni ikimera n’ikiribwa.

Abahinzi bo mu murenge wa Gashali ho mu Karere ka Karongi mu ntara y’iburengerazuba, bararira ayo kwarika kubera ko imbuto y’indobanure y’ibigori bateye mbere itabashije kuva mu butaka kubera imvura yabaye nkeya muri ako gace ko mu cyahoze ari Superefegitura ya Birambo.

Twibutse ko intungamubiri ziri mu bigori ubariye ku magarama 100 ari izi zikurikira : amazi angana na garama 10,3. Garama 362 za kalisiyumu, Karoli muri garama 100 zingana na 8,1. Harimo kandi amagarama 76,9 by’ibinyasukari, gararama 3,6 bya Lipide, gr 6,16 bya Vitamine A, 0,385 bya vitamine B1 NA Miligarama 0,201 za B2, miligarama 3,632 za vitamine B3 na PP, Miligarama 241 za acide gras, miligarama 304 z’umunyu ngugu na7,3 gr za Fibre, 6gr z’umunyu ngugu wa Feri, 3,5garama za Potasiyumu, 2,87 garama za manyeziyumu, 127gr za sodiyumu na 35garama za fosifori.
 
Ikigori ni kimwe mu binyampeke bigaragara mu ifunguro ry’ibanze rya hafi kandi rifatiye runini umubiri w’umuntu. Nk’uko urubuga rwa interineti Doctissimo.fr rubivuga, ngo icyo kiribwa kigirira akamaro gakomeye umubiri w’umuntu, kuko gikungahaye ku bitera imbaraga byinshi n’ibyubaka umubiri biringaniye. Inzobere mu mbonezamirire zo mu kigo cya Mississippi zivuga ko icyo gihingwa gikize cyane kuri “Amido”ndetse kikaba gifite inkomoko muri Korombiya aho abaturage baho ba kera bagifataga nk’ikiribwa cy’ibanze.

Icyo kiribwa cyaje gukwirakwira muri Afurika, i Burayi n’ahandi, kikaba cyarafashe umwanya ukomeye mu binyampeke byahingwaga icyo gihe nk’ingano ndetse n’uburo aho ibyo binyampeke byavagamo ibintu byinshi bitandukanye nk’igikoma, ubugali n’ibindi. Kurya cyane icyo kinyampeke udakuraho ariko ngo si byiza kuko bishobora gutera indwara ya “Pelle-agra” ni ukuvuga indwara y’uruhu iterwa no kubura Vitamine PP. Ibyo ariko ngo bikaba biterwa n’ubutamenya bushingiye ku buryo icyo kinyampeke cyakagombye gukoreshwa. Ubundi ifu y’icyo kinyampeke ngo ikennye kuri proteyine za ngombwa umubiri ukeneye ariko ushobora kuba wazikura mu bindi biribwa ndetse bitanahenze bityo ibyo bikaba byaherekeza ifunguro ryiganjemo ibigori. Ariko kandi bitewe n’ikoranabuhanga rimaze gutera imbere igihingwa cy’ibigori ngo gisigaye kivangwa n’ibindi biribwa bityo ngo bigatanga indyo nziza kandi ikize ku ntungamubiri zose.

Icyo gihe ikigori kiribwa gitetse, cyangwa bakifashisha ifarini yacyo aho bakoramo amoko menshi anyuranye y’ibiribwa rimwe na rimwe babanje kubicisha mu mavuta. Ikindi kandi hashobora kwifashishwa ifu igashyirwa hejuru y’inyama maze ukabishyira mu mavuta nk’uko biri mu muco gakondo w’Abanyamerika bafite inkomoko mu Buhinde.




#Article 37: Ikilatini (152 words)


Ikilatini (izina mu kilatini Lingua Latīna) ni ururimi rwavugwaga kera zo mu bice by'amajyepfo yo mu Burayi,mu karere ka Latium mu gihugu kigari cya Roma ya kera. Ubu ni mu Butaliyani.  Uru rurimi ni rwaje kubyara indimi nyinshi harimo igifaransa, igisipanyola, igitaliyani n'izindi...

Ubu ntirukivugwa uretse ko hari ibitabo byinshi kandi byuzuye ubuhanga byanditswe mu kilatini bikiboneka.

N'ubwo rutagikoreshwa ariko, hari umwihariko kuri Leta ya Vatikani na Kiliziya Gatolika: nirwo rurimi rwa leta rukoreshwa mu nyandiko mpamo. Ibyo byabaye umuco kuva mu bisekuru byo hambere na n'ubu niko bikimeze biturutse ku mateka ya Kiliziya imaze gushinga imizi mu murwa w'abaromani. Igifaransa nicyo rurimi rwa dipolomasi muri leta ya Vatikani n'ubwo hari ababangukirwa n' igitaliyani.

Ntago ikilatini ari ururimi rwera ku bagatolika nk'uko hari bamwe babigoreka. Ndetse nyuma ya Konsili ya Kabiri ya Vatikani, amasengesho, missa byahinduwe mu ndimi abakirisitu gakondo babasha kuvuga. Bityo na hano iwacu mu Rwanda byinshi byahinduwe mu kinyarwanda.




#Article 38: Ikiyaga cya Kivu (278 words)


Ikiyaga cya Kivu  ni ikiyaga kiruta andi mazi yose y’u Rwanda. Ibiyaga bya Burera na Ruhondo byegereye ikigo cyita ku ngagi cyo mu Ruhengeri. Ibyo biyaga bidakunze kwitabwaho, bifite amazi menshi y’urubogobogo, bikikijwe n’imisozi hamwe n’amasumo maremare. Hafi yabyo hakaba ibirunga bigaragaza uburanga bw’agahebuzo.

Kure y’ibyo by’ibanze ba mukerarugendo bashobora kunaga akajisho ku biyaga by’u Rwanda bibafasha kumenya imibereho y’abakurambere b’abanyafurika.

Aho niho abasare bavugamo amato akoze ku buryo bwa gakondo. Ababyeyi bambaye imyenda y’amabara menshi batumura agatabi mu nkono z’itabi z’ibiti. Abacuranzi bakirigita iningiri (gitari gakondo). Ikindi kandi ubuzima bw’inyoni nabwo buteye amabengeza: Ibishuhe byambuka binyerera ku mazi magari, Imisambi itinyitse n’amakamba yayo isokoza amababa yayo mu bishanga byo hafi aho, naho Umwami w’abarobyi ari we Nyiramurobyi aba yibereye ku nkombe nk’umutako.

Mu nkengero zayo hari imijyi itatu ariyo: Gisenyi, Kibuye na Cyangugu. Iyo mijyi ihuzwa n’umuhanda utoroshye w’ibitaka uzengurutse icyo kiyaga wahuranya mu mirima y’imyaka no mu mashyamba atoshye mu kugaragaza isuku hejuru y’amazi y’urubogobogo. Kuhatemberera ni rwo rugendo rwa gakondo rubaho muri Afurika yose. Hari n’ingendo z’amato zihuza iyo migi itatu.

Gisenyi ari nawo mujyi urusha amajyambere iyo migi yindi y’ubukerarugengo, wibereye hafi ku buryo kujyayo uturutse muri Pariki y’ibirunga bitwara igihe gito kiri munsi y’isaha ku modoka. Uwo mujyi wibereye ku nkengero z’umucanga, ukikijwe n’imikindo ihuhera hamwe n’amahoteli yubatswe kera mu gihe cy’ubukoroni zerakana ishusho y’ikirere cyiri hafi y’imirongo ngengamirasire koko. Ku Kibuye, mu majyepfo yacyo, imirimo y’aba Mukerarugendo ishingiye cyane cyane ku macumbi agezweho yubatse ku nkengero ku misozi itwikiriwe n’amahwa nk’uko bimeze ku misozi ya Alpe.

Umujyi wa Cyangugu wo utandukanye n’iyo ya mbere. Uri hafi y’ishyamba rya Nyungwe aho ubukerarugendo butandukanye buteye imbere bitewe n’imiterere yaho ifite utudendezi twiganje mu bibaya.

 

 




#Article 39: Kwitegereza inyoni (185 words)


Kwitegereza inyoni 

Kuba U Rwanda ruherereye mu kibaya kigari cya Albertine, rukagira amashyamba menshi hamwe n’imisozi miremire bituma haba ibidukikije bikurura ubukerarugendo. Nubwo ari ruto (hafi 250 kms kuva iburasirazuba – iburengerazuba, kuri 150km kuva amajyaruguru-amajyepfo) rubarirwamo amoko arenga 670 y’inyoni, ukanahasanga kandi nanone inyoni nyinshi ziboneka gusa mu bibaya bya Albertine kurusha ibindi bihugu byose byo hanze uretse Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo.

Ibishanga n’ibiyaga byo muri pariki y’Akagera icumbikiye imisambi y’agahebuzo, kandi ni hamwe mu hantu ishobora kuboneka ku buryo bworoshye. Byongeye kandi, mu kagera uhasanga urwunge rw’amoko menshi y’minyinya n’urufunzo, hamwe n’inyoni zifite mu maso hatukura, iminwa miremire, izifite iminwa y’umweru cyangwa y’umukara zibera mu kiganiro cy’ubucuti; izifite imirizo y’umweru cyangwa igaye, n’izindi nyinshi. Amacumbi ry’Akagera ririmo kuvugururwa, uretse hari n’ayandi yacumbikirwamo mu gihe cyo gusura iyo Pariki. Ni urugendo rw’ingirakamaro gusura inyoni ntoya zifite amashyo yo kuzishyigikira y’inyamabere nini zirimo imvubu, inzovu na twiga.

Mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba, mu masaha make uvuye mu Kagera, Pariki y’Ishyamba rya Nyungwe ni icyanya kigari cy’Ishyamba ry’isugi, rimwe mu mashyamba magari ya kimeza muri Afurika ryiberamo amoko arenga 300 y’inyoni harimo amoko 27 y’umwihariko w’ako gace.

  




#Article 40: Uburobyi (266 words)


Ubworozi bw’amafi n’uburobyi 

Kuva mu mwaka w’2000, umusaruro w’amafi wagiye wiyongera buhoro buhoro kugera mu mwaka wa 2004. Mu mwaka w ‘2005, umusaruro wagabanutseho gato. Mu gihe cyakurikiyeho, kuva mu mwaka wa 2006, kubera ko hakozwe ibikorwa byinshi bigamije kongera umusaruro w’amafi, umusaruro wagiye uzamuka buri mwaka ku buryo bukurikira: muri 2000 habonetse toni 6996, muri 2001 habonetse toni 7 308, muri 2002 habonetse toni 7 600, muri 2003 habonetse toni 7 600, muri 2004 habonetse toni 8 126, muri 2005 habonetse toni 8 089, muri 2006 habonetse toni 8 300, muri 2007 habonetse toni 8 900, muri 2008 habonetse toni 11 682, muri 2009 habonetse toni 10835

Imbonerahamwe igaragaza uko umusaruro w’amafi wagiye wiyongera 2000-2009:

Harwanyijwe isuri ku misozi yegereye ibiyaga, hashyizweho abarinzi b’ibiyaga na za komite zo kubungabunga uburobyi zigizwe n’abarobyi ubwabo, hatanzwe amahugurwa menshi n’ingendoshuri ku bakora umurimo w’uburobyi n’ubworozi bwo mu mazi bigamije kubongerera ubushobozi kugirango bashobore kuzamura umusaruro uturuka kuri uwo murimo.

Hakozwe inyigo yo gutunganya no gucunga neza ibiyaga 17 by’imbere mu gihugu. Inyigo yakozwe yagaragaje ko uburobyi bwonyine budashobora guhaza abaturarwanda ku mafi uko byagenda kose, akaba ariyo mpamvu u Rwanda rugomba gushyira ingufu nyinshi mu bworozi bw’amafi mu byuzi, mu bidendezi no mu bigobe by’ibiyaga mu buryo bushoboka bwose hakoreshejwe imbuto y’amafi nziza itanga umusaruro mwinshi kandi vuba. Ni muri urwo rwego hashyizweho ishami rya gatatu ry’Umushinga PAIGELAC rizakorera mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo n’iy’Iburengerazuba, rikazateza imbere by’umwihariko ubworozi bw’amafi mu byuzi no mu bidendezi muri izo ntara zombi.

Hakurikijwe iyo nyigo, haguzwe imbuto y’amafi ya Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia nilotica) imu gihugu cya Uganda, ikaba yarakuwe mu kiyaga cya Albert.

  




#Article 41: Filozofi (489 words)


Filozofi (izina mu Cyongereza Phylosophy ) 

Gusobanukirwa n’ikibazo cy’ingenzi cya Filozofi gitandukanya abafilozofe (Philosophers) kikabaha n umurongo wo kumva no gusobanura ibintu. Uyobora ikiganiro akwiye kumenya ko abahugurwa batinya Filozofi ariko bakaba bifuza kuyimenya. Niyo mpamvu akwiye kubaza ibibazo byoroshye agahera kubyo bazi kandi bivugiye, agana ku bishya.

N’ubwo ubumenyi bwa mbere ku isi bwari Filozofi, kandi n’ubu Filozofi akaba ari imwe mu nyigisho zigwa, abanyarwanda benshi bayitwara nk’isomo rikomeye cyane. Bumva Filosofi ari inyigisho ikwiye guhabwa abahanga kabuhariwe, ndetse n’uwayize bamureba nk’umuntu wasarishijwe n’ubwenge bwinshi buvangitiranye. Hari n’aho usanga abafilozofe bitwa abasazi, ibizongwe, n’andi mazina mu by ukuri asesereza.

Filozofi ni ubumenyi bw’isi (Universe) n amategeko ayigenga. Isi igizwe na kamere (nature), umuryango w’abantu (society) n’igitekerezo (thought). Filozofi rero ni ubumenyi busubiza ibibazo byose umuntu yibaza kuri kamere, umuryango w’abantu n’igitekerezo. Kubera ariko ko umuntu ariwe usumba byose, Filozofi ni ubumenyi bwose ku muntu n ibimukikije. Filozofi isobanura imibanire y abantu n’ibintu, abantu n’abandi n’ibintu n’ibindi. Kugira ngo isi irusheho gusobanuka, Filozofi yagabanijwemo ibice binyuranye by ubumenyi, buri gice kikigwa mu buryo bunonosoye. Ibyo bice ni nka: Physics, chemistry, geology, astronomy, biology, psychology, sociology , etc. Mu by ukuri, ibyo byose hamwe n’ubundi bumenyi, bigize ubumenyi bugari bwitwa Filosofi.

Umuntu yagize ubushake bwo gusobanukirwa isi kuva amaze kuba umuntu. Ubwo nibwo yatangiye kwibaza ku :

Abantu ba mbere babonaga umuntu avuka, agakura, agasaza, akarwara, agapfa n’ibindi, bakabyibazaho bikabashobera. Babonaga imvura igwa, izuba riva, inkuba ikubita, imigezi itemba n’ibindi byinshi nabyo bakabyibazaho ariko bikababera urujijo. Ibi byatumye batinya ibintu bimwe ndetse batangira kubisenga. Ikintu cyose batashoboraga gusobanukirwa bavugaga ko ubwo hagomba kuba hari ikintu gifite ububasha buhanitse, kigomba kuba kigenga ibyo byose. Ubwo nibwo kwemera imana byavutse. Nibwo kandi havutse Imana nyinshi bitewe n’akarere abantu babagamo n’ingorane bahuraga nazo mu buzima bwa buri munsi.( Imana y uburumbuke, Imana y’izuba, Iy’imvura, n’izindi )

Umuntu yavuga ko ibibazo abantu ba mbere bibazaga n’ibisubizo batangaga atari Filozofi kuko Filozofi yibaza ku kibazo mu buryo bucukumbuye, igatanga ibisobanuro birambuye, binonosoye kandi bitanga umurongo (detailed and systematic). Ndetse no kuba abantu bibaza ibibazo bitandukanye kandi bagatanga ibisubizo bitandukanye, nabyo ntibibagira abafilozofe.

Umufilozofe ni umuntu ufite ubuhanga bwo gusesengura ibibazo rusange biri muri kamere, umuryango w’abantu n’igitekerezo mu buryo burambuye kandi bunonosoye, agashyiraho n’umurongo wo kubisobanura. N ubwo rero abantu nka ba NYIRABIYORO bibazaga bati : « ko mbona bucya bukira amaherezo azaba ayahe? » ntabwo byabagize abafilozofe. Iyo umwana yibaza aho aca iyo avuka ntabwo aba yabaye umufilozofe. Gushyirwa ku murongo kwa Filozofi (Systematisation) byatangiye kera nko mu myaka 2500-3000 ishize (Ancient ages/Antiquités).

Filozofi nka system yatangiye kubaho mu bihugu byari biteye imbere kurusha ibindi icyo gihe mu buryo bwo kuyobora igihugu (political organization), ubukungu (Economy), imibanire (social) n’umuco (culture). Ibyo bihugu byari bimaze kugira Leta (State) n’inzego z’ubusumbane mu baturage (class differentiation). Ibyo bihugu ni nka : Misiri, Ubushinwa, Ubuhindi, ariko cyane Ubugereki.

Igisubizo babonera icyo kibazo ni cyo kibatandukanya, kikabaha n umurongo wo gutekerezamo no gusobanura isi n’ibiyirimo byose. Icyo kibazo ni:




#Article 42: Ubuzima (125 words)


Muri ayo mazi y imishyuhira harimo imyuka nka NH3, CO2, CH4, etc. Iyo myuka yashongeye mu mazi biravanga, CO2 iragabanuka, za Glucides (amasukari) ziriyongera. Ayo masukari yaje kwivanga na Oxygène bibyara Alcool, Aldéhydes, cétones na Acides Organiques. Byaje kuvamo NH3, Acides Aminés, protéines bitinze biza gufatana n imyunyu (sels) havuka igitonyanga cyitwa Coocervate gifite ubushobozi bwo gukurura no kumira utuntu duto turi mu mazi.

Nyuma y imyaka 4 000 000 000 Coocervate yabyaye Protozoaires (organismes unicellulaires) nka algues bleues, Virus, Amibes, Bactéries, etc., n ubu ziriho. Izi protozoaires zaje kubyara Metazoa (organisme pluricellulaire) ziba zikanabyarira mu mazi, izishobora kuba kubutaka ariko zigatera amagi mu mazi, izishobora kuba no kubyarira kubutaka etc.

Intambwe yanyuma yabaye urwego rwitwa Mamalia (Mammifères) zifite ubushyuhe (températures) budahinduka, zitwita zikonsa urub




#Article 43: Isi (206 words)


Abemera Materialism bavuga ko ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko isi, ikirere, izuba n inyenyeri byose bigizwe na Eléments zigera kuri 103 kandi kera cyane bikaba byari byibumbiye hamwe mu gacu (Disc) kaje guturitswa n ubushyuhe bugaturutsemo, havamo amabango (Etoiles) yagurukiye ahantu hatandukanye. Bitewe n aho buri bango ryagiye (températures) amabango amwe yabaye solides, liquides cyangwa gaz. Iryo turika ryitwa le Big Bang ryaba ryarabaye mu myaka 5 000 000 000 ishize. Wand 

Ibango ryitwa Isi ryari rigizwe ahanini n urusobe rw imyuka yiganjemo amazi (H2O) agera kuri 84,4% ryatangiye kuzenguruka ibango ryitwa izuba maze iyo si igenda itakaza imyuka n amazi bijya hagati yayo n izuba, bityo ikirere (hagati y isi n izuba) cyuzuye iyo myuka kiba kirabonetse.

Uko isi yagiye yegerana kuruhu rwayo hagiye hakonja naho mu nda harushaho gushyuha bituma ibiyigize bishonga (en fusion) maze byipanga hakurikije uburemere (densité) ibiremereye cyane bijya hasi ibyoroshye bijya ku ruhu.

Kubera ubushyuhe, imyuka ntiyihanganiye kuguma imbere y urwo ruhu, ahubwo yaturikije uruhu rw isi yigira hanze mu kirere (Atmosphère). Nyuma y imyaka 150 000 000, iyo myuka yabyaye igihu cyagiye gikonja kibyara imvura yaguye imyaka ibihumbi, amazi yuzura mu binogo byasizwe na wa mwuka wapfumuye uruhu rw isi, bityo havuka inyanja n ibiyaga ari nabyo byabaye isoko y ubuzima.




#Article 44: Itsembabwoko ry’Abayahudi (338 words)


Itsembabwoko ry’Abayahudi  (izina mu kiyahudi שואה) 

Leta y’Abadage (Großdeutsches Reich) yakoze gahunda yo kurimbura imbaga y’abayahudi igeze kuri 6.000.000 hagati ya 1938 na 1946. Bishe n abanazi n abandi babafashije mu Budage no mu Burayi bwose bwari bwigaruriwe na leta ya Hitler.

Irondakoko ryibasiye abayahudi bita antisémitisme ni ryo rikuru cyane ryabaye mu madini, mu bukungu, muri politike no mu muco. Leta ya Hitler niyo yarigize ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside. Batangira kwirukanwa mu Budage, bamwe barahava. Abasigaye baricwa mu bihugu byose byari byatsinze : Pologne, Autriche, URSS, France, Pays-Bas, Belgique, Grèce, Yougoslavie n’ahandi. Jenoside y’Abayahudi yitwa shoah (שואה) bivuga gutsembwatsembwa (destruction totale, destruction absolue, catastrophe écrassante). Hari n’igihe bakoresha ijambo Holocauste , bivuga gutangwaho igitambo (une immolation entièrement consommée). Ayo magambo ariko ashobora no gukoreshwa ku zindi jenoside zabaye ahandi.

Abayahudi ndetse n’abandi bishwe n’abanazi bagiye bakusanyirizwa mu bigo, byitwa camps de concentration . Ariko hari n’ibindi byitwaga ibigo by imirimo (camps de travail), hakaba ibindi byitwaga iby imfungwa z’intambara (camps pour prisonniers de guerre), ndetse habaga n’ibyo bitaga iby’agateganyo (camp de transit). Hakaba ariko cyane cyane ibigo by’urupfu (camps d extermination ou de la mort). Byose hamwe byari hafi 30. Ibizwi cyane ni Buchenwald, Bergen-Belsen, Mauyhausen, Auschwitz, Birkenan, Chelmo, Treblinka, Belzec, Sobidor, Na Majdaneki.

Urupfu rw umwihariko rw’abayahudi ni ukwicishwa uburozi bwa Gaz Bafungiranaga abayahudi mu bikamyo bifungiranye hose, cyangwa mu byumba binini bifungiranye hose, bakoherezamo uburozi bw’umwuka wa GAZ (Zyklon B) Bagapfa nyuma y’iminota 15-20.

Abayahudi bicanywe n’abandi bantu batari abayahudi, bamwe bazize ibyo bakoraga, abandi kubera ibyo bangaga gukora cyangwa gusa kubera icyo baricyo. Abo ni nk’abakomunisti, abasosiyalisti, abaliberali, abasendikalisti, abitwa « homosexuels », abo mw idini rya « Témoins de Jéhovah », abitwa « Tsiganes ».

Abandi bishwe ari benshi ni imfungwa z’intambara z’abasovietike : hishwe hafi 3.300.000. Abandi bishwe ari benshi ni aba SLAVES bo muri U.R.S.S. no muri Pologne : hishwe hamwe hagati ya 19.000.700 na 24.000.000 y’abaturage . Abantu bose bazize jenoside y’abanazi bageze kuri 26.000.000, harimo 6.000.000 z abayahudi, hagati ya 500.000 na 1.000.000 y’abaTsiganes n abandi bagizwe cyane cyane n’abaslaves.




#Article 45: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (116 words)


Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (27 Kanama 1770 - 14 Ugushingo 1831), yemeraga ko igitekerezo aricyo cyatanze matter kubaho, kandi ko aricyo nkomoko y’ibintu byose biri mu isi (kamere, umuntu naza phenomena). Icyo Hegel yarushije abandi ba Idealists bamubanjirije ni uko we yemeraga ko igitekerezo cyagiye gihinduka gifata isura zinyuranye, imiterere n’ibindi, biturutse ku makimbirane yari akubiye muri icyo gitekerezo kuva kibayeho. Hegel yavugaga ko urwego rusumba izindi zose mw’ihindagurika ry’igitekerezo ari umutimanama w’umuntu. N’ubwo Hegel yari Idealist niwe mufilozofe wa mbere wavumbuye ko iterambere rishingiye ku makimbirane, ariko yemeza ko ibyo bishoboka ku gitekerezo gusa (Absolute Ideal/L idéal absolu). Yabonaga iterambere ry’igitekerezo naho umuntu akaba akambaro kacyo gusa. Hegel niwe wabanje kuzana Filozofi y’impinduka y’ibintu (Dialectics/dialectique).




#Article 46: Ludwig Feuerbach (131 words)


Ludwig Feuerbach cyangwe Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach (28 Nyakanga 1804 - 13 Nzeli 1872),  niwe wa mbere wagize igitekerezo cy’uko mu bintu byose byigwa na Filozofi, umuntu ariwe wa mbere kuko ariwe mukuru w’ibintu byose bigize kamere (nature). Yaneguye cyane igitekerezo cya Hegel cya Absolute Ideal , yerekana ko Absolute Ideal ya Hegel ari ubwenge bw’umuntu Hegel yatandukanyije na nyirabwo, abuhindura akantu gafite ubuzima gatozi, ngo maze karangije kihinduramo isi. Yagaragaje kandi ko igitekerezo gishingiye kuri matter kandi ko kitahinduka hatariho matter. Ludwig yari materialist. Yemeje kandi ko umuntu ari we urema Imana, Imana itarema umuntu. Kuri we ngo iyo umuntu ananiwe kumenya, gusobanura, gukora no gutunganya ibyo yagombaga, yihangira ikindi kintu aturizamo, agashyira mu maboko ibyo byose byamunaniye, bityo akiha Morale ko icyo yahanze (Imana) ari cyo kizabitunganya mu gihe gikwiye.

 
 




#Article 47: Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika (203 words)


Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika mu mvugo ya rubanda abenshi bakunze kuvuga Amerika (izina mu Cyongereza: America) cyangwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe (izina mu Cyongereza: United States).

Ni leta zunze ubumwe zo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru. Kuva muri 1959 igizwe na leta 50. Icyo gihugu kihariye 40 kw'ijana by'ubutaka bw'Amerika y'Amajyaruguru kikaba ari n'icya gatatu mu bunini kw'isi (nyuma y'Uburusiya na Kanada). Leta Zunze Ubumwe zavutse mu ntara 13 z'ubukonde bw'Abongereza. Kuri leta 50 ziyigize 48 ziri ku murwa wa Amerika, Alaska na Hawaii biri kure kimwe n'ibindi birwa by'intara zegereye mu bya politiki (urugero Puwerito Riko na Gwami). Mu mwaka wa 1776 niho izo ntara zibohoje. 

Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zituwe nabimukira bakomoka mu bihugu by'i Burayi n'abakomoka ku bantu bazanywe ari abacakara bazanywe gukorera Abanyaburayi mbere y'uko habaho inganda. Ba kavukire baho hasigaye bake bakomoka ku bacitse kw'icumu ry'imirwano hagati y'abimukira na ba kavukire gakondo. Kubera ubwiyagure bw'igihugu mu gice cy'uburengerazuba no kuzamuka mu by'inganda, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zazamutse vuba mu gaciro mu bindi bihugu mu kinyejana cya 19 nicya 20. Nyuma yo gutsindwa kw'ironda koko ryo mu Burayi (intambara yiswe iya kabiri y'isi yose) no gusenyuka kwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe bw'Abasowijeti, Leta Zunze Ubumwe nizo zonyine leta nyiri ububasha (superpower) yasigaye kw'isi.




#Article 48: Ikinyarwanda (296 words)


Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rw’Abanyarwanda n'abavuga Ikinyarwanda badatuye u Rwanda. Ikinyarwanda kivugwa mu Rwanda no mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo. Ibindi bihugu bikikije u Rwanda bifite indimi zijya gusa n'Ikinyarwanda: Ikinyarwanda gisa n’Ikirundi, ururimi rw’i Burundi, rukanasa n’Igiha cyo muri Tanzaniya. Itegekongenga ISO 639-3 kin.

Ikinyarwanda gifite umwanya ukomeye mu mibereho y’Abanyarwanda. Ni rwo rurimi ruha Abanyarwanda ubushobozi bwo kuranga isi, kugaragaza imbamutima, gushyikirana baganira, bungurana ibitekerezo no kugezanyaho ubutumwa.

Ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda rufite uruhare rukomeye mu guhamya Umunyarwanda udafite isoni n’ubwoba by’umuco we kandi utisuzugura. Umuco w’u Rwanda ukeneye abawurinda n’abawubungabunga ngo hato imico y’amahanga itawumira. Iyo nshingano rero ni iy’Abanyarwanda ubwabo. Inzira ya mbere iriho ni ukwigisha Ikinyarwanda.

Ikinyanduga si cyo Kinyarwanda cyonyine, uretse ko abapadiri bashatse kwandika Ikinyarwanda bahera ku Kinyanduga, kuko abacyanditse bari i Kabgayi. 

Kwigisha Ikinyarwanda bihamye rero ni ugushimangira Ubunyarwanda. Ni ugushyikiriza umwana w’u Rwanda ibyo abakurambere bahanze bakabisigira Umunyarwanda wese ho umurage. Bityo kwiga Ikinyarwanda bikaba guhura n’ibyo kibumbatiye: uko giteye, ubugeni gihetse, umuco n’imyumvire y’Abanyarwanda. Ibi bisobanura ko kwigisha Ikinyarwanda ari ugufasha umwana w’u Rwanda kugicengera ari mu miterere yacyo no bwiza bwacyo: uko cyemerera ukivuga gutaka imvugo ye.

Kwigisha Ikinyarwanda rero bikwiye kuba umwanya wo guha Umunyarwanda ubushobozi bwo kwirinda kumirwa n’amahanga, ibyiza agisangamo akabyamamaza, ibyo anenga akabikosora, akagikungahaza ngo gihangane n’iterambere isi ihorana.

Ikinyarwanda kandi gifitemo amagambo menshi asa nayo mu rurimi rwitwa Ikizulu rw'abirabura bo muri Afurika y'Epfo,urugero;
 umuntu, abantu, ingwe, amazi, umutwaro, ingata, inyama, inyoni, iminwa, marume, umukwe, abatwa.

Ikinyarwanda kigizwe n'inyuguti 24: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v w y z

Izi nyuguti 24 zirimo ibice 2:

Indagi zivamo ibihekane bigizwe n'inyuguti ebyiri, eshatu, ndetse hari n'ibigizwe n'inyuguti 4 bikongerwaho nabyo buri gihe inyajwi kugirango bivugike neza.




#Article 49: Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika (230 words)


Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika (EAC; izina mu Cyongereza East African Community). Ni umuryango uhuriwemo n’ibihugu 5 ari byo u Burundi, Kenya, u Rwanda, Tanzania na Uganda,1 mu gihe ibi bihugu bigize uyu muryango bishyigikiye ko habaho leta imwe bihuriyeho amperereza yakozwe ku banyatanzaniya yagaragaje ko 80% batabishyigikiye 2 tanzanita ifite ubutaka bunini binaruta ubw’ibindi bihugu byose byose muri uyu muryango biteranye. Kandi abanyatanzaniya bakaba banafite ubwoba ko ubutaka bwabo bwazigarurirwa n’abaturage bakomoka mu bindi bihugu bigize umuryango n’ibihugu by’iburasirazuba bwa afurika :Ibura ry’ubutaka buhagije ni ikibazo kiriho muri afurika y’iburasirazuba by’umwihariko muri kenya aho amakimbirane yabereye i Mount Elgon yabaye mu mwaka wa 2007 yahitanye abantu barenga 150 abandi barenga 60.000 bakavanwa mu byabo

Uyu Muryango washyizweho mu wa 1993, ukaba igizwe na Kenya, Tanzania  Uganda. Watangiye mu by ukuri, mu wa 1996, ubwo Arusha muri Tanzania haberaga imihango yo gushyiraho Ubunyamabanga Bukuru bwawo.

Kuko amarembo y ubukungu bw u Rwanda yerekeza mu Uburasirazuba, ni cyo cyatumye ku wa 12 Nzeri 1996, u Rwanda rwarasabye kwinjira muri East African Community. U Rwanda rwemerewe mu 2006 kuba umunyamuryango.

Uyu Muryango ugamije: gushimangira ubufatanye hagamijwe imibereho myiza y abaturage; imikoreshereze myiza y umutungo kamere no kurengera ibidukikije; gushimangira uruhare rw uburinganire mu iterambere; guharanira amahoro, umutekano n imibanire myiza y ibihugu bigize uwo Muryango; guharanira kugera kuri customs union/single market .

Gushyiraho urubuga rumwe ruhuriweho n ibihugu bigize uwo Muryango (Political Federation).

 




#Article 50: Umuryango w’Ubukungu bw’Afurika yo Hagati (155 words)


Umuryango w’Ubukungu bw’Afurika yo Hagati  cyangwa Uyu Muryango w’Ubukungu bw’Ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo Hagati (ECCAS cyangwa CEEAC ; izina mu Cyongereza: Economic Community of Central African States ; izina mu Gifaransa: Communauté Économique des États d'Afrique Centrale) ni umuryango ugamije guteza imbere ubufatanye mu by’ubukungu bw’ibihugu by’Afurika yo hagati. Intego zawo ni ukugera k’ubwigenge ibihugu bihuriyeho kuzamura ikigero cy’imibereho y’abaturage batuye ibihugu biwugize no guharanira ko hatabaho ihungabana ry’ubukungu binyuze mu bufatanye burimo umucyo.

Uyu Muryango w’Ubukungu bw’Ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo Hagati wavutse mu wa 1983. Ugizwe n’ibihugu 11 byo muri ako Karere harimo n’u Rwanda

CEEAC/ECCAS igamije: guteza imbere ubukungu bw’ibihugu mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi, umutungo kamere, ubucuruzi, inganda, itumanaho, gutwara ibintu n’abantu; guharanira imibereho myiza y’abaturage; gukuraho imisoro n’amahoro; gushyiraho politiki y’urujya n’uruza rw’abantu; gushyiraho Ikigega cy ubufatanye bugamije iterambere; gufasha ibihugu bikennye kurusha ibindi.

CEEAC ubu ifite gahunda yo kuvugurura imikorere mu rwego rw’ubukungu no gukemura ibibazo bihungabanya amahoro n’umutekano.




#Article 51: Umuryango Ugamije Iterambere ry’Afurika y’amajyepfo (126 words)


Umuryango Ugamije Iterambere ry’Afurika y’amajyepfo cyangwa Umuryango w’Ubukungu bw’Ibihugu byo muri Afurika y’amajyepfo (SADC mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza; izina mu Cyongereza: Southern African Development Community)

Muri Mata 1980, ni bwo havutse Inama yitwaga Southern Africa Development Coordination Conference / SADCC, igamije gukura ku ngoyi ya gikolonize na politike ya apartheid ku bihugu bikikije Afurika y’Epfo. Iyo nama ni yo yaje kuvamo SADC nk’uko izwi ubu, ku wa 17 Kanama 1992, i Windhoek muri Namibia.

Intego z’ingenzi z’uyu Muryango, ni ubusugire; ubufatanye, amahoro n’umutekano; uburenganzira bwa muntu, demokarasi no kubaka igihugu kigendera ku mategeko; ubureshye no gusangira ibyiza n’inyungu bituruka ku kwishyira hamwe; gukemura amakimbirane binyuze mu bwumvikane, n’ibindi.

Ibihugu bigize SADC birateganya gukuraho imisoro n’amahoro (Free Trade Area) mu wa 2008, bityo rikaba isoko rimwe ryagutse.




#Article 52: Umuryango w’Abibumye (322 words)


Umuryango w’Abibumye (UN cyangwa UNO mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza, ONU mu magambo ahinnye gifaransa; izina mu Cyongereza: United Nations cyangwe Organisation des Nations Unis ) ni wo mugari ku Isi, ukaba warashyizweho muri Kamena 1945, ubu ukaba ugizwe n’ibihugu 192.

Umuryango w’Abibumbye ugamije ibi by’ingenzi bikurikira: kubumbatira amahoro n’umutekano ku isi; gukumira ibikorwa byose bigamije guhungabanya umutekano, mu rwego rw’akarere no ku Isi hose; guteza imbere imibanire myiza y’ibihugu ishingiye ku ihame ry’ubureshye bw’abantu imbere y’amategeko; kugera ku bufatanye mpuzamahanga nyabwo hakemurwa ibibazo bishingiye ku bukungu, imibereho, ubumenyi, uburenganzira bwa muntu, n’ibindi.

U Rwanda, ruzirikana izi ntego zose twavuze haruguru kandi rutanga umusanzu warwo ku gihe, kabone n’ubwo hari byinshi runenga imikorere y’uyu Muryango, cyane cyane Inama Ishinzwe Amahoro ku Isi (Security Council/Conseil de Sécurité). Iyi Nama ni yo ishinzwe ibikorwa bya buri munsi, bijyanye no kubumbatira amahoro n’umutekano ku Isi. Ariko, mu wa 1994, ntabwo yagaragaje ubushake bwo gukumira cyangwa se guhagarika jenoside, bitewe n’inyungu za bimwe mu bihugu n’amashyirahamwe y amahanga anyuranye; cyane cyane bimwe mu bihugu bitanu bifitemo icyicaro gihoraho (Permanent seat/Membre Permanent).

Ubu harasuzumwa uburyo bw’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya raporo y akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye izwi ku izana rya Raporo Carlson (Perezida w’ako Kanama) hamwe n’iy’akanama k’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Afurika (Organization of African Unity- OAU/Organisation de l Unité Africaine-OUA), ku bijyanye n’uruhare rw’amahanga mu kudahagarika no kudakumira jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda mu wa 1994.

Harasuzumwa kandi n’uburyo UN/ONU yavugururwa muri rusange, cyane cyane hagakurwaho veto power/droit de veto kandi umubare w ibihugu bigize iriya Nama ukongerwa (Afurika ikabonamo imyanya ibiri ihoraho). Iki kiganiro cyasobanuye impamvu ari ngombwa ko u Rwanda rwinjira mu miryango mpuzamahanga yo mu rwego rw’akarere, urwa Afurika ndetse no mu rwego rw’isi, cyane cyane muri iki gihe cy’ikomatanyabukungu.

Cyerekanye uburyo iyo miryango yagiye ishyirwaho n’intego igamije mu nzego zinyuranye zirimo urw’ubukungu, umutekano, imibereho myiza n’ibindi.

Cyagaragaje kandi akamaro iyo miryango ifitiye u Rwanda n’ako imwe muri yo yirengagije kugirira u Rwanda mu bihe bikomeye rwahuye na byo.




#Article 53: Gusiramura (708 words)


Gusiramura ni uburyo bumwe bugendanye n’isuku ikorwa ku mubiri w’igitsina gabo by’umwihariko ku bwambure bw’umugabo cyangwa mu yindi mvugo havugwa igitsina cy’umugabo cyangwa igitsina cy’umwana w’umuhungu.

Ubundi ku bantu bari mu miryango cyangwa ibihugu bakora icyo gikorwa baba bumva ari ibintu bisanzwe. Ariko ku bandi bakomoka aho bidakorwa baba babona biteye ubwoba kuko rimwe na rimwe ntibaba bazi akamaro kabyo. Gusiramura rero bivugwaho byinshi. Nifuje ko guhera uyu munsi umenya amakuru nyayo kuri byo, kuko birakureba, niba atari wowe bazabaho ni umugabo wawe, musaza wawe, murumuna wawe, n’abandi.

Ni uburyo babaga agahu ko ku gitsina cy’abagabo (pénis), ako gahu kaba gapfundikiye umutwe w’igitsina (gland), iyo kavanyweho umutwe usigara hanze.

Ahanini abagabo basiramuye bagira uburyohe mu gihe cy’imibonano bungana n’ubwabadasiramuye.

Ariko rimwe na rimwe ahabazwe mu gihe cyo gusiramura hasigara inkovu, hari abagabo usanga bibangamiye cyangwa bakababara mu gihe cy’imibonano bitewe n’uburyo iyo nkovu yakize. 

Hari abantu usanga barwanya iki gikorwa mu bihugu byateye imbere kuburyo bakora amashyirahamwe abirwanya. Kubwabo banga ko abana babagwa kandi ntabyo baba basabye. Bakaba bumva ko bajya bareka abana bagakura akaba aribo bihitiramo kwisiramuza igihe bumva babishatse. 

Mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere aho amazi atoroshye kubona, gisiramura bifasha mu buryo bw’isuku. Kuko hari umwanda ugenda wibika munsi y’agahu gapfundikiye umutwe w’igitsina. Iyo rero igitsina gisiramuye uwo mwanda ntawubaho. Ku badasiramuye bari ahantu hahora amazi, ni ngombwa koga buri munsi maze ugasunika agahu gapfundikiye igitsina kugirango woze umwanda wibika munsi yako.

Gusiramura ni ugukuraho uruhu ruto ruzengurutse igitsina cy’umugabo uhereye ku mutwe wacyo, ukaba ari umuco wamamaye cyane mu Bayahudi bitewe n’imyemerere yabo, aho basiramuraga umwana w’umuhungu umaze iminsi 8 avutse.

Mbere y`ubugimbi (puberté). Buri gihugu kigira umwihariko wacyo.
 
Gusiraura birababaza cyane niyo mpamvu abaganga batera ikinya (anesthésie) ugiye gusiramurwa.
 
Hari igihe gusiramura bikorwa nko kuvura, urugero nk’igihe agahu gapfundikira igitsina gafashe cyane kuburyo kanga gusubira inyuma ngo umutwe usohoke. Icyo gihe bivurwa no gusiramura. 

Abayisilamu ndeste n’abayahudi. Naho aba gatolika (catholique), abaporo (protestantisme) na budisite (bouddhisme) ntabwo bakegeka icyo gikorwa.

Umugabo usiramuye asohora nk’umundi mugabo wese udasiramuye. Gusiramura ntacyo bihindura ku gusohora, ntibyongera igihe ntibinakigabanya.

Nko kuba waracitse akaguru bitewe n’impanuka runaka, cyangwa ugacika akaboko cyangwa amaguru abiri, cyangwa yombi cyangwa se ubundi bumuga bwose waba ufite bitewe n’impanuka ariko ibindi bice byose by’umubiri bikora, ibyo byose twavuze ntibyakubuza kwisiramuza kuko ntacyo byaguhungabanya ku buzima bwawe usanganywe.

N’ubumuga busanzwe abantu babubona nko guhuma amaso kuba ikiragi kuba utumva n’ubundi bumuga bwose tutarondoye mubona. Ikigamijwe ahangaha ni ukumvikanisha uko aba Bantu bose twavuze bemerewe gusiramurwa igihe cyose abaye ari igitsina gabo.

Twavuze ku mwana ufite icyumweru kimwe, cyangwa se ukivuka, tuvuga no ku musore n’umugabo ndetse n’abasaza n’abo muri abo twavuze bahuye n’ubumuga umusomyi yakwibaza ati: gusiramurwa uri umwana no gusiramurwa uri mukuru ikiza ni ikihe? Byose ni byiza ku bantu bakuru biterwa n’igihe ubimenyeye kandi ugahita ubishyira mu bikorwa. Ibyiza tubona ni uko basiramurwa bakiri bato kuberako icyo gihe usiramuwe ntashobora kwitoneka ikindi kiza muri byo, iyo amaze gukura, agasanga asiramuye yumvako ariko yavutse kuberako aba atazi igihe yasiramuriwe. Ariko uko agenda akura, igihe kiragera akabimenya abibwiwe n’abandi cyangwa se nawe ubwe igihe kiragera akazabyimenyera; ko abona ba bahungu bavuka basiramuye ahubwo basiramurwa bakimara kuvuka kandi nawe ubwe aba abyibonera kubera ko aba amaze gusobanukirwa buri kimwe cyose.

Aha rero kumvikanisha ko buri mugabo wese atisiramuza yakwihutira kwisiramuza kuberako ari isuku kuri we nk’uko twigeze kubivugaho haruguru kuko birinda n’indwara zandurira mumibonano mpuzabitsina nku’ko muri buze kubisanga muri iki gitabo.

Igihe habayeho imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye (nta gakingirizo), ibyago byo kwandura SIDA ku mugabo usiramuye ni bike ugereranyije n’udasiramuye. Biterwa n’uko gusiramura bituma umubiri ugize umutwe w’igitsina ukomera, igihe umutwe ugipfundikiwe na kagahu ubaworoshye cyane. Uko koroha niko guha inzira virusi itera SIDA mu gihe cy’imibonano idakingiye. Ariko ntibivuzeko abasiramuye batayandura n’ubwo bo atari cyane nk’udasiramuye.

Nk’uko bitangazwa n’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo Kurwanya Sida (CNLS) Dr Anita Asiimwe ngo iyi gahunda yakorewe igeragezwa mu turere twa Nyanza na Musanze, aho byagaragaye ko byitabiriwe n’umubare w’abantu benshi.

Kugirango iyi gahunda ibashe gushyirwa mu bikorwa neza, Kirota Kyampof Umuhuzabikorwa muri CNLS yatangaje ko guhera tariki ya 13 Ukuboza 2010 haratangira guhugurwa abaforomo 3 muri buri kigo nderabuzima, abaforomo 4 ndetse n’abaganga mu bitaro, aho bazaba bahabwa amahugurwa ku gikorwa cyo gusiramura. Iki gikorwa kizajya gikorerwa ku bigo nderabuzima ndetse n’ibitaro kandi bikorwe nta gahato.




#Article 54: Igitsina cy’umugabo (361 words)


Igitsina cy’umugabo cyangwa Imboro umwanya mwibarukiro w’umugabo. 

Ku ishusho urabona imyanya ndangagitsina y’imbere n’inyuma ku muhungu. Urabona imboro, imiyoborantanga, umuyoborankari, uruhago, imiyoboramasohoro n’amabya.

Igitsina cy’umugabo kigizwe n’umukaya woroshye n’imitsi myinshi y’amaraso.Iyo amaraso menshi ageze mu gitsinagabo, kirabyimba kigashyukwa. Igitsina cy’umugabo ni cyo gisohora inkari n’amasohoro. Iyo umuhungu akoze imibonano mpuzabitsina, igihe cyo kurangiza asohora intanga zivanze n’amasohoro.

Ushobora kwizera ko ayo masohoro asohotse mu gihe cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina atarimo inkari, kubera ko uruhago ruba rufunze mu gihe imboro iba ihagaze.

Amabya abiri ari mu gasaho nk’uko bisanzwe rimwe iruhande rw’irindi. Mu mabya ni ho
hakorerwa intanga-ngabo ni na ho zibikwa. Intanga-ngabo zinyura mu miyoborantanga ziva mu mabya zisohoka. Zigisohoka mu mabya,zihita zivanga n’amasohoro yakorewe mu
miyoboramasohoro. 

Indwara ya peyronie : iva ku kubabara kugenda kuba mu gihe cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina, ibyo bigatuma habaho ahantu hakomeye habuza igitsina kwirambura neza mu gihe gifashe umurego (érection) maze bigatuma cyigonda. Ibi nibyo kenshi bitera ububabare bw’igitsina. Ibimenyetso by'indwara ya peyronie:

Gukomereka : kuvunika kw’ahantu hatuma igitsina kibasha gufata umurego, aho hakaba haherereye munsi y’uruhu. Ibi bishobora guterwa n’impanuka. Uku gukomereka gushobora no gutuma umuyoboro w’inkari wangirika cyangwa se ukanacika. Ibimenyetso bijyanye gukomereka (trauma) nko mu gihe cy'impanuka:

Ibintu bidasanzwe bisohoka mu gitsina cyangwa Ibintu bisohoka mu gitsina badasanzwe (discharge, écoulement): bwa mbere na mbere bishobora guterwa n’indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, cyane cyane iyitwa chlamydia. Izo ndwara kandi zishobora no kwandurira mu mibonano yo mu kanwa (sexe oral) cyangwa yo mu kibuno.

Priapisme : Ishobora guterwa n'abantu ku giti cyabo igihe biteye imiti yo kugirango igihe cyo gushyukwa kibe kirekire, ibyo bikorwa kenshi n'abafite ikibazo cyo kudatinda, cyangwa se batanashyukwa namba. Gukomereka kw'umutsi wo mu gitsina bigatuma uba utagishoboye gukamura amaraso aza mu gitsina mu gihe cyo gushyukwa. Imiti nka anticoagulants, neuroleptiques na psychotropes nayo ishobora gutera icyo kibazo.

Gutwara neza igitsina no kwirinda kugihungabanya, kugikomeretsa no kukibabaza. Igihe igitsina cyakomeretse, fata barafu (glaçons) ushyire mu mwenda maze ukoze ku gitsina ahakomeretse, hanyuma hagarika imibonano, maze unywe imiti igabanya ububabare nka paracetamol, cyangwa se brufen.

Kuri priapisme, naho fata agatambaro ushyiremo barafu ushyire ku gitsina, nibiramuka byanze nyuma y’isaha imwe igitsina kigifite umurego, ihutire kwa muganga kuko ibi bishobora kwangiza ibigize igitsina bituma gifata umurego (érection).




#Article 55: Kanseri y’ibere (269 words)


Kanseri y’ibere cyangwa Kanseri y’amabere

Imiryango imwe n’imwe cyangwa ubwoko bumwe bakunze kurangwa na kanseri y’amabere. Ni ngombwa rero gusuzumwa buri gihe na muganga wawe kanseri y’amabere ni imwe mu makanseri yibasiye abagore gusa inkuru nziza ni uko ushobora kuyirinda ndetse no kuyivumbura byoroheje. Kuyivumbura bizafasha mu by’ukuri mu kurokora ubuzima bwawe. 

Imiryango imwe n’imwe cyangwa ubwoko bumwe bakunze kurangwa na kanseri y’amabere. Ni ngombwa rero gusuzumwa buri gihe na muganga wawe kanseri y’amabere ni imwe mu makanseri yibasiye abagore gusa inkuru nziza ni uko ushobora kuyirinda ndetse no kuyivumbura byoroheje. Kuyivumbura bizafasha mu by’ukuri mu kurokora ubuzima bwawe.

Imibereho y’umuntu ishobora kugira uruhare mu gutuma yongera kurwara kanseri y’ibere bwa kabiri. Abantu bigeze kurwara kanseri y’ibere bagakira baba bafite amahirwe menshi yo kongera kurwara iyi kanseri bwa kabiri kurusha abagore baba batarigeze kuyirwara na rimwe, ariko kandi nanone ahanini bikaba biterwa nukouyu muntu aba abayeho.

Nubwo bitari byasobanuka neza, bimaze kugaragara ko imibereho mibi ari kimwe mu bituma kanseri y’ibere igaruka.

Twasanze abagore bafite umubyibuho ukabije baba bafite amahirwe 50% yo kongera kuyirwara, abagore banywa inzoga byibura icupa rimwe ku munsi baba bafite amahirwe 90% naho abagore banywa itabi baba bafite amahirwe angana na 120% yo kongera kurwara kanseri y’ibere.

Ubu bushakashatsi kandi bwasanze abagore basanzwe banywa itabi bakanywa n’inzoga 7 mu cyumweru baba bafite amahirwe yo kongera kurwaya iyi kanseri nta kabuza.

Abahanga berekanye ko kuba ufite umubyibuho ukabije cyangwa se unywa inzoga bifitanye isano no kwiyongera mu mubiri ku musemburo bita estrogen; kandi iyi estrogen yongera umuvuduko wa kanseri y’ibere. Itabi ryo basanze rifite uburozi bwita carcinogens buba mu mwotsi kandi ritera ingaruka mbi ku buzima.




#Article 56: Vitamini B1 (132 words)


Vitamini B1 cyangwa Vitamine B1

Aho ikomoka : ibinyampeke cyane cyane ibimeze (céréales germés), umuceri, amatunda (cyane cyane mu maronji-amacunga), amashereka n’amata y’inka, umutonore wa soya, lantiye (lentilles), ubuki.

Ingorane zibaho iyo yabuze : habaho imivurungano mu bwonko, irangwa no kuribwa mu mutwe rimwe na rimwe w’uruhande rumwe, ibijaganyuro mu ntoki no mu birenge, guhondobera, kugira ibyuya birenze urugero nta mpamvu igaragara, kugabanuka k’ubushyuhe bw’umubiri. Habaho kandi imivurungano mu nzira y’ibiryo, irangwa no kubura ipfa ryo kurya (anorexie), kugira iseseme, kuruka, kugabanuka kw’imisemburo yo mu gifu n’amara, bigakorana imbaraga nke, kwituma impatwe (constipation). Habaho n’imivurungano mu mikorere y’inyama z’umubiri, irangwa no gucika intege, kuremara bimwe mu bice by’umubiri (paralysie). Hari n’imivurungano mu migendere y’amaraso, irangwa no guhumeka nabi ubura umwuka, umutima ukabyimba, gucika intege. Iyi vitamini irakenewe cyane mu mikorere myiza y’ubwonko. 




#Article 57: Ubwonko (188 words)


Ubwonko bw’inyamaswa zikururuka (reptiles) buzibashisha kumenyera vuba aho zigeze n’ibihe zirimo (ni yo mpamvu muzasanga izo nyamaswa zihindagurika mu bushyuhe bw’umubiri bitewe n’uko aho ziri hashyushye cyangwa hakonje), ubw’inyamswa bita inyamabere bukazibashisha kwiyoroshya, ntizigire amahane, ariko ubwonko bw’umuntu ni bwo bwonyine bushoboye guhimba ibishya no gukundana nyakuri.

Kuva kera cyane, uruyuki rw’urunyamirimo (l’abeille ouvrière) rukora uruhererekane rw’ibyo rushinzwe ariko kuri gahunda zitajya zidahinduka.

Mu gice cy’inyuma cy’ubwonko twagereranya n’uruhu rwabwo (cortex cérébral) ni ho habikwa ibyo washyize mu bwonko ngo uzabyibuke :

Agace k’inyuma werekera hasi (région occipitale) ni ko kibuka ibyo wabonesheje amaso (les informations visuelles). Naho agace ko hejuru no mu mpande aharinganiriye n’igufwa ryo hejuru n’irya nyiramivumbi (région pariétotemporale) ko kabika ibyavuzwe (les informations verbales).

Mu by’ukuri utwo duce dukora umurimo watwo ku manywa (activité diurne), ariko na nijoro usinziriye uri mu nzozi (le sommeil paradoxal avec rêves) na byo birushaho gushimangira ibyinjiye mu bwonko kugira ngo uzabyibuke.

Kugira ngo umuntu yibuke, ubwonko bwo mu mutwe bubigiramo uruhare rukomeye. Nk’agace k’ahagana mu gahanga (lobe frontal), by’umwihariko kagira umumaro wo guhitamo ibyo wibuka, kagahitamo ibigomba kubikwa mu bwonko, kubisesengura no kubitunganya kugira ngo intekerezo zihamanye n’ibikorwa. 




#Article 58: Inzoka zo mu nda (188 words)


Inzoka zo mu nda

Abana bakunze kurwara izo nzoka, bakazandura cyane cyane binyuze mu kanwa, bitewe n’imikino yabo n’isuku yabo igoranye kuyibakorera.

Izo bakunze kurwara cyane ni asikarisi, ogiziyire, amibe, teniya, n’izindi zitera guhitwa cyane nka jiyaridiyaze na tirikusi (giardias et trichuris).

Iyo umwana adakeye mu maso (pâle), agakunda kurakara nta mpamvu, akabura ipfa ryo kurya, iyo adasinzira neza (akaryama ashikagurika) kandi agataka uburyaryate mu kibuno, ni ngombwa kwihutira kumuvuza inzoka zo mu nda.

Umwana ashobora kwiyanduza na we ubwe. Iyo yishimaguye mu kibuno, ashobora gusigarana mu nzara z’intoki ze amagi y’inzoka maze atasukurwa neza mbere yo kurya akamira ayo magi hamwe n’ibyokurya cyangwa akayamira igihe ashyira intoki ze mu kanwa.

Iyo ayo magi ageze mu mara, avamo izindi nzoka, ziyongera ku zo asanganwe. Ni ngombwa rero gusenya urwo ruziga ruhoraho (cercle vicieux).

Akenshi, izo nzoka n’amagi yazo zijya zisohokera mu kibuno, ku bana b’abakobwa zishobora no kugera ku myanya ndangagitsina y’umwana, bikamutera uburyaryate butuma yishimagura cyangwa akarwara indwara zifata mu myanya ndangagitsina y’inyuma.

Izo nzoka zishobora no gutera uburwayi bw’akanyama k’agafuka gato kaba ku iherezo ry’urura runini ari bwo apandisite ndetse bigatera n’amara kuziba akifunga (occlusions intestinales). 




#Article 59: Kugagara ingingo (233 words)


Indwara yo Kugagara ingingo ni ukugabanuka cyangwa guhagarara k’ubushobozi bwo kwikunjakunja cyangwa kwinyeganyeza kw’inyama z’umubiri w’ibiremwa byigenza, ku bwo kwangirika (lésions) kw’agace runaka k’ubwonko gakoresha urwo rugingo.

Ariko kandi tumenye ko habaho n’ubushobozi buke bw’inyama z’umubiri biturutse ku gucika kw’imitsi ikomeye cyane itarimo umwenge ifatisha inyama z’umubiri ku magufwa, utwo dutsi twacika urugingo ntirwihine (ni two bita « tendons »), hakabaho kutihina neza kw’ingingo z’umubiri (ankylose des articulations), ariko kandi iyo byatewe no guterwa ikinya cyangwa kujya muri koma (kurwara cyangwa kugira impanuka kugeza ubwo umera nk’uwapfuye), ibyo ntibishyirwa muri urwo rwego rw’uburwayi bwo kugagara ingingo.

Iyo ndwara ihindagura amazina bitewe n’aho yafatiye. Bayita emipleji (hémiplégie) iyo yafashe uruhande rw’umubiri rw’iburyo rwose cyangwa urw’ibumoso. Bayita parapleji (paraplégie) iyo yafashe igice cyo hepfo y’ikiyunguyungu (no ku gice kiba ku iherezo ry’urura runini, kimeze nk’agafuka kabanza kwitekeramo imyanda y’amabyi mbere y’uko asohoka (bahita « rectum »), n’ako gace karafatwa). Bayita omopleji (homoplégie) iyo hamugaye urugingo rumwe gusa. Bayita parezi (parésie) iyo ingingo zitamugaye burundu (paralysie incomplète).

Iyo umubiri utumva ibiwukozeho, babyita kugwa ikinya (anesthésie = perte de la sensibilité au tact). Iyo utumva ibiwubabaza (perte de la sensibilité à la douleur) babyita analjezi (analgésie). Iyo ubushobozi bw’umubiri bwo kumva ibiwukorakora burenze urugero, babyita ipersitezi « hypersthésie ». Ku wo yafashe, inyama z’urugingo ziragagara (raideur musculaire ou contracture), urugingo rukaba rwananuka (atrophie). Icyo gihe hashobora kubaho uburwayi bugagaza inyama z’amaguru bita imbwa, bikababaza cyane, (crampes douloureuses). 




#Article 60: Ikawa (291 words)


Ikawa (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Coffea) ni igiti 

Ikawa yageze mu Rwanda ahagana mu mwaka wa 1900, ariko ubushakashatsi kuri iki gihingwa bwatangiye mu mwaka 1930 ubwo hageragezwaga imbuto zitandukanye z’ikawa zivuye muri Mulungu (Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo).

Ikawa ubu ifata umwanya wa kabiri mu bihingwa nyuma y’icyayi mu kwinjiza amadovize ariko ihura n’ibibazo by’ibyonnyi n’indwara, uburyo bwo guhinga budatunganye n’imbuto zidafite umusaruro uhagije.

Kunywa ikawa bigira rukuruzi yo gutera kanseri yo mu ruhago, yo mu mabere, cyangwa ibiturugunyu (tumeur) ni utubyimba tubanziriza kanseri.

N'ubwo abantu benshi usanga batinya ikawa kubera ko izamura umuvuduko w'amaraso, habayeho ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu gihe cy'imyaka 18 ku bagore 1361 bafite imyaka iri hagati ya 39 na 65 banywaga ikawa, maze basanga 74 bararwaye indwara ya diyabete. Baje gusanga ikawa ifasha mu kwirinda diyabete kuri 45% ku banywa uturahuri (tasses) 3 cyangwa 4 ku munsi, kuri 61% abanywa uturahuri 5-6 ku munsi, naho abanywa uturahuri 7 ku munsi ikabarinda kuri 52%. Bikaba bigaragara ko abanywa uturahuri 5 cyangwa 6 aribo barindwa ku kigero cyo hejuru.

Mu bundi bushakashatsi bwa études sur la santé des infirmières bwakozwe ku bantu benshi, barimo abagabo 41234 n`abagore 84200 batarwaye yaba diyabete, yaba kanseri cyangwa se n'indwara z'umutima, bagiye bareba uburyo banywamo ikawa nyuma y'imyaka ibiri na nyuma y'ine. Nyuma abarwaye diyabete bari abagabo 1333, n'abagore 4085. Aho naho bamenye ko caféine iboneka mu ikawa ifite uruhare mu kurinda indwara ya diyabete, yaba ku bagore cyangwa se no ku bagabo.

Bakaba banavuga ko ari byiza ku bamaze kurwara diyabete kunywa ikawa kuko ifasha mu bijyanye n'uko umubiri wakira umusemburo wa insuline ndeste n`uburyo umubiri wihanganira glucose. Igisigaye ku bashakashatsi akaba ari ukumenya buryo ki irinda iyo ndwara. Gusa ni ngombwa kwirinda gukabya, nta kurenza uturahure 5 cyangwa 6 ku munsi! 




#Article 61: Kanada (517 words)


Kanada (izina mu Cyongereza no mu Gifaransa : Canada ) ni igihugu kinini cyane giherereye mu gice cyo mu majyaruguru y’umugabane wa Amerika ya Ruguru. Gikikijwe n’inyanja ya Atalantika mu burasirazuba, inyanja ya Pasifika mu burengerazuba n’inyanja ya Arikitika mu majyaruguru. Nicyo gihugu cya kabiri kinini ku isi mu buso nyuma y’u Burusiya, aho gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 9,984,670. Kanada ihana imbibe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika mu majyepfo no mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba, ukaba ariwo mupaka muremure ku isi.

Ubusanzwe Kanada yari ituwe n’abasangwabutaka kugera mu kinyejana cya 15 ubwo Abafaransa n’Abongereza bazaga kureba uko hameze. Nyuma baje kuhatura rero, mu nkengero za Atalantika. Abo basangwabutaka baje gushegeshwa bikomeye n’indwara zari ziturutse i Burayi, ubu hasigaye mbarwa.

Kuri ubu, iki gihugu gituwe n’abaturage basaga miliyoni 31. Nicyo gihugu abantu bajya guturamo cyane, bikaba akenshi biterwa n’impamvu z’ubukungu cyangwa hakaba hari ababa basanzeyo abo bafitanye isano.

Mu mwaka wa 1763 Abafaransa baretse colonies zose bari bafite muri Amerika ya Ruguru, nyuma y’intambara yiswe 'Guerre de sept ans. Mu mwaka wa 1867, Kanada yahinduwe intara ifite ubwigenge bucagase, icibwamo intara 4, aha ni naho hatangiriye ukwigenga gusumbyeho, byatumye Kanada itacyometse cyane ku Bwongereza. Mu mwaka wa 1919, Kanada yinjiye muri Société des Nations nk’igihugu ukwacyo kitari mu Bwongereza, naho mu mwaka wa 1945, Kanada iba kimwe mu bihugu byashinze Loni.

Kuri ubu Kanada igizwe n’intara 10 arizo: Ontario, Québec, Alberta, Nova Scotia, Nouveau Brunswick, Manitoba, Colombie Britannique, Ile du Prince Edouard, Saskatchewan na Terre Neuve na Labrador. Kanada kandi igizwe na teritwari 3 (territoires)

Québec niyo ntara nini kurusha izindi, ikaba ari nayo ituwe cyane nyuma ya Ontario. Ikaba ivugirwamo igifaransa cyonyine nk’ururimi rwemewe, mawe mu mashyaka yahoo akaba anifuza ko iyo ntara yakwikura kuri Kanada ikigenga.

Ibendera rya Kanada rizwi cyane, rikaba ari umweru n’umutuku. Hagati harimo ishusho ry’ikibabi cy’igiti cyitwa érable ushobora gusanga henshi muri icyo gihugu, kikaba cyinatanga umutobe uryoshye (sirop d'érable).

Kanada ni igihugu kivugirwamo indimi 2 zemewe: Igifaransa n’Icyongereza. Ubwo uwo Gouverneur Général yageraga mu Rwanda, bamwe mwumvise ko yavugaga ijambo mu rurimi rumwe, akongera akabivuga mu rundi. Ibi bikaba biterwa n’iyo politiki yo kubahiriza izo ndimi zombi (bilinguisme).

Kanada iyoborwa nk’ubutegetsi bushingiye ku nteko ishinga amategeko, aho kuba ku mukuru w’igihugu nk’uko bimeze ahandi henshi ku isi.

Muri iyi minsi twagiye twumva intiyo “Gouverneur Général”, aho kumva perezida. Ibi biterwa n’uko ubundi Kanada iyoborwa n’umwamikazi w’u bwongereza, akaba gusa yoherezayo Gouverneur Général wo kumuhagararira. Kuri ubu Gouverneur Général ni Madamu Michaëlle Jean, akaba ari na we waje mu Rwanda.

Minisitiri w’intebe ni nk’aho ariwe mutegetsi ukomeye uba uri muri Kanada. Aturuka mu ishyaka ryatsinze amatora yo mu nteko, kandi niwe ushyiraho guverinoma ankanayihindura.

Kanada iri mu miryango nka G8 (umuryango uhuza ibihugu 8 bikize ku isi), G-20 (umuryango uhuza ibihugu 20 bikize ku isi), OTAN, OCDE, OMC, Commonwealth, Francophonie, OAS, APEC na Loni (ONU).

Kanada ni kimwe mu bihugu bikize kandi bikomeye ku isi. Ubukungu bwayo bushingiye cyane cyane ku mutungo kamere n’ubuhahirane na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika bituranye. Kanada ifite amashyamba arimo ibiti bikenerwa cyane, ikungahaye kandi kuri peteroli na gaz. Hari amabuye y’agaciro atandukanye kandi akenerwa nka zinc, uranium, n’ayandi.




#Article 62: Icyayi (222 words)


Icyayi (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini: Camellia sinensis) ni ikimera.

Icyayi gitera umubiri imbaraga kandi hari byinshi cyungura ubuzima nko gutuza no kuruhuka.mu gihe wumva icyayi kitaryohereye, ushobora gushyiramo ubuki aho kugirango ushyiremo isukari nyinshi.

Mu Rwanda, icyayi cyabaye igihingwa ngenga bukungu mbere ya 1960. Icyayi bagemura mu mahanga gitangira guhingwa muri 1965. kuva icyo gihe icyayi nacyo cyiri mu bihingwa ngenga bukungu byinjiza amadevise menshi mu gihugu nyuma y’ikawa. Aho igiciro k’ikawa ku masoko mpuzamahanga kigwiriye mu myaka ishize, icyayi ni cyo kiri ku mwanya wa mbere mu kwinjiza amadevise kugera hejuru 34% y’ibigurishwa mu mahanga byose. 
 

Icyayi cyatangiye guhingwa mu Rwanda muri 1952. Kuva icyo gihe, umusaruro wacyo ugenda wiyongera bihagije, kuva kuri toni 60 muri 1958, kugera kuri 1,900 muri 1990, kuri toni 14,500 mu 2000, ugahebuza rwose kugera kuri toni 17,800 muri 2001. Hejuru ya 90% z’umusaro wacyo ugurishwa mu mahanga, ariko kigize agace gato cyane mu isoko mpuzamahanga gahwanye na toni miliyoni 1.4 gusa.

Icyayi gihingwa mu mabanga y’imisozi miremire ku butumburuke buri hagati ya m 1,900 na m 2,500, no mu bibaya byumukije neza ku butumburuke hagati ya m 1,550 na m 1,800. Icyayi gihingwa mu turere 11. Ku buso bwa ha 12,500 mu majyaruguru, iburengerazuba no mu ntara y’amajyepfo. Icyayi kigomba guhingwa hafi y’inganda zigitunganya kuko kigomba kujya gutunganyirizwa mu ruganda nyuma y’amasaha make kimaze gusoromwa. 




#Article 63: Akarere ka Rutsiro (177 words)


Akarere ka Rutsiro, ni kamwe mu turere 7 tugize Intara y’Iburengerazuba bw’u Rwanda; kari ku birometero mirongo itatu na bine (34 km) uvuye ku biro by’Intara, n’ibirometero ijana na mirongo itanu (150 km) uvuye mu murwa mukuru w’Igihugu Kigali.

Akarere ka Rutsiro gaherereye mu Majyaruguru y’Intara y’Iburengerazuba, Iburasirazuba bwako hari Akarere ka Ngororero na Karongi, Iburengerazuba  hari Igihugu cya Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, mu Majyaruguru hari Akarere ka Ngororero na Rubavu naho mu Majyepfo hakaba Akarere ka Karongi.

Akarere ka Rutsiro gatuwe n’abaturage ibihumbi magana abiri na mirongo itandatu na bine na magana atatu na mirongo itandatu (264360)  ku buso bwa 1157,3 km²;  ni ukuvuga ubucucike bw’abaturage 228 kuri km² imwe.  Muri bo urubyiruko rwonyine ruri munsi y’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu rukaba rubarirwa muri 70% by’abatuye ako Karere. Kugira ngo buri muturage abone aho gutura, Akarere kafashe  icyemezo cyo kubahiriza uburyo bushya bw’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka hashingiwe kuri politiki yo gutura mu midugudu, Iyi politiki ishingiye ku kibazo cy’ubutaka buto, koroshya uburyo bwo kugeza ku baturage ibya ngombwa mu buzima nk’amazi, amavuriro, amashuri, uburyo bw’itumanaho, kwirindira umutekano ubwabo n’ibindi.




#Article 64: Akarere ka Huye (219 words)


Akarere ka Huye ni kamwe mu Turere umunani tugize Intara y’Amajyepfo mu Rwanda. Akarere ka Huye gahana imbibi n' Akarere ka Nyanza (Amajyaruguru) Akarere ka Nyaruguru (Amajyepfo), Akarere ka Nyamagabe (Iburengerazuba) n' Akarere ka Gisagara (i Burasirazuba). 

Akarere ka Huye kazwi na none kuba gafite inzu ndangamuco y'u Rwanda.
Ni mu karere ka Huye kandi dusanga amahoteri menshi mu gace kahoze kitwa Butare.

Umujyi w'Akarere ka Huye ni umwe mu mijyi yunganira umujyi wa Kigali. 

Ubukungu bw' akarere ka Huye bushingiye ku buhinzi n'ubworozi, Ubukerarugendo, Ubucuruzi n'Inganda. 

Mu buhinzi, mu karere ka Huye hera ibihingwa Ngandurarugo (Ibishyimbo, Ibigori, Urutoki, Umuceri n'ibindi); mu bihingwa Ngengabukungu mu karere ka Huye hera igihingwa cya Kawa ni na ho dusanga Ikawa ya Maraba yamamaye mu ruhando mpuzamahanga. Mu Akarere ka Huye uhasanga ibikorwa by' ubukerarugendo nk' Ingoro ndangamurage ( Musee), Ibisi bya Huye, Ishyamba ry’Arboretum, Amahoteri n’ibindi.

Akarere ka Huye ni ho hari igicumbi cy'Uburezi  kuko mu karere ka Huye  tuhasanga kaminuza n'amashuri makuru 5 [ Kaminuza y’u Rwanda Ishami rya Huye, , Catholic University of Rwanda -CUR,  na Seminari Nkuru ya Nyakibanda]. Mu karere ka Huye hari amashuri yisumbuye 50 n' amashuri abanza 100.

Mu karere ka Huye tuhasanga ibitaro bya Kaminuza CHUB, Ibitaro by'Akarere ka Huye bya Kabutare, amavuriro yigenga 3, Farumasi 17 n'Ibigo nderabuzima 16.

Izina ry' Ubutore : Indatirwabahizi




#Article 65: Akarere ka Nyanza (217 words)


Akarere ka Nyanza ni kamwe mu turere umunani tugize Intara y’Amajyepfo. Icyicaro cy’ubuyobozi bw’Akarere kiri mu Murenge wa Busasamana , ari naho hari icyicaro cy’Intara y’Amajyepfo.

Akarere ka Nyanza gafite ubuso bwa km²  671,2 kakaba gatuwe n’abaturage 225.209, batuye mu Mirenge 10 igizwe n’Utugari 51 n’imidugudu 420.

Akarere ka Nyanza gahana imbibi n’Uturere twa Ruhango, Huye, Nyamagabe na Gisagara two mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo ; Akarere ka Bugesera ko mu Ntara y’Iburasirazuba kakanakora kuri Repuburika y’uburundi.

Akarere ka Nyanza kagizwe n’imisozi iciye bugufi iburasirazuba no hagati, n’imisozi ifite ubutumburuke buri hagati ya 1.300m na 1.800m mu burengerazuba. Gafite kandi ibibaya bigari bikikije inzuzi za Mwogo iburengerazuba, n’Akanyaru iburasirazuba.

Mu Karere ka Nyanza hera ibihingwa binyuranye, iby’ingenzi bikaba ari Ibigori, Umuceri, Ibishyimbo, Imyumbati na Kawa. Imiterere y’imisozi yako ituma kagira urunyurane rw’ubushyuhe n’ubukonje (climat) bituma ubworozi muri rusange, ubw’inka by’umwihariko bugenda neza. Mu Karere ka Nyanza kandi habonekamo amabuye y’agaciro nka koluta na Gasegereti mu Murenge wa Nyagisozi.

Igice kinini cy’Akarere ka Nyanza ni icyaro; ariko gafite Umujyi wa Nyanza, umwe mu Mijyi yambere yubatswe mu Gihugu ariko utarigeze utera imbere ku buryo bugaragara kuva mu myaka y’1960. Uwo Mujyi n’ubwo utateye imbere mu myubakire n’ubucuruzi, uganjemo amashuri menshi yisumbuye ya Leta ndetse n’ay’ababyeyi.

Akarere ka Nyanza gafite umwihariko wo gusurwa cyane na ba Mucyerarugendo kubera ubwiza Nyaburanga buharangwa




#Article 66: Akarere ka Ngoma (161 words)


Akarere ka Ngoma gaherereye mu ntara y’iburasirazuba. umurwa wako ni Kibungo gahuje imipaka n’akarere ka Rwamagana mu burengerazuba bwa ruguru, na kayonza mu burasirazuba bwa ruguru, Bugesera mu burengerazuba, Kirehe mu burasirazuba hamwe na repubulika y’u Burundi mu majyepfo. Aka karere kagizwe n’imirenge cumi n'ine (14) ariyo:

Ikirere cy’Akarere ka Ngoma kigira ubushyuhe bwa degere 20°C, ubwinshi bw’imvura ni hagati ya metero 1100. Ubuhehere buraringaniye. Ubutaka bukozwe n’umucanga, no munsi y’ubutaka hakozwe n’ishwagara nyinshi 

Akarere ka Ngoma gafite amahoteri meza ashobora kwakira abantu batandukanye, harimo n’abacishirije, uwo ariwe wese ashobora kuba yabona igitanda n’ifunguro rya mu gitondo mu macumbi mato ari mu mugi wa kibungo. Ubu hari amahoteli 2 akomeye muri aka karere ayo ni Centre St Joseph na Hoteli Dereva

Ibimera bisanzwe by’akarere ka Ngoma byiganjemo ubwatsi bugufi. Nicyo kimera kiganje muri Afurika y’iburasirazuba.

Inyamaswa zo mu Karere ka Ngoma kagizwe n’inyoni z’ubwoko butandukanye, ibikururanda, n’ubundi bwoko bw’inzoka butandukanye. Igice kinini cy’izo nyamaswa kiri agace kadatuwe ko muri ako karere.




#Article 67: Akarere ka Nyagatare (248 words)


Akarere ka Nyagatare ni kamwe mu Turere 7 tugize Intara y’Iburasirazuba. Igabanwemwo Imirenge 14, Utugari 106 n’Imidugudu 603. Akarere kari k’ubuso bwa 1.741 kilometero kare, Akarere ka Nyagatare gahana imbibe n’igihugu cya Uganda mu majyaruguru, Tanzaniya iri iburasirazuba, mu majyepfo hari Akarere ka Gatsibo, m’uburengerazuba hakaba Akarere ka Gicumbi.

Akarere ka Nyagatare kagizwe muri rusange n’imisozi migufi, usanga ahanini ifite ubutaka budatoshye kubera igihe kirekire cy’izuba rihera muri Kamena kugera kugera mu KUboza.

Akarere ka Nyagatare gaherere mu bibaya bifite ubutumburuke bugera kuri metero 1513,5. Iyo miterere y’ubutaka ikaba ijyanye cyane n'ihingwa rya kijyambere, bikorohera nabahingisha amashini cyangwa ibimasa.

Akarere ka Nyagatare kagira imvura nkeya, kakagira n’ubushyuhe. Kagizwe n’ibihe bibiri: igihe cyambere n’igihe kirerekire cy’izuba gifata amezi 3 kugera kuri 5, icyo gihe gifite ibipimo by’ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 25,3°C na 27,7°C.

Iboneka ry’imvura rirahindagurika buri mwaka, ibipimo by’imvura biri hasi cyane nukuvuga ko bingana na (827mm/ku mwaka), ibi ibipimo ntabwo bihagije cyanek’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi.

Akarere ka Nyagatare gafite imiyobora mike y’amazi. Usibye umugezi wa Muvumba unyura mu Karere ka Nyagatare, imigezi y’Akagera n’umuyanja byo bigize imbibi n’ibihugu nka Tanzaniya n’Ubugande. Ibyo bikaba bituma ntawundi mugezi abaturage bashobora kwifashisha mu buhinzi n’ubworozi. Hari n’utundi tugezi duto nka: Nyiragahaya, Kayihenda, Karuruma,Nyagasharara na Kaborogota. Kubera ibura ry’imigezi n’inzuzi,n’imiyoboro y’amazi bitera ikibazo cy’ibura ry’amazi kubaturage n’amatungo.

Akarere ka Nyagatare kagizwe n’igice kinini cya pariki y’Akagera, isangamo umubare w’inyamaswa nk’imbogo, impala n’izindi. Tuhasanga kandi n’ubwoko bw’inyoni zitandukanye.

Akarere gafite kandi n’utundi tunyamaswa, nk’inkende, ingurube z’ishyamba, n’izindi. Mu mugezi wa Muvumba, ho habamo imvubu.




#Article 68: Umurenge wa Mageragere (234 words)


Umurenge wa Mageragere ni umwe mu mirenge 10 igize Akarere ka Nyarugenge, ni Umurenge wahoze mu cyari Akarere ka Butamwa mbere y’ivugururwa ry’ubutegetsi.

Umurenge wa Mageragere ufite ubuso bwa km2 54.8 n’abaturage 16800. Ugizwe n’Utugari turindwi: Nyarufunzo, Kankuba, Mataba, Nyarurenzi, Runzenze, Ntungamo na Kavumu.

N’ubwo Mageragere iri mu mujyi wa Kigali, abaturage bayo bafite ubuzima bw’igiturage. Abo baturage barahinga kandi ingufu bakoresha mugutegura ibiribwa ni inkwi.

Muri iyi gahunda y’umwaka umwe, Umurenge uzita kubikorwa bizacyemura ibibazo abawutuye bose bahura nabyo. Ibi byose kandi Umurenge uzabikora utibagiwe ko bigomba kuba ibikorwa birambye, ni ukuvuga ko mu bizakorwa byose hazitabwa mu kubungabunga ibidukikije harwanywa isuri kandi hanarindwa amashyamba. Ibindi ni uko isuku izakomeza kuranga abaturage ba Mageragere kandi nk’uko bizwi ko Umuturage ariwe shingiro ry’amajyambere, hazakorwa ibishoboka byose ngo abaturage barindwe indwara z’ibyorezo nka SIDA na Malariya nizindi ndwara ziterwa nisuku nke cyangwa imirire mibi kandi banakangurirwe kujya mu bwisungane mu kwivuza .

Imishinga izashyirwa mu bikorwa muri uyu mwaka ni iyo . ku baka gereza nkuru ya kigali,kugeza amazi meza kubaturage,gusana ibiro bytimurenge,amashyiga ya kijyambere, gushinga ishami rya banki yabaturage, kandi bunguka ubumenyi mu gukora imirimo itandukanye. Abaturage bazakangurirwa kuzigama, gutegura udushinga duto, maze ibi bizatume bivana koko mu bukene.

Ku bijyanye n’nkiko gacaca uyu mwaka uzarangira amadosiye 80% y’abaregwa yaramaze kuburanishwa. Umurenge ushyize imbere imikorere myiza mu gutanga service vuba kubawugana, Umurenge ukaba usaba inkunga y’ Abawutuye bose ngo iyi gahunda izashyirwe mu bikorwa. 




#Article 69: Umurenge wa Kanyinya (246 words)


Umurenge wa Kanyinya ni umwe mu mirenge 10 igize Akarere ka Nyarugenge, ni Umurenge mushya mu mugi wa Kigali kuko wahoze mu cyari Akarere ka Shyorongi mbere y’ivugururwa ry’ubutegetsi. Umurenge wa Kanyinya ufite ubuso bwa km2 20.60 n’abaturage 9034. Ugizwe n’Utugari dutatu; Taba, Nyamweru na Nzove.

N’ubwo Kanyinya iri mu mujyi wa Kigali, abaturage bayo bafite ubuzima bw’igiturage. Abo baturage barahinga kandi ingufu bakoresha mugutegura ibiribwa ni inkwi.

Muri iyi gahunda y’umwaka umwe, Umurenge uzita kubikorwa bizacyemura ibibazo abawutuye bose bahura nabyo.

Ibi byose kandi Umurenge uzabikora utibagiwe ko bigomba kuba ibikorwa birambye, ni ukuvuga ko mu bizakorwa byose hazitabwa mu kubungabunga ibidukikije harwanywa isuri kandi hanarindwa amashyamba. Ibindi ni uko isuku izakomeza kuranga abaturage ba Kanyinya kandi nk’uko bizwi ko Umuturage ariwe shingiro ry’amajyambere, hazakorwa ibishoboka byose ngo abaturage barindwe indwara, z’ibyorezo nka SIDA na Malariya kandi banakangurirwe kujya mu bwisungane’mu kwivuza.

Imishinga izashyirwa mu bikorwa muri uyu mwaka ni iyo kugeza ku baturage amashanyarazi kubaka ishuri ry’incuke, kongera ibyumba 3 ku kigo cy’amashuri abanza cya Nzove n’ibindi . Iyi mishinga izatuma abaturage benshi babona akazi kandi bunguka ubumenyi mu gukora imirimo itandukanye. Bamaze guhembwa, abaturage bazakangurirwa kuzigama, gutegura udushinga duto, maze ibi bizatume bivana koko mu bukene.

Ku bijyanye n’nkiko gacaca uyu mwaka uzarangira amadosiye 1600 y’abaregwa yaramaze kuburanishwa. Uyu mwaka kandi uzarangjra abaturage b’Umurenge wa Kanyinya bafite amashyiga arondereza inkwi. Umurenge ushyize imbere imikorere myiza mu gutanga service vuba kubawugana, Umurenge ukaba usaba inkunga y’ Abawutuye bose ngo iyi gahunda izashyirwe mu bikorwa.




#Article 70: Umurenge wa Kimisagara (146 words)


Umurenge wa Kimisagara , ni umwe mu Mirenge icumi igize Akarere ka Nyarugenge. Umurenge wa kimisagara uri mu marembo y’Umujyi wa Kigali kandi uhana imbibi n’Imirenge ya :

Ufite ubuso bungana na 3.19 km2 n’umubare w’abaturage bangana na 34472.

Ugizwe kandi n’Utugali dutatu aritwo: Kimisagara, Katabaro, Kamuhoza. 

Utugari twose tugizwe n’imidugudu 48.

Ingo zigize Umurenge zingana na 7042. Abaturage bagize Umurenge wa Kimisagara batunzwe ahanini n’imirimo ihemba , ubucuruzi buciriritse ndetse n’ibimina bibafasha kugera ku gishoro.

Nk’uko Umurage ari ishingiro ry’ubukungu igihugu cyacu giteho byinshi, akwiye gusigasirwa ahabwa ibyangombwa by’ibanze birimo ubumenyi no kurindwa indwara n’ibindi bya muhungabanya.

Kugirango iyi mihigo igerweho ningombwa ko habaho ubufatanye hagati y’ abaturage n’Ubuyobozi bityo buri wese agatanga umusanzu we. Umurenge wiyemeje gutanga serivisi nziza kandi zihuse utibagiwe no guteza imbere ibikorwa by’amajyambere, Akarere n’izindi nzego z’Ubuyobozi zizadufasha kugera ku Ntego.

Ukeneye kumenya Umurenge wa Kimisagara byisumbuyeho wabaza Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa




#Article 71: Umurenge wa Muhima (110 words)


Umurenge wa Muhima

Ikaze ku rubuga rw’umurenge wa Muhima, umwe mu Mirenge icumi igize Akarere ka Nyarugenge. Nyuma y’ivugurura ry’imitegerekere y’Igihugu ugizwe n’utugari turindwi (7) aritwo : Nyabugogo, Kabeza, Tetero, Amahoro, Kabasengerezi, Rugenge n’Ubumwe. Utwo tugari natwo tukaba tugizwe n’Imidugudu 39 

Umurenge wa Muhima uhana imbibi n’Imirenge ya Kimisagara, Gitega na Nyarugenge, n’imwe mu Mirenge y’Akarere ka Gasabo. Ukaba ufite ubuso bungana na km² 2,92 n’abaturage 48.466 dukurikije ibyatangajwe n’ibarura rusange ryo mu mwaka w’2002. Ni ukuvuga ko uwo Murenge utuwe ku bucucike bw’abaturage 16 598/ km² . Ibi bikaba bisobanura imiturire y’Akajagari irangwa muri uwo Murenge. Tubifurije ku rwungukiraho byinshi mu bijyanye na serivisi ndetse n’amakuru ajyanye n’umurenge wanyu.




#Article 72: Intara z’u Rwanda (110 words)


U Rwanda rufite intara enye ziyongeraho Umujyi wa Kigali, ari zo: Intara y’Amajyepfo; Intara y’Amajyaruguru; Intara y’Uburasirazuba n’Intara y’Uburengerazuba. Intara ihuza guverinoma n’uturere, ikagenzura niba imigabo n’imigambi ya Leta bishyirwa mu bikorwa mu rwego rw’uturere. Ni nayo kandi ireba uburyo imiyoborere n’imirimo bihagaze muri rusange ku rwego rw’uturere. Buri Ntara iyoborwa na Guverineri, ushyirwaho na Perezida wa Repubulika bikemezwa na Sena.

Ministeri y’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu, Imiyoborere Myiza, Amajyambere Rusange n’Imibereho Myiza y’Abaturage (MINALOC) ishimishijwe no kumenyesha abaturarwanda bose ko, nyuma y’ ivugurura ry’inzego z’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu mu Rwanda,tuzaba dufite Intara enye(4) n’Umujyi wa Kigali, Uturere mirongo itatu(30) n’Imirenge Magana ane na cumi n’itandatu(416).  

Intara → Uturere → Imirenge → Utugari → Imidugudu




#Article 73: Nili (146 words)


Uruzi rwa Nili (izina mu cyarabu: النيل‎) rubarirwa ku burebure bwa kilometero 6,650 n’ubugari bwa kilometero 8. Muri rusange rufatwa nk’ururerure ku isi, kandi ni rwo ruzi runini mu zitemba zerekeza mu majyaruguru y’Afurika.

Igihugu cya Misiri tuzi neza ko gitunzwe n'uruzi rwa Nil, uru ruzi rero rukaba rufite isoko iva mu bihugu byinshi aribyo : Etiyopiya, Sudani, Rwanda, Tanzaniya, Yuganda, Uburundi, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, Eritereya na Kenya. 

Nili igizwe imigezi ibiri minini: Nili Yera izwi ku izina rya Bahr Al Jabal muri Sudani, na Nili y’Ubururu yinjiza amenshi mu mazi y’uruzi rwa Nili, ikaba ari na yo ikeshwa ifumbire iboneka mu gishanga Nili inyuramo.

Uruzi rwa Nili y’Umuhondo (Yellow Nile), ni rwo rwahuzaga Nili nini n’imisozi ya Ouaddaï yo muri Cadi y’uburasirazuba mu myaka ya za 8000 kugera mu 1000 mbere y’ivuka rya Yesu. Igice cyayo gisigaye kizwi ku izina rya Wadi Howar. 




#Article 74: Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda (116 words)


Intara y’Amajyaruguru iherereye mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda ikaba ihana imbibi na:

Intara y’Amajyaruguru ifite ubuso bwa kirometero kare 3331 n’abaturage barenga 1.604.997. Igice kinini cy’Intara y’Amajyaruguru kigizwe n’imisozi miremire, igaherwa mu mujyaruguru yayo n’uruhererekane rw’ibirunga. Iteganya gihe rimeze neza, rigizwe n’imvura isanzwe mu gihe cy’umwaka, n’amahumbezi mu gihe kinini cy’umwaka uretse mu mezi abiri gusa ya gicurasi na Kamena, mu CYI haba hari izuba naryo ridakanganye cyane. 

Intara y'Amajyaruguru yashyizweho hakurikijwe Itegeko No. 29/2005 of 31/12/2005 rishyiraho inzego z'igihugu cy'u Rwanda. Iyi Ntara yakozwe hakomatanyijwe icyari intara ya Ruhengeri, Byumba n'igice cy'amajyaruguru cy'icyahoze ari Kigali Ngali. Kuri ubu Intara y'Amajyaruguru igizwe n'Uturere 5 aritwo: Burera, Gakenke, Gicumbi, Musanze, Rulindo na Imirenge 89, Utugari 413 n'Imidugudu 2743. 




#Article 75: Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda (1715 words)


Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda yagiyeho nyuma y’ibihe by’inzibacyuho, binyuze mu matora yabaye ku itariki ya 29 Nzeri kugeza tariki ya 2 Ukwakira 2003.
Yatangiye imirimo yayo ku itariki 10 Ukwakira 2003, nyuma y’irahira ry’abagize imitwe yombi.

Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda igizwe n’Imitwe ibiri : Umutwe w’Abadepite na Sena.

Umutwe w’Abadepite ugizwe n’Abadepite 80 bakomoka aha hakurikira :

AMATEKA Y'INTEKO {Curio}

Mu gihe u Rwanda rwiteguye amatora y’abadepite agiye kuba kuwa mbere tariki ya 16 Nzeri 2013, amwe mu mateka y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda ntajya avugwaho cyane. Aya ni amwe mu mateka twabakusanyirije yaranze iyi nteko muri rusange kuva yabaho kugeza ubu.  

Mbere y’umwaduko w’abakoloni, u Rwanda rwagiraga umuco utaragiraga inyandiko, ni ukuvuga ko amateka (amategeko) yafatwaga mu mutwe cyangwa akagirwa akamenyero. Muri icyo gihe nta mategeko yabagaho, ahubwo habagaho amateka yacibwaga (...)

Mu gihe u Rwanda rwiteguye amatora y’abadepite agiye kuba kuwa mbere tariki ya 16 Nzeri 2013, amwe mu mateka y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda ntajya avugwaho cyane. Aya ni amwe mu mateka twabakusanyirije yaranze iyi nteko muri rusange kuva yabaho kugeza ubu.

Mbere y’umwaduko w’abakoloni, u Rwanda rwagiraga umuco utaragiraga inyandiko, ni ukuvuga ko amateka (amategeko) yafatwaga mu mutwe cyangwa akagirwa akamenyero. Muri icyo gihe nta mategeko yabagaho, ahubwo habagaho amateka yacibwaga n’umwami; bakagira bati “Umwami yaciye iteka”.

Amenshi mu mateka yacibwaga, yabaga agendeye ku mitegekere y’umwami wabaga yimye ingoma. Yashoboraga kugirwa inama n’abamwegereye cyangwa abiru, ariko ikigaragara ni uko nta nama yabagaho ngo igiye kwiga ku itegeko ryashyirwaho.

Mu gihe u Rwanda rwahabwaga u Bubiligi ngo burugeze ku  bwigenge (Tutelle), rwahise rugendera ku mategeko y’Ababiligi; amwe na mwe yagezwaga mu Rwanda agahindurwa bijyanye n’imibereho n’umuco by’Abanyarwanda, mu gihe hari n’andi yagumaga uko yaje bitewe n’umuyobozi cyangwa umu-administrateur wabaga ariho.

Mu myaka ya 1960 nibwo habaye impinduka mu Rwanda; hajyiyeho Akanama k’igihugu k’u Rwanda na Guverinoma y’agateganyo ku itariki ya 26 Ukwakira 1960. Guverinoma y’U Rwanda ya mbere mu mateka yarwo ikimara gushyirwaho nibwo hahise hategurwa amatora y’abagize inteko ishinga amategeko.

Ku itariki ya 7 Ukuboza 1960 nibwo hafashwe icyemezo ko Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda izagirwa n’umutwe umwe ikitwa “Assemblée Legistrative”.

Ku itariki ya 28 Mutarama 1961 nibwo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yatoye Perezida wa republika, nawe wari ubaye uw’intango mu mateka y’urwa Gasabo.

Ku itariki ya 30 Nyakanga 1961 ya Nteko yitwaga Assemblée Legistrative yahinduye izina, maze yitwa Assemblée Nationale.

Kugeza ubwo iyo nteko yaseswaga ku 5 Nyakanga 1973 ubwo Habyarimana yakoraga kudeta (Coup d’Etat), agahirika Kayibanda, U Rwanda rwari rumaze kugira inteko 3 zari zaratowe ku itariki ya 25 Nzeri 1961, itariki ya 3 Ukwakira 1965 no ku itariki ya 28 Nzeri 1969.

Ubwo hakorwaga amatora ya mbere ku itariki ya 25 Nzeri 1961 mu nteko harimo imyanya 44.

Icyo gihe iyo myanya ikaba yari irimo amashyaka ya Parmehutu ryari rifite imyanya 35, UNAR ifite imyanya 7 na APROSOMA yari ifite imyanya 2.

Naho Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yari yaje gutorwa ku itariki ya 3 Ukwakira 1965, yo ikaba yari irimo imyanya 47 kandi bose ari aba Parmehutu gusa ari naryo ryonyine ryari ryatanze abakandida. Uwo mubare w’abari bagize Inteko Ishinga amategeko ni nawo wagumyeho ku nshuro ya 3 haba amatora mu 1969.

Andi matora y’abagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda yagombaga kuba mu 1973, ariko kubera umwuka mubi wa politiki wariho icyo gihe, ntabwo yabaye. Ni nabwo muri uwo mwuka habayemo kudeta ku itariki ya 5 Nyakanga 1973.

Habyarimana Juvenal yafashe ubutegetsi ahirika Kayibanda Gregoire.

Iyo kudeta yakurikiwe n’ihagarikwa ry’inzego zose n’iseswa ry’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ari nabwo havukaga Republika ya kabiri.

Iyo republika ya kabiri niyo yashyizeho ikiswe Inama y’igihugu y’amajyambere “Conseil National de Development (CND)“ iyo yo ikaba icyo gihe yari igizwe n’abadepite 64 batowe mu matora yo ku itariki ya 18 Ukuboza 1981 bagatangira imirimo yabo ku itariki ya 8 Mutarama 1982.

Inama y’igihugu y’amajyambere cyangwa se Inteko yatowe ku itariki ya 26 Ukuboza 1983 igatangira imirimo yayo ku itariki ya 8 Mutarama 1984, yo yarimo abadepite 70. Icyo gihe Itegeko Nshinga ryagennye manda y’imyaka 5 ari nayo yagendeweho n’Inteko yatowe ku 26 Ukuboza 1988 igatangira imirimo yayo ku 8 Mutarama 1989. Icyo twabibutsa ni uko abari bagize CND (Inama y’igihugu y’amajyambere) bose baturukaga mu ishyaka rimwe rukumbi rya MRND.

Itegeko Nshinga rya mbere ry’u Rwanda ryashyizweho ku itariki ya 28 Mutarama 1961, ryaje gusimbuzwa ku itariki ya 24 Ugushyingo 1962. Kuva ryashyirwaho, Itegeko Nshinga ry’u Rwanda ryagiye rihindurwa inshuro nyinshi ku mpamvu zitandukanye. Kugeza mu 1978 ryari rimaze guhindurwa inshuro zigera kuri eshanu: nko ku itariki ya 12 Kamena 1962, ku itariki ya 18 Gicurasi 1973 no ku itariki ya 20 Ukuboza 1978.

Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’Inzibacyuho

Ni imwe mu nzego nkuru z’igihugu zateganyijwe n’amasezerano y’Arusha yashyizweho umukono ku itariki ya 4 Kanama 1993 hagati ya Guverinoma y’u Rwanda n’ishyaka rya FPR- Inkotanyi.

Ayo masezerano akaba yarahaye iyo Nteko Ishinga Amategeko inshingano zikurikira:

	Gushyiraho amategeko

	Kumenya no kungenzura ibikorwa bya Guverinoma

Inteko ishinga amategeko y’inzibacyuho yashyizweho ku itariki ya 25 Ugushyingo 1994, irangira muri Kanama 2003.

Inteko y’inzibacyuho ijyaho nyuma ya jenocide ikaba icyo gihe nta bakozi nta n’ibikoresho bihagije yari ifite; byose byari ugushakisha kuko n’ingoro yakoreragamo yari yarasenyutse.

Iyi Nteko yashyizweho hagendeye ku masezerano y’Arusha nk’uko yujujwe ku bireba Inteko Ishinga Amategeko n’itangazo rya FPR Inkotanyi ryo ku itariki ya 17 Nyakanga 1994, hamwe n’amasezerano yo ku itariki ya 25 Ugushyingo 1994 hagati y’imitwe ya politiki ya FRP, MDR, PDC, PSD, PDI, PSR, PL na UDPR yerekeye ishyirwaho ry’inzego z’ubutegetsi z’iguhugu.

Itangira, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’inzibacyuho yari igizwe n’abadepite 70 baturuka mu mashyaka ya politiki 8 ataragize uruhare muri genocide yakorewe Abatutsi. Harimo kandi n’abadepite 6 bahagarariye ingabo z’igihugu.

Hakurikijwe ivugururwa ry’Itegeko Nshinga rya Republika y’u Rwanda ryo kuwa 10 Ugushyingo 2000, umubare w’abadepite waje kwiyongera ugera kuri 74 bitewe n’abadepite 4 bongewemo: 2 bahagarariye urubyiruko na 2 bahagarariye abari n’abategarugori.

Ikijyaho Inteko Ishinga amategeko ikaba yarashyizeho amategeko ahanini yari ajyanye n’igihe igihugu cyarimo cyane cyane agamije kugisana mu buryo bwose: urwego rw’ubukungu, imibereho y’abaturage, politiki,  ubutabera n’ibindi.

Naho ibirebana no kumenya no kugenzura ibikorwa bya guverinoma, ibyo bikorwa byatangiye mu 1997 cyane cyane ko n’amategeko abigenga yagoranye gushyirwaho. Bikaba byarasabye ko abahagarariye Inteko Ishinga Amategeko n’abahagarariye guverinoma bahura kenshi kugira ngo bashobore kumvikana ku ngingo zimwe na zimwe batabonaga kimwe.

Itegeko ngenga rigena uburyo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko igomba kumenya ikanagenzura imikorere ya guverinoma ryatangajwe ku itariki ya 14 Mata 1997 na Prezida w’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, ashingiye ku bubasha ahabwa n’Itegeko Nshinga mu ngingo yaryo ya 6-d y’amasezerano y’Arusha, mu gice cyerekeye igabana ry’ubutegetsi.

Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’inzibacyuho kandi yari ifite inshingano zo gutora bamwe mu bayobozi bo mu nzego z’imirimo ya Leta. Ni muri urwo rwego batoye Perezida Paul Kagame bafatanije n’abagize guverinoma ku itariki ya 17 Mata 2000, banatora abandi bayobozi banyuranye barimo Perezida na visi Perezida b’urukiko rw’ikirenga, abakomiseri mu makomisiyo y’igihugu n’abandi.

Ku birebana n’imiterere y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’inzibacyuho, icyo gihe yari igizwe n’inzego 5 z’ingenzi, arizo:

	Inteko rusange 

	Biro y’inteko

	Inama y’abaperezida b’amakomisiyo

	Amakomisiyo ahoraho

	Urwego rw’abakozi

Mu gihe cy’inzibacyuho Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’inzibacyuho yakoreraga mu bihembwe 3. Buri gihembwe cyagombaga kumara amezi 3 n’ukwezi kw’ikiruhuko. Ariko byagaragaye kenshi ko ibyo biruhuko byajyiye bikoreshwa hatumizwa ibihembwe bidasanzwe kubera imirimo myinshi ijyanye cyane cyane no gutora amategeko.

Kuva mu 1994 kugera 2000 umwaka w’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’inzibacyuho watangiraga ku itariki 12 Ukuboza bihereye ku itariki yateraniyeho bwa mbere mu gihembwe gisanzwe mu mwaka 1994.

Ariko kugira ngo gahunda z’ibihembwe by’inzibacyuho zihuzwe n’izindi gahunda z’igihugu, itangira ry’umwaka w’Inteko  Ishinga Amategeko y’inzibacyuho ryaje kwimurirwa ku itariki ya 15 Mutarama, kandi rikanayoborwa na Perezida wa Republika uboneraho no kugeza ku baturarwanda ubutumwa bujyanye na gahunda z’igihugu z’uwo mwaka.

Inteko ishinga amategeko y’inzibacyuho yabayeho kugeza ubwo hajyagaho Inteko noneho yari imaze gutorwa hagendeye ku Itegeko Nshinga rya Republika y’u Rwanda kuva mu 1994. Iri tegeko nshinga rikaba ryari ryatowe ku itariki ya 23 Gicurasi 2003 mu matora rusange y’Abanyarwanda bose rikanashyirwaho umukono na Perezida wa Republika ku itariki ya 4 Kanama, ari nabwo ryatangiriraga gukurikizwa.

Inteko Ishinga amategeko nshya yari imaze gushyirwaho n’Itegeko Nshinga yo noneho ikaba yari itandukanye n’izindi nteko zose U Rwanda rwagize, kuko yo yaje igizwe n’imitwe 2 nk’uko byateganywaga muri iryo tegeko nshinga: Hari umutwe w’abadepite n’umutwe w’Abasenateri. Iyi mitwe yombi ikaba ari nayo ikigize Inteko Ishinga amategeko y’u Rwanda kugeza ubu. Muri uwo mwaka wa 2003 nibwo bwa mbere mu mateka u Rwanda rwari rugize Inteko Ishinga amategeko igizwe n’imitwe ibiri.

Ibihe u Rwanda rwabayeho nta Nteko Ishinga Amategeko rufite

Kugeza ubu mu Rwanda habaye ibihe bibiri igihugu cyamaze kitaragira Inteko Ishinga amategeko. Inshuro ya mbere yabaye ubwo Habyarimana yakoraga kudeta, maze ahagarika inzego zose zariho kuva ubwo yayikoraga ku itariki ya 5 Nyakanga 1973 kugeza mu 1982, icyo gihe cyose kingana n’imyaka 9 u Rwanda rukaba rwarabagaho nta Nteko Ishinga Amategeko rufite.

Inshuro ya kabiri yabaye kuva tariki 17 Nyakanga 1994 kugeza ku itariki ya 12 Ukuboza muri uwo mwaka n’ubundi.

Kubera iki abantu bakunze kwita Ingoro y’Inteko Ishinga amategeko CND?

Nk’uko twabibonye hejuru, mu 1981 Habyarimana yashyizeho Inama y’Igihugu y’Amajyambere, mu gifaransa ikaba Conseil National de Development, mu magambo ahinnye CND. Inama y’Igihugu y’Amajyambere yakoraga nk’Inteko ishinga amategeko.

CND yakoreraga mu nyubako Urukiko rw’ikirenga na Ministeri y’Ubutabera bikoreramo ubu. Icyo gihe hitwaga Palais de Jeunesse. Urukiko rw’ikirenga rwo icyo gihe ntirwabagaho.

Ingoro y’Inteko Ishinga amategeko yatangiye kubakwa mu 1980, yuzura mu 1989 ari nabwo yatashwe ku mugaragaro; gusa Abadepite bagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko bo binjiye gukorera muri iyi ngoro mu ntango za 1990. Ubwo ako kanama CND kimukiraga muri iyi ngoro nibwo rero abantu bakomeje kuhita muri CDN.

Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi 1994 igitangira, ingoro y’Inteko ishinga amategeko yarasenywe. Icyo gihe ingabo za guverinoma ariko cyane cyane abasirikare bari bashinzwe kurinda Perezida Habyarumana bayimisheho ibisasu bya rutura byaturukaga ahanini muri Camp GP (Ikigo cy’abasirikare barinda Perezida).

Iyi ngoro ikaba yararaswaga kuko yari icumbikiye ingabo za FPR Inkotanyi n’abanyapolitiki bahagarariye uwo mutwe bari baraje mu Rwanda mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano y’Arusha yasinyirwaga Arusha muri Tanzaniya.

Kubera ko iyi ngoro yari yangiritse cyane, nyuma ya jenoside Inteko ntiyashoboye kubona aho ikorera byoroshye. Abadepite gusa nibo bakoreraga mu cyumba cy’inteko rusange yabo no mu biro bimwe na bimwe mu gihe iyi ngoro yarimo isanwa.

Sena ikimara kujyaho mu 2003 yabanje gukorera mu nyubako ya Telecom ku Kacyiru kuko Ingoro y’Inteko nyirizina yari ikirimo gusanwa. Sena ikaba yarinjiyemo mu ngoro y’Inteko Ishinga amategeko mu 2005, nyuma y’isanwa ryagoranye.

{Byanditswe na Joseph Curio}




#Article 76: Noruveje (102 words)


Noruveje cyangwa Norvege (izina mu kinyanoruveji bokmål : Norge ; izina mu kinyanoruveji nayinorusiki : Noreg) n’igihugu mu Burayi.umurwa mukuru ni oslo.

Muri Noruveje, hari imyaka cumi y’indero y’intango umwana wese ategerezwa kwiga; bisigura yuko ababyeyi bategerezwa kurungika abana babo mu mashure bakanakora kuburyo imyimenyerezo bahawe bayikora. Ishure ritoya n’ishure rikuru ritangura vyigwa kuri gusa, kandi ubutegetsi bw’agace ubamwo buriha ibitabo vy’amashure y’abana. 

W’umwana wabo maze bagafata ingingo niba umwana wabo azogira iki Noruveje nk’ururimi rwa mbere canke urwa kabiri. Umunyeshure ashobora guhindura akava mu ki Noruveje nk’ururimi rwa kabiri akaja mu masomo asanzwe akoresha iki Noruveje mu gihe cose azoba yiga.




#Article 77: Igiswahili (223 words)


Igiswahili cyangwa Igiswahiri (na igiswayili cyangwa igiswayiri) ni ururimi rwa Kenya, Tanzaniya, Ubugande, Rwanda, Burundi na Zayire. Itegekongenga ISO 639-3 swa.

Ururimi rw’igiswahiri ni rumwe mu ruzahuza abaturage benshi batuye mu Bihugu 5 bigeze Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba EAC aribyo u Burundi n’u Rwanda. Nubwo ibyo Bihugu bifite amateka amwe ariko bikaba bitandukanywa n’uburyo byakoronejwe, ibyo bigatuma bivuga indimi zitandukanye cyane cyane icyongereza kivugwa mu Bihugu bitatu byakoronijwe n’abongereza aribyo Uganda, Kenya na Tanzaniya, naho u Burundi n’u Rwanda byakoronijwe n’u Bubiligi bikavuga Igifaransa, usanga ururimi rw’igiswahili ari rwo abaturage benshi abize n’abatize bahuriraho mu buzima bwa buri munsi akaba ari narwo rurimi ruvugwa cyane mu mibanire y’abatuye EAC cyane cyane urwo rurimi rukaba rukoreshwa mu bucuruzi, mu muziki, mu mikino, mu madini n’ahandi, naho igifaransa n’icyongereza bikavugwa mu buzimam mu buyobozi.

Mu rwego mpuzamahanga, Igiswahili gifata intera kirushaho gukoreshwa dore ko ubu kibarirwa mu ndimi zigenda zirushaho kuvugwa n’abantu benshi cyane cyane mu nganda, ubuhahirane n’ubucuruzi.

Izo mpamvu zose nizo zatumye ikinyamakuru Izuba Rirashye ryegereye Abanyarwanda batandukanye mu duce twose tw’Igihugu, mu rwego rwo kumenya uko bafata urwo rurimi n’uruhare babona rwagira mu kuzahuza abatuye EAC, dore ko unasanga Abanyarwanda batari bake bavuga Igiswahili.

Igiswahili kigizwe n'inyuguti 24 : a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v w y z

 




#Article 78: Hotel Rwanda (374 words)


 

Ifilimi « Hôtel Rwanda »

Paul Rusesabagina ni  umunyarwanda uvugwa muri Filimi yitwa Hôtel Rwanda aho bavuga ko yagiriye neza impunzi zari zarahungiye muri Hotel yari akuriye yitwa Mille Collines mu gihe cya Jenoside y’Abatutsi muri Mata 1994. 

Amakuru dukesha urubuga rwa RNA aravuga ko uyu mugabo wakinnye muri iriya film afite izina rya Rusesabagina Paul aho yabashije gukiza abantu batagira ingano muri Hôtel des Milles Collines, nkuko bigaragara muri iyo film, azaba ari mu Rwanda kuwa 05/06/2010, akazaba ari ku munsi mpuzamahanga w’ibidukikije.

Tubamenyeshe ko Don Cheadle yavuze hirya no hino ibijyanye no kurengera ibidukikije, akanasaba abayobozi b’ibihugu gusinya amasezerano ajyanye no kurwanya ibyuka buhumanya ikirere, aha hakaba ariho Umuryango w’abibumbye wahereye umuha uriya mwanya w’icyubahiro.

Nta gushidikanya ko filimi “Hotel Rwanda” yamenyekanishije jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 kurusha uko ibindi bitangazamakuru byo ku isi yose byabikoze. Iyo filimi yakozwe na Hollywood igakinwa n’abakinnyi bakomeye kandi b’ibirangirire, yazengurutse isi, imenyekanisha jenoside.

Mu by’ukuri ni imfashanyigisho iboneye yo kwifashisha mu gutanga amasomo kuri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi isi yose irebereye. Twari twishimiye ko Abanyaburayi, Abanyamerika, Abanyaziya n’Abanyafurika bo mu byiciro binyuranye bose bashaka kumenya jenoside, kwitandukanya n’abakoze icyo cyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu no kumenya ukuntu batereranywe n’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga. Twizeraga ko ibi bizatuma ntibizongere ukundi batahwemye gusubiramo nyuma ya jenoside y’Abayahudi, iba ukuri koko.

Iyo filimi ivuga muri make ku mpamvu zateye jenoside, ari ukuvangura no guhindura Abatutsi ba nyirabayazana b’ibibi byose, ibi akaba ari na byo byorohereje Abahutu b’intagondwa gukora jenoside.

Iyo filimi kandi igaragaza ko habayeho Abahutu b’intwari bitandukanyije n’ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside, bakarokora bamwe mu benegihugu b’Abatutsi. Umwe muri abo bantu bavugwa akaba yaba ari Paul Rusesabagina, ugaragazwa nk’intwari muri iyo filimi. 

Atangira ingendo ze, Paul Rusesabagina yubahirizaga intego ya filimi, ari yo kumenyekanisha jenoside y’Abatutsi no gutandukanya abajenosideri b’Abahutu n’abandi Banyarwanda ndetse no kwemera intwari, nk’uko Rusesabagina yerekanwa muri iyo filimi. Nyamara, uko yumvaga agenda atumbagira mu ikuzo, Paul Rusesabagina yatangiye gufata undi murongo no kwigisha ibindi bintu bitandukanye n’ubworoherane n’ubwiyunge. Ubwo atangira gukwirakwiza inyigisho zipfobya/zihakana iyo jenoside yakagombye gusobanura.

Uko twagiye dukurikirana ibiganiro bye, twasanze agenda ateshuka cyane ku ntego nkuru ya filimi, ibyo bikaba bishobora gushegesha imitima ya benshi, cyane cyane mu rubyiruko rwari rwaramaze kwishyiramo ko ku isi habonetse intwari nyakuri. Dore zimwe mu ngingo dushaka kugaragaza amazi atari yarenga inkombe.




#Article 79: Amazina nyarwanda (2467 words)


Adela; 
Abayo;Atete ndash; Abewe ndash;  Abijuru ndash; Abera - Ahoraho ndash;  Abamahoro ndash;  Abariza  ndash; Abayizera ndash; Akiduhaye ndash; Akimana ndash; Akizanye ndash; Akeza - Abayisenga
Abimana ndash
,Aganze
,Ahwishak
,Amizero, Atone ,Akayisenga, Ahirwe ASIFIWE

Bazatoha ndash; 
Bazimya ndash; 
Benda ndash; 
Beraho ndash; 
Bicura ndash; 
Bihoyiki ndash;
Binama ndash; 
Birasa ndash; 
Bisamaza ndash; 
Bisangwa ndash; 
Biseruka ndash; 
Biseseme ndash; 
Bucagu ndash; 
Bucyana ndash; 
Bucyanayandi ndash; 
Bugingo ndash; 
Bugirande ndash; 
Buhigiro ndash; 
Bukuba ndash; 
Bumari ndash; 
Buregeya ndash; 
Busanane ndash; 
Bushayija ndash; 
Busyeti ndash; 
Buzizi ndash; 
Bwakira ndash; 
Bwankoko ndash; 
Bwimba ndash; 
Byagutunga ndash; 
Byemero ndash; 
Byiringiro ndash;
Byukusenge ndash;

Beza-Butare-

,cyubahiro, cyizere, cyimbo

Gatare-Gahamanyi - Gabiro - Gatete - Gatesi - Gatoni - Gakwaya - Gahizi - Gashugi - Gakwerere - Gusenga - Ganza - Gatoya- Gahozo - Gwiza - Gabirwa - Gatera - Gahigi - Gatabazi - Gaju - Gashayija - Gakwavu - Gapira - Gasasu - Gatarayiha - Gasabo

_Gakwaya_Gatanazi- Gatera -Gatoya - Gakuru -Gisa- Gwiza - Gwizinkindi - Gasarabwe - Gihozo - Gihana - Giramata-Gasore - Gasana -Gasagamba

Habanabakize,habarurema,
Habinshuti, Habyarimana, Hagenimana, Habimana,
Haguma,Hagumimana,
Hakizabera,Hakizamungu,Hakizimana,Hakorimana,
Harerimana,Havugimana,
Hitimana -Hategekimana Habanabashaka-Hitayezu-Hitiyaremye-Harebamungu-Higiro-Haguminshuti- 
Hirwa,

Ishimwe, Iranzi, Iradukunda,Izabayo, Indebere, Ikuzwe, Impano,Irakoze, Izere, Ineza, Isimbi, Iriza, Isaro, isheja 
Ihirwe, Ihimbazwe, Iriho, Izabayo, Imanishimwe, Iranzi, Izibyose, Iyadukunze, Irimaso, Irinatwe, 
INGABIRE-IHORERE, Ishami,Ijabo,Ishya,Inema,Imena, Ingeri,Inganji, Ihoza,Ihumure,Ihogoza,Ingenzi, Intsinzi

Kabagambe (m) ndash;
Kabahita (m) ndash; 
Kabalisa (m) ndash;
Kabanda (m) ndash; 
Kabandahe (m) ndash; 
Kabandana (m) ndash; 
Kabango (m) ndash; 
Kabano (m) ndash; 
Kabarira (m) ndash; 
Kabatsi (m) ndash; 
Kabayita (m) ndash; 
Kabayiza (m) ndash; 
Kabeja ndash; 
Kabengera (m) ndash; 
Kabera (m) ndash; 
Kabibi (m) ndash; 
Kabukwisi (m) ndash; 
Kaburame (m) ndash; 
Kabuto ndash; 
Kadamari (f) ndash; 
Kagaba (m) ndash; 
Kagabo (m) ndash; 
Kagaju (m) ndash; 
Kagambage (m) ndash; 
Kagame ndash; 
Kagame (m) ndash; 
Kageruka (m) ndash; 
Kageza (m) ndash; 
Kagoro (m) ndash; 
Kagoyire (m) ndash; 
Kagurukiza (m) ndash; 
Kagwenyonga (f) ndash; 
Kalisa (m) ndash; 
Kamabera (f) ndash; 
Kamagaju (f) ndash; 
Kamali (m) ndash; 
Kamanzi (m) ndash; 
Kamariza (f) ndash; 
Kamasa (m) ndash; 
Kamatali (m) ndash; 
Kambayire (f)
Kamegeri (m) ndash; 
Kamikazi (f)
Kamiya (m) ndash; 
Kamondo (f) ndash; 
Kamongi (m/f) ndash; 
Kampayana (m) ndash; 
Kampirwa (f) ndash; 
Kampogo (f) ndash; 
Kamugema (m) ndash; 
Kamugire (f) ndash; 
Kamugunga (m) ndash; 
Kamuzinzi (m) ndash; 
Kamwenubusa (m) ndash; 
Kana (m) ndash; 
Kanamugire (m) ndash; 
Kanayoge (m) ndash; 
Kandagaye (m) ndash; 
Kandeke (m) ndash; 
Kandekwe (m) ndash; 
Kangeyo (f) ndash; 
Kanimba (m) ndash; 
Kankera (f) ndash; 
Kankuyo (f) ndash; 
Kankwanzi (f) ndash; 
Kanobana (m) ndash; 
Kantamati (f) ndash; 
Kantengwa (f) ndash; 
Kanyamahanga (m) ndash; 
Kanyamanza (m) ndash; 
Kanyambuga (m) ndash; 
Kanyamugenge (m) ndash; 
Kanyangira ndash; 
Kanyarengwe (m) ndash; 
Kanyarutoke (m) ndash; 
Kanyemera (m) ndash; 
Kanyenzi (m) ndash; 
Kanzayire (Cyanzayire) ndash;
Karamuka(m) ndash; 
Karake (m) ndash; 
Karama (m) ndash; 
Karambizi (m) ndash; 
Karangwa (m) ndash; 
Karangirwa(m,f)
Karani (m) ndash; 
Karege (m) ndash; 
Karegeya (m) ndash; 
Karekezi (m) ndash; 
Karema (m) ndash; 
Karemangingo (m) ndash; 
Karengera (m) ndash; 
Karenzi (m) ndash; 
Karenzo (m) ndash; 
Karera (m) ndash; 
Karikurubu (m) ndash; 
Karima (m) ndash; 
Karinganire (m) ndash; 
Karinijabo (m) ndash; 
Karuranga (m) ndash; 
Karuretwa (m) ndash; 
Karyabwite ndash; 
Katabarwa (m) ndash; 
Kataka ndash; 
Kataramuka (m) ndash; 
Kavaruganda(m) ndash;
Kavuna ndash; 
Kavuna (n) ndash; 
Kavutse (m) ndash; 
Kayabo (m) ndash; 
Kayibanda (m) ndash; 
Kayigi (m) ndash; 
Kayigumire (m) ndash; 
Kayihunda (m) ndash; 
Kayihura (m) ndash; 
Kayijamahe (m) ndash; 
Kayijuka ndash; 
Kayijuka (m) ndash; 
Kayinamura ndash; 
Kayiranga (m) ndash; 
Kayirebwa (f) ndash; 
Kayishema (m) ndash; 
Kayisinga (m/f) ndash; 
Kayisire (f) ndash; 
Kayitaba (m) ndash; 
Kayitakibwa (m) ndash; 
Kayitana ndash; 
Kayitankore (m) ndash; 
Kayitare ndash; 

Kayitesi (f) ndash; 
Kayitsinga ndash; 
Kayonde (m) ndash; 
Kayonga (m) ndash; 
Kayumba (m) ndash; 
Kibuye (m) ndash; 
Kidedeli ndash; 
Kimanuka ndash; 
Kimenyi (m) ndash; 
Kimizi (m) ndash; 
Kimonyo (m) ndash; 
Kinyoni (m) ndash; 
Kirazi (m) ndash; 
Kiroha (m) ndash; 
Kiromba (m) ndash;
Komeza ndash;
Kurazikubone ndash;
Kwizera KAMANAYOndash; Karamira, Karasira
Kimuri, Kwihangana ,KAMIRINDI,Kageme, Kalitanyi, Kalisa, Kamariza, Kamikazi

Italic text== Inyuguti M ==
Mabano (m) ndash; 
Mafene (m) ndash; 
Maganya (m) ndash; 
Magayane(m) ndash;
Mageza (m) ndash; 
Makombe (m) ndash; 
Makuza (m) ndash; 
Mambo (m) - Manzi (m) ndash; 
Masabo (m) ndash; 
Mashira (m) ndash; 
Matabaro (m) ndash; 
Matata (m) ndash; 
Matene (m) ndash; 
Mavugabandi (m) ndash; 
Mazimpaka (m) ndash; 
Mbanda (m) ndash; 
Mbarutso (m) ndash; Mberabahizi
Mbishibishi (m) ndash; 
Mbungira (m) ndash; 
Mfuruta (m) ndash; 
Miburo (m) ndash; 
Migabo (m) ndash; 
Migezo (m) ndash; 
Minega (m) ndash; Mirasano (m); Mirimba (m) ndash; 
Miseke (m) ndash; 
Mpambara (m)  Mpabuka(m) ndash; 
Mpitabakana (m) ndash; 
Mpogazi (m) ndash; 
Muberuka (m) ndash; 
Mucumangendo (f) ndash; 
Mucyo (f) Nash;
Mudenge (m) ndash; 
Mugabukenga (m) ndash; 
Mugabushaka (m) ndash; 
Mugarura (m) ndash; 
Mugenzi (m) ndash; 
Mugemahica (m) ndash; 
Mugemana (m) ndash; 
Mugemanshuro (m) ndash; 
Muhakwa (m) ndash; 
Muhigirwa (m) ndash; 
Muhikira (m) ndash; 
Muhimpundu (f) ndash; 
Muhire (m) ndash; 
Muhirwa (m) ndash; 
Muhongeshanseko (f) ndash; 
Muhongerere (f) ndash; 
Muhongerwa (f) ndash; 
Mujijima (m) ndash; 
Mujinya (m) ndash; 
Mukabagire (f) ndash; 
Mukama (m) ndash; 
Mukamisha (f) ndash; 
Mukamugema (f) ndash; 
Mukamusana (f) ndash; 
Mukamusoni (f) ndash; 
Mukamuyango (f) ndash; 
Mukandamage (f) ndash; 
Mukangamije (f) ndash; 
Mukansanga (f) ndash; 
Mukantagara (f) ndash; 
Mukanyangezi (f) ndash; 
Mukanyarwaya (f) ndash; 
Mukanyemazi (f) ndash; 
Mukanyonga (f) ndash; 
Mukarage (m) ndash; 
Mukaremera (f) ndash; 
Mukarutabana (f) ndash; 
Mukarutesi (f) ndash; 
Mukaruziga (f) ndash; 
Mukazayire (f) ndash; 
Mukiga (m) ndash;Mukunzi 
Mukurira (m) ndash; 
Mukuralinda (m) ndash; 
Mukwende (m) ndash; 
Mukwiye (m) ndash; 
Mulenzi (m) ndash; 
Mulindabigwi (m) mulindwa ndash; 
Munana (m) ndash; 
Munanira (m) ndash; 
Mundere (m) ndash; 
Munyagasheke (m) ndash; 
Munyakarambi (m) ndash; 
Munyakayanza (m) ndash; 
Munyampundu (m) ndash; 
Munyandamutsa (m) ndash; 
Munyangoga (m) ndash; 
Munyangango/Munyengango (m) ndash; 
Munyanziza (m) ndash; 
Munyaneza (m) ndash; 
Munyarigoga (m) ndash; 
Munyanyebinja (m) ndash; 
Munyentwali (m) ndash; 
Munyeragwe (m) ndash; 
Munyeshyaka (m) ndash; Munyeshya (f)
Munyeyinga (m) ndash; 
Munyinya (m) ndash; 
Mupagasi (m) Murame (m) ndash; 
Murangamirwa (f) ndash; 
Murangira (m) ndash; 
Murara (m) ndash; 
Murasandonyi (m) ndash; 
Murekatete (f) ndash; 
Murekezi (m) ndash; Murera
Mureramanzi- Murutamanga (m) ndash; 
Musafiri (m) ndash; 
Musaniwabo (m/f) ndash; 
Musabyimana (m) ndash; 
Museruka (m) ndash; 
Musinga (m) ndash; 
Musomakweli (m) ndash; 
Musonera (m) ndash; 
Musoni (m) ndash; 
Musheshembugu (f) ndash; 
Mushonganono (f) ndash; 
Mutabagisha (m) ndash; 
Mutabaruka (m) ndash; 
Mutambarungu (m/f) ndash; 
Mutambuka (m) ndash; 
Mutamuriza (f) ndash; 
Mutagisha (m) ndash; 
Mutangana (m) ndash; 
Mutara (m) ndash; 
Muteteri (f) ndash;
Mutegwaraba(f) ndash;
Mutumwambazi (f) ndash; 
Mutumwinka (f) ndash; 
Mutungirehe (m) ndash; 
Muvunyi (m) ndash; 
Muyenzi (m) ndash; Muzungu (f,m)
Mwemezi (m) ndash; 
Mwerekande (m) ndash; 
Mwiza (f) ndash;Mbonyebyombi(M) - Munyabarenzi - Mihigo -  Manzi - Mahoro - Mugwaneza - Marara - Maniraho - Muhawenayo - Mugenga-Muheto-

Naho (m) ndash; 
Nayigiziki (m) ndash; 
Ncamihigo (m) ndash; 
Ndabakenga (m) ndash; 
Ndabambalire (f) ndash; 
Ndagije (m) ndash; 
Ndagijimana (m) ndash; 
Ndahindurwa (m) ndash; 
Ndahiro (m) ndash; 
Ndakaza (m) ndash; 
Ndakorerwa (m) ndash; 
Ndamage (m) ndash; 
Ndangamyambi (m) ndash; 
Ndanguza (m) ndash; 
Ndateba (m) ndash; 
Ndayambaje (m) ndash; 
Ndayisenga (m) ndash; 
Ndayitabi (m) ndash; 
Ndayizigiye (m) ndash; 
Ndekezi (m) ndash; 
Ndengejeho (m) ndash; Ndikumwenayo (m)
Ndimbati (m) ndash; 
Ndimukaga (m) ndash; 
Ndimurwango (m) ndash; 
Ndinda (m) ndash; 
Ndizeye (m) ndash; 
Ndongo (m) ndash; 
Ndori (m) ndash;Ndorimana(m)  - Ndorindagiye -  
Ndungutse (m) ndash;
Ngabo (m) ndash; 
Ngabonzima (m) ndash; 
Ngaboyisonga (m) ndash; 
Ngamije (m) ndash; 
Ngango (m) ndash; 
Ngarambe (m) ndash; 
Ngarure (m) ndash; 
Ngegera (m) ndash; 
Ngendandumwe (m) ndash; 
Ngirabakunzi (m) ndash; 
Ngiruwonsanga (m) ndash; 
Ngoga (m) ndash; 
Ngomanzungu (m) ndash; 
Ngurumbe (m) ndash; 
Ni(yi)bizi (m) ndash; 
Ni(yi)shaka (m) ndash; 
Niyitegeka (m) ndash; 
Nibishaka (m) ndash; 
Nicyolibera (m) ndash; 
Nijimbere (m) ndash; 
Nikwigize (m) ndash; 
Niyo (u) ndash; 
Niyonzima (m) ndash; 
Nkangabeshi(m) ndash; 
Nkangabarashi(m)
Nkera (m) ndash; 
Nkerabera (m) ndash; 
Nkerabigwi (m) ndash; 
Nkeragasani (m) ndash; 
Nkeragusenga (m) ndash; 
Nkeragutabara (m) ndash; 
Nkerahayo (m) ndash; 
Nkeramahame (m) ndash; 
Nkeramigambi (m) ndash; 
Nkeramihigo (m) ndash; 
Nkeramugaba (m) ndash; 
Nkerarugira (m) ndash; 
Nkeratabaro (m) ndash; 
Nkezabera (m) ndash; 
Nkomati (m) ndash; 
Nkongori (m) ndash; 
Nkoronko (m) ndash; 
Nkotanyi (m) ndash; 
Nkubiri (m) ndash; 
Nkubito (m) ndash; 
Nkundabakize (m) ndash; 
Nkuranga (m) ndash; 
Nkurunziza (m) ndash; 
Nkusi (m) ndash; 
Nsabimana (m) ndash; 
Nsanzabaganwa (m) ndash; 
Nsanzabera (m) ndash; 
Nsanze (m) ndash; 
Nsanzurwimo (m) ndash; 
Nsekalije (m) ndash; 
Nsenga (m) ndash;

Nsengimana (m) ndash; 
Nsengiyumva (m) ndash; 
Nshogozabahizi (m) ndash; 
Nshuti (m) ndash;
Ntabahwana (m) ndash; 
Ntabomvura (m) ndash; 
Ntabyera (m) ndash; 
Ntaganda ndash; 
Ntaganda (m) ndash; 
Ntagara (m) ndash; 
Ntagugura (m) ndash; 
Ntahobari (m) ndash; 
Ntakamaro (m) ndash; 
Ntakavuro (m) ndash; 
Ntamabyariro (m) ndash; 
Ntamahungiro (m) ndash; 
Ntamakemwa (m) ndash; 
Ntamavukiro (m) ndash; 
Ntambabazi (m/f) ndash; 
Ntambara (m) ndash; 
Ntampuhwe (m) ndash; 
Ntandayera (m) ndash; 
Ntango (m) ndash; 
Ntashamaje (m/f) ndash; 
Ntawe (m) ndash; 
Nteturuye (m) ndash; 
Nteziryayo (m) ndash; 
Ntibenda (m) ndash; 
Ntibihangana (m) ndash; 
Ntidendereza (m) ndash; 
Ntigashira (m) ndash; 
Ntijyinama (m) ndash; 
Ntirushwa (m) ndash; 
Ntukamazina (m) ndash; 
Ntukanyagwe (m) ndash; 
Ntuyahaga (m) ndash; 
Nyabunyana (f) ndash; 
Nyabyenda (m) ndash; 
Nyagahakwa (m) ndash; 
Nyagakecuru (f) ndash; 
Nyagasaza(m) ndash;
Nyagatare (m) ndash; 
Nyagisaza (m) ndash; 
Nyakabwa (m) ndash; 
Nyakarashi (m) ndash; 
Nyakazungu (m) ndash; 
Nyamacumu (m) ndash; 
Nyamadigi (m) ndash; 
Nyaminani (m) ndash; 
Nyampame ndash; 
Nyampinga (f) ndash; 
Nyamubi (m) ndash; 
Nyamucenshera (m) ndash; 
Nyamutezi (m) ndash; 
Nyamwasa ndash; 
Nyandwi (m) ndash; 
Nyanebyiri (m) ndash; 
Nyangezi ndash; 
Nyanzira (m) ndash; 
Nyaritwa (m) ndash; 
Nyatanyi (m)- Nyarwa(m)ndash; 
Nyemazi (m) ndash; 
Nyetera (m) ndash; 
Nyinawisugi(f) ndash;
Nyinawumuntu(f) ndash;
Nyirabaritonda(f) ndash;
Nyirabundibundi (f) ndash; 
Nyirahuku (f/m) ndash; 
Nyirahwandari (f) ndash; 
Nyirahwehwe (f) ndash; 
Nyirakigeri (f) ndash; 
Nyirakigwene (f) ndash; 
Nyiramashashi (f) ndash; 
Nyiramavugo (f) ndash; 
Nyiramongi (f) ndash; 
Nyiramugwahashashe (f) ndash; 
Nyiramugwera (f) ndash; 
Nyirankera (f) ndash; 
Nyirankomo (f) ndash; 
Nyirantamati (f) ndash; 
Nyirawera (f) ndash; 
Nyirayuhi (f) ndash; 
Nyirimbirima (f) ndash; 
Nyiriminega (f) ndash; 
Nyirimiringa (f) ndash; 
Nyirindekwe (m) ndash; 
Nyiringabo (m) ndash; 
Nyiringango (m) ndash; 
Nyiringondo ndash; 
Nyiringondo (m) ndash; 
Nyirinkindi (m) ndash; 
Nyirinkwaya (m) ndash;
Nzabamwita  ndash;
Nzabanita ndash;
Nzabonariba (m) ndash; 
Nzabonimana ndash;
Nzamba (m) ndash; 
Nzamwita (m) ndash; 
Nzanana (m) ndash; 
Nzaramba (m) ndash;
Nzarubara (m) ndash; 
Nzayihorana (m) ndash;
Nzigamasabo (m) ndash; 
Nzigira (m) ndash; 
Nzira (m) ndash; 
Nziraguseswa (m) ndash; 
Nzirorera (m) ndash;Nzayisenga - Ntawumenya

Ongera ndash; Ohereza

Rangira (m) ndash; 
Rebero (m) ndash; 
Rekeraho (m) ndash; 
Ribakare (m) ndash; 
Ribanje (m) ndash; 
Ribarabaje (m) ndash; 
Ribaye (m) ndash; 
Ringuyeneza (m) ndash; 
Rinigumugabo (m) ndash; 
Rizinde ndash; 
Rizinde (m) ndash; 
Rubaduka (m) ndash; 
Rubagenga (m) ndash; 
Rubagumya (m) ndash; 
Rubanda (m) ndash; 
Rubangisa (m) ndash; 
Rubangura (m) ndash; 
Rubashamuheto (m) ndash; 
Rubayiza ndash; 
Ruberanziza (m) ndash; 
Ruberwa (m) ndash; 
Rubibi (m) ndash; 
Ruboneka (m) ndash; 
Rubuye (m) ndash; 
Rucekeri (m) ndash; 
Rucinya (m) ndash; 
Rucogoza (m) ndash; 
Rudacogora (m) ndash; 
Rudahigwa (m) ndash; 
Rudakemwa (m) ndash; 
Rudasingwa (m) ndash; 
Rudasumbwa (m) ndash; by
Rudatsikira (m) ndash; 
Rufagari (m) ndash; 
Rufali (m) ndash; 
Rufuku (m) ndash; 
Rugamba (m) ndash; 
Rugege (m) ndash; 
Rugemintwaza (m) ndash; 
Rugerimisare (m) ndash; 
Rugerinyange (m) ndash; 
Rugero (both);
Rugina (m) ndash; 
Rugira (m) ndash; 
Rugiramasasu (m) ndash; 
Rugoboka (m) ndash; 
Rugomwa (m) ndash; 
Rugumire (m) ndash;
Ruhabura (m);
Ruhama (m)- 
Ruhamiliza (m) ndash; 
Ruhamya(m)-Ruhamyambuga (m) ndash; 
Ruhamyandekwe (m) ndash; 
Ruhashya (m) ndash; 
Ruhinankiko (m) ndash; 
Ruhorahoza ndash; 
Ruhorahoza (m) ndash; 
Ruhumuliza (m) ndash; 
Rujindiri (m) ndash; 
Rugandura(m) ndash;
Rukabu (m) ndash; 
Rukara (m) ndash; 
Rukeba (m) ndash; 
Rukebesha (m) ndash; 
Rukemampunzi ndash; 
Rukeribuga (m) ndash; 
Rukikamoso (m) ndash; 
Rukimirana (m) ndash; 
Rulinda (m) ndash; 
Rumanyinka (m) ndash; 
Rumiya (m) ndash; 
Runuya (m) ndash
Rupali (m) ndash; 
Rurangirwa (m) ndash; 
Ruremesha (m) ndash;
Ruribikiye (m) ndash; 
Rusagara (m) ndash; 
Rusangwa (m) ndash; 
Rusatsi (m) ndash; 
Rushemeza (m) ndash; 
Rushingabigwi (m) ndash; 
Rushonda (m) ndash; 
Rusiha (m) ndash; 
Rutagarama (m) ndash; 
Rutagayisasa (m) ndash; 
Rutagengwa (m) ndash; 
Rutagiragahu (m) ndash; 
Rutanga (m) ndash; 
Rutaremara (m) ndash; 
Rutarindwa (m) ndash; 
Rutayisire (m) ndash; 
Rutebuka (m) ndash; 
Rutegamihigo (m) ndash; 
Rutegera (m) ndash; 
Rutenderi (m) ndash; 
Ruterandongozi (m) ndash; 
Ruti (m) ndash; 
Rutinywa (m) ndash; 
Rutirwicyugu (m) ndash; 
Rutiyomba (m) ndash; 
Rutsindintwarane (m) ndash; 
Rutsinga ndash; 
Ruvunantwali (m) ndash; 
Ruvusha (m) ndash; 
Ruzibiza (m) ndash; 
Ruzindana ndash; 
Ruzindana (m) ndash; 
Rwabigwi (m) ndash; 
Rwabugiri ndash; 
Rwabugiri (m) ndash; 
Rwabukumba ndash; 
Rwabukwisi (m) ndash; 
Rwabutogo ndash; 
Rwabutogo (m) ndash; 
Rwabyuma (m) ndash; 
Rwagafirita (m) ndash; 
Rwagaju (m) ndash; 
Rwagasana (m) ndash; 
Rwagasore (m) ndash; 
Rwagatare (m) ndash; 
Rwajekuruha (m) ndash; 
Rwakayiru (m) ndash; 
Rwakigarama (m) ndash; 
Rwalinda (m) ndash; r
Rwamakuba (m) ndash; 
Rwamasirabo (m) ndash; 
Rwampungu ndash; 
Rwamu (m) ndash; 
Rwamuhizi (m) ndash; 
Rwamulinda (m) ndash; 
Rwamuningi ndash; 
Rwamurindi ndash; 
Rwangombwa (m) ndash; 
Rwanyagasore (m) ndash; 
Rwasa (m) ndash; 
Rwasamanzi (m) ndash; 
Rwasibo (m) ndash; 
Rwasubutare (m) ndash; 
Rwego (m) ndash; 
Rwema (m) ndash;
Rwibutso (m );
Rwidegembya (m) ndash; 
Rwigema ndash; 
Rwigema (m) ndash; 
Rwigemera ndash; 
Rwigemera (m) ndash; 
Rwirungu (m) ndash; 
Rwitsibagura (m) ndash; rrr
Rwiyamirira (m) ndash; 
Rwogera (m) ndash; 
Rwubahuka (m) ndash; 
Rwubusisi ndash; 
Rwubusisi (m) ndash;
Ryabonyende (m) ndash; 
Ryamukuru (m) ndash; 
Ryangombe (m) ndash; 
Ryumugabe (m) ndash;
Ruzagiriza (m) ndash;
Rusengamihigo (m) ndash;
Ruzibiza (m) ndash; Rwamamara- Rutagarama

Sakindi ndash; 
Sendashonga ndash; semaramba
Semugeshi ndash; 
Serundari ndash; 
Sekabanza ndash; 
Simburudari ndash; 
Sakindi (m) ndash; 
Samukondo (m) ndash; 
Samvura (m) ndash; 
Sangwa (m) ndash; 
Saro (f) ndash; 
Sayinzoga (m) ndash; 
Sebatigita (m) ndash; 
Sebera (m) ndash; 
Sebununguri (m) ndash; 
Seburikoko (m) ndash; 
Sebuto (m) ndash; 
Secyavu (m) ndash; 
Secyugu (m) ndash; 
Sedogo (m) ndash; 
Sefuku (m) ndash; 
Sekanyambo (m) ndash; 
Sekida (m) ndash; 
Sekinanka (m) ndash; 
Semahe (m) ndash; 
Semajege (m) ndash; 
Semavenge (m) ndash; 
Seminega (m) ndash; 
Semuhanuka (m) ndash; 
Semukanya (m) ndash; 
Sendagari (m) ndash; 
Sendarasi (m) ndash; 
Sendashonga (m) ndash; 
Sendinga (m) ndash; 
Sengoro (m) ndash; 
Senguge (m) ndash; 
Sentabyo (m) ndash; 
Sentashya (m) ndash; 
Senteteri (m) ndash; 
Senyabuzana (m) ndash; 
Senyamadari (m) ndash; 
Senyamibwa (m) ndash; 
Senyana (m) ndash; 
Senyanzobe (m) ndash; 
Senyombyi (m) ndash; 
Serubuga (m) ndash; 
Serudonyori (m) ndash; 
Serugarukiramfizi (m) ndash; 
Serukenyinkware (m) ndash; 
Seruvumba (m) ndash; 
Sesonga (m) ndash; 
Setukuru (m) ndash; 
Sezibera (m) ndash; 
Sezirahiga (m) ndash;Shami (m) 
Simbiyara (m) ndash; 
Sindayigaya (m) ndash; 
Sindikubwabo (m) ndash; 
Singirankabo (m) ndash; 
Sisi (m) ndash; 
Sibo (m)ndash; 
Siridiyo (m)ndash; 
Sindikubwabo (m)ndash; 
Siboyintore (m)ndash; 
Simbizi (m)ndash; 
Subika (m) ndash; 
Sunzu (m) ndash; 
Shami(m)-
Shamukiga (m) ndash; 
Sharangabo (m) ndash;
Shumbusho  (m)  ndash;
Sheja (m)- 
Shema (m) ndash; 
Shenge(f)-
Shumbusho (m) ndash; 
Shyaka (m) ndash; 
Shyerezo (m) ndash; 
Shyirambere (m) ndash; Shamika (f)-Songa (m)-Sangano (m)

Tegera - Tumwizere -Twagirayezu - Twagirumukiza - Twagirimana - Twahirwa - Twambaze - Tumushime - Tuyirate - Tuyisenge - Tuyishime - Turabumukiza-(f) - Teta - Tuyisabe
Twamugize- Twayigize

Udahemuka (m) ndash; 
Ugirimfura (m) ndash; 
Ukobizaba (m) ndash; 
Umuberwa (f) ndash; Umukumburwa(f)
Umugaba (f) ndash; 
Umugwaneza (f) ndash; Umuhire ( f)
Umulisa (f) ndash; 
Umutangampundu (f) ndash; 
Umutesi (f) ndash; 
Unyuzimfura (m) ndash; 
Uramukiwe (m) ndash; 
Urayeneza (m) ndash; 
Urujeni (f) ndash; 
Ushizimpumu (f) ndash; 
Uwabandi (f) ndash; 
Uwajeneza (u) ndash; 
Uwamahoro (f) ndash; 
Uwanyirigira (f) ndash; 
Uwashema (f);
Uwayo (u) ndash;
Uwibambe (f/m) ndash; 
Uwihanganye (m) ndash; 
Uwingabire (f) ndash; 
Uwishema (m) ndash;
Uwitonze-(f)Umutoniwase (f) Umutoniwabo (f) ndash;
Uwonizeye (f) ndash;
Umubyeyi (u) ndash; Uwizeye - Usanase - Uwimpundu - Ufitinema - Uwamaliya - Umumararungu - Uwisheja - Uwimana -Uuwihirwe - Uwera - Uwankana - Uwayo




#Article 80: Alexandre Kimenyi (100 words)


Dr. Alexandre Kimenyi avuka i Rwanda. Ni umwe mu bagize amahirwe yo kwiga amashuri makuru mu gihe cye. Mu mwaka w’1971 nibwo yagiye kwiga muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ntiyabashije kugaruka mu Rwanda, bityo n’abo yahasize ntibongeye guhura nawe ukundi, benshi muri bo bahitanywe na Jenoside. Yaje kubona ubwenegihugu bwa Amerika, akomerezayo imirimo ye nk’umwarimu w’indimi n’Ubuvanganzo.

