#Article 1: Malaŵi (710 words)


Dziko la Malaŵi
lomwe kale linkatchulidwa kuti Nyasaland, ndi dziko la demokilase lomwe lili ndi anthu ambiri ndipo lili cha ku m’mwera kwa Africa. Dzikoli linayandikana ndi Zambia cha ku madzulo, Tanzania cha ku mpoto ndi Mozambique kuzungulira kum’mawa, kummwera ndi ku madzulo. Chiyambi cha dzina loti Malawi sichidziwika bwino bwino, koma anthu ofufuza amakhulupilira kuti dzinali linachokela kwa chilankhulo cha anthu a mu dzikoli a ku chigawo cha kummwera, ndipo limatanthauza “malawi a moto”, koma mbendela ya dzikoli limatanthauza kwacha kunena kuti dzuwa lawala mmamawa.Purezidenti wa Malawi

Anthu oyamba mu dziko la Malawi anali a chi Khoisan, amene ankachita ulenje komanso kutolela zakudya zomera zokha.
Anthu a Chibantu anabwera ku dzikoli nthawi wa kusamuka kwa anthu a chi Bantu. Dziko lomwe limatchulidwa kuti Malawi panoli ndi dera la Maravi, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi anthu a Chichewa mu zaka za ku ma 1600. Achewa anali ochokera ku gulu la anthu lotchedwa ma Luba. Koyambilira ndi pakati pa zaka za mma 1900, anthu a Chizulu ochokela ku Ndandwe, KwaZulu-Natal mdziko la South Africa,omwe ali Angoni amene mfumu yawo inali Zwangendaba.

Munthu woyambilira wa Chizungu amene anabwera ku Malawi anali David Livingstone. Iyeyu anafika ku chigwa cha kumpoto cha Nyanja ya Malawi mchaka cha 1859 ndipo ma tchalitchi a chi Sikotishi anatsatila m’mbuyo mwake kudzakhazikitsa ma tchalitchi. Boma la Britain linakhazikhitsa Nyasaland Protectorate mu chaka cha 1907.

Dziko la Britain linalamulila mpaka chaka cha 1964, ngakhale anthu ena a Chimalawi anayeseysa kupeza ufulu wodzilamulira wokha. Mu zaka za m’ma 1950, nkhani yofuna ufulu wodzilamulira inakula, maka maka pamene dziko la Britain linakhazikitsa Chitaganya cha Rhodesia ndi Nyasaland mu chaka cha 1953. Mu 1958, Dokotala Hastings Kamuzu Banda anabwelera ku dzikoli atachokako kwa nthawi yaitali. Iyeyu anakhala mtsogoleli wa chipani cha Nyasaland African Congress chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa dzina kukhala Malawi Congress Party (MCP). Mu chaka cha 1959, Banda anamangidwa ndipo anatumizidwa ku Gweru Prison mu dziko la Southern Rhodesia (lomwe pano limatchedwa Zimbabwe chifukwa cha ndale zofuna kuti dzikoli lidzizilamulira lokha. Iyeyu anamasulidwa chaka cha 1960 pamene analoledwa kupita ku London mdziko la Britain kukatenga mbali pa msokhano wokambirana za malamulo.
Pa 5 April 1961, chipani cha MCP chinapambana kuponsa zipani zonse pa chisankho chokhazikitsa ulamuliro wa tsopano. Ku msonkhano wokambirana za malamulo olamurira dziko ku London m’mwezi wa Novembala mu chaka cha 1962, boma la Britain linabvomera kuti Nyasaland likhale dziko lodzilamulira pa lokha. Chisankho chimenechi chinathetsa chitaganya cha Rhodesia ndi Nyasaland, chifukha dziko la Nyasaland likanakhala lodziimira pa lokha. Banda ansankhidwa kukhala Prime Minister pa 1 Febuluale 1963 ngakhale boma la Britain linkalamulirabe nkhani za chuma, chitetezo komanso ulamuliro wa dzikoli. Malamulo a tsopano olamulira dziko anakhazikitsidwa m’mwezi wa Meyi 1963, ndipo chitaganya chinathetsedwa pa 31 Disembala 1963. Dziko la Malawi linapatsidwa ufulu woyima pa lokha pa 6 Julaye 1964. Patapita zaka ziwili, dzikoli linakhala Lipabuliki lomwe Pulezidenti wake anali Dr. Banda ndipo analitchula kuti dziko lokhala ndi chipani chimodzi chokha. Mu 1970, Banda anapatsidwa u Pulezidenti wamuyaya wa MCP, ndipo 1971 anapatsidwa u Pulezidenti wa muyaya wa dziko la Malawi.

Chifukwa cha kukula kwa kusakhutilitsidwa ndi ulamuliro wa Dr Banda, ndiponso makalata wolembedwa ndi mipingo ndiponso zonena za mabungwe osakhala a boma, dziko la Malawi linapangitsa Referendamu yomwe anthu anafunsidwa boma lomwe iwo ankafuna. Pa 14 June 1993, anthu ochuluka a dzikoli anasankha kuti dzikoli likhale la zipani zambiri. Chisankho chinapangidwa pa 17 May 1994 ndipo Bakili Muluzi amene anali mtsogoleli wa United Democratic Front (UDF). Chipani cha UDF chinatenga mipando 82 mwa mipando 177 ya ku Nyumba yolamulira boma ndipo chinakhazikitsa mgwirizano ndi chipani cha Alliance For Democracy (AFORD). Mgwirizanowu unathetsedwa m’chaka cka 1966 koma ena mwa anthu amene anali a AFORD anatsalilabe m’mboma. Malamulo olamulira dziko amene anakhazikitsidwa mu 1995 anathetsa mphamvu zomwe zinali za chipani cha MCP. Kufulumizitsa kutsegula kwa malonda (economic libelarisation) ndi kukhonzatso kayendetsedwe ka zinthu m’dzikoli kunali mbali ya kusintha kwa ndale kwa dzikoli.

Kusankhanso kwa Pulezidenti wina mu ulamuliro wa demokilase kunachitika mmwezi wa Meyi 2004 pamene woyimila UDF pa chisankhochi a Dr. Bingu wa Muntharika anapambana pa chisanko chomwe a John Tembo woyimira MCP ndi a Gwanda Chakuamba woyimira Mgwirizano Coalition, limene linali gulu lomwe a mipingo ndi azipani zina ankatsatira. Chifukwa cha kampeni ndi dongosolo lomwe Bakili Muluzi anachita, chipani cha UDF chinankhazikitsa boma la zipani zambiri ndi zipani zina zotsutsa boma.




#Article 2: Zambia (354 words)


Zambia, movomerezeka Republic of Zambia, ndi dziko lopanda malire kum'mwera kwa Africa (ngakhale kuti malo ena amasankha kuti akhale mbali ya kum'maŵa kwa Africa), pafupi ndi Democratic Republic of Congo kumpoto, Tanzania kumpoto- kum'maŵa, Malawi kummawa, Mozambique kumwera chakum'maŵa, Zimbabwe ndi Botswana kum'mwera, Namibia kumwera chakumadzulo, ndi Angola kumadzulo. Mzindawu ndi Lusaka, kum'mwera kwa dziko la Zambia. Chiwerengero cha anthu chimawonekera makamaka ku Lusaka kum'mwera ndi Province la Copperbelt kumpoto chakumadzulo, malo akuluakulu azachuma a dzikoli.

Poyamba anthu a Khoisan ankakhala, derali linakhudzidwa ndi kukula kwa Bantu kwa zaka khumi ndi zitatu. Atapita kukachezera ofufuza a ku Ulaya m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, derali linakhala otetezera ku Britain a Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia ndi North-Eastern Rhodesia kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800. Izi zinagwirizanitsidwa mu 1911 kupanga Northern Rhodesia. Kwa nthawi yambiri ya ukapolo, Zambia idayang'aniridwa ndi oyang'anira omwe anasankhidwa kuchokera ku London ndi malangizo a Company South Africa.

Pa 24 Oktoba 1964, Zambia inadziimira yekha ku United Kingdom ndi nduna yaikulu Kenneth Kaunda anakhala pulezidenti woyamba. Kaunda a Socialist United National Independence Party (UNIP) anakhalabe ndi mphamvu kuyambira 1964 mpaka 1991. Kaunda adagwira nawo ntchito yayikulu m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, akugwirizana kwambiri ndi United States pofunafuna njira zothetsera mikangano ku Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, ndi Namibia. Kuchokera mu 1972 mpaka 1991 Zambia inali chipani cha chipani chimodzi ndi UNIP monga chipani chokha cha ndale chalamulo pamutu wakuti One Zambia, One Nation. Kaunda adatsogoleredwa ndi Frederick Chiluba wa Movement Social Demokrasi Movement for Multi-Party Democracy mu 1991, kuyambira nthawi ya chikhalidwe cha zachuma ndi zachuma. Levy Mwanawasa, wolowa m'malo mwa Chiluba, adayang'anira Zambia kuchokera mu January 2002 mpaka imfa yake mu August 2008, ndipo akuyamikira kuti ali ndi ndondomeko zochepetsera chiphuphu ndi kuwonjezera miyezo ya moyo.Pambuyo pa imfa ya Mwanawasa, Rupiah Banda adakali Pulezidenti wotsatizana asanasankhidwe Pulezidenti mu 2008. Banda adachita ntchitoyi kwa zaka zitatu zokha, Banda adatsika atagonjetsedwa mu chisankho cha 2011 ndi mtsogoleri wa chipani cha Patriotic Front Michael Sata. Sata anamwalira pa 28 Oktoba 2014, pulezidenti wachiwiri wa Zambia kuti afe. Guy Scott anatumikira mwachidule ngati pulezidenti wamakono mpaka chisankho chatsopano chinachitika pa 20 January 2015, pamene Edgar Lungu anasankhidwa kukhala Pulezidenti wachisanu ndi chimodzi.




#Article 3: Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free (255 words)


Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free ndi nyimbo ya fuko la Zambia. Nyimboyi imachokera ku nyimbo Nkosi Sikelel 'iAfrika (Mulungu adalitse Afrika), yomwe inalembedwa ndi South Africa Enoch Sontonga, mu 1897. Nyimboyi inalembedwa pambuyo pa ufulu wa Zambia kuti ziwonetsere Zambia, mosiyana ndi mawu a Sontonga omwe amatchula Africa monga lonse.

Nkosi Sikelel 'iAfrika inayamba kutchuka ku South Africa mu 1923 monga nyimbo yachikristu. Kutchuka kwake kunafalikira kuzungulira Africa kudzera m'mipingo ndipo nyimbozo zinagwirizanitsidwa ndi kayendedwe ka dziko la Africa. Pambuyo popita ku Zambia Independence Act 1964 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United Kingdom yomwe idakhazikitsa ufulu wodzilamulira wa Zambia kuchokera ku United Kingdom, Nkosi Sikelel 'iAfrika inasankhidwa kukhala nyimbo yachifumu ya Zambia, m'malo mwa Mulungu Pulumutsani Mfumukazi, nyimbo ya Northern Rhodesia.

Posakhalitsa pambuyo pake, adasankha kuti mawu atsopano adayikidwa ku nyimbo za Nkosi Sikelel 'iAfrika zidzafunikira kuimba nyimbo ya Zambia. Mpikisano wa dziko unachitikira kwa mawu atsopano. Komabe, palibe zolembedwerazo zomwe zinkayesa zabwino zokwanira kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira nyimbo. Zotsatira zake, zolemba zisanu ndi chimodzi zinagwirizanitsidwa kuti zikhale Imani ndi Imani ya Zambia, Wodzitama ndi Free ndipo omwe adasankhidwa adapatsidwa mphoto. Olemba omwe adatsimikiziridwa kuti anali a G. Ellis, E.S. Musonda, J.M.S. Lichilana, I. Lowe, J. Sajiwandani, ndi R.J. Chisindikizo.

Mu 1973, Lamulo la National Congress linapereka Lamulo la Nthano Yachibadwidwe, yomwe inalongosola mwalamulo mawu a Chingerezi akuti Imani ndi Imani ya Zambia, Wodzitama ndi Free ngati nyimbo ya dziko la Zambia. Lamuloli linapangitsanso kunyalanyaza kapena kunyoza nyimbo ndipo inapatsa Pulezidenti wa Zambia ufulu wokonza momwe nyimbo imayimbira ndi kulepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito.




#Article 4: Lilongwe (608 words)


Lilongwe ndi boma lina la dziko la Malaŵi.

Lilongwe, ndi mzinda omwe umapezeka m'dziko la Malaŵi ndipo uli ndi anthu Pafupi fupi 1,600,000 ndipo ndi kapitolo ya dziko la Malaŵi. Mzinda wa Lilongwe umapezeka m'dera la pakati m'dziko la Malaŵi,ndipo udakhala pa Mstinge wawukulu wa Lilongwe, pafupi ndi malile a Malaŵi ndi Mozambique ndi Zambia. Mseu wawukulu wa M1 umadutsa pakatikati pa mzindau,ndipo msewu uwu ndi wawukulu m'dziko lonse la Malaŵi.

Mzindawu udayamba moyo wake ngati mudzi wawun'gono chabe mphepete mwa mstinge wawukulu wa Lilongwe,pomwe udatengedawa ndi atsamunda a ku Mangalande,omwe udakhazikitsidwa ngati likulu lawoBritish colonial administrative centre. Nthawi yomwe izi zidachitika koyambilila kwa zaka za 1900. Chifuka chakuti mzindawu umapezeka pa njira yochoka ku mpoto ndi kulowela ku m'mwela kwa dziko la malawi,ndiponso pa mseu wopita ku Northen Rhodesia (tsopano Zambia),mzinda wa Lilongwe udakhala mzinda wawukulu zedi ku Malawi. Mu chaka cha 1974, Kapitolo ya dziko la Malawi idasunthidwa ku choka ku Zomba kupita ku boma la lilongwe. Ngakhale mzinda wa Lilongwe ndi kapitolo ya dziko la Malawi,ntchito za mbiri za chuma ndi malonda zi machitika mu mzinda wawukulu mu dziko lonse la Malawi, Blantyre (the commercial capital of Malawi. Mu nthawi za posachedwa pompa, Paliyamenti idasamutsidwa kuchoka ku Zomba ndipo ndikukhazikitsidwa mu mzinda wa Lilongwe. Izi adapanga ndi mtogoleri yemwe akulamla dziko la Malawi panopo, Dr Bingu wa Mutharika, ndipo mamembala a paliyamentiyi amayenera kukhala ku Lilongwe,kwa nthawi yomwe paliyamenti ikukumana. Tsopano Lilongwe ndi pakati kati pa za ndale,pamene Blantyre ndi pakati kati pa za malonda.

Anthu ambiri ochoka ku mayikao a ku ulaya,South Africa ndi anthu akunja,ogwira ntchito kunja amakhala ku Lilongwe, ndiponso kuli ma NGOs ngati (Care International, Plan International, Concern Worldwide, , Population Services International, The UNC Project, World Camp, Baylor International AIDS Initiative, Baobab Health Partnership, WaterAID), ma gulu ena ochoka kunja ngati (Peace Corps, USAID, DFID,UNICEF, UNHCR, UNFAO, WFP), ndipo makampani ochoka kunja, makamaka opanga nchito zokhudzana ndi za fodya, amapezekanso Lilongwe. Ndipo pa chifukwa chimenechi,alendo ambiri ochoka ku mayiko akunja adzapeza kuti mzinda wa Lilongwe ndi wamsangala,ndipo wokondweresta kukhalamo. Mzinda wa Liongwe uli ndi ma shopu ambili a coffee,modyeramo,mabala,malo achisangalalo, ndi casino amapezekanso mu mzinda wa Lilongwe. 
lilongwe ndi Mzinda omwe uli ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, pakuti munthu utha kupanga chilichonse chomwe ungapange mu mizinda ya kunja ngati Johhanesburg,Pretoria,Newyork, kapenanso London. Moyo ku Lilongwe ndi wapamwamba ndipo wopambana. 

Koma chinthu chosakhala bwino ndi chakuti,anthu ambiri omwe amakhala ku Lilongweku ama khala moyo wovutika chifukwa chosowa ndalama,ndi nchito. Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Lilongwe chakula zedi pa chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri aku mudzi (kuwonjezera ana a masiye) amapita ku Lilongwe pakufuna moyo wamtauni. Anthuwa amafunanso ntchito (zomwe nthawi zambiri sizimapezeka,ndipo amapezeka kuti akungokhala), ndikuyamba mabizinesi awo ang'ono ang'ono. Ngakhale pali kusiyana kwakukulu chonchi pakati pa anthu okhala mu mznda wa Lilongwe,anthuwa amakhala mwamtendere.

Nthawi yamvula ndi kuchoka miyezi ya November ndi April, ndipo nthawi imeneyi ku Lilongwe kumakhala kotentha,kwamatope ndipo ko biriwira kopambana. Miyezi ya June mpaka August kumakhakla kukuzizira zedi (mpkana ma digili okwana 6 nthawizina). Nthawi ya September mpaka October ndiyotentha. 

Lilongwe ndi malo omwe akhudzidwanso ndi matenda a HIV/AIDS ku Malawi. Mpakana anthu okwana 20% okhala mkatikati mwa mzindawu ali ndi HIV (kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a AIDS).Chomvesta chisoni ndi chakuti NAC inapereka lipoti la kuti anthu omwe akufa kwambiri ndi matendawa ndi anthu ofunika ngati aphunzitsi,anthu omwe amgwra ntchito ku unduna wa za ulimi,asilikali ndi apolisi .Chinthu Chinanso chomwe chikuwononga mzinda waLilongwe ndi kudulidwa kwa mitengo ya chilengedwe. Pali chiopsenzo chakuti pofika chaka cha 2015 anthu a m'midzi yozungulira Lilongwe adzakhala opandilatu mitengo ya nkhuni. Mavuto awa akukhudzana kwambili ndi kukukala kopitirira muyeso kwa chiwerengero cha anthu mu mzindawu.

Pa Zambiri za nyengo ya ku Malawi,chitani click apa www.bbc.com/weather .




#Article 5: Baibulo (118 words)


Baibulo ndi buku lopatulika lomwe limakhulupiliwa kuti linapatsidwa kwa anthu kuchokera kwa Mulungu. Ilo lagawidwa muzigawo ziwiri- malemba a Chiheberi ndi malemba a Chigriki. Mabukhu amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Chiyuda amatchedwa Tanaka kapena Baibulo la Chiyunda. Mabukhu amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Chikhristu amatcheda Bukhu Loyera, Mau a Mulungu kapena Baibulo la chi Khristu. Chikhristu chimatenga ma bukhu ena a Baibulo la Chiyuda ku Chipangano cha kale, ngakhale ma bukhu awa amasiyana pa dongosolo lake ndipo ma baibulo ena ali ndi mabukhu owonjezera. baibulo la Chikhristu lili ndi mbali ina ya chiwiri yotchedwa Chipangano cha Tsopano.

Ma bukhu a baibulo amayalidwa mofanana mu zitanthauziro zosiyana siyana. Baibulo la Chikhristu linagawidwa mbali ziwili: Chipangano cha Kale ndi Chipangano cha Tsopano.




#Article 6: Yesu Kristu (1021 words)


Yesu Khristu (8–2 BC/BCE to 29–36 AD/CE)[1], amene amatchulidwanso kuti Yesu wa ku Nazareti, ndi mzati wa chi Khristu. Iye amatchulidwanso ndi dzina loti Yesu Khristu, lomwe linachokela potanthauzila ku Chizungu dzina lake la chi Helene Iēsous, lomwenso linachokela pophatikiza dzina la chi Yuda Yehoshua, lomwe limatanthauza kuyi Yehova ndiye Chipulumutso, pomwe Khristu ndi mutu wochokera ku chi Helene Christós, kutanthauza Wodzodzedwa, ndipo limafanana ndi liu la chi Yuda Mesiya [1]

Zambiri zokhudza moyo wa Yesu ndi ziphunzitso zake zinachokela ku ma bukhu a uthenga wa bwino
a mu Chipangano cha Tsopano a Mateyu, Maliko, Luka ndi Yohane. Akachenjede pa nkhani za mbiri ndi baibulo amagwirizana kuti Yesu anali mu Yuda wa ku Galile, ankadziwika kuti ndi mphuzitsi andi mchilitsi, anabatizidwa ndi Yohane mmbatizi, anapachikidwa ku Yelusalemu malinga ndi chigamulo cha mtsogoleri wa chi Roma Pilato pa mlandu wogalamukira boma la chi Roma.[2][3] A kachenjede ena ochepa amakayikira umoyo wa Yesu mu mburi ya dziko la pansi, ndipo ena amanena kuti Yesu Khristu ndi nthano chabe.[4]

A Khristu amakhulupilira kuti Yesu ndi Mpulumutsi ndipo kubwera kwake kunanenedwa mu Chipangano cha Kale ndipo amakhulupilira kuti anauka kwa akufa. A Khristu ambiri amakhulupiliranso kuti Yesu ndi Mulungu amene anabwera kuzapeleka chipulumutso ndi kuyanjanitsanso munthu ndi Mulungu. A Khristu amene sakhulupilira zoti Mulungu ndi m'modzi mwa atatu amatanthauzira mosiyana siyana za uMulungu wake (onani m'musimu). Zikhulupiriro zina za chi Khristu ndi zakuti anabadwa kwa mzimayi, anachita zozizwa ali pa dziko la pansi, anakwanilitsa zomwe zinaneneredwa mu Chipangano cha Kale, anakwela kumwamba ndipo adzabweranso kudzatenga oyera mtima.

Ku chi Silamu, Yesu, (Arabic: عيسى,kutanthauza kwake Isa) amatengedwa kuti ndi m'neneri wokondedwa was Mulungu, amene anabweretsa mau a Mulungu, wochita zozizwa ndiponso kuti ndi Mpulumutsi. Asilamu koma sabvomerezana ndi chikhulupiliro cha Akhristu chakuti Yesu anapachikidwa pa mtanda, ndi kutinso ndi Mulungu. Asilamu amakhulupilira kuti kukhomeleredwa pa mtanda kwa Yesu ndi masomphenya chabe koma Yesuyo anakweradi ku mwamba ndi thupi lake. Asilamu ambiri amakhulupiliranso kuti Yesu adzabweranso ndi Mahdi dziko likadzadzala ndi uchimo ndi kusowa chilungamo pa nthawi ya kubwera kwa woyipayo wa ku Chisilamu Dajjal.

Nkhani ya kubadwa kwa Yesu imalongosoledwa bwino mu Uthenga wa bwino wa Mateyo(lomwe limafanizidwa kuti linalembedwa pakati pa 65 ndi 90 AD/CE)[5] ndi bukhu la Luka lomwe limafanizidwa kuti linalembedwa pakati pa 65 ndi 100 AD/CE)[6]. Anthu ozama pa za maphunziro amapanga mtsutso pa dongosolo la m'mene Yesu anabadwira, ndipo ochepa ndi amene amanena kuti amadziwa zaka zomwe Yesu anabadwa ndi kumwalila.

Nkhani ya kubwadwa ka Yesu mu Chipangano cha Tsopano m'mabukhu a Mateyu ndi Luka sanena tsiku kapena nyengo imene Yesu anabadwa. Mu Chikhristu cha ku azungu, 25 December ndi tsiku lomwe amakumbukira kubadwa ka Yesu. Tsikuli linayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito cha m'ma 330 AD pakati pa Akhristu a chi Roma. Asanayambe kutero, ndiponso mpaka masiku ano mu Chikhristu cha mayiko a kumadzulo, kubadwa kwa Yesu kumakumbukulidwa pa 6 January ngati mbali ya phwando la Theophany [7], lomwe limadziwikanso ndi kuti Epiphany, lomwe ndi phwando losangalala kubwela pa dziko la pansi kwa Mulungu, konwe ena amatchula kuti ndi tsiku la chikhumi ndi chiwili (Twelfth day)lomwe linali tsiku lomwe anzeru a kum'mawa anakaona Yesu. Tsikulinso amakumbukira kubatizidwa kwa Yesu ndi Yohane m'mbatizi mu mtsinje wa Yorodani ndiponso zina zomwe zinachitika pa moyo wa Yesu. Akachenjede ena amati zomwe analemba Luka pa zimene abusa a nkhosa pa nthawi ya kubadwa kwa Yesu zimasonyeza kuti Yesu anabadwa kumapeto kwa nthawi yozizira kapena nthawi yotentha. [8]. Akachenjedewanso amaganizira kuti tsiku lokumbukira kubadwa kwa Yesu linasinthidwa ndi mpingo wa Chikatolika poyesa kusiyitsa chisangalalo cha anthu a chi Roma cha Saturnalia (lomwe lili tsiku lmwe ankhasangalala kubadwa kwa mulungu wawo wa dzuwa, Sol Ivictus

Mu chaka cha mazana awiri, makumi anayi ndi mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri (248) pa Nthawi ya Daoklishani (yomwe Daocletian analanda ufumu wa chi Roma) Dionysius Exiguus anayesetsa kuwerenga molondola zaka zomwe zinapita chibadwireni Yesu ndipo anawelenga kuti panadutsa zaka mazana anasu ndi chiwiri ndi makumu asanu ndi atatu (753) chikhazikutsireni mzinda wa Rome. Iyeyo anakhazikitsa kuti tsiku la kubadwa ka Yesu linali pa 25 December 1ACN (kutanthauza kuti zaka za kumbuyo Yesu asanabadwe) ndipo anatchila chaka chitsatiracho 1 AD- ndipo chomwecho ankhazikitsa dongosolo lowerenga zaka kuchokera pa chaka chomwe Yesu anabwadwa: AD (amene amatanthauza Chaka cha Mulungu). DOngosololi linapangidwa mu chaka cha mazana asanu, makumi atatu ndi awiri (532), ndipo patapita zaka pafupi fipi mazana awiri anthu anavomereza kuti likhale dongosolo lomwe maiko onse azigwiritsa ntchito.

Ndi povuta kunena tsiku leni leni lomwe Yesu anabadwa chifukwa zolembalemba zina zokhudza nkhaniyi zinasowa kapena kuonongeka ndiponso zaka 1900 zinadutsa chilembedwereni mau a mu uthenga wa bwino, koma chifukwa cha kadamsana amene anachitiza zaka zana kuchokera pamene yesu anabadwa, olemba mbiri Josephus analemba kuti zimenezi zinachitika patatsala nthawi pang'ono kuti Herodi, amene amatchulidwa mu bukhu la Mateyu, amwalire, ndiponso amatchula kuti malinga ndi mbiri, Yesu anabadwa chaka cha 3BC chisanakwane.

Uthenga wa bwino wa Luka ndi Mateyu umanena kuti Yesu anabadwa pa nthawi yomwe Herodi anali mfumu. Luka amenenanso kuti Yesu anabadwa pa nthawi ya Gavanala Quirinius ndipo inali nthawi ya kalembera wa magawo onse a chi Roma ku Siriya ndi Yudeya. Josephus amati izi zinachitika 5AD/CE (zomwe Luka amanena mu Machitidwe 5:37), patapita nthawi chimwalilireni Herodi mu 4BC. Choncho, kutsutsana kumakhala pa nkhani yofufuza ngati zomwe zinalembedwa zingagwirizane ndi kulamulila kwa kale kwa Quirinius ku Siriya, ndi kalembera wina amene akanakhala kuti anachitikapo, ndi kuona kuti kulongosola kolakwika ndi kuti. [9] 

Tsiku la kubadwa ka Yesu nso silimadziwika bwino bwino. Uthenga wa Bwino wa Yohane umalongosola kuti kupachikidwa kwake kunali nthawi ya Pasaka yomwe imachitika tsiku la khumi ndi chinayi la mwezi wa Nisan ku chi Yuda, pomwe mabukhu a uthenga wa bwino (kupatula Marko 14:2) amati nkhomaliro yotsilizaya Yesu ndi Pasaka zinachitika pa tsiku la khumi ndi chisani mwezi wa Nisan; koma akachenjede ena amati mabukhu enawo amagwirizana ndi zolembedwa mu bukhu la Yohane. [10] A Yudanso ankatsatila kalendala ya dzuwa ndi mwezi, yomwe imawelenga masiku malinga ndi kusintha kwa mwezi, imene imabvuta powelenga pongwiritsa ntchito [kalendala] ya dzuwa. Bukhu la a John P. Meier's A Marginal Jew lomwe limaunika masiku a utsogoleri wa Pilato ndi masiku a Pasaka limanena kuti Yesu anakhomeleredwa pa mtanda pa 7 April 30AD kapena pa 3 April, 33 AD.




#Article 7: Chilankhulo cha Chichewa (223 words)


Chichewa, (Chicheŵa mu chilankhulo cha ku Malaŵi, chomwe chimatchulidwanso kuti Chinyanja) ndi chilankhulo cha anthu a chi Bantu ndipo chimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku m’mwera ndi pakati kwa Africa. Mau oyamba okuti Chi- amene amalembedwanso kuti Ci- amatanthauza “mokhala ngati”, motero liu loti Chichewa limatanthauza “mokhala ngati Achewa”, choncho chilankhulochi chimadziwikanso ndi maina okuti Chewa kapena Nyanja. Chingoni (Ngoni) ndi Chikunda (Kunda) ndi kalankhulidwe kena ka chilankhulochi.

Chichewa ndi chimodzi mwa zilankhulo ziwiri zovomelezeka za dziko la Malawi (chilankhulo chinacho ndi Chingerezi), ndipo Chinyanja ndi chimodzi cha zilankhulo zisanu ndi ziwiri za dziko la Zambia, kumene chimalankhulidwa kwambiri kumvuma kwa dzikoli. Chichewa chimalankhulidwanso ku Mozambique, Maka maka mdera la Tete ndi Niassa ndiponso ku Zimbabwe kumene, malinga ndi kafukufuku, ndi chilankhulo chachitatu pa zilankhulo zonse za dzikolo, pambuyo pa Chishona ndi Chindebele. Maiko a Malawi, Zambia ndi Mozambique ndi kumene chilankhulochi chimayankhulidwa kwambiri. Baibulo ndi Khorani anatanthauziridwa mu Chichewa.

Chichewa chinayambira ku ufumu wa Amaravi, umene unali wotchuka pa zaka za pakati pa 1500 ndi 1800. Ufumuwu unali ku Malawi, Zambia ndi Mozambique. Chilankhulochi chinakhalabe chotchuka ngakhale Angoni anagwetsa ufumu wa chi Maraviwo ndipo chinabvomerezedwa ndi ofalitsa uthenga wa Chikhristu pachiyambi pa chitsamunda. Ku Zambia, chilankhulochi chimatchuka ndi dzina lakuti Chinyanja, lomwe limatanthauza “chilankhulo cha Anyanja”, ndipo chimalankhulidwa ndi anthu a Chingoni ndi Chikunda.
Mbali la Baibulo linatanthauziridwa mu chilankhulochi mu zaka za m’ma 1900.




#Article 8: David Banda (486 words)


Davide Banda ndi mwana amene Madonna, woyimba wina otchuka wa ku Amerika anamutenga kuti akhale mwana wake. David Banda anabadwira ku Mchinji m’dziko la Malawi pa 24 Sepitembala 2005. A Madonna analembetsa ku boma la Malawi kuti akufuna atamutenga mwanayu pa 10 Okotobala 2006 kuti akufuna atamutenga mwanayo. Banja la a Madonna linamutchula mwanayo kuti David Banda Mwale Cicconne Ricthie, potenga dzina lomwe anabadwa nalo mwanayo komanso kuphatikiza la a Madonna wo ndi la amuna awo a Guy Ritchie. Mwanayo anakamupeza ku malo osungila ana amasiye pamene a Madonna anapita ku Malawi.

Davide Banda anatengedwa kuchoka ku Malawi pa 16 Okotobala. Kumutenga kwa mwanayu ndi a Madonna kunayambitsa nkhani yofufuza ngati a Madonna wo anapatsidwa ulemu wa padera chifukwa choti ndi munthu wotchuka. Izi zinali chomwechi chifukwa chakuti pa Malamulo a dzikoli, munthu amayenera kukhala mu dzikoli kwa chaka chimodzi asanatenge mwana. Ma gulu ena owona za ufulu wa anthu ananena kuti chaka cha 2005 ana atatu wokha analoledwa kutengendwa mdzikoli. Maguluwa anakasuma ku khothi kuti nkhaniyi iwunikidwenso bwino.

A Madonna anayankhula pa kanema pa pologilamu ya Oprah Winfrey pa 25 Okotobala 2006 pofuna kukana zomwe anthu ankanenazi. Pamene ankacheza ndi Oprah Winfrey, a Madonnawa ananena kuti ku Malawi kulibe malamulo olembedwa bwino bwino okhudza kutengedwa kwa ana osowa kapena amasiye ndi anthu ochokera kunja. Iwo anaonjeza kuti anakhala akuganiza zokatenga mwana kwa zaka ziwiri. A Madonna anatinso Banda anali akudwala chibayo komanso anali atachila malungo ndi chifuwa chachikulu ndiponso kuti iwowo anamupeza mwanayu ku malo osungirako ana a masiye. A Madonna anadandaulanso kuti atolankhani sathandiza ana amasiye a ku Malawi komanso a pa dziko lonse la pansi chifukwa amalemba nkhani zomwe sizilimbikitsa anthu kuti adzikatenga ana a masiye ku Africa. A Madonna anawonjeza kuti “Ndakhala ndikuganiza kwa nthawi yaitali kuti ndikatenge mwana wosowa ku dziko lina losauka- osati ku Malawi kokha- kuti ndimpatse moyo wabwino womwe iyeyo sakanatha kukhala nawo.”

David Bandayu sanali mwana wa masiye koma bambo ake anakamusiya ku malo osunga ana amasiye pamene mayi ake anamwalira. Pa 22 Okotobala 2006, ma nyuzipepala analemba kuti bambo ake a David, a Yohane Banda, samadziwa kuti mwana wawoyo akumupelekelatu kwa a Madonna ndipo sanazindikire kuti mawu oti adoption amatanthauza zimenezi. Iwo amayesa kuti mwanayo azikakhala kwa a Madonna kwa kanthawi kochepa kenaka nkubweleranso kwawo. 

Patapita masiku ochepa a Madonna atawoneka pa pologilamu ya Oprah Winfrey, a Banda anadandaula kuti ma bungwe oona za ufulu wa anthu anakhala akuwabvutitsa tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi kumawopsyeza kuti sakudziwa chomwe akuchita. Iwonso anati “Cholinga cha mabungwewa akufuna kuti ineyo ndikaathandize pa mulandu umene iwo anakasuma ku khothi koma ine sindingabvomere zimenezi chifukwa ndikudziwa zomwe ndinagwirizana ndi a Madonna ndi amuna awo.”

A Madonna ananena pamene anafunsidwa ndi Meredith Vieira wa pa Dateline NBC kuti a  Banda ankadziwa chomwe ankachita chifukwa iwo anakana kuti a Madona adzingowathandiza kulera mwanayo, koma iwowo anafuna kuti a Madonna amutenge mwanayo.

Panakali pano mulandu womwe anasuma mabungwe oona za ufulu wa anthu udakadikila chigamulo




#Article 9: Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1734 words)


Hastings Kamuzu Banda (  1896  - 25 Novembala 1997) anali msogoleri wa dziko la Malawi kuyambira 1964 mpaka 1994. 

A Kamuzu Banda anabadwira m’boma la Kasungu ku Malawi (dziko lomwe kale linkatchulidwa kuti British Central Africa) kwa a Mphonongo Banda ndi akazi awo a Akupingamnyama Banda. Mpaka lelo tsiku lake leni leni lobadwa silikudziwika ndipo pa chifukwa chakuti kunalibe kulembetsa kwa kubadwa kwa ana, ndi kovuta kudziwa chaka chimene iye anabandwa. Amene analemba nkhani yokhudza moyo wake, a Phillip Short ananena kuti a Banda akuyenera kuti anabandwa mu chaka cha 1898. Ngakhale zili choncho, a Banda amadziwika kuti anabadwa pa 14 Meyi 1906 ndipo limeneli ndi tsiku lomwe limalembedwa kwabdiri m’mabukhu okhudza za moyo wawo. Chipepala chonena za imfa yawo chimanena kuti iwo anali ndi zaka 99, ngakhale ena amati anali ndi zaka 101. Palibe umboni weni weni woonetsa kuti zaka zawo zomwe zimatchulidwa ndi zolondola. Iwo anatenga dzina la Chikhirisitu la Hastings atabatizidwa mu mpingo wa Church of Scotland cha m’ma 1905. 

Mu zaka za m’ma 1915-1916, a Banda anachoka kwawo ndi kuyenda ndi a Hannock Msokera Phiri, a ‘malume’ awo amene ankaphunzitsa ku sukulu ya Livingstonia cha kufupi ndi kumudzi kwawo kwa a Banda ndipo iwo anayenda pansi kumapita ku Zimbabwe, mdela la Hartley. Patapita chaka chimodzi, a Banda anayendanso pansi kumapita ku Johannesburg, mdziko la South Africa. Iwo anagwira ntchito zosiyana siyana ku mgodi wa Witwatersrand kwa zaka zingapo. Mu 1925 anapita ku New York, Mdziko la America ndi chithandizo cha abusa a W.T. Vernon a mpingo wa African Methodist.

A Banda anaphunzira ku sukulu ya sekondale ya Wilberforce Institute ku Ohio, ndipo anamaliza maphunziro awo 1928. Iwo analembetsa kukayamba sukulu ya u dokotala ku Indiana University ndipo patapita ma telemu anayi anasintha nakamaliza maphunziro awo ku University of Chicago, kumene anakamaliza ndi digiri yokhudza za mbiri mu 1931. Iwo anakapitiliza maphunziro awo a zaudokotala ku Meharry Medical College komanso ku University of Edenburg, namaliza maphunziro awo 1941. Pakati pa 1942 ndi 1945 a Banda anagwira ntchito gati dokotala ku Scotland ndi ku England.

Mu 1946, chifukwa cha amfumu a Mwase a ku Kasungu amene a Banda anakumana nawo ku England 1936, ndiponso chifukwa cha pempho la a Malawi ena amene anali ndi chidwi ku nkhani ya ndale, a Banda anakaimira chipani cha Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) ku Manchester. Kuyambira pa nthawiyi, iwo anawonetsa chidwi kwambiri ku nkhani yokhudza kumene anachokera ndipo anapempha Congress yi kuti iwapatse makobiri. Ndi chithandizo cha anthu ena a ku England iwo anathandiza kukamba nkhani za Nyasaland ku London. Iwo anatsutsana kwamtuwagalu ndi zomwe a Roy Welensky omwe ankatsogolera South Rhodesia, kuti apange chitaganya cha dziko la Nyasaland, Northern ndi Southern Rhodesia chomwe iwo ankakhulupilira chingawononge ufulu wa anthu akuda a dziko la Nyasaland. “Chitaganya chopusacho’’(mmene ankachitchulira) chinapangidwa mu 1953. Zinadzatchuka mu 1951 kuti iwo abwelera ku Nyasaland koma m’malo mwake anapita ku Gold Coast (Ghana). Mkuluyu Adali munthu wankhaza ndipo anapha anthu otchuluka kwambiri pomwe anatenga ulamuliro wa dziko la Malawi.

Anthu ena amphamvu achipani cha NAC ngati a Henry Chipembere, Kanyama Chiume, Dunduzu Chisiza komanso a T.D.T. Banda (sianali abale awo) anamuchondelera kuti abwelere ku Nyasaland ndi kukathandiza kumenyera ufulu ndipo pa 6 Julaye 1958, a Banda anabwelera ku Nyasaland atachokako kwa zaka 42. Mu mwezi wa Ogasiti kuboma la Nkhata Bay, a Banda anatchulidwa kuti akahle mtsogoleri wa NAC. 

A Banda anayamba kuyenda yenda mzikoli, kulankhuka motsutsana ndi chitaganya cha Rhodesia ndi Nyasaland ndipo ankapempha anthu a mzikoli kuti alowe chipani chawo. (Zimamveka kuti iwo anali atayiwala Chichewa ndipo ankafuna munthu wowatathauzira. A John Msonthi ndipo kenaka a John Tembo ndi amene ankawatanthawuzira ndipo a Tembo anakhala pafupi nawo nthawi yonse yomwe anali mtsogoleri). A Banda ankalandilidwa mosangalala kuli konse kumene ankapita ndipo Amalawi ambiri anakhala osakhutilitsidwa ndi ulamuliro wa a British.Pofika 1959, zinthu zinafika poyipa kwambiri ndipo asilikali ochokera ku Rhodesia anabweretsedwa kukathandiza kusungitsa bata ndipo boma linakhazikitsa ulamuliro wokhwima. Pa 3 Malichi, a Banda ndi anthu mazana mazana akuda anamangidwa ku ndende ya Gweru ku Southern Rhodesia. Utsogoleri wa chipani cha NAC, lomwe linasithidwa kukhala Malawi Congress Party unatengedwa moyembekezera ndi a Orton Chirwa amene anamasulidwa mu Ogasiti 1959.

Ku dziko la Britain, azungu anali atayamba kale kulingalira zochoka ku maiko amene ankawalamulira. A Banda anamasulidwa mu Epulo 1960 ndipo anaitanidwa ku London kukakambirana zopeleka ufulu kwa dziko la Nyasaland. A Banda anasankhidwa kukhala nduna yoyang’anira za chilengedwe ndi maboma aang’ono ndipo anasankhidwa kukhala nduna yayikulu ya Nyasaland 1963. 

Iwo ndi atsogoleri anzawo a MCP anapanga changi pakukulitsa ma sukulu a sekondale, kukhonzanso mabwalo a milandu a m’mamidzi komanso ndikuthetsa misonkho ya zaulimi ndi kusintha zinthu zina. Pa 6 Julaye 1964 dziko la Malawi linapatsidwa ufulu wodzilamulira lokha.

A Banda ndi amene anasankha dzina lakuti Malawi ndipo anatengera dzinali pa mapu amene anaawona amene nyanja ya mudzikoli linalembedwa kuti nyanja ya Maravi.

Pasanapite mwezi umodzi dziko la Malawi chilandilireni ufulu wodzilamulira wokha, kunachitika nkamngano wokhudza nduna za boma. Anthu ena owatsatira a Banda anapeleka maganizo ochepetsa mphamvu zawo, chifukwa anali atayamba kuonetsa kuti safuna kumva za munthu wina. A Banda anayankha za nkhaniyi pochitsa nduna zinayi, ndipo zina ziwiri zinatula pansi udindo chifukwa chomvera chisoni anzawo. Onse amene ankatsutsana ndi a Banda anathawira kunja kwa dzikoli. A Banda anankhala mstogoleri wa dziko la Malawi pa 6 Julaye 1966. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kunalengezedwa kuti MCP ndi chipani chokha chomwe chinali choloredwa chifukwa dzikoli linakhala la chipani chimodzi kuyambira nthawi yomwe linalandira ufulu wodzilamulira. 1970, msonkhano wa chipanichi unalengeza kuti a Banda ankhala mtsogoleri wa muyaya wa chipanichi ndipo 1971, nyumba ya malamulo inaliengeza kuti a Banda akhala mtsogoleri wa muyaya wa dzikoli. Udindo wawo unkatchulidwa kuti ‘Pulezidenti Wamuyaya wa Dziko la Malawi, Ngwazi Dr Hastings Kamuzu Banda’ Dzina lakuti Ngwazi limatanthauza Mkango Waukulu kapena munthi wogonjetsa mu Chichewa.

Anthu ambiri a kunja kwa dzikoli ankawaona a Banda ngati munthu wa mtima wabwino ngakhale ankapanga zachilendobe povala ma suti a wesikoti ndi ma handikachifi ndiponso ankakonda kutenga litchowa. Mu dziko la Malawi, a Banda ankatsatiridwa ndi mtima onse ndi anthu ambiri komanso ankaopedwa. Boma lawo linali la unlamuliro wokhwima poyelekeza ndi maiko ena a mu Africa pa nthawiyo. Ngakhale malamulo a dziko ankalola ufulu kwa anthu, zomwe zinkachitika zanizeni sizimalora maufuluwa ndipo dzikoli linkakhala ngati la ulamuliro wa apolisi.

A Banda ankawonedwa ma pamwamba kwambiri. Nyumba zonse zopangilamo malonda zinkayenera kukhala ndi chithunzi chawo pa khoma ndipo zopachika zina ngati zithunzi kapena ma wotchi sizimaloledwa kukhala m’mwamba mwa chithunzi chawo. Anthu asanayambe kanema, kanema wa a Banda ankawonetsedwa akubayibitsa anthu pamene nyimbo ya fuko la Malawi inkaimbidwa. A Banda akamapita kulikonse, azimayi ankakawachingamira ndi kuwabvinira. Azimayiwa ankabvala chitenje chapadera chomwe chinali ndi nkhope yawo akamakawabvinira. Mipingo inkayenera kuloledwa ndi boma ndipo ma kanema onse ankaunikidwa ndi bungwe loyanganira za censorship. Mabukunso ankadzela ku bungweli. Masamba ena ankachitsedwa m’ma myuzipepala ochokera kunja. Ntchito ya utolankhani inkayang’anidwa kwambiri ndipo inkagwiritsidwa nthcito kukamba zokomera boma la a Bandali. Kanema ya mnyumba inlai yoletsedwa.

Boma la a Banda linkawunika kwambiri mmene anthu amakhalira mdzikoli. Iwowa anakhazikitsa malamulo a kabvalidwe amene ankagwirizana ndi mmene iwo ankawonera chikhalidwe. Azimayi sankaloledwa kubvala siketi lofika mmwamba mwa mawondo ndiponso sankaloledwa kubvala ma buluku. Iwo ankakhulupilira kuti malamulo a kabvalidwe sianali ozinza azimayi koma owateteza ndiponso olimbikitsa kuwapatsa ulemu. Kwa azibambo, mikanda komanso tsitsi lalitali zinkawonedwa ngati anthu ofuna kutsutsa boma, ndipo zinali zoletsedwa. Azibambo ena ankakakamizidwa kukameta tsitsi mphepete mwa dzikoli ngati apolisi atawone kuti tsitsi lawo ndi lalitali. Kumpsyompsyonana pa malo a bwalo kunali koletsedwa ndipo makanema owonetsa anthu a kumpsyopsyonana analinso oletsedwa. Mabuku ambiri amene ankanena za mbiri ya dzikoli a Banda asanayambe kulamulidwa anaotchedwa. Anthu ena amanenanso kuti mafuko ena, makamaka a Chitumbuka ankalondedwa londedwa ndi boma ndipo mabukhu awo ena anali oletsedwa. Azungu amene sankatsatira malamulowa ankapitikitsidwa mu dzikoli. 

Makalata ankatsegulidwa komanso matelefoni ankamvetseledwa ndipo anthu akamanena zotsutsa boma ma foni awo ankadulidwa. Munthu wina aliyense wonena zotsutsa a Banda ankamangidwa, kuthamangitsidwa mu dzikoli kapena kuphedwa kumene. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ngati a Kanyama Chiume anathamangitsidwa ndipo anthu ngati a Dick Matenje ndi a Attati Mpakati anaphedwa.

Anthu wonse akulu akuku ankayenera kukhala otsatira chipani cha MCP. Aliyense amayenera kukhala ndi chiphaso cha chipanichi nthawi zonse, ndipo amayenera kuwonetsa chiphasochi akakumana ndi apolisi pena paliponse. Ziphasozi zinagulitsidwa ndi a Malawi Young Pioneers (MYP). Zinkatheka nthawi zina anthuwa kugulitsa ziphasozi kwa ana amene sanabadwe. 

Anthu wochokera kunja kwa dzikoli ankayeneranso kutsatila malamulo a kavalidwe. Aliyense wofuna kulowa mdzikoli ankawuzidwa kuti ngati akufuna kukalowa mdzikoli, sayenera kuvala zazifupi kapena ma buluku ngati ali amayi pokha pokha ngati ali ku malo olandilirako alendo. Azibamboa tsitsi lalitali kapena obvala mafuleya sanali wololedwa. 

Ngakhale zinali chonchi a Banda anali mmodzi amene ankateteza ufulu wa amayi, poyelekeza ndi atsogoleri ena a ku Africa pa nthawiyi. Iwo anakhazikitsa bungwe la Chitukuko Cha Amai m'Malawi (CCAM) lomwe linkaunika zofuna, zokhudza komanso mwayi wopelekedwa kwa amayi mdziko la Malawi. Bungweli linkawalimbikitsa azimayi kulimbikura ku maphunziro komanso utsogoleri wa dziko, ndiponso kuti adzitenga mbali yaikulu ku madera kwawo, ku mipongo komanso mmabanja awo. Mtsogoleri wa bungweli anali Official Hostess, Cecilia Tamanda Kadzamira. 

A Banda anatukula dzikoli ku mbali ya chitukuko. Iwo anatsegula misewu, mabwalo a ndege, zipatala ndi masukulu, poyelekeza ndi boma la chitsamunda. Anakhazikitsa sukulu yofanana ndi sukulu yapamwamba ku Mangalande ya Eton yomwe ankaitchula kuti Kamuzu Academy. Sukuluyi ankasankha ana okhoza bwino ku pulaimale ndipo anawo ankaphunzira aphunziro a pamwamba kuphatikizako chi latini ndi chigiriki ndi aphunzitsi wochokera kunja. Ana olankhula Chichewa ku sukuluyi ankalangidwa. 

Pa nthawi yomwe a Banda ankalamulira dziko la Malawi, anapeza Cuma choposa US$320 miliyoni. Iwowanso anali mtsogoleri yekhayo wa ku Africa amene ankagwirizana ndi dziko la South Africa pa nthawi ya Boma la tsankho. Iwo anayamba kugwirizanako ndi atsogoleri ena a ku Africa pamene boma la tsankholi linatha. (Mayiko ena ankagula ndi kugulitsa malonda ku dziko la South Africa koma dziko la Malawi linali lokhalo limene linali ndi ubale wa ukazembe ndi dzikolo.

Ulamuliro wa chipani chimodzi wa a Banda unathetsedwa kutachitika chisankho chofunsa anthu mu 1993. Patangopita kanthawi kochepa, gulu lina lomwe linakhazikitsidwa kuunika za ulamuliro wa dzikoli linaachotsa udindo wokhala mtsogoleri wa muyaya komanso mphamvu zambiri zomwe anali nazo. 

Mu chaka cha 1994, a Banda anayima nawo chisankho cha zipani zambiri ngakhale kunkamveka mphekesera zakuti iwo anali kudwala. A Bakili Muluzi ndi amene anapambana chisankhochi. Iwo anali a chiyao ndipo utsogoleri wawo unalinso ndi mavuto ena. A Banda anamwalira ku South Africa mu Novembala 1997 ali ndi zaka 101. chipani cha MCP chomwe iwo analandira utsogoleri kuchokera kwa a Orton Chirwa chinakalibe ndi mphamvu pa nkhani ya ndale ya dzikoli.




#Article 10: Bakili Muluzi (430 words)


A Elesoni Bakili Muluzi, amene anabadwa pa 17 Malichi 1943 anali mtsogoleri wa dziko la Malawi kuyambira 1994 mpaka 2004.

A Muluzi anabadwira mmboma la Mangochi ndipo anagwirako ntchito mmboma. A Muluzi anakhala mmaudindo wosiyana siyana mu chipani cha Malawi Congress Party chomwe chinkalamulira dzikoli.

Lernt schreiben, amene ankayimira chipani cha United Democratic Front (UDF) anakhala mtsogoleri wa dzikoli pamene anapambana pa chisankho cha utsogoleri cha zipani zambiri pomwe iwo anapambana ndi 47%. Iwowa anapeza ma voti ambiri kuposa mtsogoleri wa kale amene analamulira dzikoli kuyambira 1964, a Hastings Kamuzu Banda.  A Muluzi anapambanso pa chisankho chomwe chinachitika mu 1999 popeza 52% ya mavoti onse, kuwaposa a Gwanda Chakuamba amene ankawoneka ngati apambana pa chisankhocho.
Mu 2002, anthu owathandizira ankafuna kusintha malamulo akuti mtsogoleri aziyima pa chisankho kawiri kokha ndi cholinga chakuti a Muluzi ayime kachitatu. Maganizo amenewa anasiyidwa pamene anthu ena anatsutsana nalo ganizoli pochita ziwonetsero. Iwo anasiya boma mu mwezi wa Meyi 2004, ndipo amene anapambana chisankho anali a Bingu wa Muntharika amene ankayimiranso chipani cha UDF.

A Muluzi anali ndi maudindo muboma la a Hastings Kamuzu Banda koma iwo anali mmodzi mwa amene ankatsutsana ndi boma la chipani chimodzi. Ngakhale zinali chonchi, utsogoleri wa a Banda unali ndi nkhani zina zosakhala bwino, mwachitsanzo pamene iwo anagulitsa chimanga chomwe dzikoli linkasunga pa nthawi yomwe kunali njala komanso posokoneza ndalama zomwe zinapezeka pa malonda ndi maiko ena a chimangacho, ngakhale maiko ena akunja ankayesayesa kuti afufuze chomwe chinachitika. Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti ndalamazi anagawana a Muluzi ndi wotsatira awo ndipo zinasungidwa ku nyumba zosungirako ndalama za maiko a kunja.
Ngakhale kunali nkhani zambiri zotele, a Muluzi anali mtsogoleri wotchuka mu dzikolu makamaka ku madera a ku mmwela kwa dzikoli.

Iwo anapitiliza kukhala mtsogoleri wa UDF ngakhale anasemphana maganizo ndi amene iwo anamusankha kukhala mtsogoleri, a Bingu wa Muntharika. A Muntharika anasiya chipani cha UDF ndikukapanga chipani chawo cha Democractic Progressive Party (DPP).

A Muluzi anamangidwa pa 27 Julaye 2006 pa milandu yokhudza ziphuphu koma anamasulidwa tsiku lomwelo. Patangopita ma ola ochepa, munthu amene ankafufuza za mulandu wa a Muluzi, a Gustav Kaliwo anaimitsidwa pa ntchito ndi a Muntharika. Pa chifukwa chimenechi, amene amazenga mulandu wa a Muluzi, a Ishmael Wadi anaimitsa mulanduwu.

Kuyambira mwezi wa Malichi 2007 anthu ena anayamba kunena kuti a Muluzi adzaimenso pa chisankho chomwe chidzachitike mu 2009 ndipo anawapatsa nthawi yakuti anene ngati ankafuna kudzaima pa chisankhocho. Pa 11 Malichi, a Muluzi analengeza kuti adzaimadi, ndipo otsatira awo ena ngati a Brown Mpinganjira komanso a Sam Mpasu, amene koyambilira ankafuna kudzaimira UDF pa chisankhochi, analengeza kuti sadzaima chifukwa cha chidwi chomwe a Muluzi anawonetsa kudzaima. 




#Article 11: Malawi Congress Party (219 words)


Malawi Congress Party (MCP) ndi chipani cha ndale cha ku Malaŵi. Dzina lake la kale la chipanichi linani Nyasaland African Congress, koma chinasintha kukhala MCP pa nthawi yomwe a Hastings Kamuzu Banda anali mundende ku Gwelo my Southern Rhodesia. Anakhazokitsa chipanichi ndi a  Orton Edgar Chong'oli Chirwa and a Aleke Banda.

Chipanichi chinapambana pa chisankho mu chaka cha 1961 ndipo chinatenga mipando yonse pa chisankhochi. Kupambana kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti dziko la Malaŵi lipatsidwe ufulu wodzilamulira lokha kuchokera ku boma la chitsamunda. Mu 1966, chipanichi chinapatsidwa mphamvu yokhala chipani chikhacho mu dziko la Malaŵi. Anthu wonse akulu akulu amayenera kukhala mbali ya chipanichi ndipo amayenera kunyamula ziphaso zosonyeza kuti iwo analidi otsatira chipanichi.