Mu buzima bwe, yafashe umwanya munini wo gutekereza, kwiga no gukora ubushakashatsi ku mahano n’ubugome ndengakamere ikiremwamuntu kigirira ikindi hirya no hino ku isi. Yatangiye no gutegura inyigisho (courses/lectures) zibyerekeyeho. Yanyuze mu nzira z’inzitane kugira ngo abashe kurangiza amashuri ye nk’uko yabyifuzaga.

 






#Article 82: Ingagi zo mu birunga (563 words)


Ingagi zo mu birunga  cyangwa Ingagi zo mu misozi, Ingagi zo mu misozi miremire (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini: Gorilla beringei beringei), ni bumwe mu bwoko bw’inyamaswa buri gucika cyane ku isi. 

Ubu habarwa ingagi zo mu birunga zigera kuri 720 ku isi yose, kandi zose ziherere mu majyaruguru y’igihugu cy’u Rwanda, mu majyepfo ya Uganda ndetse no mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo.

Muri iyo Pariki kandi harimo andi moko y’ibinyabuzima gakondo n’andi arinzwe mu rwego rw’amasezerano mpuzamahanga abuza ubucuruzi bw’amoko y’ibinyabuzima biri hafi gucika burundu (CITES).

Ingangi zabazwe ni izo muri Pariki eshatu arizo: pariki y’Ibirunga y’u Rwanda, Pariki y’Ibirunga ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo na Parc National des Gorilles de Mgahinga  yo muri Uganda. Nyamara hari izindi ziri mu ishymba ry’inzitane rya Bwindi rya Pariki y’igihugu cya Uganda.

Abayobozi kandi basobobanuye ko iri barurwa ryakozwe mu rwego rwo kumenya uko ibintu byifashe ndetse no kureba uko ingagi zimerewe. Ibyavuye mu ibarura bikaba ari bumwe mu bushakashatsi bukomeye buzaba buhari bwerekana ubuzima bw’izi ngagi ndetse n’uko zibanyeho mu miryango yazo.

Ibarura ryakozwe mu Birunga kuva muri Werurwe kugeza muri Mata uyu mwaka, ryerekanye ko umubare w’ingagi wiyongereyeho 26,3% mu myaka irindwi ishize. Ni ukuvuga ko zagiye ziyongeraho 3,7% buri mwaka.

Iri barura ryasanze hari ingagi zo mu misozi 480 ziri mu miryango 36 hamwe n’izindi ngabo 14 zigiye zibana. Ibarura ryaherukaga kuba muri 2003, ryari ryabonye ingagi 380.

Kugeza kuri uyu munsi, ushyizemo n’ingagi 302 zari zabazwe muri 2006 mu ishyamba rya Bwindi n’zindi enye zabuze ababyeyi zikaba zirererwa mu kigo cyo muri Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, umubare w’ingagi zo mu misozi zizwi ku isi ni 786.

Ingagi zo mu Birunga, zagiye zibasirwa n’intambara zo mu Karere n’ubushimusi mu myaka ishize, zamenyekanye cyane kubera nyakwigendera Dian Fossey, zikaba ari kimwe mu bintu bikururura ba mukerarugendo benshi mu Karere.

Mu ishyamba ry’ibimera byiza cyane biri mu birunga bigabanya u Rwanda na Uganda niho habarizwa ingagi zo mu birunga zikunda gusurwa cyane ku isi. Iyi pariki ifite ubwoko bw’ingagi nyakwigendera Dian Fossey yapfuye agerageza kurwana ku buzima bwazo. Ingagi zo mu birunga zisigaye zigera kuri 355, kandi ibimera bihora bitoshye nibyo bituma zidakomeza gucika ku isi.

Iyi pariki igizwe n’ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibimera , aho usanga hari ishyamba ry’ibimera bito ndetse harimo n’ibiti binini bitandukanye bibereye ijisho.

 

Ingagi zo mu birunga nk’ubundi bwoko bw’inguge, ziba mu mashyamba agwamo cyane imvura. Kereka impundu (chimpanzé) nizo zishobora gutura mu bice bya savannah (ubutaka buriho ibimera bigufi kandi imvura idakunda kugwaho cyane).

Ingagi zibaho zimuka buri gihe kuko zicumbika ahantu zibasha kubona ibyo kurya. Ahanini zirya ibimera kandi zikabirya ari byinshi. Ingagi zigira amenyo ameze nk’aya'abantu, niyo mpamvu zishobora gukanja ibyatsi byinshi. Ingagi z’ingabo zikuze zigira amenyo manini zikoresha iyo ziri kurwana na zigenzi zazo .

Iyi nkongi yibasiye iki gice cy’ishyamba yatangiye kuwa gatandatu nk’uko bitangazwa n’ibiro ntaramakuru by’u Rwanda ngo nta kintu kizwi neza kuba cyarateye iyi nkongi ariko ngo bishoboka kuba ari abavumvu bateye iyi nkongi ariko ngo nta numwe uratabwa muri yombi. Ibindi byerekana ko iyi nkongi yatewe n’uko ari ikirere cyateye iyi nkongi kuko hari hari ubushyuhe bwinshi. 

Mu mwaka wa 1978 nibwo umushinga gorille des Montagnes watangiye, maze ingagi zo mu birunga ziherereye mu gice cy’u Rwanda zitangira kumenyerezwa gusurwa naba mukerarugendo.Kuva 1973 kugeza 1989,umubare w’ingagi zo mu birunga wariyongereye ziva kuri 261 zigera kuri 324. Abantu bamwe bakeka ko ubukerarugendo bwaba bwaragize uruhare muri uku kwiyongera kw'ingagi.

  




#Article 83: Mariko Polo (180 words)


Ubwo Mariko Polo (1254 ndash; 8 Mutarama 1324) yari agarutse mu mugi yari atuyemo wa Venice (soma Venise) nyuma y’imyaka myinshi yari amaze mu Burasirazuba, incuti ze zatekereje ko ingendo ze ndende zatumye aba umusazi. Yababwiye ibitekerezo batashoboye kwizera.

Mariko yari yanyuze mu mugi wuzuyemo ifeza n’izahabu. Yari yarabonye amabuye y’umukara ashya, nyamara nta muntu n’umwe wari warigeze yumva iby’amahindure yaka mu birunga. Yari yarabonye umwenda udashya n’ubwo wawujugunya mu muriro, nyamara nta muntu n’umwe wari warigeze yumva ibya bene iyo myenda bita abestos. Yavuze ibyerekeye ibiyoka binini bifite uburebure bwa metero icumi bifite inzasaya nini cyane ku buryo zishobora kumira umuntu, amatunda afite ubunini bungana n’umutwe w’umuntu kandi akagira imbere hererana nk’amata, n’ibintu bitemba biva mu butaka bishobora gutuma amatara yaka. Nyamara nta muntu n’umwe wari warigeze abona ingona zo mu ruzi, amatunda y’ibiti bya koko (noix de coco), cyangwa peteroli. Baramusetse ubwo bumvaga ibyo bitekerezo. Hashize iminsi myinshi ubwo Mariko yari aryamye agiye gupfa, umwe mu ncuti ze utaravugaga rumwe na we wari hafi y’aho yari aryamye yamubwiye kwivuguruza akabwira abari aho ko ibitekerezo yababwiye byose byari ibinyoma.




#Article 84: Gucura k’umugore (296 words)


Gucura k’umugore ni igihe umugore ageze aho atakigira imisemburo mu mubiri we ituma intanga zidakorwa n’umubiri we akaba atashobora gusama.

Ni ibintu bisanzwe, biba k’umugore iyo atangiye kugeza mu myaka ya za mirongo itanu.

Akenshi igihe kiringaniye cyo gucura k’umugore kiba hagati y’imyaka 45 n’imyaka 55. Bavuga ko umugore yacuze kare iyo acuze mbere y’imyaka mirongo ine bakanavuga ko yacuze atinze iyo bibaye arengeje imyaka mirongo itanu n’itanu.

Ugucura k’umugore bibanzirizwa no kubura imihango rimwe na rimwe cyangwa ntizire igihe kubera ikibazo cy’umusemburo wa progesterone udahagije.

Nyuma umugore atangira kuva buhoro buhoro no kubura imihango igihe kirekire.

Bimwe mu bimenyetso biboneka ku bagore bari gucura: Kumva ufite icyunzwe mu mubiri (67 %). Kubira ibyuya cyane (31 %). Kutabona ibitotsi (26 %). Kugira umushiha (depression) 38,5 %. Kugabanuka kw’inda ibyara (atrophie vaginale) (20 %). Gucika intege (18, 5%). Kuribwa umutwe (11 %). Guhindurwa kw’imisatsi (6,5 %). Guta ibiro (7 %). Guhinduka kw’agatuza (5,5 %)

Nkuko bisobanurwa mu bitabo byinshi, ugucura kujyana na bimwe muri ibi bikurikira :

Igihe umwana w’umukobwa atangira kujya mu mihango, umubare w’inda cyangwa gukoresha uburyo buringaniza urubyaro nta ruhare bifite ku gihe cyo gucura.

Kurwaragurika bikunda kuba iyo umugore yacuze, akenshi biba bijyanye n’ibimenyetso byayo n’izindi ndwara zijyanye n’izabukuru.

Mu bihugu byose, kuboneka kw’ama kanseri y’ibere n’izindi zo mu myanya ndangagistina ku mugore byiyongera hamwe n’imyaka kandi bikarushaho iyo umugore yacuze.

Kanseri y’ibere ikunda kuboneka mu myaka hagati ya 45-50 na 65-70. Iboneka ku bagore batangiye imihango bakiri bato cyane,ku bagore bacuze batinze no kubafite umubyibuho ukabije bitewe n’ubwinshi bw’umusemburo witwa oestrogene.

Ugereranyije, 90 % ya za kanseri za nyababyeyi (cancer de l’endomètre), 75 % ya za kanseri z’udusabo (cancer de l’ovaire) na 65% ya za kanseri z’inkondo y’umura

Ukuboneka kwa kanseri y’inkondo y’umura bituma biba ngombwa ko buri mugore wese wacuze ayisuzumisha.




#Article 85: Gwantanamo (299 words)


Mu Burayi no muri Amerika uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu ntibwubahirizwa, mu bigaragaza uburyo ibyo bihugu byigize ikitegererezo cy’uburengenzira bw’ikiremwamuntu ahubwo aribyo bibubangamiye, ni ibikorwa bya kinyamaswa biherutse gukorerwa abanyeshuri bo mu Bwongereza, n’ibikorerwa abaturage b’Ubufaransa na Amerika byerekanwa mu matelevizio bikabonwa n’abantu bose ku isi ariko ntihabe hagira ukopfora.

Ikegeranyo cyakozwe guhera mu mwaka 2001 kugeza ubu, kirerekana ko abantu bagera kuri 334 bamaze kwicwa n’ibikoresho bikoreshwa na polisi ya Amerika mu guhagarika abakora imytigaragambyo. Ibikorwa by’ubugome bukabije abaturage ba Palisitina bakorerwa n’ubutegetsi ruvumwa bw’Abazayuni ba Isiraheri, ubwo butegetsi bumaze imyaka myinshi bwica abaturage b’icyo gihugu urubozo, bashyira mu kato abaturage b’intara ya Gaza, abana n’abagore muri iyo ntara bakaba bicwa n’inzara nta n’imiti ibavura bagira, ariko akaba ntawamagana icyo gihugu, ibyo byose ni urugero rugaragaza ko ikitwa na biriya bihugu uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu ntakindi biricyo uretse urwitwazo bakoresha barwanya uwo bashaka kurwanya, bakanajujubya uwo bashaka kujujubya mu izina ry’uko baharanira uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu.

Abitwaza ko baharanira uburenganzira bw’ikremwamuntu, nibo bitwaza ubwo burengenzira batera ibihugu bikennye no kurasa abaturage babyo bakoresheje intwaro zikomeye, bakica muri ibyo bihugu inzirakarengane zirimo abana, abagore n’abasaza.

Urugero rw’ukuri rw’ibyo tumaze kuvuga ni ikegeranyo cya vuba aha kivuga ko Yuran yakoreshejwe n’ingabo za Amerika mu ntambara irwana muri Iraq na Afuganisitani yatumye muri ibyo bihugu haduka ibyorezo by’indwara zidasanzwe zica benshi muri ibyo bihugu. Icyo kegeranyo cyakomeje kivuga ko muri biriya bihugu Amerika irwanamo, ibirema byiyongera n’abana bavukana uburema bakaba bamaze kuba benshi, ku buryo mu myaka mike iri imbere muri biriya bihugu hazajya havuka abana bake badafite ubusembwa batewe n’intwaro zikoreshwa mu mirwano ihabera.

Muri ako kanya Amerika iba iri kubangamira uburengenzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, iba yiyita ko ari igihugu cya demukrasi kinaharanira uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, n’ibyo byose umuryango mpuzamahanga wananiwe kumvisha icyo gihugu ko kigomba gufunga agasho gahonyererwamo uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu ka Gwantanamo na ka Abu Gurayib.




#Article 86: Illuminati (185 words)


Ubundi Illuminati biva ku ijambo ry’ikilatini illuminatus bivuga ‘umurikiwe’ cyangwa ushagawe n'urumuri, illuminati rikaba riri mu bwinshi (pluriel, plural). Abantu bose bavuga amateka ya Illuminati bemeza ko ari agatsiko k’ibanga (secret society) kashinzwe na Adam Weishaupt wari umwarimu muri Kaminuza ya Ingolstadt muri Bavière (Bayer) mu Budage, hari tariki 1 Gicurasi 1776. 

Kuvuga kuri Illuminati ni ibintu bitoroshye byasaba kwandika ibitabo kandi n’ubundi byarakozwe, ndetse bimwe na bimwe twarabisomye, cyane cyane The 13 Satanic Bloodlines of Illuminati cya Fritz Springmeier na Cosmic Trigger: the Final Secret of The Illuminati cya Robert Anton. Kugirango umenye Illuminati kandi, bisaba kuba uzi ibindi bintu byinshi byerekeranye n’udutsiko tw’ibanga (secret societies), bityo bikaba biri bunsabe kugenda nsa nk’utandukira gato ngende mvuga kuri utwo dutsiko tundi.

Uwo mugabo yari asanzwe ari mu muryango wa Freemasonry (Franc-maçonnerie) uyu ukaba ari umuryango n'ubu ukiriho, uhuza abantu batandukanye bahuriye ku ibanga ubwabo bazi bonyine, gusa ikizwi nuko badasenga Imana, ahubwo bemera uwo bita Umwubatsi Mukuru w’Isi (Le Grand Architecte de l’univers). Ibi abakristu bakaba babifata nko gusenga Shitani. Icyo twababwira nuko Freemasonry idashingiye ku idini, kuko habamo abakristu, abayisilamu n’abo mu yandi madini. 




#Article 87: Igisibo (446 words)


Imana yashyizeho uburyo bwo kuyigandukira bunyuranye, kugira ngo igerageze abagaragu bayo, ese baba mu bakurikira irari ryabo cyangwa baba mu bumvira itegeko ry'Imana, uko kuyigandukira igushyira mu byiciro bikurikira:

Ibibuza ibyo umuntu akunda nk'igisibo, kuko kibuza ibikundwa aribyo: ibyo kurya, ibinyobwa n'ibindi bimunezeza nk'imibonano ku bashakanye n'ibindi.

Ubutungane bw'umutima buba mu kwerekera kwawo ku Mana no kuyikunda. Bimaze kugaragara ko ibyo kurya, ibinyobwa, imvugo, kuryama, guhura n'abantu cyane bituma umuntu atakaza ibimuhuza n'Imana, bikamwongerera kuba kure y'impuhwe zayo. Niyo mpamvu Imana yategetse igisibo kugira ngo kibarinde ibibi, bityo bagire umutima udafite irari ariryo nzitizi zo kugandukira Imana. Ibategeka gukora icyicaro cya ITIKAFU mu misigiti kigamije kwiyegereza Imana. Inabategeka kurinda indimi zabo kuvuga ibidafite umumaro. Inabategeka igihagararo mu ijoro, gifitiye umubiri n'umutima akamaro.

Igisibo ni ukwigomwa kurya, kunywa, imibonano mpuzabitsina ku bashakanye n'ibindi bibujijwe uwasibye, kuva umuseke utambitse kugeza izuba rirenze, wagambiriye gusiba no kwiyegereza Imana.

Impamvu z'itegekwa ry'igisibo Igisibo ni inzira ituma habaho gutinya Imana, ukora ibyo yategetse ukareka ibyo yabujije. Igisibo kimenyereza umuntu uburyo bwo kurinda umutima no kureka ibibi byawo, kikanawutoza kwirengera inshingano no kwihangana mu gihe cy'ibibazo.

Igisibo gituma umuyislamu abasha kwiyumvamo ububabare buri kuri mugenzi we ushonje, ibyo bigatuma arushaho gutanga no kugirira neza abakene n'abatindi, bityo bigatuma habaho urukundo n'ubuvandimwe hagati y'abakire n'abakene. Igisibo cyeza umutima, kikawusukura kiwukura mu bikorwa bidahwitse. Mu gisibo niho haboneka ikiruhuko k'urwungano ngogozi, kikaruruhura mu guhora rwuzuriwe, bikarufasha kugarura ingufu. Urwego igisibo cy'ukwezi kwa Ramadhani gifite muri islamu

Igisibo ni inkingi imwe mu nkingi eshanu (5) zigize islamu, Imana yagitegetse mu mwaka wa kabiri (2) nyuma y'iyimuka ry'intumwa y'Imana iva iMakka ijya iMadina.

Intumwa y'Imana ikaba yarasibye igisibo cya RAMADHANI inshuro icyenda mu buzima bwayo. Ukwezi kwa RAMADHANI, niko kwezi gufite imigisha n'ibyiza kurusha andi mezi yose uko ari cumi n'abiri (12), n'amajoro icumi ya nyuma y'uko kwezi, akaba ariyo meza kurusha amajoro icumi y'ukwezi kwa DHUL HIDJA, kuko mu majoro icumi ya RAMADHANI, habonekamo ijoro rya AL QAD'RI rifite ibyiza biruta iby'amezi igihumbi(1000), n'iminsi icumi ya mbere ya DHUL HIDJA, iruta iminsi icumi ya nyuma ya RAMADHANI, n'umunsi wa idjuma niwo mwiza mu minsi y'icyumweru, n'umunsi w'igitambo ukaba umunsi mwiza mu minsi yose y'umwaka, n'ijoro rya AL QADRI rikaba ijoro ryiza mu majoro yose y'umwaka.

Igisibo cya RAMADHANI, ni itegeko kuri buri muyislamu ugimbutse, ufite ubwenge, ushoboye kuba yasiba, utari ku rugendo, yaba umugabo, cyangwa umugore udafite imiziro nk'imihango, ibisanza n'ibindi. Imana ikaba yarategetse abayislamu gusiba nk'uko yabitegetse abababanjirije. Imana iragira iti:Yemwe abemeye, mwategetswe gusiba nk'uko byategetswe abababanjirije, wenda mwarushaho gutinya Imana 

Qur'an 2:183

Imana iragira iti:Mu by'ukuri Qor'ani, twayimanuye mu ijoro ry'icyubahiro (AL QAD'RI). Ese ni iki cyakumenyesha iryo joro? Iryo joro ririmo ibyiza biruta iby'amezi igihumbi

Imana irimanuramo Abamalayika bari kumwe na DJIBRUMUSOZO




#Article 88: Uruyuki (614 words)


Uruyuki (ubuke: Inzuki; izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini: Apis ) ni udusimba tw’inigwahabiri tutagira amagufwa turangwa n’umubiri ugizwe n’ibice bitatu byuzuzanya aribyo; umutwe, ugaragaraho uduhembe tubiri tuzifasha guhuririza ibirukikije, amaso manini abiri azifasha kureba, n’umunwa. Mu muzinga hashobora kubamo ingabo 1500 kandi zikagaburirwa n’intazi. Akamaro kazo ni ako kwimya urwiru gusa, kandi urwimije urwiru ruhita rupfa. Ingabo ntiziryana, si byiza ko ziba nyinshi mu muzinga kuko zirya ubuki kandi zidakora. 

Uruyuki ni agakoko gato kaguruka gakora ubuki.

Amoko y’inzuki azwi cyane ni ayo mu bwoko bwa Apis mellifica, Apis dorsata, Apis florea na Apis cerana. Cyakora inzuki zikunze gukoreshwa mu buvumvu ni izo mu bwoko bwa Apis mellifica, nazo zikaba zigabanyijemo ibice byinshi, ukurikije uturere zigenda zibonekamo. Muri zo hari: 

Muri izo nzuki zose, iziboneka mu Rwanda ni izitwa Apis mellifica adansoni, n’ubwo nta bushakashatsi bwakozwe muri urwo rwego. Hari ubundi bwoko bw’inzuki bita mu kinyarwanda ubuhura (mellipona depressives). Izo nzuki ntizigira urubori, nta n’ubwo zubaka ibinyagu, ahubwo zishyira ubuki mu bihuku by’imiswa, mu binogo byafukutse mu biti, cyangwa mu myenge igenda isigara mu nkuta z’amazu.

Inzuki zibaho ari umuryango urimo inzuki za ngombwa kandi ziziranye. Ziba zikuriwe n’urwiru. Urwiru rurangwa n’ubunini bwarwo, ruba ari rwo rwonyine rw’urugore rubyara kandi rwima inshuro imwe. Rwibikamo intanga-ngabo, zizahura n’intanga-ngore rufite. Rurama imyaka ine kandi rutera amagi ibihumbi bibiri (2000) ku munsi, ntiruryana rugaburirwa n’impashyi , igikoma cy’urwiru (gelée royale). Iyo rushaje rutera amagi make bigatuma inzuki ziba nke mu muzinga, icyo gihe ruvanwa mu muzinga maze impehe zisigaye zikirerera urundi. Ni byiza kurusimbura nibura buri myaka ibiri (2) kandi bigakorwa mu gihe gitangira izuba.Urwiru rushobora kororerwa hanze y’umuzinga rukazashyirwamo nyuma. Inziru 2 ntizibana mu muzinga, zirarwana kugeza rumwe rupfuye.

Mu muzinga hashobora kubamo ingabo 1500 zikagaburirwa n’impashyi. Akamaro kazo ni ukwimya urwiru, gusa urwimije ruhita rupfa, Ingabo ntiziryana iyo ari nyinshi mu muzinga si byiza kuko zirya ubuki kandi zidakora. Akenshi urwiru rushaje rubyara ingabo nyinshi, hari ubwo impashyi zanga kuzigaburira zikazirukana cyangwa zikazica. Mu ntangiriro z’igihe cy’izuba gusa nibwo urwiru rutera amagi avamo ingabo.

Gusa abantu bakunda cyane ubuki kubera ukuntu buryoha cyane. Ariko nanone ibikomoka ku nzuki byose bifitye abantu akamaro kubera ko bivura indwara nyinshi.

Abanditsi b’ibitabo bavuga ko ubworozi bw’inzuki ari umwuga umaze igihe kinini cyane uzwi. Hari bamwe bemeza ko hashize imyaka miliyoni eshanu inzuki zibayeho ku isi, abandi bavuga ko babonye ibisigazwa by’inzuki zabayeho imyaka 3600 mbere y’ivuka rya Yezu; bamwe ndetse bemeza ko hari amoko y’inzuki yororerwaga mu Misiri imyaka 2600 mbere y’ivuka rya Yezu. Ahagana mu kinyejana cya 16 nibwo bamwe mu bagoronome Olivier w’i Sennes yatangiye kwita ku nzuki mu gitabo cye yise Theatre d’agriculture et menages des champs. Nyuma y’aho, ubworozi bw’inzuki bwafashe imyaka myinshi kugira ngo bugere uko tubuzi ubu. Muri icyo gihe Padiri mukuru w’i Carlsmark muri silesie yahimbye umutiba wa kijyambere ufite amakaderi, bashobora gukura mu mutiba bakayasubizamo nta kibazo. Cyakora uwo mutiba wagiye usubirwamo na Langstroth ariwe wahimbye umutiba wa kijyambere wanitiriwe izina rye, ubu ukaba warageze n’iwacu i Rwanda. Hari n’abandi bagize ibyo bagenda bongeraho, nk’uwitwa Dadant, Layens n’abandi.

Ubworozi bw’inzuki bwagaragaje ko bushobora guteza imbere ababukora, bubushyizemo imbaraga, ariko cyane cyane bitaye ku buryo bwo guhakura ubuki bufite isuku kandi butarimo umwotsi.

Mu rwego rwo gufasha abari muri uyu mwuga no kuwuhindura kugira ngo ujye uzanira inyungu abawukora, muri 2008 Leta yafashaije kugura imitiba 9,000 igenewe kugezwa ku bavumvu. Leta kandi yabafashije gushyiraho urwego rw’igihugu ruhuza abavumvu (Conseil National pour la Sauvegarde des Abeilles), kugira ngo babone uko bazajya bungurana ibitekerezo kuri uyu mwuga no ku masoko bakoherezaho ubuki basaruye.

Muri iyi myaka itanu ishize, umusaruro w’ubuki ukaba wiyongera ku buryo bushimishije. Figure 12 irerekana uburyo umusaruro w’ubuki wiyongereye kuva kuri toni 550 muri 2000 kugeza kuri toni 1600 muri 2007. 

  




#Article 89: Yoga (184 words)


Umukino wa Yoga ni umukino.

Yoga imaze koko kwamamara, nubwo inkomoko yayo ari mu Buhinde, ntibyayibujije gushinga ibirindiro mu Bushinwa, mu Buyapani, Amerika, mu Burayi ndetse no muri Afurika.

Mu Rwagasabo naho ntiyahatanzwe uretse ko itaramenyekana byimazeyo. Kutamenyekana ahanini bigaragarira mu bisubizo abanyarwanda batanga iyo babajijwe icyo bazi kuri Yoga.

Bamwe bagira bati: «Yoga ni nk’umikino nka za karate» abandi bati:«Itera imbaraga zirenze iza muntu bityo ikaba iri “satanique” », hari n’abavuga ko Yoga ari ukujya mu mwuka maze ntihagire ikintu na kimwe utekereza (concentration totale) abandi bati: «Ni idini ry’abahinde».

Yoga ni ijambo riri mu rurimi rw’igisansikiriti rikaba rivuga “guhuza”.

Guhuza “umubiri , gatekerezi na espri (body, mind and spirit), binyujijwe mu gusubiramo imyitozo ngororamubiri (Asanas), ndetse no kwiyinjiramo noneho umuntu akamenya ukuri kuri muri we, uwo ari we bityo akamenya n’abandi.

Yoga igizwe n’imyitozo itandukanye y’umubiri, yo guhumeka, yo gutekereza ndetse n’iyo gukora no kuvuga.

Yoga rero ni imyitozo ifasha umuntu mu buzima bwa buri munsi, kuko imufasha kuyobora gatekerezi ye (mind control). Iyo rero amaze kumenya neza gatekerezi ye, aba noneho ashobora kubaho, guhumeka, gutekereza, kuvuga, gukora no gukunda bya nyabyo.




#Article 90: Ishyaka RPP-Imvura (196 words)


Ishyaka PPR-Imvura (Parti Populaire Rwandais ) ni ishyaka rya politiki mu Rwanda.

Ishyaka RPP-Imvura rirasaba ibihugu byose bikomeye byose ku isi gufasha abanyarwanda guca akarengane kari mu Rwanda gahonyora uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu nta nkomanga.

Mu ibaruwa ndende iryo shyaka ryandikiye ibihugu byishi bikomeye byo hirya no hino kwisi, harimo n’imiryango mpuzamahanga ndetse n’abantu kugiti cyabo bishuti magara za Kagame, isaba ko bamwumvisa akemera ibiganiro n’abatavuga rumwe nawe akubaha demikarasi .

RPP- Imvura yakomeje ivuga ko batabara u Rwanda inzira zikigendeka hato rutazagwa mu bibazo rwaguyemo muri 1994, aho rwatakaje abantu barenga miliyoni abandi batagira ingano bagahunga igihugu cyabo bagata ibyabo n’aba bo .Muri abo bose iryo shyaka ryandikiye, abakuru b’ibihugu na za guverinoma bagera kuri 23, bamaze kwandikira perezida Kagame bamumenyasha ibyo iryo shyaka risaba. Mu iriyo baruwa ndende, ikinyamakuru Umuvigizi gifitiye kopi, iryo shyaka riravuga ko u Rwanda, rutigeze rugira amahoro, abaturage bakomeje guhura n’ikibazo kitotezwa kuburyo bukomeye, kubera ubuyobozi bubi, ibyo byose byagiye bigira uruhare mu mibereho mibi y’abaturage b’u Rwanda, bamwe bakicwa abandi bagahunga.

Ishyaka FPR, ryatangiye urugamba rufite intego zo kugarura amahoro no gucyura impunzi ndetse no kubaka leta n’igihugu kigendera ku mategeko cyubaha uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa-muntu kandi kigendera ku mahame ya demokarasi.




#Article 91: Ishyaka FPR-Inkotanyi (140 words)


Ishyaka FPR-Inkotanyi (FPR mu magambo ahinnye y’igifaransa ; izina mu gifaransa : Front Patriotique Rwandais ) ni ishyaka rya politiki mu Rwanda.

Leta iyobowe na FPR yashyizeho iminsi mikuru – Umunsi w’ Intwari (1 Gashyantare), Umunsi wo kwibuka Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi (7 Mata), Umunsi w’ Ubwigenge (1 Nyakanga), Umunsi wo kwibohoza (4 Nyakanga), n’ Umunsi wo gukunda igihugu (1 Ukwakira) – muri gahunda yo gucengeza ubumwe hagati y’ amoko kimwe no guha abayobozi urubuga rwo kwibutsa abanyarwanda ko bagomba kurwanya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside. Itegekonshinga ryasubiwemo muri 2003 ryaciye imvugo yose yerekeranye n’ amoko (ingingo ya 33) kimwe no guhana umuntu wese uvangura amoko cg upfobya jenoside (ingingo ya 13). FPR kandi yahinduye muri 2006 amazina y’ uturere mu nzengo zose z’ ubutegetsi, kuva ku mirenge kugeza mu ntara, muri gahunda yo gukingira abacitse ku icumu no kubibagiza aho ababo baguye.




#Article 92: Ikawa ya Maraba (246 words)


Ikawa ya Maraba

Ikawa ni kimwe mu bihingwa ngengabukungu gifite isoko ryo  hanze y’igihugu kikazamura ubukungu bw’u Rwanda ndetse ngo kikaba kinakundwa cyane kubera uburyohe budasanzwe. Hakunze rero kubaho amarushanwa yo kumva ikawa iruta izindi mu buryohe  bikitabirwa n’inzobere mu kuyumva, akaba ari muri bene nk’ayo marushanwa ikawa ya Maraba yabaye iya mbere ndetse ikabona n’igihembo. Mu kagari ka Maraba umurenge wa Shyembe ho mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo niho hera  iyo kawa ifite umwihariko w’uburyohe budasanzwe.

Imvaho Nshya yanyarukiye muri uwo Murenge kureba uko abahinzi ba kawa yaho babayeho niba kuba yitwa ko ari iyambere bibagiraho ingaruka nziza cyangwa biherera iyo. Aho twabasanze ni kuri koperative Abahuzamugambi,  hakaba hari na labolatwari ibafasha kurobanura ikawa. Kuri iyo koperative twasanze batoranya ikawa batubwira ko uretse kuyihinga koperative ibaha n’akazi kandi ikabahemba ku buryo ngo ikibazo cy’ubushomeri muri uwo Murenge cyagabanutse. Ngo barashimira Perezida wa Repubulika ko muri iyi manda ishize hari aho bavuye bakaba bafite n’aho bageze ngo kubera gahunda Leta yashyizeho zo kwibumbira mu makoperative ndetse n’izo kubaka inganda kuko byabagabanyirije imvune ndende bagiraga ubwo bari bagikoresha uburyo bwo hambere bwo gusya n’urusyo gusa ngo byaba byiza cyane bongerewe imashini bityo umusaruro ukiyongera.

USAID, ikigo cy’abanyamerika gitsura amajyambere, cyerekanye ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku buhinzi yafashije Abanyarwanda gushakira amasoko mu bihugu by’Uburayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika. Muri ibyo bicuruzwa harimo ikawa ya Maraba, urusenda, ifu y’imyumbati y’i Butare, umutobe w’amatunda bita Agashya, n’inzoga ikoze mu ikawa yo mu Rwanda yengerwa muri Amerikai. Iyo nzoga icyakora ntiratangira gucururizwa mu Rwanda. 

 




#Article 93: Runyankore-Rukiga (137 words)


Runyankore-Rukiga

Runyankore-Rukiga, byanditswe mw'ijambo rimwe ritandukanijwe n'akarongo. Icyabiteye ni ukubera ko uru rurimi ari ururimi rumwe koko! Kano karongo hamwe n'amagambo abiri Runyankore na Rukiga birerekana na none ko n'ubwo ari ururimi rumwe, rutavugwa n'abantu bamwe. Abanyankore rero n'Abakiga iyo bavuga nabo barumvikana neza n'ubwo umwe amenya ko uwo bavugana ari umukiga cyangwa umunyankore. Mbese ni kimwe n'ikinyarwanda n'ikirundi. Dukurikije amategeko y'isesengurandimi, ikinyarwanda n'ikirundi ntabwo ari indimi ebyiri zitandukanye, ahubwo ni ururimi rumwe, rufite amazina abiri kubera ko abaruvuga badatuye hamwe. Urunyankore n'urukiga nabyo ni cyo kimwe, kubera ko bamwe batuye ukwabo abandi bakaba batuye ukwabo, ariko ubundi barumvikana neza usibye utuntu duke duke nk'uko amagambo avugwa, ateye cyangwa icyo asobanura. Hano rero turerekana ko uru rurimi rusangiye n'ikinyarwanda ibintu byinshi. Icyambere kubera ko izi ndimi zitwegereye, icya kabiri kubera ko ziri mu muryango umwe witwa uw'Abantu.




#Article 94: Igikuyu (100 words)


Igikuyu cyangwa Ikikuyu (izina mu gikuyu : Gĩkũyũ ) ni ururimi rumwe mu zinini zo muri Kenya. Itegekongenga ISO 639-3 kik. Izindi zifite abantu benshi zo mu muryango w’Abantu ni Igikamba n'Ikiruya. Haba ni umuryango witwa Nilotiki urimo Ikimasayi, Kalenjini n’Ikijyaluwo. Igikuyu gisangiye ibintu byinshi n’ikinyarwanda kubera ko zombi ziva indimwe ariko na none hari na byinshi by'umwihariko zisangiye bitaboneka mu zindi. Ikizwi cyane ni itegeko rigenga imivugire y’ingombajwi ryitwa irya Dahl (Dahl's Law). Riraza kuboneka hepfo mu ngero ziza gutangwa.

Muri iyi nyandiko, ndibanda cyane ku magambo izi ndimi zombi zisangiye, imiterere y’amagambo hamwe n’amategeko agenga imivugire y’uru rurimi.




#Article 95: Ikiluba (128 words)


Ikiluba ni ururimi rw'Abaluba. Itegekongenga ISO 639-3 lub.

Abaluba batuye mu ntara ebyiri za Kongo ari zo Katanga na Kasayi. Abaluga ni ubwoko bunini cyane muri Kongo nyine. Ubundi bwoko bunini ni Abakongo batuye mu bihugu bitatu ari byo Kongo Brazzaville, Kongo Kinshasa na Angola. Uru rurimi abanditsi bamwe barwita Iciluba, abandi Itshiluba abandi na none Ikiluba. Ni rumwe mu ndimi enye zikoreshwa mu nyandiko za Leta n'iz'amashuri. Izo zindi zemewe ni Igifaransa, Igiswahili n'Ilingala. Kuko ruri mu muryango w'indimi zitwa iz'Abantu rusangiye amagambo menshi n'Ikinyarwanda, imiterere y'amagambo n'interuro hamwe n'amategeko agenga uko ururimi ruvugwa. Rimwe na rimwe hari ubwo iyo miterere iba idahuje kubera ihinduka ry'indimi ariko ibyo ntibibe bitangaje kuko uko guhinduka gukurikiza amategeko abazobereye mu buhanga bwo gusesengura indimi baba bazi.

Amagambo yerekeye ibice by'umubiri:




#Article 96: Kenya (153 words)


Kenya (izina mu giswayili : Kenya cyangwa Jamhuri ya Kenya ; izina mu cyongereza : Kenya cyangwa Republic of Kenya ) n’igihugu muri Afurika.Kuri kilometero kare 580.367 (224.081 sq mi), Kenya nicyo gihugu cya 48 kinini ku isi ku buso bwose. Igihugu gituwe n'abaturage barenga miliyoni 47.6, Kenya ni cyo gihugu cya 29 gituwe cyane. Umurwa mukuru wa Kenya n'umujyi munini ni Nairobi, mu gihe umujyi wacyo wa kera n'umurwa mukuru wa mbere ari umujyi wa Mombasa uri ku nkombe. Umujyi wa Kisumu n'umujyi wa gatatu munini kandi ni n'icyambu cy'imbere ku kiyaga cya Victoria. Ibindi bigo byingenzi byo mumijyi birimo Nakuru na Eldoret. Kugeza mu 2020, Kenya ni ubukungu bwa gatatu mu bukungu muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara nyuma ya Nijeriya na Afurika y'Epfo. Kenya ihana imbibi na Sudani y'Amajyepfo mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, Etiyopiya mu majyaruguru, Somaliya mu burasirazuba, Uganda mu burengerazuba, Tanzaniya mu majyepfo, n'Inyanja y'Ubuhinde mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba.




#Article 97: Umwaka (105 words)


Igice cy'igihe kigizwe n'amezi cumi n'abiri (12) uhereye kuri Mutarama kugeza mu Ukuboza. 

Umwaka ushobora kugira iminsi 365 cyangwa 366 bitewe n'uwo ari wo. 

Uwo munsi umwe uranga cyangwa ubura uturuka ku kwezi kwa Gashyantare kugira iminsi makumyabiri n'umunani cyangwa makumyabiri n'icyenda bitewe n'umwaka. 

Buri myaka ine ukwezi kwa kabiri guhindura umubare w'iminsi ikaba 29. Ni ukuvuga ko imyaka itatu ikurikiranye igira ukwezi kwa Gashyantare kw'iminsi 28 maze umwaka ukurikiyeho ugahita uhindura ikaba 29. Imyaka yose igabanyika na kane igira iminsi 366 naho itagabanyika na kane ikagira 365. 
Ingero: 

Umwaka mu Rwanda ugabanyijemo ibihe bine by'ingenzi ari byo Urugaryi, Itumba, Icyi, Umuhindo bitandukanywa n'imigwire y'imvura




#Article 98: Bernard Makuza (253 words)


Bernard Makuza(wavutse 30 Nzeri 1962 ni umunyapolitiki wo mu Rwanda wabaye Minisitiri w’intebe w’u Rwanda kuva ku ya 8 Werurwe 2000 kugeza ku ya 6 Ukwakira 2011. Yabaye kandi Perezida wa Sena y'u Rwanda kuva ku ya 14 Ukwakira 2014 kugeza ku ya 17 Ukwakira 2019. 

Se wa Makuza yari Anastase Makuza, wabaye minisitiri mu gihe cya Grégoire Kayibanda.  Kimwe na se, Bernard Makuza yitabiriye Seminari Nto ya Saint Léon ya Kabgayi .

Makuza yari umwe mu bari bagize ishyaka riharanira demokarasi (MDR) mbere yuko ishyaka risenywa ku ya 14 Mata 2003 kubera amateka yaryo yo guteza imbere ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside. Makuza yeguye ku kuba umunyamuryango wa MDR mbere yo kugirwa Minisitiri w’intebe. Mu 2006, muri manda ye ya Minisitiri w’intebe, Makuza yerekanye ko nta shyaka abarizwamo. 

Makuza yari Ambasaderi w’u Rwanda mu Burundi hanyuma aba Ambasaderi mu Budage  mbere yo kugirwa Minisitiri w’intebe muri Werurwe 2000. Ishyirwaho rye kuri uyu mwanya wa nyuma na Perezida Pasteur Bizimungu ryakurikiye ukwegura kwa Minisitiri w’intebe Pierre-Célestin Rwigema, wari wanenzwe cyane mu binyamakuru byo mu Rwanda ndetse na bamwe mu badepite. 

Makuza yagumye ku buyobozi bwa guverinoma nshya yitiriwe ku ya 8 Werurwe 2008, yari igizwe n'abaminisitiri 21 n'abanyamabanga batandatu ba Leta. 

Ku ya 6 Ukwakira 2011, Perezida Kagame yashyizeho Pierre Habumuremyi asimbuye Makuza kuba Minisitiri w’intebe. Makuza ahubwo yagizwe Sena .  Muri Sena, Makuza yabaye Visi-Perezida ushinzwe amategeko no kugenzura guverinoma. Nyuma yaje gutorerwa kuba Perezida wa Sena, amajwi 25 kuri 26 ashyigikiwe kandi nta mukandida utavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi, arahira ku ya 14 Ukwakira 2014. 

 
 




#Article 99: Frank Habineza (191 words)


Frank Habineza yavukiye I Mityana muri Uganda  mu 1977, ni umunyapolitiki w’umunyarwanda. Ni umwe mu bashinze ishyaka Parti Vert Démocratique  ,  , aribera perezida wa mbere, kugeza n’ubu ni we ukiriyobora.

Amashuri ye yayize muri Kaminuza Nkuru y’u Rwanda I Butare .

Yashinze ishyaka Parti Vert Démocratique muri Kanama 2009, iri rikaba ritavuga rumwe na Leta iyobowe na FPR. Benshi mu bashinze Parti Vert Démocratique ni abahoze ari abanyamuryango ba FPR  bakaza kuyivamo.

Muri Werurwe 2010, Habineza yabaye “umutumirwa w’icubahiro muri Kaminuza ny’Afurika yita ku bidukikije y’I Rabat muri Maroke  . Iyi nama yari mu rwego rwo kugirango amashyaka aharanira kubungabunga ibidukikije yo muri Afurika ahurize hamwe imbaraga. Ukwezi kwakurikiyeho yahise atorerwa kuba perezida wa komite nshingabikorwa mu ishyirahamwe ry’amashyaka aharanira ibidukikije muri Afurika. 

Ishyaka Parti Vert Démocratique Leta y’u Rwanda ntiraryemerera gukora byemewe n’amategeko, ibi bikaba byaratumye rititabira amatora y’umukuru w’igihugu yabaye muri Kanama 2010. Ibi kandi byatumye iri shyaka ritabasha kujya ribona uburenganzira bwo gukora amanama. Mu Kwakira 2009 imwe mu manama y’iri shyaka yahagaritswe na Polisi y’Igihugu.

Muri Nyakanga 2010, visi perezida w’iri shyaka, André Kagwa Rwisereka, yatahuwe yaciwe umutwe. Habineza yasabye ko habaho iperereza mpuzamahanga ryigenga.  , 

  

 
 




#Article 100: Rwanda Nziza (108 words)


Rwanda Nziza ni indirimbo y’igihugu cy’u Rwanda.
 
Rwanda nziza gihugu cyacu 
Wuje imisozi - ibiyaga n'ibirunga 
Ngobyi iduhetse gahorane ishya... 
Reka tukurate tukuvuge ibigwi 
Wowe utubumbiye hamwe twese 
Abanyarwanda uko watubyaye 
Berwa, sugira, singizwa iteka... 

Horana Imana, murage mwiza 
Ibyo tugukesha ntibishyikirwa- 
Umuco dusangiye uraturanga 
Ururimi rwacu rukaduhuza 
Ubwenge, umutima,amaboko yacu 
Nibigukungahaze bikwiye 
Nuko utere imbere ubutitsa... 

Abakurambere b'intwari 
Bitanze batizigama... 
Baraguhanga uvamo ubukombe 
Utsinda ubukoroni na mpatisbihugu 
Byayogoje Afurika yose 
None uraganje mu bwigenge 
Tubukomeyeho uko turi twese 

Komeza imihigo Rwanda dukunda 
Duhagurukiye kukwitangira... 
Ngo amahoro asabe mu bagutuye 
Wishyire wizane muri byose 
Urangwe n'ishyaka - Utere imbere 
Uhamye umubano n'amahanga yose 
Maze ijabo ryawe riguhe ijambo. 

 




#Article 101: Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (259 words)


Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu cyangwa Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye Uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu , Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu , Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu , Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ku Burenganzira bwa Muntu , Itangazo Ryamamaza Hose Agaciro k’Umuntu (UDHR mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza; izina mu cyongereza : Universal Declaration of Human Rights ) 

Taliki ya cumi y’ukwa desembri mu mwaka wa 1948, niwo munsi Ikoraniro rusange rya Umuryango w’Abibumye (ONU) ryemeje likanamenyesha Itangazo ryo kwamamaza hose ibyerekeye agaciro ka Muntu. Ikoraniro rusange ryasabye ibihugu byose bili muli l'ONU gukora uko bishoboye kugira ngo iryo Tangazo lizatangirwe ku mugaragaro, ryamamare hose kandi lisobanurwe, cyane cyane mu mashuli, ali amato ali ayisumbuye, mu bihugu byose, ibyigenga n'ibigitegekwa. 

Ikoraniro rusange lilibutsa ko: 

Ingingo ya 1 : Abantu bose bavuka aliko bakwiye agaciro no kwubahwa kimwe. Bose bavukana ubwenge n’umutima, bagomba kugilirana kivandimwe.

Ingingo ya 2 : Umuntu wese akwiye kwemererwa kwafite agaciro n’uburenganzira bwose bwahamijwe muli ili Tangazo. Nta muntu uzongera gucishwa ku wundi ku mpamvu gusa z’ubwoko, ibara ry’umubili, idini yemera cyanga se ibitekerezo afite muli politique no mu zindi ngingo, ntawe uzazira igihugu akomokamo, ubworo amavuka cyanga se indi mimerere yindi. 

Kandi nta muntu uruta undi, ngo kuko baba bakomoka mu bihugu batareshya. Ali abaturage b’ibihugu byigenga cyanga se bigitwarwa, bikiyoborwa n’ibindi, bose ni abantu kimwe. 

Ingingo ya 3 : Umuntu wese agomba kubaho, gushyira akizana no kutarengana. 

Ingingo ya 4 : Nta muntu ukwiye guhinduka imbohe cyanga umuja. Kugira abantu abaja cyanga se kubacururuza biraciwe rwose. 

Ingingo ya 5 : Nta muntu ugomba kugilirwa urugomo, kuzira agashinyaguro, kwicwa urupfu rubi. 

n’izindi




#Article 102: Inyoni zo mu Rwanda (104 words)


Inyoni zo mu Rwanda

U Rwanda ni kimwe mu bihugu bya mbere bicumbikiye inyoni harimo amoko yazo 670 atandukanye yamaze kwandikwa. Amoko 4 y'inyoni zo mu Rwanda asa n’akendera: inyoni ifite umunwa umeze nk’urukweto bita shoebill (Balaeniceps rex) cyangwa bec-en-sabot mu ndimi z’amahanga yabonetse mu Kagera; inyoni ifite umunwa umeze nk’urushinge runini rurerure bita Grauer’s rush warbler (Bradyptrus graueri) cyangwa la paruline pointe de Grauer mu ndimi z’amahanga yo muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga, muri Nyungwe no mu bishanga bya Rugezi; Apalis Kungwe (Apalis argentea) muri Nyungwe; n’ubwoko bw’igihunyira cyo mu bihugu bya Afurika cyangwa muri Kongo (Phodilus prigoginei) cyabonetse mu nkengero z’ikiyaga cya Kivu.




#Article 103: Juvénal Habyarimana (456 words)


Juvenal Habyarimana( 8 Werurwe wa 1937 - Kigali, 6 Mata ya 1994 ) yari umunyapolitiki Rwanda moko Hutu , yari mu ntambara na moko abatutsi. Yiswe Kudatsindwa  ( Kinani muri Kiñaruanda , ururimi nyamukuru rw'igihugu).

Habyarimana yari perezida w’igitugu mu Rwanda kuva mu 1973 kugeza apfuye, agenda mu ndege ye bwite yicwa na misile. Urupfu rwe rwabaye mu gihe cy'intambara yo mu Rwanda kandi byongera amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko muri ako karere, bituma haza Jenoside yo mu Rwanda .

Mu 5 Nyakanga ya 1973 , Leta uwurimo mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Ingabo mu Rwanda, yatanze coup guhirika Perezida wayo, Grégoire Kayibanda , n'ishyaka rye ku butegetsi, mu Parmehutu . Kayibanda yari mubyara we akaba na perezida wa mbere watowe mu nzira ya demokarasi. Ku butegetsi bushya, Habyarimana yafungiye mubyara we n'umugore we ahantu hihishe (bivugwa ko ari inzu hafi ya Kabgayi), aho bivugwa ko bishwe n'inzara nyuma y'imyaka itatu. [ citation isabwa ]

Mu 1975 , Habyarimana yashinze ishyaka rya MRND (National Revolutionary Movement for Development) nk'umuyobozi, atangaza ko ariryo shyaka ryemewe n'amategeko mu gihugu. Igihugu cyagumye mu maboko y’ingabo kugeza igihe itegeko nshinga rishya ryemejwe mu 1978 na referendum. Muri icyo gihe, yongeye gutorwa nk'umukandida wenyine, ibintu byagarutsweho buri myaka itanu, byatangiye gukurikizwa mu 1983 na 1988 .

Ku ikubitiro, yari yaratsindiye Abahutu n'Abatutsi mu kwerekana ubuyobozi budashaka gushyira mu bikorwa politiki izashimisha abayishyigikiye gusa, cyane cyane Abahutu. Ariko umugabane we ntiwakomeje, akomeza kwerekana politiki yagaragazaga iz'uwamubanjirije, Kayibanda. Yongeye gushiraho ibipimo byo kubona imyanya ya kaminuza n'ibiro bya leta bibabaza abatutsi. Ubwo yatoneshaga itsinda ry’abayoboke rigabanuka, andi matsinda y’Abahutu yasuzuguwe n’umuyobozi w’igihugu cyabo yafatanyaga n’abatutsi guca intege ubutegetsi bwe.

Mu 1990 , kubera igitutu cyaturutse ahantu hatandukanye (Umufatanyabikorwa mukuru w’u Rwanda n’umuterankunga w’imari, Ubufaransa ; abatanga amafaranga menshi, IMF na Banki y’isi ; hamwe n’abaturage bacyo basaba ko habaho ijwi ryinshi n’impinduka mu bukungu), yemeye kwemerera aya mahugurwa biturutse mu yandi mashyaka.

Ingingo nyamukuru: Intambara yo mu Rwanda

Mu Kwakira 1990, FPR ( Rwanda Patriotic Front ) yatangiye kwigomeka kuri guverinoma ya Habyarimana iturutse mu gihugu cy’abaturanyi cya Uganda , itera intambara y'abenegihugu. FPR yari ingabo zigizwe ahanini n’abatutsi baba mu mahanga bari barahoze mu gisirikare cya Uganda (benshi mu myanya ikomeye), batererana imbaga n’ingabo za Uganda bambuka umupaka.

Ku ya 6 Mata 1994, indege bwite ya Habyarimana, indege ya Falcon 50 (impano ya Minisitiri w’intebe w’Ubufaransa Jacques Chirac ) yarashwe na misile ubwo yari igiye kugwa ku kibuga cy’indege cya Kigali . Abaperezida b’amoko abiri y’Abahutu ndetse n’ibihugu bituranye bapfuye bazize iyo mpanuka: Habyarimana ubwe, ukomoka mu Rwanda, na Cyprien Ntaryamira , ukomoka mu Burundi , wamuherekeje mu rugendo.

N'ubwo uwanditse icyo gitero atarasobanurwa ku mugaragaro, byabaye mu rwego rw'intambara y'abenegihugu yatewe no gucikamo ibice hagati y'amoko ye n'Abatutsi , biganisha kuri jenoside mu Rwanda.
 
 
 




#Article 104: Mutagatifu Pawulo (408 words)


Mutagatifu Pawulo uzwi cyane na none ku izina ry'ikiyahudi Saul of Tarsus( kinyarwanda:Sawuli w'i Tarisisi) yari Intumwa/Umwigishwa(Nubwo atari muri 12 Zigishaga ubutumwa bwiza bwa Kiristo mu kinyejana cya mbere), Afatwa nk'umuntu ukomeye wabayeho mu gihe k'Intumwa/Abigishwa.
Mu myaka ya za-30 kugera muri za-50 Nyuma Y'urupfu Rwa Kiristo, Yashinze insengero nyinshi muri Aziya n'Uburayi.
Yifashishije ko yari afite ubwenegihugu bw'Abayahudi n'Abaromani, Byatumye yoroherwa no kugeza ubutumwa kub'Abayahudi n'Abaromani icyarimwe.
Isezerano Rishya muri Bibiliya, Rigaragaza ko mbere yuko Mutagatifu Pawulo ahinduka akaba Umukiristu, yari afite Inshingano yo guhiga bukware abari Abigishwa ba Yesu mu gace ka Yelusalemu.

ati «Ndi Umuyahudi, navukiye i Tarisi ho muri Silisiya, ariko narerewe muri uyu mugi; nigishwa na Gamaliyeli, antoza kwita byuzuye ku Mategeko y’abasekuruza. Imana nyirwanira ishyaka nk’uko namwe murirwana uyu munsi. Natoteje abantu bakurikiraga iyi Nzira kugeza ubwo mbica, mboha abagabo n’abagore mbashyira mu buroko. Umuherezabitambo mukuru hamwe n’abakuru b’umuryango ni bo ntanzeho abagabo, bo bampaye inzandiko nshyikiriza abavandimwe bacu b’i Damasi, ubwo najyagayo, ntumwe kuboha abariyo no kubazana i Yeruzalemu kugira ngo bahanwe. Nuko igihe nkiri mu nzira negereje kugera i Damasi, ako kanya amanywa ava, urumuri ruturutse mu ijuru rurangota. Nikubita hasi, maze numva ijwi rimbwira riti ‘Sawuli, Sawuli! Urantotereza iki?’ Ndasubiza nti ‘Uri nde, Nyagasani?’ Iryo jwi rirongera riti ’Ndi Yezu w’i Nazareti, uwo uriho utoteza.’ Bagenzi banjye twari kumwe babonye urumuri, ariko ntibumve ijwi ry’uwo tuvugana. Ni ko kubaza nti ‘Nkore iki se, Nyagasani?’ Nyagasani aransubiza ati ’Haguruka ujye i Damasi, ni ho bazakubwira ibyo wagenewe gukora byose.’ Ariko kubera ko icyezezi cy’urwo rumuri cyari cyampumye amaso, abo twari kumwe bagombye kundandata, ngera i Damasi. Aho i Damasi hakaba umuntu witwa Ananiya, yari umuntu wubaha Imana, agakurikiza Amategeko kandi agashimwa n’Abayahudi bose bari bahatuye. Aza kundeba maze arambwira ati «Sawuli, muvandimwe, humuka.’ Ako kanya ndahumuka, maze ndamureba. Nuko arambwira ati ’Imana y’abasekuruza bacu yakugeneye kumenya icyo ishaka, kubona Intungane no kumva ijwi ryayo bwite. Ugomba rero kuyibera umugabo mu bantu bose, ubamenyesha ibyo wabonye n’ibyo wumvise. None se kandi utegereje iki? Haguruka wambaze Nyagasani, ubatizwe kandi uhanagurweho ibyaha byawe.’

Mahanga mwese, nimusingize Uhoraho,
miryango mwese, mumwamamaze;
kuko urukundo adukunda rutagira urugero,
n’ubudahemuka bwe bugahoraho iteka!
Ivanjili ya Mutagatifu Mariko 16,15-18
Ni bwo ababwiye ati «Nimujye mu isi hose, mwamamaze Inkuru Nziza mu biremwa byose. Uzemera akabatizwa azakira; utazemera azacibwa. Dore kandi n’ibimenyetso bizaranga abazaba bemeye: mu izina ryanjye bazirukana roho mbi, bazavuga indimi nshya, bazafata inzoka; nibagira kandi icyo banywa cyica, nta cyo kizabatwara; bazaramburira ibiganza ku barwayi bakire.»




#Article 105: Ikinyadeneta (140 words)


Ikinyadeneta (izina mu kinyadeneta : Dene Dháh ; izina mu cyongereza : Dene Tha, Dene Dháa, South Slavey) ni ururimi rwa Northwest Territories, Alberta na British Columbia muri Kanada. Itegekongenga ISO 639-3 xls.

ᐊ ᐁ ᐃ ᐅ ᐊ́ ᐁ́ ᐃ́ ᐅ́ ᐊᐠ ᐁᐠ ᐃᐠ ᐅᐠ ᐥᐊ ᐥᐁ ᐥᐃ ᐥᐅ ᐊᐥ ᐊᑊ ᐁᑊ ᐃᑊ ᐅᑊ ᐊᐧ ᐤ²ᐊ ᐤ²ᐁ ᐤ²ᐃ ᐤ²ᐅ ᐊᐤ ᐸ ᐯ ᐱ ᐳ ᐊᑉ ᑕ ᑌ ᑎ ᑐ ᐊᐨ ᖍ ᖊ ᖋ ᖌ ᐊᙆ ᕦ ᕞ ᕠ ᕤ ᐊᒡ ᑕᑊ ᑌᑊ ᑎᑊ ᑐᑊ ᗃ ᗀ ᗁ ᗂ ᐊᐦ ᑲ ᑫ ᑭ ᑯ ᐊᐠ ᑲᑊ ᑫᑊ ᑭᑊ ᑯᑊ ᒼᗃ ᒼᗀ ᒼᗁ ᒼᗂ ᐊᑊ ᒼᐊ ᒼᐁ ᒼᐃ ᒼᐅ ᐊᕁ ᕍ ᕃ ᕄ ᕊ ᐊᔆ ᒼᕍ ᒼᕃ ᒼᕄ ᒼᕊ ᐊᐟ ᐨᖉ ᐨᖆ ᐨᖇ ᐨᖈ ᖉ ᖆ ᖇ ᖈ ᖉᑊ ᖆᑊ ᖇᑊ ᖈᑊ ᒪ ᒣ ᒥ ᒧ ᐊᒼ  ᓇ ᓀ ᓂ ᓄ ᐊᐣ




#Article 106: Burdur (119 words)


	
 

Umujyi wa Burdur (izina mu giturukiya  :  Burdur ) n’umujyi wa Turukiya, n’umurwa mukuru w’Intara ya Burdur. Abaturage 100,000.

Burdur è anche una nota imprecazione che il buon ratta il pazzo fa quando un suo studente prende un resit. Ratta Il Pazzo, popolare capo indiano della tribù ies-si-pi, è noto per la sua incompetenza in qualsiasi materia che sia parte dello scibile umano. Porco il clero, è proprio vero! Peggio di lui fa solo il notissimo capo supremo della congrega, il Ceera-Freegna. Esso, delirando durante le lezioni di materie arcaiche quali la macro-ekonomia, strugge i suoi studenti fino a succhiargli tutta la linfa vitale.
A tutto ciò vada aggiunto che, senza inequivocabile ombra di dubbio, Dio è un porco. 




#Article 107: Igitoki (762 words)


Igitoki (ubwinshi: ibitoki) cyangwa  Igitoke (ubwinshi: Ibitoke) (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini : Musa acuminata × Musa balbisiana) ni igiti, urubuto n’ikiribwa.

Igitoki ni igihingwa ngandurarugo, kiboneka kuburyo butagoye kuburyo n'umuturage wo mu cyiciro cya mbere aba ashobora kukigaburira umuryango we. Kigira amoko atandukanye: Imishaba ( Ibitoki bitekwa mu mavuta), Inyamunyo (Kiribwa  gtgosheje mumazi ariko gishobora no gutekwa ifiriti) , Kamaramasenge, ( Kiribwa nk'imineke), Gros Michel ( Imineke), Poyo( Imineke), Fiya n'ibindi byinshi.......

Igitoki kiri mu byo kurya biribwa cyane kandi kenshi mu ngo nyinshi zo mu gihugu cyacu by’umwihariko iburasirazuba aho usanga ari ryo funguro nyamukuru bagira. Ese wari uzi impamvu imineke iba irimo isukari nyamara wahekenya igitoki ntuyumvemo? Burya biterwa nuko habamo amidon/starch idapfa gushwanyaguzwa na za enzymes zo mu gifu bityo aho gukoreshwa nk’isukari mu mubiri igakora nka fibre. Iyo rero umuneke uhiye ya amidon niyo ihindukamo isukari wumva iryohereye mu muneke. Si ibyo gusa kuko igitoki tugisangamo izindi ntungamubiri zinyuranye nka fibre, umunyungugu wa potasiyumu na vitamin B6.
Habonekamo kandi phosphore, ubutare, magnesium na zinc ndetse na vitamin C.

Bitewe nuko mu gitoki dusangamo amidon igoye gushwanyaguzwa iri mu gifu, bituma kurya igitoki byafasha mu kugabanya ibiro kuko uwakiriye atinda gusonza nuko bigatuma umubiri we utwika ibinure byinshi.

Kurya igitoki bituma umubiri urushaho kuzamura igipimo cya insulin bityo bikarinda kuba wagira isukari nyinshi ari byo bitera indwara ya diyabete. Kuba kandi harimo vitamin B6 bifasha mu kuringaniza isukari by’umwihariko ku bafite diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2 (iterwa n’isukari nyinshi mu maraso).

Mu gitoki kuba harimo fibre ndetse na amidon igoye gushwanyaguza bituma kiba cyiza mu igogorwa no kurinda gutumba nyuma yo kurya. Gifasha kandi mu kurwanya indwara ziterwa na bagiteri zishobora gufata mu nzira y’igogorwa.

Uko amidon itinda mu mara kubera kudapfa gushwanyagurika bituma za bagiteri zo mu mara nziza zikora umusemburo ziyifashishije nuko ukica bagiteri mbi zatera indwara zinyuranye zo mu mara harimo na kanseri ishobora gufata mu mara

Kurya ibitoki bifasha umubiri gukoresha no gukamura izindi ntungamubiri ziturutse mu bindi wariye. By’umwihariko bifasha umubiri gukoresha kalisiyumu n’indi myunyungugu. Igitoki kiribwa mu buryo bunyuranye aho ushobora kugiteka mu buryo buzwi nka “agatogo”

Za fibres zirimo hamwe na amidon nibyo bifasha mu kugabanya igipimo cya cholesterol mbi mu maraso. Niyo mpamvu abantu bafite cholesterol iri hejuru bagirwa inama yo kurya igitoki kenshi kuko bizatuma igabanyuka.

Kuba kirwanya cholesterol mbi kandi birinda kuba imitsi yakifunga bityo bikarinda umutima kuba watera nabi, bikanarinda indwara y’umuvuduko udasanzwe w’amaraso ukunze guturuka ku kwifunga kw’imitsi y’amaraso. Ibi kandi kibifashwamo no kuba gikungahaye kuri potsiyumu

Ibitoki bikize kuri vitamin B6 bikaba ari byo bituma biba ifunguro ryiza mu gutuma ugira insoro zitukura nyinshi bityo ukagira amaraso ahagije mu mubiri wawe.

Akandi kamaro ko kubirya ni uko gifasha umubiri gukoresha ibinure ubitse bigahindukamo ingufu umubiri ukoresha. Kandi kuba harimo vitamin B6 bituma enzyme zikora neza akazi kazo ko gushwanyaguza ibyo wariye bityo umubiri wose ugakora neza

Igitoki gifasha mu kuringaniza amazi n’imyunyu mu mubiri bityo bigafasha impyiko kuko akazi kazo ka mbere ari ukuyungurura amaraso no kuringaniza amazi umubiri ukeneye. Kurya igitoki, bifasha mu kurinda indwara zinyuranye zishobora gufata impyiko harimo na kanseri y’impyiko. Igitoki gishobora no kuribwa gikaranze mu mavuta nk’ifiriti 

Kuba igitoki gituma umubiri udatakaza amazi bituma kiba cyiza mu mikorere y’ubwonko. Dore ko bugizwe n’amazi ku gipimo cyo hejuru kandi kugabanyuka kwayo bikaba bibangamira imikorere myiza yabwo.

Ubwacyo cyifitiye enzymes zifasha mu kurwanya impiswi kimwe n’izindi ndwara ziterwa n’ibyo kurya byanduye nka shigellosis. Kubirya nyuma yuko urwara impiswi bigufasha kuyikira vuba, gusa ntuzibagirwe n’indi miti igenewe kurwanya impiswi

Ibitoki birimo tryptophan ikaba poroteyine ihindurwamo serotonin, uyu ukaba umusemburo w’ibyishimo. Serotonin ifasha kuruhuka no kumva muri wowe utuje.
Hano unabishoboye igitoki wagihekenya kuko niho tryptophan iba ari nyinshi kurenza mu gitetse na salade y’igitoki burya ibaho,ikaba nayo ifite akamaro

Aho kugura ibyo kwisiga bihenze gerageza guhekenya igitoki. Iyo ari kibisi kiba kirimo vitamin A, ikaba ingenzi mu gutuma ugira uruhu rucyeye kandi runoze

Igitoki kibamo kandi potasiyumu ikaba izwiho gufasha amagufa gukura neza no gukomera by’umwihariko ku bana bakiri bato no ku bageze mu zabukuru.

Uretse aho twavuze ko ubishoboye wagihekenya ubusanzwe igitoki kiribwa gitetse;

Ushobora kugiteka maganda cyangwa impogora, aha ni hahandi ugicanira mu mazi kidatonoye ukagitonora gihiye, ukaba wateguye isosi yo kukirisha
Kucyotsa, nabwo bikaba bikorwa kidatonoye ukagitonora gihiye ibi bikunze kuboneka mu tubari.
Ushobora kugiteka cyonyine cyamara gushya ukagikoramo umunyigi, nkuko usonga ubugari ubundi ugategura isosi yo kukirisha 
Umunyige nawo uraryoha iyo ufite isosi nziza
Kugiteka bisanzwe mu mazi ari byo twakita kugitogosa, noneho ukavangamo ibirungo ushaka byose ndetse washaka ukanakaranga
Ushobora kandi kugiteka ifiriti, gusa twibutse ko ifiriti kubera ubushyuhe bw’amavuta ishobora kwangiza zimwe mu ntungamubiri by’umwihariko vitamin C.




#Article 108: Umutingito na tsunami mu Buyapani (536 words)


Umutingito w’Isi na Tsunami mu Buyapani cyangwa Umutingito na Tsunami mu Buyapani, Umutingito udasanzwe mu Buyapani (izina mu kiyapani : 東北地方太平洋沖地震 Tōhoku Chihō Taiheiyō-oki Jishin) ni umutingito na umutingito udasanzwe (tsunami) tariki ya 11 Werurwe 2011 ku gipimo cya Mw 9,0 wahitanye abantu hejuru ya 12,300 i Tōhoku mu Buyapani.

Igihungu cy’Ubuyapani ubu cyirimumazi abira kikaba gikeneye ubufasha  bwinshi kandi bukomeye cyane kuko cyibasiwe cyane na cyakibazo cy’amazi aremereye ndetse n’umutingito udasanzwe (tsunami) Ubuyapani bukaba bukomerewe cyane, kuko bikomeje gusatira mu murwa mukuru Tokyo, Tsunami ikaba ifite umuvunduko ukomeye cyane kuko ntaho aya mazi agera ngo hagire igisigara akaba abanzirizwa n’umutingito ugashegesha ibintu byinshi nk’amazu yemwe nayitwa ko akomeye, hanyuma hakaza amazi menshi cyane kdi aremereye agatwara byose. 

Mu Buyapani, hari ikindi kintu cyasandaye ku mashini ya kabiri y’uruganda rukoresha ingufu nukleyeri ku munsi wa kane nyuma y’uko rwangijwe n’umutingito w’isi. Ibyo byateje ubwoba ko ibyuma by’urwo ruganda bishobora kurekura imyuka yanduza. Icyo kintu cyasandaye muri iki gitondo cyo ku ya 15 y’ukwa 3 mu mwaka w’2011 ku ruganda rw’ahitwa Fukushima, cyaje gikurikira ikindi cyasandaye umunsi umwe n’iminsi itatu mbere y’iyo taliki. Ibibazo kuri urwo ruganda byatangiye  ubwo umutingito w’isi na tsunami yaje iwukurikira byatumye amashanyarazi abura kuri urwo ruganda. Icyo kibazo cyatumye ibyuma bikonjesha imashini kugirango zidashongeshwa n’ubushyuhe bwinshi zidakora.

Abategetsi bo mu Buyapani bari kugerageza gusubiza ibintu mu buryo ku ruganda rukora ingufu za nuclear ruri i Fukushima rwasinzikajwe n’umutingito w’isi hamwe na tsunami kuwa 5 w’icyumweru gishize. 

Tubibutse ko muri iyi minsi igihugu cy’Ubuyapani kitorohewe namba n’umutingito umaze guhitana abarenga 10.000; gusa abapfa bo biyongera buri munsi ku buryo umubare wabo ugenda urushaho kwiyongera uko umunsi ushira.

Ku wa Gatanu w’icyumweru gishize, igihugu cy’u Buyapani gisanzwe kizwiho kwibasirwa n’imitingito inshuro nyinshi buri munsi, cyahuye n’umutingito ukabije kuko wari ku rwego rwa 8.9 ku gipimo cya Richter, ukaba ariwo wa 5 munini, kuva mu mwaka wa 1900. Uwo mutingito waturutse mu Nyanja ya Pasifika, uteza tsunami yageze kuri kilometero 10 mu Buyapani rwagati, cyane cyane mu gice cy’Amajyaruguru ashyira Uburasirazuba. Ababuriwe irengero n’abapfuye barenga 2000, kandi ingaruka zikomeje kwiyongera, aho inganda zimwe na zimwe za nucléaire zangiritse zigateza ubushyuhe bukomeye mu kirere. 

Uretse gukora ku Buyapani ariko, uwo mutingito wahinduye imiterere y’isi, n’ubwo bitagaragaye cyane. Nk’uko bitangazwa na the U.S. Geological Survey , uwo mutingito wasunitse ubutaka bw’u Buyapani, ubwigiza kure y’inyanja ho metero zirenga 2.4 ugereranyije na mbere

Birashoboka ko bitagaragarira amaso ko amasaha y’umunsi yiyongereye ariko abahanga mu by’ubumenyi n’imiterere y’isi  (Geophysique) barabyemeza ko ubu umunsi utakireshya nk`uko wareshyaga. Ibi ni nyuma y’umutingito wabereye mu gihugu cy’Ubuyapani. Uriya mutingito wagize ingaruka ku bintu byinshi cyane: inkombe z’inyanja zarahindutse, ibirwa bimwe na bimwe birazimira, ubutaka busa n’ubwimutse bugana mu gice cya ruguru cy’Isi (Hemisphere Nord). Ku buryo ubungubu igihe Isi yamaraga yizenguruka (rotation) kiyongereyeho amasegonda 0.000 006 (imibare ya Nasa . Iki gihe ni gito ariko gishobora kuzagira ingaruka nko guhinduka kwa kalendari, amasaha n’ibindi.  

Ingaruka z`uyu mutingito zirenze kure cyane iz’uheruka muri Shili. Umutingito wo muri Sumatra (2004) wari wateye umunsi kugabanuka ho amasegonda 0.000 0068. 

Guhera mu mwaka wa 1990 iki  nicyo cyago kigize ingaruka zikomeye ku isi. Naho Abayapani bo baremeza ko iki ari cyo cyago batazibagirwa nyuma yo kuraswa kw’imijyi ya Nagasaki na Hiroshima ( yarashwe n`Abanyamerika muri 1945)

  




#Article 109: Icyiyone (509 words)


ni inyoni ijya kuba nini, yirabura, Irangwa n'amabara abiri: Umukara wiganje n'ibara ry'umweru mu gituza, abanyarwanda bagereranya na karuvati. Icyiyoni ni inyoni izwiho kumenya kwihahira kandi iraramba cyane,mu muco w'u Rwandabakunze kubicamo umugani batebya iyo bashaka kuvugako umuntu ari mukuru cyane bavuga ko afite imyaka nk'iy'icyiyoni. 

Iyi nyoni ubusanzwe ireshya na 30cm cyangwa 35. Ishora gupima garama ziri hagari ya 400 na 600 bitewe n’aho yakuriye n’ibyo irya. Tubamenyeshe ko icyiyoni kirya byose. Ibyiyoni tubona mu Rwanda no muri kano karere sibyo byonyine bibaho kuko hari n’ibiba muri Aziya no muri Groenland kandi byo biba ari binini cyane. Umunwa wacyo uba ukomeye kandi ufite ingufu kuko bigifasha kubaga inyama zo kurya no kwica ibikoko runaka nk’imbeba, uruvu, ibiharangara, inzoka n’ibindi. Kubera ko hari amoko menshi y’ibyiyoni, ntuzagire  ngo byose biba bifite amababa y’umweru ku ijosi. Hari ibindi biba bisa n’umukara hose.
Kimwe mu bintu abahanga bakundira icyiyoni ni uko kigira uruhare runini mu gusukura aho kiba. Ibyiyoni bikunda kurya imyanda abantu baba bataye cyangwa ishobora kubagiraho ingaruka mbi.

Hari abantu bavuga ko icyiyoni kiri mu nyoni zizi ‘ubwenge’kurusha izindi kuko kiibasha kwikemurira ibibazo gikoresheje intoki zacyo. Amoko y’ibyiyoni amwe n’amwe abasha kwigana amajwi rukana y’ibikoko cyangwa abantu. Rimwe abahanga bigeze kugerageza ubwenge bw’icyiyoni bagafa intongo y’inyama bayizirika ku mugozi utambitse. Kugira ngo iriya nyoni ibashe kugera kuri iriya nyama yagombaga kugenda hejuru yawo akirinda kugwa kandi igakora ibishoboka byose iriya nyama yagwa. Cyarabikoze kandi ngo nticyari cyarabitojwe mbere. Kizwiho kandi kwiba ibintu runaka kitanakeneye haba mu kubaka icyari cyangwa gukoresha ikindi kintu icyo aricyo cyose.

Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko  ibyiyoni  bikiri bito bigira amatsiko cyane. Ibyiyoni bikuru bikunda gushishikazwa n’ibintu bibumbabumbye kandi by’umuhondo kuko ngo bituma bitekereza ko byaba ari amagi ya bigenzi byabyo. Ubwo bitegerezaga ibyiyoni mu ishyamba aho byari bituranye n’ibirura, abahanga baje gusanga mu masaha runaka ibyiyoni bijya byigana ibirura iyo biri kumoka  kandi ngo ibi basanze ari uburyo biriya bikoko byombi birushanwamo kuririmba.

Ibyiyoni bitera amagi ahantu hihishe, ahari byanga ko izindi nyoni nini  byazaza kubirira amagi gusa bihura n’akaga k’inzoka hamwe n’ibihangara biyarya iyo hatabayeho kuyacungira umutekano. Iyo bimaze guturaga ariya magi, ibyana bitangira kwiga kuguruka hakiri kare ariko biri kumwe na bya nyina.
Ubusanzwe kimwe mu byerekana ko inyoni zatangiye kumenya ubwenge ni uburyo ziguruka kuko bituma zibasha kujya kwishakira icyo kurya.

Abahanga baje gusanga ibyiyoni bucana inyuma. Rimwe bigeze kwitegereza icyiyoni k’ikigabo ubwo cyasuraga ikigore gusanga nta kigabo gihari hanyuma kiracyimya!Iyo icyiyoni cyabengutse ikigore mbere yo kubana birabanza bigashaka ikibanza bizubakamo icyari hanyuma bikabona kubana.
Kubera ko birya byose, bishaka ikibanza bikurikije ubwinshi bw’ibiryo biboneka mu  karere bituyemo. Ubwinshi cyangwa ubuke bw’ibiribwa nibwo bugena uko ahazahwirwa icyari hazaba hangana. Icyari kiba cyubakishijwe udushami duto tw’ibiti, ibyatsi, imigozi ishishuye ku biti ndetse n’icyondo. Mu gice cy’imbere haba hashashemo ibyatsi byoroshye, amababa ndetse n’ubwoya bw’inyamaswa runaka.
Gutera amagi biba mu mpera ya Gashyantare kandi ibyiyoni bitera amagi ari hagati y’atatu n’arindwi. Ibyana bita bya nyina bikajya kwibeshaho nyuma y’iminsi 45.Ubusanzwe abahanga bemeza ko icyiyoni iyo cyorowe aribwo kiramba kuko gishobora kumara imyaka 40 ariko iyo kiba mu gasozi ntikirenza imyaka hagati ya 13 na 15.




#Article 110: Pome (184 words)


Pome (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini : Malus domestica ; izina mu gifaransa: pomme ) ni igiti, urubuto n’ikiribwa.

Uru rubuto rwa pome ruba mu muryango w'ibimera witwa Rosaceae.

Pome ni urubuto ruzwi cyane mu ngere mberabyombi cyane cyane ku Mugabane w’Uburayi, aho abaturage bamaze igihe kirekire barurya, naho bimwe mu bihugu by’Afurika nk’u Rwanda bikaba bibonye izi mbuto vuba, ndetse zikaba zigihenze cyane.

Nubwo usanga igiciro cyazo kiri hejuru usanga ari zimwe mu mbuto zikunzwe na benshi cyane ku isi, naho muri Afurika zigakundwa n’abifite. Ahanini usanga izi mbuto zikundirwa kuba zikungahaye kuri Vitamini C.

Aya makuru avuga ko muri garama 100 z’urubuto rwa pome, habamo ubushobozi bwa anti oxidant, bungana n’ubwa garama 1500 za vitamini C ibonetse mu zindi mbuto cyangwa ishobora gutangwa nk’umuti kwa muganga.

Aya makuru avuga ko atari byiza guhata uru rubuto rwa pome mbere yo kururya, kuko igishishwa cy’inyuma ari cyo gikungahaye cyane muri vitamini C kurusha uduce tw’imbere.

Aya makuru akomeza avuga ko nibura byakabaye byiza umuntu ashoboye kurya urubuto rumwe rwa pome ku munsi, ibi bishobora gutuma atagira ibibazo bikomoka ku kurya ibinyamavuta byinshi binakungahaye kuri cholesterol.




#Article 111: Ubugari (100 words)


 

Ubugari cyangwa Ubugali, Ugali ni ibiryo.

Ubugari bw’imyumbati ntibugaragaramo intungamubiri zihagije. Aya makuru avuga ko ubusanzwe imyumbati ubwayo igira intungamubiri zitandukanye, ariko kugira ngo igere ku rwego rwo gukora ubugari, bisaba ko ibanza gutonorwa ikinikwa ikanumishwa ku zuba. Ibi bituma nta gishya umubiri ushobora gukura mu bugari bitewe n’inzira zose bucamo kugira ngo bube bwagerwa ku rwego rwo kuribwa. Nk’uko aya makuru akomeza abivuga, ngo mu gihe urebye, nko ku byubaka umubiri (proteins) usanga ubugari bubonekamo bike cyane ku buryo ntacyo byapfa kungura umubiri. Ibitera imbaraga nabyo ni ikindi gikenerwa mu mubiri, ariko usanga nabyo ari bike cyane mu bugari.




#Article 112: Ubworozi bw’inkoko (385 words)


Muri rusange, ubworozi bw’inkoko zaba iz’amagi cyangwa se iz’inyama ntibusaba ahantu hanini ho kororera, bukaba bukemura ikibazo cy’ubutaka buke. Mu by’ukuri ubworozi bw’inkoko bukwiranye n’igihe tugezemo cyo kubyaza umusaruro mwinshi ubutaka buto dufite. Urebye ubworozi bw’inkoko, uburyo bifashisha mu cyaro naho bareka inkoko murugo zonyine ntibaziteho cyangwa zikitabwaho gacye.

Kuva ku munsi umwe kugeza ku byumweru 4, imishwi y’inkokoz’inyama igomba gushyirwa ahantu hashyushye. Kugira ngo ushyushye imishwi ushobora gukoresha imbabura, cyangwa se amatara y’amashanyarazi. Ubushyuhe bugomba kuba buringaniye, atari bwinshi cyane, ariko na none atari buke cyane. Imishwi ubwayo
irabikwereka. (a)Iyo hakonje cyane, imishwi yegera imbabura, (b) haba harimo ubushyuhe bwinshi imishwi igahunga imbabura. (c)Iyo hari umuyaga imishwi yigira uruhande rumwe, naho haba hari ubushyuhe buringaniye (d) imishwi ikaba imerewe neza yisanzuye  nk’uko bigaragazwa n’igishushanyo gikurikira.

Ubworozi bw’inkoko z’inyama ni ubworozi bumara igihe gito cyane, bityo bukazanira uwabukoze inyungu ku buryo bwihuse. Inkoko z’inyama zariye neza zikabona n’ibya ngombwa byose zikeneye, zishobora gutanga umusaruro nyuma y’iminsi mirongo itanu gusa ! Ni ukuvuga mu gihe kitageze ku mezi abiri. Icyo gihe
inkoko imwe uyibaze iba ipima ikilo n’igice (kg 1,5).

Kuva ku cyumweru cya 20 kugeza inkoko zishaje, zirya ibiryo byagenewe inkoko zitera (Aliment super ponte). Mbere y’ibyumweru 2 ngo inkoko zitangire gutera, umworozi agomba gushyira mu nzu y’inkoko udusanduku zizateramo kugira ngo zizatangire gutera zaratumenyereye. Iyo inkoko zatangiye
gutera, umworozi agomba kunyura mu nzu yazo nibura inshuro eshatu ku munsi kugira ngo akuremo amagi yatewe. Ubworozi bw’inkoko z’amagi burashimishije cyane. Nyuma y’amezi ane gusa, inkoko ziba zatangiye gutanga amagi. Inkoko imwe yatangiye gutera ishobora kugeza ku magi 320
ku mwaka, kandi ishobora kurenza umwaka itera. Amagi rero nta kibazo cyayo kuko igihe utabonye isoko ry’ako kanya
ushobora kuyabika icyumweru kirenga mu bushobozi bwawe.

Inkokokazi imaze umwaka itera igomba kuvanwa mu bworozi.

NB: Izi ngero zishobora guhinduka cyane bitewe n’akarere inkoko zirimo ndetse n’ubwoko bw’inkoko IBIRYO BIKENEWE KU NKOKO Z’INYAMA

o   Imishwi y’inko z’amagi 

igomba gushyirwa ahantu hashyushye (ushobora gukoresha imbabura, cyangwa se amashanyarazi).  Ubushyuhe bukenewe ku nkoko z’inyama ni nabwo bukenewe ku nkoko z’amagi. 

o   Ibigwana by’inkoko z’amagi 

Ni ukuva ku cyumweru cya cyenda kugeza ku cyumweru cya 20    

Ni muri kiriya gihe inkoko zigomba gukurikiranwa, hagakorwa inking zose zabugenewe, isuku ikitabwaho ibiryo n’amazi nabyo bikaba bihagije.  

Inkoko zitangiye gutera amagi. 

Icyitonderwa: Iyi nyandiko tuyikesha Igitabo Agenda y'Umuhinzi cya 2018 cyateguwe na Minisiteri y'Ubuhinzi n'Ubworozi




#Article 113: Abaturukiya (112 words)


Abaturukiya cyangwa Abaturkiya (izina mu giturukiya : Türkler cyangwa Türkiye Türkleri ; Umuturukiya : Türk, Umuturukiyakazi : Türk kadını)ni ubwoko bwa Turukiya no muri Shipure y’Amajyaruguru.

Kuva 1058, Abaturukiya bafata ubuyobozi bw’ahagenzurwa, cyangwa higanje Abayislamu kugeza mu kinyejana cya 20. Bahebuje cyane mu bugome, no kutagira imbabazi kurusha Abarabu.

Igitero cy’abaturukiya, ahagana mu burasirazuba , cyahagaritswe n’Abamongoli , baje bava muri Aziya yo hagati, ku ngoma ya Genghis Khan (1207-1227), uyu kandi yayoboye ingabo nyinshi cyane, yambuka igipande kinini cya Aziya yitwaje itoroshi n’inkota. Imigi 50.000 by’imigi minini n’imito iratwikwa. Miliyoni 5 z’abantu bicwa urw’agashinyaguro, muri abao bapfuye , 630.000 by’abakristo ni abo muri Aziya, y’iburengerazuba mu majyepfo y’inyanja y’umukara (Asie mineure).




#Article 114: Inyamaswa (245 words)


Inyamaswa cyangwa Inyamanswa , Igikoko (ubuke Ibikoko), Igisimba (ubuke Ibisimba) (izina mu kilatini : Animalia)

U Rwanda rucumbikiye ubwoko bw’inyamaswa zonsa butandukanye 151, harimo cumi na bumwe bubangamiwe muri iki gihe kandi nta na bumwe buhakomoka. Muri bwo harimo amoko y’inkima (hagati ya 14 na 16), harimo igice cy’ingagi zo mu misozi zituye ku isi zikiriho (Gorilla gorilla berengei). Ayandi moko y’inkima agizwe n’inkima ifite mu maso hameze nk’ah’igihunyira (Cercopithecus hamlyni), inkima yo mu misozi (Cercopithecus hoesti) muri Nyungwe, Inguge (Pan troglodytes) muri Nyungwe no muri Gishwati, n’icyondi (Cercopithecus mitis kandti) cyabonetse muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga. 

Inyamaswa z'inyamabere ni nyinshi mu ziganje mu zigarara mu Rwanda ndetse cyane cyane muri za Pariki ziatndukanye. Urugero aha twavuga nk'impundu.

Impundu ni zimwe munyamaswa zo mugasozi zifite uturango tujya gusa n’umuntu kuko yo ihuza ‘DNA’ n’umuntu kigero cya 98, 2%., igira ibiro biri hagati ya 30 na 40, uburebure bwa sentimetero 78, abahanga bayita ‘Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii’. Ni inyamabere, zigenza amaguru abiri, ni inyamaswa zisurwa cyane na bamukerarugendo benshi mu rwanda kuko ziri mu yamaswa zisigaye ahantu hacye cyane ku isi harimo Parike ya Nyungwe no mu ishyamba rya Gishwati.

Umuryango witwa: BIOCOOR [Biodiversity Conservation Organization], wita ku rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima utangaza ko impundu ari inyamaswa izi ubwenge kandi bishoboka ko mu minsi iri imbere zishobora kuzatobora zikavuga.

Umuyobozi w’uyu muryango akaba n’inzobere mu bijyanye n’inyamanswa, Dr Imanishimwe Ange, avuga ko Impundu ari inyamaswa zishimishije, kuko iyo witegereje neza imiterere yazo usanga 98, 2% by’akarango k’impundu bisa neza n’iby’abantu.




#Article 115: Zinedine Zidane (142 words)


nI Umukinyi wabayeho mu mateka w'umupira w'amaguru kandi ukomeje kubaka izina mu bijyanye no gutoza.

Zinedine Zidane (23 Kamena 1972, izina mu cyarabu: زين الدين يزيد زيدان) ni umukinnyi w'umufaransa wagacishijeho m'umupira w'amaguru, wakinaga nka nomero ya 10 mu kibuga mu ikipe y'igihugu y'ubufaransa akaba yarakoze amateka mu makipe nka: Cannes, Bordeaux, Juventus na Real Madrid yaje kubera umutoza ndetse akayayifasha gutwara ibikombe bikomeye harimo n'icya UEFA  akaza kwegura  ku wa kane 31 ,Gicurasi ,2018 .

Yatowe nk'umukinnyi mwiza ku mugabane w'uburayi na UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll. yakinnye umukino wa mbere mu ikipe y'igihugu taliki ya 17 kanama 1994, mu mukino wa gicuti wahuzaga Ubufaransa na  Czech Republic aho yinjiye mu kibuga asimbura agafasha ikipe ye kunganya ibitego 2-2 nyuma yo gutsinda ibitego bibire wenyine.

mu ikipe ya Bordeaux

mu ikipe ya Juventus

mu ikipe ya real madrid

mu ikipe y'igihugu y'ubufaransa

muri Real madrid




#Article 116: Umurenge wa Rubona (112 words)


Umurenge wa Rubona ni umwe mu mirenge 14 igize Akarere ka Rwamagana. Uherereye mu majyepfo y'Akarere, ukaba uhana imbibi n'Umurenge wa Mwulire mu majyaruguru, Munyaga na Kigabiro mu burasirazuba, Nzige mu burengerazuba n'Akarere ka Ngoma mu majyepfo, aho bigabanywa n'ikiyaga cya Mugesera.
Umurenge wa Rubona ugizwe n'Utugari dutandatu (6) ari two:

Umurenge wa Rubona ufite ubuso bwa 55,53 km2, ukaba utuwe n'abaturage bageze ku 24.196(2012)

Ibigo by'amashuri yisumbuye: 4: Agahozo Shaloom Youth Village, Groupe scolaire Rubona (12YBE)na École Secondaire de Mabare (9YBE, GS Nawe,
Ibigo by'amashuri y'imyuga: Tubona Vocational Training Centre (former CFJ)
Ibigo by'amashuri abanza: 4: EP Nawe, EP Mabare, EP Byinza  EP Rubona.

Ikigo nderabuzima: 1: Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Rubona.




#Article 117: Yehova (123 words)


Yehova(JHWH)mu giheburayo יְהֹוָהImana ifite amazina menshi y’icyubahiro, ariko izina ryayo ni rimwe gusa. Iryo zina ni YEHOVA. Muri Bibiliya nyinshi, izina ry’Imana ryagiye rikurwamo maze risimbuzwa amazina y’icyubahiro UMWAMI cyangwa IMANA. Ariko igihe Bibiliya yandikwaga, izina Yehova ryagaragaragamo incuro zigera ku 7.000!—Yeremiya 16:21; Yesaya 12:2.

 *Bibiliya ya King James Version (1611), urupapuro rwa 6 mu bisobanuro handitse ngo: Aho uzasoma amazina ngo UMWAMI na IMANA mu nyuguti nkuru, mu mwandiko w'umwimerere w'igiheburayo ni 'YEHOVA'.
Urugero: Itang2:4 na 15:2,8.

 *American Standard Version(1929): Yakoresheje izina 'Yehova' aho abahinduzi benshi barikuye bakarisimbuza Umwami na Imana.

 *Bibiliya y'igiswayili ya Union Version(1989) urupapuro rwa kane 6 handitse ko bavanyemo izina Yehova bagashyiraho Umwami n Imana.

 *Bibiliya Ubuhinduzi bw'isi nshya irimo izina Yehova aho rikwiriye hose, incuro zirenga 7000.




#Article 118: Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (218 words)


Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (izina mu gifaransa : République démocratique du Congo) n’igihugu cya Afurika yo Hagati kiri epfo ya Repubulika ya Kongo. Cyahoze cyitwa Kongo Kinshasa. Umurwa mukuru w'icyo gihugu witwa Kinshasa, hatuwe mo abantu bangana na miliyoni icumi zirenga. Icyo gihugu gifite imijyi myinshi ndetse n'intara nyinshi. Ibihugu bifite imipaka na Kongo-Kinshasa ni Repubulika y'Afurika yo hagati na Sudani y'Epfo mu majyaruguru, Ubugande, U Rwanda, Uburundi na Tanzaniya mu uburasirazuba, Zambiya na Angola mu majyepfo, ndetse na Repubulika ya Kongo mu uburengerazuba. Kuva mu mpera z'ikinyejana gishize, hariho abantu bangana na miliyoni umunani bapfuye kubera intambara yatangiye hafi ya 1997. Perezida uhobora icyo gihugu yitwa Joseph Kabila. Muri Repubilika iharanira demokarasi ya Kongo, havugwa indimi enye, igiswahili, ikilingala, ikiciluba n'ikikongo, ariko kugirango abanyekongo babyumvikane ururimi ruvugwa cyane cyane n'igifaransa. Kera, icyo gihugu cyakolonijwe n'Ababiligi kugeza igihe cyabonye ubwigenge bwe mu mwaka wa 1960. Mu mwaka wa 1971, Mobutu Sese Seko wahoboraga icyo gihugu kuva imyaka itandatu, yahinduye izina rya Repubulika iharanira ya Kongo ku izina rya Zayire. Ariko, imyaka makumyabiri n'itanu nyuma yo uko Mobutu ahindura iryo zina, ingabo za Kabila (se wa Joseph) bakoze coup d'État mu gihe Mobutu yabaga mu gihugu cya Maroc mu bitaro, mu kwezi kwa Gicurasi 1997. Icyo gihe rero, bahita bahindura izina ku irya kera nyuma y'ubwigenge muri 1960.






#Article 120: Akarere ka Gakenke (126 words)


Akarere ka Gakenke gaherereye mu ntara y' amajyaruguru. Ubuyobozi bw' akarere ka Gakenke bukorera mu mujyi wa Gakenke muri km 1 uvuye muri centre y' ubucuruzi ya Gakenke. Kuva i Kigali kugera Gakenke ni km hafi 56, na ho kuva mu mujyi wa Musanze uvuye mu majyaruguru ni km 33.

About the District (Ibyerekeye akarere)
                 

A.  IMITERERE Y’AKARERE KA GAKENKE:
AHO GAHEREREYE

Akarere ka Gakenke ni kamwe mu Turere dutanu tugize Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda. Gafite ubuso bungana na 704.06 Km2;Imirenge 19; utugari  97 n’imidugudu 617.  Akarere ka Gakenke gatuwe n’Abaturage 338.586  ku bucucike bw’abaturage (Population density)  481 kuri  Km2 imwe (481Pop/Km2 ) muri bo igitsina gore kirangana na 53%  by’abaturage bose b’Akarere na ho igitsina gabo kirangana na  47% by’abaturage bose batuye Akarere ka Gakenke.




#Article 121: Gapfura (1132 words)


Gapfura cyangwa anjine ni indwara iterwa na bagiteri yitwa “sitereputokusi y’itsinda A ”. Anjine yibasira umuhogo n'amaraka. Amaraka ni udusoko tubiri two mu muhogo duherereye ahagana inyuma h' umunwa . Anjine ishobora nanone gufata agasanduku k'ijwi (inkanka ). Ibimenyetso rusange biyiranga birimo umuriro , ububabare bwo mu mihogo (bituma bayita uburwayi mu mihogo), n' k'udusoko (twitwa inturugunyu nyamagege ) zo mu ijosi. Anjine itera 37% by' uburwayi bwo mu mihogo mu bana .

Anjine ikwirakwira binyuze kwegerana n' abantu barwaye iyo indwara. Kugira ngo hamenywe neza ko umuntu arwaye anjine, hakenerwa ko hakorwa ikizamini cyitwa igenzura ry'uburwayi bw'umuhogo. Nubwo iki kizamini cyaba kidakozwe, ikekwa ry'uko umuntu yaba arwaye anjine rishobora kumenywa biturutse ku bimenyetso.

Imiti ya antibiyotiki ishobora gufasha umuntu urwaye anjine. Antibiyotiki ni imiti yica bagiteri. Ikunda gukoreshwa mu kwirinda ugukomerezwa nk'ukw’ ibicurane bikaze kurusha kugabanya iminsi y'uburwayi.

Ibirangandwara bimenyerewe by' anjine ni ukurwara mu mihogo, umuriro urenza dogere 38°C (100.4°F), amashyira (ururenda rw'umuhondo cyangwa icyatsi ( rugizwe na bagiteri zapfuye, n' udusoro tw'amaraso twera) ku maraka, n' ibyimba ry'inturugunyu nyamagege.

Hashobora kubaho ibindi birangandwara nk':

Umuntu urwaye anjine agaragarwaho n'ibirangandwara kuva ku munsi umwe kugera kuri itatu nyuma y'uko ahuye n' umuntu uyirwaye.

Anjine iterwa n' ubwoko bwa bagiteri yitwa sitereputokusi beta-hemolitiki yo mu itsinda rya A (GAS).Izindi bagiteri cyangwa virusi bishobora na byo gutera ububabare bwo mu mihogo. Abantu bafatwa na anjine mu buryo butaziguye, begeranye n' umurwayi. Indwara ishobora gukwirakwira ku buryo bworoshye igihe abantu bateraniye hamwe. Ingero z'amakoraniro zirimo abantu bari mu igisirikari cyangwa mu mashuri . Bagiteri ya GAS ishobora kumiranira mu mukungugu , ariko muri icyo gihe ntishobora kurwaza abantu. Iyo bagiteri ziri mu bidukikije zikomeje ubuhehere zishobora kurwaza abantu mu gihe kigera ku minsi 15. Bagiteri zihehereye zisangwa ku bintu nk' uburoso bw'amenyo Izi bagiteri zishobora kuba mu biribwa, ariko ibi ntibikunda kubaho cyane. Abantu barya ibiribwa bashobora kurwara. Cumi na kabiri ku ijana by' abana badafite ibirangandwara bya anjine bafite GAS mu mihogo yabo ubusanzwe.

Urutonde rwitwa igipimo gihinduye cya Centor gifasha abaganga gufata icemezo cy'uko tbashobora kuvura abantu barwaye uburwayi bwo mu mihogo. Igipimo cya Centor gifite ibipimo cyangwa amagenzura y'ubuvuzi atanu. Cyerekana uburyo bishoboka ko umuntu arwaye anjine.

Inota rimwe ritangwa kuri kimwe muri ibi bishingirwaho:

Ikizamini cyitwa igenzura ry'uburwayi bw'umuhogo] ni uburyo bw'igenzi kugira ngo hamenyekane niba umuntu arwaye anjine. Iki kizamini gitanga icyizere kuva kuri 90 kugeza kuri 95 ku ijana y' igihe. Habaho ikindi kizamini twitwa ikizamini cya anjine cyihuse, cyangwa RADT . Ikizamini cya anjine cyihuse kibangutse kurusha igenzurandwara zo mu mihogo ariko kivumbura indwara ku buryo bwizewe kukigero cya 70 ku ijana gusa by' igihe cyagenwe. Ibizamini byombi bishobora kwerekana igihe umuntu atarwaye anjine. Bishobora kwerekana ibi ku kigero cyizewe cya 98 ku ijana by' igihe.

Mu gihe umuntu arwaye igenzurandwara zo mu mihogo cyangwa ikizamini cya anjine cyihuse bishobora kuranga niba umuntu arwaye anjine. Abantu batagaragaza ibirangandwara ntibakwiye gupimwa indwara zo mu mihogo cyangwa ikizamini cya anjine cyihuse kuko abantu bamwe bafite bagiteri zitera anjine mu mihogo yabo ubusanzwe nta ngaruka izo arizo zose bibateye. Aba bantu kandi ntibakenewe kuvurwa.

Anjine ifite bimwe mu birangandwara nk'iby'izindi ndwara. Kubera iyo mpamvu, birakomeye kumenya niba umuntu arwaye anjine nta igenzurandwara zo mu mihogo cyangwa igenzura ryihuse rya anjine rikozwe. Iyo umuntu afite umuriro n' uburibwe bwo mu mihogo biherekejwe n' inkorora , ibimyira byindi mu mazuru , impiswi , n' ugutukura no kumva ububabare mu maso , biba bishoboka ko yaba arwaye ukurwara mu mihogo guterwa na virusi . Iyandura ukubyimba mu mihogo ishobora gutera ububyimbe bw'inturugunyu ziri mu umuhogo na ukurwara mu mihogo, umuriro, ndetse ikaba yatuma amaraka aba manini. Iri genzura rishobora kwemezwa na igenzura ry'amaraso. Nti habaho ariko ivura ryihariye bwa uburwayi bwo mu mihogo bwandura.

Abantu bamwe bafatwa na anjine kurusha abandi. Gukuramo amaraka ni bumwe mu buryo bwo kurinda aba abantu gufatwa na anjine. Gufatwa na anjine inshuro eshatu cyangwa nyinshi mu mwaka umwe bishobora kuba impamvu nyayo mu gukuraho amaraka. Gusa ariko nanone gutegereza biba byiza aho kwihutira kuyakata.

Anjine akenshi imara iminsi mike nta kuvurwa . Kuyivurisha indwanyamikorobi bituma ibirangandwara bizimira byihuse mu gihe cy'amasaha 16. Impamvu y'ingenzi ituma ivurishwa indwanyamikorobi ni uko bigabanya ingorane zo kuba umuntu yagira uburwayi bukaze. Urugero ni, indwara y'umutima izwi nka ibicurane bikaze cyangwa urukorakorane rw'amashyira mu muhogo ruzwi nka ikibyimba cyo mu mihogo . Indwanyamikorobi zikora neza iyo zitanzwe m nyuma yo kugaragara kw'ibirangandwara.

Imiti igamije koroshya ububabare ishobora gufasha ku bubabare buterwa na anjine. Iyi miti akenshi ibamoitari siteroyidali cyangwa isanzwe izwi nka asetaminofene . Ingirabuzimafatizo na zo ni ingenzi, nka lidokayine ikoreshwa mu gutanga ikinya mu myorohera . Asipirine ishobora gukoreshwa ku bantu bakuze. Si byiza guha asipirine abana kubera ko ishobora gutuma barwara indwara ifite ibimeneyetso bigaragara ko byica ya Reye .

Penesiline V ni inzitiramikorobi ikoreshwa cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu kuvura anjine. Irakoreshwa cyane kubera ko nta ngorane iteza, ikora neza kandi ntigura amafaranga menshi] . Amogisiline ikoreshwa kenshi mu Uburayi . Mu Ubuhinde , birashoboka ko abantu bandura ibicurane bikaze. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umuti uterwa mu rushinge witwa penesiline benzatine G ni wo ukoreshwa buri gihe. Antibiyotiki igabanya igihe ibimenyetso byagombaga kumara. Impuzandengo iri hagati y'iminsi itatu n'itanu. Antibiyotiki igabanya ubu burebure ho hafi umunsi umwe. Iyi miti igabanya kandi ikwirakwira ry'iyi ndwara. Imiti ikoreshwa kenshi mu kugerageza kugabanya ubukare budakunda kugaragara. Burimo ibicurane bikaze , gusesa ubuheri ku mubiri cyangwaubwandure bw'umubiri . Ibyiza bya indwanyamikorobi bikwiye kuringanizwa n' izindi ngaruka zishobora gutera. Kuvurwa hakoreshejwe indwanyamikorobi/antibiyotiki ntibikwiye gukoreshwa ku bantu basanzwe bafite ubuzima buzira umuze bagizweho ingaruka zo kuba bafashe imiti. Indwanyamikorobi/antibiyotiki zikoreshwa kuri anjine kurusha uko hitezwe biturutse k'uko anjine iteye n' umuvuduko ikwirakwiriraho. Imiti ya eritoromisine (n' indi miti, yitwa makorolide) ikwiye gukoreshwa ku abantu bafite ubwivumbure bw'umubiri bukaze aho gukoresha penesilini .Sefalosiporini zishobora gukoreshwa ku bantu batagira ubwivumbure bukabije bw'umubiri. Ubwandu bw'umubiri butewe n'agakoko ka siterebutokoki bushobora nanone gutera ukubyimba kw' impyiko (uburwayi bw'impyiko bworoheje). Indwanyamikorobi/antibiyotiki ntizigabanya amahirwe y' iyi miterere.

Ibirangandwara bya anjine akenshi bikira, bivuwe cyangwa bitavuwe, mu gihe kiri hagati y'iminsi itatu n'itanu.Ukuvura hifashishijwe abtibiyotiki bigabanya ingorane zo gutuma indwara ikara. Bishobora nanone gutuma bitorohera ikwirakwira ry' indwara. Abana bashobora gusubira ku ishuri mu masaha 24 nyuma gufata antibiyotiki za mbere.

Ibi bibazo bikaze bishobora guterwa na anjine:

Anjine ishyirwa mu itsinda ryagutse ry' uburibwe bwo mu mihogo cyangwa gapfura. Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 11 bafatwa n' uburwayi bwo mu mihogo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika buri mwaka. Inyinshi mu ndwara z' uburibwe bwo mu mihogo buterwa na virusi. Bagiteri yo mu bwoko bwa sitereputokusi beta-hemolitiki yo mu itsinda rya A itera kuva 15 kugeza kuri ku ijana by' uburwayi bwo mu mihogo mu bana. Itera kuva kuri 5 kugeza kuri 20 ku ijana by' uburwayi bwo mu mihogo mu bantu bakuze. Ubu burwayi akenshi bugaragara mu igihe cy'ibukonje kigiye kurangira no mu ntangiriro z'igihe kimeze nk'umuhindo.




#Article 122: Indwara y’umusinziro nyafurika (365 words)


 Indwara y’umusinziro nyafurika  cyangwa  Indwara yo guhondobera  ni indwara indwara ifata abantu n’amatungo. Iterwa n’umugera uva mu dukoko twitwa Trypanosoma brucei. Umuntu ashobora kwandura ubwoko bubiri bwayo, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b.g) na Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r.). T.b.g niyo ifata abarwayi 98 ku ijana bayandura. Ayo moko abiri aterwa akenshi no kurumwa n’ isazi ya tsetse irwaye ikaba yiganje mu bice by’ibyaro. 

Mu mizo ya mbere, iyo indwara ikigaragaza bwa mbere, umurwayi ahinda umuriro, akarwara umutwe, akumva uburyaryate n’ububabare mu ngingo. Indwara yigaragaza nyuma y’ibyumweru bitatu umuntu arumwe n’isazi ya tsetse. Mu byumweru bikurikiyeho cyangwa nyuma y’amezi ibimenyetso byo ku ntera ya kabiri byigaragaza mu buryo umuntu asa n’udasobanukiwe n’uko yiyumva, ingingo ze ntabashe kuziyobora, akagira ibinya ntasinzire neza. Mu kuyisuzuma bapima agakoko mu kazinga k’amaraso cyangwa mu mashyira ava mu ntobo.  amatembabuzi yo mu ruti rw'umugongo ni yo bapima akenshi ngo babashe gutandukanya niba indwara ikiri ku ntera ya mbere cyangwa igeze ku ntera ya kabiri.

Kwirinda ko yahinduka igikatu bisaba ko abaturage yugarije bakorerwa ibizami by’amaraso bagapimwa T.b.g. Iyi indwara ivurwa bitagoranye iyo igaragaye mu maraso hakiri kare mbere y’uko igaragaza ibimenyetso by’uko yaba yarakwirakwiriye mu mitsi. Imiti bayivuza ikiri ku ntera ya mbere ni pentamidine cyangwa suramin. Ku ntera ya kabiri bitabaza eflornithine cyangwa bakungikanya nifurtimox na eflornithine iyo ari T.b.g. Naho melarsoprol yo ikoreshwa mu kuyivura ku ntera yaba igezeho iyo ari yo yose  ikaba ariko by’umwihariko yitabazwa mu kuvura T.b.r iyo itangiye gutera izindi ngaruka ziremereye.

Iyi ndwara yiganje cyane cyane mu turere tumwe twa Afurika yo mu majyepfo ya Sahara, ikaba yugarije abaturage bakabakaba miliyoni 70 mu bihugu 36. Mu mwaka wa 2010 yahitanye abantu bagera ku 9000 umubare ukaba wari wagabanutse ugereranyije n’a bantu 34000 yahitanye muri 1990. Abantu babarirwa kuri 30000 nibo bayanduye kuri ubu muri bo 7000 bayanduye mu mwaka wa 2012. Muri abo bayanduye abarenga 80 ku ijana ubasanga muri repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya Kongo. Ahantu hatatu h’ingezi yigeze kuba icyorezo mu mateka ya vuba ubwa mbere ni kuva mu mwaka 1896 kugeza 1906 ni muri Uganda no mu Kibaya cya Kongo ubwa kabiri ni hagati ya 1920 na 1970 mu bihugu byinshi by’ Afurika. Amatungo na yo, urugero ni nk’inka, ashobora gusanganwa iyi ndwara yarayanduye.




#Article 123: Indwara ya Ebola (435 words)


Indwara ya Ebola (EVD) or Ebola irangwa no kuvira imbere no guhinda umuriro (EHF) ni indwara abantu barware bayitewe n’ Agakoko ka Ebola. Ibimenyetso nyir'izina byayo bitangira kugaragara guhera ku minsi ibiri kugera ku byumweru bitatu umuntu yandujwe n'ako gakoko, akagira umuriro, akababara mu muhogo, akaribwa mu mitsi, no kurwara umutwe. By’umwihariko agira iseseme, akaruka, kandi agahitwa hakurikiraho, gucika intege k’ umwijima n’ impyiko. Iyo indwara igeze kuri urwo rwego, abantu bamwe batangira kuvirirana amaraso.

Ako gakoko gashobora kwandurira mu maraso cyangwa amatembabuzi ava mu mubiri w’inyamaswa yanduye (akenshi kaboneka mu nkende cyangwa mu ducurama). Ikwirakwizwa n’umwuka ikanyanyagira ahantu hadukikije n’ubwo nta nyandiko iriho ibinononsora. Bakaba bakeka ko yazanywe n’Uducurama noneho tukayikwirakwiza kandi two ikaba yari itaratangira kutugaragaraho. Iyo umuntu amaze kwandura, na we atangira kuyikwirakwiza mu bandi bantu . Abagabo bayanduye mu gihe bakiriho bashobora kuyanduza biciye mu masohoro mu gihe nk’icy’amezi abiri. Kugira ngo babashe kuyisuzuma, kuko ibimenyetso byayo nyir’izina bisa nk’iby’izindi ndwara nka  malariya, kolera n’izindi ndwara ziterwa n’agakoko zirangwa no kuva amaraso no guhinda umuriro zigomba kubanza gutandukanywa na yo.  Kugira ngo ibivuye mu isuzuma byemezwe amaraso yafashwe apimwamo udukoko ndwanyamubiri, udukoko RNA, cyangwa ako gakoko ubwako.

Kuyirinda bisaba kuyibuza gukwirakwira iva mu nkende zanduye no mu ducurama twanduye yinjira mu bantu. Kugira ngo ibyo bikorwe ni ugusuzuma izo nyamaswa niba zaranduye izanduye zikicwa kandi imibiri y'izishwe igatwikirwa cyane ku buryo bwabigenewe. Guteka inyama zigashya ku buryo bwabigenewe kwambara imyenda ikingira umubiri mu gihe umuntu akorakora inyama nabyo byafasha kwirinda, kimwe n’uko wakwambara imyenda ikingira umubiri ugomba no gukaraba intoki mu gihe wegeranye n’umuntu wanduye. Ibipimo by'amatembabuzi n'iby'uruhu rw'umubiri by'abantu banduye bigomba gukorwaho mu bwitonzi budasanzwe.

  
Nta muti wihariye wo kuvura iyi ndwara; imbaraga zo gufasha abantu bayanduye zishyirwa  mu kuba wabaha nk’ ibinyobwa bibarinda umwuma ( amazi yo kunywa arimo agasukari gake n'umunyu) cyangwa kubatera serumu mu mutsi. Iyi indwara ifite igipimo cyo hejuru cy’abantu ihitana: akenshi ihitana hagati ya 50% na 90% y'abanduye agakoko kayitera. Indwara ya Ebola EVD yabonetse bwa mbere muri Sudani no muri Repuburika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo. T Iyi ndwara ku bw'umwihariko iboneka mu bihugu by'akarere k'ibihugu bikikije koma y'isi byo Muri Afurika yo munsi ya Sahara. Kuva muri 1976 (ubwo yagaraga bwa mbere) muri 2013, abantu benda kugera ku 1,000 buri mwaka baranduye. Kugeza ku munsi wa none igihe yabonetse cyane kuruta indi myaka  ni muri iyi minsi Ebola yagaragaye muri 2014 muri Afurika y’Uburengerazuba, ubwandu bwagaragaye muri Gineya, Sierra Leone, Liberiya bukanagaragara muri Nigeriya. Kugera mu kwezi kwa munani 2014 abantu barenga 1600 banduye bamaze kuboneka. Imbaraga kuri ubu zirimo zirashyirwa mu gushaka urukingo; ariko rero byumvikane, nta rukingo na rumwe rwari rwaboneka.




#Article 124: Ibisazi by’imbwa (462 words)


Ibisazi by’imbwa ni indwara  ikomeye  iterwa na virusi yibasira ubwonko bw’umuntu cyangwa izindi nyamaswa zigira amaraso ashyushye. Ibimenyetso by’ibanze bishobora kuba umuriro no gutitira kw’ahantu harumwe. Ibyo bimenyetso bikurikirwa n’ikindi kimenyetso kimwe cyangwa byinshi aribyo: guhubuka mu bikorwa, kutagira rutangira mu myitwarire, [gutinya amazi,kudashobora kunyeganyeza ibice bimwe by’umubiri, kuvangirwa no guta umutwe]. Nyuma y’igaragara ry’ibimenyenyetso, ibisazi by’imbwa akenshi  birangizwa n’urupfu.  Igihe cyo kwandura iyo ndwara nicyo kugaragaza ibimenyetso ubusanzwe kiri hagati y’ukwezi kumwe n’amezi atatu. Aliko iki gihe gishobora guhinduka, bikagaragara mu gihe kiri munsi y’icyumweru kugeza ku mwaka urenga.
 Igihe gihindagurika bitewe n’uburebure bw’intera virusi igomba kugenda kugira ngo igere mu mitsi yo mu bwonko rwagati..
Indwara y’ibisazi by’imbwa yanduza abantu iturutse ku zindi nyamaswa. Kwandura biba iyo inyamaswa ishishimuye cyangwa ikaruma indi nyamaswa cyangwa umuntu.
 Urukonda rw’ inyamaswa yanduye narwo rushobora kwanduza indwara y’ ibisazi by’ imbwa igihe urwo rukonda ruhuye n’ igice cy’ umubiri w’ umuntu cyangwa w’inyamaswa gifite urukonda.
 Abantu benshi barwara ibisazi by’ imbwa akenshi ni ababa barumwe nazo.
ref name=WHO2013/ Mu bihugu bibonekamo imbwa zirwaye ibisazi, izirenga 99 ku ijana akenshi ziba zariwe n’ izindi mbwa. Muri Amerika  impamvu nyamukuru itera ibisazi ni ubucurama, kandi abantu bari munsi ya 5 ku ijana barwaye ibisazi biterwa no kuribwa n’ imbwa.
 Inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bw’imbeba ntizikunze gufatwa n’ibisazi by’imbwa.   Virusi y’ibisazi by’imbwa igenda igana mu bwonko inyuze mu myakura ishamikiyeho. Iyo ndwara ishobora kugaragazwa n’igipimo cyo kwa muganga igihe ibimenyetso byatangiye kugaragara gusa.

Porogaramu zishinzwe kugenzura no gukingira inyamaswa zagabanije umubare w’imbwa zishobora gufatwa n’ ibisazi mu turere tumwe na tumwe tw’ isi. 
 Gukingira abantu mbere y’ uko bandura nibyo bikwiriye, cyane ku bantu bugarijwe n’icyo cyorezo. Igice cy’abantu bibasirwa cyane harimo abantu bakora mu bucurama cyangwa abamara igihe kirekire mu turere tw’isi dukunze kubamo indwara y’ ibisazi by’imbwa.
 Mu bantu bigeze bibasirwa n’ indwara y’ ibisazi by’ imbwa, urukingo rwayo ndetse rimwe na rimwe umuti w’ ibyo bisazi bifite akamaro mu kwirinda indwara mu gihe yakingiwe mbere y’uko ibimenyetso bitangira kugaragara.
 Kogesha isabune n’ amazi mu gihe cy’ iminota 15 aharumwe cyangwa ahanoshwe n’inzara cyangwa gukoresha umuti wica udukoko nabyo bituma indwara y ’ ibisazi by’ imbwa yirindwa.
 Abantu bake gusa nibo babashije gukira indwara y’ ibisazi, nabwo ari uko bavuwe ku buryo bwimbitse bwitwa “Milwaukee protocol”.

Buri mwaka, ku isi yose, indwara y’ibisazi by’imbwa ihitana abantu bari hagati ya 26,000 na 55,000.
  Abapfa bazira iyo ndwara barenga 95 ku ijana kandi babarizwa muri Afurika na Aziya.
 Indwara y’ ibisazi by’ imbwa iboneka mu bihugu birenga 150 kandi ku migabane yose uretse muri Antarkitika.
Abantu barenga biliyoni 3 baba mu turere tw’ isi tubamo indwara y’ ibisazi by’imbwa.
 Mu gice kinini c’UBurayi na Ositarariya, indwara y’ ibisazi by’imbwa iboneka mu bucurama honyine.
 Mu bihubu bito bito by’ ibirwa nta ndwara y’ ibisazi by’imbwa ihaba na busa.




#Article 125: Umurenge wa Rutunga (120 words)


Murakaza neza kuri page y'Umurenge wa Rutunga
Umurenge wa Rutunga ni umwe mu Mirenge 15 igize Akarere ka Gasabo
Ukaba ugizwe n'Utugari 6 aritwo:

Ukaba ugizwe n'Imidugudu 24
Umurenge wa Rutunga ufite ubuso bungana na Km2 42,6 ukaba utuwe n'ingo zigera 4,508
n'abaturage bagera ku 19850 
Umurenge wa Rutunga Uhana imbibi n'imirenge ya:
Amajyaruguru: Umurenge wa Rutare na Rwamiko yo mu Karere ka Gicumbi
Amajyepfo: Umurenge wa Nduba na Bumbogo yo Mukarere ka Gasabo
Uburasirazuba: Umurenge wa Bukure mu Karere ka Gicumbi na Gikomero yo muri Gasabo
Uburengerazuba: Umurenge wa Ntarabana mu Karere ka Rulindo.

Umurenge wa Rutunga kandi niwo uherereyemo agace kitwa Gasabo ari naho inkomoko y'URwanda ndetse n'ikiyaga cya muhazi Uhageze  wahasanga bimwe mu ibimenyetso  bigaragaza  amateka y'Urwanda




#Article 126: Kizito Mihigo (1038 words)


Kizito Mihigo wavukiye i Kibeho tariki ya 25 Nyakanga 1981 - 17 Gashyantare 2020 i Kigali, ni umuhanzi, umucuranzi n'umuririmbyi w'umunyarwanda.

Kizito Mihigo yavutse kuwa gatandatu, tariki ya 25 Nyakanga 1981, i Kibeho, umwe mu mirenge y’Akarere ka Nyaruguru, mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Gikongoro mu ntara y’Amajyepfo y’u Rwanda.Ni umwana wa gatatu mu bana batandatu. Ababyeyi be Buguzi Augustin na Ilibagiza Placidie, bamureze mu bukristu gatolika.

Afite imyaka icyenda yatangiye guhimba uturirimbo tw’abana, maze nyuma y’imyaka itanu, aza kuvamo umuhanzi w’indirimbo za Kiriziya Gatolika uzwi mu Rwanda.  Mu mwaka wa 1994 ise umubyara (Buguzi Augustin) yishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Mu binyamakuru bitandukanye, Kizito Mihigo yakunze kuvuga ko gucika ku icumu rya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi biri mu byamuhaye inganzo y’ubutumwa aririmba.

Amaze kugira imyaka 14, ubwo yigaga mu mwaka wa mbere muri Seminari nto ya Karubanda i Butare, yahimbye indirimbo nyinshi ziririmbwa muri Kiliziya Gatolika mu Rwanda. Mu mwaka wa 2000, (ubwo yari afite imyaka 19), Kizito Mihigo yari afite indirimbo zirenga 200 za Missa.

Mu mwaka wa 2001 yagize uruhare mu ishyirwa mu manota ry'indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu.

Mu mwaka wa 2003 yagiye kwiga Muzika mu Burayi, maze mu kwezi kwa cyenda 2008, aza kubona impamyabumenyi DFE « Diplôme de Fin d’Etudes », mu ishuri rya Conservatoire de Musique de Paris mu Bufaransa

Yigishije Muzika mu ishuri ryisumbuye « Institut provincial » ryo mu
Bubiligi, kuva mu mwaka wa 2008 kugeza muri 2010. 

Kizito Mihigo afite indirimbo zigera kuri 400 ziganjemo izo mu Kiriziya gatorika. Kuva yagera ku mugabane w’u Burayi, uyu muhanzi yatangiye guhimba
n’izindi ndirimbo zitari iza Kiriziya, ahubwo zitanga ubutumwa bw'Amahoro n'Ubwiyunge muri sosiyete cyane cyane mu Banyarwanda.

Izagiye zimenyekana ni nka: 

Mu mwaka wa 2010, Kizito Mihigo yashinze Fondation Kizito Mihigo pour la Paix (Kizito Mihigo Peace Foundation) - KMP -  iharanira amahoro n’ubumuntu mu bantu. 

Iyi fondation yashinzwe hagamijwe ubukangurambaga ku bumwe n’ubwiyunge ikoresheje ubuhanzi, muri za gereza, no mu mashuri . KMP kandi yakoraga ibyitwa Ikiganiro mpuzamadini cyahuzaga abanyamadini batandukanye kuri Radiyo na Televiziyo by'igihugu mu isaha imwe mu cyumweru yahariwe y'ikiganiro kitwa Umusanzu w'Umuhanzi cyategurwaga na Fondation KMP. .

Muri Kanama 2011, Kizito Mihigo yahawe n'umufasha wa Perezida wa Repuburika, Madamu Jeannette Kagame, igihembo cyagenewe urubyiruko rw'indashyikirwa (CYRWA award). 

Muri Mata 2013, Kizito na Fondation ye bahawe n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu cy'Imiyiborere (RGB), igihembo cy'amafaranga y'u Rwanda 8 000 000 (Miliyoni Umunani), nk'umuryango utari uwa Leta ukora ibikorwa bishyigikira imiyobore myiza 

Kizito Mihigo ni ingaragu, kandi nta mwana afite. Ni umukirisitu gatorika, n'umukunzi wa Karate na Sinema. .

Kuva mu mwaka wa 2009, yagiye yandikwa n'ibinyamakuru by'imyidagaduro byo mu Rwanda, nk'umwe mu basore bakurura abakobwa benshi mu gihugu. Muri 2012 yavuzweho urukundo rw'ibanga hamwe n'umuririmbyikazi Miss Jojo, ariko babajijwe n'itangazamakuru, bose barabihakana .

Tariki ya 15 Mata 2014, Polisi y'igihugu yerekanye uyu muhanzi ivuga ko yamufatiye mu byaha byo kugambanira ubutegetsi buriho na Perezida wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda Paul Kagame. Imbere y'itangazamakuru, Kizito Mihigo yarabyemeye abisabira imbabazi. 

Kuvuga ko Kizito Mihigo yafashwe byatangajwe amaze iminsi irenga icyumweru aburiwe irengero . N'ubwo polisi y'u Rwanda yari yabanje kuvuga ko itazi aho uyu muhanzi yari ari mu cyumweru cyabanjirije iyerekanwa rye, urubuga WikiLeaks ruzwiho kumena amabanga ya za Leta zitandukanye zo ku isi rwavuze ko Kizito Mihigo yari yafashwe tariki ya 4 Mata, ni ukuvuga iminsi icumi mbere y'uko polisi imwerekana..

Gufatwa kwa Kizito Mihigo kandi, byabaye amaze gusohora indirimbo yitwa Igisobanuro cy'urupfu. Iyi ndirimbo ntiyashimishije abategetsi b'u Rwanda kuko yahise ibuzwa gucurangwa igisohoka ndetse ikurwa no kuri Internet. Mu nkuru zijyanye n'ifatwa rya Mihigo ndetse n'urubanza rwe, ibinyamakuru mpuzamahanga nka BBC, televiziyo Al Jazeera, televiziyo France 24, Radio France Internationale na Radio France Inter, byagarutse kenshi kuri iyo ndirimbo, bigaragaza ko uyu muhanzi ashobora kuba yarazize amwe mu magambo ayigize. Muri iyi ndirimbo ifite iminota isaga icumi, harimo amagambo nka:  Jenoside yangize imfubyi, ariko ntikanyibagize abandi bantu nabo bababaye bazize urugomo rutiswe Jenoside [...] Nta rupfu rwiza rubaho, rwaba Jenoside cyangwa Intambara, uwishwe n'abihorera, uwazize impanuka cyangwa uwazize indwara, abo bavandimwe bose ndabasabira... 'Ndi umunyarwanda' ijye ibanzirizwa na 'Ndi umuntu... .

Nyuma y'ifatwa ry'uyu muhanzi wari uzwi nk'inshuti ikomeye y'ubutegetsi bw'u Rwanda n'umutoni wa Perezida Paul Kagame , havuzwe byinshi mu itangazamakuru, abantu ku giti cyabo babivuga kwinshi, imiryango mpuzamahanga n'ibihugu bimwe na bimwe bigira icyo bitangaza. Umunyamakuru w'umubirigi Colette Braeckman yanditse ko Kizito Mihigo yafashijwe na Perezida Paul Kagame kwiga ibijyanye na Muzika mu Burayi, avuga ko azi Kizito Mihigo ku giti cye, kandi ko atiyumvisha uburyo yakora ibyo ashinjwa,.Musenyeri Joseph André Léonard umushumba wa Arikidiyosezi ya Buruseri nawe yavuze ko yatunguwe cyane no kuba Kizito Mihigo yarafashwe nk'umugizi wa nabi. Ati: Bibeshye ku muntu, jyewe sinshobora kubona muri Kizito Mihigo umuntu wagirira nabi igihugu.

Ikinyamakuru The Huffington Post cyo cyatangaje ko abenshi mu bakurikirana ifatwa n'urubanza by'uyu muhanzi, bavuga ko Kizito Mihigo yategetswe kwemera ibyaha ashinjwa no kubisabira imbabazi kugira ngo abe yarekurwa. Icyo kinyamakuru kikavuga ko n'ubwo yabyubahirije, ntacyo byamumariye kuko atarekuwe nk'uko yari abyiteze..

Nyuma y'ifatwa rya Kizito Mihigo n'abo bareganwa, imiryango mpuzamahanga itandukanye nka Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme - FIDH, Reporters Sans Frontières, Amnesty Internationale na Human Rights Watch yanenze imyitwarire y'inzego z'umutekano z'u Rwanda zabanje guhisha abakekwa, mbere yo kuberekana. FIDH yavuze ko idasobanukiwe neza ifatwa rya Kizito Mihigo mu migambi yo guhungabanya umutekano kandi azwi nk'umuntu uharanira amahoro.

Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika n'Ubwongereza, byavuze ko bihangayikishijwe n'ifatwa ry'uyu muhanzi n'abo bareganwa. Amerika yasabye Leta y'u Rwanda kugenera Kizito Mihigo na bagenzi be urubanza rw'intabera, kandi mu Rwanda hakubahirizwa uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo n'ubw'itangazamakuru .

Tariki ya 6 Ugushyingo 2014, nyuma yo gusubikwa inshuro ebyiri, nibwo urubanza rwa Mihigo rwatangiye. Kizito Mihigo yongeye kwemera ibyaha byose ashinjwa, avuga ko abyicuza kandi abisabira imbabazi.. Abareganwa na Kizito Mihigo, bose (uko ari batatu) baburanye bahakana ibyo baregwa, ndetse bakavuga ko bakorewe iyicarubozo.

Muri uru rubanza, ubushinjacyaha bwasabiye Kizito Mihigo igihano cyo gufungwa burundu.

Tariki ya 27 Gashyantare 2015, urukiko rukuru rwa Kigali rwakatiye uyu muhanzi igihano cy'imyaka icumi y'igifungo. Rwamuhamije ibyaha byo kugambirira kugirira nabi ubutegetsi, ariko rumukuraho icyaha cy'iterabwoba. 

Tariki ya 14 Nzeri 2018, nyuma yo kureka ikirego cy'ubujurire yari yaratanze mu rukiko rw'ikirenga, umuhanzi Kizito Mihigo yahawe imbabazi na Perezida wa Repuburika Paul Kagame. Mihigo yasohotse muri gereza ari kumwe na Madamu Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza, umunyapolitiki nawe wari umaze imyaka 8 mu buroko. 




#Article 127: Indwara y’igisebe cy’umufunzo (289 words)


Indwara y’igisebe cy’umufunzo (Buruli Ulcer)  (izwi kandi ku izina rya Bairnsdale ulcer, Searls ulcer, cg  Daintree ulcer) ni indwara yandura  iterwa na mikorobe yitwa Mycobacterium ulcerans. Mu ntangiliro yo kuyandura hagaragara akabyimba cyangwa igice cy’umubili kibyimbye aliko bitagaragaza ububabare  nodule . Aka kabyimba gashobora kuvamo igisebe ku mubili ulcer. Igisebe gishobora kuba kinini muko kinjiye mu mubili kurusha uko kigaragara ku ruhu rw'umubili,  gishobora kandi gukikizwa n’ububyimbe bw’uruhu. Uko indwara igenda ikura, amagupfa ashobora kugerwaho nayo akandura.. Igisebe cy’umufunzo gikunda kwanduza amaboko n’amaguru; umuliro ntukunda kugaragara.

M. ulcerans Iyi ndwara ivubura uburozi buzwi ku izina rya mycolactone, bugabanya cg bugakuraho ubudahangarwa bw’imikorere y’ibanze y’umubili bigakulikirwa no gupfa k’udupande tw’umubili bita death. Udukoko two mu muryango umwe kandi dutera indwara y’igituntu n’iy’ibibembe amazina akulikira y’utwo dukoko ni (M. tuberculosis na  M. leprae. Uko indwara igenda ikwirakwira ntibiramenyekana neza. Amasoko y’amazi ashobora kugira uruhare mu ikwirakwizwa ry’indwara. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2013 nta rukingo rukwiliye rwali ruraboneka.

Iyo abantu bavuwe kare, umuti wa antibiotiki, antibiotics uvura neza mu rwego rwa 80% nyuma y’ibyumweru umunani. Ubuvuzi akenshi bugizwe n’imiti ya rifampicin na streptomycin. Clarithromycin aliko akenshi moxifloxacin niyo ikoreshwa mu mwanya wa streptomycin. Ubundi buryo bwo kuyivura bugizwe no kubaga no kuvanamo ikibyimba cutting out . Nyuma y’uko ubwandu bukira, igice cy’umubili nyilizina gisigarana inkovu.

Ibisebe by’umufunzo bikunda kuboneka mu byaro by’Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara  cyane cyane mu gihugu cya Cote d'Ivoire, aliko ishobora no kuboneka muli Aziya, mu Burengerazuba bwa Pasifika ndetse n’ubwa za Amerika. Ubwandu bwagaragaye mu bihugu birenga 32. Buli mwaka haboneka ubwandu buli mu kigero kili hagati y’ibihumbi bitanu n’ibihumbi bitandatu. Iyi ndwara kandi iboneka mu mubare w’inyamaswa zitali abantu. Albert Ruskin Cook niwe wabaye uwa mbere mu gushyira ahagaragara ibisebe by’umufunzo mu mwaka wa 1897.




#Article 128: Xuecheng (186 words)


Umushumba mukuru Xuecheng yavutse mu mwaka w’ 1966 ahitwa Xianyou mu ntara ya Fujian. Yinjiye mu rusengero mu 1982, agirwa unusaseridoti n’umushumba Dinghai aba intumwa y’umushumba mukuru Yuanzhuo. Yabonye impamya bumenyi y’ikirenga mu ishuri ry’Akademi ya Buda mu Bushinwa mu w’1991 hanyuma yongera kubona impamya bumenyi ya doctora Honoris Caura  mu bumenyi imitegekere mu burezi muri kaminuza ya Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya mu gihugu cya Tayilandi mu mwaka wa 2007. Yabonye igihembo cya zahabu y’amahoro cy’Atish Dipankar muri Bangladesh mu mwaka wa 2010 ahabwa izina izina rya Docteur wa Tripitaka n’inama ya ba Bhikhshus na Sanghas y’Abahinde mu mwaka wa 2011.
  
Ubu Umushumba mukuru Xuecheng Umushumba mukuru Xuecheng ni umwe mu bagize inama ngenzura mikorere ya politike ya komite ya Repubulika y’Abaturage b’Abashinwa,akaba uwungirije umuyobozi mukuru wa 11 bagize inama nkuru y’urubyiruko rw’Abashinwa. Akaba sokereteri generali w’inama ya gatatu y’Aabashinwa y’iyobikamana n’amahoro, umuyobozi wungirije w’Akademi y’Ababudisite y’Abashinwa akaba umuyobozi mukuru w’ishuli rikuru ry’ubushakashatsi mu bumenyamuntu n’iyobokamana mu ishuli rikuru nderabarezi rya Beijing akaba umushumba mukuru mu rusengero rwa Guanhua (Putian, mu ntara ya Fujian), w’urusengero rwa Famen Fufeng, intara ya Shaanxi aka n’umushumba mukuru w’urusengero rwa Longquan muri (Beijing)




#Article 129: Umubumbe wa Mars (134 words)


PART I
Umubumbe wa Mars ni umwe mu icyenda igaragiye izuba ukaba wegeranye n’uwacu w’isi.
Ni umubumbe wa kane uvuye ku izuba, kandi ukaba umubumbe wa kabiri muto nyuma ya Mercury.
Mu cyongereza bawita Roman God of War,(Kinyarwanda: Imana y'Intambara y'Abaromani), Bawita kandi Umubumbe Utukura kubera ibara ryawo ritukura rigaragarira amaso ya muntu Ntabindi bikoresho byifashishijwe.

Mars kandi, Niho cumbi rya Olympus Mons, Ikirunga Kinini cyane kurusha ibindi kandi kikaba n'Umusozi wa kabiri muremure cyane Muri Sisiteme y'Izuba.
Kuri Mars haba Ukwezi kwa Phobos n'ukwa Deimos. Phobos na Deimos n'Amezi abiri afite ishusho nto kandi Itaringaniye, Bishoboka ko yombi (Phobos na Deimos), Akomoka ku ma Asteroids yafashwe kuri Mars nkuko byagenze kuri 5261 Eureka, Trojan yo kuri Mars.
   

Abahanga bakaba bemeza ko ushobora
Kubaho ubuzima ugereranyinje n’indi mibumbe yose igaragiye izuba, ukuyemo isi tubona.




#Article 130: SIDA (7082 words)


Virusi itera SIDA ni agakoko kambura umubiri ubudahangarwa. Virusi ya SIDA ica umubiri intege ikawambura ubudahangarwa maze igatera ubwandu bw’indwara. Iyo itavuwe hakiri kare Virusi itera SIDA itera indwara zitandukanye bikarangwa no gucika intege k’umubiri ku buryo uba utakibasha guhangana n’indwara ari nabwo umurwayi bivugwa ko arwaye SIDA. Abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA iyo nta miti bafata igabanya ubukana bwayo bashobora kumara imyaka itatu gusa. Iyo umuntu yanduye virusi itera SIDA afashwe n’izindi ndwara z'ibyuririzi kandi nta miti igabanya ubukana anywa, icyizere cy’ubuzima ni umwaka umwe. Abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA baba bagomba gufata imiti kugira ngo bakumire gupfa vuba. Nyuma yo kwandura kwambere umuntu ashobora kutabona ibimenyetso byayo, cyangwa ashobora guhura nigihe gito cyindwara zimeze nk'ibicurane (grippe). Ubusanzwe, ibi bikurikirwa nigihe kirekire nta bimenyetso byigaragaza. Iyo ubwandu bugenda bwiyongera mu mubiri, bubangamira cyane ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, bikongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara zisanzwe nk'igituntu, kimwe n'izindi ndwara zibasira umubiri mu buryo butunguranye, ndetse n'ibibyimba bitamenyerewe ku bantu basanzwe bafite ubudahangarwa buhagije mu mubiri wabo. Ibi bimenyetso byigaragaza nyuma yaho ari nabyo bikomeye nibyo bituma umurwayi bivugwa ko yanduye SIDA kenshi bigaragazwa cyane no gutakaza ibiro byinshi kuburyo bugaragarira ijisho. 

Virusi itera SIDA ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane n'imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye (harimo n'ibikorwa byo gutingana bashyira ibitsina mu kibuno nababishyira mu kanwa ku bahuje ibitsina), guterwa amaraso yanduye, inshinge zikoreshwa kwa muganga batera imiti mu mubiri w'umurwayi, umubyeyi utwite akaba yayanduza umwana atwite iyo adafashe imiti ku gihe, iyo umubyeyi abyaye, cyangwa binyuze mu konsa. Amatembabuzi asanzwe nk'amacandwe, ibyuya n'amarira, ntabwo byanduza virusi itera SIDA. Virusi itera sida ni imwe muri za virus zibarizwa mu itsinda ry'amavirusi azwi ku izina rya retrovirus.

Uburyo bwo kwirinda virusi itera SIDA burimo imibonano mpuzabitsina ikingiye, gahunda zo gukoresha neza inshinge zujuje ubuziranenge, kuvura abanduye, hamwe no gukoresha imiti nka prophylaxis mbere na nyuma yo gukora iminonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye. Iyo ari umwana uvutse yanduye virusi itera SIDA we na nyina umubyara bahabwa imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA. Nta muti cyangwa urukingo rwa virusi itera SIDA ruhari; ariko, imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA ishobora gutuma umuntu abaho igihe kirekire byenda kungana kimwe nk'abantu basanzwe bazima batayanduye. Nibyiza gutangira gufata imiti no kwivuza no kwisuzumisha buri gihe ukimara kumenya ko wanduye. Hatabayeho kuvurwa, impuzandengo yo kubaho nyuma yo kwandura ni imyaka 11.  

Muri 2018, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 37.9 babanaga na virusi itera SIDA bituma hapfa abantu 770.000. Abagera kuri miliyoni 20.6 muri bo baba mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo ya Afurika. Hagati y'igihe SIDA yamenyekanye (mu ntangiriro ya za 1980) na 2018, iyi ndwara yateje urupfu rw'abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 32 ku isi hose. Virusi itera SIDA ifatwa nk'icyorezo - icyorezo cy’indwara kiboneka ahantu hanini kandi kigenda gikwirakwira. 

Virusi itera sida yavuye mu zindi nyamaswa yerekeza ku bantu bo muri Afurika yo mu burengerazuba bwo hagati mu ntangiriro kugeza no hagati mu kinyejana cya 20. Ubwandu bwa SIDA bwamenyekanye bwa mbere n’ikigo cya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) mu 1981 kandi hamenyekana igitera SIDA - ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA - byagaragajwe mu ntangiriro y’imyaka icumi ya mbere y'uwo mwaka. 

Virusi itera SIDA yagize uruhare runini muri sosiyete, iba indwara ndetse n'isoko y'ivangura. Iyi ndwara kandi igira ingaruka zikomeye mu bukungu. Hariho imyumvire myinshi itavugwaho rumwe ku birebana na Virusi itera SIDA, nko kwizera ko yanduzwa gusa no guhuza ibitsina mu buryo busanzwe. Iyi ndwara yateje impaka nyinshi mu banyamadini, harimo n’umwanya wa Kiliziya Gatolika yo kudashyigikira ikoreshwa ry’agakingirizo mu rwego rwo kuyirinda. Yatumye habaho ubuvuzi budasanzwe ku rwego rwa kiganga, ku rwego mpuza mahanga ndetse igenerwa n'inkunga nyinshi zitandukanye kuva yamenyekana mu myaka ya za 1980. 

Hariho ibyiciro bitatu by'ingenzi bigaragaza ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida: kuremba bikabije, kuremba bikurikiranye no kurwaragurika kenshi bidakira, no kugera mu cyiciro cyaho umubiri ubura ubudahangwara mu buryo bukabije.  

Mu ikubitiro kwandura virusi itera sida icyo cyiciro cyitwa Acute HIV/igihe virusi itera SIDA iba ifite ubukana bwinshi mu mubiri cq kwandura mu gihe cy'ibanze aho virus iba ifite imbaraga nyinshi mu mubiri irimo gushaka gukwirakwira mu mubiri hose. Abantu benshi barwara ibicurane cyangwa indwara isa na mononucleose nyuma y'ibyumweru 2-4 nyuma yo kuyandura, naho abandi nta bimenyetso bifatika bafite. Ibimenyetso bibaho muri 40-90% byabantu bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA kandi mubisanzwe harimo umuriro mwinshi ukabije uzamuka buri kanya, ibibyimba mu kanwa, kumuka no kuryana mu muhogo, guhubuka, kubabara umutwe, kunanirwa, cyangwa ibisebe byo mumunwa no mu/ku gitsina. Indwara z'uruhu zizana ibiheri bigaragara muri 20-50% y'abayanduye byigaragaza mu buryo bw'uduheri twinshi turi kumurongo umwe kandi twinshi tubyimbye gakeya kandi tudasanzwe. Abantu bamwe na bamwe barwara indwara zitandukanye muriki cyiciro. Ibimenyetso byo mu gifu, nko kuruka cyangwa impiswi bishobora kubaho. Ibimenyetso nko kurwara imitsi, ingingo zigacika inege. Igihe ibimenyetso byiyerekana biratandukanye, ariko mubusanzwe ni icyumweru kimwe cyangwa bibiri. 

Bitewe n'imiterere yabyo idasanzwe, ibi bimenyetso ntibifatwa nkibimenyetso simusiga byabanduye virusi itera SIDA. Ndetse nibibazo bibonwa na muganga cyangwa ibitaro bikunze gusuzumwa nabi nkimwe mundwara zandura zifite ibimenyetso byinshi byenda gusa. Niyo mpamvu, birasabwa ko virusi itera sida yakekerwa cyane mu bantu bagaragaza umuriro mwinshi udasobanutse ushobora kuba ufite isano n'ingaruka zo kwandura. 

Ibimenyetso byambere bikurikirwa nicyiciro cyitwa clinical latency cyangwa virusi idakira. Hatabayeho kuvurwa, iki cyiciro cya kabiri ku bantu banduye virusi itera sida bisanzwe ariko bativuje habe namba gishobora kumara imyaka igera kuri itatu kugeza ku myaka 20 (ugereranije, imyaka umunani). Mugihe mubisanzwe hari ibimenyetso bike cyangwa bitagaragaye mbere, hafi yiki cyiciro kirangiye abantu benshi bahura numuriro mwinshi udasanzwe, guta ibiro, ibibazo byigifu no kubabara imitsi. Hagati ya 50% na 70% byabantu nabo barwara utubyimba two mu kwaha duhora twizana, ibice by'umubiri byaguka cyangwa bibyimba mu buryo budasobanutse, kwaguka kurenze uburyo busanzwe kw'imyanya ndangagitsina (uretse mu kibuno) mumezi arenga atatu kugeza kuri atandatu.

Nubwo abantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA bafite virusi itagaragara kandi mugihe hatabayeho kuvurwa amaherezo bizatera SIDA (kubura burundu ubudahangwarwa bw'umubiri kwirwanaho ku ndwara), umubare muto (hafi 5%) ugumana urugero rwinshi rw'utunyabuzima twubatse ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri w'umuntu twitwa CD4+ T (T Helper Cells) udafite imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA irenze imyaka itanu. Abo bantu bashyizwe mu rwego rwa HIV Controllers cyangwa long-term nonprogressors (LTNP). Irindi tsinda rigizwe nabagumana uko virusi zigaragaza mu mubiri wabo muburyo butajya bumenyekana habe namba cyangwa butigaragaza byihuse kandi badakoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi ari nabo bakunze kwitwa elite controllers cyangwa udashobora kumenyekana udafite imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA bene abo bari ku kigero kiri kuri 1 kugeza kuri 300 y'abanduye.

Ashobora ndetse no kwibasirwa n'indwara zitunguranye ziterwa n'udukoko nka bacteria, virusi, ibihumyo, n'udukoko dutandukanye zisanzwe zikumirwa zikarindwa na bwa budahangarwa bw'umubiri mu bantu bazima. Indwara zandura ziterwa ahanini n’ibinyabuzima bikunze kubaho mu bidukikije by’umuntu. Izi ndwara zirashobora kwanduza umubiri wose zikawibasira zikawuca inege.

Ababana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura kanseri zitandukanye ziterwa na virusi, harimo na sarcoma ya Kaposi, lymphoma ya Burkitt, lymphoma y'ibanze yo hagati, na kanseri y'inkondo y'umura. Sarcoma ya Kaposi ni kanseri ikunze kugaragara, iboneka ku 10% kugeza kuri 20% by'ababana na virusi itera SIDA. Kanseri ya kabiri ikunze kwibasirwa cyane ni lymphoma, ikaba ari yo nyirabayazana w'urupfu rw'abantu bagera kuri 16% babana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA kandi ni cyo kimenyetso cya mbere cya SIDA muri 3% kugeza kuri 4%. Izi kanseri zombi zifitanye isano na herpesvirus ya 8 (HHV-8). Kanseri y'inkondo y'umura igaragara cyane ku bafite sida kubera ko ifitanye isano na papillomavirus ya muntu (HPV). Kanseri ifata (ya layer/urububi ruhuza igice cy'imbere cy'amaso n'igice cyera cy'ijisho) nayo ikunze kugaragara ku banduye virusi itera SIDA.

Byongeye kandi, ababana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA bakunze kugira ibimenyetso byo kwibasirwa n'umuriro mwinshi udasanzwe uzamuka buri kanya utajya ugabanyuka, ibyuya byinshi (cyane cyane nijoro), kubyimba lymph node / utubyimba two mu kwaha n'amabinga, guhorana ubukonje bukabije (imbeho, gutitira), intege nke, no gutakaza ibiro byinshi cyane. Indwara y'impiswi iza buri kanya ni ikindi kimenyetso gikunze kugaragara, kiboneka ku bantu 90% barwaye SIDA. Bashobora kandi kwanduzwa n'ibimenyetso bitandukanye byo mu mutwe ndetse no mu mitsi bidafitanye isano n'ubwandu bwa kanseri.

Virusi itera SIDA ikwirakwizwa n'inzira eshatu z'ingenzi: guhuza ibitsina mu buryo budakingiye, ibice by'umubiri w'uwanduye indwara ya SIDA twahungabanye nk'ibisebe bivamo amatembabuzi n'amaraso, ndetse no kuva amaraso ku mubyeyi iyo atwite; ndetse no mu gihe umubyeyi atwite umwana ashobora kumwanduza, mu gihe cyo kubyara umubyeyi wanduye ava amaraso arimo abyara akivanga n'amaraso y'umwana binyuze ku mukonda/ikiriri, cyangwa konsa uruhinja ku mubyeyi wanduye. Nta kaga ko kwandura virusi itera sida binyuze mu mazirantoki, ururenda rw'amazuru/ibimyira, amacandwe, ibyuya, amarira, inkari, cyangwa kuruka keretse iyo byivanzemo n'amaraso yanduye virusi itera SIDA. Birashoboka kandi ko umuntu yakwandura impurirane y'ubwoko bwa virusi itera sida burenze bumwe bikunze kwitwa HIV superinfection.

Uburyo bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera SIDA ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibitsina n'umuntu wanduye hakorwa imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye. Icyakora, umuntu wanduye virusi itera sida ufite virusi itagaragararira ibyuma biyipima bitewe no kuvurwa igihe kirekire, nta byago afite byo kwanduza abandi virusi itera SIDA binyuze mu gukorana nabo imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye. Kuba hari abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA itagaragarira ibyuma biyipima byamenyekanye cyane mu itangazo ry’Ubusuwisi ryo mu 2008 biteza impaka no kutabivugaho rumwe, kuva icyo gihe byaje gukorerwa ubushakashatsi bwimbitse biremezwa ko bibari ndetse bishoboka.

Ku isi hose, uburyo bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera SIDA ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibitsina n'umuntu wanduye hakorwa imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye hagati y’abadahuje igitsina; ariko, uburyo bwo kwandura buratandukanye mu bihugu. Kugeza mu 2017, abantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA muri Amerika babaye mu bagabo baryamanye n'abagabo (82% by'abanduye virusi itera SIDA ku bagabo bafite imyaka 13 n'abayirengeje na 70% by'indwara nshya). Muri Amerika, abagabo bahuje ibitsina bafite imyaka 13 kugeza kuri 24 bangana na 92% by'abanduye virusi itera SIDA mu bagabo bose bari mu kigero cyabo na 27% by'indwara nshya mu bagabo bose bahuje ibitsina ndetse n'ibitsina byombi. Abagabo bagera ku 15% b’abagabo bahuje ibitsina banduye virusi itera SIDA, mu gihe 28% by’abagore bahindura ibitsina transgender banduye muri Amerika. 

Ku bijyanye n’imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye, ibigereranyo by’ingaruka zo kwandura virusi itera sida ku gikorwa cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina bigaragara ko byikubye inshuro enye kugeza ku icumi mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga make ugereranyije no mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi. Mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga make, ibyago byo kwandura abagore ku bagabo bingana na 0.38% kuri buri gikorwa, naho kwanduza abagabo ku bagore ni 0,30% kuri buri gikorwa; ibigereranyo bihwanye n'ibihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi ni 0,04% ku gikorwa cyo kwanduza abagore ku bagabo, na 0.08% kuri buri gikorwa cyo kwanduza abagabo n'abagore. Ibyago byo kwandura bivuye mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ni byinshi cyane, bivugwa ko 1,4-1.7% kuri buri gikorwa haba mu mibonano mpuzabitsina idahuje igitsina ndetse n'abaryamana bahuje igitsina. Nubwo ibyago byo kwandura biva mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ku bahuje ibitsina ari bike, biracyahari. Ibyago byo kwakira imibonano mpuzabitsina mu kanwa byavuzwe ko ari hafi NTABYO; ariko, byagaragaye ko hari abantu bake banduye binyuze muri ubwo buryo. Ibyago kuri buri gikorwa byagereranijwe kuri 0-0.04% ku bakira imibonano mpuza bitsina mu kanwa oral sex. Mu bihe birimo uburaya mu bihugu bikennye cyane, ibyago byo kwandura abagore ku bagabo byagereranijwe ko ari 2,4% kuri buri gikorwa, naho kwanduza abagabo ku bagore ni 0,05% kuri buri gikorwa. 

Ibyago byo kwandura byiyongera iyo umuntu yanduye indwara zisanzwe zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina hamwe n’ibisebe byo mu gitsina. Ibisebe byo mu gitsina bigaragara ko byongera ibyago inshuro zigera kuri eshanu. Izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, nka mburugu, kilamidiya, tirikomunasi, na vaginose ya bagiteri, zifitanye isano no kwiyongera gake mu byago byo kwandura. 

Ubwiyongere bw'ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu mubiri w'uwayanduye  viral load ni ikintu cy’ingaruka zikomeye mu kwanduza virusi itera SIDA binyuze mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ndetse biciye mu kwandura hagati y'umwana na nyin/umubyeyi we. Mu mezi 2.5 y'ibanze mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ubwandu bw'umuntu bwikubye inshuro cumi n'ibiri bitewe (n'ubwiyongere bw'ubukana bwiyo virusi itera SIDA afite mu mubiri we) - VIRAL LOAD. Niba umuntu ari mu cyiciro cye cyanyuma yaho yanduriye virusi itera SIDA, ibipimo byanduza bikubye inshuro umunani. 

Abakora imibonano mpuzabitsina bicuruza mu bikorwa by'uburaya (harimo n'abacuruza imibiri yabo by'umwuga byemewe pornography) bafite ibyago byinsho byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Imibonano mpuzabitsina ikabije mu buryo bwo gukubana kw'ibitsina nta bunyerere cyangwa ububobere buhagije mu gitsina rough sex irashobora guteza kwiyongera kw'ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rikubiyemo ibikorwa byo gufata kungufu/gusambanya undi ku gahato no gusambanya abana bakiri bato sexual assualt naryo rishobora guteza ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA kubera ko udukingirizo tudakunze kwambarwa muri ibyo bikorwa by'ubugome bigatera gukomereka mu gitsina ku bagore n'abakobwa no ku gitsina ku bagabo n'abahungu cyangwa gukomereka mu kibuno kubakorerwa ibikorwa byo gufatwa ku ngufu n'abatinganyi bikongera ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ndetse bikaba byanatera ibyuririzi by'indwara zindi zandurira mu gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina akabirwarira hamwe n'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA.

Uburyo bwa kabiri bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera sida ni uburyo bunyuze mu maraso yanduye n'amatembabuzi yivanzemo ayo maraso yanduye. Kwandura biciye muri ubu buryo birashobora guterwa no gusangira inshinge mugihe cyo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge bacisha mu kwitera inshinge mu mitsi, gukomeretswa n'inshinge mu gihe ruri guterwa ufite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA, guterwa amaraso yanduye cyangwa ibikomoka ku maraso yanduye, cyangwa inshinge zikoreshwa mu buvuzi ariko zitujuje ubuzira nenge hamwe n’ibikoresho bidafite ubuziranenge bidafite umutekano uhagije wo kubibika mu buryo bwiza mu byuma bibihanaguraho imyanda sterilizers. Ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusangira urushinge mugihe cyo gutera ibiyobyabwenge mu mitsi hagati y'abakoresha ibyobya bwenge ubwabo biri hagati ya 0,63% na 2,4% kuri buri gikorwa, ugereranije ku gipimo cyo hagati average ni 0.8%. Ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida ku binyuze k'urushinge rwatewe umuntu wanduye virusi itera sida bivugwa ko ari 0.3% (hafi 1 kuri 333) kuri buri gikorwa kandi ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA binyuze ku rurenda rw'amatembabuzi ruvanzemo amaraso yanduye virusi itera SIDA ni 0.09% (hafi 1 kuri 1000) kuri buri gikorwa. Izi ngaruka zirashobora ariko kugera kuri 5% mugihe ayo maraso ari muri urwo rurenda rw'amatembabuzi yaturutse kumuntu ufite ubwikorezi bwinshi bwa virusi itera SIDA n'umwenge cyangwa igisebe ari kinini mu mubiri kuri wawundi wandujwe. Muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bagejeje kuri 12% by'abanduye virusi itera SIDA mu 2009, ndetse no mu turere tumwe na tumwe abantu barenga 80% bitera ibiyobyabwenge banduye virusi itera SIDA.

Virusi itera SIDA yanduza hafi 90% binyuze mu guterwa amaraso yanduye blood transfusion. Mu bihugu byateye imbere ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ni bike cyane (munsi ya kimwe cya kabiri cya miliyoni) aho hakorwa uburyo bwo gutoranya abaterankunga no gusuzuma virusi itera sida mu maraso atangwa blood donations; urugero, mu Bwongereza ibyago bivugwa ko ari umwe muri miliyoni eshanu naho muri Amerika yari imwe muri miliyoni 1.5 muri 2008. Mu bihugu bikennye cyane, kimwe cya kabiri cy’amaraso ni yo yonyine ishobora gupimwa mu buryo bukwiye (guhera mu 2008), kandi bikaba bivugwa ko abagera kuri 15% banduye virusi itera SIDA muri utwo turere baturuka ku guterwa amaraso yanduye n'amatembabuzi avanze nayo maraso yanduye, bigereranywa kuri 5% na 10% byanduye kwisi. Birashoboka kwandura virusi itera sida mu guhinduranya ingingo z'umuburi zitangwa kwa muganga implants, nubwo ibi bidasanzwe kubera kwipimisha mbere ko bikorwa. 

Gutera imiti hifashishijwe inshinge zidafite umutekano bigira uruhare muri virusi itera SIDA muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Mu 2007, hagati ya 12% na 17% byanduye muri kano karere byatewe no gukoresha inshinge zidafite umutekano zo kwa muganga. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rivuga ko ibyago byo kwandura biturutse ku gutera inshinge muri Afurika ni 1,2%. Hari n'ingaruka zo kwandura virusi itera SIDA zikomoka ku kubaga indembe, kubyaza, no kuvura no kubaga amenyo muri kano karere. 

Abantu baterwaho ibishushanyo ku mibiri yabo tattooing, gutobora ibice by'umubiri bitandukanye, no gukomeretsa ibice by'umubiri wabo binyuze mu ndasago scarification bafite ibyago byo kwandura nubwo nta bushakashatsi buhari bufatika bubyemeza. Imibu ndetse nutundi dukoko ntibishobora kuba impamvu yo gukwirakwiza ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA. 

Virusi itera SIDA irashobora kwanduza umwana mu gihe umubyeyi amutwite, igihe cyo kubyara, cyangwa binyuze mu mashereka amwonsa, bigatuma umwana na we yandura virusi itera SIDA. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2008, kwandura virusi itera SIDA mu buryo bwiswe verticle transmission binyuze mu dukoko twa bagitiriya na virusi mu gihe umubyeyi atwite umwana cyangwa arimo kubyara ni 90% by'abana bayandura. Mugihe hatabayeho kuvurwa virusi itera SIDA ku mubyeyi wanduye, ibyago byo kwanduza umwana mbere cyangwa mugihe cyo kuvuka ni 20%, naho kubonsa amashereka ni 35%. Ubuvuzi butangwa ku mubyeyi ukimenya ko yanduye ariko atwite bugabanya ibyago byo kwanduza umwana we akimutwite no mu gihe cyo kumubyara kugeza munsi ya 5%.

Imiti igabanya ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA iyo ifashwe na nyina cyangwa umwana bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura ku bonsa. Ibiryo bigaburirwa umwana iyo byivanzemo n'amaraso yanduye virusi itera SIDA mbere yo kubihekenya birashobora guteza ibyago byo kwandura virusi kuri uwo mwana. Niba umugore atavuwe virusi itera SIDA akamara imyaka ibiri yonsa uruhinja nabyo bitera ibyago byo kwanduza umwana we bigera kuri 17%. Bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’urupfu rw'impinja bukomoka ku kutonsa mu bice byinshi byo mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rirasaba ko konsa byihariye hagati y'umubyeyi n'uwo mwana we umwe gusa cyangwa gutanga kwifashisha amata yo mu bikombe nk'imfashabere. Abagore bose bazwiho kuba banduye virusi itera SIDA bagomba gufata imiti igabanya ubukana ubuzima bwabo bwose. 

Virusi itera SIDA niyo nyirabayazana w'indwara zitera umuburi kubura ubudahangarwa ari nabyo byitwa SIDA. Virusi itera SIDA ni ubwoko bwa retrovirus yibanda cyane mu kwangiza abasirikare barinda umubiri w'umuntu bitwa CD4 + T Cells, macrophage na dendritic cells . Yangiriza byimazeyo mu buryo buziguye ndetse n'ubutaziguye abo basirikare batuma umubiri ugira ubudahangarwa bitwa CD4 + T. 

Iyo virusi itera SIDA ibarizwa mu bwoko bwa Lentivirus,  nabwo bubarizwa mu cyiciro cyitwa Retroviridae .  Virusi zo muri ubu bwoko bwa Lentivirus zisangiye ibintu byinshi biziranga imiterere yabyo ndetse n'ibijyanye n'ubutabire bw'ibinyabuzima bubiranga. Ibinyabuzima byinshi biri mu cyiciro cy'inyamaswa zonsa zikunze gufatwa no kwandura nama virusi ari muri ubu bwoko bwa Lentiviruses ari nabyo bikunze gutera indwara z'igihe kirekire ndetse zimara igihe mu mubiri zirimo gukura.  Ubu bwoko bwa virusi zibarizwa muri Lentiviruses zigira ububasha bwo kwandura bwinjira mu mubiri ari imbumbe kandi bwiteguye kwanduza bwiyambitse urububi ruzirinda rwa RNA GENOME. Iyo zinjiye mu mubiri ako kanya, rwa rububi ruzirinda rwa RNA GENOME ruhita ruhindagura imiterere yarwo reverse transcribed rugahinduka ADN ifite kopi ebyiri ya virusi nyayo itera uburwayi byitwa reverse transciptase bizanana na ya GENOME virusi mu bigize virusi. Nyuma yo kwihindagura yisanisha na ADN ziri mu mubiri mu buryo bwo gukora kopi zisa neza ihita yinjira mu dutafari twubatse umubiri twitwa nucleus cells tugahita twisanisha neza nkatwo mu rwego rwo kwiyorobeka no kwihisha mu mubiri binyuze mu buryo bwitwa integrase nibigize umubiri yinjiyemo. Virusi iyo imaze kwinjira neza muri twa dutafari tugize umubiri cells ihita yirinda kugira ibitero igaba ku mubiri ako kanya kugirango abasirikare baha ubudahangarwa mu mubiri batayivumbura bagatangira kuyirwanya. Hari nubwo virusi iyo imaze kwinjira mu mubiri ihita ikoresha ubundi buryo bwitwa transcribed ari nabwo bwo kubasha kwiyubura ikikoramo kopi nyinshi z'amavirusi bisa kimwe ya RNA GENOMES afite naza poroteyine z'ama virusi byishyize hamwe bikirema mu imbere muri za cells zigakomeza gutubuka gutyo zikaba nyinshi mu mubiri VIRAL LOAD. 

Virusi itera SIDA ubu yamenyekanye ko ikwirakwira iciye mu basirikare barinda umubiri bawuha ubudahangarwa ba CD4 + T biciye mu nzira ebyiri zibangikanye: gukwirakwiza mu imbere muri cells ubwayo aribyo byitwa cell-free spread cyangwa gukwirakwizwa yanduza za cells zitandukanye ku bwinshi ari nabyo byitwa cell-to-cell spread. Mu gukwirakwiza biciye mu buryo bwa cell-free spread virusi ziva mu ngirabuzimafatizo virus particles bud zituruka mu basirikare banduye ba  T cells, zinjira mu maraso/nandi matembabuzi avanze namaraso hanyuma zikanduza utundi dusirikare turinda umubiri kwandura twa T cells uko zijyenda zihura nazo gutyo gutyo kugeza zikwirakwiye mu mubiri hose.  Iri kwirakwizwa rya virusi mu mubiri uko rigenda ryikoramo kopi nyinshi biri mu bintu birwanya bigaca inege imiti n'ubuvuzi bujyanye no kuvura amavirusi 

Ubwoko bubiri bwa virusi itera sida bwaranzwe na virusi y'ubwoko bwitwa VIH-1 na VIH-2. Virusi ya VIH-1 ni virusi yavumbuwe bwa mbere (kandi yabanje kwitwa LAV cyangwa HTLV-III). Ni virusi ifite ubukana kandi yandura cyane,  kandi niyo nyirabayazana w'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA ku isi yose ugereranije na virusi yo mu bwoko bwa VIH-2 izwiho kwandurwa n'abantu bake. Kubera ubushobozi buke ugereranije bwo kwandura, ubwoko bwa virusi ya VIH-2 igarukira muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba . 

Iyo virusi imaze kwinjira mu mubiri habaho igihe cyo gutubuka kwayo zikaba nyinshi mu buryo bwo kujyenda zikoramo kopi nyinshi byihuse, biganisha kuri virusi nyinshi mumaraso VIRAL LOAD. Mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura virusi, urwego rwa virusi itera sida rushobora kugera kuri miliyoni nyinshi za virusi kuri mililitiro yamaraso mu mubiri.  Iki gisubizo kijyana nigabanuka ryagaragaye mumibare y'abasirikare barinda umuburi indwara bitwa CD4 T. Virusi ikomeza kugira ubukana kubera imiterere yayo yo gutuma havuka utundi dusirikare cells twitwa CD8 T tuza twica burundu twa dusirikare turinda umubiri kutandura indwara tukabyara za antibody zirwanya umubiri ziwuca intege, cyangwa seroconversion . Igisubizo gifatika mu isuzuma ryutwo dusirikare twa CD8 + T nicyo cyerekana uko ubwandu bw'indwara bujyenda bugabanyuka cyangwa bwiyongera mu mubiri nubwo bitarinda burundu virusi itera SIDA.

Amaherezo, virusi itera SIDA irwanya ba basirikare barinda umubiri indwara ikajyenda ibica ibagabanya ubwinshi bakaba bakeya mu mubiri CD4 + T kugeza ubwo umubiri ubura ubudahangarwa bigatera indwara z'ibyuririzi kwibasira umubiri muburyo buzorohereye. Abasirikare ba T Cells ni ingirakamaro mubisubizo byubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kandi bitabaye ibyo, umubiri ntushobora kurwanya indwara cyangwa kwica udusirikare twamaze kuba kanseri mu mubiri. Uburyo abasirikare ba CD4 + T cells bagenda bashira mu mubiri bugiye butandukanye yaba mu ikubitiro umubiri ukinjiramo virusi itera SIDA ikikoramo kopi nyinshi ndetse no mu bihe bwo kurwaragurika cyane mu byiciro bitandukanye.  Mu cyiciro cy'ibanze cyo kwandura virusi itera SIDA, hifashishwa udusirikare twanduye twabaye kanseri mu mubiri twa CD8 + T ari natwo tugira uruhare mu kugabanuka k'udusirikare turinda umubiri twa CD4 + T, nubwo umubiri ubwawo wabigiramo uruhare mu gihe wirwanaho wica udukoko turi mu mubiri mu buryo bwitwa apoptose nayo ishobora kubitera. Iyo virusi ziyongereye mu mubiri; umurwayi akagera mu cyiciro cyo kuremba bikabije no kurwaragurika indwara z'ibyuririzi zitandukanye bituma habaho gutakaza buhoro buhoro ubushobozi bwimikorere yubudahangarwa bwo kubyara abasirikare bashya ba T cells ari nabyo bituma bagabanyuka cyaneCD4 + T. 

Nubwo ibimenyetso byo kubura ubudahangarwa biranga SIDA bitagaragara imyaka myinshi nyuma yuko umuntu yanduye, igice kinini cyo gutakaza abasirikare ba CD4 + T kibaho mugihe cyicyumweru cya mbere cy'ubwandu, cyane cyane mumitsi yo munda, kibamo uturemangingo turwanya indwara zo mu mubiri twita lymphocytes mu mubiri.  Impamvu virusi itera SIDA yibanda cyane kuri ako gace ko munda intestinal mucosa ni ukubera ko virusi itera SIDA ikora za poroteyine z'ubwoko bwa CCR5 ikoresha mu kwibasira yinjira ihungabanya abasirikare barinda umubiri indwara ba CD4 + T kandi ako gace k'imitsi yo munda kagizwe cyane nizo poroteyine kuruta za poroteyine ziba mu maraso. Imihindagurikire yihariye ihindura imiterere ya za poroteyine za CCR5 iyo ziboneka mu buryo bwombi bwa chromosomes birinda cyane kwandura virusi y'ubwoko bwa VIH-1. 

Virusi itera SIDA ishakisha kandi ikarandura byimazeyo  CCR5 zigaragaza mudusirikare turinda umubiri twa CD4 + T mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura iyo virusi kuko nibwo iba ifite ubukana bwinshi.  Abasirikare barinda umubiri ba CD4 + T ni nako batangira kurwanya iyo virusi itera SIDA ari nako irushaho kubica bikihutisha kujya mu cyiciro cya kabiri cyo kuremba no kurwaragurika buri kanya bidakira clinical latent phase. Uko virusi itera SIDA irushaho kwikoramo kopi nyinshi ikibasira umubiri wose ni nako umubiri ubura ubudahangarwa kurushaho. Ibyo byose bigateza uruvangitirane rw'ibibazo byo mu mubiri bituma habaho gusohoka kwa pro-inflammatory cytokines. Ni nabyo ndetse bifitanye isano mu guteza indwara zo munda nk'igifu kubera urububi/igisenge kigize amara gikomeza kujyenda cyangirika cyane iyo habayeho kuremba cyane.

Virusi itera SIDA isuzumwa hifashishijwe ibizamini bya laboratoire hanyuma bigakorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso cyangwa ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe. Ikigo cya Leta zunzwe ubumwe z'Amerika cya Preventive Services Task Force gishishikariza abantu bose kuva ku myaka 15 kugeza ku myaka 65 kwisuzumisha virusi itera SIDA, harimo n'abagore bose batwite. Byongeye kandi, kwipimisha bishishikarizwa cyane abantu bafite ibyago byinsho byo kuyandura, cyane abasuzumwa bagasanga baranduye izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuza bitsina. Mu bice byinshi byisi, kimwe cya gatatu cyabanduye virusi itera SIDA babimenya ari uko igihe cyamaze kurenga bamaze gutaka ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kuburyo bwigaragaza bukabije.

Abantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA bakunze kurangwa n'imisemburo mu mubiri yabo irwanya ibice by'umubiri antibodies (ni ukuvuga seroconvert) bibaho mu byumweru bitatu kugeza kuri cumi na bibiri nyuma yo kwandura bwa mbere. Gupima virusi itera sida mbere ya seroconversion bikorwa mugupima HIV-RNA cyangwa p24 antigen. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ubwandu (positive) byabonetse nyuma yo gupima za antibodies cyangwa ibizamini bya PCR byemezwa na antibody itandukanye cyangwa na PCR.

Gusuzuma no gupima antibody ku bana bari munsi y'amezi 18 bikunze gutanga ibisubizo bitari bya nyabyo kubera za antibodies bakomora ku babyeyi babo ziba zikiri mu mibiri yabo bana. Kubw'izo mpamvu, ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA bishobora gupimwa gusa hifashishije gupima PCR za HIV-RNA cyangwa ADN, cyangwa binyuze mu gupima antigen p24. Henshi ku isi hari icyuho n'ibura ry'ibikoresho bihagije byo gupima ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA hifashishijwe agakoresho ka PCR yizewe, kandi abantu mu bihugu byinshi bitishoboye bategereza kugeza ibimenyetso byigaragaje cyangwa umwana akuze bihagije kugirango bapimwe neza za antibody. Muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara hagati ya 2007 na 2009, abaturage bari hagati ya 30% na 70% bari bafite amakuru ahagije kuri virusi itera SIDA. Muri 2009, hagati ya 3,6% na 42% by'abagabo n'abagore bo mu bihugu byo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara nibo babashije kwisuzumisha; ibi byagaragaje ubwiyongere bugaragara ugereranije nimyaka yashize.

Uburyo bubiri bw'ingenzi bwo kuvura bukoreshwa mu gushyira mu byiciro indwara zanduye virusi itera SIDA n'indwara zifitanye isano na virusi itera SIDA hagamijwe gukurikirana abanduye: gahunda y'ikigo mpuza mahanga gikurikirana ubuzima WHO gikurikirana umunsi kuwundi imiterere ya virusi itera SIDA n'indwara zigashamikiyeho, n'ikigo gikurikirana kinakakumira indwara zandura cya CDC uburyo gishyira mu byiciro ibirebana na virusi itera SIDA. Kubera ko gahunda y'ikigo cya WHO  idasaba ibizamini bya laboratoire, ikwiranye n’imiterere y’imikoreshereze ihura n’ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, aho ishobora no gukoreshwa mu gufasha kuyobora imiyoborere y’amavuriro. Nubwo zi gahunda zitandukanye, sisitemu zombi zemerera kugereranya intego zimibare.

Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ryatanze icyifuzo cya mbere ku gisobanuro kirebana na SIDA mu 1986. Kuva icyo gihe, OMS yakomeje gahunda yo kuvugurura ibyiciro bitandukanye inshuro nyinshi, igisobanuro giheruka cyemeranyijweho ku isi hose ubu OMS ikaba iheruka kugisohora mu 2007. Sisitemu ya OMS ikoresha ibyiciro bikurikira:

Ikigo cyo muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) nacyo cyashyizeho uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro virusi itera SIDA, kandi byavuguruwe mu 2008 na 2014. Ubu buryo bushyira mu byiciro virusi itera SIDA hakurikijwe kubara abasirikare baha umubiri ubudahangarwa CD4 count no kugenzura ibimenyetso byigaragaza, kandi busobanura ubwandu mu matsinda atanu. Mu barengeje imyaka itandatu ni:

Mu rwego rwo kugenzura, isuzuma rya SIDA rikomeje gukorwa nubwo nyuma yo kuvurwa, umubare wa wabasirikare barinda umubiri ba CD4 + T wazamutse ukagera kuri 200 kuri µL yamaraso cyangwa izindi ndwara zishamikiye ku bimenyetso bigaragaza SIDA ziba zamaze gukira

Gukoresha agakingirizo mu buryo buhoraho kandi igihe kirekire bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ku kigereranyo kingana na 80%. Iyo agakingirizo gakoreshwa buri gihe n’abashakanye muri bombi umwe ariwe wanduye undi ari atanduye bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ku kigereranyo kiri kuri 1% ku mwaka. Hariho ubushakashatsi bushimangira ko agakingirizo k'abagore gashobora gutanga urwego rumwe rwo kurinda. Gukoresha imiti yifashishwa mu gutuma mu gitsina hazamo ububobere yitwa gel nka tenofovir(yifashishwa mu kuvura indwara ya SIDA rimwe na rimwe indwara y'umwijima ya hepatitis B) igakoreshwa mbere yo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina bijya bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera SIDA kugera ku kigereranyo kingana na 40% mubagore bo muri Afrika. Binyuranye no gukoresha imiti yica intanga ngabo nka nonoxynol-9 kuko iyo izwiho kongera ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA bitewe nuko ituma mu gitsina no mu nnyo hazamo udusebe.

Gusilamura (abagabo) muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara bigabanya kwandura virusi itera sida ku bagabo badahuje igitsina hagati ya 38% na 66% mu gihe cy'amezi 24. Kubera ubwo bushakashatsi, Ishami ry’Umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku buzima ndetse na UNAIDS bashishikarije abagabo kwisiramuza muri 2007 mu rwego rwo gukumira virusi itera SIDA binyuze ku bwandu buturuka ku mugore wanduye yanduza umugabo utanduye mu turere twa Afurika twiganjemo umubare munini wabanduye virusi itera SIDA. Icyakora, ntibivugwaho rumwe ku bijyanye nimba kwisilamuza birinda umugore utanduye virusi itera SIDA iyo aryamanye n'umugabo wanduye virusi itera SIDA usilamuye, ndetse nta mibare izwi cyangwa ifatika ivuga ko byarinda abahuje ibitsina b'abagabo bakora imibonano kwandura virusi itera SIDA mu bihugu byateye imbere. Umuryango mpuzamahanga urwanya virusi, urasaba ukanashishikariza ko abagabo bose bakora imibonano nabo badahuje igitsina bagomba kwisilamuza ndetse nabakora imibonano mpuzabitsina nabo bahuje igitsina ko byaganirwaho nkuburyo bwo guhitamo kwirinda virusi itera SIDA. Abahanga bamwe batinya ko hashobora kuvuka imyumvire ituma umubare munini wabantu wakwitabira ibikorwa byo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye bitwaje ko gusilamurwa ari urukingo rubarinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA.

Porogaramu zishishikariza kwifata no kurinda ubusugi n'ubumanzi ku bakobwa n'abahungu ntabwo bigaragara ko zigira umusaruro mwiza uhagije kandi ufatika mu kwirinda virusi itera SIDA. Hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko umusaruro wizo nyigisho udahagije habe namba. Inyigisho zihagije zitangwa ku bumenyi bw'imyororokere mu mashuri zishobora kugabanya imyitwarire ishobora guteza ibyago byinshi byo kwijandika no kwiyandarika mu bikorwa by'ubusambanyi. Umubare munini wurubyiruko rukomeje kwishora mubikorwa byinshi bishobora guteza ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA nubwo bahabwa inyigisho zihagije kuberana n'ubwandu bwiyo virusi, kuko babitesha agaciro ko kumva ko nabo bashobora kwandura. Ubujyanama butangwa no gupima kubizana kubihabwa ku bushake ntabwo bigabanya ibikorwa byo kwijandika no kwiyandarika mu busambanye kubamaze gupimwa bagasanga batanduye ahubwo bituma abapimwe bagasanga banduye bakunda gukoresha udukingirizo n'imibare ikazamuka mu buryo bwigaragaza. Serivisi zinoze zo kuboneza urubyaro bigaragara ko byongera umubare wo gukoresha imiti yo kuboneza urubyaro mu bagore bamaze kumenya ko bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA. Nta makuru agahije azwi niba kuvura izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina bifite akamaro mu gukumira virusi itera SIDA.

Gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu bantu babana n'ubwandu bafite abasirikare barinda umubiri CD4 count bagejeje kuri 550 / µL ni uburyo bwiza cyane bwo kurinda kwanduza abo baryamana nabo (ingamba zizwi nko kuvura bisa nko kwirinda, cyangwa TASP). TASP ifitanye isano no kugabanuka inshuro 10 kugeza kuri 20 ibyago byo kwandura. Imiti irinda kwandura virusi itera sida yitwa profhylaxis (PrEP) ikoreshwa mbere yo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina hamwe numuti ukoreshwa buri munsi wa tenofovir, hakoreshejwe cq hatanakoreshejwe umuti wa emtricitabine, bigabanya ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA hagati y'abantu bafite amahirwe menshi yo kwandura nk'abagabo bakora imibonano nabo bahuje igitsina ndetse n'abaryamana umwe abizi ko yanduye undi abizi ko atanduye ndetse no murubyiruko rwo muri Afurika. Bene ubu buryo bushobora kurinda nabakoresha inshinge bitera imiti/ibiyobyabwenge babicishije mu mitsi, nyuma y'ubushakashatsi bwakoze bukagaragaza ko habayeho kugabanyuka ku kigereranyo kivuye kuri 0.7 kugeza kuri 0.4 ku gipimo cy'imyaka 100 y'abantu 100 person years. Ikigo cy'Amerika gishinzwe gahunda zo kwirinda indwara gishishikariza ko abantu bafite ibyago byinsho byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ko bakwiye gukoresha imiti ya PrEP.

Uburyo rusange bwo kwirinda muri gahunda z'ubuzima no kubwitaho bifite ingaruka nziza mu kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Gahunda zishyirwaho mu gukumira kwitera ibiyobyabwenge biciye mu mitsi hakoreshejwe inshinge no kuzisangira no gahunda zo gufasha kuvura abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bagahabwa ingurane nziza zo kubavura rehabilitation therapy biri mu bintu bihambaye bigabanya ibyago by'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA.

Imiti irinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA ifatwa mu masaha ari hagati ya 48 na 72 ku muntu ukeka ko cyangwa wahuye n'amaraso arimo ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA cq amavangiro yo mu gitsina yanduye; iyo miti yitwa prophylaxis (PEP). Gukoresha umuti ufata rimwe wa zidovudine bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida inshuro eshanu nyuma yo gukomeretswa n'urushinge. Kugeza mu 2013, gahunda yo gukoresha imiti irinda kwandura virusi itera SIDA muri Leta z'unze ubumwe z'Amerika yashyizeho imiti y'ubwoko butatu bwo kwifashisha ari bwo - tenofovir, emtricitabine na raltegravir - kuko ibyo bishobora kugabanya ingaruka kurushaho.

Imiti ya PEP ishishikarizwa gufatwa byihutirwa cyane iyo habayeho igikorwa cyo gufatwa ku ngufu cq gusambanya umwana cyane iyo ukekwaho icyo cyaha akekwaho kuba yanduye virusi itera SIDA, ariko bikunze gutera impagarara no kutavugwaho rumwe cyane ukekwaho icyaha ubuzima bwe busanzwe butazwi nimba yaranduye cyangwa se ari muzima. Igihe cyo kwivuza gikunze kuba ibyumweru bine kandi bikunze kuba bifitanye isano n'ingaruka zizahaza uyikoresheje aho imiti ya zidovudine ikoreshwa, hafi 70% bagirwaho ingaruka yo kugira isesemi (24%), umunaniro (22%), guhangayika kumutima (13%) no kubabara umutwe (9%).

Gahunda yo kurinda umubyeyi kwanduza umwana virusi itera SIDA zishobora kugabanya ibyaho byo kwandura ku kigereranyayo kiri hagati ya 92-99%. Ibi ahanini bikubiyemo gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mugihe umubyeyi atwite na nyuma yo kuvuka k'umwana no gushyiraho gahunda yo gusimbura ibere umwana akagaburirwa hakoreshejwe insimbura bere nka bebelo aho kumwonsa. Iyo gahunda yo kwifashisha insimbura bere ishoboka, byoroshye kubigeraho, hari ingurane ndetse ari nta mabura kindi abikumira kandi kubigeraho bikaba byoroshye, umubyeyi usanganywe ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA agomba kwirinda byimazeyo konsa umwana we; ariko konsa umwana ni ibintu byingenzi muri ya mezi y'ibanze kugirango umwana abashe gukura neza iyo biri ngombwa. Iyo bibaye ngombwa ko umwana yonswa muri ayo mezi y'ibanze ni ngombwa ko umwana akomeza gufata imiti ya prophylaxis kugirango arindwe kwandura virusi itera SIDA ayanduzwa na nyina binyuze mu kumwonsa. Mu mwaka wa 2015, igihugu cya Cuba cyabaye icya mbere mu gukumira no kurinda umubyeyi kwanduza umwana virusi itera SIDA.

Kugeza ubu nta rukingo ruraboneka rwa virusi itera SIDA. Kugeza amagingo aya; urukingo rukiri mu igeragezwa ruhari rukoreshwa kandi rugaragaza ko rufite uburyo rugabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA ni urwitwa RV 144, rwavumbuwe mu mwaka wa 2009 ndetse rugaragaza ko rugabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA kugeza ku kigereranyo kingana na 30%, ibi bikaba bitera ibyiringiro byejo hazaza mu muryango wubushakashatsi bwo gukora urukingo rukora neza kurushaho. Haracyakorwa izindi nkingo zigerageza zishingiye ku rukingo rwa RV 144 ndetse birakomeje.

Kugeza ubu nta muti uhari, nta rukingo rurinda virusi itera SIDA. Umuti uyivura uhari ni ugizwe n'imiti ikomeye yizewe ku kigero kinini igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA yitwa (HAART - highly active antiretroviral therapy) ufasha kurinda ko indwara ya SIDA yihuta gukura no gukomera cyane ikwirakwiza ubukana buzahaza umuburi/ubuzima. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2010 abantu barenga miliyoni 6,6 bakiriye bene iyi miti mu bihugu bikennye n'ibiciriritse. Uyu muti ukubiyemo imiti ikumira ikanavura indwara z'ibyuririzi bya SIDA. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2020 mu kwezi kwa Werurwe, abarwayi babiri bari banduye virusi itera SIDA niba bamaze kuyikira burundu. Kwihutira gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu cyumweru cya mbere nyuma yo kwisuzumisha bigaragaza ko bitanga amahirwe menshi n'icyizere cyiza mu kuyivura yaba mu bantu barangwa n'ubukene nabafite ubuzima buciriritse.

Imiti ikomeye yizewe ku kigero kinini igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA yitwa (HAART) ifatwa mu buryo bwo kuyivanga/gukomatanya bikunze kwitwa cocktails bukubiyemo imiti igera ku moko atatu iri mu byiciro bibiri by'imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi antiretroviral agents. Mu ikubitir ryo kuvura habanza gukoreshwa uburyo bwa non-nucleoside revers transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) hiyongereyeho ubundi buryo bubiri bwa nucleoside analog analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTIs). NRTI zisanzwe zirimo: imiti ya zidovudine (AZT) cyangwa tenofovir (TDF) na lamivudine (3TC) cyangwa emtricitabine (FTC). Uhereye muri 2019, dolutegravir / lamivudine / tenofovir yashyizwe ku rutonde n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi nk’umurongo wa mbere uvura abantu bakuru, hamwe na tenofovir / lamivudine / efavirenz mu bundi buryo bwakwifashisha kuvura abantu bakuru. Gukomatanya imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi nka protease inhibitor (PI) bikoreshwa mu gihe imiti ifatwa mu buryo buvuzwe haruguru bitarimo gutanga umusaruro mwiza ufatika ku murwayi wanduye.

Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika batanga amabwiriza ashishikariza abantu gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA (harimo n'abagore batwite) bakayitangira kuyifata byihuse bakimara gupimwa, hatitawe ku mubare wabasirikare barinda umubiri CD4 count. Iyo uwanduye atangiye gufata imiti ni byiza ko yirinda kuyihagarika cyangwa kurambirwa kuyifata. Abantu benshi bapimwa bagasanga baranduye bikunze kubaho byaratinze gutangira imiti kubera kwipimisha bakererewe. Uburyo bwiza bwo kwivuza ni uburyo bw'igihe kirekire bukoresha Plasma HIV-RNA count ibara munsi ya kopi 50 kuri buri mL. Ikigero gifatirwaho kumenya nimba ubuvuzi bwa virusi itera SIDA burimo gukora neza bupimwa mu gihe cy'ibyumweru bigera kuri bine (4) igisubizo cyaza kiri munsi ya kopi 50 kuri buri mL hakurikiraho gufata ibizamini buri mezi atatu cyangwa atandatu kandi ibyo biba bihagije. Igenzura ridahagije rifatwa ko za plasma HIV-RNA count rirenze kopi 400 kuri buri mL. Ukurikije ibi bipimo mu kuvura virusi itera SIDA bitanga icyizere mu kurwanya ubukana bwa bwayo mubantu barenga 95% mumwaka wambere wo kwisuzumisha no kwivuza.

Inyungu zo kwivuza zirimo kugabanuka kw'ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu mubiri kuburyo bitagera aho bizahaza ubuzima ku kigero cyo kubura ubudahangarwa mu mubiri ari nacyo cyiciro byitwa ko umuntu arwaye SIDA ndetse no kugabanya ibyaho byo gupfa vuba. Mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, abantu bavurwa mu buryo bwiza kandi hakiri kare bibatera kugira ubuzima buhagaze neza bw'umubiri no mu mitekerereze. Muzindi nyungu ziri mu kwivuza hakiri kare; bigabanya 70% by'ibyago byo kwandura igituntu ku banduye virusi itera SIDA. Izindi nyungu ziri mu kwivuza no gutangira imiti kare; bigabanya ibyaho byo kwanduza abaryamana n'uwanduye n'ibyago by'uko umubyeyi yakwanduza umwana atwite cyangwa mu gihe cyo kubyara cyangwa ku mwonsa. Kugirango umurwayi arusheho kumererwa neza biterwa n'uburyo yiha gahunda yo gufata imiti bijyanye n'imyifatire ye agomba guhindura mu mabwiriza ahabwa na muganga. Zimwe mu  mpamvu zituma hatubahirizwa gahunda zo gufata imiti neza kandi ku gihe harimo; kubura uburyo bwo guhabwa imiti n'ibigo by'ubuvuzi/ubuzima, kubura gahunda zirimo gufasha abarwayi kwiyakira no kubaganiriza, uburwayi bw'imitekerereze no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge. Amoko atandukanye y'ubuvuzi n'umubare mwinshi w'imiti ifatwa igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA n'ingaruka zo kubikoresha nabyo biri mu bintu bituma abanduye bacika intege zo kubahiriza no gukomeza gufata imiti ku gihe. Hamwe n'uko igiciro cy'iyo miti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA byabigiramo uruhare, 47% byabari bakeneye iyo miti bayibonaga kandi baturuka mu bantu babayeho mu bihugu bikennye n'ibiri mu buzima buciriritse mu mwaka wa 2010 ndetse ubwitabire bwo gufata imiti usanga bungana yaba mu bihugu bikennye ndetse n'ibihugu byateye imbere.

Hari ingaruka ziterwa no gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA. Zimwe muri izo ngaruka harimo: umubiri kunanirwa gukora uturema ngingo dutuma umubiri ugira amavuta ahagije lipodystrophy Syndrome, dyslipidemia, na diabete ifata urwagashya, cyane kubakoresha protease inhibitor. Ibindi bimenyetso bikunze kugaragara harimo impiswi, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’indwara zifata umutima. Ubuvuzi bushya bugezweho buzwiho ingaruka nke kubafata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA. Imiti imwe n'imwe irashobora kuba ifitanye isano no gutera ubumuga buvukanwa bityo bikaba bidakwiriye abagore bateganya kubyara kuba bayikoresha.

Imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA ihabwa abana bakiri bato itandukanye nihabwa abantu bakuze. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rishishikariza kuvura abana bose bari munsi y’imyaka itanu; abana bari hejuru yimyaka itanu bavurwa kimwe nkabantu bakuru. Amabwiriza ya Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika ashishikariza kuvura abana bose bari munsi y’amezi 12 na buri wese ufite ibipimo bya HIV RNA bingana na 100.000 / mL ufite imyaka iri hagati y’umwaka umwe n’imyaka itanu.

Ikigo cy’ubuvuzi cy’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EMA) cyasabye ko habaho uruhushya rwo kwamamaza ku miti ibiri mishya igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA (ARV), rilpivirine (Rekambys) na cabotegravir (Vocabria), kugira ngo ikoreshwe hamwe mu kuvura abantu bafite virusi itera SIDA yo mu bwoko bwa (HIV -1). Ubu bwoko bw'iyi iti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA nibwo bwa mbere buje mu buvuzi bwigihe kirekire hifashishwa gutera inshinge. Ibi bivuze ko aho kuba ibinini bya buri munsi, abantu batera inshinge buri kwezi cyangwa buri mezi abiri.

Gukomatanya inshinge za Rekambys na Vocabria bigamije kubungabunga ubuvuzi ku babantu bakuru bafite virusi itera SIDA itagaragara mumaraso (ubwinshi bwa virusi itera SIDA bugaragara ku gipimo cya kopi 50 / ml) babifatanyije hamwe nubuvuzi bwabo bwa ARV, kandi mugihe virusi itigeze itera imbaraga zo kurwanya icyiciro runaka cy'imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA yitwa non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTIs) na integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INI).

Ingamba zo gukumira indwara z'ibyuririzi ziratanga icyizere mu bantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA. Usibye kunoza indwara zubu, ubuvuzi hifashishijwe gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA biri mubigabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara z'ibyuririzi. Abakuze ndetse n'urubyiruko babana na virusi itera SIDA (ndetse no kubafata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA) kabone no ku batagaragara ko banduye igituntu cyangwa a ashobora kuba bafite umutwaro wo kuba baranduye igituntu bagomba gufata ubuvuzi bwa isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT); bagakorerwa ikizamini cyuruhu gipima igituntu kugirango harebwe nimba hakenewe guhabwa ubuvuzi bwa IPT. Inkingo z'indwara z'umwijima za hepatitis A na B zishishikarizwa guhabwa abanduye virusi itera SIDA mbere ko bagira ibyago byo kwandura bene izo ndwara z'umwijima. Gukoresha imiti y'ubwoko bwa Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis bana bakivuka bari hagati yibyumweru bine na bitandatu byamavuko, no guhagarika konsa abana bavutse kubabyeyi banduye virusi itera SIDA, birashishikarizwa cyane ku badafite amikoro ahagije. Birashishikarijwe gukumira PCP mugihe abasirikare barinda umubiri ba CD4 babarwa ku gipimo kiri munsi ya 200 / uL no mubasanganywe PCP cyangwa abigeze kuyirwara. Abantu bafite ubudahangarwa mu mubiri immunosuppression buhagije bashishikarizwa gufata imiti ya toxoplasmose na MAC. Ingamba zikwiye zo gukumira zagabanije umuvuduko w’izi ndwara ku kigero cya 50% hagati ya 1992 na 1997. Urukingo rw’ibicurane n’urukingo rwa pneumococcal polysaccharide rukunze gusabwa ku bantu banduye virusi itera SIDA kandi bifite ingaruka nziza zigaragaza ku buzima bwabo iyo bayifashe.

Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ryatanze ibyifuzo bijyanye n'intungamubiri zikenewe ku bamaze kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Muri rusange indyo yuzuye ni nayo ishishikarizwa abanduye virusi itera SIDA. Gufata indyo yuzuye ifite intunga mubiri zihagije kurwego rwa RDA ku bantu bakuru banduye virusi itera SIDA ni inama nziza itangwa n'ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS); gufata cyane vitamine A, zinc, na iron bigira ingaruka zitari nziza ku buzima bwabamaze kwandura virusi itera SIDA kubantu bakuze nta nubwo ari byiza keretse niba hari ibigaragaza ko byagabanutse mu mubiri. Gufata indyo z'inyongera diatary supplmentation yuzuye kubantu banduye virusi itera SIDA kandi bafite imirire idahagije cyangwa indyo idahagije bifasha gushimangira ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri cyangwa kubafasha gukira indwara zimwe na zimwe; icyakora, ibimenyetso byerekana inyungu rusange muburwayi cyangwa kugabanya impfu zabazira indwara ya SIDA ntabwo bifitiwe ubushakashatsi kuri byo.

Hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza inyungu k'ubuzima bwamaze kwandura visuri itera SIDA iyo bafashe indyo y'inyongera irimo intungamubiri ya selenium. Ku bagore batwite n'abonsa banduye virusi itera SIDA, indyo z'inyongera zirimo amoko atandukanye ya za vitamine byongera umusaruro ku buzima bwiza ku babyeyi ndetse n'abana. Niba umubyeyi utwite cyangwa wonsa yagiriwe inama yo gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA kugira ngo yirinde kwanduza virusi itera SIDA umwana atwite/yonsa, gufata amoko atandukanye ya za vitamine ntizigomba gusimbuzwa ubwo buvuzi. Hariho ibimenyetso bimwe byerekana ko abana bato banduye virusi itera SIDA bafata indyo y'inyongera irimo vitamine A igabanya impfu ndetse ikongerera gukura neza.

Muri Leta z'unze ubumwe z'Amerika, abagera kuri 60% banduye virusi itera SIDA bakoresha uburyo butandukanye bw’ubuvuzi bwuzuzanya cyangwa ubundi buryo bw'inyongera, imikoreshereze yayo ntabwo ifitiwe ubushakashatsi bw'imbitse bwemeza imikorere yayo neza. Nta bimenyetso bihagije byemeza ikoreshwa ry'imiti gakondo cyangwa imiti ikomoka ku bimera. Nta bimenyetso bihagije bihari bishyigikira ikoreshwa ry'urumogi mu gutera ubushake bwo kurya no kubyibuha k'umubiri.

Byashyizwe mu Kinyarwanda bikuwe ku rwandiko rw'umwimerere rusangwa ku murongo ukurikira; 




#Article 131: Laptop imwe kuri buri mwana (OLPC) (126 words)


Laptop/Mudasobwa imwe kuri buri mwana  (in English One Laptop per Child or OLPC) ni gahunda idaharanira inyungu yashyizweho ifite intego yo guhindura uburezi bw’ abana ku isi. Iyi ntego yari kugerwaho aruko hakozwe kandi Hagakwirakwizwa ibikoresho by’uburezi mu isi ikiri munzira y’amajyambere ndetse hagashyirwamo porogaramu ninyigisho muribyo bikoresho.   

Umushinga wa OLPC washimwe henshi ndetse uba ntamakemwa. Uyu mushinga washimwe kubw’imashini zigiciro gito, zikoresha umuriro muke, ndetse wizeza ubufatanye mu rwego rwa za Minisiteri mu bihugu byinshi aho za mudasobwa zikoreshwa nka kimwe mu ishingiro ry’uburezi, gushyiraho ahantu hafasha gukoresha mudasobwa nta kijijinganya mu rurimi urwo arirwo rwose ndetse byumwihariko nta bumenyi mu rurimi rw’icyongereza. Bakiriye ibitekerezo byinshi harimo ibirebana na gahunda yabo, ndetse nibijyanye n’uburyo bwabo nk’imfashanyo, kuzikoresha muburyo bworoshye, umutekano wazo, ibizikorerwaho nubuzima bwite bwabyo. 




#Article 132: HABIMANA Jean de Dieu (133 words)


HABIMANA Jean Dieu
School Construction Engineer in Gakenke District
Bsc in Civil Engineering From National University of Rwanda
Born on 8th/10/1983 in Cyabingo sector/Gakenke District
From 1990 to 1999 Kamisave Primary School 
From 1999 to 2002 O' level Kagogo Secondary School
From 2002 to 2005 A' level in Math-Phys at Musanze Sciences School
From 15/04/2006- 2/10/2006 Teacher of physics and mathematics in Kagogo Secondary school
From January 2007 to September 2007 EPLM In National University of Rwanda
From January  2008 to October 2011 Applied Sciences in National University of Rwanda
where I got bsc in Civil Engineering
from December 2012 to July 2015 work in Rwanda Education Board as school Construction Engineer in Burera District under contract
From October 2015 to August 2016 work in Burera District as School Construction Engineer under Contract




#Article 133: Fondation Kizito Mihigo pour la Paix (145 words)


Fondation Kizito Mihigo pour la Paix bakunze kwita Fondation KMP, ni umuryango utari uwa Leta washinzwe mu mwaka wa 2010 n'umuhanzi Kizito Mihigo. Intego yawo ni uguharanira amahoro n'ubwiyunge nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi muri 1994 

Guhera mu mwaka wa 2011, ku bufatanye na Ambassade ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika hamwe n'umuryango World Vision International, Fondation KMP yatangiye ubukangurambaga mu mashuri yo mu Rwanda no muri za gereza zose zo mu gihugu. Muri Kanama 2011 Kizito Mihigo yahawe igihembo na Madamu Jeannette Kagame kubera ibikorwa by'iyi fondation biharanira amahoro n'ubwiyunge  

Muri Werurwe 2013, KMP yahawe igihembo igihembo n'Ikigo cy'igihugu cy'imiyoborere (RGB)  nk'umwe mu miryango itari iya Leta ikora ibikorwa bifasha igihugu mu miyoborere myiza

Fondation KMP yahagaritse ibikorwa byayo muri Mata 2014 ubwo umuhanzi Kizito Mihigo yafungwaga na Leta ashinjwa ibyaha byo gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi bwa FPR Inkotanyi, na Perezida wa Repuburika Paul Kagame 




#Article 134: World Medical Association (631 words)


Ishyirahamwe ry'Abaganga kw'Isi (WMA) ni inkusanyamashyirahamwe ry'igenga kandi mpuzamahanga y'imiryango y'abaganga b'umwuga mu bihugu bitandukanye, bityo rihagarariye abaganga ku isi yose.  ryatangijwe kuwa 18 Nzeri 1947 ,rirakura  kugeza ku banyamuryango b'ingaga z'abaganga mu bihugu bitandukanye 114 muri 2017 

Irishyirahamwe cg umuryango (WMA) washinzwe ku wa 18 Nzeri 1947, Ubwo abaganga bo mu bihugu 27 bitandukanye bahuye bwa mbere mu nama rusange y'iri shyirahamwe i Paris. uy' umuryango wubatswe hagendeye ku gitekerezo cy'umuryango w'abaganga w'abongereza mu 1945 , mu nama yabereye i London kugirango hatangizwe umuryango mpuzamahanga w'abaganga wazaga gusimbura ishyirahamwe ry'abanyamwuga mpuzamahanga b'abaganga ryari ryahagaritse imirimo yaryo bitewe n'intambara y'isi yose II.

Mu buryo bwo koroshya ubufasha bw'amafaranga buturuka mu b'anyamuryango , mu 1948 , inteko nyobozi yatangije ubunyamabanga bwa WMA mu mujyi wa New York mu buryo bwo koroshya imikoranire n'umuryango wabibumbye ndetse n'ibindi bigo b'iwushamikiyeho. ubunyamabanga bw'iri shyirahamwe WMA bwagumye New york kugeza mu 1974 igihe ku mpamvu z'umutungo no kugirango bakorere hafi ya Geneve nk'umujyi uzwiho kugira imiryango mpuzamahanga myinshi yigenga (WHO,ILO,ICN,ISSA,etc.) bwavuye aho bwari bujyanwa mu bufaransa ahitwa Ferney-voltaire. Abanyamuryango  bahuraga mu nama y'umwaka ariyo yaje kwitwa World Medical Assembly Inama Rusange 1962. 

Kuva Muntangiriro WMA yagaragaje kwita cyane k'ubuvuzi bunoze  muri rusange ndetse no ku isi yose , ikaba nyambere mugushyiraho amabwiriza anoze ku baganga bose bo ku isi. n'isesengura ry'amagambo ari mu ndahiro ya Hippocrates ryaje kwemerwa mu nama rusange ya II mu 1948 i Geneva . inteko rusange yemeje iyo ndahiro ivuguruye bayita inyandiko y'i Geneve.

Nanone mu nama rusange ya II raporo ku ibyaha by'intamabara n'ubuvuzi yarakiriwe. ibi byateye inteko gushyiraho akanama kiga kandi kagategura amabwiriza y'ubuvuzi mpuzamahanga ngenderwaho  akaba yaraje kwemerwa nyuma yo kuyemeranyaho mu nama rusange III mu 1949.

Na Nyuma yo kwemeza izi nyandiko ebyiri , WMA yakomeje guhabwa amakuru yo kutubahiriza amabwiriza agenga ubuvuzi, ibyaha byakozwe n'abaganga mu bihe by'intambara,   kwigira cg gukorera ubushakashatsi ku bantu mu buryo butemewe n'ibindi bibazo bijyanye no kutubahiriza amabwiriza ndetse n;'amategeko agenga umwuga w'ubuvuzi. ibi byateye inteko gushyiraho akanama gahoraho ku bijyanye n'amabwiriza agenga ubuvuzi mu 1952, akanama ariko kakomeje no gukora kuva icyo gihe nkuko ushobora kubibona mu nyandiko z'ishyirahamwe WMA n'amakuru yayo agezweho.

Ni rwo rwego rukuru rufata ibyemezo muri iri shyirahamwe WMA ruhura buri mwaka rugizwe n'abanyamuryango baturutse mu bihugu binyamuryango nabagize ururgaga, abofosiye n'abahagarariye abanyamuryango bigenga (associate members).

Inteko nkuru itora buri mwaya ibiri abagie urugaga baturutse mu turere dutandatu tugize umuryango ku isi ari twoː Afurika, Asiya, Uburayi, Amerika y'abalatino, Amerika y'amajyaruguru na Pasifika. iteko rusange kandi itora umuyobozi (President) buri mwaka, ari we uhagararira umuryango mu nama n'ibirori. Umuyobozi utowe nuvuyeho bakora kuburyo ubonetse ariwe uhagararira umuryango.

Buri myaka ibiri, ururgaga rwa WMA, ukuyemo abayobozi(Presidents) batora uhagararira umuryango mu buryo bwa politiki. nkuhagarariye ibikorwa by'umuryango, umunyamabanga mukuru ari we mukozi uhoraho mu bunyamabanga utorwa n'urugaga.

Ubunyamabanga bw'ishyirahamwe buherereye in Ferney-Voltaire, France, iruhande n'umujyi wa Geneva.

icyongereza, Igifaransa, n'icyesipanyol  Unizo mdimi zikoreshwa n'ishyirahamwe kava ryatangira gukora.

WMA ifite ibyiciro by'abanyamuryango bikurikira

Andi makuru y'abanyamuryango ushobora kuyabona ukanzehano ():

WMA ikora ku bintu bitandukanye,

WMA ikora no kuri ibi bikurikira:

WMA ukora kandi kuri gahunda z'uburezi nka prison medicine course(kwigisha abagororwa kubijyanye nimiti), amasomo kubijyanye n'igituntu kigikatu, ethics course on microbial resistance bafatanyije na kaminuza ya George Mason na International Society for Microbial Resistance

Zimwe munyandiko z'amategeko n'ibyashyizwe ahagaragara n'ishyirahamwe ry'abaganga ku isi WMA (zimwe ziri mu ndimi zitandukanye) ushobora kuzibona ukanazibika uzikuye ku rubuga . Murizo harimo:

Ishyirahamwe ry'abaganga ku isi riri mu miryango yihuje kuva kumasosiyete y'ubuvuzi n'amashyirahamwe nindi miryango y'ubucuruzi. nubwo byose bitarimo, uru rubuga rutanaga ishusho y'ishyirahamwe rya WMA ndetse n'imikoranire. 

WMA aft umubkano  n'umuryango mpuzamahanga with kubuzima World Health Organization (WHO), n'umuryango mpuzamahanga ubwawo United Nations nets n'udushami two dutandukanye twita k'ubuzima.



#Article 135: Ishyirahamwe ry'abaganga kw'isi (631 words)


Ishyirahamwe ry'Abaganga kw'Isi (WMA) ni inkusanyamashyirahamwe ry'igenga kandi mpuzamahanga y'imiryango y'abaganga b'umwuga mu bihugu bitandukanye, bityo rihagarariye abaganga ku isi yose.  ryatangijwe kuwa 18 Nzeri 1947 ,rirakura  kugeza ku banyamuryango b'ingaga z'abaganga mu bihugu bitandukanye 114 muri 2017 

Irishyirahamwe cg umuryango (WMA) washinzwe ku wa 18 Nzeri 1947, Ubwo abaganga bo mu bihugu 27 bitandukanye bahuye bwa mbere mu nama rusange y'iri shyirahamwe i Paris. uy' umuryango wubatswe hagendeye ku gitekerezo cy'umuryango w'abaganga w'abongereza mu 1945 , mu nama yabereye i London kugirango hatangizwe umuryango mpuzamahanga w'abaganga wazaga gusimbura ishyirahamwe ry'abanyamwuga mpuzamahanga b'abaganga ryari ryahagaritse imirimo yaryo bitewe n'intambara y'isi yose II.

Mu buryo bwo koroshya ubufasha bw'amafaranga buturuka mu b'anyamuryango , mu 1948 , inteko nyobozi yatangije ubunyamabanga bwa WMA mu mujyi wa New York mu buryo bwo koroshya imikoranire n'umuryango wabibumbye ndetse n'ibindi bigo b'iwushamikiyeho. ubunyamabanga bw'iri shyirahamwe WMA bwagumye New york kugeza mu 1974 igihe ku mpamvu z'umutungo no kugirango bakorere hafi ya Geneve nk'umujyi uzwiho kugira imiryango mpuzamahanga myinshi yigenga (WHO,ILO,ICN,ISSA,etc.) bwavuye aho bwari bujyanwa mu bufaransa ahitwa Ferney-voltaire. Abanyamuryango  bahuraga mu nama y'umwaka ariyo yaje kwitwa World Medical Assembly Inama Rusange 1962. 

Kuva Muntangiriro WMA yagaragaje kwita cyane k'ubuvuzi bunoze  muri rusange ndetse no ku isi yose , ikaba nyambere mugushyiraho amabwiriza anoze ku baganga bose bo ku isi. n'isesengura ry'amagambo ari mu ndahiro ya Hippocrates ryaje kwemerwa mu nama rusange ya II mu 1948 i Geneva . inteko rusange yemeje iyo ndahiro ivuguruye bayita inyandiko y'i Geneve.

Nanone mu nama rusange ya II raporo ku ibyaha by'intamabara n'ubuvuzi yarakiriwe. ibi byateye inteko gushyiraho akanama kiga kandi kagategura amabwiriza y'ubuvuzi mpuzamahanga ngenderwaho  akaba yaraje kwemerwa nyuma yo kuyemeranyaho mu nama rusange III mu 1949.

Na Nyuma yo kwemeza izi nyandiko ebyiri , WMA yakomeje guhabwa amakuru yo kutubahiriza amabwiriza agenga ubuvuzi, ibyaha byakozwe n'abaganga mu bihe by'intambara,   kwigira cg gukorera ubushakashatsi ku bantu mu buryo butemewe n'ibindi bibazo bijyanye no kutubahiriza amabwiriza ndetse n;'amategeko agenga umwuga w'ubuvuzi. ibi byateye inteko gushyiraho akanama gahoraho ku bijyanye n'amabwiriza agenga ubuvuzi mu 1952, akanama ariko kakomeje no gukora kuva icyo gihe nkuko ushobora kubibona mu nyandiko z'ishyirahamwe WMA n'amakuru yayo agezweho.

Ni rwo rwego rukuru rufata ibyemezo muri iri shyirahamwe WMA ruhura buri mwaka rugizwe n'abanyamuryango baturutse mu bihugu binyamuryango nabagize ururgaga, abofosiye n'abahagarariye abanyamuryango bigenga (associate members).

Inteko nkuru itora buri mwaya ibiri abagie urugaga baturutse mu turere dutandatu tugize umuryango ku isi ari twoː Afurika, Asiya, Uburayi, Amerika y'abalatino, Amerika y'amajyaruguru na Pasifika. iteko rusange kandi itora umuyobozi (President) buri mwaka, ari we uhagararira umuryango mu nama n'ibirori. Umuyobozi utowe nuvuyeho bakora kuburyo ubonetse ariwe uhagararira umuryango.

Buri myaka ibiri, ururgaga rwa WMA, ukuyemo abayobozi(Presidents) batora uhagararira umuryango mu buryo bwa politiki. nkuhagarariye ibikorwa by'umuryango, umunyamabanga mukuru ari we mukozi uhoraho mu bunyamabanga utorwa n'urugaga.

Ubunyamabanga bw'ishyirahamwe buherereye in Ferney-Voltaire, France, iruhande n'umujyi wa Geneva.

icyongereza, Igifaransa, n'icyesipanyol  Unizo mdimi zikoreshwa n'ishyirahamwe kava ryatangira gukora.

WMA ifite ibyiciro by'abanyamuryango bikurikira

Andi makuru y'abanyamuryango ushobora kuyabona ukanzehano ():

WMA ikora ku bintu bitandukanye,

WMA ikora no kuri ibi bikurikira:

WMA ukora kandi kuri gahunda z'uburezi nka prison medicine course(kwigisha abagororwa kubijyanye nimiti), amasomo kubijyanye n'igituntu kigikatu, ethics course on microbial resistance bafatanyije na kaminuza ya George Mason na International Society for Microbial Resistance

Zimwe munyandiko z'amategeko n'ibyashyizwe ahagaragara n'ishyirahamwe ry'abaganga ku isi WMA (zimwe ziri mu ndimi zitandukanye) ushobora kuzibona ukanazibika uzikuye ku rubuga . Murizo harimo:

Ishyirahamwe ry'abaganga ku isi riri mu miryango yihuje kuva kumasosiyete y'ubuvuzi n'amashyirahamwe nindi miryango y'ubucuruzi. nubwo byose bitarimo, uru rubuga rutanaga ishusho y'ishyirahamwe rya WMA ndetse n'imikoranire. 

WMA aft umubkano  n'umuryango mpuzamahanga with kubuzima World Health Organization (WHO), n'umuryango mpuzamahanga ubwawo United Nations nets n'udushami two dutandukanye twita k'ubuzima.







#Article 137: Inanc Ciftci (195 words)


Inanc Ciftci wavukiye mu murwa mukuru wa Turikiya, Ankara kuya 22 Mata 1971, yavutse afite inzozi zo kuzakora ibijyanye nubucuruzi. inzozi ze zaje kuba impamo ubwo Inanc Ciftci yararangije amashuri muri kaminuza yo muri Istanbul. mu mwaka wa 1989 akaba yaratangiye gukora ubucuruzi mu bihugu bigiye bitandukanye ku Isi.
Bwana Inanc Ciftci ubwo yiyemeje gushorimari mu bijyanye nuburezi
Mu mwaka wa 1997, Inanc Ciftci yashinze sosiyete yitwa Inanc Telecom Communication Service ikora ibijyanye nitumanaho ndetse nikoranabuhanga aho iyi sosiyete yarifite inzobere zisaga 134.
Nyuma yaho asuye u Rwanda mu kwezi kwa Kamena, 2011 agashimishwa naho u Rwanda rugeze rwiyubaka ndetse akishimira icyerekezo igihugu gifite, Inanc Ciftci yiyemeje gushorimari mu bijyanye nuburezi ndetse aba umwe mubashoramari bashinze Kaminuza ya Kigali (University of Kigali).
Mu mwaka wa 2011, inama yabaminisitiri yarateranye yemeza ko bwana Inanc Ciftci ahagararira inyungu zu Rwanda muri Istanul , Turkey.
Mr. Inanc Ciftci (iburyo) ari kumwe numuyobozi wikigo cyIgihugu cyIterambere, Clare Akamanzi
Inanc Ciftci yashishikarije abashoramari bo muri Turikiya gushora imari mu Rwanda ndetse abereka ko nta gihombo na kimwe bagira mu gihe bahashoye amafaranga. Ku ikubitiro, abashoramari 15 baturutse muri Turikiya bahise bashora imari mu bijyanye nubukerarugendo, ubuzima, ubwubatsi nibijyanye ningufu zamashanyarazi.




#Article 138: Yuhi V Musinga (125 words)


Yuhi V Musinga (1883 - 1944), amazina ye y'amavuko Musinga, yari umwe mu bategetsi ba nyuma b'ubwami bw'u Rwanda. Yabaye mwami (nyuma y’iyicwa rya murumuna we basangiye nyina Mibambwe IV mu 1896, yashyigikiye kungurana ibitekerezo n’abakoloni b’Abadage, ariko ahura n’ubuyobozi bw’abakoloni bw’Ababiligi igihe bwakiraga manda y’Umuryango w’ibihugu mu gutsindwa n’Ubudage mu gihe intambara ya mbere y'isi yose.

Buhoro buhoro yambura mwami uburenganzira bwe, ashaka gushyira idini Gatolika mu rukiko rwa Nyanza, Ababiligi barangije kwirukana umwami ku ya 12 Ugushyingo 1931 bashinjwa kwikunda no kwifuza.

Ku ya 14 Ugushyingo, umwami yirukanywe mu gihugu cy’abaturanyi cya Kongo mu Bubiligi, azarangiza iminsi ye i Moba, naho umuhungu we, igikomangoma Charles Rudahigwa, yitwa mwami wo mu Rwanda ku ya 16 Ugushyingo 1931 ku izina rya Mutara III Rudahigwa .




#Article 139: Mutara III Rudahigwa (125 words)


Mutara III Rudahigwa (Werurwe 1911 - 25 Nyakanga 1959) yabaye umwami w'u Rwanda kuva 1931 kugeza 1959. Yimye ingoma ku ya 16 Ugushyingo 1931 nyuma yuko se, Yuhi V Musinga akuwe ku butegetsi. guverinoma y'abakoloni b'Ababiligi iminsi ine mbere. Niwe mwami wa mbere w'u Rwanda winjiye mu idini rya Gatolika. Yabaye Umugatolika mu 1943 maze afata izina rya gikristo Charles Léon Pierre. Se yari yaranze kwanga kujya mu bukirisitu, kandi Kiliziya Gatolika yo mu Rwanda yamufata nk'umuntu urwanya abakristu wahagaritse ibikorwa byo gukwirakwiza ubukristu mu Rwanda. Rudahigwa yari yarigiye rwihishwa ubukristu ayobowe n'umuyobozi wa kiliziya gatolika yo mu Rwanda, Léon Classe, kuva mu 1929, kandi we ubwe yari yarateguwe n'Ababiligi kugira ngo asimbure se. Mu 1946, yeguriye igihugu cye Kristo maze ahinduka Ubukristo nk'idini ry'igihugu.




#Article 140: Kigeli IV Rwabugiri (175 words)


Kigeli IV Rwabugiri (1840? - Ugushyingo 1895) yari umwami w'Ubwami bw'u Rwanda mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19. Yari umwe mu bami b'abaNyiginya baheruka ku ngoma yari ku butegetsi yari yarakomotse ku gisekuru cye mu binyejana bine byabanje kugeza kuri Gihanga, umwami wa mbere w’amateka w’u Rwanda, ibikorwa byabo byizihizwa mu mateka. Yari umututsi ku izina ry'amavuko rya Rwabugiri. Niwe mwami wa mbere mu mateka y'u Rwanda waje guhura n'Abanyaburayi. Yashyizeho ingabo zifite intwaro yakuye mu Budage kandi abuza abanyamahanga benshi cyane cyane Abarabu kwinjira mu bwami bwe.

Rwabugiri yarushijeho kugenzura ubutaka, amatungo, n'abantu bo muri Afurika yo hagati. Rwabugiri ntiyashoboye kugeza ubutegetsi bwe ku bwiyongere bw'butaka gusa, ahubwo yanashimangiye ubutegetsi mu ntore za politiki zamenyekanye nk'Abatutsi b'amoko. Mbere, ahanini bari abatware baho ubu bari bagize umuyoboro wemerera Umwami kwubaka ubumwe bw'igihugu mukarere gashya.

Rwabugiri yabaye umwami hagati y'imyaka 1853-1895. Yatanze (yapfuye) mu Gushyingo 1895, ubwo yari mu rugendo muri Leta ya Kongo Yigenga, nyuma gato yo kuza k'umushakashatsi w’umudage Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen. Umuhungu we wamureraga, Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa, yatangajwe ko ari umwami ukurikira




#Article 141: Bing Crosby (494 words)


Harry Lillis Crosby (Tacoma, Amerika, Ku ya 3 Gicurasi 1903-Alcobendas, Espanye, ku ya 14 Ukwakira 1977), uzwi cyane ku izina rya Bing Crosby, yari umuririmbyi w'umunyamerika (crooner) akaba n'umukinnyi ufite umwuga w'ubuhanzi wo mu kinyejana cya kabiri yatekerezaga ko Inyenyeri ya mbere ya Multimedia, Bing Crosby nigikorwa cyagurishijwe cyane kandi cyatsinze cyane mu kinyejana cya 20 kwisi.

Crosby yari umuyobozi mu kugurisha amajwi, kurutonde rwa radiyo, no kwinjiza amafaranga menshi - umwe mu bantu bakomeye kandi bakomeye bo mu kinyejana cya 20 ku isi. Yari umwe mu bahanzi ba mbere ba multimediya. Hagati ya 1934 na 1954, Crosby yari afite ibicuruzwa byiza cyane bidasanzwe hamwe na alubumu ye, amanota menshi kuri radiyo, ndetse na firime zizwi ku isi.

Akenshi afatwa nkumwe mubakinnyi ba muzika bazwi cyane mumateka kandi nijwi ryabantu ryanditswe kuri elegitoroniki muri iki gihe.

Icyamamare mu buhanzi bwa Crosby ni rusange, ni ngombwa cyane kuvuga ko yari umwe mu bashishikarije abandi basemuzi bakomeye b'abagabo bamushyigikiye, nka Frank Sinatra, Perry Como, Dean Martin, John Lennon, Elvis Presley, Michael Bublé Bamwe.

Bing Crosby yagurishije inyandiko zirenga miriyari 1 kwisi yose kugeza ubu3 4 birashoboka ko wagurishijwe cyane mumateka, ndetse nindirimbo yagurishijwe cyane kwisi yitwa Noheri yera, hamwe na kopi zirenga 50.000.000 zagurishijwe kwisi yose.5

Crosby yari azwi cyane kandi azwi cyane hagati mu kinyejana cya 20 rwagati ku isi, ku buryo ubushakashatsi bwakozwe icyo gihe bwerekanye ko Crosby yari azwi cyane kandi yubahwa kurusha Papa Piyo wa XII icyo gihe.

Imbonerahamwe yatsindiye iracyashimishije: amakarita 396 ku giti cye, harimo 41 yakinnye. Niba ubaze inshuro nyinshi Noheri yera yatsinzwe, ibyo byazana iyo mibare igera kuri 43, kurusha The Beatles na Elvis Presley hamwe.

Crosby yari afite imbonerahamwe zitandukanye buri mwaka hagati ya 1931 na 1954, wongeyeho afite inshuro 24 zitandukanye zizwi cyane muri 1939 wenyine.

Bing Crosby yafashe amajwi arenga 2000 yafashwe amajwi yubucuruzi hamwe na radio zigera ku 4000, hiyongereyeho urutonde runini rwerekana amafilime na televiziyo, niwe muhanzi wanditswe cyane mu mateka.

Bing Crosby yatsinze amanota 41 No 1 ku rutonde (43 harimo imitwe ya kabiri n'iya gatatu kuri Noheri yera), kurusha Beatles ifite (24) na Elvis Presley ufite (18).

Amajwi ye yageze ku rutonde inshuro 396, arenga Frank Sinatra (209) na Elvis Presley (149) hamwe.

Crosby yari ijwi ryindirimbo 13 zatowe na Oscar, enye muri zo zatsindiye igihembo cya Akademiki cyindirimbo nziza: Sweet Leilani (Ubukwe bwa Waikiki, 1937), Noheri yera (Holiday Inn, 1942), Swinging ku nyenyeri (Genda Inzira Yanjye, 1944), na Muri Cool, Cool, Cool of nimugoroba (Hano Haza Umukwe, 1951).

Bing Crosby yahawe inyenyeri eshatu kuri Walk Walk of Fame ya Hollywood: imwe yo gufata amajwi, imwe kuri radio, n'indi ya firime.

Bing Crosby niwe muhanzi wanditswe cyane mu mateka hamwe n’indirimbo zigera kuri 400 zagurishijwe ku isi, ibyo bikaba byagezweho ko nta muntu urimo Frank Sinatra, Elvis Presley, The Beatles na Michael Jackson wegereye guhuza.

Crosby yanditse amajwi ane muri Grammy Hall of Fame, iki kikaba ari igihembo kidasanzwe cyashinzwe mu 1973 mu rwego rwo guha icyubahiro amajwi afite ireme n'amateka.




#Article 142: Félicité Niyitegeka (285 words)


Félicité Niyitegeka yavutse mu 1934 i Vumbi, muri komini ya Runyinya, muri perefegitura ya Butare. Puisne yumuryango wabana 10, Félicité yize mumashuri abanza ya Astrida, hanyuma yiga ayisumbuye muri Save mumashuri acungwa nababikira. Arangije amasomo ye mu myaka ya za 1950, Félicité yahawe inshingano yo kuba umwarimu n'umugenzuzi mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, mu ishuri rya Muramba yahawe icyo gihe na “Auxiliaires de l'Apostolat”, nanone yitwa “Demoiselles”. Gukosora kwa Nyundo byari bimaze gushingwa kandi bihabwa umwepiskopi wo mu Rwanda, Nyiricyubahiro Aloys Bigirumwami.

Félicité yavukiye mu muryango ufite kwizera kwabo kwageragejwe - ise Simon Sekabwa yari gatigisimu-, Félicité abaye umugore wa mbere w’umunyafurika watangiye umwuga we nka Auxiliaires de l'Apostolat2. Afite intego yo gukorana bya hafi na musenyeri, Auxiliaires de l'Apostolat yitwaga Kinyarwanda Abakobwa ba Musenyeri, abakobwa ba musenyeri. Nyiricyubahiro Bigirumwami yohereje Félicité i Lourdes kugira ngo ahugurwe, aho ikigo cy’amahugurwa ku Isi cy’abafasha ba Apostolate giherereye.

Tugarutse mu Rwanda, Félicité yabaye umwe mu bayobozi ba Auxiliaires de l'Apostolat. Umuyobozi wa mbere w’ishuri rikuru “Notre-Dame d'Afrique” wa Nyundo, umwepiskopi yamwohereje i Lourdes mu 1963, kugira ngo ajyane na bashiki be bo muri Afurika bafite gahunda imwe. Yagarutse nyuma yimyaka itandatu ashingwa kuyobora ubuyobozi bwa Centre Saint Pierre, ikigo cya diyosezi ishinzwe amahugurwa n’umwiherero wa Auxiliaires de l'Apostolat. Icyubahiro cye cyambutse umupaka kugera i Goma, muri Zayire (uwahoze ari Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo), aho yakoranye na bashiki be bo mu rwego rumwe.Félicité yahoraga yifuza kwitangira umurimo w'abandi, cyane cyane ku babikeneye cyane , yaba Abahutu cyangwa Abatutsi. Azabigaragaza, hamwe n'ubuzima bwe, muri jenoside yabereye mu Rwanda mu 1994.

Mu gukora urutonde rwintwari zigihugu, abayobozi basanze ubutwari bwe mubuzima bwe bwose bwamwemereraga urutonde kandi yeguriwe kuba intwari yigihugu. Ibi byatewe n'icyemezo cy'inama y'abaminisitiri yabaye ku ya 12 Nzeri 2011.




#Article 143: Kungurana ibitekerezo (253 words)

Guhana kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage (DEX) ni uburyo bwo guhanahana amakuru bukora mu buryo bwo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage, ni ukuvuga, nta buyobozi bukuru. Kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi byemerera urungano rw’urungano rwo gucuruza amafaranga.

Kwinjira mu gitabo kuri Switcheo Guhana Kubera ko abakoresha badakeneye kohereza umutungo wabo mu kuvunja, guhana kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage bigabanya ibyago by’ubujura buva mu bucuruzi bw’ivunjisha. Kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi birashobora kandi gukumira ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga cyangwa ibicuruzwa byahimbwe binyuze mu bucuruzi bwo gukaraba, kandi ntibizwi kuruta guhanahana gushyira mu bikorwa kumenya ibyo umukiriya wawe asabwa.

Hariho ibimenyetso bimwe byerekana ko kungurana ibitekerezo byegerejwe abaturage byagize ikibazo cy’ubucuruzi buke ndetse n’isoko ry’isoko. Umushinga 0x, protocole yo kubaka ihererekanyabubasha hamwe no guhinduranya ibintu bigerageza gukemura iki kibazo.

Bitewe no kubura inzira ya KYC, kandi ntaburyo bwo guhindura ibikorwa, abakoresha barahomba niba bigeze bibasirwa ijambo ryibanga cyangwa urufunguzo rwihariye.

 birashobora kugira ibice bikomatanyirijwe hamwe, aho kugenzura kugenzura kuvunja bikiri mu maboko yubuyobozi bukuru. Urugero rugaragara ni IDEX ibuza abakoresha leta ya New York gushyira ibicuruzwa kuri platifomu.

Muri Nyakanga 2018, Bancor yoherezwa mu nzego zegerejwe abaturage ngo yibwe kandi ihomba igihombo cy’amadorari 13.5M mbere yo guhagarika amafaranga. Muri Tweet, Charlie Lee, uwashizeho Litecoin yagize icyo avuga avuga ko kuvunja bidashobora kwegerezwa abaturage niba bishobora gutakaza cyangwa guhagarika amafaranga y’abakiriya.





#Article 145: Akarere ka Bugesera (185 words)


Bugesera ni akarere kamwe m'uturere mirongo itatu (30) tugize igihugu cy'u Rwanda . Bugesera iherereye mu Intara y’Iburasirazuba ahagana mu majyepfo ashyira iburasirazuba .

Akarere ka Bugesera gatuwe n'abaturage bagera kuri 361 914.(ibarura rusange ry'abaturage ryo muri 2012)

Bugesera igabanyijemo imirenge cumi n'itanu (15). Akarere ka Bugesera ni akarere karimo karatera imbere kuburyo bugaragara, umutekano ugaragara muri kano karere uri muri bimwe bikurura abashoramari kuhashyira ibikorwa by'indashyikirwa. Twavuga nk'umushoramari wo muri Leta ya Qatar, wemeye gushora imari mu mushinga wo kubaka ikibuga cy'indege mpuza mpuzamahanga.

Akarere Ka Bugesera ni kamwe mu turere 30 tugize igihugu cy'U Rwanda, gaherereye mu ntara y'i Burasirazuba, Umujyi w'Akarere ka Bugesera ni Nyamata.

Kubera umutekano urangwa muri kano Karere, inzego zose zirangwamo iterambere rishimishije: Inyubako zigendanye n'igishushanyo mbonera, amashuri meza mu byiciro byose, amavuriro meza,amahoteli yujuje ibisabwa kuburyo abagenderera kano Karere ntacyo bahabura. 

Ikindi gishimishije muri kano Karere ni iyubwa ry'ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga, kizunganira icyari gisanzwe giherereye mu Ntara y'Umujyi wa Kigali.

Aka Karere kubatswemo inzibutso zishyinguwe

Akarere ka Bugesera kagabanijwemo imirenge 15 : Gashora, Juru, Kamabuye, Ntarama, Mareba, Mayange, Musenyi, Mwogo, Ngeruka, Nyamata, Nyarugenge, Rilima, Ruhuha, Rweru and Shyara.




#Article 146: Pariki y'Akagera (740 words)


Akagera ni imwe muri pariki nasiyonali z'igihugu cy'u Rwanda, Iyi pariki iri ku buso bwa kilometero kare 1222Ikora ku Akarere ka Kayonza, Nyagatare na Gatsibo mu burasirazuba bw’u Rwanda. Ni imwe muri pariki 3 z'igihugu zisurwa cyane na ba mukerarugendo benshi, ikaba ari na yo nini mu Rwanda. Pariki y'akagera iri hafi nigihugu cya Tanzaniya n'uruzi rw'Akagera.

Pariki y’Akagera igizwe n’ibiyaga  byinshi harimo n'ikiyaga cy'Ihema cyakuye izina ku Babiligi bahashinze amahema ubwo bashakishaga isoko ya Nil. Inyamaswa muri pariki y'akagera ugenda uzisanga ahantu bitewe n’impamvu eshatu arizo aho inyamaswa ibonera umutekano,, aho ikura ibyo kurya n’aho yabonera ubuhehere ndetse n'amazi.

Abasura pariki y’Akagera bavuga ko banezezwa n'ubwoko bw'inyamaswa buyibarizwamo cyane inyamaswa eshanu (5) nini z'inkazi  arizo: Inkura, Intare, Imbogo, Inzovu n'Ingwe.

Akagera gatuwe n'amoko y'inyoni agera kuri 490Parike y'Akagera igizwe kandi n'ibiti by'iminyinya ndetse n'andi moko menshi y'ibiti.

Parike ya Akagera yemejwe nka pariki mu 1934 na guverinoma y'Ububiligi,  igihe yigaruriraga u Rwanda. Parike yari ifite ibiro metero 2,500 mu bunini kandi yari izwiho ibinyabuzima bitandukanye.

Pariki y'Akagera yahoze izwiho kugira imbwa nyinshi zo mu gasozi zo muri Afurika arizo African wild dogs na parc aux lycaons, ku buryo leta y'Ububiligi yabonaga ko ari udukoko tuzarya abantu. Haje gutera icyorezo cy'indwara cyirazigabanya kandi imbwa za nyuma zo mu gasozi zagaragaye mu 1984.

Mu 1957, Inkura z'umukara zakuwe muri Tanzaniya, mu myaka ya za 70, inkura zakomeje kwiyongera kuburyo mu 1970 zari zimaze kurenga 50 zabaga muri savannah, igice gishyushye cyane cya pariki. Kubera guhiga bukware izi nkwavu zahigwaga n'abarushimusi zaragabanutse cyane mu myaka icumi yakurikiyeho, kandi ziheruka kugaragara bwanyuma  muri 2007.  Mu 1986 bashyizemo Masai giraffes zivuye muri Kenya. Umubare wazo wiyongereye kugera aho zirenga 80 mu myaka yashize. Ahagana mu 1990, Akagera kari kazwiho kuba gafite intare hagati ya 250 na 300. Mu myaka yakurikiye Jenoside mu Rwanda yo mu Rwanda, abaturage benshi bahunze n'abahinzi basubiye mu Rwanda nyuma y'intambara maze batura muri parike.

Mu 2009, Ikigo gishinzwe iterambere mu Rwanda (RDB) hamwe n’umuyoboro wa parike nyafurika(African Parks Network) muri Afurika bagiranye amasezerano y’imyaka 20 ashobora kongerwa ku buyobozi bukuru bushinzwe pariki y'Akagera. Isosiyete icunga Akagera yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2010 nk'urwego rushinzwe imiyoborere ya Parike y'Akagera. Mu myaka 5 yakurikiyeho miliyoni 10 z'amadorali yakoreshejwe mu gace ka parike y'igihugu, ku nkunga y'amafaranga yatanzwe na Howard Buffett Foundation. Icyari kigamijwe kwari ukongera umutekano wa parike y’igihugu no kongera kugarura amoko y'inyamswa yazimye. Ingamba z’umutekano zafashwe zirimo: kubaka uruzitiro rw’iburengerazuba rufite ibiro metero 120, kohereza kajugujugu yo kugenzura ikirere, amahugurwa y’itsinda ry’inzobere mu gukurikirana no kurinda inkwavu n’ishami rishinzwe kurwanya inyamanswa zangiza izindi. 

Muri Nyakanga 2015, intare zirindwi zo muri Afurika y'Epfo zamenyekanye kandi zizanywa muri parike, ziba intare za mbere mu Rwanda mu myaka cumi n'itanu yakurikiyeho (15). Kandi  umuryango Beyond yatanze intare eshanu zo muri phina private game. na Tembe inzovu za kwa zulu nathal batanze intare ebyiri zingabo. Izi nyamaswa zose zasobanuwe na Parike nyafurika ko ari ingamba zo kubungabunga ibidukikije haba muri parike ndetse n’igihugu mu rwego rw’umushinga ugamije guhindura ibinyabu buzima muri Parike ya Akagera. Kuva mu 2015, umubare w'intare wiyongereye kugera ku nyamaswa zigera kuri 40 kandi ukomeza kwiyongera.

Muri Gicurasi 2017, igikorwa cyahurijwe hamwe n’ikigo cy’iterambere ry’u Rwanda na Parike nyafurika cyongeye kugarura imvubu cumi n'umunani(18) zo mu burengerazuba ziva muri Afurika y’Epfo, zari zimaze imyaka 10 zidahari. No kugarurwa kwinkura zabuze ndetse n'intare, pariki y'igihugu ubu ni urugo rw'inyamaswa  eshanu nini zo muri Africa : Intare, Ingwe, Inzovu, Rhinoceros (Inkura), n'imbogo .

Muri Kamena 2019, Akagera yakiriye izindi Inkura  eshanu (5) z'umukara zo mu burasirazuba ziva muri pariki 3 zitandukanye mu bihugu 3 bitandukanye biherereye mu Burayi. Muri pariki harimo inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa Dvur Kralove zo muri Repubulika ya Tchèque, Flamingo Land yo mu Bwongereza na Ree Park Safari yo muri Danimarike. Uku kwimuka nubwa mbere byari bibayeho mu bwoko bwazo, ubuhahirane no kugurizanya hagati y'uburayi na Afurika ntago byari byigeze bibaho mbere. izo Inkura zose haje ingabo ebyiri ndetse n'ingore ebyiri byagezagejejwe mu Rwanda neza muri parike nyuma yurugendo rw'amasaha 30. Izi nyamaswa zikomoka ku nkura zakuwe muri Afurika mu gihe cyabakoloni. Umubare munini wiyongereye kuva mu 2010, uva ku nyamaswa 4000 mu 2010 ugera ku 13.500 mu 2018. 

Kuva Parike nyafurika yatangira gucunga parike y'Akagera ku bufatanye n’ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’u Rwanda (RDB) mu 2010, ubukerarugendo bwiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara. Mu mwaka wa 2010, abantu 8000 basuye parike. Uyu mubare wazamutse ugera ku 44.000 muri 2018. Uku kwiyongera kwatumye parike y'Akagera pariki yibeshaho kuri 80% bityo ntishingire kubaterankunga. 




#Article 147: Louise Mushikiwabo (677 words)


Louise Mushikiwabo (wavutse ku ya 22 Gicurasi 1961) ni umunyamabanga wa kane akaba n'umunyamabanga mukuru w’umuryango mpuzamahanga de la Francophonie . Yabanje kuba Minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga n’ubutwererane mu Rwanda kuva 2009 kugeza 2018. Yabaye kandi Umuvugizi wa Guverinoma. Yabanje kuba Minisitiri w'itangazamakuru.

Ku ya 12 Ukwakira 2018, yatorewe manda y'imyaka ine ku mwanya w’umunyamabanga mukuru w’umuryango mpuzamahanga wabavuga ururimi rw'igifaransa (OIF) mu nama ya Francophonie yabereye i Yerevan, muri Arumeniya .

Louise Mushikiwabo yavutse ku ya 22 Gicurasi 1961 i Kigali, umurwa mukuru w'u Rwanda.  Se yari Bitsindinkumi, umututsi wo mu muryango wa Batsobe; [5] Bitsindinkumi yakoraga ubuhinzi, gucunga umuryango  ndetse gukorana nk'uko abakontabule bo mu gihe cy'ubukoloni bahingaga kawa . [5] Nyina yari Nyiratulira, mubyara wa  Alexis Kagame umufilozofe mu by'amateka. [6] Yabayeho mu bwana bwe i Kigali.  Umuhererezi mu bana icyenda,  barumuna be barimo Lando Ndasingwa, wabaye umucuruzi akaba n'umunyapolitiki uzwi cyane mu Rwanda mbere yo kwicwa mu 1994 mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu Rwanda,  na Anne-Marie Kantengwa, wigaruriye hoteri ya Lando Chez Lando nyuma y'urupfu rwe kandi akora mu Nteko ishinga amategeko y'u Rwanda kuva 2003 kugeza 2008. 

Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye i Kigali, Mushikiwabo yagiye kwiga muri kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda (ubu ni kaminuza y'u Rwanda ), mu mujyi wa Butare mu majyepfo, mu 1981.  Yarangije kaminuza mu 1984, afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu cyongereza, hanyuma akora muri make nk'umwarimu w'amashuri yisumbuye.  Mu 1986, yavuye mu Rwanda yerekeza muri Amerika,  naho yatangiye kwiga impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu ndimi no gusobanura muri kaminuza ya Delaware, naho igifaransa kikaba ururimi rwe rwihariye.  Amaze kurangiza amasomo ye mu 1988,  yagumye muri Amerika, atura mu gace ka Washington, DC .  Yatangiye umwuga akora mu mashyirahamwe aharanira inyungu, mbere yo gufata umwanya muri Banki Nyafurika itsura amajyambere (ADB); mu rwego rwo kugira uruhare muri ADB yabaye muri Tuniziya igihe gito,  amaherezo aba umuyobozi ushinzwe itumanaho muri banki. 

Mu 2006, Mushikiwabo yanditse igitabo, Rwanda bivuga Universe,  yafatanije na Jack Kramer, umunyamakuru Amerika na KALIMANZIRA Marine .  Igitabo kirimo igice cyandika ku buzima, gisobanura amateka y’umuryango wa Mushikiwabo, ubuzima bwe bwa mbere mu Rwanda, ndetse n’ubunararibonye bwe amaze kwimukira muri Amerika.  Irasobanura kandi itsembabwoko ryo mu Rwanda mu buryo burambuye, uhereye ku mateka ndetse no ku bitekerezo bya Mushiwabo uba i Washington, kuko yakiriye amakuru avuga ko benshi mu bagize umuryango we bishwe. 

Muri Werurwe 2008, Mushikiwabo yatumiwe na Perezida w'u Rwanda Paul Kagame gusubira mu gihugu cye cy'u Rwanda no gufata umwanya muri guverinoma ye. Yahawe umwanya wa Minisitiri w’itangazamakuru,  asimbuye Laurent Nkusi .  Mu ntangiriro za manda ye, Mushikiwabo yari ashinzwe gufata icyemezo cyo gufata ingamba zo kurwanya amashyirahamwe menshi y’itangazamakuru ryaho yari afite inkuru zisebanya kuri Kagame.  Ikinyamakuru kimwe, Kinyarwanda -ururimi rwa buri munsi Umuco, cyari cyasohoye inkuru igereranya perezida na Adolf Hitler, kandi Inama Nkuru y'Itangazamakuru (HCP) yasabye guverinoma guhagarika uruhushya rw’iki kinyamakuru.  Nkusi yari yaranze iki cyifuzo, kandi mu gihe Mushikiwabo atigeze ahagarika ku mugaragaro impapuro, nyamara yahagaritse gucapa mu Kwakira 2008.  Muri rusange Mushikiwabo yashishikarije bagenzi be gushyigikira ubwisanzure bw'itangazamakuru,  ariko kandi ashimangira ko itangazamakuru ryubahiriza amategeko akomeye y'u Rwanda yerekeye guhakana Jenoside mu Rwanda .  Mu mwaka wa 2009, yatanze itegeko ry’agateganyo kuri radiyo ya Kinyarwanda yatangajwe na British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), kubera ko yavugaga ko ryerekanaga ibiganiro biha uburenganzira bwa jenoside n’abahakana jenoside;  BBC yahakanye iki kirego, ivuga ko na guverinoma bifite ibisobanuro bitandukanye kuri jenoside. 

Usibye kuba ashinzwe gufata ibyemezo bya minisiteri, Mushikiwabo yanasohoje inshingano z'umuvugizi wa guverinoma mu gihe yari Minisitiri w'itangazamakuru.  Urugero, igihe u Rwanda rwagiranye ibibazo na dipolomasi n'Ubudage nyuma y’ifatwa ry'umuyobozi mukuru wa protocole ya Perezida Paul Kagame, Rose Kabuye, Mushikiwabo yaganiriye n'ibitangazamakuru mpuzamahanga kugira ngo asobanure neza uko leta y'u Rwanda ihagaze.  Yakoresheje ubuhanga bwe bw'indimi, abasha gutanga ibisobanuro mu ndimi zose zemewe z'u Rwanda, Kinyarwanda, Igifaransa n'Icyongereza. 

Murumuna we, Lando Ndasingwa, yari minisitiri w’umututsi wenyine muri guverinoma iheruka ya Habyarimana, ariko yicwa mu ntangiriro ya Jenoside mu Rwanda yo mu 1994.  mushiki we, Anne-Marie Kantengwa, afata ku micungire ya hotel ya musaza wabo na resitora, Chez Lando, nyuma ubwicanyi bwe. Mushikiwabo kandi ni mwishywa w'intiti izwi cyane y'u Rwanda n'umupadiri Alexis Kagame . [6]







#Article 149: Inda mu bangavu (315 words)


Ubushakashatsi bw’Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Imiyoborere, RGB, bwagaragaje ko abanyarwanda bavuze ko ikibazo cy’abangavu batwita imburagihe kibabangamiye kurusha ibindi byoseIki ni ikibazo gihangayikishije isi muri rusange cyane cyane ibihugu biri munzira y'amajyambere. Abana babakobwa batangira kwishora mu gikorwa cy'imibonano mpuzabitsina bakiri bato bityo bamwe muri bo bikabaviramo ibyago byo gutwita cyangwa bakanahandurira indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina (Sida, imitezi, mburugu.....)

Amakimbirane mu miryango (Intonganya, kurwana hagati y'ababyeyi, ubusinzi ...) ni imwe mu mpamvu itungwa agatoki na benshi, bavuga ko ariyo ntandaro nyamukuru ituma abana bishora muri izo ngeso, kuko abana bahatakariza uburere, bakabura ibyingenzi baba bacyeneye kugira ngo babeho bishimye

Hirya no hino mu turere tw’igihugu hagaragara ibikorwa bitandukanye bigamije gukumira inda ziterwa abangavu ariko hakibazwa impamvu aho kugabanyuka cyangwa ngo bicike imibare igenda izamuka.

Nko mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo, uturere twa Nyanza, Huye, Gisagara na Nyaruguru turi mu dufite imibare myinshi y’abangavu batewe inda imburagihe.
 

Umuyobozi Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage mu Karere ka Huye, Kankesha Annonciate, yavuze ko abangavu batewe inda barenga 600.

Ati “Ubushize twavugaga ko dufite abangavu 338 batewe inda ariko ubu twarabaze neza dusanga bageze kuri 699; ni abana benshi cyane.”

Mu Karere ka Nyanza ho imibare yavuye ku bangavu 200 igera ku basaga 450.

Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage mu Karere ka Nyanza, Umutesi Solange, yavuze ko abangavu baheruka guterwa inda barenga 450.

Ati “Iyo turebye nk’imibare dufite kuva mu kwa karindwi ku mwaka ushize dusanga dufite abangavu 455 batewe inda. Abo ni ababyaye ushobora no gusanga hari n’abandi bahohotewe batabyaye ariko iyo mibare iratwereka ko ari ikibazo kiremereye.”

Mu Karere ka Gisagara, Ubuyobozi buheruka gutangaza ko hamaze kubarurwa abangavu 623 batwaye inda zitateguwe harimo abahetse impinja n’abagitwite.

Umuyobozi w’Akarere ka Gisagara, Rutaburingoga Jérôme ati “Dufite abana batewe inda bagera ku 198 bari munsi y’imyaka 18 n’abandi 425 bari munsi y’imyaka 20. Muri rusange ni umubare munini, ni icyorezo, ni ikibazo gikomeye cyane dusaba ubufatanye bwa buri wese ngo tugihagarike.”






#Article 151: Aurore Mimosa Munyangaju (135 words)


ni umunyarwandakazi wakoze umwuga w'umucuruzi ndetse n 'umunyapolitiki akaba ari na Minisitiri wa sport kuwa 5 Ugushyingo 2019.  

Mimosa afite impamyabushobozi mu bijyanye no gucukumbura imigirire ya muntu,yatanzwe n' ikigo cya  ACI muri Australia mu  ishami ry’amashyirahamwe n’imari.   Yarangije kandi mu Ishuri ry’Ubuyobozi rya Maastricht, i Maastricht,mu Buholandi, afite impamyabushobozi, mu bijyanye no gucunga imishinga.  

Mbere yo kugirwa Minisitiri w’imikino mu Rwanda, Mimosa yari Umuyobozi mukuru wa Sonarwa Life Company, ikigo cy’ubwishingizi bw' ibintu n'abantu i Kigali. Mbere yibyo, yari umuyobozi mukuru wa African Alliance Rwanda. African Alliance nitsinda ryamabanki yishoramari rikorera muri Afrika.  

Afite uburambe mubirebana namabanki burenga imyaka icumi cyane cyane mubikorwa byo gucunga umutungo, no mu bucuruzi mu bigendanye no kunguka. Yagize uruhare runini mu gushinga isosiyete ya mbere y’ubucuruzi bw’imigabane, ndetse n’ivunjisha rya mbere ry’ibicuruzwa byo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba mu Rwanda.  




#Article 152: Donald Kaberuka (329 words)


 

Donald P. Kaberuka (wavutse ku ya 5 Ukwakira 1951) ni impuguke mu by'ubukungu mu Rwanda kandi yari perezida wa Banki Nyafurika itsura amajyambere kuva muri Nzeri 2005 kugeza muri Nzeri 2015.   

Kaberuka yavukiye i Byumba, mu Rwanda.  Yize muri kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam nk'icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza maze abona MPhil mu bushakashatsi bw’iterambere yakuye muri kaminuza y’Uburasirazuba bwa Anglia mu 1979. Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga ya PhD mu by'ubukungu yakuye muri kaminuza ya Glasgow .

Kaberuka yakoze mu mabanki n’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga mu myaka irenga icumi. Mu Kwakira 1997 yagizwe minisitiri w’imari n’imigambi y’ubukungu mu Rwanda.  

Itsinda gukorana yateraniye na Centre for Development Global, rwigenga Washington batekereza tank, yasohoye raporo mu Nzeri 2006 ko batura ibyifuzo atandatu kuko Kaberuka na kibaho banki ya abayobozi ku mahame rusange kuyobora banki kuvugurura.  Raporo ikubiyemo ibyifuzo bitandatu ku micungire n’abanyamigabane kuko bakemura ikibazo cyihutirwa cyo kuvugurura banki y’iterambere rya Afurika. Icyamamare mubyifuzo ni kwibanda cyane kubikorwa remezo. 

Kaberuka akora nk'umuyobozi w'inama y’ikigega cy’isi gishinzwe kurwanya SIDA, igituntu na Malariya. Manda ye y'imyaka ibiri yatangiye ku ya 16 Gicurasi 2019.  Muri uru ruhare, Kaberuka ifasha gukusanya byibuze miliyari 14 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu kigega cy'isi muri 2020–2022. Nk’uko ikigega cy’isi kibitangaza ngo aya mafaranga azafasha kurokora ubuzima bwa miliyoni 16, kugabanya umubare w'impfu ziterwa na virusi itera SIDA, igituntu na malariya mo kabiri, kandi byubake gahunda z'ubuzima zikomeye mu 2023.  

Umujyanama mu kigo cy'imari n'imigabane

Mu Kuboza 2015, Kaberuka yagizwe umujyanama mukuru mu ihuriro, TPG / Satya, rifatanije n’ibigo bibiri byigenga by’imigabane: TPG ikorera muri Amerika hamwe na Satya Capital ikorera i Londres, ifatanya n’umuherwe wo muri Sudani Mo Ibrahim .  

Izindi nshingano zirimo:

Imiryango idaharanira inyungu 

Muri 2017, hatangajwe ko Kaberuka azaba umuyobozi uhuriweho na komisiyo ya LSE-Oxford ishinzwe kurwanya intege nke za Leta, iterambere n’iterambere riyobowe n’ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe iterambere hamwe na David Cameron wahoze ari Minisitiri w’intebe w’Ubwongereza .  Mu mwaka wa 2019, umunyamabanga mukuru w’umuryango w’abibumbye, António Guterres yamugize umuyobozi wungirije w’Inama Nkuru-ishinzwe kwimura imbere, hamwe na Federica Mogherini .  




#Article 153: Éditions Bakame (281 words)


Éditions Bakame, yashinzwe mu 1995 i Kigali, ni yo nzu yambere yandika ibitabo by' abana yabayeho mu Rwanda . Basohora imigani, documentaire, ibitabo na alubumu kandi bateza imbere gusoma mumashuri  ,  .

Ingaruka za jenoside yibasiye igihugu cye akomokamo, Agnès Gyr-Ukunda  yashinze i Kigali mu 1995 Editions Bakame, ashinga inzu yandikira abana n'abantu bakiri bato  . Yifuzaga guha ishingiro ry’umuco abana benshi kugira ngo abafashe gutsinda ingaruka z’imitekerereze y’ihungabana bagize kandi yizera ko hamwe n’ibitabo by’abana, yari kugira uruhare mu kwimakaza amahoro.

Igitekerezo gishingiye ku ihame ryo  gusoma ryo mu gihugu Busuwisi (OSL)  yateye inkunga iyubakwa ryiyinzu. Ishyirahamwe Bakame - ryandika ibitabo byabana bu Rwanda bibashyigikira mu buhanga nu bukungu. Naho Bakame , ni izina ry'urukwavu rw'amayeri, ruzwi cyane n'abana b'u Rwanda.

Éditions Bakame isohora inyandiko z'abana ni ingimbi zishingiye ku muco n'ururimi  rw'igihugu cy' U Rwanda, Kinyarwanda . Kugirango ibitabo bigere kubana bose, bizenguruka bigomba kuba byinshi kandi igiciro kiri hasi. Éditions Bakame ikeneye abaterankunga bishyura ibiciro byo gucapa. Isaranganya rikorwa ahanini n'amashuri. Ibisobanuro kandi biteza imbere gusoma mu muco aho ijambo ryanditse rikiri vuba cyane. Bakame rero yashyizeho umushinga utera inkunga backpack-Library wahuye nitsinzi ikomeye. Ku izina rya “ Bana dusome ”, ibitabo biva ku ishuri bijya kurindi ,  ishuri, biherekejwe n'uwuhugura.

Tugomba kwibuka mugutezimbere Éditions Bakame, mumwaka wa 2005 kubaka inyubako i Kigali hamwe na Bologna Ragazzi Award New Horizons ( Imurikagurisha ryibitabo byabana Bologna ) kuri alubumu Ubucuti bw'imbeba n'inzovu, muri 2008 gutandukanya mpuzamahanga IBBY-Asahi  hagamijwe guteza imbere gusoma no muri 2010 gutangaza ikibonezamvugo mu ma shuri.

Ishyirahamwe Bakame - ibitabo by’abana bo mu Rwanda ryemejwe na ZEWO kuva 2003  .

Inama y’abaminisitiri y’u Rwanda yemeye  “Éditions Bakame” nk'umuryango udaharanira inyungu rusange mu 2002 irabyemeza muri 2012.




#Article 154: Nyabinghi (372 words)


Nyabinghi cyangwa Nyabingi ni ya kera cyane mu ngoro ya Rastafari kandi ni umuntu ukomeye mu mateka y'u Rwanda, Uganda na Tanzaniya, aho imyemerere ari we yari ishingiyeho.

Nyabingi yari umugore w'icyamamare  mu Rwanda / Uganda / Tanzaniya, izina rye rikaba risobanura ufite ibintu byinshi.   Itariki n'aho yavukiye birahatana. Jim Freedman, umuhanga mu bumenyi bw’umuntu wize ibijyanye n’umutwe wa Nyabinghi mu Rwanda / Uganda, avuga ko nyabinghi yaba yaravutse ahagana murwa   1750–1800. 

Kuramya cyangwa gusenga imana cyangwa umwuka w’umugore uzwi ku izina rya Nyabinghi byatangiriye mu Rwanda, ahagana mu 1800. byatekerezwaga ko ari imbaraga zikomeye mubuzima bwa buri munsi. Imigenzo y'idini yakorwaga binyuze mu muhuza mu buryo bwo gushyikirana n'umuzimu wa Nyabinghi. hagamijwe guturisha umuzimu we, abizera bazaniraga  amaturo umuhuza nawe akavugana  n'umuzimu mu izina ry'umwizera. Mu gihe hariho uburyo bwihariye bwavuganaga na Nyabinghi mu buryo butaziguye, Nyabinghi yashoboraga kandi gutunga abantu basanzwe batari abayobozi cyangwa abategetsi mu idini. iyi myemerere yari yiganje cyane mu bice byo mu majyepfo ya Uganda no mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda, uturere twahoze tugize ubwami bwa mbere bwa Ndorwa. 

Muhumuza umu nyarwandakazi / nyaugandakazi bivugwa ko ari we nyabingi yari yarahanzeho, yari yaramamaye nkumuja wajyanaga ubutumwa bw' abizera kuri Nyabingi mu kinyejana cya 19 kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20. Muhumusa yayoboye ubukangurambaga bwo kurwanya Yuhi V wo mu Rwanda, avuga ko ari we mugabekazi w' ukuri ku ngoma y'u Rwanda. Yayoboye kandi  anashyijyikira indi mitwe irwanya ubukoloni muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, yigomeka ku butegetsi bw'abakoloni b'Abanyaburayi.  Nubwo yafashwe mu 1913, bivugwa ko abari barahanzweho na Nyabinghi  nyuma bakomeje ibikorwa bye muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (cyane cyane  abagore). Abakomoka kubayobokeba  ba Nyabinghi bivugwa ko ubu baherereye mu mutima wa Dzimba dze Mabwe, ubu uzwi nka Zimbabwe . 

Ibigwi bya Nyabinghi byo kwigomeka byatumye ab Rastas benshi bo muri Jamayike, binjiza ibizwi ku izina rya Nyabinghi chants ( binghi ) mu birori byabo ( gutaka ). iyo injyana ikaba ishingiye kuri ska, rocksteady na Reggae Music. Ubwoko butatu bwingoma zikoreshwa mumuziki wa Nyabinghi: bass, funde na keteh . keteh nizirarangura  zifite imizi mu mbyino zo muri Ashant, ☃☃ funde ivuzwa  rimwe-kabiri muburyo budahinduka iherekejwe na base yingoma ivuga irangurura kwijwi rya mbere ni rya kane. Kubara Ossie niwe wambere wanditse kuri  Nyabinghi kandi afasha gushiraho no kubungabunga umuco wa Rasta.




#Article 155: Ubukungu bw'Afurika (4182 words)


Inyandiko y'umwimerere:  Ubukungu bw'Afurika

Ubukungu bwa Afrika bugizwe nubucuruzi, inganda, ubuhinzi, hamwe n'abakozi . Mu mwaka wi 2019, ibihugu 54 bigize umugabane wa Afurika byari bituwe n'abantu bagera kuri miliyari 1,3  . Afurika ni umugabane ukungahaye ku mutungo kamere.  Iterambere ryo muri iyi myaka ryatewe no kwiyongera mu kugurisha ibicuruzwa, muri serivisi, ndetse n'umusaruro w'inganda.  Biteganijwe ko umwaka wa 2050 uzagera Afurika y'Iburengerazuba, Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, Afurika yo hagati na Afurika y'Epfo by'umwihariko, bigeze kuri GDP ingana na tiriyari 29 z'amadorari y'Amerika. 

Muri Werurwe 2013, Afurika yagaragaye nk'umugabane ukennye cyane ku isi: Umusaruro rusange wa Afurika wose hamwe ni kimwe cya gatatu cy'umusaruro rusange w'Amerika; ariko, Banki y'Isi iteganya ko  niba umuvuduko w'ubwiyongere ukomeje, mu 2025 ibihugu byinshi by'Afurika bizagera ku rwego rwo hagati rudakennye kandi rudakize (nukuvuga nibura amafaranga 1.000 y'amadolari y'Amerika  ku muntu ku mwaka).

Impamvu zituma ubukungu bwifashe nabi muri Afurika ninyinshi: mu mateka, Afurika yari ifite ingoma nyinshi zikize zicuruza mu bice byinshi byisi; ariko, ubukoloni bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi hamwe n’ibibazo byakurikiyeho byatewe n'ubwigenge n’intambara y'ubutita, byateje ihungabana mu bukungu no mu mibereho y'abaturage. Icyakora, guhera mu mwaka wa 2013 Afurika yabaye umugabane w’iterambere ryihuse ku isi ku kigero cya 5,6% ku mwaka, kandi biteganijwe ko GDP iziyongera ku kigereranyo cya 6% ku mwaka hagati ya 2013 na 2023. Muri 2017, Banki y'Afurika itsura amajyambere yatangaje ko Afurika ari iya kabiri ku isi ifite ubukungu bwihuta cyane, inavuga ko ubukungu buziyongera kugera kuri 3,4% muri 2017, mu gihe biteganijwe ko izamuka rizagera kuri 4.3% muri 2018. Iterambere ryagaragaye ku mugabane wa Afurika, aho kimwe cya gatatu cy’ibihugu bya Afurika byagaragaje kwiyongera kw' iterambere  ku kigereranyo cya 6%  kuzamura, naho 40% byiyongera hagati ya 4% kugeza 6% kumwaka. Indorerezi mpuzamahanga z’ubucuruzi nazo zagereranije Afurika nk’imoteri izamura ubukungu ku isi.

Ubukungu bwa Afurika bwari bugiye butandukanye, ahanini bwari bushingiye ku nzira nini z'ubucuruzi zari zarakozwe hagati y'imijyi niyindi no hagati yubwami nubundi . Inzira zimwe z'ubucuruzi zanyuraga ku  butaka, izindi zikanyura mu nzuzi, izindi zo mu bihugu byateye imbere zanyuraga ku byambu bikikije imigi. Ubwami bunini bw'Afurika bwagiye bukira kubera imiyoboro y’ubucuruzi bwari bufite, twavuga nka Misiri ya kera, Nubiya, Mali, Ashanti, n’ubwami bwa Oyo .

Bimwe mu bice bya Afurika byari bifitanye umubano w’ubucuruzi n’ubwami bw’abarabu, kandi mu gihe cy’ingoma ya Ottoman, Abanyafurika batangiye kwinjira mu idini rya Isilamu ari benshi. Iri terambere, hamwe no gushakisha inzira yubucuruzi ku nyanja yu Buhinde, byazanye Abanyaportigale muri Afrika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara nkingabo zifite ingufu. Kubw'Inyungu zabakoloni bashizeho inganda nshya zo kugaburira ibyifuzo by’i Burayi ku bicuruzwa nk’amavuta y’amamesa, reberi, ipamba, ibyuma byagaciro, ibirungo, ibihingwa ngengabukungu ibindi bicuruzwa, cyane cyane ku turere two ku nkombe yubukungu ya Atlantike. 

Nyuma y’ubwigenge bw’ibihugu bya Afurika mu kinyejana cya 20, imidugararo mu bukungu, muri politiki ndetse no mu mibereho yabaturage byahungabanije cyane umugabane. Ariko mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe ubukungu bwarazamutse  bigaragara, mu myaka yashize.  

Izamuka ry’ubukungu bw’Afurika ( kuva mu myaka ya za 2000) ryagereranijwe n’ubukungu bw’Ubushinwa bwazamutse bigaragara muri Aziya kuva mu mpera za 70.  Muri 2013, Afurika yari ifite ibihugu birindwi kurutonde rwibihugu byihuta cyane mu bukungu ku isi . 

Mu mwaka w' 2018, Nijeriya niyo yari ifite ubukungu bukomeye mubijyanye na GDP nominal, igakurikirwa n' Afrika yepfo ukurikije PPP, Misiri ni iya kabiri mubijyanye na GDP nominal nyuma ya Nijeriya.  Gineya Ekwatoriyali niyo yari ifite GDP ya mbere muri Afurika nubwo yarangwaga nihohoterwa no kutubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibihugu bikungahaye kuri peteroli nka Alijeriya, Libiya na Gabon,n'ibikungahaye ku bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro nka Botswana byagaragaye mubihugu bifite ubukungu bwa mbere kuva mu kinyejana cya 21, mu gihe Zimbabwe na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, byashobokaga ko byaba mu bihugu bikize ku isi, nyamara bikaba biri mu rutonde rw'ibihugu bikennye cyane ku isi kubera ruswa ikabije, politiki mbi, intambara ndetse n'umusaruro muke w'abakozi. Botswana yesheje imihigo muri Afurika ndetse no ku isi mukugira ubukungu bwihuta mu myaka ya 1966–1999. 

Umuryango w’abibumbye wateganyaga ko ubukungu bw’Afurika buzagera kuri 3.5% muri 2018 na 3,7% muri 2019.  Kugeza mu 2007, iterambere muri Afurika ryari imbere  yirya Aziya y'Uburasirazuba . Amakuru yerekana ko bimwe mu bice by'uyu mugabane bifite ubukungu buri kwihuta cyane, bitewe n'umutungo kamere wabyo no kongera umutekano wa politiki ndetse no kubungabunga amahoro byashyizwemo ingufu kuva 2007'. Banki y'isi ivuga ko ubukungu bw’ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara bwazamutse ku gipimo kingana cyangwa kirenga igipimo cyo kurwego rw’isi.  Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku bukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage rivuga ko iterambere ry' umugabane muri rusange riterwa ahanini n’ubukungu bw' igihugu cya Misiri, Nijeriya na Afurika yepfo, bitatu mu bihugu bifite ubukungu bukomeye muri Afurika. 

Ibihugu by’Afurika byihuta mu bukungu byateye imbere cyane ku kigereranyo cy’isi. Ibihugu byambere mu 2007 birimo Moritaniyayiyongereyeho 19.8%, Angola 17,6%, Sudani 9,6%, Mozambike kuri 7.9% na Malawi kuri 7.8%.  Ibindi bihugu byateye imbere byihuse harimo u Rwanda, Mozambike, cade, Nijeri, Burkina Faso, Etiyopiya  Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, iterambere ryabaye ribi, riranadindira mu bice byinshi bya Afurika harimo Zimbabwe, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, Repubulika ya Kongo n'Uburundi . Inzego mpuzamahanga nyinshi zishishikajwe no gushora imari mu bukungu bwa Afurika bugenda buzamuka,  cyane cyane ko Afurika ikomeje kuzamuka mu bukungu nubwo ubukungu bwifashe nabi ku isi .  Igipimo cy’inyungu ku ishoramari muri Afurika kuri ubu nicyo kiri hejuru mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere.

Kugabanya imyenda bikemurwa n’ibigo bimwe na bimwe mpuzamahanga hagamijwe gushyigikira iterambere ry’ubukungu muri Afurika. Mu 1996, Umuryango w'abibumbye wateye inkunga gahunda y'ibihugu bikennye cyane (HIPC), nyuma iyo gahunda ifatwa na IMF, Banki y'Isi ndetse n'Ikigega Nyafurika gishinzwe iterambere ( ) mu buryo bwo gurangiza amadeni menshi (MDRI). Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2013, iki gikorwa cyakuyeho kimwe cya kabiri cyimyenda ku bihugu 30 bya Afurika. 

Ubucuruzi bwateje imbere cyane ubukungu bwa Afurika mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21. Ubushinwa n'Ubuhinde nibo bafatanyabikorwa b'ingenzi mu bucuruzi; 12.5% by'ibituruka muri Afurika byoherezwa mu Bushinwa, naho 4% byoherezwa mu Buhinde, ibingana na 5% by'ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu Bushinwa naho 8% mu buhinde. Itsinda ry'ibihugu bitanu ( Indoneziya, Maleziya, Arabiya Sawudite, Tayilande, na Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abarabu ) na ryo ni soko rikomeye cyane ku byo Afurika yohereza mu mahanga. 

Ubukungu bwa Afurika,  kwagura ubucuruzi, ubumenyi bw’icyongereza (ururimi rukoreshwa cyane mu bihugu byinshi byo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara), guteza imbere gusoma no kwandika, kubona aho abaturage bakura amafaranga, ndetse n’abakozi bahendutse - biteganijwe ko bizakomeza gushyirwamo ingufu mu bihe biri imbere. Ubucuruzi hagati ya Afurika n'Ubushinwa bwageze kuri miliyari 166 z'amadolari ya Amerika mu 2011. 

Afurika izagira inyungu zishingiye ku mubare wabaturage mu 2035, igihe abakozi  bayo bakiri bato bo munzego zitandukanye bazaba bafite abana bake ndetse n’umubare wabari mukiruhuko kizabukuru ari bake ugereranije n' Amerika n'Uburayi .   Umubare w'abakozi bize nawo uri kuzamuka, hafi kimwe cya kabiri biteganijwe ko bazaba bafite amashuri yisumbuye mu 2020. Abaguzi nabo bakomeje kwiyongera  muri Afurika kandi biteganijwe ko bizakomeza. Afurika ifite abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 90 bafite amafaranga yinjira mu rugo arenga amadorali y'Amerika 5,000 , bivuze ko bashobora gukoresha igice kirenga kimwe cya kabiri cy’amafaranga binjiza mu mu kugura ibirenze ibikenewe. Uyu mubare biteganijwe ko ushobora kugera kuri miliyoni 128  muri 2020. 

Mu ruzinduko Perezida wa Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika Barack Obama yagiriye muri Afurika muri Nyakanga 2013, yatanze miliyari 7 z'amadolari ya Amerika yo kurushaho guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo no gukorana cyane n'abakuru b'ibihugu by'Afurika. Gahunda nshya yiswe Ubucuruzi bwafurika, igamije kuzamura ubucuruzi ku mugabane wa Afurika ndetse no hagati ya Afurika na Amerika, nayo yatangijwe na Obama. 

Gahunda nshya y’iterambere ry’ubukungu yatangijwe n’abanyamuryango b’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika bagera kuri 27 bagize bimwe mu bihugu byateye imbere ku mugabane w’Afurika, izarushaho guteza imbere ubukungu, imibereho myiza y'abaturage na politiki by’umugabane. Agace kigenga k’ubucuruzi nyafurika kazazamura ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi hagati mu bihugu bigize umuryango w'ubumwe bw'Afurika ndetse no ku mugabane wa Afurika . Ibi bizagabanya cyane gutegereza ibyo Afurika itumiza mu mahanga birimo ibikoresho fatizo. 

Ikinyuranyo hagati y’ibihugu bikize n’ibikennye biteganijwe ko kizakomeza kwiyongera mu myaka icumi iri imbere. 

Kwihangira imirimo ni urufunguzo rw'iterambere. Guverinoma zakagombye kwita kugushyiraho mategeko meza agenga ubucuruzi  kugira ngo zishyigikire guteza imbere guhanga udushya. Muri 2019, inkunga yo gutangiza ishoramari yariyongereye igera kuri miliyari 1,3 z'amadolari. 

Imiterere ku budakemwa bw'ubukene bwa Afurika bwateje impaka ku mvano zabyo. Intambara n’imyivumbagatanyo, ruswa ikabije, n’ubutegetsi bubi nizo mpamvu z'ingenzi zitera idindira ry'ubukungu bw'Afurika. Ubukoloni bwa Afurika bwateye umutekano muke kubera intambara n'imyivuvagatanyo yaburangaga. Kuva mu kinyejana cya 20 rwagati, Intambara y'ubutita no kwiyongera kwa ruswa no kwiheba kwabaturage nabyo byagize uruhare mu ihungabana ry' ubukungu bwa Afurika. 

Nk’uko ikinyamakuru The Economist kibitangaza ngo ibintu by'ingenzi byateye ihungabana ry'ubukungu ni ruswa muri guverinoma, ihungabana rya politiki, ubukungu bw’abasosiyalisiti, na politiki ikumira ubucuruzi. 

Nk’uko abashakashatsi bo mu kigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’amahanga babitangaza, kubura ibikorwa remezo mu bihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere n'imwe mu mbogamizi zikomeye zituma ubukungu budindira ndetse bigakerereza  no kugera ku ntego z'ikinyagihumbi (MDGs).  Ishoramari ry'ibikorwa remezo no kubibungabunga  birahenze,  cyane cyane mu bihugu bidakora ku nyanja, ibyaro ndetse n’ibihugu bituwe cyane muri Afurika . 

Byaganiriweho ko ishoramari mu bikorwa remezo ryagize uruhare rurenga kimwe cya kabiri cy’iterambere rya Afurika hagati ya 1990 na 2005 kandi ko kongera ishoramari ari ngombwa kugira ngo iterambere ryiyongere kandi rikemure ubukene.  Inyungu ku ishoramari mu bikorwa remezo ni ingirakamaro cyane, ugereranije 30-40% by'ubukungu byinjirira mu ishoramari ryitumanaho (ICT), hejuru ya 40% mu mamashanyarazi, na 80% kumihanda . 

Muri Afurika, havugwa ko kugira ngo intego zikinyagihumbi (MDGs) zigerweho bitarenze 2015, ishoramari ry'ibikorwa remezo ryakenera kugera kuri 15% bya GDP (hafi miliyari 93 z'amadolari y'Amerika ku mwaka).  Kugeza ubu, inkomoko yinkunga igenda itandukana cyane bitewe ninzego.  Inzego zimwe ziganjemo amafaranga ya leta, izindi ziganjemo inkunga ziva mumahanga (ODA) naho izindi n'abashoramari bigenga.  Muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara, Leta imwe ikoresha hafi miliyari 9.4 z'amadolari muri miliyari 24.9 z'amadorari. 

Mu kuhira ibihingwa, mu bihugu byo  munsi y'ubutayu bwa sahara, amafaranga hafi ya  yose akoreshwa ava mu ngengo yimari ya leta; mu bijyanye  nubwikorezi namashanyarazi igice kinini cy'ishoramari kiva mumafaranga ya leta ; mu ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho, amazi n’isuku, igice kinini cy’ingengo yimari kiva mu bikorera no mu bigo byigenga.    Inkunga yo hanze yavuye kuri miliyari 7 z'amadolari (2002) igera kuri miliyari 27 z'amadolari (2009). By'umwihariko, Ubushinwa bwagaragaye nk'umushoramari w'ingenzi. 

Ingaruka ku bukungu zatewe no gukoloniza Afurika zaganiriweho. Muri iki kibazo, ibitekerezo byatanzwe n’abashakashatsi, bamwe muri bo batekereza ko Abanyaburayi bagize ingaruka nziza kuri Afurika; abandi bemeza ko iterambere rya Afurika ryadindijwe n'ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni.  Igitekerezo kivuga ko idindira ry'ubukungu bwAfurika muri iki gihe riterwa ahanini n’ibikorwa byakomeje gukorwa n’ibihugu by’abakoloni kugira ngo umugabane ukomeze ukene.  

Intego nyamukuru yubutegetsi bwabakoloni muri Afrika n’ibihugu by’abakoloni by’Uburayi kwari ugukoresha umutungo kamere wumugabane wa Afurika ku giciro gito. Bamwe mu banditsi nka Walter Rodney mu gitabo cye kivuga ngo uko Uburayi bwakenesheje Afurika, bavuga ko politiki ya gikoroni ari yo nyirabayazana w'ibibazo byinshi muri Afurika.  Abatavugarumwe nubukoloni bashinja abakoloni kuba barashyizeho amategeko akandandamiza abanyafurika, akabasuzuguza, akabatesha agaciro kandi agatuma batigirira ikizere. Abandi bahanga bize nyuma y’abakoloni , twavuga nka Frantz Fanon , nabo bashimangiye icyo gitekerezo; bavuze ko ingaruka nyazo z’ubukoloni ari imitekerereze yo hasi kandi ko gutegekwa n’ibihugu by’amahanga bitera imyumvire irambye yo kumva ko uri hasi kandi ko kugandukira ibihugu byuburayi bitera inzitizi mu gutera imbere no guhanga udushya. Gihamya yizo ngingo nuko ubu hari kuvuka igisekuru gishya cy’Abanyafurika kidafite ibyo ibitekerezo abakoloni bari barashyize mubanyafurika ba kera  akaba ariyo mpamvu hari kuboneka impinduka mu bukungu muri iyi myaka. 

Abahanga mu by'amateka LH Gann na Peter Duignan bavuze icyo Afurika ishobora kuba yarungukiye kubukoloni ari imyumvire y' uburinganire. Ubukoroni nubwo bwari bufite ibibi byinshi ariko bufatwa nkimwe mu moteri zakoreshejwe cyane mu gukwirakwiza umuco mu mateka y'isi.  Ibi bitekerezo ariko, ntibivugwaho rumwe kandi byanzwe na bamwe babona ko nta kiza cy'ubukoloni. Umuhanga mu by'amateka yubukungu David Kenneth Fieldhouse yanze kugira aho abogamira, avuga ko ingaruka z’ubukoloni zari nke kandi ko intege nke nyamukuru zabakoloni zitari mu kudindiza iterambere nkana ahubwo intege nke zabo ziri mubyo bananiwe gukora.  Niall Ferguson yemera ingingo ye ya nyuma, avuga ko intege nke z’abakoloni ari uko bananiwe kuzuza inshingano zabo.  Isesengura ry’ubukungu bw’ibihugu bya Afurika risanga ibihugu byigengaga nka Liberiya na Etiyopiya bitaragize ubukungu bwiza kurusha bagenzi babo bakoronijwe . By'umwihariko urwego rwubukungu kubahoze bakolonijwe n’abongereza rwari rwiza kuruta ibihugu byigengaga ndetse n’abahoze bakolonijwe n’Abafaransa.  Bamwe mu bahanga bemeza ko muri rusange Afurika yari ikennye kurusha isi yose mu mateka yayo, usibye ibice bimwe na bimwe bya Afurika. Urugero, Acemoglue na Robinson, bavuga ko igice kinini cya Afurika cyahoze gikennye cyane, ariko  Aksum, Gana, Songhay, Mali, na Zimbabwe .... birashoboka ko byari biteye imbere nk'ibindi bihugu byo muricyo gihe  ku isi hose.  Abantu batari bake barimo Rodney na Joseph E. Inikori bavuze ko ubukene bwa Afurika mu ntangiriro y’abakoloni bwatewe ahanini n’igihombo cy’abaturage kijyanye n’ubucuruzi bw’abacakara ndetse n’izindi mpinduka z’abaturage.  Abandi nka JD Fage na David Eltis banze iki gitekerezo. 

Ibihugu bya Afrika bifite ibibazo byitumanaho biterwa nindimi zitandukanye. Ikigereranyo cya Greenberg kerekana ko amahirwe menshi aruko abantu babiri batoranijwe ku bushake baba bafite indimi kavukire zitandukanye. Ufashe ibihugu 25 bitandukanye ukurikije iki cyigereranyo, 18 (72%) ni Abanyafurika.  Nyamara, usanga ururimi rwibanze rwa zaguverinoma, ibiganiro bya politiki, ibiganiro by’amasomo, n’ubuyobozi akenshi bikorwa mu rurimi rw’ibihugu byahoze byakoronije Afurika; Icyongereza, Igifaransa, cyangwa Igiporutugali . 

Igitekerezo remezo cyemeza ko ubutunzi n’iterambere ry’ibihugu bikomeye by’Uburayi, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru na Aziya y'Iburasirazuba babukesha ubukene bw'isi yose, harimo na Afurika. Abahanga mu bukungu bashyigikiye iki gitekerezo bemeza ko uturere dukennye tugomba guhagarika umubano w’ubucuruzi n’ibihugu byateye imbere kugira ngo dutere imbere. 

Ibitekerezo bidahwitse byo gukumira ubukungu mu bihugu byateye imbere bidindiza iterambere rya Afurika. Iyo ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere byasaruye umusaruro w'ubuhinzi ku giciro gito, muri rusange ntabwo byohereza hanze ku giciro kinini nkuko byari byitezwe. Ibikomoka k'ubuhinzi, ibiciro biri hejuru mu bitumizwa mu bihugu byateye imbere , cyane cyane ibyashyizweho n' ubuyapani, umuryango w' ubumwe bw'uburayi , Politiki rusange y'ubuhinzi, na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika; ishami ry'ubuhinzi, ni zimwe mumpamvu zitera ibyo biciro.

Imiterere yafurika nayo igira ingaruka kubyoherezwa hanze; amategeko ya leta zibihugu byinshi bya Afrika nayo abangamira ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Ubushakashatsi mu kubukungu rusange nku bwo Jane Shaw yakoze bwerekana ko gukumira ibicuruzwa bihungabanya iterambere ry’ubukungu. Abahinzi bahura nikumirwa ryibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga n’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga biba ngombwa ko bakoresha amasoko yaho batuye bakabura amahirwe yo kujya kwisoko rinini kandi mpuzamahanga. ibyo bituma isoko riba rito, abahinzi bagacika intege zo guhanga udushya kandi bagahinga ibiribwa bike ibyo byose bikadindiza ubukungu.  

Nubwo Afurika na Aziya byari byinjije amafaranga asa mu myaka ya za 1960, Aziya imaze kurenga Afurika, usibye ibihugu bike bikennye cyane kandi byugarijwe n'intambara nka Afuganisitani na Yemeni . Ishuri rimwe ry’ubukungu rivuga ko iterambere ry’ubukungu muri Aziya rishingiye ku ishoramari ryaho. Ruswa muri Afurika igizwe ahanini no gukuraho ubukungu buturuka ku bukode  no kwimurira imari shingiro  mumahanga aho gushora imari murugo; ndetse nimyumvire y'abanyagitugu b'Abanyafurika bafite konti za banki mu Busuwisi. Abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya Massachusetts Amherst bavuga ko kuva mu 1970 kugeza 1996, ingengo y'imari yavuye mu bihugu 30 byo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara yose hamwe ingana na miliyari 187 z'amadolari, arenga amadeni ibyo bihugu bifitiye amahanga.  Abanditsi Leonce Ndikumana na James K. Boyce bavuga ko kuva mu 1970 kugeza 2008, imari shingiro yavuye mu bihugu 33 byo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara yose hamwe yari miliyari 700.  Iri tandukaniro mu iterambere rihuye nigitekerezo cyatanzwe  n'umuhanga mu bukungu Mancur Olson . Kubera ko leta zari zifite ubutegetsi buhindagurika kandi leta nshya zakunze kwambura imitungo abayobozi bazibanjirije, abayobozi babika umutungo wabo mu mahanga, kugira ngo batazawamburwa .

Umunyagitugu wu munyekongo Mobutu Sese Seko yabaye ruharwa muri ruswa, n'icyenewabo, nyuma yo kunyereza hagati ya miliyari 4 na 15 zamadorali y'Amerika ku ngoma ye.   Guverinoma z'abasosiyaliste zateye Marxisme, hamwe n'ivugurura ry'ubutaka, nazo zagize uruhare mu ihungabana ry'ubukungu muri Afurika. urugero, ubutegetsi bwa Robert Mugabe muri Zimbabwe, cyane cyane ifatira ry’abahinzi b’abazungu, byatumye ubukungu bw’ubuhinzi bw’igihugu bwangirika, ahahoze ari kimwe mu bihugu bikomeye bya Afurika;  Mugabe yari yarashyigikiwe  nuburusiya  n'Ubushinwa mugihe cy'intambara yo kubohora Zimbabwe . Muri Tanzaniya, Perezida w’abasosiyaliste Julius Nyerere yeguye mu 1985 nyuma y’uko politiki ye yo guhuriza hamwe ubuhinzi mu 1971 itumye ubukungu bwangirika, inzara ikumirwa gusa n’inkunga nini yatanzwe nikigega mpuzamahanga cy'ubukungu n’ibindi bihugu by’amahanga.  Tanzaniya yasigaye nka kimwe mu bihugu bikennye cyane kwisi kandi bishingiye ku mfashanyo, kandi byatwaye imyaka mirongo kugira ngo ikire. Kuva ishyaka ry’abasosiyalisiti ryavaho mu 1992, ikimukira muri demokarasi, Tanzaniya yagize iterambere ryihuse mu bukungu, yiyongeraho 6.5% muri 2017.  

Mu gihe ibihugu by'Afurika byohereza ibihingwa mu Burengerazuba, abaturage b'Afurika amamiriyoni bicwa ninzara bitewe n’ibihugu byateye imbere birimo Ubuyapani, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi na Amerika. Ibi bihugu birinda urwego rw’ubuhinzi bigakumira amahoro menshi yibitumizwa mu mahanga kandi bigatanga inkunga ku bahinzi babo,bigatuma habaho umusaruro mwinshi cyane w’ibicuruzwa nk’ingano, ipamba n’amata. Ingaruka zibi nuko igiciro cyibicuruzwa nkibi gikomeza kugabanuka kwisi kugeza igihe abanyafurika badashoboye guhangana kwisoko, usibye ibihingwa byera muri Afurika gusa.   

Mu myaka yashize ibihugu nka Berezile byabonye umusaruro w’ubuhinzi uri hejuru, byemeye gusangira ikoranabuhanga na Afurika mu kongera umusaruro w’ubuhinzi ku mugabane wa Afurika kugira ngo ube umufatanyabikorwa w’ubucuruzi ukomeye.  Kongera ishoramari mu ikoranabuhanga ry’ubuhinzi muri Afurika muri rusange bifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ubukene muri Afurika.    Isoko ryabakeneye kakawo nyafurika ryarazamutse cyane n’ibiciro birazamuka mu 2008.  Guverinoma ya Nijeriya,  Afurika y'Epfo  na Uganda zakuye inyungu ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe by’ubuhinzi byashakishwaga cyane kwisoko  kandi bashyira ingufu mu kuzamura urwego rw’ubuhinzi.  Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika urateganya gushora imari cyane mu buhinzi bwa Afurika  kandi ibyo bikurikiranirwa hafi bikanashyigikirwa na Loni. 

Afurika ifite umutungo kamere wo kubyara ingufu z'amashanyarazi muburyo butandukanye ( ingomero z'amazi, ibigega bya peteroli na gaze, umusaruro wamakara, umusaruro wa iraniyumu, ingufu zishobora kubaho nkizuba, umuyaga na geothermal). Kubura iterambere ryibikorwa remezo muri iki gihe bivuze ko hakoreshwa bike muri ibyo byavuzwe haruguru.   Abakoresha amashanyarazi menshi muri Afurika ni Afurika y'Epfo, Libiya, Namibiya, Misiri, Tuniziya, na Zimbabwe, buri wese akoresha hagati ya kilowati 1000 na 5000 kuri metero kare ku muntu, bitandukanye na  Etiyopiya, Eritereya, na Tanzaniya, aho gukoresha amashanyarazi kuri buri muntu bikiri hasi cyane. 

Ibikomoka kuri peteroli na peteroli ubwayo byoherezwa hanze nibihugu 14 bya Afurika. Ibikomoka kuri peteroli na peteroli byagize 46,6% by’ibicuruzwa byoherejwe hanze n'Afurika mu 2010; icya kabiri Afurika yohereza hanze ni gaze karemano, ibingana na 6.3% by’ibyo Afurika yohereza hanze ni gaze. 

Kubura ibikorwa remezo ni inzitizi kubucuruzi bwa Afrika.   Nubwo Afurika ifite ibyambu byinshi, kubura ibikorwa remezo byo gutwara abantu byongera 30-40% kubiciro, ku byambu bitandukanye bya Aziya. 

Imishinga ya gari ya moshi yabaye ingenzi mu turere ducukura amabuye y'agaciro guhera mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19. Umuhanda wa gari ya moshi watangiye gutekerezwaho mugihe cyabakoloni, ukorwa mugihe cya nyuma yubukoloni. Jedwab na Storeygard bemeje ko kuva muri 1960 kugeza 2015 hari isano rikomeye hagati yishoramari ryubwikorezi niterambere ryubukungu. Politiki ikomeye yari igizwe no kwishyira hamwe kwa mbere yubukoloni, gucamo ibice byamoko, gutura i Burayi, ubwigenge ku umutungo kamere, na demokarasi. 

Ibikorwa remezo byinshi binini birakomeje muri Afrika. Kugeza ubu, imishinga myinshi iri mu gukora no gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi. Indi mishinga myinshi iri mugukora imihanda ya kaburimbo, gari ya moshi, ibibuga byindege, nibindi byubaka. 

Ibikorwa remezo by'itumanaho nabyo biri kwiyongera muri Afrika. Nubwo interineti  iri gutera imbere muyindi migabane, iracyari kuri 9% muri Afurika.  Mu 2011, byagereranijwe ko telefoni zigendanwa 500.000.000 z'ubwoko bwose zakoreshwaga muri Afurika, harimo terefone 15,000,000  zigezweho . 

Inganda zamabuye y'agaciro muri Afrika nizimwe mu nganda nini  ku isi. Afurika ni umugabane wa kabiri munini, ufite kilometero kare miliyoni 30 z'ubutaka, bivuzeko ifite umutungo kamere munini.   Mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika, ubucukuzi bw'ibinombe n’umusaruro wabyo bigize igice kinini cy’ubukungu bwabyo kandi bikomeza kuba urufunguzo rw’iterambere ry’ejo hazaza. Afurika ikize kumabuye y'agaciro kandi iza ku mwanya wa mbere cyangwa uwa kabiri kwisi kuri  bauxite, cobalt, diyama yo mu nganda, urutare rwa fosifate, ibyuma bya platine (PGM), vermiculite, na zirconium . Ubucukuzi bwa zahabu niwo mutungo nyamukuru wa Afurika. 

Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika ndetse n’Umuryango w’abibumbye bagaragaje gahunda  yerekana uburyo Afurika ishobora kwifasha mu nganda no guteza imbere inganda zikomeye ku rwego rujyanye n’ubukungu bwa Afurika mu myaka ya za 1960 hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga ryo mu kinyejana cya 21.  kwibanda ku kuzamura  umusaruro wibintu bitandukanye munganda, ndetse numusaruro w’ubuhinzi, byatanze icyizere ko ikinyejana cya 21 kizaba ikinyejana cy’iterambere ry’ubukungu n’ikoranabuhanga muri Afurika. Ibi byiringiro, hamwe nizamuka ryabayobozi bashya muri Afurika mu bihe biri imbere, byatumye habaho ijambo  ikinyejana cy'Afurika , bisobanuye ko ikinyejana cya 21 ari ikinyejana imirimo myinshi, imari shingiro, hamwe n’umutungo by'Afurika bishobora kuba aribyo isi izaba ishingiyeho.

Ibi byiringiro byo mu nganda bifashwa n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho   n’inganda zicukura amabuye y'agaciro  muri Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara. Namibia yakuruye ishoramari mu nganda mu myaka yashize  ndetse n'Afurika y'Epfo yatangiye gutanga imisoro yo gukurura imishinga ishora imari itaziguye mu nganda. 

Ibihugu nka Maurice bifite gahunda yo guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ritangiza ibidukikije munganda.  Iterambere nkiryo rifite amahirwe menshi yo gufungura amasoko mashya mubihugu bya Afrika kuko hateganijwe ko hazakenerwa ikoranabuhanga ryiza ritangiza ibidukikije mu gihe kiri imbere kuko ibigega bya peteroli ku isi biri gukama kandi ikoranabuhanga rishingiye kuri peteroli rikaba rigenda rita agaciro mu bukungu.  

Nijeriya mu myaka yashize yateje imbere inganda, Kurubu ifite uruganda rukora ibinyabiziga kavukire, Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing (IVM) rugakora Bisi yihuta, Amakamyo na SUV hamwe nimodoka zindi nshyashya .  Ibirango bitandukanye byabo byimodoka biraboneka muri Nigeriya, Gana no mubindi bihugu bya Afrika yuburengerazuba. Nijeriya kandi ifite abakora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki nka Zinox, mudasobwa ya mbere ifite ikirango cya Nigeriya.  Muri 2013, Nijeriya yashyizeho politiki yerekeye imisoro ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga kugira ngo ishishikarize amasosiyete afite inganda muri icyo gihugu.   Ni muri urwo rwego, amwe mu masosiyete akora ibinyabiziga byo mu mahanga nka Nissan yamenyesheje gahunda zabo zo kugira inganda zikorera muri Nijeriya.  Usibye ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n'ibinyabiziga, abaguzi benshi, imiti, ibyo kwisiga, ibikoresho byo kubaka, imyenda, ibikoresho byo mu rugo, plastiki n'ibindi nabyo bikorerwa muri icyo gihugu kandi byoherezwa mu bindi bihugu byo mu burengerazuba bwa Afurika na Afurika muri rusange.    Muri iki gihe Nijeriya niyo ikora sima nyinshi muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara.  Dangote Cement Factory, Obajana ni rwo ruganda runini rwa sima mu munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara.  Ogun niyo ifatwa nk'ihuriro ry’inganda muri Nijeriya (kubera ko inganda nyinshi ziherereye muri Ogun ndetse n’amasosiyete menshi yimukirayo), igakurikirwa na Lagos .   

Urwego rwinganda ruracyari ruto ariko ruri gukura muri Afrika yuburasirazuba.  Inganda nyamukuru harimo urwimyenda , urutunganya impu, ubuhinzi, ibikomoka ku miti, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’imodoka.  Ibihugu bya Afrika yuburasirazuba nka Uganda nabyo bikora moto zigurishwa kumasoko yimbere mu gihugu. 

Ubushinwa n'Ubuhinde  byagaragaje ubushake mukugira uruhare ku bukungu bwa Afurika mu kinyejana cya 21. Ishoramari ry’ubufatanye hagati ya Afurika n'Ubushinwa ryariyongereye cyane mu myaka yashize  mu gihe ubukungu bwifashe nabi ku isi. 

Ishoramari ry'ubushinwa ryariyongereye muri Afurika bituma Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi nawo ushaka kongera ishoramari. Abanyamuryango ba diyasipora nyafurika mu mahanga, cyane cyane mu bihugu by’Uburayi na Amerika, bongereye imbaraga zo gukoresha ubucuruzi bwabo mu gushora imari muri Afurika no gushishikariza ishoramari nyafurika mu mahanga mu bukungu bw’Uburayi. 

Kohereza amafaranga muri dyiasipora nyafurika no kongera inyungu mu ishoramari riva mu Burengerazuba bizafasha cyane cyane ubukungu bwa Afurika butaratera imbere kandi bwangiritse cyane nk'Uburundi, Togo na Comoros.  Icyakora, abahanga barinubira amafaranga menshi agira mu kohereza amafaranga muri Afurika kubera ko Western Union na MoneyGram bigenzura isoko ryohereza amafaranga muri Afurika, bigatuma Afurika ari isoko ryo kohereza amafaranga ahenze ku isi.  Abahanga bamwe bavuga ko amafaranga menshi yo gutunganya ajyanye no kohereza amafaranga muri Afurika abangamira iterambere ry’ibihugu bya Afurika. 

Angola yatangaje ko ishishikajwe no gushora imari mu bihugu by’Uburayi,cyane cyane Porutugali.  Afurika y'Epfo yakunze kwitabwaho na Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika mwishoramari ryinganda, ku isoko ry'imari no mu bucuruzi buciriritse, kimwe na Liberiya mu myaka yashize iyobowe n'ubuyobozi bwayo bushya. 

Hariho ibigo bibiri by'ubumwe bw’ifaranga ry'Afurika: Banki y'Afurika yiburengerazuba hamwe na banki y'Afurika yo hagati. yombi akoresha amafaranga ya CFA (akoreshwa n'ibihugu byakoronijwe n'abafaransa) ku masoko yabo yemewe. Igitekerezo cy’ubumwe bw’ifaranga rimwe muri Afurika cyaremejwe, kandi gahunda zirahari kugira ngo bizagerweho mu 2020, nubwo ibibazo byinshi, nko kuzana igipimo cy’ifaranga ry’umugabane munsi ya 5%, bikomeje kuba inzitizi mu gushyira mubikorwa iyi gahunda. 

Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2012, Afurika ifite imigabane 23, ikubye kabiri iyo yari ifite imyaka 20 ishize. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, ivunjisha ryimigabane nyafurika riracyari munsi ya 1% yibikorwa byimigabane kwisi. Uko Ivunjisha rifashe mubihugu icumi bya mbere muri Afurika n’imari shingiro (amafaranga atangwa muri miliyari y'amadorari y'Amerika): 

Hagati ya 2009 na 2012, ibigo 72 byose byaratangijwe ,ku isoko ry’imigabane mu bihugu 13 bya Afurika. 

Intego z’iri huriro zirimo gushyiraho agace k’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye, ihuriro rya gasutamo, isoko rimwe, banki nkuru, n’ifaranga rimwe (reba ubumwe bw’imari nyafurika ), bityo hagashyirwaho ubumwe bw’ubukungu n’ifaranga rimwe. Gahunda iriho ni ugushiraho Umuryango w’ubukungu nyafurika ufite ifaranga rimwe muri 2023.  Banki nyafurika ishora imari igamije gushimangira iterambere. Gahunda ya Afurika yunze ubumwe ikubiyemo kandi ikigega cy’imari nifaranga nyafurika kiganisha kuri Banki Nkuru y'Afurika . Amashyaka amwe ashyigikiye iterambere ry’Afurika yunze ubumwe .

Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’amafaranga n’amabanki igizwe na:

Mu myaka ya za 1960, umunyapolitike wo muri Gana Kwame Nkrumah yazamuye ubumwe bw’ubukungu na politiki by’ibihugu bya Afurika, akaba yari afite intego yo kwigenga.  Kuva icyo gihe, intego, nimiryango yigenga, byaragwiriye. Mu myaka mirongo ishize  imbaraga zariyongereye mu nzego zitandukanye mu guhuza ubukungu mu karere. Ubucuruzi hagati y’ibihugu bya Afurika bwari bugizwe na 11% gusa by’ubucuruzi rusange bwa Afurika mu 2012, nukuvuga inshuro eshanu ugereranije no muri Aziya.  Ibyinshi muri ubu bucuruzi bwo hagati muri Afurika bikomoka muri Afurika yepfo kandi ibyinshi mu bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga biva muri Afurika yepfo. 

Muri iki gihe hari imiryango umunani yo mu karere ifasha mu iterambere ry’ubukungu muri Afurika: 




#Article 156: Ange Kagame (270 words)


Ange Kagame ni umwana wa kabiri akaba n'umukobwa w'ikinege wa Paul Kagame, perezida w'u Rwanda .  Yagize uruhare mu mpamvu zirimo kongerera ubushobozi abagore, uburezi, no guca ubukene, ndetse n'ubukangurambaga bukingira imbaga. Yashakanye na Bertrand Ndengeyingoma. Dec 29, 2018 Ange Kagame Engaged |url|= 

Kagame yavutse ku ya 8 Nzeri 1993 i Buruseli mu Bubiligi .  Se ni Paul Kagame, Perezida wa gatandatu wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda kandi akaba n'umuyobozi w'ishyaka ryinshi ry’u Rwanda rishinzwe gukunda igihugu . Nyina Jeannette Nyiramongi numudamu wa mbere wa Repubulika yu Rwanda .  Nkumukobwa wambere wa perezida, afite imbaraga zisanzwe nimbaraga zidasanzwe kandi zikomeye. 

Kagame yarangije amashuri ye mu mahanga kandi ntiyigeze aboneka mu ruhame mubwana bwe bwose kubera umutekano n’ibanga.  Yize mu ishuri rya Dana Hall, ishuri ryigenga riherereye i Wellesley, muri Massachusetts muri Amerika. Yize muri Smith College aho yize ibijyanye na siyanse ya politiki hamwe nibindi bijyanye no kwiga ibijyanye na Afurika. Afite kandi Masters mu bibazo mpuzamahanga yakuye muri kaminuza ya Columbia   Kagame ashobora kuvuga indimi eshatu, Icyongereza, Kinyarwanda, n'Igifaransa. 

Muri 2014, Kagame yaherekeje se muri White House gusangira na Perezida Barack Obama .  Iri funguro ryari mu nama y’iminsi itatu y’abayobozi b’Amerika - Afurika y’abayobozi bateranye muri Kanama uwo mwaka,  aho abayobozi b’ibihugu byinshi bya Afurika bahuriye kugira ngo baganire ku bucuruzi, ishoramari n’umutekano by’umugabane.  Dec 30, 2015 Ange Kagame speaks of forgiveness |url|=

Kagame ni umwana wa kabiri mukuru ufite abandi bavandimwe batatu, Ivan Cyomoro, Ian Kagame, na Brian Kagame.  Numufana wa basketball numupira wamaguru, akurikira Boston Celtics na Arsenal . Ku ya 6 Nyakanga 2019, mu kigo cyitwa Intare Conference Center i Kigali, Ange yashakanye na Bertrand Ndengeyingoma. 




#Article 157: Ecole des Sciences Byimana (479 words)


Ecole des Science Byimana ni ishuri gatolika ryinjira mu Rwanda . rifite abanyeshuri barenga 700 mu myaka itandatu. Intego y'ishuri ni Ubumenyi, umutimanama, n'indashyikirwa. rishishikariza abanyeshuri baryo kugira iterambere ryumwuka, ubwenge na iryumubiri babaha amahirwe yo gusenga, gukina siporo no gusabana hagati yabo binyuze mumikino.

Ecole des Science Byimana iherereye mu Karere ka Ruhango, Intara y'Amajyepfo, u Rwanda . Umurenge wa Byimana, neza cyane ku musozi wa Bukomero, niho ari ishuri ryacumbikira abanyeshuri kandi rimwe mu matorero y'abavandimwe ba Maristi mu Rwanda . Ishuri riri muri metero nkeya uvuye ku muhanda munini wa Muhanga-Butare. 

Ecole des Science Byimana yashinzwe muri 1952 na abafurere baba Marist . Yakinguye amarembo nkishuri ribanza rya Bukomero ryakiraga abahungu gusa, nyuma iba Ecole des Moniteurs. Kuva rishingwa, umufurere Alvarus, Leon Jozef Backx  yari umuyobozi w'ishuri mu myaka hafi mirongo itanu. Mu 1978, Ngombwa Stanislas, umuyobozi mukuru w'iryo shuri, yari mu cyiciro cya gatandatu cya siyansi. Mu 1987, ishuri ryatangiye kwakira abakobwa. Muri jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994, iryo shuri ryatakaje abakozi benshi ndetse n’abanyeshuri. Ishuri ryagize amazina menshi ariko azwi cyane ni Ecole des Science Byimana. Mu 2002, iryo shuri ryijihije isabukuru yimyaka 50 hamwe n’abanyeshuri 800, abahungu, n’abakobwa. 

Muri 2008, usibye Tronc Commun (urwego rusanzwe / ishuri ryisumbuye), iryo shuri ryari rifite amahitamo abiri: Bio-Chimie (Biology-Chemistry) na Math-Physique (Imibare-Ubugenge), aho ikura izina ryishuri ryubumenyi rya Byimana. Ururimi rw’amasomo kuri iryo shuri rwabaye igifaransa, ariko guhera mu ntangiriro za 2009 guverinoma y’u Rwanda yahinduye gahunda y’uburezi mu cyongereza mu gihe u Rwanda rwinjiye mu muryango w’Afurika y’iburasirazuba (2007) na Commonwealth (2009). Kuva muri uwo mwaka (2009) izina amahitamo ryahinduwe 'amahuza' muri sisitemu y’amasomo yo mu Rwanda kandi ishuri ryagumye hamwe hamwe: PCM (Physique, Chimie, na Mathematics), PCB (Physics, Chemistry, na Biology), na MCB (Imibare, Ubutabire, na Biologiya), hamwe nurwego rusanzwe. Muri 2014 habaye ishyirwaho rya MPC (Imibare, Ubugenge, na Mudasobwa) muri bo abanyeshuri ba mbere barangije muri 2016. 

Frère Rugereka 'irihimbano) niwe wabanjirije Kigori 

Marcellin Champagnat, washinze Marist Brothers yavuze ati kurera abana tugomba kubakunda no kubakunda kimwe Ishuri ritanga ubumenyi kimwe na disipuline ikurikiza inzira ya Champagnat ikunda kandi yitaho. Amasomo nyamukuru yishuri ari mubumenyi: imibare, fiziki, ibinyabuzima na chimie. Usibye siyanse, abanyeshuri bafashwa muburyo bwumwuka: abanyeshuri baterana buri munsi kugirango  kuvuga amasengesho kandi basenge. Nubwo ishuri ari Umugatolika, umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kwitabira idini iryo ariryo ryose. Ishuri ryakira abantu bose batitaye ku idini ryabo, inkomoko yabo, nibindi. Nyamara, abanyeshuri bamwe ntibabona amahirwe yo kwiga aho ngaho kuko ishuri rifite ibibazo bitoroshye byo kwinjira hashingiwe ku kizamini gisanzwe cyigihugu. Ishuri rishobora kugera ku ntego zaryo kubera ubufatanye no kudasobanuka neza kw'abanyeshuri n'abakozi bayo. Umwanya w'ishuri nawo urafasha: ifite inyubako zihagije (dortoir, ibyumba byo kuriramo, ibyumba by'ishuri na laboratoire). Ariko, inyubako zimwe zirashaje. Nyamara ishuri rikomeje kwaguka kugirango rihuze ibipimo kandi ritange uburezi bwiza bushoboka. Abanyeshuri ba Byimana bitezeho kuba abantu bafite ubuhanga bagamije kugira uruhare mu kwiyubaka kwu Rwanda. 




#Article 158: Corneille (singer) (470 words)


Cornelius Nyungura (yavutse ku ya 24 Werurwe 1977)  Ibi kandi byatumye atangira kwandika indirimbo no guhimba amanota y' umuziki . cyakora, ubuzima bwe bwarahindutse nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi  mu 1994. Se, Émile Nyungura, yari umuyobozi w’ishyaka rya politiki PSD yafatwaga nk' urwanya leta bityo akaba nawe  yari mubari bwicwe; Corneille yiboneye iyicwa ry'ababyeyi be na barumuna be na bashiki be batatu afite imyaka 17.  yahungiye mu Budage, aho bamwe mu ncuti z' ababyeyi be bamwakiriye mu rugo rwabo. 

Muri Nyakanga 1997, Corneille yahisemo kuva mu Budage kugira ngo akomeze amasomo mu itumanaho, maze yimukira i , muri , muri Kanada kugira ngo yige muri kaminuza ya Concordia . Muri icyo gihe, yashinze O.N.E, itsinda rya  RB, ari kumwe na Pierre Gage na Gardy Martin, bahuye nyuma gato yo kugera i Québec.  Zoukin, imwe mu ndirimbo z'itsinda yanditswe na Corneille, yabaye iyambere muri airplay za Kanada. Hanyuma, mu ntangiriro za 2001, Corneille yavuye muri iryo tsinda, yashakaga gukomeza umwuga wenyine. Yatangiye gushingira indirimbo ze ku hahise he. 

Mu 2002, Corneille yakoze imishinga itandukanye. Yanditse kandi ahimba indirimbo Ce soir ya Cocktail RB 2 compilation (Ghetto RB,  ) na Si seulement on s'aimait ya Hip Hop Folies (Sony Music). Abisabwe na , yigaragaje bwa mbere kurubyiniro kuri reservoir in Paris,aho yajyiriye amahirwe yo kuririmbana  na Jimmy Cliff . Muri Mutarama 2003, yatumiriwe kuzaba ari uririmba nk ijyikorwa cyo gutegurira urubyiniro  Cunnie Williams muri Olympia . 

Album ya mbere ya Corneille, verisiyo yo muri Kanada ya Parce qu'on vient de loin, yasohotse ku ya 10 Nzeri 2002. verisiyo  y’igifaransa, yarimo ibihembo byinshi kuri disiki ya kabiri, yasohotse ku ya 20 Ukwakira 2003, byihuse yahise imenyekana.  Muri Mata 2003, Corneille yaririmbanye na , asubiramo umurongo mu gifaransa w' indirimbo Rise and Fall . Yakoze urugendo rwe rwa mbere muri Gicurasi 2003, aririmbira  full houses  i Paris, ,  na  . Muri Werurwe 2005, yitabiriye  igitaramo Africa Live, cyateguwe mu rwego rwo kurwanya malariya.  Bwari ubwa mbere agaruka ku mugabane w'iwabo kuva jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yahagarikwa. Album ya kabiri ya Corneille  Les marchands de rêves, yasohotse mu Gushyingo 2005. 

Corneille yakoranye na Croix-Rouge yo muri Kanada mu rwego rwo gutabariza abana bahuye n' ibibazo by' intambara.  Yasohoye alubumu ye ya mbere yo mu Cyongereza, yitwa Ivuka rya Koruneliyo (The birth of cornelius), muri Nyakanga 2007.  Mu mpera za 2014 yabaye umwe mu ba hatanaga kuri televiziyo yo mu bufaransa TF1 mw irushanwa  Danse avec les Stars . ku nshuro yaryo ya gatanu.

Corneille yanditse indirimbo  Il était temps  ayandikiye  nyuma yo kwemererwa guhagararira Ubufaransa mu marushanwa  ya  song contest 2006 . Indirimbo yarangije iri kumwanya wa 22 muri 24 zizari zajyeze kurwego rwa nyuma. 

Corneille yashakanye n'umunyamideli ukomoka muri Kanada akaba n'umukinnyi wa filime Sofia de Medeiros mu 2006; bafite abana babiri. 

Album za studio

Ibikorwa bidasanzwe

Alubumu na  DVDs yaririmbye imbona nkubone

Zacuranzwe muri




#Article 159: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (1782 words)


Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie ( /ˌ tʃ ɪ m ɑː m ɑː n d ə ə n ɡ oʊ z i ə d i tʃ eɪ / (Ibyerekeye iri jwi / ) ; [note 1] yavutse 15 Nzeri 1977)  ni umwanditsi Nigeria ufite ibikorwa kuva ku bitabo imigani gito birimo inkuru.  Yavuzwe mu kinyamakuru The Times Literary Supplement nk 'icyamamare mu mutambagiro w’abanditsi b’ururimi rwa anglophone uzwi cyane [ukaba] urimo gukurura igisekuru gishya cy’abasomyi mu buvanganzo nyafurika. 

Adichie yavukiye mu mujyi wa Enugu muri Nijeriya, akura ari umwana wa gatanu mu bana batandatu bo mu muryango wa Igbo mu mujyi wa Nsukka muri Leta ya Enugu .  Igihe yari amaze gukura, se, James Nwoye Adichie, yakoraga ari umwarimu w’ibarurishamibare muri kaminuza ya Nijeriya . Nyina, Grace Ifeoma, yari muri kaminuza mbere yabagore ya  Gerefiye .  Uyu muryango watakaje ibintu hafi ya byose mu gihe cy’intambara yo muri Nijeriya, harimo na ba sekuru.  Umudugudu w'abasekuruza b'umuryango we uri i Abba  muri Leta ya Anambra .  

Yarangije amashuri yisumbuye muri kaminuza ya Nigeriya yisumbuye, Nsukka, aho yakuye ibihembo byinshi by'amasomo.  Yize ubuvuzi na farumasi muri kaminuza ya Nijeriya umwaka nigice. Muri icyo gihe, yahinduye ikinyamakuru The Compass, ikinyamakuru kiyobowe n’abanyeshuri b’ubuvuzi gatolika bo muri kaminuza. Ku myaka 19, Adichie yavuye muri Nijeriya yerekeza muri Amerika kwiga itumanaho na siyanse ya politiki muri kaminuza ya Drexel muri Philadelphia .  Bidatinze, yimukiye muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Eastern Connecticut kugira ngo abe hafi ya mushiki we Uche,  wari ufite ubuvuzi i Coventry, muri leta ya Connecticut . Mu gihe umwanditsi w'ibitabo yakuriye muri Nijeriya, ntabwo yari amenyereye kumenyekana n'ibara ry'uruhu rwe rwahindutse mu buryo butunguranye ageze muri Amerika muri kaminuza. Nkumunyamerika wumwirabura muri Amerika, Adichie yahise ahura nicyo bisobanura kuba umuntu wamabara muri Amerika. Irushanwa nkigitekerezo cyahindutse ikintu yagombaga kuyobora no kwiga.  Yanditse kuri ibi mu gitabo cye cyitwa Americanah . Yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Eastern Connecticut,  itandukanya summa cum laude mu 2001. 

Adichie yari  muri kaminuza ya Princeton mu mwaka w'amashuri wa 2005–2006. Muri 2008 yahawe igihembo cya MacArthur .  Yahawe kandi ubusabane bwa 2011–2012 n'ikigo cya Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Universite ya Harvard . 

Adichie agabanya igihe cye hagati y’Amerika, na Nijeriya, aho yigisha amahugurwa yo kwandika.   Muri 2016, yahawe impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro - Umuganga w’inyuguti za Humane, honouris causa, na kaminuza ya Johns Hopkins .   Muri 2017, yahawe impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro - Dogiteri w'inzandiko za Humane, honoris causa, na Haverford College  na kaminuza ya Edinburgh .  Muri 2018, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro, Dogiteri w'Amabaruwa ya Humane, yakuye muri Amherst College .  Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro, umuganga honis causa, yakuye muri Université de Friborg, mu Busuwisi, mu 2019. 

Mu kiganiro cyasohotse mu kinyamakuru cyitwa Financial Times muri Nyakanga 2016, Adichie yatangaje ko afite umwana w'umukobwa.   Mu mwirondoro wa Adichie, wasohotse mu kinyamakuru The New Yorker muri Kamena 2018, Larissa MacFarquhar yaranditse ati: umugabo yarangije gushaka mu 2009 yari akwiriye gusetsa: umuganga wo muri Nijeriya wakoraga imyitozo muri Amerika, se akaba yari umuganga akaba n'inshuti ya ababyeyi be.   Adichie ni Umugatolika kandi yakuze ari Umugatolika akiri umwana, nubwo abona ko ibitekerezo bye, cyane cyane ibyo ku gitsina gore, rimwe na rimwe bivuguruza idini rye. Mu birori byabereye muri kaminuza ya Georgetown mu 2017, yavuze ko idini atari ikigo cyita ku bagore kandi ko ryakoreshejwe mu gutsindishiriza igitugu gishingiye ku gitekerezo cy'uko abagore batangana n'abantu.  Yahamagariye abayobozi b'Abakristu n'Abayisilamu muri Nijeriya kwamamaza ubutumwa bw'amahoro n'ubumwe. 

Umwimerere wa Ngozi Adichie kandi wambere waturutse kuri Chinua Achebe, nyuma yo gusoma nyakwigendera Prof. Ibintu Bitandukana bya Chinua Achebe, afite imyaka 10. Adichie yatewe inkunga no kubona ubuzima bwe bugaragara kurupapuro.  Adichie yasohoye icyegeranyo cy'imivugo mu 1997 ( Ibyemezo ) n'ikinamico ( Kubwurukundo rwa Biafra ) mu 1998. Yari yatoranyijwe mubazahabwa igihembo mu 2002 Caine Prize  kubwigitabo cye wowe muri Amerika,   kandi inkuru ye Uwo ibimutunga Morning Byahiswemo ari wegukanye yahuje 2002 BBC World Service Short Story Ibihembo.  Mu 2003, yatsindiye igihembo cya O. Henry kubera Ambasade y'Abanyamerika, na David T. Wong International Story Story Award 2002/2003 (Igihembo cya PEN Centre).  Inkuru ze nazo zasohotse muri Zoetrope: Byose-Inkuru,  n'ikinyamakuru Topic Magazine . 

Igitabo cye cya mbere, Purple Hibiscus (2003), cyashimiwe cyane; yashyizwe ku rutonde rw'igihembo cya Orange kubera ibihimbano (2004)  kandi gihabwa igihembo cy'abanditsi ba Commonwealth kubera igitabo cya mbere cyiza (2005).  Purple Hibiscus atangiye afite quote wagutse kuva Chinua Achebe 's Ibintu Fall . 

Igitabo cye cya kabiri, Igice cya kabiri cy'izuba ry'umuhondo (2006), cyiswe ibendera ry'igihugu cya Biafra igihe gito, cyashyizwe mbere ndetse no mu gihe cy'intambara yo muri Nijeriya. Yakiriye igihembo cya Orange 2007 cyo guhimbano hamwe na Anisfield-Wolf Book Award .  Kimwe cya kabiri cy'izuba ry'umuhondo cyahinduwe muri filime yitiriwe izina rimwe iyobowe na Biyi Bandele, yakinnye na BAFTA wegukanye igihembo ndetse n'umukandida wahawe igihembo cya Akademiki Chiwetel Ejiofor na Thandie Newton wegukanye BAFTA, akaba yararekuwe mu 2014. 

Igitabo cya gatatu cya Adichie, The Thing Around Your Neck (2009), ni icyegeranyo cy'inkuru 12 zerekana isano iri hagati y'abagabo n'abagore, ababyeyi n'abana, Afurika na Amerika.

Mu mwaka wa 2010, yashyizwe ku rutonde rw'abanditsi ba New Yorker 20 munsi ya 40.  Inkuru ya Adichie Ceiling yashyizwe mu gitabo cy’umwaka wa 2011 cyiza cyane cyo muri Amerika .

Igitabo cye cya gatatu cyitwa Americanah (2013), ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’umusore ukomoka muri Nijeriya wahuye n’amoko muri Amerika cyatoranijwe na The New York Times nka kimwe mu Ibitabo 10 byiza bya 2013. 

Muri Mata 2014, yiswe umwe mu banditsi 39 bari munsi y’imyaka 40  mu iserukiramuco rya Hay na Rainbow Book Club umushinga wa Afurika39, bizihiza Port Harcourt UNESCO Umurwa mukuru w’ibitabo by’isi 2014.  

Amagambo magufi ya Adichie, Mama, Umusazi nyafurika araganira ku bibazo bivuka iyo uhuye n'imico ibiri itandukanye rwose. Ku ruhande rumwe, hari umuco gakondo wo muri Nijeriya ufite uruhare rugaragara rw'uburinganire, mu gihe muri Amerika hari umudendezo mwinshi mu buryo uburinganire bw'umugabo n'umugore bakora, kandi ntibibuza abakiri bato. Ralindu, nyamukuru, ahura niki kibazo nababyeyi be mugihe yakuriye i Philadelphia, mugihe bakuriye muri Nijeriya. Adichie yibira cyane mubikorwa byuburinganire nimigenzo nibibazo bishobora kubaho kubera iki. 

Muri 2015,  . 

Mu 2014 kiganiro, Adichie yavuze feminism (uburinganire)no kwandika: Nibaza ubwanjye ari storyteller ariko sinashatse bwenge Ku Byose NIBA umuntu bari gutekereza yanjye nk'uko umwanditsi gore. . . Ndi umunyarwandakazi cyane muburyo mbona isi, kandi uko isi ibona bigomba kuba bimwe mubikorwa byanjye.  

Muri Werurwe 2017, Americanah yatowe nk'uwatsindiye gahunda ya Igitabo kimwe, New York,   muri gahunda yo gusoma abaturage bashishikariza abatuye umujyi bose gusoma igitabo kimwe . 

Muri Mata 2017, hatangajwe ko Adichie yatorewe kuba mu cyiciro cya 237 cy'Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubuhanzi n'Ubumenyi rya Amerika, kikaba ari kimwe mu byubahiro bihebuje abanyabwenge bo muri Amerika, nk'umwe mu banyamuryango 228 bashya bazinjizwa ku ya 7 Ukwakira 2017 .  

Igitabo aheruka gukora, Nshuti Ijeawele, cyangwa Manifeste ya Feministi mu Cyifuzo Cumi na Gatanu, cyasohowe muri Werurwe 2017,  cyaturutse mu ibaruwa Adichie yandikiye inshuti yari yarasabye inama z'uburyo yarera umukobwa we nk'umugore. 

Adichie yavuze kuri Akaga k'Inkuru imwe ya TED mu 2009.  Yabaye umwe mubantu icumi ba mbere bareba TED Ibiganiro byigihe cyose hamwe na miliyoni zirenga cumi neshanu.  Ku ya 15 Werurwe 2012, yatanze ikiganiro Guhuza imico Inyigisho ya Commonwealth 2012 i Guildhall, London .  Adichie yavuze kandi ku kuba umunyarwandakazi wa TEDxEuston mu Kuboza 2012, n'ijambo rye yise: Twese tugomba kuba abategarugori.  Yatangije ikiganiro ku isi hose ku gitsina gore kandi cyasohowe nk'igitabo mu 2014.  Yatoranijwe ku ndirimbo  *** Flawless  ya 2013 n'umuhanzi w'umunyamerika Beyoncé, aho yakunze kwitabwaho.

Adichie yavugiye mu kiganiro TED yise Akaga k'Inkuru imwe yashyizwe muri Nyakanga 2009.  Muri yo, yagaragaje ko ahangayikishijwe no kudahagararira imico itandukanye.  Yasobanuye ko akiri umwana muto, yakunze gusoma inkuru z'Abanyamerika n'Ubwongereza aho abantu bavugaga ahanini bakomoka muri Caucase. Muri iyo nyigisho, yavuze ko kutagaragaza imico itandukanye bishobora guteza akaga: Ubu, nakunze ibyo bitabo by'Abanyamerika n'Abongereza nasomye. Banteye gutekereza no kumfungurira isi nshya. Ariko ingaruka zitagenderewe yari ko sinari nzi abantu ko nkanjye ashobora kubaho mu bitabo.  

Mu nyigisho zose, yakoresheje anecdote kugiti cye kugirango yerekane akamaro ko gusangira inkuru zitandukanye. Yavuze muri make ibijyanye numuhungu wo murugo wakoreraga umuryango we witwa Fide avuga ko ikintu yamuziho ari ukuntu umuryango we wari umukene. Ariko, igihe umuryango wa Adichie wasuraga umudugudu wa Fide, nyina wa Fide yaberetse igitebo murumuna wa Fide yakoze, bituma amenya ko yatanze igitekerezo cye kuri Fide ashingiye kumateka imwe gusa. Adichie yagize ati: Ntabwo nari natekereje ko umuntu uwo ari we wese mu muryango we ashobora gukora ikintu runaka. Ibyo numvise kuri bo nukuntu bakennye, kuburyo bitabaye ngombwa ko mbona ko ari ikindi kintu cyose uretse abakene. Ubukene bwabo ni yo nkuru yanjye yonyine kuri bo.   Yavuze kandi ko igihe yavaga muri Nijeriya akajya muri kaminuza ya Drexel, yahuye n'ingaruka z'umuco we bwite udahagarariwe. Umunyamerika babanaga yatunguwe no kubona Adichie azi icyongereza kandi ko atigeze yumva umuziki w'amoko.  Yavuze kuri ibi: Mugenzi wanjye twabanaga yari afite inkuru imwe ya Afurika: inkuru imwe y'ibiza. Muri iyi nkuru imwe, ntabwo bishoboka ko Abanyafurika basa na we mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, nta byashobokaga ko ibyiyumvo bigoye kuruta impuhwe, nta nubwo bishoboka ko abantu bahuza.  

Adichie yashoje inyigisho yerekana akamaro k'inkuru zitandukanye mumico itandukanye no guhagararirwa bikwiye. Yahamagariye kurushaho gusobanukirwa inkuru kuko abantu bigoye, avuga ko iyo usobanukiwe inkuru imwe gusa, umuntu asobanura nabi abantu, amateka yabo n'amateka yabo. 

Mu mwaka wa 2012, Adichie yatanze ikiganiro cya TEDx yise: Twese dukwiye kuba abategarugori, cyatangiwe kuri TedXEuston i Londres, kimaze kurebwa inshuro zirenga miliyoni eshanu.  Yavuze ibyamubayeho byo kuba umunyafrica wigitsina gore, nigitekerezo cye kubijyanye no kubaka uburinganire nigitsina. Adichie yavuze ko ikibazo cyuburinganire ari uko gihindura abo turi bo.  Yavuze kandi ati: “Ndarakaye. Uburinganire nkuko bukora muri iki gihe ni akarengane gakabije. Twese dukwiye kurakara. Uburakari bufite amateka maremare yo kuzana impinduka nziza, ariko usibye kurakara, nanjye mfite ibyiringiro kuko nizera cyane ubushobozi bwabantu bwo gukora no kwisubiraho neza.  
Bimwe mu biganiro bya TEDx bya Adichie byatoranijwe mu ndirimbo ya Beyoncé  flawless  mu Kuboza 2013.  Umutungo wa kane wasohoye inyandiko ishingiye ku mvugo nk'igitabo cyihariye, Twese Tugomba kuba Abagore, muri 2014. Nyuma Adichie mu kiganiro NPR yavuze ko ikintu cyose cyatuma urubyiruko ruvuga ku gitsina gore ari ikintu cyiza cyane.  Nyuma yaje kwemeza aya magambo mu kiganiro yagiranye n’ikinyamakuru cyo mu Buholandi De Volkskrant : Ikindi nanze ni uko nasomye ahantu hose: ubu abantu barangije kumumenya, babikesha Beyoncé, cyangwa: agomba gushimira cyane. Nasanze ibyo bitantengushye. Natekereje nti: Ndi umwanditsi kandi maze igihe runaka kandi nanze kuririmbira muri iyi charade bigaragara ko ntegerejwe: 'Ndashimira Beyoncé, ubuzima bwanjye ntibuzongera kubaho ukundi.' Niyo mpamvu ntigeze mbivugaho byinshi.  

Adichie yasobanuyeko ukuntu asobanura nukuntu ashimangira uburinganire bitandukanye n'uko Beyonce(umuhanzikazi) abikora, gusa yumvako bishimishije kuba umugore nkawe ahagarara mubya politiki n'imibereho y'abantu rusange mu myaka mike ishize. Ashimangirako umugore ushyira imbere umwuga we, ukora ibintu bye uko abyumva, afite imbaraga z'umwari. Ntwarwa cyane n'ibyo.

Ku ya 20 Gicurasi 2019, Ngozi Adichie yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro yakuye muri kaminuza ya Yale . 




#Article 160: Lupita Nyong'o (3567 words)


Lupita Amondi Nyong'o ( US : / l U p i t ə N j ɔː n oʊ /, Kenyan English : [luˈpita ˈɲoŋo] (Ibyerekeye iri jwi  ; Spanish: [luˈpita ˈɲoŋɡo] ; yavutse 1 Werurwe 1983) ni Kenya-Mexique  umukinnyi wa filime numwanditsi. Umukobwa w’umunyapolitiki wo muri Kenya Peter Anyang 'Nyong'o, Nyong'o yavukiye mu mujyi wa Mexico, aho se yigishaga, akurira muri Kenya kuva afite umwaka. Yize kaminuza muri Amerika, abona impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye na firime na teatre yakuye muri kaminuza ya Hampshire .

Nyong'o yatangiye umwuga we muri Hollywood nk'umufasha w’ibicuruzwa. Mu mwaka wa 2008, yatangiye gukina filime ngufi ya East River hanyuma asubira muri Kenya gukina kuri televiziyo Shuga (2009–2012). Muri 2009 kandi, yanditse, akora kandi ayobora documentaire Muri My Genes . Yakurikiranye impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu gukina Yale School of Drama . Nyuma gato yo guhabwa impamyabumenyi, yakinnye bwa mbere muri firime nka Patsey mu ikinamico ya biografiya ya Steve McQueen yerekana imyaka 12 Yabaye Umucakara (2013), aho yakiriwe neza kandi yegukana ibihembo byinshi, harimo igihembo cya Akademiki cy’umukinnyi witwaye neza kurusha abandi . Yabaye umukinnyi wa mbere w’umunyakenya n’umunyamerikakazi wegukanye igihembo cya Academy .

Nyong'o yagaragaye bwa mbere muri Broadway ari impfubyi yingimbi mu ikinamico Eclipsed (2015), akaba yaratorewe igihembo cya Tony igihembo cy’umukinnyi mwiza w’umukino . Aragenda ku gukina nka Maz Kanata muri Star Wars babyemerewe trilogy (2015-2019) kandi aba  Raksha mu The Jungle Book (2016). Umwuga Nyong'o amajyambere na uruhare nk'uko Nakia mu Ntimutangazwe Cinematic Universe ndengakamere film Black Panther (2018) na we yakinye mu Yorodani Peele 's amahinyu yitirirwa n'ikinya film Us (2019).

Usibye gukina, Nyong'o ashyigikira kubungabunga amateka . Avuga cyane gukumira ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no guharanira uburenganzira bw’umugore n’inyamaswa. Mu 2014, yari yitwa  umugore mwiza  cyane nabantu . Nyong'o yanditse kandi igitabo cy'abana cyitwa Sulwe (2019), cyabaye icya mbere muri New York Times Cyiza-Mugurisha . Muri 2019 kandi, Nyong'o yavuze uburyo bwa Discovery Channel docu-serie Serengeti, byamuhesheje igihembo cya Primetime Emmy Award kuba Indashyikirwa . Nyong'o yashyizwe mu rutonde rwa Abagore 50 bakomeye muri Afurika na Forbes mu 2020.

Nyong'o yavutse ku ya 1 Werurwe 1983, avukira mu mujyi wa Mexico, muri Megizike,    ku babyeyi b'Abanyakenya, Dorothy Ogada Buyu   na Peter Anyang 'Nyong'o, umwarimu wa kaminuza. Uyu muryango wari wavuye muri Kenya mu 1980 igihe runaka kubera gukandamizwa muri politiki n'imvururu; Murumuna wa Peter, Charles Nyong'o, yaburiwe irengero nyuma yo kujugunywa mu bwato mu 1980. 

Nyong'o avuga ko ari Umunyakenya-Mexico kandi afite ubwenegihugu bubiri bwa Kenya na Mexico.   Akomoka mu gace ka Luo ku mpande zombi z'umuryango we, kandi ni uwa kabiri mu bana batandatu.  Ni umuco w'abaturage ba Luo kwita umwana amazina y'ibyabaye kuri uwo munsi, bityo ababyeyi be bamuha izina ry'icyesipanyoli, Lupita ( kugabanya Guadalupe ).  Se yahoze ari Minisitiri w’ubuvuzi muri guverinoma ya Kenya. Igihe yavukaga, yari umwarimu wasuye siyanse ya politiki muri El Colegio de México mu mujyi wa Mexico.  

Uyu muryango wasubiye mu gihugu cyabo cya Kenya igihe Nyong'o yari atarageza ku mwaka umwe,   kuko se yagizwe umwarimu muri kaminuza ya Nairobi .  Yakuriye cyane cyane i Nairobi, anasobanura uburere bwe icyiciro cyo hagati, mumujyi.  Igihe yari afite imyaka 16, ababyeyi be bamwohereje muri Mexico amezi arindwi kwiga icyesipanyoli.   Muri ayo mezi arindwi, Nyong'o yabaga muri Taxco, muri Guerrero, kandi yiga amasomo muri Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México yiga ibijyanye nabanyamahanga. 

Nyong'o yakuriye mu muryango wubuhanzi, aho bahuriraga hamwe akenshi harimo ibitaramo byabana, ningendo zo kureba amakinamico.  Yize mu ishuri mpuzamahanga rya Rusinga muri Kenya kandi akina munyinamico yo mu ishuri. 

Ku myaka 14, Nyong'o yatangiye gukina umwuga we wa mbere nka Juliet muri Romeo na Juliet  mu bicuruzwa byakozwe na sosiyete ikora repertory ya Nairobi ishingiye kuri Phoenix Players .   Mugihe umunyamuryango wa Phoenix Abakinnyi, Nyong'o yanakinnye mu ikinamico Kuri The Razzle na Hano Genda Umugeni .  Nyong'o avuga ibikorwa by'abakinnyi b'amafirime b'Abanyamerika Whoopi Goldberg na Oprah Winfrey muri Ibara ry'umuyugubwe amutera imbaraga zo gukora umwuga wo gukina umwuga.  

Nyong'o yaje kwiga mu ishuri ryitiriwe Mutagatifu Mariya (St. Mary's school) i Nairobi, aho yakuye impamyabumenyi ya IB mu 2001.  Yagiye muri Amerika muri kaminuza, arangiza muri Hampshire College afite impamyabumenyi mu bijyanye na firime na teatre.  

Mu 2013, ise yatorewe guhagararira Intara ya Kisumu muri Sena ya Kenya maze muri 2017, aba Guverineri .   Nyina wa Nyong'o ni umuyobozi mukuru wa Fondasiyo ya Kanseri ya Afurika ndetse na sosiyete ye y'itumanaho .   Abandi bagize umuryango barimo Tavia Nyong'o, intiti akaba n'umwarimu muri kaminuza ya New York ; Omondi Nyong'o, umuganga w'amaso w'abana i Palo Alto,  Californiya, muri Amerika; Kwame Nyong'o, umwe mu bayobozi ba animasiyo ba Kenya akaba n'inzobere mu ikoranabuhanga; n'ikinyamakuru Forbes, Isis Nyong'o, umuyobozi w'itangazamakuru n'ikoranabuhanga wagizwe umwe mu bakobwa bakomeye bo muri Afurika bakomeye.  

Nyong'o yatangiye umwuga we akora nk'abakozi bo mu mafilime menshi, harimo nka The Constant Gardener ya Fernando Meirelles (2005), Mira Nair 's The Namesake (2006), na Salvatore Stabile aho Imana yasize inkweto ( 2007).  Avuga Ralph Fiennes, umustari w’Ubwongereza wa The Constant Gardener, nkumuntu wamuteye inkunga yo gukora umwuga wo gukina umwuga. 

Muri 2008, Nyong'o yakinnye muri filime ngufi ya East River, iyobowe na Marc Gray ikorerwa i Brooklyn .  Muri uwo mwaka yagarutse muri Kenya maze agaragara muri televiziyo yo muri Kenya Shuga, ikinamico ya MTV Base Africa / UNICEF ivuga ku kwirinda virusi itera SIDA .  Mu mwaka wa 2009, yanditse, ayobora kandi asohora documentaire Muri My Genes, ivuga ku ivangura rikorerwa abaturage ba albino bo muri Kenya.  Yakinnye mu birori byinshi bya firime kandi yegukana igihembo cya mbere mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya gatanu rya 2008.  Nyong'o yayoboye kandi amashusho y'indirimbo Utuntu duto ukora ya Wahu, agaragaramo Bobi Wine,  yatorewe igihembo cyiza kurusha ibindi cya Video nziza muri MTV Africa Music Awards 2009 . 

Nyong'o yize amashuri ya master's mu gukina amafilime muri Yale School of Drama. Muri Yale kandi, yagaragaye mubindi byinshi, harimo Gertrude Stein's Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights, Chekhov's Uncle Vanya, na William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew na The Winter's Tale. Akiri muri Yale kandi, yatsinduye Herschel Williams Prize muri 2011–12 mumwaka wamashuri wa  acting students with outstanding ability bisobanuye abakinnyi binyinamico bafite ubushobozi buhanitse.

Akimara kurangiza Yale, Nyong'o yahise agira uruhare rukomeye  ubwo yakinaga mu ikinamico y’amateka ya Steve McQueen Imyaka 12 Umucakara (2013).   Iyi filime yahuye n'abantu benshi bashimwa, ishingiye ku buzima bwa Solomon Northup (yakinnye na Chiwetel Ejiofor ), umugabo w’umunyamerika wavukiye mu bwisanzure w’umunyamerika ukomoka mu majyaruguru ya New York washimuswe akagurishwa mu bucakara i Washington, DC, muri 1841. Nyong'o yakinnye nka Patsey, umugaragu ukorana na Northup mu gihingwa cya pamba cya Louisiana; imikorere ye yahuye nibisobanuro byiza.  Ian Freer w'Ingoma yanditse ko atanga umwe mu bakinnyi ba mbere berekana amashusho manini yatekerejweho, kandi Peter Travers yongeraho ko ari umukinnyi w'amafirime udasanzwe winjiza Patsey n'ubuntu bukabije.  

Nyong'o yatorewe ibihembo byinshi mu myaka 12 Umucakara, harimo igihembo cya Golden Globe igihembo cy’umukinnyi w’abakinnyi witwaye neza, igihembo cya BAFTA cy’umukinnyi witwaye neza mu nshingano zunganira, hamwe n’ibihembo bibiri by’abakinnyi ba Guild Awards, harimo n’umukinnyi witwaye neza kurusha abandi, yatsindiye. .  Yahawe kandi igihembo cya Akademiki kubera yabaye Umukinnyi witwaye neza kurusha abandi, abaye umukinnyi wa gatandatu w’umukinnyi w’umukara wegukanye igihembo. Niwe mukinnyi wa mbere w’umukinnyi wa Afurika wegukanye iki gihembo, umukinnyi wa mbere w’umukinnyi wa Kenya wegukanye Oscar, n’umunyamerika wa mbere wegukanye iki gihembo.   Yabaye umukinnyi wa 15 watsindiye Oscar kubera gukina bwa mbere muri firime. 

Nyuma yuruhare rushyigikira mubikorwa-bishimishije Non-Stop (2014),  Nyong'o yakinnye muri Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015) nka Force -sensitive space pirate Maz Kanata, imiterere ya CGI yaremye ikoresheje icyerekezo gufata ikoranabuhanga.   Nyong'o yavuze ko yashakaga kugira uruhare aho isura ye itari ngombwa. Gukina byatanze ikibazo gitandukanye ninshingano ze nka Patsey.  Scott Mendelson wo muri Forbes yavuze ko uruhare rwa Nyong'o ari ihuriro ry'urutonde rwiza rwa filime, naho Stephanie Zacharek wo mu gihe yamwitaga imico mito ishimishije.   Nyong'o yatorewe kuba umukinnyi w’umukinnyi witwaye neza mu bihembo bya 42 bya Saturne ndetse n’imikorere myiza ya Virtual muri MTV Movie Awards 2016 kubera uruhare rwe.  

Muri 2015, Nyong'o yagarutse kuri stage afite uruhare runini nk'umukobwa utaravuzwe izina mu ikinamico Eclipsed, yanditswe na Danai Gurira .  Ikinamico ibera mugihe cy'akajagari k'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Abanyalibiya, aho abagore bajyanywe bunyago n'umutwe w'abasirikare bigometse hamwe bashinga umuganda, kugeza igihe ubuzima bwabo bubabajwe no kuza k'umukobwa mushya (wakinnye na Nyong'o ). Eclipsed yabaye Theatre rusange yagurishijwe cyane mu bicuruzwa bishya mu mateka ya vuba  kandi yegukana Nyong'o igihembo cya Obie kubera ibikorwa by'indashyikirwa.  Ikinamico yerekanwe kuri Broadway kuri John Golden Theatre umwaka ukurikira.  Wari ikinamico yambere yerekanwe kuri Broadway hamwe nabakinnyi bose birabura nabagore bahanga hamwe nabakozi.   Nyong'o yavuze ko atigeze yiga ikinamico i Yale byimbitse mu 2009 kandi ko afite ubwoba bwo gukina iyo mico kuri stage.  Imikorere ye yahuye nogushimwa. The New York Times ' Charles Isherwood yise Nyong'o umwe  mu bakinnyi beza bakiri bato waba ubonetse kuri Broadway mu bihe bishize, ugaragaza afite uimpuhwe btuma tureba imbere y'akababaro tukanabona ubumuntu bwabakinnyi.  Igitaramo cya Nyong'o muri Eclipsed cyamuhesheje igihembo cya Theatre World Award kubera Indashyikirwa ya Broadway cyangwa Off-Broadway ya mbere ndetse anahatanira igihembo cya Tony igihembo cy'umukinnyi mwiza mu gukina .  Byongeye kandi, yatorewe kuba umukinnyi w’umukinnyi w’indashyikirwa mu ikinamico muri Outer Critics Circle Award ndetse n’igihembo cyitwaye neza mu bihembo bya Drama League .     Nyong'o yavuze ko yanze filime za Hollywood. 

Nyong'o yakinnye mu gitabo cyitwa Jungle Book (2016) cya Jon Favreau, cyahinduwe mu buryo bwa Live / CGI cyahinduwe n’umwimerere wacyo wa 1967, avuga Raksha, impyisi y’umubyeyi urera Mowgli (yakinnye na Neel Sethi).  Robbie Collin wo mu kinyamakuru Daily Telegraph yanditse mu isubiramo rye ko Nyong'o yazanye icyubahiro cyoroheje ku ruhare rwe.  Nyuma yaje gukinana n’umwamikazi wa Mira Nair wa Katwe (2016), biopic ishingiye ku nkuru y’ukuri ivuga ku izamuka ry’umusore w’umupira w’amaguru wa Uganda,  Phiona Mutesi (wakinnye na Madina Nalwanga), uba Umugore Umukandida Master nyuma yimyitwarire ye muri World Chess Olympiads . Nyong'o yakinnye nka nyina urinda Phiona, Nakku Harriet.  Brian Tallerico wo muri RogerEbert.com yagize ati: Nyong'o ni umuntu utangaje. Afite ubushobozi buhebuje bwo kuvuga inyuma.   Geoff Berkshire wo muri Variety yise imikorere ya Nyong'o Byoroheje cyane mu ruhare rwe rwa mbere rwibikorwa kuva yatwara Oscar mu myaka 12 Umucakara [...] ashyiramo icyashoboraga kuba umubyeyi ufite imigabane n'umuriro w'imbere kuburyo Harriet yumva akwiye kugira firime ye bwite.  

Nyong'o yerekanye uruhare rwe nka Maz Kanata muri Rian Johnson ' Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), ndetse no muri animasiyo ya Star Wars Force of Destiny .  Umwaka wakurikiyeho, yakinnye nka maneko Nakia, wahoze ari umunyamuryango wa Dora Milaje, itsinda ry’abagore bakora nk'ingabo zidasanzwe za Wakanda ndetse n'abashinzwe kurinda abantu kuri T'Challa / Black Panther ( Chadwick Boseman ), muri filime y'ibihangange ya Ryan Coogler . Black Panther (2018), yaranze film ya cumi n'umunani muri Marvel Cinematic Universe .  Mu rwego rwo kwitegura urwo ruhare, Nyong'o yize kuvuga Xhosa maze akora imyitozo ya judo, jujitsu, silat, na Filipine.   David Betancourt wo mu kinyamakuru Washington Post yanditse ko filime ifata sinema y'intwari aho itigeze igenda mbere yo kudatinya kwakira umwijima wayo; yashimye byimazeyo Nyong'o yerekana imico ye kubera ko yirinze kwerekana imiterere y’umudamu uyoboye wumwirabura, yandika ko atera inkoni, arasa imbunda kandi yiba imitima mu ruhare asa nkaho yabivukiye.  Black Panther yinjije miliyari zisaga 1.34 z'amadolari kugira ngo agaragare nka filime ya cumi na rimwe yinjije amafaranga menshi mu bihe byose .  Nyong'o yahawe igihembo cya Saturn igihembo cyumukinnyi witwaye neza muri film. 

Nyuma yo gutsinda kwa Black Panther, Nyong'o yakinnye nk'umwarimu w'incuke ukorana na zombie apocalypse muri filime iteye ubwoba yo gusetsa yitwa Little Monsters (2019). Amy Nicholson wo muri Variety yanditse ko Nyong'o urwenya rwinshi nubuntu byerekana urushyi.  Amajyepfo ya 2019 na Southwest yerekanye premiere ye izasohoka ubutaha, Jordan Peele ya filime iteye ubwoba ya  Us . Ivuga amateka yumuryango uhura na doppelgängers zabo.   Emily Yoshida wo mu kinyamakuru New York yavuze ko uruhare rwe rutangaje maze asanga kwerekana ko doppelgänger ari ibyagezweho ku rundi rwego; imikorere y'umubiri, ijwi, n'amarangamutima ku buryo  butamenyekana  bisa nkaho bidashoboka kuba ari  umurimo w'umuntu ufite umubiri n'amaraso.   Twinjije miliyoni zisaga 252 z'amadolari ugereranije n'ingengo ya miliyoni 20 z'amadolari.  Muri Studiyo Yisi Yose ya Halloween Horror Night, Nyong'o yitabiriye akajagari katewe na firime maze agaragara imbere muri attraction yambaye nkimiterere ye Umutuku.  Nyong'o yegukanye igihembo cya Filime y'abakinnyi ba Filime kubera ibikorwa by'indashyikirwa byakozwe n'umukinnyi w’umugore mu mwanya wa mbere kandi yatsindiye igihembo cy’ishusho cya NAACP ku bakinnyi beza . 

Muri 2019 kandi, Nyong'o yavuze urukurikirane rwa documentaire ya Discovery Channel Serengeti, ivuga ku nyamaswa zo mu bidukikije bya Serengeti .   Nyong'o yavuze ku kubura kw'abagore b'Abanyafurika bavuga documentaire z’ibidukikije ndetse n’uko ikipe ya Serengeti yamushishikarije gukoresha imvugo kavukire ya Kenya kuri uru rukurikirane. Yakomeje kubona igihembo cye cya mbere cya Emmy Award kubera ibyo yavuze nk'umuvugizi w’indashyikirwa mu birori bya 72 bya Primetime Emmy Awards, bituma aba umwirabura wa gatatu w’umwirabura watowe muri iki cyiciro.   Yatorewe kandi igihembo cya NAACP Ishusho yigihembo cyimiterere-Ijwi rirenga.  Yakiriye documentaire ya Channel 4 ' Warrior Women hamwe na Lupita Nyong'o, aho yagiye mu rugendo yambukiranya Benin, Afurika y'Iburengerazuba gushakisha Amazone ya Dahomey .  Nyong'o yerekanye uruhare rwe nka Maz Kanata ku nshuro ya gatatu muri Star Wars: Izamuka rya Skywalker, ryagaragaje igice cya nyuma cya trilogy ya Star Wars .  Muri 2020, yavuze icyogajuru cya Hayden Planetarium, Isi Irenze Isi .  Yagaragaye kuri Global Citizen yateguye ibirori bya tereviziyo, Twese hamwe Murugo .  Nyong'o yinjiye mu maradiyo yerekanwe na Richard II wo muri Theatre rusange na WNYC nk'Umuvugizi.  Yagaragaye muri filime y’umuziki ya Beyoncé Black Is King, yerekanwe bwa mbere kuri Disney + muri Nyakanga 2020. 

Nyong'o azakina mu itsinda rya maneko- maneko wa Simon Kinberg 355 (2021), hamwe na Jessica Chastain, Penélope Cruz, Fan Bingbing, na Diane Kruger .  Akora y'amajyambere televiziyo series bishingiye ku Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 's novel Americanah, akaba hazava na star mu.  Yagize hazava na utunyenyeri mu Born cyibasiye, a film bayigire iyabo Trevor Nowa ' memoir izina kimwe, aho agiye gukina nyina Nowa, Patricia.  Azongera guhura numuyobozi Abe Forsythe hamwe nitsinda ryaremye inyuma ya firime iteye ubwoba ya firime Ntoya Monsters kugirango azakinwe muri firime yo gusetsa siyanse. 

Nyong'o atuye i Brooklyn, muri New York .  Avuga neza Igiswahili, Icyesipanyoli, Luo, n'Icyongereza .  Ku ya 27 Gashyantare 2014, muri Essence Abagore b'Abirabura Muri saa sita za Hollywood i Beverly Hills, yatanze ijambo ku bwiza bw'abagore b'abirabura maze avuga ku mutekano muke yari afite akiri ingimbi. Yavuze ko ibitekerezo bye byahindutse abonye supermodel yo muri Sudani yepfo Alek Wek atsinze. 

Mu mwaka wa 2014, Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe kubungabunga amateka cyashakishije Nyong'o mu rwego rwo kurwanya iterambere, harimo na sitade nshya ya shampiyona ya baseball, mu gace ka Shockoe Bottom ka Richmond, muri Virijiniya .  Abaturanyi b'amateka, umwe mu bakera ba kera ba Richmond, niho hacururizwaga imbata zikomeye mbere y'intambara y'abanyamerika . Ku ya 19 Ukwakira 2014, Nyong'o yoherereje umuyobozi w'akarere ka Richmond Dwight C. Jones ibaruwa ayishyira ku mbuga nkoranyambaga, imusaba gukuraho inkunga yashyigikiraga icyifuzo cy'iterambere.  Nyuma yaho yagurije ijwi mu Conservation International Nature ni Avuga ubukangurambaga 'nk'uko flower ku. 

Nyong'o agira uruhare mu ishyirahamwe Mother Health International, ryita ku gutanga ubufasha ku bagore n'abana bo muri Uganda bashiraho ibigo byabyara. Yavuze ko atazigera atekereza cyane ku bijyanye no kubyara kugeza igihe mushiki we amumenyesheje umuyobozi mukuru wa MHI, Rachel Zaslow. Nyong'o yumvise azana ibitekerezo kubibazo nkibi ariko birengagijwe ni manda kuri we nkumuhanzi. Yahawe icyubahiro kubikorwa bye muri 2016 na Variety . 

Muri Mata 2016, Nyong'o yatangije ubukangurambaga bwo kurwanya imitima n'ubwenge hamwe n'umuryango we Wildaid mbere yo gutwika amahembe y'inzovu mu gihugu cya Kenya cyabaye ku ya 30 Mata. Guverinoma Kenya atwika 105 toni ya y'inzovu na toni 1,35 ya rhino ihembe mu kugaragaza uburyo bwabo zero tolerance to rushimusi na magendu bari guhungabanya kurokoka wa inzovu Rhinoceros mu ishyamba.  

Mu Ukwakira 2017, Nyong'o yanditse op-ed kuko The New York Times, mu akaba yagaragaje ko Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein muryamana we kabiri mu 2011, mu gihe yari umunyeshuri muri Yale. Yahize ko atazigera akorana na Weinstein, bityo akanga uruhare rwe muri Southpaw (2015). Nyong'o yanditse kandi ku byo yiyemeje gukorana n'abayobozi b'abagore cyangwa abayobozi b'abagore b'abagore, batakoresheje nabi ububasha bwabo.  Iyi op-ed yari igice cyicyegeranyo cyinkuru zakozwe na New York Times na The New Yorker yatsindiye igihembo cya Pulitzer cya 2018 kubakozi ba leta . 

Nyong'o yatangiye kwandika igitabo cye cyitwa Sulwe (2019), cyanditswe na Simon amp;amp; Schuster Books for Young Readers . Sulwe ( Luo kuri inyenyeri) ninkuru yumukobwa wumunyakenya wimyaka itanu, ufite ibara ryijimye mumuryango we, Nyong'o akifashisha ibyamubayeho akiri umwana.  Igitabo cyahindutse New York Times Cyiza-Kugurisha.  Sulwe yatoranijwe mu cyubahiro cya Illustrator 2020 muri Coretta Scott King Awards kandi yatsindiye ibihembo byindashyikirwa - Abana muri 2020 NAACP Image Awards.  

Muri Nzeri 2019, Nyong'o yabaye ambasaderi mu bukangurambaga bwa Kurikirana inzara ya Michael Kors .  Mu Kwakira, Nyong'o na nyina bahawe icyubahiro mu ishuri rya Harlem School of Arts 'Mask Ball hamwe na Visionary Lineage Award. Hanyuma, yahawe icyubahiro muri WildAid kubona igihembo cya Nyampinga wumwaka mu Gushyingo.  

Muri 2020, Centre nyafurika yatangaje Nyong'o nk'umwe mu bagize akanama kayo gashinzwe umutekano. 

Nyong'o yavuzwe mu ndirimbo yise “Nuthin” umuraperi w’umukirisitu Lecrae wo muri alubumu ye ya Anomaly 2014 kandi yavuzwe na Jay-Z mu murongo we wo mu ndirimbo ya Jay Electronica yise “Twabikoze”. Yavuzwe kandi mu ndirimbo ya parody Umunyamerika Wambaye Ad Ad Girls n’umwamikazi ukurura Willam Belli, Courtney Act na Alaska Thunderfuck .  Nyong'o yavuzwe mu ndirimbo yo muri Afurika 2015 Nerea n'itsinda rya Sauti Sol ryo muri Kenya.  Umuraperi Nicki Minaj yavuze Lupita mu murongo we kuri remix ya A $ AP Ferg ya  Plain Jane  kandi yavuzwe n'umuraperi Wale mu ndirimbo ye Umukara ni Zahabu.   Umuhanzi Beyoncé yavuze Nyong'o mu ndirimbo imwe  Umukobwa w'uruhu rwa Brown  wo muri Ntare King Soundtrack (2019). 

Nyong'o yashyizwe mu rutonde rwambaye neza rwa Derek Blasberg muri 2013 muri Bazaar ya Harper .  Muri 2014, yatorewe kuba umwe mu bantu bazitabira ubukangurambaga bwa Miu Miu, hamwe na Elizabeth Olsen, Elle Fanning na Bella Heathcote . Yagaragaye kandi ku gifuniko cy’ibinyamakuru byinshi, harimo ikibazo cy’imyambarire ya New York  ndetse n’ikinyamakuru cyo mu Bwongereza Dazed amp;amp; Confused .  Muri Mata muri uwo mwaka, yari yitwa  The mwiza Woman  by Abantu .  kandi yiswe isura nshya ya Lancôme, bituma aba umwirabura wa mbere wagaragaye ku kirango.  Nyuma yaho Ugushyingo, yiswe  Umugore wumwaka  na Glamour . 

Nyong'o yari ku gifubiko cya Vogue muri Nyakanga 2014, amugira umugore wa kabiri w’umunyafurika  n’umugore wa cyenda w’umwirabura  wanditse iki kinyamakuru. Muri uko kwezi kandi yagaragaye no ku gifuniko cy’ikinyamakuru cya Elle (Ubufaransa). Yagaragaye ku nomero yo mu Kwakira 2015 ya American Vogue, bituma iba igifuniko cye cya kabiri gikurikiranye.  Muri uko kwezi, Depite Charles Rangel na Voza Rivers, umuyobozi w’itsinda rishya ry’umurage w’umurage, batangaje ko uwo munsi ari umunsi wa Lupita Nyong'o i Harlem, muri New York. Iki cyubahiro cyatangajwe mu buryo butunguranye mu kiganiro cyeruye hagati ya Nyong'o n’umukangurambaga w’amashusho Michaela Angela Davis i Mist Harlem. 

Nyong'o yashyizwe mu kibazo cya Annie Leibovitz cyo muri 2016 Vanity Fair ' Ikibazo cya Hollywood.  Nyong'o yahawe igihembo cyerekana amashusho muri Gicurasi 2016 muri resitora ya Sardi mu mujyi wa New York kubera ko yatangiriye kuri Broadway.  Muri Nyakanga, yatorewe kuba umwe mu byamamare bya mbere, ari kumwe na Elle Fanning, Christy Turlington Burns, na Natalie Westling kugira ngo bakine mu bukangurambaga bwa Tiffany amp;amp; Co 'Fall 2016 bwanditswe na Grace Coddington .  Nyong'o yagaragaye ku gifuniko cya Vogue October Ukwakira 2016, bimubera ikibazo cya gatatu. Muri uko kwezi, yari umunyacyubahiro muri Elle Women 2016 muri Hollywood Awards. 

Muri Mutarama 2017, yagaragaye ku gifuniko cya Vanity Fair ' Ikibazo cya Hollywood.  Nyuma yaje kugaragara ku gifuniko cy’ikinyamakuru The Sunday Times Magazine cyo mu Bwongereza ku nomero yabo yo mu Kwakira 2017.  Ugushyingo 2017, yagaragaye ku gifuniko cy'ikinyamakuru Grazia UK . Nyuma yaje kwerekana ko atishimiye igifuniko ku mbuga nkoranyambaga kubera guhindura umusatsi kugira ngo uhuze n’ibipimo by’i Burayi byerekana uko umusatsi ugomba kumera. Nyuma yo gufotora An Le yasabye imbabazi mu magambo ye, avuga ko ari ikosa ridasanzwe.  Nyong'o akunze kuvuga kubyerekeye guhobera umusatsi wo muri Afurika kinky kandi agafatanya nogukora imisatsi Vernon François kugirango yerekane uburyo imisatsi ye itandukanye. 

Ukuboza 2017, Nyong'o yinjije igifuniko cya kane cya Vogue yikurikiranya ku kibazo cyo muri Mutarama 2018, amugira umukinnyi wa mbere w’umukara w’umukara wabikoze.  Yinjijwe kandi muri Tim Walker yo muri 2018 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland - ifite insanganyamatsiko ya Pirelli nkumuntu Dormouse . 

Muri Kamena 2018, Urugereko rw’Ubucuruzi rwa Hollywood rwatangaje ko Nyong'o azaba ari mu cyubahiro cyo kwakira inyenyeri kuri Walk Walk of Fame ya Hollywood mu cyiciro cya filime.  Ukwezi kwakurikiyeho, Nyong'o yakinnye na mugenzi we wa filime Saoirse Ronan mu gikorwa cyo kwiyamamaza kwa Calvin Klein kubera impumuro nziza yabo yise Abagore ba Calvin Klein. Muri ubu bukangurambaga hagaragaramo amashusho atangaje, ntoya yerekana abakinnyi ba filime batsindiye ibihembo hamwe n’abagore ku giti cyabo bahumekewe, aho Nyong'o yise Eartha Kitt na Katharine Hepburn nk’ibitekerezo bye.  Mu Kwakira 2018, Nyong'o yabaye icyubahiro inshuro ebyiri, ari kumwe na mugenzi we bakinana na Black Panther Danai Gurira na Angela Bassett ku kinyamakuru cya Elle Abagore muri Hollywood.  Nyong'o yagaragaye ku gifuniko cya Vogue España yo mu Gushyingo 2018.  Nyong'o ni Walk Walk of Fame ya 2019 ya Honouree. 

Nyong'o yagaragaye ku gifuniko cya nomero ya Vanity Fair yo mu Kwakira 2019.  Mu Gushyingo, yatangiye umuziki we ku ndirimbo ye ya mbere yise Indirimbo ya Sulwe, yanditse ku gitabo cye cyitwa Sulwe . Nanone rwaravuzwe ku muhanzi Ciara ' indirimbo Melanin munsi moniker, icyago hamwe La La Anthony, City Girls, na Ester Dean .  Melanin yatorewe igihembo cye muri BET Awards 2020. 

Nyong'o vyatumye isura mbere ku British ubuseribateri 'Gashyantare '20 cover.  Muri Werurwe 2020, yagaragaye ku rutonde rwa Abagore 50 bakomeye muri Afurika na Forbes . 




#Article 161: Emmanuella (359 words)


Emmanuella Samweli (yavutse Nyakanga 22, 2010), umuntu utari uzwi ubu akaba azwi nkanEmmanuella, YouTube umwana Umucyinyi Wibisekeje (urwenya) kuri Mariko Angel  kumuyoboro wa YouTube. Emmanuella yagaragaye bwa mbere ku gice cya 34, yise Who Mess?

Emanuella yinjiye mu rwenya afite imyaka itanu. Yari mu kiruhuko cyumuryango ahura na Angel. Yari akeneye abana bamwe kugirango akine urwenya, maze ahamagara abana bake yari azi kugirango bagenzurwe, ariko ntibashobora gufata mu mutwe imirongo yabo hanyuma ahindukirira Emmanuella. Nubwo amasaha cumi n'umunani yafashwe amashusho, akantu yakoze kugirango  agerageze kwihangana kwabana, Emanuella yakoze neza. Amaze gutoranywa, Angel yagombaga kumvisha ababyeyi be kumureka akaba umwe mubagize itsinda rya Mark Angel Comedy maze baramwemerera.  Yamenyekanye cyane nyuma yo gusetsaThis is Not My Real Face Oh bisobanuye Iyi si Isura Yanjye Yukuri Oh, aho yarimo asetsa umunyeshuri mugenzi we batazi ko umunyeshuri ari umwana w’umuyobozi w’ishuri.  Uru rwenya rugufi yagaragaye kurupapuro rwa Facebook rwa CNN . Ku ya 2 Mata 2020, mu gihe cyo gufunga kubera icyorezo cya COVID-19, Emmanuella, Intsinzi, na Regina Daniels bagaragaye mu gikinisho cya Ofego cyiswe  Gufunga  ku rubuga rwe rwa YouTube bakoresheje amashusho y’ububiko. 

Muri 2018, Emanuella yatumiwe mu Nteko ishinga amategeko na Perezida wa Sena, Bukola Saraki, kubera uruhare yagize muri filime ya Disney .   Yatangaje uruhare rwe muri film ya Disney kumurongo wa Instagram.  Muri 2016, Emanuella yatsindiye igihembo cya Top Subscribe Creator kuva kuri YouTube mugihe cyo gutangiza ibihembo bya YouTube yo munsi yubutayu bwa Sahara . Yatsindiye kandi ibihembo byiza bya Comedienne  Princess of Comedy awards muri Afro-Ositaraliya Music  Movie Awards (AAMMA).   Yakiriwe na CNN mu Gushyingo 2016. Muri 2015, yatsindiye G-Influence Niger Delta idasanzwe ya Talent Award. 

Emanuella akomoka muri Leta ya Imo mu burasirazuba bwa Nijeriya. Yavukiye i Port Harcourt muri Leta ya Rivers .  Habayeho impaka ku mibanire ye na Mark Angel, nkuko byavuzwe mu nzego zitandukanye ko ari mwishywa we ndetse bamwe bakavuga ko ari mubyara. Eze Chidinma wo muri Buzz Nigeriya mu kiganiro yavuze ko Emmanuella ari mwishywa wa Angel.  Pulse Nigeria yavuze kandi ko Angel ari nyirarume kuri Emmanuella.  Ku rundi ruhande, George Ibenegbu wo muri Legit.ng yavuze ko bombi ari mubyara.  Rachael Odusanya mubisohoka nyuma kuri legit.ng yavuze ko badafitanye isano. 




#Article 162: Ubukungu bw'U Rwanda (2257 words)


Ubukungu bw' U Rwanda

Ubukungu bw'u Rwanda bwagize inganda zihuse kubera politiki ya guverinoma igenda neza. Kuva mu ntangiriro ya 2000, u Rwanda rwabonye ubukungu bwiyongera mu mibereho y'abanyarwanda benshi. Icyerekezo cya Guverinoma cyo guteza imbere ubukungu cyabaye umusemburo w'ubukungu bwihuta. Perezida w'u Rwanda, Paul Kagame, yavuze ko yifuza guhindura u Rwanda  Singapore of Africa. Singapore ya Africa

Mu myaka ya za 1960 na 1970, politiki y’imari y’ubukungu y’u Rwanda, hamwe n’imfashanyo zituruka hanze ndetse n’ubucuruzi bugereranyije, byatumye ubwiyongere bukabije bw’umuturage n’igipimo gito cy’ifaranga bikomeza kwiyongera nabyo. Ariko, mu gihe ibiciro bya kawa ku isi byagabanutse cyane mu myaka ya za 1980, iterambere ryabaye ribi.

Ugereranije n'ubwiyongere bwa GDP buri mwaka bwa 6.5% kuva 1973 kugeza 1980, ubwiyongere bwaragabanutse kugera ku kigereranyo cya 2,9% ku mwaka kuva 1980 kugeza 1985 kandi bwahagaze kuva 1986 kugeza 1990. Iki kibazo cyageze mu 1990 igihe ingamba za mbere za gahunda yo guhindura imiterere ya IMF zikorwa. Mu gihe gahunda itashyizwe mu bikorwa mbere y’intambara, hashyizweho ingamba z’ingenzi nko guta agaciro kabiri kifaranga no gukuraho ibiciro byemewe. Ingaruka ku mishahara n'imbaraga zo kugura byarihuse kandi bitangaje. Iki kibazo cyibasiye cyane cyane intiti zize, abenshi muri bo bakaba barakoraga mu bakozi ba Leta cyangwa mu bigo bya Leta.

Mu myaka 5 y’intambara y’abenegihugu yarangiye muri jenoside yo mu 1994, GDP yagabanutse mu myaka 3 kuri 5, bituma igabanuka ryihuse rirenga 40% mu 1994, umwaka wa jenoside. Ubwiyongere bwa 9% muri GDP nyayo mu 1995, umwaka wa mbere nyuma y'intambara, byerekana ko ibikorwa by'ubukungu byongeye kubaho.

Itsembabwoko ryo mu 1994 ryasenye ubukungu bw’u Rwanda,bwasize ubukene cyane mu abaturage, cyane cyane abagore, kandi byangiza ubushobozi bw’igihugu bwo gukurura ishoramari ry’abikorera ndetse n’amahanga. Icyakora, u Rwanda rwateye intambwe igaragara mu gukomeza no kuvugurura ubukungu bwarwo. Muri Kamena 1998, u Rwanda rwasinyanye n'Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy'Imari gishinzwe Kunoza Imiterere . U Rwanda rwatangiye kandi gahunda yo kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo bafatanyije na  Banki y'Isi .

Mu gihe cya nyuma y'intambara - hagati ya 1994 kugeza 1995 - imfashanyo zihutirwa z’amadolari arenga miliyoni 307.4 z'amadolari ahanini zerekejwe mu bikorwa byo gutabara mu Rwanda no mu nkambi z'impunzi zo mu bihugu duturanye aho abanyarwanda bahungiye mu gihe cy'intambara. Mu 1996, imfashanyo z’ubutabazi zatangiye kwimukira mu kwiyubaka no gufasha mu iterambere .

Amerika, Ububiligi, Ubudage, Ubuholandi, Ubufaransa, Repubulika y’Ubushinwa, Banki yisi, gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe iterambere n’ikigega cy’iterambere ry’ibihugu by’i Burayi bizakomeza kubara inkunga nyinshi. Kuvugurura ibikorwa remezo bya leta, cyane cyane inzego z’ubutabera, byashyizwe imbere n’amahanga, ndetse no gukomeza gusana no kwagura ibikorwa remezo, ibigo nderabuzima, n’ishuri.

Nyuma ya Jenoside yo mu Rwanda, guverinoma iyobowe n’abatutsi yatangiye gahunda ikomeye yo kuzamura ubukungu bw’igihugu no kugabanya gushingira ku buhinzi gusa. Ubukungu bwananiranye bwari bwaragize uruhare runini mu itsembabwoko, kimwe n’abaturage benshi ndetse n’amarushanwa yaturutse ku mirimo idahwitse n’ibindi bikoresho. Guverinoma yibanze cyane cyane ku kubaka inganda zikora na serivisi no gukuraho inzitizi z’ubucuruzi n’iterambere.

Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yashyizeho umuvuduko wa 13% muri GDP mu 1996 binyuze mu kunoza inyungu yinjira mu misoro, kwihutisha kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo ibigo bya Leta kugira ngo bahagarike imiyoboro y’umutungo wa Leta, kandi bikomeze kunoza umusaruro woherezwa mu mahanga n’umusaruro w’ibiribwa. Igihingwa cy’icyayi n’inganda byakomeje kuvugururwa, kandi ikawa, iba  igihingwa cy’umudugudu muto, iravugururwa cyane kandi ikitabwaho n’uko abahinzi bumva umutekano wabo ugarutse. Ariko, inzira yo gukira izatinda.

Ikawa itanga toni 14,578.560 mu 2000 ugereranije n’intambara yabanjirije intambara hagati ya toni 35.000 na 40.000  . Kugeza mu 2002 icyayi kibaye u Rwanda rwohereza ibicuruzwa byinshi mu mahanga, aho ibyoherezwa mu mahanga biva mu cyayi bigera kuri miliyoni 18 US $ bingana na toni 15.000 z'icyayi cyumye. Umutungo kamere w'u Rwanda ni muto. Inganda ntoya zitanga hafi 5% yinjiza amadovize. Habayeho kwibanda ku mabuye yagaciro aremereye nka cassiterite (isoko yambere ya tin ), na coltan (ikoreshwa mugukora imashini za elegitoronike, zikoreshwa mu bicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki byabaguzi nka terefone ngendanwa, imashini ya DVD, sisitemu yimikino ya videwo na mudasobwa ).

Hagati mu 1997, inganda zigera kuri 75% zikora mbere y’intambara zisubira mu musaruro, ku kigereranyo cya 75% by’ubushobozi bwabo. Ishoramari mu rwego rwinganda rikomeje kuba rike gusa ku gusana inganda zisanzwe. Ubucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa, bwangijwe n’intambara, bwongeye kubyuka vuba, hamwe n’ubucuruzi bushya bushya bwashyizweho n’abatahuka bava mu Rwanda baturutse muri Uganda, mu Burundi, no muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo .

Inganda zabonye ubufasha buke bwo hanze kuva intambara irangiye kugeza 1995. Guhera mu 1996–97, guverinoma yarushijeho kugira uruhare mu gufasha urwego rw’inganda kugarura umusaruro binyuze mu bufasha bwa tekiniki n’imari, harimo ingwate z’inguzanyo, kwishyira ukizana mu bukungu, no kwegurira abikorera ibigo bya Leta. Mu ntangiriro za 1998, guverinoma yashyizeho ikigo cyo guteza imbere ishoramari rimwe kandi ishyira mu bikorwa amategeko mashya y’ishoramari yashyizeho  ibyorohereza abashoramari bo mu mahanga ndetse n’abenegihugu. Ikigo cyigenga gishinzwe ibyinjira nibisohoka nacyo cyatangiye gukora, no kunoza icyegeranyo no kubazwa.

Umusaruro wa Cassiterite wageze kuri toni 1.000 mu 1990, ariko munsi ya toni 700 mu 2000. Umusaruro wa coltan wanditsweho wazamutse uva kuri toni 147 mu 1999 ugera kuri toni 1,300 mu 2001, naho coltan niyo yinjije amafaranga menshi mu gihugu mu 2001. Nibura igice cyo kongera umusaruro ni ukubera ibirombe bishya byafunguwe mu Rwanda. Icyakora, ni ukuri, nkuko byakunze kugaragara, ko kwiyongera nanone biterwa n'uburiganya bwo kohereza mu mahanga coltan ya coltan. Usibye uruhare rwamenyekanye neza muri ubu bucuruzi bw’ingabo  z’u Rwanda (RDF), ikindi kintu gikomeye mu kongera kohereza mu mahanga coltan ni uko abacuruzi mpuzamahanga bahatirwa kutagura muri DRC, bityo bikongerera imbaraga DRC coltan kongera koherezwa mu mahanga nk'u Rwanda. U Rwanda kandi ruvuga ko rucuruza mu buriganya zahabu na diyama bivanywa muri DRC. 

Igihugu cyinjiye mu gihe kinini cy’iterambere ry’ubukungu mu 2006, kandi umwaka wakurikiyeho cyashoboye kwandikisha 8% by’ubukungu, kikaba ari amateka yakomeje kuva aho, gihinduka kimwe mu bihugu byihuta cyane muri Afurika. Iterambere ry’ubukungu rirambye ryashoboye kugabanya ubukene ndetse no kugabanya igipimo cy’uburumbuke, aho kwiyongera hagati ya 2006 na 2011 byagabanije ijanisha ry’abatuye igihugu babayeho mu bukene bava kuri 57% bagera kuri 45%. Ibikorwa remezo by'igihugu na byo byazamutse vuba, aho amashanyarazi yavuye ku 91.000 mu 2006 agera kuri 215.000 muri 2011. 

Ishoramari ry’amahanga ririho ryibanda mu bigo by'ubucuruzi, ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, icyayi, ikawa, n'ubukerarugendo. Umushahara muto ntarengwa n’amabwiriza y’ubwiteganyirize bw'abakozi urakurikizwa, kandi ihuriro ry’amashyirahamwe ane y’abakozi yigenga yongeye kugaruka. Ihuriro rinini, CESTRAR, ryashinzwe nkurwego rwa guverinoma ariko ryigenga byimazeyo n’ivugurura rya politiki ryashyizweho n’itegeko nshinga ryo mu 1991. Mu gihe umutekano mu Rwanda ugenda utera imbere, urwego rw’ubukerarugendo ruvuka muri iki gihugu rugaragaza amahirwe menshi yo kwaguka ndetse  nk’isoko ry’ivunjisha.

Muri 2016, u Rwanda rwashyizwe ku mwanya wa 42 n’igihugu cya kabiri cyiza muri Afurika cyakora ubucuruzi muri Mara Foundation-Raporo ya Ashish J Thakkar Global Entrepreneurship Report. 

Nyamara, ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa mu kinyamakuru cy’ubumenyi bwa politiki bushingiye ku Bwongereza, Isubiramo ry’ubukungu bwa politiki muri Afurika, bwerekana ko ubukungu  bushobora kugenda buhoro ugereranije n’uko imibare yemewe ibigaragaza. Abashakashatsi bavuze ko impuzandengo ikoreshwa kuri buri rugo yakurikiraniraga hafi izamuka ry’umusaruro rusange w’umuturage kuva mu 2000 kugeza 2005, ariko nyuma ikaza gutandukana nyuma y’uko impuzandengo y’ikigereranyo kuri buri rugo ihagaze nubwo iterambere ry’umusaruro rusange w’umuturage kuva 2005 kugeza 2013. 

Bamwe mu bashakashatsi mpuzamahanga na bo bibajije uburyo guverinoma y'u Rwanda yakoresheje kandi bavuga ko imibare igaragaza ko izamuka ryinshi muri GDP rishobora kuzamuka. 

Muri 2012 ubuhinzi bwagize 33% by'ubukungu bw'u Rwanda. 

U Rwanda rumaze igihe rushingiye ku ikawa nk'igihingwa cy'amafaranga. Kugabanuka kw'ibiciro bya kawa mu 1989 byatumye igabanuka rikomeye ry'ubushobozi bwo kugura, kandi byongera n'amakimbirane yo mu ngo.

Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda bwagize ibibazo byinshi muri Jenoside yo mu 1994, hapfa abantu benshi, kutita ku bikorwa remezo, gusahura, no kutita ku bihingwa by’amafaranga. Ibi byatumye igabanuka ryinshi rya GDP kandi ryangiza ubushobozi bwigihugu mu gukurura ishoramari ryigenga n’amahanga. [21] Ubukungu Kuva gukomera, na buri-capita GDP ( PPP ) bagera ku $ 2.225 mu 2018, [22] ugereranyije $ 416 mu 1994. [23]

Amasoko akomeye yoherezwaho ibicuruzwa mu mahanga arimo Ubushinwa, Ubudage, na Amerika. [21] Ubukungu bucungwa na Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda kandi ifaranga ni amafaranga y’u Rwanda ; muri Kamena 2010, igipimo cy’ivunjisha cyari amafaranga 588 ku madorari y’Amerika. [24] U Rwanda rwinjiye mu muryango w’Afurika y’iburasirazuba mu 2007 kandi hari gahunda y’amashiringi rusange yo muri Afurika y’iburasirazuba, yari yizeye ko azashyirwaho mu 2015, [25] ariko akaba ataragera ku musaruro (2020).

U Rwanda ni igihugu gifite umutungo kamere, [26] kandi ubukungu bushingiye ahanini ku buhinzi butunzwe n’abahinzi baho bakoresheje ibikoresho byoroshye. [27] Ikigereranyo cya 90% by’imirima y’abaturage ikora, n’ubuhinzi bigizwe na 42.0% bya GDP mu mwaka wa 2010. [21] Kuva mu myaka ya za 1980 rwagati, ingano y’imirima n’umusaruro w’ibiribwa wagabanutse, bitewe n’uko bimuwe abantu bimuwe. [28] [29] Nubwo u Rwanda rufite urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima birumbuka, umusaruro w’ibiribwa akenshi ntujyana n’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage, kandi birasabwa gutumizwa mu mahanga. [21]

Ibihingwa bihingwa mu gihugu birimo ikawa, icyayi, pyrethrum, ibitoki, ibishyimbo, amasaka n'ibirayi. Ikawa n'icyayi nibyo bihingwa binini by'amafaranga yoherezwa hanze, hamwe nubutumburuke buke, ahantu hahanamye hamwe nubutaka bwibirunga bitanga ibihe byiza. Kwishingikiriza ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bituma u Rwanda rwibasirwa n’imihindagurikire y’ibiciro byabo. [30]

Amatungo y’ubuhinzi yororerwa mu Rwanda arimo inka, ihene, intama, ingurube, inkoko, ninkwavu, ndetse n'amafi hamwe n’imiterere ya geografiya mu mibare ya buri tungo. [31] umusaruro  ahani ni gakondo, nubwo hari bake babona amata ndetse bagahinga imirima hirya Kigali. [31] Ibura ry’ubutaka n’amazi, ibiryo bidahagije kandi bidafite ubuziranenge, hamwe n’ibyorezo by’indwara bisanzwe hamwe na serivisi z’amatungo bidahagije ni inzitizi zikomeye zibuza umusaruro. Gira Inka imwe muri gahunda za letamu gufasha imiryango ikennye (Girinka), yashyizwe mu bikorwa mu 2006, yatanze inka 341.065 muri 2018. 

Uburobyi bubera ku biyaga byigihugu, ariko ububiko bwaragabanutse cyane, kandi amafi mazima atumizwa mu mahanga mu rwego rwo kubyutsa inganda. [33]

Inganda zikora ubucukuzi bw' amabuye y' agaciro bw'u Rwanda n’umuterankunga ukomeye, zinjije amadolari ya Amerika 93 miliyoni muri 2008. [34] Amabuye y'agaciro yacukuwe arimo cassiterite, wolframite, safiro, zahabu, na coltan, ikoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n'itumanaho nka terefone zigendanwa. [34] [35] Umusaruro wa metani ukomoka mu kiyaga cya Kivu watangiye mu 1983, ariko kugeza ubu ukoreshwa n’uruganda rwa Bralirwa gusa .

U Rwanda rwateye intambwe nini mu kuzamura amashanyarazi mu kinyejana cya 21. Umubare munini wibice bishya byahawe amashanyarazi binyuze mu kwagura ibikorwa remezo.

Kugabanuka kw'amashyamba amaherezo bizahatira abanyarwanda guhindukirira amasoko ya peteroli bareke amakara yo gutekesha no gushyushya. Urebye ubwinshi bw'imigezi n'ibiyaga, ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi ni bwinshi. U Rwanda rukoresha umutungo kamere binyuze mu mishinga ihuriweho n'amashanyarazi n'Uburundi na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo.

Urwego rw'inganda ruratera imbere cyane, rutanga 16% bya GDP muri 2012. 

Urugaga rw'inganda mu Rwanda rwiganjemo umusaruro usimbura ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga. Ibigo binini bitanga byeri, ibinyobwa bidasembuye, itabi, amasuka, amagare y'abamugaye, isabune, matelas, umuyoboro wa pulasitike, ibikoresho byo gusakara, n'amazi mu icupa.  n'indi misaruro harimo iva mu  buhinzi, ibinyobwa bito bito, isabune, ibikoresho, inkweto, sima, pulasitiki, imyenda no n'itabi. [21]

Urwego rwa serivisi mu Rwanda rwagize ibibazo mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 2000 kubera ko amabanki yagabanije inguzanyo ndetse n'imishinga yo gufasha mu mahanga n'ishoramari bikagabanuka. [36] Urwego rwongeye kwiyongera mu mwaka wa 2010, ruba urwego runini mu gihugu ku musaruro w’ubukungu kandi rutanga 43,6% by’umusaruro rusange w’igihugu. [21] Abaterankunga bo mu rwego rwa gatatu barimo amabanki n’imari, ubucuruzi bwinshi n’ibicuruzwa, amahoteri na resitora, ubwikorezi, ububiko, itumanaho, ubwishingizi, imitungo itimukanwa, serivisi z’ubucuruzi n’ubuyobozi bwa Leta harimo uburezi n’ubuzima. [36]

Ubukerarugendo ni bumwe mu bukungu bwiyongera cyane mu bukungu kandi bwabaye igihugu cya mbere mu kwinjiza amadovize mu mwaka wa 2011. [37] N'ubwo umurage wa jenoside, igihugu kigenda kibonwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga nk'ahantu heza; [38] Ubuyobozi bwa Abinjira n'Abasohoka bw'anditse abantu banga  405,801 basura igihugu hagati ya Mutarama na Kamena 2011; 16% muri bo baturutse hanze ya Afurika. [39] inyungu mu bukerarugendo yari US $ 115,600,000 hagati Mutarama na Kamena 2011; abakora ibiruhuko batanze 43% byinjira, nubwo ari 9% gusa. [39]

U Rwanda ni kimwe mu bihugu bibiri gusa bifite ingagi zo mu misozi zishobora gusurwa neza; gukurikirana ingagi, muri parike y’ibirunga, ikurura abashyitsi ibihumbi ku mwaka, biteguye kwishyura ibiciro biri hejuru by'impushya zo kwemererwa gusura ingagi. [40] Ibindi bintu bikurura ibyiza birimo: Ishyamba rya Nyungwe, ibamo amoko menshi y'inguge, Ruwenzori colobus n’izindi nguge harimo ibitera, amahumbezi y’ikiyaga cya Kivu, na parike y' Akagera, ikigega gito cya savanna mu burasirazuba bw’igihugu. [41]

Ubukerarugendo bw'u Rwanda bushingiye kuri pariki y'ibirunga (PNV) hamwe n'ibirunga bitandatu hamwe n'inyamanswa zirinzwe arizo Ingagi zo mu misozi zizwi cyane na Dian Fossey . Byongeye kandi, ubukerarugendo bwerekeza muri Afurika yo hagati igishanga kinini gikingiwe na pariki ya Akagera, hamwe n’abaturage ba hippopotami, inyamanswa ya cape, zebra, inzovu, eland, n’andi matungo manini y’imikino. Ubukerarugendo bujyanye n’inyoni bufite ubushobozi bwo kwiteza imbere cyane cyane muri Parike ya Nyungwe, mu mashyamba manini  adacibwa muri Afurika. Pariki ya Nyungwe ibamo amoko arenga 300 y’inyoni. Kandi ubwoko butandukanye bwubuzima bwo mwishyamba nabwo.

Inzibutso nyinshi zijyanye na jenoside yo mu Rwanda zatangiye kubyara ubukerarugendo bukomeye . Urugero, Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gisozi mu Karere ka Gasabo ka Kigali - ahashyinguwe abagera ku 300.000 bazize jenoside - rufite ahantu hamwe n’imurikagurisha rya jenoside bifitanye isano n’isomero kandi rifite gahunda yo guteza imbere ikigo cyigisha ku mateka ya jenoside. Ikindi kigo gikomeye cy’urwibutso kijyanye na jenoside gikurura ba mukerarugendo ni Urwibutso rwa Jenoside  rwa Murambi rwubatswe mu cyahoze ari ishuri ry’ubuhanga rya tekinike rya Murambi aho abantu 45.000 biciwe kandi skelet 850 hamwe harimo n’ibisigazwa by’imirambo by’abiciwe.

Hari izindi  nzu ebyiri z’urwibutso zifitanye isano na jenoside ziri mu Karere ka Kicukiro : Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa  Rebero ahashyinguwe abazize jenoside 14.400 ndetse n’urwibutso rwa Jenocide rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro aho abantu 5000 bishwe nyuma y’uko abasirikare b’Ababiligi bakoreraga mu ngabo z’umuryango w’abibumbye zishinzwe ku bungabunga amahoro babatereranye. Mu Ntara ya Kibungo, ahabereye ubwicanyi bwa Nyarubuye niho hari Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyarubuye aho abagera ku 20.000 bishwe nyuma yo guhungira muri kiliziya Gatolika ya Roma ndetse n'inzu z'ababikira n'abapadiri bari bahatuye.

Imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana ibipimo ngenderwaho byubukungu muri 1980–2017. 




#Article 163: Kiriziya Gatorika mu Rwanda (138 words)


Kiliziya Gatolika mu Rwanda ni imwe muri Kiliziya Gatolika .

Hari gusa miliyoni zirenga eshanu z'abayoboke ba kiriziya gatorika mu Rwanda nka kimwe cya  kabiri cy'abaturage. Igihugu kigabanyijemo diyosezi icyenda harimo na arikidiyosezi imwe. Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yatangaje ku ya 1 Ugushyingo 2006, ko 56.5% by'abatuye b'u Rwanda ari Abagatolika . 

Ku ya 20 Ugushyingo 2016, Kiliziya Gatolika mu Rwanda yasohoye itangazo risaba imbabazi  ku ruhare rw’abayoboke baryo muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994. Turasaba imbabazi ku makosa yose itorero ryakoze. Turasaba imbabazi mu izina ryabakristu bose ku bwu uruhare rwose twagize. Tubabajwe nuko abayoboke b'itorero barenze ku ndahiro n'indangagaciro yabo yo kubahiriza amategeko y'Imana. mutubabarire icyaha cyinzangano mu gihugu kugeza aho twanga bagenzi bacu kubera ubwoko bwabo. Ntabwo twerekanye ko turi umuryango umwe ahubwo twaricanye. Iri tangazo ryashyizweho umukono n'abepiskopi icyenda bagize inama y'abepiskopi gatolika y'u Rwanda.




#Article 164: Clare Akamanzi (309 words)


Clare Akamanzi ni umunyamategeko w’u Rwanda, umuyobozi muri Leta, umucuruzi n'umunyapolitiki, wabaye umuyobozi mukuru w’ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’u Rwanda, kuva ku ya 4 Gashyantare 2017.  Uyu mwanya ni gahunda y’abaminisitiri yashyizweho na Perezida w’u Rwanda .  Mu ivugurura ry’abaminisitiri ryo ku ya 31 Kanama 2017, Akamanzi yagumishijwe muri guverinoma kandi agumana inshingano ze. 

Akamanzi yavukiye muri Uganda ku babyeyi b'impunzi z'u Rwanda mu 1979.  Ni umwana wa kane mu muryango w'abavandimwe batandatu. Yize amashuli abanziriza kaminuza mu bice bitandukanye bya Uganda. Umuryango we  warimukaga cyane, kubera ko ababyeyi be bari impunzi muri Uganda.  Afite impamyabumenyi y’amategeko, yatanzwe na kaminuza ya Makerere, i Kampala, umurwa mukuru wa Uganda. Afite kandi Impamyabumenyi mu by'amategeko, yakuye mu kigo gishinzwe guteza imbere amategeko, no muri Kampala.  

Masters ya Amategeko mu bucuruzi n'ishoramari yayihawe muri Kaminuza ya Pretoria, muri South Africa . Afite kandi Masters mu buyobozi bwa Leta, yakuye muri kaminuza ya Harvard, i Cambridge, Massachusetts, muri Amerika.  Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro mu by'amategeko yakuye muri kaminuza ya Concordia muri Kamena 2018. 

Yatangiye umwuga we mu 2004 i Geneve mu Busuwisi ku cyicaro gikuru cy’umuryango w’ubucuruzi ku isi (WTO). Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yamugize umudipolomate / umuvugizi w’ubucuruzi udasanzwe muri WTO. Nyuma, yimukiye muri ambasade y'u Rwanda i Londere, mu Bwongereza nk'umudipolomate w'ubucuruzi ( attaché y'ubucuruzi ). 

Yagarutse mu Rwanda mu 2006, agirwa Umuyobozi wungirije w'ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ishoramari no kohereza ibicuruzwa mu Rwanda icyo gihe (RIEPA) mbere yuko RDB ihurizwa hamwe n'ibindi bigo mu 2008.  Muri 2008, Akamanzi yabaye Umuyobozi mukuru wungirije ushinzwe ibikorwa na serivisi, muri RDB.  Nyuma yaje kuba umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe ibikorwa by’ikigo cy’iterambere ry’u Rwanda.  Yaje gufata ikiruhuko cyo kwiga kugira ngo akomeze impamyabumenyi muri Amerika.  Agarutse, yabaye Umuyobozi w'Ingamba na Politiki mu biro bya Perezida. 

Mu 2020, Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (WHO) ryatangaje  ko Madamu Akamanzi yari umwe mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi yashinze Fondasiyo WHO .




#Article 165: Dr Diane Karusisi (216 words)


Diane Karusisi ni umunyarwandakazi wize i barurishamibare, umuhanga mu bukungu,  Ni umuyobozi mukuru wa Banki ya Kigali,  banki nini y’ubucuruzi mu Rwanda n'umutungo.  sibyo gusa ahubwo mbere yuyu mwanya, yabaye umuyobozi mukuru w’ubukungu akaba n’umuyobozi w’ingamba na politiki mu biro bya Perezida w’u Rwanda. 

Yize muri kaminuza ya Friborg mu Busuwisi, arangiza afite Masters muri Econometrics na PhD muri Quantitative Economics .  Impamyabumenyi ye ya dogiteri, yasohowe mu 2009, yiswe Kwishingikiriza ku nguzanyo zishingiye ku nyungu: Kwerekana imikorere ya Copula. 

Diane Karusisi afite uburambe bunini mu gucunga ibigo byigenga n’ibigo bya Leta.  Kuva mu 2000 kugeza 2006, yabaye umwunganizi wungirije ushinzwe ibarurishamibare mu by'ubukungu muri kaminuza ya Friborg, mu Busuwisi. Kuva 2007 kugeza 2009, yakoraga muri Credit Suisse Asset Management i Zurich, nka injeniyeri winjiza amafaranga. Muri Kanama 2009, yasubiye mu Rwanda maze agirwa umujyanama mukuru w'umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ibarurishamibare mu Rwanda (NISR), i Kigali . Muri Nzeri 2010, yabaye umuyobozi mukuru wa NISR.  Muri urwo rwego, yagenzuye igishushanyo mbonera n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ubushakashatsi bukomeye.  Muri Gashyantare 2016, Karusisi yagizwe umuyobozi  mukuru wa Banki ya Kigali.  Yasimbuye James Gatera, weguye nyuma yimyaka hafi icyenda ku buyobozi bwa banki nini y’ubucuruzi mu Rwanda n’umutungo. 

Karusisi akora kandi nk'umuyobozi wungirije w'inama y'ubutegetsi ya kaminuza y'u Rwanda .   Yicaye kandi ku buyobozi bw'Inama ishinzwe iterambere ry'u Rwanda.




#Article 166: Kaminuza y'u Rwanda (613 words)


Kaminuza yu Rwanda (mu magambo ahinnye: UR, mu cyongereza) niyo kaminuza yambere nini mu Rwanda . UR yashinzwe mu 2013 binyuze mu guhuza ibigo bya Leta byigenga by’amashuri makuru, binini muri byo bikaba byari kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda .    Icyicaro gikuru cya kaminuza kiri i Kigali .  Kaminuza igizwe na kaminuza esheshatu nto  zigenga, ziyobora.

Igikorwa cya mbere cyo gushinga iki kigo cyakozwe na Porofeseri Paul Davenport, umwe mu bagize akanama ngishwanama ka Perezida Paul Kagame, ubu akaba ari umuyobozi w’inama y’abayobozi ba kaminuza.  Kaminuza y'u Rwanda yashinzwe muri Nzeri 2013 n'itegeko ryakuyeho amategeko ashyiraho kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda ndetse n'ibindi bigo by'amashuri makuru ya Leta yo muri iki gihugu, ashyiraho UR mu mwanya wabo.  Itegeko nimero 71/2013 ryimuye amasezerano, ibikorwa, umutungo, imyenda, no kwigenga kw'ibigo birindwi muri UR: kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda (UNR); Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga rya Kigali (KIST); Ishuri Rikuru Nderabarezi rya Kigali (KIE; ishuri rikuru Nderabarezi rya Kigali / Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Kigali); Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubuhinzi n'Ubworozi (Institut Supérieur d'Ag Agriculture et d'Elevage, ISAE / ishuri rikuru ry'Ubuhinzi n'Ubworozi); Ishuri ry’Imari n’amabanki (SFB, ishuri rikuru ryigisha  Imari n'Amabanki / École des Finances et des Banques); Ishuri Rikuru rya Umutara Polytechnic (Ishuri rikuru Umutara Polytechnic / Institut Supérieur d'Umutara Polytechnique); n'Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Kigali (KHI; ishuri rikuru ry'ubuzima ry 'i Kigali / Institut Supérieur de Santé de Kigali). 

Mu gihe cyo gushingwa, abashinzwe uburezi batangaje ko bizeye ko iyi kaminuza izazamura ireme ry'uburezi kandi igasubiza neza ibikenewe mu gihugu ndetse no ku isi hose.  Eugene Kwibuka wo mu kinyamakuru cyo mu Rwanda The New Times avuga ko benshi mu bayobozi bakuru ba kaminuza ari intiti zizwi kandi zifite amateka yo kuzamura imikorere y'ibigo byabo byahoze, ariko ko benshi muri bo ari n'Abanyarwanda bazwi cyane cyangwa inshuti zitanze z'u Rwanda n'abajyanama ba Perezida Paul Kagame baherutse kugira uruhare mu iterambere ry'urwego rw'uburezi mu Rwanda cyangwa baherutse kugira uruhare mu gutegura kaminuza nshya y'u Rwanda .  Ikibazo gikomeye cyugarije kaminuza bivugwa ko ari ukubura abarimu babishoboye.  Urugero, ingingo ya 2015 yasohotse muri Annals y’ubuzima ku isi, ivuga ko mu Ishuri ry’Ubuzima rusange, igice cy’Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubuvuzi n’Ubumenyi bw’Ubuzima, inzitizi ku ntego yo guhuza kaminuza yo kuzamura ireme ry’inyigisho n’ubushakashatsi. mu Rwanda ni abakozi bafite ubumenyi buke mu bumenyi. Iri shuri rikoresha impamyabumenyi esheshatu za PhD n’abarimu batandatu bo mu rwego rwa master, hamwe n’abafasha batanu mu bushakashatsi. Byongeye kandi, itanga umubare munini wimpamyabumenyi kandi ifite igipimo cy’abanyeshuri n’umuyobozi utagereranywa cy’abanyeshuri 15 kuri buri munyeshuri ufite impamyabumenyi ya PhD.  Ubuyobozi bwa kaminuza burateganya kongera umubare w’abakozi b’amasomo bafite impamyabumenyi ya dogiteri uva kuri 20 ku ijana ukagera kuri 60 ku ijana mu 2024.  Muri Gashyantare 2019, hatangajwe ko kaminuza izatangira gutanga impamyabumenyi ihanitse i Kinyarwanda . 

Ibiro bikuru ni hamwe na College of Business and Economics, i Gikondo Mburabuturo. 

Yateguwe mumashuri atandatu ashingiye kumasomo:  

Kaminuza ifite ibigo 14 byose: 

Umuyobozi wungirije  ni Porofeseri Phillip Cotton, watangiye uyu mwanya mu Kwakira 2015.  Uwamubanjirije yari Porofeseri James McWha ukomoka  muri Irilande y'Amajyaruguru. Chancellor ni Dr Mike O'Neal, wahoze ari perezida wa kaminuza ya gikirisitu ya Oklahoma .  

UR igira uruhare mubufatanye mpuzamahanga. Muri Gashyantare 2015, kaminuza y’u Rwanda na kaminuza ya Leta ya Michigan yatangije gahunda ihuriweho na MSc mu bijyanye n’ubuhinzi, ifashwa n’ikigo cya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika gishinzwe iterambere mpuzamahanga .  Gahunda igamije gufasha abagore bo mu Rwanda kwihagararaho mu buhinzi.  Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe iterambere ry’igihugu cya Suwede gitera inkunga iterambere ry’ubushakashatsi mu Rwanda binyuze muri kaminuza. 

Agnes Binagwaho, uwahoze ari minisitiri w’ubuzima mu Rwanda, yabaye umuntu wa mbere wahawe impamyabumenyi ya PhD na kaminuza nshya y’u Rwanda muri Kanama 2014. Binagwaho, ubushakashatsi bwe bwerekeye uburenganzira bw’ubuzima bw’abana mu rwego rwa virusi itera SIDA, yatangiye PhD mu 2008, mbere y’uko kaminuza ihuzwa.  




#Article 167: Banki ya Kigali (691 words)


Banki ya Kigali ( BK) ni banki y'ubucuruzi mu Rwanda . Yahawe uruhushya na Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda . 

Icyicaro gikuru n’ishami rikuru rya banki biherereye kuri 6112 KN4 Avenue, mu Karere ka Nyarugenge, mu mujyi wa Kigali, umurwa mukuru n’umujyi munini mu Rwanda.  Imiterere ya geografiya yicyicaro gikuru cya banki ni: 01 ° 56'54.0 S, 30 ° 03'35.0 E (Ubunini: -1.948333; Uburebure: 30.059722) 

Banki ya Kigali ni banki nini y’ubucuruzi mu Rwanda, ku mutungo wose. Kugeza ku ya 31 Ukuboza 2019, umutungo wose wa banki wari ufite agaciro ka miliyoni 11059 z'amadolari y'Amerika, ufite igitabo cy'inguzanyo ingana na miliyoni 735.8 z'amadolari, abakiriya babitsa miliyoni 697.4 z'amadolari naho abanyamigabane bangana na miliyoni 239.6. 

Ku ya 29 Nzeri 2017, Urutonde rw’inguzanyo ku isi rwemeje Banki ya Kigali Limited ku rwego rw’igihe kirekire n’igihe gito ku rwego rw’igihugu ku rwego rwa AA- (RW) na A1 + (RW); hamwe n'icyerekezo gihamye. 

Iyi banki yatsindiye ibihembo byinshi mu rwego mpuzamahanga ndetse no mu karere Banki nziza mu Rwanda, harimo nka EuroMoney, The Banker, Global Finance Magazine, na EMEA Finance. 

Banki yashinzwe na Repubulika y'u Rwanda ku ya 22 Ukuboza 1966. Ku ikubitiro Banki ya Kigali yashinzwe nk'umushinga uhuriweho na Guverinoma y'u Rwanda na Belgolaise, buri wese afite 50 ku ijana by'imigabane isanzwe. Mu 1967, Banki yatangiye ibikorwa byayo nishami ryayo rya mbere i Kigali. 

Belgolaise yari ishami rya Banki ya Fortis (ubu itakiriho), ikorera muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara ariko mu 2005 itangira kuva mu bikorwa byayo muri Afurika bijyanye n'ingamba za Fortis. Mu 2007, Leta y'u Rwanda yaguze imigabane ya Belgolaise muri Banki ya Kigali, bityo yongera imigabane yayo itaziguye  muri Banki igera ku 100% by'imigabane yose yatanzwe. Muri 2011, Banki yahinduye izina mu itegeko rishya ryerekeye amasosiyete kuva muri Banki ya Kigali SA ayita Banki ya Kigali Limited. 

Ku ya 21 Kamena 2011, Inama Ngishwanama ku Isoko ry’imari n’u Rwanda yemeje gahunda y’uko banki izagurisha 45% by’imigabane yayo kandi ikanashyira ku rutonde imigabane yayo ku Isoko ry’imigabane mu Rwanda (RSE), ibaye isosiyete ya kabiri mu gihugu yashyize ku rutonde rwa RSE mu madorari y'Abanyamerika 62.5. miliyoni yatangiriye kumugaragaro. Gucuruza mu migabane ya banki byatangiye ku ya 30 Kamena 2011. 

Ukuboza 2012, ibitangazamakuru byo mu karere byagaragaje ko banki yari hagati yo kwaguka mu bihugu bituranye na Uganda .  Muri Gashyantare 2013, banki yemeye icyemezo cyo gufungura ibiro muri Kenya .  Mu gihe kwagura akarere ari byo byashyizwe imbere mu gihe uwahoze ari umuyobozi mukuru, James Gatera, umusimbuye, Diane Karusisi, yatangaje ko icyo yibandaho ari ugukomeza gushora imizi muri banki mu rwego rwo kugira ngo harebwe icyakomeje kuba umubare munini w’abaturage badafite amabanki. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na FinScope ku bijyanye no kubona imari mu Rwanda, muri miliyoni 4 z'Abanyarwanda bakuze bafite serivisi z’imari yemewe, miliyoni 1.5 gusa ni zo zikuze cyangwa 26% ku ijana muri rusange, bakoresha amabanki, aho abantu barenga gato 60,600 bakuze muri miliyoni 1.5 bonyine kwishingikiriza kuri banki; abandi bafite ubundi buryo bwo hanze ya banki. 

Muri Gicurasi 2018, mu nama rusange ngarukamwaka ya banki, abanyamigabane bemeje gahunda yo guhuza urutonde rw’imigabane ya banki ku Isoko ry’imigabane rya Nairobi (NSE), nini mu muryango w’Afurika y’iburasirazuba . Biteganijwe ko urutonde rw’ibibazo ndetse n’uburenganzira buteganijwe, byombi biteganijwe mu gice cya kabiri cy’umwaka wa 2018, biteganijwe ko bizakusanya miliyoni 70 z’amadolari y’Amerika, bizoherezwa mu gushaka uburyo bushya bwa ICT bwatezimbere (miliyoni 20 $), abasigaye boherezwa mu nguzanyo gushyigikira imishinga remezo murugo.  Mu Ukwakira 2018, ku EastAfrican, a karere English rurimi ikinyamakuru cyavuze ko Banki ya Kigali yari yiteze ku rutonde ku Nairobi Stock Exchange ku 30 Ugushyingo 2018. 

Kugeza mu Kuboza 2018, banki yagumanye amashami 79 y'urusobekerane, imashini zikoresha amakarita yikoranabuhanga (ATM) hafi 100, abakozi bashinzwe amabanki barenga 1.427, amamodoka atandatu ya banki igendanwa kandi ikoresha abakozi barenga 1200.   

Banki iyobowe n'inama y'ubutegetsi iyobowe na Perezida w'inama y'ubutegetsi, umwanya ufitwe na Marc Holtzman.  Ibikorwa bya buri munsi bya banki biyoborwa nitsinda ryabantu batandatu bayobora bayobowe numuyobozi mukuru, Dr Diane Karusisi.