Chipani cha MCP chinatha mphamvu 1993 pamene kunachitika chisankho chomwe anthu ambiri anasankha kuti boma la Malaŵi likhale la zipani zambiri. Mu 1994, chipanichi chinagonjetsedwa m ndi chipani cha zipani zambiri chomwe chinachitika mu dziko la Malaŵi.

Ngakhale zinakhala chonchi, chipani cha MCP chinakalibe ndi mphamvu mu dziko la Malaŵi ndipo chili ndi mphamvu zambiri mu chigawo cha pakati cha dzikoli kumene kuli aChewa ndi aNyanja ambiri.

Pa chisankho chomwe chinachitika mu 2004, mtsogoleri wa chipanichi a John Tembo (amene anali wogwirizana kwambiri ndi a Banda) anapeza 27.1% ya mavoti onse ndipo chipanichi chinapeza mipando 60 kwa mipando 194 yomwe ya a phungu wa nyumba ya malamulo.




#Article 12: United Democratic Front (150 words)


United Democtratic Front (UDF) ndi chipani cha ndale cha mu dziko la Malaŵi. Chipanichi ndi chotchuka ku mmwera kwa dzikoli ndipo chili ndi mphamvu kwambiri mmadera kumene kumakhala aYao. Chipanichi chinalembetsedwa ku bungwe la Liberal International, limene lili bungwe lomwe la zipani zomwe zimakhulupilira za ufulu wa munthu aliyense. 

Mtsogoleri wa chipanichi ndi a Bakili Muluzi, amene anali mtsogoleri wa dziko la Malaŵi kuyambira 1994 mpaka 2004. Kuyambira mu chaka cha 2005, a Muluzi ndi wamkulu kwambiri wa chipanichi. 

Amene anasankhidwa kuti ayimire chipanichi pa chisankho cha 2004, a Bingu wa Muntharika anapambana chisankhocho ndi 35.9% ya mavoti onse amene anaponyedwa. Chipanichi chinatenganso mipando 49 ya mipando 194 ya amphungu a nyumba ya malamulo. Chifukwa cha kusagwirizana ndi chipanichi ndi a Muluzi, makamaka ku mbali ya nkhani yolandira ziphuphu imene a Muluzi ankakhudzidwa nayo, a Muntharika anasiya chipanichi mu February 2005 ndipo anayambitsa chipani chawo cha Democratic Progressive Party (DPP).




#Article 13: Democratic Progressive Party (123 words)


Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) ndi chipani cha ndale cholamulira mu dziko la Malaŵi. Chipanichi chinakhazikitsidwa mu Febuluale 2005 ndi msogoleri wa dziko la Malaŵi, a Bingu wa Muntharika. Iwowa anayamba chipanichi chifukwa chakusagwirizana maganizo ndi chipani cha United Democratic Front (UDF) chomwe iwo anachiyimira pa chisankho. Panali maganizo ndi mphekesera zakuti boma la UDF lomwe linalamulira kuyambira 1994 mpaka 2004 silinachite zokwanira pothetsa mchitidwe wa ziphuphu. 

Aphungu ena amene anapambana pa chisankho cha 2004 oyimira zipani za Malawi Congress Party (MCP) ndi UDF analowa chipani cha DPP.

Chipani cha DPP chinapambananso pa chisankho cha Aphungu a Nyumba Ya Malamulo ndi Mtsogoleri wa dziko pa chisankho chomwe chinachitika pa 19 May 2009. Chipanichi chinapambana ndi mipando 140 mwa mipando 193 ya Nyumba ya Malamulo




#Article 14: Gwanda Chakuamba (519 words)


Gwandaguluwe Chakuamba Phiri amene anabadwa 1935, ndi munthu wina wotchuka pa nkhani ya ndale mu dziko la Malawi. Iwo amachikera ku chigwa cha mtsinje wa Shire kummwera kwa dzikoli. Anthu ambiri amaatchula kuti a Gwanda Chakuamba.

Pamene dziko la Malawi linakhala loyima palokha mu 1964 mpaka 1980, a Chakuamba anali munthu wodziwika mu chipani cha Malawi Congress Party (MCP}, chipani chokhacho chomwe chinali chololedwa mzikoli. Pa nthawi yomwe a Hastings Kamuzu Banda ankalamulira dziko la Malawi, a Chakuamba anakhala mu mipando yosiyana siyana mu chipanichi. Mpando wina unali mtsogoleri wa bungwe la a chinyamata la Malawi Young Pioneers (MYP). Mu 1980, iwo anapezeka wolakwa pa mulandu wotsutsa boma ndipo anamangidwa kwa zaka 22.

A Chakuamba anamasulidwa mwezi wa Julaye 1993 patangotha mwezi umodzi anthu a dzikoli atabvomera kuti mu dzikoli mukhale boma la zpani zambiri. Iwo atamasulidwa, analowa chipani cha United Democratic Front (UDF) koma patangopita ka nthawi kochepa, anabweleranso ku MCP ndipo anakhala Mulembi Wamkulu wa chipanichi.  Mu Febuluale 1994, chipani cha MCP chinalengeza kuti Hastings Kamuzu Banda adzaimira chipanichi pa chisankho cha zipani zambiri choyamba cha mu dzikoli ndipo a Chakuamba adzaimira ngati wachiwiri wawo. 

Pa chisankhochi, chomwe chinachitika pa 17 May 1994, a Bakili Muluzi ndi chipani chawo cha UDF anapambana ndipo a Banda ansiya ndale. Pa nthawi imeneyi, a Chakuamba anakhala mtsogoleri wa MCP.
Mwezi wa Febuluale 1999, chipani cha MCP chinapanga mgiwirizano ndi chipani cha Alliance for Democracy (AFORD} ngati mbali ina yokhonzekera chisankho chomwe chinachitika mu Meyi chaka chomwecho. A Chakuamba anasankhidwa ngati mstogoleri wa mgwirizanowo ndipo a Chakufwa Chihana, mtsogoleri wa AFORD ngati wachiwiri wawo. Anthu otsatira MCP ambiri sanagwirizane nazo zimenezi chifukwa a Chakuamba sanasankhe a John Tembo kukhala wachiwiri wawo ndipo anayamba matukutuku ofuna kuti a Chakuamba atule pansi udindo wa utsogoleri wa chipanichi.

Pa chisankho chomwe chinachitika pa 15 Juni 1999, a Muluzi anapambananso ndipo a Chakuamba anali otsatira ndi 45% ya mavoti onse. Ngakhale odzawonelera chisankho ochokera ku maiko a kunja ananena kutu chisankhochi chinayenda mwa chilungamol, mgwirizano wa MCP ndi AFORD unakasuma ku bwalo la milandu potsutsana ndi zotsatira za chisankhochi ndipo anadandaula kuti panali chinyengo mu maboma 16. Bwaloli linapeza kuti panalibe chinyengo. 

Mwezi wa Okotobala 2002, a Chakuamba anamangidwa kwa kanthawi kochepa chifukwa cholemba kalata ya bodza mu dzina la a Bakili Muluzi kwa aphungu a nyumba ya malamulo yonena kuti adzawapatsa ndalama akabvomera kuti a Muluzi adzaimenso kachitatu pa chisankho cha utsogoleri ngakhale malamulo a dzikoli samawalola kutero. 

Pa miyezi yoyandikira chisankho cha 2004, a Chakuamba anasiya chipani cha MCP ndipo anayambitsa chipani chawo cha Republican Party (RP). Chipanichi chinapanga ubale ndi zipani zina zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi kupanga Mgwirizano Coalition. A Chakuamba anasankhidwa kukhala wotsogolera mgwirizanowo komanso kuti adzaimire gululi pa chisankho. Zotsatira za chisankho zonawonetsa a Chakuamba kuti anali wachitatu pa chisankhochi pambuyo pa a Bingu wa Muntharika wa UDF ndi a John Tembo a MCP, ndi 26% ya voti. the MCP, winning 25.7% of the vote.
Kuwelenga kwa mavoti kusanathe, a Chakuamba analengeza kuti anapambana ndipo zotsatira zoonetsa kuti a Muntharika akutsogola zinali za bodza. A Muntharika anapambanabe ndipo analumbiritsidwa utsogoleri pa 24 Meyi ngakhale a Chakuamba ankanena kuti zotsatirazosinali zobera. 




#Article 15: John Tembo (481 words)


A John Zenasi Ungapake (JZU) Tembo,  amene anabadwa pa 14 Sepitembala 1932 ndi mtsogoleri wa chipani cha Malawi Congress Party (MCP) cha mudziko la Malawi chomwe chili chipani chachikulu chotsutsa mu dzikoli. A Tembo amachokera m’boma la Dedza ndipo ndi mphunzitsi.

A Tembo anasankhidwa kukhala mmodzi wa aphungu a nyumba ya Nyasaland (dzina la kale la dziko la Malawi) mu 1961, zaka zitatu dzikoli lisanalandire ufulu wodzilamulira lokha. Iwo anali munthu wachiwiri amene anakhala nduna ya zachuma mdzikoli atachoka a Sir Henry Phillips, mpando umene ankafuna kuti akhalepo a Dunduzu Chisiza. (A Chisiza anamwalira mu 1962 pa ngozi ya galimoto imene anthi ena amanena kuti siinali ngozi koma anthu anachita kupangitsa ndipo a Tembo amatchuka kuti  ndi amene anapangitsa ngoziyi). A Tembo anali nduna yokhayo imene siintule pansi pamene nduna zina zinachotsedwa kapena kuthawa mdzikoli. Nthawi imeneyi, anthu ambiri amene amatsutsana ndi  a Kamuzu Banda, amene anali mtsogoleri wa dziko la Malawi anathawa .

A Tembo anali amene amaoneka kuti a Hastings Kamuzu Banda, mtsogoleri wa dziko la Malawi, ankawakhulupirlira kwambiri. Ubwenzi wawo unalimbikitsidwa pamene a Cecilia Tamanda Kadzamira, mwana wa a chemwali awo a a Tembo, anamutenga kukhala wothandizira a Banda, ndipo a Kadzamirawa amatchulidwanso kuti ‘Mama’. Chifukwa chakuti a Banda ankawakhulupilira ngati mlangizi, a Tembo anali  ndi mphamvu zambiri pa nkhani ya ndale za dzikoli pa zaka zonse zomwe a Banda anli mtsogoleri. Mphamvu za a Tembo zinkawoneka ngati zimachulukira pemene a Banda anayamba kufooka chifukwa cha ukalamba. Zinali zodabwitsa kuti a Banda anasankha wina amene amatsutsana ndi a Tembo, a Gwanda Chakuamba kuti akhale wachiwiri wawo pamene kunachitika chisankho cha zipani zambiri mu 1994. 

Mu 1995 chipani cha MCP chitalephera pa chisankhochi, a Tembo, ‘Mama’ komanso a Kamuzu Banda anazengedwa mulandu wokhudza kuphedwa kwa anthi ena otchuka pa ndale mu 1983 omwe amawaganizira kuti amadziwapo kanthu pa nkhaniyi. Mulanduwu umatchuka ndi dzina loti Mwanza Trial. Pamene palibe chikaiko chilichonse chakuti anthuwa anachita kuphedwa pa ngozi ya galimoto yomwe inachitika ku Mwanza mmanja mwa anthu oona a chitetezo a dzikoli, panalibe umboni weni weni wakuti a Tembo anatengapo mbali pa nkhaniyi ndipo iwo anapambana pa mulanduwo.

A Banda  atamwalira 1997, a Tembo anayesa kulanda utsogoleri wa MCP kuchokera kwa a Chakuamba ndipo sanamvere chigamulo cha bwalo la milandu chowaletsa kuti asatero.Chifukwa cha ichi, iwo anachotsedwa mu nyumba ya malamulo. Ngakhale zinali choncho, a Tembo anakatsutsa nkhaniyi ku bwalo la milandu ndipo anabwezeredwa kukhalanso phungu wa nyumba ya malamulo. Panakali pano, iwo ndi Mtsogoleri wa zipani zotsutsa boma mu nyumbayi.
Tembo anali munthu oyipa.

Ngati woyimira chipani cha MCP mu 2004, a Tembo anali wachiwiri pa chisankho cha 2004 ndipo anapeza 27% ya mavoti onse. Iwo anali pambuyo pa a Bingu wa Muntharika amene ankayimira chipani cha United Democratic Front (UDF) ndiponso a Gwanda Chakuamba amene ankayimira Mgwirizano Coalition. Anthu ena oona za ndale amaganiza kuti a Tembo ali ndi mwayi wopambana pa chisankho chomwe chidzachitike mu dzikoli mu 2009.




#Article 16: Africa (306 words)


Africa ndi chigawo chimodzi cha zigawo za pa dziko la pansi ndipo ndi chigawo cha chiwiri kwa madela lomwe kuli anthu ambiri, koma anthu ambiri ali ku Asia. Ku Africa kumakhala 14% ya anthu onse a pa dziko la pansi, chifukwa chiwelengelo cha anthu ku Africaku ndi 1 300 miliyoni ( malinga ndi chiwelengelo cha anthu chomwe chinachitika mu 2013). Gawo la Africa lili ndi mayiko 53, ndipo linazungulilidwa nsi nyanja ya Mediterranean kumpoto, nyanja ya Red Sea kumpoto chakumvuma, nyanja ya Indian kummwera cha kumvuma ndi nyanja ya Atlantic kuzambwe. Pali mayiko 46 a mu Africa ndi 53 kuphatikiza zilumba zonse.

Africa, makamaka kumvuma kwa delari, kumatchuka kwambiri kuti ndi kumene anthu anachokera mtundu wa anthu ndipo anapezako zotsalira za anthu amene analipo zaka 7 miliyoni zapitazo.

Dera la Africa lili mbali zonse ziwiri za mzere wa Equator ndipo nyengo za mudelari zimasiyana siyana kumpoto ndi kummwera kwa mzerewu. 

Afri linali dzina la anthu amene ankakhala kumpoto kwa dela la Africa ku malo otchedwa Carthage. –Ca, amatanthauza anthu kapena malo.
Anthu ena amaganiza kuti dzina loti Africa linachokela ku:
Liu la chilatini lakuti aprica limene limatanthauza malo owala dzuwa kwambiri

Liu la chigiriki aphrike limene limatanthauza malo amene sikumazizira.

Dziko lalikulu kwa mbiri kudera la Africa ndi la Sudan ndipo dziko lake laing‘ono kwambiri ndi la Seychelles lomwe ndi chilumba ku mmawa kwa delari. Dziko laling’ono pa gombe ndi Gambia.

Munthu mozama pa nkhani za kakhalidwe ka dziko a Ptolemy (85-165 AD) ndi amene anagawa Africa kuchokela ku dera la Asia ndipo anasiya Nyanja yofiira ngati malire. Kulinso munthu wina dzina lake Pearson Mpindi fatch ndi thug

Nyengo ku Africa imayambira kukhala yotentha komanso yozizira kwambiri. Kumpoto kwa delari ndi kuchipululu ndi kotentha, pamene pakati ndi kummwera ndi kotentha komanso kuli nkhalango zowilira kwambiri. Pali Madela ena amene kuli nyengo zotentha kwambiri komanso zozizira kwambiri.




#Article 17: Mulungu dalitsa Malaŵi (214 words)


Nyimbo ya utundu la dziko la Malaŵi.

Mulungu dalitsani Malaŵi,

Mumsunge m'mtendere.

Gonjetsani adani onse,

Njala, nthenda, nsanje.

Lunzitsani mitima yathu,

Kuti tisaope.

Mdalitse Mtsogo leri nafe,

Ndi Mayi Malaŵi.

Malaŵi ndziko lokongola,

La chonde ndi ufulu,

Nyanja ndi mphepo ya m'mapiri,

Ndithudi tadala.

Zigwa, mapiri, nthaka, dzinthu,

Mphatso zaulere.

Nkhalango, madambo abwino.

Ngwokoma Malaŵi.

O Ufulu tigwirizane,

Kukweza Malaŵi.

Ndi chikondi, khama, kumvera,

Timutumikire.

Pa nkhondo nkana pa mtendere,

Cholinga n'chimodzi.

Mayi, bambo, tidzipereke,

Pokweza Malaŵi.

O God bless our land of Malaŵi,

Keep it a land of peace.

Put down each and every enemy,

Hunger, disease, envy.

Join together all our hearts as one,

That we be free from fear.

Bless our leader,

each and every one,

And Mother Malaŵi.

Our own Malaŵi, this land so fair,

Fertile and brave and free.

With its lakes, refreshing mountain air,

How greatly blest are we.

Hills and valleys, soil so rich and rare

Give us a bounty free.

Wood and forest, plains so broad and fair,

All - beauteous Malaŵi.

Freedom ever, let us all unite

To build up Malaŵi.

With our love, our zeal and loyalty,

Bringing our best to her.

In time of war, or in time of peace,

One purpose and one goal.

Men and women serving selflessly

In building Malaŵi.




#Article 18: John Chilembwe (558 words)


Mbusa John Chilembwe (1871-3 Febuluale 1915) anali mbusa wa mpingo wa chi Baptist ndi mphunzitso ndipo anali m'modzi wa anthu oyamba amene anasutsana ndi boma la chitsamunda mu dziko la Nyasaland, lomwe masikuano limatchedwa Malawi. Masiku ano John Chilembwe amakumbukilidwa ngati wofunikira ku ufulu was dzikoli ndipo dziko la Malawi limamukumbukira chaka chili chonse pa 15 January.

Chilembwe ankapemphera ku Church of Scotland kuyambira cha m'ma 1890. Mu 1892, anayamba kugwira ntchito ku nyumba ya a Joseph Booth, mbusa was chi Baptist. Booth ankatsutsana ndi a mpingo wa Scottish Presbyterian ku Nyasaland, kumene Chilembwe anaphunzira ndipo anayambitsa mpingo wa Zambezi Industrial Mission. Ziphunzitso za a John Booth zinkatsindika za kufanana kwa anthu onse, omwe anali maganizo achilendo pa nthawi ya maboma a chitsamunda ku Africa.

Mu 1897, Chilembwe anapita ndi a Booth ku Lynchburg, VIrginia mu dziko la United States kumene anakaphunzira ku Virginia Theological College, imene nali sukulu ya ukachenjede yaing'ono ya anthu akuda a ku America. Kumeneku Chilembwe anadziwa zolemba za a John Brown, Booker T Washington ndi anthu ena amene anapangitsa kuti mchitidwe wa ukapolo uthe. Chilembwe anabwelera ku Nyasaland mu 1900 ngati mbusa wodzodzedwa wa mpingo wa Baptist. Iye ankagwira ntchitondi gulu la American National Baptist Convention, ndipo anayambitsa Providence Industrial Mission, kumene kukayamba ma sukulu asanu ndi awiri amene pofika 1912 anali ndi ana asukulu 1000 ndi ophunzira achikulire 800. Iye anayesetsa kuphunzutsa khalidwe lolimbikila ntchito, kudzilemekeza wekha munthu komanso kudzithandiza kwa anthu a mu dera lake.

Mu 1913, kunali njala yomwe inazunza anthu ambiri ndipo anthuu ochokera ku Mozambique anabwera ku Nyasaland. Chilembwe anakwiya kwambiri ndi m'mene anthu a mu mpingo wake ndi othawa njala a ku Mozambique wo ankazunzidwira ndi azungu amene anali ndi minda ikuluikulu. Anthuwo ankakanizidwa malipilo awo ndi kumenyedwa. William Jervis Livingston, amene anali ndi munda, anaotcha mipingo ya anthu akuda ya m'midzi ndi masukulu amene Chilembwe anayambitsa. Chilembwe anakhudzidwanso ndi kukakamizidwa kwa anthu akuda a ku Malawi kuti akamenye nkhondo m'malo mwa dziko la Britain ku Tanzania pamene ankamenyana ndi dziko la Germany mu nkhondo yoyamba yaikulu ya dziko lonse la pansi. Iye sankasangalala kamba koti sankaona phindu lomwe anthu akuda a ku Nyasaland akanapeza pa nkhondoyi. Iyenso anadandaula pa mchitidwe wa tsankho ndi kuzunza kumene ankachita atsamunda.

Pa 23 January, 1915, Chilembwe anayambitsa chiwawa chotsutsa boma la chitsamunda. Iye ndi anthu omutsatira mazana awiri anakaputa minda ya atsamunda yomwe ankaawona kuti amazunza anthu akuda kwambiri. Chilembwe ankaganiza zokupha azungo onse aamuna. Iwo anapha athu atatu ogwira ntchito ku mindayo kuphatikiza a Livingstone, amene anamudula mutu mkazi wake ndi mwana wake wamkazi wamng'ono akuwona. Anthu ena achikuda amene ankagwira ntchito pa mundawo anaphedwa, koma azimayi ndi ana sanaphedwe malinga ndi m'mene John Chilembwe anawalamulira anthuwo. Pamene kuwukiraku sikunavomerezedwe ndi anthu akuda, Chilembwe anayesa kuthawira ku Mozambique koma akulu akulu a boma la chitsamunda anamupha pa 3 February 1915. Ngakhale Chilembwe anatumiza ma kalata ku dziko loyandikira la Zambia kupempha anthu akuda akumeneko kuti awukire boma, uthenga wake unafika mochedwa. Pamene makalatawo ankafika pa 25 January, boma la chitsamunda linali litadziwa kale ndipo ngakhale anthu akumeneko anayesa kukhonza kuwukira mwamsangamsanga, sizinathandize kwambiri. Akulu akulu a boma la chitsamunda anaphanso anthu ena amene ankamutsatira Chilembwe. Ena mwa anthu amene anaphedwa anali anthu 175 amene analembedwa pa mdandanda wa anthu owukira komanso anthu 1160 amene anabatizidwa ku mpingo wake.

Dziko la Malawi linakhala loyima pa lokha mu 1964.(kunali John Chilembwe)




#Article 19: Chitsamunda (526 words)


Chitsamunda ndi liwu lomwe limanena za anthu amene amakhulupilira kuti chikhalidwe ndi zikhulupiliro zawo ndi zapamwamba kuposa za anhu amene anapangidwa chitsamundacho. Mchitidwewu umaphatikizidwa ndi tsankho ndi zikhulupiliro za sayansi zimene zinatchuka mu zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi 1900. Ku mayiko a azungu, zikhulupilirozi zinapangitsa kuti azungu azikhulupilira kuti iwowo ndi apamwamba kuposa anthu ena onse a pa dziko lapansi.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya maiko a chitsamunda. Maiko ena amakhala akuti anthu a mitundu yosiyana amakakhala kumalo ena odutsa nyanja kapena nthaka. Kuyambira zaka za mma 750 BC, aHelene akale anayamba zaka 250 zokuza dziko lawo, ndipo anayambitsa maiko a chitsamunda mmalo osiyana siyana. Zitsanzo zina ndi ngati dziko la kale la chi Roma, chiluya komanso chi Mongol. Ena anayambitsa mayiko a chitsamunda kungosuntha pang'ono kuchokera kwawo ngati anthu a ku Scotland amene anachoka kwawo ku Ireland, kumene kunkatchedwa ku Hibernia ndi kupita ku Scotland, kumene kunkatchedwa ku Caledonia. 

Anthu a chi Bantu asanachuluke, anthu ophunzira za mbiri ya dziko amakhulupilira kuti kummwera kwa Africa kunali akafula amene amayankhula chi Khoisan, amene masiku ano amakhala ku chipululu cha Kalahari ndi nkhalango za pakati pa Africa. Pofika chaka cha 1000AD, kusamuka kwa anthu a chi Bantu kunafika ku maiko omwe masiku ano amatchedwa Zimbabwe ndi South Africa. Anthu a chiluya Banu Hilal ndi Banu Maqil ansamuka kwawo kulowera kuzambwe kudzera ku Egypt mu zaka za m'mma 1100 ndi 1300. Kusamuka kwawo kunapangitsa kuti mayiko a ku Magreb akhale achiluya komanso a chisilamu.

Akachenjede amakhulupilira kuti matenda a muliri ndi omwe anapangitsa kuti anthu amene anapezedwa ku America ndi azugu achepe.
 Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti eni nthakawo amakakamizidwa kusamukira ku malo amene ali ndi nthaka yoipa. Masiku ano anthu ambiri amaona kuti chitsamunda chimapangidwa pokakamiza anthu amene amalowa mmayiko opanda chilolezo. Koma pa nthawi ya kale, anthu ena amene anapanga chitsamunda ngati ma Vandal, ma Boer, ma Matabele komanso ma Sioux ankathawa adani amene anali ndi mphamvu kuposa iwowo. Pamenepa chitsamunda chimawoneka kutu ndi chingwe chachitali chomwe chimantha kukhudza anthu a mitundu yosiyana siyana.

Malo amene achitsamunda anakhazikikako amasiyana ndi malo amene anthuwo sanapiteko ngati gulu pochoka kwawo, koma anthuwo amangokhala olamulira chabe kwa nzika zomwe amazipeza ku malowo. Zitsanzo za malo otere ndi ngati ku India ndi ku Japan kumene azungu a ku Britain ankalamulira. Zotsatira za chitsamunda chotele ndi zakuti kumakhala anthu a chikaladi, ngati ku America kapena eni nthaka ndi atsamunda amagawikana pakati ngati ku Southern Rhodesia lomwe masiku ano kumatchulidwa kuti Zimbabwe.

Chitsamunda china ndi cha minda yayikulu ngati cha ku Barbados ndi ku Jamaica, kumene azungu anabweretsa anthu akuda ngati akapolo. Kumeneku nthu akuda anachuluka kwambiri koma azunguwo ankalamulira ngakhale anali ochepa. Chitsamunda chotelechi chimafanananso ndi changati cha ku Hong Kong ndi Macau, kumene azungu ankangoimako chabe ndi kupanga malonda osati kulowelera ndi kukhazikika mkatikati mwa dziko.

Pali mtsutso pa zoyipa dni zabwino za m'mene chitsamunda chimakhudzira dziko la pansi. Zinthu ngati matenda a muliri amene amawanda chifukwa cha anthu obwera, kusankhana mitundu, kuzunza anthu, ukapolo ndi zina zakhala zikuchitika ndipo zikupitilirabe mmalo amene muli chitsamunda. Tsankho limayambitsanso kuphana kwa anthu amitundu yosiyana komanso nkhondo. Ambiri a mayiko osauka a pa dziko la pansi anali a chitsamunda ndipo zotsatira zake zikuwonekabe mpaka lero.

 




#Article 20: Akafula (384 words)


Akafula kapena a batwa omwe pa chizungu amati ma pygmy ndi anthu osiyanasiyana a pakati pa dera la Africa amene kutalika kwawo sikuposa 150cm (4 ft 11 in). Anthu a chi Negrito a ku Asiandi ena aliwonse aafupi amatchedwanso kuti akafula. Eni akewo sasangalala kutchudwa pa dzina limeneli koma dzina lawo lina lomwe lili lonyoza kwambiri ndi amwandiwonerapati.

Akafula amatchedwa ndi dzina loti a Bayaka ku Central African Republic, kapena a Bambenga ku Congo.

Anthu ambiri amakhulupilira kuti Akafuna ndi zidzukulu za anthu amaene ankakhala ku nkhalango za pakati pa Africa amene anasamutsidwa ndi kulowelerana ndi kusamuka kwa anthu okonda kulima a ku Sudan ndi a chi Bantu. Maganizo amenewa alib eumboni weniweni wa anthu ofufuza za mbiri ya kale, ndipo ofufuza za chilankhulo ndi kumene kunachokera anthu amakayikira zimenezi.
 

Pali malo okhudza za mitengo komanso zoyenga uchi pakati pa akafula a ku Cameroon ndi ku Gabon ngakhale zilankhulo zawo zili zosiyana. Izi zimasonyeza kuti anthuwa anachokera kumodzi.

Matupi ndi chilengedwe cha Akafula a kummawa kumasiyana ndi anthu a mayiko ena. Iwowa ndi aafupi kuposa Akafula ena, kusonyeza kuti ndi akale kwambiri kuponsa Akafula onse. Iwowa chiyambi chawo chimafanana ndi a Hadzabel, amene amakhala kummawa kwa nkhalango ya pakati pa Africa amene anali aafupi kwambiri koma chifukwa choyandikana ndi kukwatirana ndi anthu aatali amene anayandikana nawo, anasintha kutalika kwawo. Akafula ena amene chilengedwe chawo chinayesedwa samasiyana ndi anthu oyandikana nawo amene si Akafula, kutanthauza kuti chilengedwe chawo chinasinthika pobelekerana ana ndi anthu amene sali akafula, kapenaso kuti ndo wosiyana ndi a Mbuti. Anthu ena a sayansi amakhulupilira kuti akafula enawa ndi amodzi ndi anthu a chi Bantu amene anayamba kupita ku nkhalango ya pakati pa Africa.

Anthu ofufuza za chilengedwe cha anthu amaganiza kuti Akafula amakhala aafupi chifukwa chosowa chakudya mu nkhalango, kusowa zofunikira zina ngati calcium mu nthaka, komanso kuti matupi awo amasintha mainga ndi malo amene amakhalawo ndi kubereka nsanga chifukwa chakuti amamwaliranso msanga.

Akafula amakhalanso mu nkhalango mmene dzuwa silimalowa bwino bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale a mafupa ang'ono ang'ono.  

Wanu Oscar

Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya ku Congo, akafula ankasakidwa ngati zinyama ndipo ankadyedwa. Anthu amene ankachita nkhondoyi ankaawona ngati Akafulawo si anthu ndipo ena ankayesa kuti nyama ya akafula imapeleka mangolomera. Ogwira ntchito a ku United Nations amene amateteza ufulu wa anthu analengeza mu 2003 kuti anthu otsutsa boma anka




#Article 21: Chakufwa Chihana (151 words)


Chakufwa Chihana (23 April 1939 - 12 June 2006)  anali wotakataka pa nkhani za ufulu wa anthu wongwira ntchito komanso wa ndale ku Malawi. Chihana anabadwira ku Kawiluwilu kumpoto kwa dzikoli pa ndipo anamwalira  ku Johannesburg, South Africa.

Chihana anali wotsutsa boma pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa President Hastings Kamuzu Banda ndipo anakhala kunja kwa dzikoli mokakamizidwa mu zaka za mma 1970 ndi mma 1980. Pa nthawiyi, Chihana anamangidwapo. CHihana analandira mphoto ya Robert F Kennedy ya anthu oteteza ufulu wa chibadidwe mu 1992.

Chihana anathandiza kuti boma la a Banda livomere kupanga chisankho cha referendum, chokuti dzikoli likhale la zipani zambiri. Anthu a dzikoli anabvomera kuti boma likhale la zipani zambiri. Pa chisankho chotsatira chosankha President wa dzikoli, chipani cha a Banda cha Malawi Congress Party sichinapambane ndipo chipani cha a Bakili Muluzi cha United Democratic Front chinapambana. Chipani cha a Chihana cha Alliance for Democracy chinakhala chachitatu pa chisankhochi.




#Article 22: Kasungu (282 words)


Kasungu ndi Mzinda Boma la Kasungu omwe uli mchigawo cha pakati cha dziko la Malawi. Kasungu uli pa mtunda wa pafupifupi ma kilometa 130 ku mpoto cha ku madzulo kuchokela ku kapitolo la Malawi, Lilongwe, ndipo mtunda wa 35 cha ku m'mawa kwa Kasungu National Park.

Munda wina waukulu (farm) ndiye pomwe padabadwira pulezidenti woyamba wa dziko la Malawi. 

Kasungu ali pa kati pa dziko la Malawi, ndipo adagona pa mtunda okwana 1342 meters kuchoka pa mtunda wogona nyanja (sea level). Pa chifukwa ichi Kasungu ali ndi nyengo ya  warm tropical climate ndipo nyengo ya mvula (chilimwe) yochoka m'miyezi ya Novembala/Disembala mpaka Malichi/Epulo. Nyengo ya dzuwa kuchoka mwezi wa Meyi mpaka mwezi wa Okutobala. Mvula yomwe imagwa ku Kasungu imafika pafupifupi 500mm - 1200mm pa chaka.

Chichewa ndiye chilankhulo chomwe chimayankhulidwa kwambili ku Kasungu. Koma pakuti Kasungu anayandikana kwambili ndi Mzimba (komwe chiyankhulo chachikulu ndi Chitumbuka), kumayankhulidwanso Chitumbuka.

Njira yayikulu yofikira ku Kasungu ndi kudzela Msewu wa galimoto, tsono munthu atha kupita ku Kasungu pa basi, minibasi kapena galimoto la pulayiveti. Ma pulani ali mkatikati okuti Njanji ya Thileni idutse mpa mkati mweni mweni mwa mzindawu.
Kamba ka mavuto a mafuta a galimoto omwe anavuta zedi mu chaka cha 2010, kunali kovuta zedi kuyenda mu mzindawu chifukwa mafuta a galimoto amasowa zedi. Kunali kofunika kuthila ku Lilongwe (ngakhale movutikila zedi) kuti munthu athe kuyenda mu Kasungu ndi kubwelela komwe wachokela mosavuta. Izi zidapangitsa kuti mafuta ogulitsidwa mwa chinyengo (black Market) achuluke, zomwe zidali zoyipa zedi.
Koma mapulani aliopo omanga payipi yayikulu ya mafuta yochoka ku Tanzania ndiponso omanga ma tanki akulu zedi osungilamo mafuta. Izi zanenedwa ndi Boma la Malawi.

Chinthu chomwe chili chochititsa chidwi zede mu mzindawu ndi Kasungu National Park.




#Article 23: Mwezi (232 words)


Mwezi ndi nthawi ya nthawi, yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kalendala, yomwe ili pafupi nthawi yomwe nthawi yachilengedwe imakhudzana ndi kayendedwe ka Mwezi; mwezi ndi mwezi ndizogwirizana. Lingaliro lachikhalidwe linayamba ndi kayendetsedwe ka Mwezi; Miyezi yotereyi (miyezi) ndi miyezi yokhala ndi synodic ndipo imatha pafupifupi masiku 29.53. Kuchokera ku ndodo zofukizidwa, akatswiri atulukira kuti anthu amawerengera masiku mogwirizana ndi miyezi ya Paleolithic. Miyezi yowonjezereka, yozikidwa pa nthawi yachabechabe ya Mwezi poyerekeza ndi mzere wa Dzuŵa-Dzuwa, akadali maziko a makalendala ambiri lerolino, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugawa chaka.

Kalendala yachi Helleniki, kalendala ya Chihebri ya Lunisolar ndi kalendala ya Islamic Lunar inayamba mweziwu ndi kuoneka koyamba kwa khola lochepa la mwezi watsopano.

Komabe, kayendetsedwe ka Mwezi kothamanga ndi kovuta kwambiri ndipo nthawi yake siili yonse. Tsiku ndi nthawi zomwe zikuwonetseratu zenizeni zimadalira malo enieni komanso chikhalidwe, mlengalenga, chiwonetsero cha owona, etc. Choncho, chiyambi ndi kutalika kwa miyezi zomwe zimatanthawuzidwa ndi kuwonetsetsa sikunganenedweratu molondola.

Ngakhale kuti ena monga a Karaite achiyuda adakalipo pazomwe amakhulupirira mwezi, anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kalendala ya dzuwa ya Gregory.

Pingelapese, chinenero cha ku Micronesia, amagwiritsanso ntchito kalendala ya mwezi. Pali miyezi 12 yogwirizana ndi kalendala yawo. Mwezi woyamba ukupezeka mu March, iwo amatcha mwezi uno Kahlek. Mchitidwewu wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana ndi mibadwo yambiri. Kalendala iyi ndi yeniyeni ndipo imadalira pa malo ndi mawonekedwe a mwezi.

Kalendala ya Gregory, monga kalendala ya Julian isanafike, ili ndi miyezi khumi ndi iwiri:




#Article 24: Katekisma wa Heidelberg (196 words)


Katekisma wa Heidelberg  analembedwa mumzinda wa Heidelberg mopemphedwa ndi mtsogoleri wotchuka wotchedwa Frederick wachitatu wa m’chigawo cha Palatinate, dziko la German m’zaka za pakati pa 1559 ndi 1576. Iye anali Mfumu ndiponso mKhristu. Kotero anasankha Zacharius Ursinus wa zaka 28 za kubadwa amene anali mphunzitsi wa za Mau a Mulungu pa sukulu ya ukachenjede ya Heidelberg ndi Caspar Olevianus wa zaka 26 za kubadwa amene anali mlaliki wa ku nyumba ya mfumuyi, kuti alembe buku la katekisma lophunzitsira achinyamata ndi kuthandizira abusa ndiponso aphunzitsi m’sukulu.

Frederick anapeza upangiri wabwino ndi mgwirizano pa ntchito yolemba Katekismayi kuchokera ku gawo la sukulu ya ukachenjede lowona za maphunziro apamwamba. Katekisma wa Heidelberg analandiridwa ndi nthumwi za Msonkhano waukulu wa mpingo wa Sinodi umene unachitikira ku Heidelberg ndipo kenaka Katekismayi anasindikizidwa ku dziko la Germany ndi mawu otsogolera olembedwa ndi Frederick wachitatu, tsiku la 19 mwezi wa Januwale, m’chaka cha 1563. Kusindikizidwa kwa chiwiri ndi chitatu m’chiyankhulo cha ChiGermany, mawu ochepa ofotokozera pa funso lililonse analembedwa naphatikizidwa ndipo izinso zinakhala moteronso ndi Katekisma womasuliridwa m’chiLatini, m’chaka chomwecho. Mafunso ndi mayankho 129 a Katekismayi kenaka anagawidwa m’timagawo makumi asanu ndi mphambu ziwiri (52), kuti kagawo kalikonse kaphunzitsidwe m’mipingo sabata iliyonse pachaka.




#Article 25: Mangochi (115 words)


Mangochi ndi mzinda omwe uli ku m'mwela kwa kwa dziko la Malawi. Mzindawu uli ku mapetopeto a ku m'wela a Lake Malawi. Mu nthawi ya atsamunda mzindawu unkadziwika ndi dzina lokuti Fort Johnstone. Kumathero kwa chaka cha 2008 mu mzinda wa Mangochi munali anthu pafupifupi 51,429.

Mangochi ndi mzinda omwe udayambitsidwa ndi bwana m'kubwa a chitsamunda Sir
Harry Johnston mu zaka za'ma  1890s ngati doko la chitetezo la atsamunda cha ku madzulo m'phepete mwa mstinge wa Shire Kuchokera apa Fort Johnston – monga unkadziwikila mzindawu pa nthawiyi –udali mzinda omwe kunkayendetsedwa nkhani zokhudzana ndi kugulistidwa kwa anthu okagwira ntchito ya kalavula gaga m'mayiko a ku ulaya, komanso mzindawu unkagwira ntchito ngati koyendetserako boma la atsamunda.




#Article 26: Bingu wa Mutharika (1774 words)


A Ngwazi Profesa Bingu wa Mutharika, ndi Pulezidenti wa dziko la Malawi ndipo adasankhidwa koyamba kukhala paudindowu pa 24 Meyi 2004. A Mutharika ndi mtsogoleri wa chipani cholamulira cha Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) chomwe chiri ndi aphungu ochuluka kwambiri mnyumba ya Malamulo malinga ndi zotsatira za chisankho chomwe chidachitika mchaka cha 2009.
A Bingu wa Mutharika adabadwira ku Thyolo, mtunda wa makilomita 30 kuchokera mu mzinda wa Blantyre. Iwo ali ndi madigriri a za ukachenjede wa zachuma ndi za chitukuko.
Mchigawo choyamba cha ulamuliro wao, 2004 -2009, komanso kufikira mchigawo chachiwiri cha upulezienti wao, a Mutharika asanduliza dziko la Malawi kuchoka pa dziko lomwe linkavutika ndi njala kufika pa dziko la mwana alilenji.
Kupambana kwa pologalamu yothandiza alimi akumidzi ndi mbeu zamakono komanso feteleza wotsika mtengo imene a Mutharika adayikhazikitsa mchaka cha 2005 ndi umboni wa mmene dziko lingadzipezere njira zothetsera njala. Chidwi cha a Pulezidenti Mutharika poonetsetsa kuti pologramuyi iyende bwino chidabala zipatso zabwino.

A Bingu wa Mutharika  adabadwa pa 24 Febuluwale 1934 mboma la Thyolo. Bambo awo, malemu Ryson Thom Twalo  Mutharika ndi mayi awo, malemu Eleni Thom Mutharika adali aKhirisitu odzipereka a mpingo wa Church of Scotland, umene udasintha dzina nkukhla CCAP. Bambo Ryson Mutharika anali mphunzitsi ndipo anakhulupilira kuti maphunziro ndiwo makiyi a moyo wopambana wa muthu aliyense. Mayi Eleni Mutharika ankapunzitsa amayi a Mvano za chikhrisitu.
A Bingu wa Mutharika adachita maphunziro awo ku mishoni ya Ulongwe ndi ku Chingoli mboma la Mulanje; Mtambanyama ndi Malamulo ku Thyolo; komanso ku Henry Henderson Institute (HHI) ku Blantyre. Kenaka adapita ku sukulu ya sekondale ya Dedza kumene adapambana bwino kwambiri mayeso a Cambridge mchaka cha 1956. Mchaka cha 1964, a Mutharika anali mmodzi mwa aMalawi 32 amene mtsogoleri wakale, Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda adawatumiza ku India kukapitiriza maphunziro awo.
Ali ku India komweko, a Mutharika adakachita maphunziro a zachuma ku Dehli School of Economics kumene adalandira digiri yapamwamba ya nkhani za chuma (M. A. Degreee in Economics). Kenaka anakatenganso digiri yapamwamba ya ukachenjede wa za chuma ndi chitukuko (PhD in Development Economics) ku Yunivesite ya Pacific Western ku Los Angeles mdziko la Amereka.
A Mutharika adachachitanso maphunziro ena apadera a kayendetsedwe ka mabizinesi, kayendetsedwe ka chuma, nkhani za malonda, za utsogoleri wandale komanso za mgwirizano wa mayiko pa nkhani za chuma.
A Mutharika adagwiranso ntchito mboma ngati katswiri wa zachuma ndi chitukuko. Iwo ndi muthu wodziwika bwino pa nkhani za chitukuko cha za chuma pa dziko lonse lapansi ndipo adakhalaponso pa maudindo aakuluakulu pamene ankagwira ntchito mboma la Malawi ndi la Zambia. 
Iwo adakhalanso wachiwiri kwa gavinala wa banki lalikulu mMalawi la Reserve Bank, ndipo adasankhidwa pa udindo wa nduna yoona mapulani a za chuma ndi chitukuko mchaka cha 2002. A Mutharika anagwiranso ntchito ku Banki lalikulu pa dziko lonse la pansi (World Bank) monga mkulu woyang’anira za kaperekedwe ka ngongole. Iwo nagwiranso ku bungwe la Mgwirizano wa mayiko a pa dziko lonse lapansi (United Nations), komanso anakhalapo mlembi wamkulu wa bungwe la za malonda la mayiko 22 a kumvuma ndi kummwera kwa Afrika, la COMESA.

A Bingu wa Mutharika adasankhidwa kuti ayime pa chisankho cha Pulezidenti kolowa mmalo mwa a Bakili Muluzi amene nthawi yawo yokhala pa udindowu inali kupita ku mapeto. Pachisankho chimene chidachitika pa 20 Meyi 2004, a Mutharika adapambana popeza mavoti ambiri kuposa wina aliyense amene ankapikisana nawo monga a John Tembo ndi a Gwanda Chakuamba.
Pa 7 Okotoba, 2006 a Mutharika adalengeza maganizo awo ofuna kudzaimanso pa chisankho cha Pulezident cha 2009 kuyimirira chipani cha DPP. Patangotha zaka ziwiri, mu Okotoba 2008, bungwe lalikulu loyendetsa chipani cha DPP lidasankha a Mutharika kuti adzayimire chipanichi pa chisankho cha 2009.

A Mutharika adayimanso pa chisankho cha Pulezident cha 2009. Kaamba ka kukwera kwa ntchito za chuma ndi chitukuko muzaka zisanu zoyambirirra za ulamuliro wao, Pulezidenti Mutharika adapeza mavoti ochuluka kwambiri, okwana 66.7% kuposa wina aliyense amene amapikisana nawo.

Mchaka cha 2005, kaamba kokhazikitsa pulogalamu yothandiza alimi akumidzi ndi mbeu komanso feteleza, dziko la Malawi lidakolola chakudya chopyolera  muyezo chifukwa alimi akumidzi ndi anthu ena ovutika anali ndi mwawi wogula feteleza ndi mbewu zamakono pa mtengo wotsika kwambiri. Apa, a Pulezident Mutharika adaonetsa ukatwiri wao pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera ndi zapamwamba zokwezera chitukuko cha madera a kumidzi. Anthu ambiri akuyamikira mfundo zowo zimene zathandiza kusintha dziko lomwe linkavutika kudyetsa anthu ake kukhala dziko lomwe likukolola chakudya chokwanira ndi china chotsala. 
Mzaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wa a Mutharika (2004-2009) dziko la Malawi lidachita bwino kwambiri pa ulimi wa mbeu zosiyanasiyana komanso kukolora chakudya chokwanira. Mfundo zabwino za ulimi za a pulezidenti zidapindulira alimi oposa 1,700,000 powapezetsa mbeu zamakono ndi feteleza wotsika mtengo. Mchaka cha 2005/2006 dziko la Malawi lidakolola matani oposa 500,000 pamwamba pa chomwe chinkafunika. Mu chaka cha 2008/2009 chakudya chapadera chidaposa matani 1.3 miliyoni. Utsogoleri ndi masomphenya a aMutharika zachititsa kuti dziko la Malawi likhale ndi chakudya chokwanira ndi china chapadera chogulitsa ku mayiko ena a kummwera kwa Afrika.
Kuti izi zitheke, a Pulezidenti Mutharika adasintha mfundo zoyendetsera nkhani za chuma ncholinga choti chuma cha dzikoli chipite patsogolo potsatira njira izi:

Pansi pa ulamuliro wa a Pulezident Mutharika, dziko la Malawi lalimbikitsa mfundo za demokalase poonetsetsa kuti malamulo a dziko akulemekeza ufulu wachibawidwe wa anthu, kulekanitsa mphamvu za ziwalo za boma komanso kutsatira malamulo okhazikika. Chisankho cha 2009 chidali chopanda chovuta china chiri chonse ndipo chidali ngati chitsanzo chabwino kwa mayiko ena a mu Afrika. Chisankho cha Pulezidenti ndi Aphungu chidaonetsa kuti mfundo za demokalase ku Malawi zikupita mtsogolo. Anthu ambiri akuyamikira Pulezident Muthararika chifukwa choyikapo mtima pokweza ntchito za chuma ndi kulimbana ndi ziphuphu. Izi zapangitsa kuti mabungwe a zachuma monga IMF akhale ndi chikhulupiliro ndi utsogoleri wa a Mutharika.

Potsatira pempho la PulezidentI Mutharika, dziko la Malawi lidasonkhanitsa matani 150 ampunga umene boma lidatumiza ku Haiti kukathandiza anthu amene anakhudzidwa ndi chivomerezi mchaka cha 2010.  Kuonjezera pa kulimbikitsa chakudya chokwanira ku Malawi, a Mutharika adalimbikitsanso za kufunika kwa chakudya chokwanira kumayiko onse a mu Afirika. Pamene anali wapampando wa bungwe la mgwirizano wa mayiko a mu Afrika, AU, a Pulezidenti adayika ndondomeko zothandiza kuti mayiko a mu Afrika akhale odzidalira pa chakudya (African Food Basket), mmene adafotokoza njira zothandiza alimi ang’onoang’ono, makamaka azimayi, kupititsa mtsogolo ulimi wothirira ndinso kukweza ntchito za ulimi wa chakudya mu zaka zisanu.
Padakali pano pafupifupi theka la alimi ang’onoang’ono amalandira makuponi ogulira mbewu yamakono ya chimanga ndi feteleza pa mtengo wotsika. Poonetsetsa kuti pologalamuyi ipitirire patsogolo, boma lidaika padera  ndalama za ntchitoyi (11%) mu ndondomeko ya za chuma choyendetsera boma (budget) mchaka cha 2010/2011. Mothandizidwa ndi mvula yabwino, mfundo zimenezi zathandiza kuti dziko la Malawi likhale ndi chakudya chambiri. Zokolola zakhaninkhani zidadathandiza kuti Malawi isavutike kwambiri kaamba ka mavuto azachuma amene anakhudza maiko onse a padziko a 2008.

Mchaka cha 2009, unduna wa za chuma udalengeza kuti mzaka zinayi zammbuyomo, chiwerengero cha a Malawi amene anali pa umphawi wadzaoneneni chidatsika kuchoka pa 52% kufika pa 40%. Izi zidali chomwechi kaamba ka mfundo zabwino zoyendetsera dziko zimene pulezident Bingu wa Mutharika wakhala akutsatira, makamaka pa nkhani ya chakudya ndi njira zabwino zokopa makampani akunja kudzayambitsa ntchito zao za bizinesi ku Malawi. Mu ulamuliro wake, Pulezidenti Mutharika wamanga zipatala zing’onozing’ono mmadera ammidzi, misewu yatsopano yamakono, zipatala zazikulu, sukulu zatsopano ndi mahositelo 42 a atsikana pa zaka zitatu zokha, zomwe zachepetsa umphawi wa anthu. A Mutharika akweza miyoyo ya anthu pa nthawi yochepa (GDP 7.5%). Dziko la Malawi layikaponso mtima pa kafukufuku wa migodi ngati njira imodzi yokweza chitukuko. Mchaka cha 2009, mgodi woyamba wa miyala ya Uranium adautsegulira ku Kayerekera ku Karonga ndipo pali chiyembekezo choti mgodiwu uzibweretsa ndalama zokwana US $200 miliyoni pa chaka. Mgodiwunso wapezetsa ntchito anthu oyandikira nderalo.

Pa 31 Januale, 2010, a Mutharika adakhala wapampando wa Bungwe la Mgwirizano wa mayiko a mu Afrika la African Union (AU) kulowa mmalo mwa a Muammar al-Gaddafi amene ankafuna kuti apitirize chaka chachiwiri koma zidalephereka. A Mutharika ndi mtsogoleri woyamba wa dziko la Malawi kukhala pa udindowu. Poyankhula pamene amalandira udindowu, a Mutharika anati “ Afrika si dziko losauka ayi, koma anthu a mu Afrika ndi amene ali osauka” ndipo adapempha mayioko kuti “ Afrika itukule Afrika”. A pulezidenti Mutharika adatsindika kuti mfundo yayikulu yautsogoleri wao wa AU idzakhala kulimbukitsa masomphenya awo akufunika kwa kukhala odzidalira pachakudya.
Pa 4 Meyi, a Mutharika monga wapampando wa AU adakakhala nawo pa chikondwelero chokumbukira kuti dziko la Senegal lidakwanitsa zaka makumi anayi (50) chilandirire ufulu. 
Komanso iwo anakhala nawo pa msonkhaano wa G8 ku Canada ndi wa G20 ku Seoul, mdziko la South Korea.
Pa July, 26, Pulezidenti Ngwazi Prof. Bingu wa Mutharika anakhala nawo pa msonkhano wa African Union womwe udachitikira ku Kampala, Uganda. 

Pa 6 September, 2010, Pulezidenti Mutharika anapita ku Rwanda kukakhala nawo pa mwambo wolumbilitsa Pulezidenti Kagame

Pulezidenti Mutharika anakakhalanso nawo pasonkhano wolimbikitsa ubale wa pakati pa dziko la Iran ndi maiko onse a mu Africa omwe unachitikila ku Iran.

Pulezidenti Mutharika analankhula ku sukulu ya ukachenjede ya Boston ku America. Muuthenga wake kumeneko, Pulezidenti anatsimikizira anthu za momwe pulogalamu yopereka feteleza kwa alimi ang’onoang’ono ili yofunika ku maiko a ku Africa. Iye anati ngakhale maiko anzungu safuna kulimbikitsa chitidwewu kumaiko aku Africa, iwo kumaiko kwao akulimbikitsa chitidwewo.

Dziko la Malawi linapangitsa msonkhano wa nduna za ulimi mu maiko a Afilika womwe unachitikila mu mzinda wa Lilongwe. Ndunazi zinagwilizana kulimbikitsa nkhani yopereka fetereza kwa alimi ang’onoang’ono.

Pulezidenti Mutharika anali m’modzi mwa atsogoleri omwe anatsutsa kupambana kwa pulezidenti wakale wa ku Ivory Coast pa chisankho chomwe chinachitika mu 2010.

Pulezidenti Mutharika wakhala akulandira maulemu wosiyanasiyana kuchokera kwa anthu osiyanasiyananso, kusonyeza kuthokoza pa zomwe  wakhala akuchitira mtundu wa aMalawi Pulezident wa dzikoli. 

Pulezidenti Mutharika analandiranso madigriri a ulemu osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku sukulu za ukachenjede monga East China Normal University mu chaka cha 2010, Yunivesite ya  Dehli mchaka cha 2010, Yunivesite ya Mzuzu mu 2008 ndiponso Yunivesite ya Strathclyde mu 2005.

Pulezidenti Mutharika anayambitsa bungwe la Bineth Trust lomwe limalimbikitsa ntchito za maphunziro, ndiponso bungwe la Silver-Grey Foundation. Pulezidenti Mutharika anayambitsanso sukulu  za ukachenjede monga Malawi University of Science and Technology, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Cotton Research ku Bagula, University of Marine Biology ndiponso University of Mombera ndi University of Nkhotakota.

Pulezidenti Mutharika anakwatira malemu mayi Ethel Zvauya Mutharika ndipo iwowo anabereka nawo ana anayi. Mayi Mutharika anatisiya pa May, 28, 2007, atadwala kwa nthawi yayitali matenda a kansa

Mchaka cha 2010, Pulezident Mutharika analengeza kuti akufuna kukwatira mayi Callista Chapola, omwe anakhalapo nduna ya zokopa alendo. Pulezidenti Mutharika ndi Mayi Callista Mutharika anakwatitsa mchaka cha 2010 chomwecho.

A Pulezidenti Mutharika ali ndi mngono wawo, a Peter Mutharika, amene anali mphunsitsi pa Yunivesite ya Washington ku America. Mchaka cha 2009, a Peter Mutharika anasankhidwa kukhala phungu wa ku nyumba ya malamulo, ndipo kenaka anasankhidwa kukhala nduna ya za malamulo, nadzakhalanso nduna ya zamaphunziro. Panopa aPeter Mutharika ndi pulezidenti wopuma.




#Article 27: Matenda a Ebola (489 words)


Matenda a Ebola a mavailasi (EVD) kapena kuti Matenda a Ebola a kukha magazi komanso kutentha thupi (EHF) ndi matenda amene amagwira anthu ndipo amayambitsidwa ndi  tizilombo tochedwa Ebola. Zizindikiro za matendawa zimayamba kuwonekera pakatha masiku awiri mpaka milungu itatu tizilombo ta matendawa tikalowa m’thupi mwa munthu. Zina mwa zizindikirozo ndi kutentha thupi, zilonda zakukhosi, kuphwanya kwa thupi, ndiponso kupweteka kwa mutu. Kenako munthu amayamba kuchita nseru, kusanza, ndiponso kutsegula m’mimba. Komanso chiwindi ndi impso za munthuyo zimasiya kugwira bwino ntchito. Zikatere, odwala ena amayamba kukha magazi m’malo osiyanasiyana.

Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa tingalowe m’thupi mwa munthu wina ngati munthuyo atakhudzana ndi magazi kapena madzi a m’thupi la munthu kapena zinyama zimene zili ndi matendawa (makamaka anyani ndi mileme). Padakali pano, palibe umboni wotsimikizidwa ndi akatswiri a zachipatala wosonyeza kuti matendawa angafale kudzera mu mpweya. Zikuoneka kuti mileme imatha kukhala ndi tizilombo ta matendawa n’kumatifalitsa, koma iyoyo sidwala ndi tizilomboti. Munthu akangotenga tizilomboti, amatha kufalitsa matendawa kwa anthu enanso. Munthu wa bambo amene wachira kumatendawa angathenso kufalitsa tizilombo ta matendawa kudzera mu umuna ngati atagona ndi mkazi pasanathe miyezi iwiri kuchokera pamene wachira. Azachipatala akamayeza munthu amene akuganiziridwa kuti ali ndi matendawa, amayamba atsimikizira kaye kuti munthuyo sakudwala matenda ena omwe zizindikiro zake n’zofanana ndi za Ebola, monga malungo, kolera ndi matenda ena oyambitsidwa ndi mavailasi amene amachititsa munthu kutentha thupi komanso kukha magazi. Pofuna kutsimikizira ngati munthu ali ndi matendawa, magazi ena amayezedwa kuti aone ngati chitetezo chake cholimbana tizilombo chakwera, kapena ngati RNA yachuluka, kapenanso ngati m’magazimo muli tizilombo ta Ebola.

Munthu angapewe matendawa ngati atapewa kukhudzana ndi anthu kapena anyani ngakhalenso nkhumba zomwe zili tizilombo ta matendawa. Zimenezi zingatheke ngati nyamazi zitayezedwa kuti aone ngati zili ndi matendawa komanso kuzipha ndi kuzikwirira moyenera zikapezeka kuti zili ndi matendawa. Chinthu chinanso chimene chingathandize ndi kuphika nyama m’njira yoyenerera komanso kuvala zovala zodzitetezera pamene munthu akugwira kapena kuphika nyama. Kuvala zovala zodzitetezera ndiponso kusamba m’manja tikakhala pafupi ndi munthu amene akudwala matendawa n’kuthandizanso kwambiri. Muyenera kuchita zinthu mosamala kwambiri mukamagwira madzi a m’thupi kapena zinthu zina za m’thupi la munthu amene ali ndi matendawa.

Padakali pano, matendawa alibe mankhwala; komabe, odwala amapatsidwa madzi a mchere ndi shuga (omwe amathandiza kubwezeretsa madzi a m’thupi) kapena madzi ena. Matendawa amapha kwambiri anthu: nthawi zambiri anthu 50 mpaka 90 pa anthu 100 aliwonse amene agwidwa ndi matendawa amamwalira. Matenda a Ebola anapezeka koyamba m’dziko la Sudan kenako m’dziko la Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mliri wa matendawa umakonda kubuka m’mayiko otentha a ku kumunsi kwa chipululu cha Sahara ku Africa. Kuyambira m’chaka cha 1976 (pa nthawi yoyamba imene matendawa anadziwika) mpaka kufika m’chaka cha 2013, anthu omwe ankagwidwa ndi matendawa pachaka sankakwana 1,000. Mliri woopsa kwambiri wa Ebola ndi womwe ukuchitika panopa, womwe wabuka mu 2014, ku West Africa, ndipo wakhudza mayiko a Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia ndiponso Nigeria. Pofika mu August 2014, anthu oposa 1600 anali atafa ndi mliriwu. Akatswiri akuyesetsa kuti apange katemera; komabe, padakali pano palibe katemera amene wapezeka.




#Article 28: Italia (135 words)


Dziko la Italy ndilo kum'mwera kwa Ulaya ndipo ndi membala wa European Union. Dzina lake lenileni ndi Repubblica Italiana. Mbendera ya Italy ndi yobiriwira, yoyera ndi yofiira. Italy ndi Republican demokarasi ndipo ndi woyambitsa bungwe la European Union. Purezidenti wake Sergio Mattarella ndi nduna yake ndi Giuseppe Conte. Italy nayenso ali membala wa G8, popeza ali ndichisanu ndi chitatu cha Padziko Lonse Padziko Lonse.

Zisanafike 1861, zinali ndi maufumu ang'onoang'ono ndi midzi. Italy yatchuka chifukwa cha vinyo, komanso chakudya chake. Zina mwa zakudya zotchuka kwambiri zimaphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pasitala, pizza, ndi mphesa. Maolivi amakhalanso odzaza kwambiri mu mbale.

Mzinda wa Rome, womwe ndi likulu la dzikoli, ndi umodzi mwa mizinda yotchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi, chifukwa unali likulu la Ufumu wa Roma. Mizinda ina yotchuka ku Italy ndi Venice, Naples, Genoa, Florence, Palermo, ndi Milan.




#Article 29: Europe (361 words)


Europe (Listeni / jʊərəp / kapena / jɜrəp /) ndi kontinenti kuti zizindikiro ndi westernmost chilumba cha Eurasia. Anthu ambiri anagawa ku Asia ndi okulira limagaŵikira a Ural ndi Caucasus mapiri a Ural mtsinje, ndi Caspian ndi Black Pacific, ndi Bosporus waterway wolumikiza Black ndi Aegean Pacific.

Europe ndi mphepete mwa Arctic Ocean kumpoto, nyanja ya Atlantic kumadzulo, nyanja ya Mediterranean kum'mwera, ndi Black Sea ndi m'pamene madzi ndi kum'mwera. Koma malire a Europe-chiphunzitso zinayambira ku zachikhalidwe yamakedzana-ndi lachabechabe, monga makamaka physiographic akuti kontinenti komanso yophatikiza chikhalidwe ndi andale.

Europe ndi yachiwiri zing'onozing'ono Africa ndi padziko area, zofunda za 10.180.000 sikweya makilomita (3,930,000 m'litali mi) kapena 2% ya Dziko lapansi ndi za 6.8% ya m'dziko lake m'deralo. Ya ku Ulaya pafupifupi 50 m'mayiko, Russia ndi yaikulu kwambiri onse m'deralo ndi anthu, nasenza 40% Africa (ngakhale dziko lili m'dera ku Ulaya ndi Asia), pamene Vatican City ndi laling'ono. Europe ndi lachitatu-koposa mitundu Africa pambuyo Asia ndi Africa, ndi anthu 739-743 miliyoni kapena 11% ya padziko lonse. The ambiri amangoti ntchito ndalama ndi yuro.

Europe, makamaka wakale Greece, ndi adzabadwira Azungu. Iwo ankasewera ndi chimaonetsa udindo padziko lonse zochitika kuyambira pa 15 m'ma onwards, makamaka pambuyo pa chiyambi cha colonialism. Pakati pa 16 ndi 20 zaka European mitundu ankalamulira panthawi zosiyanasiyana America, ambiri Africa, Oceania, ndi namtindi wa Asia. The Industrial anthu anaukira, omwe anayamba mu Great Britain kuzungulira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18, chinkapangitsa kwakukulu chuma, chikhalidwe, komanso kusintha Western Europe, ndipo kenako anthu atenge dziko. Zaziwerengero kukula anatanthauza kuti, ndi 1900, Europe a gawo la padziko lonse 25%.

Zonse zapadziko lonse makamaka kuyang'ana pa Europe, anapereka kwambiri kuti kufooka ku Western European lalikulu padziko lapansi ndi m'ma 20 m'ma monga United States ndi Soviet Union anatenga kutchuka. Pa Chidani, Europe unagawidwa m'mphepete mwankhanza pakati NATO kumadzulo ndi Warsaw ke kummawa. European kusakanikirana zinachititsa kuti pakhale la Council of Europe ndi European Union ku Western Europe, ndi amene akhala kuwonjezera kum'mawa kuyambira kusintha zinthu 1989 ndi kugwa kwa Soviet Union mu 1991. The European Union masiku ano ali kukula mphamvu kwa yake membala mayiko. Ambiri European m'mayiko a Schengen Area, amene achotsa malire ndi olowa ndi kutuluka amazilamulira mwa anthu ake.




#Article 30: North America (1197 words)


North America ndi kontinenti mwathunthu mwa kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi ndipo pafupifupi mwathunthu mu Western dziko lapansi. Iwo akhoza katengedwa kukhala munthu kumpoto subcontinent a ku America. [1] Izo mphepete kumpoto ndi Arctic Ocean, kum'mawa ndi Atlantic Ocean, kumadzulo ndi kum'mwera ndi Pacific Ocean, ndi kum'mwera ndi South America ndi ku Caribbean Sea.

North America linatenga malo za 24.709.000 sikweya makilomita (9,540,000 linali lalikulu kwambiri), za 16,5% a dziko lapansi a dziko deralo za 4.8% ake onse padziko. North America ndi lachitatu yaikulu Africa ndi dera, kutsatira Asia ndi Africa, [2] ndi wachinayi ndi anthu pambuyo Asia, Africa, ndipo Europe. [3]

Mu 2013, anthu ake anali pafupifupi 565 miliyoni mu 23 palokha limati, kapena 7.5% ya padziko lonse, ngati pafupi zilumba (makamaka Caribbean) aphatikizidwa.

North America kunatha ake oyambirira anthu m'masiku otsiriza glacial nthawi, kudzera akuwoloka Bering dziko mlatho. Otchedwa Paleo-Indian nthawi atengedwa kuti unakhala mpaka 10,000 zapitazo (chiyambi cha chachikale chinkawavuta kapena Meso-Indian nthawi). The Classic siteji chimakwirira roughly 6 kwa zaka 13. The Pre-Columbian nyengo inathera ndi kufika a ku Ulaya pa Age of Unapezekera ndi Early Modern nthawi. Masiku ano chikhalidwe ndi mitundu dongosolo kusonyeza mtundu wa ankachita pakati European atsamunda, anthu ameneŵa, African akapolo ndi ana awo. European makhalidwe ndi mphamvu zambiri mu kumpoto m'madera a kontinenti pamene zamakolo ndi African makhalidwe ali ndi mphamvu kum'mwera. Chifukwa cha mbiri ya colonialism ambiri North America kulankhula m'Chingelezi, m'Chisipanishi kapena French ndi anthu ndi imati ambiri kusonyeza Western miyambo.

Mwachirengedwe ndi North America ambiri m'madera ndi subregions. Zinthu monga chikhalidwe, chuma, ndi malo m'madera. Economic m'madera zinthu popangidwa ndi malonda blocs, monga North America Trade mgwirizano bloc ndi Central America Trade mgwirizano. Zinenero ndi chikhalidwe, dziko Africa akhoza kugawidwa mmagawo Anglo-America ndi Latin America. Anglo-America zikuphatikizapo ambiri kumpoto kwa America, Belize, ndi Caribbean zilumba ndi Chingelezi anthu (kuti kum'mwera dziko mabungwe monga Louisiana ndi Quebec, ndi Francophone mu zikuchokera).

Kum'mwera North America wapangidwa ndi awiri m'madera. Awa Central America ndi ku Caribbean. [19] [20] The kumpoto kwa Africa kupitiriza anazindikira m'madera ena. Mosiyana wamba tanthawuzo la North America, zomwe amanena yense, mawu akuti North America ​​amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ponena Canada, Mexico, ndi United States, ndi Greenland. [9] [10] [11 ] [12] [21]

Mawu akuti kumpoto America amatanthauza kumpoto ambiri m'mayiko ndi m'madera North America, Canada, ndi United States, Greenland, Bermuda, ndi St. Pierre ndi Miquelon. [22] [23] Ngakhale kawirikawiri ntchito, [tikalemba anafunika] mawu akuti Middle America osati kusokonezedwa ndi kumadzulo chapakati pa dziko United States-magulu m'madera a ku Central America, ku Caribbean, ndi Mexico. [24]

Yaikulu mayiko a Africa, Canada ndi United States, alinso bwino kumatanthauza ndipo anazindikira m'madera. Pa nkhani ya Canada awa ndi British Columbia Coast, Canada minda, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, ndi kumpoto Canada. Chigawo alinso ambiri subregions. Mu nkhani ya United States - ndipo malinga ndi US Census Bureau matanthauzo - kudera ndi: New England, Mid-Atlantic, East North pakati States, West North pakati States, South Atlantic States, South East pakati States, South West chapakati States, Mountain States, ndi Pacific States. Zigawo nawo pakati pa mayiko awiriwa zinaphatikizapo Great Lakes Region. Megalopolises nawonso unali pakati pa mayiko awiriwa pa nkhani ya Pacific chakumadzulo ndi Great Lakes Megaregion.

North America ndi lalikulu kwambiri Africa chimene chimaposa cha Arctic Circle, ndipo dziko. Greenland, pamodzi ndi Canada chishango, ndi Titafika ndi pafupifupi kutentha kuyambira pakati pa 10 ° C 20 ° C madigiri, koma chapakati Greenland wapangidwa ndi waukulu kwambiri ayezi pepala. Izi Titafika chimachokera mu Canada, koma malire limatha pafupi ndi miyala kumapiri (komabe lili Alaska) ndipo pamapeto a ku Canada Shield, pafupi ndi Great Lakes. Climate kumadzulo kwa Cascades akunenedwa kuzizira nyengo pafupifupi mainchesi 20 mvula. [56] Climate mu nyanja California limafotokoza kuti Mediterranean, ndi pafupifupi kutentha m'mizinda ngati San Francisco kuyambira pakati pa 57 ndi 70 m'kupita kwa chaka. [57] Anatambasula ku East Coast kum'mawa kwa North Dakota, ndipo anatambasula mpaka Kansas, ndi America-chinyezi nyengo osonyeza zovuta nyengo, ndi yambiri ya pachaka mvula, ndi malo monga New York City pafupifupi mainchesi 50. [ 58] Kuyambira pa kum'mwera kwa dziko la America-chinyezi nyengo ndi anatambasula ku Gulf of Mexico (pomwe Ukuimira kum'mawa theka la Texas) ndi oyandikana nyengo. M'derali ali wettest mizinda contiguous US ndi chaka mvula kufika 67 mainchesi mu Mobile, Alabama. [59] Anatambasula ku malire a America chinyezi ndi oyandikana nyengo, ndi kupita kumadzulo kwa Cascades Sierra Nevada, kum'mwera kwa kum'mwera wa durango, kumpoto kumalire ndi Titafika nyengo, ndi steppe / chipululu nyengo ndi driest nyengo mu US Cities ngati Cheyenne, Wyoming kupeza mwapang'ono 3 mainchesi mvula chaka chilichonse. [60] [61]

Wamphamvu zinenero North America ndi m'Chingelezi, m'Chisipanishi ndi French. Denmark ndi maganizo Greenland limodzi Chigirinilandi, ndi Dutch chimalankhulidwa limodzi zinenero mu Dutch Caribbean. Mawu akuti Anglo-America ntchito za anglophone mayiko a ku America: ndicho Canada (kumene English ndi French ndi omasuliridwa boma) ndi United States, komanso nthawi zina Belize ndi mbali ya kumadera otentha, makamaka Commonwealth Caribbean. Latin America amatanthauza ena a ku America (zambiri kum'mwera kwa United States) kumene Romance m'zinenero, opangidwa kuchokera ku Latin, a Spain ndi Portugal (koma French kulankhula mayiko Sichifukwa anaphatikizapo) amachuluka: lina Union wa Central America ( koma nthawi Belize), mbali ya Caribbean (osati Dutch-, English-, kapena French olankhula m'madera), Mexico, ndipo ambiri South America (kupatula Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana (FR), ndi Falkland Islands ( UK)).

Chifulenchi wakhala mbiri anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu North America ndipo tsopano akuzisunga lenileni pamaso m'madera ena. Canada ndi ukumu nzeru. French ndicho chinenero cha Province wa Quebec, kumene 95% ya anthu amalankhula ngati mwina wawo woyamba kapena wachiwiri chinenero, ndipo omasuliridwa boma ndi English mu Province cha New Brunswick. Other French olankhula locales zimaphatikizapo Province wa Ontario (chinenero ndi English, koma pali anthu pafupifupi 600,000 Franco-Ontarians), ndi Province wa Manitoba (omasuliridwa boma monga de A jure ndi English), ndi French West Indies ndipo Saint- Pierre neri Miquelon, komanso US boma la Louisiana, komwe French kungatithandizenso chinenero. Haiti ali nawo ndi gulu zochokera m'mbiri kucheza koma Haitians kulankhula onse Creole ndi French. Mofananamo, French ndi French Antillean Creole chimalankhulidwa Saint Lucia ndi Commonwealth wa Dominica limodzi English.

Canada ndi United States nafenso zikhalidwe ndi miyambo monga mayiko anali kale British ankawalamulira. A wamba chikhalidwe ndi chuma msika zachitika pakati pa mitundu iwiri chifukwa choti chuma ndi mbiri anzathu. Greenland magawo ena chikhalidwe kugwirizana ndi anthu ameneŵa a Canada koma ankaona Masewerera a Nordic ndi cholimba Denmark ubale chifukwa zaka za kulamulira ndi Denmark. Amalankhula Chisipanishi North America amauza wamba akale monga kale Spanish ankawalamulira. Mu Mexico ndi ku Central America kumene chitukuko ngati Maya anayamba, zamakolo anthu kusunga miyambo kudutsa masiku malire. Central America ndi ku Spain olankhula Caribbean mitundu mbiri anali ndi zambiri zofanana chifukwa malo moyandikana.

Kumpoto Mexico, makamaka m'mizinda ya Monterrey, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, ndi Mexicali, ali kwambiri kutengera chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa United States. A takambiranazi mizinda Monterrey wakhala amatengedwa kwambiri Chimerika mzinda North America. [83] Immigration ku United States ndi Canada akhala kwambiri lingaliro la mitundu yambiri pafupi ndi malire a kum'mwera a US. The Anglophone Caribbean limati achitira umboni Kutha kwa Ufumu wa Britain ndi chikoka pa chigawo, ndi kusinthanitsa ndi chuma chikoka cha kumpoto kwa America. Mu Anglophone Caribbean. Ichi mwina chifukwa cha anthu ochepa a Chingelezi Caribbean mayiko, ndiponso chifukwa ambiri mwa iwo ndi anthu dziko lina kuposa anthu otsalira kunyumba.




#Article 31: Eminem (659 words)


Marshall Bruce Mathers III (anabadwa October 17, 1972), imene mwaukadaulo monga Eminem, ndi rapper American. Iye ndi membala wa D12 ndi theka za awiriwa m'chiuno siimakupiza Bad Meets Evil. Eminem ndi bwino kugulitsa wojambula wa 2000s mu United States. Agulitsa Albums oposa 172, kupanga mmodzi aluso yabwino Kugulitsa.

Mathers anabadwa pa October 17, 1972, ku St. Joseph, Missouri. Mathers mayi, Debbie, anatsala pang'ono kufa pa 73 maola ntchito yake. Debbie tinakhala ndi mwana, Nathan Kane Samara, wobadwa February 3, 1986 amatchedwanso Nate. 

Ali wamng'ono Eminem ndi Debbie shuttled pakati Missouri ndi Michigan, kawirikawiri kukhala m'nyumba imodzi chaka kuposa kapena awiri ndi moyo makamaka ndi achibale. Mu Missouri iwo ankakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo Saint Joseph, Savannah ndi Kansas City, asanathetse mu Warren, Michigan pamene Eminem anali khumi. Anzathu ndi mabanja kumbukirani Eminem mwana wosangalala, koma pang'ono payekha amene nthawi zambiri amavutitsidwa. amavutitsa wina, De'Angelo Bailey anavulala Eminem mutu; Debbie Nelson mlanduwu mlandu motsutsana sukulu mu 1982, amene anachotsedwa chaka chotsatira.

Eminem nthawi yayikulu ya unyamata wake mu m'munsi-pakati kalasi, makamaka African-American Detroit oyandikana. Iye ndi Debbie anali mmodzi wa mabanja atatu woyera pa chipika awo, ndi Eminem anamenyedwa ndi achinyamata African-American kangapo. Pamene mwana anali ndi chidwi nthano, wokhala kukhala azithunzithunzi-book wojambula pamaso Atazindikira ntchafu kadumphidwe.

Ndili ndi zaka 14, anayamba rapping ndi sekondale bwenzi Mike Ruby; iwo anatenga maina Manix ndi M  M, amene kusanduka mu Eminem. Eminem snuck mu oyandikana Osborn High School ndi mnzake ndi anzake rapper Umboni kwa nkhondo chodyera Freestyle rap. Loweruka anafika mipikisano lofuna Mika pa m'chiuno siimakupiza Plommer pa West 7 Mile, ankaona pansi zero kwa Detroit rap sceneStruggling kugwira bwino njira yopangira ambiri African-American, Eminem anazindikira mwa mobisa anthu ntchafu kadumphidwe. Pamene analemba mavesi, iye ankafuna kwambiri mawu kuti amafananirako; analemba mawu yaitali kapena mawu pa pepala, pansi, anagwira rhymes lililonse limapangidwa. Ngakhale mawu zambiri zosamveka, ndi kubowola anathandiza Eminem phokoso chizolowezi ndi rhymes.

Pamene mbiri Eminem chinakula, iye anatengedwa ndi magulu angapo rap; woyamba wa amenewa anali the New jacks. Pambuyo inasokonekera analowa Soul Pofuna, amene anamasulidwa limodzi pa 1995 kudziona lotchedwa EP awo zinapanga Umboni. The rappers awiri anapanga D12, zisanu ndi membala gulu loyimba chokhala ndi Wu-Tang wamasiku gulu kuposa gulu zonse kuchita. Eminem anali koyamba zake ndi lamulo zaka 20, pamene anamangidwa chifukwa okhudzidwa ake pagalimoto, ndi kuwombera ndi paintball mfuti. mlandu wake unatha pamene wovulalayo sizinayambe kukhoti.

Eminem posakhalitsa alembedwa Jeff ndi Mark Bass 'FBT munapanga kungosunga Album ake kuwonekera koyamba kugulu chozama kwa palokha Web awo Entertainment chizindikiro.

Eminem chidwi kwambiri pamene iye anayamba Ang'ono Pamthunzi, ndi yankhanza zachiwawa kusintha cholinga. khalidwe, ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kukhetsa mwazi wawachifwamba amene amalavulira rhymes anakwiya za kuphana, kugwiririra, mankhwala ndi moyo mwa lamulo la nkhalango m'tawuni, kumulola kuti mkwiyo wake. M'chaka cha 1997 iye analemba kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake EP, ndi ang'ono pamthunzi EP, limene linatuluka kuti dzinja ndi Web Entertainment. The EP, maumboni kawirikawiri ntchito mankhwala, zogonana, kusakhazikika maganizo ndi chiwawa, komanso kufufuza ndi mfundo zambiri kwambiri polimbana ndi umphawi ndi mavuto m'banja ndi banja ndipo anaulula mwachindunji, kudzikonda deprecating anayankhira kuti kutsutsako.

Eminem anapita ku Los Angeles kupikisana mu 1997 rap Olympic (pachaka, m'dzikolo nkhondo mpikisano rap). Iye anaika wachiwiri, ndi ndodo Interscope Records pamsonkhanowo anatumiza buku ang'ono pamthunzi EP kampani CEO Jimmy Iovine. Iovine ankaimba tepi kwa mbiri sewerolo Dr. Dre, anayambitsa Zotsatira Entertainment. Dre anati, Mu ntchito yanga lonse makampani music, ndapeza kalikonse kuchokera pachiwonetsero tepi kapena CD. Pamene Jimmy anayimba iyi, ine ndinati, 'Pezani iye. Tsopano.' Ngakhale anali kudzudzulidwa ndi mabwenzi kwa wolembedwa ntchito yakulipidwa ndi rapper woyera, iye ankadziwa mu maganizo ake: ine sindikupatsani ndi ndichiyani ngati inu muli wofiirira, ngati inu mungakhoze kukankha izo, ine ndiri kugwira ntchito ndi inu. Eminem, amene amalambira Dre chiyambireni kumvetsera ku NWA monga wachinyamata, ndinkaopa wogwira naye pa Album kuti: Sindinafune kuti starstruck kapena kumpsompsona bulu wake kwambiri ... Ine ndiri pang'ono woyera mnyamata ku Detroit. I anali asanaonepo nyenyezi, samathanso Dr. Dre.  Iye anakhala wabwino ntchito ndi Dre pambuyo mndandanda wa magawo zipatso kujambula.




#Article 32: United States (171 words)


The United States of America ndi mabwalo a feduro wapangidwa limati 50, chigawo feduro, madera asanu akuluakulu ndi katundu osiyanasiyana. Pulezidenti wake panopa ndi Joe Biden. Mzinda wa mfumu: Washington, D.C.. 

Paleo-Indians anasamukira ku Europe ndi ku Asia kuti tsopano ndi kumtunda okhudza za boma la osachepera zaka 15,000 zapitazo, ndi European kulamulira kuyambira cha m'ma 16. The United States anatuluka 13 madera British pamodzi Coast East. Mikangano pakati pa Great Britain ndi madera zinachititsa kuti American utasintha. Pa July 4, 1776, pamene ankawalamulira anali kumenyana Great Britain mu Chiwukirano nkhondo American, nthumwi zochokera ku madera 13 anagwirizana anatenga Declaration za ufulu wodzilamulira. Nkhondo itatha mu 1783 ndi kuzindikira kuti ufulu wa United States ndi Ufumu wa Great Britain, ndipo anali woyamba bwino nkhondo ya ufulu motsutsana ndi ufumu European atsamunda. Malamulo olamulira dziko a Analeredwa pa September 17, 1787, ndipo linalowa nawo m'Pangano mwa limati mu 1788. The woyamba kusinthidwa khumi, pamodzi dzina Bill za Ufulu, anali linalowa nawo m'Pangano mu 1791 ndipo cholinga zimatsimikizira ambiri ofunika ufulu wa anthu.




#Article 33: Kinshasa (218 words)


Kinshasa ndi boma lina la dziko la Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kamodzi kokhala nsomba ndi midzi yamalonda, Kinshasa tsopano ndipadera ndi anthu oposa 11 miliyoni. Chimayang'anizana ndi Brazzaville, likulu la dziko loyandikana nalo la Republic of Congo, lomwe lingayang'ane kutali ndi mtsinje waukulu wa Congo, kuwapanga kukhala dziko lachiwiri la pafupi kwambiri ndi mzinda wa Rome ndi Vatican City. Mzinda wa Kinshasa ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo 26 za DRC. Chifukwa chakuti malire a chigawo cha mzindawo amayendetsa malo ambiri, malo oposa 90 peresenti ya malo a tawuni ndi malo akumidzi, ndipo m'tawuni muli gawo laling'ono koma likukula kumadzulo.

Anthu a ku Kinshasa amadziwika kuti Kinois (mu French ndi nthawi zina mu Chingerezi) kapena Kinshasa (English). Anthu achimwenye a m'derali ndi Humbu ndi Teke.

Mzindawu unakhazikitsidwa monga malonda ndi Henry Morton Stanley mu 1881. Anatchedwa Léopoldville kulemekeza Mfumu Leopold II ya ku Belgium, yomwe inkalamulira dera lalikulu lomwe tsopano ndi Democratic Republic of the Congo, osati monga dera koma katundu wachinsinsi. Chotsatiracho chinakula kwambiri ngati doko loyamba loyenda panyanja ya Mtsinje wa Congo pamwamba pa Livingstone Falls, pamtunda wa makilomita 300 pansi pa Leopoldville. Poyamba, katundu yense amene ankafika panyanja kapena kutumizidwa ndi nyanja amayenera kunyamula anthu omwe anali pakati pa Léopoldville ndi Matadi, doko lomwe lili pansi pa mapulanetiwa ndi mtunda wa makilomita 150 kuchokera ku gombe.




#Article 34: Baskin-Robbins (110 words)


Baskin-Robbins ndi American ayisikilimu kukhazikitsidwa anakhazikitsidwa mu 1945 mu Glendale, California. Iwo chipilala chojambulidwa monga yaikulu ayisikilimu chilolezo cha dziko ndi malo oposa 4,500, 2,300 zimene zili United States. Baskin-Robbins wogulidwa ndi J.Lyons ku 1973, umene ndi gawo la mayiko olimbana ndi Germany Domecq PLC. Baskin-Robbins, Togoa, ndipo Dunkin Donuts amapanga mayiko olimbana ndi Germany Domecq Quick Service Malo, gawo la mayiko olimbana ndi Germany Domecq PLC.

Baskin-Robbins imatchedwanso 'Makumi wina oonetsera'. Ngakhale laibulale kukoma tichipeza oonetsera 1000, oonetsera 31 okha zilipo sitolo pa nthawi inayake, chimodzi tsiku lililonse la mwezi.

Zochita kwambiri Baskin Robbins 'franchises kunyamula oonetsera 32 pa nthawi iliyonse, chifukwa amakona anayi mawonekedwe a mayunitsi ndi refrigeration.




#Article 35: Matenda a Zika (378 words)


Matenda a Zika  (omwe amadziwikanso kuti matenda a vairasi ya Zika) ndi matenda omwe amayambitsidwa ndi vairasi yotchedwa Zika.Nthawi zambiri kachirombo koyambitsa matendawa kakalowa m'thupi, munthuyo sasonyeza zizindikiro zilizonse, ndipo ngati angasonyeze, zizindikirozo sizikhala zodetsa nkhawa ndipo zingakhale zofanana ndi zipere za pakhungu.Zizindikiro zina zingakhale kuphwanya kwa thupi,  ndi kufiira kwa maso,  ndi mumfundo za mafupa ndiponso, zilonda za pakhungu. Nthawi zambiri zizindikiro zimenezi zimaoneka kwa masiku osapitirira 7. Padakalipano, palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti munthu winawake anafa tizilombo ta matendawa titangolowa kumene m'thupi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a Zika tikalowa m'thupi timathanso kuyambitsa matenda otchedwa Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS).

Matenda a Zika amafalitsidwa kwambiri ndi udzudzu wotchedwa Aedes. Matendawa alinso m'gulu la matenda opatsirana pogonana chifukwa munthu yemwe ali nawo angapatsire mnzake amene akugonana naye, komanso njira ina imene matendawa amafalikira ndi kuikidwa magazi a munthu wina. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa tikalowa m'thupi la mayi wapakati, mayiyo amatha kupititsa padera kapenanso kubereka mwana wolumala. Madokotala akafuna kudziwa ngati munthu ali ndi tizilomboti m'thupi mwake, amafunika kumuyeza magazi, mkodzo kapenanso malovu, ndiponso amaunika RNA ya munthuyo.

Njira imodzi yopewera matendawa ndi kudziteteza kuti musalumidwe ndi udzudzu m'madera amene kuli matendawa, ndipo njira ina ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makondomu moyenerera pogonana. Mungapewe kulumidwa ndi udzudzu ngati mumadzola mafuta othamangitsa udzudzu, kuvala zovala zimene zingakutetezeni kuti udzudzu usakulumeni, kugona muneti, ndi kukwirira maenje kapena zinthu zina zimene mungamaime madzi n'kumachititsa kuti udzudzu uziswanano. Padakalipano palibe katemera yemwe angathandize bwinobwino kupewa matendawa. Akuluakulu oona zaumoyo amalimbikitsa kuti azimayi a m'madera amene mwabuka mliri wa Zika mu 2015–16, apewe kutenga pakati ndipo azimayi amene ali ndi pakati, asamapite kumadera amene kwabuka mliri wa matendawa. Ngakhale kuti palibe mankhwala enieni ochiritsa matendawa, mankhwala a paracetamol (acetaminophen) amathandiza kuchepetsa zizindikiro zake. Ndipo sikawirikawiri kuti anthu amene ali ndi matendawa afike pogonekedwa m'chipatala.

Kachirombo komwe kamayambitsa matendawa kanatulukiridwa koyamba mu 1947. Ndipo nthawi yoyamba yodziwika bwino imene mliri wa matendawa unabuka ndi m'chaka cha 2007 ku Federated States of Micronesia.  January 2016, matendawa anali akupezeka m'madera 20 a ku North ndi South America. Matendawa akupezekanso ku Africa, Asia ndi kuzilumba zina za kunyanja ya Pacific. Chifukwa cha mliri wamatendawu womwe unabuku ku Brazil mu 2015, Bungwe Loona za Umoyo Padziko Lonse, mu February 2016 linanena kuti vutoli ndi Lokhudza Aliyense ndipo M'pofunika Kuti Mayiko Onse Agwirane Manja Kuti Tithane Nalo.




#Article 36: Likodzo (391 words)


Likodzo, lomwenso limadziwika ndi dzina lakuti matenda a munkhono, ndi matenda amene pachingelezi amatchedwanso helminthiasis ndipo amayambitsidwa ndi tizilombo kapena nyongolosi zophwathalala ngati tepi zomwe pachingelezi zimatchedwa schistosomes. Nyongolosi zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala mu chikhodzodzo kapena mu matumbo. Zina mwa zizindikiro za matendawa ndi kumva kupweteka m'mimba, kutsegula m'mimba, chimbuzi cha magazi, kapena magazi mu mkodzo. Matenda a likodzo akafika poipa komanso munthu akakhala nawo kwa nthawi yaitali, zinthu zina m'thupi zikhoza kuwonongeka, monga chiwindi, impso, komanso akhoza kukhala wosabereka, kapena angayambe matenda a khansa ya m'chikhodzodzo. Ana omwe ali ndi matendawa amakhala ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, monga kupinimbira ndiponso kulephera m'kalasi.

Munthu angatenge matendawa ngati wakhudzana ndi madzi opanda mchere, a m'zithaphwi, mumtsinje kapena m'nyanja omwe ali ndi tizilimbo toyambitsa matendawa. Nkhono za m'madzi opanda mchere ndi zimene zimasunga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a likodzo. Matendawa ndi ofala makamaka kwa ana a m'mayiko osauka chifukwa anawo amakonda kusewera m'madzi omwe angakhale ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. Anthu enanso amene amakhala pachiopsezo chachikulu chotenga matendawa ndi alimi, asodzi, ndiponso anthu onse amene amagwiritsa ntchito madzi osakhala aukhondo pa moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Matenda a likodzo ali m'gulu la matenda amene amayambitsidwa ndi nyongolosi kapena njoka za m'mimba.Madokotala angadziwe ngati munthu ali ndi matendawa pomuyeza mkodzo kapena chimbudzi kuti aone ngati muli mazira a nyongolosi zoyambitsa matendawa. Njira inanso imene madokotala angatsatire ndi kuyeza magazi a munthuyo kuti aone ngati muli mazira a nyongolosi.

Anthu angapewe matendawa ngati atamagwiritsa ntchito madzi aukhondo komanso ngati atayesetsa kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha nkhono. M'madera amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri, mankhwala a Praziquantel angamaperekedwe kwa anthu onse m'deralo kamodzi pa chaka. Kuchita zimenezi kumathandiza kuti chiwerengero cha anthu amene angatenge matendawa chichepe komanso kuti matendawa asafalikire. Bungwe Loona za Umoyo Padziko Lonse limalimbikitsanso anthu a m'madera amene matenda a likodzo ndi ofala kwambiri kuti azimwa mankhwala a Praziquantel.

Pafupifupi anthu 210 miliyoni anali ndi matenda a likodzo padziko lonse m'chaka cha 2012. Ndipo anthu oyambira pa 12,000 mpaka 200,000 amamwalira chaka chilichonse ndi matendawa. Matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri ku Africa, ku Asia ndi ku South America. Anthu pafupifupi 700 miliyoni a m'mayiko opitirira 70 amakhala m'madera amene matenda a likodzo ndi ofala kwambiri. M'mayiko otentha, likodzo ndi matenda ofala kwambiri ndipo amangoposedwa ndi malungo okha pa matenda onse oyambitsidwa ndi tizilombo, ndipo amabwezera m'mbuyo kwambiri ntchito zachuma. Matenda amenewa ali m'gulu la matenda amene amanyalanyazidwa kwambiri m'mayiko otentha.




#Article 37: Chiwewe (756 words)


Chiwewe ndi ndi mavairasi omwe amachititsa kutupa kwa bongo wa munthu kapena nyama yomwe yagwidwa ndi matendawa. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa ndi kutentha ndiponso kuphwanya kwa thupi komanso kuyabwa kwa pamalo pamene palowa tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. Kenako pamakhalanso zizindikiro zina monga zotsatirazi: kuchita zinthu mwachiwawa, kusangalala kopitirira malire, kuopa kwambiri madzi, kulephera kusuntha kapena kuyendetsa ziwalo zina zathupi, kusokonezeka, ngakhalenso kukomoka kumene. Zizindikiro za matendawa zikangoyamba kuonekera, nthawi zambiri munthuyo kapena nyamayo imafa. Kuchokera pa nthawi imene tizilombo toyambitsa chiwewe talowa m'thupi la munthu kapena nyama, nthawi zambiri pamadutsa mwezi umodzi kapena itatu kuti zizindikiro ziyambe kuonekera. Komabe, nthawi zina pangapite mlungu umodzi wokha kuti zizindikirozi ziyambe kuonekera, kapenanso pangapite nthawi yokwana chaka chimodzi. Zimenezi zimadalira kutalika kwa mtunda umene tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa tingayende kuchokera pamene talowera kuti tikafike ku bongo. 

Matenda a chiwewe amafalikira kwa anthu kuchokera ku zinyama. Matendawa angafalikire ngati nyama yomwe ili ndi matedwa yakanda kapena kuluma nyama ina ngakhalenso munthu. Tozilombo toyambitsa matendawa tingalowe m'thupi la munthu wina ngati munthuyo wakhudza malovu kapena timadzi tina ta m'thupi la munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa. Anthu ambiri amadwala matenda a chiwewe chifukwa cholumidwa ndi agalu achiwewe. M'mayiko amene chiwewe n'chofala, anthu oposa 99% omwe amadwala matendwa, amadwala chifukwa cholumidwa ndi agalu achiwewe. Koma m'mayiko a ku North ndi South America, anthu amadwala kwambiri chiwewe chifukwa cholumidwa ndi mileme ndipo anthu osakwana 5% amadwala matendawa chifukwa cholumidwa ndi agalu achiwewe. Koma sikawirikawiri kuti nyama ngati makoswe, mbewa ndi mbira zikhale ndi chiwewe. Mavairasi oyambitsa chiwewe amayenda kufika ku bongo podutsa mu minyewa ya kunja kwa bongo. Madokotala angadziwe zoti munthu ali ndi matendawa pokhapokha ngati munthuyo wayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro.

Katemera wachiwewe wa agalu wachepetsa kwambiri matendawa m'madera ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Komanso zimakhala bwino kuti anthu amene ali m'madera amene chiwewe n'chofala kwambiri azilandiriratu katemera wa matendawa. Anthu omwe ali pachiopsezo chachikulu chotenga matendawa ndi amene amagwira ntchito m'madera amene mileme ndi yochuluka kapena omwe amakhala nthawi yaitali m'madera omwe chiwewecho n'chofala kwambiri. Kwa anthu amene ali m'madera oterewa katemera wachiwewe kapena kumweratu makhwala othandiza kuti munthu asadwale chiwewe n'zothandiza kwambiri kuti munthu apewe matendawa, ngakhale kuti sakusonyeza zizindikiro zoti angakhale ndi matendawa. Munthu angathenso kupewa chiwewe ngati watsuka pachilonda chomwe walumidwa ndi galu kapena nyama ina yachiwewe kwa maminitsi 15, pogwiritsa ntchito sopo ndi madzi, povidone ayodini, kapena sopo wina wopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri amene anachira pambuyo poti ayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro zoti ali ndi matenda achiwewe.  Anthuwo amachira akathandizidwa kwa nthawi yaitali ndi njira zosiyasiyana zakuchipatala, monga njira yotchedwa Milwaukee protocol.

Katemera wachiwewe ndi katemera amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kupewa chiwewe. Pali mitundu ingapo yakatemerayi yemwe ndi yosaopsa komanso wothandiza kwambiri. Munthu angalandire katemera ameneyu kwa nthawi inayake, kapena asanapite kudera limene kuli mileme kapena agalu ambiri a chiwewe. Katemerayu amaperekedwa nthawi zitatu, ndipo amathandiza kwa nthawi yaitali. Nthawi zambiri anthu amapatsidwa katemerayu powabaya jakiseni. Ngati munthu ali kale m'dera lomwe chiwewe n'chofala, kawirikawiri angapatsidwe katemera wachiwewe wamphamvu kwambiri. Zimakhala bwino kuti anthu amene akudziwa kuti apita kumadera amene chiwewe n'chofala alandiriretu katemera asanapite kuderalo. Katemerayu ndi wothandiza kwa anthu ndi zinyama zomwe. Kupereka katemera kwa agalu n'kothandiza zedi popewa chiwewe.

Anthu mamiliyoni ambirimbiri padziko lonse alandirapo katemera wachiwewe ndipo zikuoneka kuti chaka chilichonse katemerayu amathandiza kuti anthu 250,000 asafe ndi chiwewe. Anthu a misinkhu yonse akhoza kulandira katemerayu popanda vuto lililonse. Koma anthu pafupifupi 35 mpaka 45 pa 100 aliwonse amatha kutupa pang'ono komanso kwa nthawi yochedwa pamalo pamene abayidwa ndi jakiseni polandira katemerayi. Ndipo anthu 5 mpaka 15 pa 100 aliwonse amamva kuphwanya kwa thupi, kupweteka kwa mutu, kapenanso amachita nseru. Ndipotu munthu angathe kupitiriza kulandira katemerayu ngakhale atalumidwa ndi galu kapena nyama ina yachiwewe. Mitundu yambiri ya katemera sikhala ndi mankhwala otchedwa thimerosal. Katemera wopangidwa kuchokera kuminyewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko ena angapo, makamaka ku Asia ndi ku Latin America, koma katemera wotereyu siwamphamvu kwenikweni, ndipo amayambitsa mavuto ena m'thupi. Choncho Bungwe Loona za Umoyo Padziko Lonse sililimbikitsa anthu kuti azigwiritsa ntchito katemera ameneyu.  

M'chaka cha 2014, mtengo wachipiku wa magawo onse a katemerayu unkayambira pa madola 44 mpaka 78 a ku America. Koma ku America, mtengo wa magawo onse a katemerayu ndi woposa madola 750.

Chaka chilichonse, anthu pafupifupi 26,000 mpaka 55,000 amafa ndi matenda a chiwewe. Mwa anthu amenewa, anthu oposa 95 pa 100 alionse ndi a ku Asia ndi ku Africa. Matenda achiwewe akupezeka m'mayiko oposa 150 m'makontinenti onse, kungopatulapo ku Antarctica. Anthu oposa 3 biliyoni amakhala m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansili kumene kuli chiwewe. M'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ndiponso ku Australia, chiwewe chimapezeka ndi mileme basi. Ndipo chiwewe sichipezeka n'komwe m'zilumba zambiri zing'onozing'ono.




#Article 38: Matenda Oyambitsa Khungu Komanso Matuza (417 words)


Matenda oyambitsa khungu komanso matuza, omwenso amadziwika ndi mayina akuti khungu lakumtsinje ndiponso matenda a Robles, ndi matenda omwe amayambitsidwa ndi kanyongolosi kotchedwa Onchocerca volvulus. Zina mwa zizindikiro za matendawa n'zakuti munthu yemwe ali nawo amamva kuyabwa kwambiri, amatuluka matuza pakhungu, ndiponso amachita khungu. Matendawa ndi chinthu chachiwiri, kuwonjera pa ng'ala, chomwe chimachititsa anthu ambri khungu padziko lonse.

Ntchentche zakuda za m'gulu la Simulium ndi zimene zimafalitsa tinyongolosi toyambitsa matendawa. Nthawi zambiri kuti munthu afike podwala matendawa amafunika kulumidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi ntchentchezi. Ntchentche za mtundu umenewu zimapezeka pafupi ndi mtsinje, n'chifukwa chake dzina lina la matendawa ndi lakuti khungu la kumtsinje. Nyongolosi zoyambitsa matendawa zikalowa m'thupi mwa munthu, zimaikira mazira omwe omabwera kuseri kwa khungu la munthuyo. Ndiyeno munthuyo akalumidwanso ndi ntchentche ina yakuda, mazira aja amalowa m'thupi mwa ntchentcheyo. Pali njira zambiri zimene madokotala amagwiritsa ntchito pofuna kudziwa ngati munthu ali ndi nyongolosizi kapena mazira ake m'thupi kwake: njira yoyamba ndi kumuyeza pakhungu pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a saline kenako n'kudikirira kuti nyongolosi ndi mazirawo zitulukire kunja kwa khungu, kuyang'ana m'maso mwa munthuyo ngati muli nyongolosi kapena mazira ake, ndiponso kuyang'ana m'matudza a pakhungu ngati muli nyongolosi.

Padakali pano palibe katemera woteteza kumatendawa. Koma munthu angawapewe ngati atamayesetsa kuti asalumidwe ndi ntchentche. Ndipo zinthu zimene zingamuthandize kuti asalumidwe ndi kudzola mafuta othamangitsa tizilombo ndiponso kuvala zovala zimene zingachititse kuti ntchentche isathe kumuluma. Zinanso zimene munthu angachite n'kupopera mankhwala opha tizilombo m'malo amene ntchentchezo imapezeka zambiri. Akuluakulu azaumoyo m'madera ena padzikoli akuyesetsa kuti athane ndi matendawa, ndipo akuchita zimenezi popereka mankhwala kwa anthu onse m'maderawo, kawiri pachaka. Koma anthu omwe nyongolosi zoyambitsa matendawa kapena mazira ake zalowa kale m'thupi mwawo amapatsidwa mankhwala otchedwa ivermectin pa miyezi 6 mpaka 12 iliyonse. Mankhwala amenewa amapheratu mazira koma osati nyongolosi. Ndipo mankhwala ena otchedwa doxycycline, omwe amapha tizilombo tina tamtundu wa mabakiteriya otchedwa Wolbachia, amafooketsa kwambiri nyongolosi zoyambitsa matenda a khungu ndi matudzazi, ndipo madokotala ena amalimbikitsa odwala kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amenewa.  Komanso opaleshoni yochotsa matuza ndi nsungu pakhungu imathandizanso.

Padziko lonse, anthu pafupifupi 17 mpaka 25 miliyoni ali ndi matenda a khungu la kumtsinje, ndipo mwa anthu amenewa, pafupifupi 1 miliyoni maso awo anachita khungu. Ambiri mwa  anthu amene ali ndi matendawa ndi a m'mayiko a kumwera kwa chipululu cha Saharan ku Africa, ndipo matendawa akufalikiranso ku Yemen ndi m'madera ena a ku Central ndi South America. Mu 1915, dokotala wina wotchedwa Rodolfo Robles anatulukira kuti nyongolosi ndi zimene zimayambitsa matenda amenewa. Bungwe Loona za Umoyo Padziko Lonse linaika matendawa pa m'ndandanda wa matenda amene akunyalanyazidwa kwambiri m'mayiko otentha.




#Article 39: Khate (532 words)


Khate, lomwenso limatchedwa matenda a Hansen (HD), ndi okhalitsa omwe amayambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya otchedwaMycobacterium laprae ndiponso Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Kawirikawiri tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa tikalowa m'thupi, pamatenga nthawi yombira pa zaka 5 mpaka 20 kuti zizindikiro za matendawa ziyambe kuonekera.Zina mwa zizindikiro zake ndi kutupa kwa malo amene mwadutsa minyewa, kutupa kwa ziwalo zothandiza kupuma, kutupa kwa khungu ndiponso maso. Zimenezi zingachititse kuti wodwalayo asamamve ululu, zomwe zimachititsa kuti azivulala mobwerezabwereza mpaka ziwalo zina kuduka, kapenanso azikhala ndi zolonda zosapola. Nthawi zina wodwalayo amakhala wofooka ndipo saona bwinobwino.

Matenda a khate ndi opatsirana. Zikuoneka kuti munthu amene ali ndi matendawa angapatsire ena potsokomola kapena ngati anthu enawo angakhudze mamina a munthuyo.  Kawirikawiri anthu osauka ndi amene amadwala khate ndipo zikuoneka kuti amapatsirana kwambiri poyetsemula. Koma mosiyana ndi zimene anthu ambiri amakhulupirira, sikuti matendawa amafalikira kwa anthu ena mosavuta. Matendawa ali m'magulu awiri akuluakulu potengera kuchuluka kwa mtundu wa tizilombo timene tawayambitsa, monga: pauchibacillary ndi multbacillary. Magulu awiri a matendawa amasiyanitsidwa potengera kuchuluka kwa malo otuwa ndiponso malo amene khungu lafa. Ngati nthendayo ili m'gulu la paucibacillary, malo otuwa kapena amene khungu lafa amakhala osapitirira pa 5, ndipo ngati ili m'gulu la multibacillary, malowo amakhala oposa pa 5. Pofuna kutsimikizira ngati munthu ali ndi matendawa, madokotala amayeza kuti aone ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa tikupezeka pakhungu la munthuyo kapenanso amayeza DNA yake pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyezera.

Matenda a khate ndi ochiritsika ndipo mankhwala a mitundu ingapo amaphatikizidwa polimbana ndi matendawa. Mankhwala omwe amachiritsa khate la m'gulu la paucibacillary amatchedwa dapsone ndi rifampicin ndipo wodwala amayenera kulandira thandizoli kwa miyezi 6. Pomwe mankhwala a khate la m'gulu la multibacillary ndi rifampicin, dapsone, ndiponso clofazimine ndipo amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa miyezi 12. Chithandizo cha mankhwala amenewa n'chaulere ndipo chimaperekedwa ndi Bungwe Loona za Umoyo Padziko Lonse. Munthu amene akudwala matendawa angapatsidwenso mankhwala ena osiyanasiyana olimbana ndi mabakiteriya. M'chaka cha 2012, chiwerengero cha anthu odwala khate padziko lonse chinali 89,000, ndipo chiwerengerochi n'chochepa tikayerekezera ndi anthu 5.2 miliyoni omwe anali ndi matendawa m'zaka za m'ma 1980. Ndipo anthu atsopano amene anayamba kudwala matendawa m'chakachi anali 230,000. Ambiri mwa anthu amenewa anali a m'mayiko 16. Pamayiko amenewo, anthu ochuluka zedi kuposa hafu ya anthu atsopano amene anayamba kudwala matendawa anali a ku India. Pa zaka 20 zapitazi, anthu 16 miliyoni padziko lonse achira matenda a khate. Ndipo pafupifupi anthu 200 amapezeka ndi matenda a khate chaka chilichonse m'dziko la United States.

Anthu akhala akuvutika ndi matenda a khate kwa zaka masauzande ambirimbiri. Mawu achingelezi amene pa Chichewa tawamasulira kuti khate, anachokera kumawu a Chilatini akuti lepra, omwe amatanthauza mamba, ndipo mawu akuti matenda a Hansen anachokera kudzina la dokotala wotchedwa Gerhard Armauer Hansen. Kutenga anthu odwala khate n'kumawasiya m'nyumba zosungira odwala matendawa kukuchitikabe m'madera ena monga ku India, China, ndiponso ku Africa. Komabe, nyumba zambiri zosungira odwala khate zatsekedwa chifukwa anthu ayamba kuzindikira kuti matendawa sangafalikire kwa anthu ena mwachisawawa.Kuyambira kale kwambiri, anthu akhala a Kusalana ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti anthu ena akaona kuti mwina ali ndi khate, asamapite kuchipatala n'kulandira chithandizo mofulumira.  Ndipo ena amaona kuti mawu akuti wakhate ndi onyoza, poyerekezera ndi mawu kuti munthu amene ali ndi vuto la khate. Tsiku Loganizira za Matenda Akhate Padziko Lonse linakhazikitsidwa mu 1954 n'cholinga chothandiza anthu kudziwa zambiri za matendawa.




#Article 40: Zilonda Zapakhungu (368 words)


Zilonda zapakhungu zomwe pa Chingelezi zimatchedwa Leishmaniasis kapenanso leishmaniosis, ndi matenda amene amayambitsidwa ndi tizilombo ta m'gulu la mapulotozowa otchedwa Leishmania ndipo tizilomboti zimafalitsidwa ndi ntchentche zinazake zoluma. Matendawa angagawidwe m'magulu atatu: zilonda zazikulu, zilonda zamafinya, ndiponso zilonda zapakhungu la ziwalo za mkati mwathupi. Matenda a m'gulu loyambalo amadziwika chifukwa cha kukula kwa zilonda zake, pomwe a m'gulu lachiwirilo amadziwika ndi zilonda zamafinya pakhungu, m'kamwa ndiponso m'phuno, pomwe gulu lomalizalo limadziwika ndi zilonda zapakhungu, kuphwanya thupi, kuchepa kwa masero ofiira m'thupi, ndiponso kutupa kwa kapamba ndi chiwindi.

Matendawa amafalitsidwa ndi mitundu yoposa 20 ya tizilombo totchedwa  Leishmania. Zinthu zinanso zimene zimachititsa kuti matendawa afalikire kwambiri ndi umphawi, kusowa kwa zakudya m'thupi, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndiponso kuchulukana kwa anthu m'matauni. Madokotala angadziwe ngati munthu ali ndi matendawa, mtundu uliwonse pa mitundu itatu ija, ngati ataunika chilonda cha munthuyo ndi makina oonera zinthu zosaoneka ndi maso kuti aone tizilomboto. Kuwonjezera pamenepa, matenda a zilonda zapakhungu la ziwalo za mkati mwa thupi angadziwike ngati madokotala atayeza magazi a munthu amene akuoneka kuti akudwala.

Anthu angapewe matendawa ngati atamagona m'maneti onyikidwa m'mankhwala. Zinthu zinanso zimene zingathandize munthu kupewa matendawa ndi kupopera mankhwala opha tizilombo touluka monga ntchentche, komanso ngati kulandira thandizo lakuchipatala akangoyamba kumene kudwala n'cholinga choti matendawa asafalikire. Madokotala amapereka mankhwala oyenerera kwa wodwala potengera malo amene watengera matendawo, mtundu wa tizilombo ta Leishmania timene tayambitsa matendawa, komanso mtundu wa matendawo. Ena mwa mankhwala amene amathandiza kuchiza matenda a zilonda zapakhungu la ziwalo za m'kati mwathupi ndi liposomal amphotericin B, komanso mankhwala a pentavalent antimonials kuwaphatikiza ndi a paromomycin , ndi Miltefosine. Ndipo zilonda zikuluzikulu za pakhungu zingachiritsidwe ndi paromomycin, fluconazole, kapenanso pentamidine.

Panopa, pali anthu pafupifupi 12 miliyoni omwe ali ndi matendawa m'mayiko okwana 98. Ndipo chaka chilichonse, anthu atsopano okwana pafupifupi 2 miliyoni amatenga matendawa  ndipo anthu oyambira pa 20 mpaka 50 sauzande amamwalira ndi matendawa chaka chilichonse. Anthu pafupifupi 200 miliyoni a ku Asia, Africa, South ndi Central America, ndiponso m'mayiko ena a kummwera kwa Ulaya akukhala m'madera amene matendawa ndi ofala. Bungwe Loona za Umoyo Padziko Lonsen limagula mankhwala a matendawa pa mtengo wotsikirapo n'cholinga choti anthu omwe akudwala azilandira thandizo mosavuta. Nthawi zina matendawa amatha kugwira zinyama zosiyanasiyana, monga agalu, makoswe, mbewa, mbira, ndi zina zotero.




#Article 41: Muhammad (163 words)


Muhammad (Arabic: محمد) ( c 570 CE - 632 CE June 8.)  ali woyambitsa wa Islam.
Iye chikudziwika ngati Mtumiki woyela kwa Asilamu pafupifupi onse amene kuti iyeyo mneneri wotsiriza wotumidwa ndi Mulungu kwa anthu kubwezeretsa Islam.

Muhammad anabadwa pafupifupi 570 CE mu mzinda Arabia wa Mecca. bambo dzina Abdullah ndi mayi dzina Amina.