Imigabane yo kwisoko ry'Imari yisosiyete ifitemo banki, Banki ya Kigali Group Plc, yashyizwe cyane cyane ku Isoko ry’imigabane mu Rwanda kandi yashyizwe ku rutonde rw’imigabane ya Nairobi .  As of December 2019  , Ku mutungo wa banki stock ahagarara bavugwa mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira: 




#Article 168: Imbyino gakondo za kinyarwanda (950 words)


U Rwanda ni kimwe mu bihugu bya Afurika bifite  akomeye y’umuziki n’ gakondo. Mu Rwanda usanga mu  w’abagituye hari umwihariko wo kugira imbyino gakondo zabyinwaga n’abakurambere mu rwego rwo kwigisha, kwinezeza mu birori bitandukanye, guhuza imiryango no kuyifasha kubana neza ndetse no kwifashishwa mu bihe by’ibyago aho akenshi wasangaga hari zimwe zifashishwaga mu bijyanye n’ubuzima bwa  cyangwa mu mihango y’.

Nk’uko mu  haba umurage, izi  zigenda zihererekanywa uko imyaka iza indi igataha. Abiga kubyina akenshi babikoreraga mu Itorero ryari kandi rikomeje kuba irerero ry’umuco gakondo. Usibye kubyina no gutozwa , mu itorero ni ho higirwaga  kandi akenshi  zijyana n’umuziki by’umwihariko .  

Mu rwego rwo gukomeza gusigasira uyu  mwiza dore ko kera nta buryo buhamye bwo kubika  n’ibihangano mu buryo bwanditse cyangwa bw’ikoranabuhanga nk’uko muri iki gihe cy’ikoranabuhanga bikorwa, ubu mu mashuri hashyizweho gahunda yo gutoza abana umuco bigishwa byinshi ku mateka, imivugo, indirimbo n’. Nta wakwirengagiza kandi uruhare rw’amatorero abyina mu buryo bwa gakondo ndetse n’imiryango mu rugendo rwo gukomeza gusigasira uyu muco wo kubyina.

Iyi nyandiko iragaragaza zimwe mu  gakondo zakorwaga ndetse zimwe zigikomeje gukoreshwa n’abanyarwanda bitewe n’ibihe imiryango n’igihugu kiba kirimo.

Umushayayo ni  izwi cyane ku gitsina gore. Iyi  ishushanya ukwiyoroshya ndetse n’ubwiza bw’abanyarwandakazi dore ko ababyina baba basa n’abigana uko inka zigenda ndetse n’uko  nk’amashyamba, ibiyaga, n’ibindi bigenda byizunguza. Gusa ibi nta wapfa kubibona kuko umuntu ureba ababyinnyi akenshi aba yarangajwe n’uburyohe bw’. Muri rusange iyi  yerekana uko inyamaswa zitandukanye zo mu gihugu zigenda zirambagira mu buryo buryoheye ijisho nk’inzovu, isha, imparage n’izindi.

Umushayayo cyangwa Umushagiriro nk’uko bamwe bakunze kubyita, ushyirwa mu  gakondo eshatu za mbere muri Afurika zikunzwe cyane. Uburyo ibyinwa usanga byerekana ugutuza, ukwicisha bugufi, ukwiyubaha, umutima mwiza, ubwiyoroshye, ubuziranenge, ubwiza ndetse n’ibyishimo biranga abanyarwandakazi bivugwa ko bafite ubwiza buhebuje muri Afurika. Iyi mibyinire ngo yerekana ishusho nziza y’uko inka ziba zimeze iyo zitambuka.

Iyi  yabyinwaga n’abasore bashaka kwerekana ko bakereye itabaro. Iyi mbyino yerekanaga ko bashabutse (ari abantu banyaruka), ingufu no kugira ubwirinzi bukomeye ndetse n’ubushotoranyi nk’ubw’intare.

Iyi  akenshi bakunze kuyita iy’I bwami. Yabaga ari imbyino nziza cyane ku buryo abayibyinaga bayitaga “Imbyino y’abakundana”.

Abakaraza (abavuza ingoma) babaga ari cumi na batatu (13) dore ko uwo mubare wari ikimenyetso cy’ubutware bw’ingoma ya cyami. Abakaraza kera babaga ari abagabo ariko ubu n’abagore barabikora cyane. Ingoma zari iz’ingenzi cyane kuko zamenyeshaga ko umwami ahari. Zanakoreshwaga nka bumwe mu buryo bwo gutambutsa ubutumwa kuva ku  kugera ku byegera bye ndetse n’abandi bose barimo inshuti n’abamufashaga mu buryo butandukanye. Abakaraza babaga bafite agaciro gakomeye I Bwami kubera uwo murimo ukomeye babaga bafite.

Umutagara (Ingoma zose zavuzwaga) wabaga urimo Ishakwe, Ingoma nto kurusha izindi zose wasangaga yarabaga ireshya na santimetero zigera muri 47 (cm 47) ariko ikagira ijwi rirangira cyane  (rigera kure). Habagamo Inyahura, Ingoma yabaga ireshya na santimetero zigera kuri 85 z’uburebure ikanagira ijwi rivugira hasi cyane, yanagiraga umurambararo munini kurusha Ishakwe. Umurishyo w’ingoma wanyuraga amatwi y’abatari bake.

Ingoma kandi zavuzwaga ubwo habaga hari ibirori cyangwa se mu gihe cyo kwakira umushyitsi w’imena. Abakaraza bakoreshaga uduti tubiri kugira ngo ingoma zishobore kuvuga twitwa imirishyo.  

Ikinimba ni  yabyinwaga cyane mu mihango ikomeye y’I bwami cyane cyane ijyanye n’imyemerere. Ariko na none usanga indirimbo zaherekezaga iyi mbyino ari izaherekezaga cyangwa zagiraga inama umugeni uburyo azitwara mu muryango ashatsemo. Ubwo umukobwa yabaga amaze gushinga urugo (gushaka) ntabwo yabaga acyemerewe kubyina iyi .

Muri rusange, umuganura wabaga ari umunsi mukuru ukomeye mu Rwanda rwo hambere dore ko abantu bahuriraga hamwe kugira ngo basangirire hamwe umusaruro w’ibyo bejeje. Ibi byose byaherekezwaga n’ibintu binyuranye birimo umuziki, kubara inkuru ndetse n’. Abagore babyinaga imbyino zijyanye n’umuganura bagombaga kuba bambaye umwambaro mwiza w’ibirori kandi bikwije kugira ngo bashimire Imana yabahaye kugera ku musaruro ushimishije bikaba n’umwanya wo kuzana imbuto no kuzihesha umugisha kugira ngo zizashobore kwera neza mu gihe gitaha.

 gakondo ni zimwe mu nkingi za mwamba z’umuco nyarwanda kuko umuziki no kubyina byakomeje kuba iby’ingenzi mu bigize umuryango cyangwa sosiyete.

Akenshi, igitsina gore babyina bambaye umwambaro ufatwa nk’uw’ibirori uzwi ku izina ry’Umushanana, agapira mu imbere ndetse n’umwitero. Mu mibyinire, Abagabo bakunze kugaragara bakoresha ingufu cyane mu gihe abagore bo baba babyina bagenda gake gake mu buryo butuje ari na byo biranga ubwiyoroshye bwabo.

Kalisa Rugano, umwanditsi nyarwanda akaba n’umunyamateka, asanga kubyina ari ururimi isi yose yumva. Kuri we, ngo Abanyarwanda bifashishaga imbyino mu rwego rwo kwerekana abo ari bo, babyinaga iyo babaga bishimye cyangwa bari mu gahinda. Byari n’uburyo bwo guhanga ubumwe mu muryango cyangwa muri sosiyete. Ingero ni uko wasangaga abanyarwanda babyina iyo babaga bagize umusaruro ushimishije (Bejeje ibiribwa byinshi), iyo umwana yabaga yavutse, iyo babaga batahukanye intsinzi ku rugamba cyangwa barutsinzwe, icyo gihe cyose habaga imbyino zisobanura ibyo byose.

Urundi rugero ni uko ingabo zashoboraga kubyinira Umwami iyo babaga bagiye kumumurikira ibitekerezo byazo, noneho igihe zigarutse mu ngo zabo zivuye ku rugamba, abagore bazo ndetse n’abana bashoboraga kubabyinira kandi bagashimira Imana kuko yabafashije ikabarindira ubuzima ku rugamba.

Ikindi kivugwa ni uko ishusho y’uko imbyino iteye byaturukaga ku buryo babonaga ibidukikije nk’uko imisozi iteye n’ibindi. Kubyina kera byari nk’indangamuntu. Ibi byagaragazwaga n’uko hari uburyo buryuranye abantu babyinagamo bitewe n’aho baherereye bitewe n’abo babaga ari bo cyangwa se imirimo bakoraga.

Nk’abantu bo mu  babyinaga bitewe n’imiterere yaho, babyinaga bategeka basa n’abamanuka kandi bakaraga umubyimba ndetse bakabyinana amacumu n’ingabo kuko babaga ari abatunzi, abashumba n’abahinzi. Iyo mibyinire bayitaga gushagirira cyangwa Gushayaya.

Nk’abantu bo mu Misozi ya Kibuye (Karongi y'ubu), mu , bakoreshaga imbaraga nyinshi mbese nk’ingufu bakoreshaga bazamuka imisozi. Iyo mbyino bayitaga inshongore y’abahungu. 

 ashyira Uburengerazuba, babyinaga Ikinimba aho abantu bagaragaraga nk’abakomeye byashushanyaga imisozi y’ibirunga iri muri ako gace.

Mu Rwanda rwo hambere wasangaga akenshi abakobwa bashyingirwa bafite hagati y’imyaka 16 na 20. Kubera ko babaga bakiri bato kandi batari bamenya icyo gukora, kuva muri icyo kigero ngo babe abagore byarabagoraga ari na byo byatumaga abantu babaririmbira indirimbo bakanababyinira kugira ngo babakomeze.  babyinaga yitwaga Ibihozo.




#Article 169: Amazi, Isuku n'isukura (255 words)


meza, ubwiherero bufite ibyangombwa by’ibanze, n’umuco wo kugira isuku ni ibintu by’ingenzi mu mibereho n’imikurire y’abana. Ibura ry’ibyo bintu nkenerwa by’ibanze, rishyira mu kaga ubuzima bw’abana ibihumbi n’ibihumbi. Amazi, isuku n’isukura ni uburenganzira bwa muntu.Ibikorwa bigeza kuri buri wese amazi, isuku n’isukura, biri ku isonga mu Rwanda. Amazi meza, isuku n’isukura bifitanye isano ikomeye n’imirire myiza, ubuzima bwiza, uburinganire, iterambere ry’ubukungu, hamwe no kubungabunga ibidukikije.

Mu Rwanda, 57 ku ijana by’abaturage ni bo bonyine babona amazi meza yo kunywa aherereye ahari urugendo rw’iminota 30 kuva mu ngo zabo. Iyo abana bakoresheje umwanya wabo mu kuvoma amazi, akenshi bituma batajya ku ishuri. Iki ni ikibazo cyugarije cyane cyane abakobwa, dore ko ari bo baba batezweho gukora imirimo myinshi yo mu rugo.
N’ubwo amazi aboneka hafi y’ingo, akenshi ntabwo aba ari meza ku buryo abantu bayanywa. Iyo rero abana banyweye amazi yanduye, bibatera indwara zikomeye cyane - ndetse n’ urupfu – ruturutse ku ndwara ziterwa n’amazi mabi.

Isukura ry’ibanze risobanuye ko buri rugo rwaba rufite ubwiherero bwarwo rudahuriyeho n’urundi rugo. Ubwo bwiherero bugomba kandi kuba bubasha kubika umwanda ku buryo ntaho uwo mwanda wahurira n’abantu. Abanyarwanda 64 ku ijana gusa ni bo babasha kugerwaho n’ibyo bikorwa by’isukura.

Hari kandi ikinyuranyo gikomeye kijyanye n’ubukungu bw’imiryango: ingo zifite ubushobozi buhagije zifite ubwiherero ku kigero cya 94 ku ijana ugereranije na 74 ku ijana by’ingo zikennye cyane.

Mu Rwanda, ingo 5 ku ijana gusa ni zo zifite ahantu habugenewe abagize umuryango bakarabira intoki n’isabune. Gukaraba intoki mu bihe by’ingenzi ni ingirakamaro cyane mu kugira ubuzima bwiza cyane cyane ku bana.




#Article 170: Aliko Dangote (739 words)


Aliko Dangote GCON (yavutse ku ya 10 Mata 1957) ni umucuruzi w’umuherwe wo muri Nijeriya, akaba ari nawe washinze kandi akaba n’umuyobozi wa Dangote Group, uruganda rukora inganda muri Afurika. 

Afite umutungo ungana na miliyari 8.3 z'amadolari y'Amerika (Nyakanga 2020),  aribyo bimugira umutunzi wa 162 ku isi akaba n'umukire wa mbere muri Afurika .

Aliko Dangote, umuyisilamu wo mu bwoko bwa Hausa  ukomoka mu gace ka Kano, muri Leta ya Kano, yavutse ku ya 10 Mata 1957 avukira mu muryango w’abayisilamu bakize,    umuhungu wa Mohammed Dangote na Mariya Sanusi Dantata, umukobwa wa Sanusi Dantata . Ni umwuzukuru wa Alhaji Alhassan Dantata,  , akaba ariwe wari umuherwe wo muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba igihe yapfaga mu 1955.

Dangote aba i Lagos .  Yabanje gushinga urugo , afite abakobwa batatu, n'umuhungu umwe yareze. 

Dangote yagize ati:Ndibuka igihe nigaga mu mashuri abanza, najyaga kugura amakarito y'utuntu turyohereye [bombo] nkatangira kubigurisha kugira ngo mbone amafaranga. Nashishikazwaga cyane n'ubucuruzi, ndetse no muri icyo gihe nigaga.  Dangote yize muri Sheikh Ali Kumasi Madrasa, akurikirwa na Capital High School, Kano.  Mu 1978, yarangije muri kaminuza ya Leta, Birnin Kudu .  Yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu masomo y’ubucuruzi n’imiyoborere yakuye muri kaminuza ya Al-Azhar, i Cairo .  

Itsinda rya Dangote ryashinzwe nk'ikigo gito cy'ubucuruzi mu 1977, muri uwo mwaka Dangote yimukira i Lagos kwagura sosiyete.   Kuri ubu, ni tiliyoni- naira ihuriweho n'ibikorwa byinshi muri Benin, Gana, Nijeriya, Zambiya na Togo. Dangote yakomereje kwagura ibikorwa bye mu gutunganya ibiribwa, gukora sima, no gutwara ibicuruzwa. Itsinda rya Dangote riri kandi ku isonga  ku isoko ry’isukari muri Nijeriya kandi ni ryo ritanga amasoko akomeye mu masosiyete y’ibinyobwa bidasembuye yo muri iki gihugu, inzoga, ndetse n’ibiribwa biryohereye. Itsinda rya Dangote ryavuye ku kuba isosiyete y’ubucuruzi rihinduka itsinda rinini ry’inganda kurusha ayandi matsinda muri Nijeriya ririmo uruganda rutunganya isukari ya Dangote, isima ya Dangote, n'ifarine ya Dangote.

Muri Nyakanga 2012, Dangote yegereye ikigo gishinzwe ibyambu cya Nijeriya ashaka gukodesha isambu yari yaratawe itagikoreshwa yo ku cyambu cya Apapa, arabyemererwa.  Nyuma yaje kubaka ahongaho amazu ya sosiyete ye y'ifarine. Mu myaka y' 1990, yegereye Banki Nkuru ya Nijeriya , ayigezaho igitekerezo ko byayihendukira iramutse yemereye isosiyete ye itwara abantu gutwara bisi z’abakozi ba banki, icyifuzo nacyo kiremerwa.

Yatanze kandi amafaranga muri minisiteri y'imikino yo muri Nijeriya yo kuvugurura stade y'igihugu, Abuja. 

Magingo aya muri Nijeriya , Itsinda rya Dangote kubwiganze bwaryo ku isoko ry’isukari n’ubucuruzi bw’uruganda niryo  ritanga isoko nyamukuru (70 ku ijana by’isoko) ku masosiyete y’ibinyobwa bidasembuye mu gihugu, inzoga n’ibiryo.  Nirwo ruganda runini muri Afurika kandi ni urwa gatatu runini ku isi, rutanga toni 800.000 z'isukari buri mwaka. Itsinda rya Dangote rifite inganda zumunyu n’uruganda rukora ifu kandi ni rwo rutumiza umuceri, amafi, amakariso, sima, n’ifumbire. Iyi sosiyete igemura hanze y'igihugu ipamba, imbuto za cashew, cakao, imbuto za sesame, na tungurusumu mu bihugu byinshi. Ifite kandi ishoramari rikomeye mu mutungo utimukanwa, amabanki, ubwikorezi, imyenda, peteroli, na gaze. Isosiyete ikoresha abantu barenga 11,000 kandi niryo huriro rinini ry'inganda muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba .

Dangote yagiye yagura ibikorwa bye mu itumanaho kandi yatangiye kubaka kilometero 14,000 z'insinga za fibre optique kugira ngo igere muri Nigeriya yose. Kubera iyo mpamvu, Dangote yahawe igihembo muri Mutarama 2009 nk'umuntu wambere utanga akazi mu bwubatsi bw'inganda muri Nijeriya.

Yaravuze ati: Reka mbabwire ibi kandi ndashaka kubishimangira rwose ... ntakintu na kimwe kizafasha Nigeriya nk'uko abanyanigeriya bakwigarurira amafaranga yabo. Niba umpaye miliyari 5 uyu munsi, nzashora ibintu byose hano muri Nigeriya. Reka dushyire hamwe kandi dukore.  

Dangote yagize uruhare runini mu gutera inkunga Olusegun Obasanjo yongeye kwiyamamariza amatora mu 2003, aho yatanze miliyoni zisaga 200 (miliyoni 2 US $). Yatanze miliyoni 50 (US $ ibihumbi 500) mu musigiti w’igihugu ayobowe na Inshuti za Obasanjo na Atiku. Yatanze miliyoni 200 mu isomero rya Perezida. Izi mpano zitavugwaho rumwe cyane n’abayoboke b’ishyaka riri ku butegetsi PDP zateje impungenge zikomeye nubwo gahunda yo kurwanya ruswa yatangajwe cyane muri manda ya kabiri ya Obasanjo. 

Bivugwa ko Dangote yiyongereyeho miliyari 9.2 z'amadolari mu mutungo we bwite mu 2013, nk'uko ikinyamakuru Bloomberg Index kibitangaza, bituma aba umuntu wa mirongo itatu wa mbere mu bakize ku isi muri kiriya gihe, byongeye no kuba yariwe mukire wa mbere muri Afurika. 

Mu mwaka wa 2014, guverinoma ya Nijeriya yavuze ko Dangote yatanze miliyoni 150 naira (US $ 750.000) kugira ngo ikwirakwizwa rya ebola rihagarare.  

Aliko Dangote, kimwe na Femi Otedola, basezeranyije guha Super Eagles yo muri Nijeriya $ 75.000 US $ kuri buri gitego cyatsinzwe mu gikombe cy’Afurika (AFCON) 2019. '2016 African Business Leader Award, cyateguwe n'Ikigo cya Afurika-Amerika (AAI).  




#Article 171: Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda (145 words)


Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda ( French: Bank nationale du  Rwanda) ni banki nkuru mu  Rwanda . Banki yashinzwe mu 1964.  Ubu guverineri wayo ni John Rwangombwa . 

Iherereye mu nyubako ya Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda, ku Muhanda wa KN6 ahagenewe ubucuruzi hagati mu mujyi wa Kigali, umurwa mukuru n’umujyi munini mu Rwanda.  ibiranga icyicaro gikuru cya banki ni 01 ° 56'56.0 S, 30 ° 03'49.0 E (Ubunini: -1.948889; Uburebure: 30.063611). 

Iyi banki ifite uruhare runini mu guteza imbere politiki yo kwinjiza imari kandi ni umunyamuryango wa mbere  . Ni kandi kimwe mu bigo 17 byabanje kugenzura ibyemezo by’igihugu byiyemeje gushyira mu bikorwa imari mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa imari n'igenamigambi nk'uko byatangajwe na Maya mu ihuriro rya politiki mpuzamahanga ku isi ryabereye muri Mexico muri 2011. 

Abayobozi ba Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda 

Banki nkuru, amazina ahinnye yiswe  BNR , yagiye iterimbere intambwe ku yindi: 




#Article 172: Ubuhinzi bw'ibitunguru (369 words)


Umuryango w’ibihingwa : ibitunguru « ALLIUM CEPA » kimwe na puwalo, tungurusumu bibarirwa mu muryango wa « Liliaceae » muri ordre ya Liliflores no mu muryango mugari wa « Monocotyledones »

Bikunda mu Rwanda hose. Ariko kugirango ibijumba bibe binini, hagomba uburebure bw’umunsi mugufi buri hagati y’amasaha 12 na 16. Hagomba kandi ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya dogere 18 (18°C) kugirango ibitunguru bibyimbe bimere nk’ibihaze. Ubushyuhe buke bwo bubifasha mu gihe cyo gushibuka, gukura no kuzana indabo.

Onyo ikunda ubutaka bworoshye, butari burebure cyane kandi bwumutse neza. Ntabwo ikunda ubutaka buhora butose kandi n’ubutaka bw’ibumba si bwiza. Ikunda ubutaka burimo potasi. Niyo mpamvu, umuhinzi agomba kubufumbiza ivu.

Ayo moko afite amabara atandukanye. Niyo mpamvu umuhinzi areba ibara n’impumuro (parfum) y’ubwoko agiye guhinga kuko aribyo abaguzi bakunze kwibandaho.

Kubera ko ifumbire ari ingirakamaro mu gutunganya imiterere y’ubutaka, ni ngombwa gushyiramo ifumbire iboze neza cyane. Kg 200/are 1 iba ihagije.

Bikorwa ibitunguru biri hafi yo kwera babanza kubigondera amababi ku munigo wayo

Ikiyitera : isazi y’ibitunguru
Aho ifata : igihingwa cyose
Ibimenyetso : amababi aratumba. Inyo ziyo sazi zica utuyira mu gitunguru maze kikabora kikananuka cyane

Ikiyitera : uduhumyo Peronospora scheideni + Alternaria porri
Aho ifata : ku mababi no ku bijumba by’igitunguru
Ibimenyetso : Onyo zikiri nto zihinduka umuhondo kandi zikarandurwa n’ubusa. Ku bitunguru haba hatwikiriwe n’utwoya tweruruka ndetse rimwe na rimwe hakabaho utuntu tw’umukara

Ikiyitera : uduhumyo (Aspergillus niger na Sclerotium cepivorum)
Aho ifata : ibitunguru
Ibimenyetso : mu gihe bibitse, ibitunguru byuzuraho amoya y’ikijuju cyangwa ibintu by’umukara kandi bikomeye. Amaherezo ibitunguru birabora neza neza

Ikiyitera : inzoka yitwa Angilile (Ditylenchus dispaci)
Aho ifata : amababi, ibitunguru
Ibimenyetso : onyo ziranuka. Amababi aratumba. Ibitunguru birafobagana. Igitunguru kirisatura maze kikabora.

Basarura onyo iyo ibibabi byazo byumye neza neza, igishishwa cy’inyuma kimeze nk’urupapuro rushaje. Bitewe n’ubwoko bw’ubutunguru n’akarere bihinzemo, ibitunguru byera nyuma y’amezi 3-4 bigemuriwe mu murima

umusaruro w’ibitunguru kuri ha 1 uri hagati ya toni 30 na toni 70 bitewe n’uburemere bwa buri gitunguru.

N.B. :
Ibitunguru bishobora kubikwa mu gihe kiri hagati y’amezi 4 na 6. Ibyo aribyo byose ibigomba gupfa muri icyo gihe ntibigomba kurenga 30% y’ibyabitswe.
Iyi nyandiko ushobora kuyihuza n’igihe bitewe n’ubushakashatsi bugenda bugerwaho mu buhinzi bw’ibitunguru bityo imibare imwe nimwe ikagenda ihinduka bitewe n’aho uri kubihinga.




#Article 173: Jeannette Kagame (424 words)


Jeannette Nyiramongi Kagame (Jeannette Nyiramongi,  wavutse ku ya 10 Kanama 1962) ni umugore wa Paul Kagame . Yabaye Madamu wa mbere w'u Rwanda igihe umugabo we yatangiraga kuba perezida mu 2000. Abashakanye bafite abana bane - Ivan, Ange, Ian na Brian.   Kagame ni we washinze Imbuto Foundation akaba n’umuyobozi wawo, umuryango udaharanira inyungu ufite intego yo gushyigikira iterambere ry’umuryango muzima, wize kandi utera imbere.

Jeannette Kagame yagarutse mu gihugu cye cy'Urwanda nyuma ya genoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994. Kuva icyo gihe yaharaniye kuzamura ubuzima gatozi bw'abanyarwanda bari mu Rwanda, cyane cyane ubwabapfakazi, impfubyi n'imiryango itishoboye.

Muri Gicurasi 2001 , Kagame yakiriye inama ya mbere y’abategarugori ba mbere b’Abanyafurika kugirango baganire ku bana no ku kwirinda virusi itera SIDA i Kigali, mu Rwanda .  Iyi nama iganisha ku ishingwa rya PACFA (Kurinda no kwita ku miryango irwanya virusi itera SIDA).  Igikorwa cyibanze cyane cyane mugutanga uburyo bwuzuye bwo kwirinda virusi itera sida no kwita kumuryango wose. Kagame yaje gushinga Umuryango w’abategarugori ba mbere b’Abanyafurika barwanya virusi itera SIDA (OAFLA) mu 2002, aba perezida wacyo kuva 2004 kugeza 2006. 

Mu myaka yashize, PACFA yakuze ikubiyemo imishinga itari iyo mu rwego rwa virusi itera SIDA ndetse no mu 2007 Imbuto Foundation - bisobanura “imbuto” muri Kinyarwanda - yarashinzwe. Fondasiyo ishyira mu bikorwa imishinga itandukanye nka: gutanga ubuvuzi bw'ibanze no gutera inkunga ubukungu ku miryango yanduye virusi itera SIDA; kongera ubumenyi no guhindura imyumvire kubuzima bwimibonano mpuzabitsina ningimbi; kurinda urubyiruko kwirinda virusi itera SIDA; kwirinda malariya; gushishikariza abakobwa kuba indashyikirwa mu ishuri; gutanga buruse ku rubyiruko rutishoboye; guteza imbere umuco wo gusoma; guhugura no guha urubyiruko ubumenyi bwo kwihangira imirimo no kuyobora.

Umudamu wa mbere kandi ni umurinzi wa Rotary Club Virunga, ifite icyicaro i Kigali, yashinze isomero rya mbere rusange mu Rwanda mu 2012.  Madamu Kagame kandi ni umwe mu bagize akanama k’ubuyobozi bw’imiryango itandukanye, harimo n’umuryango w’abagore barwanya virusi itera SIDA ndetse n’inshuti z’ikigega cya Afurika. 

Mu mwaka wa 2010, Kagame yakiriye impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro yakuye muri kaminuza ya gikirisitu ya Oklahoma kubera uruhare yagize mu kurwanya virusi itera SIDA n'ubukene. Muri uwo mwaka, yagizwe uhagarariye umwihariko ku mirire y'abana na gahunda y'ibiribwa ku isi (WFP). Mu 2009, UNICEF yahaye Perezida Paul Kagame na Madamu wa Perezida Jeannette Kagame igihembo mu rwego rwo gushimira imbaraga zabo mu kuzamura imibereho y’abana mu Rwanda. Mu 2007, Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ryamugize uhagarariye Ishami ry’Urukingo rwa Afurika muri Afurika (AAVP), kugira ngo abafatanyabikorwa ba Afurika bagire uruhare rugaragara mu nzego zose z’ubushakashatsi bw’inkingo za virusi itera SIDA na sida.

Kagame afite impamyabumenyi mu bucuruzi no mu bumenyi.




#Article 174: Sina Gerard (615 words)


Sina Gérard (wavutse 1963) ni umunyarwanda ukurikirana kandi rwiyemezamirimo, nyiwe watangiye akaba n'umuyobozi w'ikigo gitunganya ibiribwa Urwibutso Enterprises .  Ni omworozi w'ingurube, ukora ibiti, nyir'imigati, nyiri supermarket, ukora ibirungo, hamwe n'abagiraneza.  Yavukiye mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru, akarere ka Rulindo ; umurenge wa Tare n'akagari ka Nyirangarama. Nyuma, Nyirangarama, yabaye izina rye kubera ingaruka ubucuruzi bwagize ku baturage.  Arubatse, afite abana batatu.

Sina Gerard azwiho ubwitange mu iterambere ryaho. Isosiyete yatangije mu 1983, Urwibutso Enterprises, yavuye mu iduka rito igera ku mashami menshi hirya no hino mu gihugu cy'u Rwanda.  Isosiyete Urwibutso, yatanze akazi 280 k'igihe cyose n'akazi 600 k'igihe gito mu cyaro aho Sina akomoka. Isosiyete ikorana n'impuzandengo y'imiryango 3.000 ifitanye isano n'ubuhinzi. Sina kandi yahaye abahinzi basezeranye na gahunda mbonezamubano nko gutera inkunga inguzanyo ziciriritse, uburezi, na gahunda yo guhugura ubuhinzi .

Ingaruka z'umurimo we zamenyekanye ku rwego mpuzamahanga, kandi yahawe ibihembo byinshi na yo. Urutonde rwibihembo bye rurimo Diamond International Quality Crown, Igihe gishya cya Era kubera Ikoranabuhanga, Ubwiza, no guhanga udushya, ndetse na Made in Rwanda Award. 

Kuri ubu Sina ni umwe mu bagabo bakize cyane mu Rwanda kandi Urwibutso Enterprises ni ubwami bw’amadorari miliyoni. 

Sina Gérard yatangije Urwibutso Enterprises afite imyaka 20, mu 1983. Yakoresheje imari shingiro ya 33.000RWF (agaciro ka 2013) kandi atanga umusaruro mubuhinzi bwababyeyi kugirango atangire imigati nto.  Na bakery ye, we yatangiye umukono Urwibutso Donuts, bikaba nyuma yabaye izina Ventures we Igikubo. Igihe imigati ye yatangiraga gutanga umusaruro ku ishoramari, Sina yaragutse maze yinjira mu gukora imbuto-umutobe.

Mu 1999, abonye ko ibicuruzwa bye bishya yongeyeho byagenze neza, yashora imari mu bikoresho byo gukora umutobe. Sina yafatanije nabahinzi benshi baho, bashora imari mubushakashatsi bwubuhanga bwo kubungabunga umutobe. Imitobe ya Agashya, cyane cyane nectar yimbuto yimbuto, nayo yamenyekanye kumasoko.  Sina yahise atandukanya imishinga ye kurushaho: yongeyeho umushinga w'ingurube; inka, ihene, ibice byo korora urukwavu; n'umuvinyu n'umusaruro wa chili. Chili Akabanga  yabaye kimwe mu bicuruzwa akoresha cyane, atari mu Rwanda gusa, ahubwo no ku mugabane wa Afurika no mu bindi bice by'isi.  Sina avuga kuri Akabanga, Bisobanura ikintu nk  ibanga '. Nushira ku biryo byawe, uzasobanukirwa ibanga.  

Kuva icyo gihe, Sina yaguye uruganda Urwibutso kandi isosiyete yongera ibicuruzwa bishya kuva kuri biscuits kugeza kuri vino. Ubu Urwibutso bibyara ikintu urugamba ibicuruzwa birimo ifu Akanoze Maize floor, Akandi y'agaciro amazi, Agashya inanasi umutobe, strawberry na amwifuza imbuto umutobe, Akabanga n'urusenda amavuta, Akaryoshye strawberry na juice y'amatunda, Akarusho umweru, umutuku na divayi insina ndetse 'AKARABO' biscuit .

Mu AKARABO biscuit katangijwe ku bufatanye na Sweet Z'IBIRAYI Actions for Security na Health muri Afurika (SASHA) ndetse n'abafatanyabikorwa mpuzamahanga Z'IBIRAYI Center (CIP), Rwanda Agricultural Board (RAB), Catholic Relief Services (CRS), IMBARAGA, Young Ishyirahamwe ry'abakristu b'abagore (YWCA). Iyi biscuit yashizweho kugirango yongere imirire nubukungu byimiryango yo mucyaro hamwe nabagore aribo itsinda ryibandwaho.  Amaze gutsinda mu bucuruzi Sina Gérard yahisemo gushora imari mu gace atuyemo. Yaha abahinzi imbuto z'ubusa, ifumbire, amahugurwa kandi agura imyaka yabo igihe biteguye gusarurwa. Afite intego yo gutuma abahinzi bo mu Rwanda bumva bishimiye kuba abahinzi, kuko bangana na 90% by'abaturage. 

Sina kandi ni umugiraneza. Yubatse ishuri Collège Fondation Sina Gérard kubanyeshuri bo mu gace atuyemo. Ishuri ryigisha abanyeshuri kuva kurwego rwincuke kugeza mumashuri yisumbuye. Abanyeshuri biga kubuntu, ndetse nabari mumashuri acumbikira. Ishuri ryubatswe mumiryango iciriritse, cyane cyane Urwibutso Enterprises ikorana. Iri shuri rihugura abanyeshuri kubaka ubumenyi nubumenyi mubice byubuhinzi, ubuvuzi bwamatungo nubumenyi bwibiryo .

Ubu ishuri rifite abanyeshuri bagera ku 1100.  Abanyeshuri bafite uburyo bwo guhinga butanga imbuto nka strawberry, pome, imbuto za Macadamiya, imbuto za logan, imbuto nshya mu Rwanda .  Sina arateganya ko ishuri ryabyara abanyeshuri bazaba abafite PHD mumwaka wa 2022.  Sina igamije ko ishuri ryaba ikigo aho abakiri bato nabatishoboye biyubaka bakivana mubukene. 

CNN  Intego yanjye ni ukureba niba abaturage bo mu Rwanda biyubaka kandi bakava mu bukene.




#Article 175: Joyce Omondi (187 words)


Joyce Omondi yavukiye i Nairobi kandi yiga mu mujyi wa Kenya mbere yo gukomeza muri Knox College  muri Amerika hagati ya 2006 na 2010 aho yize ibijyanye n'ubukungu ndetse na Integrated International Studies (IIS). Yari Senateri wa Sophomore na Ambasaderi wa Knox igihe yari muri kaminuza.  Yize kuririmba no gucuranga piyano, atangira kuririmba hakiri kare mu materaniro yaberaga i Woodley, i Nairobi nyuma aza kurangiza kuririmba muri korari y'Itorero. Muri Knox College yari muri Korali Harambee.

Amaze gusubira muri Kenya, Joyce yasohoye urukurikirane rw'ubutumwa bwiza ndetse n'ubufatanye birimo Conqueror  na Kweli  bisobanura Mubyukuri mu Giswahili . Kweli ni imwe mu ndirimbo zakunzwe cyane kandi yeguriwe Papa we warokotse igisasu cyaturikiye muri Ambasade y'Abanyamerika i Nairobi mu 1998.  Usibye umwuga we wa muzika, Joyce anakorana na show ya Rauka Gospel Music izwi cyane kuri televiziyo ya Citizen muri Kenya. Yaretse iki gitaramo mu 2013 kugira ngo akomeze impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu iterambere mpuzamahanga muri kaminuza ya Georgetown i Washington.

Muri 2013 yatsindiye ibihembo bya Groove kuri Video yumwaka 

Ku ya 18 Ukuboza 2015, Joyce Omondi yashakanye na News of TV News Anchor Waihiga Mwaura mu bukwe bushimishije, imbaraga, n'imbyino. 




#Article 176: Iterambere ry'umugore mu Rwanda (432 words)


Raporo yaraye ishyizwe ahagaragara na World Economic Forum, igaragaza ko u Rwanda ruza ku mwanya wa gatanu ku isi mu bijyanye no guharanira iterambere ry’abagore. Ni mugihe mu cyegeranyo giheruka rwari rwashyizwe ku mwanya wa karindwi. Ibi ngo bikaba byarakozwe hagendewe ku byiciro bine birimo uruhare rw’abagore mu bukungu bw’igihugu, guha uburezi bukwiriye abana b’abakobwa, ku rwego rumwe n’urw’abahungu ,kubungabunga ubuzima bw’igitsina gore ndetse no kubaha imyanya mu nzego zifata ibyemezo .

Bimwe mu byatumye u Rwanda ruza kumwanya wa gatanu ku isi mu bijyanye no guharanira iterambere ry’umugore ni intambwe iki gihugu kimaze gutera mu guha abagore amahirwe angana n’ay’abagabo ndetse n’impuzandengo y’imyanya abagore bafite mu nteko ishinga amategeko ugereranije n’imbindi bihugu ku isi kuko mu mutwe w’abadepite bagera kuri 51 mu badepite 80, ni ukuvuga 63.75%.Guverinoma y’u Rwanda ivuga ko izakomeza gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba yihaye mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ariko hibandwa ku bagabo n’abagore. Leta kandi ngo izakomeza gushora imari muri porogaramu zigamije kongera umubare w’abakobwa biga ibijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga n’ibindi.U Rwanda ruje kuri uyu mwanya nyuma ya Iceland, Finland, Norvege na Sweden.

Imyaka 26 ishize yabaye urugendo rurerure ariko rw’ingenzi kuribo. Abagore batari bake bemeza ko babashije guhumuka ubu bakaba bakora ibyo bamwe bavugaga ko bidashoboka harimo no kugira uruhare rukomeye mu gutunga ingo zabo no gutanga umusanzu mu iterambere ry’igihugu.  y'umuryango n’iterambere ryawo ubu noneho biri mu maboko ya bombi; umugore n'umugabo. Mu myaka igera kuri 26 ishize, kugera kuri uru rwego rw'imyumvire byabaye urugendo rutoroshye, byasabye ko izi mpande zombi  zibyumva kimwe kandi biratanga umusaruro.

Mu Mujyi wa Kigali Hari abagore bakora amanywa n'ijoro. Bo bahisemo kwigomwa ibitotsi. Abenshi batanga abagabo babo kubyuka. Ku isaha y'isaa munani z'igitondo, mu isoko rya Nyabugogo ryiganjemo ibiribwa wakwibwira ko ari ku manywa y’ihangu. Abagore barashishikaye, bamwe barazana imyaka, abandi bakayirangura bakajya kuyicuruza. Ikibashishikaje si ikindi uretse kuzamura ingo zabo. Saa yine z'igitondo, aba bagore  baba basubiye mu ngo zabo kwita ku bo basize,umunsi ukurikiyeho na bwo bakagaruka.

Kera bati nta nkokokazi ibika aho isake iri, Umugore arabyina ntasimbuka  n'indi migani itandukanye y'Ikinyarwanda yapfobyaga ubushobozi bw'umugore.  Bashingiye ku kuntu abagore basigaye bafatiye runini ingo zabo, abagabo batari bake bahamya ko iyo mitekerereze itajyanye n’igihe.

Uretse aba bagore bakora akazi ka buri munsi ko gutunga ingo zabo, no mu nzego zo hejuru zifata ibyemezo  bariyo kandi ku ijanisha rishimishije. Urugero ni nko  mu nteko ishinga amategeko umutwe w'abadepite, aho abagore ari 61%,  muri guverinoma abarenga 50% ni abagore. Abatari bake bashinze ibigo bikomeye, abandi ni abacuruzi cyangwa abayoboye ibigo bitandukanye.

Ibi byose bigashimangira insanganyamatsiko y'umunsi mpuzamahanga w'umugore muri uyu mwaka uzizihizwa ku itariki ya 8 werurwe, igira iti “Umugore ku ruhembe rwíterambere”




#Article 177: Uruhare rw'umugore muguharanira uburenganzira ahabwa n'amategeko (530 words)


Rwanda rushishikajwe n’ibibazo by’uburinganire. Ibyo bigaragarira mu Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo ku wa 04 Kamena 2003 nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, ndetse no mu ngamba zinyuranye z’iterambere ry’Igihugu cyacu. Aha twavuga nk’icyerekezo cya 2020, gahunda y’igihugu yo kurwanya ubukene  n’izindi. Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo ku wa 04 Kamena 2003 nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, mu ntangiriro yaryo ryibutsa ko u Rwanda rugendera ku mahame remezo ndetse n’uburenganzira bw’ibanze bwa muntu. Muri urwo rwego Leta yubahiriza amasezerano mpuzamahanga harimo ayo kurwanya ivangura iryo ariryo ryose rishingiye ku gitsina.  Mu gushyira mu bikorwa ayo mahame remezo, u Rwanda rwiyemeje kuba igihugu kigendera ku ihame ry’uburinganire bw’abagore n’abagabo, ibyo bigashimangirwa n’uko abagore bagira nibura mirongo itatu (30%) by’imyanya mu nzego zifatirwamo ibyemezo.  Politiki y’igihugu y’uburinganire ishingiye ku ihame ry’uko abagore n’abagabo ari abanyagihugu bareshya bagomba kugira uruhare rusesuye mu iterambere ry’igihugu kandi n’inyungu zivuyemo zikabageraho ku buryo bungana.  

Mu rwego rwo gukemura ibibazo by’ikandamizwa ry’umugore ryaranze igihugu cyacu mu bihe byashize, Leta y’ubumwe bw’abanyarwanda yagiye ifata ingamba zitandukanye mu rwego rwo guha umugore uburenganzira bwo gukora, gukurikirana no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa bitandukanye. Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho hagiye hashyirwaho amategeko atandukanye agamije guha umugore uburenganzira ku bintu bitandukanye. Twavuga nk’amwe mu mategeko akurikira: 1° Itegeko ngenga n° 08/2005 ryo ku wa 14/07/2005 rigena imikoreshereze n’imicungire y’ubutaka mu Rwanda; 2° Itegeko n° 22/99 ryo ku wa 12 Ugushyingo 1999 ryuzuza igitabo cya mbere cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano kandi rishyiraho igice cya gatanu cyerekeye imicungire y’umutungo w’abashyingiranywe, impano n’izungura; 3° Itegeko n° 27/2001 ryo ku wa 28 Mata 2001 ryerekeye uburenganzira bw’umwana n’uburyo bwo kumurinda ihohoterwa; 4° Itegeko n°59/2008 ryo kuwa 10/09/2008 rikumira kandi rihana ihohoterwa iryo ari ryo ryose rishingiye ku gitsina; Aya mategeko kimwe n’andi agitegurwa ashyirwaho mu rwego rwo guha umugore uburenganzira bungana n’ubw’umugabo. Nyamara ariko umugore aracyafite imbogamizi zimubuza kugera kuri ubwo burenganzira ahabwa n’amategeko.

Umunyarwandakazi aracyafite imbogamizi zimubuza kugera ku burenganzira ahabwa n’amategeko. Twavuga nk’izi zikurikira: 

 

Umugore ntakwiye kubonwamo ubushobozi buke kuko nawe arashoboye. Muri urwo rwego, umugore aho ari hose agomba kureba ko ibyo amategeko amuteganyiriza mu kazi abibona kandi ntagire isoni zo guharanira uburenganzira bwe mu gihe haba hari ushaka kubumuvutsa uwo ari we wese. Abagore bahagarariye abandi mu nzego zitandukanye, bakwiye kujya bategura ibiganiro mu byiciro bitandukanye kuva ku rwego rw’Igihugu kugera ku mugudu bigamije gukangurira abagore gusobanukirwa neza ihame ry’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hamwe no kumenya no gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko abarengera. Kutitinya, buri mugore akigirira icyizere byatuma umugore yumva ko nawe ashoboye, Kwitabira inzego z’abagore kuva ku mudugudu kugera ku rwego rw’Igihugu kuko izo nzego ari imiyoboro ifasha abagore guharanira no kumenya uburenganzira bagenerwa n’amategeko. Inzego z’abagore zigomba kujya zitegura ibiganiro mpaka, ibiganirio mbwirwaruhame cyangwa nyunguranabitekerezo mu rwego rwo gufasha abagore kuva ku rwego rw’umudugudu gusobanukirwa n’uburenganzira amategeko abagenera. Kwibumbira mu mashyirahamwe atandukanye bituma bivana mu bukene,. Umugore akwiye kwitabira gahunda zigamije kujijuka no kumenya aho uburenganzira bwe butangirira n’aho bugarukira. Kubera ko rero umwana apfa mu iterura, umugore akwiye kwihutira kujyana abana mu ishuri baba abahungu n’abakobwa. Kwitabira kugana amabanki, ibigo by’imari iciriritse n’ibigega bitera inkunga abagore mu rwego rwo kugira ubushobozi bwo kwihangira imirimo ibyara inyungu Kwandikisha umwana ukivuka Abakobwa bifuza gushinga ingo bakwiye kujya bihutira kubanza gusezerana imbere y’amategeko.  




#Article 178: Ubuhinzi bw'amashu (1004 words)


Umuryango w’ibihingwa abarizwamo : Amashu ari mu muryango wa « BRASSICACEAE » bita kandi « Crucifères » nawo uri mu muryango mugari wa « Dicotyledones ». Amashu ari mu gihingwa kiribwa cyane n'abatari bake mu Rwanda. 

Amashu asanzwe (choux pommés) n’amashu bise ay’i Buruseli (choux de Bruxelles) yera mu Rwanda hose. Naho amashu barya indabyo (choux-fleurs) zo zisaba imvura nyinshi kandi ya buri gihe ku buryo aberanye n’akarere k’imisozi miremire.

Ubutaka buvanze umucanga n’ibumba nibwo buberanye n’amashu yose. Asaba ubutaka bwiza, burebure kandi bufite ifumbire nyinshi. Niyo mpamvu ubutaka busharira cyane atari bwiza kuri icyo gihingwa, ariko ibishanga bikamuye neza kandi byabonye ishagara biberanye n’amashu bufasha kongera  umusaruro w'amashu.

 

Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru amashu agabanyijemo amatsinda atatu akunzwe mu Rwanda : Amashu asanzwe (Brassica oleracea capitata) : uyibwirwa n’uko agenda yibumba uko akura, Amashu y’i Buruseli (ishu mbirigi) ariyo (Brassica oleracea gemmifera) : uyibwirwa n’udushu duto tumera ku giti cy’ishu. Iyo witegereje neza usanga utwo dushu duto natwo tugenda twifunga kandi ni natwo turibwa, Amashu basarura indabo (ishufureri) ariyo (Brassica oleracea botrytis) : ku mutwe w’ishu iyo yeze, indabyo z’umweru ziba zitsitse hamwe ari nazo basarura akaba arizo barya

Amashu asanzwe : Marché de Copenhague, Amashu mbiligi : Long Island, Amashufureri : Boule de neige.

Nk’izindi mboga barya amababi, ifumbire y’ibishanguka nziza, ihoze kandi nyinshi itanga umusaruro mwiza kandi ushimishije. Niyo mpamvu hagomba Kg 30 kugeza kuri Kg 50/ari 1.

Ni ngombwa guteganya iminsi 25 kugera kuri 30 amashu amara mu buhumbikiro kugirango umenye igihe uzaterera ingemwe mu murima. Kugemura ingemwe mu mirima bikorwa mu gihe cy’imvura (Nzeri na Werurwe) iyo zihingwa i musozi. Mu kabande aho bashobora kuvomera, amashu ashobora guhingwa ibihe by’ihinga byose uko ari bitatu.

Binaza mu buhumbikiro busakaye, Bateganya gr 2 kugeza kuri gr 3 kuri m² 1,  Kuri ari 1 y’umurima w’amashu bateganya m² 1,5-2 z’ubuhumbikiro, Ubujyakuzimu bakoresha iyo babiba imbuto mu buhumbikiro : 6-12 mm, Ubuso bw’ubuhumbikiro ngombwa ngo ubone ingemwe zo gutera kuri ha 1= m² 18 – -utugemwe dutangira kumera nyuma y’iminsi kuva kuri 5 kugeza ku minsi 6.

Ingemwe ziri mu buhumbikiro zigemurwa iyo zifite amababi 5 cyangwa 6 bakazitera ku mirongo itandukanyijwe na cm 60, naho ku mirongo batera ku buryo bw’imbusane hagati basiga cm 40 cyangwa 60,  Umubare ngombwa kuri ha = ingemwe 42.000, mu gutera, bakoresha ingemwe nziza, zibyibushye kandi zitarangwaho uburwayi, iyo bamaze gutera urugemwe, ni ngombwa gutsindagira ubutaka bwegereye urugemwe, kuvomera no gutwikira urugemwe rumwe rumwe igihe kitari kirekire.

Kuvomera kenshi iyo nta mvura igwa, Kubagara kenshi kugirango hatameramo ibyatsi bibi, Ni ngombwa kumenera kenshi kugirango imiterere y’ubutaka ihore ari myiza, Gufumbira ukoresheje NPK 17.17.17. Bakoresha Kg 3 kuri ari 1 kandi bazengurutsa urugemwe, Ku mashu basarura indabo (choux-fleurs), iyo ururabo rumaze kugira ubunini bungana n’igi, barutwikiriza amababi y’ishu yo hasi bayahinira hejuru y’ururabo.

Ikiyitera : Agahumyo bita Plasmodisphora brassicae
Aho ifata : imizi
Ibimenyetso : imizi ita ireme ikamera nk’ibijumba. Irabora ikanuka cyane kandi amashu ntakura neza ndetse iyo hashyushye amashu ararabirana agasa n’ayanambye.

Kurandura no gutwikira mu mwobo amashu arwaye, Mu gihe cy’itera, gukoresha ingemwe zitarwaye, Imirima iyo ndwara yagezemo, kumara imyaka 5 batarasubizamo amashu, Mu buryo bwo kuyikingira : kuvanga itaka ry’ubuhumbikiro n’amatotoro y’inkoko n’ivu ry’ibiti mbere yo guhumbika imbuto z’amashu, Gutera imiti yica indwara iterwa n’uduhumyo : aha twavuga nka : Oxychlorure de cuivre : g 50/10 L z’amazi/ari 1, Dacobre : gr 140/L 10 z’amazi/ari 1 cyangwa 1,5.

Ni indwara yo mu buhumbikiro
Ikiyitera : agahumyo kitwa Peronospora parasitica
Aho ifata : amababi
Ibimenyetso : utubara duto tutangana, nyuma amababi agahinduka umuhondo, akuma. Iyo ndwara ikara mu gihe cy’imvura nyinshi.

Kwirinda guhumbika imbuto zegeranye cyane, Kuvomera mu gitondo nibyo biba byiza, Gutera imiti irwanya indwara z’uduhumyo rimwe mu cyumweru mu bihe bisanzwe cyangwa 2 mu cyumweru mu bihe by’imvura nyinshi. Iyo miti ni nka : Milraz 76 WP : g 20/L 10 z’amazi/are 1, Cupro-antracol : g 20/L 10 z’amazi/are 1,  Dithane M45 : g 10/ L 10 z’amazi/ari 1.

Ni indwara yo mu buhumbikiro
Ikiyitera : agahumyo Rhizoctonia Solani
Aho ifata : umunigo w’ishu (urugemwe)
Ibimenyetso : umunigo w’urugemwe urabora, ugasa n’ikigina cyijimye kandi ukanuka. Umunigo uba muto kandi urugemwe rukaba rwakuma.

Urandura no gutwikira mu mwobo ingemwe zirwaye (zafashwe),  Kwirinda guhumbika ingewe zegeranye cyane, Kwirinda gushyira uruhumbikiro ahantu hataboneka urumuri kandi hatose, Gutera imiti irwanya indwara z’uduhumyo (reba ivura imvura y’amashu).

Ikiyitera : igisavumvuri cy’umukara
Aho ifata : amababi
Ibimenyetso : mu buhumbikiro cyangwa se ingemwe zigiterwa, usanga ku mababi utwenge twinshi.

Gukurikiza uburyo bwiza bwo guhinga kugirango amashu akure vuba, Gutera inyanya cyangwa se urwuya (menthe) hagati y’amashu kuko impumuro y’ibyo bihingwa yirukana ikungeri, Kuvomerera kenshi ingemwe z’amashu mu mpeshyi kugirango amababi y’amashu ndetse n’ubutaka bituma, Gukoresha imiti irwanya udusimba :  Sumithion 50% : ml 10/L 10 z’amazi/ari 1, Deltamethrine : ml 30/ L 10 z’amazi/ari 1.

Ikiyitera : isazi y’amashu
Aho ifata : umunigo, agati n’imizi
Ibimenyetso : isazi itera amagi hasi ku ngemwe. Inyo zinjira mu munigo zigacukura utuyira mu giti cy’amashu. Iyo isazi ari nyinshi, imizi yose irononekara, amababi akarabirana maze akuma.

Gukurikiza uburyo bwiza bwo guhinga kugirango ingemwe zikure vuba, Gutera imiti yica udukoko (reba uko barwanya ikungeri).

Ikiyitera : igisangungu cy’icyatsi kibisi kibyarwa n’ibinyugunyugu byitwa : Plutella Xystella, Hellula undalis, Spodoptera exempta, Trichoplusia ni
Aho ifata : amababi
Ibimenyetso : udusangungu tw’icyatsi kibisi keruruka turya amababi y’ishu tugasigamo imyobo minini.

Ikiyitera : Inzoka z’ibihingwa
Aho ifata : imizi
Ibimenyetso: ku mizi y’ishu hameraho utuzi twinshi duto turiho amapfundo.

Mu murima, indwara yajemo, bamara imyaka 3 cyangwa 4 batarasubizamo amashu, Gutera nyiramunukanabi (tagètes) bakazikikiza umurima w’amashu no mu murima hagati, ibyo bifasha kurwanya  iyo ndwara.

Ikiyitera : agahumyo
Aho ifata : imbere mw’ishu
Uko bayirwanya : gutera amashu mu mirima ikamuye amazi neza.

Ibyo aribyo n’aho bifata :

Mu buhinzi bwa kijyambere kandi bitewe n’amoko y’amashu, ushobora kugera kuri toni 50 z’amashu kuri ha 1. Ikindi umurumbuko uturuka mu buryo ubuhinzi bw'amashu wabwitayeho umunsi ku munsi.

Amashu abikika nabi cyane. Ariko ashobora kubikwa iminsi mike amanitse mu gisenge cy’ahantu hafutse kandi hinjiramo akayaga cyangwa se mu cyumba gikonje kuri dogeri 4°C.
Byateguwe na Ndera Jackson hifashishijwe imfashanyigisho za MINAGRI.




#Article 179: Ubuhinzi bw'inyanya (459 words)


zikungahaye kuri vitamini A na C. Zongerwa mu biryo kugira ngo zibyongerere uburyohe. Inyanya kandi zishobora gutunganywa zigakorwamo ikinyiga (sauce tomate). Mu rwego rw'ubukungu, inyanya zinjiza amafaranga mu ngo ndetse bikagera no mu rwego rw'igihugu.

Inyanya zikunda ahantu hari amazi ahagije, zikazirana n'ahatagira amazi. Ubutaka bwiza ku nyanya ni ubufite ubusharire bwa 6-7. Ikigero cy'ubushyuhe cyagombye kuba dogere  20-27. Imbuto z'inyanya ziba mbi iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya degere 30 cyangwa bukaba munsi ya dogere 10.

Guhitamo ubwoko bw'inyanya bwo guhinga ni ingenzi cyane mu gihe hifuzwa umusaruro mwiza. Muri rusange hariho amoko abiri y'inyanya  amenyerewe. Inyanya ngufi n'inyanya ndende.Inyanya ngufi (habariwemo n'izivangiye igice n'ingufi) ni ubwoko bugira igiti kigira ihundo ry'uruyange ku mutwe. Ziba ngufi zikaba igihuru mu gihe izivangiye igice ziba ndende.

Ubwoko burebure bukomeza gushamika  n'indabo nshya kandi bugakura bujya hejuru cyane. Ubu bwoko buzana inyanya nyuma y'igihe kinini. Ubu bwoko bugomba kushingirirwa no kugabanyirizwa ibisambo bityo bugasaba akazi kenshi.Mu Rwanda duhinga ubwoko bwiza bw'inyanya buturaka i Burayi no mu bigo by'imbuto byo muri Kenya.

Ni ubwoko bw`inyanya butanga umusaruro utubutse, budasaba akazi kenshi, kandi budapfa gufatwa n' indwara zifata inyanya. Ni inyanya zigurishwa ari mbisi, zitanga umusaruro mwiza cyane iyo zihinzwe mu mahema yabugenewe.

Anna F1 igira urunyanya rukomeye, rufite ishusho y'igi, rukagira ibara ry'umutuku tukutuku. Ni bumwe mu bwoko bw'inyanya buva muri Kenya budapfa guhangarwa n'indwara ya kirabiranya  imunga igiti, iminyorogoto n'izindi.

Anna F1 ni ubwoko bukura vuba: mu minsi 75 nyuma yo kugemekwa. Kugira ngo zibe zeze neza biterwa n'igihe/ikirere. Nko mu  bwoko bwinshi mu buturuka muri Kenya, umusaruro wa mbere uba ari muke  ugereranyije n'andi masarura akurikira. Anna F1 zitanga umusaruro ku kigereranyo cya toni 74 kuri hegitari,  n'ibiro  35 kg kuri buri runyanya mu buzima bwarwo bwose.

Ni inyanya zifite amafufu. Inyanya z`amafufu nka Roma muri rusange zigira ifufu rinini imbere, zikagira ubuhwa buke cyane n'igishishwa gikomeye. Roma zijya kugira ishusho ya  mpandenye kandi zikaremera. Zirakomera kandi kuruta izo mu bundi bwoko ndetse n'iz'ubwoko  bugira amafufu. Inyanya za Roma ziri mu bwoko bugufi, ni ukuvuga ko urunyanya ruhira rimwe  aho kugenda rushya buhoro buhoro bigendanye n'ikirere. N'ubwo zishobora kuribwa ari mbisi izi nyanya biba byiza iyo zitetswe.

Bingo zihingwa mu murima mugari, zitanga inyanya nini kandi zoroshye. Igiti cy'urunyanya gishamikaho amababi agaye arinda igihingwa gutwikwa n'izuba. Ni ubwoko wahitamo ku bucuruzi bukorerwa ku masoko yo ku muhanda. Zizwiho kugira icyanga no kuba nini cyane.

Cherry tomato (soma “Ceri tomato”) ni ubwoko bw’inyanya nto ziburungushuye. Zigira ibara ritukura, umuhondo, icyatsi kibisi ndetse n’umukara. Ziribwa cyane cyane ari mbisi kubera ko ziryohera.

Inyanya zo mu bwoko bwa Plum ( Soma “Pulamu”) zizwi nk’izitegurwamo ikinyiga  gitekwa mu masupu cyangwa kibikwa mu bikopo. Izi nyanya zifite ishusho y’umwiburungushure, zikagira  ubuhwa buke cyane ugereranyije n’ubundi bwoko bw’inyanya kandi zikagira umubiri ukomeye, bituma zibereye gutunganywa mu nganda.




#Article 180: Ubutayu bwa sahara (6168 words)


Inyandiko y'umwimerere: 

Sahara ( /s ə h ɑːr ə /, /s ə h au ə / ; mucyarabu: aṣ-ṣaḥrāʼ al-kubrá, bivuga  'Ubutayu bunini cyane ') ni ubutayu buherereye ku mugabane wa Afurika . bufite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 9,200,000 ( nukuvuga 3,600,000 sq mi), nibwo butayu bunini kandi bushyushye kurusha ubundi kwisi bukaba n'ubutayu bwa gatatu bunini muri rusange, burutwa gusa  n'ubutayu bwa Antaragitika na Arikitike .    Izina 'Sahara' rikomoka ku ijambo ry'icyarabu rivuga ubutayu, ṣaḥra ( صحرا /ˈsˤaħra/ ).    

Ubwo butayu bugizwe n' igice kinini cy' Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, usibye akarere karumbuka ko ku nyanja ya Mediterane, imisozi ya Atlas ya Maghreb, n'ikibaya cya Nili mu Misiri na Sudani . Bukora  ku nyanja itukura mu burasirazuba no ku nyanja ya Mediterane mu majyaruguru bukagera ku nyanja ya Atalantika mu burengerazuba, aho imiterere igenda ihinduka ahari butayu hagahinduka ibibaya. Mu majyepfo, ihana imbibi na Sahel, umukenke wo mu turere dushyuha dukikije ikibaya cy'uruzi rwa Nijeri n'akarere ka Sudani yo muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara . Sahara ishobora kugabanywamo uturere twinshi, harimo Sahara y’iburengerazuba, imisozi ya Ahaggar rwagati, imisozi ya Tibesti, imisozi ya Aïr, ubutayu bwa Ténéré, n’ubutayu bwa Libiya .

Mu imyaka amagana n'ibihumbi byinshi, Sahara yahindukaga   ubutayu ubundi ikaba umukenke mu byiciro bingana n'imyaka 20.000  ibyo bikaba byaraterwaga nifatizo ry'isi  ihora izenguruka izuba . Aka gacekarimo Sahara biteganijwe ko kazameraho ibyatsi mu myaka igera ku 15.000.

Sahara ikora ku bice byinshi bya Alijeriya, Tchad, Misiri, Libiya, Mali, Mauritania, Maroc, Niger, Sahara y'Uburengerazuba, Sudani na Tuniziya . Ifite ubuso bwa miliyoni 9 za kilometero kare (3.500.000 sq mi), nukuvuga 31% bya Afurika. Turamutse tubariyemo uturere twose dufite imvura igereranije yumwaka iri munsi ya milimetero 250, Sahara yaba kilometero kare miliyoni 11 (4.200.000 sq mi) . Nimwe muntara eshatu zifite Fiziyogarafi nini muri Africa  .

Sahara ahanini ni amabuye ya hamada ( amabuye ashashe ); ergs (umusenyi w'inyanja; uduce tunini dutwikiriwe nuwo musenyi ) hakaba igice kinini gifite  umusenyi ufite metero zirenga 180 z'ubujyejuru (590 ft).  Umuyaga cyangwa imvura y'imbonekarimwe  nibyo bikora ibiranga ubutayu nukuvuga umusenyi w'ubutayu, umusenyi wo mu mirima, umusenyi w' inyanja, ikibaya cyamabuye, ibibaya bya kaburimbo ( reg ), ibibaya byumye ( wadi ), ibiyaga byumye ( oued ), hamwe nubutaka bwumunyu ( shati cyangwa chott ).  

Imisozi myinshi yaritandukanije cyane, ndetse nibirunga byinshi  biboneka mu butayu, harimo nkimisozi ya Aïr, imisozi ya Ahaggar, Atlas ya Sahara, imisozi ya Tibesti, Adrar des Iforas, n’imisozi yo ku nyanja itukura . Impinga ndende muri Sahara yitwa Emi Koussi, akaba ari  ikirunga cyaka giherereye mu gace ka Tibesti mu majyaruguru ya Tchad.

Sahara yo hagati  irumye cyane , ikagira ibimera bike. Amajyaruguru n’amajyepfo by'ubwo butayu, hamwe n’imisozi miremire, bigizwe nuduce tw’ibyatsi bito n’ibihuru byo mu butayu, bikagira kandi n’ibiti n’ibihuru birebire byo muri wadis, aho ubuhehere bwikusanyiriza. Mu karere ko hagati, kakandi kumye cyane, hari uduce twinshi two mu butayu bunini: Tanezrouft, Ténéré, Ubutayu bwa Libiya, Ubutayu bw'Iburasirazuba, Ubutayu bwa Nubiya n'ibindi. Utu turere twumye cyane dushobora kumara imyaka nimyaka nta mvura ihagwa.

Mu majyaruguru, Sahara yambukiranya inyanja ya Mediterane muri Egiputa ndetse nibice bya Libiya, ariko muri Cyrenaica na Maghreb, Sahara ihana imbibi n’ishyamba rya Mediterane, ishyamba ry’ibiti, hamwe n'akarere k’ibidukikije ko mu majyaruguru ya Afurika kagizwe n'ibihuru, byose bikaba bifite ikirere cya Mediterane kirangwa nimpeshyi ishyushye n'itumba rikonje kandi riragwa nimvura. ugendeye ku mahame  yibimera ya Frank White  n'impuguke mubumenyi bw'isi Robert Capot-Rey,   umupaka wamajyaruguru ya Sahara ugarukira kubiti byimikindo byitwa date palm  naho umupaka wamajyepfo ukagarukira ku byatsi bya esparto; ibyatsi biranga ikirere cya Mediterane ku gice cya Maghreb na Iberia . Ku mupaka wo mu majyaruguru hagwa imvura ingana na isoyeti milimetero100 (3.9 in) kumwaka. 

Mu majyepfo, Sahara ihana imbibi na Sahel, umukenke wumye ugizwe n'uturere dufite impeshyi irimo imvura ikwira muri Afurika kuva iburasirazuba kugeza iburengerazuba. Ukurikije ikirere, ku mupaka y’amajyepfo ya Sahara hagwa imvura ihwanye na isoyeti milimetero150 (5.9 in) kumwaka (iyi ni impuzandengo yigihe kirekire, kubera ko imvura ihinduka buri mwaka). 

Imijyi y'ingenzi iherereye muri Sahara harimo Nouakchott, umurwa mukuru wa Moritaniya; Tamanrasset, Ouargla, Béchar, Hassi Messaoud, Ghardaïa, na El Oued muri Alijeriya; Timbuktu muri Mali; Agadez muri Nijeri; Ghat muri Libiya; na Faya-Largeau muri Cadi.

Sahara ni ubutayu bunini cyane ku isi. Iherereye mu karere kitwa horse latitude munsi y'agace gashyuha cyane aho ikirere cyisi cyiganjemo ubutumburuke bwa subtropical, numuvuduko mwinshi wumuyaga uhagarika imvura n’ibicu, kandi gafite umuyaga uhindagurika uvanze n'umuyaga utuje. 

Kubura kwibicu guhoraho bituma haza urumuri rwinshi rudafite ikirubangamiye hamwe nimirasire ishyushye nkumuriro. Kudahindagurika  kwikirere cyo hejuru yubutayu bituma ibicu bitabaho, bityo n'imvura ntibeho. Kugabanuka, umuyaga ushyushye hamwe n'umuvuduko mwinshi wumuyaga wo muri subtropcal bituma imvura itagwa . Ikibaya cya subtropical nicyo kintu cyiganje gituma habaho ikirere gishyushye  cyo muri kariya karere kanini. Umuyaga umanuka niwo ukomeye kandi ufite imbaraga mu gice cy’iburasirazuba bw’Ubutayu, mu butayu bwa Libiya: aha ni ahantu h’izuba ryinshi, humye kandi ihataba imvura ku isi, kimwe n'ubutayu bwa Atacama, buherereye muri Chili na Peru .

Kubura kwimvura n'ibicu byiganje cyane mu gice cyiburasirazuba bwa Sahara kurusha muburengerazuba. Umwuka wiganje  hejuru ya Sahara ni umuyaga wo ku mugabane ushyushye kandi wumye. Imyuka ishyushye kandi yumye iba cyane cyane hejuru yubutayu bwo mumajyaruguru y' Afrika kandi bukagira ingaruka mubutayu bwose mugihe kinini cyumwaka. Kubera ubu buryo bwo gushyuha bikabije, ubushyuhe buke busanzwe bugaragara hafi yubutaka, kandi bukiyongera mugihe cyimpeshyi.

Ingaruka ziterwa nubutaka bwaho buke cyane ni nkeya kuko nubundi nta mwuka umanuka. Nanone, kugira ngo bwirinde gahunda y’ikirere ibyara imvura n’ikwirakwizwa ry’ikirere ubwacyo, ubutayu buba bwumutse bitewe n’imiterere n’aho buherereye. Mu byukuri, ubushyuhe bukabije bwa Sahara ntibusobanurwa gusa n’umuvuduko ukabije w’umwuka: Umusozi wa Atlas wo muri Alijeriya, Maroc na Tuniziya nawo ufasha kongera ubukana bw’amajyaruguru y’ubutayu. Iyi misozi minini ikora nkinzitizi, igatera igicucu gikomeye cyimvura kugabanuka ikoresheje ubuhehere bukomeye buzanwa n’imivurungano y’ikirere ku nkombe ya polar igira ingaruka ku kirere gikikije Mediterane.

Isoko y'ibanze ituma imvura igwa  muri Sahara ni Intertropical convergence Zone, umuvuduko mucye wumuyaga ukomeza kugeza hafi ya koma yisi niwo uzana ibihe by'imvura bigufi kandi bihindagurika muri Sahel no mumajyepfo ya Sahara. Imvura kugirango igwe muri ubu butayu bunini igomba gutsinda inzitizi zifatika z’ikirere zisanzwe zibuza imvura kugwa. Ikirere gikaze cya Sahara kirangwa nimvura nkeya cyane, itizewe, imvura idasanzwe; izuba ryinshi cyane ryigihe kirekire; ubushyuhe bwo hejuru umwaka wose; igipimo ntarengwa cy'ubushyuhe bugereranije ; ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe bwa buri munsi ; nurwego rwo hejuru cyane mu guhumeka arirwo rwaciye agahigo kwisi yose. 

Ubusanzwe ikirere kiragaragara neza hejuru yubutayu, kandi igihe cyizuba ni kinini cyane ahantu hose muri Sahara. Hafi ubutayu bwose bufite amasaha arenga 3,600 yizuba ryinshi kumwaka (hejuru ya 82 kwijana yamasaha yumunsi), kandi ahantu hanini mugice cyiburasirazuba hafite amasaha arenga 4000 yizuba ryinshi kumwaka (hejuru ya 91 kwijana yamasaha yumunsi). Agaciro k'amasaha 4300 (98%) yigihe cy'amanywa aboneka muri Egiputa yo hejuru ( Aswan, Luxor ) no mu butayu bwa Nubian ( Wadi Halfa ).  Impuzandengo ya buri mwaka yimirasire y'izuba igera kuri 2.800 kWh / (m 2 mwaka) mubutayu bunini. Sahara ifite imbaraga nyinshi zo kubyara ingufu z'izuba.

kuba izuba riherereye kure cyane, n'ubuhehere buri hasi cyane, hamwe no kubura ibimera n'imvura nkeya bituma ubu butayu bunini bufata umwanya wambere mu turere tunini kandi dushyuha cyane kwisi. Ikigereranyo cy'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru kirenga 38 kugeza kuri 40 ° C cyangwa 100.4 kugeza 104.0 ° F mukwezi gushyushe hafi ya hose mubutayu usibye ahantu hirengeye cyane. Ikigereranyo cyo hejuru cyane ku isi cyashyizwe ahagaragara ubushyuhe buri munsi;  byari 47 ° C cyangwa 116.6 ° F mu mujyi wa kure wo mu butayu bwa Alijeriya witwa Bou Bernous, ku butumburuke bwa metero 378 (1,240 ft) hejuru yinyanja,  ikibaya kitwa icyurupfu california cyonyine nicyo kijya kigera kuri ubwo bushyuhe .  Ahandi hantu hashyushye muri Alijeriya nka Adrar, Timimoun, Muri Salah, Ouallene, Aoulef, Reggane hafite n'uburebure buri hagati ya metero 200 na 400 hejuru yinyanja, harangwa n'ubushyuhe bungana na 46 ° C cyangwa 114.8 ° F mu mezi ashyushye yumwaka. Salah, izwi cyane muri Alijeriya kubera ubushyuhe bukabije, ifite ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 43.8 ° C cyangwa 110.8 ° F, 46.4 ° C cyangwa 115.5 ° F, 45.5 ° C cyangwa 113.9 ° F na 41.9 ° C cyangwa 107.4 ° F muri Kamena, Nyakanga, Kanama na Nzeri. Hariho utundi turere dushyuha cyane kurushaho duherereye cyane cyane muri Azalai, mu majyaruguru ya Mali. Igice kinini cyubutayu kigira amezi atatu kugeza kuri atanu arangwa n' impuzandengo yubushyuhe yo hejuru cyane  irenga 40 ° C cyangwa 104 ° F. Ingero ni nka  Bilma, Nijeri na Faya-Largeau, Tchad. Ikigereranyo cy'umwaka; ubushyuhe buri munsi burenga 20 ° C cyangwa 68 ° F ahantu hose kandi bushobora kwegera 30 ° C cyangwa 86 ° F mu turere dushyushye umwaka wose. Nyamara, igice kinini cyubutayu gifite ubushyuhe burenze 25 ° C cyangwa 77 ° F.

Ubushyuhe bwumucanga nubwubutaka burenze urugero. Ku manywa, ubushyuhe bwumucanga buba buri hejuru cyane: bushobora kugera kuri 80C cyangwa bukarenga.  Ubushyuhe bwumucanga bwa 83.5 ° C (182.3 ° F) bwagaragaye muri Port Sudani .  Ubushyuhe bwubutaka bwa 72 ° C cyangwa 161.6 ° F bwagaragaye muri Adrar ya Mauritania naho ubushyuhe bwa 75 ° C (167 ° F) bupimwa i Borkou, mu majyaruguru ya Tchad. 

Bitewe no kubura ibicu nubuhehere buke cyane, ubutayu ubusanzwe bugira ubushyuhe bwinshi buhindagurika hagati yumunsi nijoro. Ariko, nakamenyero ko amajoro akonja cyane nyuma yiminsi ishyushye cyane muri Sahara.  Ugereranyije, ubushyuhe bw'ijoro usanga buri hagati ya 13 na 20 ° C (23-36 ° F) hakonje ugereranyije no kumanywa. ihindagurika rito riboneka mu turere two ku nkombe kubera ubuhehere bwinshi kandi akenshi usanga buri munsi ya 10 ° C cyangwa 18 ° F, mugihe ihindagurika rinini riboneka mubice byo kubutaka byubutayu aho ubuhehere buri hasi cyane, cyane cyane mumajyepfo ya Sahara. Nubwo bimeze bityo, mwitumba ijoro rishobora gukonja,  kugeza ku rwego rwo gutitira, cyane cyane ahantu hahanamye.  Inshuro amajoro yo muri sahara akonja ziterwa cyane na Oscillation ya ruguru ya Atlantike y'Amajyaruguru (NAO), hamwe nubushyuhe bwo mugihe cyubukonje mugihe cyibihe bibi bya NAO hamwe nimbeho yo mubukonje hamwe mugihe NAO ari nziza.  Ibi byose nukubera ko amasaha agenda gahoro  hafi yuburasirazuba bwa anticyclone ya subtropical mugihe cyubukonje bwinshi cya NAO, nubwo cyumye cyane kuburyo byakagombye gutanga imvura irenze urugero, bigabanya umuvuduko wumuyaga wumye, n'ukonje uva mumisozi miremire ya Eurasia muri Sahara kuburyo bugaragara. 

Impuzandengo yimvura yumwaka itangirira hasi cyane mumajyaruguru namajyepfo yubutayu kugeza hafi yigice cyo hagati nuburasirazuba. Uruhande ruto rwo mu majyaruguru y’ubutayu rwakira ibicu n’imvura nyinshi bitewe n’imiterere y’umuvuduko muke wo hejuru y’inyanja ya Mediterane ku nkombe ya polar, nubwo ihujwe cyane n’igicucu cy’imvura cy’imisozi kandi imvura igereranijwe buri mwaka iba kuva kuri 100 millimetres (4 muri) kugeza kuri 250 millimetres (10 in) . Kurugero, Biskra, Alijeriya, na Ouarzazate, Maroc, tubisanga muri kano karere. Inkombe yo mu majyepfo y’ubutayu ku mupaka na Sahel yakira ibicu n’imvura byo mu mpeshyi bitewe na Intertropical Convergence Zone iturutse mu majyepfo,imvura igwa ugereranije buri mwaka iri hagati ya 100 millimetres (4 in) kugeza kuri 250 millimetres (10 in) . urugero, Timbuktu, Mali na Agadez, Niger tuzisanga muri iyi zone. Intambwe nini yo hagati ya hyper-arid yo mu butayu ntishobora na rimwe kwibasirwa n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere cyo mu majyaruguru cyangwa mu majyepfo kandi ikomeza guhora iyobowe nikirere cya anticyclonic, kandi imvura igereranijwe buri mwaka ishobora kugabanuka kugera kuri 1 millimetre (0.04 in) . Mubyukuri, igice kinini cya Sahara cyakira munsi ya 20 millimetres (0.8 in) . Muri kilometerokare 9,000,000  (3,500,000 sq mi) zigize ubutaka bwo mu butayu bwa Sahara, ubuso bungana na kilometerokare2,800,000 (1,100,000 sq mi) (hafi 31% yubuso bwose) bwakira buri mwaka impuzandengo yimvura ingana na milimetero 10 (0.4 in) cyangwa munsi yayo, mugihe kilometerokare 1,500,000(580,000 sq in) (hafi 17% yubuso bwose) yakira impuzandengo ya milimetero 5 (0.2in) cyangwa munsi.  Impuzandengo ngarukamwaka y'imvura ni zero hafi kilometerokare 1,000,000(390,000 sq in) mu burasirazuba bwa Sahara igizwe n'ubutayu bwa: Libiya, Misiri na Sudani ( Tazirbu, Kufra, Dakhla, Kharga, Farafra, Siwa, Asyut, Sohag, Luxor, Aswan, Abu Simbel, Wadi Halfa) aho igihe kirekire bivuze hafi 0.5 millimetres (0.02 muri) ku mwaka.  Imvura ntabwo iba yizewe kandi iba ari nkeya muri Sahara kuko igenda guhindagurika cyane uko umwaka utashye. Bitandukanye rwose n’imvura idakunda kuboneka mumwaka, ibipimo byo kuzamuka kumwuka mu mwaka byo ni binini cyane, hafi ya 2,500 millimetres (100 muri) ku mwaka kugeza kuri 6,000 millimetres (240 zirenga 6,000 millimetres (240 in) ku mwaka mu butayu bwose.  Nta handi ku isi habonetse umwuka wumye kandi uzamuka nko mu karere ka Sahara. Ariko, urubura rwigeze kugwa inshuro  ebyiri muri Sahara, muri Gashyantare 1979 n'Ukuboza 2016, mu mujyi wa Ayini Sefra . 

Igitekerezo kimwe cyuko Sahara yikoze ni uko imvura yo muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru yacitse intege kubera ibibarafu mu gihe cya Quaternary, guhera mu myaka miriyoni ebyiri cyangwa eshatu ishize. Ikindi gitekerezo ni uko imvura yagabanutse igihe inyanja ya Tethys ya kera yumaga mugihe cya Tortoniya mumyaka miriyoni 7. 

Ikirere cya Sahara cyagiye gihindagurika  kuva ku kirere cyimvura kugera kucyubushyuhe mu myaka ibihumbi namagana ishize,  bikekwa ko biterwa n’imihindagurikire irambye yikirere cy' Afurika y'Amajyaruguru iteguza imvura yo muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru - yerekeza mu majyepfo. iki kiciro giterwa nikiciro cyigihe cyimyaka 41000 aho ihindagurika ryisi rihinduka hagati ya 22 ° na 24.5 °.  Kugeza ubu (2000 ACE), turi mugihe cyumye, ariko biteganijwe ko Sahara izongera kuba icyatsi mumyaka 15000 (17000 ACE). Iyo imvura yo muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru iri mu mvura ikaze ya buri mwaka kandi ibimera byo mu karere ka Sahara bikiyongera, bigatuma habaho icyo bakunze kwita sahara y'icyatsi kibisi . Ku mvura idasanzwe yo muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru ifite intege nke, ikinyuranyo kiragaragara, kubera ko imvura igabanuka buri mwaka n’ibimera biba bike bigatuma habaho icyiciro cy’ikirere gishyushye cya Sahara kizwi ku izina rya ubutayu bwa Sahara. 

Igitekerezo cy'uko ihindagurika ryimirasire (ubushyuhe bw'izuba) riterwa n’imihindagurikire irambye mu kuzenguruka kwisi ari ikintu kigenzura ihinduka ry’igihe kirekire mu mbaraga z’imvura  ku isi yose ryatanzwe bwa mbere na Rudolf Spitaler mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda.,  icyo gitekerezo cyaje gutangwa ku mugaragaro no gupimwa numuhanga mu byikirere John Kutzbach mu 1981.  Igitekerezo cya Kutzbach kijyanye n'ingaruka z'izuba  ku miterere y'imvura ku isi cyemewe muri iki gihe nkifatizo ritera igihe kirekire cyimvura. Kutzbach ntabwo yigeze aha izina igitekerezo cye ku buryo bwemewe  niyo mpamvu kiswe  Hypothesis ya Orbital Monsoon  nk'uko Ruddiman yabisabye mu 2001. 

Mubihe  byanyuma byurubura , Sahara yari nini cyane kuruta iyubu, igera mu majyepfo kurenga imbibi  zayo zubu.  Iherezo ryigihe cy'urubura ryazanye imvura nyinshi muri Sahara, kuva nko mu 8000 mbere ya Yezu kugeza 6000 mbere ya Yezu, ahari kubera ahantu h’umuvuduko muke byatumye urubura rugwa mu majyaruguru.  Urubura rumaze kugenda, Sahara yo mu majyaruguru yarumye. Naho muri Sahara yo majyepfo,kuma byagendaga bisimburana nimvura, akaba ari nabyo bituma amajyepfo agira imvura kurusha amajyaruguru kugeza nanubu. Ahagana mu 4200 mbere ya Yezu, imvura yasubiye mu majyepfo igera aho igeze ubu,  biganisha ku butayu bwa Sahara buhoro buhoro.  Sahara ubu yumye nkuko byari bimeze mu myaka 13.000 ishize 

Ikiyaga cya Tchad ni ibisigisigi byahoze ari inyanja ya paleolake Mega-Tchad, yabayeho mugihe cy'ubushyuhe bwa Afurika. Mu myaka  ya 5000 mbere ya Yesu, ikiyaga cya Mega-Tchad nicyo cyari kinini muri paleolakes enye zo muri Sahara, kandi bivugwa ko cyari gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 350.000. 

Igitekerezo cya pompe kuri Sahara gisobanura ibihe bikurikira: Igihe cy'imvura cyangwa   cya Sahara y'icyatsi, Sahara ihinduka ubwatsi bwumukenke kandi ibimera n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye biba byinshi.  Hakurikiraho  igihe cyo hagati y'imvura n'izuba ndetse nigihe cyubushyuhe aho agace ka Sahara kongera gusubira mu butayu kandi bikaba ngombwa ko ibimera n’ibinyabuzima bisubira mu majyaruguru kugera ku misozi ya Atlas, no mu majyepfo yerekeza muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba, cyangwa mu burasirazuba mu kibaya cya Nili . Ibi bitandukanya abaturage bo mu moko atandukanye mu bice bifite ikirere gitandukanye, bikaba ngombwa ko babimenyera.

Bivugwa kandi ko abantu bihutishije igihe cyo kuma kuva 6.000-25.500 mbere ya Yezu  bitewe n'abashumba baharagiraga. 

Gukura kwa speleothem (risaba amazi y'imvura) kwagaragaye muri Hol-Zakh, Ashalim, Ndetse-Sid, Ma'ale-ha-Meyshar, Ktora Crack, Ubuvumo bwa Nagev Tzavoa, n'ahandi, kwatumye gukurikirana imvura yabanjirije amateka byoroha. Inzira yinyanja itukura yari yumye cyane mbere ibihumbi 140 na nyuma yibihumbi 115 (mumyaka ibihumbi ishize). Ibihe bito bito bigaragara kuri 90-87 kya, ariko byari bikiri kimwe cya cumi gusa imvura igera kuri kya 125. Mu majyepfo y’ubutayu bwa Negev speleothems ntiyakuze hagati ya 185-140 kya ( MIS 6), 110-90 (MIS 5.4-5.2), cyangwa nyuma ya 85 kya cyangwa mugihe kinini cy’ibihugu bitandukanye (MIS 5.1), ibihe by'ikirere na Holocene . Ibi birerekana ko Negev yepfo yari yumye kuri hyper-arid muri ibi bihe. 

Mugihe cyanyuma cya Glacial Maximum (LGM) ubutayu bwa Sahara bwari bunini kurenza uko bimeze ubu aho amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha yagabanutse cyane, kandi ubushyuhe bwo hasi bwagabanije imbaraga za Hadley. Aka ni agace k'ikirere gatera umwuka wubushyuhe wo mukarere ka Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) kuzana imvura muri tropique, mugihe umwuka wamanutse ushyushye, kuri dogere 20 mumajyaruguru, ugasubira muri koma y'isi kandi ukazana umwuka w'ubutayu muri kano karere. Ifitanye isano n’umuvuduko mwinshi w’umukungugu utwarwa n’umuyaga, kandi urwego rwumukungugu ruboneka nkuko biteganijwe mu nyanja zo mu majyaruguru ya Atlantike. Ibihe by'ubutayu bwa Sahara byari byatangiye ahagana mu 12.500 mbere ya Yesu, hamwe no kwagura ITCZ ​​ mu mpeshyi mu majyaruguru y’isi, bikazana ibihe by'ikirere gitose hamwe n’ikirere cya savanna muri Sahara (usibye igihe gito cyumye kijyanye na Dryas). mugihe cya Holocene yubushyuhe bwikirere bwabaye 4000 mbere ya Yesu mugihe ubushyuhe bwo hagati buringaniye busa nubushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere 2 na 3 ugereranije nimyaka yashize. Isesengura ry’umugezi wa Nili washyizwe mu bishanga muri delta naryo ryerekana ko iki gihe cyari gifite umubare munini w’imyanda iva muri Nili yubururu, byatumye habaho imvura nyinsh mu misozi miremire ya Etiyopiya. Ibi byatewe ahanini n’umuvuduko ukabije w’imvura mu turere tw'ubushyuhe, bigira ingaruka ku Buhinde, Arabiya na Sahara, ikiyaga cya Victoria vuba aha cyabaye isoko yera ya Nili kandi yumye hafi y'imyaka 15.

Kugenda gutunguranye kwa ITCZ yerekeza  mu majyepfo, kurangwa na Heinrich (gukonja gutunguranye gukurikirwa no gushyuha gahoro), bifitanye isano nimpinduka hamwe nibihe bya El Niño-Amajyepfo ya Oscillation, byateye kuma byihuse  mu turere twa Sahara na Arabiya bihinduka ubutayu. Ibi bifitanye isano no kugabanuka kugaragara k'ubunini bwa Nili hagati ya 2700 na 2100 mbere ya Yesu. 

Sahara igizwe n'uduce dutandukanye. tugiye dutandukanijwe  nubushyuhe, imvura, ubutumburuke, nubutaka, utu duce kandi tubamo imiryango itandukanye yibimera ninyamaswa.

Ubutayu bwo ku nyanja ya Atalantika ni agace kagufi ko ku nkombe za Atalantika aho igihu gituruka ku nkombe ya Canary Current ikonje kigatanga ubuhehere buhagije bwo gukomeza ibinyamisogwe bitandukanye, ibinyomoro, n'ibihuru. Bufite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 39,900 (15,400 sq mi) mu majyepfo ya Maroc na Mauritania. 

Ikibaya cya Sahara y'Amajyaruguru n'amashyamba biri hafi y'ubutayu bwo mu majyaruguru, iruhande rw'amashyamba ya Mediterane, amashyamba, hamwe na ecorgion zo mu majyaruguru ya Maghreb na Cyrenaica. Imvura yo mu itumba ikomeza ibihuru n’ibiti byumye bigira inzibacyuho hagati y’ikirere cy’ikirere cya Mediterane mu majyaruguru na Sahara ya hyper-arid ikwiriye mu majyepfo. Ifite 1,675,300 square kilometers (646,840 sq mi) muri Alijeriya, Misiri, Libiya, Mauritania, Maroc, na Tuniziya. 

Agace k'ibidukikije mu butayu bwa Sahara gakubiyemo igice kinini cyo hagati ya Sahara aho imvura iba nkeya kandi ikagwa rimwe na rimwe. Ibimera ntibikunze kubonekayo, kandi aka gace kagizwe ahanini numusenyi ( erg, chech, raoui ), ikibaya cyamabuye ( hamadas ), ibibaya bya kaburimbo ( reg ), ibibaya byumye ( wadis ), hamwe nubutaka bwumunyu. gafie kilometero kare 4,639,900 z'ubuso(1,791,500 sq mi) kagakora kuri Alijeriya, Tchad, Misiri, Libiya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, na Sudani. 

Igice cy'ikibaya cya Sahara y'Amajyepfo hamwe n’ibiti byo mu ishyamba ni itsinda rito rigana iburasirazuba n’iburengerazuba hagati ya Sahara ya hyper-arid na Sahelnasi ya Sahel mu majyepfo. Kwimuka kwa Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bizana imvura yo mu cyi muri Nyakanga na Kanama ugereranije 100 to 200 mm (4 kugeza 8 muri) ariko biratandukanye cyane uko umwaka utashye. Iyi mvura ikomeza urwuri rwicyatsi nicyatsi, hamwe nishyamba ryumye hamwe nigiti kibisi kumugezi wigihe. Iyi ecoregion 1,101,700 square kilometres (425,400 sq mi) muri Alijeriya, Tchad, Mali, Mauritania, na Sudani. 

Mu mashyamba y’iburengerazuba ya Sahara montane xeric, imisozi miremire y’ibirunga itanga ikirere gikonje, gituma habaho ishyamba rya Sahara-Mediterane. iki gice kingana na kilometero kare258,100 (99,650 sq mi), giherereye muri Tassili n'Ajjer yo muri Alijeriya, kigakora gato huri Aïr ya Nigeri, Dhar Adrar ya Mauritania, na Adrar des Iforas ya Mali na Alijeriya. 

Igice cya Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric ishyamba ryibiti kigizwe nimisozi ya Tibesti na Jebel Uweinat . Imvura nyinshi kandi igwira igihe hamwe nubushyuhe buringaniye bituma haba amashyamba nibiti by'imikindo, acacia, myrtle, oleander, tamarix, hamwe nibiti byinshi bidasanzwe.  Iki gice kingana na kilometero kare82,200 (31,700 sq mi) giherereye muri Tibesti ya Tchad na Libiya, na Jebel Uweinat ku mupaka wa Misiri, Libiya, na Sudani. 

Halofitike yo muri Sahara ni agace karangwa nibihe by’umwuzure w'umuvu w'umunyu kagizwe n’ibiti by’ibihingwa bya halofitike (byatewe n’umunyu). iki gice kifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 54,000 (21,000 sq mi) ubariyemo: umwuzure wa Qattara na Siwa uva mu majyaruguru ya Egiputa, ibiyaga by'umunyu byo muri Tuniziya yo hagati, Chott Melghir muri Alijeriya, n'uduce duto twa Alijeriya, Mauritania, no mu majyepfo ya Maroc. 

Tanezrouft ni kamwe mu turere dukarishye ku isi kakaba na kamwe bice bishyushye kandi byumye bya Sahara, nta bimera bihaba . kari ku mbibi za Alijeriya, Nigeriya, na Mali, mu burengerazuba bw'imisozi ya Hoggar .

Ibimera bya Sahara bigiye bitandukanye cyane bishingiye kuri bio-geography iranga ubu butayu bunini. dukurikije ibimera, Sahara ifite zone eshatu zishingiye ku mvura iba yahaguye arizo; Amajyaruguru (Mediterane), Hagati n'Amajyepfo. Hari nuturere tubiri twimberabyombi - imberabyombi ya Mediterane na Sahara n'imberabyombi ya Sahel. 

Ibimera byo muri Sahara bigizwe n’amoko agera kuri 2800 y’ibimera . Hafi ya kimwe cya kane cyabyo ntahandi wabibona . Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cyubwoko busanzwe bwibimera byo biboneka no mubundi butayu bwabarabu. 

Bivugwa ko Sahara yo hagati irimo amoko magana atanu y'ibimera, akaba ari make cyane urebye ubunini bwayo. Ibimera nkibiti bya acacia, imikindo, ibinyomoro, ibihuru, n’ibyatsi; byamenyereye ubushyuhe kandi bikura biba bigufi  kugira ngo byirinde gutakaza amazi kubera umuyaga mwinshi, bikabika amazi mu biti byabyo kugira ngo bizayakoreshe mu gihe cyiki, bikagira imizi miremire igenda itambitse ishakisha ahantu hari amazi n'ubuhehere, bigira kandi amababi mato mato cyangwa inshinge kugirango byirinde gutakaza amazi mugihe bihumeka . Amababi yabyo ashobora kuma rwose hanyuma akazashibuka.

Muri Sahara habayo ubwoko bwinshi bwimbwebwe twavuga nka: ingunzu , imbwebwe yera nimbwebwe ya Rüppell . Imparage nini yumweru ya Addax, ishobora kugenda hafi umwaka mubutayu itanywa amazi. imparage ya Dorcas yo mumajyaruguru ya Afrika nayo ishobora kugenda igihe kirekire idafite amazi. Izindi mparage zizwi zirimo rhim na dama.

Ingwe zo muri Sahara ( ingwe zo mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Afurika ) ziba muri Alijeriya, Togo, Niger, Mali, Benin, na Burkina Faso . Haracyariho ingwe zitageze kuri 250 zikuze, ziritonda cyane, zihunga abantu bose. Ingwe zirinda izuba kuva muri Mata kugeza Ukwakira, zishakisha aho zikinga mibihuru nka balanite na acacia    Ubundi bwoko bw'ingwe ( zo mu amajyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa Afurika ) butuye muri Tchad, Sudani no mu burasirazuba bwa Niger. Ariko, kuri ubu zarazimye mu misozi ya Misiri na Libiya. Hasigaye ubwoko bugera kuri 2000 bwingwe zikuze.

Izindi nyamaswa zirimo ibinyaruvu, imbeba, inzoka z'umucanga, hamwe n'imisega yo muri Afurika,  (mu bihugu 14 gusa)  na ostrich ifite ijosi ritukura . Izindi nyamaswa ziba muri Sahara (inyoni byumwihariko) twavuga nka silverbill nyafrica hamwe ninyombya yumukara, nibindi. Habayo kandi ingona nto zo mu butayu ahagana muri Mauritania no mu kibaya cya Ennedi cya Tchad. 

Sikorupiyo y'urupfu ishobora kureshya na sentimetero 10(3.9 in). Ubumara bwayo burimo agitoxine na scyllatoxine nyinshi kandi mbi cyane kubuzima; ariko,kurumwa  niyi sikorupiyo ntibipfa kwica umuntu mukuru ufite ubuzima bwiza. Ikimonyo gisa na feza cyo muri Sahara kirihariye kubera ubushyuhe bukabije bw’aho, hamwe n’inyamanswa zihora zigihiga, ibimonyo bisohoka mubuvumo bwabyo iminota icumi gusa kumunsi. 

ingamiya n' ihene ni inyamaswa ni amatungo aboneka cyane muri Sahara. Kubera imiterere yayo yo kutananirwa no kwihuta, ingamiya ninyamaswa ikunzwe,ikoreshwa nabakerarugendo .

Ibikorwa byabantu bibangamira cyane agace gakunda kubamo amazi (oase) cyangwa aho amazi yegereye hejuru. Umubare munini w’inyamabere zari zisigaye waragabanutse bitewe nuko abantu bazihiga ngo bazirye. Mu myaka yashize, imishinga yiterambere yatangiriye mu butayu bwa Alijeriya na Tuniziya hakoreshejwe amazi yuhira yavomwe mu mazi yo mu kuzimu. Izi gahunda akenshi ziganisha ku kwangirika no gusharira kubutaka .

Abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya Hacettepe (Yücekutlu, N. et al., 2011) batangaje ko ubutaka bwa Sahara bushobora kuba bufite ubutare nyabuzima ndetse na bimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi byibiriwa bikenerwa gukoreshwa nk'ifumbire mu guhinga ingano. 

Abantu babaga ku nkombe yubutayu hashize imyaka ibihumbi,  kuva igihe kirekire cyurubura kirangiye . Icyo gihe Sahara yari ahantu heza cyane kuruta uko bimeze muri iki gihe. Izirenga petroglyphs 30.000 zinyamaswa zo mumazi  nk 'ingona  zakomeje kubaho,kimwe cya kabiri cyazo kiboneka mu Tassili n'Ajjer mu majyepfo ya Algeria.  dinozore zasigaye,  harimo Afrovenator, Jobaria na Ouranosaurus, nazo ziba muri Arijeriya. Sahara yubu nta bimera byinshi ifite, usibye mu kibaya cya Nili,no mu misozi miremire yo mu majyaruguru, aho usanga ibimera bya Mediterane nk'igiti cy'umwelayo. Abantu benshi bemezaga ko ako karere ariko kari kameze kuva kera nko mu mwaka wa 1600 mbere ya Yezu, nyuma y’imihindagurikire y’isi ubushyuhe bwariyongereye ndetse n’imvura iragabanuka, ibyo bikaba byaratumye habaho ubutayu butunguranye muri Afurika y’Amajyaruguru mumyaka 5.400 ishize. 

Umuco wa Kiffian nuwo mugihe cyabanjirije amateka, wabayeho hagati yimyaka 10,000 na 8000 ishize muri Sahara, mugihe cya Neolithic Subpluvial . Ibisigazwa by'abantu bo muri uyu muco byabonetse mu 2000 ku kibanza kizwi ku izina rya Gobero, giherereye muri Niger mu butayu bwa Ténéré .  Iki kibanza kizwi nkimva nini yamabuye kandi ya mbere yabantu mu butayu bwa Sahara.  Abakiffians bari abahigi babahanga. Amagufa yinyamaswa nini zo mu mukenke zavumbuwe muri ako gace zerekana ko babaga ku nkombe yikiyaga cyari gihari mugihe cya Holocene Wet Phase, igihe Sahara yari yuzuye kandi itose.  Abakiffian bari barebare, basumba centimetero 185.  Isesengura rya Craniometric ryerekana ko aba baturage ba Holocene bo hambere bari bafitanye isano rya bugufi na Late Pleistocene Iberomaurusians hamwe naba Holocene ba mbere ba Maghreb, ndetse nitsinda rya Holocene Mechta rwagati .  Ibimenyetso byumuco wa Kiffian ntibikibaho kuva mumyaka 8000 ishize, kuko Sahara yanyuze mugihe cyumye mumyaka igihumbi ishize.  Nyuma yiki gihe, umuco wa Teneriya wigaruriye ako karere.

Gobero yavumbuwe mu 2000 mu rugendo rw’ubucukuzi rwari ruyobowe na Paul Sereno, washakaga ibisigazwa bya dinozore . Imico ibiri itandukanye yabayeho mbere yamateka yavumbuwe aho hantu: umuco wa mbere wa Holocene Kiffian, n'umuco wo hagati wa Holocene Tenerian . Kiffians bari abantu babanjirije amateka babanjirije abanya Teneriya baza kuzimira hashize imyaka 8000, ubwo ubutayu bwashyuhaga cyane. Kuzimira byarakomeje kugeza mu 4600 mbere ya Yesu, ubwo ibihangano bya mbere bifitanye isano na Teneriya byandikwaga. I Gobero havumbuwe ibigazwa byabantu bagera kuri 200. Abanya Teneriya bari bagufi cyane kandi ntambaraga ugereranyije nabaKiffian. Isesengura rya Craniometric ryerekana kandi ko bari batandukanye.   Imva zerekana ko Abanya Teneriya bubahirije imigenzo yo mu mwuka, kuko bashyinguwe hamwe n'ibikoresho nk'imitako ikozwe mu mitsi yimvubu n'amasafuriya y'ibumba. Ikintu gitangaje cyane ni ugushyingurwa kwabantu batatu bahoberana mumva imwe, byabaye mu myaka 5300 ishize, byumugore ukuze n’abana babiri, bagereranijwe ko bari bafite imyaka itanu n umunani. Ibisigazwa byabo byerekana ko batwikiwe ku buriri bwindabyo. Bose uko ari batatu bavugwa ko bapfuye mu masaha 24 buri wese, ariko kubera ko ibisigazwa byabo bidafite ihahamuka rigaragara (ntabwo bashinyaguriwe bikabije) kandi bashyinguwe ku buryo bwiza icyabateye gupfa kiracyari amayobera.

Uan Muhuggiag bigaragara ko hatigeze haturwa kuva byibuze mu kinyagihumbi cya 6 kugeza mu 2700 mbere ya Yezu, nubwo wenda hanyuzagano hagaturwa.  ikintu cy'agaciro dusanga muri UAN Muhuggiag ni umubyeyi wabitse neza umwana w'umuhungu uri mukigero cy'imyaka 2 nigice. Umwana yari aryamye nkuko uruhinja ruba rumeze munda, ari mumufuka wakozwe muruhu rwimparage, uriho n'amababi.  Bimwe mu bice byumubiri we byavanyweho, nkuko bigaragazwa ninkovu zo mu nda no mugatuza, hanyuma hashyirwaho imiti igabanya ubukana kugira ngo umubiri we utangirika.  Urunigi rw'amagi ya ostrich narwo rwabonetse mu ijosi rye.   Radiocarubone yagaragaje ko uwo mugore yari afite hafi imyaka 5600, ibyo bigatuma irusha imyaka 1000 umugore wari warabayeho imyaka myinshi muri Egiputa ya kera.  Mu 1958–59, ubushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe byuwo mwana mu matongo buyobowe na Antonio Ascenzi bwakoze isesengura rya antropropologique, radiologue, amateka n'ubutabire kuri mummy Uan Muhuggiag bwemeje ko yari umwana w'amezi 30 nigitsina kitazwi, yari afite imiterere ya Negroid . Ibipimo byafashwe ku inda ye  byerekanaga kandi ko umubiri we wabanje gutwarwa na evisceration hanyuma nyuma ugahinduka umwanda.  Undi muntu mukuru, basanze kuri Uan Muhuggiag, yari yarahambwe yunamye.  Ariko, umubiri ntiwerekanye ibimenyetso bya evisceration cyangwa ubundi buryo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo kuwubungabunga. Umurambo bagereranije ko ushobora kuba aruwo muri 7500 BP. 

Mu gihe cya Neolithic, mbere yuko ubutayu butangira ahagana mu 9500 mbere ya Yesu, Sudani yo hagati yari ifite ibidukikije byinshi  byafashaga baturage benshi ariko ubu hose hahindutse ubutayu. Mu kinyagihumbi cya 5 mbere ya Yezu, abantu bari batuye ahahoze hitwa Nubia, nibo bakoze impinduramatwara mu buhinzi, bari babanye neza n'ibimera n'amatungo yo mu rugo. Ubugeni bw’inka n’abashumba bo muri sahara isobanura imihango nimizizririzo y' inka dusanga muri iki gihe muri Sudani ndetse n’indi miryango y’aborozi muri Afurika.  Megaliths iboneka muri Nabta Playa ifatwa nkurugero rwerekana ibikoresho bya mbere bizwi ku isi bya kera, byahanuye Stonehenge imyaka igera ku 2000.  Ibi biragoye kubyumva, nkuko byagaragaye kuri Nabta Playa, kandi nkuko byagaragajwe n'inzego zinyuranye z'ubuyobozi muri sosiyete yaho, birashoboka ko ari byo byashingiweho ku miterere y'umuryango wa Neolithic i Nabta ndetse n'Ubwami bwa kera bwa Misiri. 

Ahagana mu 6000 mbere ya Yezu, Abanyamisiri bo mumajyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Egiputa baragiraga inka kandi bakubaka inyubako nini. Imiturire iri kumurongo kandi idahindagurika yo mu Misiri ahagana mbere yikinyejana cya 6 mbere ya Yesu yibandaga ahanini kubuhinzi bwibinyampeke nubworozi bw'amatungo: inka, ihene, ingurube nintama. Ibintu bikozwe mubyuma byasimbuye ibyari byarakozwe mamabuye. Muri icyo gihe gutunganya impu zinyamaswa, ububumbyi no kuboha nabyo byarakorwaga cyane. Ibimenyetso byerekana akazi ka Al Fayyum mugihe kirekire cyangwa gusa byigihe gito mumwaka wa 6 mbere ya Yezu, hamwe nibikorwa byibiribwa byibanda kuburobyi, guhiga no gukusanya ibiryo. Imyambi yamabuye, ibyuma nibisakuzo kuva mubihe bikunze kuboneka.  Mubikozwe mwibumba bakoraga inkono, imitako,ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi nibyo guhiga, batekaga n’ibiribwa bitandukanye birimo inyama zumishijwe n'imbuto. Gushyingura mubutayu byongera imihango  y'Abanyamisiri, kandi abapfuye bashyingurwaga bareba iburengerazuba. 

Kugeza mu 3400 mbere ya Yezu, Sahara yari yumye nkuko bimeze muri iki gihe, kubera kugabanuka kw'imvura n'ubushyuhe bwinshi biturutse ku guhinduka kw'izenguruka isi.  Uko kuma byabereye abantu imbogamizi yo kujya kuhatura. Ubucuruzi buciriritse cyangwa ubucuruzi bizwi ko byanyuze imbere mu bihe byakurikiyeho, ikintu cyonyine kidasanzwe ni ikibaya cya Nili. Nili ariko, ntiyashoboraga kunyura muri cataracte nyinshi, bigatuma ubucuruzi no guhura nubwato bigorana.

Abaturage ba Fenisiya, bateye imbere kuva mu 1200-800 mbere ya Yesu, bashinze ihuriro ry'ubwami muri Sahara yose kugera mu Misiri. Muri rusange bari batuye ku nkombe za Mediterane, ndetse na Sahara, mu baturage ba Libiya ya kera, bakaba ari abasekuruza b'abantu bavuga indimi za Berber muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru na Sahara muri iki gihe, harimo na Tuareg yo muri Sahara rwagati.

Inyuguti z'Abanyafoyinike zisa n'izakiriwe n'Abanyalibiya ba kera bo muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, kandi Tifinagh iracyakoreshwa muri iki gihe n'abashumba b'ingamiya ba Tuareg bavuga ururimi rwa Berber bo muri Sahara rwagati.

Igihe kimwe hagati ya 633 na 530 mbere ya Yezu, Hanno Navigator yashinze cyangwa ashimangira ubukoloni bwa Fenisiya mu burengerazuba bwa Sahara, ariko ibisigazwa bya kera byose byarazimanganye nta kimenyetso na kimwe gisigaye.

Mu 500 mbere ya Yezu, Abagereki nibwo bageze mu butayu. Abacuruzi b'Abagereki bakwirakwiriye ku nkombe y'iburasirazuba bw'ubutayu, bashyiraho ubukoloni bw'ubucuruzi ku nyanja Itukura . abanyakariteje bakwirakwiye  ku nkombe za Atalantika yo mu butayu, ariko imivumba yamazi no kubura amasoko byatumye batagera mu majyepfo nko Maroc ya none. Ibihugu bikomatanyije bizengurutse ubutayu mu majyaruguru no mu burasirazuba; byarakomeje birigenga. Igitero cyagabwe  nabaturage b'abimukira bo mu butayu cyahoraga gihangayikishije abatuye ku nkombe z'ubutayu.

Iterambere mu  mujyi, Garamantes, ryatangiye ahagana mu mwaka wa 500 mnere ya Yezu muri Sahara rwagati, mu kibaya cyitwa Wadi al-Ajal i Fezzan, muri Libiya.  Garamantes yageze kuri iryo terambere mu gucukura imiringoti kure cyane yimisozi ihanamye kugirango ikure amazi  mu kibaya hanyuma uyizane mumirima yabo. Garamantes yarakuze cyane kandi irakomera, yigarurira abaturanyi bayo kandi ifata abacakara besnhi (bashyizwe mubikorwa byo kwagura imiyoboro). Abagereki ba kera n'Abaroma bari bazi abanyagaramantes kandi bakabafata nk'abimukira badafite umuco. Icyakora, bakoranaga ubucuruzi nabo, kandi mu murwa mukuru wa Garamantes wa Garama habonetse ubwogero bw'Abaroma. Abacukumbuzi b'ibya kera basanze imijyi umunani minini hamwe n'indi midugudu myinshi ikomeye mu karere ka Garamantes. Iterambere rya Garamantes ryaje gusenyuka nyuma yo gutakaza amazi aboneka muri aquifers ntibaba bagishoboye gukomeza kwagura iyo miyoboro kugera ku misozi. 

Hagati y'ikinyejana cya mbere mbere ya Yesu n'ikinyejana cya kane nyuma ya Yesu, ingendo nyinshi z'Abaroma muri Sahara zakozwe n'itsinda ry'imitwe ya gisirikare n'ubucuruzi y'Abaroma .

Abaturage ba Berber bigaruriye igice kinini cya Sahara. Garamantes Berbers yubatse ingoma ikize rwagati mu butayu.  Aborozi babaTuareg bakomeje gutura no kwambukiranya ubuso bunini bwa Sahara kugeza nubu.

Ingoma ya Byzantine yategekaga inkombe zo mu majyaruguru ya Sahara kuva mu kinyejana cya 5 kugeza mu cya 7. Nyuma yuko abayisilamu bigaruriye Arabiya, cyane cyane mu gice cy’Abarabu, banigaruriye Afurika y’Amajyaruguru kuva hagati mu kinyejana cya 7 kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 8 kandi imbaraga za kisilamu zagutse vuba muri Sahara. Mu mpera za 641 Misiri yose yari mu maboko y’abayisilamu. Ubucuruzi bwambukiranya ubutayu bwarushijeho kwiyongera, kandi nubucuruzi bukomeye bwabacakara bwanyuraga mubutayu. Byagereranijwe ko kuva mu kinyejana cya 10 kugeza mu cya 19 abacakara bagera ku 6.000 kugeza ku 7.000 batwarwaga mu majyaruguru buri mwaka. 

Mu kinyejana cya 16, mu majyaruguru ya Sahara,muturere two ku nkombe muri Alijeriya na Tuniziya y'ubu, ndetse no mu bice bimwe na bimwe bya Libiya y'ubu, hamwe n'ubwami bwigenga bwa Misiri, bwigaruriwe n'ubwami bwa Ottoman. . Kuva mu 1517 Misiri yari igice cy’u Bwami bwa Ottoman, ibyo byatumaga Ottomani igenzura ikibaya cya Nili, uburasirazuba bwa Mediterane na Afurika y'Amajyaruguru. Inyungu y'Ubwami bwa Ottoman nuko abaturage bakoraga bambukaga imipaka biboroheye kandi bagakora n'ubucuruzi hagati yabo. Abacuruzi bifashishije inzira y'ubutaka bwa Ottoman kugira ngo bagemure ibirungo, zahabu na silike biva mu burasirazuba,hamwe  n'ibicuruzwa biva mu Burayi, ariko hanakorerwaga nicuruzwa ritemewe ryabacakara na zahabu biva muri Afurika. Icyarabu cyarakomeje maze ururimi n'umuco wa kisilamu birashimangirwa cyane. Uturere twa Sahel n’amajyepfo ya Sahara twarimo ibihugu byinshi byigenga hamwe n'imiryango ya Tuareg.

Ubukoloni bw’i Burayi muri Sahara bwatangiye mu kinyejana cya 19. Ubufaransa bwigaruriye ubutegetsi bwa Alijeriya kuva muri Ottomani mu 1830, maze ubutegetsi bw’Abafaransa bukwira mu majyepfo kuva muri Alijeriya bwerekeza iburasirazuba muri Senegali kugera muri Nijeri , Tchad, Mali, Sudani y'Abafaransa yari igizwe  na Timbuktu (1893), Mauritania, Maroc (1912), Nigeriya, na Tuniziya (1881). Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, ubucuruzi bwambukiranya Sahara bwari bwaragabanutse  kubera ko ubucuruzi bwakorwaga binyuze mu buryo bugezweho kandi bunoze, nk'indege, aho kwambuka ubutayu. 

Abafaransa bifashishije urwango rumaze igihe hagati yabarabu ba Chaamba nabaTuareg. Mu 1902, Abafaransa binjiye mu misozi ya Hoggar batsinda abaTuareg mu ntambara ya Tit .

Ingoma y'Abakoloni b'Abafaransa niyo yari yiganje muri Sahara. yashyizeho imiyoboro isanzwe iva i Toulouse yerekeza, i Oran no hejuru ya Hoggar kugera Timbuktu no mu Burengerazuba i Bamako na Dakar, ndetse na bisi zitwara abagenzi zambukiranya Sahara ziyobowe na companyi Transsaharienne (est. 1927).  Filime idasanzwe yakozwe na Kapiteni René Wauthier uzwi cyane mu gutwara indege yerekana imodoka nini y’ikamyo yambutse sahara bwa mbere iva muri Algiers yerekeza Tchad. 

Igihugu cya Misiri, kiyobowe na Muhammad Ali n'abamusimbuye, bigaruriye Nubiya mu 1820-22, bashinga Khartoum mu 1823, bigarurira Darfur mu 1874. Igihugu cya Egiputa, harimo na Sudani, cyakolonijwe n'ubwongereza mu 1882. Misiri n'Ubwongereza byatakaje Sudani kuva 1882 kugeza 1898 biturutse ku ntambara ya Mahdist . Nyuma yo gufatwa n’ingabo z’Abongereza mu 1898, Sudani yabaye agakingirizo k’Abongereza n'Abanyamisiri.

Espagne yigaruriye Sahara y’iburengerazuba nyuma ya 1874, nubwo Rio del Oro yayobowe na Sahrawi . Mu 1912, Ubutaliyani bwafashe ibice by'icyagombaga kwitwa Libiya muri Ottomani. Muguteza imbere idini Gatolika y’Abaroma mu butayu, Papa Piyo wa IX yohereje intumwa muri Sahara na Sudani mu 1868; nyuma mu kinyejana cya 19 ububasha bwe bwongeye guhindurwa muri Vicariate Apostolique ya Sahara .

Igihugu cya Misiri cyabonye ubwigenge  ku Bwongereza mu 1936, nubwo amasezerano y'Abongereza n'Abanyamisiri yo mu 1936 yemereye u Bwongereza kugumisha ingabo muri Egiputa no muri Sudani. Ingabo z’Ubwongereza zavanyweho mu 1954.

Byinshi mu bihugu bya Sahara byabonye ubwigenge nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose : Libiya mu 1951; Maroc, Sudani, na Tuniziya mu 1956; Cadi, Mali, Moritaniya, na Nijeri mu 1960; na Alijeriya mu 1962. Espagne yavuye mu burengerazuba bwa Sahara mu 1975, maze sahara igabanywa Moritaniya na Maroc. Moritaniya yavuyemo mu 1979; Maroc niyo ikomeje kwigarurira ako karere.

Nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, ibirombe byinshi hamwe n’abaturage byateye imbere kugira ngo bikoreshe umutungo kamere w’ubutayu. Harimo amafaranga yinjira avuye kuri peteroli na gazi muri Algeria na Libya, nava kuri phosphates muri Maroc na Sahara yiburengerazuba.

Hashyizwe mu mushinga w'ibyigwa imihanda minini yambukiranya Africa inyuze muri Sahara , harimo umuhanda wa Cairo - Dakar ukikije inkombe ya Atalantika, Umuhanda Trans-Sahara uva Algiers ku nyanja ya Mediterane ugana i Kano muri Nijeriya, Umuhanda wa Tripoli - Cape Town uva Tripoli muri Libiya werekeza i N'Djamena muri Tchad, n'umuhanda wa Cairo - Cape Town ugenda ukurikira Nili. Buri imwe muri iyi nzira nyabagendwa yaruzuye , hamwe ni ibyuho n'ibice bitarimo kaburimbo.

Abaturage ba Sahara bafite inkomoko zitandukanye. Twavuga nka amazigh igizwe n'abaTuareg, abarabu ba Amazigh, AbaSahrawis bavuga icyesipanyoro bafite abaturage barimo Znaga, umuryango ufite izina rikomoka ku rurimi rwa Zenaga rwa mbere yamateka . Andi matsinda akomeye yabantu arimo: Toubou, Nubians, Zaghawa, Kanuri, Hausa, Songhai, Beja, na Fula / Fulani.

Imvugo zicyarabu ni indimi zivugwa cyane muri Sahara. Icyarabu, Berber nizindi indimi zizishamikiyeho zose zahurijwe  hamwe  ku ijambo Amazigh (rikubiyemo ururimi rwa Guanche ruvugwa n’abaturage ba mbere ba Berber batuye mu birwa bya Canary),indimi za Beja nazo ziri mu muryango wa Afro-Aziya cyangwa Hamito-Semitike .  Mu bihugu bya Afurika y'uburengerazuba niyo hagati ubariyemo na Sahara, bakoreshaga ururimi rw'igifaransa mu biganiro bwite no ubucuruzi bwo mu karere, abantu baho bari barafashe uwo muco wa kinyapolitike ndetse niyo bavuganaga  na Tuareg na Berber.  Umurage w'ubutegetsi bw'abakoloni b'Abafaransa ugaragarira cyane cyane mu ivugurura ry'ubutaka ryashyizweho na repubulika ya gatatu n'iya kane, ryateje amacakubiri ya politiki mu buryo bw'ubukorikori mu karere kitaruye kandi kegeranye.  Diplomacy hamwe nabakiriya kavukire yakorwaga cyane cyane mucyarabu, akaba arirwo rurimi gakondo rwakoreshwaga no munzego z'ubuyobozi. Gukemura amakimbirane no gutumanaho hagati y’ibigo byakorwaga n’abasemuzi bagiranye amasezerano na guverinoma y’Ubufaransa, nk'uko Keenan akomeza abivuga, mu nyandiko yise ahantu h’umuhuza w’imico itandukanye, ibi byagize uruhare runini mu kubungabunga indangamuntu gakondo z’akarere. 




#Article 181: Uburanga bw'umugore (389 words)


Ni kenshi mu muco nyarwanda bavuga ko ubwiza bw’umugore buterwa na nyir’ukumureba . Umunyarwanda aricara akagira ati, “ijisho ry’undi ntirikurebera umugeni”. Uburanga bw’umugore ni kimwe mu bintu benshi batavugaho rumwe. Ibi, akenshi biterwa n’uko  buhindagurika bitewe n’ibihe umuco ndetse n’umuntu ku giti cye.

Mu mico itandukanye hirya no hino ku isi banyuranya ku ngano isura n’ibara ry’uruhu umugore mwiza yagombye kuba afite. Uko iterambere rigenda ryiyongera ni ko imyumvire y’abantu yenda guhurira ku shusho n’imiterere y’umugore mwiza...

Bitandukanye n’ibyo benshi bibwira,ijisho ntirigena ubwiza,ahubwo hari ibipimo by’uburanga bigenderwaho ku Isi yose.

Uburanga bujyana n’igitsina cya nyirabwo. Abagabo bakunda abagore bafite isuran’imiterere igaragaza ubugore bwabo n’abagore bagakunda abagabo bafite uburanga bwa kigabo.Abagabo benshi bakunze kwikoma abagore cyangwa abakobwa bifitemo ubugabo bakunze kwitwa ibishegabo.

Kugira umubiri udahengamye bigenga ubwiza. Ku bitsina byombi, ibice by’umubiri hafi ya byose bigiye biteganye  bibiri bibiri iburyo n’ibumoso iyo hagize ikitaringanira n’ikindi bibyara ubusembwa. Umwanditsi Schmidhuber avuga ko isura y’umugore mwiza ishingiye ku mashushongero(geometrical figures) n’imibare.

Igipimo cy’imiterere y’igihihimba cyagenywe n’umuryango w’abibumbye wita ku buzima WHO gikoreshwa hapimwa ibyo bakunze kwita taye,cyerekana niba umuntu atananutse cyane ,abyibushye cyane cyangwa atarahuye n’ubumuga. Ku mugore igipimo gisanzwe ni 0, 71 naho ku mugabo ni 0,95. Iki gipimo kigaragaza kandi ingano y’imisemburo,n’uburumbuke bw’umugore. Abahanga mu by’imibanire Rozin na Fallon bemeza ko abagore n’abakobwa bibwira ko abagabo bakunda abakobwa bananutse cyane . Aba bashakashatsi bavuga ko rimwe na rimwe baba bibeshya kuko hari benshi mu bagabo bakunda umugore wifitemo itoto ryinshi kabone nubwo yaba abyibushye.

Ubwiza bw’abagore bugera ku rwego ruhanitse iyo bakiri abangavu bukagenda bugabanuka uko bagenda bakura. Ibi inganda nyinshi zikora amavuta zibigenderaho cyane zamamaza zitwaje ko zifite amavuta asubiza mu bwangavu. Mu bihugu byateye imbere benshi mu bagore bakunze kwibagisha kugira ngo bisubize itotobahoranye. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mujyi wa Koreya y’amajyepfo ,Seoul ,20 % bemeye ko bibagishije ngo barusheho kuba beza.

Umugore wigirira ikizere akakigirira n’ubwiza bwe ageraho akemeza abandi ko ari mwiza. Kwerekana ko yihagije  bigaragaza ubwisanzure ,imbaraga ze n’ibyishimo; gusa iyo abikabirije agaragara nk’umwirasi mu maso ya rubanda.

Ubushobozi bwo kugaragaza amarangamutima n’isura idakanga uyireba na byo bituma umugore arushaho kuba mwiza. Umugore  wumva ibitekerezo byabandi akabiha agaciro arushaho kuba mwiza.

Nubwo hari ibirungo byinshi bigenga ubwiza bw’abagore ,abagore beza kurusha abandi ni abatisigiriza cyane kandi ntibibabuze kuguma kuba beza. Nubwo akenshi abagabo batwarwa n’abisize cyane burya  bakunda kurushaho  uwo babona adakeneye kwisiga ngo abe mwiza.




#Article 182: Ubuhinzi bw'imyumbati (449 words)


Kimwe mu bihingwa bihingwa kuva kera kandi kiri mu biribwa ngandurarugo by’ingenzi ni imyumbati. Nubwo kera byavugwaga ko ari ibiribwa by’abatishoboye, nyamara kuri ubu siko biri ahubwo isigaye iri mu biribwa biboneka hacye dore ko n’indwara zifata imyumbati zituma umusaruro wayo ugenda ugabanyuka. Gusa iri mu biribwa bifite intungamubiri nyinshi ndetse abahanga bavuga ko ushobora kuyisimbuza umuceri dore ko byenda kunganya intungamubiri. Mu ntungamubiri zibonekamo twavuga ibyongera ingufu, poroteyine, ibinure, ibinyasukari, fibre, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B9, vitamin C, vitamin K, imyunyungugu nka karisiyumu, phosphore, ubutare, magnesium na sodiyumu. Ibi byose nibyo bituma iba ikiribwa cy’ingenzi kandi gifitiye umubiri akamaro.

umusaruro mwiza mu Mayaga no mu Mirambi no mu mukenke by’Iburirazuba.

Ni igihingwa gikunda ubutaka buseseka

Hari amoko menshi ariko atangwa n’ubishakashatsi ni aya:

Ndamirabana(TME14). Mbakungahaze(95/NA/00063), Cyizere(192/0057),Mbagarumbise.

Creolina na Gakiza

Imirimo isabwa ni ibiri: Kurwanya isuri no gutegura umurima .

Bashyira toni 10-20 z’ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza bakongeramo kg 300/Ha za NPK 17.17.17 mu kaziga kazengurutse ingeri zimaze gufata.

Haterwa ingeri 10 000 kuri Ha 1 zavuye mu murima w’imyumbati yera neza. Batera ingeri kuri m1 hagati y’imirongo no kuri m1 hagati y’ingeri n’iyindi kandi hagashyirwa ingeri imwe mu mwobo. Igihe cyiza cy’itera : ni hagati y’Ukwakira n’Ugushyingo

Nyuma y’ukwezi bamaze gutera imyumbati igomba kubagarwa, bakayisukira imaze kugira cm 60 z’uburebure. Bongera kubagara iyo bibaye ngombwa imyumbati ifite amezi atatu.

Mu kurwanya ibyonnyi n’indwara, umuhinzi agomba gukoresha ubwoko bwihanganira indwara, guterera igihe akabona gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda .

Ni agakoko gafite ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi bita Mononychellus tanaioa twangiza imyumbati mu gihe cy’izuba. Ku myumbati tugaragara ku mababi yo hejuru akivuka no ku mutwe w’amashami kuko horoshye .
Ikimenyetso: amababa usanga ari icyatsi kibisi kivanzemo utubara tw’ umuhondo kandi twinshi. Amababi ata ireme akagwingira ntakure . Ku mutwe w’amashami hasigara utubabi tumeze nk’utwana tw’inyoni .Umwumbati ugira ingingo ngufi cyane .

Gutera imyumbati yera vuba mu gihe imvura itangiye kugwa no gutera imyaka yihanganira agataganurirwa.

Ni indwara iterwa n’agakoko ka virusi yitwa Cassava Mosaic Virus(CMV), iyo virus ikwirakwizwa n’isazi yitwa Bemisia tabaci .Iyo ndwara ikunze kuboneka hose mu Rwanda.

Indwara itangira ibibabi Bizana amabara y’umuhondo, ahasigaye ari icyatsi hagakomeza gukura ugasanga ikibabi kiri kw’ikunja kunja kigapfunyarara nyuma kikagira amatwi. Iyo bikabije umwumbati ukura nabi ukagwingira.

Umuhinzi ategekwa kurandura buri giti kirwaye mu murima , guhingira igihe, gutera imbuto nzima kandi z’indobanure kandi zihanganira iyo ndwara.
Mu murima hagomba kandi kugirara isuku Imyumbati, no guhinga neza kandi agakumira ingaruka ziterwa na ya sazi.

Imyumbati yera hagati y’ameze 18-24 kuri gitaminsi. Naho ku myumbati y’imiribwa ni hagati y’amezi 10-15.

Umusaruro ukunze kuboneka uri hagati ya toni 20 na toni 20 z’imyumbati kuri Ha. Naho ku birebana n’ihunika imyumbati iguma mu murima ikazakurwa bibaye ngombwa cyangwa ikabikwa ahantu humutse ari imivunde yumye.




#Article 183: Ubuhinzi bw'ibigoli (654 words)


Mu Rwanda ni kimwe mu bihingwa byashyizwe imbere muri gahunda y`imbaturabukungu mu buhinzi. Kugira ngo umusaruro wabyo ube mwinshi ku buso buto dufite. Ni ngombwa ko abahinzi bita ku mihingire ya kijyambere ariyo: Kumenya ubutaka ibigori byeraho,  Uko bafumbira umurima w`ibigori,  Imbuto y`ibigori ikwiye guterwa,  Uko batera ibigori,  Kubagara no kumenera, Kwicira,  Gusukira, Uko bafumbiza ifumbire ya ire,  Uko barwanya indwara n`ibyonnyi by`ibigori, Uko basarura ibigori, Guhungura,  Guhunika.

Ibigori byera hafi ya hose mu Rwanda. Ikigori gikenera ubutaka bwiza bufi te isi ndende, bubika amazi neza kugira ngo gitange umusaruro mwiza. Umurima uhingwamo ibigori ugomba kuba : ¾ Utavuyemo ikindi kinyampeke (amasaka, ingano, umuceri, n`ibindi) ¾ Uhinze neza utarimo urwiri n`ibindi byatsi bibi ¾ Ufumbiye neza hakoreshejwe ifumbire y’imborera n’imvaruganda ¾ Urwanyijemo isuri.

Ifumbire y`imborera iboze neza ingana n`ibilo 100 ku murima w`intambwe 10 ku 10 (Toni 10 kuri Hegitari). Ifumbire y`imborera ikoreshwa mu gihe cyo gutabira cyangwa mu gutera. Ifumbire mvaruganda: Ibilo bibiri n`igice (2.5)bya NPK 17-17-17 cyangwa ikilo kimwe (kg 1) cya DAP. Iyo wakoresheje DAP, wongeramo ikilo kimwe cya Ire ku murima w`intambwe 10 ku 10 mu gihe cyo gusukira. Mu butaka busharira wongeramo ibilo 25 by`ishwagara mu murima w`intambwe 10 ku 10 (toni 2.5 kuri hegitari) mu gihe cyo gutegura umurima.

Iba ifite icyemezo cy`ubuziranenge gitangwa na RAB, ifite ibisobanuro bya ngombwa byanditswe ku cyo ipfunyitsemo,  Kuba iberanye n`akarere igiye guhingwamo, Ifite impeke z`ibara rimwe kandi zose zingana, Kuba ihungiye kandi intete zayo zitaratobowe n`udusimba, zitaraboze cyangwa ngo zimeneke, Kuba ari nzima imera byibuze kugera ku kigero cya 85%, Kuba itavangiye (idafi te imyanda) nibura ku gipimo cya 98% (pureté spécifi que), Kuba yumye neza ifi te ubuhehere bukwiye ni kuvuga ku gipimo cya 15% (taux d’humidité),

Uteganya imbuto ingana n`ibilo 2.5 ku murima w`intambwe 10 ku 10,  Guca imirongo ifi te intera ya cm 75 hagaƟ y’umurongo n’undi,  Guca utwobo tw’imbuto dufi te intera ya cm 30 cyangwa 50 hagaƟ y’utwobo, Gushyira ifumbire y’imborera n’imvaruganda muri buri kobo, Gutwikiriza ifumbire itaka kugira ngo idahura n’imbuto ikayitwika, Gutera imbuto mu twobo no kuyitwikira. 

Igikwiye gushimangirwa, igihe imbuto yatewe kuri cm 30 haterwa ibigori bibiri hagasigaramo kimwe igihe cyo kwicira,  Igihe imbuto yatewe kuri cm 50 haterwa ibigori bitatu hagasigaramo bibiri igihe cyo kwicira.

Kubagara bikorwa igihe cyose bibaye ngombwa: igihe mu murima w`ibigori hagaragaramo ibyatsi. Ni ngombwa kubagara ibyatsi bitaraba byinshi. Ibyatsi bicura ibigori bigatuma umusaruro ugabanuka cyane.

Bicira igihe ibigori bifi te amababi abiri cyangwa atatu yuzuye (arambuye kandi agaragaza ibice byose bigize ibabi ry’ikigori). Icyo gihe biba bimaze ibyumweru nka 3 bitewe. Iyo bicira ibigori bahera ku bigaragaza uburwayi cyagwa bitakuze neza cyangwa biboneka ho inenge iyo ariyo yose. Iyo byose ari byiza nabwo, ni ngombwa ko kimwe kirandurwa. Uwicira arandura ikigori acyerekeje ku ruhande, naho iyo akiranduye acyerekeje hejuru, ashobora kwangiza n’ikigori kizasigaramo Icyitonderwa, Kwicira bituma ibigori bidacuranwa ifumbire n`urumuri. Ibigori biƟ ciye birangwa no kuba birebire cyane kubera gushaka urumuri bikagira n’uruƟ rutoya n’utugori duto cyane.

Igikorwa cyo gusukira cyangwa kuhira bikorwa ibigori bimaze ibyumweru 6 bitewe bifi te nk`intambwe 1.5 z`ikiganza. Usukira azamura ubutaka akabutwikiriza imizi. Gusukira bituma imizi yose iba mu butaka igakora imirimo yayo yo kugaburira igihingwa no kugishyigikira bityo nƟ kibe cyagushwa n’umuyaga. Mu gihe cyo gusukira niho bashyiramo ifumbire mvaruganda ya ire .

Ifumbire mvaruganda ya Ire ishyirwa mu murima w`ibigori mu gihe cyo gusukira/kuhira. Muri iki gihe ikigori kiba gikeneye ifumbire nyinshi n`amazi menshi. Iyo batera ire babanza kureba ko ubutaka bubobereye bihagije kugira ngo ire idatwika ibigori, Bacukura agaferege muri cm 10 z’ikigori, bakayishyiramo kandi bakayitwikiriza itaka kugira ngo umunyu wa Azote utagenda. Batera ikilo 1 cya ire ku murima w`intambwe 10 ku 10 (ibilo 100 kuri hegitari cyangwa) akayiko k’icyayi mu kobo. 

Aho nkongwa yanyuze hagaragazwa n’imyobo ndetse n’agafu ku mababi n’aho yanyuze yinjira mu mubyimba w’ikigori. Nkongwa ishobora no kwinjirira hasi mu ruƟ igacukura umuƟ ma w`ikigori izamuka. Kuyirwanya: Gutera ku gihe, Gusimburanya ibihingwa, Gutera imiƟ (Chloropyriphos-ethyl, Bull doc, n’iyindi). 

Icyitonderwa: Nkongwa igaragara cyane mu gihe cy’izuba.




#Article 184: Paula Ingabire (225 words)


Paula Ingabire ni umunyarwandakazi w'inzobere muby'ikoranabuhanga ndetse  n' umunyapolitiki, akaba ari Minisitiri  w'ikoranabuhanga n'itumanaho no guhanga udushya, wemejwe n'inama y'Abaminisitiri mu Rwanda, kuva tariki ya 18 Ukwakira 2018.  

Ingabire yize muri kaminuza y'u Rwanda, arangiza afite impamyabumenyi ya Bachelor . Yakomeje amashuri ye ndetse aza no kubona impamyabumenyi  y'ikirenga mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga n'itumanaho, yakuye mu kigo cy'ikoranabuhanga cya Massachusetts (MIT). Yari umwe mubitabiriye ihuriro ryo gushyiraho sisitemu no kuzicunga  muri MIT. 

Mbere yuko aba minisitiri, yari Umuyobozi wa gahunda ya Kigali Innovation City . Mbere yibyo, yari afite umwanya w’umuyobozi wa ICT mu Nama ishinzwe iterambere ry’u Rwanda .   

Yinjiye muri guverinoma yavuguruwe ya Perezida Paul Kagame wagabanije abagize guverinoma kuva kuri 31 ikagera kuri 26. Inama y'Abaminisitiri igizwe n'abagore 50 ku ijana; bayikoreramo. U Rwanda na  Etiyopiya,nibyo bihugu bibiri bya Afurika byonyine bifite uburinganire muri guverinoma zabyo. 

Nka minisitiri , ni umutegarugori uvuganira kandi wunganira ikoranabuhanga . Yiyumvisha ko ikoranabuhanga riri mubyo yise tekinoroji ya kane y'inganda kwisi . Minisitiri avuga ko udushya nk'utwo dushobora gufasha u Rwanda guteza imbere gahunda z'ubuvuzi, ndetse n'inzego z'ubukerarugendo. Yitabira inama za buri kwezi zumuryango wa Rwanda Blockchain. 

Muri Werurwe 2020, Paula Ingabire yashyizwe mu bayobozi 115 bakiri bato ku isi mu mwaka wa 2020, n'ihuriro ry'ubukungu ku isi . Urutonde rurimo abayobozi ba leta, abanyamakuru, abarwanashyaka, abahanzi, abarezi, impuguke mu bucuruzi, n'abashinzwe ikoranabuhanga, bari munsi y’imyaka 40. 




#Article 185: Soraya Hakuziyaremye (201 words)


Soraya Hakuziyaremye ni umunyarwandakazi ndetse n’umucuruzi, w'umunyamwuga mu bijyanye n’imicungire y’imari akaba n’umunyapolitiki wabaye Minisitiri w’ubucuruzi n’inganda muri guverinoma y’abaminisitiri, kuva ku ya 18 Ukwakira 2018.  

Soraya yakuye impamyabumenyi y'amashuri yisumbuye muri  (Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ababiligi rya Kigali) aho amasomo ye yari imibare na fiziki. 