Atate anamwalira miyezi 6 pamaso Muhammad anabadwa. Ndili ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, Muhammad mayi ake anamwalira Amina. kufikira zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zakubadwa, Muhammad anali pansi pa woyang'anira wa agogo ake Abdul Muttalib. Mu m'badwo wa achinyamata,Muhammad anayenda ku Syria malonda. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe kupereka dzina labwino Al-Amin, kutanthauza woona mtima ndiponso wokhulupirika, ndi al-Sadiq, kutanthauza choonadi.

Pamene iye anali ndi zaka 40, anali maola ambiri mu pemphero ndi kuganiza za chilengedwe. Muhammad ndi kuganizira  chiwawa, chilungamo wamba mwa mitundu kudya. Mu hira phanga mngelo jibril anakaonekera Muhammad. jibril anati Werengani, koma Muhammad anayankha sinditha kuwerenga. mngelo kum'gwira iye namfungatira. Muhammad limanena Quranic ndime. Izi ndi vumbulutso loyamba.




#Article 42: ZATHU (168 words)


Zathu ikumangilira wayilesi, manyuzi, internet ndi zonse zokonda achisodzera M’malawi muno powapatsila show pawayilesi, nyimbo zomvera komanso nyimbo zapakanema. 

Kuyambila pa 24 April sabata iliyonse Zathu Pawayilesi iziwulutsa maprogramu ake pa nyumba zinayi zowulutsa mawu: MBC Radio 2, Zodiak, Yoneco FM ndi Voice of Livingstonia.

Paphata penipeni pa ‘Zathu’ pali anthu 6 omwe akuyimila achinyamata muno Mmalawi monga: T-Reel- (Ovuta), Annetti (Wopulumuka m’mazunzo), Mphatso (Wolimba mtima), JP(Wosachedwa kukhuzidwa), Xander (Wamtima wabwino) ndi Chikondi (Wamaloto akuya).

Zathu pawayilesi ndi pulogalamu yomwe ili ndi sewero losanthula moyo wa achinyamata amene ayamba kupeza maubwezi ndi kutsatila maloto awo. Ilinso ndi nyimbo kuchokela ku band ya Zathu ndi maCelebu ena. 

Palinso malangizo mu ‘Talk Show’ kuchokela kwa anthu achitsanzo (role models) muno M’malawi. Palinso  “Gogo” yemwe akuyankha mafunso achinyamata komanso kupeleka malangizo..

Akukupatsilani pulogalamuyi ndi Lily B ndi DJ Goxy

Tsamba la painternet ya ‘Zathu’  mutha kulipeza pa facebook mwaulere, limenenso lizayambe kupezeka pa 17 April, 2017. Zathu ndiyathuyathu a Malawi ndipo ikupangidwa ndi a Malawi ndi thandizo lochokera ku Girl Effect.
 




#Article 43: Matenda oyamba chifukwa cha uchembere (518 words)


Matenda oyamba chifukwa cha uchembere, omwenso amadziwika kuti matenda oyamba ndi ubereki, kuphwanya thupi chifukwa chobereka kapena kuphwanya thupi kwa ubereki, amayamba chifukwa cha tizilombo ta bakiteriya tomwe talowa m'chiberekero pa nthawi imene mayi amabereka mwana kapena pamene wapititsa padera. Kawirikakwiri zizindikiro zake zimakhala kuphwanya thupi kutentha thupi,  kuzizidwa, kumva kumwateka m'mimba, ndipo nthawi zina kutulutsa fungo loipa kukha kumaliseche. Nthawi zambiri zimenezi zimachitika pakangotha maola 24 mayi atabereka kapena kupititsa padera, mpaka kufika pa masiku 10.

Kawirikawiri tizilombo toyambitsa matendati timalowa m'chiberekero ndipo timathanso kukhudza mbali zina zoyandikna ndi chiberekerocho kapena zozungulira chiberekerocho. Zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti mavutowa ayambe mosavuta ndi monga kuchitidwa opaleshoni, bakiteriya wamtundu winawake wotchedwa streptococcus wa gulu B akalowa kumaliseche, khungu la mkati mwa chiberekero likayamba kuchoka nthawi yake isanakwane, ndiponso ngati padutsa nthawi yaitali kwambiri ululu wa pobereka utayamba koma mwana sakutuluka, ndi zina zotero. Ndipo kawirikakwiri mavutowa amakhala oti ayambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya wa mitundu ingapo yosiyanasiyana. Madokotala amatha kudziwa mitundu ya mabakiteriya imene yayambitsa mavutowo ngati ayeza timadzi ta kumaliseche kapena magazi. Amayi omwe sakuchira matendawo ngakhale kuti alandira thandizo amafunika kuwayezanso bwinobwino. Zinthu zina zimene zimachititsa kuti amayi azidwala akangobereka kumene ndi izi: kuchuluka kwambiri kwa mkaka m'mabere, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe talowa kumaliseche, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe talowa m'mimba m'mimba ndi m'chiberekero.

Chifukwa cha mavuto amene angakhalepo mayi akachitidwa opaleshoni, madokotala amalimbikitsa zoti mayi aliyense azipatsidwa mankhwala othandiza thupi kulimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga a ampicillin pa nthawi imene akuchitidwa opaleshoni. Palinso mankhwala othandiza kumatenda odziwika bwino ndipo munthu amatha kupeza bwino pakangopita masiku awiri kapena atatu basi atalandira mankhwalawa. Kwa amayi amene sakupeza bwino koma matendawo sanafike povuta, mankhwala okumwa othandiza thupi kulimbana ndi tizilombo angathandize, koma ngati vutolo likuoneka kuti ndi lalikulu jakisoni wa mankhwalawo angakhale wothandiza kwambiri. Mankhwala omwe amapezeka mosavuta ndi monga ampicillin ndiponso gentamicin ndipo amathandiza ngati mayi wabereka m'njira yachibadwa, ndipo mankhwala a clindamycin ndiponso a gentamicin angathandize ngati mayi wachitidwa opaleshoni pobereka. Koma kwa amayi omwe sakuchira ngakhale kuti apatsidwa thandizo la mankhwala oyenererera, ndi bwino kuwayeza kuti zidziwike ngati ali ndi chotupa chomwe chachita mafinya mkati mwawo.

M'mayiko olemera, pafupifupi mayi m'modzi kapena awiri pa 100 alionse amadwala matenda oyambitsidwa ndi tizilombo tomwe talowa m'nthupi pa nthawi imene amabereka m'njira yachibadwa. Chiwerengerochi chimakwera n'kufika 5 mpaka 13 kwa amayi amene anali ndi mavuto ena pobereka mwachibadwa, komanso chimafika pa hafu ya amayi onse amene abereka mochita kupangidwa opaleshoni ndipo sanapatsidwe mankhwala othandiza thupi kulimbana ndi tizilombo. Zimenezi zinachititsa imfa zokwana 24,000 m'chaka cha 2013, ndipo chiwerengerochi n'chotsika tikayerekezera ndi imfa zokwana 34,000 zomwe zinachitika mu 1990. Nthawi yoyamba imene matenda oterewa anayamba kudziwika ndi kale kwambiri, zaka za m'ma 400 BCE, ndipo anatchulidwa m'zinthu zimene Hippocrates analemba. Matenda amene amayamba mayi akangobereka kumene ankapha anthu ambiri kuyambira cha m'ma 1700 mpaka cha m'ma 1930, ndipo zinthu zinasintha pamene azachipatala anapeza mankhwala othandiza thupi kulimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. M'chaka cha 1847 m'dziko la Austria, Ignaz Semmelweiss anayamba kulimbikitsa anthu kuti azisamba m'manja ndi chlorine ndipo zimenezi zinathandiza kuti imfa zochitika chifukwa cha matenda zichepe kuchokera pa anthu 20 pa 100 alionse kufika pa anthu awiri okha pa anthu 100 alionse.




#Article 44: Mdulidwe wa amayi (513 words)


Mdulidwe wa amayi, malinga ndi Bungwe Loona Zaumoyo Padziko Lonse, ndi ndondomeko yodula kapena kuchotsa mbali ina kapena gawo lonse la kachiwalo komwe kamakhala kunja kwa maliseche a munthu wamkazi, kapena kuvulaza ngakhalenso kudula kumalo obisika a munthu wamkazi pa zifukwa zosagwirizana ndi zachipatala. Mdulidwe wa amayi umachitika ngati mbali ya chikhalidwe pakati pa anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana mu mayiko 27 a kumunsi kwa chipululu cha Sahara ndiponso Kumpoto Chakummawa kwa Africa, ndipo mwa apo ndi apo, mdulidwewu umachitikanso ku Asia, ku Middle East ndiponso m'mayiko ena pakati pa anthu amene angosamulira m'mayikowo.  Msinkhu umene munthu wamkazi amachitidwa mdulidwewu umasiyanasiyana, kuyambira pakangopita masiku ochepa mwanayo atabadwa kufika pa nthawi imene watha msinkhu; ndi pa hafu ya miyiko amene chiwerengero cha anthu ake chikudziwika bwino, atsikana ambiri amadulidwa asanakwanitse zaka 5.

Mdulidwewu umachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyananso potengera mtundu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ena amachotsa gawo chabe kapena kachiwalo konse kooneka ngati nyemba ndiponsokhungu la pamwamba pa kachiwaloka; gawo chabe kapena kachiwalo konse kooneka ngati nyemba ndi milomo yamkati yakumaliseche; ndipo ena amafika pochotsa (milomo yonse yakumaliseche) kapena gawo lake la mkati ndi milomo yakunja ndi khungu lomwe limatseka pa khomo la njira yolowera chida cha abambo. Njira yomaliza ya mdulidweyi, yomwe Bungwe Loona Zaumoyo Padziko Lonse limaitcha Mtundu Wachitatu wa Mdulidwe wa Amayi, amasiya kabowo koti pazitulukira mkodzo ndi magazi pa nthawi yosamba, ndipo njira yolowera chida cha abambo imatsegulidwa kuti chidacho chizilowapo pa nthawi yogonana komanso kuti kuzitulukira mwana pa nthawi yobereka. Mavuto okhudzana ndi umoyo amene amatsatirapo amatengera kwambiri njira imene inagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita mdulidwewo, ndipo ena mwa mavutowo ndi matenda osatherapo omwe amayamba chifukwa cha tizilombo tomwe talowa pachilondacho, ululu waukulu, matuza, kusathanso kutenga pakati, kukumana ndi mavuto ambiri pobereka, ndiponso kumwalira chifukwa chotaya magazi ambiri.

Mdulidwewu umachitika pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, monga kuona amayi ngati anthu otsika, kufuna kupondereza amayi pa nkhani zogonana, miyamba yokhudza kuyeretsedwa, kudzisunga, ndiponso maonekedwe. Amayi akuluakulu ndi amene nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsa mdulidwewu komanso kudula atsikana ndipo amaona kuti munthu akadulidwe amalemekezedwa, komanso amachita izi poopa kuti ngati ana awo aakazi ndiponso adzukulu awo aakazi sadulidwa, ndiye kuti azisalidwa. Amayi ndi atsikana opsa 130 miliyoni anachitidwa mdulidwe m'mayiko 29 amene mdulidwe wa amayi ndi wofala kwambiri. Ndipo amayi ndi atsikana opitirira pa 8 miliyoni anachitidwa mdulidwe wochotseratu gawo la kunja  kwa maliseche awo, ndipo ambiri amayi ndi atsikanawa ndi a m'mayiko a Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia, ndi Sudan.

Mdulidwe wa amayi ndi woletsedwa mwalamulo m'mayiko ambiri amene mdulidwewu umachitika, koma malamulowo satsatiridwa. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1970, mayiko ndi mabungwe padziko lonse lapansi akhala akulimbikitsa anthu kuti asiye kuchita mdulidwe wa amayi, ndipo mu 2012, pa Msonkhano Waukulu wa Bungwe la United Nations, anagwirizana zoti kuchita mdulidwe wa amayi ndi kuphwana ufulu. Komabe pali anthu ena amene akutsutsa zoti mdulidwewu uthetsedwe, makamaka akatswiri oona za chikhalidwe ndi mbiri ya anhu. Eric Silverman analemba kuti nkhani zokhudza mdulidwe wa amayi ndi zimene akatswiriwa akumazikonda kwambiri ndipo zimenezi zachititsa kuti anthu ena aziona kuti kuthetsa mchitidwewu ndi kuphwanya ufulu ndi chikhalidwe cha mitundu ina ya anthu, ena ayamba kuona kuti mchitidwewu ndi wovomerezeka ndipo munthu aliyense ali ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe wochita mdulidwewu.




#Article 45: Kubereka mwana (449 words)


Mawu akuti kubereka mwana, omwenso ndi ofanana ndi akutiubereki, amatanthauza mapeto a mimba kapena pakati ndipo mwana m'modzikapena angapo abadwa kuchokera m'chiberekero cha mayi. M'chaka cha 2015, padziko lonse pansi panabadwa ana pafupifupi 135 miliyoni. Ana pafupifupi 15 miliyoni anabadwa milungu 37 asanathe, ndipo ana oyambira pa 3 mpaka 12 peresenti anabadwa patadutsa milungu 42. M'mayiko olemera ana ambiri amabadwira kuchipatala, pomwe m'mayiko amene akukwera kumene ana ambiri amabadwira panyumba mothandizidwa ndi azamba.

Njira yofala kwambiri yoberekera mwana ndi yomwe mwana amatuluka m'njira yachibadwa. Pamakhala magawo atatu kuti mwana abadwe m'njira imeneyi: kuchepa kwa khomo lachiberekero ndi kutseguka kwa khomo lachiberekero, ndiponso kubadwa kwa mwana, ndiponso kutuluka kwa thumba limene munali mwana. Gawo loyambali nthawi zambiri limachitika kwa maola oyambira pa 12 mpaka 19, gawo lachiwiri limachitika kwa nthawi yoyambira pa maminitsi 20 mpaka maola awiri, ndipo gawo lachitatu limachitika kwa maminitsi 5 mpaka kufika pa maminitsi 30. Gawo loyambali limayamba ndi kupweteka kwa m'mimba kapena msana kwa masekandi 30 ndipo izi zimachitika pa maminitsi 10 mpaka 30 aliwonse. M'kupita kwa nthawi, ululuwu umachitika pafupipafupi komanso umawonjezereka. M'gawo lachiwiri, minofu imayamba kukungika ndipo imatha kuyamba kukankha mwanayo kuti atuluke. M'gawo lachitatu kumugwira kapena kumusisita pamchomba mayiyo kwa nthawi ndithu kuti azimvako bwino. Pali njira zambiri zimene zingathandize kuti mayi asamve kwambiri ululu monga kumuthandiza kuti mtima wake ukhale m'malo, kumupatsa mankhwala ochepetsa ululu, ndiponso kumuika timiyala tosalala pamsana.

Ana ambiri akamabadwa, mutu ndi umene umayambirira kutuluka; komabe ana 4 pa 100 alionse, miyendo kapena matako ndi amene amayambirira kutuluka, ndipo zimenezi zimatchedwa kubadwa koyambira kumunsi. Mayi akayamba kumva ululu woti akhoza kubereka, palibe vuto lililonse ngati atasankha kuti adye chakudya kapena kuyendayenda, koma mayi wotere salimbikitsidwa kuti ayambe kukankha kuti mwana atuluke kapena kuti mutu wa mwana utuluke, ndiponso sibwino kuti pa nthawiyi apatsidwe mankhwala othandiza kuti mwanayo abadwe mosavuta. Ngakhale kuti madokotala ena amakonda kucheka kapena kung'amba njira yoberekera pofuna kuikulitsa, nthawi zambiri zimenezi zimakhala zosafunika. Mu 2012, amayi pafupifupi 23 miliyoni anabereka powachita opaleshoni. Nthawi zambiri madokotala amatha kuona kuti opaleshoni ikufunika ngati m'mimba mwa mayiyo muli mapasa, mwana wosabadwayo akuoneka kuti ali ndi mavuto ambiri, kapena ngati miyendo kapena matako a mwanaya ndi amene angayambirire kutuluka. Ngati mayi wabereka m'njira imeneyi, pangatenge nthawi yaitali kuti chilonda chake chipole bwinobwino.

Chaka chilichonse, amayi pafupifupi 500,000 amamamwalira ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi uchembere imfa zauchembere, ndipo amayi 7 miliyoni amakhala ndi mavuto aakulu osatherapo, komanso amayi 50 miliyoni amakhala ndi mavuto ena. Ochuluka mwa mavuto amenewa amachitika kwa amayi a m'mayiko amene akukwera kumene. Ena mwa mavuto amene amayiwa amakumana nawo amakhala kusalandira thandizo loyenera pobereka, kutaya magazi ambiri, kukomoka, ndiponso kutenga matenda ena chifukwa chosasamaliridwa bwino pobereka. Ndipo mwana amene akubadwayo amatha kukhala ndi mavuto ena, monga kubanika.




#Article 46: Kuchotsa mimba (495 words)


Mawu akuti kuchotsa mimba akutanthauza moyo wa mwana  pochititsa kuti mwanayo achoke kapena achotsedwe m'chiberekero nthawi yake isanakwane. Nthawi zina mimba imatha kuchoka yakha, ndipo zikatere amati mayi wapita padera. Nthawi zina munthu angasankhe zoti athetse moyo wa mwana wosabadwa ndipo zimenezi zikachitika, ndiye kuti wachotsa mimba. Mawu akuti kuchotsa mimba amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi imene munthu wachita kusankha yekha kuti athese moyo wa mwana wosabadwa. Ngati madokotala achotsa m'mimba mwa mayi mwana yemwe anatsala pang'ono kubadwa ndipo moyo wa mwanayo wathera pomwepo, amati achotsa mimba mochedwa.

Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito zachipatala, madokotala amatha kuchita opaleshoni kapena kupereka mankhwala kwa mayi woyembekezera kuti mimba ichoke. Mankhwala a mitundu iwiri, omwe ndi mifepristone ndi prostaglandin ndi othandiza kwambiri mofanana ndi opaleshoni pa ndondomeko yoyamba yochotsera mimba. Ngakhale kuti kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala kumathandiza pa ndondomeko yachiwiri yochotsera mimba, opaleshoni ndi yomwe ikuoneka kuti ndi njira yabwino kwambiri. Njira zolera, kuphatikizapo mapilisi ndiponso kachipangizo kotchinga m'chiberekero zingathe kuyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito munthu akangochotsa mimba. Kuchotsa mimba m'mayiko otukuka kumaonedwa kuti kuli m'gulu la njira zabwino kwambiri zachipatala ngati malamulo a dzikolo kuchotsa mimba. Kuchotsa mimba m'njira yovomerezeka ndi achipatala sikukhala ndi mavuta alionse aakulu okhudza kaganizidwe kapena thanzi la munthu. Bungwe Loona Zaumoyo Padziko Lonse likuyesetsa kuti amayi onse padziko lapansili akhale ndi mwayi wotsatira njira zachipatala zosaopsa pochotsa mimba. Kuchotsa mimba m'njira yosatetezeka kumachititsa kuti amayi pafupifupi 47,000 azimwalira ndiponso kuti amayi 5 miliyoni azigonekedwa m'chipatala chaka chilichonse.

Chaka chilichonse, moyo wa ana osabadwa okwana pafupifupi 44 miliyoni umathetsedwa mwa kuchotsa mimba padziko lonse, ndipo theka la anthu amene amachotsa mimbayo amachita zimenezi m'njira yosatetezeka. Koma kuyambira mu 2003 mpaka mu 2008, chiwerengero cha kuchotsa mimba chinasintha pang'ono, pambuyo poti zaka zambiri zadutsa anthu akukanizidwa mwayi wamaphunziro okhudza kulalera ndiponso njira zolererazo zomwe zikupezeka mosavuta tsopano.  Komanso amayi 40 pa 100 alionse ali ndi mwayi wothetsa moyo wamwana wosabadwa m'njira yovomerezeka ndi lamulo popanda zoletsa. Komabe, pali zifukwa zina zimene zimachititsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kuthetsa moyo wa ana ena osabadwa.

Anthu anayamba kale kwambiri kuchotsa mbiri. Anthu akhala akutsatira njira zosiyanasiyana pochotsa mimba, monga kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala azitsamba, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zakuthwa, kuzunza mayi kuti abereke mwana wakufa, ndiponso njira za m'midzi ndipo zimenezi zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira kale kwambiri. Zinthu zokhudzana ndi  malamulo okhudza kuchotsa mimba, kuchuluka kwa ana osabadwa amene moyo wawo ungathetsedwe, ndponso chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo zimasiyanasiyana m'madera osiyanasiyananso padzikoli. Zinthu zina zimene zingachititse kuti kuchotsa mimba kukhale kovomerezeka mwalamulo ndi kugonana kwa pachibale, kugwiriridwa, ngati mwana wosabadwa ali ndi mavuto aakulu, mavuto okhudza chisamaliro ndiponso zachuma kapena moyo wa mayi uli pachiopsezo. M'madera ambiri padzikoli anthu kusiyana maganizopotengera zinthu mongachikhalidwe, ndiponso nkhani zokhudza malamulo. Komanso pali anthu amene sagwirizana ndi kuchotsa mimba ndipo amanena kuti mwana wosabadwayo ndi munthu ndipo ali ndi ufulu wokhala moyo ndipo amanena kuti kuchotsa mimba n'chimodzimodzi ndi kupha munthu. Koma anthu amene amane amagwirizana ndi olimbikitsa kuchotsa mimba amanena kuti mayi ali ndi ufulu wosankha zochita ndi chilichonse chimene chili m'thupi mwake ndiponso amalimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu onse.




#Article 47: Pakati (541 words)


Mawu akuti pakati, mimba kapena pathupi, akutanthauza nthawi imene mwana kapena ana ali m'mimba mwa mayi. Kukhala ndi pakati pa ana angapo nthawi imodzi kumathanthauza kuti mayiyo angabereke mapasa. Mayi angakhale ndi pakati ngati wagonana ndi mwamuna kapena ngati wathandizidwa ndi njira zina zachipatala. Nthawi zambiri pamadutsa milungu milungu 40 (miyezi 10) kuchokera pa nthawi yomaliza imene mayi anasamba kufika poti abereke mwana. Tinganene kuti pamadutsa nthawi yokwana milungu 38 kuchokera pamene mbewu a abambo inakumana ndi mbewu ya amayi.
Pali magawo atatu a pakati. Gawo loyamba likuyambira mlungu woyamba, pamene mbewu ya abambo yakumana ndi mbewu ya amayi, mpaka kufika mlungu wa 12. Mbewu ya abambo ikakumana ndi dzira la mayi mbewuyo imalowa m'dziralo ndipo dziralo limayenda m'kanjira kokhala ngati chubu ndipo likafika m'chiberekero, limamatirira kukhungu la mkati mwa chiberekerocho ndipo mwana amayamba kupangika mkati mwa dziralo komanso kathumba ka zakudya kamapangidwa. Pa gawo loyamba la pakatili, zimakhala zosavuta kuti mwana wosabadwayo afe (imfa yochitika mwachibadwa ya mwana yosabadwayo). Gawo lachiwiri la pakati limayambira pa mlungu wa 13 mpaka kufika pa mlungu wa 28. Chapakatikati pa gawo lachiwirili, mayi angayambe kumamva mwanayo akusunthasuntha. Milungu 28 ikangokwana, ana oposa 90 pa 100 aliwonse angathe kukhalabe ndi moyo ngati atapezeka kuti abadwa masiku asanakwane ndipo akusamaliridwa moyenerera ndi odziwa zachipatala. Gawo lachitatu la pakati limayamba pa mlungu wa 29 mpaka wa 40.

Mayi wapakati akamadzisamalira bwino zimathandiza kuti adzabereke mwana wathanzi. Mayiyo angafunikire kumamwa mavitamini owonjezera, kumapewa kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndiponso zakumwa zoledzeretsa, kuchita masewra olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse, kumayezetsa magazi, ndiponso kumapita kusikelo kawirikawiri. Mavuto amene angakhalepo chifukwa cha pakati angakhale kuthamanga kwa magazi, matenda a shuga, kuchepa kwa magazi, ndiponso kuchita nseru kwambiri ndi kusanza. Pakati patenge milungu 37 mpaka 41, ndipo ena amayi ena amabereka pakapita milungu 37 kapena 38, ena amabereka pakapita milungu 39 kapena 40, ndipo ena amabereka pakapita milungu 41. Mayi akabereka patapita milungu 41, ndiye kuti wabereka mochedwa. Ana amene amabadwa pasanathe milungu 37 kuchokera pamene mayi anatenga pakati ndi ana obadwa nthawi isanakwane ndipo amakhala pachiopsezo choti akhoza kudwala matenda a mu ubongo. Azachipatala amalimbikitsa zoti mayi asachititsidwe kubereka kaya pomupatsa mankhwala ochititsa kuti abereke mwachangu kapena kumuchita opaleshoni ngati sipanathe milungu 39 kuchokera pamene anatenga pakati, pokhapokha ngati pali zifukwa zina zokhudzana ndi thanzi.

M'chaka cha 2012 amayi pafupifupi 213 miliyoni anatenga pakati ndipo pa amayi amenewa, 190 miliyoni anali a m'mayiko omwe akukwera kumene ndipo 23 miliyoni anali a m'mayiko olemera. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pa amayi 1,000 alionse a zaka zoyambira 15 mpaka 44, 133 anatenga pakati. Amayi oyambira pa 10 mpaka 15 pa 100 alionse omwe akudziwika kuti ali ndi pakati amapititsa padera. Mu 2013 amayi ndi ana okwana 293,000 anamwalira chifukwa cha mavuto okhudzana ndi pakati, ndipo chiwerengerochi n'chotsikirapo poyerekezera ndi imfa 293,000 zomwe zinachitika mu 1990 chifukwa cha mavuto omwewa. Imfazi zimachitika chifukwa cha mavuto omwe amachitika kawirikawiri monga kuta magazi ambiri pobereka, mavuto obwera chifukwa chochotsa mimba, kuthamanga kwambiri magazi, kuthamanga magazi, ndiponso mavuto ena a pobereka. Padziko lonse, amayi 40 pa 100 alionse amene amatenga pakati amatenga pakatipo asanakonzekere. Ndipo hafu ya amayi amene amatenga pakati mosakonzekera amachotsa pakatipo. Pa amayi a ku United States amene anatenga pakati mosakonzekera, 60 pa 100 alionse ankagwiritsa ntchito njira zakulera pa nthawi inayake pa mwezi umene anatenga pakatiwo.




#Article 48: Njira zolera (570 words)


Mawu akuti kulera, omwe ndi ofanana ndi mawu kuti njira zolera kapena maleredwe, amatanthauza njira zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kupewa kutenga pakati. Koma kupanga mapulani, kusankha njira zolera, ndi kuzigwiritsira ntchito kumatchedwa mapulani a banja. Anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito njira zolera kuyambira kale kwambiri, koma njira zothandizadi ndiponso zosaopsa zinayamba kupezeka m'zaka za m'ma 1900. M'zikhalidwe zina, anthu salimbikitsidwa kapena kuloledwa kuti azigwiritsira ntchito njira zolera chifukwa zimaonedwa kuti n'zosemphana ndi chikhalidwe chawo, chipemphedzo chawo kapena maganizo a anthu ambiri m'deralo.

Njira zolera zothandiza kwambiri ndi monga kutseka njira yodutsa mbewu ya abambo ndiponso kutseka njira mbewu ya amayi, kutseka khomo la chiberekeroLupu, ndiponso kuseri kwa khungu. Palinso njira zina monga zokhudza mahomoni ndipo zina mwa izo ndi mapilisi,machubu oika m'kati mwa khungu, maring'i oika kunjira yodutsa chida cha abambo, ndiponso jakisoni. Njira zolera zomwe zimathandiza koma osati kwambiri ndi monga zinthu zotchingira monga makondomu, zotchinga kunjira yodutsa chida cha abambo ndiponso thonje la kulera komanso kuzindikira nthawi imene mayi angatenge pakati. Pali njira zinanso zomwe n'zosadalirika, mongamankhwala opha mbewu ya abambondiponso kuchotsa chida cha abambo asanathire umuna pogonana. Njira yotseka ndi yothandiza kwambiri koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosatheka kuti munthu aberekenso; pomwe njira zina zonsezo ubwino wake ndi wakuti munthu angathe kuberekanso akangosiya kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Kugonana m'njira yotetezeka, monga kugwiritsa ntchito makondomu a abambo kapena makondomu a amayi, kungathandizenso kuti mupewe matenda opatsirana pogonana. Njira zolera zapangozi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti mayi apewe kutenga pakati ngati papita masiku angapo atagonana ndi mwamuna mosadziteteza. Anthu ena amaona kuti kusagonana ndi aliyense ndi njira yabwino yolera, koma kuphunzitsa munthu kuti asamagonane ndi aliyense kungachititse atsikana ambiri kuti azitenga mimbakumachititsa atsikana kuti azitenga mimba ngati atsikanawo akungouzidwa kuti azikhala odziletsa koma osawapatsa njira zolerazo.

Pakati pa atsikana ambiri amene amatenga mimba, zotsatira zake zimakhala zoipa kwambiri. Koma maphunziro akathithi okhudza zakugonana ndiponso kupereka njira zakulera zimathandiza kuti chiwerengero cha mimba zosafunikira chichepe pakata pa atsikana. Ngakhale kuti achinyamata angathe kugwiritsira ntchito njira iliyonse ya kulera,njira zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali komanso zosavuta kuzichotsa monga zoika kuseri kwa khungu, Lupu, kapena maring'i oika kunjira yodutsa chida cha abambo, zimathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa mimba. Mayi akangobereka mwana ndipo sakuyamwitsa kwambiri, angathe kutenganso pakati pakangopita milungu yochepa yokha, yoyambira pa inayi kufika pa 6. Njira zina zolera zingathe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale mayi atangobereka kumene, koma angafunikire kudikira kaye, mwina mpaka miyezi 6 kuti ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina. Kwa amayi amene akuyamwitsa, njira zolera zopanda mahomini osokoneza mkaka wa m'mabere zimakhala bwino kuzigwiritsa ntchito poyerekezera ndi mapilisi. Ndipo kwa amayi amene afika msinkhu wosiya kusamba, zimakhala bwino kuti apitirize kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolera kwa chaka chathunthu kuchokera pamene anasamba komaliza.

Amayi pafupifupi 222 miliyoni omwe amafuna atapewa kutenga pakati m'mayiko omwe akukwera kumene, sagwiritsa ntchito njiira zamakono zolera. Kugwiritsira ntchito njira zolera m'mayiko omwe akukwera kumene kwathandiza kuti kuchepetsaimfa zokhudzana ndi ubereki ndi 40 peresenti (imfa pafupifupi 270,000 zinapewedwa mu 2008), ndipo njirazi zikanathandiza kuti kupewa imfa zofika pa 70 peresenti zikanakhala kuti aliyense akuzipeza mosavuta. Popeza kugwiritsira ntchito njira zolera kumathandiza kuti mayi asamatenge pakati pafupipafupi, zimathandiza mayiyo azibereka ana athanzi komanso kumachepetsa mpata woti anawo angamwalire pobadwa kapena akangobadwa kumene. M'mayiko olemera, chuma chimene amayi amapeza, katundu,kulemera kwa thupi laawo, komanso sukulu zimene ana awo amapita ndiponso umoyo wawo, zimakhala zabwino chifukwa choti amapeza mosavuta njira zolera. Kugwiritsira ntchito njira zolera kumathandizanso kuti chuma chikwere chifukwa banja limakhala ndi ana ochepa oti n'kumawasamalira, amayi ambiri amagwira ntchito, ndipo zinthu zofunika pamoyo zimakhala zosavuta kuzipeza.




#Article 49: Burger King (120 words)


Burger King inali bungwe lapadziko lonse la chakudya chomwe chinali kugulitsa s s. Nthambi yake yoyamba yotsegulidwa 1954, Miami, Florida.

Mmodzi wa dziko lonse lopambana ndi Mfumu ya Burger ndi hamburger wotchedwa Whopper.

Pamene Burger King anaganiza zofutukula ntchito yawo ku Australia, adadziwa kuti bizinesi yawo inali kale yomwe inali yothamanga ndi sitolo yaing'ono yogulitsa chakudya. Ndipotu, ndalama yoyamba ya ku Australia ya Burger King Coporation, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ku  Perth, inalembedwa molakwika Matelaina Jack, kutchulidwa dzina ndi kumva za chilolezo Jack Cowin. Onetsetsani kuti Jack akugulitsa gulu la burgers, komanso katswiri wa ku Australia, Burger Aussie. Burger iyi imachokera ku chidwi cha ku Australia nsomba zomwe amakonda kwambiri minofu, kuphatikizapo mazira, Bacon, anyezi ndi beetroot ndi nyama, msuzi, ndi phwetekere.




#Article 50: B'Flow (254 words)


Brian Mumba Kasoka Bwembya(anabadwa November 12) amadziwika bwino ndi dzina lake la pa siteji B Flow (inalembedwanso monga B'Flow kapena B-Flow) ndi Zambian Dancehall ndi Hip Hop woimba ndi wolemba nyimbo. Iye ali pulezidenti wamakono wa komiti ya HIV / AIDS ndi Social Commentary (HASC) komiti ya Zambia ya Oimba (ZAM). Iye ndi ambassador wapadziko lonse polimbana ndi AIDS Healthcare Foundation (AHF) B Flow adatenganso njira yatsopano ndi nyimbo zake, kusintha mtundu wake ku zomwe tsopano zimatchedwa KaliDanceHall (Kusakanizika kwa nyimbo za Kalindula za Zambian ndi Dance Hall). Mu November 2016, bungwe la United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) lotchedwa B Flow ndi limodzi mwa mau 16 oyambitsa zowononga chiwawa padziko lonse lapansi. 

B Flow anabadwira ku Kabwe pa 12 November. Anakulira ndi agogo ake a Matilda Chiti-Byrne ndi amayi ake Mirriam Mulenga Mumba Byrne, wapolisi. B Akuyenda maina kuchokera kwa azimayi a Zambia omwe ali Chris Mbewe wa Great Witch Band, Anna Mwale wa Mwale Sisters ndi Ras Willie. Ali ndi zaka 8 iye ndi anzake adagwiritsa ntchito gulu laling'ono poika miphika ndi zidebe m'zotchi ndikupanga mabotolo (omwe si magetsi) pogwiritsa ntchito mapini, matabwa ndi zingwe. Pakati pa gulu B B Flow ndiye yekha yemwe tsopano ndi woimba. Album ya B Flow yoyamba Mpu mpu mpu (kutanthauza mtima) inatulutsidwa mu 2009. Albumyi inapanga B Flow kuzindikira mu 2009 Zambia Ngoma Awards ndi solo yake yachiwiri yotchedwa 'No More Kawilo' inatulutsidwa mu 2011 (kutanthauza kusungulumwa). Album yake yachitatu 'Voiceless Woman' inatulutsidwa mu 2013. Album yake yachisanu Mama wokondedwa kudzipatulira kwa amayi ake anatulutsidwa mu 2016.




#Article 51: Pulezidenti wa Zambia (153 words)


Purezidenti wa Zambia ndi mtsogoleri wa boma komanso mkulu wa boma la Zambia mtsogoleri wa asilikali a Zambiya. Purezidenti makamaka ali ndi udindo wolamula malamulo a phwando limene perezidenti ali nawo. Purezidenti amatsogolere ndondomeko ya dziko la Zambia. Purezidenti amasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anthu kudzera mu chisankho cha pulezidenti kwa zaka zisanu, ndipo ali mmodzi mwa anthu awiri okha omwe amasankhidwa kukhala a dziko, wina kukhala Vice Purezidenti wa Zambia. Atsogoleri awiri okha ndiwo adakhala purezidenti chifukwa cha imfa ya pulezidenti. Edgar Lungu wodalirika anasankhidwa Lamlungu, pa 25 January, 2016. Posankha chisankho cha pulezidenti chidzachitika mu 2021. 

Nyumba ya State House ku Lusaka ndi malo okhalamo pulezidenti.

Gulu lapadera la apolisi ochokera ku Polisi ya Zambia akuimbidwa mlandu woteteza purezidenti komanso banja loyamba. Monga gawo la chitetezo chawo, azidindo, amayi oyambirira, ana awo ndi mamembala ena apamtima, ndi anthu ena otchuka. 

Pali awiri omwe anali a Pulezidenti wa Zambiya omwe kale anali pulezidenti wadziko:




#Article 52: Mndandanda wa Atsogoleri a Zambia (101 words)


Pulezidenti wa Zambia ndi mtsogoleri wa boma komanso mtsogoleri wa boma la Zambia. Ofesiyi inayamba kugwira ntchito ndi Kenneth Kaunda pambuyo pa ufulu wodzilamulira mu 1964. Kuchokera mu 1991, pamene Kaunda adachokera ku Presidency, ofesiyo yakhala ndi ena asanu: Frederick Chiluba, Levy Mwanawasa, Rupiah Banda, Michael Sata, ndi Purezidenti wamakono Edgar Lungu. Kuwonjezera apo, Pulezidenti Guy Scott wothandizira adagwira ntchito panthawi yomwe Pulezidenti Michael Sata anamwalira. Kuchokera pa 31 August 1991 Purezidenti nayenso ali mtsogoleri wa boma, popeza udindo wa Pulezidenti unathetsedwa m'miyezi yapitayi ya Kaunda. Purezidenti amasankhidwa kwa zaka zisanu. Kuchokera m'chaka cha 1991, wogwira ntchitoyo wakhala wotsatizana ndi ziwiri.




#Article 53: Dziko Lathu (104 words)


Dziko Lathu kapena Chalo Chatu ndilojekiti ya intaneti yolemba mu chinenero cha Chingerezi yomwe ikulemba zochitika zonse Zambia zokha zokhudzana ndi zochitika zakale ndi zochitika zamakono, makampani, mabungwe, webusaiti, dziko zipilala ndi zinthu zina zofunikira za Zambia. Webusaitiyi ndipanda malipiro: ogwiritsa ntchito samalipiritsa koma angasankhe kupereka ku Chalo Chatu Foundation. Ndi zotseguka, izi zikutanthawuza kuti aliyense angathe kuzijambula. Ndilo buku lalikulu kwambiri komanso lokhalokha pa intaneti ku Zambia. Dzina la Chalo Chatu likutanthauzira ngati dziko lathu mu chinenero cha Zambiya. Chalo Chatu inayamba pa June 1, 2016 ndi Jason Mulikita. Chalo Chatu ali ndi bungwe la Zambia, Chalo Chatu Foundation, yomwe ili ku Lusaka.




#Article 54: Encyclopedia (174 words)


Buku lakuti encyclopedia kapena encyclopaediandilo buku lofotokozera kapena kufotokozera mwachidule zidule za chidziwitso kuchokera kwa nthambi zonse kapena kuchokera ku munda kapena chilango. 
Mapulogalamu amagawidwa kukhala zigawo kapena zolembedwera zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakonzedweratu ndi alfabheti ndi dzina lachaputala ndi nthawi zina ndi zigawo zosiyana. Zolemba za Encyclopedia ndizowonjezereka komanso zowonjezereka kuposa zomwe ziri muzinenero zambiri. Kawirikawiri, mosiyana ndi zolemba za dikishonale zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha zilankhulo za mawu, monga tanthawuzo, kutchulidwa, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi mawonekedwe a grammatical, nkhani zolemba mabuku zimagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zeniyeni zokhudzana ndi nkhani yotchulidwa m'nkhani ya mutuwo. 

Mapulogalamu ena akhalapo kwa zaka zoposa 2,000 ndipo adasintha kwambiri kuyambira nthawi imeneyo monga chinenero (cholembedwa m'zinenero zamitundu yonse kapena chinenero chamanja), kukula (zochepa kapena zambiri), cholinga (kufotokozera dziko lonse kapena zochepa za chidziwitso) (chidziwitso, chikhalidwe), kuwerenga (maphunziro, chikhalidwe, zofuna, mphamvu), komanso zipangizo zamakono zomwe zimapezeka kuti zikhale ndi zogawira (zolembedwa pamanja, zochepa kapena zazikulu kusindikizidwa, kutulutsa intaneti). Monga gwero lamtengo wapatali la chidziwitso chodalirika chinapangidwa ndi akatswiri, mabaibulo osindikizidwa omwe amapezeka malo otchuka mu makalata, masukulu ndi masukulu ena a maphunziro.




#Article 55: Jason J Mulikita (505 words)


Jason Jackson Mulikita (wobadwa pa 7 Oktoba 1983) ndi wojambula zithunzi wa Zambia, wojambula, wogulitsa malonda a pa Intaneti ndi woyambitsa buku lopanda phindu la pa Intaneti Chalo Chatu.

Mulikita anabadwira ku Lusaka ndipo anapita ku Matero Boys Primary School mu 1991. Kuyambira 2000 mpaka 2002 iye amaphunzira sukulu ku Monze ndi Mumbwa. Anapitanso ku National Institute of Public Administration kuti akaphunzire za Zogwiritsira Ntchito. Mu 2014 adaphunzira kujambula ndi New York Institute of Photography.

Kuyambira ali mwana, Jason wakhala akuwongolera komanso akukondwera ndi zipangizo zamagetsi. Mu 1995 kuti pamene adayamba kujambula zithunzi ndikupanga zojambula kuchokera ku chilengedwe, magazini ndi malingaliro opanga. Jason anandilemba zojambula zanga zonse ndi chizindikiro chake chodziwika bwino cha 'JJArts' chomwe tsopano chimadziwika ndi JJArts Photography. Pogwiritsa ntchito diso lojambulajambula, Jason anaganiza kuti adzigule yekha kamera kamene kanali koyamba mu 1998 kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yowonjezera - yomwe ndinkati ndi nthawi yozizira. Jason anatha kugwiritsa ntchito talente yake kusukulu kulipilira maphunziro ake ndi kujambula zochitika. Kenako anatenga kamera yake yoyamba ya DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex) mu 2011 ndipo anaganiza zojambula zithunzi za nyama zakutchire. [6] Mu October 2006 adagwira ntchito ina yophunzitsa ku NorthGate Academy (kenako Sishemo Education Trust) ku Lusaka kumene adaphunzitsa makompyuta kwa ana kuyambira kalasi yoyamba mpaka kachisanu ndi chiwiri. Anagwira ntchito ku sukulu mpaka 2014. Mmodzi mwa ophunzira ake anali Joseph Lusumpa, yemwe kenako anauziridwa ndi kukhala wojambula zithunzi. Mu 2006 adapereka gawo la TV lamakono lotchedwa Kuzindikira pa intaneti pazithunzi za ZNBC TV, Smooth Talk. Kuchokera mu 2009 mpaka 2012, adagwira ntchito ngati wothandizila za IT ku Secretariat wa Governance pansi pa Ministry of Justice. Kuchokera mu 2012, Mulikita wakhala akugwira ntchito yophunzitsa nthawi yina pa yunivesite ya Zambia ya Consultancy and Training Unit (CTU).

Mu 2003, Mulikita anakhazikitsa bizinesi yake yoyamba ya intaneti ku Xtreme Zambia ndipo adapereka ma webusaiti monga webusaiti yopanga ndi kusamalira. Webusaitiyi inagwiritsanso ntchito ngati malo ochezera pa intaneti komanso malonda a malonda. Mu 2009 iye adasinthiratu ntchito za webusaitiyi, kuzichepetsa kuti zithandize ma webusaiti. Atatha zaka zambiri akujambula kusukulu komanso pa zochitika za m'banja, anayamba kujambula zithunzi monga ntchito yapamwamba mu August 2011. Bzinesi ya kujambula zithunzi inatengera dzina lake ku JJArts [6] [3]. Kujambula kwa Jason kumayang'aniridwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya moyo, nyama zakutchire, kupita ku malo. Kujambula kwa Jason kungapezekanso pa National Geographic, nsanja yaikulu ya ojambula zakutchire ndi zojambula zithunzi kuti asonyeze ntchito yawo.

Mu 2016, Mulikita anakhazikitsa bungwe lopanda phindu, Chalo Chatu Foundation, yomwe imayendetsa polojekiti ya Chalo Chatu, yolemba mabuku pa intaneti yomwe cholinga chake chinali kusunga mbiri ndi kunyada kwa Zambia. Poyankha ndi QTV's Breakfast Show, Mulikita adalongosola masomphenya ake a Chalo Chatu: Monga dziko sitinayambe bwino kulembera mbiri yathu.Ngati mukuganiza za mbiri yakale ya Zambia, ambiri mwa iwo akuyang'ana pa ufulu wodzilamulira. gulu lalikulu la ndale ndi kumasulidwa limene linachitika mu 1964. Koma ngati mutayesa kuganiza ndi kufunsa aliyense za moyo musanakhalepo, mudzapeza kuti pali mdima.Zambiri za mbiri ya Zambia zikupezeka kumapeto kwa 1950, koma tikudziwa kuti kunali moyo usanakhalepo. Choncho tikupita kutali kwambiri kuti tipeze mfundoyi ndikulemba zomwe zikuchitika lero. 




#Article 56: FIFA 18 (357 words)


FIFA 18 ndi masewero a masewera a mpira owonetsera mpira mu masewero a FIFA, opangidwa ndi ofalitsidwa ndi Electronic Arts ndipo adatulutsidwa padziko lonse pa 29 September 2017 kwa Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One ndi Nintendo Kusintha. Ndilo gawo la 25 mu mndandanda wa FIFA. Mmodzi wa maseŵera a Real Madrid Cristiano Ronaldo akuwoneka ngati wothamanga wothamanga.

FIFA 18 ndi gawo lachiwiri mndandanda wogwiritsa ntchito injini ya masewera 3 a Frostbite, ngakhale kuti masewera ena amagwiritsira ntchito injini yosiyana. Mu PlayStation 4, Microsoft Windows ndi Xbox One Mabaibulo akuphatikizapo kupitiliza Ulendo machitidwe-based mode omwe poyamba FIFA 17 mutu wakuti Kubwezeretsa kwa Hunter. Mabaibulo a PlayStation 3 ndi Xbox 360, otchedwa FIFA 18: Legacy Edition, alibe zochitika zatsopano zamasewera pambali pa kits zomwe zamasinthidwa ndi squads.

FIFA 18 inatulutsidwa padziko lonse pa 29 September 2017 kwa Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Xbox One ndi Nintendo Switch. Cristiano Ronaldo akupezeka pa chivundikiro cha bokosi la masewera.

Pa April 30, 2018, EA idalengeza zaulere kuonjezera pa 2018 FIFA World Cup, yomwe ili ndi magulu onse okwana 32 (komanso magulu onse a FIFA 18) ndi masewera 12 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa World Cup 2018 FIFA. kuphatikizapo kuthekera kwa oseŵera kupanga mapikisano awo omwe amakongoletsedwa a World Cup. Anatulutsidwa pa 29 May 2018 kwa PC, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 ndi Xbox One masewerawo, ndi FIFA Mobile kupeza nthawi yochepa pa 6 June 2018.

FIFA 18 inalandira ndemanga zabwino zovomerezeka za PS4, Xbox One ndi PC masewerawo, pomwe Nintendo Switch version inalandira zosakaniza kapena zowerengera ndemanga kuchokera kwa otsutsa, malinga ndi ndemanga ya aggregator Metacritic.

Muzokambirana kwawo akulemba 7 pa 10, GameSpot analemba, Kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masewera omwe amapereka ndi momwe zonse zasonyezedwera, kusinthidwa kwanthawi zonse mu Team FUT ya Week, Zolinga za Tsiku ndi tsiku, ndikukambirana za zochitika zenizeni muzofotokozera, FIFA 18 imatenga dziko lonse la mpira ndikutanthauzira mosakayikira masewera a kanema. Komabe, pamtunda, masewera a mpira a EA akadakali kumbuyo kwa mpira wa PES 2018, womwe umakhutitsa mpira.  IGN inapereka 8.1 / 10, kunena kuti, Kuganizira kwambiri za kuukiridwa koma kuwonjezereka kochepa kwatsopano kumapangitsa izi kukhala zodabwitsa ngati zinachitikira zopanda pake.




#Article 57: Mpira (198 words)


Maseŵera a mpira, omwe amadziwikanso ngati mpira ndi masewera a masewera omwe amasewera pakati pa magulu awiri a osewera khumi ndi limodzi omwe ali ndi mpira wozungulira. Iwo amasewera ndi osewera 250 miliyoni m'mayiko oposa 200 ndi kudalira, ndikupanga masewera otchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi.  Masewerawa amasewera m'munda wamakono ndi cholinga pakutha. Cholinga cha masewerawo ndi kuponya mpira pogwiritsa ntchito mzere wopita kutsogolo.Msonkhano wa mpira ndi umodzi wa banja la masewera a mpira omwe adatuluka m'maseŵera osiyanasiyana a mpira omwe adasewera padziko lapansi kuyambira kale. Masewera amasiku ano akuwonekera kuyambira 1863 pamene Malamulo a Masewera adayambitsidwa ku England ndi The Football Association.

Osewera saloledwa kugwira mpirawo ndi manja kapena manja pamene akusewera, pulumutsani ozilonda m'deralo. Ena osewera amagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yawo kumenyana kapena kupitila mpira, koma amagwiritsanso ntchito mbali ina iliyonse ya thupi lawo kupatula manja ndi mikono. Iye adagonjetsa zolinga zambiri pamapeto pa masewerawo. Ngati mpikisano uli pamapeto pa masewerowo, mwina kujambulitsa kumatchulidwa kapena masewerawa amapita nthawi yowonjezera kapena kuwombera chilango malinga ndi mtundu wa mpikisano. Msonkhano wa mpira wautali umayendetsedwa padziko lonse ndi International Federation of Association Football (FIFA; French: Fédération Internationale de Football Association), yomwe ikukonzekeretsa Zophika Zapadziko lonse kwa amuna ndi akazi zaka zinayi zilizonse




#Article 58: Alex Hunter (Makhalidwe) (778 words)


Alex Hunter ndi munthu wongopeka m'masewero a FIFA omwe adachita ndi EA Sports. Amasewera ndi osewera Adetomiwa Edun, yemwe anapereka mawu ndi kayendedwe kake ka khalidwelo. Alex Hunter anabadwira ku Clapham, London, ndipo adasewera mpira wachinyamata pa Clapham Common ndi bwenzi lake labwino Gareth Walker. Hunter ndi amitundu, ndi bambo woyera ndi amayi akuda. Cholinga cha moyo wake ndikuthamanga ngati mtsogoleri wa mpira. His grandfather, Jim Hunter, was a former player who scored 22 goals in the 1968–69 season. Agogo ake aamuna, Jim Hunter, anali mchenga wakale amene adapeza zolinga 22 mu nyengo ya 1968-69. Bambo a Alex, Harold, nayenso anali mcheza mpira wachinyamata ali mnyamata, koma ntchito yake inachepetsedwa chifukwa chovulala. Mayi ake, Catherine, amagwira ntchito ngati mlengi.

Tikudziwitsidwa ndi Alex pamene akupikisana ndi mnyamata wake wa U-11 ku London ya Clapham Common. Pamene zochitikazo zikufalikira, timakumananso ndi mamembala ambiri a The Journey cast: Alex, yemwe anali bwenzi lake lapamtima la Gareth Walker, amayi ake Catherine, bambo awo Harold, ndi agogo aamuna Jim. Pambuyo pa mpikisano wothamanga woopsa, nkhaniyi ikudutsa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri kuti iwonongeke ku National Football Academy komwe Alex ndi Gareth akukhamukira kuti akondweretse a Premier League. Apa ndi pomwe Alex akukumana ndi Danny Williams, wosewera mpira wothamanga pa mpikisano wochokera kunja omwe amapatsa Alex nthawi yovuta.

Alex atatsiriza chigamulocho, adayandikira Michael Taylor ndipo amamulemba kuti akhale woyang'anira wake woyamba. Michael akulandira Alex mgwirizano ndi kampani ya Premier League yomwe adasankha, ndipo patapita nthawi tinapeza kuti Gareth nayenso adasainira kalabu yomweyo. Achinyamata awiriwa amapita ku preseason ku United States palimodzi, koma Alex amangokhalira kuchita kaye kaye kaye kaye kaye atapeza kuti gululi lalemba chikondwerero-kutanthauza kuti akukongoza ngongole ya Championship.

Alex atangofika ku gulu lake latsopano, akuthamangira ku bwenzi lakale-Danny Williams. Alex akukweza ngongoleyo pamodzi ndi Danny pamene awiriwa akugwirizana kwambiri (komanso ubwenzi), koma akukumbukira mwadzidzidzi kwa gulu la kholo lake pakati pa nyengoyi. Timazindikira kuti izi zatheka chifukwa cha kuchoka kwa gulu la Gareth-chifukwa cha mpikisano wawo wamkulu-ndipo Alex akuyenera kudzaza nsapato za bwenzi lake lakale.

Kuchita bwino pamene adabwerera ku kampu amapeza Alex pamalo oyamba ku XI mu komaliza la FA Cup motsutsana ndi omenyana nawo kwambiri-ndi Gareth wake wakale. Ngakhale kuti mwayesetsana kwambiri pamasewera omwe Gareth amapita kutali kwambiri, awiriwa amavomereza mwachidule pambuyo-mosasamala kanthu kuti amupindula ndani.

Ulendowu umayenda ndi Alex ndi Danny akusewera FIFA pomwe Alex adapeza kuti wasankhidwa ndi ochita masewera omwe angakumane ndi timu ya ku England posachedwa.

Tsopano kuti adzikhazikitsanso ndi kampani yake ya Premier League, Alex akupita kukalalikira ku United States kuti adziwe ngati Real Madrid ndi Los Angeles Galaxy. Kumapeto kwa nthawi yake ku Los Angeles, Alex akuthamangira kwa abambo ake a Harold, omwe akukhala ku United States ndipo akufuna kubwereranso.
Mbalameyi itabwerera ku England, Michael Taylor adamuuza Alex kuti amuuze kuti Real Madrid akufuna kumugula. Posakhalitsa akukumana ndi Real ku USA ndikukumana ndi Cristiano Ronaldo, Alex akuyendetsa polojekitiyi polemba pempho. Zonsezi zimakhala zabodza ndipo zikugwera, kuwononga mbiri ya Alex ndi chigamu ndi mafanizi ake.

Ali ndi zosankha zambiri zomwe zatsala posachedwa ndipo posachedwa kutseka mawindo, Alex akusankha kupita ku LA Galaxy Harold atamuitana ndikuthandiza kusamuka. Alex akubwezeretsanso mawonekedwe ake ndikudalira MLS, kuthandiza Galaxy kufika pa Playoffs (ndipo mwinamwake zambiri). Amakumananso ndi Kim Hunter, mlongo wake yemwe Harold sanamuuzepo za iye. Ngakhale kuti sakufuna chilichonse chokhudza Kim, Alex akukwiyira bambo ake pambali ndikuthandizira mchemwali wake pamene akuitanidwa ku United States National Team.

Alex akudumphadumpha ku MLS akukwera mpira, ndipo akukhala ndi mabungwe akuluakulu ku Ulaya. Atapanga chisankho ndipo ali ndi chigamulo chodalirika ndi gulu lake latsopano, Alex akuvulaza bondo zomwe zimamulepheretsa kugwira ntchito kwa miyezi ingapo. Gululi limatha kutumiza Alex ku Los Angeles kuti akonzedwe, zomwe zimamupatsanso mpata woti azigwirizana naye (kenako kumaphunzitsa) Kim.

Atawachiritsa bwino madokotala, Alex adabwerera ku Ulaya kuti adzigwirizanenso ndi gulu lake m'nyengo yotsalayo. Iye amakondwera ndi machitidwe olimba kuti atseke nyengoyi, kenako akubwereranso ku Los Angeles ndi agogo ake aamuna Jim. Pambuyo pamisonkhano yoyamba pakati pa Jim ndi Kim, Alex amalandira foni kuchokera kwa wothandizira omwe akuyimira anzake ake. Akupempha msonkhano, kumuuza kuti ngati iye ali womusitomala iye adzakhala mtsogoleri wa Real Madrid pakalipano.

Hunter yayikidwa kuti iwonetseke mu gawo lachitatu ndi lotsiriza la The Journey in FIFA 19, yotchedwa The Journey: Champions. M'nyumba iyi ya Hunter imasintha Real Madrid ndipo imakhala yowonera masewerawa Cristiano Ronaldo anapita ku Juventus. Pamene FIFA 19 ili ndi chilolezo chonse cha Champions League Hunter adagwirizananso ndi Real Madrid chifukwa cha ulemerero wa Champions League. Hunter adanena izi ponena za kusamukira ku Real Madrid: Ndizo zonse zomwe ndakhala ndikufuna, zosavuta monga. Anapitiriza kuti: Kuti ndigwirizane ndi Real Madrid, gulu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndimomwe mwana wanga amandifunira. Ndipo pamwamba pa zonsezi, ndikungopeza mwayi woti ndichite nawo masewera akuluakulu a masewerawa. dziko, UEFA Champions League .




#Article 59: Gulugufe (759 words)


Agulugufe kawirikawiri ndi tizilombo tomwe timawuluka pa dongosolo la Lepidoptera. Iwo amasonkhana pamodzi mu gawo la Rhopalocera. Tizilomboti timagwirizana kwambiri ndi njenjete, zomwe zinasinthika.

Moyo wa agulugufe umagwirizana kwambiri ndi maluwa, zomwe mphutsi zawo (mbozi) zimadyetsa, ndipo akuluakulu amadyetsa ndi kuika mazira awo. Iwo ali ndi mbiriyakale yokhazikika ya co-kusinthika ndi zomera. Zambiri mwazomwe zimapangidwira zomera zimagwirizana ndi zofufumitsa zawo, ndipo mosiyana ndi izi. Zina mwazidziwikidwe za agulugufe ndi mitundu yawo yambiri ndi mitundu, ndi mapiko awo. Izi zikufotokozedwa pansipa.

Mitambo ya Angiosperms (maluwa) inasinthika ku Lower Cretaceous, koma siinali yowonekera mpaka ku Upper Cretaceous. Ziwombankhanga zinali gulu lalikulu kwambiri la tizilombo kuti liwoneke padziko lapansi.  Iwo anasintha kuchokera ku njenjete mu Cretaceous yatsopano kapena Cainozoic yakale kwambiri. Zakale zakale zagulugufe zodziwika bwino zagulugufe zinayamba kufika pakati pa nyengo ya Eocene, pakati pa zaka 40 mpaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo.

Monga njenjete, agulugufe ali ndi mapiko anayi omwe ali ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono. Pamene gulugufe siliuluka, mapiko ake nthawi zambiri amawaponyera kumbuyo kwake. Mapikowa amawonekedwe ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala achikasu. Pali mitundu yambiri ya agulugufe. Amuna ndi akazi a mtundu uliwonse amakhala osiyana kwambiri ndi wina ndi mnzake. Kuwoneka kwa tizilomboti timakonda kujambula. Anthu ena amasunganso magulufegufe omwe adagwira.

Mofanana ndi tizilombo tonse timene timakhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira, moyo wa gulugufe umadutsamo magawo anayi. Zimayamba ngati dzira, lomwe limalowa mu mphutsi (mbozi). Patapita nthawi, mphutsiyo imakhala chrysalis. Pamene ili mu siteji ya chrysalis, imakhala butterfly. Agulugufe kameneka amatulutsa kunja ndikuika mazira ambiri.

Zilombo zazikuluzikulu za agulugufe ndi mbalame, monga momwe zidyanja zazikuluzikulu za njenjete zimatha. Komanso nyani ndi zamoyo zokhala ndi mitengo ndi zinyama, ndi tizilombo tina ndi akangaude. Ndithudi zinyama zonse ndi abulu ali ndi masomphenya abwino, kotero kuti mtundu wa butterfly umagwira ntchito mofanana ndi iwo momwe izo zimachitira pa mbalame.

Mitundu yodabwitsa ndi mapangidwe pamapiko ndi thupi zimatha kumveka bwino malinga ndi ntchito yawo. Zina mwa ntchito zoonekera kwambiri za mtundu ndi:

Ziwombankhanga zimadutsa mwakuya kwathunthu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali mbali zinayi m'moyo wa agulugufe. Mbali yoyamba ndi dzira. Mbali yachiwiri ndi mbozi (nthawi zina imatchedwa larva). Gawo lachitatu ndi chrysalis (nthawi zina amatchedwa pupa). Gawo lachinayi ndilo wamkulu (nthawi zina amatchedwa imago).

Gulugufe wamkazi amaika mazira ake pafupi kapena pafupi ndi chomera cha mbozi (chakudya chomera ndi chomera chimene mbozi imadyetsa). Mkaziyo adzasankha malo oti aziyikira mazira pogwiritsa ntchito fungo, kulawa, kugwira, ndi kuona. Mitundu yambiri idzayika dzira limodzi pa chomera. Ena adzayika magulu a mazira asanu mpaka 100 pa chomera. Mitundu yambiri imayika mazira awo pa masamba a chomera. Ena adzawaika pa maluwa, zimayambira, makungwa, kapena zipatso za zomera.

Mazira amabwera maonekedwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Iwo akhoza kukhala ozungulira kapena ovundala, ndi omveka. Mu mitundu ina, chipolopolo cha dzira chimagwedezeka. Mitundu yowoneka bwino mu mazira a butterfly ndi achikasu ndi ofiira. Mazirawo adzasanduka mdima asanayambe kugwira ntchito. Ndiponso, agulugufe ena amatenga tsiku kuti atuluke mazira, pamene ena angatenge miyezi.

Mbozi za mphutsi zimatha kukula, mtundu, ndi mawonekedwe. Iwo akhoza kukhala ndi misinkhu, mabala, kapena zofutukuka za thupi zofewa. Mbozi zonse zili ndi zigawo 13 za thupi. Zigawo zitatu zoyambirira zimapanga thorax. Katemera amakhala ndi miyendo itatu ya miyendo. Miyendo imeneyi imatchedwa miyendo yeniyeni. Zigawo zina 10 zimapanga mimba. Mimba ili ndi miyendo isanu ya miyendo yofewa yotchedwa prolegs. Zilondazi zimakhala ndi zingwezing'ono kumapeto kwa phazi lililonse. Iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwiritsabe ku zinthu. Zikopa zimatchedwa crochets.

Nkhupa (zambiri, ziphuphu) zimapangidwa pambuyo pomaliza molt. Mbozi idzapeza malo apadera kuti pupate (pupate amatanthauza kusintha kukhala pupa). Tsamba la m'mimba limachotsedwa. Mbozi imatulutsa khungu lake. Nkhupa tsopano yatsegulidwa. Matenda a mbozi amathyoledwa ndi kumangidwanso m'magulu a gulugufe. Nkhupa sangathe kusuntha. Icho chimamangirizidwa ku chinthu ndi zingwe zing'onozing'ono kumapeto kwa mimba. Zikopa izi zimapanga chomwe chimatchedwa cremaster. Pali mabowo ang'onoang'ono pa pupa. Amalola mpweya wopuma kulowa mkati ndi kunja kwa pupa.

Nkhumba zambiri zimakhala zosavuta kuti nyama zowonongeka ziwonongeke. Mbalame zina (m'banja la Hesperiidae ndi a Parnassiinae ndi a Satyrinae) zimapanga malo okhala ndi silika ndi masamba kuti adziteteze akakhala achikulire. Nyumbazi zimatchedwa cocoons. Amagulu a butterfly ambiri samakhala ndi makoko kuti aziteteze okha. M'malo mwake, ziphuphu zimakhala ndi mitundu yofiirira kapena yobiriwira kuti idzidzidzimutse pakati pa masamba ndi nthambi. Mankhusu omwe alibe cocoons amatchedwa chrysalids kapena chrysalises.

Ena agulugufe akhoza kukhala m'mavuto chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo. Chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa nkhalango ndi udzu, mitundu ina ya agulugufe alibe malo odyetsa ndi kuika mazira. Pofuna kuthandiza, anthu ena amabzala munda wa butterfly ndi maluwa okhala ndi timadzi tokoma kuti agulugufe azidya. Anthu ena amasunga zomera zomwe agulugufe amaika mazira, ndipo amasangalala kuyang'anitsitsa mbozi ndikudya zomera. Mipiritsi ya mankhwala yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti tizilombo tizilombo tisawonongeke m'munda wamaluwa, komanso iphani agulugufe.




#Article 60: Cristiano Ronaldo (1502 words)


Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro (anabadwa 5 February 1985) ndi mphukira wa Chipwitikizi amene amachitira patsogolo pa chigwirizano cha Italiya Juventus ndi timu ya Portugal. Kawirikawiri amaganiziridwa ngati wosewera mpira mdziko lonse ndipo ambiri amaona kuti ndi mmodzi mwa osewera kwambiri, Ronaldo ali ndi zolemba zisanu za Ballon d'Or, omwe ndi ochita maseŵera a ku Ulaya, ndipo ndi ochita maseŵera oyamba kuti apambane anayi a ku European Golden Shoes. Iye wapambana masewera 26 mu ntchito yake, kuphatikizapo maudindo asanu a ligi, maudindo asanu a UEFA Champions League ndi UEFA European Championship. Ronaldo ali ndi zolemba zambiri zomwe amapeza m'mipikisano yambiri ya Ulaya (395), UEFA Champions League (120), UEFA European Championship (9), komanso omwe akuthandizira ambiri mu UEFA Champions League (34) ndi UEFA European Championship (6). Iye wapanga zolinga zapamwamba zoposa 670 za klabu ndi dziko.

Atabadwira komanso analeredwa ku Madeira pachilumba cha Madeira, Ronaldo anapeza kuti ali ndi mtima wopikisana ali ndi zaka 15. Iye anachitapo opaleshoni kuti athetse vuto lake, ndipo adayamba kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ku Sporting CP, asanayambe kulemba ndi Manchester United ali ndi zaka 18 2003. Atapambana chigamulo chake, FA Cup, pa nyengo yake yoyamba ku England, inathandiza United kupambana mayina atatu a Premier League, dzina la UEFA Champions League, ndi FIFA Club World Cup. Ali ndi zaka 22, adalandira mpira wa Ballon d'Or ndi FIFA World Player ya Chaka chomwe adasankhidwa ndipo ali ndi zaka 23, adalandira mpira wake woyamba woyamba wa Ballon d'Or ndi FIFA World Player ya Chaka Chaka. Mchaka cha 2009, Ronaldo ndiye adakwera mtengo wa mpira wautali kwambiri pamene adachoka ku Manchester United kupita ku Real Madrid pa mtengo wotsika mtengo wa € 94 miliyoni (£ 80 miliyoni).

Ku Madrid, Ronaldo anapambana mayina 15, kuphatikizapo maina awiri a La Liga, awiri a Copas del Rey, maudindo anayi a UEFA Champions League, awiri UEFA Super Cups, ndi atatu FIFA Club World Cups. Ronaldo adalemba mavoti 34 La Liga hat-tricks, kuphatikizapo zolemba zisanu ndi zitatu zokha zomwe zinapangidwa mu 2014-15 ndipo ndi yekhayo amene angakwanitse kukwaniritsa zolinga makumi asanu ndi limodzi mu nyengo zisanu ndi ziwiri za Liga. Ronaldo atapitanso ku Madrid, Ronaldo adathamangitsira mpira wa Ballon d'Or katatu, akutsatira Lionel Messi, yemwe adamukonda kwambiri, asanapambane ndi Ballons d'Or mchaka cha 2013 ndi 2014. Atatha kupambana ndi masewera a 2016 ndi 2017 Ronaldo adatsitsimutsanso Ballons d'Or kumbuyo kwa 2016 ndi 2017. Chotsatira chachitatu cha Champions League chotsatira chinatsatira, kupanga Ronaldo kukhala wochita masewera olimbitsa katatu. Mu 2018, adasainira Juventus ndalama zokwana € 100 miliyoni, ndalama zambiri zomwe adazilipira kwa wosewera mpira wazaka 30, ndipo wapamwamba kwambiri amalipidwa ndi gulu la Italy.

Ronaldo wotchedwa Portugal, adatchedwa Portugal Football Federation nthawi zonse ndi 2015. Iye adapanga dziko la Portugal m'chaka cha 2003 ali ndi zaka 18, ndipo wakhala akukhala ndi zikuluzikulu zoposa 150, kuphatikizapo kuwonekera ndi kukweza masewera asanu ndi atatu masewera, kukhala mchenga wotchuka kwambiri ku Portugal komanso dziko la dziko lonse lapansi. Anakwaniritsa cholinga chake choyamba pa Euro 2004 ndipo adathandiza Portugal kufika pamapeto. Anagonjetsa captaincy mu July 2008, akutsogolera Portugal kuti apambane pa mpikisano waukulu pomaliza mpikisano wa Euro 2016, ndipo adalandira Silver Boot kukhala mpikisano wachiwiri wa masewerawo, asanakhale wopambana kwambiri pa mayiko a ku Ulaya. nthawi

Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro anabadwira ku São Pedro, Funchal, ku Portugal ndipo anakulira ku parish ya Funchal ya Santo António, monga mwana wamng'ono kwambiri wa Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro, wophika, ndi José Dinis Aveiro, woyang'anira minda ya boma ndi gawo -ndipo nthawi yamwamuna. Dzina lake lachiwiri, Ronaldo, anasankhidwa pambuyo pake-U.S. Pulezidenti Ronald Reagan. Ali ndi mkulu wachikulire, Hugo, ndi alongo awiri aakulu, Elma ndi Liliana Cátia. Agogo ake aakazi, Isabel da Piedade, anali ochokera ku São Vicente, Cape Verde. Ronaldo anakulira m'banja lachikatolika ndi laumphaŵi, akugawana chipinda ndi mbale wake ndi alongo ake.

Pokhala mwana, Ronaldo ankasewera gulu la amateur Andorinha kuyambira 1992 mpaka 1995, komwe bambo ake anali munthu wamkati, ndipo anakhala zaka ziwiri ndi Nacional. Mu 1997, ali ndi zaka 12, adaweruzidwa masiku atatu ndi Sporting CP, yemwe adamulembera ndalama zokwanira £ 1,500. Pambuyo pake adachoka ku Madeira kupita ku Alcochete, pafupi ndi Lisbon, kuti adze nawo anyamata ena a Sporting ku mpira wa mpira. Ndili ndi zaka 14, Ronaldo ankakhulupirira kuti akhoza kusewera masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndipo adagwirizana ndi amayi ake kuti asiye maphunziro ake kuti aganizire bwino mpira. Ngakhale kuti anali wotchuka ndi ophunzira ena kusukulu, adathamangitsidwa atapereka mpando kwa aphunzitsi ake, omwe anati amamulemekeza. Komabe, patapita chaka chimodzi, adapezeka kuti ali ndi mtima wothamanga, chomwe chikanamukakamiza kusiya mpira .Ronaldo anachitidwa opaleshoni ya mtima pamene laser idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa njira zambiri za mtima, kusinthasintha kwake kwa mtima. Anamasulidwa kuchoka kuchipatala patangopita nthawi yowerengera ndikubwezeretsanso masiku angapo.

Ali ndi zaka 16, Ronaldo adalimbikitsidwa kuchokera ku timu ya anyamata a Sporting ndi mtsogoleri wa timu yoyamba László Bölöni, yemwe adachita chidwi ndi kuthamanga kwake. Pambuyo pake, anakhala mchenga woyamba kusewera mpirawo, omwe ali ndi zaka zosachepera 16, zaka 17 ndi zocheperapo 18, gulu B, ndi gulu loyamba, onse mu nyengo imodzi.Patapita chaka, pa 7 Oktoba 2002, Ronaldo adayamba ku Primeira Liga, motsutsana ndi Moreirense, ndipo adakwaniritsa zolinga ziwiri pa mphindi zitatu. Pakatikati pa nyengo ya 2002-03, nthumwi zake zinamuuza woyang'anira Liverpool Gérard Houllier ndi pulezidenti wa Barcelona Joan Laporta. Mtsogoleri wa Arsène Wenger, yemwe ankafuna kulemba winger, adakumana naye kumalo a Arsenal mu November kuti akambirane za momwe angathere.

Mtsogoleri wa Manchester United, Alex Ferguson, adafuna kuti Ronaldo azisunthira mwamsanga, Sporting itagonjetsa United 3-1 patsikulo la Estádio José Alvalade mu August 2003. Poyamba, United anali atangokonza Ronaldo ndikumulipira ngongoleyo Kubwerera ku Zosewera kwa chaka. Atachita chidwi ndi osewera a Manchester United, adamuuza Ferguson kuti amusinthe. Pambuyo pa masewerawa, Ferguson adavomereza kulipira Sporting £ 12.24 miliyoni pa zomwe ankaona kuti ndi mmodzi wa osewera osewera kwambiri omwe adawawonapo. Zaka khumi atachoka ku kampu, mu April 2013, Sporting adamulemekeza Ronaldo pomusankha kuti akhale membala wawo 100,000.

Pambuyo pa nyengo ya 2009-10, Ronaldo adagwirizanitsa Real Madrid ndi ndalama zokwana £ 80 miliyoni (€ 94 miliyoni). Msonkhano wake, umene unapitilira mpaka 2015, unali wokwanira € 11 miliyoni pachaka ndipo unali ndi chigamulo chogulitsa € 1 biliyoni. Mafilimu okwana 80,000 adapezeka ku Santiago Bernabéu, kupitirira zaka 25 za mafilimu 75,000 omwe adalandira Diego Maradona ku Napoli. Ronaldo adalandira sheti ya nambala 9, yomwe idaperekedwa kwa iye yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa Madrid, Alfredo Di Stéfano.

Ronaldo adayamba ku La Liga pa 29 August 2009, motsutsana ndi Deportivo La Coruña, ndipo adapeza malo otsekedwa ku chipinda cha 3-2 cha Madrid. Iye adalemba muzitsulo zake zonse zoyambilira ndi klabu, mchenga woyamba wa Madrid kuti achite zimenezo.

Zolinga zake zoyamba za Champions League za gululi zinatsatidwa ndi zikhazikitso ziwiri m gulu loyambalo motsutsana ndi Zürich. Chiyambi chake cholimba cha nyengoyi, komabe, anadodometsedwa pamene adamva kuvulala kwa minofu mu Oktoba pamene anali kuntchito padziko lonse, zomwe zinamupangitsa kuti azikhala kwa milungu isanu ndi iwiri. Patatha sabata itabwerera, adalandira khadi lake lofiira loyamba lachifiira ku Spain mumsinkhu wolimbana ndi Almería. Pakati pa nyengoyi, Ronaldo adaika mzere wachiwiri kwa mpira wa Ballon d'Or ndi mphoto ya FIFA World Player ya Chaka, pambuyo pa Lionel Messi wa Barcelona], odana nawo a Madrid. Anatsiriza polojekitiyi ndi zolinga 33 mu mpikisano zonse, kuphatikizapo chikhomo cha 4-1 kupambana ndi Mallorca pa 5 May 2010, yoyamba ku mpikisano wa ku Spain. His first season at Real Madrid ended trophyless.

Raúl atachoka, Ronaldo anapatsidwa malaya 7 a Real Madrid patsogolo pake Nyengo ya 2010-11. Zotsatira zake zinabwerera ku mawonekedwe ake a Ballon d'Or zinagwidwa pamene, kwa nthawi yoyamba mu ntchito yake, Iye adakwaniritsa zolinga zinayi pamsasa umodzi pa 6-1 kupambana ndi Racing Santander pa 23 Oktoba. Kukweza kwake kunatsiriza masewero asanu ndi atatu otsatizana-atatu ku La Liga, wina ku Champions League, ndipo awiri a Portugal-omwe anali ndi zolinga 11, zomwe adazipeza m'mwezi umodzi. Ronaldo anapezanso zida zotsutsana ndi Athletic Bilbao, Levante,  Villarreal, ndi Málaga. Despite his performance, he failed to make the podium for the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or at the end of 2010.

Pamsonkhano wazaka zinayi za  Clásicos  otsutsana ndi Barcelona mu April 2011, Ronaldo adalemba kawiri kuti alingane mbiri yake ya 42 pa mpikisano wonse mu nyengo imodzi. Ngakhale kuti analephera kupeza maukonde pamene Madrid adatha kuthetsa masewera a Champions League, adatsutsana ndi malo omwe adzalandire mpikisanowu ndipo adapeza cholinga chogonjetsa maminiti 103 mu Copa del Rey. kuwombera koyamba ku Spain. Pa milungu iwiri yotsatira, Ronaldo adajambula zojambula zinayi motsutsana ndi Sevilla, chipewa chotsutsana ndi Getafe ndipo adagonjetsa Villarreal, akutsatira zilembo 38, zomwe zinalembedwa ndi Telmo Zarra ndi Hugo Sánchez. Zolinga zake ziwiri mu macheza otsiriza a nyengoyi, motsutsana ndi Almería, adamuika kukhala mchenga woyamba ku La Liga kuti apeze masomphenya 40.

Pambuyo pa sabata imodzi yowonongeka, pa July 10, 2018, Ronaldo adasainira mgwirizano wa zaka zinayi ndi chigamulo cha Italiya Juventus atamaliza ndalama zokwana € 100 miliyoni, kuphatikizapo ndalama zothandizana ndi magulu a achinyamata a Ronaldo ndi € 12 miliyoni zina.  Kusamutsidwa kunali kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa wosewera mpira wazaka zoposa 30, ndipo wapamwamba kwambiri omwe adalandiridwa ndi chipinda cha Italy. Ronaldo adanena kuti akufunika kuti adziwe ngati akufunika kuchoka pa Real Madrid. Ronaldo adagonjetsa Juventus pamsasa wawo wa Serie A pa 18 August, kupambana kwa Chimwevo 3-2.




#Article 61: Rungano Nyoni (119 words)


Rangano Nyoni (wobadwa pa May 17, 1982) ndi wojambula filimu wa Zambian-Welsh komanso wolemba masewerawa omwe amadziwa bwino filimu I Sitiri Mfiti imene inalembedwa ndi kulembedwa mu filimu yake yoyamba. Pulogalamu yake yoyamba, The List, inapambana BAFTA Cymru mu 2010.

Atabadwira ku Zambia, anasamukira ku Wales ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi. Wophunzira pa yunivesite ya Arts ku London, adatsogolera mafilimu angapo ochepa (List, Mwansa Wamkulu, Mverani), omwe adalandira mphoto yake komanso kutsutsidwa. Mvetserani (Kuuntele) amalandira Best Short Film Award ku Tribeca Film Festival mu 2015. Choyamba chachabechabe chake, Ine Sindiri Wamatsenga, ndinasankhidwa pa Phwando la Mafilimu la Cannes 2017 la Otsogolera. The Best Director ndi Best Director Award pa filimu yoyamba pa 20th British Independent Film Awards 2017.




#Article 62: Isaac Newton (258 words)


Sir Isaac Newton PRS FRS (25 December 1642 - 20 March 1726/27) anali katswiri wa masamu, katswiri wa zakuthambo, katswiri wa zaumulungu, wolemba ndi fizikia (yemwe anafotokozedwa mu tsiku lake ngati filosofi yachilengedwe) yemwe amadziwika kwambiri kuti ndi mmodzi mwa asayansi otchuka kwambiri nthawi zonse, ndi chiwerengero chofunikira pa zasinthidwe. Buku lake lakuti Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), loyamba lofalitsidwa mu 1687, linakhazikitsidwa maziko a makina achilengedwe.

Newton anafotokoza zochitika za chilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito masamu. Iye anafotokoza malamulo a kuyendayenda ndi kugwidwa. Malamulo amenewa ndi masamu omwe amafotokoza momwe zinthu zimasunthira pamene mphamvu imawathandiza. Isaac anasindikiza buku lake lotchuka kwambiri, Principia, mu 1687 pamene anali pulofesa wa masamu ku Trinity College, Cambridge. Mu Principia, Isake anafotokoza malamulo atatu omwe amayendetsa njira zomwe zimayenda. Kenako anafotokoza lingaliro lake, kapena lingaliro, za mphamvu yokoka. Mphamvu yokoka ndi mphamvu imene imayambitsa zinthu. Ngati pensulo idagwa pa desiki, idzagwa pansi, osati padenga. Mu bukhu lake Isaac adagwiritsanso ntchito malamulo ake kusonyeza kuti mapulaneti amayenda kuzungulira dzuŵa m'mitsinje yomwe ili yozungulira, osati yozungulira. Isake anazindikiranso zosiyana. Izi zinamupangitsa kuti alowe m'munda wafizikiki, kumene iye anayenda bwino.

Isaac Newton anabadwa pa 25 December 1642, m'nyumba ya nyumba ku Lincolnshire, England. Bambo ake anamwalira miyezi itatu asanabadwe. Pamene Isaki anali ndi amayi ake atatu, anakwatiwanso, ndipo Isaki anakhala ndi agogo ake. Iye sankafuna chidwi ndi famu ya banja, choncho anatumizidwa ku yunivesite ya Cambridge kuti akaphunzire. Nthaŵi zina amauzidwa kuti Isaac Newton akuwerenga buku pansi pa mtengo pamene apulo kuchokera pamtengo anagwa pafupi ndi iye. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti aziwerengera mphamvu yokoka.

 




#Article 63: Paulo Mtumwi (872 words)


Paulo Mtumwi  (Chilatini: Paulus; Chigiriki: Παῦλος, translit. Paũlus,  Coptic: ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ; c. 5 - c 64 kapena 67), amene amadziwika kuti Paulo Woyera komanso wodziwika ndi dzina lake lachiyuda lakuti Saulo wa ku Tariso (Chihebri: שאול התרסי, translit. Sha'ūl ha-Tarsī; Chigiriki: Σαῦλος Ταρσεύς, translit. Saũlos Tarseús), anali mtumwi (ngakhale osati mmodzi wa Atumwi khumi ndi awiri) amene adaphunzitsa uthenga wa Khristu ku dziko la zana loyamba.

Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti dzina la Saulo linasinthika pamene anakhala wotsatira wa Yesu Khristu, koma si choncho. Dzina lake lachiyuda linali Saulo (Chiheberi: שָׁאוּל, Modern Sha'ûl, Tiberian Šā'ûl, anapempha kuti, apemphere, adakhokwe), mwina pambuyo pa Mfumu Sauli, bwenzi la Benjamini ndi mfumu yoyamba ya Israeli. Malingana ndi Bukhu la Machitidwe, iye anali nzika ya Roma. Monga nzika ya Roma, adatchedwanso dzina lachilatini la Paulo -chi Greek: Παῦλος (Paulos), ndi Chilatini: Paulus. Zinali zofanana kuti Ayuda a nthawi imeneyo akhale ndi mayina awiri, Chiheberi chimodzi, Chilatini china kapena Chigiriki.

Yesu anamutcha Saulo, Saulo mu chilankhulo cha Chihebri m'buku la Machitidwe, pamene anaona masomphenya omwe adatsogolera kutembenuka pa njira yaku Damasiko. Pambuyo pake, m'masomphenya kwa Hananiya wa ku Damasiko, Ambuye anamutcha Saulo wa ku Tariso. Hananiya atabwera kudzabwezeretsa nkhope yake, adamutcha M'bale Saulo.

Mu , Saulo amatchedwa Paulo kwa nthawi yoyamba pachilumba cha Kupro-patatha nthawi yomwe adatembenuka. Wolemba (Luka) akusonyeza kuti mayinawo anali osinthika: Saulo, amenenso amatchedwa Paulo. Pambuyo pake amatchula kuti Paulo, mwachionekere Paulo ankakonda kuchokera pamene amatchedwa Paulo m'mabuku ena onse a m'Baibulo kumene adatchulidwa, kuphatikizapo zomwe adalemba. Kulemba dzina lake lachiroma kunali kofanana ndi kachitidwe kaumishonale kwa Paulo. Njira yake inali kuyika anthu omasuka ndi kuwafikira ndi uthenga wake m'chinenero ndi kalembedwe zomwe anganene, monga 1 Akorinto 9: 19-23.

Dzina la Paulo linali poyamba Saulo (osati kuti asokonezeke ndi Mfumu Saulo kuchokera m'mabuku a Samueli mu Chipangano Chakale). Anakulira kuphunzira malamulo onse achiyuda ndi njira zachi Greek zofotokozera zinthu. Ife tikuyamba kudziwonekera kwa Saulo mu Baibulo pafupi ndi mapeto a Machitidwe 7. Mpingo wachikhristu unayamba ndi kuuka ndi kukwera kwa Yesu. Saulo anali kutsutsana kwambiri ndi izi, ndipo anali wokondwa pamene ankayang'ana Woyera Stefano, wofera chikhulupiriro choyamba wa Yesu, akuphedwa ndi kumuponya miyala atapereka mawu omwe anakwiya ndi khoti lachiyuda. Anagwira ntchito pa Boma lachiroma ndipo anathandiza kutsogolera kumangidwa ndi kuphedwa kwa akhristu ambiri mu Israeli komanso pafupi.

Pambuyo pake, Saulo anauzidwa kuti apite ku Damasiko kukapeza ndi kubwezeretsanso Akhristu kumeneko kuti adzalangidwe. Ali panjira, Mulungu adatsika kumwamba ndipo analankhula ndi Saulo. Baibulo limalongosola za zomwe zinachitika monga izi:

Zomwe zikuluzikulu ziwiri zomwe timapeza poyambirira pa ntchito ya Paulo ndi Bukhu la Machitidwe komanso zolemba za Paulo za makalata oyambirira kumidzi ya mpingo. Paulo ayenera kuti anabadwira pakati pa zaka za 5 BC ndi 5 AD. Bukhu la Machitidwe limasonyeza kuti Paulo anali mbadwa ya chi Roma, koma Helmut Koester amatsutsa ndi umboni umene ulipo.

Anachokera ku banja lachiyuda lodzipereka mumzinda wa Tarsus, limodzi mwa malo akuluakulu amalonda ogombe la Mediterranean. Iyo idakhalapo zaka mazana angapo iye asanabadwe. Iyo inali yotchuka kwa yunivesite yake. Panthawi ya Alexander Wamkulu, yemwe adamwalira mu 323 BC, Tariso ndiwo mzinda wokhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri ku Asia Minor. Paulo anadzitcha yekha wochokera kwa Israeli, wa fuko la Benjamini, Mhebri wa Ahebri; ponena za lamulo, Mfarisi.

Baibulo silinena zambiri za banja la Paulo. Mwana wa mchimwene wa Paulo, mwana wa mlongo wake, akutchulidwa mu . Machitidwe amatsindiranso Paulo ponena za atate ake kuti iye, Paulo, anali Mfarisi, mwana wa Mfarisi (). Mu  akunena kuti achibale ake, Andronicus ndi Yunia, anali akhristu asanakhalepo ndipo anali otchuka pakati pa atumwi.

Saulo atafika ku Damasiko, adatengedwera kwa Anania, mmodzi wa ophunzira a Yesu, kumene adamuwona ndikubatizidwa monga Mkhristu. Iye anakhala zaka zitatu zotsatira ndikuphunzira malemba Achiyuda kachiwiri kuti apeze tsatanetsatane za ziphunzitso zachikristu. Zimene anakumana nazo zinasintha maganizo ake. Anasintha dzina lake kukhala Paulo ndipo adapatulira moyo wake kuti atumikire Yesu Khristu. Anagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro ake oyambirira kufotokozera chikhulupiriro chake chatsopano kwa anthu ena komanso kukambirana ndi anthu omwe anali ndi zikhulupiriro zina.

Anayenda kuzungulira Ufumu wa Roma, kuphunzitsa ena za Chikhristu, ndipo analemba makalata mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo ndi mipingo yomwe iye anathandiza kuti ayambe. Makalata ali ndi zigawo zambiri zofunikira za chiphunzitso chachikristu ndipo kuyambira pano akhala mbali ya Chipangano Chatsopano cha Baibulo, kubwera pakati pa Machitidwe a Atumwi ndi Makalata Akuluakulu. Sitikudziwika ngati Paulo analembadi makalata onsewa, kapena ngati anthu ena akanatha kulemba makalata ake. Chimodzi mwa makalata amenewa amawerengedwa pa Misa ngati yachiwiri mwa mawerengedwe awiri omwe amadza patsogolo pa Uthenga Wabwino.

Ngakhale kuti Baibulo silinena momwe Paulo adafera, zinauzidwa kuti Paulo anaphedwa ndi lamulo la mfumu Nero ku Roma, mu 67 AD. Iye anali ndi ufulu wa nzika ya Roma, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti iye akanakhoza kuphedwa pokhala atadula mutu wake ndi lupanga, osati kupachikidwa.

M'mavesi otsegulira a , Paulo akupereka litanyamuliro wa udindo wake wautumwi wolalikira pakati pa amitundu ndi zikhulupiriro zake zotsatila za Khristu woukitsidwayo.

Paulo ndi wofunikira kwambiri pa zaumulungu komanso zozizwitsa za zokhudzana ndi khalidwe labwino kapena labwino la Ayuda pamene akutsindika molimba mtima lingaliro la malo apadera kwa ana a Israeli.

Pali mikangano yokhudza ngati Paulo amadzimva yekha ngati atumizidwa kutenga uthenga kwa amitundu panthawi yomwe adatembenuka.

Tsiku la imfa ya Paulo likukhulupiliridwa kuti lachitika pambuyo pa Moto Waukulu wa Roma mu Julai 64, koma chaka chatha chisanafike ku ulamuliro wa Nero, mu 68.

Ikulongosola muzinthu zambiri:




#Article 64: Abrahamu (131 words)


Abrahamu(/ˈeɪbrəhæm, -həm/; Chiheberi: אַבְרָהָם‬, Zamakono ʾAvraham, Tiberian ʾAḇrāhām; Chiarabu: إبراهيم Ibrahim) (poyamba Abramu (Chihebri: אַבְרָם, Adiramu wamakono, Tiberiya Abramu)) ndi mwamuna mu Bukhu la Genesis ndi Qur'an. Kumeneku, akunenedwa kukhala atate wa Ayuda onse. Izi ndi chifukwa iye ndi kholo lawo. Abrahamu ndi mbali ya zipembedzo zachiyuda, zachikhristu ndi zachisilamu. Abrahamu akuonedwa ngati atate wa zipembedzo zitatuzi, zomwe zimatchedwa zipembedzo za Abrahamu.omari Kamona 

Abrahamu ndi atate wa Isaki ndi mkazi wake Sarah. Iye ali ndi Ismaeli ndi Hagara, mdzakazi wa Sarah, ndipo ali ndi ana ena ndi Keturah, amene amamkwatira pambuyo pa imfa ya Sarah. Ndi agogo ake a Yakobo ndi Esau. Abrahamu akukhulupilira kuti ndiye kholo lokhazikitsidwa la Aisrayeli, Aismaeli ndi Aedomu. Abrahamu anali mwana wachitatu wa Tera komanso mdzukulu wa Nahori. Abale ake a Abrahamu anali Nahori ndi Harana.




#Article 65: Plato (452 words)


Plato anali mmodzi wa akatswiri achifilosofi Achigiriki. Anakhala kuyambira 427 BC mpaka 348 BC. Iye anali wophunzira wa Socrates ndi mphunzitsi wa Aristotle. Plato analemba za maganizo ambiri mu filosofi omwe adakalipo lero. Wofilosofi wamakono, (Alfred North Whitehead), ananena kuti filosofi yonse kuyambira Plato yakhala yongotchulapo za ntchito zake. Ambiri amadziwika kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa filosofi, makamaka miyambo ya kumadzulo. Mosiyana ndi anthu ake onse afilosofi, ntchito yonse ya Plato ikukhulupirira kuti yapulumuka kwa zaka zoposa 2,400.

Pogwirizana ndi aphunzitsi ake, Socrates, ndi wophunzira wake wotchuka kwambiri, Aristotle, Plato anakhazikitsa maziko a filosofi ya sayansi ndi sayansi. Kuphatikiza pa kukhala maziko a sayansi ya azungu, filosofi, ndi masamu, Plato amanenanso kuti ndi mmodzi mwa omwe anayambitsa chipembedzo chakumadzulo ndi zauzimu. Plato anali watsopano wa zokambirana zolembedwa ndi dialectic mu filosofi. Plato akuwoneka kuti ndiye amene anayambitsa zafilosofi zapakati pa Western, ndi Republic, ndi Malamulo pakati pa zokambirana zina, kupereka zina mwa mankhwala oyamba kwambiri a mafunso a ndale kuchokera ku filosofi. Zomwe akatswiri a Plato amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi Socrates, Parmenides, Heraclitus ndi Pythagoras, ngakhale kuti ochepa chabe mwa omwe analipo kale analibe ntchito ndipo zambiri zomwe timadziwa zokhudza chiwerengerochi lero zimachokera kwa Plato mwiniwakeyo

Nthaŵi yeniyeni ndi malo a kubadwa kwa Plato sizodziwika, komabe n'zodziwikiratu kuti iye anali wa banja lolemekezeka komanso lopambana. Malingana ndi magwero akale, akatswiri ambiri amakono amakhulupirira kuti anabadwira ku Athens kapena Aegina pakati pa 429 ndi 423 BC. Bambo ake anali Ariston. Malingana ndi mwambo wotsutsana, wolembedwa ndi Diogenes Laertius, Ariston anafotokoza kuti anachokera kwa mfumu ya Atene, Codrus, ndi mfumu ya Messenia, Melanthus. [9] Amayi ake a Plato anali Perisiya, omwe banja lawo linadzitamandira kuti anali ndi chiyanjano ndi wolemba mbiri wotchuka wa Athene komanso wolemba ndakatulo Solon. Perusee anali mlongo wa Charmides ndi mwana wamwamuna wa Critias, onse olemekezeka a makumi atatu, omwe anali ogargarchi, omwe adatsatiridwa ndi Athene kumapeto kwa nkhondo ya Peloponnesian (404-403 BC). Kuwonjezera pa Plato mwiniwake, Ariston ndi Perisiya anali ndi ana ena atatu; awa anali ana aamuna awiri, Adeimantus ndi Glaucon, ndi Potone wamkazi, mayi wa Speusippus (mphwake ndi wolowa m'malo mwa Plato monga mkulu wa maphunziro ake a filosofi). Abale Adeimantus ndi Glaucon amatchulidwa ku Republic monga ana a Ariston, ndipo ayenera kuti anali abale a Plato, koma ena adatsutsa kuti anali amalume. Koma mu zochitika za Memorabilia, Xenophon anasokoneza nkhaniyo poonetsa Glaucon wamng'ono kuposa Plato.

Zolemba zosiyanasiyana zapereka nkhani za imfa ya Plato. Nkhani imodzi, yolembedwa pamanja, imasonyeza kuti Plato anamwalira pabedi lake, pamene msungwana wamng'ono wa Thracian ankaimba chitoliro kwa iye. Plato anamwalira pa phwando laukwati. Nkhaniyi imachokera pa zolemba za Diogenes Laertius pa nkhani ya Hermippus, wa ku Alexandria wa m'zaka za zana lachitatu. Malinga ndi Tertullian, Plato anangomwalira ali mtulo.




#Article 66: Leonardo da Vinci (126 words)


Leonardo da Vinci (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519),anali munthu wa ku Italy amene anakhalapo nthawi ya Ulemerero. Iye ndi wotchuka chifukwa cha kujambula kwake, komanso adali asayansi, katswiri wa masamu, injiniya, wojambula, anatomist, wosema, wokonza mapulani, wojambula, woimba, ndi wolemba. Leonardo ankafuna kudziwa zonse za chilengedwe. Iye ankafuna kudziwa momwe chirichonse chinagwirira ntchito. Anali wophunzira kwambiri, kupanga ndi kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosangalatsa.

Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti Leonardo anali mmodzi mwa ojambula kwambiri nthawi zonse. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti anali munthu waluso kwambiri kuposa kale lonse. Katswiri wa mbiri yakale, dzina lake Helen Gardner, ananena kuti palibe wina amene wakhala ngati iye chifukwa anali ndi chidwi ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe amawoneka kuti anali ndi malingaliro a chimphona, komabe zomwe anali nazo monga munthu akadali zinsinsi.




#Article 67: Marco Polo (876 words)


Marco Polo (1254-January 8, 1324) anali wochita malonda ndi ku Italy. Iye anali mmodzi mwa anthu oyambirira a ku Ulaya kufufuza East Asia. Ofufuza ena ambiri, kuphatikizapo Christopher Columbus, adamuyang'ana. Anatha kulankhula zinenero zinayi. Marco Polo ankadziwika ndi buku lakuti Travels of Marco Polo komwe ankalankhula za Asia buku lomwe linafotokozera a ku Ulaya chuma ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa China, likulu lake Peking, ndi mizinda ina ndi Asia.

Anaphunzira ntchito yamalonda kuchokera kwa bambo ake ndi amalume ake, Niccolò ndi Maffeo, omwe anadutsa ku Asia ndipo anakumana ndi Kublai Khan. Mu 1269, adabwerera ku Venice kudzakumana ndi Marco kwa nthawi yoyamba. Onse atatuwa adayamba ulendo wopita ku Asia, atabweranso zaka 24 kuti apeze Venice nkhondo ndi Genoa; Marco anaikidwa m'ndende ndipo analamula nkhani zake kuti apite naye. Anamasulidwa mu 1299, adakhala wamalonda wolemera, anakwatira, ndipo adali ndi ana atatu. Anamwalira mu 1324 ndipo anaikidwa m'manda ku tchalitchi cha San Lorenzo ku Venice.

Marco Polo anabadwa mu 1254 ku Republic of Venice. Tsiku lake lenileni ndi malo ake obadwira ndi osadziwika bwino. Akatswiri ena a mbiriyakale adanena kuti anabadwa pa September 15 koma tsiku limenelo silovomerezedwa ndi maphunziro ambiri. Malo a birthplace a Marco Polo amadziwika kuti Venice, komanso amasiyana pakati pa Constantinople ndi chilumba cha Korčula. Pali mkangano wosonyeza ngati banja la Polo liri Chiyambi cha Venetian, monga momwe zolemba zakale za Venetian zimawaonera kuti ndizochokera ku Dalmatian. Kuperewera kwa umboni kumapangitsa kuti Korčula awonongeke (mwinamwake pansi pa mphamvu ya Ramusio) ngati malo obadwira mwakuya, ndipo ngakhale akatswiri ena achiCroatia amalingalira kuti ndizokonzedwa mwachilungamo.

Polo anapita ulendo wazaka 24 ku China pamodzi ndi abambo ake ndi amalume ake pa nthawi ya mafumu a Mongol. Anachoka ku Venice ali ndi zaka 17 pa ngalawa yomwe inadutsa nyanja ya Mediterranean, Ayas, Tabriz ndi Kerman. Kenako anadutsa Asia mpaka kukafika ku Beijing. Ali panjira kumeneko, amayenera kupita kudera lamapiri komanso kudutsa m'mapululu akuopsya, kudutsa m'madera otentha ndi malo ozizira omwe anali ozizira. Anatumikira ku khoti la Kublai Khan kwa zaka 17. Anachoka ku Far East ndipo anabwerera ku Venice ndi nyanja. Panali odwala pabwalo ndipo anthu okwera 600 ndi ogwira ntchito ogwira ntchitoyo anamwalira ndipo ena amanena kuti achifwamba anaukira. Komabe, Marco Polo anapulumuka zonsezo.

Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti pamene Marco Polo anapita ku China, sanapite kumalo ena onse omwe adafotokozedwa m'buku lake. Anabweretsanso Zakudyazi kuchokera ku China ndi ku Italy anabwera ndi kukula ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndipo anazitcha pasitala. Polo anabwerera ku Venice ali ndi chuma monga njovu, jade, zokongoletsera, zikopa ndi silika. Bambo ake adakhoma ndalama ndikugula sitima. Iye anakhala wolemera chifukwa cha malonda ake kufupi ndi East.

Posakhalitsa Polo atabwerera kuchokera kuulendo wake adamenyana ndi Genoa, adagwidwa ndi kuikidwa m'ndende. Pamene anali m'ndende, adasangalalira ndi mkaidi mnzanga, Rusticello, yemwe anali wolemba maukwati ndi mabuku. Anauza wolemba za zochitika zake zonse, zomwe zinakhala buku lotchedwa The Travels of Marco Polo. Buku lofalitsidwa linalembedwa ndi Rustichello da Pisa, pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe Polo anamuuza. Iyo inadzakhala yotchuka mu Europe yense. M'bukuli adati ufumu wa Kublai Khan wolemera watsopano unali ndi positi. Anayankhulanso za anthu achi China. China idagwiritsa ntchito mapepala omwe anali opangidwa kuchokera ku makungwa a mulberry.
Dzina la Marco Polo linali Marco Il Milione, chifukwa cha kholo lake lotchedwa Emilione. Iye anali kwenikweni wolemera.

Mu 1323, Polo anali atagona, chifukwa cha matenda. Pa January 8, 1324, ngakhale kuti madokotala ankayesetsa kuti amulandire, Polo anali pa bedi lake lakufa. Polemba ndi kutsimikizira chifunirocho, banja lake linafunsa Giovanni Giustiniani, wansembe wa San Procolo. Mkazi wake, Donata, ndi ana ake aakazi atatu adasankhidwa ndi iye ngati co-executrices. Mpingo unali ndi ufulu ndi lamulo ku gawo la malo ake; adavomereza izi ndipo adalamula kuti ndalama zowonjezera zikhopedwe kumsonkhano wa San Lorenzo, komwe adafuna kuikidwa m'manda. Anamasuliranso Petro, mtumiki wa Tartar, yemwe mwina adatsagana naye kuchokera ku Asia, ndipo amene Polo anam'patsa ndalama 100 za dinari ya Venetian.

Anagawaniza chuma chake chonse, kuphatikizapo katundu wambiri, pakati pa anthu, zipembedzo, ndi gulu lililonse limene anali nalo. Analembanso-ngongole zambiri kuphatikizapo liwu 300 kuti mpongozi wake anali ndi ngongole kwa iye, ndipo ena ankakhala nawo pamsonkhano wa San Giovanni, San Paolo wa Order of Preachers, ndi mtsogoleri dzina lake Friar Benvenuto. Anauza msilikali 220 kuti amupatse Giovanni Giustiniani ntchito yake monga mlembi komanso mapemphero ake.

Chifunirocho sichinayinidwe ndi Polo, koma chinatsimikiziridwa ndi lamulo loyenera loti signum manus, limene testator anayenera kukhudza chilembacho kuti chikhale chovomerezeka. Chifukwa cha lamulo la Venetian loti tsiku limatha dzuwa litalowa, tsiku lenileni la imfa ya Marco Polo silingadziŵike, koma malinga ndi akatswiri ena amati kunali pakati pa kutentha kwa dzuwa pa January 8 ndi 9, 1324. Biblioteca Marciana, yomwe imagwira buku loyambirira la pangano lake, amatsimikizira panganoli pa January 9, 1323, ndipo amapereka tsiku la imfa yake nthawi ina mu June 1324.

Ofufuza ena ochepa a ku Ulaya anali atapita kale ku China, monga Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, koma buku la Polo linatanthauza kuti ulendo wake unali woyamba kudziwika. Christopher Columbus anauziridwa mokwanira ndi Polo kufotokoza za Far East kuti afune kudzachezera maiko awo; Buku la bukhuli linali pakati pa zinthu zake, ndi zolembedwa pamanja. Bento de Góis, lopangidwa ndi zolembedwa za Polo za ufumu wachikristu kummawa, anayenda makilomita 6,400 m'zaka zitatu ku Central Asia. Iye sanapeze ufumu koma anamaliza ulendo wake ku Great Wall of China mu 1605, kutsimikizira kuti Cathay ndi zomwe Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) adatcha China.




#Article 68: European Union (511 words)


European Union (kufotokoza: EU) ndi mgwirizano wa mayiko 28 ku Ulaya, unayamba mu 1957 monga European Economic Community (EEC). Lakhazikitsa malo amodzi azachuma ndi malamulo a ku Ulaya omwe amalola nzika za mayiko a EU kuti azisunthira ndi kugulitsa m'mayiko ena a EU monga momwe amachitira okha. Maiko khumi ndi asay8r

ĦđĞãnu ndi anayi a maikowa amalinso nawo ndalama zomwezo: euro.

Pangano la Lisbon ndilo pangano laposachedwa lomwe likunena momwe mgwirizanowu ukugwiritsidwira ntchito. Chiwalo chilichonse cha boma chinasainika kuti chinene kuti aliyense adagwirizana ndi zomwe akunena. Chofunikay7
n7i47rt koposa, chimati ntchito ((mphamvu) ogwirizanitsa ayenera kuchitira mamembala ndi ntchito zomwe ayenera kuchita. Mamembala asankha momwe bungwe liyenera kukhalira ndi kuvota kapena kutsutsana.

Cholinga cha EU ndicho kubweretsa mayiko awo omwe akugwirizana nawo ndikulemekeza ufulu đďwa anthu ndi demokalase. Zimachititsa izi ndi chizoloŵezi chofala cha pasipoti, malamulo wamba okhudza malonda okondana wina ndi mzake, mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi malamulo, ndi mgwirizano wina. Ambiri amodzi amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zofanana (euro) ndipo ambiri amalola anthu kuyenda kuchokera ku dziko lina kupita kudziko popanda kusonyeza pasipoti.

Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, mayiko a ku Ulaya ankafuna kukhala mwamtendere pamodzi ndi kuthandizana chuma. M'malo molimbana ndi malasha ndi zitsulo, mayiko oyambirira (West) Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, ndi Luxembourg anapanga bungwe limodzi la European Coal and Steel mu 1952.

Mu 1957 mu mzinda wa Italy wa Rome, mayiko omwe adagwirizanitsa nawo adayina pangano lina ndikupanga European Economic Community. Tsopano unali mudzi wa malasha, zitsulo ndi malonda. Kenaka anasintha dzina ku European Community.

Mu 1993, ndi Pangano la Maastricht linasintha dzina lake ku European Union. Tsopano mayiko omwe ali m'bungwe amagwira ntchito pamodzi osati ndale komanso chuma (malasha, zitsulo ndi malonda), komanso ndalama, chilungamo (malamulo), ndi mayiko ena. Ndi mgwirizano wa Schengen, mayiko 22 a EU adatsegula malire awo, kotero kuti tsopano anthu angathe kuyenda kuchokera kudziko lina popanda pasipoti kapena khadi lachinsinsi. Tsopano kale mayiko 16 amembala adasintha ndalama zawo zadziko ndi euro. Mayiko 10 atsopano adakhala mamembala a EU mu 2004, ena awiri adakhala mamembala mu 2007, ndipo 1 ena mu 2013. Lero pali mayiko 28 omwe ali nawo mamembala onse.

Munthu yemwe ali nzika ya dziko la European Union akhoza kukhala ndi kugwira ntchito m'mayiko ena 27 omwe alibe chilolezo chogwira ntchito kapena visa. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wina wa ku France akhoza kusamukira ku Greece kukagwira ntchito kumeneko, kapena kuti azikhala komweko, ndipo iye sakusowa chilolezo kuchokera ku ulamuliro ku Greece.

Mofananamo, zopangidwa mu dziko limodzi likhoza kugulitsidwa ku dziko lina lirilonse popanda zilolezo zapadera kapena misonkho yowonjezera. Pachifukwa ichi, mamembalawo amavomereza malamulo pa chitetezo cha mankhwala - akufuna kudziwa kuti mankhwala opangidwa m'dziko lina adzakhala otetezeka ngati akadakhala ngati apangidwa okha.

Pa June 23, 2016, UK adachita zionetsero zokhuza ngati ziyenera kukhala ku EU kapena kusiya. Ambiri [52% mpaka 48%] akukondedwa kuchoka. Britain kuchoka ku EU nthawi zambiri imatchedwa Brexit.

Boma la UK linayambitsa Article 50 ya Mgwirizano wa European Union (Mgwirizano wa Lisbon) pa 29 March 2017. Izi zinayambitsa kukambirana ndi mamembala ena a EU potsata. Mndandanda wa zokambiranazi ndi zaka ziwiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti UK adzakhalabe membala wa EU mpaka March 2019.




#Article 69: Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse (371 words)


Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko Lonse (World War II, WWII kapena WW2), yomwe imatchedwanso Second World War ndipo, mu Soviet Union, Nkhondo Yaikulu Yachikristu, inali nkhondo yapadziko lonse yokhudzana kumenyana m'mayiko ambiri ndi m'mayiko ambiri. Mayiko ambiri anamenyana 1939-1945 koma ena anayamba kumenyana mu 1937. Ambiri mwa mayiko a dziko, kuphatikizapo mphamvu zonse, adagonjetsedwa monga mbali ya mgwirizano wa nkhondo: Allies ndi Axis Powers. Nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse inali nkhondo yoopsa kwambiri m'mbiri yonse ya anthu. Zinaphatikizapo maiko ambiri, ndalama zambiri, ndikupha anthu ambiri kuposa nkhondo ina iliyonse m'mbiri ya anthu. Pakati pa anthu 50 mpaka 85 miliyoni anafa. Ambiri anali anthu wamba. Zinaphatikizapo kupha anthu, kupha anthu mwachangu kupha anthu, kupha mabomba, njala, matenda komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya.

Nkhondo ku Asia inayamba pamene ufumu wa Japan unaukira China pa 7 July 1937. United States inachititsa kuti dziko la Japan likhale ndi vuto la mafuta. Chiyambi cha nkhondo ku Ulaya ndi pamene Germany inagonjetsa Poland pa 1 September 1939. France ndi Britain adalengeza nkhondo ku Germany. Pofika m'chaka cha 1941, Ulaya ambiri ankalamulidwa ndi Germany. Dziko la Britain okha ndilo linapitirizabe kulimbana ndi Axis ku North Africa, Mediterranean, ndi Atlantic. Mu June 1941, mphamvu za Axis zinagonjetsa Soviet Union, kuyambira m'dera lalikulu kwambiri pa nkhondo. Pa December 7, 1941, dziko la Japan linagonjetsa mayiko a Kumadzulo ku Pacific ndipo nkhondo ziwirizo zinakhala chimodzi.

Kugonjetsa kwa Japan kunaimitsidwa mu 1942, ndipo kupambana kwa Axis ku Ulaya kunanenedwa ndi 1943, kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Soviet Union. Pambuyo pake, Allies anayamba kumenyana kuchokera kumbali zonse. Axis anagonjetsa North Africa ndipo, kuyambira 1943, anakakamizidwa kuteteza Italy. Mu 1944, Allies anaukira France, akupita ku Germany pa mtsinje wa Rhine, pamene Soviets anali kutseka kummawa. Germany anagonjera mu May 1945. Japan idapereka pa 2 Septembala 1945. Nkhondoyo inatha ndi mgwirizano wa Allied.

Nkhondo itatha, bungwe la United Nations linakhazikitsidwa kuti likhazikitse chithandizo pakati pa mayiko ndikuletsa nkhondo zam'tsogolo. Cold War pakati pa anthu opambanawo adayamba pomwepo, koma sanalimbane wina ndi mzake pankhondo yeniyeni. Kuwonongeka kwa Asia ndi Africa, kumene mayiko awo oyang'aniridwa ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya anapatsidwa ufulu wawo. Izi zinali chifukwa chakuti mphamvu za ku Ulaya zinafooka kuchokera ku nkhondo. Kusintha kwachuma ndi kuphatikizidwa kwa ndale (njira yogwirizanitsa mayiko) ndi zina mwa zotsatira za nkhondo.