Yimukiye i Buruseli mu Bubiligi, aho yize mu ishuri ry'ubucuruzi rya Vlerick . Nyuma yaho, yahawe impamyabumenyi yikirenga mubijyanye n' icungamutungo no kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa , muri Solvay Ishuri rya ryigisha ishoramari muri ya  . Afite kandi Impamyabumenyi y’ubushakashatsi buhanitse mu micungire y'imari mpuzamahanga, yahawe n’ishuri rya Thunderbird of Global Management, muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Arizona, i Phoenix, Arizona muri Amerika. 

Mu gihe cyimyaka hafi ine, guhera mu Kuboza 2002 Madamu Hakuziyaremye Soraya yakoraga muri Banki ya New York . Nyuma yimukiye i Buruseli maze yinjira muri BNP Paribas Fortis, aho yamaze imyaka itandatu ahakora. 

Muri Kamena 2012, yasubiye mu Rwanda amara imyaka ibiri n'igice akora nk'umujyanama mukuru wa Minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga n’ubutwererane, ufite icyicaro i Kigali.  Nyuma gato yaje kujya mu inama y'abikorera mu Buruseli, aho yagizwe umuyobozi wungirije wa  Dutch mu by'imari no gucunga umutungo, IBITS, ifite ikicaro  mu bwongereza London, United Kingdom. 

Mu ivugurura ry’abaminisitiri ku ya 18 Ukwakira 2018, yagizwe minisitiri w’ubucuruzi n’inganda.  




#Article 186: Germaine Kamayiresi (271 words)


Germaine Kamayirese ni enjeniyeri akaba n'umunyapolitiki mu Rwanda, wabaye Minisitiri w’ubutabazi n’ibikorwa by’impunzi muri guverinoma y’u Rwanda, kuva ku ya 18 Ukwakira 2018  kugeza igihe yavanywe muri guverinoma ku ya 27 Gashyantare 2020.

Mbere yibyo, kuva ku ya 24 Nyakanga 2014 kugeza ku ya 18 Ukwakira 2018, yabaye umunyamabanga wa Leta ushinzwe ibikorwa remezo ushinzwe ingufu, amazi n’isuku.  

Yavukiye mu Karere ka Nyarugenge ku ya 5 Kanama 1981. Kuva mu 2000 kugeza 2005, yize mu Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga rya Kigali (KIST), uyu munsi rikaba ari Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga (Rwanda),rimwe mwishami  rya kaminuza y'u Rwanda . Afite Impamyabumenyi ya Electricalmechanical Engineering, yahawe na KIST mu 2005. Afite kandi Masters yo gucunga itumanaho, yatanzwe mu mwaka wa 2010 na KIST ndetse na kaminuza ya Coventry, mu Bwongereza .  

Kuva mu 2008 kugeza 2011, Germaine Kamayirese yabaye inzobere mu bijyanye n’urusobe muri Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Agency (RURA) Kuva mu 2012 kugeza 2014, yabaye inzobere mu miyoboro muri Tigo-Rwanda.  Kuva mu 2010 kugeza 2011 Kamayirese yabaye umujyanama muri Institute of Engineering Architecture Rwanda. Kuva muri Nzeri 2017, yari umunyamuryango wa Rwanda Women Engineers Association (RWEA).  

Mu nshingano ze nka Minisitiri w’igihugu ushinzwe ingufu, amazi n’isuku muri Minisiteri y’ibikorwa Remezo, yari ashinzwe gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba z’igihugu ndetse na politiki y’umusaruro w’amashanyarazi, kohereza, gukwirakwiza no gucuruza mu Rwanda ndetse n’ibigo by’ingufu z’amashanyarazi. ashinzwe kandi gutanga serivisi zizewe, zifite umutekano kandi zirambye zitanga amazi n’isuku mu Rwanda.  

Mu ivugurura ry’abaminisitiri ku ya 18 Ukwakira 2018, Madamu Kamayirese yagizwe Minisitiri mushya ushinzwe imicungire y’ubutabazi n’ibibazo by’impunzi. 

Germaine Kamayirese ni nyina w'abana batatu. 

Ukuboza 2014, Ikinyamakuru cya Forbes cyamushyize mu Abagore 20 bafite imbaraga muri Afurika 2014.  




#Article 187: Yvonne Makolo (177 words)


Yvonne Manzi Makolo ni inzobere mu bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga mu Rwanda akaba azi nibigendanye  n'ubucuruzi cyane, akaba n’umuyobozi mukuru wa Rwandair,ikigo gishinzwe indege cy’igihugu mu Rwanda . Yahawe uwo mwanya ku ya 6 Mata 2018.  Mbere yibyo, yabaye umuyobozi mukuru wungirije ushinzwe ibibazo by’amasosiyete muri iki kigo, kuva muri Mata 2017 kugeza Mata 2018.  

Yvonne yavukiye mu Rwanda. Mu 1993, yimukiye muri Kanada ku bushake. Nyuma yimyaka icumi, mu 2003 yagarutse mu Rwanda. We na mukuru we barezwe na nyina umwe, se wa Yvonne yapfuye abakobwa bakiri bato cyane. Afite amahugurwa yihariye mu ikoranabuhanga kandi yakoze n'umushinga wa software, haba muri Kanada no mu Rwanda. 

Mu 2006, yinjiye muri MTN Rwanda, isosiyete ikora ibijyanye n’itumanaho mu gihugu. Nyuma yigihe, yazamutse mu ntera agera ku mwanya w’umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe kwamamaza (CMO) ndetse anaba n'umuyobozi mukuru (CEO), wa MTN. 

Muri Mata 2017, ubwo Inama y'Abaminisitiri y'u Rwanda yahinduraga imiyoborere mu Rwandair, Yvonne Manzi Makolo yagizwe Umuyobozi wungirije, ushinzwe ibibazo by'amasosiyete.  Umwaka umwe, muyindi mpinduka y'ubuyobozi mu ndege zigihugu, yahawe umwanya  w’umuyobozi mukuru mu Rwandair. 

Yvonne Makolo ni nyina w'abana bato. 




#Article 188: Mukeshimana Gérardine (246 words)


Mukeshimana Gérardine ni umunyarwandakazi w'umuhanga muri siyansi n'umunyapolitiki akaba yarabaye Minisitiri w'Ubuhinzi n'Ubworozi kuva muri Nyakanga 2014.

Mukeshimana Gerardine yavutse ku ya 10 Ukuboza 1970 mu Karere ka Huye y'ubu. Afite impamyabumenyi y’ubuhinzi y'ikiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza  yakuye muri kaminuza  nkuru y’u Rwanda n’impamyabumenyi ihanitse (2001) y'ikiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza, n'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga yabonye mu (2013) mu bijyanye n’ibinyabuzima yakuye muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Michigan .  Nyuma yo yogusoza ikiciro kikirenga cya kaminuza yanditse igitabo. yahawe igihembo n'Inama mpuzamahanga y'ibiribwa niterambere mu by'Ubuhinzi (BIFAD) igihembo cy'umunyeshuri  ubuhanga bwe muri siyanse bwatanze umusanzu mubuhinzi bwo mu Rwanda muri 2012.

Mukeshimana Gerardine yabaye umwarimu mu ishami ry’ubuhinzi muri kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda, aba n'umuhuzabikorwa w’umushinga wo gutera inkunga imishinga yo mubice by'icyaro wa Banki y'Isi .

Mu 2013, Mukeshimana Gerardine yari mu itsinda ry’ubushakashatsi muri BecA Hub, ikigo cy’ibinyabuzima mu kigo mpuzamahanga cy’ubushakashatsi ku bworozi (a  facility at the ) i Nairobi .

Mukeshimana Gerardine yagizwe Minisitiri w'Ubuhinzi n'Ubworozi mu nama y'abaminisitiri yariyobowe na Minisitiri w'Intebe Anastase Murekezi muri Nyakanga 2014.  Yakomeje umwanya we mu ivugurura ry’abaminisitiri muri Gicurasi 2016 ryakozwe na Perezida Paul Kagame .

Muri Kamena 2016, Mukeshimana Gerardine yakiriye icyumweru cya karindwi nyafurika cy’ubumenyi bw’ubuhinzi n’inama rusange y’ihuriro ry’ubushakashatsi mu buhinzi muri Afurika (FARA) i Kigali, ryatanze ingingo esheshatu zihamagarira abantu kugira ngo bagere kuri gahunda ya Africa Feed Africa bivuga ngo afurika igaburire afurika. Mu ivugurura ry’abaminisitiri ryo ku ya 31 Kanama 2017, Mukeshimana Gerardine yagumanye umwanya wo kuba minisitiri n’inshingano ze.




#Article 189: Patoranking (776 words)


Patrick Nnaemeka Okorie (wavutse ku ya 27 Gicurasi 1990),  uzwi cyane ku izina rye ry'ubuhanzi Patoranking, ni reggae wo muri Nijeriya - umuririmbyi wa Dancehall akaba n'umwanditsi w'indirimbo. Yavukiye kandi akurira mu mujyi wa Ijegun-Egba Satellite, Patoranking akomoka muri Onicha, muri Leta ya Ebonyi .   Yatangiye umwuga we wumuziki akora ubufatanye bwihishwa nabahanzi nka XProject, Konga, Slam na Reggie Rockstone .  Yasinyanye amasezerano na Igberaga Records ya K-Solo mu mwaka wa 2010, asohora Up in D Club munsi yimyambarire. Patoranking yabaye protégé wa Dem Mama Records nyuma yo gukorana na Timaya mu ndirimbo ye Alubarika. Muri Gashyantare 2014, yasinyanye amasezerano na Foston Musik maze asohora Girlie O, imwe imushyira mu majwi.  Ku ya 9 Gashyantare 2015, Patoranking yatangaje kuri Instagram ko yasinyanye amasezerano yo kugabana na VP Records .  ku Nzeri 28 Patoranking yasohoye indirimbo yise  umwe yasohoye imbere album ye ateganyijwe kurekurwa nyuma vuba mu 2020

Patoranking yavukiye kandi akurira mu mujyi wa Ijegun-Egba Satellite, ariko afite inkomoko mu muryango wa Onicha, muri Leta ya Ebonyi . Yize muri Citizen Comprehensive College i Epe, Lagos nyuma yiyandikisha mu ishuri ry’ikibonezamvugo cya Jibril Martin muri Iponri.  Patoranking yatangiye umwuga we wubuhanzi kumuhanda ari numubyinnyi wa karnivali. Mu kiganiro 2012 yagiranye na Entertainment Express, yavuze ko izina rye ry'ubuhanzi yarihawe n'umuhanzi wo muri Jamayike yahuriye na Alpha Beach i Lagos. Patoranking yavuze ko Buju Banton, Bob Marley, Fela Kuti, Umuhire Dube, Chaka Demus, Majek Fashek, Blackky, Blackface, Tuface na Marvelous Benjy nk'ibikorwa bye bya muzika. Mu kiganiro tumaze kuvuga twagiranye na Entertainment Express, yavuze ko umuziki we ari itandukaniro ry’imyitwarire ya Dancehall kandi avuga ko ivuga ku bibazo by’imibereho-politiki. 

Muri Gicurasi 2012, Patoranking yasohoye indirimbo imwe yise Iya Bisi, irimo Qdot na Kbaj. Indirimbo yakozwe na Drumphase nuruvange rwa Dancehall na fuji . Patoranking yatangarije Imyidagaduro Express ko Qdot na Kbaj bafashije guhimba indirimbo bamusangiza ibitekerezo. 

Ku ya 12 Nzeri 2013, Patoranking yasohoye icyarimwe amajwi n'amashusho bya Alubarika. Indirimbo isobanurwa ngo Imigisha y'Imana kandi igaragaramo amajwi ya Timaya . Amashusho yindirimbo Alubarika yafashwe na AJE Films ikora iminota 4 namasegonda 16. Nk’uko bigaragara ku kiganiro cyashyizwe ahagaragara na Victor Akande wo mu Gihugu, Patoranking yavuze ko iyi ndirimbo ari incamake y'ubuzima bwe nk'umucuranzi maze avuga ko yamukinguriye amarembo mu rwego rwo kubaka abafana no gukorana n'abacuranzi babishinzwe. 

Muri Gashyantare 2014, Patoranking yasinyanye amasezerano na Foston Musik n'amasezerano arangiza gukorana na Dem Mama Records. Mu kiganiro na Toolz kuri The Juice ya NdaniTV, Timaya yavuze ko Patoranking yavuye ku kirango cye kandi ko atigeze asinywa ku mugaragaro.   Ku ya 4 Gashyantare 2014, Patoranking yasohoye Girlie O, indirimbo yakozwe na WizzyPro . Amashusho y'indirimbo yafashwe kandi ayoborwa i Londres na Moe Musa; yasohotse ku ya 5 Gashyantare 2014.  Mu mashusho y'indirimbo, Patoranking yakuye umuturanyi we mu ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo amugaragariza ibyiyumvo yavukanye. 

Ku ya 19 Gicurasi 2014, Foston Musik yashyize ahagaragara Girlie O (Remix) ya Tiwa Savage yatewe inkunga na Tiwa Savage .  Yatangiye ku mwanya wa 9 kuri MTV Base ya Official Naija Top 10 imbonerahamwe. Tiwa Savage yabwiye Ehiz wo muri MTV Base ko yishimiye umuziki wa Patoranking maze ahitamo kumwegera kugirango akore remix.  Amashusho y'indirimbo Girlie O (Remix) nayo yafatiwe kandi yerekanwa i Londres na Moe Musa.  Joey Akan wo muri Pulse Nigeriya yagize ati: Kuri remix nshya, ibintu by'ibanze byatsinze ntabwo byajugunywe. Byagumishijwe kandi bitezwa imbere. Gukubita, korari, n'imbaraga byarakomeje, kandi imirimo ikomeye yashyizwe mu magambo.  

Patoranking yagaragaye kumurongo wa Murda ya Seyi Shay hamwe na Shaydee . Iyi ndirimbo yakozwe na Dokta Frabz isohoka ku ya 1 Mata 2014.   Ku ya 11 Gicurasi 2014, amashusho y'indirimbo Murda yashyizwe kuri Vevo. Yayobowe na Meji Alabi kuri JM Films.  Indirimbo ya Daniella Whine ya Patoranking na My woman, my everything bisobanura umugore wange, Byose Byanjye yashushanyije kuri MTV Base Official Naija Top 10 imbonerahamwe. Uwahoze yatangiriye kuri nimero ya 4 muri Gicurasi na Forbes imbonerahamwe ku Oya 1 muri Kamena,   naho nyuma Mugore wanjye, byose byange kandi yabonekeye ku mbonerahamwe, igera kuri nimero ya 2. 

Muri Mutarama 2016, Patoranking yatangajwe nk'umwe mu bacamanza bazitabira irushanwa rya mbere ry’amarushanwa yo kuririmba Ijwi rya Nijeriya .  Patoranking yashyize ahagaragara alubumu ye ya mbere ya studio God over everything(Imana hejuru ya byose)ku ya 1 Kanama 2016. Irimo abashyitsi bagaragaye muri Phyno, Wizkid, Sarkodie, Olamide, Inzovu, na Wasiu Ayinde Marshall . Album yatangiriye ku mwanya wa 4 ku Billboard 's Reggae Alubumu mbonerahamwe. 

Patoranking yakoze gahunda yo gutanga buruse kubana bato bo muri Afrika badashobora kubona uburere bukwiye. Mugihe yamenyekanye kwisi yose, Umuhanzi aracyafite ishyaka ryo kwiga.

Muri 2019, Yahuye nuwashinze gahunda ya buruse ya ALU aho yatangije gahunda yo guhugura abana 10 bashya kandi bafite ishyaka cyane cyane kuva Ebuta-Metta aho yakuriye nabandi badafite amikoro yo kwiga ubwabo. 




#Article 190: Abamasayi (4401 words)


Abamaasai ( /m ɑː s aɪ, m ɑː s aɪ / )   ni  ubwoko bw' abanilotic batuye mu majyaruguru, hagati no mu majyepfo ya  Kenya no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzania . Bari mu baturage bazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga kubera aho batuye hafi ya parike nyinshi z’imikino yo mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika, n'imigenzo yabo n'imyambarire yabo.  Abamasyai bavuga ururimi rwa Maa (ɔl Maa),  rumwe mu zigize umuryango w’ururimi rwa Nilotic ufitanye isano n’indimi za Dinka, Kalenjin na Nuer . Usibye abasaza bamwe baba mu cyaro, abamasayi benshi bavuga indimi zemewe za Kenya na Tanzaniya, Igiswahiri n'Icyongereza .  Abamasayi ibarura ryo muri 2019 ryagaragaje ko muri Kenya bangana na 1.189.522,  ugereranyije ni 377.089 mw ibarura ryo 1989. 

leta za Tanzania na Kenya  byatangije gahunda yo gushishikariza abamasayi kureka gakondo yabo ubuzima burangwa no guhora bimuka, ariko aba bakomeje  imigenzo yabo yacyera.  Amoko menshi ya abamasayi muri Tanzaniya na Kenya yishimira kwakira abashyitsi  mu midugudu yabo kugira ngo bamenye umuco wabo, imigenzo, n'imibereho yabo, kugira ngo babone amafaranga. 

Abamasayi batuye mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika bahageze banyuze muri Sudani y'Amajyepfo .  Benshi mu bavuga ururimi rwa Nilotic muri kariya gace, barimo abamasayi, abaTurkana na abaKalenjin, ni abashumba, kandi bazwiho igitinyiro cyane kubera ubushobozi bwabo bwo kuba indwanyi no gukirana n' amatungo.  abamasayi n'andi matsinda yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba bakiriye imigenzo n'imico bivuye mu matsinda aturanye nabo  avuga ururimi   rwigi Cushitike, harimo gahunda yo gushyiraho imyaka y'amashyirahamwe mbonezamubano, gukebwa, n imvugo.  

Dukurikije amateka yabo yajyiye ahererekanwa mu mvugo, Abamasayi bakomotse mu kibaya cyo hepfo ya Nili mu majyaruguru y’ikiyaga cya Turkana (mu majyaruguru y’Uburengerazuba bwa Kenya) maze batangira kwimukira mu majyepfo ahagana mu kinyejana cya 15, bagera mu gice kinini cy’ubutaka buva mu majyaruguru y' icyahoze ari  Kenya kugeza ubu kikaba ari Tanzaniya hagati yikinyejana cya 17 na nyuma yikinyejana cya 18. Amoko menshi yari yaramaze gushinga imidugudu muri kariya karere yimuwe ku gahato n' Abamasayi  bari bahagezee,  mugihe abandi, cyane cyane amatsinda y’Abashushitike bo mumajyepfo, yinjiye mu muryango w' Abamasayi . Abakurambere ba Nilotic baba Kalenjin nabo bakiriye bamwe mubaturage baba Cushitike. 

Ifasi y' Abamasayi yageze ku bunini bwayo bushoboka hagati mu kinyejana cya 19,yaragendaga ikajyera mu kibaya kinini cya Rift ndetse n’ubutaka bwari buteganye nacyo ku musozi wa Marsabit mu majyaruguru kugera i Dodoma mu majyepfo.  Muri iki gihe, Abamasayi , kimwe n'itsinda rinini ry' aba Nilotic bose babaga aho, borora inka kuva iburasirazuba ukajyenda ukagera ku nkombe za Tanga muri Tanganyika (ubu ni muri Tanzaniya). ibisambo byakoreshaga amacumu n'ingabo, ariko byari bitinyitse cyane kubera byari bizi gutera amacumu (orinka) byashoboraga kuyaterara muri metero 100 agahamya ku ntego. Mu 1852, hari raporo ivuga ko abarwanyi 800 b' abamasayi berekeje muri Kenya yubu. Mu 1857, nyuma yo kwuva mu butayu bwa Wakuafi mu cyahoze ari mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Kenya, abarwanyi babamasayi basatiriye Mombasa ku nkombe za Kenya.  

Kubera kwimuka, abamasayi ni bo  bavuga cyane ururimi rw' abanyaNilotic yepfo . Igihe cyo kwaguka cyakurikiwe na Maasai Emutai yo mu 1883–1902. Iki gihe cyaranzwe n ibyorezo nka contegious  bovine pleuropneumonia, rinderpest (reba 1890 African rinderpest epizootic ), n'ubushita . Ikigereranyo cyashyizwe ahagaragara bwa mbere n’umu liyetona w’umudage mu cyahoze ari amajyaruguru y’iburengerazuba bwa Tanganyika, ni uko 90% by’inka na kimwe cya kabiri cy’inyamaswa zo mu gasozi zazize rinderpest. Abaganga b'Abadage bo muri ako gace bavuze ko buri segonda umunyafurika yazanaga ibidomo kwisura  biturutse k' ubushita. Iki gihe cyahuriranye n’amapfa. Mu 1897 na 1898 imvura yarabuze burundu. 

Umushakashatsi wo muri Ositarariya Oscar Baumann ubutaka bw' abamasayi hagati y' 1891 ni 1893, maze asobanura ugutura kw' abamasayi mu gace ka Ngorongoro mu gitabo cyo 1894 cyitwa Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle (through the lands of massai to the source of Nile):  Hari abagore bashizemo ari amagufwa yanamye gusa mumaso yabo yuzuye inzara igaragara ... abarwanyi no gukururuka ntibabishoboraga, hamwe nabasaza bintejye nke batagifite na kimwe bitayeho. Ibisiga byinshi byabakurikiranye kuva hejuru, bategereje abahohotewe.  Ugereranyije, bibiri bya gatatu by' abamasayi bapfuye muri iki gihe. 

Guhera ku masezerano yo mu 1904,  akurikirwa n'andi yo mu 1911, ubutaka bwa abamasayi muri Kenya bwagabanutseho 60% igihe Abongereza babirukanaga kugira ngo babone aho bubakira abimukira, nyuma babashyira ahitwa samburu Samburu, Laikipia, Kajiado n' Uturere twa Narok.  abamasayi muri Tanganyika (ubu ni Tanzaniya) bimuwe mu butaka burumbuka hagati y'umusozi wa Meru n'umusozi wa Kilimanjaro, ndetse n'imisozi miremire irumbuka hafi ya Ngorongoro mu myaka y' 1940.   bambuwe  ubutaka bwinshi bujyirwa ibyanya byo kubungabunga ibinyabuzima  na parike z’igihugu: Parike y’igihugu ya Amboseli, Parike ya Nairobi, Maasai Mara, Ikigo cy’igihugu cya Samburu, Pariki y’ikiyaga cya Nakuru na Tsavo muri Kenya; n'ikiyaga cya Manyara, Agace ko kubungabunga ibinyabuzima ka Ngorongoro, Tarangire  na Parike y'igihugu ya Serengeti ahahoze ari Tanzaniya.

abamasayi ni aborozi kandi banze icyifuzo cya guverinoma ya Tanzaniya na Kenya cyo kubahindurira ubuzima. Basabye uburenganzira bwo kuragirira muri parike nyinshi z’igihugu mu bihugu byombi.

Abamasayi barwanyije ubucakara kandi babana ninyamaswa nyinshi zo mu gasozi ntabwo bahiga cyangwa ngo barye inyoni. Ubutaka bw' abamasayi ubu bufite uduce twiza two guhingiramo muri Afrika yuburasirazuba. Umuryango w' abamasayii ntiwigeze wihanganira igurishwa ry' abantu, kandi abantu  bashakaga abacakara birinze abamasayi. 

Mubyukuri hari imirenge makumyabiri n' ibiri cyangwa amoko mato yumuryango w' abamasayi, buri umwe ufite imigenzo, isura, ubuyobozi n'imvugo yawo. Iyi mitwe izwi ku izina ry' 'ishyanga' cyangwa 'iloshon' mu rurimi rwa Maa: aba Keekonyokie, Damat, Purko, Wuasinkishu, Siria, Laitayiok, Loitai, Kisonko, Matapato, Dalalekutuk, Loodokolani, Kaputiei, Moitanik, Ilkirasha, Samburu Laikipia, Loitokitoki, Larusa, Salei, Sirinket na Parakuyo. 

Iterambere ryagezweho mu isesengura rishingiye kuri jenetike ryafashije mu kumenya iremwa ry'amok yabamasayi. jenetike ishingiye ku bisekuruza , igikoresho gikoresha gene z'abaturage b' ubu kugirango bakurikirane ubwoko bwabo n’ igice cy' Isi bakomokamo, byafashije kandi gusobanura ahahise h' abamasayi bubu. 

ADN ya autosomal y' abamasayi yasuzumwe mubushakashatsi bwuzuye bwakozwe na Tishkoff n'abandi. (2009) mu kujyereranya jenetike y' abaturage batandukanye bo muri Afurika. Nk’uko abanditsi b’ubwo bushakashatsi babitangaza ngo abamasyi bagumyek'  umuco wabo imbere y’iterambere ryinshi ry imiterere y ibinyabuzima.  Tishkoff n'abandi beerekanye kandi ko: Benshi mu baturage bavuga ururimi rwa Nilo-Sahara muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, nk' abamasayi, berekana imirimo myinshi iva muri Nilo-Sahara [...] na Cushitike [. . . ] AACs, hajyendewe ku bimenyetso by' indimi  kenshi abaNilotic b' injije Abanyakushi kuva mu myaka 3000 ishize kandi ku kigero cyo  hejuru bahuje imihindagurikire y' umubiri yabanyafurica y' iburasirazuba yo kwihanganira ikinyabutabire cyo mu mata cyitwa lactose.  

Ubushakashatsi kuri  Y chromosome  bw' akozwe na Wood et al. (2005).ku baturage batandukanye bo munsi y' ubutayu bwa sahara,harimo abamasayi 26 b' abagabo bo muri kenya bapima amasano y' ibisekuruza by' ababyeyi babagabo. Abanditsi barebeye hamwe haplogroup (amatsinda y' abantu bahuje igisekuruza)  E1b1b -M35 (ntabwo M78) muri 35% y' abamasayi bapimwe,.  E1b1b-M35-M78 muri 15%, abakurambere babo  higanjemo abagabo benshi bo majyaruguru ya Cushitike,  babayeho hashize imyaka irenga 13 000.  Igisekuru cya kabiri cyakanza cyane mubamasyi ni Haplogroup A3b2, ikunze kuboneka mu baturage ba baNilotic, nka Alur ;   byagaragaye muri 27% by'abagabo ba abamasayii. Ikimenyetso cya gatatu cy iganza cyane  ku turemanyjingo ADN kubabyeyi babagabo mu bamasayi ni E1b1a1-M2 (E-P1), ikunze kugaragara cyane mu karere ka Sahara; yabonetse muri 12% by' ibipimo byafashwe mu bamasayi. Haplogroup B-M60 yagaragaye mu bamasayi 8% ,  nayo iboneka muri 30% (16/53) yabanyaNilote bo muri Sudani y'Amajyepfo. 

Nkurikije ubushakashatsi bwa mtDNA bwakozwe na Castri n'abandi. (2008), hapimwe abamasayi muri Kenya, mu gisekuruza cy' ababyeyi babagore babamasayi basanze harimo uruvangitirane cyane, ariko nta tandukaniro rinini nandi moko y' abaturage babaNilo-Hamitic mu karere, nkaba Samburu .mu bamasayi benshi bapimwe bari abo mu matsinda atandukanye ya  macro-haplogroup L sub-clade, harimo L0, L2, L3, L4 na L5 . tumwe mu turemanjyingo tw' ababyeyi babagore duturuka muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru n'Amajyaruguru y'Uburasirazuba natwo baratubonye, cyane cyane ko hari ubwoko bw' ijyisekuruza mtDNA haplogroup M hafi ya 12.5% by'ibipimo byafashwe muba masayii. 

Umuryango w' abamasayi umugabo niwe uba ari umutware muri kamere, aho nabasaza, rimwe na rimwe bifatanya nabasaza bacyuye igihe, bagahitamo ibikorwa byingenzi kuri buri tsinda rya abamasayi. Imbumbe y' amategeko nyamvugo akubiyemo ingingo nyinshi z' imyitwarire. ntabwo bizwi niba hari igihano cyo kwicwa bajyira, kandi mubisanzwe kwishyura inka nibyo bicyemura amakimbirane. Inzira yo hanze yurukiko nayo irakoreshwa yitwa amitu, 'gushaka amahoro' birimo gusaba imbabazi.  basenga imana imwe yitwa Enkai cyangwa Engai . Engai ifite kamere ebyiri: Engai Narok (Imana Yirabura) ni umugwaneza, naho Engai Na-nyokie (Imana Itukura) n iman y' ihorera.  Hariho kandi inkingi ebyiri  za societe ya abamasayi: Oodo Mongi, Inka itukura na Orok Kiteng, Inka yumukara igabanijwemo imiryango itanu cyangwa.  abamasayi kandi  bajyira inyamaswa baziririza, ikaba ntare; ariko, iyo nyamaswa ishobora kwicwa. Uburyo abamasyi bica intare butandukanye no guhiga hagamijwe kwishimisha  kuko bikoreshwa mumihango yo kuva mu cyiciro cyimwe ujya mukindi.  Umusozi w'Imana, Ol Doinyo Lengai, uherereye mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya kandi ushobora kuwubona uri ku kiyaga cya Natron mu majyepfo ya Kenya. Umukuru mu myizerere ya kiMasayi ni laibon mu nshingano ze harimo ubuvuzi bwa gihanga, kuragura no guhanura, no kwemeza intsinzi mu ntambara cyangwa imvura ihagije. Uyu munsi, bafite uruhare rwa politiki rwiyonger kuri izo nshingano zindi kimwe kubera abayobozi. Imbaraga zose laibon yarafite zari zishingiye ku oko yabaga ateye ku giti cye aho gushingira kuri uwo mwanya.  Benshi mu bamasayi bayobotse  ubukristu nubuyisilamu .  abamasayi  kujyira  imitako itoroshye kandi mu myaka mirongo, bagurishije uwo mutungo kuri  ba mukerarugendo nkubucuruzi.

Umubare wo hejuru  w’impfu z’abana mu bamasayi watumye abana batamenyekana rwose kugeza bageze ku mezi 3 ilapaitin .  Kwigisha abagore ba bamasayi gukoresha amavuriro n'ibitaro mugihe batwite byatumye impinja nyinshi zibaho.cyeretse mu bice biri kure cyane. Ku bamasayi kubaho ubuzima gakondo, iherezo ryubuzima usanga rwose nta mihango, kandi abapfuye babarecyera aho bakaribwa n' inkongoro .  Umurambo wanzwe n' inkongoro ufatwa nkaho ufite imiziro, kandi ufatwa nk' uwateza umwaku; kubwibyo rero,nibisanzwe  ko imibiri itwikirwa ibinure n'amaraso bivuye ku kimasa cya kinjwe .  Gushyingura mu bihe byashize byahariwe abatware bakomeye, kubera ko bakekaga  ko byangiza ubutaka. 

Imibereho  gakondo y' abamasayi ishingiye ku nka nka, zikaba ariyo soko yabo yibanze yibiryo. Ubutunzi bwumugabo bupimirwa ku nka nabana afite. Ubushyo bwinka 50 burubahwa, kandi uko abana baba benshi nibyiza. Umugabo ufite kimwe muri ibi akabura ikindi afatwa nkumucyene.  Imyizerere ishingiye ku idini ya' abamasayi ivuga ko Imana yabahaye inka zose zo ku isi, biganisha ku myizerere ivuga ko gushimuta inka mu yandi moko ari uburyo bwo kwisubiza ibyabo mu nzira ziciye mu mucyo, ariko uyu umuco ntabwo umenyerewe cyane. 

Abamasyi ibyo kurya byose bakenera babibona kunka. Barya inyama, banywa amata buri munsi, kandi banywa amaraso rimwe na rimwe. Ibimasa, ihene, nintama bibagwamo inyama mu bihe bidasanzwe no mumihango. Nubwo ubuzima bwabamasyi bwose bwagiye bushingira ku matungo yabo, vuba aha hamwe n’inka zabo zigenda zigabanuka, abamasayi bakuze batunzwe n’ibiribwa nk'amasaka, umuceri, ibirayi n' amashu (bizwi nabamasayi nk'amababi y'ihene). 

Imibereho gakondo yubushumba yarushijeho kuba ingorabahizi kubera gukururwa n' ibijyezweho. Inyandiko ya Garrett Hardin, igaragaza ibyago bya rubanda rugufi bitewe nubugugu bwa bamwe, ndetse na  cattle complex ya Melville Herskovits byafashije abashakashatsi ku bidukikije ndetse n’abafata ibyemezo ku byerekeye ingaruka mbi abashumba ba abamasayi bateza akarere ka savannah. Iki gitekerezo cyaje kugaragara ko ari ibinyoma n’abahanga mu bumenyi bwa muntu ariko kiracyashinze imizi mu bitekerezo by’ abashakashatsi mu bidukikije ndetse n’abayobozi ba Tanzaniya.  Ibi byatumye abafata ibyemezo b’abakoloni babongereza mu 1951 bakura abamasayi bose muri parike y’igihugu ya Serengeti nuko babashyira mu turere two mu gace ka Ngorongoro conservation area (NCA). Gahunda ya NCA yari iyo gushyira inyungu zabamasayi hejuru y'ibindi byose, ariko iri sezerano ntiryigeze ryuzuzwa. Ikwirakwizwa rya virusi itera SIDA ryari ryinshi.

Bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'abaturage babamasayii, gutakaza umubare w'inka bitewe n indwara, no kubura aho kuziragira kubera imbibi nshya za parike ndetse no gutura mu midugudu no guhinga kw'andi moko, abamasayi bahatiwe guteza imbere uburyo bushya bwo kwibeshaho. Benshi muri bo batangiye guhinga ibigori nibindi bihingwa kugirango babeho, igikorwa bafataga nabi mu muco wabo.  Guhinga byatangijwe bwa mbere mu bamasayi n’abagore ba bWaArusha na bWaMeru bimuwe mu byabo bashakanye n’abagabo babamasayi; ibisekuru byakurikiyeho byabayeho ubuzima bwo guhinga no korora. Imibereho yabo yarushijeho kugorana, mu 1975  Ngorongoro conservation area yabujije ibikorwa byo guhinga. Kugirango babeho bahatirwa kugira uruhare mu bukungu bw'amafaranga ya Tanzaniya. Bagombaga kugurisha amatungo yabo n'imiti gakondo kugirango bagure ibiryo. Kubuza guhinga byavanyweho mu 1992 kandi guhinga byongeye kuba igice cyingenzi mu mibereho ya abamasayi. Imipaka ya parike no kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo ubutaka byakomeje kugabanya aho barajyira,Byatumye bahinduka cyane. 

Mu myaka yashize, imishinga myinshi yatangiye gufasha abayobozi b'imiryango yaabamasayi kubona uburyo bwo kubungabunga imigenzo yabo ndetse ikanahuza uburezi bw'abana babo kubw' isi ya none. 

Ubwoko bushya  bw' imirimo mu baturage babamasayi burimo ubuhinzi, ubucuruzi (kugurisha imiti gakondo, resitora / amaduka, kugura no kugurisha amabuye y'agaciro, kugurisha amata n' ibiyakimokaho, kudoda imitako), n' akazi k' umushahara (nk'abashinzwe umutekano / abita kubakiriya, abayobora ba mukerarugendo), n'abandi bakora ibikorwa bya leta n'abikorera. 

Abamasayi benshi bavuye mu buzima bwo guhora bimuka bajya mu myanya y' ubucuruzi no muri guverinoma.  Nyamara nubwo ubuzima bwo mu mijyi bugoye bashobora kuyobora, benshi bazishimira kwerekeza murugo bambaye imyenda idoze, gusa bazava murugo mu mwambaro gakondo bita shuka (umwenda wamabara), inkweto za sandari kandi bitwaje inkoni (o-rinka ) - bayakiriye. #x5D;

Igice nyamukuru cy' umuryango mugari w' abamasayi kumyaka umuntu aba afite. Abahungu bato boherezwa hamwe ninyana nintama vuba bishoboka, ariko ubwana bwabahungu ahanini babumara bakina, usibye imihango bakora kugirango bagerageze ubutwari no kwihangana byabo. Abakobwa bashinzwe imirimo nko guteka no gukama, ubuhanga bigira kuri ba nyina bakiri bato.  Buri myaka 15 cyangwa irenga, hatangizwa ikiragano gishya cyaba Morans cyangwa Il-murran (abarwanyi). Haba harimo abahungu benshi bari hagati yimyaka 12 na 25, bageze mubugimbi kandi bagomba kuba batari bari mukiragano gishize. Umuhango umwe wo kuva mubuhungu ujya kumurwanyi muto ni umuhango wo gukebwa bikorwa nta kinya. Muri iki gihe cya none, abahungu batuye hafi yimijyi hamwe nabaganga bashobora kwitabira iyi mihango batekanye, ariko nyamara nta nyinya babatera nubundi kuko bagomba kwihanganira ububabare buzabageza kubugabo. Uyu muhango mubusanzwe ukorwa nabakuru, bakoresha icyuma gityaye.  Umuhungu agomba kwihanganira iki gikorwa acecetse. Kugaragaza ububabare bizana igisebo.kwikanga  kwose gushobora gutera ikosa muri iki gikorwa gisaba kwitonda cyane, bishobora kukuviramo inkovu ubuzima bwawe bwose, gutakaza ubushobozi, no kubabara. ukira  hagati y' amezi 3-4, muri iki gihe kwihagaririka birababaza kandi bikanga rimwe na rimwe, kandi abahungu bagomba kuguma bambaye imyenda yumukara mugihe cyamezi 4-8. 

Muri iki gihe, abasore bashya bakebwe batura muri manyatta, umudugudu wubatswe na ba nyina. Manyatta nta bariyeri iyizengurutse yo kuyirinda, ishimangira uruhare rw'indwanyi rwo kurinda abaturage. Nta kraal y'imbere yubatswe, kubera ko abarwanyi batagira inka cyangwa ngo bakore imirimo y'ububiko. bisaba Indi mihango  mbere yo kugera ku rwego rwindwanyi nkuru, bikarangirara mu birori bya eunoto, ukuza kwimyaka. 

Iyo hatangijwe igisekuru gishya cy'abarwanyi, Il-murran irihoizamurwa mu cyiciro cyisumbuyeho, bagashingwa  ibyemezo bya politiki kugeza igihe bazagera ku kiciro cyabakuru.   Iyu muhango wo  kuva kumurwanyi ujya  kumukuru muto ibera mu muhuro munini witwa Eunoto. abahoze ari indwanyi bakata umusatsi wabo muremure ; abakuru bo baba bafite agasatsi gacyei. Indwanyi ntizemerewe kuryamana nabagore bakebwe,ariko bashobora gucudika n' abakobwa bataracyebwa. Kuri Eunoto, abarwanyi bashoboye kubahiriza iri tegeko barashimirwa byumwihariko. 

Abarwanyi bamara umwanya munini ubu bagenda  hirya no hino kubutaka bw' abamasayi, no kurenga imbibi zabo. Bagira uruhare runini mu gucuruza inka kuruta uko byari bisanzwe, guteza imbere  ubucuruzi no guhahirana aho kwiba nk'uko byahoze.  

hari imyizerere yo gukabya ko buri musore wumumasayi agomba kwica intare atarakebwa. Guhiga intare byari igikorwa cyahise, ariko byarabujijwe mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Afurika - nyamara intare ziracyahigwa iyo zishe amatungo yabamasayi,  kandi abarwanyi bato bishora mu kwica intare mu migenzo gakondo ntibagira ingaruka zikomeye.  Kwiyongera kw impujyenjye kubijyanye nubuzima bw'intare byatumye byibura habaho gahunda yo kwaka indishyi iyo intare yishe amatungo, aho guhiga no kwica intare yabikoze. Nubwo bimeze bityo, kwica intare biha agaciro gakomeye nubwamamare uwabikoze mubaturage.

Abakobwa bakiri bato nabo bahura nikibazo cyo gukebwa kw'abagore,  emoratamu rwego rwo gukora umuhango urambuye w'imihango yiswe Emuatare, umuhango winjiza abakobwa babamasayi mu kiciro cyabakuze binyuze mu mihango yo  gukebwa  hanyuma bagashyingirwa bakiri bato.  abamasayi bemeza ko gukebwa kwabagore ari ngombwa kandi abagabo babamasayi bashobora kwanga umugore uwo ari we wese utarigeze abikora kuko adashyingirwa cyangwa agakobwa ibyagaciro gake. Muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, abagore batakebwe, ndetse n'abadepite bize cyane nka Linah Kilimo, barashobora gushinjwa kuba badakuze bihagije ku buryo badahabwa agaciro.  Ku bandi umuco wo gukebwa kw'abagore uzwi nko guca imyanya ndangagitsina y'abagore, kandi ukanengwa cyane haba mu mahanga ndetse n'abagore benshi babikorewe, nk'umuntu uharanira inyungu zabamasayii, Agnes Pareyio . muri iki gihe bisigaye bikorwa mu magambo aho birangwa no  kuririmba no kubyina mu mwanya wo gukebwa. Nyamara, iki gikorwa gikomeza gushinga imizi kandi kigahabwa agaciro numuco. Ijambo rya Maa ryo gukebwa, emorata, rikoreshwa ku gukebwa kwigitsina gore nigitsina gabo. Gukata imyanya ndangagitsina y'abagore ntibyemewe muri Kenya na Tanzaniya.  Uku gukebwa mubusanzwe bikorwa nuwatumiwe udakunze kuba ari umumasayi, akenshi aba avuye mumatsinda yaba Dorobo . Ibyuma bakoresha biba byatatswe n'abacuzi, Kimwe nabasore, abakobwa bazakebwa bambara imyenda yijimye,bakishushanyaho ibimenyetso bakoresheje amarangi, hanyuma bagapfuka mu maso iyo imihango irangiye. 

Abagore bubatse batwite basonewe imirimo yose iremereye nko gukama no gutashya.  Imibonano mpuzabitsina nayo irabujijwe kandi hari amategeko yihariye akoreshwa ku bagore batwite.

abamasayi mubisanzwe batunga abagore benshi ; ibi bikekwa ko babikora kubera umubare munini wimfu z’abana bato n’abarwanyi. Polyandry nayo irakorwa. Ariko, muri iyi minsi ibi byarahagaze. Umugore ntabwo arongora umugabo we gusa ahubwo itsinda ry ikiciro kimyaka. Abagabo biteganijwe ko batanga uburiri bwabo ku mushyitsi uri mukiciro cyimwe cyimyaka nawe; ariko ibi nabyo ntibigikorwa. Umugore niwe wihitiramo niba ararana numugabo wasuye. Umwana uwo ari we wese ushobora kuvamo ni umwana wumugabo nabazamukomokaho. ubwoko bwa gatanya burashoboka iyo umugore yahukaniye kwa se, ubusanzwe kubera gufata nabi umugore cyane. Kwishura inkwano, kurera abana, nibindi, byumvikanyweho.  

Umuziki wabamasayi usanzwe ugizwe ninjyana zitangwa n' ibitero byabaririmbyi baririmba bahigima mugihe umuyobozi windirimbo, aririmba ijwi ryingenzi. umuolaranyani mubusanzwe numuririmbyi ushobora kuririmba neza iyo ndirimbo, nubwo abantu benshi bashobora kuyobora indirimbo. umuolaranyani atangira aririmba umurongo cyangwa umutwe (namba) windirimbo. Itsinda rikikiririza rimwe, kandi umuolaranyani aririmbirambana nabandi ariko akabasimbya ijwi. Buri ndirimbo ifite imiterere yihariye ya namba ishingiye kumuhamagaro-no-kwitaba . Injyana isanzwe ni itandukaniro rya 5/4, 6/4 na 3/4 umukono wigihe. indirimbo iba yanditse ishingiye ku ngingo runaka kandi amagambo aguma yisubiramo. Kugenda kw'ijosi biherekeza kuririmba. Iyo uhumeka umutwe wegamiye imbere. Umutwe bawuhengekera inyuma kujyira basohore umwuka imbere. Muri rusange iyo bari rimba uba wumva ari amajwi menshi ajyenda asimburana.   Bitandukanye nandi moko menshi yo muri Afrika,abamasayi  bakoresha cyane drone polyphony. 

Abagore baririmba lullabies, indirimbo zirangwa no guhigimba, n'indirimbo zisingiza abahungu babo. Nambas, barimba bahamara banitabana, mwijwi rimwe,usanga basubiramo interuro imwe nyuma ya buri gitero aho bikiriza nijwi rijyiye hasi    n'abaririmbyi basubiza ibitero byabo bwite ni ibiranga kuririmba kw' abagore.   Iyo abagore benshi babamasayi bateraniye hamwe, baririmba bakabyina hagati yabo. 

Kimwe mubidasanzwe kumiterere yijwi ryumuziki wa abamasayi nugukoresha ihembe rya greater kudu kugirango uhamagare abamorans mumihango ya Eunoto. 

Kuririmba no kubyina byombi rimwe na rimwe bibera hafi ya manyattas, kandi usanga harimo no gureshyanya. Abasore bakora umurongo kandi bakaririmbe mu injyana, Oooooh-yah, bijyana no guhigima no gukorora  hamwe no  kuzunguza igice cy umubiri cyo hepfo. Abakobwa bahagarara imbere yabagabo bakabyinisha igice cyo hepfo banaririmba Oiiiyo..yo mukajwi ko hejuru bitandukanye nabagabo. Nubwo imibiri yegerana cyane, ntabwo ikoranaho. 

Eunoto,imihango yindwanyi, ishobora kumara iminsi 10 ,yo kuririmba kubyina n'imigenzo. Abarwanyi ba Il-Oodokilani bakora ubwoko urugendo na adumu, cyangwa aigus, rimwe na rimwe bita imbyino yo gusimbuka nabatari abamasayi. (Adumu na aigus zombi ni inshinga za Maa zisobanura gusimbuka hamwe na adumu bisobanura Gusimbuka hejuru no kubyina.  ) Indwanyi zirazwi cyane, kandi akenshi zifotorwa mugihe,muri aya marushanwa yo gusimbuka. Abarwanyi baca uruziga, noneho umwe cyangwa babiri icyarimwe bakinjira hagati kugirango batangire gusimbuka batarenga uruziga, agatsinsino kabo kadakora hasi. Abagize itsinda bazamura ijwi ryabo bakurikije uburebure bwo gusimbuka. 

Abakobwa b'inshuti zabamoran (inyie) bitambajyiza mumyambaro myiza yabonka kimwe mu bigize eunoto. Ababyeyi babamoran baririmba bakabyina bishimira ubutwari no gutinyuka kwabahungu babo. 

Gupfumura no gukwedura amatwi nubintu bisanzwe mubamasayi nandi moko. Bakoresha ibikoresho bitadukanye muri iki gikorwa harimo amahwa mugupfumura, ibiti, amabuye, amenyo yinzovu nakabindi. abamasayi bacye bacye cyane cyane abahungu nibo bakora uyu muhango. abagore bambara imitako yamasaro kumatwi bapfumuye. 

gukura yamabwene abana bato bikorwa nabamasayi bo muri Kenya na Tanzaniya. abamasayi bafite imyizerere ikomeye ivuga ko impiswi, kuruka nizindi ndwara zoroheje zo mu bwana ziterwa no kubyimba kwishinya yo kumabwene, bakeka ko haba harimo inzoka. Iyi myizerere n'imikorere ntabwo byihariye mubamasayi. Mu cyaro cya Kenya hasuzumwe itsinda ry’abana 95 bafite hagati y’amezi atandatu n’imyaka ibiri mu 1991/92. 87% wasangaga barakuwe  amabwene. Mu itsinda ryabafite hagati yimyaka 3-7, 72% mubana 111 basanze nabo barayakuwe.  

Ubusanzwe, indyo yabamasayi yari igizwe n'inyama mbisi, amata adatetse, n'amaraso  by' inka . Menya ko inka zabamasayi ziri mubwoko bwa Zebu . Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1935, Dr. Weston A. Price yasuye abamasayi maze avuga ko nk'uko Dr. Anderson wo mu bitaro by’ubutegetsi bw’ibanze muri Kenya yabibinye  amoko menshi adafite indwara. Benshi nta burwayi nabucye bwamenyo bari bafite . By'umwihariko abamasayi bari hasi ya 0.4% nibo bari bafite ikibazo cyo kubora kw' amenyo. Yavuze ko biterwa nimirire yabo mirire yabo igizwe (ukurikije ingano) amata adatetse, amaraso, inyama mbisi n'imboga n'imbuto zimwe na zimwe, nubwo mu midugudu myinshi batarya imbuto cyangwa imboga na gato. Yavuze ko buri mwana ukura ndetse n’umugore utwite cyangwa wonsa bahahabwa buri munsi amaraso iyo ahari. Dr. Weston A. Price yavuze kandi ko guverinoma yashyizeho ingufu mu 1935 kugira ngo abamasayi bajye mubuhinzi . Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na ILCA (Nestel 1989) bugira buti: Uyu munsi, indyo yuzuye yabamasayi igizwe n'amata y'inka n' ibigori. Igikoma gikomeye kizwi nka ugali kandi kiribwana n'amata; bitandukanye n' igikoma cy'amazi, ugali ntabwo itegurwa n'amata. Amavuta yinyamanswa  akoreshwa muguteka, cyane cyane igikoma, ibigori, nibishyimbo. Amavuta kandi ni ibiryo byingenzi by'uruhinja.  

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ubworozi muri Afurika (Bekure et al. 1991) bwerekana impinduka nini cyane mu mirire yabamasayi aho basigaye bakoresha nibindi bidakomoka kumatungo  kn'ibigori bigize  12-39 ku ijana n' isukari 8–13 ku ijana; umuntu umwe anywa hafi litiro imwe y'amata ku munsi. Amenshi mu mata akoreshwa nk'amata avuze cyangwa amavuta. mu bipimo byose bakoresha amata ku rwego rwo hejurui.ibi bituma bobonamo ibyubaka umubiri bihajyije. Nyamara, fer, niacin, vitamine C, vitamine A, thiamine nibitanga ingufu ntabwo babibona mumata gusa. Bitewe nuko ibintu bigenda bihinduka, cyane cyane ibihe  amata abonekera n amapfa akunze kubaho kenshi, abashumba benshi, harimo nabamasayi, ubu basigaye barya ibiryo nibihajyije ingano.  

Ubushyo bwihene nintama zabamasayi, harimo intama zitukura zabamasayi, hamwe ninka zagaciro.  Ibizamini bya Electrocardiogram byakoreshejwe ku basore 400 bakuze babamasayi basanze nta kimenyetso na kimwe cy’indwara z'umutima, ubumuga cyangwa imikorere mibi yumubiri. Ubundi bushakashatsi bwakozwe kuri karubone-ya14 bwerekanye ko impuzandengo ya cholesterol iri hafi ya 50 ku ijana  ugereranije niyumunyamerika. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bigaragaza ko umubiri muzima bafite ari ukubere morans. 

Isupu birashoboka ko bwo bwiza kuruta ibindi abamasayi babinye bwo kurya ibimera. Acacia nilotica nikimera gikoreshwa cyane. Igishishwa cyumuzi cyangwa uruti birabizwa  mumazi hanyuma umazi avuyemo bakanywa yonyine cyangwa bakayavanga nisupu. abamasayi bakunda gufata iki kinyobwa nkumuti, kandi kizwiho kubatera imbaraga no kudatinyuka. abamasayi barya isupu ivanze n'ibishishwa bisharira n'imizi irimo saponine igabanya cholesterol; abo mu mijyibadafite ibimera bisharira bakunda kurwara umutima.  imbuto zigize igice kinini cyibiryo biribwa nabana nabagore baba bacunze  inka kimwe na mabamorani. 

Kuvanga amaraso yinka, aboneka mugutobora imitsi yazo, n'amata bikorwa mugutegura ikinyobwa cyimihango muminsi mikuru idasanzwe kandi nkintungamubiri kubarwayi.  Ariko, gukoresha amaraso mumirire gakondo biragenda bigabanuka kubera kugabanuka kwamatungo. muri iki gihe abamasayi basigaye batunzwe cyane  nibiryo biturutse ahandi  nk'ibigori, umuceri, ibirayi, amashu n'ibindi. abamasayi batuye hafi y'abahinzi-borozi nabo bayobotse ubuhinzi nkuburyo bwibanze bwo kubaho. Muri utu turere, ingano yikibanza ntabwo iba ari nini kuburyo yakwirwaho amashyo yinyamaswa; bityo abamasayi bahatirwa guhinga. 

Nkabantu bazwiho guhora bimuka  mumateka , abamasayi basanzwe bashingira kubikoresho byaho, byoroshye kuboneka hamwe nikoranabuhanga kavukire kugirango bubake amazu yabo. Inzu gakondo yabamasayi yubakagwa hagendewe ko bahora bimuka  bityo ntabwo yamaraga igihe.aya mazu yabaga yenda kumera nkurukiramende, kandi yubatswe nabagore babishoboye. yabaga afite inkingi zibiti zishinze mubutaka kandi hasobekeranyijemo udushami duto tw' ibiti,nyuma bagahomesha imvange yicyondo, inkoni, ibyatsi,amase, inkari zabantu, n' ivu. Amase y'inka atuma inzu itava. Enkaj cyangwa engaji ni nto, ipima nka 3 kuri 5 m na metero1.5 gusa mu buhagarike.haba haromo aho, umuryango utekera, urira, uryama, usabanira, kandi ubika ibiryo,ibicanwa, nibindi bintu byo murugo. Amatungo mato nayo akenshi arara muri enkaji.   Imidugudu iab ikikijwe n'uruzitiro rwa acacia (enkang) rwubatswe nabagabo. Mwijoro, inka zose, ihene n'intama byose bishyirwa mu kigo hagati, kure yinyamaswa zagasozi .

Imyambarire ihinduka bitewe n' imyaka n'ahantu. Urugero, abasore bambara umukara amezi menshi nyuma yo gukebwa kwabo. Nyamara, umutuku niwo ukunzwe. haba nimyenda y'ubururu, umukara, iyamabara. abamasayi batangiye gusimbuza uruhu rwinyamaswa, uruhu rwinyana nuruhu rwintama, imyenda yubudodo mu myaka ya za 1960. 

Shúkà ni ijambo ryo mururimi rwa Maa numwitero wa gakondo bambara bawizingiyeho.Mubisanzwe iba  itukura, nubwo imwe iba ifite andi mabara (urugero ubururu ) nibishusho. iroza, ndetse nimyenda iriho indabyo, indwanyi zirayirinda.  Imyenda imwe izwi nka kanga, ijambo ryigiswahiri, irasanzwe.  abamasayi baba hafi y' inkombe bashobora kwambara kikoi, ubwoko bw' imyitero iza mu  amabara atandukanye n' ibitambaro Nyamara, benshi bakunda iyimirongo. 

Abamasayi benshi muri Tanzaniya bambara inkweto zudusandari, zari zisanzwe zikorwa muruhu rw' inka. ubu basigaye bazikora mu mapine cyangwa plastike . Abagabo n'abagore bambara udutako tw ibiti kumaboko. Abagore babamasayi bahora bari gukora imitako mu masaro n' utugozi . Ibi bibafasha gutaka imibiri yabo. Nubwo hariho itandukaniro mubisobanuro byamabara n' amasaro, ibisobanuro rusange kumabara make ni: umweru, amahoro ; ubururu, amazi ; umutuku, umurwanyi / amaraso / ubutwari. 

Gukora imitako, bikozwe nabagore, bifite amateka maremare mubamasayi, bagaragaza abaribo numwanya wabo mu muryango mugari binyuze mumitako yumubiri no gushushanya ku mubiri . Mbere yo guhura n’abanyaburayi, Amasaro yavaga mubikoresho bari basanganwe aho, amasaro y' umweru yavaga mw' ibumba, ibikonoshwa, amahembe y'inzovu, cyangwa amagufwa . Isaro ry'umukara n'ubururu ryakorwaga mu cyuma, amakara, imbuto, ibumba, cyangwa ihembe . Amasaro atukura yavaga mu mbuto, mu mbaho, amagufwa, amahembe y'inzovu, umuringa. Ahagana  mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda, amasaro menshi y’iburayi yageze muri Afurika y’iburasirazuba bw' yepfo, abakora amasaro basimbuje amasaro ashaje ibikoresho bishya maze batangira gukoresha amabara menshi asobanutse. Ubu, amasaro atsindajyiye y' ibirahure adahanda niyo akunzwe. 

Kogosha umutwe biramenyerewe mumihango myinshi, byerekana intangiriro nshya izakorwa ubwo umuntu aba ava mu kiciro kimwe ajya mu kindi.  abarwanyi nibo bamasayi bonyine baba bafite  imisatsi miremire, bayibohesha imigozi yoroheje. 

Iyo ageze ku gihe cy'  amezi 3, umwana yitwa izina kandi yogoshwa umutwe bagasiga akazingo kamwe kumusatsi, kuva ku gikanu kugeza ku gahanga.  kikaba gishasha  imiterere yubuntu bujyirirwa uruhinja.  Umugore wakuyemo inda yubushize umusatsi awushyira imbere cyangwa inyuma yumutwe, biterwa nijyitsina cy' umwana yabuze.  Ibi bishushanya gukira kwe. 

Abahungu bakebwa ku munsi wa kabiri, imitwe yabo ikogoshwa.  Abarwanyi bato noneho bagatereka umusatsi wabo ugakura, kandi batakaza igihe kinini bita kumusatsi wabo. basigamo amavuta yinyamanswa na ocher, kandi igabanijwe hejuru yumutwe aho amatwi agarukira. Umusatsi bawuboha mu mafpude y inyabubiri. Ipamba cyangwa ubwoya bw'intama bishobora gukoreshwa mugukuza  umusatsi. Umusatsi bashobora kuwureka ugatendera cyangwa bakawupfundikanya bakoresheje uruhu.  Iyo abarwanyi banyuze muri Eunoto, bakaba abakuru, imisatsi yabo miremire irogoshwa. 

Mugihe igitsina gabo cyogosha umusatsi iyo bava mu kiciro kimwe bajya mu kindi, uwitegura kuba umugeni yogosha umusatsi, kandi intama ebyiri zikicwa mukubahiriza uwo munsi. 




#Article 191: Kate Bashabe (159 words)


Kate Bashabe ni munyarwandakazi wumucuruzikazi  kandi washinze Kabash brand na Kabash soucie Organisation ikora ibikorwa by'urukundo . 

Muri 2010, Bashabe yatsindiye amarushanwa ya Miss MTN ndetse anaba ambasaderi wa MTN muri uwo mwaka. Mugihe yarangije amashuri yisumbuye, yanatangiye gutanga serivisi za protocole kumasosiyete menshi nka MTN, FERWACY nibikorwa byamasosiyete. Muri 2011, Bashabe yabaye umuyobozi ushinzwe kugurisha no kwamamaza ibicuruzwa muri farumasi ya RAK. nyuma yo gukora muri farumasi ya RAK imyaka hafi ibiri muri 2012, yatangije isosiyete ye itumiza mu mahanga, aho yatumizaga ibicuruzwa nkimodoka, imyenda, ibikoresho byo munzu mu izina ryabakiriya. Nyuma y'amezi make, yahisemo gukurikiza inzozi zo mu bwana bwe mu myambarire maze akingura inzu yimyambarire ya Kabash. Muri 2013, yaguye ashyiraho ubucuruzi bwa kabiri aho yibanze ku gishushanyo mbonera cy'imbere, ubukorikori bwa Afurika, byose munsi ya label ya Kabash. Bashabe yatumiriwe kwitabira ibirori mpuzamahanga byerekanwa muri Amerika muri 2016 na guverinoma y'u Rwanda mu rwego rwo kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa bya Kabash mu mahanga no kwagura abakiriya be. 




#Article 192: Urwagwa (263 words)


Divayi y'igitoki ni vino yimbuto ikozwe gusa mubitoki .

Itandukanye n'inzoga z'igitoki, zifite umuco muremure kandi zifite akamaro gakomeye muri Afrika y'Uburasirazuba . Abahagarika n'abandi. (2001)  yanditse igice ku Banana Wine mu gitabo Inzoga na kwirinda mu bihe: igitabo mpuzamahanga, n'ubwo iyi ni gato urujijo, nk'uko Kugaragaza ibyo ni ubusanzwe yitwa inzoga insina ari insina divayi. Amakuru batanga kuri Tekinike Yumusaruro hamwe nImibereho Myiza n'Imihango bifitanye isano na nyuma ntabwo bifitanye isano nibisanzwe bita vino y'ibitoki.

Tanzaniya, divayi y'ibitoki ikorwa mu bucuruzi no gusya ibitoki byumye, bikaranze, byeze. Amazi (kugirango agabanye igitoki cyinshi cyane), umusemburo wa vino nisukari byongewe kuri mashi yigitoki. 

Gutunganya inzoga gakondo (nkuko byasobanuwe kurupapuro rwinzoga rwibitoki    ) bitandukanye no gutunganya divayi y'ubucuruzi. Kurugero, inzira yo gukora vino yigitoki ikoreshwa na Banana Investment Ltd nuburyo bukurikira: 

Mu umusaruro y'ubucuruzi, 'Cavendish' ibitoki zikoreshwa, naho umusaruro kizanye, bitandukanye cultivars, harimo bombi guteka no inzoga East African Highland ibitoki, ' Pisang Awak ', ' Gros Michel ' na ibitoki Apple zikoreshwa.Umuvinyu ukomoka mu bucuruzi ni ibinyobwa bisobanutse, byoroheje cyane binyobwa bisindisha hamwe nigihe kirekire cyo kubaho kurenza inzoga yigitoki, yangiritse byoroshye bityo ikabikwa igihe kirekire. Ukurikije ubwoko bwimisemburo nubunini bwisukari yongeyeho, uburyohe hamwe ninzoga murwego rwanyuma birahinduka. 

Umusaruro wa divayi yigitoki ahanini uri kurwego ruto, nubwo hageragejwe kubigeza ku musaruro w’inganda,  kandi hari abakora ubucuruzi bwa divayi yigitoki (urugero Arusha ikorera muri Banana Investment Ltd). 

Kuva mu ntangiriro ya 2000, hageragejwe kwagura umusaruro wa divayi y'ibitoki mu bindi bihugu aho usanga ibihingwa byiganje. Guverinoma ya Philippines yashatse kwagura inganda z’ibitoki zaho,  gihe Ubuhinde bwakoze divayi y’ibitoki byatsindiye ibihembo ndetse n’ubushakashatsi mu kwagura umusaruro.  




#Article 193: Flavia Tumusiime (270 words)


Flavia Tumusiime ni umukinnyi wa filime ukomoka muri Uganda, anakora kuri radiyo na televiziyo, umuhanzi urenga amajwi, emcee akaba n'umwanditsi w’iminsi 30 ya Flavia . Akora ku kiganiro cya mu gitondo (AM-PM Show) kuri radiyo 91.3 Capital FM i Kampala, uwahoze akorana na Morning @ NTV kuri NTV Uganda aho na we yikubye kabiri nk'inkuru y'amakuru kuri NTV Iri joro kandi ni VJ kumuyoboro O. Yakinnye nka Kamali Tenywa (uruhare runini) muri televiziyo ya Nana Kagga, Munsi Yibinyoma - Urukurikirane kuva 2014 kugeza 2016 kandi yakiriye hamwe na Guinness Football Challenge. 

Tumusiime yavutse mu 1989 i Kampala kandi ni umwana w'ikinege wa Enoki Tumusiime na Christine Asiimwe, bakomoka i Kabale, mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Uganda. Yize muri St Theresa Kisubi mu mashuri abanza, hanyuma yinjira mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Kitante Hill ku byiciro byombi O na A. Nyuma yize mu ishuri ry’ubucuruzi rya kaminuza ya Makerere aho yarangirije impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga. 

Tumusiime yakoraga kuri Television kuva akiri ingimbi.Yatangiye akor kuri WBS  kuri TV's teen's club, ikiganiro yakoraga nizindi ngimbi mu gihe cy'imyaka ine. Hagati ya 2010 na 2012, yakoze kuri K-files, ikindi kiganiro kuri WBS TV. Kuva 2011, yamurikiraga Guinness football challenge. Yacaga muri aired kuri NTV (Uganda) na ITV  KTN (Kenya). Mugihe kimwe , yahoze ari VJ kuri Channel O. Yanamurikiraga kandi Big Brother Africa mu 2012.

Flavia yinjiye muri NTV Uganda nk'icyuma cy'amakuru kuri NTV Iri joro mu 2016. Yahoze afatanya nundi gukora ikiganiro mu igitondo Morning @ NTV yatangiye mu ntangiriro za 2018.

Tumusiime yagize igihe gito akora nk'umunyamakuru kuri HOT100 FM mu 2006 mbere yuko atura muri Capital FM aho yahoze kugeza aya magingo. 




#Article 194: Diane Gashumba (154 words)


Diane Gashumba MD, MMed (Pediatrics), ni umuganga w’abana mu Rwanda, umuyobozi w’ubuvuzi akaba n'umunyapolitiki. Yabaye Minisitiri w'Ubuzima mu y'abaminisitiri ya Minisitiri w'Intebe Edouard Ngirente . Yahawe uwo mwanya ku ya 4 Ukwakira 2016. 

Mbere y’ibyo, kuva ku ya 26 Werurwe 2016 kugeza ku ya 4 Ukwakira 2016, Gashumba yabaye Minisitiri w’Uburinganire n’iterambere ry’umuryango muri guverinoma ya Minisitiri w’intebe Anastase Murekezi . 

Gashumba afite impamyabushobozi Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) kandi na  Master of Medicine ( MMed ), umwihariko mu buvuzi bw'abana  . 

Nk’uko urubuga rwa minisiteri y’ubuzima mu Rwanda rubitangaza, Gashumba yari amaze imyaka 17 akora ubuvuzi guhera mu 2016. Mu gihe cyimyaka itatu yabaye umuyobozi wubuvuzi wibitaro bya Kibagabaga nibitaro bya Muhima.   Hagati ya 2010 na 2016, yakoranye n’umushinga w’ubuzima bw’abana n’ababyeyi batewe inkunga na USAID nka Umuyobozi mukuru w’itsinda mu rwego rw’ubuziranenge ndetse no kuba Umuyobozi wungirije w’ishyaka Umushinga wa miliyoni 57.3 z’amadorali wagizwe 23 mu turere 30 two mu Rwanda. 




#Article 195: Claver Gatete (266 words)


Claver Gatete (wavutse ku ya 23 Gicurasi 1962) ni umunyapolitiki wo mu Rwanda akaba n'uwahoze ari ambasaderi, ubu akaba ari Minisitiri w’ibikorwa Remezo muri guverinoma y’u Rwanda . Mbere yuko ashyirwaho muri Mata 2018, yabaye Minisitiri w’Imari n’Igenamigambi mu by'ubukungu kuva 2013 kugeza 2018. Yari yarabaye Guverineri wa Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda kandi yari na Ambasaderi w'Urwanda muri United Kingdom, Ireland, na Iceland . 

Claver Gatete yavukiye i Mbarara, muri Uganda ku ya 23 Gicurasi 1962, ari naho yakuriye kandi yiga. Afite Impamyabumenyi ya siyansi mu bukungu bw’ubuhinzi yakuye muri kaminuza y’Ubwongereza ya Columbiya, Vancouver, yahawe mu 1991. Shebuja wa siyansi, no mu bukungu bw’ubuhinzi, yahawe igihembo mu 1993, na kaminuza imwe. 

Amaze kurangiza kaminuza, Gatete yakoraga muri Kanada nk'umukungu mu by'ubukungu hagati ya 1991 na 1997, hanyuma akora nk'umukungu mu by'ubukungu muri gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe iterambere mu Rwanda kugeza mu 2000. 

Mu Kwakira 2001, Gatete yinjiye mu biro bya perezida nk'umuntu uhagarariye perezida muri komite nyobozi ya NEPAD . Yabaye kandi Umuhuzabikorwa w’urwego rw’igihugu rushinzwe gusuzuma urungano rw’Afurika (APRM) ndetse anaba umunyamuryango w’ihuriro ry’ubufatanye muri Afurika rya NEPAD (APF), kugeza mu Gushyingo 2003. 

Mu gihe cy'imyaka ibiri, kuva mu gushyingo 2005, yakoze nka Secretary wa Tresorier,  ibyimari namikoro

Kuva mu Gushyingo 2005 kugeza Ukuboza 2009, Gatete yari ambasaderi w'u Rwanda mu Bwongereza, Irilande na Isilande, mbere yo kwinjira muri Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda nka guverineri wungirije. Yaje kuba Guverineri wa Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda kuva muri Gicurasi 2011, mbere yuko agirwa Minisitiri w’imari. 

Yagizwe Minisitiri w’ibikorwa Remezo muri Mata 2018, asimbuye James Musoni . Yasimbuwe na Minisitiri w’imari w’u Rwanda na Uzziel Ndagijimana . 




#Article 196: Mansa Musa (1487 words)


Musa I ( c. 1280 - c. 1337 ), cyangwa Mansa Musa, yari Mansa wa cumi (bisobanurwa ngo sultan, umutsinzi  cyangwa umwami w' abami      ) w'Ubwami bwa Mali, igihugu cya kisilamu cyo muri Afrika yuburengerazuba. bivugwa ko ariwe muntu wari ukize kurusha abandimuri iyo myaka.

Igihe Musa yima ingoma,Igice kinini cya Mali cyari kigizwe n'ubutaka bw'icyahoze ari ubwami bwa Gana, Mali yari yarigaruriye. Ingoma ya Mali yari igizwe n'ubutaka ubu bugize igice cya Mauritania na leta ya Mali yubu. Ku ngoma ye, Musa yajyize amazina atandukanye y' icyubahiroi, nka Emir wa Melle, Nyir'ibirombe bya Wangara, na Uwigaruriye Ghanata. 

Musa yigaruriye imigi 24, hamwe n'uturere tuyikikije.  Ku ngoma ya Musa, Mali ishobora kuba ari yo yari ifite zahabu nyinshi kwisi, kandi Musa yafatwaga nk'umwe mu bantu babayeho  bakize mu mateka .  Ariko, abanyamakuru bubu nka Time magazine bemeje ko nta gipimo cya nyacyo cyo kubara  ubutunzi bwa Musa. 

Muri rusange Musa azwi nka  Mansa Musa mu nyandiko n'ibitabobyanditswe nabo muburengerazuba bwisi. Izina rye kandi rigaragara nka Kankou Musa, Kankan Musa, na Kanku Musa. Andi mazina yakoreshejwe kuri Musa arimo Mali-Koy Kankan Musa, Gonga Musa, na the lion of Mali.   Yari umurinzi wa siyansi, ubuhanzi, ubuvanganzo n'ubwubatsi kandi ubwami bwateye imbere mu muco ku ngoma ye. 

]
Ibizwi ku bami b'ingoma ya Mali byakuwe mu nyandiko z'intiti z'Abarabu, barimo Al-Umari, Abu-sa'id Uthman ad-Dukkali, Ibin Khaldun, na Ibin Battuta .Kubwa  Ibin-Khaldun amateka yumvikana yabami ba Mali, sekuru wa Mansa Musa yari Abu-Bakr Keita (bihwanye  na Bakari cyangwa Bogari mu cyarabu, ntabwo ari sahabiyy Abu Bakr ), mwishywa wa Sundiata Keita, washinze  Ingoma ya Mali nkuko byaherekanwe mumateka nyemvugo. Abu-Bakr ntabwo yimye ingoma, kandi umuhungu we, se wa Musa, Faga Laye, nta kintu kinini yakoze mu mateka ya Mali . 

Mansa Musa yaje ku ntebe y'ubwami binyuze mu nzira yo gushyiraho uhagararira  umwami yagiye mu rugendo rutagatifu i Maka cyangwa mu kindi gikorwa runaka,nyuma aza kujyirwa uzasimbura umwami. Kubw' amakuru amwe , Musa yagizwe uhagararira  Abubakari Keita II, umwami yasimbuye, bivugwa ko yari yatangiye urugendo rwo gushakisha impera z’inyanja ya Atalantika, kandi ntiyigeze agaruka. Intiti y'Abarabu y' umunyamisiri Al-Umari  yasubiyemo Mansa Musa mu buryo bukurikira:Umutegetsi wambanjirije ntabwo yizeraga ko bidashoboka kugera ku nyanja ikikije isi (bisobanura Atlantike), kandi yashakaga kugera ku mpera zayo kandi akomeza gutsimbarara ku gishushanyo mbonera. Yujuje rero amato magana abiri abantu, andi ayuzuza zahabu, amazi n ibiryo bihagije  mumyaka myinshi. Yategetse umutware (admiral) kutazagaruka kugeza bageze ku mpera z' inyanja, cyangwa bamaze ibyokurya n'amazi. Barajyiye. Bamaze igihe kirekire barabuze, nyuma, ubwato bumwe gusa nibwo bwagarutse. Ku kibazo twabajije, kapiteni yagize ati: 'Gikomangoma, twagenze igihe kirekire, kugeza igihe twabonye hagati munyanja nk'aho uruzi runini rutemba bikabije. Ubwato bwanjye bwari ubwa nyuma; abandi bari imbere yanjye. Uwabaga akigera aho hantu wese , yararohamye ubutagaruka. Nafashe ubwato nsubira inyuma kugira ngo mpunge uyu muhengeri. ' Ariko Sultan ntiyamwizeye. Yategetse amato ibihumbi bibiri kugira ngo amukorere hamwe n'abantu be, n'ibindi byinshi biriomo amazi n'ibiryo. Hanyuma ansigira ububasha igihe adahari, maze ajyana n'abantu be mu rugendo rw'inyanja, ubutagaruka cyangwa ngo atange ikimenyetso cy'ubuzima. Umuhungu wa Musa n'umusimbura, Mansa Magha Keita, na we yagizwe umwungirije mu gihe cy'urugendo rwa Musa. 

Musa yari Umuyisilamu w' ukuri, kandi urugendo rwe i Maka rwamenyekanye cyane muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru no mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati . Kuri Musa, Islamu yari ukwinjira mu muco wo mu burasirazuba bwa Mediterane.  Yamaraga umwanya munini ateza imbere idini mu bwami bwe.

Musa yakoze urugendo rwe hagati ya 1324 na 1325.   Urugendo rwe ngo rwarimo abagabo 60.000, bose bambaye ikoze muri  brocade nu budodo bwo muri perese, barimo abacakara 12.000,  buri wese yatwaye 1.8 kg  cya zahabu, n'abashumba bambaye imyenda y' ubudodo, bitwaje inkoni za zahabu, amafarashi ari kuri gahunda n Ibikapu mu ntoki. Musa yatanze ibikenewe byose muri uwo mutambagiro, agaburira abantu bose ninyamaswa.  Izo nyamaswa zarimo ingamiya 80 buri imwe yatwaraga 23–136 kg bya zahabu. Musa yahaye zahabu abakene yahuye nabo mu nzira. Musa ntabwo yahaye imijyi yanyuzemo mu nzira ijya i Maka gusa, harimo na Cairo na Madina, ahubwo yanagurishije zahabu nkurwibutso. Bivugwa ko buri wa gatanu yubakaga umusigiti . 

Urugendo rwa Musa rwanditswe nababyiboneye benshi mu nzira yacagamo, batangajwe n' ubutunzi bwe n’umutambagiro muremure, kandi izi nyandiko zituruka ahantu hatandukanye, harimo ibinyamakuru, inkuru zo mu kanwa, n'amateka. Birazwi ko Musa yasuye sultan wa Mamluk wo muri Egiputa, Al-Nasir Muhammad, muri Nyakanga 1324.  Kubera kamere ye yo gutanga, kubera gutagaguza cyane no kujyira ubuntu bwinshi kwa Musa byateje igwa ryagaciro ka zahabu mu jyihe cy' imyaka 10. Mu mijyi ya Cairo, Madina, na Maka, iyinjira rya zahabu ku bwinshi  ritunguranye ryatumye ita agaciro cyane. Ibiciro byibicuruzwa nibicuruzwa byarazamutse cyane. Iri kosa Musa yararibonye maze agarutse avuye i Maka, yaka inguzanyo ya  zahabu zose yashoboraga gutwara kubazitzngaga i Cairo ku nyungu yohejuru. Iki nicyo gihe cyonyine cyanditswe mumateka umugabo umwe yagenzuye igiciro cya zahabu muri Mediterane .  Bamwe mu bahanga mu by'amateka  bizera ko Hija yakoze ahanini yari igamije kumenyekanisha igihugu cye cya Mali aho kuba yari ishingiye kukwemera cyane. Kurema ihungabana ry' ubukungu bene ako kajyeni bishobora kuba byarakozwe kubushake. N'ubundi kandi, Cairo niyo yari kwisonga mu gucuruza zahabuyari  (aho abantu bajyaga kugurayo zahabu nyinshi). Kugirango bimurire ayo masoko muri Timbuktu cyangwa Gao, Musa yagombaga kubanza kwica isoko rya zahabu muri Cairo. Musa yatanze  isomo rikomeye ubwo yerekanaga ubutunzi bwigihugu cye. Intego ye yari iyo guteza akajagari kandi yaratsinze cyane muri ibi, ku buryo yishyize hamwe na Mali kuri kwikarita ya catalan yo mu 1375.

Mu rugendo rurerure rwe rwo kugaruka  avuye i Maka mu 1325, Musa yumvise amakuru avuga ko ingabo ze zafashe Gao . Sagmandia, umwe mu bajenerali be, yayoboye icyo gikorwa. Umujyi wa Gao wari mu bwami kuva mbere yingoma ya Sakura kandi wari uwagaciro ku  bucuruzi bw' inyeshyamba. Musa yasubiye inyuma asura umujyi aho yacyiriye agafata bugwate, abahungu bombi b'umwami wa Gao, Ali Kolon na Suleiman Nar. Yagarutse i Niani ari kumwe n'abahungu bombi nyuma abigishiriza mu rukiko rwe. Mansa Musa agarutse, yagarukanye intiti nyinshi n’abarabu nabubatsi. 

Musa yatangiye gahunda nini yo kubaka, azamura imisigiti na madrase muri Timbuktu na Gao. Izwi cyane, ikigo cya kera cyo kwiga Sankore Madrasah (cyangwa kaminuza ya Sankore) cyubatswe ku ngoma ye.

I Niani, Musa yubatse Inzu yo kwakiriramo abaturage be, inyubako yahuraga n'umuryango w'imbere ugana ibwami. Yari Inyubak yagatangaza, yari fite agasongero kuruziga rutasteho imirongo ya cyarabu yamabara meza. Amadirishya  yimbaho yamagorofa yo hejuru yashizwemo ifeza; iz'amagorofa yo hasi ashyirwaho zahabu. Kimwe n'umusigiti munini, inyubako igezweho kandi ikomeye muri Timbuktu, Inzu yubatswe n'amabuye.

Muri kiriya gihe, hari urwego rwateye imbere rwimijyi  mu bice bikuru bya Mali. Sergio Domian, intiti mu byubujyeni n’ubwubatsi wumu Butaliyani, yanditse kuri icyo gihe: Nguko uko hashyizweho urufatiro rw’umuco wo mu mijyi. Kugasongero kubuhangange bwayo, Mali yari ifite nibura imigi 400, kandi imbere muri Delta ya Nigeriya yari ituwe cyane.  

Byanditswe ko Mansa Musa yazengurutse imigi ya Timbuktu na Gao yerekeza i Maka, maze abagira igice cy'ingoma ye ubwo yagarukaga ahagana mu 1325. Yazanye abubatsi baturutse muri Andalusiya, agace ko muri Espanye, na Cairo kugira ngo bubake ingoro ye nini i Timbuktu n'umusigiti ukomeye wa Djinguereber na n'ubu ujyihari. 

Timbuktu yahise ihinduka icyanya cy'ubucuruzi, umuco, n'ubuyisilamu; amasoko yazanye abacuruzi baturutse muri Hausaland, mu Misiri, no mu bundi bwami bwa Afurika, hashyizweho kaminuza muri uyu mujyi (ndetse no mu mijyi ya Djenné na Ségou ), kandi Islamu yakwirakwijwe mu masoko na kaminuza, byagize Timbuktu  agace gashya kabahabwaga inkuga zo kwiga ubuyisilamu.  Amakuru y’umujyi w’ubutunzi bw’ingoma ya Mali yambutse inyanja ya Mediterane yerekeza mu majyepfo y’Uburayi, aho abacuruzi baturutse muri Venise, Granada, na Genoa bidatinze bongera Timbuktu ku ikarita yabo kugira ngo bacuruze ibikoresho mo zahabu. 

Kaminuza ya Sankore muri Timbuktu yagaruwe ku ngoma ya Musa hamwe n'abahanga mu by'amategeko, abahanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere, n'imibare.  Iyi kaminuza yabaye ikigo cy’imyigire n’umuco, ikurura intiti z’abayisilamu baturutse muri Afurika no mu burasirazuba bwo hagati i Timbuktu.

Mu 1330, ubwami bwa Mossi bwateye kandi bwigarurira umujyi wa Timbuktu. Gao yari yaraamaze gufatwa n'umujenerali wa Musa, maze Musa ahita agarura Timbuktu, yubaka urukuta rw'amabuye , maze ashyiraho ingabo zihagaze kugira ngo arinde umujyi abawutera. 

Mu gihe ingoro ya Musa yazimye, kaminuza n'umusigiti biracyahagaze i Timbuktu.

Ku mpera z' ingoma ya Mansa Musa, kaminuza ya Sankoré yari yarahindutse  kaminuza ifite abakozi benshi, ifite ibitabo byinshi muri Afurika kuva kw' Isomero rya Alegizandiriya . Kaminuza ya Sankoré yari ifite ubushobozi bwo kwakira abanyeshuri 25.000 kandi ifite imwe mu masomero manini ku isi ifite inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki zigera ku 1.000.000.  

Itariki y'urupfu rwa Mansa Musa iracyashidikanwaho cyane mu banyamateka ba none n'intiti z'Abarabu banditse amateka ya Mali. Ugereranije n'ingoma z'abamusimbuye, umuhungu we Mansa Maghan (amategeko yanditse ko yayoboye kuva mu 1337 kugeza mu wa 1341) na mukuru we Mansa Suleyman (wayoboye kuva mu 1341 kugeza mu wa 1360), nibyanditse mu myaka 25 y'ubutegetsi bwa Musa, itariki yabazwe y'urupfu ni 1337.  Izindi nyandiko zivuga ko Musa yateguye kuva ku ngoma akayisigira umuhungu we Maghan, ariko apfa nyuma gato yo kuva i Maka mu 1325.  Dukurikije inkuru yanditswe na Ibin-Khaldun, Mansa Musa yari muzima igihe umujyi wa Tlemcen muri Alijeriya watsindwaga mu 1337, kuko yohereje umuhagarariye muri Alijeriya gushimira abatsinze.  




#Article 197: Agnes Binagwaho (663 words)


Dr. Agnes Binagwaho ni umuganga w’abana mu Rwanda, ubu akaba ari Umuyobozi wungirije wa University of Global Health and Equity(UGHE). Kuva mu 1996, yagiye yita ku mavuriro mu nzego za Leta ndetse anayobora imishinga myinshi, imicungire y’inzego z'ubuzima, ndetse yakoze ku myanya itandukanye muri Leta, yabaye umunyamabanga uhoraho wa  kuva mu Kwakira 2008 kugeza Gicurasi 2011, na Minisitiri w’ubuzima kuva muri Gicurasi 2011 kugeza Nyakanga 2016.  Muri Nzeri 2016, yagizwe Umwarimu mukuru ushinzwe gutanga ubuzima ku isi muri University of Global Health and Equity(UGHE) i Kigali, mu Rwanda, naho muri Mata 2017, agirwa umuyobozi wungirije wa UGHE akaba n’umuyobozi mukuru. Kuri ubu atuye i Kigali Yakoze kandi mu Nama Mpuzamahanga Ngishwanama ku Kigo cy’Ikigo cy’Ubuzima Bw’Ubuzima ku Isi muri Imperial College London   Byongeye kandi, yakoraga na Komite Ngishwanama mu bagize komite ishinzwe kurwanya indwara 3 ( DCP3 ).  

Kuva mu 2001 kugeza 2005, yanagize umwanya wo kuba Umuyobozi w’Umuryango w’abibumbye  Task Force y’intego z'ikinyagihumbi  Umushinga wa VIH / SIDA no kubona imiti y'ingenzi, iyobowe na Jeffrey Sachs ku munyamabanga. Jenerali w'Umuryango w'Abibumbye . 

Binagwaho yatangiye ubuvuzi bwe mu Bubiligi no mu Bufaransa, ari naho yarangirije amashuri ye y'ubuvuzi. Yinzobere mu kuvura abana, ubuvuzi bwihutirwa, no kuvura virusi itera SIDA ku bana ndetse n'abantu bakuru. Yakoraga cyane muri neonatology, maze agarutse mu Rwanda mu 1996, akora ivuriro mu bitaro bya Leta imyaka ine. 

Yibanze ku bushakashatsi mu masangano y’ubuzima, imibereho myiza, na politiki, ubushakashatsi bwe n’ibitabo bigamije kunoza uburyo bwo gukumira, kwita no kuvura virusi itera SIDA n'izindi ndwara. Binagwaho yavuze kenshi ku ruhare rukomeye ubushakashatsi bwagize mu kuzamura ubuzima mu gihugu cye.  Araharanira cyane uburenganzira bw'abana n'uburinganire mu Rwanda ndetse no ku isi hose. Ari mu ntera yo kurwanya virusi itera SIDA, kandi aharanira gukwirakwiza uburyo bw’ubushakashatsi bwashyizwe mu bikorwa kugira ngo habeho ingamba zo kugabanya no gukuraho umutwaro w’indwara. Impamyabumenyi ye ya PhD yibanze ku isesengura ry’amahirwe yabuze abana banduye virusi itera sida kugira ngo bagere ku burenganzira bwabo ku buzima.  

Mu mwaka wa 2010, mu nshingano ze nka Minisitiri w’ubuzima, Binagwaho yatangije gahunda y’igihugu yo gukingiza abana HPV - virusi ya papilloma y’abantu itera hafi kanseri zose z’inkondo y'umura.  Gahunda yageze ku gipimo kirenga 95 ku ijana muri 2012. 

Yavuze kandi ko ari ngombwa kongera gutekereza ku iherezo ry’ubuzima kugira ngo abantu bapfire mu cyubahiro. Mu nama mpuzamahanga yabereye i Salzburg, yagize ati: Kugira ngo tubigereho, tugomba kugira ibiganiro mpaka ku rwego rw’igihugu, iyobowe n’abayobozi b’umwuka n’umuryango, kandi tugomba no kwigisha abaganga bose kubaha urupfu no kureka kubitinya. ”  

Muri 2013, Binagwaho yatanze ikiganiro cya kaminuza ya Londere ya Lancet. Mu mwaka wa 2015, yabaye umunyacyubahiro David E. Barmes Umwarimu w’ubuzima ku isi  abinyujije mu kigo cy’igihugu cy’ubuzima anatanga ikiganiro, David E. Barmes Inyigisho z’ubuzima ku isi: Ubushakashatsi mu buvuzi n’ubushobozi bw’iterambere: Uburambe mu Rwanda.   Ibirori ngarukamwaka bihesha icyubahiro nyakwigendera Dr. Barmes, umuganga w’amenyo w’ubuzima rusange akaba n’umuganga w’indwara z’ibyorezo witangiye umwuga we mu gukora ubushakashatsi bugamije guteza imbere ubuzima mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. 

Muri 2015, yahawe ibihembo bibiri: Igihembo cya Roux 2015  abinyujije mu kigo cy’ubuzima n’ubushakashatsi bw’ubuzima (IHME) kubera ko yakoresheje imibare y’ubushakashatsi bw’indwara ku isi kugira ngo agabanye impfu z’abana mu Rwanda,  na Ronald McDonald Inzu y'Ubugiraneza Inzu y'indashyikirwa kubera uruhare yagize mu kuzamura ubuzima bw'abana.  Yamenyekanye mu bagore 100 bakomeye bo muri Afurika bakomeye muri 2020.  

Binagwaho yasohoye ingingo zirenga  hamwe nibice byibitabo. 

Mu Kwakira 2011, Binagwaho yatangije ibiganiro kuri interineti abinyujije kuri Twitter ku ngingo zijyanye na politiki y’ubuzima ku isi ndetse n’urwego rw’ubuzima mu Rwanda.  Abakoresha urubuga rwa Twitter baturutse mu Rwanda ndetse no ku isi bose bifatanije na we mu biganiro byombi ku ngingo nka politiki yo kuboneza urubyaro muri Afurika, kubaka urwego rw’ubuzima rw’igihugu, gushyiraho inkingo nshya, politiki z’inzego zinyuranye zo kurwanya imirire mibi, kurwanya imiti idahwitse n’imiti mpimbano, na uruhare rwibigo byigihugu ndetse n’amahanga mubuzima bwisi yose ukoresheje hashtag #MinisterMondays. Mu Ukuboza 2011, akaba bufatanye na Rwanda-American ICT sosiyete  kwemerera Abanyarwanda batari kubona interineti kugira uruhare ibibazo no comments to ibiganiro #MinisterMondays kuri SMS.  

Ushinzwe amasomo: 

Umuntu ku giti cye:




#Article 198: Umugabekazi (204 words)


Umugabekazi ni inyito yitwaga nyina w'Umwami.

Umugabekazi (izina mu Cyongereza a Queen mother or a dowager queen)

Ubutegetsi bw'ingoma ya cyami mu Rwanda rwo hambere bwari bushingiye k'umwami ariwe nyir'igihugu ariko bukagenda bugira izindi nzego cyangwa abandi bantu batandukanye bagendaga bafasha cyangwa se bunganiraga Umwami uri ku ngomba mu buryo butandukanye.

Amatwara y'Ingoma-Ngabe aboneka mu bwiru; yavugaga ko iyo umwami yimaga, yimanaga na nyina, umwana akaba umwami w'igihugu, undi akaba umugabekazi wacyo, Umugabekazi akaba yaranganyaga ububasha n'Umwami. ibyemezo byose biyobora igihugu bakabifatira hamwe, ariko nanone nubwo amahame ya cyami yavugaga ko abagore bose ari ab'Umwami, ntibishaka kuvugako umugore w'Umwami wese umugabekazi. Umwami yagiraga Umwamikazi umwe, abandi bakaba inshoreke. bityo rero umwamikazi yagiraga aho akomoka akaba ari nawe uzaba umugabekazi, agategekana n'umuhungu we igihe Umwami yabaga 

Amateka agaragaza ko kuva Gihanga yahanga ingoma nyiginya y'I Gasabo, aha ndavuga ahasaga mu w'1090 kugeza mu w'1124, Abamikazi ari nabo bavagamo abagabekazi bagiraga imiryango n'ubwoko bakomokagamo. umuryango bakomokagamo witwaga IBIBANDA. ibibanda bwari ubwoko bubyara abagabekazi

Umugabekazi yabaga afite ububasha mu gufata ibyemezo, ubwo bubasha yabugiraga nyuma yuko umuhungu we yimye Ingoma akaba umwami. kuko mugihe yabaga ari Umwamikazi yaherekezaga umwami mu birori cyangwa mu butumire butandukanye ari ntabyemezo ashobora kugiramo uruhare kugeza Umwami atanze umuhungu we akima Ingoma.




#Article 199: Uburinganire bw'ibitsina byombi mu Rwanda (1298 words)


Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2018, igihugu cy'Afurika cy'u Rwanda kiza mu bihugu 5 bya mbere mu buringanire . Igitekerezo cy'uburinganire bwiganje muri iki gihugu cyavutse nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yabaye mu 1994. Leta yiyemeje kubungabunga uburenganzira bungana bwabagore n'abagabo bitabangamiye amahame y'uburinganire no kuzuzanya mu iterambere ry'igihugu. Ibi bitekerezo bigaragazwa binyuze mu ruhare rw’abagore b’u Rwanda muri guverinoma, kubahiriza uburezi bw’umugore n’uruhare rw’umugore mu buvuzi bw’u Rwanda. Iki gihugu kandi cyafashe ingamba zihamye zo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina muri jenoside, rishyiraho gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu nyuma y'Umwanzuro w'Umuryango w'Abibumbye 1325, kandi uharanira ko ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rirangira.

Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yashyizweho kugira nibura 30 ku ijana by'abadepite babe abagore. Mu nteko ishinga amategeko ya 80, abanyamuryango 46 bari igitsina gore mu 2003. Muri guverinoma y'u Rwanda, harimo Minisiteri y'Uburinganire n'Iterambere ry'Umuryango, ibiro bishinzwe kugenzura uburinganire, ndetse no kwiyemeza ingengo y’imari ishingiye ku gitsina iteza imbere uburinganire.  Guverinoma ishyigikiye gahunda nka Women for Women International Rwanda, yibanda ku bagore b'igihugu kwigenga mu bukungu. Guverinoma kandi yateje imbere uburinganire mu Rwanda ikoresheje Minisiteri y’uburinganire n’iterambere ry’umuryango. Mu mpinduka imwe ikomeye, abagore bahawe uburenganzira bumwe n’abagabo bwo kuzungura ubutaka no mu bindi bintu nko mu myanya imwe n'imwe ya leta, mu gisirikare, no mu burezi. 

Gufata ku ngufu byakoreshejwe muri jenoside yo mu Rwanda n’abagabo b’Abahutu kugira ngo babone imbaraga no kugenzura abagore b’abatutsi. Iki gikorwa ndetse cyatewe inkunga n'abayobozi nk'intwaro y'intambara. Minisitiri w’abahutu w’umuryango n’ibibazo by’umugore mu Rwanda, Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, yashishikarije abagabo b’Abahutu mu kuboneza urubyaro hagamijwe gufata ku ngufu. Mu magambo ya Nyiramasuhuko yagize ati: Mbere yo kwica abo bagore, ugomba kubasambanya ku gahato. 

Umuryango w’abibumbye uvuga ko abagore bagera ku 250.000 kugeza 500.000 bafashwe ku ngufu mu gihe cya jenoside. Iyi mibare irashobora kuba yoroheje mugihe urebye ipfunwe rishingiye ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu Rwanda. Igihe u Rwanda rwatangiraga gutunganya ibyaha byakozwe mu gihe cya jenoside, amategeko y'u Rwanda yashyize mu majwi gufata ku ngufu nk'icyaha cya kane. Iki cyiciro gisa nuburemere bwo kwiba umutungo, utitaye ku ihungabana rikomeye aba bagore bashobora kuba bafite. Ushinzwe imibereho myiza y'abaturage Godeliève Mukasarasi yamenye ako karengane maze akoranya abarokotse ku ngufu muri jenoside kugira ngo batange ubuhamya bwabo mu Nteko. Ibikorwa bya Mukasarasi byemereye abadepite kubona ubukana bwo gufata ku ngufu mu ntambara na jenoside. Abashingamateka bo mu Rwanda bahinduye iki gikorwa mu mategeko ya jenoside bava mu cyiciro cya kane bagihindura icyaha cyo mu cyiciro cya mbere. Icyiciro cya mbere kingana no kwica umuntu kugirango akomeze impamvu za jenoside. Kwemeza ko gufata ku ngufu ari intwaro muri jenoside bishimangira iterambere ry’igihugu mu buringanire.

Godelieve Mukasarasi yatangije kandi gahunda yiswe SEVOTA yo gufasha abagore n'abana bagezweho ningaruka zo gufatwa ku ngufu muri jenoside binyuze mu ihahamuka. SEVOTA isobanura Ubufatanye bwo Kubabara kw'abapfakazi n'imfubyi bigamije Akazi no Kwiteza imbere. Porogaramu ye ikoresha ubuhanzi nubusabane bwitsinda rito kugirango ifashe abagore nabana gusangira ubunararibonye no guca ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. Iyi gahunda kandi ifasha gushyiraho umubano hagati yabana bavutse kubera gufatwa kungufu muri jenoside na ba nyina. SEVOTA iha abategarugori n’abacitse ku icumu ibikoresho byo kuvuga ku ngufu n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, ikora kugira ngo ikureho isoni z’abaturage no kuzana imbaraga. 

Umuryango w’abibumbye wasohoye Icyemezo 1325 mu 2000 kugira ngo hemezwe ubwitange bwabo ku buringanire mpuzamahanga. Iyi nyandiko yakozwe nyuma y’amahano ya jenoside yo mu Rwanda kandi yibanda ku buryo ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ryagize uruhare mu makimbirane.  Umwanzuro 1325 werekana cyane cyane uburyo ihohoterwa nka jenoside ribabaza cyane abagore n’abana. Aba bagore baba mu bihugu birimo amakimbirane nabo bagomba kugira uruhare runini mubikorwa byo guhosha umutekano. Umwanzuro urasobanura uburyo abagore bakeneye kugira ijambo rigaragara muri guverinoma zabo, bakwiriye kurindwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no gufata ku ngufu, bakeneye kurengerwa n’amategeko ku bitero bishingiye ku gitsina, kandi bagomba guhabwa uruhare muri gahunda z’ubutabazi bwihutirwa. Ibihugu byinshi byashyize mu bikorwa Icyemezo 1325 binyuze muri gahunda z’igihugu ziyemeje guhagarika ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. U Rwanda rwashyize mu bikorwa umwanzuro 1325 mu mwaka wa 2010 hagamijwe guca ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. Gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu yanakoze ku mibanire y'abagabo n'abagore nyuma ya jenoside no kubyara ubukungu burambye ku bagore mu gihugu hose. Hariho ugushidikanya ku buryo Umwanzuro 1325 ugira ingaruka ku bagore baba mu turere tutishora muri politiki izwi cyane. Intsinzi yapimwe muri gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu ntabwo yagize ibisubizo bifatika bifitanye isano nicyemezo. 

U Rwanda rwateje imbere uburezi bw'abakobwa kuva jenoside yabaye. Mu 2004, Task Force ishinzwe uburezi bw’abakobwa (GETF) yashinzwe muri minisiteri y’uburezi hagamijwe guteza imbere uburezi ku bakobwa bakiri bato. Hashyizweho gahunda zo gufasha kwigisha abagore bashobora kuba barigeze kuba barangije amashuri kandi bikabemerera kwiga amashuri bangiwe.  Izi gahunda zuburinganire mu burezi ntabwo ari iz'abakobwa gusa nubwo; gahunda zashyizwe mu bikorwa zemerera abahungu n’abakobwa kuganira ku burezi bw’umugore. Ikigo cya Aikiah nicyo kigo cya mbere cy’abagore bose mu Rwanda kandi gishyigikira uburinganire hagati y’uburinganire bw'umugore n’umugabo bategura abanyeshuri babo kuba ejo hazaza h’igihugu. 

U Rwanda rwagize impinduka nyinshi mu guteza imbere uburinganire kuri bose, hamwe n’icyiciro kimwe bakoze kugira ngo bateze imbere ubuvuzi . Malariya, agakoko gatera SIDA na kolera byigeze kugaragara mu Rwanda. Icyakora, kuva itsembabwoko ryabaye mu 1994, u Rwanda rukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo ibintu bishoboke. Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yafatanije na Harvard's Public In Health ndetse n'umuvugizi w’ubuzima ku isi Paul Farmer . Hamwe niyi nkunga, guverinoma yu Rwanda yongeye gushyiraho gahunda y’ubuzima.  Guteza imbere ubuzima bw’umugore byayobowe na minisitiri w’ubuzima mu Rwanda, Agnes Binagwaho . Binagwaho yashimangiye uburinganire muri gahunda y’ubuzima aharanira ko abakobwa bakiri bato bahabwa urukingo rwa HPV Byongeye kandi, u Rwanda rumwe rw’umuryango w’abibumbye ruyobora amatsinda y’ibiganiro ku buzima bw’imyororokere ndetse no kuringaniza imbyaro kugira ngo bigishe abagore bo muri kaminuza ibijyanye n’ubuzima. 

N'ubwo u Rwanda rwemeje itegeko ku  gufatwa ku ngufu kwabashakanye mu 2009, haracyari akazi ko guhagarika ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu gihugu. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2015, 21 ku ijana by'abagore bo mu Rwanda bahuye n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no mu mibonano mpuzabitsina mu gihe cy’amezi 12. Iyi mibare iracyari intambwe nini kuva igihe umubare munini wabagore bafashwe kungufu mugihe cya jenoside.  Hashyizweho imiryango nk’Urugaga rw’Abagore mu Rwanda mu rwego rwo gufasha kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. 

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na BioMed Central burasesengura igipimo cy’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa mu Rwanda nyuma ya jenoside, cyane cyane mu myaka ya 2005 na 2010. Muri iki gihe, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina risobanurwa nk’ihohoterwa ry’umubiri, amarangamutima, imitekerereze, cyangwa igitsina mu mibanire. Nk’uko bitangazwa na BioMed Central, 34 ku ijana by'abagore bo mu Rwanda bavuga ko bari bafitanye umubano kandi bakarokoka ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu 2005. Uyu mubare wazamutse ugera kuri 56 ku ijana mu 2010. Uku kwiyongera gushobora guterwa no kugabanya agasuzuguro ku bijyanye n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa mu Rwanda. Abagore bumva bamerewe neza mugihe basangira ibyababayeho. Byongeye kandi, abayobozi ba politiki b’abagore biyongereye cyane nyuma ya jenoside yabaye mu 2003, bivuguruza uruhare rw’uburinganire mu gihugu hose. BioMed Central yasanze kandi umubare w’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ry’abafatanyabikorwa ryashoboraga kwiyongera bitewe n’umubare ugaragara w’abagore bakomeye muri societe yu Rwanda. Izi nyigisho zombi zerekana ihinduka rito mu mahame mbonezamubano yerekeye ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. 

Ubundi bushakashatsi bwakozwe n'abashakashatsi bo mu mashami muri kaminuza y'u Rwanda, Kigali, kaminuza ya Umeå, Suwede, na kaminuza ya Gothenburg, muri Suwede, bwakoze iperereza ku ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa ba hafi mu Rwanda. Aya makuru yerekana ko nubwo leta yu Rwanda yafashe icyemezo cyo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ry’abafatanyabikorwa, amahame mbonezamubano ku bagore yari agihuye n’inshingano gakondo zishingiye ku gitsina. Izi ngingo zinyuranye zagize ingaruka ku buryo abagore bakoresha umutungo igihe bahuye n’ihohoterwa. Ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza kandi ko kurandura burundu ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, impinduka zigomba kuva mu muryango w’u Rwanda kimwe na politiki yashyizwe mu bikorwa. 

Abagore bo mu Rwanda na bo bagiye gukora kugira ngo icyuho cy’imishahara gishingiye ku gitsina kiveho. Mu 2018, Abanyarwanda binjiza amafaranga mirongo inani n'umunani ugereranyije  n'idorari ry'umugabo,  Ibi bigashyira u Rwanda ku mwanya wa 25 mu buringanire bw’ubukungu hagati y’uburinganire. 




#Article 200: Uburinganire mu Rwanda (1298 words)


Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2018, igihugu cy'Afurika cy'u Rwanda kiza mu bihugu 5 bya mbere mu buringanire . Igitekerezo cy'uburinganire bwiganje muri iki gihugu cyavutse nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yabaye mu 1994. Leta yiyemeje kubungabunga uburenganzira bungana bwabagore n'abagabo bitabangamiye amahame y'uburinganire no kuzuzanya mu iterambere ry'igihugu.  Ibi bitekerezo bigaragazwa binyuze mu ruhare rw’abagore b’u Rwanda muri guverinoma, kubahiriza uburezi bw’umugore n’uruhare rw’umugore mu buvuzi bw’u Rwanda. Iki gihugu kandi cyafashe ingamba zihamye zo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina muri jenoside, rishyiraho gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu nyuma y'Umwanzuro w'Umuryango w'Abibumbye 1325, kandi uharanira ko ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rirangira.

Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yashyizweho kugira nibura 30 ku ijana by'abadepite babe abagore. Mu nteko ishinga amategeko ya 80, abanyamuryango 46 bari igitsina gore mu 2003. Muri guverinoma y'u Rwanda, harimo Minisiteri y'Uburinganire n'Iterambere ry'Umuryango, ibiro bishinzwe kugenzura uburinganire, ndetse no kwiyemeza ingengo y’imari ishingiye ku gitsina iteza imbere uburinganire.  Guverinoma ishyigikiye gahunda nka Women for Women International Rwanda, yibanda ku bagore b'igihugu kwigenga mu bukungu. Guverinoma kandi yateje imbere uburinganire mu Rwanda ikoresheje Minisiteri y’uburinganire n’iterambere ry’umuryango. Mu mpinduka imwe ikomeye, abagore bahawe uburenganzira bumwe n’abagabo bwo kuzungura ubutaka no mu bindi bintu nko mu myanya imwe n'imwe ya leta, mu gisirikare, no mu burezi. 

Gufata ku ngufu byakoreshejwe muri jenoside yo mu Rwanda n’abagabo b’Abahutu kugira ngo babone imbaraga no kugenzura abagore b’abatutsi. Iki gikorwa ndetse cyatewe inkunga n'abayobozi nk'intwaro y'intambara. Minisitiri w’abahutu w’umuryango n’ibibazo by’umugore mu Rwanda, Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, yashishikarije abagabo b’Abahutu mu kuboneza urubyaro hagamijwe gufata ku ngufu. Mu magambo ya Nyiramasuhuko yagize ati: Mbere yo kwica abo bagore, ugomba kubasambanya ku gahato. 

Umuryango w’abibumbye uvuga ko abagore bagera ku 250.000 kugeza 500.000 bafashwe ku ngufu mu gihe cya jenoside. Iyi mibare irashobora kuba yoroheje mugihe urebye ipfunwe rishingiye ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu Rwanda. Igihe u Rwanda rwatangiraga gutunganya ibyaha byakozwe mu gihe cya jenoside, amategeko y'u Rwanda yashyize mu majwi gufata ku ngufu nk'icyaha cya kane. Iki cyiciro gisa nuburemere bwo kwiba umutungo, utitaye ku ihungabana rikomeye aba bagore bashobora kuba bafite. Ushinzwe imibereho myiza y'abaturage Godeliève Mukasarasi yamenye ako karengane maze akoranya abarokotse ku ngufu muri jenoside kugira ngo batange ubuhamya bwabo mu Nteko. Ibikorwa bya Mukasarasi byemereye abadepite kubona ubukana bwo gufata ku ngufu mu ntambara na jenoside. Abashingamateka bo mu Rwanda bahinduye iki gikorwa mu mategeko ya jenoside bava mu cyiciro cya kane bagihindura icyaha cyo mu cyiciro cya mbere. Icyiciro cya mbere kingana no kwica umuntu kugirango akomeze impamvu za jenoside. Kwemeza ko gufata ku ngufu ari intwaro muri jenoside bishimangira iterambere ry’igihugu mu buringanire.

Godelieve Mukasarasi yatangije kandi gahunda yiswe SEVOTA yo gufasha abagore n'abana bagezweho ningaruka zo gufatwa ku ngufu muri jenoside binyuze mu ihahamuka. SEVOTA isobanura Ubufatanye bwo Kubabara kw'abapfakazi n'imfubyi bigamije Akazi no Kwiteza imbere. Porogaramu ye ikoresha ubuhanzi nubusabane bwitsinda rito kugirango ifashe abagore nabana gusangira ubunararibonye no guca ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. Iyi gahunda kandi ifasha gushyiraho umubano hagati yabana bavutse kubera gufatwa kungufu muri jenoside na ba nyina. SEVOTA iha abategarugori n’abacitse ku icumu ibikoresho byo kuvuga ku ngufu n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, ikora kugira ngo ikureho isoni z’abaturage no kuzana imbaraga. 

Umuryango w’abibumbye wasohoye Icyemezo 1325 mu 2000 kugira ngo hemezwe ubwitange bwabo ku buringanire mpuzamahanga. Iyi nyandiko yakozwe nyuma y’amahano ya jenoside yo mu Rwanda kandi yibanda ku buryo ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ryagize uruhare mu makimbirane.  Umwanzuro 1325 werekana cyane cyane uburyo ihohoterwa nka jenoside ribabaza cyane abagore n’abana. Aba bagore baba mu bihugu birimo amakimbirane nabo bagomba kugira uruhare runini mubikorwa byo guhosha umutekano. Umwanzuro urasobanura uburyo abagore bakeneye kugira ijambo rigaragara muri guverinoma zabo, bakwiriye kurindwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no gufata ku ngufu, bakeneye kurengerwa n’amategeko ku bitero bishingiye ku gitsina, kandi bagomba guhabwa uruhare muri gahunda z’ubutabazi bwihutirwa. Ibihugu byinshi byashyize mu bikorwa Icyemezo 1325 binyuze muri gahunda z’igihugu ziyemeje guhagarika ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. U Rwanda rwashyize mu bikorwa umwanzuro 1325 mu mwaka wa 2010 hagamijwe guca ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. Gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu yanakoze ku mibanire y'abagabo n'abagore nyuma ya jenoside no kubyara ubukungu burambye ku bagore mu gihugu hose. Hariho ugushidikanya ku buryo Umwanzuro 1325 ugira ingaruka ku bagore baba mu turere tutishora muri politiki izwi cyane. Intsinzi yapimwe muri gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu ntabwo yagize ibisubizo bifatika bifitanye isano nicyemezo. 

U Rwanda rwateje imbere uburezi bw'abakobwa kuva jenoside yabaye. Mu 2004, Task Force ishinzwe uburezi bw’abakobwa (GETF) yashinzwe muri minisiteri y’uburezi hagamijwe guteza imbere uburezi ku bakobwa bakiri bato. Hashyizweho gahunda zo gufasha kwigisha abagore bashobora kuba barigeze kuba barangije amashuri kandi bikabemerera kwiga amashuri bangiwe.  Izi gahunda zuburinganire mu burezi ntabwo ari iz'abakobwa gusa nubwo; gahunda zashyizwe mu bikorwa zemerera abahungu n’abakobwa kuganira ku burezi bw’umugore. Ikigo cya Aikiah nicyo kigo cya mbere cy’abagore bose mu Rwanda kandi gishyigikira uburinganire hagati y’uburinganire bw'umugore n’umugabo bategura abanyeshuri babo kuba ejo hazaza h’igihugu. 

U Rwanda rwagize impinduka nyinshi mu guteza imbere uburinganire kuri bose, hamwe n’icyiciro kimwe bakoze kugira ngo bateze imbere ubuvuzi . Malariya, agakoko gatera SIDA na kolera byigeze kugaragara mu Rwanda. Icyakora, kuva itsembabwoko ryabaye mu 1994, u Rwanda rukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo ibintu bishoboke. Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yafatanije na Harvard's Public In Health ndetse n'umuvugizi w’ubuzima ku isi Paul Farmer . Hamwe niyi nkunga, guverinoma yu Rwanda yongeye gushyiraho gahunda y’ubuzima.  Guteza imbere ubuzima bw’umugore byayobowe na minisitiri w’ubuzima mu Rwanda, Agnes Binagwaho . Binagwaho yashimangiye uburinganire muri gahunda y’ubuzima aharanira ko abakobwa bakiri bato bahabwa urukingo rwa HPV Byongeye kandi, u Rwanda rumwe rw’umuryango w’abibumbye ruyobora amatsinda y’ibiganiro ku buzima bw’imyororokere ndetse no kuringaniza imbyaro kugira ngo bigishe abagore bo muri kaminuza ibijyanye n’ubuzima. 

N'ubwo u Rwanda rwemeje itegeko ku  gufatwa ku ngufu kwabashakanye mu 2009, haracyari akazi ko guhagarika ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu gihugu. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2015, 21 ku ijana by'abagore bo mu Rwanda bahuye n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no mu mibonano mpuzabitsina mu gihe cy’amezi 12. Iyi mibare iracyari intambwe nini kuva igihe umubare munini wabagore bafashwe kungufu mugihe cya jenoside.  Hashyizweho imiryango nk’Urugaga rw’Abagore mu Rwanda mu rwego rwo gufasha kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. 

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na BioMed Central burasesengura igipimo cy’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa mu Rwanda nyuma ya jenoside, cyane cyane mu myaka ya 2005 na 2010. Muri iki gihe, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina risobanurwa nk’ihohoterwa ry’umubiri, amarangamutima, imitekerereze, cyangwa igitsina mu mibanire. Nk’uko bitangazwa na BioMed Central, 34 ku ijana by'abagore bo mu Rwanda bavuga ko bari bafitanye umubano kandi bakarokoka ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu 2005. Uyu mubare wazamutse ugera kuri 56 ku ijana mu 2010. Uku kwiyongera gushobora guterwa no kugabanya agasuzuguro ku bijyanye n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa mu Rwanda. Abagore bumva bamerewe neza mugihe basangira ibyababayeho. Byongeye kandi, abayobozi ba politiki b’abagore biyongereye cyane nyuma ya jenoside yabaye mu 2003, bivuguruza uruhare rw’uburinganire mu gihugu hose. BioMed Central yasanze kandi umubare w’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ry’abafatanyabikorwa ryashoboraga kwiyongera bitewe n’umubare ugaragara w’abagore bakomeye muri societe yu Rwanda. Izi nyigisho zombi zerekana ihinduka rito mu mahame mbonezamubano yerekeye ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. 

Ubundi bushakashatsi bwakozwe n'abashakashatsi bo mu mashami muri kaminuza y'u Rwanda, Kigali, kaminuza ya Umeå, Suwede, na kaminuza ya Gothenburg, muri Suwede, bwakoze iperereza ku ihohoterwa rikorerwa abafatanyabikorwa ba hafi mu Rwanda. Aya makuru yerekana ko nubwo leta yu Rwanda yafashe icyemezo cyo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina ry’abafatanyabikorwa, amahame mbonezamubano ku bagore yari agihuye n’inshingano gakondo zishingiye ku gitsina. Izi ngingo zinyuranye zagize ingaruka ku buryo abagore bakoresha umutungo igihe bahuye n’ihohoterwa. Ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza kandi ko kurandura burundu ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, impinduka zigomba kuva mu muryango w’u Rwanda kimwe na politiki yashyizwe mu bikorwa. 

Abagore bo mu Rwanda na bo bagiye gukora kugira ngo icyuho cy’imishahara gishingiye ku gitsina kiveho. Mu 2018, Abanyarwanda binjiza amafaranga mirongo inani n'umunani ugereranyije  n'idorari ry'umugabo,  Ibi bigashyira u Rwanda ku mwanya wa 25 mu buringanire bw’ubukungu hagati y’uburinganire. 




#Article 201: INCAMARENGA ZISOBANUYE (1835 words)


Umuntu aca amarenga ashaka kubwira uwo baziranye, icyo adashaka kubwira abamwumva bose. Ashobora kwita umuntu giti mu jisho 'kariharya'nayandi mazina.Iyo begeranye ashobora kumucinya icyara cyangwa se akamukandagira.

Iri jambo umuntu aribwira undi ari nk'aho yamubajije uruendo arimo aho ruzamugeza. ukubajije iri jambo umubwira aho uvuye n\aho ugiye n'ikikujyanye iyo ari ngombwa ko ukimumenyesh. Iri jambo uribwira uwo mureshya cyangwa uwo uruta, ntiwaribwira uwo ukwiye gutinya.

Umuntu bita agacuma k'amagambo baba bamunegura uburondogozi n'ubuzimuzi. uriya muntu ntiwamubitsa ibanga ni agacuma k'amagambo.

Ababyeyi bonsa bavuga ko iyo bari kure y'abana babo, iyo barize babyumviraku mabere. N'umubyeyi utonsa iyo umwana we agize icyo aba niyo yaba ari mukuru aravuga ati amabere arikoze, sinzi ikibaye kumwana wanjye. Abahanga bene ibyo babyita telepathy kuko upfushije umuntu acika umugongo na mbere yo kumva iyo nkuru mbi.

Iyo umuntu ashaka kumvisha abandi ko umunsi ukuze,arababwira ati  ko mugirango si kera ubu amazi atemba ageze he?

Shyari ni umusozi muremure. Umuntu  muremure cyane niwe bavugiraho ko areshya na shyari.

Nanone umuntu ukabije uburebure, abagufi n'abaciriritse bamunegura bavuga ko areshya n'aho bwakereye. Umenya kumunegura nijoro bitabaho kuko ntibavuga ngo areshya n'aho bwiriye.

Aya magambo bayavugira ku muntu bamunegura ko akabije kuba mugufi.

Hari ubwo bakeka umuntu bakavuga bati naka niwe wakoze ibi n'ibi iyo abihakanye avuga ko bamubeshyera ashobora kugerekaho indahiro. Ubwo rero iyo abari bamuketse babisubiyemo baganira umwe ashobora kubwira undi ati yarirenze ararahira ati barambeshyera. Kwirenga bisobanura ko yabikoze yihanukiriye ababaye kandi rakaye.

Isogo ni imboga zimera hafi y'urugoahantu haheruka isuka. Hari imboga zitwa isogi nazo zimera hafi y'urugo. Kurunga ni ugushyira amavuta y'inka mu biryo. Ibirunge by'isogi bavuga ko biryoha cyane nyamara ibirunge by'isogo ntaburyohe bigira. Bazirunge zibe isogo rero babivugira ku muntu bagaya, n'ubwo yashoboraga gukora ibyiza yananiwe kubikora kubera ingeso n'imico mibi asanganywe.

Aya magambo bayavuga bahakana ko ibyo babakekaho ntabyo bafite. Uravuga ngo mfite ibyashara byinshi, byahe byo kajya.

Aya magambo bayabwira umuntu bamwiyama. Iyo umwana acutse ntiyongera konka umuntu ucukiye aho nawe ntiyongera gukora ibyo bamubujije.

Findi findi ni uguhishahisha ibyo umuntu agambiriyeukaba utamenya aho abogamiye.

Bavuga ko abantu baciye bugufi ari rubanda rusanzwe bityo guca bugufi ni ukwiyoroshya naho kwirata ni ukwishyira hejuru. Guca bugufi ni ukugaragara nk'uworoheje nyamara washoboraga kugaragara nk'ukomeye.

Umukecuru bavuga ko yaciye imbyaro bashaka kuvuga ko yacuze. Guca imbyaro ni ukuba utagishoboye kubyara.

Iteka mu bwinshi ni amateka. Iyo tuvuga amateka muri iki gihe humvikana inkuru za kera nyamara mu kinyarwanda cyo hambere amateka byasobanuraga amategeko. Guca iteka rero ni ugushyiraho itegeko; umwami yaciye iteka rica urugomo urwo ni urugero.

Ushobora kubona umuntu ugasanga atari ubwa mbere umubonaariko ukayoberwa aho umuzi. Iyo akurushije kwibuka ashobira kukubaza ati uranyibuka nawe uti ndabona unciye mu maso. Iyo uyobewe uwo wigeze kumenya aba aguciye mu maso.

Iyo umuntu avuga undi akamuvugiramo atarasoza ijambo rye aba amuciye mu ijambo. Uwavugaga mbere ibye ntibyumvikana kuko umuvugiyemo adatuma asobanura ibyo yari atangiye kuvuga.

Ahantu hareshya naho umuntu yataruka rimwe haba ari hagufi cyane. guca umutaru ni ugukora akagendo gato cyane. iyi uuze uti nari ntaraca umutaru cyangwa nari ntararenga umutaru uba uvuze ko wari ukiri hafi cyane

Imbehe niyo yahoze ari isahani y'umunyarwanda Guca urubanza ugamije kubona ibyo ushyira kwisahani ni uguca urwa mbeehe, muri iki gihe bavuga ko umucamanza yariye ruswa.

Nta kindi umunyarwanda yagiraga yashoboraga gukoresha kugirango abashe kubona ni joromunzu keretse umuriro wo muziko. Bityo rero iyo habaga impamvu ituma abantu barara bicaye byari ngombwa ko umuriro urara waka; bene uwo muriro niwo bita igishyito. Gucana igishyito ni ugucana umuriro w'inkwi zikomeye maze ukagumaho igihe kirekire. Iyo umubyeyi yabyaraga ari ku kiriri bamucaniraga igishyito. Niho umuhango wo kujya guhemba bakajyana inkwi wavuye.

Gukendera ni ukubura uko ubigenza, kubura uwo utabaza cyangwa kubura wirwanishaho. iyo bavuze ngo yumvise uko byagenze acika amakendero baba bavuze ko yihebye agacika intege akamera nk'ugushije ishyano.

Iyo abantu bari hamwe bagapfa uvuyemo agakira ku bwa mahirwe aba acitse kw'icumu.

Kurondogora ni ukuvuga amagambo menshi kuburyo bihinduka ikinegu. Iyo umuntu yahuye n'amakuba amaganya aba menshi iyo uwo muntu aganyira umuhisi n'umugenzi baravuga ngo yacitse ururondogoro. Umuntu ashobora no gucika ururondogoro kubera inkuru nziza atari yiteze.

Iyo ingabo ziri ku rugamba zirwana uwishe undi bavuga ko yamucuze inkumbi. Gucura inkumbi ni ukwica umuntu. imodoka yai imucuze inkumbi; imodoka yari imwishe.

Ni umushumba baba bavuga ucyuye amatungo ye ubuhoro. Uwo bita mucyurabuhoro ni umunyamugisha; ucyura ubuhoro aba azanye umugisha mu rugo.

Icyemeza ko umuntu yibye itungo akaribaga akarirya nuko bamusangana igihanga cyaryo, kukocyo udashobora kukirya. Bityo rero iyo batanye umuntu ikimenyetso ko yibye bavuga ko bamufatanye igihanga.

Iyo umujura apfumuye urugo cyangwa inzu ashaka aho anyura ngo ajye kwiba aho hantu bahita icyuho. kumufatira aho hantu rero bimeze nko kumufatana igihanga ntashobora guhakana ubujura. Gufatirwa mu cyuho ni ugufatwa urimo kwiba.

Umnuntu ashobora gushaka kukugirira nabi akabura aho ahera, kumuha urwaho ni ukumuha urwitwazo akabona icyo yuririraho

Ni urubuga baba bavuga. Guhabwa urubuga rugari ni ukwemererwa kwisanzura

Kera abanyarwanda batinyaga abazimu cyane. Iyo umuntu yapfaga nta mwana w'umuhungu asize batinyaga kumuhamba nk'abandi bantu. Baribwiraga bati umuzimu we ninde uzawuterekera? Bagakeka ko azamerera nabi abantu bo mu muryango bityo bakamuhambana ikara ry'umuriro ngo babe bamuterekereye mbere y'igihe. Guhambanwa ikara ni kimwe no kuvuga gupfa bucike

Kubere ko umugongo ugenewe guheka umwana guheka amaboko bishushanya kubura umwana uheka. Ni bibi rero guheka amaboko; uwabituka undi ngo aragaheka amabokoaba amututse gupfusha umwana.

Kera iyo ingabo zatabarukaga zivuye ku rugamba, zikaza kwiyereka umwami zagendaga kuri gahundazibanguye amacumuburi wese azamuye icumu rye. Ubwo rero uwabaga yarishe umubisha ku rugamba byagaragazwaga n'uko yahese ikigembe cyi cumu rye. Guheta icumu ni ukwerekana ubutwari ku rugamba.

Abahinzi benshi mu murima baba bahinga ubudehe, iyo bahingira inzoga. Guhinga ubudehe mu mvugo ijimije ni ukuvuyanga ibintu n'abantu. Iyo bavuze ngo kanaka abakozi be yabahinzemo ubudehe baba bavuze ko yabavurunganyije akabamerera nabi.

Umuravumba iyo bawushyize mu mazuru uraryana cyane.Iyo umuntu abeshye undi bikomeye cyaneakemera akayobabavuga ko uwamushutse yamukamuriye umuravumba mu zuru.

Gukoma akamo ni ugutera ijwi hejuru. Aho bitandukaniye no kuvuza induru nuko uvuza induru akubita urushyi ku munwa kandi akavuga cyane ataka.Akamo kagira injyana yaho. akamo k'abahigi, akamo k'abashumba, akamo k'ingabo byose biratandukanye.

Kera amashyi yari ayumwami wenyine, gukoma yombi byari ukuramya umwami, wamugeraga imbere ugakoma yombi ukabona kuvuga ikikugenza.

Gukubita amaguru y'ubusa ni ugukora urugendo ntugere ku cyakujyanye. Iyo ugiye ahantu ugasanga umuntu washakaga adahari uba ukubise amaguru y'ubusa

Ukubiswe n'inkuba naho itamwica imukura umutima. Hari ibintu ubona cyangwa wumva bikagukura umutimaiyo ubisubiriramo abandi ubibatekerereza ushobora kubabwira ko wabyumvise cyangwa wabibonye ugakubitwa n'inkuba. Uba ushaka kubabwira ko byari biteye ubwoba.

Gupfa umuntu agasoni ni ukumwubaha cyangwa kumwihanganira. Iyo uvuze uti 'ntawe ukimpfa agasoni uba uvuze ko basigaye bagusuzugura. Umupfasoni ni umuntu wo kubahwa. Gupfa umuntu agasoni ni ukwanga kumutesha agaciro.

Iyo umuntu yapfuye bakunze kubaza icyamwishe, uwishwe nindwara bavuga ko yapfuye urw'ikirago. abanyarwanda baryamaga mu birago nicyo cyatumye bavuga ngo yapfuye ari mu kirago.

Haseka uwishimye, usetse uwapfuye aba ari umushinyaguzi. uwapfuye urwo baseka ntaba yarapfuye ngo bamushyingure aba yarapfuye ahagaze yarahindutse igishungero yarabaye iciro ry'imigani.

Bivugirwa ku muntu usaba hato na hato kuburyo abandi bamwinuba.

Inzobe ni inyamaswa igira uruhu rwiza. kera uwo bitaga uwambaye inzobe babaga bamuhaye igisingizo. Uruhu rw'inzobe rwisasirwaga n'umuntu ukomeye. Gusasa inzobe cyakora ntibyerekeranye no kuryama ahubwo byerekeranye no kwicara abantu bakaganira. Gusasa inzobe bivugwa iyo abantu biteguye kwicara bakaganira bakabwizanya ukuri ntawe uryarya abandi.

Ijosi nubusanzwe ntirirambitse rirahagaritse. kurishinga ni uguhagarara wemyeukarirega ureba imbere bikagaragaza guhangana nuwo murebana. Ni ikimenyetso cyo gusuzugura uwo ushingiye ijosi. uwo wubashye umuhagarara imbere ugonze ijosi usa n'uwenda kureba hasi. Gushinga ijosi ni imvugo yerekeye ku gasuzuguro.

Amanga akomoka ku nshinga kwanga. Iyo wanze gukora ikintu uba ufite impamvu zibigutera. Gushira amanga bivugirwa ku gikorwa umuntu atinyutse gukora kandi ubundi yakagombye gutinya kugikora atinya kukizira. kuvuga ushize amanga ni ugutinyuka kuvuga ku mugaragaro ibyo wagatinye kuvuga iyo ugira ubwoba.Hari igisakuzo kigira giti kashira amanga karakanyagwa bakakica bagira bati agasazi kagwa ku ruhanga rw'umwami. gushira amanga ni ugutinyuka.

Isoni zishobora kuba mbi iyo ziguteye gukora nabi. Ugize isoni zo gutinya kuvuga kandi wagombaga kuvuga wabigayirwa. naho gushira isoni bivugirw ku muntu usuzugura wanze gukora icyo umukuriye yamushinze.Umwana shira isoni iyo yanzze gukora umurimo ababyeyi bamutegetse.

Icyena ni ahantu hatebeye uhagereranije n'ahandi byegeranye. Inka iyo ishonje bavuga ko ifite icyena. gushira ubwena ni uguhaga.

Isibo rirangwa no kwihuta n'ikivunge. Kugenda mw'isibo ni ukugendamu kivunge cy'abantu benshi kandi wihuta. Intore zigiye guhamiriza zishoka isibo, ushobora kumva hari uwo basingiza bamwita sibo y'intore.

Ingunzu ni inyamaswa iba mu ishyamba iteye nk'imbwa. Igira ibara ry'ikijuju igakunda kuba ahantu hari ibitare by'amabuye kuburyo usanga hari ahantu hitwa ku butare bw'ingunzu.Iyo umuntu ayisanze ku nzira imurebera ku rutugu nicyo gituma bavuga ko isuzugura. Gusuzugura nk'ingunzu bivugirwa ku muntu ukabya gusuzugura n'umuvugishije akamusubiza ubona atabishaka.

Ahantu habaye ibyago bagiraga umuhango wo gucana umuriro, uwo muriro ugakomeza gucanwa mu kiriyo. Umunsi wo gusoza ikiriyo bakawuzimya; igiti gisigaye kitaraka ntago bakirekeraga aho ngo bazagicane ubundi ahubwo bajyaga kugita kure. Guta igiti rero ni ugusoza ikiriyo.

Iyo inzoga iri mukabindi aho igarukira niho bita umuzizi wayo. Iyo basomyeho iramanukamaho umuzizi wahoze ukahava. ubwo iba itaye umuzizi.

Umwami iyo yicaye bavuga ko atetse. Aho ateka hitwa ijabiro. Guteka ijabiro kuru byavugirwa ku mukuru w'igihugu uri munteko.

Umwana muto akinisha ibintu byose ndetse niyo yangije birihanganirwa bikabarirwa ku wabyandaritse. Umwana ukina ibyo akora babyita guteta, guteta ubumena ifu ni ugukabya haba harimo nubugoryi. Iyo babwiye umuntu ngo arateta ubumena ifu baba bamubwiye akabije kwangiza.

Imyicarire y'abakobwa bo hambere kwari ugutsinda akabero. Gutsinda akabero byavugirwaga ku muntu uguwe neza bati yatsinze akabero bashaka kuvuga ko ntacyo yishisha.

Iyo umuntu arebye kure abona ijuru rifatanye n'ubutaka, abakera bibwiraga ko ahongaho ariho igihugu kigarukira, aho giherera.Guturuka iyo gihera ni uguturuka kure cyane.

Kujorora ni ukuvuga kw'inzoka yo munda. Iyo uvuze ko nta ninzoka yo munda yajoroye nukuvuga ko nta no guhigima kwabayeho usibye no kuvuga. Baramutse bakubwiye ko wateye amahane ku muntu ushobora gusubiza uti haba niyo munda ngo izajorore ushaka kuvuga ko bakubeshyera ntacyo wigeze uvuga.

Kugirango umwambaro ucike umuntu aba yakoze umurimo w'imbaraga, iyo uvuze uti ibyo ntibyancira ishati uba uvuze ko ibyo bintu nta kamaro bigufitiye utabivunikira.

Iyo izuba rimaze kurenga umugoroba ukubye baba babona ko bugiye kwira ijoro rigiye kugwa maze bagahagarika imirimo yose. iyo ijoro riguye nukuvuga ko buba butangiye kwira

Inka y'ijigija ni inka ikuze ariko itarasaza, n'umugabo w'ijigija ni uri mu kigero kiri hagati y'ubusore n'ubusaza.Iyo ijoro rijigije riba rikuze ni nyuma y'igicuku. kuvuga ko ijoro rijigije ni kimwe no kuvuga ko ijoro rikuze.

Iyo abantu bafite icyo bapfa umwe aba arakariye undi yifuza icyo yamubonaho ngo akimurege. Umwe rero ashobora gukora ikintu aziko kiri burakaze undi ariko akavuga ngo ikibyimbye kimeneke ninkaho yakavuze ati nashaka avuge nashaka arorere nashaka andege nashaka arorere. nukuvuga ngo uburakari amfitiye nibushaka buturike.

Abanyarwanda bemeraga ko hari igikorwa kizira wakora ukabemba cyangwa ugapfa. Ubwo rero iyo wagikoraga baguhaga umuti kugirango utagira icyo uba. iyo umuntu bamubuza gukora ikintu akanga akagikora ashobora kuvuga ati ikizaba nzanywa umuti ni nkaho yavuze ko yemeye ingaruka zose zizamubaho.

Iyi mvugo ikoreshwa batangarira igihe kirekire gishize bakagira bati imbara byabereye ntibirangira! cyangwa bati imbara na mbariro byabereye!aya magambo ashobora kuba akomoka kw'ijambo kubara byo kubara inkuru. Ni nko kuvuga ngo iyo nkuru aho yabereye bayibara bakongera bakayibara imbara na mbariro.




#Article 202: François Kanimba (195 words)


François Kanimba ni impuguke n'inararibonye mu bukungu n'ibarurishamibare.

François Kanimba yavutse taliki kuwa 18 werurwe 1958, avukira mu Murenge wa Kamegeri, mu Karere ka Nyamagabe (hahoze ari Gikongoro). Ababyeyi be bari abahinzi, iwabo uretse Kanimba Francois abandi kwiga byarabananiye, bava mu ishuri bajya gucuruza. Kanimba yize amashuri abanza kuva mu 1963 kugera 1971, amashuri y'isumbuye yayize mu ishuri ry'isumbuye rya Runyombyi kuva mu 1971 kugera 1977. Kanimba kandi yize muri kaminuza i Paris mu Ubufaransa aho yize ibijyanye ni ibarurishamibare mu ubukungu kuva mu 1977 kugera mu 1983.

François Kanimba arangije amashuri yagarutse mu Rwanda aho kuva mu mwaka wa 1984 kugera 1995 yabaye umuyobozi mukuru muri Minisiteri y'igenamigambi ya Leta. Kuva mu 1995 yagiye gukora mu ishami rya Banki y'isi i Kigali nk'impuguke mu bukungu. Kanimba yabaye visi guverineri wa Banki nkuru y'u Rwanda kuva mu 2000 kugera mu 2002. Nyuma yabaye guverineri wa Banki nkuru y'u Rwanda kuva mu 2002 kugera mu 2011. Kanimba kandi yabaye  kuva muri 2011 kugera mu 2017, Kanimba kandi niwe watangije polite ya Leta y'ibikorerwa mu Rwanda (Made in Rwanda) mu mwaka wa 2015 kuva muri kanama 2020 Kanimba ni Komiseri ushinzwe Isoko Rusange, Ubukungu, Ubucuruzi n’imari by’.




#Article 203: Zozibini Tunzi Miss Universe 2019 (743 words)


Zozibini Tunzi (wavutse ku ya 18 Nzeri 1993) ni umunyamideli wo muri Afurika y'Epfo akaba anafite ikamba ryo mwirushanwa ry'ubwiza rikomeye cyane rya  Miss Universe 2019 . Tunzi yari yarahawe ikamba rya Nyampinga wa Afrika yepfo 2019 . Ni umukobwa wa gatatu ukomoka muri Afurika y'Epfo wegukanye iri kamba, akaba numwiraburakazi wa mbere uryegukanye nyuma ya Leila Lopes wegukanye ikamba rya Miss Universe 2011 . 

Intsinzi ye, yatumye 2019 iba umwaka wambere amarushanwa y'ubwiza ane yose akomeye yo muri Amerika yegukanywa  n'abiraburakazi; abandi bafite amakamba  ni Nia Franklin ( Miss America 2019 ), Kaliegh Garris ( Miss Teen USA 2019 ), na Cheslie Kryst ( Miss USA 2019 ).  Byongeye kandi, 2019 niyo yabaye umwaka wa mbere abiraburakazi  batsindiye amarushanwa abiri akomeye mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga y'ubwiza kuko na Toni-Ann Singh wo muri Jamaica  yatsindiye Miss World 2019 .  

Tunzi yavukiye i Tsolo, mu burasirazuba bwa Cape, ni mwene Philiswa Nodapu na Lungisa Tunzi, yakuriye mu mudugudu uri hafi ya Sidwadweni.   Iwabo bavutse ari abakobwa bane.  Nyuma Tunzi yaje kwimukira i Cape Town, atura mu nkengero za Gardens kugira ngo yige muri kaminuza y’ikoranabuhanga ya Cape Peninsula . Yarangije afite impamyabumenyi  mu micungire y’imibanire rusange muri 2018.   Muri 2017, Tunzi yakoraga umurimo wo kwamamaza imideli, yaratuye mu burasirazuba bwa London, Cape . 

Mbere yo gutsindira ikamba rya Nyampinga w'Afurika y'Epfo, Tunzi yarangije icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu bijyanye n'imicungire y’imibanire rusange muri kaminuza y’ikoranabuhanga ya Cape Peninsula, yanakoraga akazi ko kwimenyereza umwuga mu ishami ry’imibanire rusange muri Ogilvy Cape Town .  

Tunzi yatangiye kwiyamamaza mu marushanwa y'ubwiza  mu 2017, ubwo yemererwaga kuba umwe mu bakobwa 26 bagombaga kurushanwa muri kimwe cya kabiri cya Nyampinga wa Afurika y'epfo 2017 ariko ntiyaharenga .  Yagarutse mu marushanwa ya nyampinga wa Afurika y'epfo mu 2019,maze ku ya 26 Kamena 2019, Tunzi yemererwa kuba umwe mu bakobwa 35 ba mbere bahatanira iri rushanwa, mu basabye bwa mbere.  Nyuma yo kunyura imbere y'akanama nkemurampaka, Tunzi yatangajwe nkumwe muri cumi na batandatu bagombaga kurushanwa ku ya 11 Nyakanga.  

Nyuma yo gutorwa nk'umwe mu bahatanira umwanya wa nyuma, Tunzi yagiye kwitabira amarushanwa ya Nyampinga w'Afurika yepfo 2019 yabereye i Pretoria ku ya 9 Kanama.  Yaje mu icumi ba mbere, hanyuma batanu ba mbere, hanyuma amaherezo babiri ba mbere kugeza ubwo yambitswe ikamba  na Tamaryn Green wamubanjirije,umwanya w'igisonga cya mbere wegukanywe na Sasha-Lee Olivier.   Nyuma yo gutsinda, Tunzi yakiriye ibihembo birimo amafaranga miliyoni 1 yamarandi akoreshwa muri Afurika y'epfo, imodoka nshya, inzu yo kubamo muri Sandton hafi ya Juwaneziburu, ifite agaciro ka miliyoni 5 zamarandi.  Iryo kamba kandi ryahesheje Tunzi amahirwe yo guhagararira Afurika y'Epfo mu marushanwa ya Miss Universe 2019 . 

Tunzi yageze i Atalanta, Jeworujiya muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika guhatanira ikamba rya  Miss Universe 2019 mu Gushyingo 2019.  Yitabiriye ijonjora ribanza ku ya 6 Ukuboza, yitabira igice gisoza ku ya 8 Ukuboza kuri Studiyo ya Tyler Perry . Muri iri rushanwa, Tunzi yazamutse muri makumyabiri ba mbere aricyo bita kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza nkumwe mubahize abandi ku mugabane wa Afurika n'Aziya-Pasifika. Nyuma yazamutse muri icumi ba mbere, hanyuma batanu ba mbere, hanyuma amaherezo batatu ba nyuma. Ibirori birangiye, Tunzi yambitswe ikamba rya Miss Universe 2019 na nyampinga wari ucyuye igihe Catriona Gray wo muri Filipine,Madison Anderson wo muri Porto Rico yabaye igisonga cya mbere naho Sofía Aragón  wo muri Mexico aba igisonga cya kabiri.    Intsinzi ya Tunzi  ni ikamba rya gatatu rya Miss Universe ryari ritashye muri Afurika y'Epfo; niwe wambere wegukanye iri kamba afite umusatsi mugufi wa kinyafurika.  Mu cyiciro cya nyuma, batatu ba mbere buri wese yabajijwe ikibazo kimwe: Ni ikihe kintu cy'ingenzi twakagombye kwigisha abakobwa bakiri bato uyu munsi?  Tunzi asubiza agira ati:

Ntekereza ko ikintu cyingenzi twakagombye kwigisha abana babakobwa  muri iki gihe ni ubuyobozi. Nikintu kimaze igihe kinini kibura mubakobwa n'abagore, atari ukubera ko tutabishaka ahubwo ni ukubera uko umuryango ufata  abagore nigisobanuro uha izina ryabo. Ndibwira ko turi ibiremwa bikomeye cyane kwisi kandi ko tugomba guhabwa amahirwe yose kandi icyo nicyo dukwiye kwigisha abakobwa bakiri bato, gufata umwanya wibanze, ntakintu nakimwe cyingenzi nko gufata umwanya w'ibanze mumuryango no gushimangira uwo uriwe wowe ubwawe, murakoze 

Nka Miss Universe, Tunzi azaba mu mujyi wa New York, kandi azitabira ibirori byinshi ndetse no kugaragara kwisi yose.  Nyuma yo gutsindira Miss Universe, Tunzi yasimbuwe nuwari igisonga cye cya mbere Sasha-Lee Olivier  kumwanya wa Nyampinga wa Afurika y'epfo . 

Mu nshingano ze nka Miss Universe, Tunzi yagiye muri Indoneziya   , ajya mu mijyi  itandukanye na leta zitandukanye zo muri Amerika,  ndetse n'igihugu cye cya Afurika y'Epfo . 




#Article 204: Zozibini Tunzi Nyampinga wa Universe 2019 (670 words)


Inyandiko y'umwimerere: 

Zozibini Tunzi (wavutse ku ya 18 Nzeri 1993) ni umunyamideli wo muri Afurika y'Epfo akaba anafite ikamba ryo mwirushanwa ry'ubwiza rikomeye cyane rya  Miss Universe 2019 . Tunzi yari yarahawe ikamba rya Nyampinga wa Afrika yepfo 2019 . Ni umukobwa wa gatatu ukomoka muri Afurika y'Epfo wegukanye iri kamba, akaba numwiraburakazi wa mbere uryegukanye nyuma ya Leila Lopes wegukanye ikamba rya Miss Universe 2011 . 

Intsinzi ye, yatumye 2019 iba umwaka wambere amarushanwa y'ubwiza ane yose akomeye yo muri Amerika yegukanywa  n'abiraburakazi; abandi bafite amakamba  ni Nia Franklin ( Miss America 2019 ), Kaliegh Garris ( Miss Teen USA 2019 ), na Cheslie Kryst ( Miss USA 2019 ).  Byongeye kandi, 2019 niyo yabaye umwaka wa mbere abiraburakazi  batsindiye amarushanwa abiri akomeye mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga y'ubwiza kuko na Toni-Ann Singh wo muri Jamaica  yatsindiye Miss World 2019 .  

Tunzi yavukiye i Tsolo, mu burasirazuba bwa Cape, ni mwene Philiswa Nodapu na Lungisa Tunzi, yakuriye mu mudugudu uri hafi ya Sidwadweni.   Iwabo bavutse ari abakobwa bane.  Nyuma Tunzi yaje kwimukira i Cape Town, atura mu nkengero za Gardens kugira ngo yige muri kaminuza y’ikoranabuhanga ya Cape Peninsula . Yarangije afite impamyabumenyi  mu micungire y’imibanire rusange muri 2018.   Muri 2017, Tunzi yakoraga umurimo wo kwamamaza imideli, yaratuye mu burasirazuba bwa London, Cape . 

Mbere yo gutsindira ikamba rya Nyampinga w'Afurika y'Epfo, Tunzi yarangije icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu bijyanye n'imicungire y’imibanire rusange muri kaminuza y’ikoranabuhanga ya Cape Peninsula, yanakoraga akazi ko kwimenyereza umwuga mu ishami ry’imibanire rusange muri Ogilvy Cape Town .  

Tunzi yatangiye kwiyamamaza mu marushanwa y'ubwiza  mu 2017, ubwo yemererwaga kuba umwe mu bakobwa 26 bagombaga kurushanwa muri kimwe cya kabiri cya Nyampinga wa Afurika y'epfo 2017 ariko ntiyaharenga .  Yagarutse mu marushanwa ya nyampinga wa Afurika y'epfo mu 2019,maze ku ya 26 Kamena 2019, Tunzi yemererwa kuba umwe mu bakobwa 35 ba mbere bahatanira iri rushanwa, mu basabye bwa mbere.  Nyuma yo kunyura imbere y'akanama nkemurampaka, Tunzi yatangajwe nkumwe muri cumi na batandatu bagombaga kurushanwa ku ya 11 Nyakanga.  

Nyuma yo gutorwa nk'umwe mu bahatanira umwanya wa nyuma, Tunzi yagiye kwitabira amarushanwa ya Nyampinga w'Afurika yepfo 2019 yabereye i Pretoria ku ya 9 Kanama.  Yaje mu icumi ba mbere, hanyuma batanu ba mbere, hanyuma amaherezo babiri ba mbere kugeza ubwo yambitswe ikamba  na Tamaryn Green wamubanjirije,umwanya w'igisonga cya mbere wegukanywe na Sasha-Lee Olivier.   Nyuma yo gutsinda, Tunzi yakiriye ibihembo birimo amafaranga miliyoni 1 yamarandi akoreshwa muri Afurika y'epfo, imodoka nshya, inzu yo kubamo muri Sandton hafi ya Juwaneziburu, ifite agaciro ka miliyoni 5 zamarandi.  Iryo kamba kandi ryahesheje Tunzi amahirwe yo guhagararira Afurika y'Epfo mu marushanwa ya Miss Universe 2019 . 

Tunzi yageze i Atalanta, Jeworujiya muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika guhatanira ikamba rya  Miss Universe 2019 mu Gushyingo 2019.  Yitabiriye ijonjora ribanza ku ya 6 Ukuboza, yitabira igice gisoza ku ya 8 Ukuboza kuri Studiyo ya Tyler Perry . Muri iri rushanwa, Tunzi yazamutse muri makumyabiri ba mbere aricyo bita kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza nkumwe mubahize abandi ku mugabane wa Afurika n'Aziya-Pasifika. Nyuma yazamutse muri icumi ba mbere, hanyuma batanu ba mbere, hanyuma amaherezo batatu ba nyuma. Ibirori birangiye, Tunzi yambitswe ikamba rya Miss Universe 2019 na nyampinga wari ucyuye igihe Catriona Gray wo muri Filipine,Madison Anderson wo muri Porto Rico yabaye igisonga cya mbere naho Sofía Aragón  wo muri Mexico aba igisonga cya kabiri.    Intsinzi ya Tunzi  ni ikamba rya gatatu rya Miss Universe ryari ritashye muri Afurika y'Epfo; niwe wambere wegukanye iri kamba afite umusatsi mugufi wa kinyafurika.  Mu cyiciro cya nyuma, batatu ba mbere buri wese yabajijwe ikibazo kimwe: Ni ikihe kintu cy'ingenzi twakagombye kwigisha abakobwa bakiri bato uyu munsi?  Tunzi asubiza agira ati:

Nka Miss Universe, Tunzi azaba mu mujyi wa New York, kandi azitabira ibirori byinshi ndetse no kugaragara kwisi yose.  Nyuma yo gutsindira Miss Universe, Tunzi yasimbuwe nuwari igisonga cye cya mbere Sasha-Lee Olivier  kumwanya wa Nyampinga wa Afurika y'epfo . 

Mu nshingano ze nka Miss Universe, Tunzi yagiye muri  Indoneziya , ajya mu mijyi  itandukanye na leta zitandukanye zo muri Amerika,  ndetse n'igihugu cye cya Afurika y'Epfo 




#Article 205: UBUZIMA BW'UMUKOBWA WU MU MAASAI (1102 words)


Kimwe n'abagore benshi bakennye bo mu bihugu by'afurika­, umubare munini w'abagore ba bamasayi muri Kenya bagenewe kubaho mu bukene no gukandamizwa mu muco. Igisekuru kimwe gishize, munsi ya 20% byabagore ba masayi muri Kenya biyandikishije mwishuri. Uyu munsi, nubwo amashuri abanza yubusa muri Kenya kuva muri Mutarama 2003, 48% byabakobwa ba bamasayi bonyine ni bo biyandikisha mumashuri, naho 10% byabakobwa ni bo bonyine biga mumashuri yisumbuye
Ubusanzwe, abakobwa ba bamasayi barakebwa(ibyo wakwita gusiramurwa cg guca imyeyohagati yimyaka 11 na 13 hanyuma bidatinze bashakana numugabo watowe na se kugirango babone inka namafaranga. Umugore wo mu masayi ntazigera yemererwa gutana, usibye mu bihe bikomeye cyane byo guhohoterwa ku mubiri, kandi ntazigera yemererwa kongera gushaka, kabone niyo umugabo se yahisemo ari umusaza upfa akiri ingimbi. Ahubwo, ahinduka umutungo wa murumuna wa mugabo we. Azaba umwe mu bagore benshi, kandi azabyara abana benshi, atitaye ku buzima bwe cyangwa ubushobozi bwo kubatunga. Azahaguruka kare buri munsi , kandi amara iminsi akora urugendo rw'ibirometero kugera kumyobo yo kumesa imyenda no kubona amazi, no gukusanya imizigo myinshi yinkwi kugirango asubire murugo. Niba afite amahirwe, azagira indogobe yo kugabanya umutwaro we. Azabaho ubuzima bwiza bwumubiri, biterwa numugabo numuryango atahisemo. Icyizere cyo kubaho kwe ni imyaka 45.
Niba wigisha umugore, Azamenya uburenganzira bwe kandi afite ikizere nubwigenge bwo kubahagurukira. Azahitamo uwo bazashyingiranwa nigihe cyo kurongora. Azagira abana bake, kandi bazagira ubuzima bwiza kandi bize neza kurusha ab'igihe cyabanjirije. Ntazakebya abakobwa biwe. Azagira umutekano mu bukungu. Azakoresha 90 ku ijana yinjiza mumuryango we, ugereranije na 35% umugabo wize yakoresha. Azafasha gutunga ababyeyi be. Ntazibagirwa aho yaturutse.
Ariko igitutu cyumuco kirwanya uburezi bwabagore ntakintu na kimwe kigufi.
abamasayi n' umwe mu moco akennye cyane muri Afurikay'Iburasirazuba. Abantu b'icyubahiro kandi biyubashye, bishimiye imibereho yabo gakondo n'imico yabo nubwo bahura n'ibibazo by'isi ya none. Babaho mubuzima bwimuka borora inka nihene, bambaye imyenda gakondo, kandi baba mumidugudu mito yitwa manyattaaribwo buryo bwo kuzenguruka amazu y’ibyondo. Ariko kongera ubutaka muri mumidugudu ya bamasayi ya Kenya yose bibangamiye umuco wabo wimuka, kandi igitutu cyo kwemera impinduka kiriyongera. Hamwe nicyo gitutu iraza gukenera byihutirwa kwigisha igisekuru cyabahungu nabakobwa. Mu rwego rwo kubungabunga umuco wabo, ariko, abamasayi bemeye gahunda ihakana abagore uburenganzira bw’ibanze bwa muntu: uburenganzira bwo kwiga; uburenganzira bwo kugenzura imibiri yabo, uburenganzira bwo guhitamo uwo nigihe cyo kurongora, uburenganzira bwo gutanga igitekerezo.

Inzitizi-ku-burezi, Abakobwa bagomba guhura nimbogamizi nyinshi kugirango babone amashuri, kandi inyinshi murizo zifitanye isano nubukene bukabije mu bamasayi. Ibiciro byuburezi birabujijwe kumiryango myinshi, kandi isezerano ryubukwe nimpamvu ikomeye yo gutegura ubukwe bwumukobwa akimara “kwambuka ikiraro cyabana.” Ariko ibintu byumuco nabyo bigira uruhare mukubuza abakobwa kubona no kwiga.
Bariyeri z'umuco n'ubukungu
Ibintu byubukungu, umuco numubiri bihuza kwanga uburezi ku bakobwa ba bamasayi muri Kenya ni byinshi kandi, bifatanyirijwe hamwe, bisa nkibidashoboka kuri bose ariko abakobwa biyemeje gutsinda. Nubwo bidashoboka, abakobwa ba bamasayi bafite imbogamizi yimyizerere yumuco ibuza benshi kwiyandikisha cyangwa kurangiza amashuri.

Guteza imbere ubukungu gushyingirwa hakiri kare, nk'inka n'inkwano y'amafaranga, Kwizera ko umuryango wibinyabuzima ntacyo byungukira mu kwigisha umukobwa, kubera ko umukobwa abaye umwe mu bagize umuryango w’umugabo we iyo ashatse, kandi bazabona inyungu.
Imiryango hamwe nurungano rwo gushyingirwa hakiri kare, kuko abagore bahabwa agaciro numubare wabana bafite Gutinya gutwita hakiri kare, bikaba biteye isoni mbere yo gushyingirwa kandi bikagabanya igiciro cyumugenibikomeza umuco wo gushyingirwa hakiri kare,hanyuma intera umukobwa agomba kugenda ku ishuri ryegereye bituma itagira umutekano, ndetse ntibishoboka ku mwana w’incuke.

Abakobwa ba bamasayi biyandikisha mumashuri abanza biga mumashuri rusange yubusa. Ariko abanyeshuri bose bo muri Kenya basabwa kwambara imyenda, kandi imiryango myinshi ntishobora kwigurira imyenda ikenewe kugirango umwana wabo ajye mwishuri. Amashuri abanza ya leta abanza, atanga ibyiza byinshi, birabujijwe cyane mumiryango myinshi ya bamasayi. Ubwiza bw'uburezi muri aya mashuri yo mucyaro ntibukunze kuba buhagije kugirango bategure abanyeshuri ibizamini byigihugu, basabwa gukomeza amashuri yisumbuye, kubera ko aya mashuri adahagije kandi yuzuyemo ishyano, umubare w’abanyeshuri n’abarimu ugera ku 100 kugeza kuri 1.
Ku mukobwa udasanzwe atsinda ikizamini cyigihugu kugirango arangize amashuri abanza, amashuri yisumbuye yose yo muri Kenya ni amashuri acumbikira, kandi ikiguzi cyumwaka kirabujijwe ku bamasayi benshi ariko, niba bishoboka mubukungu, abahungu bahabwa umwanya wambere.

Impamvu zubukungu zo gushyingirwa hakiri kare .Ubukwe bw'umukobwa bwongera ubutunzi bwumuryango wuumukobwa wa bamasayi binyuze munka hamwe ninguzanyo z'amafaranga Kandi kubera ko yinjiye mumuryango w'umugabo we amaze gushyingirwa,Ise yakuweho umutwaro wokumutunga.Umugenzo gushyingirwa hakiri kare ukabije kubera ubukene bwiyongera bwaturage ba bamasayi,Bigatuma ba se ba bamasayi bashyingiranwa n'abakobwa babo bakiri bato.
Garuka kwishora mari.Kuri iyo miryango Mike ishoboye kwirihira amashuri,Hari ibintu byinshi byumuco ukunda kwigisha abahungu mbere .Ibi bituruka kumuco w'uko abakobwa ba bamasayi bava mu mudugudu w'ababyeyi babo bakaba umwe mubigize umuryango w'umugabo amaze gushyingiranwa.Ba se ba bamasayi bakunda kwizera ko umuryango wabo utazungukirwa ngo no gushora imari mumashuri z'umukobwa wabo

. Gushyingirwa hakiri kare nimpamvu zikunze kuvugwa zituma abakobwa ba bamasayi bareka ishuri. Abakobwa ba bamasayi bigishwa ko gukebwaari umuhango wo kunyura mu bagore biherekeza ubwangavu kandi bibanziriza gushyingirwa. Bamaze gukebwa, barashinyagurirwa na bagenzi babo nibakomeze amashuri, kubera ko ishuri ari iryabana. Kurushaho gukaza umurego mu gushyingirwa hakiri kare ni ukuri ko mu muco w'abamasayi abagore basanzwe bahabwa agaciro hashingiwe ku mubare w'abana bashobora kubyara ku bagabo babo, atari ku buryo bashobora kuba abize cyangwa mu bukungu.

Gutinya gutwita hakiri kare. Inda nimpamvu ya kabiri ikunze kugaragara cyane ko abakobwa bata ishuri. Mu muco w'abamasayi, abana bafite imyaka icyenda ntibemerewe kuguma mu nzu imwe na se, ahubwo bakaryama mu nzu itandukanye batabigenzuye. Byongeye kandi, abakobwa ntibabwirwa uburyo umugore atwite. Uku kubura kugenzura no kutamenya bituma abakobwa bibasirwa cyane no gusama, kandi gutwita mbere yubukwe bizana amahano nigiciro cyumugeni. Gutinya gutwita utarashaka ni impamvu isanzwe ituma ababyeyi bashimangira ko abakobwa babo bava mu ishuri bagashyingirwa hakiri kare.

Bariyeri z'umubiri

Kugenda intera ku ishuri. Kubera ko umushumba w'abamasayi akenera ubutaka bukomeye bwo kuragira inka zabo, imidugudu yabo yubatswe kure yiyindi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ishuri rimwe rigomba gukorera imidugudu myinshi mubirometero 15 kugeza kuri 20. Nta modoka, bisi, amafarasi, ndetse n'amagare aboneka ku bana ba bamasayi, bityo bagomba kugenda intera ndende. Abakobwa benshi bangiwe kwiga kubera impungenge z'ababyeyi kubera umutekano wabo muri uru rugendo rurerure.
Ndetse kubagera ku ishuri, urugendo rurerure rubangamira uburezi. Ntabwo bitangaje, abarimu bavuga ko abana bamaze amasaha abiri kugeza kuri atanu bagenda ku ishuri mugitondo, akenshi badafite icyo barya, barushye, kandi ubushobozi bwabo bwo gutumbira burahungabana. Nanone, akenshi biratinda iyo abana bageze murugo nyuma yurugendo rurerure, kandi baracyasabwa gukora imirimo. Nubwo baba bagifite ubushake nimbaraga zo kwiga nyuma yo kurangiza inshingano zabo murugo, ni umwijima kandi nta mashanyarazi cyangwa itara ryakozwe.
Imibereho ya bamasayi yimuka.Abamasayi ni umuryango w'abashumba, inzererezi, kandi ibihe rimwe na rimwe bisaba ko imiryango yimuka kugirango ibone amazi n'ibyatsi by'inka zabo. Mu bihe by'amapfa, imyigire y'umwana ikunze guhagarikwa cyangwa guhagarikwa kugeza imvura iguye, bigatuma basubira inyuma mu kazi kabo k'ishuri, cyangwa guhagarika ishuri burundu.




#Article 206: Icyorezo cya COVID-19 mu Rwanda (569 words)


cyemejwe ko cyageze mu Rwanda muri Werurwe 2020.

Ku wa 12 Mutarama 2020,  ryemeje ko virusi yitwa  ari yo yateye iyi ndwara y'ubuhumekero ikaba yaribasiye bwa mbere abaturage bo mu mujyi wa Wuhan, mu Ntara ya Hubei, mu Gihugu cy' Ubushinwa, bikaba byaramenyeshejwe OMS ku wa 31 Ukuboza 2019. 

Umubare w'abahitanwa na COVID-19 waragabanutse cyane ugereranije n'ubushakashatsi bwa SARS bwo muri 2003, ariko ubwandu bwabaye bwinshi cyane, hapfa abantu benshi.

Umuntu wa mbere wagaragaweho  mu Rwanda yabonetse ku wa 14 Werurwe 2020. Abandi bantu bane barapimwe bituma umubare w'abanduye ugera kuri batanu. 

Kugeza ku ya 16 Werurwe, u Rwanda rwemeje abandi babiri banduye muriKigali, bituma umubare w'abandiye mu gihugu ugera kuri barindwi. Mu rwego rwo guhagarika ikwirakwizwa rya coronavirus, Minisiteri y’ubuzima mu Rwanda yatangaje ku ya 18 Werurwe, ibinyujije kuri Twitter, ko ingendo mpuzamahanga z’abagenzi mpuzamahanga z’ubucuruzi zizahagarikwa iminsi 30, guhera ku ya 20 Werurwe. Hatarenze umunsi, ku ya 21 Werurwe, abayobozi batangaje ko abantu bakwiye kuguma mu rugo mu gihe cy'ibyumweru bibiri. Abakozi ba Leta n'abikorera ku giti cyabo bagomba gukorera mu rugo. Imipaka yose na yo yarafunzwe, imizigo hamwe n'abenegihugu b’u Rwanda basonewe, hashyizweho akato k’iminsi 14. 

Ku ya 28 Werurwe, Minisiteri y’Ubuzima yatangaje ko handuye abandi bantu batandatu , mu bagera 60 bapimwe. 

Mu mpera za Werurwe habonetse abandi banduye 75, nta bantu bapfuye cyangwa ngo bakire. 

Ku wa 9 Mata, hagaragayeabandi bantu bashya batatu banduye Koronavirusi, kuri 720 bari bapimwe mu masaha 24 . Ibi byatumye abanduye bose baba 113 (harimo barindwi bakize). 

Muri Mata hagaragaye abanduye bashya 168 , bituma umubare w'abanduye bose uba 243. abari barwaye104 barakize, hasigara 139 bakirwaye kugera mu mpera z'ukwezi. 

Ku ya 31 Gicurasi, ni bwo umuntu wa mbere yitabye Imana. Umubare w'abanduye wakomeje kuba 370 (wiyongereyeho 127 guhera mu mpera za Mata). Umubare w'abarwayi bakizewariyongereye uva kuri 152 ugera kuri 256, hasigara abantu 113 bakirwaye. 

Hagaragaye abanduye benshi mu Karere ka Rusizi gaherereye mu burengerazuba bw'u Rwanda, ku mupaka uhuza uhuza u Rwanda na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, byatumye umubare w'abanduye uzamuka. Ibi, hamwe n'abanduye benshi bagaragaye ku mupaka wa Rusumo mu ntara  y’iburasirazuba uhuza u Rwanda na Tanzaniya, byohereje umubare w'abanduye uva kuri 370 mu mpera za Gicurasi, ugera kuri 572 mu mpera za 14 Kamena. 

Muri Kamena abashya bagaragaweho iki cyorezo ni 655, bituma umubare wose ugera kuri 1025. Abapfuye bikubye kabiri bagera kuri 2. Umubare w'abarwayi bakize wiyongereyeho 191 ugera kuri 447, hasigara abantu 576 bakirwaye mu mpera z'ukwezi. 

U Rwanda ni cyo gihugu cyonyine cyo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara cyashyizwe ku rutonde rw'abaturage bashobora kujya mu bihugu byo ku mugabane w'Iburayi guhera muri Nyakanga.

Muri Kamena habaye hagaragaye abanduye 997, bituma umubare  ugera w'abanduye bose ugera kuri 2022. Abapfuye bose bikubye inshuro zirenga  5. Umubare w'abakize  wariyongereye uva kuri 659 ugera ku 1106, hasigara abantu 911 bakirwaye mu mpera z'ukwezi (byakomeje kwiyongera ku gipimo cya 58% guhera mu mpera za Kamena).

Muri Kanama, hagaragaye ko umubare warikubye maze bose baba 4063. Abapfuye barenze inshuro eshatu bagera kuri 16. Mu mpera z'ukwezi habonetse 2034, bikubye inshuro zirenga ebyiri mu mpera za Nyakanga.

Muri Nzeri habonetse abanduye 773, bituma umubare w'abanduye bemejwe ugera kuri 4836. Abapfuye bagera kuri 29. Umubare w'abarwayi bakize wiyongereye ugera ku 3125, hasigara abantu 1682 bakirwaye mu mpera z'ukwezi. 

Usibye ingamba zo gufunga zafashwe muri Werurwe (reba hejuru), Polisi y'u Rwanda ku wa 12 Mata yatangaje ko hakoreshejwe indege zitagira abadereva mu kugeza ubutumwa ku baturage mu rwego rwo kurwanya Koronavirusi. 




#Article 207: Rebecca Kadaga (592 words)


Rebecca Alitwala Kadaga ni umunyamategeko akaba n'umunyapolitiki wa Uganda wabaye Perezida w’Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Uganda kuva ku ya 19 Gicurasi 2011.  Niwe mugore wa mbere watorewe kuba Perezida w’amateka mu Nteko ishinga amategeko ya Uganda.  Yasimbuye Edward Ssekandi, wabaye Perezida kuva 2001 kugeza 2011. Ni n'umudepite muri iki gihe (Depite) mu karere ka Kamuli gaherereye mu karere ka Kamuli, mu karere ka Busoga, umwanya afite kuva mu 1989. 

Yavukiye mu Karere ka Kamuli, mu Burasirazuba bwa Uganda, ku ya 24 Gicurasi 1956. Rebecca Kadaga yize muri Namasagali Collegenamashuri yisumbuye. Yize amategeko muri kaminuza ya Makerere, arangiza icyiciro cya kabiri cya Bachelor of Laws ( LLB ), mu 1978. Yakomeje kubona Impamyabumenyi mu by'amategeko mu kigo gishinzwe iterambere ry'amategeko i Kampala mu 1979. Mu 2000, yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu mategeko y'abagore yakuye muri kaminuza ya Zimbabwe . Mu 2003, yabonye impamyabumenyi ya Master of Arts (MA), inzobere mu mategeko y’umugore, na we yakuye muri kaminuza ya Zimbabwe. Mu 2019, Kaminuza Nkumba, Kaminuza yigenga muri Uganda, yahaye Kadaga  igihembo y'icyubahiro impamyabumenyi ya Doctor wa Amategeko.

Hagati y'i 1984 na 1988, yari mu bikorwa by’amategeko yigenga. Kuva mu 1989 kugeza 1996, yabaye umudepite mu Ntara ya Kamuli mu karere k'umugore w'akarere. Yabaye Umuyobozi w'Inama Njyanama ya Kaminuza ya Mbarara, hagati ya 1993 na 1996. Mu 1996, yabaye umunyamabanga mukuru w’ishyirahamwe ry’abadepite bo muri Afurika y’iburasirazuba.

Kuva mu 1996 kugeza 1998, Rebecca Kadaga yari umunyamabanga wa Leta wa Uganda ushinzwe ubutwererane mu karere (Afurika n'Uburasirazuba bwo hagati). Yaje kuba umunyamabanga wa Leta ushinzwe itumanaho n’indege kuva mu 1998 kugeza 1999 ndetse anaba Minisitiri w’ibikorwa by’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kuva 1999 kugeza 2000. Yatorewe kuba Visi Perezida w’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko mu 2001, umwanya yari afite kugeza ku ya 19 Gicurasi 2011, igihe yatorewe kuba Umuvugizi w’Inteko Ishinga amategeko.

Nyuma y’amatora rusange yo muri Gashyantare 2016, Kadaga yongeye gutorerwa kuba Perezida w’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ku ya 19 Gicurasi 2016. 

Usibye imirimo ashinzwe kuba umuvugizi w’inteko ishinga amategeko ya Uganda, yicaye muri komite z’abadepite zikurikira:

Kadaga yiyemeje gutora umushinga w'itegeko rirwanya abaryamana bahuje ibitsina muri Uganda binyuze mu nteko bitarenze Ukuboza 2012. Uyu mushinga w'itegeko - rimwe na rimwe witwa Kwica umushinga w'abahuje ibitsina - icyarimwe washakaga gukora ibikorwa byo kuryamana kw'abahuje igitsina bihanishwa igihano cy'urupfu cyangwa igifungo cya burundu ariko nyuma bivanaho umushinga w'itegeko ry’urupfu. Avuga ko bizaba itegeko kubera ko Abagande benshi babisaba. 

Ukuboza 2012, Kadaga yari i Roma kugira ngo atange ijambo mu nama ya karindwi y’Inteko Ngishwanama y’Abadepite bagize Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha no kugendera ku mategeko.

Amakuru yavugaga ko Kadaga yahawe umugisha na Papa Benedigito wa XVI mu misa ya Vatikani.  Bidatinze ayo makuru amaze kumenyekana, umuvugizi wa Vatikani Padiri Federico Lombardi yasohoye itangazo rigira riti: “umubano n'intumwa ntiwari usanzwe kandi nta mugisha watanzwe.” Itsinda ry’abadepite bo muri Uganda basuhuzaga Papa “kimwe n’abandi bantu bose bitabira abateranye na Papa babishaka” kandi iki “ntabwo cyari ikimenyetso cyihariye cyo kwemeza ibikorwa bya Kadaga cyangwa ibyifuzo bye.” 

Muri Werurwe 2020, mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya COVID-19, Kadaga yanditse ku rubuga rwa twitter ko spray, ihita yica virusi ya Corona, yavumbuwe  igomba gukorerwa muri Uganda.  We (hamwe nabahanga be ba quack)  batanze igitekerezo cyuko ibyakurikiyeho byumvikanyweho nkisuku yoroshye ari ukuvura COVID-19 kandi yakiriwe nabi nabagande kurubuga rusange ndetse ninzego zumwuga mubuvuzi. nk'ishyirahamwe ry'ubuvuzi rya Uganda , hamwe na Sosiyete ya Farumasi ya Uganda. Yakubise ahamagara abantu bo muri Association badafite ubwonko. 

Muri Mata 2020, mu gihe cy'icyorezo cya COVID-19, Kadaga na bagenzi be bagize inteko ishinga amategeko bageneye amashiringi arenga miliyari 10 z'amashiringi ya Uganda yari agamije kuba amafaranga yo gutabara mu bikorwa byo kurwanya icyorezo ndetse n'ihungabana ry’imibereho n'ubukungu. 




#Article 208: Anita Fabiola (617 words)


Anita Kyarimpa uzwi cyane ku izina rya Anita Fabiola ni umukinnyi wa filime ukomoka muri Uganda, ambasaderi w’ubukerarugendo, uwakiriye ibirori, umudamu w’umucuruzi, Philanthropiste nuwahoze ari umwamikazi w’Ubwiza . Muri Gashyantare 2019 yari yashyizeho kuba ambasaderi mukuru muri Tulambule ubukangurambaga  na Uganda Tourism Board guteza imbere ubukerarugendo yose Uganda.  Mbere yo kwakira Be date yanjye kuri NTV muri 2014, Fabiola yabaye Miss Uganda West ndetse nuwa kabiri mu bahatanira ubwiza bwa Miss Uganda muri 2013.  Azwiho kandi kwakira bimwe mu birori bikomeye bya Afurika bitukura . Muri byo harimo Afurika Magic Viewer Choice Awards muri Nijeriya (2016), Namibia Annual Music Awards (2016 na 2017), Gana Movie Awards 2017, Ghana Music Awards 2016,  Glitz Awards Ghana 2017, Abryanz Style na Fashion Awards 2016 n'ibindi. 

Afite imyaka 12 yari umunyamideli mu kigo cyerekana imideli ya Arapapa. Muri icyo gihe, yakoze catwalks no kwamamaza Flair Magazin mu 2008.  Igihe yari mu mashuri yisumbuye, Fabiola yitabiriye amarushanwa y'ubwiza bw'iryo shuri yatsindiye izina rye nka, Miss London College, Miss St. Lawrence n'amashuri makuru. Ibi byatumye yitabira igihugu cyose, yatsindiye kuba Miss High School Kadanke mu 2012, bimugira Miss Kadanke wa mbere.

Mu 2013, Fabiola yitabiriye amarushanwa y'ubwiza bwa Miss Uganda maze yambikwa ikamba rya Miss Uganda West maze aba umukinnyi wa mbere wegukanye umwanya wa kabiri mu marushanwa rusange y'ubwiza ya Miss Uganda muri 2013 

Fabiola yatangije umwuga we kuri tereviziyo mu 2014 yakira kandi akora Be my date show kuri NTV yerekanaga buri cyumweru saa munani. Mu 2014 iki gitaramo cyatowe kuba ari gahunda ya tereviziyo yimyidagaduro ikunzwe cyane muri Uganda. Kubera iyo mpamvu, iki gitaramo cyagenze neza, Fabiola yakiriye amahitamo yo gutorwa hanyuma amaherezo yegukana ibihembo bya Buzz Teeniez 2015 mu bihembo bya TV by’umugore mwiza.

Mu 2015, Fabiola yagize igihe gito akora nk'umunyamakuru kuri Capital FM buri Mon-vendredi mugitondo kinini guhera saa kumi n'ebyiri za mugitondo.

Nkumukinnyi wamafirime, Fabiola azwi cyane kubera uruhare rwe nka Angella mu masubiramo y'inyinamico ya telenovela kuri NTV, Amahirwe ya kabiri yasohotse mu Kwakira 2016 kuri sitasiyo imwe. Ariko, kubera gahunda ihuze cyane, yavuye mubyerekanwa kugirango akurikirane izindi nyungu zubucuruzi zinjiza amafaranga kwisi yose. Fabiola yagize kandi uruhare runini muri serivise ya Studio 256 ya 2015 no kuri NTV.  Nanone akanyenyeri mu 2013 Bollywood Malayalam thriller, hunga Uganda nk'uko Oldra.

Kuri ubu Fabiola ni we uyobora ikiganiro cya muzika n'imyidagaduro kizwi cyane, Katch Up kiba buri wa gatanu kuri TV ya NBS. 

Fabiola yakiriye kandi ibirori bitari bike ku myidagaduro yo muri Uganda harimo Hip Hop Awards 2016, Uganda Entertainment Awards 2017, Miss Uganda 2016, Tekno na MR. Igitaramo cya Eazi, Belaire itangiza nabandi.

Muri 2018, abaye Umugande wa mbere watumiwe mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Cannes kandi anagendagenda kuri tapi itukura mu birori byuzuyemo ibyamamare. 

Yatangije kandi podcast ye ya buri cyumweru, The Fabiola Podcast kuri Afripods, umuyoboro wa interineti na App yo muri Suwede. Nyuma yibi, abaye umuntu wa mbere witangazamakuru rya Uganda gutunga no kwakira podcast ye. 

Muri Gashyantare 2019, yashyizwe ahagaragara nka ambasaderi w’ubukerarugendo wagize uruhare muri Tulambule, ubukerarugendo bugamije guteza imbere ubukerarugendo bwaho muri Uganda.  Hamwe ikipe ya ambasaderi bagenzi famose ko harimo Salvador (Patrick Idringi), Gaetano Kaggwa, Marcus Kwikiriza na kickboxer Musa Golola, ikipe rureshya ijya mu duce dutandukanye tw'igihugu harimo vyobaye landscape  ariko kandi bitandukanye byihariye n'imico n'imigenzo mugihe ushishikariza Abagande bagenzi bacu kubikora. 

Umwuga mwiza wa Fabiola wakuruye  ibirango byinshi yemeye gufatanya nabyo. Yabaye ambasaderi w’ibirango ku bicuruzwa byinshi nka, inkweto za CAT,  Amavuta yo kwisiga ya Paramour, Lux Belaire, Virginia Black MTN Pulse, Jumia Uganda, Lauma Uganda n'ibindi 

Fabiola yashinze  ifite intego yo kongerera ubushobozi abakobwa bakiri bato binyuze muri serivisi nk'uburezi bw'ibanze, isuku, guteza imbere virusi itera SIDA n'abandi. Mu ntangiriro za 2019, yatangije ubukangurambaga, agurisha kalendari yabugenewe mu rwego rwo gushaka amafaranga yo gufasha. 




#Article 209: Toni-Ann Singh (296 words)


Toni-Ann Singh (yavutse ku ya 1 Gashyantare 1996) ni umuririmbyi w’umunyamerikakazi numunyajameyikakazi wo muri Jamayike akaba n'umwamikazi w’ubwiza watsindiye Miss World 2019 . Yabanje kwambikwa ikamba rya Miss Jamaica World 2019 akaba n'umugore wa kane ukomoka muri Jamaica wegukanye Miss World .

Singh yavukiye i Morant Bay, muri Jamayike. Akomoka mu murage wa Dougla, nyina akomoka muri Afro-Jamayike, naho se akomoka mu Buhinde na Jamayike . 

The family immigrated to the United States when Singh was aged nine, settling in Florida. She attended Florida State University in Tallahassee, where she graduated with a degree in women's studies and psychology.

Muri 2019, Singh yitabiriye amarushanwa ya Miss Jamaica World 2019, aho yaje gutwara igikombe. Nyuma, Singh yahawe uburenganzira bwo guhagararira Jamaica muri Miss World 2019 . 

Singh yavuye i Londres mu Gushyingo 2019, kugira ngo yitabire ibikorwa byabanjirije amarushanwa ya Miss World. Singh yashyize muri 40 ba mbere mu marushanwa ya Top Model kandi yatsindiye amarushanwa yimpano, amwemerera kwinjira muri kimwe cya kabiri cyambere.  Ijoro rya nyuma ryabaye ku ya 14 Ukuboza muri ExCeL London, aho Singh yazamutse kuva kuri 40 ba mbere akagera kuri 12 ba mbere, amaherezo akaza muri batanu ba mbere. Yaje kwambikwa ikamba ry'uwatsinze, aha umwanya wa kabiri Ophély Mézino wo mu Bufaransa ndetse na Suman Rao wa kabiri mu Buhinde .  Intsinzi ye, Singh abaye umugore wa kane wo muri Jamayike watwaye iki gikombe, uwanyuma akaba Lisa Hanna wambitswe ikamba rya Miss World 1993, n’umugore wa mbere w’umwirabura wegukanye Miss World kuva Agbani Darego wo muri Nijeriya yatsindiye Miss World 2001 .  Intsinzi ye kandi yatumye umwaka wa 2019 uba umwaka wambere abategarugori birabura begukanye ibihembo bibiri bya Big Four byamamaye byubwiza bwamamare ku isi, nyuma yuko Zozibini Tunzi abaye umwirabura wa mbere w’umwirabura wa Afurika yepfo wegukanye izina rya Miss Universe. 




#Article 210: Rosemary Mbabazi (166 words)


Rosmary Mbabazi, ni umucuruzikazi akaba n'umunyapolitiki mu Rwanda, yabaye Minisitiri w’Urubyiruko muri Minisiteri y’Urubyiruko muri guverinoma y’u Rwanda, kuva ku ya 31 Kanama 2017. 

Mbabazi afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu Burezi, yakuye muri kaminuza ya Makerere, i Kampala, muri Uganda . Afite kandi Master of Business Administration, kuva mu kigo cyo mu Bwongereza . 

Kuva mu 2009 kugeza 2011 yabaye umuyobozi w'ishami rishinzwe guteza imbere ishoramari mu Nama ishinzwe iterambere ry'u Rwanda . Mu mwaka wa 2011, Rosemary Mbabazi yagizwe umurinzi wa Hotel Umubano akaba na perezida wa Soprotel, isosiyete ikora imishinga ihuriweho na guverinoma y'u Rwanda na Libiya.  Muri Gashyantare 2012, yagizwe umunyamabanga uhoraho muri Minisiteri y’Urubyiruko nikoranabuhanga,  akora muri urwo rwego kugeza muri Gashyantare 2017, ubwo yimurirwaga muri Minisiteri y’ubucuruzi, inganda n’umuryango w’Afurika y’iburasirazuba (MINEACOM), nk'umunyamabanga uhoraho. 

Mu ivugurura ry’abaminisitiri ryo ku ya 31 Kanama 2017, Mbabazi yagizwe minisitiri w’abaminisitiri muri Minisiteri y’Urubyiruko iherutse gushingwa, yahoze ari Minisiteri y’Urubyiruko na ICT, imaze kugabanywamo ibice bibiri. 

Rosemary Mbabazi mbere yabaye umwe mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi  . 




#Article 211: Busingye Kabumba (185 words)


Busingye Kabumba (wavutse ku ya 12 Kamena 1982) ni umunyamategeko wa Uganda n'umusizi. Ni Umwarimu wamategeko, Ikigo cy’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Amahoro (HURIPEC), mu ishami ry’amategeko, kaminuza ya Makerere akaba n’umufatanyabikorwa w’ubujyanama hamwe na M / S Law Law Associates.  Icyegeranyo cye cy’imivugo, Kwongorera Ubugingo Bwanjye,  yatsindiye igihembo cya mbere mu cyiciro cy’imirimo yatangajwe mu gitabo cy’igihugu cy’ibitabo cy’igihugu cya Uganda (NABOTU) cyo mu 2002. Gusohora iki gitabo mu 2001 ubwo yari afite imyaka 19 y'amavuko byatumye aba umusizi muto wa Uganda wigeze gusohora icyegeranyo cyose cy'imivugo. 

Kabumba yavutse ku ya 21 Kamena 1982 na Porofeseri Ijuka Kabumba na Madamu Bazaire Kabumba, bombi bakaba ari abarimu. Ni uwa kane mu muryango w'abantu batanu. Yagiye mu ishuri ribanza rya St Kizito, Namilyango kaminuza ku rwego rwa O na King's College Budo ku rwego rwa A.  Yarangije afite LL. B wo muri kaminuza ya Makerere . Busingye amaze kurangiza mu kigo gishinzwe iterambere ry'amategeko afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu bijyanye n'amategeko mu by'amategeko, Busingye yize impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu by'amategeko mbonezamubano muri kaminuza ya Oxford . Nyuma yaje gukora ibijyanye n’amategeko muri kaminuza ya Harvard . 




#Article 212: Rilima (210 words)


Rilima n'umujyi uri mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'u Rwanda . Niwo mujyi wegereye  ikibuga cyindege mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera . 

Rilima iherereye mu Karere ka Bugesera, Intara y'Iburasirazuba, mu majyepfo ya Kigali, umurwa mukuru w'igihugu n'umujyi munini mu gihugu. Aho iherereye ni 42.5 kilometres (26.4 mi), kumuhanda, mumajyepfo ya Kigali.  Imiterere ya geografiya ya Rilima ni: 02 ° 09'35.0 S, 30 ° 13'31.0 E (Ubunini: -2.159722; Uburebure: 30.225278).  Rilima iherereye ku butumburuke bwa 1,394 metres (4,573 ft) hejuru yinyanja. 

Rilima irashobora kugera i Kigali, mugihe cisaha imwe n'imodoka yigenga.  Mu bigo biboneka mu mujyi cyangwa hafi yacyo harimo  (Ibitaro bya Saint Mary's Othopedic Hospital Rilima), ibitaro bifite ibitanda 70 by’inzobere mu kuvura ibibazo by’imyororokere y’abana, birimo ibirenge by’amaguru, amaguru n'amaguru.  

Ikindi kigo kiboneka muri uyu mujyi, ni Gereza ya Rilima, ifunzwe n'abagororwa barenga 7.400, abenshi muri bo bakaba bategereje kuburanishwa.  Ikigo nderabuzima cya Rilima ni ikigo nderabuzima cyegereye ibiryo ibiryo ku bagore n'abana bafite ibibazo by'imirire. Itegeka ababyeyi uburyo bwo gutegura ibiryo byatanzwe kugirango bagere ku nyungu nziza. Ababyeyi nabo bigishwa uburyo bwo guhinga imboga zifite intungamubiri. Serivisi zo kuboneza urubyaro, imikorere myiza yisuku no guhitamo indyo yuzuye irigishwa. 

Ikigo giheruka kuza i Rilima ni ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera, cyatangiye kubakwa muri Kanama 2017,  kandi biteganijwe ko icyiciro cya mbere kizarangira mu 2019. 




#Article 213: Nyamata (263 words)


Nyamata n'umujyi uri mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'u Rwanda . Nyamata ijambo ku rindi risobanura ahantu h'amata bivuye mu magambo abiri ya Kinyarwanda nya- (ya) na amata (amata). 

Nyamata iherereye mu Karere ka Bugesera, Intara y'Iburasirazuba, mu majyepfo ya Kigali, umurwa mukuru w'igihugu n'umujyi munini mu gihugu. Aho iherereye ni 39 kilometres (24 mi), kumuhanda, mumajyepfo ya Kigali . 

Ntabwo bizwi neza ibyabereye muri kariya karere mbere ya 1900. Mu 1900 ariko, habaye intambara hagati y'Ubwami bw'u Rwanda-Rwagasabo na Cyirima nk'Umwami, n'Ubwami bwa Bugesera Umwami we yari Nsoro. Bugesera yatsinze intambara, Nsoro yigarurira Cyirima ariko ntiyamwica cyangwa ngo agire ifasi y'u Rwanda-Rwagasabo. Nsoro amaze gupfa umuhungu we Ruganzu Ndori yabaye Umwami. Ruganzu Ndori yari umwami wa nyuma wa Bugesera, yapfuye mu 1962 igihe u Rwanda rwaba repubulika.

Nyamata n'umujyi muto mu Karere ka Bugesera, mu Rwanda. Ikibuga cy’indege gishya, ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera, kirimo kubakwa, kuva muri Kanama 2017, biteganijwe ko ibyiciro bya mbere bizarangira muri 2019. 

Umujyi kandi niho Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyamata . Urwibutso ruherereye aho kiliziya Gatolika ya Paruwasi ya Nyamata yahoze ihagaze, irimo ibisigazwa by’abantu barenga 45.000 bahohotewe na jenoside, hafi ya bose bakaba bari abatutsi, barimo abarenga 10,000 biciwe muri iryo torero ubwaryo.  

Ibarura rusange ry’abaturage ryo ku ya 15 Kanama 2012, abaturage ba Nyamata bari 34.922. 

Ingingo zikurikira inyungu ziri mu mujyi cyangwa hafi y'imbibi y' umujyi: (a) Nyamata urwibutso rwa Jenoside, (b) mu biro Nyamata Inama Town, (c) Nyamata hagati isoko (d) ishami rya Banki ya Kigali, (e) ishami rya Banki ya Urwego Opportunity na (f) Ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera, hafi y'umujyi wa Rilima . 




#Article 214: Ikibuga muzamahanga cy'indege cya Bugesera (519 words)


Ikibuga mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera  ni ikibuga cyindege kiri kubakwa mu Rwanda .   

Ikibuga cy'indege cya Bugesera giherereye mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bw'u Rwanda, mu Karere ka Bugesera, hafi y'umujyi wa Rilima .  Aha hantu 25 kilometres (16 mi), n'ikirere, hamwe na 40 kilometres (25 mi), kumuhanda, mumajyepfo yikibuga cyindege mpuzamahanga cya Kigali . ☃☃ igerenya rya coorde yikibuga cyindege mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera ni: 02 ° 08'09.0 S, 30 ° 11'00.0 E (Ubunini: -2.135833; Uburebure: 30.183333). ☃☃ Ikibuga mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera giherereye ku butumburuke bwa 1,400 metres (4,593 ft)esera giherereye ku butumburuke bwa 1,400 metres (4,593 ft) hejuru yinyanja. 

Ikibuga mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera kizahinduka ikibuga kinini cy’u Rwanda, gikora ingendo z’ubucuruzi zerekeza no kuva mu mujyi munini wa Kigali .  Nikirangira, kizaba ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya gatatu cy’u Rwanda, n’ikibuga cy’indege cya 8 muri rusange. Bizuzuza ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Kigali, ubu kikaba gifite ubushobozi ntarengwa.  

Cy'indege bazaba ikubitiro bafite umwe ishashemo indege . Mugihe cyicyiciro cya kabiri cyubwubatsi, umuhanda wa kabiri uzongerwaho. Amafaranga ateganijwe mu cyiciro cya mbere ni miliyoni 418 z'amadolari ya Amerika, mu gihe icyiciro cya kabiri giteganijwe gutwara miliyoni 382 z'amadolari ya Amerika, yose hamwe akaba miliyoni 800. Byari biteganijwe ko icyiciro cya mbere kizarangira muri 2018.  Ikigo cyubwubatsi cyubwongereza, , yashinzwe gukora ubushakashatsi bushoboka no gutegura ikibuga cyindege gishya. Ibyiciro bizakurikiraho bizakurikira hamwe nubushobozi bwo gutwara abagenzi no gutwara imizigo. Mu Gushyingo 2010, raporo z’abanyamakuru zerekanye ko guverinoma y’u Rwanda yagumanye ikigo mpuzamahanga cy’ibaruramari PricewaterhouseCoopers, kugira ngo gitange inama z’imari kandi kiyobore mu gushakisha inkunga y’umushinga. Guverinoma irashaka guteza imbere ikibuga cy’indege cya Bugesera nkumushinga w’ubufatanye bwa Leta n’abikorera (PPP).  

Ukuboza 2019, Qatar Airways yemeye gufata imigabane 60% ku kibuga cy’indege. Nk’uko Ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’u Rwanda kibivuga, icyiciro cya mbere cy’ubwubatsi cyatanga ibikoresho ku bagenzi miliyoni zirindwi ku mwaka. Kandi, icyiciro cya kabiri, biteganijwe ko kizarangira muri 2032, cyongerera ubushobozi abagenzi miliyoni 14 kumwaka.  

Muri Nzeri 2016, guverinoma y'u Rwanda yasinyanye amasezerano na Mota-Engil wo muri Porutugali yo gutera inkunga, kubaka no gukoresha ikibuga cy'indege gishya mu gihe cy'imyaka 25 byemejwe na guverinoma, amasezerano ashobora kongerwa indi myaka 15. Mota-Engil yemeye gutanga miliyoni 418 z'amadolari yo gutera inkunga icyiciro cya mbere cyo kubaka. Biteganijwe ko ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi bizatangira muri 2018. 

Muri Kanama 2017, kubaka byatangiye.  Igiciro giteganijwe ubu ni miliyoni 828 US $. Mota-Engil, ibinyujije mu ishami ryayo Mota-Engil Afurika n’umushinga w’ibanze kandi itanga 75 ku ijana by'inkunga. Isosiyete y'u Rwanda yitwa Aviation Travel and Logistics (ATL), itanga 25% by'amafaranga asigaye. ATL izatanga kandi serivisi zubutaka ku kibuga cyindege. Kurangiza icyiciro cya mbere biteganijwe muri 2019.    Kubaka ku bice bimwe byikibuga cyindege byahagaritswe byigihe gito kugirango habeho inzira nshya. 

Muri gahunda nshya hamwe na Qatar Airways, hateganijwe ikibuga kinini kurushaho, hamwe n’ingengo y’ubwubatsi ingana na miliyari 1.31. Icyiciro cya mbere giteganijwe gufata imyaka itanu, hamwe nicyiciro cya kabiri giteganijwe muri 2032. 

Raporo ya TPS ivuga ko ikibuga cy’indege gishya kizashobora gutwara abagenzi miliyoni imwe na toni miliyoni 150 z’imizigo buri mwaka mu cyiciro cyacyo cya mbere. Ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera kizaba gifite metero kare 30.000 zitwara abagenzi hamwe na konti 22 zo kugenzura, amarembo icumi, n’ibiraro bitandatu by’abagenzi. Bizaba bifite kandi ibyateganijwe kumuhanda wa kabiri. 




#Article 215: Bralirwa Brewery (424 words)


Bralirwa, nanone izwi ku izina ry'Igifaransa Brasseries et Limonaderies du Rwanda, sosiyete mu  yo Rwanda ni Brewer  nini inakora kinyobwa bidasindisha  . Umugabane wacyo wimigabane urutonde rwimigabane yu Rwanda, aho bacuruza munsi yikimenyetso: BLRW .  Kugeza mu Kuboza 2017, umutungo wose w’isosiyete ufite agaciro ka miliyari 127.73 (hafi miliyoni 149.72 US $), imigabane y’abanyamigabane ingana na miliyari 35.7 (miliyoni 41.83 US $). 

Amateka ya Bralirwa yatangiye kuva 1957. Ubuyobozi bw'inzoga zo muri Kongo n'Uburundi, icyo gihe ziyobowe na Brasseries de Leopoldville (Uruganda rwa Kinshasa), rwafashe icyemezo cyo kubaka urundi ruganda rukora inzoga mu karere k'iburasirazuba. Umujyi wa Gisenyi, ku nkombe y’amajyaruguru yikiyaga cya Kivu, watoranijwe kubamo inzoga nshya. Gisenyi yatoranijwe kubera impamvu ebyiri: (a) Byagerwaho byoroshye, n'amazi, ubutaka n'umwuka kandi (b) Ikiyaga cya Kivu gifite umubare munini wibigega bya gaze metani, isoko yingufu zindi. Uruganda rwenga inzoga rwatangiye gukora mu 1959 rutangira gukora byeri ya Primus, ikirango cyonyine cyakozwe kugeza 1987. Mu 1987, hashyizweho ikirango gishya cy’inzoga zaho, Mützig . Mu 1989, Bralirwa yatangiye gukora Guinness abiherewe uruhushya. 

Mu 1971, mu Heineken Group, a Dutch haradutse abubatsi, yaguze kw'ijana 70 abenshi imigabane mu Bralirwa. Hamwe no kugura, Bralirwa yazamuye cyane uburyo bwo kuyikora. Mu 1974, Bralirwa itandukanye mu gukora ibinyobwa bidasembuye . Uruganda rw’ibinyobwa rworoshye rwafunguwe i Kigali, umurwa mukuru w’u Rwanda n’umujyi munini. Uruganda rwenga inzoga rwafatanije na Sosiyete Coca-Cola, yemerera Bralirwa kwagura ibicuruzwa byakozwe. 

Kuva muri 2018, Bralirwa ni uruganda rukora inzoga n’ibinyobwa byemewe mu karere ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga ndetse no kwagura ibinyobwa bisindisha n'ibidasindisha. 

Imigabane yimigabane yisosiyete iri kurutonde rwimigabane yu Rwanda (RSE), aho bacuruza munsi yikimenyetso cya BLRW . Itsinda rya Heineken rifite 75 ku ijana by'imigabane y'isosiyete. 25% isigaye ni iy'abashoramari ku giti cyabo n'inzego. Ukuboza 2009, Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yitandukanije neza na sosiyete igurisha imigabane 5 ku ijana mu itsinda rya Heineken ndetse no gushyira ku rutonde 25% basigaye kuri RSE, binyuze mu itangwa rya mbere (IPO).  As of December 2017 of December 2017  , umutungo wimigabane yisosiyete nkuko bigaragara mumbonerahamwe ikurikira: 

Kugeza mu Kuboza 2017, abagize inama y'ubutegetsi ya Bralirwa barimo abantu bakurikira: 

Uruganda rwa Bralirwa ruherereye i Gisenyi, hafi 158 kilometres (98 mi), kumuhanda, iburengerazuba bwa Kigali, umurwa mukuru wu Rwanda. 

Icyicaro gikuru cyikigo giherereye i Kigali. Ikindi giherereye i Kigali ni Uruganda rwibinyobwa rworoheje, aho ibinyobwa bya Coca-Cola bikomoka kuri karubone bikorerwa uruhushya. Muri Gicurasi 2011, ibinyamakuru byatangaje ko iyi sosiyete iri mu rwego rwo gushyiraho umurongo mushya wo gukora ibinyobwa bidasembuye ku ruganda rw’uru ruganda i Kicukiro, mu nkengero za Kigali, no kuzamura uruganda rwenga inzoga i Gisenyi. 

Ibirango byakozwe na Bralirwa birimo:




#Article 216: Perefegitura ya Butare (367 words)


Butare yari intara ( perefegitura ) y'u Rwanda mbere yuko iseswa muri Mutarama 2006. Umujyi wa Butare niwo mujyi wa kabiri munini mu Rwanda kandi ni imwe mu ntara zahoze ari intara cumi na zibiri. Iherereye mu majyepfo yo hagati mu gihugu kandi ihana imbibi n'Uburundi mu majyepfo. yari ifite abaturage 77.449 guhera muri Mutarama 2006.

Butare yari iherereye mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba bw'igihugu kandi ihana imbibi n'Uburundi . Uburinganire bwayo bwari bujyanye n’ibindi bihugu byose byo mu Rwanda, kandi byari imisozi ugereranije na Tanzaniya ikikije, ariko ntibyari imisozi nk’amajyaruguru yu Rwanda.

Mu buhamya bwatanzwe mu rukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rw’u Rwanda (ICTR) rwakoze iperereza kuri jenoside yo mu Rwanda mu 1994, impuguke André Guichaoua yavuze ko Butare ari intara y’inyeshyamba. Butare ni perefegitura yonyine iyobowe n'Umututsi, Jean-Baptiste Habyalimana, warwanyije byimazeyo jenoside. Kubera ko yari ifite umubare munini w'Abatutsi, politiki ya perefegitura yiganjemo Parti Social Démocrate (PSD), aho kuba Mouvement Républicain National pour la Démocratie et le développement (MRND), aho Interahamwe za jenoside zakuye abayoboke. Interahamwe muri Butare rero ntizari nyinshi kandi zitunganijwe neza kurusha bagenzi babo bo mu bindi bice by'igihugu. Igihe igihugu cyatangiraga kumena amaraso nyuma y'urupfu rwa Perezida Juvenal Habyarimana (ntaho ahuriye na perefe) ku ya 6 Mata 1994, Butare ntiyigeze ikorwaho, usibye komini ya Nyakizu . Abatutsi benshi bahunze urugomo mu tundi turere tw’igihugu basanze ubuhungiro i Butare.

Umutuzo wamaze ibyumweru bibiri. Perezida w'agateganyo Théodore Sindikubwabo, na we ukomoka mu gace ka Butare, yashyizeho perefe mushya ku ya 19 Mata mu birori byabereye mu murwa mukuru wa perefegitura. Perefe Habyalimana nyuma yaho gato arafatwa aricwa. Umwe mu bajegukurikiraho gupfa ni uwahoze ari Umwamikazi Rosalie Gicanda, wasobanuwe n'ubushinjacyaha bwa ICTR ko ari ikimenyetso cy'amateka ku Batutsi bose. Paramilitary imitwe n'Interahamwe bari hanyuma bubona mu Kigali, ikimenyetso ntangiriro bwicanyi. Hasabwe ko ubuyobozi bwa guverinoma y'Abahutu bwahangayikishijwe cyane na Butare kuko benshi muri bo bari kavukire; uretse Sindikubwabo, Minisitiri w'Intebe Jean Kambanda (umuntu wa mbere uhamijwe icyaha TPIR), General Augustin Ndindiliyimana (umutwe wa Gendarmie), na Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, wari minisitiri wa abagore n'umuryango bari bose bavukiye mu Butare. N'ubwo itsembabwoko ryatinze ibyumweru bibiri, 220.000 baje kwicwa. Iba barenga 20% byuzuye hamwe umubara usumba kure iya perefegitura iyo ari yo yose.

Coordinates: 2°36′S 29°45′E﻿ / ﻿2.6°S 29.75°E﻿ / -2.6; 29.75




#Article 217: Goma (1208 words)


Goma ni umurwa mukuru w'intara ya Kivu y'Amajyaruguru mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo . Iherereye ku nkombe yo mu majyaruguru y'Ikiyaga cya Kivu, iruhande rw'umujyi wa Gisenyi wo mu Rwanda . Ikiyaga hamwe ni mijyi yombi iri muri Albertine Rift, ishami ryiburengerazuba bwa sisitemu yo muri Afrika yuburasirazuba . Goma iri muri km 13–18 gusa majyepfo yikirunga cya Nyiragongo . Amateka ya vuba ya Goma yiganjemo ikirunga na jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994, ari na yo yongereye Intambara ya mbere n'iya kabiri ya Congo . Nyuma yibi bintu byari bikigira ingaruka ku mujyi no kuwukikije mu 2010. Uyu mujyi wafashwe n’inyeshyamba zo ku March 23 Movement mu gihe cyo kwigomeka kwa M23 mu mpera za 2012, ariko kuva icyo gihe zasubijwe inyuma n’ingabo za leta.

Umupasitori wanduye mu cyorezo cya  Ebola cya Kivu kiri cya 2018–2020 muri ako karere byamenyekanye ko hagati muri Nyakanga 2019 ariho yagiye i Goma. 

Itsembabwoko ryo mu Rwanda ryo mu 1994 ryakozwe na guverinoma y'agateganyo y'u Rwanda ku baturage b'abatutsi ndetse n'abahutu bashyira mu gaciro. Mu rwego rwo gusubiza imbere u Rwanda Patriotic Front (FPR), rwashinzwe n’impunzi z’abatutsi muri Uganda, zari zimaze kugenzura uduce twinshi two mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda nyuma y’igitero cya 1990 ndetse n’intambara y’abenegihugu ikomeje, ihirika leta y’Abahutu i Kigali irayirukana. Bumwe mu butumwa bwinshi bw’umuryango w’abibumbye bwagerageje gutanga akarere keza mu bihe bihindagurika kandi bitanga impunzi nziza. Kuva ku ya 13 Kamena kugeza ku ya 14 Nyakanga 1994, impunzi 10,000 kugeza 12.000 ku munsi zambutse umupaka zerekeza Goma. Kwinjira kwinshi kwateje ikibazo gikomeye cy’ikiremwamuntu,  kubera ko habuze aho kuba, ibiryo n'amazi. Icyakora, guverinoma ya Zaïrean yiyemeje kwita kuri iki kibazo. Gatoyi inyuma y'aho ukuza hafi miliyoni imwe impunzi,  a yica kolera Ebola avuga ibihumbi ubuzima mu nkambi z'impunzi z'Abahutu hirya Goma. Ingabo za FPR zahujije cyane cyane uruhare mu ntambara, zambutse umupaka kandi mu bikorwa byo kwihorera nazo zahitanye abantu benshi.

Imitwe yitwara gisirikare y'Abahutu ndetse n'abagize guverinoma y'agateganyo y'Abahutu bari mu mpunzi, maze bagaba ibitero mu nkambi zikikije Goma bagaba igitero ku bwoko bw'Abatutsi bo mu moko ya leta ya Kivus n'u Rwanda ku mupaka. Kubera impamvu za politiki, guverinoma ya Kinshasa y’icyo gihe cya Zayire iyobowe na Joseph Mobutu ntiyigeze ibuza ibyo bitero, bityo leta y’u Rwanda n’abafatanyabikorwa bayo ba Uganda batera inkunga inkunga y’ubumwe bw’ingabo za demokarasi zo kubohoza Zayire, umutwe w’inyeshyamba uyobowe na Laurent Kabila kurwanya Mobutu. Ingabo z'u Rwanda zagabye igitero mu nkambi za Goma, bituma hapfa abantu ibihumbi n'ibihumbi, kandi babifashijwemo n'iza Uganda, Kabila yagiye guhirika ubutegetsi bwa Mobutu mu ntambara ya mbere ya Kongo, yarangiye mu 1997.

Mu gihe cy'umwaka umwe, Kabila yari yatonganye n'abahoze ari inshuti ze, maze mu 1998 guverinoma y'u Rwanda ishyigikira umutwe w'inyeshyamba zishingiye muri Goma urwanya Kabila, imyigaragambyo y'Abanyekongo iharanira demokarasi (RCD, rimwe na rimwe bita RCD-Goma ) ikozwe n'abaturage ba Banyamulenge, ifitanye isano n'Abatutsi. . Bafashe Bukavu n'indi mijyi, Intambara ya Kongo ya kabiri iratangira. Inkambi z'impunzi za Goma, aho Abahutu bari barashinze umutwe witwaje intwaro witwa FDLR (Force Democratic for Liberation of Rwanda), bongeye kwibasirwa n'ingabo za leta y'u Rwanda na RCD.

Intambara ya kabiri ya Kongo ntiyari yarigeze ibaho muri Afurika kubera gutakaza ubuzima bw'abasivili mu bwicanyi n'amahano. Kugeza 2003 Banyamulenge yari yarambiwe intambara kandi amakimbirane yagaragaye hagati yabo nu Rwanda. Mu 2002 na 2003 hagaragaye amahoro yoroheje yumushyikirano hagati yimpande nyinshi zagize uruhare muntambara.

Kuva mu 2003 hagaragaye ihohoterwa ryinshi. Abahutu FDLR bagumye mu mashyamba no mu misozi mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba bwa Goma, bagaba ibitero ku mupaka w'u Rwanda no ku Banyamulenge. Ingabo z’ingabo z’igihugu cya Kongo ntizishobora cyangwa ntizishaka kubahagarika, kandi kubera iyo mpamvu u Rwanda rukomeje gushyigikira inyeshyamba za Banyamulenge nka RCD na Jenerali Nkunda, no kugaba ibitero muri Kivu y'Amajyaruguru zikurikirana FDLR. 

Muri Nzeri 2007, imirwano nini yatewe ubwoba ko izongera gutangira kubera ko umutwe w'ingabo 8000 w’ingabo za Jenerali Nkunda, ukikije Rutshuru, witandukanije no kwishyira hamwe n’ingabo za Kongo maze utangira kubatera mu mujyi wa Masisi uherereye mu majyaruguru y’iburengerazuba bwa Goma. MONUC ( Inshingano z'umuryango w'abibumbye muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo ) yatangiye gutwara indege ingabo za Kongo muri Goma no kuzimura na kajugujugu kuva ku kibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Goma i Masisi. 

Ku ya 27 Ukwakira 2008, Intambara ya Goma yatangiye mu mujyi hagati y’ingabo za Kongo, zishyigikiwe na MONUC, n’inyeshyamba za CNDP za Nkunda; Impunzi 200.000 zahunze umujyi.  Ku ya 3 Ugushyingo 2012 habaye imirwano hagati y'ingabo z'Abanyekongo n'u Rwanda ku mupaka uherereye mu majyaruguru ya Goma. Goma yaje gufatwa n’umutwe wa M23 ku ya 20 Ugushyingo 2012.  Ibihumbi mirongo by'abasivili bahunze ako karere.  Muri Kanama 2019, Minisitiri w’ubuzima Diane Gashumba wo mu Rwanda yatangaje ko abanyeshuri bazahagarika kujya mu ishuri i Goma, umujyi wo muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo wegereye umupaka kubera ubwoba bwa Ebola. 

Goma ihagarariwe mu Nteko ishinga amategeko n'abadepite batanu / Abahagarariye:

Ikibaya kinini cya Rift kirimo gukururwa, biganisha ku nyamugigima no gushiraho ibirunga muri ako gace.

Muri Mutarama 2002, Nyiragongo yaradutse, yohereza umugezi wa lava 200 metres (219 yd) kugeza kuri one kilometre (1,100 yards) z'ubugari no kugera kuri metero ebyiri (6½)ft) byimbitse unyuze hagati mu mujyi kugera ku nkombe z'ikiyaga. Inzego zikurikirana ikirunga zashoboye gutanga umuburo kandi abaturage benshi ba Goma bimukiye i Gisenyi. Lava yashenye 40% yumujyi (amazu ninyubako zirenga 4.500). Hariho impfu zimwe na zimwe zatewe na lava no gusohora imyuka ya dioxyde de carbone, itera guhumeka . Lava nayo yitwikiriye amajyaruguru 1☃☃km ya kilometero 3-kilometre (9,800 ft)kiriye amajyaruguru 1 km ya kilometero 3-kilometre (9,800 ft) umuhanda wikibuga cyindege mpuzamahanga cya Goma, utandukanya terminal na apron byari kuri iyo mpera.  Lava irashobora kugaragara byoroshye mumafoto ya satelite,  nindege irashobora kuboneka ukoresheje kilometero 2 (6.500-ft) igice cyamajyepfo yumuhanda ugaragara neza.

Mu 2005, ibikorwa by'ibirunga byongeye kubangamira umujyi.

Kugeza ubu abahanga muri Goma barimo gukurikirana Nyiragongo.

Ikiyaga cya Kivu ni kimwe mu biyaga bitatu byo muri Afurika byagaragaye ko gifite gaze nyinshi zashushe zifata igitutu mu burebure bwacyo. Babiri mu bandi, ikiyaga cya Monoun n'ikiyaga cya Nyos, bahuye n'ikibazo cyo guturika kwa limnic cyangwa 'kurenga ikiyaga', irekurwa rikabije rya dioxyde de carbone ihumeka ishobora kuba yaratewe n'inkangu. Ihirikwa ry'ikiyaga cya Nyos ryishe cyane, ryahitanye abantu bagera ku bihumbi bibiri mu gace gakikije ikiyaga. Kivu iruta inshuro 2000 kurenza ikiyaga cya Nyos kandi irimo na metani yashonze nk'ikindi cyago - nubwo kwibumbira hamwe kwa dioxyde de carbone biri hasi cyane ugereranije n'ikiyaga cya Nyos.  Abantu bagera kuri miriyoni ebyiri, harimo n’abaturage ba Goma, batuye hafi y’ikiyaga cya Kivu kandi bashobora guhura n’akaga ko guturika kwatewe na kimwe mu birunga byegeranye ndetse na nyamugigima bifitanye isano nayo. 

Ikintu kizwi nka ' mazuku ' cyahitanye abana vuba aha. 

Ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Goma gitanga ingendo zo mu gihugu kandi, guhera mu 2016, indege imwe mpuzamahanga ( Ethiopian Airlines ). Uyu mujyi uri ku mupaka w’u Rwanda kandi umuturanyi wa Gisenyi uhuza Kigali, umurwa mukuru w’u Rwanda, ku mihanda na bisi zisanzwe zigenda hagati yiyi mijyi mu masaha ane. Goma ihujwe na Bukavu na feri, i Butembo, Beni, Bunia na Kisangani haba mu ndege zo mu gihugu cyangwa mu muhanda, kandi bisi zisanzwe ziva Goma zijya muri iyi mijyi. Bifata umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri y'urugendo (muri bisi) kugirango ugere muri iyo mijyi.

Sisitemu yo gushyira mu kirere ikirere cya Köppen-Geiger ishyira ikirere cyayo nk'ikirere gishyuha gishyuha (Aw). 

Amerekezo: 1°41′S 29°14′E﻿ / ﻿1.683°S 29.233°E﻿ / -1.683; 29.233




#Article 218: Antoine Kambanda (521 words)


Antoine Kambanda (wavutse ku wa 10 Ugushyingo 1958) ni Umunyarwanda akaba n'Umuyobozi ukomeye muri Kiliziya Gatolika wabaye Arkiyepiskopi wa Arikidiyosezi Gatolika ya Kigali ku ya 11 Ugushyingo 2018. Mbere yaho guhera  mu 2013 yari Umushumba wa Diyosezi ya Kibungo.

Ku wa 25 Ukwakira 2020, Papa Fransisko yatangaje ko azamuzamura ku ntera ya karidinari mu ihuriro riteganijwe ku ya 28 Ugushyingo 2020 i Roma.

Antoine Kambanda yavutse ku wa 10 Ugushyingo 1958 mu Rwanda. Kubera Ivangura rishingiye ku moko, umuryango we wimukiye mu gihugu cy'Uburundi baza kwerekeza no muri Uganda, aho yize amashuri abanza, hanyuma yimukira muri Kenya, ari na ho yize amashuri yisumbuye. Nyuma yaje gusubira mu gihugu cye, aho yagiye mu  Iseminari i Rutongo, Kigali, (1983–1984) na Seminari Nkuru yitiriwe Mutagatifu Karori Borromeo ya Nyakibanda i Butare (1984–1990). Ku wa 8 Nzeri 1990, yahawe ubupadiri i Kabgayi na Papa Yohani Pawulo wa II. Kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1993 yabaye Uyobozi ushinzwe amasomo mu Iseminari nto ya Mutagatifu Visenti i Ndera, Kigali. Nyuma yerekeje mu ishuri rya Alphonsian Academy i Roma kuva mu 1993 kugeza 1999, aho yakuye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga muri tewolojiya. Ababyeyi be na batanu muri barumuna be batandatu, hamwe n’abandi bavandimwe n’inshuti benshi, bishwe mu 1994 muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. 

Kambanda yagizwe Umuyobozi wa Karitasi ya Arikidiyosezi ya Kigali mu 1999. Yaje kuba umuyobozi wa komite ishinzwe amajyambere ya Diyosezi ya Kigali, umuyobozi wa komisiyo ya Ubutabera n’amahoro ya diyosezi, akaba umwarimu wa tewolojiya y’imyitwarire muri Seminari Nkuru ya Nyakibanda. Avuga mu 2004 Kuri Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda  mu 1994, Kambanda yemeye ko mu gihe bamwe mu bayobozi b'amadini gatolika bagerageje kurinda abaturage, abandi bagize uruhare muri ubwo bwicanyi.  Kambanda yavuze ko ari ngombwa ko Kiliziya Gatolika ubwayo igomba kwiyubaka kugira ngo ihoshe ingaruka za Jenoside. Yavuze ati: gukoresha isakramentu rya penetensiya mu kwiyunga no gukiza inzangano zishingiye ku moko no kwiyunga nawe ubwawe, hamwe n'Imana ndetse n'abandi, byagira akamaro mu guteza imbere kwizera kurangwa no kwizerana gutsinda ubwoba bw'undi. 

Muri Nzeri 2005, Karidinali Crescenzio Sepe yamugize umuyobozi wa seminari nkuru ya filozofiya iherereye muri Diyosezi Kabgayi. Ku wa 10 Gashyantare 2006, Kambanda yagizwe umuyobozi wa Seminari Nkuru yitiriwe Mutagatifu Karoli Borromeo ya Nyakibanda. Yasimbuye Nyiricyubahiro Musenyeri Smaragde Mbonyintege, wari wagizwe umwepiskopi wa Diyosezi ya Kabgayi. 

Muri Kamena 2011, yayoboye abanyarwanda benshi bagiye mu rugendo nyobokamana i Namugongo, muri Uganda, kugira ngo bifanyanye n'abandi bakirisitu mu birori byo kwizihiza umunsi mukuru w’abamaritiri b'abakirisitu 45 bahindutse bishwe mu 1884 n'Umwami Mwanga wa II wa Buganda . Mu nyigisho ye, yavuze ko igitambo abahowe Imana batanze cyafashije cyane gukwirakwiza Ubukirisitu muri Afurika bereka abamisiyoneri ko abizera bazemera gupfa bazira ukwemera kwabo. 

Ku wa 7 Gicurasi 2013, Papa Fransisiko yagize Kambanda Umwepiskopi wa Diyosezi ya Kibungo.  Yasimbuye Kizito Bahujimihigo, weguye muri Mutarama 2010 kubera ibibazo bikomeye by’amafaranga muri diyosezi ndetse n’ubwoba bw'uko amabanki yari agiye gufatira imwe mu mitungo ya Diyosezi kubera kutishyura imyenda.  Inama y'Abepiskopi Gatolika bo mu Rwanda yamuhisemo ngo yitabire Sinodi y'Abepiskopi mu 2015. 

Ku wa 19 Ugushyingo 2018, Papa Francis yamugize Arkiyepiskopi wa Kigali. 

Ku wa 25 Ukwakira 2020, Papa Francis yatangaje ko azamuzamura ku ntera ya karidinari mu ihuriro riteganijwe ku wa 28 Ugushyingo 2020. 




#Article 219: IKORANABUHANGA (ubusobanuro) (153 words)


Ikoranabuhanga (siyanse yubukorikori, mu ndimi za mahanga zikoreshwa cyane n'abenshi mu isi arizo Icyongereza ndetse n'igifaransa (French) Ikoranabuhanga muri izondimi uko ari ebyeri risobanura Technology bikaba ryarakomotse mu kigereki τέχνη, techne, risobanuraubuhanzi, ubuhanga, amayeri y'intoki; na -λογία, -logiya [2]) ni igiteranyo cya tekinike, ubuhanga, uburyo, n'inzira zikoreshwa mu musaruro y'ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi cyangwa mu kugera ku ntego, nk'iperereza ry'ubumenyi. Ikoranabuhanga rishobora kuba ubumenyi bwubuhanga, inzira, nibindi bisa, cyangwa bishobora gushyirwa mumashini kugirango yemere gukora nta bumenyi burambuye kubikorwa byabo. Sisitemu (urugero: imashini) ikoresha ikoranabuhanga ifata iyinjiza, ikayihindura ukurikije imikoreshereze ya sisitemu, hanyuma igatanga ibisubizo byitwa sisitemu yikoranabuhanga.

Uburyo bworoshye bwikoranabuhanga niterambere no gukoresha ibikoresho byibanze. Ubuvumbuzi bwa kera bwuburyo bwo kugenzura umuriro na Revolution ya Neolithic nyuma byongereye isoko ibiryo, kandi kuvumbura uruziga byafashaga abantu gutembera no kugenzura ibidukikije. Iterambere mu bihe byamateka, harimo imashini icapa, terefone, na interineti, byagabanije inzitizi z’umubiri ku itumanaho kandi bituma abantu basabana mu bwisanzure ku isi yose.




#Article 220: Richard Wrangham (167 words)


Ubuzima bwa Richard Wrangham 

Richard yavukiye i Leeds, muri Yorkshire. Amaze imyaka myinshi mu ishami rya kaminuza ya Michigan, yabaye Umwarimu wa Biological Anthropology muri kaminuza ya Harvard kandi itsinda rye ry’ubushakashatsi ubu riri mu ishami rishya ryashinzwe ry’ibinyabuzima by’ubwihindurize. Ni mugenzi wa MacArthur. Afatanya n’umushinga wa Kibale Chimpanzee National Park muri Uganda, yakoze ubushakashatsi bw'igihe kinini muri iyi parike. Ubushakashatsi bwe busozwa no kwiga ku bwihindurize bw’abantu aho akuramo imyanzuro ishingiye ku bidukikije by’imyitwarire y’inguge. Nkumunyeshuri urangije, Wrangham yize munsi ya Robert Hinde na Jane Goodall.

Wrangham azwi cyane cyane ku bikorwa bye muri ecologiya ya sisitemu mbonezamubano (Ecology of apes), amateka y'ubwihindurize yo kwibasira abantu (bikarangira mu gitabo cye na Dale Peterson, Abadayimoni b'Abadayimoni: Inguge n'inkomoko y'ihohoterwa rya muntu), ndetse n'ubushakashatsi yakoze mu guteka ( incamake mu gitabo cye, Gufata umuriro: Uburyo Guteka Byatugize Umuntu) no kwigira wenyine. Ni ibikomoka ku bimera.

Wrangham yagize uruhare runini mu kumenya imyitwarire ifatwa nk umuntu wihariye muri chimpanzees, harimo n'umuco [6] hamwe na Eloy Rodriguez, chimpanzee yivura wenyine. 




#Article 221: Islamu (1006 words)


Islamu ni ryo dini rigizwe n'abayoboke bakeya cyane mu Rwanda ugereranije n'andi madini, rifite abayoboke bagejeje ki kigero kingana na 4,6% by'abaturage bose ukurikije ibarura rya 2006. Mubyukuri Abayisilamu bose mu Rwanda ni Abasuni. Islamu yaje bwa mbere mu Rwanda izanywe n'abacuruzi b'Abayisilamu baturutse ku nkombe y'Iburasirazuba bwa Afurika mu kinyejana cya 18. Kuva ryatangizwa, Abayisilamu babaye bake muri kariya gace, mu gihe Kiliziya Gatolika ya Roma, yinjije Abanyarwanda mu gihe cy'ubukoloni mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 ni ryo dini rinini muri iki gihugu.

Bwa mbere mu mateka yarwo mu Rwanda, Islamu ihabwa uburenganzira n'ubwisanzure nk'ubukristo. Ikigereranyo cyerekana ko mu bahutu hari umubare w’abayisilamu bangana kimwe n’abatutsi. Ikigereranyo ntigishobora kugenzurwa nyuma ya jenoside, kubera ko guverinoma imaze guhagarika ibiganiro byose by’amoko mu Rwanda mu rwego rwo kurinda abanyarwanda icyabateza ivangura rishingiye ku moko ndetse n'amacakubiri.

Ugereranije n'ibihugu byo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba nka Tanzaniya, Kenya, na Uganda, amateka y'Ubuyisilamu mu Rwanda ni amateka mashya. Mu gihe hari inyandiko nke zanditse zerekeye inkomoko yabyo, bivugwa ko Islamu yazanywe n'abacuruzi b'Abarabu baturutse muri Zanzibar binjiye bwa mbere muri iki gihugu mu 1901. Ubundi, byavuzwe ko Islamu yahageze mu gihe cy'ubukoloni igihe abanditsi b'abayisilamu, abafasha mu buyobozi, n'abacuruzi baturutse ku nkombe zivuga Igiswahiri cya Tanganyika bazanywe mu gihugu. Islamu kandi yashimangiwe n’abacuruzi b’abayisilamu bo ku mugabane w’Ubuhinde, washakanye n’Abanyarwanda. Abanyarwanda bubatse umusigiti wabo wa mbere mu 1913. Uyu musigiti uzwi ku izina ry'umusigiti wa Al-Fatah.

Mu mateka yarwo, hashyizweho ingufu nyinshi mu kubuza ikwirakwizwa rya Islamu mu Rwanda. Izi mbaraga muri rusange zakoresheje imyumvire yo kurwanya abarabu, kandi zerekana abayisilamu nkabanyamahanga. Abamisiyonari gatolika bakunze gukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo barwanye icyo babonaga ko ari amadini ahanganye, nk'ubuyisilamu n'Abaporotesitanti.

Abayisilamu bakomeje guhezwa kubera ko Abayisilamu benshi batuye mu mijyi, mu gihe 90% by’abaturage bari icyaro. Nkuko abacuruzi b'Abarabu cyangwa Abahinde batigeze bagerageza gukomeza kwizera kwabo, nta mwuka muto wo kubwiriza mu Bayisilamu. Gusa habaye impinduka nke, cyane cyane mubatuye mu mijyi itandukanijwe: abagore bashakanye nabanyamahanga, abana batemewe nimpfubyi. Ndetse no guhinduka rimwe na rimwe wasangaga bitagaragara, biterwa no kwifuza umutekano w’ubukungu n’ubukungu Abayisilamu batangaga, kuruta kwizera idini mu myizerere ya kisilamu. 

Ku butegetsi bw'Ababiligi, Abayisilamu mu Rwanda bari barahawe akato. Kubera ko Abayisilamu nta mwanya bari bafite muri Kiliziya Gatolika, yakomezaga kugira uruhare runini kuri leta, Abayisilamu bakunze guhezwa mu burezi n'imirimo ikomeye muri guverinoma. Kubera iyo mpamvu, akazi k'abayisilamu ahanini kagarukiraga mu bucuruzi buciriritse, no gufata akazi nk'abashoferi. 

Mu 1960, uwahoze ari minisitiri w’ubutegetsi, Isidore Sebazungu, yategetse gutwika icya kane cy’abayisilamu n’umusigiti i Rwamagana. Nyuma yibi birori, Abayisilamu bagize ubwoba maze benshi muri bo bahungira mu bihugu duturanye. Bavuga ko Kiliziya Gatolika yagize uruhare muri ibyo birori, byakajije umurego hagati y’abayisilamu n’abakristu.

Mbere ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994, Abayisilamu bafatwaga nabi, kubera ko babonaga ko ari abacuruzi, mu gihugu abahinzi bubahwa cyane. Abaturage b’abayisilamu mbere ya jenoside bari 4% byari bike cyane ugereranije n’ibihugu bituranye. Abayisilamu nabo bagize ingaruka kuri jenoside. Ni gake gashoboka aho abatutsi bari barahungiye mumisigiti bagabweho ibitero. Urugero ruzwi cyane rwabereye ku musigiti mukuru wa Nyamirambo, aho abatutsi babarirwa mu magana bari bateraniye guhungira. Impunzi ziri mu musigiti zarwanije imitwe yitwara gisirikare y'Abahutu ikoresheje amabuye, umuheto n'imyambi, bituma barwanya bikomeye abasirikari n'interahamwe. Gusa abasirikare bamaze gutera imbunda ya mashini ni Interahamwe zashoboye kwinjira mu musigiti no kwica impunzi. 

Umubare w’abayisilamu bo mu Rwanda wiyongereye nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yo mu 1994 kubera umubare munini w’abantu bahindutse. Abayisilamu benshi bari bahungiye mu mpunzi, Abahutu n'Abatutsi. Bamwe mu bahindutse bavuga ko bahindukiriye idini ya Islamu kubera uruhare abayobozi bamwe b'Abagatolika n'Abaporotesitanti bagize muri jenoside. Imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu yanditse ibyabaye byombi aho abanyamadini b'Abakristo bemeraga Abatutsi guhungira mu nsengero, hanyuma bakabashyikiriza itsinda ry’urupfu rw’Abahutu, ndetse n’aho abapadiri n’abakozi b’Abahutu bashishikarizaga amatorero yabo kwica abatutsi 

Ubuhamya bwa bamwe mu bantu ku giti cyabo bwerekana uburyo abatutsi bamwe bahinduye imyemerere yabo kubw'umutekano wabo, kubera ko batinyaga gukomeza kwicwa n'abahezanguni b'Abahutu, kandi bari bazi ko Abayisilamu bazabarinda ibikorwa nk'ibi. Abahutu benshi bahinduye imyemerere yabo nabo, bashaka kwezwa. Abahutu benshi bifuza gusiga amateka yabo yubugizi bwa nabi no kutagira amaraso mu biganza. Hariho kandi uduce tumwe na tumwe twitaruye aho Abahutu bahindutse bizeye ko bashobora kwihisha mu muryango w’abayisilamu bityo bagahunga gutabwa muri yombi.  

Igipimo cyo guhinduka cyatinze mu 1997. Nk’uko mufti w’u Rwanda abitangaza ngo umuryango wa kisilamu ntiwigeze wiyongera mu guhinduka mu 2002/2003. Ubukristo bukomeje kuba idini rikomeye mu gihugu. Gatolika (yageze mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 hamwe na ba papa bera ba kiliziya gatolika ya Roma) ikomeje kwinjizwa mu muco. 

Abayisilamu bo mu Rwanda nabo bagira uruhare rugaragara mubikorwa byimibereho, nka umurava n'umuhate wabo mu bijyanye no kubahana no gukundana hagati yabo ubwabo. Abayisilamu benshi bo mu Rwanda bagira uruhare mu gukemura amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko nyuma ya jenoside n'imitwe ya kisilamu imaze kugera ku batishoboye, urugero nko gushinga amatsinda y'abagore atanga inyigisho ku kwita ku bana. Guverinoma z’iburengerazuba zahangayikishijwe n’uko Islamu igenda yiyongera, kandi bamwe mu bayobozi ba guverinoma bagaragaje impungenge z’uko imisigiti imwe n'imwe ihabwa inkunga na Arabiya Sawudite. Icyakora, hari ibimenyetso bike byerekana ko bitwara gisirikare. 

Umunsi mukuru w’idini ry’abayisilamu Eid al-Fitr ndetse na Eid al Adhuhha wizihizwa na guverinoma nkimwe mu minsi mikuru ine y’amadini (hamwe na Noheri, Umunsi w’abatagatifu bose, hamwe n’ibitekerezo). Abayisilamu kandi bagira amashuri yigenga ya kisilamu. Mu 2003, Ambasade y’Amerika yagenzuye ivugurura ry’ishuri ryisumbuye rya kisilamu i Kigali. Abayobozi ba Ambasade kandi bahuye n’abayobozi b’abayisilamu, hamwe n’abayoboke ba Kiliziya Gatolika n’Abangilikani, Abadiventisti bo ku munsi wa karindwi, n’Abahamya ba Yehova, kugira ngo bagirane ibiganiro by’amadini. 

U Rwanda rwahoze rufite ishyaka rya politiki ry’idini, ishyaka rya kisilamu riharanira demokarasi (PDI), hamwe n’abayoboke b’abatari abayisilamu. Icyakora, ryahinduye izina ryitwa Ishyaka Riharanira Demokarasi no Kurengera Ibidukikije, nyuma yuko itegeko nshinga ritegeka ko nta shyaka rishobora gushingwa hashingiwe ku idini. 

Hariho intera nini mubigereranyo byabaturage b’abayisilamu bo mu Rwanda. Nta barura nyaryo ry’abaturage b’abayisilamu ryakozwe. 

Raporo ya guverinoma y'u Rwanda yatangajwe ku ya 1 Ugushyingo 2006, ivuga ko 56.5% by'abatuye u Rwanda ari Abagatolika b'imyemerere y'Abanyeroma, 26% ni Abaporotesitanti, 11.1% ni Abadiventisti b'umunsi wa Karindwi, 4,6% ni Abayisilamu, 1.7% bavuga ko badafite idini, kandi 0.1% bakora imyizerere gakondo. 




#Article 222: Adamu na Eva. (329 words)


Adamu na Eva, dukurikije imigani y'irema y'amadini ya Aburahamu (Abrahamic religions), Adamu niwe mugabo wa mbere wabayeho nyuma yaho isi yarimaze kuremwe Eva nawe akaba umugore wa mbere wabayeho nyuma yaho isi yarimaze kuremwe. Aba nibo shingiro ry’imyizerere rivuga ko ikiremwamuntu ari umuryango umwe, kandi ko abantu bose bakomoka ku basekuruza ba mbere. Uyu mugani kandi n'urufatiro rw'inyigisho zo kugwa k'umuntu n'icyaha cy'umwimerere kiri mu myizerere y'ingenzi mu bukristu, nubwo idakorerwa mu idini rya Kiyahudi (Judaism) cyangwa Islamu (Islam).

Mu gitabo cy'Itangiriro cya Bibiliya y'Igiheburayo, igice cya mbere kugeza ku cya gatanu, hariho inkuru ebyiri zaremwe zifite ibitekerezo bibiri bitandukanye. Mubwa mbere, Adamu na Eva ntamazina bigeze bahabwa. Ahubwo, Imana yaremye abantu mwishusho yImana kandi ibategeka kugwira no kuba ibisonga mubindi byose Imana yaremye. Mu nkuru ya kabiri, Imana yaremye Adamu m'umukungugu imushyira mu busitani bwa Edeni. Adamu abwirwa ko ashobora kurya ku buntu ibiti byose byo mu busitani, usibye igiti cyo kumenya icyiza n'ikibi. Nyuma, Eva yaremewe kuva mu rubavu rwa Adamu kugirango amubere inshuti. Bari abera kandi ntibaterwaga isoni no kwambara ubusa kwabo. Ariko, inzoka iyobya Eva kurya imbuto ziva ku giti cyabujijwe, maze aha Adamu imbuto zimwe. Ibi bikorwa bibaha ubumenyi bwinyongera, ariko bibaha ubushobozi bwo guhuza ibitekerezo bibi kandi byangiza nk'isoni n'ibibi. Nyuma Imana yavumye inzoka n'ubutaka. Imana ihanura ibwira umugore n'umugabo ingaruka zizaba z'icyaha cyo kutumvira Imana. Hanyuma abirukana mu busitani bwa Edeni.

Umugani wakozweho ibisobanuro byinshi mu migenzo ya Aburahamu nyuma, kandi wasesenguwe cyane n'intiti za Bibiliya zigezweho. Ibisobanuro n'imyizerere yerekeye Adamu na Eva n'inkuru ibazengurutse biratandukanye mu madini n'amatsinda; nk'urugero, inyandiko ya kisilamu y'inkuru ivuga ko Adamu na Eva bari bafite uruhare runini kubwibyaha byabo bya hubris, aho Eva ariwe wambere wabaye umuhemu. Inkuru ya Adamu na Eva ikunze kugaragazwa mubuhanzi, kandi yagize uruhare runini mubuvanganzo no mubisigo.

Inkuru yo kugwa kwa Adamu ikunze gufatwa nkikigereranyo. Ibyavuye mu miterere y’abaturage, cyane cyane ibyerekeye Y-chromosomal Adam na Eva Mitochondrial, byerekana ko abantu ba mbere Adamu na Eva babantu batigeze babaho.

Byahinduwe mu Kinyarwanda




#Article 223: Agusitini (411 words)


Agusitini Hippo (/ ɔːˈɡʌstɪn /; Ikilatini: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 Ugushyingo 354 - 28 Kanama 430 . Inyandiko ze zagize uruhare mu iterambere rya filozofiya y’iburengerazuba n’Ubukirisitu bw’iburengerazuba, kandi afatwa nkumwe mu ba Padiri b'Itorero rikomeye ry’Itorero ry'Ikilatini mu gihe cya Patristo. Ibikorwa bye byinshi byingenzi birimo Umujyi wImana, Ku nyigisho za gikristo, no kwatura.

Dukurikije ibyatagajwe na Jerome. Augustin yongeye gushya Kwizera kwa kera. Nyuma yo guhinduka mu bukristu no kubatizwa mu 386, Augustin yateje imbere uburyo bwe bwite bwa filozofiya na tewolojiya, akurikiza uburyo butandukanye. Kwizera ubuntu bwa Kristo ntahara mu bwisanzure bwa muntu, yafashaga gushyiraho inyigisho z'icyaha cy'inkomoko kandi yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'imyumvire y'intambara gusa. Igihe ubwami bw'Abaroma bwo mu Burengerazuba bwatangiraga gusenyuka, Augustin yatekereje ko Itorero ari Umujyi w'Imana wo mu mwuka, utandukanye n'Umujyi wo ku isi. Ibitekerezo bye byagize uruhare runini mubitekerezo byisi. Igice cy'Itorero cyubahirije igitekerezo cy'Ubutatu nk'uko byasobanuwe n'Inama ya Nicaea n'Inama ya Constantinople bifitanye isano rya hafi na Augustin Ku Butatu.

Agusitini azwi nk'umutagatifu muri Kiliziya Gatolika, mu Itorero rya  Orotodogisi y'uburasirazuba(Eastern Orthdox) . Ni n'umuganga ukomeye wa Kiliziya Gatolika ya Kiliziya akaba n'umurinzi w'Abanya Augustin. Urwibutso rwe rwizihizwa ku ya 28 Kanama, umunsi yapfiriyeho. Agusitini ni we mutagatifu w’inzoga, icapiro, abahanga mu bya tewolojiya, hamwe n’imijyi myinshi na diyosezi. Abaporotesitanti benshi, cyane cyane Calviniste n'Abaluteriyani, bamufata nk'umwe mu ba se ba tewolojiya y'Ivugurura ry'Abaporotesitanti kubera inyigisho ze ku gakiza n'ubuntu bw'Imana. Abavugurura b'Abaporotesitanti muri rusange, na Martin Luther by'umwihariko, bafataga Augustin mu mwanya wa mbere mu ba Padiri b'Itorero rya mbere. Luther yari, kuva mu 1505 kugeza mu 1521, umwe mu bagize Iteka rya Eremitite ya Augustin.

Mu Burasirazuba, inyigisho ze ntizivugwaho rumwe kandi zibasiwe na John Romanides. Ariko abandi bahanga mu bya tewolojiya n'abantu bo mu Itorero rya orotodogisi mu burasirazuba bagaragaje ko bemera cyane ibyo yanditse, cyane cyane Georges Florovsky. Inyigisho zitavugwaho rumwe cyane na we, filioque, [30] zanze Itorero rya orotodogisi. Izindi nyigisho zitavugwaho rumwe zirimo ibitekerezo bye ku byaha by'umwimerere, inyigisho y'ubuntu, no guteganya mbere. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, nubwo bifatwa nkibeshya ku ngingo zimwe na zimwe, aracyafatwa nk'umutagatifu kandi yagize uruhare kuri ba Padiri b'Itorero ryo mu Burasirazuba, cyane cyane Gregory Palamas. Mu Itorero rya orotodogisi umunsi we mukuru wizihizwa ku ya 15 Kamena. Umuhanga mu by'amateka Diarmaid MacCulloch yaranditse ati: Ingaruka za Augustin ku bitekerezo bya gikristo byo mu Burengerazuba ntizishobora kuvugwa; gusa urugero yakundaga cyane Pawulo wa Taruso, ni rwo rwagize uruhare rukomeye, kandi Abanyaburengerazuba muri rusange babonye Pawulo mu maso ya Augustin. 




#Article 224: Jerome (130 words)


Jerome (/ dʒəˈroʊm /; Ikilatini: Ewuzebi Sophronius Hieronymus; Ikigereki: Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος; azwi cyane nka Mutagatifu Jerome.

Jerome yavukiye ahitwa Stridon, umudugudu uri hafi ya Emona ku mupaka wa Dalmatiya na Pannoniya.  Azwi cyane nkuwahinduye Bibiliya hafi ya yose mu kilatini (ubusobanuro bwamenyekanye nka Vulgate) n'ibitekerezo yatanze ku Mavanjiri. Urutonde rwe rw'inyandiko ni rwinshi.

Jerome yari azwiho inyigisho zerekeye ubuzima bw’imyitwarire ya gikristo, cyane cyane abatuye mu bigo by’isi nka Roma. Kenshi na kenshi, yibanze ku mibereho y’abagore kandi agaragaza uburyo umugore witangiye Yesu agomba kubaho ubuzima bwe. Ibyo byibanze ku mibanire ye ya hafi n’abakobwa benshi b’abagore b’abagore b’abagore bari bagize imiryango ikennye ya senateri.

Jerome azwi nk'umutagatifu akaba n'Umuganga wa Kiliziya na Kiliziya Gatolika, Itorero rya orotodogisi mu Burasirazuba, Itorero ry'Abaluteriyani, hamwe n'Abasangwabutaka. Umunsi mukuru we ni 30 Nzeri.




#Article 225: Kiyahudi (Judaism) (344 words)


Idini rya Kiyahudi (rikomoka mu giheburayo יהודה, Yehudah, Yuda; [1] ] Abayahudi b'abanyamadini bafatwa nk'Abayahudi ko bagaragaza isezerano Imana yagiranye n'abana ba Isiraheli. Ikubiyemo umubiri mugari w'inyandiko, imyitozo, imyanya ya tewolojiya, nuburyo bwo gutunganya. Torah ni igice cy'inyandiko nini izwi ku izina rya Tanakh cyangwa Bibiliya y'Igiheburayo, hamwe n'imigenzo y'inyongera yo mu kanwa ihagarariwe n'inyandiko nyuma nka Midrash na Talmud. Hamwe n'abayoboke bagera kuri miliyoni 14.5 na 17.4 ku isi, [6] Idini rya Kiyahudi ni ryo dini rya cumi rinini ku isi.

Mu idini rya Kiyahudi harimo ingendo zitandukanye, inyinshi muri zo zikaba zarakomotse ku idini rya Kiyahudi ry'Abarabi, [7] rivuga ko Imana yahishuriye Mose amategeko yayo n'amategeko yayo ku musozi wa Sinayi mu buryo bwa Torah yanditse cyangwa mu kanwa. Mu mateka, ibyo byose cyangwa igice cyacyo cyamaganwe n'amatsinda atandukanye nk'Abasadukayo n'Abayahudi b'Abayahudi b'Abayahudi b'Abayahudi mu gihe cy'urusengero rwa kabiri; [9] Abakarayite mu ntangiriro na nyuma y'ikinyejana cya 5; no mu bice by'amadini agezweho atari orotodogisi. Amashami ya kijyambere y'Abayahudi nk'Abayahudi b'Abayahudi ashobora kuba adahuje idini. Muri iki gihe, imyizerere minini y'Abayahudi ni idini rya Kiyahudi ya orotodogisi (idini rya Kiyahudi rya Haredi n'Abayahudi ba orotodogisi ya none), idini rya Kiyahudi ryita ku idini rya Kiyahudi, n'ivugurura ry'Abayahudi. Inkomoko nyamukuru yo gutandukanya ayo matsinda ni uburyo bwabo bwo gukurikiza amategeko y’Abayahudi, ubutware bw’imigenzo ya ba rabi, n'akamaro ka Leta ya Isiraheli. Idini rya Kiyahudi rya orotodogisi rikomeza rivuga ko amategeko ya Torah n'Abayahudi ari ay'Imana mu nkomoko, y'iteka kandi adahinduka, kandi ko agomba gukurikizwa byimazeyo. Idini rya Kiyahudi ryita ku ivugurura n’ivugurura ni ubuntu, aho idini rya Kiyahudi ryita ku idini rya Kiyahudi ryateje imbere ubusobanuro gakondo bwo gusobanura ibyo Abayahudi basabwa kuruta kuvugurura idini rya Kiyahudi. Imyanya isanzwe ivugurura ni uko amategeko y'Abayahudi akwiye gufatwa nk'urutonde rw'amabwiriza rusange aho kuba nk'imbogamizi n'inshingano zisabwa kubahiriza Abayahudi bose. [12] Amateka, inkiko zidasanzwe zashyize mu bikorwa amategeko y'Abayahudi; muri iki gihe, izi nkiko ziracyahari ariko imigenzo y'Abayahudi ahanini ni ubushake. Ububasha ku bibazo bya tewolojiya n’amategeko ntibuhawe umuntu uwo ari we wese cyangwa umuryango runaka, ahubwo ni ibyanditswe byera hamwe na ba rabi n’intiti babisobanura.




#Article 226: Bibiliya y'Igiheburayo (119 words)


Bibiliya y'Igiheburayo, nanone yitwa Tanakh (/ tɑːˈnɑːx /; [1] תָּנָ״ךְ, ivugwa [taˈnaχ] cyangwa [təˈnax]; nanone Tenakh, Tenak, Tanach), cyangwa rimwe na rimwe Miqra (מִקְרָא), ni icyegeranyo cyemewe cyibyanditswe byigiheburayo, harimo na Torah. Aya masomo hafi ya yose mu giheburayo cya Bibiliya, hamwe n'ibice bike mucyarameyi ya Bibiliya (mu bitabo bya Daniyeli na Ezira, umurongo Yeremiya 10: 11, n'amagambo amwe). Imiterere yiyi nyandiko ifite uburenganzira ku idini rya kiyahudi ryaba rabi izwi ku izina rya Masoretic Text (MT) kandi igizwe n’ibitabo 24, mu gihe Bibiliya y’abaporotesitanti igabanya ahanini ibintu bimwe mu bitabo 39. Bibiliya Gatolika na Bibiliya ya orotodogisi y'Iburasirazuba / Ikigereki ikubiyemo ibikoresho by'inyongera mu Isezerano rya Kera, byakomotse kuri Septante (inyandiko zahinduwe mu kigereki cya Koine) n'andi masoko.




#Article 227: Hubris (147 words)


Hubris (/ ˈhjuːbrɪs /, ukomoka mu kigereki cya kera ὕβρις) asobanura imiterere yumuntu wubwibone bukabije cyangwa ubupfapfa cyangwa kwigirira icyizere kirenze urugero, akenshi bifatanije nubwibone. Ijambo ubwibone riva mu kilatini adrogare, bisobanura kumva ko umuntu afite uburenganzira bwo gusaba abandi imyitwarire n'imyitwarire runaka. Kwishyira hejuru bisobanura gusaba cyangwa gufata nta mpamvu .... gutanga ibirego bidakwiye kugira, cyangwa gusaba cyangwa gufata nta burenganzira ... kuvuga cyangwa kuranga nta mpamvu.Ijambo kwiyitirira naryo rifitanye isano nijambo hubris, ariko ntabwo rihwanye na hubris.ukeneye amagambo kugira ngo ugenzure] Dukurikije ubushakashatsi, hubris, ubwibone no kwiyitirira bifitanye isano no gutsinda intsinzi (kabone niyo byaba atari byo) 'ntabwo bivuze gutsinda) aho kwiyunga, nkamatsinda yinshuti ashobora guteza imbere. Ubusanzwe Hubris abonwa [nande?] Nkibiranga umuntu aho kuba itsinda, nubwo itsinda uwakoze icyaha ashobora kugira ingaruka zingwate kubikorwa bibi. Hubris akunze kwerekana gutakaza umubonano nukuri no gukabya ubushobozi bwumuntu, ibyo yagezeho cyangwa ubushobozi. Imiterere y'izina Hubris ni hubristic.




#Article 228: Y-chromosomal Adam (197 words)


Muri genetics yabantu, Y-chromosomal abakurambere baheruka (Y-MRCA, bizwi ku izina rya Y-chromosomal Adam) ni ba sogokuruza baheruka (MRCA) aho abagabo bose bazima bakomoka kuri ba sekuruza. Ijambo Y-MRCA ryerekana ko Y chromosomes yabagabo bose babaho muri iki gihe ikomoka kuri Y chromosome ya basekuruza ba kure. Igitekerezo gisa na ba matrilineal ba sogokuruza baheruka kumenyekana kizwi nka Eva Mitochondrial Eva (mt-MRCA, cyiswe kwanduza mtDNA), umugore uheruka gukomokamo abantu bose bazima bakomokamo. Kimwe na Eva Mitochondrial Eva, izina rya Y-chromosomal Adam ntirishyirwaho burundu kumuntu umwe, ariko rishobora gutera imbere mugihe cyamateka yumuntu kuko ibisekuruza byababyeyi bicika.

Ikigereranyo cyigihe Y-MRCA yabayeho nacyo cyahindutse uko ubumenyi bugezweho bwabakurambere bwabantu buhinduka. Mu mwaka wa 2013, havumbuwe haplogroup ya Y-chromosomal yari itaramenyekana, [1] bituma hahindurwa gato imyaka igereranijwe y’umuntu Y-MRCA. [2]

Mubisobanuro, ntabwo ari ngombwa ko Y-MRCA na mt-MRCA bagombye kubaho icyarimwe. [3] Mu gihe ibigereranyo guhera mu 2014 byerekanaga ko bishoboka ko abo bantu bombi bashobora kuba bari mu gihe kimwe, [4] ivumburwa rya kera Y-haplogroup ryasubije inyuma imyaka yagereranijwe ya Y-MRCA kurenza imyaka ishobora kuba ya mt-MRCA . Kugeza mu 2015, ibigereranyo byerekana imyaka Y-MRCA iri hagati yimyaka 200.000 na 300.000 ishize, ibyo bikaba bihuye no kuvuka kwabantu ba kijyambere.




#Article 229: Eva Mitochondrial (174 words)


Muri genetics yabantu, Eva ya Mitochondrial (nayo mt-Eva, mt-MRCA) ni matrilineal ba sogokuruza baheruka (MRCA) mubantu bose bazima. Mu yandi magambo, asobanurwa nkumugore uheruka kuva abantu bose bazima bakomoka kumurongo utavunitse binyuze muri ba nyina no kuri ba nyina b'abo babyeyi, kugeza igihe imirongo yose ihurira kumugore umwe.

Kubijyanye na mitochondrial haplogroups, mt-MRCA iherereye mugutandukana kwa macro-haplogroup L muri L0 na L1–6. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2013, ibigereranyo ku myaka yo gutandukana kwabaye nko mu myaka 150.000 ishize, [ingingo ya 3] ijyanye n'itariki nyuma yo kuvugwa na Homo sapiens ariko hakiri kare ugereranyije no muri Afurika iherutse gutatanya. [4] [1] ] [5]

Ikigereranyo cy'abagabo na Eva ya Mitochondrial ni Y-chromosomal Adam (cyangwa Y-MRCA), umuntu abantu bose bazima bakomokamo. Nkuko umwirondoro wa matrilineal na patrilineal MRCAs ushingiye kumateka y'ibisekuruza (gusenyuka kw'ibisekuru), ntibakeneye kubaho mugihe kimwe. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2013, ibigereranyo byimyaka Y-MRCA birashidikanywaho cyane, hamwe ninshuro zitandukanye kuva mumyaka 180.000 kugeza 580.000 ishize [6] [7] [8] (ufite imyaka iri hagati ya 120.000 na 156.000 ishize , hafi ya byose bigereranijwe na mt-MRCA.). [2] [9]




#Article 230: Ambrose (118 words)


Ambrose (wavutse Aurelius Ambrosius; nko mu 340 - 397), wubahwa nka Mutagatifu Ambrose [a], yari Umwepiskopi wa Milan, umuhanga mu bya tewolojiya, akaba n'umwe mu bantu bakomeye ba kiliziya bakomeye bo mu kinyejana cya 4.

Ambrose yakoraga nka guverineri w’Abaroma wa Aemilia-Liguria muri Milan ubwo yagirwaga mu buryo butunguranye kuba Umwepiskopi wa Milan mu 374 kubera abantu benshi. Nka musenyeri, yafashe icyemezo gikomeye cyo kurwanya Arianism maze agerageza gukemura amakimbirane hagati y'umwami w'abami Theodosius wa mbere na Magnus Maximus wanyaga. Gakondo ishimira Ambrose kuba yarateje imbere indirimbo ya antifonal, uburyo bwo kuririmba aho uruhande rumwe rwa korari rwitabira ubundi buryo, ndetse no guhimba Veni redemptor gentium, indirimbo ya Adiventi. Yagize kandi uruhare rukomeye kuri Augustin wa Hippo (354-430).




#Article 231: Ambrosiaster (265 words)


Ambrosiaster ni izina ryahawe umwanditsi w'igitekerezo ku nzandiko za St Paul, kigufi mu magambo ariko kiremereye mu bintu, kandi gifite agaciro mu kunegura inyandiko y'Ikilatini y'Isezerano Rishya.  Ibisobanuro ubwabyo byanditswe mugihe cy'ubupapa bwa Papa Damasus wa mbere, ni ukuvuga hagati ya 366 na 384, kandi bifatwa nk'inyandiko y'ingenzi y’inyandiko y'Ikilatini ya Pawulo mbere ya Vulgate ya Jerome, ndetse no gusobanura Pawulo mbere ya Augustin wa Hippo . 

Inshingano [guhindura inkomoko]
Iki gitekerezo cyaribeshye igihe kirekire kuri St Ambrose. Mu 1527, naho, Erasimusi yashidikanyije ku kuri kwa Ambrose umwanditsi w'iyi nyandiko. Muri rusange Erasimusi azwiho kuba yarahimbye izina Ambrosiaster (bisobanurwa mu kilatini: uwashaka kuba Ambrose) kugira ngo asobanure umwanditsi waryo. Inguzanyo y'iri zina igomba kujya muri Mauriste, nkuko René Hoven yabigaragaje. Izina ryagumanye n'umwanditsi utazwi. Kugerageza kumenya iyi Ambrosiaster hamwe nabanditsi bazwi byarakomeje, ariko nta ntsinzi. Kubera ko Augustin avuga ibisobanuro bya Ambrosiaster ku Baroma 5.12 ku izina rya Hilary, abanenga benshi bagerageje kumenya Ambroasiaster n'umwe mu banditsi benshi bitwaga Hilary ukora muri icyo gihe. Mu 1899, Germain Morin yavuze ko umwanditsi yari Isaka, Umuyahudi wahindutse akaba n'umwanditsi w’agace k’Ubutatu n’Ubumuntu, wajyanywe muri Esipanye mu 378-380 hanyuma agasubira mu idini rya Kiyahudi; ariko nyuma yaje kureka iyi nyigisho y’ubwanditsi ashyigikira Decimus Hilarianus Hilarius, umuyobozi wa Afurika mu 377. Ubundi, Paolo Angelo Ballerini yagerageje gukomeza kwita kumurimo gakondo kuri Ambrose, mubitabo bye byuzuye byakazi. Ibi ni ikibazo cyane, nubwo, kubera ko byasaba Ambrose kuba yaranditse igitabo mbere yuko aba umwepiskopi, hanyuma akacyongeraho mu myaka yakurikiyeho, akubiyemo amagambo yavuzwe na Hilary wa Poitiers ku Baroma. Nta biranga rero, byamenyekanye cyane mu bahanga, kandi umwirondoro we ukomeje kuba amayobera.




#Article 232: Sconce (218 words)


Sconce ni ubwoko bwurumuri rushyizwe kurukuta. Umucyo mubisanzwe, ariko ntabwo buri gihe, werekeza hejuru no hanze, aho kumanuka. Sconce nuburyo bwa kera cyane bwimiterere, amateka yakoreshejwe hamwe na buji n'amatara yamavuta. Ibikoresho bigezweho bakunze kwita  cyangwa amagambo asa, cyane cyane niba isoko yumucyo itwikiriwe nikirahure.

Bashobora gutanga amatara rusange, kandi biramenyerewe muri koridoro no muri koridoro, ariko birashobora kuba byiza cyane. Sconce irashobora kuba itara gakondo, buji cyangwa itara rya gaze, cyangwa isoko yumucyo wamashanyarazi igezweho yashyizweho muburyo bumwe.

Sconces irashobora gushirwa kurukuta rwimbere ninyuma yinyubako. Mugukoresha mbere-bigezweho, mubisanzwe bifata buji n'amatara. Mu mateka, ibishashara bya buji byakorwaga mu ifeza cyangwa mu muringa kuva mu kinyejana cya 17, hamwe na farufari na ormolu byatangiye gukoreshwa mu kinyejana cya 18. Itara rya buji ryakongejwe cyane ninyuma yerekana inyuma. Ukoresheje utwugarizo, buji yabikwa kure y’urukuta.

Amatara ya kijyambere yamashanyarazi akoreshwa kenshi muri koridoro cyangwa muri koridoro kugirango itange urumuri hamwe ningingo ishimishije mugice kirekire. Uburebure bwa Sconce munzira nyabagendwa muri rusange ni 3/4 byintera hejuru yurukuta nkuko bipimye kuva hasi kugeza ku gisenge, kandi intera iri hagati ya sconces kurukuta muri rusange ihwanye nintera ya sconces kuva hasi, akenshi bisimburana kumpande inzira nyabagendwa.

Sconces mubisanzwe yashyizwe mubice cyangwa ibindi bice byinshi kugirango itange uburinganire. Birashobora gukoreshwa mugukingura inzugi cyangwa kumurongo. Ibizunguruka-amaboko akenshi bishyirwa kuruhande rwigitanda kugirango bitange amatara yo gusoma.




#Article 233: Islamu mu Rwanda (1006 words)


Islamu ni ryo dini rigizwe n'abayoboke bakeya cyane mu Rwanda ugereranije n'andi madini, rifite abayoboke bagejeje ki kigero kingana na 4,6% by'abaturage bose ukurikije ibarura rya 2006. Mubyukuri Abayisilamu bose mu Rwanda ni Abasuni. Islamu yaje bwa mbere mu Rwanda izanywe n'abacuruzi b'Abayisilamu baturutse ku nkombe y'Iburasirazuba bwa Afurika mu kinyejana cya 18. Kuva ryatangizwa, Abayisilamu babaye bake muri kariya gace, mu gihe Kiliziya Gatolika ya Roma, yinjije Abanyarwanda mu gihe cy'ubukoloni mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 ni ryo dini rinini muri iki gihugu.

Bwa mbere mu mateka yarwo mu Rwanda, Islamu ihabwa uburenganzira n'ubwisanzure nk'ubukristo. Ikigereranyo cyerekana ko mu bahutu hari umubare w’abayisilamu bangana kimwe n’abatutsi. Ikigereranyo ntigishobora kugenzurwa nyuma ya jenoside, kubera ko guverinoma imaze guhagarika ibiganiro byose by’amoko mu Rwanda mu rwego rwo kurinda abanyarwanda icyabateza ivangura rishingiye ku moko ndetse n'amacakubiri.

Ugereranije n'ibihugu byo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba nka Tanzaniya, Kenya, na Uganda, amateka y'Ubuyisilamu mu Rwanda ni amateka mashya. Mu gihe hari inyandiko nke zanditse zerekeye inkomoko yabyo, bivugwa ko Islamu yazanywe n'abacuruzi b'Abarabu baturutse muri Zanzibar binjiye bwa mbere muri iki gihugu mu 1901. Ubundi, byavuzwe ko Islamu yahageze mu gihe cy'ubukoloni igihe abanditsi b'abayisilamu, abafasha mu buyobozi, n'abacuruzi baturutse ku nkombe zivuga Igiswahiri cya Tanganyika bazanywe mu gihugu. Islamu kandi yashimangiwe n’abacuruzi b’abayisilamu bo ku mugabane w’Ubuhinde, washakanye n’Abanyarwanda. Abanyarwanda bubatse umusigiti wabo wa mbere mu 1913. Uyu musigiti uzwi ku izina ry'umusigiti wa Al-Fatah.

Mu mateka yarwo, hashyizweho ingufu nyinshi mu kubuza ikwirakwizwa rya Islamu mu Rwanda. Izi mbaraga muri rusange zakoresheje imyumvire yo kurwanya abarabu, kandi zerekana abayisilamu nkabanyamahanga. Abamisiyonari gatolika bakunze gukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo barwanye icyo babonaga ko ari amadini ahanganye, nk'ubuyisilamu n'Abaporotesitanti.

Abayisilamu bakomeje guhezwa kubera ko Abayisilamu benshi batuye mu mijyi, mu gihe 90% by’abaturage bari icyaro. Nkuko abacuruzi b'Abarabu cyangwa Abahinde batigeze bagerageza gukomeza kwizera kwabo, nta mwuka muto wo kubwiriza mu Bayisilamu. Gusa habaye impinduka nke, cyane cyane mubatuye mu mijyi itandukanijwe: abagore bashakanye nabanyamahanga, abana batemewe nimpfubyi. Ndetse no guhinduka rimwe na rimwe wasangaga bitagaragara, biterwa no kwifuza umutekano w’ubukungu n’ubukungu Abayisilamu batangaga, kuruta kwizera idini mu myizerere ya kisilamu. 

Ku butegetsi bw'Ababiligi, Abayisilamu mu Rwanda bari barahawe akato. Kubera ko Abayisilamu nta mwanya bari bafite muri Kiliziya Gatolika, yakomezaga kugira uruhare runini kuri leta, Abayisilamu bakunze guhezwa mu burezi n'imirimo ikomeye muri guverinoma. Kubera iyo mpamvu, akazi k'abayisilamu ahanini kagarukiraga mu bucuruzi buciriritse, no gufata akazi nk'abashoferi. 

Mu 1960, uwahoze ari minisitiri w’ubutegetsi, Isidore Sebazungu, yategetse gutwika icya kane cy’abayisilamu n’umusigiti i Rwamagana. Nyuma yibi birori, Abayisilamu bagize ubwoba maze benshi muri bo bahungira mu bihugu duturanye. Bavuga ko Kiliziya Gatolika yagize uruhare muri ibyo birori, byakajije umurego hagati y’abayisilamu n’abakristu.

Mbere ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994, Abayisilamu bafatwaga nabi, kubera ko babonaga ko ari abacuruzi, mu gihugu abahinzi bubahwa cyane. Abaturage b’abayisilamu mbere ya jenoside bari 4% byari bike cyane ugereranije n’ibihugu bituranye. Abayisilamu nabo bagize ingaruka kuri jenoside. Ni gake gashoboka aho abatutsi bari barahungiye mumisigiti bagabweho ibitero. Urugero ruzwi cyane rwabereye ku musigiti mukuru wa Nyamirambo, aho abatutsi babarirwa mu magana bari bateraniye guhungira. Impunzi ziri mu musigiti zarwanije imitwe yitwara gisirikare y'Abahutu ikoresheje amabuye, umuheto n'imyambi, bituma barwanya bikomeye abasirikari n'interahamwe. Gusa abasirikare bamaze gutera imbunda ya mashini ni Interahamwe zashoboye kwinjira mu musigiti no kwica impunzi. 

Umubare w’abayisilamu bo mu Rwanda wiyongereye nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yo mu 1994 kubera umubare munini w’abantu bahindutse. Abayisilamu benshi bari bahungiye mu mpunzi, Abahutu n'Abatutsi. Bamwe mu bahindutse bavuga ko bahindukiriye idini ya Islamu kubera uruhare abayobozi bamwe b'Abagatolika n'Abaporotesitanti bagize muri jenoside. Imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu yanditse ibyabaye byombi aho abanyamadini b'Abakristo bemeraga Abatutsi guhungira mu nsengero, hanyuma bakabashyikiriza itsinda ry’urupfu rw’Abahutu, ndetse n’aho abapadiri n’abakozi b’Abahutu bashishikarizaga amatorero yabo kwica abatutsi 

Ubuhamya bwa bamwe mu bantu ku giti cyabo bwerekana uburyo abatutsi bamwe bahinduye imyemerere yabo kubw'umutekano wabo, kubera ko batinyaga gukomeza kwicwa n'abahezanguni b'Abahutu, kandi bari bazi ko Abayisilamu bazabarinda ibikorwa nk'ibi. Abahutu benshi bahinduye imyemerere yabo nabo, bashaka kwezwa. Abahutu benshi bifuza gusiga amateka yabo yubugizi bwa nabi no kutagira amaraso mu biganza. Hariho kandi uduce tumwe na tumwe twitaruye aho Abahutu bahindutse bizeye ko bashobora kwihisha mu muryango w’abayisilamu bityo bagahunga gutabwa muri yombi.  

Igipimo cyo guhinduka cyatinze mu 1997. Nk’uko mufti w’u Rwanda abitangaza ngo umuryango wa kisilamu ntiwigeze wiyongera mu guhinduka mu 2002/2003. Ubukristo bukomeje kuba idini rikomeye mu gihugu. Gatolika (yageze mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 hamwe na ba papa bera ba kiliziya gatolika ya Roma) ikomeje kwinjizwa mu muco. 

Abayisilamu bo mu Rwanda nabo bagira uruhare rugaragara mubikorwa byimibereho, nka umurava n'umuhate wabo mu bijyanye no kubahana no gukundana hagati yabo ubwabo. Abayisilamu benshi bo mu Rwanda bagira uruhare mu gukemura amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko nyuma ya jenoside n'imitwe ya kisilamu imaze kugera ku batishoboye, urugero nko gushinga amatsinda y'abagore atanga inyigisho ku kwita ku bana. Guverinoma z’iburengerazuba zahangayikishijwe n’uko Islamu igenda yiyongera, kandi bamwe mu bayobozi ba guverinoma bagaragaje impungenge z’uko imisigiti imwe n'imwe ihabwa inkunga na Arabiya Sawudite. Icyakora, hari ibimenyetso bike byerekana ko bitwara gisirikare. 

Umunsi mukuru w’idini ry’abayisilamu Eid al-Fitr ndetse na Eid al Adhuhha wizihizwa na guverinoma nkimwe mu minsi mikuru ine y’amadini (hamwe na Noheri, Umunsi w’abatagatifu bose, hamwe n’ibitekerezo). Abayisilamu kandi bagira amashuri yigenga ya kisilamu. Mu 2003, Ambasade y’Amerika yagenzuye ivugurura ry’ishuri ryisumbuye rya kisilamu i Kigali. Abayobozi ba Ambasade kandi bahuye n’abayobozi b’abayisilamu, hamwe n’abayoboke ba Kiliziya Gatolika n’Abangilikani, Abadiventisti bo ku munsi wa karindwi, n’Abahamya ba Yehova, kugira ngo bagirane ibiganiro by’amadini. 

U Rwanda rwahoze rufite ishyaka rya politiki ry’idini, ishyaka rya kisilamu riharanira demokarasi (PDI), hamwe n’abayoboke b’abatari abayisilamu. Icyakora, ryahinduye izina ryitwa Ishyaka Riharanira Demokarasi no Kurengera Ibidukikije, nyuma yuko itegeko nshinga ritegeka ko nta shyaka rishobora gushingwa hashingiwe ku idini. 

Hariho intera nini mubigereranyo byabaturage b’abayisilamu bo mu Rwanda. Nta barura nyaryo ry’abaturage b’abayisilamu ryakozwe. 

Raporo ya guverinoma y'u Rwanda yatangajwe ku ya 1 Ugushyingo 2006, ivuga ko 56.5% by'abatuye u Rwanda ari Abagatolika b'imyemerere y'Abanyeroma, 26% ni Abaporotesitanti, 11.1% ni Abadiventisti b'umunsi wa Karindwi, 4,6% ni Abayisilamu, 1.7% bavuga ko badafite idini, kandi 0.1% bakora imyizerere gakondo. 




#Article 234: Virusi itera SIDA/SIDA (7217 words)


Virusi itera SIDA ni agakoko kambura umubiri ubudahangarwa. Virusi ya SIDA ica umubiri intege ikawambura ubudahangarwa maze igatera ubwandu bw’indwara. Iyo itavuwe hakiri kare Virusi itera SIDA itera indwara zitandukanye bikarangwa no gucika intege k’umubiri ku buryo uba utakibasha guhangana n’indwara ari nabwo umurwayi bivugwa ko arwaye SIDA. Abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA iyo nta miti bafata igabanya ubukana bwayo bashobora kumara imyaka itatu gusa. Iyo umuntu yanduye virusi itera SIDA afashwe n’izindi ndwara z'ibyuririzi kandi nta miti igabanya ubukana anywa, icyizere cy’ubuzima ni umwaka umwe. Abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA baba bagomba gufata imiti kugira ngo bakumire gupfa vuba. Nyuma yo kwandura kwambere umuntu ashobora kutabona ibimenyetso byayo, cyangwa ashobora guhura nigihe gito cyindwara zimeze nk'ibicurane (grippe). Ubusanzwe, ibi bikurikirwa nigihe kirekire nta bimenyetso byigaragaza. Iyo ubwandu bugenda bwiyongera mu mubiri, bubangamira cyane ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, bikongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara zisanzwe nk'igituntu, kimwe n'izindi ndwara zibasira umubiri mu buryo butunguranye, ndetse n'ibibyimba bitamenyerewe ku bantu basanzwe bafite ubudahangarwa buhagije mu mubiri wabo. Ibi bimenyetso byigaragaza nyuma yaho ari nabyo bikomeye nibyo bituma umurwayi bivugwa ko yanduye SIDA kenshi bigaragazwa cyane no gutakaza ibiro byinshi kuburyo bugaragarira ijisho.

Virusi itera SIDA ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane n'imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye (harimo n'ibikorwa byo gutingana bashyira ibitsina mu kibuno nababishyira mu kanwa ku bahuje ibitsina), guterwa amaraso yanduye, inshinge zikoreshwa kwa muganga batera imiti mu mubiri w'umurwayi, umubyeyi utwite akaba yayanduza umwana atwite iyo adafashe imiti ku gihe, iyo umubyeyi abyaye, cyangwa binyuze mu konsa. Amatembabuzi asanzwe nk'amacandwe, ibyuya n'amarira, ntabwo byanduza virusi itera SIDA. Virusi itera sida ni imwe muri za virus zibarizwa mu itsinda ry'amavirusi azwi ku izina rya retrovirus.

Uburyo bwo kwirinda virusi itera SIDA burimo imibonano mpuzabitsina ikingiye, gahunda zo gukoresha neza inshinge zujuje ubuziranenge, kuvura abanduye, hamwe no gukoresha imiti nka prophylaxis mbere na nyuma yo gukora iminonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye. Iyo ari umwana uvutse yanduye virusi itera SIDA we na nyina umubyara bahabwa imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA. Nta muti cyangwa urukingo rwa virusi itera SIDA ruhari; ariko, imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA ishobora gutuma umuntu abaho igihe kirekire byenda kungana kimwe nk'abantu basanzwe bazima batayanduye. Nibyiza gutangira gufata imiti no kwivuza no kwisuzumisha buri gihe ukimara kumenya ko wanduye. Hatabayeho kuvurwa, impuzandengo yo kubaho nyuma yo kwandura ni imyaka 11.

Muri 2018, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 37.9 babanaga na virusi itera SIDA bituma hapfa abantu 770.000. Abagera kuri miliyoni 20.6 muri bo baba mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo ya Afurika. Hagati y'igihe SIDA yamenyekanye (mu ntangiriro ya za 1980) na 2018, iyi ndwara yateje urupfu rw'abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 32 ku isi hose. Virusi itera SIDA ifatwa nk'icyorezo - icyorezo cy’indwara kiboneka ahantu hanini kandi kigenda gikwirakwira.

Virusi itera sida yavuye mu zindi nyamaswa yerekeza ku bantu bo muri Afurika yo mu burengerazuba bwo hagati mu ntangiriro kugeza no hagati mu kinyejana cya 20. Ubwandu bwa SIDA bwamenyekanye bwa mbere n’ikigo cya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) mu 1981 kandi hamenyekana igitera SIDA - ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA - byagaragajwe mu ntangiriro y’imyaka icumi ya mbere y'uwo mwaka.

Virusi itera SIDA yagize uruhare runini muri sosiyete, iba indwara ndetse n'isoko y'ivangura. Iyi ndwara kandi igira ingaruka zikomeye mu bukungu. Hariho imyumvire myinshi itavugwaho rumwe ku birebana na Virusi itera SIDA, nko kwizera ko yanduzwa gusa no guhuza ibitsina mu buryo busanzwe. Iyi ndwara yateje impaka nyinshi mu banyamadini, harimo n’umwanya wa Kiliziya Gatolika yo kudashyigikira ikoreshwa ry’agakingirizo mu rwego rwo kuyirinda. Yatumye habaho ubuvuzi budasanzwe ku rwego rwa kiganga, ku rwego mpuza mahanga ndetse igenerwa n'inkunga nyinshi zitandukanye kuva yamenyekana mu myaka ya za 1980.

Hariho ibyiciro bitatu by'ingenzi bigaragaza ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida: kuremba bikabije, kuremba bikurikiranye no kurwaragurika kenshi bidakira, no kugera mu cyiciro cyaho umubiri ubura ubudahangwara mu buryo bukabije.  

Mu ikubitiro kwandura virusi itera sida icyo cyiciro cyitwa Acute HIV/igihe virusi itera SIDA iba ifite ubukana bwinshi mu mubiri cq kwandura mu gihe cy'ibanze aho virus iba ifite imbaraga nyinshi mu mubiri irimo gushaka gukwirakwira mu mubiri hose. Abantu benshi barwara ibicurane cyangwa indwara isa na mononucleose nyuma y'ibyumweru 2-4 nyuma yo kuyandura, naho abandi nta bimenyetso bifatika bafite. Ibimenyetso bibaho muri 40-90% byabantu bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA kandi mubisanzwe harimo umuriro mwinshi ukabije uzamuka buri kanya, ibibyimba mu kanwa, kumuka no kuryana mu muhogo, guhubuka, kubabara umutwe, kunanirwa, cyangwa ibisebe byo mumunwa no mu/ku gitsina. Indwara z'uruhu zizana ibiheri bigaragara muri 20-50% y'abayanduye byigaragaza mu buryo bw'uduheri twinshi turi kumurongo umwe kandi twinshi tubyimbye gakeya kandi tudasanzwe. Abantu bamwe na bamwe barwara indwara zitandukanye muriki cyiciro. Ibimenyetso byo mu gifu, nko kuruka cyangwa impiswi bishobora kubaho. Ibimenyetso nko kurwara imitsi, ingingo zigacika inege. Igihe ibimenyetso byiyerekana biratandukanye, ariko mubusanzwe ni icyumweru kimwe cyangwa bibiri.

Bitewe n'imiterere yabyo idasanzwe, ibi bimenyetso ntibifatwa nkibimenyetso simusiga byabanduye virusi itera SIDA. Ndetse nibibazo bibonwa na muganga cyangwa ibitaro bikunze gusuzumwa nabi nkimwe mundwara zandura zifite ibimenyetso byinshi byenda gusa. Niyo mpamvu, birasabwa ko virusi itera sida yakekerwa cyane mu bantu bagaragaza umuriro mwinshi udasobanutse ushobora kuba ufite isano n'ingaruka zo kwandura. 

Ibimenyetso byambere bikurikirwa nicyiciro cyitwa clinical latency cyangwa virusi idakira. Hatabayeho kuvurwa, iki cyiciro cya kabiri ku bantu banduye virusi itera sida bisanzwe ariko bativuje habe namba gishobora kumara imyaka igera kuri itatu kugeza ku myaka 20 (ugereranije, imyaka umunani). Mugihe mubisanzwe hari ibimenyetso bike cyangwa bitagaragaye mbere, hafi yiki cyiciro kirangiye abantu benshi bahura numuriro mwinshi udasanzwe, guta ibiro, ibibazo byigifu no kubabara imitsi. Hagati ya 50% na 70% byabantu nabo barwara utubyimba two mu kwaha duhora twizana, ibice by'umubiri byaguka cyangwa bibyimba mu buryo budasobanutse, kwaguka kurenze uburyo busanzwe kw'imyanya ndangagitsina (uretse mu kibuno) mumezi arenga atatu kugeza kuri atandatu.