#Article 70: Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse (817 words)


Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse (World War I, WWI kapena WW1), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse kapena nkhondo yaikulu, inali Nkhondo yapadziko lonse yochokera ku Ulaya yomwe idachokera pa 28 July 1914 mpaka 11 November 1918.  nkhondo zonse zoposa 70 miliyoni zankhondo, kuphatikizapo 60 miliyoni a ku Ulaya, zinasonkhanitsidwa mu nkhondo yaikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yonse. Msilikali oposa mamiliyoni asanu ndi anayi ndi anthu asanu ndi awiri (7 miliyoni) omwe adaphedwa chifukwa cha nkhondo (kuphatikizapo ophedwa ndi anthu ambirimbiri), chiwerengero cha anthu ophwanya malamulo chochulukirapo chochulukitsidwa ndi makina atsopano ogwira ntchito zamakono ndi mafakitale komanso zovuta zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo . Imeneyi ndi imodzi mwa nkhondo zoopsa kwambiri m'mbiri komanso zochitika zazikulu zandale, kuphatikizapo Revolutions a 1917-1923, m'mitundu yambiri yomwe ikukhudzidwa. Mpikisano wosathetsa kumapeto kwa nkhondoyo unayambitsa kumayambiriro kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse‎ zaka makumi awiri ndi chimodzi pambuyo pake.

Pofika chaka cha 1914, ulamuliro wa Ulaya unagawanika kukhala magwirizano awiri: Triple Entente, yomwe ili ndi France, Russia ndi Britain ndi Triple Alliance 1882 ya Germany, Austria-Hungary ndi Italy. Bungwe la Triple Alliance linali kutetezeka makamaka m'chilengedwe, kulola Italy kuti asatuluke pankhondo mu 1914, pamene zambiri mwaziganizozo zinali zosagwirizana ndi zotsutsana ndi ena; Mwachitsanzo, dziko la Italy linakhazikitsanso bungwe la Triple Alliance mu 1902 koma linagwirizana mwachinsinsi ndi France kuti likhale lopanda nkhondo ngati linachitidwa ndi Germany. Nkhondo itakula, Entente inaonjezera Italy, Japan, ndipo pomalizira pake United States inakhazikitsa Mphamvu za Allied, pamene Ottoman ndi Bulgaria linalumikizana ndi Germany ndi Austria kuti apange Central Power.

Mu bungwe la Black Hand, munthu mmodzi amene anathandiza kwambiri ku Serbia adatumiza amuna kuti akaphe Archduke Franz Ferdinand waku Austria. Onsewo adalephera kumupha ndi mabomba pamene adadutsa gulu lalikulu koma mmodzi wa amunawa, wophunzira wa ku Serbian dzina lake Gavrilo Princip, anamuwombera iye ndi mkazi wake wokhala ndi pisitoma.

Austria-Hungary inati mlandu wa Serbia wapha. Germany inathandizira Austria-Hungary ndipo idalonjeza zothandizira pokhapokha ngati idzayamba nkhondo. Austria-Hungary inatumiza ku Russia Ultimatum ku Serbia, ikulemba ndondomeko 10 yovuta kwambiri, mwina chifukwa chakuti inali kufuna chifukwa choyambitsa nkhondo. Serbia inavomereza zinthu zambiri mwazinthu khumi pa mndandanda, koma osati onse. Austria-Hungary kenako inauza nkhondo ku Serbia. Izi mwamsanga zinatsogolera nkhondo yonse. Ogwirizana a mayiko onse awiriwa adayamba nawo nkhondo pankhondo.

Russia adagonjetsa nkhondo kumbali ya Serbia chifukwa anthu a ku Serbia anali Asilavic, monga Russia, ndi maiko a Slavic adagwirizana kuti athandizane ngati atagonjetsedwa. Popeza dziko la Russia ndilo dziko lalikulu, anafunika kusuntha asilikali pafupi ndi nkhondo, koma Germany ankaopa kuti asilikali a ku Russia adzaukira Germany. Russia sankakonda Germany chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe Germany anachita kale kuti zikhale zolimba. Germany inalengeza nkhondo ku Russia, ndipo inayamba kupanga ndondomeko yomwe inakhazikitsidwa kale kwambiri kuti isamenyane ndi nkhondo ku Ulaya. Chifukwa chakuti Germany ili pakati pa Ulaya, dziko la Germany silinayende kum'mawa kupita ku Russia popanda kudzifooketsa kumadzulo, ku France. Ndondomeko ya Germany inagonjetsa msangamsanga dziko la France kumadzulo kwa dziko la Russia asanayambe kukamenyana, ndipo kenako anasunthira asilikali ake kum'maŵa kukakumana ndi Russia. Germany sakanatha kulowera ku France mwachindunji, chifukwa dziko la France lidaika malire ambiri m'malire, choncho Germany inadutsa dziko loyandikana nalo la Belgium kuti lidutse dziko la France kudzera m'malire a France ndi Belgium. Great Britain adagwirizana nawo nkhondo chifukwa Great Britain inavomereza kuthandiza Belgium ngati wina aliyense adamuukira.

Pasanapite nthaŵi yaitali Ulaya ambiri anayamba kuchita nawo mbali.

Germany inagwirizana ndi Austria-Hungary. Russia inkagwirizana ndi Serbia. Boma la Germany linkachita mantha chifukwa chakuti Austria-Hungary inagonjetsa Serbia, Russia idzaukira Austria ndi Hungary kuthandiza Serbia. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, dziko la Germany linkaona kuti liyenera kuthandiza Austria-Hungary pomenyana ndi Russia choyamba, isanafike ku Austria ndi Hungary.

Vuto linali lakuti Russia nayenso anali mabwenzi ndi France, ndipo Ajeremani ankaganiza kuti French akhoza kuwaukira kuti athandize Russia. Kotero a Germany anaganiza kuti apambane nkhondoyo ngati atagonjetsa France poyamba, ndipo mofulumira. Amatha kusonkhanitsa mofulumira kwambiri. Iwo anali ndi mndandanda wa amuna onse omwe anayenera kulowetsa usilikali, ndi kumene amuna awo ankayenera kupita, ndi nthawi za sitimayi iliyonse yomwe ikanyamula amuna awo kumalo komwe iwo akanayenera kumenyana nawo. France anali kuchita chinthu chomwecho, koma sankakhoza kuchita mwamsanga. Ajeremani anaganiza kuti ngati atangoyamba kulamulira dziko la France, akhoza 'kugogoda France' pankhondoyi isanafike Russia ikawaukira.

Russia inali ndi gulu lalikulu, koma Germany idaganiza kuti zingatenge masabata sikisi kuti asonkhane ndi nthawi yayitali asanamenyane ndi Mphamvu Zaukulu. Icho sichinali chowona, chifukwa Asilikali Achi Russia anaphatikizidwa mu masiku khumi. Komanso, anthu a ku Russia anayenda mpaka ku Austria.

Nkhondo itatha, Ajeremani anayenera kuvomereza Chipangano cha Versailles. Dziko la Germany linayenera kulipira pafupifupi $ 31.5 biliyoni. Ayeneranso kutenga udindo pa nkhondo. Mbali imodzi ya mgwirizanowu inati mayiko a dziko lapansi ayenera kubwera palimodzi kuti apange bungwe lapadziko lonse kuti athetse nkhondo kuti zisadzachitike. Bungwe ili linatchedwa League of Nations. Bungwe la United States silinagwirizane ndi izi, ngakhale kuti linali lingaliro la pulezidenti waku United States, Woodrow Wilson. Woodrow Wilson anayesera kuuza anthu a ku America kuti ayenera kuvomereza, koma United States sanavomereze nawo League of Nations. Mavuto ndi Panganoli ku Germany adzapititsa ku nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse.




#Article 71: Nkhondo (295 words)


Nkhondo ndi nkhondo yothetsera nkhondo pakati pa mayiko, maboma, mabungwe ndi osadziwika bwino magulu, monga azungu, opanduka ndi zigawenga. Kawirikawiri amadziwika ndi chiwawa choopsa, chiwawa, chiwonongeko, ndi kufa, pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse kapena osagonjetsa asilikali. Nkhondo imatanthawuza zochitika zomwe zimachitika komanso zikhalidwe za nkhondo, kapena za nkhondo. Nkhondo yonse ndi nkhondo zomwe sizongogonjetsedwa ndi zida zenizeni zankhondo, ndipo zikhoza kuchititsa kuti anthu ambiri omwe sagonjetse usilikali kapena ena omwe sali nawo nkhondo akuvutika.

Ngakhale akatswiri ena akuwona nkhondo monga chilengedwe chonse ndi chibadwa cha umunthu, ena amakayikira kuti ndi chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe kapena chilengedwe.

Nkhondo yowonongeka kwambiri m'mbiri yakale, ponena za chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anamwalira kuyambira pachiyambi, ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko lonse, kuyambira 1939 mpaka 1945, ndipo anthu 60-85 miliyoni anamwalira, ndipo anagonjetsedwa ndi a Mongol mpaka 60 miliyoni. Pankhani yokhudzana ndi nkhanza zomwe zimakhalapo kale, nkhondo yowonongeka m'mbiri yamasiku ano ikhoza kukhala nkhondo ya Paraguay (onani kuphedwa kwa nkhondo za Paraguay). Nkhondo ya 2013 inachititsa kuti anthu 31,000 aphedwe, ndipo anafa 72,000 mu 1990. Mu 2003, Richard Smalley anafotokoza kuti nkhondo ndiyo vuto lalikulu lachisanu ndi chimodzi (khumi mwa khumi) lomwe likuyang'aniridwa ndi anthu kwa zaka makumi asanu zotsatira. Nkhondo nthawi zambiri imabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa zowonongeka ndi zachilengedwe, kuchepa kwa ndalama zachuma, njala, kuchuluka kwa anthu osamukira kudziko la nkhondo, komanso nthawi zambiri kuzunzidwa kwa akaidi a nkhondo kapena anthu wamba. Mwachitsanzo, mwa anthu okwana 9 miliyoni omwe anali m'dera la Byelorussian SSR mu 1941, anthu okwana 1.6 miliyoni anaphedwa ndi Ajeremani pazochitika zosiyana ndi nkhondo, kuphatikizapo akaidi 700,000 a nkhondo, Ayuda okwana 500,000, ndi anthu 320,000 omwe amawerengedwa ngati alangizi (ambiri mwa iwo anali osasamaliridwa ndi nzika). Zina mwazinthu za nkhondo zina ndizofalitsa zowonjezereka ndi ena kapena maphwando onse pa nkhondoyo, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zopangidwa ndi okonza zida.




#Article 72: Christopher Columbus (267 words)


Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) anali wochita malonda a Genoese, wofufuzira, ndi woyenda panyanja. Iye anabadwira ku Genoa, Italy, m'chaka cha 1451. Christopher Columbus ndi dzina lachingelezi la Chingelezi la Columbus. Dzina lake lenileni mu Italiya linali Cristoforo Colombo; dzina lake m'Chisipanishi linali Cristóbal Colón.

Mu 1492, Columbus anafika pachilumba cha Bahamas, woyamba ku Ulaya kuti achite zimenezo. Cholinga chake choyamba chinali kupeza njira yofulumira yopita ku Asia kuchokera ku Ulaya. Iye akutamandidwa ndi kupezeka kwa Dziko Latsopano chifukwa ulendo wake unayamba nyengo ya chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya ku America. Iyi inali mphindi yofunikira m'mbiri ya Ulaya. Ngakhale Leif Erikson anali woyamba ku Ulaya kukafika ku dothi la America sizinatchulidwe bwino ndipo sizinatsogolere ku Ulaya ndi New World.

Anthu a ku Spain atazindikira kuti Columbus adapeza Dziko Latsopano, anthu ena ambiri, otchedwa conquistadors, anapita komweko. Izi zinapangitsa kuti dziko la Spain likhale lachikomyunizimu.

Columbus anamwalira pa 20 May 1506, ku Valladolid, Spain.

Columbus sanali kwenikweni munthu woyamba ku Ulaya kuti adziwe America. Pa nthawi ya ulendo wake, dziko la America silinadziwidwe kukhalapo. Komabe, Leif Erikson, pafupi zaka 1000 AD adalowa mu Canada lero. Kupeza kumeneku sikungakhudze mbiri yakale ya ku Ulaya ndipo sizinapangidwe bwino. Columbus anapeza America mwachindunji kuti iye anali munthu woyamba kulenga kufufuza mobwerezabwereza ndi kukhudzana ndi New World. Mfundo ina ndi yakuti Amwenye Achimereka akhala akukhala kumeneko zaka zikwi zambiri asanalowe. Komabe, Achimereka Achimerika sanalembedwe kapena kuwonjezera mbiri ya mbiri yakale ku Ulaya chifukwa cha zifukwa zomveka. Columbus, anapeza America mu mbiri yakale ya ku Ulaya.

Ku United States, Tsiku la Columbus ndilo tchuthi limene limakondwerera kubwera kwa Columbus ku New World pa October 12, 1492.




#Article 73: Nthawi (395 words)


Nthawi ndi chitukuko chopitirirabe cha moyo ndi zochitika zomwe zikuchitika mosakanikirana zosasinthika kuyambira kale mpaka pakadali pano. Nthawi ndi chiwerengero cha zigawo zosiyana siyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendera zochitika, kuyerekezera nthawi ya zochitika kapena kusiyana pakati pa iwo, ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa zowonongeka m'zinthu zakuthupi kapena muzochitika zodziwa. Nthaŵi zambiri imatchedwa gawo lachinayi, pamodzi ndi miyeso itatu. Kwa nthawi yaitali, phunziro ndi lofunika kwambiri pa phunziro lachipembedzo, filosofi, ndi sayansi, koma kufotokoza izo mwa njira yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuzinthu zonse popanda kuzungulira kwakhala katswiri wophunzira nthawi zonse. Komabe, malo osiyanasiyana monga bizinesi, mafakitale, masewera, masayansi, ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi onse amaphatikizapo nthawi yowonjezeramo.

Kawirikawiri, njira zamakono, kapena nthawi yopangira nthawi, zimatenga mitundu iwiri yosiyana: kalendala, chida cha masamu chokonzekera nthawi yambiri, ndi nthawi, mawonekedwe enieni omwe amatha nthawi. Mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, koloko imafunsidwa kwa nthawi zosakwana tsiku koma kalendala imakambidwa kwa nthawi yaitali kuposa tsiku. Zambiri zamagetsi zimagwiritsa ntchito makalendala ndi maola nthawi imodzi. Chiwerengero (monga pa kujambula kwa ola limodzi kapena kalendala) chomwe chimasonyeza kuchitika kwa chochitika chodziwikiratu monga ora kapena tsiku limapezedwa mwa kuwerengera kuchokera ku nthawi yachinsinsi - malo otsogolera.

Kuyenda nthawi ndikutembenukira kumbuyo kapena kupita kumalo osiyanasiyana panthawi, mofanana ndi kusuntha kudutsa mlengalenga, komanso mosiyana ndi nthawi yoyamba yomwe ikuyang'ana padziko lapansi. Malingaliro awa, mfundo zonse mu nthawi (kuphatikizapo nthawi zamtsogolo) zimapitiriza mwanjira ina. Ulendo wa nthawi wakhala chida chokonzekera muzinthu zakale kuyambira mu 1900. Kubwerera mmbuyo mu nthawi sikunayambe yatsimikiziridwa, kumakhala ndi mavuto ambiri osokonezeka, ndipo mwina sikutheka. Chipangizo chirichonse cha zamakono, kaya cholondola kapena cholingalira, chimene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokwaniritsa ulendo wa nthawi chimadziwika ngati makina a nthawi.

Vuto lalikulu ndi nthawi yopita kumbuyo ndi kuphwanya malamulo; Zingakhale zotsatila pazomwe zimayambitsa, zikhoza kuchititsa kuti pakhale kuthekera kwa nyengo. Ena amatanthauzira nthawi kuyenda amayendetsa izi mwa kuvomereza kuthekera koyenda pakati pa mfundo za nthambi, zenizeni zofanana, kapena maiko onse.

Njira ina yothetsera vuto la zochitika zapakati pazaka zapitazi ndikuti zizindikiro zoterezi sizingawoneke chifukwa sizinayambe. Monga momwe tawonetsera m'nkhani zambiri zongopeka, ufulu wodzisankhira mwina umatha kukhalapo kale kapena zotsatira za zisankho zoterezi zakonzedweratu. Choncho, sizingatheke kuti agogo aakazi agwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa chakuti ndi agogo anu omwe sanaphedwe mwana wawo asanabadwe (kholo lanu). Lingaliro limeneli sikutanthauza chabe kuti mbiri yakale ndi yosasinthika, koma kuti kusintha kulikonse komwe munthu wopanga ulendo wongoganiza angakhale nako kudzakhala kochitika kale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu ayende. Kufotokozera zambiri pazifukwazi kungapezeke mwachindunji cha Novikov.




#Article 74: Chophimba Chophimba (494 words)


Chophimba Chophimba ndi mtambo wa mpweya wotentha ndi wa ionized ndi fumbi mu gulu la nyenyezi. Zimapanga mbali zooneka za Cygnus Loop, otsalira a supernova, mbali zambiri zomwe zapeza mayina awo awo ndi zizindikiro zawo. Gwero la supernova linali nyenyezi zochulukitsa kawiri kuposa Dzuwa, lomwe linaphulika zaka pafupifupi 8,000 zapitazo. Zakale zowonjezereka zakhala zikuwonjezeka kuti zikhale ndi dera la madigiri pafupifupi madigiri atatu (pafupifupi 6 kuchuluka kwake, kapena malo okwana 36, ​​a Mwezi wathunthu). Dera la nebula silidziwika bwino, koma deta ya Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) imathandizira mtunda wa pafupifupi 1,470 kuwala-zaka.

The Hubble Space Telescope inagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zambiri za chithunzicho. Kufufuza kwa mpweya wochokera ku nebula kumasonyeza kukhalapo kwa mpweya, sulfure, ndi hydrogen. Mtundu wa Cygnus Loop umatsitsimutsa kwambiri mafunde a radio ndi x-ray. Pa September 24, 2015 zithunzi ndi mavidiyo atsopano a Chophimba Chophimba anatulutsidwa, ndi kufotokoza kwa mafano. with an explanation of the images.

Nyuzipepalayi inapezedwa pa 1784 September 5 ndi William Herschel. Iye anafotokoza kumapeto kwakumapeto kwa chithunzicho monga Kuwonjezera; kudutsa thro 52 Cygni ... pafupi ndi 2 digiri m'litali , ndipo anafotokoza mapeto a kummawa monga Branching nebulasity ... Gawo lotsatira likugawa mitsinje yambiri ikugwirizananso kwa kum'mwera. 

Mukakonzekera bwino, mbali zina za fanoyo zimawoneka ngati zingwe zamtundu. Mafotokozedwe ofanana ndi akuti mafunde akudyeka kwambiri, osachepera gawo limodzi mu 50,000, kuti chipolopolocho chiwoneke pokhapokha ngati chimawoneka bwino, ndikupangitsa kuti chigoba chiwoneke. Popeza anapatsidwa mtunda wa zaka zapakati pa 1470, izi zimapereka mpata wa mzere wonse wa zaka 38.5 (m'lifupi lonse, zaka zapumulo 77). Pakati pa 1 / 50,000th, kumakhala makulidwe a mtunda wa makilomita 4 biliyoni, kapena kutali ndi Pluto. Kuthamangitsidwa pamwamba pa chipolopolo kumapangitsa mafano ambirimbiri, omwe amawoneka kuti akuphatikizana.

Ngakhale kuti nthendayi ili ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa 7, imafalikira pamtunda waukulu kwambiri moti kuwala kwake kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, choncho nthitiyi imadziwika kwambiri pakati pa akatswiri a zakuthambo monga zovuta kuziwona. Komabe, munthu amene amamuona amatha kuona chithunzicho mu telescope pogwiritsa ntchito fyuluta ya OIII (fyuluta yomwe imachokera kutalika kwa kuwala kochokera ku oxygen iwirizedoni), pafupifupi pafupifupi kuwala konse kochokera ku chithunzichi kumachokera pa kutalika kwake. Tulofoni ya masentimita 200 (200 mm) yokhala ndi fyuluta ya OIII ikuwonetseratu zojambulazo zooneka bwino m'zithunzi, ndipo ndi fayilo ya OIII pafupifupi pafupifupi telescope iliyonse ikuoneka kuti ikuwona chithunzichi. Ena amanena kuti izo zimawoneka popanda chithandizo chilichonse chowonekera kupatulapo fyuluta ya OIII yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa diso.

Zigawo zowoneka bwino za Nebula zili ndi zilembo za New General Catalog NGC 6960, 6974, 6979, 6992, ndi 6995. Chigawo chophweka chomwe mungapeze ndi 6960, chomwe chimayang'ana kumbuyo kwa nyenyezi yosasamala 52 Cygni. NGC 6992/5 ndi zinthu zosavuta kumbali yakumpoto ya chigawo. NGC 6974 ndi NGC 6979 zikuwoneka ngati zigawo zosiyana siyana m'mphepete mwa nebulosity kumpoto kwa kumpoto. Triangle ya Pickering ndi fainter yambiri, ndipo alibe nambala ya NGC (ngakhale 6979 nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthawuza). Anadziwika ndi photographically mu 1904 ndi Williamina Fleming (atatha kulembedwa kwa New General Catalog), koma Charles Krakering, yemwe anali mkulu wa katswiri wa zofufuza zapamwamba, ankachita mwambo umenewu.




#Article 75: Chaka Chowala (375 words)


Chaka chowala ndilo gawo la kutalika komwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza kutalika kwa zakuthambo ndi makilomita 9,5 trillion kapena 5,9 trillion mailosi. Monga momwe tafotokozera ndi International Astronomical Union (IAU), chaka chowunika ndilo mtunda umene kuwala kumayenda mu chingwe chimodzi cha Julian (masiku 365.25). Chifukwa limaphatikizapo mawu oti chaka, mawu akuti chaka chowala nthawi zina amamasuliridwa mofanana ngati gawo limodzi.

Chaka chowala nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera kutalika kwa nyenyezi ndi kutalika kwina pamagalactic, makamaka m'mabuku a sayansi ndi odziwika bwino. Chipangizo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu katswiri wa astrometry ndi parchik (chizindikiro: pc, pafupifupi 3.26 zaka-kuwala; mtunda womwe umodzi wa zakuthambo umagwiritsa ntchito mphindi imodzi ya arc).

Chigawo cha chaka chowonekera chinaonekera zaka zingapo pambuyo poyesa kupambana kwa mtunda wa nyenyezi osati Sun, mwa 1838 Friedrich Bessel. Nyenyeziyi inali 61 Cygni, ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito heliometer ya mamita 160 mm ndi Joseph von Fraunhofer. Chigawo chachikulu kwambiri chofotokozera kutalika kwa danga panthawiyo chinali chigawo cha astronomical unit, chofanana ndi chigawo cha dziko lapansi. Momwemo, mawerengero a trigonometric opangidwa ndi 61 Cygni's parallax of 0.314 arcseconds, adawonetsera kutalika kwa nyenyezi kuti akhale 660000 zakuthambo. Bessel anawonjezera kuti kuwala kumagwiritsa ntchito zaka 10.3 kuti apite mtunda umenewu. Anadziŵa kuti owerenga ake amasangalala ndi nthawi yeniyeni ya kuwala, komatu sanagwiritse ntchito chaka chowala ngati chigwirizano. Angakhale atakhumudwa kufotokoza kutalika kwake kwa zaka zochepa chifukwa zikhoza kuwonongera kuti mbiri yake ya parallax ikuwonjezeka chifukwa cha kuchulukitsa ndi kuthamanga kwapadera. Kufikira kwa kuwala kunalibekudziwika bwino mu 1838; mtengo wake unasintha mu 1849 (Fizeau) ndi 1862 (Foucault). Sichidawonekere kukhala chinthu chokhazikika chokhazikika, ndipo kufalikira kwa kuwala kupyolera mu malo ozungulira kapena malo anali akadakalibe. Komabe, chaka cha 1851 chinaonekera m'chaka cha 1851 m'nkhani ina yotchuka ya zakuthambo yotchedwa Otto Ule. Chododometsa cha dzina lokhala ndi mtunda wamtunda wotsirizira pa chaka 'adafotokozedwa ndi Ule pochiyerekezera ndi ola la msewu wodutsa (Wegstunde). Buku lina la ku Germany lotchuka kwambiri la zakuthambo linanenanso kuti chaka chowala ndi dzina losamvetsetseka. Mu 1868 magazini ya Chingerezi inalembetsa chaka chowala ngati umodzi wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Ajeremani. Eddington adatcha chaka choyera kukhala chinthu chosasokonekera komanso chosagwirizana, chomwe nthawi zina chimachokera ku ntchito yotchuka kupita ku kufufuza zamakono.

Ngakhale kuti akatswiri aza zakuthambo amakono amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito parsec, zaka zowala zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuti zizindikire malo osokoneza bongo ndi intergalactic danga.




#Article 76: Kepa Arrizabalaga (245 words)


Kepa Arrizabalaga Revuelta (Basque: kepa aris̻aβalaɣa reβuelta; Spanish: kepa ariθaβalaɣa reβwelta; anabadwa pa 3 October 1994), nthawi zina amadziwika kuti Kepa, ndi mpikisano wothamanga wa ku Spain yemwe amavomereza kuti akhale msilikali wa timu ya Premier League Chelsea ndi timu ya ku Spain.

Anakhazikitsidwa ku Athletic Bilbao, adachita masewera oyamba ku ngongole ku Ponferradina ndi Real Valladolid, ku Segunda División. Kenako adabwerera ku kampu yake yoyamba, akuwonekera mamasewero 54 pa mpikisano wonse; mu 2018, adasaina ndi Chelsea. Arrizabalaga adagonjetsa timu ya European Championship ya 2012 ndi gulu la azimayi osachepera 19 a ku Spain ndipo adakonzekera mu 2017.

Atatha kuwonekera kwa zaka zapakati pa 18, Arrizabalaga adayitanidwa ku gulu la pansi pa 19 la UEFA European Championship. Iye anali woyambitsa zosayembekezereka panthawi ya masewera, monga mbali yake inali okwera korona; Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zinaphatikizapo mpikisano wa 3-3 womaliza ku France, kumene adasungira zilango ziwiri pawombera.

Arrizabalaga adawonako FIFA ya U-20 World Cup chifukwa cha kuvulazidwa, m'malo mwa Ruben Yáñez. Pa 8 November 2013 adayitanidwa ku gulu la pansi pa 21, pamodzi ndi Athletic timu ya Iker Muniain.

Arrizabalaga adatchulidwira kumalo akuluakulu pa 22 March 2017 patsogolo pa chiwombankhanga cha FIFA World Cup cha 2018 motsutsana ndi Israeli komanso kukhala wochezeka ndi France, posakhalitsa m'malo mwa Pepe Reina omwe anavulala. Anapeza kapu yoyamba pa 11 November wa chaka chimenecho, akusewera mphindi 90 pa mpikisano wa 5-0 ku Costa Rica ku Málaga.

Arrizabalaga adatchulidwa ku gulu la asilikali 23 la Spain ku 2018 FIFA World Cup ku Russia.




#Article 77: Selena Gomez (125 words)


Selena Marie Gomez (wobadwa pa July 22, 1992) ndi wojambula nyimbo, woimba nyimbo,  ndi woimba nyimbo wa ku America. Atawoneka pazinthu za pa TV za Barney  Friends, adalandira chidziwitso chokwanira cha Alex Russo pa TV za Disney Channel zowonetsera TV za Wizard of Waverly Place, zomwe zinayambira nyengo zinayi kuyambira 2007 mpaka 2012.

Gomez anali pachibwenzi ndi a Justin Bieber ku Canada kuyambira 2011 mpaka 2014. Mu 2017, adali mu chiyanjano ndi woimba nyimbo wa ku Canada The Weeknd. Iwo adagawaniza October. Gomez ankafuna impso kumuika chifukwa cha lupus matenda. Bwenzi lake lapamtima, mtsikana wina wotchuka wa ku France, dzina lake Franisa Raisa, adapereka impso zake kwa Gomez mu chilimwe 2017. Pambuyo pake, imodzi mwa mitsempha ya Gomez inalowa mkati mwake, yomwe inkafuna opaleshoni yachangu.




#Article 78: African College of Commerce and Technology (103 words)


African College of Commerce ndi Technology (kapena ACCT) ndi malo apamwamba a maphunziro apamwamba omwe akuyang'ana pa bizinesi, kayendetsedwe ka ntchito, malonda, zamakono komanso zamakono zamakono zowunikira ku Kabale, Uganda. Mapulogalamu a ACCT amaperekedwa ndikuyesedwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana a ku Uganda monga Bungwe la Ofufuza za Bungwe la Uganda. Kunivesite ndi tsiku ndi kukwera ndipo ophunzira ndi azimuna onse.

African College of Commerce ndi Technology inakhazikitsidwa ndikuyambidwa monga bungwe la maphunziro a zamalonda pansi pa dzina la African College of Commerce pa 14 April 1986. Ilo linalembedwanso ndilovomerezedwa ndi Ministry of Education ku Uganda mu June 1986. Kolejiyo inali ndi mwambowu woyamba maphunziro.




#Article 79: Kusintha-ndi-thon (188 words)


Kusintha-ndi-thon (zinalembedwa ngati editathon kapena edit-a-thon mu chingerezi) ndi chochitika chokonzekera kumene okonza mapulogalamu a pa intaneti monga Wikipedia, OpenStreetMap, ndi LocalWiki akusintha ndikukonzekera phunziro kapena mtundu wa zinthu, zomwe zikuphatikizapo maphunziro othandizira olemba atsopano. Nthaŵi zambiri zimaphatikizanso mapulogalamu, koma angaperekedwe. Mawuwa ndi portmanteau ya edit ndi marathon.

Zigawo za Wikipedia zakhala zikuchitika ku Wikimedia chapitukulu, maphunziro ovomerezedwa monga Sonoma State University, Arizona State University, Middlebury College, University of Victoria ku Canada; komanso magulu amtundu monga museums kapena archives. Zochitikazo zakhala zikuphatikizapo nkhani monga chikhalidwe cha malo amtengo wapatali, zokopa za musemu, mbiri ya amai, luso, chikazi, kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha Wikipedia, nkhani za chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi nkhani zina. Azimayi ndi Afirika Achimereka ndi gulu la LGBT akugwiritsa ntchito edit-a-thons monga njira yothetsera kusiyana pakati pa chikhalidwe cha kugonana ndi mtundu wa Wikipedia. Ena apangidwa ndi a Wikipedians omwe amakhala. Msonkhano wautali kwambiri unachitikira ku Museo Soumaya ku Mexico City kuyambira June 9 mpaka 12, 2016, kumene anthu odzipereka a Wikimedia Mexico ndi osungirako ntchito yosungiramo zojambulajambula anasinthidwa maola 72. Korato iyi idakonzedwanso ndi Guinness World Records ngati yaitali kwambiri.

Msewu wa OpenStreetMap umasungiranso zolemba zambiri.




#Article 80: Kim Hunter (Makhalidwe) (100 words)


Kim Hunter ndi munthu wongopeka m'masewera a FIFA omwe anapanga EA Sports. Iye amasewera ndi osewera osewera Lisa Solberg, yemwe anapereka mawu ndi kuyimilira kwa khalidwelo. Anayambika mu gawo la 25 la FIFA mndandandanda monga protagonist ya kanema yatsopano yojambula zithunzi, Ulendo. Iye ndi wosewera mpira wa ku America ali ndi maloto a kusewera pamsinkhu wa masewera a amayi-ndipo ndi mlongo wake wa Alex. Alex ndi Kim amakumana koyamba Alex atagwirizana ndi LA Galaxy pamalingaliro a abambo ake. Mu gawo la 2019 iye ali wokonzeka kutenga ntchito yake ku gawo lotsatira mu Ulendo: Otsutsana ndi kuyitana kwa Women's World Cup.




#Article 81: Nkhunda za njiwa (139 words)


Nkhunda za njiwa (Columba livia domestica), zomwe zimatchedwanso nkhunda za mzindawo, njiwa za mumzinda, kapena njiwa zapamsewu  'ndi nkhunda zomwe zimachokera ku nkhunda zoweta zomwe zabwerera kumtchire. Nkhunda yamkuntho inayamba kulengedwa kuchokera ku nkhunda zakutchire, zomwe zimakhala kumapiri ndi mapiri. Thanthwe (mwachitsanzo, zakutchire), nkhunda zoweta, ndi zowomba ndizo mitundu yofanana ndipo zidzasakanikirana mosavuta. Nkhunda za njiwa zimapeza zitsulo za nyumba kuti zilowe m'malo mwa nyanja, zimasinthidwa kukhala mizinda, ndipo ziri m'matawuni ndi mizinda yambiri padziko lapansi. Chifukwa cha luso lawo lopanga mankhwala ambiri, kuphatikizapo chiwonongeko cha mbewu ndi katundu, njiwa zambiri zimaonedwa kuti ndizovuta komanso zowonongeka, zomwe zimatengedwa m'matauni ambiri kuti zichepetse chiwerengero chawo kapena kuzichotseratu.

 Chifukwa cha luso lawo lopangira mankhwala ambiri, ndi kuwonongeka kwa matenda, kuphatikizapo mbeu ndi katundu, nkhunda zimayesedwa kuti ndizovuta komanso zowonongeka, ndi njira zomwe zimatengedwa m'matauni ambiri kuti zichepetse chiwerengero chawo kapena kuzichotseratu.




#Article 82: Gordon Tobing (793 words)


Gordon Lumban Tobing (27 August 1925 - 13 January 1993) anali woimba wa ku Indonesian nyimbo zambiri, makamaka zomwe zili m'chinenero cha Batak. Atabadwira ku banja la Batak ku Medan, kumpoto kwa Sumatra, Tobing anasamukira ku Jakarta mu 1950 ndipo anayamba kugwira ntchito m'makampani osangalatsa. Ali ndi Radio Republik Indonesian, adakhala nawo mtsogoleri wa chikhalidwe cha Indonesian ku Phwando la 4 la Achinyamata ndi Ophunzila Padziko Lonse. Pa nthawi yotsala ya moyo wake Tobing anaphatikizidwa mu nthumwi zambiri zofanana, potsiriza kupita ku makontinenti asanu.

Tobing anabadwira ku Medan, North Sumatra, pa 27 August 1925. Iye anali wachiwiri mwa ana anayi obadwa ndi Rumulus Lumban Tobing, woimba, ndi mkazi wake Frieda Hutabarat. Monga atate wawo ndi agogo aamuna aamuna, Lamsana, adali amtundu wa mpingo wawo, abale ake a Tobing (Douglas, Gordon, Nelson, ndi Adella) anakulira m'nyumba yomwe nyimbo za tchalitchi nthawi zambiri zimaimbidwa ndikukonda nyimbo kuyambira ali aang'ono . Abale onse anayi anakhala oimba, ndipo Gordon anatenga gitala. Rumulus atagwira ntchito ku Singapore mu 1936, abale akewo anapita naye; Gordon ankakhala mumzindawo kwa zaka ziwiri.

Mu 1950, pambuyo pozindikira ufulu wa Indonesia ku Indonesia, Gordon Tobing adachokera ku Jakarta ku Ulaya ndipo anayamba ntchito ya Produksi Film Negara (PFN). Pamene studio ikuwonetsa filimu ya Rakjat Memilih (The People Choose), Tobing adafunsidwa kuti apeze oimba ena kuti apereke nyimbo. Anabweretsa Soryana, Tiur, ndi Ellen Hutabarat, ana aakazi a wachibale wapatali. Pogwiritsa ntchito dzina lakuti Sinondang Tapian Nauli, anthu atatuwa adachitiranso ku hotels mumzindawu. Tobing adayamba kukwera ku nyumba ya Hutabarat mu 1951, ngakhale adauzidwa kuti achoke mu 1954 atangoyamba mwana wamkazi wamng'ono, Theresia. Makolo ake, amene anali atasankha kale mwamuna wake, sanavomereze.

Mu 1951 Tobing anasiya PFN kuti alowe ku Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI), komwe anakhala komweko kwa zaka zinayi. Sinondang Tapian Nauli ankakonda kuchita pawunivesite pulogalamu ya Panggung Gembira ndi Sekuntum Melati. Mu 1953 Tobing anapita ndi nthumwi ya chi Indonesia ku 4th International Festival of Youth and Students, yomwe inachitikira ku Bucharest, Romania. Pa nthawi yomwe adaimba Sinanggar Tulo ndi Embun, komanso Rayuan Pulau Kelapa. Iye analemba nyimbo yomalizira iyi ku USSR, kumene idakhala yotchuka. Paulendo wamabasi ndi nthumwi za chikhalidwe, nthawi zambiri amayamba kusewera gitala ndikuitana anzake kuti aziimba. Iravana wotchedwa Durban Ardjo adakumbukira kuti izi zathandiza nthumwi ndi makomiti okonzekera kumudzi kukhala ndi chidziwitso chakuyanjana ndi chidziwitso.

Banjali linakhala ku Medan kwa zaka zingapo, ndipo Tobing adagwiridwa ndi gulu lotsogolera ku China la Sio Ie She. Anakhazikitsanso gulu lake lomwe, Suara Harapan, lomwe linagwira pa nthambi ya RRI ya Medan. Komabe, Tobing adakhumudwa ndi mzindawu, ndipo mu 1959 iye ndi Theresia adachoka ku Medan kuti abwerere ku Jakarta, komwe adayanjana ndi ojambula ndi ojambula a ku Indonesia omwe si a boma pa ulendo wa kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Pambuyo pa zaka zotsatira, adatengapo nawo mbali pulogalamu ya nthumwi yambiri ya chikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo imodzi ku Fair Fair World 1964. Pozindikira kuti ali ndi luso loimba, Tobing adalandira gitala kuchokera kwa Pulezidenti Gamal Abdel Nasser wa ku Egypt komanso guitar wina wa Fidel Castro. Anaperekanso ndondomeko ndi Prince Norodom Sihanouk wa ku Cambodia.

Mu 1960, Tobing ndi mkazi wake adakhazikitsa gulu la mawu a Impola; iwo amagwira ntchito ndi Koes Hendratmo (id) kwa kanthawi, ndipo kawirikawiri ankachitiranso alendo otchuka. Izi zinaphatikizapo Mkulu Prince Akihito wa ku Japan, yemwe Tobing anaimba nyimbo ya anthu a ku Japan. [9] Tobing ndi Hutabarat anapitirizabe kuimira Indonesia monga nthumwi za chikhalidwe, potsirizira pake kupita ku makontinenti asanu. Tobing inagwiritsanso ntchito mabungwe ambiri a boma, kuphatikizapo Indonesia Police, Bank of Indonesia, ndi Bank Dagang Nasional Indonesia (id) (National Bank Bank of Indonesia). Anayitsidwanso ku Nyumba ya Merdeka kuti akonzekerere Purezidenti Suharto.

Tobing anafera ku Jakarta pa 1:30 mmawa (UTC + 7) pa 13 January 1993. Msonkhano wa chikumbutso unachitikira ku Sahid Hotel ku Jakarta mwezi wotsatira.

Tobing anali kudziphunzitsa yekha. Momwemo, malinga ndi Tempo, makonzedwe a nyimbo zake zinali zopanda ntchito ndipo luso lake la kusewera gitala sizinali zodabwitsa. Magaziniyi imasonyeza kupambana kwake kukhalapo kwake komanso kukhala ndi mwayi wosangalatsa nthawi iliyonse. Zimamulongosola ngati omvetsera odabwitsa mwa kukana kugwiritsa ntchito maikolofoni ndi kuyenda kuchoka pa siteji ndi makamu akuyang'anira, atanyamula gitala ndi kuimba zikuwoneka ngati palibe chovuta. Nthawi zambiri ankachita nyimbo za chinenero cha Batak, kuphatikizapo Imbani Sing So ndi Butet. Jennifer Lindsay, polembera mu 2012, akufotokoza Tobing kuti safafaniza kale.

Tobing anakana kulandira mgwirizano wogwira ntchito ndi mahotela kapena mipiringidzo, ndipo pamene analemba nyimbo iye nthawi zambiri anakana kulemba kapena kugulitsa. Izi zinamulepheretsa ndalama, ndipo iye ndi banja lake ankakhala ndi apongozi ake a nyumba ya mamita 3 ndi 15 (9,8 ft 49.2 ft) ku Kebon Sirih, ku Jakarta. [2] Tobing nthawi zambiri amatenga basi m'malo moyendetsa galimoto, ndipo, atafunsidwa kuti achite ku Krems kulengeza mwambo wa nyimbo ku Donau ku Austria mu September 1981, adafunafuna wothandizira popeza sakanatha kupereka tikiti.

Tobing analembera ma Album awiri ku Indonesia.




#Article 83: Mtengo ukumeza (581 words)


Mtengo ukumeza kapena Tree swallow  (Tachycineta bicolor) ndi mbalame yosamukira ku Hirundinidae. Kupezeka ku America, mtengo unameza unayamba kufotokozedwa mu 1807 ndi Louis Vieillot, yemwe ndi nyamakazi wa ku France monga Hirundo bicolor. Zachokera kale kumtundu wake, Tachycineta, kumene kulimbikitsana kwake kumakhala kukangana. Mtengo wakumeza umakhala ndi mapiko okongola a buluu, opatulapo mapiko a wakuda ndi mchira, ndi zoyera pansi. Ndalamayi ndi yakuda, maso ndi ofiira, ndipo miyendo ndi mapazi ndizofiira. Mkaziyo amakhala wodetsedwa kwambiri kuposa wamwamuna, ndipo mkazi wazaka zoyamba amakhala ndi ziphuphu zambiri za bulauni, ndi nthenga zina zakuda. Amunawa ali ndi zofiira zofiirira, ndi mawere otsukira-bulauni. Mitengo imadyera ku US ndi Canada. Ndi nyengo yachisanu m'mphepete mwa kum'mwera kwa US, kumbali ya Gulf Coast, ku Panama ndi gombe lakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa South America, ndi ku West Indies.

Mtengowo umameka kumadyerera m'magulu awiri kapena m'magulumagulu, muzinthu zonse zachilengedwe. Kubereka kungayambe kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa May, ngakhale kuti tsikuli likupita patsogolo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, ndipo lingathe kutha mochedwa July. Mbalameyi nthawi zambiri imakhala yokhazikika pakati pawo (ngakhale kuti amuna 8% ndi amodzi), ali ndi maubwenzi apamwamba. Izi zikhoza kupindulitsa abambo, koma popeza amayi amawongolera kukangana, kusowa kwa chisankho pa momwe khalidweli limapindulira akazi kumapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azidabwa kwambiri. Mkaziyo amalowetsamo kabuku kawiri mpaka eyiti (koma kawiri kawiri mpaka asanu ndi awiri) mazira woyera oyera, kawirikawiri masiku 14 mpaka 15. Nkhuku zimathamanga pang'ono monga asynchronously, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti amai aziika patsogolo zomwe zimadyetsa kudyetsa chakudya panthawi ya kusowa kwa chakudya. Nkhuku zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito masiku 18 mpaka 22 mutatha. Mtengo umame nthawi zina umawoneka ngati thupi, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kafukufuku wopangidwa.

Mitengo ya mlengalenga, mtengo umameza onse awiri okha ndi magulu, amadya makamaka tizilombo. Mamasukiloni, akangaude, ndi zipatso amapezeka mumadya. Nthendu, monga wamkulu, zimadya makamaka tizilombo, timadyetsedwa ndi mwamuna ndi mkazi. Izi zowonongeka zimakhala zovuta ku ziphuphu, koma, pamene zinyama zazing'ono, izi sizikuwonongeka. Zotsatira za matenda zingakhale zolimba ngati mtengo ukumeza kumakula, monga mbali zina za chitetezo cha mthupi zimachepera ndi msinkhu. Mwachitsanzo, kuteteza chitetezo cha m'thupi mwa T kumachepetsa ndi msinkhu, pomwe matenda onse osatetezeka omwe amatha kukhala nawo komanso osadziwika. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu ndi kosasunthika, mtengo ukumeza ukuonedwa ngati osasamala ndi International Union for Conservation of Chilengedwe. Ku US, imatetezedwa ndi Chigwirizano cha Mbalame Yotuluka M'chaka cha 1918, ndi ku Canada ndi Msonkhano Wokonzera Mbalame Zosamuka. Kumeza kumeneku kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito za anthu, monga kuchotsa nkhalango; Nyanja zamadzimadzi zimatha kukakamiza mtengo wozomera kuti uzipita kutali kuti ukapeze chakudya cha calcium kuti udyetse anapiye ake.

Mtengowu umakhala ndi pakati pa 12 ndi 14 cm (4.7 ndi 5.5) ndipo umakhala wolemera pafupifupi 17 mpaka 25.5 g (0,60 mpaka 0,90 oz). Amunawa amakhala ndi mapiko a mdima wobiriwira, mapiko ndi mchira kukhala wakuda. Pansi ndi tsaya chigamba ndi zoyera, ngakhale kuti mapiko omwe ali pansi ndi ofiira. Ndalamazo ndi zakuda, maso ndi ofiira, ndipo miyendo ndi mapazi ndizofiira. Mzimayi amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mwamuna ngati poyamba ndi duller, ndipo nthawizina amakhala ndi mutu wa bulauni. Mkazi wa zaka zoyamba ali ndi mawonekedwe a bulauni, ndi nambala yosiyanasiyana ya nthenga za buluu. Kufiira kofiira kofiira kumakhala ndi ntchito yolola kuti kufufuza malo obisala, monga wamphongo kawirikawiri kumakhala kosautsa kwa mkazi wa zaka zoyamba. Mkazi wachiwiri wazaka zina nthawi zina amakhala ndi nyemba zofiira. Amunawa amatha kusiyanitsa ndi maonekedwe awo a bulauni ndi mawere oviika-bulauni.

Nyimbo ya mtengo wa swallow imakhala zolemba zitatu zotsalira ndikutsika kumapeto kwa zida zamadzi. Nyimbo iyi imabwerezedwa. Kufuula kwake ndi peeh kapena pee-deeh;   kuitana kumeneku kungathetseretu achikulire omwe akupempha pamene chilombo chili pafupi.




#Article 84: Zendaya (357 words)


Zendaya Maree Stoermer Coleman (anabadwa pa September 1, 1996), yemwe amadziwika kuti Zendaya, ndi wojambula nyimbo komanso woimba nyimbo ku America. Anayamba ntchito yake kuti aziwoneka ngati mwana wachinyamata komanso wovina, asanayambe kutchuka monga Rocky Blue pa Disney Channel sitcom Shake It Up (2010-2013). M'chaka cha 2013, Zendaya adakangana pa nyengo yachisanu ndi chimodzi cha mpikisano. Kuchokera mu 2015 mpaka 2018, iye anapanga ndipo anali ndi nyenyezi monga K.C. Cooper pa Disney Channel sitcom K.C. Zolemba. Anapanga filimu yake mu 2017, kuphatikizapo Michelle MJ Jones mu Marvel Cinematic Universe filimu yotchuka  ndi Anne Wheeler mu filimu ya nyimbo The Greatest Showman.

Zendaya adayamba ntchito yake mu nyimbo pojambula nyimbo mosasamala komanso kumasula Swag It Out ndi Watch Me mu 2011, womaliza ntchitoyi ndi Bella Thorne. Anasaina ndi Hollywood Records m'chaka cha 2012 ndipo kenako adatulutsanso wosakwatiwa, Replay, yomwe inafikira nambala 40 pa chati ya Billboard Hot 100 ku United States. Zendaya's self-titutu debut studio album (2013) yomwe inayamba pa nambala 51 pa chartboard ya Billboard 200.

Coleman anabadwa pa September 1, 1996, ku Oakland, California, mwana yekhayo wa Claire Marie (Stoermer) ndi Kazembe Ajamu (anabadwa Samuel David Coleman). Ali ndi ana aakazi asanu okalamba pambali ya atate wake. Bambo ake ndi African-American, omwe ali ndi mizu ku Arkansas, pamene amayi ake ali ndi makolo achi German ndi Scottish. Zendaya wanena kuti dzina lake limatanthauza kuyamika mu Shona, chinenero cha Bantu chochokera kwa anthu a Chimerika ku Zimbabwe. Anakula monga wojambula mbali ina ku California Shakespeare Theatre ku Orinda, California kumene amayi ake amagwira ntchito monga woyang'anira nyumba kuphatikizapo maphunziro pa pulogalamu ya ophunzira yoperekera zionetsero. Iye adawonekera pazinthu zambiri za masitepe pamene anali kupita ku Oakland School for Arts, monga a Little Ti Moune ku Once on This Island ku Berkeley Playhouse komanso ntchito ya mwamuna wamwamuna Joe ku Caroline, kapena kusintha pa TheatreWorks ya Palo Alto.

Zendaya anakhala zaka zitatu akuvina mu gulu lavina lotchedwa Future Shock Oakland. Gululo linapanga hip-hop ndi hula kuvina ali ndi zaka eyiti.

Anaphunzira pa CalShakes Conservatory Program komanso pa American Conservatory Theatre. Zina zake zina ndi William Shakespeare wa Richard III, Usiku wachisanu ndi chiwiri, ndi As You Like It.




#Article 85: Mercedes-Benz W114 (157 words)


Maselo a Mercedes-Benz W114 ndi W115 ndi mndandanda wa mabungwe oyendetsa magetsi ndi ophatikizidwa omwe adayambitsidwa mu 1968 ndi Mercedes-Benz, opangidwa m'chaka cha 1976, ndipo amasiyanitsa pamsika ndi mayina ofanana ndi injini yawo.

Mafilimu a W114 anali ndi injini zisanu ndi imodzi ndipo ankagulitsidwa monga 230, 250, ndi 280, pomwe mafilimu a W115 anali ndi injini zinayi zamakina ndipo anagulitsidwa ngati 200, 220, 230, ndi 240.

Onse anali okonzedwa ndi Paul Bracq, omwe anali ndi bokosi lachitatu. Pa nthawiyi Mercedes anagulitsa sitima zapamwamba m'kalasi ziwiri, ndi W114 / W115 pansi pa Mercedes-Benz S-Class.

Kuchokera mu 1968, Mercedes anagulitsa mtundu wawo wachitsanzo monga New Generation Models, kupatsa mbale zawo za ID kuti /8(chifukwa cha chaka cha 1968 chakutsegulira). Chifukwa iwo anali okhawo enieni magalimoto atsopano a otchedwa 'New Generation' ndipo chifukwa cha /8 kapena 'kutentha umunthu', mawonekedwe a W114 ndi W115 anamaliza kulandira dzina lachijeremani la German Strich Acht, lotembenuzidwa mosamasuliridwa ku chiphaso cha English asanu ndi atatu.




#Article 86: PilAto (341 words)


Fumba Chama (wobadwa pa 6 April 1984), wodziwika bwino monga Pilato, ndi wojambula wa ku Zambia wotchedwa hip hop wojambula ku Ndola. Dzina lakuti Pilato lolembedwa monga pilAto ndilolembedwera, Anthu a Lyrical Arena Taking Over. Atabadwira komanso akulira m'boma la cooperative, pilAto adayamba ntchito yake monga Mthandizi ali ndi zaka 10 asanalowe muzinyamwali mu 2010 komanso mu 2010, ndakatulo inayamba nyimbo yake. Pilato watulutsa ma studio atatu.

Chama Fumba mumzinda umodzi wa Ndola ndipo analeredwa bwino kwambiri ndi midzi yosauka kwambiri yomwe inamufikitsa pafupi ndi mavuto a umphawi komanso mavuto a anthu ambiri. Ali ndi zaka khumi, anayamba kale kugwiritsira ntchito ndakatulo kuti asamangokhalira kuganiza za mavuto omwe adam'gwera.

Nyimbo za pilAto ndizofotokozera zochitika zapamwamba zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zochitika zapamwamba za Hip Hop zomwe zakhala zikuchitika pambuyo poyambira ngati ndakatulo Pilato amatchulidwa ngati mawu a anthu osayankhula, amadziwika kuti ndi oyenera pa nthawi ya Demokarasi ku Zambia.pilAto watha kukonza zojambulajambula ndi nyimbo pazithunzi zandale ku Zambia lerolino. Mu 2010 Pilato anapambana mphoto ya Ngoma monga Mlembi Wopambana wa Zambia. Pambuyo pake adasankhidwa ku Video Music Best ku Born  Bred Awards mu 2011.

Pilato amene adalembapo adamangidwa kamodzi pa ntchito yake pa nyimbo zake zomwe zinkaonedwa ngati khalidwe lothetsa mtendere.

M'chaka cha 2013 anthu amanenera kuti PilAto anamangidwa chifukwa cha nyimbo Bufi. Mu nyimbo Pilato ndi Petersen akuimba za malonjezo osweka monga mafuta otsika mtengo, kumanga misewu ndi mwayi wa ntchito kwa achinyamata. Anagwiritsa ntchito mawu monga Boza, Bufi, Ulabeja, Wenye omwe onse amatanthauza chinthu chomwecho: mabodza. Koma mauthenga onsewa pamene Chief Joyce Kasosa adatulutsidwa ndi mkulu wa apolisi wa Lusaka kuti Pilato anamangidwa chifukwa cha nyimbo yake yatsopano yotchedwa Bufi. Apolisi Chef adanena kuti dipatimenti ya apolisi siinalembedwe nkhaniyi ndipo Pilato akadali nzika yaulere. Pilato adatsimikiziranso kuti sanapite ku polisi.

Mu June 2015 Pilato anamangidwa [18] chifukwa cha nyimbo ya Aphiri Anabwela ya Nashil Pischen Kazembe, koma ndi mawu a Pilato omwe amachititsa kuti Purezidenti Lungu aledzere, mwazinyozo zina zambiri. Atatuluka kundende Pilato adanena kuti sangathe kutsutsa Mtsogoleri wa boma ndi nyimbo yake komanso kuti akungotulutsa uthenga wake.




#Article 87: Mulenga Kapwepwe (166 words)


Mulenga Mpundu Kapwepwe (wobadwa pa 7 Oktoba 1958) ndi wolemba wa Zambia, woyambitsa chipani cha Zambian Women's History Museum ndipo ali mwana wamkazi wa Simon Kapwepwe omwe kale anali wotsitsi wamkulu wa Zambia. Amadziwikanso pomanga makalata ku Lusaka, likulu la Zambia, kuthandiza ana aang'ono kudziphunzitsa okha.

Kapwepwe anayamba kulembera masewera ake kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yake ndi kusowa maphunziro apamwamba a zisudzo. Monga wolemba, Kapwepwe adalemba masewera ndi mabuku omwe amapindula mphoto. Kuwonjezera pa kulemba ndi kupanga zipangizo zamaphunziro, nkhani zochepa ndi masewera, Mulenga yatulutsa mavidiyo, mapulogalamu a pa TV ndi wailesi pazinthu zingapo.

Anatumikira monga pulezidenti wa National Arts Council Zambia, kuyambira 2004 mpaka 2017. Anatumikira monga Mtsogoleri wa mabungwe angapo, kuphatikizapo Women in Visual Arts Association, Zambia Music Music and Dance Association, ndi Youth For Culture Association. Iye wakhala Wachiwiri Wachiwiri wa Ukusefya pa Ngwena Cultural Association, Zambia Visual Arts Council ndi Zambia Women Writers Association. Kapwepwe akhalanso pa Komiti ya Zambia ku UNESCO ndi Arts Institute of Africa ndipo ndi wotsogolera wa Arterial Network.




#Article 88: Hellebore (664 words)


Kawirikawiri amadziwika kuti hellebores mtundu wa Eurasian Helleborus uli ndi mitundu pafupifupi 20 ya zomera zoumba zoumba kapena zobiriwira mumtundu wa Ranunculaceae, momwe umatchulira mtundu wa Helleboreae. Ngakhale kuti maina monga nyengo yozizira, Khirisimasi ananyamuka ndi Lenten ananyamuka, hellebores sali ofanana kwambiri ndi a rosaceae. Mitundu yambiri ya hellebore ndi yoopsa.