Nubwo abantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA bafite virusi itagaragara kandi mugihe hatabayeho kuvurwa amaherezo bizatera SIDA (kubura burundu ubudahangwarwa bw'umubiri kwirwanaho ku ndwara), umubare muto (hafi 5%) ugumana urugero rwinshi rw'utunyabuzima twubatse ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri w'umuntu twitwa CD4+ T (T Helper Cells) udafite imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA irenze imyaka itanu. Abo bantu bashyizwe mu rwego rwa HIV Controllers cyangwa long-term nonprogressors (LTNP). Irindi tsinda rigizwe nabagumana uko virusi zigaragaza mu mubiri wabo muburyo butajya bumenyekana habe namba cyangwa butigaragaza byihuse kandi badakoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi ari nabo bakunze kwitwa elite controllers cyangwa udashobora kumenyekana udafite imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA bene abo bari ku kigero kiri kuri 1 kugeza kuri 300 y'abanduye.

Ashobora ndetse no kwibasirwa n'indwara zitunguranye ziterwa n'udukoko nka bacteria, virusi, ibihumyo, n'udukoko dutandukanye zisanzwe zikumirwa zikarindwa na bwa budahangarwa bw'umubiri mu bantu bazima. Indwara zandura ziterwa ahanini n’ibinyabuzima bikunze kubaho mu bidukikije by’umuntu. Izi ndwara zirashobora kwanduza umubiri wose zikawibasira zikawuca inege.

Ababana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura kanseri zitandukanye ziterwa na virusi, harimo na sarcoma ya Kaposi, lymphoma ya Burkitt, lymphoma y'ibanze yo hagati, na kanseri y'inkondo y'umura. Sarcoma ya Kaposi ni kanseri ikunze kugaragara, iboneka ku 10% kugeza kuri 20% by'ababana na virusi itera SIDA. Kanseri ya kabiri ikunze kwibasirwa cyane ni lymphoma, ikaba ari yo nyirabayazana w'urupfu rw'abantu bagera kuri 16% babana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA kandi ni cyo kimenyetso cya mbere cya SIDA muri 3% kugeza kuri 4%. Izi kanseri zombi zifitanye isano na herpesvirus ya 8 (HHV-8). Kanseri y'inkondo y'umura igaragara cyane ku bafite sida kubera ko ifitanye isano na papillomavirus ya muntu (HPV). Kanseri ifata (ya layer/urububi ruhuza igice cy'imbere cy'amaso n'igice cyera cy'ijisho) nayo ikunze kugaragara ku banduye virusi itera SIDA.

Byongeye kandi, ababana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA bakunze kugira ibimenyetso byo kwibasirwa n'umuriro mwinshi udasanzwe uzamuka buri kanya utajya ugabanyuka, ibyuya byinshi (cyane cyane nijoro), kubyimba lymph node / utubyimba two mu kwaha n'amabinga, guhorana ubukonje bukabije (imbeho, gutitira), intege nke, no gutakaza ibiro byinshi cyane. Indwara y'impiswi iza buri kanya ni ikindi kimenyetso gikunze kugaragara, kiboneka ku bantu 90% barwaye SIDA. Bashobora kandi kwanduzwa n'ibimenyetso bitandukanye byo mu mutwe ndetse no mu mitsi bidafitanye isano n'ubwandu bwa kanseri.

Virusi itera SIDA ikwirakwizwa n'inzira eshatu z'ingenzi: guhuza ibitsina mu buryo budakingiye, ibice by'umubiri w'uwanduye indwara ya SIDA twahungabanye nk'ibisebe bivamo amatembabuzi n'amaraso, ndetse no kuva amaraso ku mubyeyi iyo atwite; ndetse no mu gihe umubyeyi atwite umwana ashobora kumwanduza, mu gihe cyo kubyara umubyeyi wanduye ava amaraso arimo abyara akivanga n'amaraso y'umwana binyuze ku mukonda/ikiriri, cyangwa konsa uruhinja ku mubyeyi wanduye. Nta kaga ko kwandura virusi itera sida binyuze mu mazirantoki, ururenda rw'amazuru/ibimyira, amacandwe, ibyuya, amarira, inkari, cyangwa kuruka keretse iyo byivanzemo n'amaraso yanduye virusi itera SIDA. Birashoboka kandi ko umuntu yakwandura impurirane y'ubwoko bwa virusi itera sida burenze bumwe bikunze kwitwa HIV superinfection.

Uburyo bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera SIDA ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibitsina n'umuntu wanduye hakorwa imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye. Icyakora, umuntu wanduye virusi itera sida ufite virusi itagaragararira ibyuma biyipima bitewe no kuvurwa igihe kirekire, nta byago afite byo kwanduza abandi virusi itera SIDA binyuze mu gukorana nabo imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye. Kuba hari abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA itagaragarira ibyuma biyipima byamenyekanye cyane mu itangazo ry’Ubusuwisi ryo mu 2008 biteza impaka no kutabivugaho rumwe, kuva icyo gihe byaje gukorerwa ubushakashatsi bwimbitse biremezwa ko bibari ndetse bishoboka.

Ku isi hose, uburyo bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera SIDA ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibitsina n'umuntu wanduye hakorwa imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye hagati y’abadahuje igitsina; ariko, uburyo bwo kwandura buratandukanye mu bihugu. Kugeza mu 2017, abantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA muri Amerika babaye mu bagabo baryamanye n'abagabo (82% by'abanduye virusi itera SIDA ku bagabo bafite imyaka 13 n'abayirengeje na 70% by'indwara nshya). Muri Amerika, abagabo bahuje ibitsina bafite imyaka 13 kugeza kuri 24 bangana na 92% by'abanduye virusi itera SIDA mu bagabo bose bari mu kigero cyabo na 27% by'indwara nshya mu bagabo bose bahuje ibitsina ndetse n'ibitsina byombi. Abagabo bagera ku 15% b’abagabo bahuje ibitsina banduye virusi itera SIDA, mu gihe 28% by’abagore bahindura ibitsina transgender banduye muri Amerika.

Ku bijyanye n’imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye, ibigereranyo by’ingaruka zo kwandura virusi itera sida ku gikorwa cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina bigaragara ko byikubye inshuro enye kugeza ku icumi mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga make ugereranyije no mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi. Mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga make, ibyago byo kwandura abagore ku bagabo bingana na 0.38% kuri buri gikorwa, naho kwanduza abagabo ku bagore ni 0,30% kuri buri gikorwa; ibigereranyo bihwanye n'ibihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi ni 0,04% ku gikorwa cyo kwanduza abagore ku bagabo, na 0.08% kuri buri gikorwa cyo kwanduza abagabo n'abagore. Ibyago byo kwandura bivuye mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ni byinshi cyane, bivugwa ko 1,4-1.7% kuri buri gikorwa haba mu mibonano mpuzabitsina idahuje igitsina ndetse n'abaryamana bahuje igitsina. Nubwo ibyago byo kwandura biva mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ku bahuje ibitsina ari bike, biracyahari. Ibyago byo kwakira imibonano mpuzabitsina mu kanwa byavuzwe ko ari hafi NTABYO; ariko, byagaragaye ko hari abantu bake banduye binyuze muri ubwo buryo. Ibyago kuri buri gikorwa byagereranijwe kuri 0-0.04% ku bakira imibonano mpuza bitsina mu kanwa oral sex. Mu bihe birimo uburaya mu bihugu bikennye cyane, ibyago byo kwandura abagore ku bagabo byagereranijwe ko ari 2,4% kuri buri gikorwa, naho kwanduza abagabo ku bagore ni 0,05% kuri buri gikorwa.

Ibyago byo kwandura byiyongera iyo umuntu yanduye indwara zisanzwe zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina hamwe n’ibisebe byo mu gitsina. Ibisebe byo mu gitsina bigaragara ko byongera ibyago inshuro zigera kuri eshanu. Izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, nka mburugu, kilamidiya, tirikomunasi, na vaginose ya bagiteri, zifitanye isano no kwiyongera gake mu byago byo kwandura.

Ubwiyongere bw'ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu mubiri w'uwayanduye  viral load ni ikintu cy’ingaruka zikomeye mu kwanduza virusi itera SIDA binyuze mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ndetse biciye mu kwandura hagati y'umwana na nyin/umubyeyi we. Mu mezi 2.5 y'ibanze mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ubwandu bw'umuntu bwikubye inshuro cumi n'ibiri bitewe (n'ubwiyongere bw'ubukana bwiyo virusi itera SIDA afite mu mubiri we) - VIRAL LOAD. Niba umuntu ari mu cyiciro cye cyanyuma yaho yanduriye virusi itera SIDA, ibipimo byanduza bikubye inshuro umunani.

Abakora imibonano mpuzabitsina bicuruza mu bikorwa by'uburaya (harimo n'abacuruza imibiri yabo by'umwuga byemewe pornography) bafite ibyago byinsho byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Imibonano mpuzabitsina ikabije mu buryo bwo gukubana kw'ibitsina nta bunyerere cyangwa ububobere buhagije mu gitsina rough sex irashobora guteza kwiyongera kw'ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rikubiyemo ibikorwa byo gufata kungufu/gusambanya undi ku gahato no gusambanya abana bakiri bato sexual assualt naryo rishobora guteza ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA kubera ko udukingirizo tudakunze kwambarwa muri ibyo bikorwa by'ubugome bigatera gukomereka mu gitsina ku bagore n'abakobwa no ku gitsina ku bagabo n'abahungu cyangwa gukomereka mu kibuno kubakorerwa ibikorwa byo gufatwa ku ngufu n'abatinganyi bikongera ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ndetse bikaba byanatera ibyuririzi by'indwara zindi zandurira mu gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina akabirwarira hamwe n'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA.

Uburyo bwa kabiri bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera sida ni uburyo bunyuze mu maraso yanduye n'amatembabuzi yivanzemo ayo maraso yanduye. Kwandura biciye muri ubu buryo birashobora guterwa no gusangira inshinge mugihe cyo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge bacisha mu kwitera inshinge mu mitsi, gukomeretswa n'inshinge mu gihe ruri guterwa ufite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA, guterwa amaraso yanduye cyangwa ibikomoka ku maraso yanduye, cyangwa inshinge zikoreshwa mu buvuzi ariko zitujuje ubuzira nenge hamwe n’ibikoresho bidafite ubuziranenge bidafite umutekano uhagije wo kubibika mu buryo bwiza mu byuma bibihanaguraho imyanda sterilizers. Ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusangira urushinge mugihe cyo gutera ibiyobyabwenge mu mitsi hagati y'abakoresha ibyobya bwenge ubwabo biri hagati ya 0,63% na 2,4% kuri buri gikorwa, ugereranije ku gipimo cyo hagati average ni 0.8%. Ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida ku binyuze k'urushinge rwatewe umuntu wanduye virusi itera sida bivugwa ko ari 0.3% (hafi 1 kuri 333) kuri buri gikorwa kandi ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA binyuze ku rurenda rw'amatembabuzi ruvanzemo amaraso yanduye virusi itera SIDA ni 0.09% (hafi 1 kuri 1000) kuri buri gikorwa. Izi ngaruka zirashobora ariko kugera kuri 5% mugihe ayo maraso ari muri urwo rurenda rw'amatembabuzi yaturutse kumuntu ufite ubwikorezi bwinshi bwa virusi itera SIDA n'umwenge cyangwa igisebe ari kinini mu mubiri kuri wawundi wandujwe. Muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bagejeje kuri 12% by'abanduye virusi itera SIDA mu 2009, ndetse no mu turere tumwe na tumwe abantu barenga 80% bitera ibiyobyabwenge banduye virusi itera SIDA.

Virusi itera SIDA yanduza hafi 90% binyuze mu guterwa amaraso yanduye blood transfusion. Mu bihugu byateye imbere ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ni bike cyane (munsi ya kimwe cya kabiri cya miliyoni) aho hakorwa uburyo bwo gutoranya abaterankunga no gusuzuma virusi itera sida mu maraso atangwa blood donations; urugero, mu Bwongereza ibyago bivugwa ko ari umwe muri miliyoni eshanu naho muri Amerika yari imwe muri miliyoni 1.5 muri 2008. Mu bihugu bikennye cyane, kimwe cya kabiri cy’amaraso ni yo yonyine ishobora gupimwa mu buryo bukwiye (guhera mu 2008), kandi bikaba bivugwa ko abagera kuri 15% banduye virusi itera SIDA muri utwo turere baturuka ku guterwa amaraso yanduye n'amatembabuzi avanze nayo maraso yanduye, bigereranywa kuri 5% na 10% byanduye kwisi. Birashoboka kwandura virusi itera sida mu guhinduranya ingingo z'umuburi zitangwa kwa muganga implants, nubwo ibi bidasanzwe kubera kwipimisha mbere ko bikorwa.

Gutera imiti hifashishijwe inshinge zidafite umutekano bigira uruhare muri virusi itera SIDA muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Mu 2007, hagati ya 12% na 17% byanduye muri kano karere byatewe no gukoresha inshinge zidafite umutekano zo kwa muganga. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rivuga ko ibyago byo kwandura biturutse ku gutera inshinge muri Afurika ni 1,2%. Hari n'ingaruka zo kwandura virusi itera SIDA zikomoka ku kubaga indembe, kubyaza, no kuvura no kubaga amenyo muri kano karere.

Abantu baterwaho ibishushanyo ku mibiri yabo tattooing, gutobora ibice by'umubiri bitandukanye, no gukomeretsa ibice by'umubiri wabo binyuze mu ndasago scarification bafite ibyago byo kwandura nubwo nta bushakashatsi buhari bufatika bubyemeza. Imibu ndetse nutundi dukoko ntibishobora kuba impamvu yo gukwirakwiza ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA.

Virusi itera SIDA irashobora kwanduza umwana mu gihe umubyeyi amutwite, igihe cyo kubyara, cyangwa binyuze mu mashereka amwonsa, bigatuma umwana na we yandura virusi itera SIDA. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2008, kwandura virusi itera SIDA mu buryo bwiswe verticle transmission binyuze mu dukoko twa bagitiriya na virusi mu gihe umubyeyi atwite umwana cyangwa arimo kubyara ni 90% by'abana bayandura. Mugihe hatabayeho kuvurwa virusi itera SIDA ku mubyeyi wanduye, ibyago byo kwanduza umwana mbere cyangwa mugihe cyo kuvuka ni 20%, naho kubonsa amashereka ni 35%. Ubuvuzi butangwa ku mubyeyi ukimenya ko yanduye ariko atwite bugabanya ibyago byo kwanduza umwana we akimutwite no mu gihe cyo kumubyara kugeza munsi ya 5%.

Imiti igabanya ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA iyo ifashwe na nyina cyangwa umwana bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura ku bonsa. Ibiryo bigaburirwa umwana iyo byivanzemo n'amaraso yanduye virusi itera SIDA mbere yo kubihekenya birashobora guteza ibyago byo kwandura virusi kuri uwo mwana. Niba umugore atavuwe virusi itera SIDA akamara imyaka ibiri yonsa uruhinja nabyo bitera ibyago byo kwanduza umwana we bigera kuri 17%. Bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’urupfu rw'impinja bukomoka ku kutonsa mu bice byinshi byo mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rirasaba ko konsa byihariye hagati y'umubyeyi n'uwo mwana we umwe gusa cyangwa gutanga kwifashisha amata yo mu bikombe nk'imfashabere. Abagore bose bazwiho kuba banduye virusi itera SIDA bagomba gufata imiti igabanya ubukana ubuzima bwabo bwose.

Virusi itera SIDA niyo nyirabayazana w'indwara zitera umuburi kubura ubudahangarwa ari nabyo byitwa SIDA. Virusi itera SIDA ni ubwoko bwa retrovirus yibanda cyane mu kwangiza abasirikare barinda umubiri w'umuntu bitwa CD4 + T Cells, macrophage na dendritic cells . Yangiriza byimazeyo mu buryo buziguye ndetse n'ubutaziguye abo basirikare batuma umubiri ugira ubudahangarwa bitwa CD4 + T. 

Iyo virusi itera SIDA ibarizwa mu bwoko bwa Lentivirus,  nabwo bubarizwa mu cyiciro cyitwa Retroviridae .  Virusi zo muri ubu bwoko bwa Lentivirus zisangiye ibintu byinshi biziranga imiterere yabyo ndetse n'ibijyanye n'ubutabire bw'ibinyabuzima bubiranga. Ibinyabuzima byinshi biri mu cyiciro cy'inyamaswa zonsa zikunze gufatwa no kwandura nama virusi ari muri ubu bwoko bwa Lentiviruses ari nabyo bikunze gutera indwara z'igihe kirekire ndetse zimara igihe mu mubiri zirimo gukura.  Ubu bwoko bwa virusi zibarizwa muri Lentiviruses zigira ububasha bwo kwandura bwinjira mu mubiri ari imbumbe kandi bwiteguye kwanduza bwiyambitse urububi ruzirinda rwa RNA GENOME. Iyo zinjiye mu mubiri ako kanya, rwa rububi ruzirinda rwa RNA GENOME ruhita ruhindagura imiterere yarwo reverse transcribed rugahinduka ADN ifite kopi ebyiri ya virusi nyayo itera uburwayi byitwa reverse transciptase bizanana na ya GENOME virusi mu bigize virusi. Nyuma yo kwihindagura yisanisha na ADN ziri mu mubiri mu buryo bwo gukora kopi zisa neza ihita yinjira mu dutafari twubatse umubiri twitwa nucleus cells tugahita twisanisha neza nkatwo mu rwego rwo kwiyorobeka no kwihisha mu mubiri binyuze mu buryo bwitwa integrase nibigize umubiri yinjiyemo. Virusi iyo imaze kwinjira neza muri twa dutafari tugize umubiri cells ihita yirinda kugira ibitero igaba ku mubiri ako kanya kugirango abasirikare baha ubudahangarwa mu mubiri batayivumbura bagatangira kuyirwanya. Hari nubwo virusi iyo imaze kwinjira mu mubiri ihita ikoresha ubundi buryo bwitwa transcribed ari nabwo bwo kubasha kwiyubura ikikoramo kopi nyinshi z'amavirusi bisa kimwe ya RNA GENOMES afite naza poroteyine z'ama virusi byishyize hamwe bikirema mu imbere muri za cells zigakomeza gutubuka gutyo zikaba nyinshi mu mubiri VIRAL LOAD. 

Virusi itera SIDA ubu yamenyekanye ko ikwirakwira iciye mu basirikare barinda umubiri bawuha ubudahangarwa ba CD4 + T biciye mu nzira ebyiri zibangikanye: gukwirakwiza mu imbere muri cells ubwayo aribyo byitwa cell-free spread cyangwa gukwirakwizwa yanduza za cells zitandukanye ku bwinshi ari nabyo byitwa cell-to-cell spread. Mu gukwirakwiza biciye mu buryo bwa cell-free spread virusi ziva mu ngirabuzimafatizo virus particles bud zituruka mu basirikare banduye ba  T cells, zinjira mu maraso/nandi matembabuzi avanze namaraso hanyuma zikanduza utundi dusirikare turinda umubiri kwandura twa T cells uko zijyenda zihura nazo gutyo gutyo kugeza zikwirakwiye mu mubiri hose.  Iri kwirakwizwa rya virusi mu mubiri uko rigenda ryikoramo kopi nyinshi biri mu bintu birwanya bigaca inege imiti n'ubuvuzi bujyanye no kuvura amavirusi 

Ubwoko bubiri bwa virusi itera sida bwaranzwe na virusi y'ubwoko bwitwa VIH-1 na VIH-2. Virusi ya VIH-1 ni virusi yavumbuwe bwa mbere (kandi yabanje kwitwa LAV cyangwa HTLV-III). Ni virusi ifite ubukana kandi yandura cyane,  kandi niyo nyirabayazana w'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA ku isi yose ugereranije na virusi yo mu bwoko bwa VIH-2 izwiho kwandurwa n'abantu bake. Kubera ubushobozi buke ugereranije bwo kwandura, ubwoko bwa virusi ya VIH-2 igarukira muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba .

Iyo virusi imaze kwinjira mu mubiri habaho igihe cyo gutubuka kwayo zikaba nyinshi mu buryo bwo kujyenda zikoramo kopi nyinshi byihuse, biganisha kuri virusi nyinshi mumaraso VIRAL LOAD. Mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura virusi, urwego rwa virusi itera sida rushobora kugera kuri miliyoni nyinshi za virusi kuri mililitiro yamaraso mu mubiri.  Iki gisubizo kijyana nigabanuka ryagaragaye mumibare y'abasirikare barinda umuburi indwara bitwa CD4 T. Virusi ikomeza kugira ubukana kubera imiterere yayo yo gutuma havuka utundi dusirikare cells twitwa CD8 T tuza twica burundu twa dusirikare turinda umubiri kutandura indwara tukabyara za antibody zirwanya umubiri ziwuca intege, cyangwa seroconversion . Igisubizo gifatika mu isuzuma ryutwo dusirikare twa CD8 + T nicyo cyerekana uko ubwandu bw'indwara bujyenda bugabanyuka cyangwa bwiyongera mu mubiri nubwo bitarinda burundu virusi itera SIDA.

Amaherezo, virusi itera SIDA irwanya ba basirikare barinda umubiri indwara ikajyenda ibica ibagabanya ubwinshi bakaba bakeya mu mubiri CD4 + T kugeza ubwo umubiri ubura ubudahangarwa bigatera indwara z'ibyuririzi kwibasira umubiri muburyo buzorohereye. Abasirikare ba T Cells ni ingirakamaro mubisubizo byubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kandi bitabaye ibyo, umubiri ntushobora kurwanya indwara cyangwa kwica udusirikare twamaze kuba kanseri mu mubiri. Uburyo abasirikare ba CD4 + T cells bagenda bashira mu mubiri bugiye butandukanye yaba mu ikubitiro umubiri ukinjiramo virusi itera SIDA ikikoramo kopi nyinshi ndetse no mu bihe bwo kurwaragurika cyane mu byiciro bitandukanye.  Mu cyiciro cy'ibanze cyo kwandura virusi itera SIDA, hifashishwa udusirikare twanduye twabaye kanseri mu mubiri twa CD8 + T ari natwo tugira uruhare mu kugabanuka k'udusirikare turinda umubiri twa CD4 + T, nubwo umubiri ubwawo wabigiramo uruhare mu gihe wirwanaho wica udukoko turi mu mubiri mu buryo bwitwa apoptose nayo ishobora kubitera. Iyo virusi ziyongereye mu mubiri; umurwayi akagera mu cyiciro cyo kuremba bikabije no kurwaragurika indwara z'ibyuririzi zitandukanye bituma habaho gutakaza buhoro buhoro ubushobozi bwimikorere yubudahangarwa bwo kubyara abasirikare bashya ba T cells ari nabyo bituma bagabanyuka cyaneCD4 + T. 

Nubwo ibimenyetso byo kubura ubudahangarwa biranga SIDA bitagaragara imyaka myinshi nyuma yuko umuntu yanduye, igice kinini cyo gutakaza abasirikare ba CD4 + T kibaho mugihe cyicyumweru cya mbere cy'ubwandu, cyane cyane mumitsi yo munda, kibamo uturemangingo turwanya indwara zo mu mubiri twita lymphocytes mu mubiri.  Impamvu virusi itera SIDA yibanda cyane kuri ako gace ko munda intestinal mucosa ni ukubera ko virusi itera SIDA ikora za poroteyine z'ubwoko bwa CCR5 ikoresha mu kwibasira yinjira ihungabanya abasirikare barinda umubiri indwara ba CD4 + T kandi ako gace k'imitsi yo munda kagizwe cyane nizo poroteyine kuruta za poroteyine ziba mu maraso. Imihindagurikire yihariye ihindura imiterere ya za poroteyine za CCR5 iyo ziboneka mu buryo bwombi bwa chromosomes birinda cyane kwandura virusi y'ubwoko bwa VIH-1. 

Virusi itera SIDA ishakisha kandi ikarandura byimazeyo  CCR5 zigaragaza mudusirikare turinda umubiri twa CD4 + T mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura iyo virusi kuko nibwo iba ifite ubukana bwinshi.  Abasirikare barinda umubiri ba CD4 + T ni nako batangira kurwanya iyo virusi itera SIDA ari nako irushaho kubica bikihutisha kujya mu cyiciro cya kabiri cyo kuremba no kurwaragurika buri kanya bidakira clinical latent phase. Uko virusi itera SIDA irushaho kwikoramo kopi nyinshi ikibasira umubiri wose ni nako umubiri ubura ubudahangarwa kurushaho. Ibyo byose bigateza uruvangitirane rw'ibibazo byo mu mubiri bituma habaho gusohoka kwa pro-inflammatory cytokines. Ni nabyo ndetse bifitanye isano mu guteza indwara zo munda nk'igifu kubera urububi/igisenge kigize amara gikomeza kujyenda cyangirika cyane iyo habayeho kuremba cyane.

Virusi itera SIDA isuzumwa hifashishijwe ibizamini bya laboratoire hanyuma bigakorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso cyangwa ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe. Ikigo cya Leta zunzwe ubumwe z'Amerika cya Preventive Services Task Force gishishikariza abantu bose kuva ku myaka 15 kugeza ku myaka 65 kwisuzumisha virusi itera SIDA, harimo n'abagore bose batwite. Byongeye kandi, kwipimisha bishishikarizwa cyane abantu bafite ibyago byinsho byo kuyandura, cyane abasuzumwa bagasanga baranduye izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuza bitsina. Mu bice byinshi byisi, kimwe cya gatatu cyabanduye virusi itera SIDA babimenya ari uko igihe cyamaze kurenga bamaze gutaka ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kuburyo bwigaragaza bukabije.

Abantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA bakunze kurangwa n'imisemburo mu mubiri yabo irwanya ibice by'umubiri antibodies (ni ukuvuga seroconvert) bibaho mu byumweru bitatu kugeza kuri cumi na bibiri nyuma yo kwandura bwa mbere. Gupima virusi itera sida mbere ya seroconversion bikorwa mugupima HIV-RNA cyangwa p24 antigen. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ubwandu (positive) byabonetse nyuma yo gupima za antibodies cyangwa ibizamini bya PCR byemezwa na antibody itandukanye cyangwa na PCR.

Gusuzuma no gupima antibody ku bana bari munsi y'amezi 18 bikunze gutanga ibisubizo bitari bya nyabyo kubera za antibodies bakomora ku babyeyi babo ziba zikiri mu mibiri yabo bana. Kubw'izo mpamvu, ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA bishobora gupimwa gusa hifashishije gupima PCR za HIV-RNA cyangwa ADN, cyangwa binyuze mu gupima antigen p24. Henshi ku isi hari icyuho n'ibura ry'ibikoresho bihagije byo gupima ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA hifashishijwe agakoresho ka PCR yizewe, kandi abantu mu bihugu byinshi bitishoboye bategereza kugeza ibimenyetso byigaragaje cyangwa umwana akuze bihagije kugirango bapimwe neza za antibody. Muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara hagati ya 2007 na 2009, abaturage bari hagati ya 30% na 70% bari bafite amakuru ahagije kuri virusi itera SIDA. Muri 2009, hagati ya 3,6% na 42% by'abagabo n'abagore bo mu bihugu byo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara nibo babashije kwisuzumisha; ibi byagaragaje ubwiyongere bugaragara ugereranije nimyaka yashize.

Uburyo bubiri bw'ingenzi bwo kuvura bukoreshwa mu gushyira mu byiciro indwara zanduye virusi itera SIDA n'indwara zifitanye isano na virusi itera SIDA hagamijwe gukurikirana abanduye: gahunda y'ikigo mpuza mahanga gikurikirana ubuzima WHO gikurikirana umunsi kuwundi imiterere ya virusi itera SIDA n'indwara zigashamikiyeho, n'ikigo gikurikirana kinakakumira indwara zandura cya CDC uburyo gishyira mu byiciro ibirebana na virusi itera SIDA. Kubera ko gahunda y'ikigo cya WHO  idasaba ibizamini bya laboratoire, ikwiranye n’imiterere y’imikoreshereze ihura n’ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, aho ishobora no gukoreshwa mu gufasha kuyobora imiyoborere y’amavuriro. Nubwo zi gahunda zitandukanye, sisitemu zombi zemerera kugereranya intego zimibare.

Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ryatanze icyifuzo cya mbere ku gisobanuro kirebana na SIDA mu 1986. Kuva icyo gihe, OMS yakomeje gahunda yo kuvugurura ibyiciro bitandukanye inshuro nyinshi, igisobanuro giheruka cyemeranyijweho ku isi hose ubu OMS ikaba iheruka kugisohora mu 2007. Sisitemu ya OMS ikoresha ibyiciro bikurikira:

Ikigo cyo muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) nacyo cyashyizeho uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro virusi itera SIDA, kandi byavuguruwe mu 2008 na 2014. Ubu buryo bushyira mu byiciro virusi itera SIDA hakurikijwe kubara abasirikare baha umubiri ubudahangarwa CD4 count no kugenzura ibimenyetso byigaragaza, kandi busobanura ubwandu mu matsinda atanu. Mu barengeje imyaka itandatu ni:

Mu rwego rwo kugenzura, isuzuma rya SIDA rikomeje gukorwa nubwo nyuma yo kuvurwa, umubare wa wabasirikare barinda umubiri ba CD4 + T wazamutse ukagera kuri 200 kuri µL yamaraso cyangwa izindi ndwara zishamikiye ku bimenyetso bigaragaza SIDA ziba zamaze gukira

Gukoresha agakingirizo mu buryo buhoraho kandi igihe kirekire bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ku kigereranyo kingana na 80%. Iyo agakingirizo gakoreshwa buri gihe n’abashakanye muri bombi umwe ariwe wanduye undi ari atanduye bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ku kigereranyo kiri kuri 1% ku mwaka. Hariho ubushakashatsi bushimangira ko agakingirizo k'abagore gashobora gutanga urwego rumwe rwo kurinda. Gukoresha imiti yifashishwa mu gutuma mu gitsina hazamo ububobere yitwa gel nka tenofovir(yifashishwa mu kuvura indwara ya SIDA rimwe na rimwe indwara y'umwijima ya hepatitis B) igakoreshwa mbere yo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina bijya bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera SIDA kugera ku kigereranyo kingana na 40% mubagore bo muri Afrika. Binyuranye no gukoresha imiti yica intanga ngabo nka nonoxynol-9 kuko iyo izwiho kongera ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA bitewe nuko ituma mu gitsina no mu nnyo hazamo udusebe.

Gusilamura (abagabo) muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara bigabanya kwandura virusi itera sida ku bagabo badahuje igitsina hagati ya 38% na 66% mu gihe cy'amezi 24. Kubera ubwo bushakashatsi, Ishami ry’Umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku buzima ndetse na UNAIDS bashishikarije abagabo kwisiramuza muri 2007 mu rwego rwo gukumira virusi itera SIDA binyuze ku bwandu buturuka ku mugore wanduye yanduza umugabo utanduye mu turere twa Afurika twiganjemo umubare munini wabanduye virusi itera SIDA. Icyakora, ntibivugwaho rumwe ku bijyanye nimba kwisilamuza birinda umugore utanduye virusi itera SIDA iyo aryamanye n'umugabo wanduye virusi itera SIDA usilamuye, ndetse nta mibare izwi cyangwa ifatika ivuga ko byarinda abahuje ibitsina b'abagabo bakora imibonano kwandura virusi itera SIDA mu bihugu byateye imbere. Umuryango mpuzamahanga urwanya virusi, urasaba ukanashishikariza ko abagabo bose bakora imibonano nabo badahuje igitsina bagomba kwisilamuza ndetse nabakora imibonano mpuzabitsina nabo bahuje igitsina ko byaganirwaho nkuburyo bwo guhitamo kwirinda virusi itera SIDA. Abahanga bamwe batinya ko hashobora kuvuka imyumvire ituma umubare munini wabantu wakwitabira ibikorwa byo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye bitwaje ko gusilamurwa ari urukingo rubarinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA.

Porogaramu zishishikariza kwifata no kurinda ubusugi n'ubumanzi ku bakobwa n'abahungu ntabwo bigaragara ko zigira umusaruro mwiza uhagije kandi ufatika mu kwirinda virusi itera SIDA. Hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko umusaruro wizo nyigisho udahagije habe namba. Inyigisho zihagije zitangwa ku bumenyi bw'imyororokere mu mashuri zishobora kugabanya imyitwarire ishobora guteza ibyago byinshi byo kwijandika no kwiyandarika mu bikorwa by'ubusambanyi. Umubare munini wurubyiruko rukomeje kwishora mubikorwa byinshi bishobora guteza ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA nubwo bahabwa inyigisho zihagije kuberana n'ubwandu bwiyo virusi, kuko babitesha agaciro ko kumva ko nabo bashobora kwandura. Ubujyanama butangwa no gupima kubizana kubihabwa ku bushake ntabwo bigabanya ibikorwa byo kwijandika no kwiyandarika mu busambanye kubamaze gupimwa bagasanga batanduye ahubwo bituma abapimwe bagasanga banduye bakunda gukoresha udukingirizo n'imibare ikazamuka mu buryo bwigaragaza. Serivisi zinoze zo kuboneza urubyaro bigaragara ko byongera umubare wo gukoresha imiti yo kuboneza urubyaro mu bagore bamaze kumenya ko bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA. Nta makuru agahije azwi niba kuvura izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina bifite akamaro mu gukumira virusi itera SIDA.

Gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu bantu babana n'ubwandu bafite abasirikare barinda umubiri CD4 count bagejeje kuri 550 / µL ni uburyo bwiza cyane bwo kurinda kwanduza abo baryamana nabo (ingamba zizwi nko kuvura bisa nko kwirinda, cyangwa TASP). TASP ifitanye isano no kugabanuka inshuro 10 kugeza kuri 20 ibyago byo kwandura. Imiti irinda kwandura virusi itera sida yitwa profhylaxis (PrEP) ikoreshwa mbere yo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina hamwe numuti ukoreshwa buri munsi wa tenofovir, hakoreshejwe cq hatanakoreshejwe umuti wa emtricitabine, bigabanya ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA hagati y'abantu bafite amahirwe menshi yo kwandura nk'abagabo bakora imibonano nabo bahuje igitsina ndetse n'abaryamana umwe abizi ko yanduye undi abizi ko atanduye ndetse no murubyiruko rwo muri Afurika. Bene ubu buryo bushobora kurinda nabakoresha inshinge bitera imiti/ibiyobyabwenge babicishije mu mitsi, nyuma y'ubushakashatsi bwakoze bukagaragaza ko habayeho kugabanyuka ku kigereranyo kivuye kuri 0.7 kugeza kuri 0.4 ku gipimo cy'imyaka 100 y'abantu 100 person years. Ikigo cy'Amerika gishinzwe gahunda zo kwirinda indwara gishishikariza ko abantu bafite ibyago byinsho byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ko bakwiye gukoresha imiti ya PrEP.

Uburyo rusange bwo kwirinda muri gahunda z'ubuzima no kubwitaho bifite ingaruka nziza mu kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Gahunda zishyirwaho mu gukumira kwitera ibiyobyabwenge biciye mu mitsi hakoreshejwe inshinge no kuzisangira no gahunda zo gufasha kuvura abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bagahabwa ingurane nziza zo kubavura rehabilitation therapy biri mu bintu bihambaye bigabanya ibyago by'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA.

Imiti irinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA ifatwa mu masaha ari hagati ya 48 na 72 ku muntu ukeka ko cyangwa wahuye n'amaraso arimo ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA cq amavangiro yo mu gitsina yanduye; iyo miti yitwa prophylaxis (PEP). Gukoresha umuti ufata rimwe wa zidovudine bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida inshuro eshanu nyuma yo gukomeretswa n'urushinge. Kugeza mu 2013, gahunda yo gukoresha imiti irinda kwandura virusi itera SIDA muri Leta z'unze ubumwe z'Amerika yashyizeho imiti y'ubwoko butatu bwo kwifashisha ari bwo - tenofovir, emtricitabine na raltegravir - kuko ibyo bishobora kugabanya ingaruka kurushaho.

Imiti ya PEP ishishikarizwa gufatwa byihutirwa cyane iyo habayeho igikorwa cyo gufatwa ku ngufu cq gusambanya umwana cyane iyo ukekwaho icyo cyaha akekwaho kuba yanduye virusi itera SIDA, ariko bikunze gutera impagarara no kutavugwaho rumwe cyane ukekwaho icyaha ubuzima bwe busanzwe butazwi nimba yaranduye cyangwa se ari muzima. Igihe cyo kwivuza gikunze kuba ibyumweru bine kandi bikunze kuba bifitanye isano n'ingaruka zizahaza uyikoresheje aho imiti ya zidovudine ikoreshwa, hafi 70% bagirwaho ingaruka yo kugira isesemi (24%), umunaniro (22%), guhangayika kumutima (13%) no kubabara umutwe (9%).

Gahunda yo kurinda umubyeyi kwanduza umwana virusi itera SIDA zishobora kugabanya ibyaho byo kwandura ku kigereranyayo kiri hagati ya 92-99%. Ibi ahanini bikubiyemo gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mugihe umubyeyi atwite na nyuma yo kuvuka k'umwana no gushyiraho gahunda yo gusimbura ibere umwana akagaburirwa hakoreshejwe insimbura bere nka bebelo aho kumwonsa. Iyo gahunda yo kwifashisha insimbura bere ishoboka, byoroshye kubigeraho, hari ingurane ndetse ari nta mabura kindi abikumira kandi kubigeraho bikaba byoroshye, umubyeyi usanganywe ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA agomba kwirinda byimazeyo konsa umwana we; ariko konsa umwana ni ibintu byingenzi muri ya mezi y'ibanze kugirango umwana abashe gukura neza iyo biri ngombwa. Iyo bibaye ngombwa ko umwana yonswa muri ayo mezi y'ibanze ni ngombwa ko umwana akomeza gufata imiti ya prophylaxis kugirango arindwe kwandura virusi itera SIDA ayanduzwa na nyina binyuze mu kumwonsa. Mu mwaka wa 2015, igihugu cya Cuba cyabaye icya mbere mu gukumira no kurinda umubyeyi kwanduza umwana virusi itera SIDA.

Kugeza ubu nta rukingo ruraboneka rwa virusi itera SIDA. Kugeza amagingo aya; urukingo rukiri mu igeragezwa ruhari rukoreshwa kandi rugaragaza ko rufite uburyo rugabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA ni urwitwa RV 144, rwavumbuwe mu mwaka wa 2009 ndetse rugaragaza ko rugabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA kugeza ku kigereranyo kingana na 30%, ibi bikaba bitera ibyiringiro byejo hazaza mu muryango wubushakashatsi bwo gukora urukingo rukora neza kurushaho. Haracyakorwa izindi nkingo zigerageza zishingiye ku rukingo rwa RV 144 ndetse birakomeje.

Kugeza ubu nta muti uhari, nta rukingo rurinda virusi itera SIDA. Umuti uyivura uhari ni ugizwe n'imiti ikomeye yizewe ku kigero kinini igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA yitwa (HAART - highly active antiretroviral therapy) ufasha kurinda ko indwara ya SIDA yihuta gukura no gukomera cyane ikwirakwiza ubukana buzahaza umuburi/ubuzima. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2010 abantu barenga miliyoni 6,6 bakiriye bene iyi miti mu bihugu bikennye n'ibiciriritse. Uyu muti ukubiyemo imiti ikumira ikanavura indwara z'ibyuririzi bya SIDA. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2020 mu kwezi kwa Werurwe, abarwayi babiri bari banduye virusi itera SIDA niba bamaze kuyikira burundu. Kwihutira gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu cyumweru cya mbere nyuma yo kwisuzumisha bigaragaza ko bitanga amahirwe menshi n'icyizere cyiza mu kuyivura yaba mu bantu barangwa n'ubukene nabafite ubuzima buciriritse.

Imiti ikomeye yizewe ku kigero kinini igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA yitwa (HAART) ifatwa mu buryo bwo kuyivanga/gukomatanya bikunze kwitwa cocktails bukubiyemo imiti igera ku moko atatu iri mu byiciro bibiri by'imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi antiretroviral agents. Mu ikubitir ryo kuvura habanza gukoreshwa uburyo bwa non-nucleoside revers transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) hiyongereyeho ubundi buryo bubiri bwa nucleoside analog analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTIs). NRTI zisanzwe zirimo: imiti ya zidovudine (AZT) cyangwa tenofovir (TDF) na lamivudine (3TC) cyangwa emtricitabine (FTC). Uhereye muri 2019, dolutegravir / lamivudine / tenofovir yashyizwe ku rutonde n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi nk’umurongo wa mbere uvura abantu bakuru, hamwe na tenofovir / lamivudine / efavirenz mu bundi buryo bwakwifashisha kuvura abantu bakuru. Gukomatanya imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi nka protease inhibitor (PI) bikoreshwa mu gihe imiti ifatwa mu buryo buvuzwe haruguru bitarimo gutanga umusaruro mwiza ufatika ku murwayi wanduye.

Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika batanga amabwiriza ashishikariza abantu gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA (harimo n'abagore batwite) bakayitangira kuyifata byihuse bakimara gupimwa, hatitawe ku mubare wabasirikare barinda umubiri CD4 count. Iyo uwanduye atangiye gufata imiti ni byiza ko yirinda kuyihagarika cyangwa kurambirwa kuyifata. Abantu benshi bapimwa bagasanga baranduye bikunze kubaho byaratinze gutangira imiti kubera kwipimisha bakererewe. Uburyo bwiza bwo kwivuza ni uburyo bw'igihe kirekire bukoresha Plasma HIV-RNA count ibara munsi ya kopi 50 kuri buri mL. Ikigero gifatirwaho kumenya nimba ubuvuzi bwa virusi itera SIDA burimo gukora neza bupimwa mu gihe cy'ibyumweru bigera kuri bine (4) igisubizo cyaza kiri munsi ya kopi 50 kuri buri mL hakurikiraho gufata ibizamini buri mezi atatu cyangwa atandatu kandi ibyo biba bihagije. Igenzura ridahagije rifatwa ko za plasma HIV-RNA count rirenze kopi 400 kuri buri mL. Ukurikije ibi bipimo mu kuvura virusi itera SIDA bitanga icyizere mu kurwanya ubukana bwa bwayo mubantu barenga 95% mumwaka wambere wo kwisuzumisha no kwivuza.

Inyungu zo kwivuza zirimo kugabanuka kw'ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu mubiri kuburyo bitagera aho bizahaza ubuzima ku kigero cyo kubura ubudahangarwa mu mubiri ari nacyo cyiciro byitwa ko umuntu arwaye SIDA ndetse no kugabanya ibyaho byo gupfa vuba. Mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, abantu bavurwa mu buryo bwiza kandi hakiri kare bibatera kugira ubuzima buhagaze neza bw'umubiri no mu mitekerereze. Muzindi nyungu ziri mu kwivuza hakiri kare; bigabanya 70% by'ibyago byo kwandura igituntu ku banduye virusi itera SIDA. Izindi nyungu ziri mu kwivuza no gutangira imiti kare; bigabanya ibyaho byo kwanduza abaryamana n'uwanduye n'ibyago by'uko umubyeyi yakwanduza umwana atwite cyangwa mu gihe cyo kubyara cyangwa ku mwonsa. Kugirango umurwayi arusheho kumererwa neza biterwa n'uburyo yiha gahunda yo gufata imiti bijyanye n'imyifatire ye agomba guhindura mu mabwiriza ahabwa na muganga. Zimwe mu  mpamvu zituma hatubahirizwa gahunda zo gufata imiti neza kandi ku gihe harimo; kubura uburyo bwo guhabwa imiti n'ibigo by'ubuvuzi/ubuzima, kubura gahunda zirimo gufasha abarwayi kwiyakira no kubaganiriza, uburwayi bw'imitekerereze no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge. Amoko atandukanye y'ubuvuzi n'umubare mwinshi w'imiti ifatwa igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA n'ingaruka zo kubikoresha nabyo biri mu bintu bituma abanduye bacika intege zo kubahiriza no gukomeza gufata imiti ku gihe. Hamwe n'uko igiciro cy'iyo miti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA byabigiramo uruhare, 47% byabari bakeneye iyo miti bayibonaga kandi baturuka mu bantu babayeho mu bihugu bikennye n'ibiri mu buzima buciriritse mu mwaka wa 2010 ndetse ubwitabire bwo gufata imiti usanga bungana yaba mu bihugu bikennye ndetse n'ibihugu byateye imbere.

Hari ingaruka ziterwa no gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA. Zimwe muri izo ngaruka harimo: umubiri kunanirwa gukora uturema ngingo dutuma umubiri ugira amavuta ahagije lipodystrophy Syndrome, dyslipidemia, na diabete ifata urwagashya, cyane kubakoresha protease inhibitor. Ibindi bimenyetso bikunze kugaragara harimo impiswi, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’indwara zifata umutima. Ubuvuzi bushya bugezweho buzwiho ingaruka nke kubafata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA. Imiti imwe n'imwe irashobora kuba ifitanye isano no gutera ubumuga buvukanwa bityo bikaba bidakwiriye abagore bateganya kubyara kuba bayikoresha.

Imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA ihabwa abana bakiri bato itandukanye nihabwa abantu bakuze. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rishishikariza kuvura abana bose bari munsi y’imyaka itanu; abana bari hejuru yimyaka itanu bavurwa kimwe nkabantu bakuru. Amabwiriza ya Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika ashishikariza kuvura abana bose bari munsi y’amezi 12 na buri wese ufite ibipimo bya HIV RNA bingana na 100.000 / mL ufite imyaka iri hagati y’umwaka umwe n’imyaka itanu.

Ikigo cy’ubuvuzi cy’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EMA) cyasabye ko habaho uruhushya rwo kwamamaza ku miti ibiri mishya igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA (ARV), rilpivirine (Rekambys) na cabotegravir (Vocabria), kugira ngo ikoreshwe hamwe mu kuvura abantu bafite virusi itera SIDA yo mu bwoko bwa (HIV -1). Ubu bwoko bw'iyi iti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA nibwo bwa mbere buje mu buvuzi bwigihe kirekire hifashishwa gutera inshinge. Ibi bivuze ko aho kuba ibinini bya buri munsi, abantu batera inshinge wezi cyangwa buri mezi abiri.

Gukomatanya inshinge za Rekambys na Vocabria bigamije kubungabunga ubuvuzi ku babantu bakuru bafite virusi itera SIDA itagaragara mumaraso (ubwinshi bwa virusi itera SIDA bugaragara ku gipimo cya kopi 50 / ml) babifatanyije hamwe nubuvuzi bwabo bwa ARV, kandi mugihe virusi itigeze itera imbaraga zo kurwanya icyiciro runaka cy'imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA yitwa non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTIs) na integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INI).

Ingamba zo gukumira indwara z'ibyuririzi ziratanga icyizere mu bantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA. Usibye kunoza indwara zubu, ubuvuzi hifashishijwe gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA biri mubigabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara z'ibyuririzi. Abakuze ndetse n'urubyiruko babana na virusi itera SIDA (ndetse no kubafata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA) kabone no ku batagaragara ko banduye igituntu cyangwa a ashobora kuba bafite umutwaro wo kuba baranduye igituntu bagomba gufata ubuvuzi bwa isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT); bagakorerwa ikizamini cyuruhu gipima igituntu kugirango harebwe nimba hakenewe guhabwa ubuvuzi bwa IPT. Inkingo z'indwara z'umwijima za hepatitis A na B zishishikarizwa guhabwa abanduye virusi itera SIDA mbere ko bagira ibyago byo kwandura bene izo ndwara z'umwijima. Gukoresha imiti y'ubwoko bwa Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis bana bakivuka bari hagati yibyumweru bine na bitandatu byamavuko, no guhagarika konsa abana bavutse kubabyeyi banduye virusi itera SIDA, birashishikarizwa cyane ku badafite amikoro ahagije. Birashishikarijwe gukumira PCP mugihe abasirikare barinda umubiri ba CD4 babarwa ku gipimo kiri munsi ya 200 / uL no mubasanganywe PCP cyangwa abigeze kuyirwara. Abantu bafite ubudahangarwa mu mubiri immunosuppression buhagije bashishikarizwa gufata imiti ya toxoplasmose na MAC. Ingamba zikwiye zo gukumira zagabanije umuvuduko w’izi ndwara ku kigero cya 50% hagati ya 1992 na 1997. Urukingo rw’ibicurane n’urukingo rwa pneumococcal polysaccharide rukunze gusabwa ku bantu banduye virusi itera SIDA kandi bifite ingaruka nziza zigaragaza ku buzima bwabo iyo bayifashe.

Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ryatanze ibyifuzo bijyanye n'intungamubiri zikenewe ku bamaze kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Muri rusange indyo yuzuye ni nayo ishishikarizwa abanduye virusi itera SIDA. Gufata indyo yuzuye ifite intunga mubiri zihagije kurwego rwa RDA ku bantu bakuru banduye virusi itera SIDA ni inama nziza itangwa n'ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS); gufata cyane vitamine A, zinc, na iron bigira ingaruka zitari nziza ku buzima bwabamaze kwandura virusi itera SIDA kubantu bakuze nta nubwo ari byiza keretse niba hari ibigaragaza ko byagabanutse mu mubiri. Gufata indyo z'inyongera diatary supplmentation yuzuye kubantu banduye virusi itera SIDA kandi bafite imirire idahagije cyangwa indyo idahagije bifasha gushimangira ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri cyangwa kubafasha gukira indwara zimwe na zimwe; icyakora, ibimenyetso byerekana inyungu rusange muburwayi cyangwa kugabanya impfu zabazira indwara ya SIDA ntabwo bifitiwe ubushakashatsi kuri byo.

Hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza inyungu k'ubuzima bwamaze kwandura visuri itera SIDA iyo bafashe indyo y'inyongera irimo intungamubiri ya selenium. Ku bagore batwite n'abonsa banduye virusi itera SIDA, indyo z'inyongera zirimo amoko atandukanye ya za vitamine byongera umusaruro ku buzima bwiza ku babyeyi ndetse n'abana. Niba umubyeyi utwite cyangwa wonsa yagiriwe inama yo gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA kugira ngo yirinde kwanduza virusi itera SIDA umwana atwite/yonsa, gufata amoko atandukanye ya za vitamine ntizigomba gusimbuzwa ubwo buvuzi. Hariho ibimenyetso bimwe byerekana ko abana bato banduye virusi itera SIDA bafata indyo y'inyongera irimo vitamine A igabanya impfu ndetse ikongerera gukura neza.

Muri Leta z'unze ubumwe z'Amerika, abagera kuri 60% banduye virusi itera SIDA bakoresha uburyo butandukanye bw’ubuvuzi bwuzuzanya cyangwa ubundi buryo bw'inyongera, imikoreshereze yayo ntabwo ifitiwe ubushakashatsi bw'imbitse bwemeza imikorere yayo neza. Nta bimenyetso bihagije byemeza ikoreshwa ry'imiti gakondo cyangwa imiti ikomoka ku bimera. Nta bimenyetso bihagije bihari bishyigikira ikoreshwa ry'urumogi mu gutera ubushake bwo kurya no kubyibuha k'umubiri.

Virusi itera SIDA yamaze kuba indwara karande idakira aho kuba indwara ikomeye mu bice byinshi mu Isi. Kumenyekanisha biratandukanye hagati yabantu, kandi CD4 ibara hamwe numutwaro wa virusi ni ingirakamaro kubisubizo byavuzwe. Hatabayeho kuvurwa, impuzandengo yo kubaho nyuma yo kwandura virusi itera sida bivugwa ko iri hagati yimyaka 9 na 11, bitewe na virusi ya sida. Nyuma yo gusuzuma sida, niba ubuvuzi budahari, kubaho kubaho hagati y'amezi 6 na 19. HAART no kwirinda indwara zanduye zigabanya umuvuduko w'urupfu ku kigero cya 80%, kandi bizamura igihe cyo kubaho ku musore ukiri muto umaze gupimwa kugeza ku myaka 20-50. Ibi biri hagati ya bibiri bya gatatu kandi hafi yabaturage muri rusange. Niba kuvura byatangiye bitinze kwandura, prognoz ntabwo ari nziza: kurugero, niba ubuvuzi bwatangiye nyuma yo gusuzuma sida, icyizere cyo kubaho ni imyaka 10-40. Kimwe cya kabiri cy'abana bavutse banduye virusi itera sida bapfa mbere yimyaka ibiri batavuwe.




#Article 235: Noël Hitimana (287 words)


Noël Hitimana (Imyaka icumi 1950, Nyamirambo-yapfuye mbere ya 2002, Rwanda) yari umunyamakuru w’u Rwanda , akaba n'umunyamakuru ( animateur ) wa radiyo Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), kikaba cyari uburyo bw’ingenzi mu guteza imbere itotezwa ry’abatutsi n’Abahutu bashyira mu gaciro mu gihe Jenoside yo mu Rwanda . Kimwe n'izindi sitasiyo kuri sitasiyo, Hitimana yateje urugomo abaturage b'abatutsi ku kirere. 

  

Mbere yo gukora muri RTLM, Hitimana yakoraga kuri Radiyo Rwanda iyobowe na Leta ndetse n’ikigo cy’itumanaho n’itangazamakuru mu Rwanda mu mpera za za 70 ndetse no mu ntangiriro ya za 90. Muri icyo gihe, yamenyekanye cyane kubera indamutso yaturutse bisanzwe mu turere dutandukanye no mumijyi yu Rwanda mu masaha ya mugitondo, mugihe abahinzi babyutse bajya gukora mumirima. Iki gice cyamamaza cyashimangiye akamaro ko gukora cyane, abaturage ndetse n’ibitekerezo byo gukunda igihugu by’ishyaka ryonyine ryemewe n'amategeko kandi riri ku butegetsi, Ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere (MRND). Bavuga ko ari inzogaHitimana yirukanwe kuri Radiyo Rwanda, nyuma yo gutuka umunyagitugu w’u Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana , mu kiganiro cyahise asinze. 

Bitewe no kuba yaramamaye ku rwego rw'igihugu, Hitimana yari umwe mu ba animateurs ba mbere bahawe akazi na RTLM, nyuma yo gushingwa ku ya 8 Mata 1993.  imyitozo yo gusuhuza imijyi n'abayituye. Igihe Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yatangiye , ku itariki ya 7 Mata, 1994, Hitimana ryahinduwe ngeso gutanga ahantu nyayo amazina bivugwa ibyitso Rwandan Patriotic Front , gushishikariza ihohoterwa ndetse kwica abantu, na amatsinda nka Impuzamugambi hamwe ninterahamwe za Interahamwe . 

Ibice bya Hitimana bikubiyemo 5% byamakuru yose ya RTLM. 

Ku ya 17 Mata 1994, igisasu cyaturikiye muri imwe muri sitidiyo ya RTLM, gikomeretsa bikomeye Hitimana. Nyuma y’igitero, byabaye ngombwa ko acibwa ukuguru, maze ahatirwa guhagarika gukorera RTLM.  Hitimana ni abwira vyagiye muri gereza mu 2002, cyangwa wenda imbere mwaka.




#Article 236: Froduald Karamira (187 words)


Froduald Karamira (14 Kanama 1947 - 24 Mata 1998) yari umunyapolitiki wo mu Rwanda wahamwe n'ibyaha byo gutegura ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya jenoside yo mu Rwanda mu 1994. Yakatiwe urwo gupfa n'urukiko rwo mu Rwanda kandi yari umwe mu bantu 24 ba nyuma bishwe n'u Rwanda.  

Karamira yavukiye i Mushubati, mu Rwanda, avukira mu muryango w'abatutsi. Akuze, Karamira yemerewe kuba Umuhutu akurikiza imigenzo imwe n'imwe yo mu Rwanda yemerera guhinduka kuva mu itsinda ujya mu rindi.

Karamira yabaye umuyobozi wungirije w’ishyaka rya MDR kandi yari umuyobozi mu mutwe w’intagondwa z’ishyaka, uzwi ku izina rya Hutu Power.

Ku ya 23 Ukwakira 1993, Karamira yagejeje ijambo ku mugaragaro aho yahimbye igitekerezo cy ' ubutegetsi bw’Abahutu .  Yahamagariye abaturage b'Abahutu guhaguruka no gufata ingamba zikenewe, kandi dushakishe muri twe umwanzi uri muri twe. 

Su juicio comenzó el 13 de enero de 1997 en Kigali. Además de sus discursos diarios que incitaron al genocidio, se afirmó que él fue instrumental en la creación y armamento de las milicias de Interahamwe ; También fue acusado de ser personalmente responsable del asesinato de cientos de tutsis, incluidos 13 miembros de su propia familia.




#Article 237: Ihuriro ry’igihugu riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere (271 words)


Ihuriro ry’igihugu riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere (Igifaransa: Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement , MRND ) ryari ishyaka rya politiki ryategekaga u Rwanda kuva 1975 kugeza 1994 ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana. Yiganjemo Abahutu , cyane cyane bo mu karere kavukire ka Perezida Habyarimana mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda. Iri shyaka ryashinzwe mu 1975 nk’umuryango w’igihugu uharanira impinduramatwara mu iterambere ( Mouvement Révolutionaire National pour le Développement ). Itsinda ry’indashyikirwa ry’abayoboke b’ishyaka rya MRND bari bazwiho kugira uruhare kuri Perezida n’umugore we - ndetse n’inshingano zo gutegura igenamigambiJenoside yo mu Rwanda - izwi nka akazu .

Kuva mu 1975 kugeza 1991, MRND ni ryo shyaka ryonyine ryemewe n'amategeko mu gihugu. Habyarimana yavuzwe ko ashyira mu gaciro  nubwo bivugwa ko ishyaka ryakoresheje uburyo bwo kwamamaza iburyo  , ryateje imbere gahunda ya politiki y’aba conservateur  kandi ryarwanyaga abakomunisiti .Ishyaka ryari rifite inzego z’inzego zahuzaga inzego za guverinoma kuri buri rwego, kugeza ku murenge no mu kagari. Habyarimana yari perezida w’ishyaka, kandi nkuwo ni we mukandida wenyine wabaye perezida wa repubulika. Icyakora, mu bwumvikane buke kuri demokarasi, abatora bashyikirijwe abakandida babiri ba MRND mu matora y’Inteko ishinga amategeko. Izina ry’ishyaka ryahinduwe nyuma y’amashyaka ya politiki atavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi yemerewe n'amategeko mu 1991.

Nyuma y’igitero cya FPR mu 1990, abanyamuryango ba MRND bakoze ikinyamakuru Kangura . Ibaba ry’urubyiruko rw’ishyaka, interahamwe , nyuma yaje gukura mu mutwe w’abasirikare wagize uruhare runini muri jenoside yo mu 1994. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Habyarimana muri Mata 1994, abayoboke b'ishyaka bari mu bubatsi bakuru ba Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994. U Rwanda rumaze kwigarurirwa na mukeba w’abatutsi wiganjemo abatutsi b’abanyarwanda bayobowe na Paul Kagame, MRND yirukanwe ku butegetsi kandi biremewe.




#Article 238: Agathe Uwilingiyimana (105 words)


Agathe Uwilingiyimana (23 Gicurasi 1953 - 6 Mata 1994) yari umunyapolitiki wo mu Rwanda. Yabaye Minisitiri w’intebe w’u Rwanda kuva ku ya 18 Nyakanga 1993 kugeza apfuye ku ya 7 Mata 1994. 

Umunyamuryango w’ishyaka riharanira demokarasi riharanira demokarasi (MRD), yabaye Minisitiri w’intebe w’u Rwanda ku ya 18 Nyakanga 1993, abaye umugore wa mbere (kandi kugeza ubu, wenyine) wabonye uwo mwanya. Mu nshingano ze nk'umuyobozi wa guverinoma, yitabiriye, hamwe na guverinoma ya Perezida  Juvénal Habyarimana , mu mishyikirano yagiranye n’umutwe w’igihugu ukunda igihugu (FPR), inyeshyamba ziyobowe n’abatutsi . Ibiganiro byatumye hashyirwaho umukono ku masezerano ya Arusha muri Kanama 1993, arangiza by'agateganyo intambara yo mu Rwanda .




#Article 239: UMUZIKI (555 words)


Umuziki nuburyo bwubuhanzi, nigikorwa cyumuco, uburyo bwacyo bukaba bwiza. Ubusobanuro rusange bwumuziki burimo ibintu bisanzwe nkibibanza (bigenga injyana nubwumvikane), injyana (hamwe nibisobanuro bifitanye isano na tempo, metero, na articulation), dinamike (ijwi ryinshi nubwitonzi), hamwe na sonic imico ya timbre nuburyo (aribyo rimwe na rimwe bita ibara ryijwi ryumuziki). Uburyo butandukanye cyangwa ubwoko bwumuziki bushobora gushimangira, de-gushimangira cyangwa gusiba bimwe muribi bintu. Umuziki ukorwa hamwe nibikoresho byinshi hamwe nubuhanga bwijwi kuva kuririmba kugeza kuririmba; hari ibice byigikoresho gusa, ibice byijwi gusa (nkindirimbo zidafite ibicurangisho byabigenewe) nibice bihuza kuririmba nibikoresho. Ijambo rikomoka mu kigereki μουσική (mousike; ubuhanzi bwa Muses). Reba inkoranyamagambo yamagambo yumuziki.

Muburyo rusange busanzwe, ibikorwa bisobanura umuziki nkuburyo bwubuhanzi cyangwa ibikorwa byumuco harimo guhanga ibihangano byumuziki (indirimbo, injyana, simfoniya, nibindi), kunegura umuziki, kwiga amateka yumuziki, na isuzuma ryiza ryumuziki. Abafilozofe ba kera b'Abagereki n'Abahinde basobanuye umuziki mu bice bibiri: injyana, nk'ijwi ryateganijwe mu buryo butambitse, hamwe n'amajwi nk'ijwi ryateganijwe mu buryo buhagaritse. Amagambo akunze kuvugwa nka ubwuzuzanye bw'inzego na ni umuziki ku matwi yanjye yerekana igitekerezo cy'uko umuziki akenshi utegekwa kandi ushimishije kubyumva. Ariko, umuhimbyi wo mu kinyejana cya 20, John Cage yatekereje ko ijwi iryo ari ryo ryose rishobora kuba umuziki, avuga, urugero, Nta rusaku, ijwi gusa.

Kurema, imikorere, akamaro, ndetse nibisobanuro byumuziki biratandukanye ukurikije umuco n'imibereho. Nkako, mu mateka, uburyo bumwebumwe cyangwa uburyo bwa muzika bwanenzwe kutaba umuziki, harimo na Quetet ya Grosse Fuge ya Beethoven mu 1825, jazz yo hambere mu ntangiriro ya za 1900 na pank ya hardcore mu myaka ya za 1980. Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwumuziki, harimo umuziki uzwi cyane, umuziki gakondo, umuziki wubuhanzi, umuziki wanditswe mumihango y'idini n'indirimbo z'akazi nka chanteys. Umuziki utangirira ku bihimbano byateguwe neza - nka simfoni ya muzika ya kera kuva mu myaka ya za 1700 na 1800 - kugeza ku buryo bwihuse bwacuranzwe n'umuziki udasanzwe nka jazz, ndetse na avant-garde uburyo bw'umuziki ushingiye ku mahirwe yo mu kinyejana cya 20 na 21.

Umuziki urashobora kugabanywamo injyana (urugero, umuziki wigihugu) kandi injyana irashobora kugabanywa mubice (urugero, blues yigihugu na pop country ni bibiri mubice byinshi byigihugu), nubwo imirongo itandukanya nubusabane hagati yubwoko bwumuziki akenshi iba yoroheje, rimwe na rimwe ufunguye ibisobanuro byawe bwite, kandi rimwe na rimwe ntibivugwaho rumwe. Kurugero, birashobora kugorana gushushanya umurongo hagati yintangiriro ya za 1980 urutare rukomeye nicyuma kiremereye. Mubuhanzi, umuziki urashobora gushyirwa mubikorwa nkubuhanzi bukora, ubuhanzi bwiza cyangwa nkubuhanzi bwo kumva. Umuziki urashobora gucurangwa cyangwa kuririmbwa no kumvikana imbonankubone mugitaramo cya rock cyangwa igitaramo cya orchestre, ukumva imbonankubone nkigikorwa cyikinamico (kwerekana ikinamico yumuziki cyangwa opera), cyangwa gishobora gufatwa amajwi no kumva kuri radio, MP3 icuranga, CD umukinnyi, terefone cyangwa nkamanota ya firime cyangwa televiziyo.

 Mu mico myinshi, umuziki nigice cyingenzi mubuzima bwabantu, kuko ugira uruhare runini mumihango y'idini, umuhango w'imihango yo gutambuka (urugero, impamyabumenyi nubukwe), ibikorwa byimibereho (urugero, kubyina) nibikorwa byumuco kuva mubyikunzi karaoke kuririmba gucuranga mumatsinda yikinamico cyangwa kuririmba muri korari yabaturage. Abantu barashobora gukora umuziki nkuwishimisha, nkumuyabaga ucuranga selo muri orchestre yurubyiruko, cyangwa gukora nkumucuranzi wabigize umwuga cyangwa umuririmbyi. Inganda zumuziki zirimo abantu bakora indirimbo nshya nibice bya muzika (nk'abanditsi b'indirimbo n'abayihimbye), abantu bakora umuziki (barimo orchestre, itsinda rya jazz hamwe n'abacuranzi ba rock band, abaririmbyi n'abayobora), abantu bandika umuziki (abatunganya umuziki na injeniyeri yijwi), abantu bategura ingendo zibitaramo, nabantu bagurisha amajwi, umuziki wimpapuro, n amanota kubakiriya. Ndetse iyo indirimbo cyangwa igice kimaze gukorwa, abanenga umuziki, abanyamakuru ba muzika, nintiti zumuziki barashobora gusuzuma no gusuzuma igice nigikorwa cyacyo.




#Article 240: Déogratias Nsabimana (217 words)


Déogratias Nsabimana (23 Kanama 1945- yapfuye 6 Mata 1994)yahoze ari jenerali akaba n'umuyobozi mukuru w'ingabo z’u Rwanda(FAR).

Mu Kwakira 1990, Urugaga rwo gukunda igihugu rw’u Rwanda (FPR), ingabo z’impunzi n’abatutsi bo mu Rwanda n’abatuye mu mahanga zambutse umupaka ziva muri Uganda maze zitera u Rwanda. Nsabimana yigaragaje cyane ku rugamba  Kubera iyo mpamvu, muri Mata 1992, Nsabimana yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru w'ingabo z'u Rwanda. Muri uru ruhare, yashyigikiye iterambere ry’umutwe mushya w’abaparakomando. Nkumunyamuryango wa Network Zero (ishyirahamwe ryitumanaho ryabayobozi ba gisirikare na politiki), yafashije guhugura amakipe azapfa.  Igihe hagaragaye ibimenyetso by’ubufatanye hagati y’ingabo z’u Rwanda n’interahamwe za Interahamwe , yavuze ko nta bumenyi yari afite kuri ubwo bufatanye. 

Ukuboza 1993, mu rwego rw’amasezerano ya Arusha , hashyizwe mu bikorwa amasezerano yo kugabana ubutegetsi, umutwe w’inyeshyamba zo mu Rwanda Patriotic Front (FPR) wabonye abasirikare bagera kuri 600 binjira i Kigali. Nsabimana yarwanyije Amasezerano ya Arusha . Umwaka wakurikiyeho, bivugwa ko Nsabimana yagize uruhare mu gusaba ububiko bwa Interahamwe.   

Ku ya 6 Mata 1994, Nsabimana ari kumwe na Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana bari batashye bavuye mu biganiro byo mu rwego rwo hejuru i Dar es Salaam ubwo indege yabo, Dassault Falcon 50 yagwaga na misile ebyiri zo mu kirere no mu kirere maze igwa hanze y’ikigo cya perezida i Kigali.  ndege yari itwaye cumi bwato, harimo Perezida Cyprien Ntaryamira w'u Burundi.




#Article 241: Enos Kagaba (128 words)


Enos Irigaba Kagaba (wavutse 1954) ni umucuruzi w’u Rwanda , mu 2001, yafatiwe ku kibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Minneapolis-Saint Paul ubwo yageragezaga kwinjira muri Amerika. 
 

Yabanje gushinjwa uburiganya no gushaka kwinjira mu gihugu bitwaje indangamuntu. Igihe Abinjira Irangizwa wa Gasutamo Human Rights kurenga no Safety Leta Unit (HRVPSU) yabaye azi ko u Rwanda yari yatanze mpuzamahanga rwo gufata Kagaba ibikorwa bya jenoside mu 1994 intambara mu Rwanda, Jenoside ashinjwa nabo yongeyeho.  Hatanzwe icyemezo cyo gukuraho.

Nibwo bwambere bwabaye muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika itegeko ryo gukuraho ibirego bya jenoside . Amerika yakoresheje 18 USC §2340a kugirango ishyireho ububasha kuri Kagaba.  Iri tegeko-bwirizwa ryahaye ububasha umuntu ukekwaho icyaha niba we: a) afite ubwenegihugu bwa Amerika CYANGWA b) ahari muri Amerika (tutitaye ko we cyangwa abahohotewe (abenegihugu) ari / bari abanyamerika). 




#Article 242: Ingunzu itukura (315 words)


Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), nanone yitwa Fox, Red Fox cyangwa, ibaye imbonekarimwe, Goupil (izina ryayo mu myaka yo hagati, mbere yuko intsinzi ya Roman de Renart ihindura iri zina ryambere ry’inkomoko y’Ubudage rikaba izina rusange), ni ubwoko bwa Canidae buringaniye. Ni imbwebwe ikunze kugaragara muri Aziya, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, Afurika y'Amajyaruguru na Ositaraliya. Ni inyamaswa z’inyamabere zifite ikote ritukura ryanditseho umweru munsi yinda nu muhogo, umunwa werekeza, ugutwi ugatwi umurizo. Ubwoko bushyirwa muburyo bwa Carnivora, ariko bufite indyo yiganjemo inyamanswa zose, kandi bugaburira cyane cyane imbeba ninkwavu, ariko kandi nudukoko, amafi cyangwa imbuto. Afite amahirwe rero cyane, amwemerera kumenyera ibidukikije bitandukanye no guhindura imirire ye ukurikije ukwezi kwumwaka. Red Fox yororoka, bitewe n'akarere, kuva Ukuboza kugeza Gashyantare, kubyara mugihe cyiza (geste yiminsi 50). Ibi bikorwa mubuhungiro bwa burrow, mugihe, umwaka usigaye, imbwebwe ibaho hafi yumuyaga. Abakiri bato babanje kugaburirwa namata ya nyina, hanyuma, buhoro buhoro, ababyeyi bombi babazanira inyama. Batangira kuva mu mwobo nyuma y'ibyumweru bine, bonsa mu byumweru icyenda, kandi, nyuma yo kumara icyi hamwe n'ababyeyi babo, bagatatana kugwa. Ingano yo gutatana nubunini bwimyanda iratandukanye ukurikije ibiribwa byibidukikije ndetse nimpfu, bigatuma amoko agenzura umubare wacyo. Amahirwe yacyo no guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere, byayemereye gukoroniza igice kinini cy'isi yo mu majyaruguru, bituma iba imwe mu nyamaswa z’inyamabere zikwirakwizwa ku isi.

 ni inyamaswa ifatwa nk'amayeri, kandi akenshi igereranywa nko mu migani, nko mu migani ya Aesop, iyo fabuliste Jean de La Fontaine ayifata nyuma, cyangwa mu migani yo muri Aziya, aho agaragara nk'umugome kandi yahawe. imbaraga zubumaji. Irahigwa kubera ubwoya bwayo, kugirango yishimishe, kubera kwamburwa amatungo mato mato kandi nanone kubera ko iyo mbwebwe ari imwe mu ndwara z’ibisazi na alveolar echinococcose, ariko ubukangurambaga bwo gukingira indwara y’indwara kurandura vuba ibisazi bivuye mu Burayi bwi Burengerazuba. Mu Burayi, imbwa zabujijwe buhoro buhoro kuva mu kinyejana cya makumyabiri. Buhoro buhoro, Red Fox ishora mumijyi, igaburira imyanda kandi ihungira muri parike nubusitani ahantu hatuwe. Imirima yashizweho 
kugirango itange isoko ryubwoya.




#Article 243: Bruce Melodie (153 words)


Itahiwacu Bruce uzwi nka Bruce Melodie ni umwanditsi w'indirimbo n'umuririmbyi w'umunyarwanda.

Bruce Melodie yavutse mu 1992, avukira  i Kanombe. Se yitwa Gervain Ntibihangana na nyina akitwa Velene Muteteri. Ni umwana wa kabiri mu muryango w’abana bane. Amashuri abanza yayize ku kigo cyitwa Camp Kanombe, i Kanombe.  Amashuri yisumbuye yayatangiriye i Kanombe kuri EFOTEC, ayarangiriza kuri Islamique i Rwamagana. 

Bruce Melodie yakuze aririmba mu rusengero rw’abarokore i Kanombe, yabahimbiraga indirimbo ariko bakaziha abandi bakaba ari bo bazitera. Ntabwo bamuhaga umwanya wo kwigaragaza. Ibyo byaramubabaje bituma ava muri korari. Nyuma yaje kujya  muri studio mu 2006, ku umuntu producer Jackson Daddoey ariko iyo ndirimbo ntabwo yigeze irangira. Ibyo byatumye akomeza gucika intege ndetse asa n’uretse umuziki. Yasubiye muri studio mu 2010, akora indirimbo yitwa “Inkovu” ariko kubera amasomo ntabwo yabonye umwanya wo kuyamamaza cyane ngo imenyekane. Yaje gusubira muri studio mu 2011, akora indirimbo yitwa “Ngiye Kubivuga”, nyuma aza gukora “Tubivemo” ayikorewe na Producer Fazzo




#Article 244: Urutare rwa Ndaba (140 words)


Urutare rwa Ndaba ni urutare ruherereye ku muhanda uva mu Akarere ka Muhanga  ujya mu Akarere ka Karongi,mu birometero makumyabiri(20km) uvuye mu mugi wa karongi, uru rutare rumanukaho amazi menshi kandi meza. 

Urutare rwa Ndaba ruri mu hantu nyaburanga  hasurwa cyane mu Rwanda kandi hakurura abakerarugendo cyane,benshi mu  basura uru rutare rumanukaho amazi meza y'urwererane amateka yarwo atangaza benshi. Urutare rwa Ndaba bivugwa ko rwitiriwe umugabo witwa Ndaba wakundaga akaryoshye cyane ariko ubuki. Bivugwa kandi bigahamwa cyane n'abahatuye ko uyu mugabo yajyanye nabagenzi be guhakura ubuki bw'inzuki zabaga mu mwobo wari hagati muri urwo rutare, maze bakamwoherezayo ngo abazanire ubuki, aho guhakura ngo azanire bagenzi be agahakura yirira, bagenzi be bakomeza kurambirwa kuko bari bafashe umugozi wari uziritse ndaba munda ngo umufate kera kabaye baza kurambirwa baramurekura yikubita mu manga yuru rutare rurerure rufite hafi metero ijana z'ubujyakuzimu, maze arapfa.




#Article 245: Bikira Mariya w'Ikibeho (703 words)


Bikira Mariya w'IKibeho ni izina ryahawe amabonekerwa ya Mariya yerekeye ingimbi nyinshi, mu myaka ya za 1980 i Kibeho, mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'u Rwanda . Niyo mabonekerwa yonyine yemewe  Vatikani kumugabane wa Afrika . 

Biboneka ko amabonekerwa yamenyesheje ubutumwa butandukanye abanyeshuri, harimwo iyerekwa rya apocarite w'U Rwanda rumanuka mu ihohoterwa n'inzangano, bikaba bishoboka ko byahanuye itsembabwoko ryo mu Rwanda ryo mu 1994. 

Mu 2001, umwepiskopi waho wa Kiliziya Gatolika yemeye ku mugaragaro iyerekwa ry’abanyeshuri batatu b’ishuri ko ari ukuri. 

Kibeho ni umudugudu muto uherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'u Rwanda. Ibonekerwa ryavuzwe ko ryatangiye ku ya 28 Ugushyingo 1981, muri iki gihe amakimbirane yariyongereye hagati y’imitwe y’abatutsi n’abahutu . Byabereye mu ishuri rya Kibeho, mu ishuri ryisumbuye ry’abakobwa,  kandi harimo umwijima mu Rwanda rwinjira mu ihohoterwa n’inzangano benshi bemeza ko byahanuye jenoside yo mu Rwanda mu 1994.

Mu myaka ya za 1980, Bikira Mariya nibwo yabonekeye abakobwa batatu bakiri bato, yiyita Nyina wa Jambo , bikaba byari bihwanye na Umubaye W »(“ Nyina w'Imana ).  Ababonye ibi batangaje ko Mariya yasabye abantu bose gusenga kugirango birinde intambara iteye ubwoba. Mu iyerekwa ryo ku ya 19 Kanama 1982, bose bavuze ko babonye urugomo, imirambo yatemaguwe, ndetse no kurimbuka. 

Urutonde rurerure cyane rwerekanwe na Alphonsine Mumureke, wari wabonye iyerekwa rya mbere nyuma gato yo kwinjira mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Kibeho mu Kwakira 1981 nyuma y’amashuri abanza, naho irya nyuma ku ya 28 Ugushyingo 1989. Anathalie Mukamazimpaka niwe wakurikiyeho kugira iyerekwa, ryatangiye kuva muri Mutarama 1982 kugeza ku ya 3 Ukuboza 1983. Aba bashimangiye amasengesho adashira n’impongano, Mariya ndetse yategetse Mukamazimpaka gukora penetensiya binyuze mu gupfa umubiri. Marie Claire Mukangango, wabanje gutoteza Mumureke ku ishuri kubera iyerekwa, we ubwe yagize ibonekerwa ryabaye kuva ku ya 2 Werurwe kugeza ku ya 15 Nzeri 1982. Mariya yabwiye Mukangango ko abantu bagomba gusenga ishapure y'ububabare burindwi kugirango babone kwihana. 

Mu ruzinduko rwe mu Rwanda mu 1990, Papa Yohani Pawulo wa II yashishikarije abizerwa guhindukirira mariya nk umuyobozi woroheje kandi wizewe” no gusengera ko hashyirwaho ingamba zikomeye zo kurwanya amacakubiri y’ibanze, yaba aya politiki cyangwa amoko. 

Mu minsi 100 yakurikiye iyicwa ry’umunyagitugu Perezida w’u Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana, ku ya 8 Mata 1994, Abanyarwanda 800.000 kugeza kuri miliyoni bishwe n’abenegihugu babo, ndetse rimwe na rimwe, n'abaturanyi babo baturanye. Itsembabwoko ryabaye indunduro yo gukaza umurego hagati y'amoko yombi - Abahutu n'Abatutsi - n'intambara y'abenegihugu yari yarayibanjirije.  Kibeho ubwayo niho habereye ubwicanyi bubiri: ubwa mbere ku rusengero rwa paruwasi muri Mata 1994, naho ubwa kabiri nyuma y'umwaka aho impunzi zirenga 5.000 zari zarahungiyeyo zarashwe n'abasirikare.  Marie Claire Mukangango n'umugabo we bari mu bishwe mu bwicanyi bwo muri Mata 1995. 

Gusa iyerekwa ry'ababonye Mariya batatu ba mbere (Alphonsine Mumureke, Nathalie Mukamazimpaka, na Marie Clare Mukangango, ufite imyaka 17, 20, na 21), byemejwe na Augustin Misago, Umwepiskopi wa Gikongoro . 

Abandi bavugaga ko bafite iyerekwa nk'iryo ni Stephanie Mukamurenzi, Agnes Kamagaju, Vestine Salima, na Emmanuel Segatashya, uwanyuma muri bo mbere yari umupagani maze aba umuvugabutumwa wa gikristo mu barokore . Segatashya yeretswe mu iyerekwa harimo guhura na Kristo bimuha umunezero.

Iri yerekwa rishobora gufatwa nk'ikimenyetso cyerekana itsembabwoko ryo mu Rwanda, cyane cyane ubwicanyi bwa kabiri bwa Kibeho mu 1995. Ishuri ryabereyemo iyerekwa ryabaye ahantu hiciwe abantu benshi mu gihe cya Jenoside kuko abana benshi barashwe bakanicwa n’iterabwoba ry’Abahutu .  Aberekwa bari bahunze urugomo cyangwa bari mu bahitanwe na Jenoside mu Rwanda.

Umwepiskopi wa Gikongoro, Augustin Misago, yemeje ubwitange rusange bufitanye isano n’ibonekerwa ku ya 15 Kanama 1988 ( Umuhango wo gufata icyemezo cya Mariya ) maze atangaza ko ari ukuri ku ya 29 Kamena 2001.  Yashinjwaga mu 1999 kuba yaragize uruhare muri Jenoside mu Rwanda, maze agirwa umwere ku ya 24 Kamena y'umwaka ukurikira. 

Umunsi mukuru wa Bikira Mariya wa Kibeho ni 28 Ugushyingo, isabukuru yo kugaragara kwa mbere mu iyerekwa rya Alphonsine Mumureke mu 1981. 

Ingoro ya Marian i Kibeho yiswe Ingoro ya Bikira Mariya w'akababaro  mu 1992.  Ibuye rya mbere ryashyizweho ku ya 28 Ugushyingo 1992. Mu masezerano yo mu 2003 hagati y’abasanzwe baho n’umuryango wa Apostolate Gatolika (Pallotine), umuyobozi w’urusengero rwa Bikira Mariya wa Kibeho yahawe inshingano za ba Padiri ba Pallotine. Umuyobozi mukuru ashyirwaho na musenyeri waho hamwe numuyobozi wa Pallottine. 

Umwanditsi w'amakinamico w'umunyamerika Katori Hall yakinnye ibintu byabereye mu kibonekerwa  rya Bikira Mariya wa Kibeho, byakorewe i New York mu 2014. 




#Article 246: Stella Ford Mugabo (132 words)


Stella Ford Mugabo (wavutse 1962) ni umunyarwandakazi w'umunyapolitiki wabaye Minisitiri w’ibikorwa by’inama y’abaminisitiri kuva muri Nyakanga 2013.

Mugabo yavutse mu 1962 muri Uganda kuri Francis Ford Gashumba na Stella Mukamutara.  Afite impamyabumenyi y’uburezi yakuye muri kaminuza ya Makerere na Master mu by'ubukungu n’imibereho myiza yakuye muri kaminuza ya Manchester . 

Mugabo yakoze nk' umusesenguzi wa politiki rusange mu biro bya Perezida wa Uganda, hanyuma aba umwanditsi mukuru ushinzwe amasomo mu Ishuri Rikuru rya Kigali ry'Ubumenyi, n'Ikoranabuhanga. Yabaye umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa w’ubunyamabanga bw’inzego za Leta kuva muri Werurwe 2010 kugeza 2014.   Yabaye umuyobozi w’inama y’Ikigo cy’Ubuyobozi  mu Rwanda aba n'umwe mu bagize inama ya Gahunda yo Kongera ubushobozi mu Rwanda. 

Mugabo yagizwe Minisitiri w’ibikorwa by’inama y’abaminisitiri na Perezida Paul Kagame muri Nyakanga 2013, asimbuye Protais Musoni.  

Mugabo arubatse afite abakobwa batanu.  Ni Umukristo . 




#Article 247: Kayitesi Zainabo Sylvie (113 words)


Kayitesi Zainabo Sylvie (yavutse kuwa 27 Gicurasi 1962) ni umunyamategeko w'umunyarwandakazi.

Kayitesi Zainabo Sylvie yavutse kuwa 27 Gicurasi 1962 avukira i Rwamagana mu Rwanda, arubatse akaba ari umubyeyi wa abana bane.

Kayitesi Zainabo Sylvie kuva mu 1995 kugera mu 1999 yakoranye n’ishyirahamwe ry’abagore mu kurengera uburenganzira bw’umugore n'umwana HAGURUKA , aho yabaye Perezida na Visi-Perezida wa Pro-Femmes. Kayitesi yabaye kandi minisitiri wa minisiteri yari ishinzwe ubutaka, gutuza abantu n'ibidukikije kuva muri werurwe 1999 kugera mu Ugushyingo 2002. kuva kandi  mu 2003 kugera mu 20011, Kayitesi yabaye Perezida wa Komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Rwanda. Kayitesi Zainabo Sylvie yabaye Visi-Perezida akaba n'umucamanza w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rw'u Rwanda kuva mu 2011 kugera mu 2019.




#Article 248: Indatwa n'inkesha school (125 words)


Ishuri ry'Indatwa n'inkesha rizwi cyane nka Groupe Scolaire Officiel de Butare (GSOB) ni ishuri ry'isumbuye ry'abihaye Imana gatorika.

Iri shuri riherereye mu majyepfo y' uRwanda, mu akarere ka Huye ahahoze hitwa butare. 

Iri shuri ryahoze ryitwa cyane Urwunge rw'amashuri rwa Butare (Groupe Scolaire Officiel de Butare/GSOB), ryashinzwe mu mwaka w'1929 nabihayimana bo mu muryango waba sharite ( brothers of charity). Mu gutangira kwaryo ryitwaga Groupe Scolaire d'Astrida, aho ryari rije gutegura abanyeshuri bo gufasha abakoroni bab'abiligi bari mu gihugu icyo gihe.

Ubumenyi bw'isi

Ubumenyi mu myandikire y'icyongereza

Ubumenyi mu byamadini

Ubumenyi mu mibikire y'ibitabo

Siporo.

Bafite amashami atatu yibanda ku bumenyi butandukanye, ariyo:

Ibinyabuzima,ubutabire n'ubumenyi bw'isi

Ubugenge,ubutabire n'ibinyabuzima

Ubugenge,ubutabire n'Imibare

King Kigeli V ndahindurwa of Rwanda

Louis Rwagasore, Prince of Burundi

Melchior Ndadaye

Joseph Cimpaye




#Article 249: Umugezi wa Nyabarongo (168 words)


Umugezi wa Nyabarongo niwo mugezi munini mu Rwanda, amazi yawo menshi ava mu isoko ya Nile mu majyaruguru ya Afurika. Umugezi wa nyabarongo ifite uburebure bungana na kilometero magana atatu mirongo itanu nimwe(351KM) niwo mugezi munini kandi mugari mu Rwanda. Umugezi wa Nyabugogo nawo wisuka muri  Nyabarongo  byose bikisuka mu  mugezi w' Akagera iyo migezi yose ica mu ishyamba rya kimeza rya  Pariki ya Nyungwe ari naho habarirwa isoko ya Nili.

Umugezi wa Nyabarongo wavutse mbere yuko Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga ivuka aho witwaga Nyawarungu, uwo mugezi ukaba waratembaga ujya i Ubugande, ukanyura mu nzira dusanzwe tuzi ya Mukungwa yari mu kibaya kinini cyaje kuzimira nyuma yivuka ry'ibirunga. Ibirunga bimaze kuvuka amazi yaranyanyagiye abyara ibiyaga nka Burera na Ruhondo. Nyabarongo rero Ibuze inzira igice cyayo kimwe cyahindutse Mukungwa ikindi gikomeza mu majyepfo y'urwanda ahahoze ari Gitarama, ubu Akarere ka Muhanga. Ibi byabaye hashize imyaka irenga miliyoni enye U Rwanda rubayeho, Nyabarongo yomeje inzira yayo igaruka i Kigali, nyuma yaho yarakomeje mu burasirazuba ihura n'akanyaru byisuka mu mugezi wa Akagera




#Article 250: Umuganura (399 words)


Umuganura n’umuhango wizihizwa buri wa 5 wa mbere w’ukwezi kwa Kanama, aho abanyarwanda bizihiza ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi, ubworozi ndetse n’uburumbuke. Gukomera kuri uyu muhango n’ugusigasira umurage w’u Rwanda kuko umuganura ukubiyemo indangagaciro zirimo kwishimira umusaruro, gukunda umurimo ndetse n’igihugu.

Inzira y’umuganura ni imwe muri 18 zari zigize inzira z’ubwiru mu Rwanda mu gihe cy’ingoma ya cyami. Inzira z’ubwiru zarimo iz’ubukungu, iz’umutekano w’igihugu n’inzira zo gukomeza ubwami. Inzira z’ubwiru zerekanaga uko igihugu kiyoborwa mu bihe runaka, niba hateye inzara hakaba inzira igihugu kigomba kunyuramo kugirango bahangane n’icyo kibazo. Mu mateka y’u Rwanda, umunsi w’Umuganura wari umunsi mukuru ngarukamwaka wubahwaga kandi ugahabwa agaciro ibwami no mu muryango w’Abanyarwanda. Umuganura watangiye kwizihizwa mu Rwanda ku ngoma ya Gihanga Ngomijana mu kinyejana cya kenda, hanyuma uza kongera guhabwa imbaraga na Ruganzu II Ndoli hagati y’imyaka ya 1510-1543 ubwo yabohoraga u Rwanda nyuma y’imyaka irenga cumi n’itanu ruri mu maboko y’abanyamahanga (Abanyoro n’Abanyabungo).

Abari bashinzwe uwo muhango bitwaga abiru. Abaturage bakoranyaga imyaka hirya no hino mu gihugu bakayijyana ibwami, ku munsi w’umuganura umwami agapfukama   yerekana icyubahiro aha abo ayobora ndetse n’Igihugu, agafata umwuko akavuga umutsima afatanyije n’umuganuza, umwamikazi n’umugabekazi bakarya bakanywa ndetse bakaza kunywa n’inzoga, bagatarama bakaza kuvuga ibigwi by’ibyo bakoze mu gihugu. Nyuma y’umuhango wo kuganura hakurikiragaho ibirori by’Umuganura byasozwaga n’igitaramo k’imihigo.

Ku rwego rw’Igihugu, Umuganura wayoborwaga n’Umwami afashijwe n’abanyamihango b’Umuganura (abo kwa Rutsobe n’abo kwa Myaka ya Musana) naho ku rwego rw’umuryango, umukuru w’umuryango akaba ari we wayoboraga iyo mihango. Ku munsi w’Umuganura, abayobozi basabanaga n’abayoborwa mu gitaramo k’imihigo, abana bagasabana n’ababyeyi. Ni muri icyo gitaramo cy’Umuganura hamurikwaga ibikorwa by’indashyikirwa (inka nziza, umusaruro ushimishije…) maze abakoze neza bagashimwa, ibigwari bikagawa.

Umuhango w’umuganura mu Rwanda waje huhagarara ku ngoma ya Musinga ubwo umwiru Gashamura ka Rukangirashyamba wari ushinzwe imihango yawo yacirirwaga i Burundi mu mwaka wa 1925. Uyu Gashamura ni umwe uvugwa mu nsigamigani igira iti yaragashize nka gashamura. Kuva icyo gihe Umuganura ntiwongeye kwizihizwa. Nyuma y’uko u Rwanda rubonye ubwigenge, abantu bakomeje kwizihiza Umuganura mu miryango ariko ubuyobozi bwariho muri icyo gihe ntibwashyiramo imbaraga ngo Umuganura uhabwe agaciro ukwiye.

Leta y’u Rwanda igendeye ku byiza n’akamaro Umuganura wagize mu kubaka Igihugu, yawuhaye agaciro gakomeye, ishyiraho n’umunsi w’ikiruhuko uba buri wa Gatanu wa mbere w’ukwezi kwa Kanama. Iteka rya Perezida no 54/01 ryo ku wa 24/02/2017 mu ngingo ya 3 (100) kugira ngo kuri uwo munsi, Abanyarwanda basabane, bunge ubumwe, bazirikane ibyiza bagezeho ari nako bahiga gukora neza kurushaho umwaka utaha.




#Article 251: Umuco nyarwanda (1081 words)


Umuco Nyarwanda ugizwe n'ibintu byinshi. Mu buryo butandukanye n’ibindi bihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika, u Rwanda ni igihugu cyunze ubumwe kuva mu bihe bya mbere y’ubukoloni, gituwe n’abaturage b'Abanyarwanda basangiye ururimi rumwe rw'Ikinyarwanda n’umurage ndangamuco.  Mu Rwanda hizihizwa Iminsi mikuru inyuranye izwi buri mwaka ndetse n'indi rimwe na rimwe leta yinjizamo. 

Guhera ku wa 07 Mata kugeza ku wa 14 Mata buri mwaka ni Icyumweru cy'icyunamo cyo Kwibuka Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Ku wa Gatandatu wa nyuma wa buri kwezi ho haba Umuganda rusange mu Gihugu hose. Uwo munsi wibanda ku bikorwa bigamije iterambere n'imibereho y'abaturage muri rusange kandi serivisi nyinshi zisanzwe zikora zirahagarika. 

Umuziki n'imbyino ni ibice bikomeye bigize imihango y'u Rwanda, iminsi mikuru, guhurira hamwe, hamwe no kubara inkuru. Imbyino gakondo izwi cyane ni Intore, umwiyereko uzwi cyane ugizwe n'ibice bitatu 

Uruganda rw'umuziki mu Rwanda rurakura cyane muri iki gihe, rufatiye ku njyana zo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, iz'abakongomani ndetse n'izo muri Amerika. Injyana zizwi cyane ni hip-hop, RB ndetse rimwe na rimwe ragga na dance-pop. Abahanzi bazwi cyane bo mu Rwanda barimo : The Ben, , bombi bagiye babona ibihembo binyuranye, n'abandi benshi nka , , , , ,  , , na.

Ibiryo byo mu Rwanda bishingiye ku biribwa by’ibanze bikomoka ku buhinzi gakondo. Mu mateka, ibijyanye n'imirire bigenda bihinduka bitewe n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'abantu. Amfunguro yo mu Rwanda usanga akenshi arimo imineke,ibitoki,amashaza, ibijumba, ibishyimbo, n'imyumbati. Abanyarwanda benshi barya inyama inshuro zitari nyinshi mu kwezi. Ku batuye hafi y'ibiyaga kandi bafite uko babona amafi, bakunze kurya iyitwa tilapiya.

Ibirayi, bikekwa ko byinjijwe mu Rwanda n’abakoloni b’Abadage n’Ababiligi, ubu na byo birakunzwe cyane. Ubugari busonze mu myumbati cyangwa ibigori na bwo bukunze kuribwa cyane kimwe no bice bya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. Isombe isekuye iva mu mababi y'imyumbati ikaranze ikunze kugaburwa hamwe n'amafi yumutse

Ifunguro rya saa sita ni imvange igizwe nibintu byavuzwe haruguru bishobora kwiyongeraho inyama. Burusheti y'ihene, inka, inyama z'ingurube cyangwa amafi, ni byo bikunze kuribwa abantu batembereye. Mu cyaro, utubari twinshi tugira umucuruzi wa burusheti uba waguze ihene, akayibaga kandi akayotsa. Izo nyama azigaburana n'ibitoki bikaranze. 

Amata, cyane cyane ikivuguto, akunze kunyobwa mu gihugu cyose. Ibindi binyobwa birimo inzoga gakondo yitwa urwagwa yenze mu bitoki n'ikigage cyo mu masaka, igaragara mu mihango n'ibirori gakondo. Inzoga zicuruzwa mu Rwanda zirimo Primus, Mützig, na Amstel. 

Ubukorikori gakondo ni ubukorikori bukozwe mu gihugu hose, nubwo ibyinshi byatangiye nkibikorwa bikora aho gushushanya gusa. Ibitebo bikozwe mubikombe nibisanzwe.

Amajyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwu Rwanda azwiho imigongo, ubuhanzi budasanzwe bw’amase y’inka, amateka ye yatangiriye igihe ako karere kari mu bwami bwigenga bwa Gisaka . Amase avanze nubutaka karemano bwamabara atandukanye hanyuma bugasiga irangi mumisozi ishushanyije, bikora imiterere ya geometrike.

Ibindi n'ubukorikori birimo ububumbyi / ceramic, gushushanya no kubaza ibiti bikozwe ahanini n’abanyeshuri b’abahanzi bo muri Ecole d'Art de Nyundo, ishuri ry’ubukorikori ridasanzwe u Rwanda rwagize kuva 1959 kugeza uyu munsi, aho bari hose ni izindi nzego zitandukanye zigerageza guhugura amashusho n'ubuhanzi bw'amajwi muriyi minsi.

Ubwinshi bwumusaruro wamazu buracyari hasi kandi igiciro cyacyo ntabwo gihuye nimbaraga zo kugura benshi. Benshi mubatuye mumijyi baracyafite amazu binyuze mubikorwa bitemewe, kuberako urwego rusanzwe rudashobora gutanga gahunda yo kubona amazu yita kuri bose.

Ibihe byinshi bivamo ikibazo aho iterambere ryimiturire ryita kubakiriya bake gusa, muribo icyifuzo kikaba kitaruzuzwa.

Kugeza ubu, mu gihe Kigali yakira hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’abatuye mu mijyi mu Rwanda, Inyigo y’isoko ry’amazu ya Kigali (2012-22) ivuga ko amazu yose akenewe (2012-22) agera kuri 458.256, muri yo 344.068 akaba ari mashya yubatswe. Kumeneka kububasha butandukanye bwo kugura, ibi byahinduwe kuri:

Ibice 43.436 byamazu yimibereho (12,6%); - Ibice 186.163 byamazu ahendutse (54.1%); - Ibice 112.867 byamazu yo hagati (32.8%); na - ibice 1.601 byamazu meza (0.5%), kuri Kigali wenyine.

Mu gihugu hose, icyifuzo nticyigeze gikorerwa ubushakashatsi bunoze kandi ubushakashatsi burimo kwitegura; biragereranijwe kabiri kubikenewe byose muri Kigali.

Ibyagezweho mu myaka yashize bifitanye isano no kurushaho kugira uruhare mu igenamigambi, gufungura imikoreshereze y’ibikoresho byaho mu bwubatsi, no kwemeza kimwe uburenganzira bwa manda. Kumenyekanisha gukanguka, ubushakashatsi buke, hamwe nigeragezwa ryimishinga murwego rwimiturire byagize uruhare muri ibi. Gutezimbere igenamigambi ryabaturanyi hamwe nuburyo rusange bwo gutunganya imijyi birakomeje, biteganya guhuzagurika mugutegura no gucunga iterambere.

Nubwo hari imbogamizi zikiriho mu bijyanye n’imari y’imiturire, uburyo bwo gutanga inguzanyo bwateye imbere binyuze mu gushyiraho amasezerano maremare y’inguzanyo, kugabanya gato igipimo cy’inyungu, ubwoko bunini kandi bworoshye cyane mu bijyanye no kwishyura mbere, no kunoza uburyo inyubako zemerera uruhushya sisitemu ijyanye n'amategeko agenga inguzanyo (Politiki yimiturire yigihugu).

Guverinoma igira uruhare mu bufatanye n’iterambere ry’imiturire hagamijwe iterambere rirambye, rivanze n’imikoreshereze y’imiturire y’abaturanyi hashingiwe ku cyitegererezo cya PPP cyageragejwe bwa mbere mu 2008 igihe hubakwa amazu 250 ahendutse, mu bindi bishya byatumye ibikoresho byaho bibera banki. Kugeza ubu amazu 22.000 yimiturire ari mubyiciro bitandukanye byo kwitegura, bizatezwa imbere nabikorera ku nkunga ya leta.

Hariho ingamba 2 zikubye 1) gukurura ishoramari rinini mumazu ahendutse no guteza amarushanwa ukoresheje ubutaka bwamenyekanye kandi buhari, na 2) gukurura no koroshya ishoramari rito n'iciriritse mumazu ahendutse binyuze muri gahunda ziterambere zifatanije, byafasha abafite ubutaka buto, bitabira iterambere muburyo bwa koperative cyangwa nkabanyamigabane bashoramari.

Umusaruro waho wibikorwa byubwubatsi uragenda wiyongera buhoro buhoro, urugero umusaruro wa sima waho, wamatafari meza kandi yangiza ibidukikije, hamwe nibisubizo bishya, bishya kandi byakorewe murugo kubikoresho byubatswe kandi bitubatswe. Reba ifoto iri kumugereka.

Inzego zishinzwe imiturire n’inganda zubaka zikomeje kwiyongera mu Rwanda. Inganda zubaka zifite uruhare runini mu ngamba ziterambere z’igihugu icyo aricyo cyose kirenze umugabane wacyo mu musaruro w’igihugu. Abanditsi benshi bavuze ku ngaruka zabyo mu guhanga imirimo, abandi ku ngaruka zayo zigwira mu bukungu bw'igihugu.

Nuburyo bworoshye bwibikorwa byubwubatsi muguhindura imiterere itandukanye ituma urwego rwihariye rwubukungu rugira uruhare runini mubikorwa byiterambere ryiterambere niterambere (Lopes et al., 2002). reba umurongo ujyanye no gukura Uhujwe na gahunda n’ingamba by’igihugu cyacu, Icyerekezo 2020, Iterambere ry’Ubukungu n’Ingamba zo Kugabanya Ubukene II (EDPRSII), Gahunda y’Ingamba z’Imirenge n’Icyaro (2012 / 13-17 / 18), uruhare rwa Minisiteri muri Minisiteri umurenge ni ugushiraho politiki, ingamba na gahunda bizemeza ko:

Rwanda ntafite kera byanditswe ibitabo, ariko hari ukomeye imigenzo itanditse kuva ibisigo ngo inkuru Abantu . By'umwihariko urukiko rwabanjirije ubukoloni rwateje imbere imigenzo ya abah (imivugo yumuziki gakondo), ubucurabwenge (ibisekuruza byabami bikunze kuvugwa mumihango yimikwa), na ibisigo (ibisigo byumwami)..Inyinshi mu ndangagaciro z'igihugu hamwe nibisobanuro byamateka byagiye bisimburana uko ibisekuruza byagiye bisimburana. Umwanditsi w'ibitabo uzwi cyane mu Rwanda ni Alexis Kagame (1912 #x2013; 1981), wakoze kandi atangaza ubushakashatsi ku muco gakondo ndetse no kwandika imivugo ye.

Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda yatumye havuka ibitabo by’inkuru z’abatangabuhamya, inyandiko n’ibihimbano byanditswe n’igisekuru gishya cy’abanditsi nka Benjamin Sehene . Hakozwe amafilime atari make yerekeranye na jenoside, harimo na Golden Globe yatowe muri Hotel Rwanda na Shooting Dogs, yafatiwe amashusho mu Rwanda ubwayo, ikanagaragaza abarokotse mu bakinnyi.




#Article 252: Yvan Buran (209 words)


Burabyo Yvan uzwi nka Yvan Buravan ni umwanditsi w'indirimbo n'umuririmbyi w'umunyarwanda.

Yvan Buravan yavutse 1995, avukira  i gikondo. Se yitwa Burabyo Michael na nyina akitwa Uwikunda Elizabeth. Ni umwana wa bucura mu muryango w’abana batandatu. Amashuri abanza yayigiye igikondo ku kigo cyitwa le pet prince,  Amashuri yisumbuye yayatangiriye muri Amis des Enfants na la Colombier, arangije umwaka wa kabiri muri kaminuza y'u Rwanda CBE mubijyanye n'ubucuruzi, itumanaho n'ikoranabuhanga. 

Yvan Buravan yatangiye kuririmba muri 2009 aho yitabiriye  amarushanwa ya Rwanda Tel , aba uwakabiri ahabwa amafaranga million n'igice muri 2012 Buravan yitabiriye amarushanwa ya Talentum. aza mubambere bahembwe ko ari abahanga mu kuririmba.akaba ari na kimwe mubintu byamuhinduye imitekerereze umuziki atangira kuwubona muyindi nguni kandi ngari.ni urugendo yakomeje ubutaruhuka abo mu muryango we. kwishuri ni inshutize batangira kumufata nk'umuririmbyi nawe atangira kubikora nk'umwuga ndetse no kubikunda birushijeho.Buravan ku myaka 20 nibwo yiyemejeko umuzikiwe ubaye umwuga, mu ntangiriro za 2016 nibwo ibihangano bya Buravan byatangiye gusakara mu banyarwanda nabo baramukundira barabikunda.icyogihe ninabwo yaramaze kubona umujyanama mushya mubya muzika [Maneger] Buravan azwi cyane munjyana afro, RB,na Soul. akaba yarakundaga cyane abanzi barimo Michael Jackson,  na Bruno Mars nabandi benshi. yakoze indirimbo nyinshi zirimo. Injyana, Majunda,  Urwongukunda, Low key nizindi nyinshi. yitabiriye ibitaramo byinshi bitandukanye mu Rwanda no hanze yarwo birimo Prix decouvertes




#Article 253: Vincent Biruta (166 words)


Vincent Biruta (wavutse ku ya 19 Nyakanga 1958) ni umuganga akaba n'umunyapolitiki wumunyarwanda, ubu akaba ari Minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga, washyizweho mu Gushyingo 2019.  Yabaye Minisitiri w’ibidukikije kuva ku ya 31 Kanama 2017.  Akaba yari na Minisitiri w'umutungo Kamere, kuva  24 Nyakanga , 2014 

Yavutse 1958.  Ni umuganga watojwe. Afite kandi impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu gutegura no gucunga serivisi z'ubuzima mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, yakuye muri Université libre de Bruxelles, mu Bubiligi . 

Dr. Biruta afite amateka maremare mu bakozi ba Leta mu Rwanda, nyuma ya jenoside yo mu 1994. Kuva mu 1997 kugeza 1999, yabaye Minisitiri w’ubuzima. Kuva mu 1999 kugeza 2000, yabaye Minisitiri w’imirimo rusange, ubwikorezi n’itumanaho. 

Yabaye Perezida w'Inteko ishinga amategeko y'inzibacyuho kuva muri Mutarama 2000 kugeza 2003. Kuva muri Kanama 2003, kugeza mu Kwakira 2011, yari Perezida wa Sena y'u Rwanda, urugereko rwo hejuru rw'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y'u Rwanda . 

Ukuboza 2011, yagizwe Minisitiri w’Uburezi,   akora muri urwo rwego kugeza muri Nyakanga 2014, ubwo yagirwa Minisitiri w’Umutungo Kamere.  




#Article 254: Mwami (223 words)


Mwami ni izina ryicyubahiro  mu bice by'Afurika y'iburasirazuba ndetse niyo hagati. Iri zina risobanura umutware mubwoko bwindimi zitwa bantu. Iri zina kandi ryakoreshejwe mu mateka n'abami mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika, kandi n'ubu riracyakoreshwa ku bami gakondo cyangwa abategetsi b'uturere mu bihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika.

Mu ndimi nyinshi zo muri aka gace,harimo ikirundi,ikinyarwanda,nizindi- ijambo  mwami rivuzeUmutware w'ubwoko. Iri rero rikoreshwa nk'inyito ku mutware wese muri izi nce.

Byongeye ho, mwami bisobanura umutware cyangwa  umugabo  mu rurimi rw'ikigande . Ikoreshwa nk'izina ry'umuyobozi mukuru mu batware bavuga ururimi rw'ikigande hirya no hino mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika, nubwo ishobora no gukoreshwa nk'icyubahiro rusange ku bagabo, kimwe n'icyongereza Bwana

Abatware gakondo ba Lenje nabanya Ila bo muri Zambiya, hamwe nabanya Tonga bo muri Zambiya na Zimbabwe nabo bakoresha icyubahiro.

Mu Bwami bw'u Rwanda, Umwami w'u Rwanda yari azwi ku izina rya mwami ( abami mwu bwinshi ). Kuva mu 1961, igihugu cyayobowe na perezida w'u Rwanda .

Ubwami bw'Uburundi bwategekwaga n'abami bitwaga mwami, hagakurikiraho rimwe mu mazina ane ya regnal yakurikiyeho. Perezida w'Uburundi yategetse kuva repubulika yatangira mu 1966.

Uhereye mu mwaka wa 2020, ikitwa ubwami bwa Buha,mu gace ka Kigoma mu burengerazuba has tanzania buyobowe n'Umwami uturuka Manyavu,witwa Elifas Robert.

Ubwami gakondo mu ntara ya Kivu y'Amajyaruguru, Kivu y'Amajyepfo, na Maniema muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo bita abayobozi babo gakondo mwami .




#Article 255: Umwami (238 words)


Umwami ni izina ryicyubahiro  mu bice by'Afurika y'iburasirazuba ndetse niyo hagati. Iri zina risobanura umutware mubwoko bwindimi zitwa bantu. Iri zina kandi ryakoreshejwe mu mateka n'abami mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika, kandi n'ubu riracyakoreshwa ku bami gakondo cyangwa abategetsi b'uturere mu bihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika.

Mu ndimi nyinshi zo muri aka gace,harimo ikirundi,ikinyarwanda,nizindi- ijambo  mwami rivuzeUmutware w'ubwoko. Iri rero rikoreshwa nk'inyito ku mutware wese muri izi nce.

Byongeye ho, mwami bisobanura umutware cyangwa  umugabo  mu rurimi rw'ikigande . Ikoreshwa nk'izina ry'umuyobozi mukuru mu batware bavuga ururimi rw'ikigande hirya no hino mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika, nubwo ishobora no gukoreshwa nk'icyubahiro rusange ku bagabo, kimwe n'icyongereza Bwana

Abatware gakondo ba Lenje nabanya Ila bo muri Zambiya, hamwe nabanya Tonga bo muri Zambiya na Zimbabwe nabo bakoresha icyubahiro.

Mu Bwami bw'u Rwanda, Umwami w'u Rwanda yari azwi ku izina rya mwami ( abami mwu bwinshi ). Kuva mu 1961, igihugu cyayobowe na perezida w'u Rwanda .

Ubwami bw'Uburundi bwategekwaga n'abami bitwaga mwami, hagakurikiraho rimwe mu mazina ane ya regnal yakurikiyeho. Perezida w'Uburundi yategetse kuva repubulika yatangira mu 1966.

Uhereye mu mwaka wa 2020, ikitwa ubwami bwa Buha,mu gace ka Kigoma mu burengerazuba has tanzania buyobowe n'Umwami uturuka Manyavu,witwa Elifas Robert.

Ubwami gakondo mu ntara ya Kivu y'Amajyaruguru, Kivu y'Amajyepfo, na Maniema muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo bita abayobozi babo gakondo mwami .

Abanya Luhya bo mu burengerazuba bwa Kenya bavuga ko umutegetsi wabo w'ikirenga ari Mwami .




#Article 256: Imiterere y'uRwanda (656 words)


U Rwanda ruherereye muri Afurika rwagati, mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo. Kuri kilometero kare 26,338 , u Rwanda nicyo gihugu cya 149 kinini ku isi. Ruragereranywa mu bunini na Haiti cyangwa leta ya Massachusetts muri Amerika.   Igihugu cyose kiri ku butumburuke: ahantu hasi cyane ni uruzi rwa Rusizi kuri metero 950 hejuru yinyanja.

U Rwanda ruherereye muri Afurika yo hagati / Uburasirazuba, ruhana imbibi na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo mu burengerazuba, Uganda mu majyaruguru, Tanzaniya mu burasirazuba, n'Uburundi mu majyepfo.  Irambaraye kuri dogere nkeya mumajyepfo ya ekwateri kandi idafunze .  Umurwa mukuru, Kigali, uherereye hafi y'u Rwanda rwagati. 

Amazi hagati y’ibibaya binini by’amazi ya Nongo na Nili aturuka mu majyaruguru yerekeza mu majyepfo anyuze mu Rwanda, aho hafi 80% by’akarere kanyuze muri Nili na 20 ku ijana muri Kongo unyuze ku ruzi rwa Rusizi.  Umugezi muremure muri iki gihugu ni Nyabarongo, uzamuka mu majyepfo y'iburengerazuba, utemba ugana mu majyaruguru, mu burasirazuba, no mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba mbere yo guhuza Akanyaru ugakora Akagera ; Akagera noneho gatemba kerekeza mu majyaruguru k'umupaka wiburasirazuba na Tanzaniya. Nyabarongo-Akagera gasoza gatemba mu kiyaga cya Victoria. Isoko yayo mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe ni umwe mu bahatanira isoko rusange ya Nili kugeza ubu itaramenyekana. 

U Rwanda rufite ibiyaga byinshi, ikiyaga kinini n'ikiyaga cya Kivu . Iki kiyaga gifite igorofa ya Albertine Rift hafi yuburebure bwumupaka wiburengerazuba bw'u Rwanda, kandi ubujyakuzimu bwa metero 480,  ni kimwe mu biyaga makumyabiri byimbitse kwisi .  Ibindi biyaga binini birimo Burera,Ruhondo, Muhazi, Rweru, na Ihema, icya nyuma kikaba kinini mu mugozi w’ibiyaga byo mu bibaya byo mu burasirazuba bwa Parike ya Akagera . 

Imisozi yiganje mu RwandaRwanda rwagati no mu burengerazuba. Iyi misozi ni igice cyimisozi ya Albertine Rift yegeranye nishami rya Albertine rya Rift yo muri Afrika yuburasirazuba . Iri shami riva mu majyaruguru ugana mu majyepfo ku mupaka w’iburengerazuba.  Impinga ndende ziboneka mu ruhererekane rw'ibirunga rwa Virunga mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba; ibi birimo umusozi wa Karisimbi, ahantu 4,507 metres (14,787 Rwanda, kuri 4,507 metres (14,787 ft) . 

Iki gice cy’iburengerazuba cyu Rwanda, kiri mu mashyamba ya Albertine Rift,  gifite uburebure bwa metero 1,500 kugeza kuri metero 2,500.  Hagati y’igihugu higanjemo imisozi izenguruka, mu gihe umupaka w’iburasirazuba ugizwe na savanna, ibibaya n’ibishanga. 

U Rwanda rufite ubushyuhe bwo hejuru y'ikirere, n'ubushyuhe hasi, n'bigereranyo by' ibihugu byo muri ekwateri kubera ahakirurutse yayo hejuru. Kigali, rwagati mu gihugu, hafite ubushyuhe bwa buri munsi buri hagati ya 12 ° C (54) ° F) na 27 ° C (81 ° F), hamwe no guhinduka gake mu mwaka.  Hariho ubushyuhe butandukanye mu gihugu hose; imisozi y'iburengerazuba n'amajyaruguru muri rusange birakonje kuruta iburasirazuba. 

Hariho ibihe bibiri by'imvura m'umwaka. Iya mbere itangira muri Gashyantare kugeza muri Kamena naho iya kabiri kuva muri Nzeri kugeza m'Ukuboza. Ibi bitandukanijwe n'ibihe bibiri byumye : icy'ingenzi kuva muri Kamena kugeza muri Nzeri, aho usanga akenshi nta mvura iba, n'akandi gato kandi kadakabije kuva m'Ukuboza kugeza muri Gashyantare. Kugwa kw'imvura kugiye gutandukana mu turere, aho uburengerazuba n’amajyaruguru yuburengerazuba bwigihugu hakira imvura nyinshi buri mwaka kuruta iburasirazuba n’amajyepfo. 

U Rwanda ruhana imbibi n'Uburundi kuri 290 km, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo kuri 217 km, Tanzaniya kuri 217 km, na Uganda kuri 169 km.

U Rwanda rufite ubuso bwa kilometero kare ibihumbi 26, muri byo 3 ku ijana ni amazi.

U Rwanda rufite umutungo kamere ukurikira:

Imikoreshereze yubutaka mu Rwanda ahanini ni ubutaka bwo guhingwa, nibindi bikorwa. 40 km² y'ubutaka mu Rwanda burahirwa . Imbonerahamwe ikurikira irasobanura imikoreshereze y'ubutaka mu Rwanda, guhera mu 2011.

Ibyago byibasiye u Rwanda birimo amapfa rimwe na rimwe n'ibikorwa by'ibirunga byo ku misozi ya Virunga, biherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'igihugu, ku mupaka na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo.

Ibibazo biriho bijyanye n’ibidukikije mu Rwanda birimo: ibisubizo byo gutema amashyamba atagenzuwe kuri lisansi, kurisha cyane, kunanirwa n’ubutaka no guhiga bukware.

U Rwanda ni uruhande rw’amasezerano mpuzamahanga akurikira:

U Rwanda rwashyize umukono ku masezerano, ariko ntirwemeza amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye yerekeye amategeko y’inyanja .

Uru ni urutonde rwibintu bikabije byu Rwanda, ingingo ziri kure cyane mumajyaruguru, amajyepfo, iburasirazuba cyangwa iburengerazuba kuruta ahandi hantu.




#Article 257: Ikirenge cya Ruganzu (180 words)


Ikirenge cya Ruganzu ni izina ry'ahantu nyaburanga mu Rwanda mu Akarere ka Rulindo umurenge wa Gasiga, hitiriwe Umwami Ruganzu II Ndoli.

Ruganzu uvugwa ko yasize ikimenyetso muri aka gace ku Rwanda ni Ruganzu II Ndoli bivuga ko yimye ingoma muw'i 1510 aturutse Karagwe ka Bahinda aho yari yarahungishirijwe kwa Nyirasenge Nyabunyana akaza aje kuvana U Rwanda mu maboko y'abanyamahanga bari bararwigaruriye. Iki kirenge rero cyari kwibuye wagereranya n'urusyo benshi bahamya ko umwami Ruganzu yaje kuharuhukira ari kumwe n'ibisumizi bye cyangwa ingabo ze, bivugwa ko bari birutse cyane bakananirwa barangiza bakamusaba amazi, nuko Ruganzu afata umwambi afora umuheto arasa ku nkombe imwe havamo isoko y'amazi, kuva ubwo iyo soko yitwa Isoko ya Ruganzu  Aha rero hari ibuye rinini ryariho ikirenge cya Ruganzu aho yakandagiye amano akishushanya ndetse n'ibinono by'imbwa ze. Iki kirenge cyaje kw'imurwa kubw'impamvu zo gukora umuhanda Kigali-Akarere ka Musanze kijyanywa mu nzu ndangamuco mu Akarere ka Huye, i Butare Nyuma ku bw'ubusabe bwa benshi iki kimenyetso ndangamateka kikaba kimaze igihe gito kigaruwe mu   Akarere ka Rulindo ku kirenge, aho ubuyobozi bw'akarere bw'ubatse ikigo ndangamuco kitwa Ikirenga.

Rwanda development Board




#Article 258: Lycée de Kigali (117 words)


Lycée de Kigali (LDK) ni ishuri ryísumbuye riherereye mu akarere ka Nyarugenge, mu umujyi wa Kigali, Mu Rwanda. Ryatangiye mu 1975, ni rimwe mumashuri yisumbuye yakera mu Rwanda.

Lycée de Kigali ni ishuri riri mu mashuri ya kera mu Rwanda, ni ishuri ry'indashyikirwa mu burezi mu myaka myinshi. Lycée de Kigali yatangijwe na abafaransa mu 1975, kandi ni rimwe mu mashuri meza yigwamo na abahungu n'abakobwa. Lycée de Kigali yahawe  leta mu 1982 ryari ryamaze kuterimbere.

Uyumunsi, Lycée de Kigali ishobora kwakira abanyeshuri 1400 mu kiciro rusange nikiciro gikuru cy'amashuri yisumbuye. Lycée de Kigali  kandi ni ubufatanye bwa leta y'u Rwanda na ababyeyi. Ishuri ryakira abanyeshuri baturutse imihanda yose rikabafasha kuba abantu bingirakamaro bakenewe ku isoko ry'umurimo.




#Article 259: Imyemerere gakondo mu Rwanda (1253 words)


Mu Rwanda rwo hambere, kuva rwahangwa, abanyarwanda babayeho bafite ukwemera kwarangwaga n’uko mu myumvire yabo bumvaga ko hari ugenga ibintu byose n’abantu bitaga “Imana”. Icyo gihe bemeraga ko nta kintu cyapfuye kwitura ku isi kidafite uwagishyizeho ari we abanyarwanda bafataga nk’Usumba byose. Imyemerere rero ni kimwe mu biranga Umurage w’abanyarwanda.

Abanyarwanda bemeraga ko umuntu ugaragara ufite ubwenge, uhumeka, ukora n’ibindi, arimo ibice bibiri bigizwe n’umubiri ndetse n’igicucu kitagaragarira amaso. Aha ni ho baheraga bavuga ko iyo umuntu atakiri mu buzima, umubiri uhinduka umurambo ariko cya gicucu cye kikaba umuzimu udafatishwa intoki maze ukajya kwiturira I kuzimu ariko kubera urukundo wabaga ugikomeje kugirira ibyasigaye ku isi ukaba wajya uza kubisura.

Kera abanyarwanda bemeraga ko nyuma y’ubu buzima hari ubundi bugizwe n’abakurambere bagwa neza bitwaga Ingabwa n’abagwa nabi.

Abanyarwanda bemeraga ko batihagije ahubwo ko hari ikindi kintu kiruta ibintu byose biriho kikanabigenga, ari cyo bitaga Imana.Kwemera iyi Mana binagaragarira mu byo bavugaga dore ko hari n’amazina afatiye kuri yo abanyarwanda bitaga ababo.

KamereMana yagaragazwaga n’amazina atatu bayitaga: IYAMBERE (Bashaka kwerekana ko ari yo isumba byose kandi ko nta n’umweisangiye na we kamere), IYAKARE (Bivuze ko yahozeho kandi izabaho iteka ryose bitandukanye n’uko ibintu bigira igihe bitangirira kubaho n’ikindi birangiriraho) na RUGABO (Bisobanuye ko ishobora byose, mbese nta kintu na kimwe cyayinanira).

Hagendewe ku nkomoko y’iri zina, Umuzimu riva ku nshinga kuzima, bisobanura ko ikintu cyakaga umuriro,  wagikongoye, kigasigara ari ivu ritagifite ubushyuhe. Iyo bavuga umuntu batyo rero, biba bihamya ko atagifite ubushyuhe bw’ubuzima, umubiri we wahindutse ubutita ndetse atakiri umuntu, bakamwita intumbi.

Ubundi igice cy’umuntu kidapfa ni cyo cyitwaga “Umuzimu”. Iyo umuntu yitabaga Imana, Umuzimu we wajyaga I kuzimu ariko rimwe na rimwe ukazajya ujya kureba ibyasigaye I musozi ari na ho wasabaga abe kumwubaha no kumwiyambaza kandi na wo ukabahozaho ijisho kugira ngo batazata umuco karande ndetse n’abagerageje kuwutatira bagahanwa kuko uwo muzimu wabatezaga ibyago bitandukanye nk’indwara n’ibindi.

Uyu Nyabingi bamwe bitaga Nyabingi Nyiramubyeyi (Umubyeyi), Biheko cyangwa Nyirabiheko bitewe n’uduce, hari abavuga ko yaba afite inkomoko mu Ndorwa cyangwa I Karagwe ndetse ko Rurema yamuhaye ububasha bwo kubaho iteka ryose. Ngo yari umugore utarigeze ushaka umugabo.

Kwiyambaza Nyabingi ubundi ngo byari uburyo bwo kumusaba ngo abantu babone ibyo bifuza mu buryo butagoranyenk’urubyaro, gukira uburwayi butandukanye, kweza imyaka, n’ibindi. Bivuze ko ubufasha n’uburinzi bwe bwasabwaga mu gihe cy’ibyago no mu bigoye.

Umwihariko wo kwiyambaza Nyabingi uzi cyane mu Majyaruguru ndetse no mu Majyaruguru ashyira Uburengerazuba bw’u Rwanda kugeza mu Mutara no mu Bwishya, mu Bufumbira no muri Kigezi.

Kuba abanyarwanda baremeraga ko abazimu bashobora kubatera bakaba banabateza ibyago, byatumaga bakora ibishoboka ngo babagushe neza ari na byo bitwaga Guterekera. Kubaterekera rero kwari ukubaho mu buryo bifuza, kugira ngo batuze, be guteza ibyago abazima.Mu rwego rwo kugusha neza abo bazimu, abanyarwanda babubakiraga inzu (Izwi cyane ni iyitwaga kwa Cyirima) cyangwa bakabagondera indarondetse bagashyira amaturo ku nzu cyangwa mu ziko (byitwaga kubasetsa) nk’ibishyimbo,amata inzoga n’ibindi. Gusa byose bakabikora babanje kubitera amazi n’ingwa no kubitongera.

Umuntu arebye neza asanga uyu muhango wo Guterekera waratumaga ubumwe n’urukundo hagati y’abazima n’ababo bapfuye waragumagaho bikanerekana ko urupfu rudakwiye kuba umupaka cyangwa inzitizi hagati y’abazima n’abatakiri mu buzima.

Uko baterekeraga: Ku buryo busanzwe, uterekera ni nyirurugo, aterekerera abo mu muryango w’urugo rwe. Abazimu aterekera, nabo ni abakurambere bo muri uwo muryango. Mu ngo z’abanyarwanda ba kera, wasangaga hari uturaro ahantu hiherereye ho murugo. Utwo turaro rero tukaba ari two baterekereramo abazimu. Uterekera yarazaga akakicaramo, akazana ifumba y’umuriro agashyira mu nkono,agahekenya amasaka, agacira muri uwo muriro, nuko ayo masaka agaturika. Uterekera akavuga ati: Seka Gasani k’i Rwanda, seka gororoka mukurambere nyir’igicumbi, tsinda umwanzi, tsinda umurozi! Yashoboraga kuvuga n’andi magambo asa n’ayo. Iyo yamaraga kuvuga interuro y’iryo sengesho, yahitaga abwira uwo mukurambere ibyo yaje kumubwira byose.

Kubandwa ubundi umuntu ashingiye ku nkomoko y’ijambo ubwaryo byakabaye ari “kumandwa” bisobanuye guterekera abazimu b’imandwa. Izi mandwa bivugwa ko zaje mu Rwanda ziyobowe n’umutware wazo Ryangombe rya Babinga ba Nyundo zivuye mu gace ka Gitara mu Gihugu cya Uganda, ubu ni hafi y’ikiyaga cya Rwicanzige. N’ubwo nta wuzi neza igihe ibi byabereye ariko hari abavuga ko ngo byaba byari ahagana mu kinyejana cya 16 ku ngoma y’umwami w’u Rwanda Ruganzu Ndoli.

Ryangombe amaze gupfa, ngo abantu batangiye kujya bamwiyambaza (kumubandwa), ababikora (ababandwa) bagasaba kugira impagarike, ubugingo n’uburumbuke. Kubandwa ni ugukora uwo muhango mukuru utuma umuntu yinjira mu muryango w’imandwa. Icya kabiri ni ukubahiriza imandwa wigana urusaku n’imihango yazo, ikindi ni ugukomeza gukora iyo mihango igihe wemerewe burundu. Kubera ko imandwa zakomotse I mahanga bitari abakurambere b’abanyarwanda, kubandisha byabaga ari umuhango wo kugira umunyarwanda usanzwe umwana w’abazimu b’imandwa. Gusa bamwe mu banyarwanda bagiye bitabira uyu muhango abandi ntibabikozwa ari na byo byatumye abatarawitabiraga baritwaga Inzigo.

Uyu muhango warimo inzego eshatu (nk’uko ubu muri Kiliziya Gatolika haba amasakaramentu atatu: Batisimu, Ugukomezwa n’Ukarisitiya):

Intambwe ya mbere yari Ukwatura aho umuntu wari usanzwe ari inzigo, bamugiriraho imihango yo kumwaturaho umuzimu w’imandwa, kandi uwo muzimu bakamuvuga izina, akaba abaye umurinzi w’uwo mubandwa mushya ubaye umwana we. Nk’uko ubatijwe ahabwa Umutagatifu uzamubera umurinzi kandi akitwa n’izina rye. Intambwe ya Kabiri yari Ugusubizaho, bivuga kuzuza ububasha bw’Imandwa kuri uwo mubandwa, bigasa nk’Isakramentu ryo Gukomezwa ry’abakirisitu. Intambwe ya gatatu yitwa Gutonoora aho Umubandwa umaze gusubizwaho yemererwaga kujya mu muhango wo kumara urubanza. Kumara urubanza bikaba ari ukwica imfizi y’inka, bakayitura umuzimu bashaka kugusha neza, uwashubijweho akarya kuri iyo nyama y’iyo mfizi bamajije urubanza. Niyo baha umaze gukomezwa mu muryango w’Imandwa ngo ayirye bwa mbere, azajye akomeza no kuyirya igihe cyose uwo muhango uzaba wabaye. Birumvikana ko Gutonoora bisa n’umuhango w’Isakramentu ry’Ukaristiya muri Kilizia Gatolika. Iyo mihango yose yari yerekeye ukubandisha, yakorerwaga mu muhango witwa Ugutereka,yahurirwagamo n’ababandwa bose, igasa na ya Misa yo mu ba Kristu.

Aho uyu muhango wari utandukaniye n’uwo kwiyambaza Nyabingi, ni uko kuri Nyabingi batabandishaga.

Icyaziraga mu Rwanda ariko ni uko umwami yabandwa kuko kuba yapfukamira undi mwami, akamukomera mu mashyi, kwaba ari ukumuhakwaho kandi akaba amuhaye igihugu cy’u Rwanda, ibyo bikaba bizira! Cyakora umwami yashoboraga gushyizeho umusimbura kuri uwo murimo wo kubandwa.  Uwo musimbura, agahabwa izina ryo kwitwa umwami w’Imandwa kandi agatorwa mu muryango w’abayumbu.

Ubundi Kurangura bisobanuye kumenya ikintu cyihishe (ikintu kiriho ariko kitagaragara) ndetse no gufindura (kumenya ibizaza). Uko gufindura icyo abazimu b’abakurambere bifuza byafashaga kugena uko abantu bakwiye kwitwara mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi.

Muri uyu muhango, Umupfumu yari afite uruhare rukomeye kuko yafatwaga nk’uzi gutandukanya ibimenyetso byo ku isi bigaragara n’ubushake bw’Imana. Hari uburyo bunyuranye bwo kuragura burimo: kuraguza umutwe (guhanura), Kuragura urugimbu, inka cyangwa intama, imihundwa, inkoko, igikondo (kuragura inzuzi), amavuta n’ibindi.

Agaciro kari muri iyi myemerere yo kuragura ni uko byerekana ko abanyarwanda bari bafite umutima n’ubwenge bwumva ko kugisha inama uwufite icyo arusha undi bigira umumaro ukomeye mu mibereho yabo.

Mu gihe hirya no hino ku isi imyemerere yamenyekanye cyane igiye ifite abo yakomotseho (nk’Abakirisitu bava kuri Yezu Kirisitu, Abasiramu bakava kuri Muhamadi, imyemerere y’Abayuda kuri Musa, …), mu Rwanda si ko biri kuko nta muntu uzwi ufatwa nk’inkomoko y’imyemerere gakondo y’abanyarwanda ahubwo iva ku Mana bita Rurema. Ibi bivuze ko Imana bwite ari yo yishyiriye iyo myemerere mu bwenge bw’abantu bayo yiremeye bakagira imyemerere karemano bitandukanye no mu yindi myemerere usanga ifite uwo ishingiyeho witwa ko yatumwe n’Imana. Iyo Mana kandi bemeraga ko ari yo yashyizeho uburyo buyobora umutima wa muntu.

Mu yindi myemerere usanga bafite aho basengera, abayobozi ndetse n’uburyo buzwi bwo gusenga. Mu myemerere gakondo, urusengero rwafatwaga nk’umutima n’ubwenge bya muntu kandi akiyambariza Imana aho ari ho hose no mu byo yaba arimo byose, abayobozi bakaba buri muntu kuko bumvaga ko buri wese ashobora gushyikirana na Rurema (n’ubwo rimwe na rimwe hari abo bemeraga ko bashobora kubavugira ku Mana nk’Ababyeyi mu muryango ndetse n’Abategetsi) maze isengesho rikagaragarira mu mihango inyuranye bakoraga.




#Article 260: Rwagasana Michel (359 words)


Rwagasana Michel yavutse mu wa 1927, akaba yarabaye umunyamabanga wihariye w'umwami Mutara lll Rudahigwa, yabaye umunyamabanga w'inama nkuru y'igihugu cy'u Rwanda ndetse aba n'umukozi wa leta mbiligi muri teritwari ya Ruanda-urundi.

Rwagasana Michel ni umwe mu bagabo bazwi mu mateka y' u Rwanda, yavutse mu wa 1927, avukira ahahoze ari mu ntara ya Gitarama, Gitisi na Nyamagana ubu ni mu karere ka Ruhango, mu ntara y'amajyepfo.

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Mu 1992 yinjiye mi ishyaka riharanira Demokasi(MDR) ritavugaga rumwe na leta, nyuma y' amezi ane yahise agirwa Minisitiri w' uburezi na Dr  Nsengiyaremye Dismas wari minisitiri w' intebe nyuma y' imishyikirano hagati ya perezida Habyarimana Yuvenali n' amashyaka atanu ataravugaga rumwe na leta.Ari ku buyobozi bwa minisiteri y' Uburezi, yakuyeho politiki y' iringaniza rishingiye ku moko mu mashuri, ibi bikaba byaratumye yangwa na benshi mu bayobozi bari bafite ingengabitekerezo y' amacakubiri.

Ku itariki 17 Nyakanga 1993, nyuma y' inama hagati ya perezida Habyarimana n' amashyaka atavuga rumwe na leta, Uwiringiyimana Agathe yabaye minisitiri w' intebe wa mbere w' umugore, asimbuye Dr Nsengimana wari waramugize minisitiri w' uburezi. kugirwa minisitiri w' intebe kwa Dr Nsengiyaremye na perezida Habyarimana ntibyigeze byishimirwa n' andi mashyaka.Bitewe nuko Uwiringiyimana atari afite imbaraga nk' abandi bakandida, byahaga ikizere perezida ko azashobora guca icyuho mu mashyaka atavuga rumwe nawe. Ku munsi wo kugirwa minisitiri w' intebe kwa Uwiringiyimana, Dr Nsengiyaremye yahise amuvana mu ishyaka rya MDR.

Rwagasana Michel yabaye umunyamabanga w'inama nkuru y'igihugu cy'u Rwanda n'umunyamabanga w'umwami Mutara lll Rudahigwa. Rwagasana Michel kandi yabaye umukozi wa leta mbirigi muri teritwari ya Ruanda-urundi ashinzwe abakozi kavukire i bujumbura. Ubumuntu, umutima ukunda abantu, kudakoresha ububasha yarafite munyungu ze bwite, guharanira ubumwe bwabanyarwanda no kurwanya amacakubiri nibyo byaranze ubuzima n'imibereho ye muri rusange kugeza bimugejeje ku rupfu. ibi byose bikaba byaramugize intwari y' Imena.

Mu mwaka wa 1963 mu matariki ya 21 na 24 ukuboza mu Rwanda habaye ubwicanyi bwari buyobowe n'ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika ya mbere aho bwishe abatutsi n'abayobozi b'amashyaka ataravugaga rumwe na PARMEHUTU. Byumwihariko kw'itariki ya 23 Ukuboza 1963 nibwo Rwagasana Michel wari umunyamabanga mukuru wa UNAR(Ishyaka ryitwaga iry'Umwami) na bagenzi be 27 bafatiwe i Kigali bajyanwa mu Ruhengeri kuri Nyamagumba muri Ecole de Police iryo joro baraye bakorewe iyicarubozo.




#Total Article count: 260
#Total Word count: 127843