Mtunduwu unakhazikitsidwa ndi Carl Linnaeus mu buku limodzi la zomera zake Plantarum mu 1753.

Dzina la sayansi Helleborus limachokera ku liwu lachigriki lachigriki lakuti λλέβορος (helléboros), dzina la H. orientalis, lopangidwa kuchokera ku ἑλεῖν (heleîn), kutanthauza kuti kuvulaza, ndi βορά (borá), kutanthauza chakudya

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mtundu umenewu inayamba ku Ulaya ndi Asia. Mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo imapezeka ku Balkans. Mitundu ina yamatsenga (H. thibetanus) imachokera kumadzulo kwa China; Mitundu ina yamatsenga (H. vesicarius) imakhala m'dera laling'ono kumalire a Turkey ndi Syria.

Maluwawa ali ndi zipilala zisanu zazing'ono zozungulira pamphepete mwa mphete zazing'ono, zomwe zimakhala ngati petals zomwe zasinthidwa kuti zikhale ndi timadzi tokoma. Zisindikizo sizingagwe, koma zimakhalabe pamtunda, nthawi zina kwa miyezi yambiri. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa ku Spain akusonyeza kuti kuumirira kwa osamalidwa kumathandizira kuti mbewu zikhale bwino (Herrera 2005).

Mbalame yotchedwa Hellebore minerer, Phytomyza hellebori ndi ntchentche yaing'ono yomwe imadwalitsa zomera za H. foetidus yekha m'banja la Hellebore. Mbewu ya minda imathamanga pogwiritsa ntchito masamba a H. foetidus. Mitengoyi imapanga mabala a brownish pa zomera. Izi zidzasanduka malo otukuka kumene ntchentche zidzaika mphutsi zawo. Masamba adzatembenuka moyera pambali pomwe miyala ikugwedezeka pamene nthawi ikupitirira. Mphutsi idzayamba kudya mkati mwa masamba mu August, ndipo kuwonongeka kudzayamba kuchokera kumapeto kwa chilimwe mpaka kumayambiriro kwa masika.

Pofuna kuchepetsa zovuta kwambiri, masamba amatha kuchotsedwa miyezi yozizira isanafike ntchentche zikuluzikulu. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo angagwiritsidwe ntchito mopanda malire poletsa mphutsi ndi anthu othamanga m'munda. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo angayambitse ntchentche zazitsamba zopanda masamba ngati zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi ya maluwa a hellebore.

Macrosiphum hellebori, commonly known as Hellebore aphid or greenfly, is a sap feeding aphid that infests the flowers and foliage of hellebore plants. The whitish-green aphids are about 2–4mm long and form dense colonies on hellebores, coating them with a honeydew that can lead to the growth of sooty mold on the leaves and flowers of the hellebore. This species of aphid only affect hellebores and are most active in March and April when the hellebores are flowering and when few aphid predators are around, though they may infest during any time of the year.

Aphids will start their feeding from the outside the flowers, beginning at the leaves and then moving towards the flower petals of the hellebore. As the hellebore beings to open, the aphids will try to move into the flower. The aphids will then feed on the inner parts of the plant as well as the young stems and shoots. As the population grows, the aphids will eventually eat the remaining parts of the plant, such as older leaves, for food.

Aphid infestations can be controlled through persistent squashing of the aphids manually, or by using insecticides. It is not recommended to spray flowering hellebores as it may harm the non-aphid pollinating insects

Botrytis cinerea kapena gray mold ndi matenda a fungal omwe amachititsa zomera zokongola kwambiri. Nkhumba zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa minofu ya zomera ndipo zimakula ndi nkhungu zofiira kwambiri pamtunda, monga masamba, masamba, ndi maluwa. Mbali za zomerazo zikhoza kufota ndi kufa pambuyo poonekera kwa nkhungu, makamaka maluwa. Kawirikawiri bowa limangotulutsa zomera palimodzi kapena pamene chomeracho chili ndi nkhawa, koma chidziwikiranso kuti chimachititsa kuti zomera zizikhala mvula. Ngati chinyezi chili chochepa, nkhunguyo ikhoza kukhala ndi madontho pamtengowo, koma nkhungu imadziwika kuti ikufalikira mofulumira kwambiri. Grey nkhungu ikhoza kuyambitsa chomera nthawi iliyonse ya chaka ndipo sichidalira nyengo. Bowa lidzapanga mbewu zakuda monga zinyama m'mitengo yakufa kuti izipangitse kuti zikhale ndi moyo pamene zomera zatsopano zimasowa. Ma spores amafalikira pamlengalenga kupita ku zomera zatsopano.

Pofuna kuchiza chomera choyambitsa matenda, choyamba ndicho kuchotsa masamba ndi masamba, kufa ndi maluwa nthawi yomweyo limodzi ndi zipangizo zina zakufa pafupi ndi hellebore. Gawo lotsatira ndi kuchepetsa chinyezi kuzungulira chomeracho mwa kukonzanso mpweya wabwino ndi kuonetsetsa kuti zomera sizingatheke.




#Article 89: Billie Holiday (892 words)


Eleanora Fagan (April 7, 1915 - Julai 17, 1959), wodziwika bwino monga Billie Holiday, anali mimba ya ku jazz ya ku America yomwe ili ndi zaka pafupifupi makumi atatu. Atchulidwa kuti Tsiku la Dona ndi abwenzi ake ndi amzanga omwe amacheza ndi Lester Young, Holiday anali ndi mphamvu pamasewero a jazz ndi kuimba pop. Mawu ake, omwe anauziridwa kwambiri ndi akatswiri ojambula nyimbo za jazz, anapanga njira yatsopano yogwiritsira ntchito zida ndi nthawi. Ankadziwika chifukwa cha kutumiza mawu ndi maluso osakonzekera, omwe amapanga maphunziro ake ochepa.

Pambuyo panthawi yovuta, Nthaŵi ya Tchuthi idayamba kuimba m'mabwalo a usiku ku Harlem, komwe anamva ndi wolemba John Hammond, amene adayamika. Analemba mgwirizano wolembera ndi Brunswick Records mu 1935. Kugwirizana ndi Teddy Wilson kunapangitsa kuti Kodi Kuwala Kwakukulu Kwambiri Kungathe Bwanji, komwe kunayambira muyezo wa jazz. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1930 ndi 1940, Tchutchutchu zinkakhala bwino pamakalata monga Columbia Records ndi Decca Records. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1940, iye adali ndi mavuto alamulo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pambuyo pa chilango chochepa cha kundende, iye anachita nawo msonkhano wotulutsidwa ku Carnegie Hall, koma mbiri yake inakula chifukwa cha mavuto ake osokoneza bongo ndi mowa.

Ngakhale kuti anali katswiri wochita masewera olimbitsa thupi m'zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi ziwonetsero ziwiri zomwe zinagulitsidwa ku Carnegie Hall, kudwala kwachiwongoladzanja, kuphatikizapo chiyanjano chaukwati komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zinachititsa kuti mawu ake afota. Zolemba zake zomaliza zinali zosakanikirana ndi mawu ake owonongeka koma zinali zochepa zogulitsa zamalonda. Nyimbo yake yotsiriza, Lady mu Satin, inatulutsidwa mu 1958. Tchuthi linafa ndi matenda a chibwibwi pa July 17, 1959. Album yotumizidwa, Last Record, inatulutsidwa pambuyo pa imfa yake.

Zambiri za Pulogalamuyi zakhala zikubwezeretsedwa kuyambira imfa yake. Iye akuwoneka kuti ndi woimba wamakono ndi chikoka chopitirira pa nyimbo za America. Iye ndi amene amalandila madalitso anayi a Grammy Awards, onsewa omwe amapatsidwa mphoto kwa Best Historical Album. Pulogalamuyi inalembedwa mu Grammy Hall of Fame mu 1973. Lady Sings the Blues, filimu yokhudza moyo wake, Diana Ross, anatulutsidwa m'chaka cha 1972. Iye ndi yemwe ali ndi khalidwe lapamwamba pa sewero ndipo kenako tsiku lakale la Lady's pa Emerson's Bar ndi Grill; udindowu unayambika ndi Reenie Upchurch mu 1986 ndipo adawonetsedwa ndi Audra McDonald pa Broadway komanso mu filimuyi.

Billie Holiday yotchulidwapo malemba anayi: Columbia Records, yomwe inamulembera ma DVD ena a Brunswick Records, Records Vocalion, ndi OKeh Records, kuyambira 1933 mpaka 1942; Ma CD Commodore mu 1939 ndi 1944; Decca Records kuyambira 1944 mpaka 1950; mwachidule kwa Aladdin Records mu 1951; Verve Records ndi cholembedwa chake choyamba Clef Records; kuyambira 1952 mpaka 1957, kenanso kwa Columbia Records kuyambira 1957 mpaka 1958 ndipo potsirizira pake kwa MGM Records mu 1959. Zojambula zambiri za Holidays zinawonekera pa ma 78-rpm zolemba pasanayambe nthawi yojambula nyimbo, ndipo ndi Clef, Verve, ndi Columbia yekha Anatulutsa Albums mu nthawi yake ya moyo yomwe sizinali zolembedwera zakuthupi zomwe zinatulutsidwa kale. Makonzedwe ambiri atulutsidwa kuyambira imfa yake; komanso ma bokosi aakulu ndi zojambula.

Mu 1986, kampani ya Joel Whitburn ya Record Research inalemba zambiri zokhudza kutchuka kwa zojambula zomwe zinatulutsidwa kuchokera ku nthawi yoyamba ya rock ndi roll ndi kupanga mapulogalamu apamwamba kuyambira pachiyambi cha malonda ojambula nyimbo. Zotsatira za kampanizi zinafalitsidwa m'buku la Pop Memories 1890-1954. Zolemba zingapo za Tchuthi zalembedwa pa mapepala a pop pop Whitburn adalengedwa.

Pulogalamuyi inayamba kujambula ntchito yake pamasewero akuluakulu ndi buku lake loyamba, Riffin 'the Scotch, limene makope 5,000 anagulitsidwa. Anatulutsidwa pansi pa dzina lakuti Benny Goodman ndi Orchestra yake.

Zambiri za Pulogalamuyi zakupambana koyamba zinatulutsidwa pansi pa dzina lakuti Teddy Wilson ndi Orchestra Yake. Pamene anali kukhala mu gulu la Wilson, Tchuthi imayimba mipiringidzo ingapo ndipo oimba ena amakhala ndi solo. Wilson, mmodzi mwa oimba pianist oposa jazz nthawi swing, limodzi ndi Odyera kuposa woimba wina aliyense. Iye ndi Holiday anatulutsa zolemba 95 palimodzi.

Mu Julayi 1936, Tchuthi anayamba kutulutsa mbali pansi pa dzina lake. Nyimbozi zinatulutsidwa pansi pa dzina lakuti Billie Holiday  Her Orchestra. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri, chikhalidwe cha jazz chotchedwa Chilimwe chinagulitsidwa bwino ndipo chinatchulidwa pazithunzi zapakati pa nthawiyi pa nambala 12, nthawi yoyamba ndondomeko ya jazz inalembedwa. Mpukutu wa R  B wa Billy Stewart wa R  B wokha ndi womwe unapangidwira pa tchati chokwanira kuposa Holidays, yomwe ikulemba pa nambala 10 zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pake mu 1966.

Pulogalamuyi inali ndi nyimbo 16 zogulitsidwa bwino mu 1937, zomwe zimagulitsa chaka chonse. M'chaka chino, Tchuthi adapeza nambala imodzi yokha yomwe inamveka ngati wolemba mawu pa mapepala omwe alipo alipo 1930, Osasamala. Mgwirizano wakuti Ndili ndi Chikondi Changa Kuti Ndikhale Wosangalatsa, adalembedwanso ndi Ray Noble, Glen Gray ndi Fred Astaire omwe kumasuliridwa kwawo kunali kwabwino kwa milungu iwiri. Pulogalamuyi ili ndi ndondomeko 6 pa mapeto a chaka chomwe chilipo cha 1937.

Mu 1939, Tchuthi linalemba mbiri yake yogulitsa kwambiri, Zipatso Zachilendo za Commodore, zojambula pa nambala 16 pa mapepala opezeka pop popanga ma 1930.

Mu 1940, Billboard anayamba kusindikiza zikalata zake zamakono zamakono, zomwe zinaphatikizapo ndondomeko ya Best Sales Sell Retail Records, yomwe ili patsogolo pa Hot 100. Palibe nyimbo za Phirili zomwe zinayikidwa pamabuku amakono a pope, mwina chifukwa Billboard inangosindikiza zoyambira khumi za masati muzinthu zina. Kugonjera kwazing'ono ndi kutulutsa zosasunthika kunalibe njira yodziwonekera.

Pa Oktoba 24, 1942, Billboard anayamba kupereka mipukutu yake ya R  B. Nyimbo ziwiri za Phirili zinayikidwa pa tchati, Trav'lin 'Kuwala ndi Paul Whiteman, yomwe ili pamunsi pa tchati, ndi Munthu Wokonda, womwe unakafika ku nambala 5. Trav Light inafikanso 18 pa Billboard, mapeto omaliza.




#Article 90: Nkhope (247 words)


Nkhope ili kutsogolo kwa mutu wa nyama yomwe ili ndi ziwalo zitatu za mutu, mphuno, ndi pakamwa, ndipo kudzera mwa ziweto zomwe zimayankhula zambiri za mtima wawo. Nkhope ndi yofunikira kwambiri kuti munthu adziŵe, ndipo kuwonongeka ngati kupweteka kapena kutukuka kumakhudza psyche molakwika.

Kutsogolo kwa mutu wa munthu kumatchedwa nkhope. Zimaphatikizapo madera angapo osiyana, zomwe zikuluzikuluzi ndizo:

Nkhope yokha ndiyo gawo lodziwika bwino la thupi la munthu ndipo mawu ake angasinthe pamene ubongo umalimbikitsidwa ndi mphamvu iliyonse ya umunthu, monga kukhudza, kutentha, kununkhira, kulawa, kumva, kuyenda, njala, kapena zowonetserako.

Nkhope ndi chinthu chomwe chimasiyanitsa kwambiri munthu. Madera apadera a ubongo waumunthu, monga fusiform nkhope malo (FFA), amathandiza kuzindikira nkhope; pamene izi zowonongeka, zingakhale zosatheka kuzindikira nkhope komanso achibale anu apamtima. Chitsanzo cha ziwalo zina, monga maso, kapena mbali zina zazo, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chidziwitso cha chilengedwe kuti mudziwe anthu okhaokha.

Maonekedwe a nkhope amakhudzidwa ndi mafupa a chigaza, ndipo nkhope iliyonse imakhala yapadera kupyolera m'kusiyana kwa maonekedwe a mafupa a viscerocranium (ndi neurocranium). Mafupa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula nkhope ndiwo maxilla, mandible, fupa la nasal ndi zygomatic bone. Zofunikanso ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yofewa, monga mafuta, tsitsi, ndi khungu (mtundu umene umasiyana nawo).

Kusintha kwa nkhope kumatenga nthawi, ndipo zomwe zimawonekera kwa ana kapena makanda, monga ma pod-pads odziwika bwino nthawi zina, zomwe zimathandiza mwanayo kuti azikhazikika pamasaya pamene akuyamwitsa. Ngakhale kuti mafuta amtunduwu amachepetsa kukula, kukula kwa mafupa kumawonjezeka ndi msinkhu pamene akukula ndikukula.

Maonekedwe a nkhope ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha kukongola, makamaka kuonekera kwa nkhope.




#Article 91: Vincent van Gogh (892 words)


Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch: [vɪnsɛnt ʋɪləm vɑŋ ɣɔx] 30 March 1853 - 29 July 1890) anali wojambula wa Dutch Post-Impressionist yemwe ndi mmodzi mwa anthu otchuka kwambiri komanso olemekezeka m'mbiri ya zamakono a West. Pa zaka khumi zokha analenga zithunzi pafupifupi 2,100, kuphatikizapo zithunzi 860 za mafuta, ambiri mwa zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Zimaphatikizapo malo, zamoyo, zithunzi komanso zojambulajambula, ndipo zimadziwika ndi mitundu yolimba komanso zojambula zochititsa chidwi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maziko a zamakono apange. Adzipha pazaka 37 zotsatira za matenda aumphawi ndi umphawi.

Atabadwira m'banja lapamwamba, Van Gogh adakali mwana ndipo anali wolimba, wamtendere komanso woganizira. Ali mnyamata adagwira ntchito yogulitsa luso, nthawi zambiri akuyenda, koma adasokonezeka atatumizidwa ku London. Anatembenukira ku chipembedzo, ndipo anakhala nthawi yaumishonale wa Chiprotestanti kumpoto kwa Belgium. Anayamba kudwala ndi kudzipatula asanayambe kujambula mu 1881, atabwerera kunyumba ndi makolo ake. Mng'ono wake Theo anamuthandiza pa zachuma, ndipo awiriwo adalemba kalata yaitali. Ntchito zake zoyambirira, makamaka zamoyo ndi ziwonetsero za antchito olima, ali ndi zizindikiro zochepa za mtundu woonekera womwe unasiyanitsa ntchito yake yotsatira. Mu 1886, anasamukira ku Paris, kumene anakumana ndi anthu a avant-garde, kuphatikizapo Emile Bernard ndi Paul Gauguin, omwe anali kutsutsana ndi chidwi cha Impressionist. Pamene ntchito yake inakhazikitsidwa adayambitsa njira yatsopano yopititsira patsogolo miyoyo ya anthu komanso mizinda. Zithunzi zake zinakula kwambiri pamene adayamba kalembedwe kake pamene adakhala ku Arles kum'mwera kwa France mu 1888. Pa nthawiyi adakulitsa nkhani yake kuphatikizapo mitengo ya azitona, minda ya tirigu ndi mpendadzuwa.

Vincent Willem van Gogh anabadwa pa 30 March 1853 ndikulowa m'banja la Dutch Reformed ku Groot-Zundert, m'chigawo chachikulu cha Katolika cha North Brabant kum'mwera kwa Netherlands. Iye anali mwana wamkulu kwambiri wa Theodorus van Gogh, mtumiki wa Tchalitchi cha Dutch Reformed, ndi Anna Cornelia Carbentus. Van Gogh anapatsidwa dzina la agogo ake aamuna, ndi a mchimwene wake anabadwa chimodzimodzi chaka chimodzi asanabadwe.Vincent anali dzina lofala m'banja la Van Gogh: agogo ake aamuna, a Vincent (1789-1874), omwe adalandira digiri ya zamulungu pa M'chaka cha 1811, yunivesite ya Leiden, inali ndi ana asanu ndi mmodzi, ndipo atatu mwa iwo anakhala opanga zamalonda. Vincent uyu angakhale atatchulidwa dzina la amalume ake aang'ono, ojambula zithunzi (1729-1802).

Amayi a Van Gogh adachokera ku banja lolemera ku The Hague, ndipo bambo ake anali mwana wamng'ono kwambiri wa mtumiki. Onse awiri anakumana pamene mchemwali wake wa Anna, Cornelia, anakwatira mkulu wa Theodorus, Vincent (Cent). Makolo a Van Gogh anakwatira mu May 1851 ndipo anasamukira ku Zundert. Mbale wake Theo anabadwa pa 1 May 1857. Panali m'bale wina, Cor, ndi alongo atatu: Elisabeth, Anna, ndi Willemina (wotchedwa Wil). M'moyo wam'tsogolo Van Vangh adangogwirizana ndi Willemina ndi Theo. Amayi a Van Gogh anali amayi okhwima komanso achipembedzo omwe anagogomezera kufunikira kwa banja mpaka kufotokozera anthu omwe ali pafupi naye. Malipiro a Theodorus anali odzichepetsa, koma Tchalitchi chinapatsa banjali nyumba, mdzakazi, ophika awiri, woyang'anira munda, galimoto ndi kavalo, ndipo Anna adalimbikitsa ana kuti azikhala ndi udindo wopititsa patsogolo banja lawo.

Van Gogh anali mwana wamkulu komanso woganizira. Anaphunzitsidwa pakhomo ndi amayi ake komanso wophunzira, ndipo mu 1860 anatumizidwa ku sukulu ya kumudzi. Mu 1864 adayikidwa ku sukulu ya abusa ku Zevenbergen, komwe adamva kuti achoka, ndipo adalimbikitsidwa kubwerera kwawo. M'malomwake, mu 1866 makolo ake anamutumiza ku sukulu yapakati ku Tilburg, komwe sanasangalale kwambiri. Chidwi chake chojambula chinayamba ali wamng'ono. Analimbikitsidwa kutengera mwana wake ndi mwana wake, ndipo zojambula zake ndizofotokozera, koma sakuyandikira kwambiri ntchito yake yotsatira.Constant Cornelis Huijsmans, yemwe adali katswiri wojambula ku Paris, adaphunzitsa ophunzira ku Tilburg. Filosofi yake inali kukana njira kuti atenge zojambula za zinthu, makamaka zachilengedwe kapena zinthu zofala. Kusakhutira kwakukulu kwa Van Gogh kumawoneka kuti kwakuphimba maphunziro, omwe analibe zotsatira; mu March 1868 adabwerera kwawo mwamsanga. Pambuyo pake analemba kuti unyamata wake unali wotentha komanso wozizira, wosabala.

Mu Julayi 1869 Bambo ake a uncle a Van Gogh adapeza udindo kwa ogulitsa malonda Goupil  Cie ku The Hague. Atamaliza maphunziro ake mu 1873, adasamutsira ku ofesi ya Goupil ku London ku Southampton Street, ndipo adakhala ku 87 Hackford Road, Stockwell. Iyi inali nthawi yosangalatsa kwa Van Gogh; iye anali wopambana kuntchito, ndipo pa 20 anali kupeza zochuluka kuposa bambo ake. Mkazi wa Theo adanena kuti uwu unali chaka chabwino kwambiri cha moyo wa Vincent. Anakopeka ndi mwana wamkazi wa nyumba yake, Eugénie Loyer, koma anakanidwa atavomereza maganizo ake; iye analumikizidwa mwachinsinsi kwa yemwe kale anali ogona. Iye anakula kwambiri, ndipo anali wolimba mtima mwachipembedzo. Bambo ake ndi amalume ake anakonza zoti apite ku Paris mu 1875, komwe adakwiya kwambiri ndi nkhani monga momwe amachitira zojambulajambula, ndipo adachotsedwa chaka chimodzi.

Vincent Willem van Gogh (1890-1978), dzina lake Vincent Willem van Gogh (1890-1978), analandira nyumbayo pambuyo pa imfa ya amayi ake mu 1925. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, adakonza zolemba makalata onse omwe analembedwa m'mabuku anayi ndi zinenero zambiri. Kenaka adayamba kukambirana ndi boma la Dutch kuti athandizire maziko oti agule ndikugulitsa zonsezo. Mwana wa Theo anatenga nawo mbali pokonzekera polojekitiyo poganiza kuti ntchitoyi idzawonetsedwa pansi pazifukwa zabwino. Ntchitoyi inayamba mu 1963; Katswiri wina wa zomangamanga dzina lake Gerrit Rietveld anapatsidwa ntchito yoti apange, ndipo atamwalira mu 1964, Kisho Kurokawa anatenga udindo. Ntchito inapita patsogolo m'zaka za m'ma 1960, ndi 1972 monga cholinga cha kutseguka kwake.

Nyumba ya Van Gogh inatsegulidwa ku Museum Museum ku Amsterdam m'chaka cha 1973. Idamakhala nyumba yachiwiri yotchuka ku Netherlands, pambuyo pa Rijksmuseum, yomwe imalandira alendo oposa 1.5 miliyoni pa chaka. Mu 2015 anali ndi mbiri 1.9 miliyoni; [293] 85 peresenti ya alendo ochokera kumayiko ena.

 




#Article 92: Natasha Salifyanji Kaoma (121 words)


Natasha Salifyanji Kaoma (wobadwa m'chaka cha 1992) ndi dokotala wa ku Zambia, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi amene anayambitsa Copper Rose Zambia bungwe lofuna kuphunzitsa amayi kufunikira kwa umoyo wogonana ndi kubereka. Iye ndi wotsogolera zaumoyo wa amayi komanso wopambana mphoto ya Mfumukazi ya Young Queen's 2017. Iye ndi membala wa Royal Commonwealth Society pa ntchito yake kuti apititse patsogolo miyoyo ya anthu a Commonwealth ndipo adasankhidwanso kuti apereke chiwombolo cha Nelson Mandela-Graca Machel mu 2016. Natasha amachokera ku banja limene makamaka limayang'aniridwa ndi akazi, kukhala mwana wachisanu ndi chimodzi. Ali ndi mchimwene amene amapezeka kuti ndi mwamuna yekhayo m'banja. Onsewo ali asanu ndi awiri m'banja. Natasha ndi mphotho ya 2017 ya Queens Young Leaders komanso Champion Women's Year-Healthcare Champion ya 2017.




#Article 93: Clapham Common (176 words)


Clapham Common ndi malo akuluakulu okhala m'mizinda ya katatu, ku Clapham, kum'mwera kwa London. Malo oyamba omwe amapezeka ku mapiri a Battersea ndi Clapham, adasandulika ku parkland pansi pa malamulo a Metropolitan Commons Act 1878. Ndi mahekitala makumi asanu ndi atatu (89 hectares) a malo obiriwira, omwe ali ndi mabwawa atatu ndi gulu la Victorian. Zimanyalanyazidwa ndi nyumba zazikulu za ku Georgia ndi Victor komanso pafupi ndi mzinda wa Clapham.

Tchalitchi cha Utatu Clapham, tchalitchi cha Georgia cha m'zaka za m'ma 1800 choyang'ana pakiyi, ndi chofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Evangelical Clapham Sect. Gawo la paki ili mkati mwa London Borough of Wandsworth, ndipo theka lina liri mkati mwa London Borough ya Lambeth.

Clapham Common ali mu ward ya chisankho ya Clapham.

Mu 2010, anthu a m'dera la Clapham Common adasankha awiri a Council Conservative Council and a Lib Dem Advisor.

Mu 2014, anthu a Clapham Common ward adasankha 3 Council Conservative Councilors. Iyi inali nthawi yoyamba imene Conservatives idagonjetsa Clapham Common ward kuyambira m'ma 1960.

Mu 2018, anthu adasankha 2 Ntchito ndi 1 konsenti ya Conservative.




#Article 94: World Wrestling Entertainment (115 words)


World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc., kuchita bizinesi monga WWE, ndi kampani yayikulu yomwe imapanga masewera olimbirana. Tsopano ndi kampani yotchuka kwambiri mu bizinesi yakulimbana. Vince J. McMahon anayambitsa kampaniyo mu 1963. Mwana wake, Vince K. McMahon tsopano ndi wotsogoleli wamkulu ndi wamkulu wa kampaniyo ndipo akuyendetsa kampaniyo pamodzi ndi mwana wake wamkazi Stephanie McMahon ndi mwamuna wake Paul Levesque, wotchedwa Triple H.

Kampaniyo inkadziwika kuti World Wrestling Federation kapena WWF. Iwo adasintha dzina lawo ku World Wrestling Entertainment pambuyo pa mlandu wochokera ku World Wide Fund for Nature, yemwe poyamba ankatchedwa World Wildlife Fund, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito WWF oyambirira ku United States. Mu 2011, kampaniyo inadzikumbutsanso ngati WWE, ngakhale dzina lake lalamulo lidalibe World Wrestling Entertainment.




#Article 95: Triple H (234 words)


Paul Michael Levesque (wobadwa pa 27 Julayi 1969) ndi mkulu wa bizinesi wa ku America, wothandizira pantchito wotchuka wrestler, wojambula, komanso woyambitsa thupi. Iye amadziwika bwino ndi dzina la mphete H (triple H), kufotokoza kwa dzina lake lakale la Hunter Hearst Helmsley. Iye tsopano ndi COO (Chief Operating Officer) wa WWE.

Asanalowe nawo WWE, Levesque anayamba ntchito yake ndi World Championship Wrestling (WCW) mu 1993, akulimbana ndi dzina lakuti Terra Ryzing. Adzakhalanso ndi Jean-Paul Lévesque, wachiroma wa ku France, asanafike pa World Wrestling Federation (tsopano WWE) mu 1995.

Popeza adalowa mu WWE, wakhala msilikali wazaka 14 (wamakono): WWE Champion Wose-Time komanso Champion World Heavyweight Champion Wachisanu. Komanso, adagonjetsa Mfumu ya 1997 ya Royal Ring, yomwe ili mu 2002 Royal Rumble. wachiwiri wamkulu wa Slam Champion.

Anakwatira Stephanie McMahon mu 2003, kukhala mpongozi wa WWE, Vince McMahon. Kunja kwa nkhondo, Levesque wapanga alendo ambiri pafilimu ndi pa TV. Akuyang'ana mu WWE Film Journey of Death. Patsamba lomaliza la 2008, Triple H adagonjetsa WWE Championship. Anataya mutu wake pa Survivor Series 2008 mpaka Edge.

Pa 2009 Palibe Way Out, Triple H adabwezeretsanso WWE Championship mu Msonkhano wa Chigamulo cha Omanama kwa nthawi yachisanu ndi chitatu, akukantha mbiri ya The Rock kasanu ndi kawiri.

Atatha kulowa mu 2016 Royal Rumble match in no. 30, adachotsa Ambrose kuti apambane ndi Royal Rumble ndikukhala mtsogoleri wa dziko lapansi 14. Pambuyo pake anataya Championship kuli Roman Reigns ku WrestleMania 32.




#Article 96: Lamulungu (913 words)


Lamlungu ndi tsiku pakati pa Loweruka ndi Lolemba. Lamlungu ndi tsiku la mpumulo m'mayiko ambiri akumadzulo, monga gawo la sabata ndi sabata usiku.

Kwa Akhristu ambiri owonetsetsa, Lamlungu likuwonedwa ngati tsiku la kupembedza ndi kupumula, kuligwira ngati Tsiku la Ambuye ndi tsiku la chiukitsiro cha Khristu. M'mayiko ena achi Islam ndi Israeli, Lamlungu ndilo tsiku loyamba la ntchito ya sabata. Malingana ndi kalendala ya Chiheberi ndi kalendala yachikhristu, Lamlungu ndilo tsiku loyamba la sabata. Malingana ndi International Organization for Standardization ISO 8601, Lamlungu ndi tsiku lachisanu ndi chiwiri la sabata.

Mu chikhalidwe cha Chiroma, Lamlungu linali tsiku la mulungu wa Sun. Muchikunja, dzuŵa linali gwero la moyo, kuwapatsa kutentha ndi kuwunikira kwa anthu. Anali pakati pa mpatuko wotchuka pakati pa Aroma, omwe ankaima m'mawa kuti atenge kuwala kwa dzuwa koyamba pamene akupemphera.

Mwaiwo kuti muwone mu chikhalidwe-kupembedza kwa anansi awo achikunja kukhala chizindikiro chovomerezeka ku chikhulupiriro chawo chomwe sichinatayika pa Akhristu. Mmodzi mwa makolo a Tchalitchi, St. Jerome, adzalengeza kuti: Ngati achikunja amachitcha [tsiku la Ambuye] [...] 'dzuwa la dzuwa,' timavomereza kuti, chifukwa lero kuunika kwa dziko lapansi kwawuka, lero akuwululidwa dzuwa la chilungamo ndi machiritso mu miyezi yake. 
Kuganiziranso komweku kungakhudze kusankhidwa kwa tsiku la Khirisimasi patsiku la nyengo yozizira, yomwe chikondwerero chake chinali gawo la chipembedzo cha dzuwa cha dzuwa. Momwemonso, mipingo yachikristu yamangidwa ndipo ikukumangidwanso (momwe zingathere) ndi chikhalidwe kotero kuti mpingo umayang'ane kutsogolo kwakummawa kummawa. Patapita nthawi, St. Francis amavomereza nyimbo yake yotchuka: Ndiyamike, Mbuye wanga, mwa zolengedwa zanu zonse, makamaka mwa mbuye wanga M'bale Sun, amene amabweretsa tsikulo, ndipo mumapatsa kuwala kudzera mwa iye. mu ulemerero wake wonse, mwa iwe Wam'mwambamwamba, ali ndi chifaniziro. 

Aroma akale ankakonda kugwiritsa ntchito masiku asanu ndi atatu a azungu, msika wamsika, koma m'nthawi ya Augusto m'zaka za zana la 1 AD, sabata la masiku asanu ndi awiri linagwiritsidwanso ntchito.

Justin Martyr, pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000, akunena za memoirs ya atumwi monga kuwerenga tsiku lotchedwa dzuŵa (Lamlungu) pamodzi ndi zolemba za aneneri.

Pa 7 March 321, Constantine Woyamba, Mroma Woyamba wa Roma (onani Constantine I ndi Chikhristu), adalengeza kuti Lamlungu lidzawonedwa ngati tsiku la mpumulo wa Aroma:

Ngakhale kuti adalandira Lamlungu ngati tsiku lopumula ndi Constantine, sabata la masiku asanu ndi awiri ndipo ma nundial cycle anapitiriza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono mpaka kalendala ya 354 ndipo mwinamwake mtsogolo.

Mu 363, Canon 29 ya Msonkhano wa Laodikaya inaletsa kusunga Sabata lachiyuda (Loweruka), ndipo analimbikitsa Akhristu kugwira ntchito Loweruka ndi kupuma pa Tsiku la Ambuye (Lamlungu). Mfundo yakuti bukuli liyenera kutchulidwa konse ndizisonyezero kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo la Constantine la 321 silinali lonse, ngakhale pakati pa Akhristu. Zikuwonetsanso kuti Ayuda anali kusunga Sabata Loweruka.

Zipembedzo zina zachikhristu, zotchedwa Sabata, zikuwonetsa Sabata Lamlungu. Dzina lakuti Sabbatarian lakunenedwa ndi akhristu, makamaka Aprotestanti, omwe amakhulupirira kuti Lamlungu ayenera kuwonedwa ndi kudziletsa kokha kuntchito yogwirizana ndi Shabbat. Akhristu a Seventh-day Adventist, Seventh Day Baptisti, ndi Mpingo wa Mulungu (Seventh-Day) zipembedzo, komanso Ayuda ambiri aumesiya, apitirizabe kuchita ntchito ndi kusonkhana kuti azilambirira Loweruka mpaka dzuwa litalowa. kodi onse otsatira a Mulungu m'Baibulo.

Kwa akhristu ambiri mwambo ndi udindo wa kupumula kwa Lamlungu sizowonongeka. Ochepa mwa Akhristu samaona tsiku limene amapita kutchalitchi ngati lofunika, malinga ngati akupezeka. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pamapeto a miyambo ya Sabata, koma kutha kwa ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku tsiku ndi tsiku ndi mwambo. Akhristu ambiri lerolino amasunga Lamlungu ngati tsiku la kupezeka kwa tchalitchi.

Milandu ya Roma Katolika, Lamlungu limayamba Loweruka madzulo. Misa yamadzulo pa Loweruka imakhala tsiku lonse Lamlungu Lamlungu ndikukwaniritsa udindo wawo wopita kumsonkhano wa Lamlungu, ndipo Vespers (mapemphero a madzulo) Loweruka usiku ndikumasulira Vespers oyambirira a Lamlungu. Madzulo omwewo, kuyembekezera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ku miyambo ina yayikuru ndi maphwando, ndipo ndizogwirizana ndi mwambo wachiyuda woyambitsa tsiku latsopano dzuwa litalowa. Amene amagwira ntchito zachipatala, ogwira ntchito, ndi asilikali kumalo a nkhondo amaperekedwa kuchokera ku chizoloŵezi choyenera kupita ku Tchalitchi Lamlungu. Amalimbikitsidwa kuti aphatikize ntchito yawo ndi kupita ku misonkhano yachipembedzo ngati n'kotheka.Kummawa kwa Tchalitchi cha Orthodox, Lamlungu limayambira pa Pang'ono Ndipang'ono kwa Odzimana (Loweruka ndi Madzulo) Loweruka madzulo ndikuyendetsa mpaka Vouchsafe, O Ambuye (pambuyo pa prokeimenon) ya Vespers Lamlungu usiku. Panthawiyi, kuchotsedwa kwa mautumiki onse kumayambira ndi mawu akuti, Mulole Khristu wathu Mulungu woona, amene adawuka kwa akufa .... Aliyense amene akufuna kulandira Chiyero Chayera pa Divine Liturgy Lamlungu m'mawa amayenera kupita ku Vespers usiku usanayambe (onani chiyero cha Ekaristi). Pakati pa Akhristu a Orthodox, Lamlungu limatengedwa kuti ndi Pascha Yaikulu (Isitala), ndipo chifukwa cha Paschal chisangalalo, kuponyedwa kwa nthaka sikuletsedwa, kupatula nthawi zina. Zochita zosangalatsa ndi kusadziletsa, kukhala zonyansa ndi zonyansa kwa Khristu monga nthawi yowonongeka, sikuletsedwa [zosautsa-kukambirana].

Zilankhulo zina zilibe mawu osiyana pa Loweruka ndi Sabata (e.g. Italian, Chipwitikizi). Kunja kwa dziko lolankhula Chingerezi, Sabata ngati liwu, ngati likugwiritsidwa ntchito, limatanthawuza Loweruka (kapena machitidwe achiyuda omwe ali pamenepo); Lamlungu limatchedwa Tsiku la Ambuye e. g. mu zinenero zachi Romance ndi Greek Greek. Koma, Akristu olankhula Chingerezi nthawi zambiri amatchula Lamlungu ngati Sabata (kupatulapo Sabata ya Sabata); chizoloŵezi chimene, mwinamwake chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa mayiko onse ndi chikhalidwe cha Latin cha Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika, chikufala kwambiri pakati pa (koma osangokhala) Achiprotestanti. O Quakers mwachizolowezi amatchula Lamlungu ngati Tsiku loyamba kutanthauzira chiyambi cha chikunja cha dzina la Chingerezi, pamene akunena Loweruka ngati Tsiku lachisanu ndi chiwiri.

Mawu a Chirasha a Lamlungu ndi Voskresenie, kutanthauza Tsiku la Kuukitsidwa. Liwu lachi Greek la Sunday ndi Kyriake (Tsiku la Ambuye). Mawu a Czech, Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Serbian, Chiyukireniya ndi Chibalarusi a Lamlungu (neděle, niedziela, nedelja, nedjelja, недеља, неділя ndi нядзеля pamasulidwe) akhoza kumasuliridwa monga opanda ntchito (palibe ntchito).

Lamlungu limagwirizanitsidwa ndi dzuwa ndipo limawonetsedwa ndi ☉.




#Article 97: Lolemba (164 words)


Lolemba ndi tsiku pakati pa Lamulungu ndi Lachiwiri. Malingana ndi muyeso wadziko lonse ISO 8601 ndi tsiku loyamba la sabata. Dzina la Lolemba limachokera ku Old English Mōnandæg ndi Middle English Monenday, poyamba kumasuliridwa kwa Chilatini kumwalira kwa Moon of Moon.

Pambuyo pake, sabata la Agiriki ndi Aroma linayamba ndi Lamlungu (dies solis), ndipo Lolemba (akufa lunae) linali tsiku lachiwiri la sabata. Ndi chizoloŵezi cholozera Lolemba monga feria secunda mu kalendala yamatchalitchi ya Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika. Quakers amakhalanso olemba Lolemba ngati Tsiku lachiwiri. Achipwitikizi ndi Agiriki (Eastern Orthodox Church) amakhalanso ndi miyambo yachipembedzo (Chipwitikizi segunda-feira, Greek) ndi yachiwiri). Mofananamo dzina lachihebri la Monday ndi yom-sheni (יום שני).

Masiku ano, zafala kwambiri kuti tiganizire Lolemba tsiku loyamba la sabata. Mayiko onse a ISO 8601 amalowetsa Lolemba ngati tsiku loyamba la sabata, ndipo izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamalendala ku Ulaya komanso m'mayiko ena. Lolemba ndi xīngqīyī (星期一) mu Chitchaina, kutanthauza tsiku limodzi la sabata. Chikhalidwe chamakono chakumadzulo nthawi zambiri chimayang'ana Lolemba ngati kuyamba kwa ntchito.




#Article 98: Zamtel (501 words)


Zamtel, amene dzina lake ndi Zambia Telecommunications Company Limited, ndi wogwira ntchito pa telecommunication provider ku Zambia. Zamtel ndi imodzi mwa mafoni atatu apakompyuta mu dziko; enawo ndi Airtel ndi MTN.

Msonkhano woyamba unayambitsidwa ku Livingstone, monga gawo la General Post Office (GPO). Mu 1975, GPO idasandulika ku Zambian Post and Telecommunication Corporation (PTC).

Mu Julayi 1994 boma la Zambia linasankha Lamulo la Telecommunications lomwe linayambitsa kugawidwa kwa bungwe la Post ndi Telecommunications mu makampani awiri osiyana: Zambia Postal Services Corporation (Zampost), ndi Zambia Telecommunications Company (Zamtel). Kampani imagwera pansi pa ulamuliro wa Ministry of Transport, Works, Supply and Communications of Zambia.

Mu 2010, boma la Zambia, lomwe linali Pulezidenti wa Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD), Rupiah Banda, anagulitsa 75 peresenti ya Zamtel ku bungwe la LAP Green Networks. Boma linanena kuti lidachita zimenezi pofuna kuti Zamtel asatseke pokhazikitsa ndondomeko zowonjezereka. Izi zinali zosagwirizana zokha, koma monga momwe ena amanenera kuti kampaniyo idakali yotheka. Chisankho cha dziko la Zambia chaka cha 2011 chinawona kuti chipani cha MMD chokhacho chinalowe m'malo ndi otsutsa a Patriotic Front (PF). Boma latsopano lomwe lidasankhidwa, motsogoleredwa ndi Purezidenti Michael Sata, adafunsa mafunso a Zamtel chifukwa adakhulupirira kuti wagulitsidwa mwachinyengo ndi boma lapitalo. Kufufuzako kunapereka lipoti lomwe linasonyeza zolakwika monga momwe Zamtel anagulitsidwira, kunena kuti LAP Green ndi RP Capitals, omwe adasankhidwa kukhala othandizira zachuma, adagonjetsa akuluakulu a boma la Zambia; mlandu wakuti LAP Green ndi RP Capitals anakana. Chifukwa cha zomwe adazipeza, Pulezidenti Michael Sata adalamula kuti ndalama zokwana madola 257 miliyoni zikhazikitsidwe ndipo boma la Zambia linagonjetsa Zamtel.

Mu 2013, LAP Green adatsutsa boma la Zambia ku khoti la Britain kuti adzilandire mwini Zamtel. Boma la Zambia linavomereza kuti lidzabwezeretsa LAP Green chifukwa cha ndalama zake, koma sizingalole kuti umwini wa kampaniyo abwerere kwa wogwira ntchito ku Liberia.

Sydney ndi Wongoganizira bwino ndi mtsogoleri wamakono. Amabweretsa Zamtel zaka 12 pakukonzekera, kupanga, kugwiritsira ntchito komanso kugwiritsira ntchito makanema a Telecommunication ku Central ndi East Africa. Ku Zamtel, iye akuyenera kuyendetsa Technology Technology Zamtel yomwe idzawonetsa zamakono zamakono kuti zikhale ndi ubwino komanso kupezeka kwa mautumiki. Sydney amagwira Master's Degree mu Communication Engineering (University of Manchester, UK) ndi Bachelor of Engineering Degree ku Telecommunication (University of Zambia). Sydney amagwira ntchito ku Ericsson East Africa monga Mutu wa Design  Planning komanso Celtel monga Senior Planning Engineer. Ku Ericsson, Sydney anakhazikitsa bungwe lokonzekera ndi kukonzekera lomwe linayambitsa njira zamakono zogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono komanso zosamukira kuntaneti kwa Airtel. Panthawi ya Celtel, Sydney anaphatikizidwa pakukhazikitsidwa kwa gawo lokonzekera ndikukonzekera maukonde omwe adawona kukula kwa olembetsa zikwi mazana ambiri kwa oposa awiri miliyoni. Makhalidwe abwino a Sydney anamuthandiza kuti athetse bwino Mau. Ali pa Ericsson, Sydney anabweretsa ku kampani masauzande ambirimbiri a madola pazinthu zomwe anali nazo pamene anali Wogulitsa Wotsatsa Amalonda Akuluakulu. Sydney ndi wotsogolera tsopano wa National Task Force on Digital Migration of Television kwa Republic of Zambia.

Industrial Development Corporation mu August 2017 inakhazikitsa bwalo latsopano la oyang'anira Zamtel. Bungwe la Atsogoleri kwa Zamtel ndi Claire Limbwabwa, Misheck Lungu, Justin Chola, Bob Musenga, Danny Luswili ndi Francis Musonda.




#Article 99: Wikitongues (105 words)


Wikitongues ndi bungwe lopanda phindu lolembetsa ku New York, USA. Icho chikufuna kulembera zilankhulo zonse padziko lapansi.  Anakhazikitsidwa ndi Frederico Andrade, Daniel Bogre Udell ndi Lindie Botes mu 2014. Pofika mwezi wa May 2016, Wikitongues adalemba makope pafupifupi 329 m'zinenero zoposa 200. Pofika mu 2018, iwo alemba zilankhulo zoposa 350, kapena 5% ya chinenero chirichonse padziko lapansi. Poly ndi mapulogalamu otseguka otsegulidwa kuti agawane ndi kuphunzira zinenero. Ntchitoyi inathandizidwa pa Kickstarter ndipo bungwe linatha kukweza $ 52,716 USD mothandizidwa ndi 429 ochirikiza. Pakali pano pulogalamuyi ili pansi pano. Mavidiyo onse amamasulidwa pansi pa CC-by-NC 4.0 license. Posachedwapa, njira ina yomasulira kanema pansi pa CC-by-SA inayambitsanso.




#Article 100: Pro Evolution Soccer 2019 (297 words)


Pro Evolution Soccer 2019 ndi masewero a kanema a mpira wotchedwa PES Productions ndipo adafalitsidwa ndi Konami kwa Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 ndi Xbox One. Masewerawo ndi gawo la 18 m'ndandanda wa PES ndipo adatulutsidwa pa August 28, kumpoto kwa America ndi Japan, Europe ndi Australia pa August 30, 2018. Philippe Coutinho wochokera ku Barcelona anawonekera pachikuto chakumapeto kwa magazini yovomerezeka pamene David Beckham adawonekera pachikuto chakumapeto kwa magazini yapadera. Komanso, magulu a Scottish a Celtic ndi a Rangers adabweretsedwera ku masewerawo ndi masewera awo, akubweretsa mpikisano wotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse wa Old Firm ku maseŵero a maseŵera mwatsatanetsatane. Konami ya chaka chino adalonjezedwa kuonjezera chiwerengero cha ziphatso, zomwe zikuphatikizapo mipikisano yambiri ya malayisensi ndi masewera, ndi zolemba zosiyanasiyana zatsopano. Mpaka pano mpikisano wothamanga mwachindunji ndi Konami ndi 12 Leagues zomwe zikuphatikizapo Ligue 1  Ligue 2, Danish Superligaen, Premier League Liga, Portuguese Jupiler Pro League, Swiss Raiffeisen Super League, Scottish Premiership, Dutch Eredivisie, Argentina Primera División ndipo, makamaka, ndi Russia Premier League. Komabe, Konami adalengeza kuti sizinayambitsenso mgwirizano ndi UEFA ku Champions League, Europa League, ndi UEFA Super Cup zomwe akhala nazo zaka 10; layisensi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu EA Sports FIFA 19.

PES 2019 ndi mpira wa masewera. Nthawi Zopanga za PES 2019 zimayikidwa patsogolo pa PES 2019. Konami adalengeza kuti International Cup Cup isanayambe kuwonjezeka ndipo adalengeza kuti njira yabwino yokambirana ndi kukonza bajeti. Wowonjezeranso kugulitsanso zowonjezera zowonjezera kuti njirayi ikhale yofunika osati pokhapokha komanso ndi kayendedwe ka gulu. Makhalidwe atsopano 11 adayambitsidwa omwe athandizidwe kuti apange mpikisano wokhazikika, kuphatikizapo mapeto, osayang'ana, kuyendetsa, kuthamanga ndi kuwombera. Iwo adalengezanso kuti ochita masewerawa adatengedwera kumtsinje wotsatira, komwe luso ndi mphamvu zimakhudza kwambiri komanso kuyendayenda pamasewera.

Kukhudza thupi lonse komwe kunayambika chaka chatha kwakhala kukuwonjezeredwa. Momwe mpira ukulamuliridwa zimadalira zambiri pa zozungulira, kulola kuwombera mosavuta ndi mwatsatanetsatane wa mpira.




#Article 101: FIFA Women's World Cup (360 words)


FIFA Women's World Cup ndi mpikisano wa masewera omwe amakopeka ndi azimayi achikulire a Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), bungwe lolamulira la mayiko. Mpikisanowu wakhala ukuchitika zaka zinayi zilizonse kuyambira 1991, pamene mpikisano wotsegulira, womwe umatchedwa FIFA Women's World Championship, unachitikira ku China. Pansi pa mpikisano wamakono pano, magulu a mayiko amatha kukhala ndi malo 23 omwe ali ndi zaka zitatu. (Gulu la gulu la alendo limalowetsedweratu kuti likhale la 24). Mpikisano woyenerayo, yomwe imatchedwa kuti World Cup Finals, imatsutsidwa m'malo opezeka pakati pa mtundu wokhala nawo alendo kwa nthawi ya mwezi umodzi. Masewera asanu ndi awiri a FIFA Women's World Cup adalandidwa ndi magulu anayi a mayiko. Mphamvu yamakono ndi United States, atapambana udindo wawo wachitatu mu 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.

Wokonza: William Sawaya, Sawaya  Moroni, Milan, Italy
Chaka choyambirira: 1998
Kutalika: 47cm
Kulemera kwake: 4.6kg
Zida: bronze, golide-yokutidwa; chomera; Verde Candeias Granite.

Maofesi Ovomerezekawa akuphatikizapo mbale yomwe ili pansi pa chaka cholembedwa ndi dzina la msilikali aliyense wa FIFA Women's World Cup ™.

Zinapangidwa ndi William Sawaya ndipo zidakonzedwa ndi akatswiri a Milanese Sawaya  Moroni chifukwa cha mpikisano wa 1999, monga gulu la anthu ozungulira, kutsegulira mpira wa pamwamba, omwe cholinga chake ndi kutenga masewera, kuthamanga ndi kukongola kwa mpira wa azimayi padziko lonse . M'chaka cha 2010, anali ndi makina ojambulidwa ndi kondomu. Pansi pazitsulo, dzina la mpikisano uliwonse wa ochita masewerawa amalembedwa. Nkhondo Yovomerezeka ili pafupifupi masentimita 18 ndipo imapangidwa ndi siliva wamtengo wapatali mu 23-karat wachikasu ndi golide woyera, ndipo mtengo wake umakhala wokwanira mu 2015 pafupifupi $ 30,000. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chikho cha World Cup chimapangidwa ndi golide wa karat 18 ndipo chili ndi mtengo wapatali wa $ 150,000. Komabe, mtsogoleri wa azimayi amapatsidwa dzina lopambana la Winner's Trophy kuti apite kunyumba, pomwe pali gulu limodzi lokha la anthu oyambirira.

Malingana ndi chiŵerengero cha msonkhanowo ku mpira, masewero omwe adasankhidwa pa nthawi yowonjezera amawerengedwa kuti ndi opambana ndi otayika, pamene masewera adasankhidwa ndi chilango chowombera amawerengedwa ngati akukoka. Mfundo 3 potsindikiza, 1 mfundo pajambulo ndi 0 mfundo potsata.

Gome ndi lolondola monga kutha kwa FIFA ya FIFA Women's World Cup. Masewera olimba ali mbali ya Fuko la World Cup la 2019 FIFA.




#Article 102: 2018 FIFA Chikho Chadziko Lonse (319 words)


Zogonjetsazo zinali ndi makamu 32, omwe 31 adapezeka mwa mpikisano wothamanga, pamene mtundu wa alendowo umadziwika bwino. Pa makampani 32, 20 adawonetseratu mchaka cha 2014, pomwe onse a ku Iceland ndi Panama adaonekera koyamba pa FIFA World Cup. Masewera 64 adasewera m'madera 12 m'midzi yonse khumi ndi iwiri.
Chotsatiracho chinachitika pa 15 July pa Stade ya Luzhniki ku Moscow, pakati pa France ndi Croatia. France adagonjetsa masewera 4-2 kuti adzalande udindo wawo wachiwiri wa World Cup, polemba chizindikiro chachinayi chotsatika chogonjetsedwa ndi timu ya ku Ulaya.

Mwambowo unachitikira Lachinayi pa 14 June 2018, ku Stadium ya Luzhniki ku Moscow, yomwe idatsala pang'ono kumaliza masewerawa pakati pa asilikali a Russia ndi Saudi Arabia.

Ronaldo yemwe adagonjetsa mpira wa World Cup ku Brazil, adatuluka ndi mwana atavala shati la Russia 2018. Robbie Williams ndiye adaimba nyimbo ziwiri asanakhale ndi Russian soprano Aida Garifullina adachita duet pamene ena adawoneka, atavala mbendera za magulu onse 32 ndi kunyamula chizindikiro cha mtundu uliwonse. Ovinawo analiponso.Ronaldo anabweretsa mpira wa masewera a 2018 World Cup omwe adatumizidwa mlengalenga ndi International Space Station ku March ndipo adabwerera ku Dziko kumayambiriro kwa June.

Maiko okondana anagawidwa m'magulu asanu ndi atatu a magulu anayi (magulu A mpaka H). Magulu m'magulu onse amasewera wina ndi mnzake, ndipo magulu awiri apamwamba a gulu lirilonse amapita kumalo ogogoda. Magulu khumi a ku Ulaya ndi magulu anayi a ku South America anapita patsogolo pa malo ogogoda, pamodzi ndi Japan ndi Mexico.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyambira mu 1938, Germany (magulu olamulira) sanapitirire ulendo woyamba. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuchokera mu 1982, palibe gulu la Afirika lomwe linapitiliza mpaka kuzungulira kachiwiri. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, masewero okwera bwino adagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene Japan anayenerera ku Senegal chifukwa chokhala ndi makadi a chikasu ochepa. Mpikisano umodzi wokha, France ndi Denmark, unali wovuta kwambiri. Mpaka pomwepo padali masewero 36 owongoka omwe ali ndi cholinga chimodzi.

Nthawi zonse zolembedwa pansipa ndi nthawi yapafupi.

Udindo wa magulu m'gulu la gululi unakhazikitsidwa motere:




#Article 103: Atombolombo (757 words)


Atombolombo ndi tizilombo ta dongosolo la Odonata, matenda a Anisoptera (ochokera ku Greek ἄνισος anisos, osalinganika ndi πτερόν pteron, mapiko, chifukwa chakuti kuthamanga kuli kwakukulu kuposa chithunzi). Zilombo za dragonflies akuluakulu amadziwika ndi maso akuluakulu, mawiri awiri a mapiko amphamvu, mapiko oonekera, nthawi zina ali ndi mabala achikuda, ndi thupi lokhalitsa. Ziwombankhanga zikhoza kulakwitsa chifukwa cha gulu lomwe likugwirizana, damselflies (Zygoptera), zomwe ziri zofanana ndi kapangidwe, ngakhale zimakhala zowala mukumanga; Komabe, mapiko a dragonflies amachitikizidwa mokwanira ndi kutali ndi thupi, pamene damselflies amachititsa mapikowo kuti apumule, pamtunda kapena pamwamba pa mimba. Ziwombankhanga zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, pamene damselflies ali ndi mphamvu yofooka, yothamanga. Zilombo zam'mlengalenga zambiri zimakhala ndi zithunzi zokongola kwambiri kapena zitsulo zopangidwa ndi maonekedwe ake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwoneke. Maso aakulu a dragonfly ali ndi pafupifupi 24,000 ommatidia iliyonse.

Zilombo zam'mlengalenga ndi damselflies zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi a m'nyanja ya nymphal ndi akuluakulu. Nymphs amadyetsa mitundu yambiri ya madzi osadziwika ndi yochuluka yomwe imatha kudya nyama zam'madzi ndi nsomba zazing'ono. Akuluakulu amatha kutenga nyama zakutchire mumlengalenga, pogwiritsa ntchito masomphenya awo komanso ndege yowonongeka. Mapulogalamu ofanana ndi anyamatawa ndi ovuta kwambiri ndipo ali pakati pa magulu angapo omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amatha kusinthana ndi umuna, kuchepetsa umuna, ndi mpikisano wa umuna.

Amuna achikulire amateteza mwakhama madera pafupi ndi madzi; Izi zimapereka malo abwino oti mphutsi zikhazikitsidwe, komanso kuti akazi aziyika mazira awo. Nkhuku zodyera zimagwidwa kuti ziwombe nyama zowonongeka ngati zinyama zouluka.

Zambiri za dragonflies, makamaka amuna, ndizogawo. Ena amateteza gawo lawo ndi ena a mitundu yawo, ena amatsutsana ndi mitundu ina ya dragonfly ndi ochepa omwe amatsutsana ndi tizilombo m'magulu osagwirizana. Mtengo wina umapatsa dragonfly malingaliro abwino pa malo odyetseratu tizilombo, ndipo blue dasher (Pachydiplax longipennis) amagwiritsa ntchito zida zina kuti akhalebe ndi ufulu wokwera kumeneko.

Kutetezera gawo lozala ndilofala pakati pa agulugufe aamuna, makamaka pakati pa mitundu yomwe imasonkhana pamadziwe ambirimbiri. Mundawu uli ndi zinthu zabwino monga dzuwa lotambasula madzi osadziwika, mitundu yapadera ya zomera, kapena gawo lina lofunika kuti dzira ligone. Gawolo lingakhale laling'ono kapena lalikulu, malingana ndi khalidwe lake, nthawi ya tsiku, ndi chiwerengero cha mpikisano, ndipo ikhoza kuchitidwa kwa mphindi zingapo kapena maola angapo. Zilombo za dragonflies zimasonyeza chizindikiro cha umwini ndi mitundu yowala pamaso, mimba, miyendo, kapena mapiko. Whitetail (Plathemis lydia) wamba amagwedeza kwa munthu wamba amene ali ndi mimba yoyera ngati mbendera. Zinyama zina zimagwiritsa ntchito zida zam'mlengalenga kapena kuthamanga kwambiri. Mkazi ayenera kukwatirana ndi mwini mundayo asanayambe mazira. Palinso mkangano pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Amuna nthawi zina amazunzidwa ndi amuna mpaka momwe amakhudzidwira ntchito zawo zachilengedwe kuphatikizapo kudya ndi zina zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azikhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mu mitundu ina yazimayi zakhala ndi mayankho a makhalidwe monga kuwonetsa imfa kuti asamangoganizira za amuna.

Kulumikizana mu zifwambazi ndi zovuta, ndondomeko yowonongeka bwino. Choyamba, mwamuna ayenera kukopera mkazi ku gawo lake, kupitiliza kuyendetsa amuna apikisano. Pamene ali wokonzeka kukwatirana, amachotsa paketi ya umuna kuchokera kumutu wake woyamba wa chiberekero pa gawo 9, pafupi ndi mapeto a mimba yake, mpaka kumapeto kwa mimba yake, mpaka kumapeto kwa mimba 2-3, pafupi ndi pamimba pake. Amuna amamenya mkazi ndi mutu ndi claspers kumapeto kwa mimba yake; Mapangidwe a claspers amasiyana pakati pa mitundu, ndipo amathandizira kupewa kuthamanga kwa interspecific. Ntchentche ziwirizi zimakhala pamtunda ndi mbuzi kutsogolo, nthawi zambiri zimayambira pamtengo kapena tsinde. Mkaziyo amathyola mimba yake pansi ndikupita patsogolo pa thupi lake kukatenga umuna kuchokera kumaliseche yachiwiri a mwamuna, pamene mwamuna amagwiritsa ntchito mchira wake kuti amugwire mkazi kumutu: izi zimakhala mtima kapena gudumu; Awiriwo angathenso kutchulidwa kuti ali msilikali.

Mazira-oyala (ovipositing) sizimangothamanga zokhazokha pazitsamba zoyandama kapena m'madzi kuti ziike mazira pa gawo loyenerera, komanso mzimayi akukwera pamwamba pake kapena kumangomugwedeza ndi kuwuluka pamtunda. Amuna amayesetsa kupewa otsutsana ndi kuchotsa umuna wake ndikudziika okha, zomwe zimawoneka ndi kuchepetsa ubereketsedwe ndi kutsogozedwa ndi chisankho cha kugonana. Ngati apambana, mwamuna wotsutsana amagwiritsa ntchito mbolo yake kupondereza kapena kutulutsa umuna womwe umayikidwa kale; Ntchitoyi imatenga nthawi yochuluka yomwe zimapangika mtima. Kuthamanga kumtunda kuli ndi phindu lomwe limafunikira kuti mayi asathamangitsidwe ndipo zambiri zingatheke pa dzira-atagona, ndipo pamene mkazi amathira pansi kuti apereke mazira, amphongo amuthandize kuti amuchotse pamadzi.

Mazira akugona amatenga mitundu iwiri yosiyana malingana ndi mitundu. Mkazi wina m'mabanja ena ali ndi makina okhwima omwe amatha kutsegula tsinde kapena tsamba la zomera pamtunda kapena pafupi ndi madzi, kotero amatha kukankhira mazira mkati mwake. M'mabanja ena monga zojambula (Gomphidae), oyendayenda (Macromiidae), emeralds (Corduliidae), ndi azimayi (Libellulidae), mkazi amaika mazira mwakumangirira pamwamba pa madzi mobwerezabwereza ndi mimba yake, pogwedeza mazira m'mimba mwake pamene akuuluka, kapena amaika mazira pazomera. Mu mitundu yochepa, mazira amaikidwa pamtunda pamwamba pa madzi, ndipo chitukuko chachedwa kufikira izi zitafota ndikukhala kumizidwa.




#Article 104: Rihanna (359 words)


Robyn Rihanna Fenty (wobadwa pa 20 February 1988) ndi woimba komanso wolemba nyimbo wa Barbadian. Anayamba ntchito yake mu 2003. Watulutsa ma studio asanu ndi atatu ndi ma DVD. Rihanna wapambana mphoto zambiri. Izi zikuphatikizapo asanu Achimanga Music Awards, Billboard Music Awards khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, BRIT Awards awiri komanso asanu ndi awiri Grammy Awards. Iye wakhala ndi zolemba khumi ndi zinayi zowerengeka pa chati ya Billboard Hot 100. Mu 2012, magazini ya ku America Nthawi yotchedwa Rihanna ndi mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Rihanna nayenso anali wolemekezeka kwambiri wachinayi mu 2012. Anapeza $ 53 miliyoni pakati pa May 2011 ndi May 2012, malinga ndi Forbes. Mu 2013, Rihanna adapatsidwa mphoto yoyamba ku America Music Awards. Album ya Rihanna Unapologetic (2012) inakhala album yake yoyamba nambala ku United States. Inagonjetsa Best Urban Contemporary Album pa 2014 Grammy Awards. Mu 2015, filimu yotchedwa Home inamasulidwa. Rihanna amalankhula mmodzi mwa anthu otchuka omwe ali mmenemo ndipo adalinso wamkulu wopanga filimuyo.

Album yake yachisanu ndi chitatu, Anti, inatulutsidwa ku msonkhano wotumizira Tidal ndipo adalowa mu Billboard 200 ya chithunzi cha nambala 27. Iyo inali nthawi yochepa yoliwunikira yowonjezera ndi Samsung. Platinum ya ku U.S. inali masiku awiri okha atatulutsidwa. Sabata yamawa, atatha kutulutsidwa ku maiko ena, adafika nambala imodzi pa Billboard 200. Anti imakhala ndi nambala ya Billboard Hot 100, imodzi yokha Ntchito (yomwe ili ndi Drake) komanso Top Needed. Iye adalembanso nyimbo, Ichi ndi chomwe munadzera, ndi DJ Scott Calvin Harris. Idafika pamwamba khumi pamabuku padziko lonse lapansi.

Rihanna anabadwira ku Saint Michael, ku Barbados kupita ku Monica (wa ku Cuba) ndi Ronald Fenty (wa ku Ireland ndi West Indian). Ali ndi ana awiri aang'ono, Rorrey ndi Rajad Fenty. Anakulira ku Bridgetown.

Pa 8 February 2009, Rihanna anakhudzidwa ndi Chris Brown pomwe adatumiza uthenga kwa mtsikana. Rihanna anakwiya ndipo Brown anam'menya. LAPD inajambula chithunzi ku TMZ chomwe chinamuonetsa Rihanna ndi kudula ndi kuzunzika pamaso pake. Pa 22 June 2009, Brown adadziimba mlandu wolakwira. Adalamulidwa zaka zisanu ndikuyesedwa ndikukhala ndi mayina makumi asanu kuchokera ku Rihanna, pokhapokha atakhala pachithunzi, pomwe panali masentimita khumi. Mu February 2011, lamulo loletsa kusinthidwa linasinthidwa kuti alole oimba awiriwo kuti awonekere pamsonkhano akuwonetseratu palimodzi.




#Article 105: Anxiety disorder (447 words)


Matenda a nkhawa ali m’gulu la matenda a maganizo ndipo zizindikiro zaka n’zakuti munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa amakhala ndi nkhawa yaikulu ndiponso mantha. Munthu amene ali ndi matendawa amadera nkhawa kwambiri zinthu zimene zingachitike m’tsogolo komanso amaopa kwambiri zinthu zimene zikuchitika panopa. Vutoli lingachititse munthu kuti ayambe kukhala ndi mavuto enanso monga kuthamanga kwa mtima ndiponso kunjenjemera kwa thupi.	 Matenda a maganizo alipo magulu angapo, monga matenda a nkhawa, mantha oopa zinazake, nkhawa yolephera kuchita zinthu ndi anthu ena, nkhawa yochititsa munthu kumangodzipatula, kuopa zinthu zinazake, kupanikizika chifukwa cha mantha, komanso kuopa kulankhula pagulu. Anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa amasonyezanso zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo nthawi zambiri munthu amatha kukhala ndi mitundu ingapo ya matenda a maganizo.

Pali zinthu zingapo zimene zimayambitsa matenda a nkhawa, monga kuyamwira matendawa komanso chifukwa cha zochitika pamoyo wa munthu. Zina mwa zochitika pamoyo wa munthu zimene zingayambitse matendawa zingakhale kuchitiridwa nkhanza uli mwana, ngati achibale ena anadwalapo  matenda a misala kapena nkhawa, ndiponso umphawi. Kawirikawiri munthu amene ali ndi matenda a nkhawa amakhalanso ndi matenda ena a maganizo, makamaka matenda monga kuvutika maganizo kwambiri, kukhala wokhumudwa, komanso kukhala ndi vuto logwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kuti munthu apezeke ndi matendawa, pamafunika padutse miyezi yosachepera pa 6 kuchokera pa nthawi imene matendawo anayamba ndipo pa nthawiyi zizindikiro zake zimakhala zitayamba kuonekera bwino.  Koma zizindikiro za matenda a nkhawa zimafanananso ndi zizindikiro za mavuto ena monga  matenda a chithokomiro; matenda a mtima; khafini, kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa, kapena kusuta chamba ndiponso zizindikiro zimene zimakhalapo munthu akasiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala enaake amene anazolowera.

Ngati munthu yemwe ali ndi matenda a nkhawa sangalandire thandizo, matendawo sangathe pawokha. Matendawa akhoza kuchepa kapena kutheratu ngati wodwala  atalandira uphungu, ndiponso ngati atalandira thandizo lakuchipatala. Kawirikawiri uphungu umayendera limodzi ndi thandizo limene munthu angapatsidwe kuti asinthe khalidwe. Ena mwa mankhwala amene amathandiza pa vuto la matenda a nkhawa ndi ma antidepressants, benzodiazepines, kapena beta blockers.

Chaka chilichonse, anthu pafupifupi 12 pa 100 aliwonse amadwala matenda a nkhawa, ndipo anthu ena oyambira pa 5 mpaka 30 pa anthu 100 aliwonse amadwala matendawa pa nthawi inayake m’moyo wawo.  Vutoli ndi lofala kuwirikiza kawiri pa akazi poyerekezera ndi amuna, ndipo ambiri amayamba kuvutika ndi matendawa asanakwanitse n’komwe zaka 25.  Ambiri amasonyeza kuti ali ndi matendawa chifukwa chokhala ndi mantha onyanyira oopa zinthu zina ndipo anthu ake ndi ochuluka kufika pa 12 pa anthu 100 aliwonse, pamene anthu 10 pa 100 aliwonse amakhala ndi matenda a nkhawa owalepheretsa kuchita zinthu ndi anthu ena pa nthawi inayake m’moyo wawo.  Ambiri amene amadwala matendawa ndi anthu a zaka zoyambira pa 15 mpaka 35 ndipo matendawa si ofala pakati pa anthu oyambira zaka 55.  Zikuoneka kuti anthu ochuluka amene amadwala matendawa ndi a ku America komanso ku Ulaya.




#Article 106: Bipolar disorder (703 words)


Matenda a muubongo, omwe poyamba ankatchedwa matenda opanikizika maganizo, ali m’gulu la matenda a maganizo omwe amachititsa wodwala kuti nthawi zina azikhumudwa ndiponso nthawi zina azisangalala mopitirira muyezo.	 Kusangalala mopitirira muyezoko kumatchedwanso kuti mania kapena hypomania, malinga ndi kukula kwa chisangalalocho, ndipo zingakhale choncho munthuyo akusonyeza zizindikiro zoti matendawo afika poipa kwambiri kapena ayi. Matendawa akayamba kukula, munthuyo amayamba kumva kuti ali ndi zambiri kapena amaona kuti mphamvu zambiri mphamvu zambiri, akusangalala kwambiri kapenanso sakuchedwa kuipidwa ndi zilizonse. Pa nthawi imeneyi, kawirikawiri munthu amasankha zinthu mosaganiza bwino asanaganizire n’komwe zotsatirapo zake. Pa nthawi imeneyi kawirikawiri munthuyo sakhala ndi tulo.  Ndipo matendawo akafika poti akumuvutitsa kwambiri moti akupanikizika maganizo, munthu amatha kuyamba kulira popanda chifukwa chodziwika, amangodandaula zilizonse, ndipo safuna kuphana maso ndi anthu ena. Ndipo anthu amene ali ndi matendawa amakhala pachiopsezo choti akhoza kudzipha ndipo anthu odzipha awonjezereka ndi 6 peresenti pa zaka 20 zapitazi, pomwe anthu amene amadzivulaza chiwerengero chawo chawonjezereka ndi 30 mpaka 40 peresenti. Nthawi zambiri anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa angakhalenso ndi mavuto ena monga matenda a nkhawa ndiponso angayambe kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Sizikudziwika bwinobwino kuti n’chiyani chimene chimayambitsa matendawa, koma zikuoneka kuti munthu amadwala matendawa chifukwa cha zochitika pamoyo wake komanso ngati wachita kuyamwira kuchokera kumtundu wake. Zikuoneka kuti munthu angadwale matendawa mosavuta ngati achibale ake ena anadwalapo.  Zochitika pa moyo wa munthu zikuphatikizapo kuchitiridwa nkhanza munthu ali mwana komanso kupanikizika  kupanikizika maganizo. Ndipo 85 peresenti ya anthu omwe amadwala matendawa amachita kuyamwira. Matendawa amaikidwa m’magulu awiri, ndipo gulu loyamba limatchedwa matenda a muubongo ongoyamba kumene pamene gulu lachiwiri limatchedwa matenda a muubongo aakulu ngati matendawo afika poipa kwambiri moti wodwala akupanikizika maganizo ndiponso kusowa mtendere. Koma ngati munthu wakhala akudwala matendawa kwa nthawi yaitali ndithu koma sakumusowetsa mtendere kwambiri, ndiye kuti matendawo angatchedwe ndi dzina lakuti cyclothymic disorder. Koma ngati munthu wayamba vutoli chifukwa chakumwa mankhwala enaake akuchipatala kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndiye kuti matendawo angaikidwenso m’gulu lina.  Mavuto enanso amene amabwera chifukwa cha matendawa ndi monga kukhala ndi mtima wofuna kuchita zinthu zoti ena atione, kusinthasintha khalidwe, kupanikizika maganizo ndiponso  kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso mavuto ena. Munthu yemwe ali ndi vutoli sangafunike kukayezetsa kuchipatala kuti atsimikizire ngati ali ndi matendawa kapena ayi, komabe, akhoza kuyezetsa magazi kapena kuyezetsa zinthu zina m'thupi kuti aone ngati matendawo sanayambitsenso mavuto ena.

Matendawa akhoza kutheratu ngati munthu atapatsidwa thandizo loyenerera monga psychotherapy komanso mankhwala a mood stabilizers ndiponso antipsychotics. Chitsanzo cha mankhwalawa ndi lithium ndiponso mankhwala ena otchedwa anticonvulsants. Ngati matendawa afika poipa kwambiri, munthu akhoza kupatsidwa thandizo la mankhwala kapenakugonekedwa m’chipatala ngakhale kuti wodwalayo sakugwirizana nazo. Matenda a muubongowa akalekereredwa, wodwalayo amasinthasintha kwambiri khalidwe, sachedwa kukwiya, ndiponso amakonda kukangana ndi anthu; munthu wotereyu angathandizidwe pomupatsa mankhwala benzodiazepines. Ngati matendawa akukula, sibwino kumupatsa munthuyo mankhwala a m’gulu la ma antidepressants. Koma ngati mankhwalawa agwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi imene munthuyo akusinthasintha khalidwe, wodwalayo angafunike kumupatsanso mankhwala omuthandiza kuti akhuzumuke. Njira ya Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), ngakhale kuti siyofala kwambiri, ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kwa odwala ena omwe sakuchira ndi njira zina zochiritsira. Ndipo ngati pakufunika kuti wodwalayo asapitirize kulandira thandizo linalake, ndi bwino kusiya kumupatsa thandizo lachipatalalo mwa pang’onopang’ono.  Ndipo anthu amene amadwala matendawa amavutikanso ndi mavuto a zachuma komanso mavuto ena okhudza kukhala bwino ndi anthu ena.  Ndipo pa avereji, pafupifupi anthu 25 pa 100 aliwonse amene amadwala matendawa amakumana ndi mavuto amenewa.  Komanso anthu omwe amadwala matenda a muubongo ali pa chiopsezo kuwirikiza kawiri poyerekezera ndi anthu ena choti akhoza kumwalira ndi matenda ena monga matenda a mtima; izi zili choncho chifukwa cha mavuto ena amene amabwera m’thupi mwawo chifukwa cha kumwa mankhwala olimbana ndi matenda a muubongo.

Padziko lonse lapansi, munthu m’modzi pa anthu 100 aliwonse ali ndi matenda a muubongo.  Ku United States kokha, pafupifupi anthu atatu pa 100 aliwonse amadwala kapena anadwalapo matendawa pa nthawi inayake pamoyo wawo; ndipo chiwerengero cha odwala pakati pa amuna ndi akazi n’chofanana.  Koma anthu ambiri amayamba kudwala matendawa akakwanitsa zaka 25.  Mu 1991, zikuoneka kuti ndalama zokwana madola 45 biliyoni zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kuwonongeka chifukwa cha matendawa m’dziko la United States lokha.  Gawo lalikulu ndithu ndi ndalamazi zinawonongeka chifukwa anthu ochuluka zedi omwe ankadwala matendawa sankapita kuntchito kwa masiku osachepera 50 munthu aliyense pa chaka.  Kawirikawiri anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa amakumananso ndi mavuto ena chifukwa choti amasalidwa.




#Article 107: Major Depressive disorder (620 words)


Matenda a nkhawa (MDD), omwenso amadziwika kuti nkhawa, ndi matenda a maganizo ndipo wodwala amatha kupanikizika ndi matendawa kwa milungu yosachepera iwiri wosasangalala malinga ndi zimene zam'chitikira pa nthawiyo. Munthu akayamba kudwala matendawa, kawirikawiri amayambanso kudzikayikira, kukhala wosasangalala pa zochitika zoyenera kusangalala, amafooka, ndiponso amamva ululu popanda chifukwa chomveka. Anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa nthawi zina amaona amakhulupirira zinthu zomwe si zoona kapenanso amaona kapena kumva zinthu zimene kulibe. Anthu ena amavutika kwambiri ndi pa nthawi zinazake pa nthawi zinazake pachaka, pomwe amavutika ndi matendawa nthawi zonse. Matenda a nkhawa angasokoneze kwambiri moyo wa munthu, ntchito yake, maphunziro ake, kumusowetsa tulo ngakhalenso kumulepheretsa kudya ndi kusokonezanso thanzi lake. Anthu akuluakulu oyambira pa awiri kufika 8 pa Anthu 1000 aliwonse omwe li ndi matenda a nkhawa amafa mochita kudzipha, ndipo hafu ya anthu onse omwe amadzipha amakhala kuti anali ndi matenda a nkhawa kapena matenda ena a maganizo.}	

Pali zinthu zingapo zimene zimayambitsa matenda a nkhawa, monga kuyamwira matendawa komanso chifukwa cha zochitika pamoyo wa munthu. Zina mwa zinthu zimene zimayambitsa matendawa ndi zakumtundu, kusintha kwambiri kwa zinthu pamoyo, mankhwala ena akuchipatala, matenda ena akuluakulu, ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zikuoneka kuti anthu 40 pa 100 aliwonse amene amadwala matendawa amachita kuyamwira kuchokera ku mtundu wawo. Madokotala amatha kudziwa kuti munthu ali ndi matenda a nkhawa malinga ndi zimene munthuyo wakhala akuchita ndiponso mmene kaganizidwe ka munthuyo kalili. Palibe njira ya ku labu imene ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyeza kuti madokotala adziwe ngati munthu ali ndi matenda a nkhawa. Komabe, madokotala amatha kumuyeza munthu kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi matenda ena omwe zizindikiro zake n'zofanana ndi matenda a ankhawa. Munthu yemwe akudwala matenda a nkhawa amamva ululu woopsa ndipo izi zimachitika kwa nthawi yaitali kuposa kungokhumudwa, komwe kumachitika pamoyo wa munthu aliyense. Bungwe la United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) limalimbikitsa kuti anthu amene akwanitsa zaka 12 zakubadwa azikayezetsa kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi matenda a nkhawa, pomwe kafukufuku waCochrane amapeza kuti mafunso amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza kuti adziwe ngati munthu ali ndi vutoli sapereka n'komwe njira zimene zingathandize munthuyo.

Komabe, anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa angathandizidwe ndithu ngati thandizo la uphungu ndiponso mankhwala a antidepressant.	 Zikuoneka kuti mankhwala akuchipatala amathandiza ndithu, koma makamaka ngati matendawo akula kwambiri. Sizikudziwika ngati mankhwala akuchipatala amawonjezeranso chiopsezo choti munthu angathe kudzipha. Uphungu umene munthu angapatsidwe ungaphatikizepo wothandiza munthu kusintha khalidwe ndiponso wothandiza munthu kuti azichita zinthu ndi anthu ena. Ngati njira zimenezi sizikuthandiza, mungayese njira ya electroconvulsive therapy ndipo imeneyi ingathe kuthandiza. Munthu yemwe akudwala matendawa angathenso kugonekedwa m'chipatala ngati zikuoneka kuti akhoza kudzipha ndipo angagonekedwe m'chipatalamo ngakhale kuti mwiniwakeyo sakugwirizana nazo.

M'chaka cha 2015 chokha, anthu pafupifupi 216 miliyoni (atatu pa anthu 100 aliwonse padziko lonse) anadwala matenda a nkhawa. M'dziko la Japan lokha, chiwerengero cha anthu amene amadwala matendawa pa nthawi inayake m'moyo wawo ndi 7 pa 100 aliwonse, pomwe ku France ndi 21 pa 100 aliwonse. Anthu omwe amavutika matendawa kwa moyo wawo wonse m'mayiko olemera ndi ochuluka ndi 15 pa 100 aliwonse poyerekezera ndi anthu a m'mayiko osiyana omwe ndi 11 pa 100 aliwonse. Vutoli ndi lachiwiri pa matenda amene anthu amangokhala nawo kwa moyo wawo wonse, ndipo amatenda omwe ali pamalo oyamba ndi matenda a msana. Anthu ambiri amadwala amatenda a nkhawa akafika zaka za m'ma 20 ndi 30. Ndipo akazi ndi amene amadwala kwambiri matendawa poyerekezera ndi amuna. Bungwe la American Psychiatric Association linaika matenda ovutika kwambiri maganizo pagulu la matenda lotchedwa Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) mu 1980. Gulu la matendali linagawidwa n'kupanga gulu lina lamatenda a muubongo kuchoka m'gulu lomwe lija la DSM-II, lomwe mulinso matenda a  dysthymia ndiponso matenda a nkhawa omwe amayamba chifukwa chosamukira kudera lina ndiponso kukhumudwa. Anthu omwe akupezeka ndi matendawa panopa komanso omwe anapezeka nawo kale akhoza kumasalidwa.	




#Article 108: Obsessive Compulsive disorder (512 words)


Matenda a muubongo ochititsa munthu kuchita zinthu mobwerezabwereza [Obsessive–compulsive disorder  (OCD)] ali m’gulu la matenda a maganizo amene amachititsa munthu kuchita zinthu zinazake mobwerezabwereza (kukhala ndi khalidwe), kapena munthuyo amakhala ndi maganizo enaake mobwerezabwereza (chizolowezi). Kwa nthawi yaitali ndithu, anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli amalephera kulamulira maganizo ndiponso zochita zawo.  Ambiri mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa amakonda kusamba m’manja, kuwerenga zinthu, ndiponso kufufuza mobwerezabwereza kuti aone ngati chitseko chakhomedwa ndi loko. Ena amakhala ndi vuto lotaya zinthu.  Anthu osiyanasiyana amachita zinthuzi pa mlingo wosiyanasiyananso, ndipo moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthuwo umasokonezeka.  Nthawi yomwe munthu yemwe ali ndi vutoli amawononga akuchita zinthu mobwerezabwereza ingakhale yambiri ndithu mpaka kuposa ola limodzi patsiku.  Anthu akuluakulu ambiri omwe ali ndi matendawa amazindikira ndithu kuti khalidwe lawo lochita zinthu mobwerezabwereza ndi lachilendo.  Anthu amene ali matendawa nthawi zina angakhalenso ndi mavuto ena monga kusuntha kapena kunjenjemera mosalamulirika kwa mbali zina za thupi lawo, kuda nkhawa kwambiri, ndiponso kukhala pachiopsezo chachikulu chofuna kudzipha.

Chomwe chimayambitsa matendawa sichikudziwika.  Koma zikuoneka kuti munthu angathe kuyamwira matendawa kuchokera kumtundu makamaka ngati ali mapasa ofanana koma mapasa omwe si ofanana sakhala pachiopsezo chachikulu choti angathe kuyamwira matendawa. Zina mwa zochitika pamoyo wa munthu zimene zingayambitse matendawa zingakhale kuchitiridwa nkhanza uli mwana, kapenanso kukumana ndi zoopsa pamoyo. Zikuonekanso kuti anthu ena amayamba kudwala matenda a OCD pambuyo poti anadwala matenda ena oyambitsidwa ndi tizilombo. Madokotala amatha kudziwa kuti munthu ali ndi matenda a OCD akaona zizindikiro zimene munthuyo akusonyeza zomwe ndi zosiyana ndi zamatenda ena kapena za zotsatirapo za mankhwala amene munthu akumwa.  Masikelo oyezera zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga ya Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofuna kudziwa kukula kwa matendawa. Matenda ena amene zizindikiro zake zingafanane ndi za OCD ndi matenda a nkhawa, matenda ovutika maganizo, matenda ovutika kudya, matenda ochititsa ziwala zina za thupi kusuntha kapena kunjenjemera mosalamulirika, ndiponso matenda ochititsa munthu kumasinthasintha khalidwe.

Thandizo lomwe lingathandize munthu wodwala OCD ndi monga uphungu, monga wothandiza munthu kusintha khalidwe (CBT), ndiponso nthawi zina mankhwala a antidepressants monga selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) kapenanso clomipramine. Wodwala amapatsidwa uphungu woti aziona kapena kukhala pafupi ndi zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti OCD iyambe koma asamachite chilichonse.  Ngakhale kuti zikuoneka kuti mankhwala amathandiza kuti matendawa achepe, zikuonekanso kuti mankhwalawo amayambitsa mavuto ena aakulu, choncho wodwala angapatsidwe mankhwala pokhapokha ngati uphungu sukuthandiza.  Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala a Atypical antipsychotics angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwonjezera pa mankhwala a SSRI ngati wodwalayo akuoneka kuti akuvutika kwambiri, ngakhale kuti wodwalayo angakumanenso ndi mavuto ena obwera chifukwa cha mankhwalawo.  Ngati munthu sangalandire thandizo, akhoza kukhala ndi matendawa kwa zaka zambiri. 

Padziko lonse, 2.3 peresenti ya anthu amadwala kapena anadwalapo matenda a OCD pa nthawi inayake pa moyo wawo.  Ndipo anthu odwala matendawa chaka chilichonse ndi 1.2 peresenti.  Sizichitika kawirikawiri kuti munthu amene wayamba kudwala matendawa atafika zaka 35 azisonyeza zizindikiro zake; hafu ya odwala amayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro asanakwanitse zaka 20.  Matendawa amagwira amuna ndi akazi mofanana.  M’zilankhulo zina, nthawi zina mawu akuti kuchita zinthu mobwerezabwereza angagwiritsidwe ntchito pofotokoza zinthu zina zosakhudzana ndi matenda a OCD; mwina ponena za munthu yemwe amakonda kuchita zinthu zinazake, mosamala kwambiri mosafuna kulakwitsa, ndi mtima wonse, komanso mosalola kudodometsedwa.




#Article 109: Posttraumatic stress disorder (544 words)


Matenda a nkhawa amene amayamba chifukwa choti munthu wakumana ndi nkhanza kapena mavuto ena {Posttraumatic stress disorder} (PTSD) ali m’gulu la matenda a muubongo ndipo ambiri amayamba matendawa chifukwa chokumana ndi zinthu zoopsa monga kugwiriridwa, nkhondo, ngozi za pamsewu, kapena zinthu zina zoopsa. Zina mwa zizindikiro za matendawa ndi kuvutika malingaliro, maganizo, kusasangalala, kapenanso maloto oopsa ogwirizana ndi zimene zinachitikazo, kusinthasintha makhalidwe kuvutika maganizo mpaka mantha aakulu ukakumbukira zimene zinachitikazo, kusinthasintha maganizo ndiponso mmene ukumvera mumtima, kusachedwa kupsa mtima kapena kukhala ndi mantha. Munthu amatha kusonyeza zizindikiro zimenezi kwa nthawi yopitirira pa mwezi umodzi zoopsa zimene anakumana nazozo zitachitika. Kawirikawiri ana sasonyeza zizindikiro zoti akuvutika ndi zimene zinawachitikirazo, koma amatha kuchita masewera oyerekezera zoopsa zimene zinawachitikirazo. Munthu yemwe ali ndi vuto la PTSD amakhala pachiopsezo chachikulu choti akhoza kudzipha kapena kudzivulaza mwadala.

Anthu ambiri amene amakumana ndi zinthu zoopsa kwambiri pamoyo wawo sadwala matenda a PTSD. Koma anthu omwe anakumana ndi zoopsazo kuchokera kwa anthu anzawo (monga kugwiriridwa kapena kuchitiridwa nkhanza uli mwana) nthawi zambiri amadwala matenda a PTSD, poyerekezera ndi anthu amene zoopsa osati zochitidwa ndi anthu anzawo monga ngozi kapena masoka achilengedwe. Pafupifupi hafu ya anthu amene amagwiriridwa amadzayamba kudwala matenda a PTSD.  Koma sikawirikawiri kuti ana omwe sanafike zaka 10 adwale matendawa ngakhale atagwiriridwa.  Munthu amadziwika kuti ali ndi matendawa ngati akusonyeza zizindikiro zake pambuyo poti zinthu zoopsa zamuchitikira.

N’zotheka kupewa matenda a PTSD ngati anthu omwe zoopsa zawachitikira ayamba kulandira uphungu mwachangu pambuyo poti zoopsazo zawachitikira, kaya ayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa kapena ayi. Ndipotu uphungu ndi njira yaikulu imene imathandiza kwambiri anthu amene ali ndi vuto la PTSD.  Munthu yemwe ali ndi vutoli angathandizidwe ndi njira zingapo. Njira imodzi ndi kukonza zoti munthuyo azilandira uphungu payekha kapena pagulu. Mankhwala a Antidepressants a mtundu wa selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ali m’gulu la mankhwala oyambirira amene munthu wa PTSD angapatsidwe ndipo kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti hafu ya anthu amene amapatsidwa mankhwalawa vuto lawoli limachepa. Komabe kulandira uphungu kumathandiza kwambiri kuposa mmene mankhwalawa amathandizira. Ndipo sizikudziwika bwinobwino kuti kumwa mankhwalawa pa nthawi yomweyomweyo n'kulandira uphungu kungathandize kwambiri kuposa kutsatira njira imodzi.  Palibe umboni wokwanira wosonyeza kuti mitundu ina ya mankhwala ingathandize, ndipo mankhwala ena monga benzodiazepines, akhoza kungowonjezera vuto.

Ku United States kokha, pafupifupi 3.5 peresenti ya anthu akuluakulu amavutika ndi PTSD chaka chilichonse, ndipo 9 peresenti ya anthu onse m’dzikoli ali ndi matendawa kapena anadwalapo matendawa pa nthawi inayake pamoyo wawo.  Koma padziko lonse, pafupifupi munthu m’modzi pa anthu 100 aliwonse akudwala matenda a PTSD kapena anadwalapo matendawa.  Ambiri mwa anthu amene amavutika ndi matendawa ndi a m’madera amene mukuchitika nkhondo. Ndipo akazi ambiri amadwala matendawa poyerekezera ndi amuna. Zizindikiro za matendawa zakhala zikudziwika bwino kuyambira kale kwambiri m’nthawi imene Agiriki ankalamulira dziko lonse lapansi. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo zikuluzikulu za padziko lonse anthu ankatchula matendawa ndi mayina ena, monga akuti kuopa bomba ndiponso kuopa nkhondo. Koma dzina lachingelezi lakuti posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) linayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’zaka za m’ma 1970 chifukwa choti madokotala anayamba kuona zizindikiro zofanana mwa asilikali a dziko la America amene anakamenya nkhondo ku Vietnam. Pofika mu 1980, bungwe la madokotala a matenda okhudzana ndi ubongo lotchedwa American Psychiatric Association linanena zoti amenewa ndi matenda ndithu a m’gulu la matenda a maganizo ndipo analembedwa m’buku la matenda a m’gululi lotchedwa Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III).




#Article 110: Schizophrenia (451 words)


Kudwala ndi maganizo kuli m'gulu la matenda a maganizo ndipo munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa amayamba kusonyeza khalidwe lachilendo ndiponso amavutika kuti aone zinthu m’njira yoyenerera. Zizindikiro zofala za matendawa ndi monga kukhulupirira zinthu zabodza, kumva zinthu zimene anthu ena sakuzimva, kusakonda kuchita zinthu ndi anthu ena,kusasonyeza munthu akusangalala kapena sakusangalala ndiponso kusakhala ndiponso kusakhala ndi chidwi chofuna kuchita zinthu zina. Anthu amene amadwala ndi maganizo kawirikawiri amakhalanso ndi matenda ena okhudzana ndi maganizo monga nkhawa, kuvutika maganizo, kapenanso chizolowezi chogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zizindikiro za matendawa zimayamba kuonekera mwa pang’onopang’ono, ndipo nthawi zambiri munthu amayamba kudwala matendawa ali wachinyamata mpaka amakula nawo.

Zina mwa zinthu zimene zimayambitsa matendawa ndi zochitika pamoyo ndiponso zoyamwira. Zochitika pamoyo wa munthu monga kukulira mumzinda, kusuta chamba uli mwana, matenda ena, msinkhu wa makolo komanso kuperewera kwa zakudya m’thupi pa nthawi imene mayi ali woyembekezera. Ngati vutoli lili loyamwira kuchokera kumtundu umene munthu wabadwira, zizindikiro zake zingaonekerenso mwa anthu ena a kumtunduwo. Kuona zochita za munthu, zimene wakumana nazo pamoyo wake, ndiponso malipoti a ena omwe akumudziwa bwino munthuyo. Muyenera kuganiziranso chikhalidwe cha munthuyo ngati vutoli lili la kumtundu. Pofika m'chaka cha 2013 azachipatala anali asanapeze njira yodalirika yoyezera matendawa. Kudwala maganizo sikutanthauza kusintha khalidwe mwadzidzidzi ayi kapena kusakonda kuchita zinthu ndi anthu, khalidwe lomwe kawirikawiri anthu ochuluka salimvetsa bwino.

Mankhwala odalirika kwambiri a matendawa ndi antipsychotic, pamodzi ndi kulandira uphungungu, kuphunzira ntchito komanso kukhala ndi ndondomeko yothandiza kuthana ndi vutoli. Sizikudziwika bwinobwino ngati mtundu woyambirira wa mankhwala a oyambirira kapena mtundu mtundu wachiwiri ndiwo umathandiza kwambiri. Kwa anthu amene zikuonekeratu kuti mankhwala a antipsychotics sakuthandiza, angayese mankhwala a clozapine. Munthu yemwe akuoneka kuti akudwala kwambiri matendawa angathe kugonekedwa m'chipatala ngakhale kuti mwiniwakeyo sakugwirizana nazo, ngati zikuoneka kuti vutoli lakula kwambiri, ndipo masiku ano anthu omwe ali ndi vutoli sakumakhalitsa m’chipatala komanso sakumagonekedwamo kawirikawiri.

Pafupifupi 0.3 mpaka 0.7 peresenti ya anthu onse amadwala kapena anadwalapo matenda a maganizo pa nthawi inayake m'moyo wawo. M'chaka cha 2013, padziko lonse pansi anthu pafupifupi 23.6 miliyoni amadwala matendawa. Amuna ndi amene amadwala kwambiri matendawa poyerekezera ndi akazi, ndipo nthawi zambiri matendawa amakula ndithu. Ndipo pafupifupi 20 peresenti ya anthu omwe amadawala matendawa amachira bwinobwino, ndipo pafupifupi hafu ya odwala onse, amavutika ndi matendawa kwa moyo wawo wonse. Mavuto ofala amene odwala amakumana nawo amatha kukhala a nthawi yaitali ndithu, monga kusakhala pa ntchito, umphawi ndiponso kukhala opanda nyumba. Pa avereji, anthu odwala matendawa moyo wawo umafukikirapo ndi zaka 10 mpaka 25 poyerekezera ndi anthu omwe sakudwala matendawa. Izi zili chonchi chifukwa ambiri amatha kudwala matenda enanso kuwonjezera pa matenda a maganizo komanso anthu ambiri amadzipha (pafupifupi 5 peresenti). M'chaka cha 2015 chokha, anthu pafupifupi 17,000 anafa padziko lonse chifukwa cha zochitika zokhudzana ndi kudwala matenda a maganizo.




#Article 111: Kugwiritsa ntchito mowa mopweteka (290 words)


Khalidwe logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, lomwenso limadziwika kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo, ndi chizolowezi chomwe munthu amakonda kumwa kapena kulowetsa m'thupi mankhwala ochuluka kwambiri omwe angathe kuwononga moyo wa munthuyo ndipo munthu wotere ndiye kuti ali ndi vuto logwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Anthu osiyanasiyana ogwira ntchito zachipatala komanso ogwira ntchito zamalamulo ndi zachitetezo amaperekanso matanthauzo osiyanasiyananso a mawu oti kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Nthawi zina munthu akagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo amatha kusonyeza khalidwe lachilendo ngakhalenso kuyamba kuchita zachiwawa ndipo m'kupita kwa nthawi, khalidwe la munthuyo lingathe kusinthiratu n'kukhala loipa kwambiri.  Kuwonjezera pa mavuto okhudza khalidwe ndiponso umoyo, munthu yemwe akugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo angathenso kuimbidwa mlandu ndi boma, malinga ndi malamulo a m'dera limene munthuyo akukhala.

Mankhwala ndiponso zinthu zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosayenera pofuna kusangalala ndi monga: zoledzeretsa, chamba, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, kokeni, methaqualone, opioids ndiponso mankhwala a substituted amphetamines. Akatswiri sakudziwa bwinobwino chimene chimachititsa kuti munthu ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Koma amaganizira zinthu ziwiri izi: kutsanzira ena, kapena kukhala ndi chilakolako chosalamulirika chofuna mankhwalawo chomwe chimachititsa munthuyo kumangodalira mankhwalawo.

Mu 2010 anthu 5 pa 100 alionse padziko lonse (230 miliyoni) ankagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pa anthu amenewa, anthu 27 miliyoni anali oti sangathe kukhala opanga kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo moti ali ndi mavuto ena okhudza umoyo, maganizo ndiponso mavuto ena. M'chaka cha 2015 chokha, anthu 307,400 anafa ndipo mu 1990, anthu 165,000 anafa chifukwa cha mavuto amene anayamba chifukwa chogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mwa anthu amenewa, anthu ochuluka zedi anafa chifukwa cha mavuto okhudzana ndi mowas ndipo anthuwo anakwana 137,500, kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala a opioid kunachititsa kuti anthu 122,100 afe, kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala a amphetamine kunachititsa kuti anthu 12,200 afe, ndipokugwiritsira ntchito kokeni kunachititsa kuti anthu 11,100 afe.




#Article 112: Kudzipha (575 words)


Kudzipha ndi chinthu chimene munthu amachita pochotsa moyo wake mwadala n'cholinga choti afe. Kuvutika maganizo, matenda ovutika maganizo, matenda a maganizo, matenda okhudza makhalidwe, ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo – kuphatikizapo kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala abenzodiazepine, ndi zina mwa zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti munthu adziphe. Anthu ena amadzipha ngati njira yachidule yothawira mavuto monga  azachuma, mavuto obwera chifukwa chosagwirizana maubale, kapenanso kuvutitsidwa ndi anthu ena. Anthu amene achitapo zinthu zosonyeza kuti ankafuna kudzipha ndi amene ali pa chiopsezo chachikulu choti angathe kudzipha nthawi ina m'tsogolomu. Pali njira zambiri zothandiza munthu kuti asadziphe ndipo zina mwa njirazi ndi kuchita zinthu zoti munthu yemwe angadzipheyo asapeze zinthu monga mfuti, mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndiponso poizoni. Njira zinanso ndi kupereka thandizo la chipatala kwa munthu amene ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo; kuthandiza munthuyo kuti amve uthenga kudziwitsa anthu ena ngati munthu wina akufuna kudzipha, ndiponso kuchita zinthu zothandiza kuti zachuma ziyambe kuyenda bwino pa moyo. Ngakhale kuti pali malo oimbira foni ulere ambiri, umboni ukusonyeza kuti malowa sakuthandiza kwenikweni.

Njira zofala kwambiri zimene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito podziphera zimasiyanasiyana m'mayiko osiyanasiyananso. Zina mwa njira zodziphera zimene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi monga kudzimangirira, kumwa poizoni, ndiponso kudziwombera ndi mfuti. Padziko lonse, m'chaka cha 2015 chokha, anthu 828,000 anadzipha, ndipo chiwerengerochi ndi chokwera kwambiri tikayerekezera ndi anthu 712,000 omwe anadzipha mu 1990. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pa zinthu zimene zikuchititsa imfa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kudzipha kuli pa nambala 10.

Chaka chilichonse, anthu pafupifupi 0.5-1.4% amadzipha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti anthu 12 pa 100,000 amadzipha chaka chilichonse. Anthu atatu pa anthu anayi alionse amene amadzipha padziko lonse amakhala a kapena ochokera m’mayiko osauka. Ndipo kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti azibambo ambiri amadzipha poyerekezera ndi azimayi, ndipo chiwerengero cha azibambo odziphawo n’chokwera ndi 1.5 m’mayiko osauka, koma m’mayiko olemera, chiwerengerochi chimafika pa 3.5. M’madera ambiri, anthu omwe apitirira zaka 70 ndi amene amakonda kudzipha. Koma m’madera ena, anthu a zaka zoyambira pa 15 mpaka 30 ndi omwe amadzipha kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2015 anthu ochuluka kwambiri amene anadzipha anali a ku Ulaya. Ndipo zikuoneka kuti chaka chilichonse, anthu oyambira pa 10 miliyoni mpaka 20 miliyoni amachita zinthu zofuna kudzipha. Anthu omwe anayesera kudzipha koma sanafe nthawi zambiri amavulala ngakhalenso kulumala kumene. M’mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi ku America, anthu ochuluka zedi amene amadzipha kapena kuchita zinthu zofuna kudzipha amakhala achinyamata ndiponso akazi.

Anthu amadzipha pazifukwa zosiyanasiyanamonga zokhudza chipembedzo, kufuna ulemu, kapenanso kukhala ndi moyo wopanda tanthauzo. Chipembedzo cha Abulahamu chimaona kuti kudzipha ndi lochimwira Mulungu, ndipo anthu a m’chipembedzochi amakhulupirira zimenezi chifukwa amaona kuti moyo ndi wopatulika. M'nthawi ya chisamurai ku Japan, mwambo wodzipha wotchedwa seppuku (harakiri) unkaonedwa kuti ndi wovomerezeka chikwa anthu ankakhulupirira kuti ndi njira yokonzera zimene munthu walakwitsa kapenanso kuti njira yochitira zionetsero zosonyeza kusakondwa ndi zinazake. Mwambo winanso wotchedwa Sati, womwe unathetsedwa ndi a British Raj, unkachitika m’njira yakuti  namfedwa wamkazi wa ku Indiya ankafunika kudzipha podziponya pamoto wa maliro a mwamuna wake. Mkaziyo ankafunika kuchita zimenezi kaya mwakufuna kwake kapena mochita kukakamizidwa ndi achibale ake ngakhalenso anthu ena. M’mbuyomu, mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi ku America anali ndi lamulo loletsa kudzipha komanso kuchita zinthu zofuna kudzipha, koma masiku ano, lamulo limeneli linathetsedwa m’mayikowo. Komabe, mayiko ambiri ngakhalenso kuchita zinthu zosonyeza kuti munthu akufuna kudzipha. M’zaka za m’ma 1900 komanso m’ma 2000, anthu ena akhala akudzipha mwa apo ndi apo ngati njira yochitira ziwonetsero zosonyeza kusakondwa ndi zinazake ndipo njira yodzipherayi imatchedwa kamikazekomanso zigawenga zakhala zikudzipha pophulitsa mabomba a timkenawo komanso pofuna kupha anthu ena.




#Article 113: Kugonana (353 words)


Kugonana (kapena coitus kapena copulation) makamaka kuika ndi kukankhira kwa mbolo, nthawi zambiri pamene imakhazikika, kulowa mukazi chifukwa chogonana, kubereka, kapena onse. Izi zimatchedwanso kuti kugonana kapena kugonana. Mitundu ina ya kugonana mwachangu ndi monga kugonana kwa abambo (kugonana kwa anus ndi mbolo), kugonana kwa m'kamwa (kulowa m'kamwa ndi mbolo kapena kulowetsa m'mimba mwazikazi), kulowetsa kugwiritsira ntchito dildo (makamaka kampanda-pa dildo). Ntchito izi zimaphatikizapo kugwirizana pakati pa anthu awiri kapena kuposerapo ndipo kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa anthu kokha pofuna kukondweretsa thupi kapena kukondweretsa komanso kumathandiza kuti anthu akhale ogwirizana.

Pali malingaliro osiyana pa zomwe zimachitika kugonana kapena zochitika zina zogonana, zomwe zingakhudze maganizo okhudzana ndi kugonana. Ngakhale kugonana, makamaka coitus, kumatanthawuza kuti penile-m'mimba kulowa mkati ndi kuthekera kulenga ana, amakhalanso kutanthauza kugonana mwakachetechete ndi kugonana penile-anal, makamaka wotsirizira. Nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kugonana, pamene kugonana kosalowerera kumatchulidwa kuti kugonana, koma kugonana kosalowerera kungatengenso kugonana. Kugonana, kawirikawiri kukhala wamfupi chifukwa cha kugonana, kungatanthawuze mtundu uliwonse wa kugonana. Chifukwa chakuti anthu akhoza kukhala pa chiopsezo chotenga matenda opatsirana pogonana panthawiyi, machitidwe ogonana otetezeka amalangizidwa, ngakhale kuti chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV chimachepetsa kwambiri pa nthawi yogonana.

Malamulo osiyanasiyana adayika malamulo oletsa kugonana, monga chiwerewere, kugonana ndi ana, uhule, kugwiriridwa, zoophilia, sodomy, kugonana asanakwatirane komanso kugonana kosakwatirana. Zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo zimathandizanso pazinthu zaumwini zokhudzana kugonana kapena zochitika zina zogonana, monga zisankho zokhudzana ndi unamwali, kapena nkhani zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi boma. Malingaliro achipembedzo pa kugonana amasiyana kwambiri pakati pa zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana ndi zipembedzo za chipembedzo chomwecho, ngakhale pali mitu yamba, monga kuletsa chigololo.

Mchitidwe wogonana pakati pa anthu osakhala ndi anthu nthawi zambiri umatchedwa copulation, ndipo umuna ukhoza kufotokozedwa mu chiberekero cha abambo m'njira zosakhala zachikazi pakati pa zinyama, monga kugwirana kwa cloacal. Kwa nyama zambiri zomwe sizinthu za anthu, kusamalana ndi kuperekera kumachitika pamtunda wa esturo (nthawi yowonjezereka kwambiri yobereka), zomwe zimapangitsa mpata wokhala ndi ubwino wopatsirana. Komabe, bonobos, dolphins ndi chimpanzi amadziwika kuti amachita zogonana mosasamala kanthu kuti kaya mkazi kapena ayi ali mu estrus, ndikuchita nawo zogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Mofanana ndi anthu omwe amachita chiwerewere makamaka pa zosangalatsa, khalidwe ili muzinthu zatchulidwa kale limanenedwa kukhala lachisangalalo, ndipo zimathandizira kulimbitsa mgwirizano wawo.




#Article 114: Wikimedia Foundation (135 words)


Wikimedia Foundation ndi maziko osapindulitsa. Likulu lawo lalikulu lili ku San Francisco ku United States. Wikimedia Foundation imayendetsa ntchito zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la wiki ndi software ya MediaWiki. Ntchitoyi ikuphatikizapo Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, Wikivoyage, ndi Meta-Wiki.

Nazi zina zambiri zokhudzana ndi maziko, koma izi ndizozing'ono kwambiri. Amaphatikizapo Wikimedia Foundation wiki, MediaWiki wiki, Test Wikipedia, Wikimedia Incubator, Bugzilla, ndi Wikimania wiki.

Cholinga cha mazikowo chinalengezedwa mwachindunji ndi wothandizana ndi Wikipedia, Jimmy Wales, yemwe anali kutsegula Wikipedia mu Bomis yake, pa June 20, 2003.

Maziko amapeza ndalama zambiri kuchokera ku zopereka, chifukwa ndi zopanda phindu. Amafunanso ndalama. Makampani ena athandiza Wikimedia mwa kupereka ma kompyuta, komanso pogwiritsa ntchito ma seva. Popeza anthu amatha kulemba ma wikis, Wikimedia amapanga kugwiritsa ntchito.

Patricio Lorente ndi Pulezidenti wamakono wa Wikimedia Foundation Board.




#Article 115: Chloé Bourgeois (Makhalidwe) (112 words)


Chloé Bourgeois ndi munthu wongopeka kuchokera pa TV ndi   yomwe inalengedwa ndi Thomas Astruc. Amayesedwa ndi Selah Victor m'Chingelezi ndi Marie Chevalot m'Chifalansa. Bambo a Chloé, André Bourgeois, ndi meya wa Paris ndi amayi ake a Audrey Bourgeois, omwe ndi mfumukazi ya mafashoni. Chloé ndi wowononga kwambiri, snobby, ndipo amaganiza kuti dziko limamuzungulira. Nthawi zambiri amazunza anthu, makamaka anzake a m'kalasi, makamaka kukhumudwitsa kwawo ndi kukhumudwa kwawo kuti zikhale zovuta kuti a Hawk Moth azisintha kukhala anthu osamalidwa. Mofanana ndi ophunzira ena, iye alibe chidziwitso cha kudziwika kwa Ladybug, ndipo ndiwotchuka kwambiri wa Ladybug, nthawi zambiri kuyesera kutenga zithunzi naye; iye amakhala ndi chovala cha Ladybug chomwe amachigwiritsa ntchito poyera kuti amutsanzire.




#Article 116: Kantu (woyimba) (255 words)


Kantu Habanji Siachingili (wobadwa pa April 5, 1990), wodziwika bwino monga Kantu yemwe adalembedwanso ngati Kan 2, ndi woimba wa Zambia, wolemba nyimbo, ndipo ndi Ambassador ku Triple V Campaign. Anayamba kubwera ku Zambian musiya pamene adajambula pa nyimbo ya Slapdee yotchedwa Remember. Mkazi wake woyamba, Mungeli adatulutsidwa mu May 2014. Chaka chotsatira adasankhidwa kawiri pa 2015 Awards Zambia Music Awards ndipo adzalandira mphoto ya Best Female Artist 2016 ku Zambian Music Awards.

Kantu Habanji Siachingili anabadwa ku Lusaka mwana wamkazi wachisanu, m'banja lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Kan 2 adachita maphunziro ake apamwamba ku Adastra Primary School ku Choma ndi maphunziro apamwamba ku Hillcrest Technical High School ku Livingstone komwe adaphunzira ndi oimba anzake Judy Yo ndi Wacheda. Anaphunzira ku yunivesite ya Zambia mu 2009 kumene adachita chaka chake choyamba ku yunivesite komwe adaphunzira kwa zaka 4 ndipo ali ndi digiri ya bachelor mu Art ndi Education, Geography yaikulu ndi mbiri yochepa. Kan 2 inauziridwa ndi banja lake kupanga nyimbo komanso m'mawu ake omwe adawuziridwa ndi woimba nyimbo wa ku America Brandy. Mu 2010 Kan 2 adalowa mpikisano wotchedwa In Tha Hood ndipo adapambana mpikisano.

Mu 2012, adakali mpikisano wina wotchedwa Talent Yapa Zed. Anapanga pamwamba 10 koma sindinapambane. Mu 2013, adagwira ntchito ku Zambia National Arts Council yotchedwa 'kupita kukapereka'. Mu December 2013, adasaina ndi lemba la XYZ zosindikiza. Mkazi wake woyamba dzina lake Mungeli adatulutsidwa mu February 2014. Pa 19 April, 2016 Kan 2 adachotsedwa ku XYZ Entertainment ndipo salinso mbali yake. Iye adalengeza izi pa 30 April 2016 pa tsamba lake la Facebook.




#Article 117: Kgomotso Christopher (157 words)


Kgomotso Christopher (wobadwa pa 25 March 1979) ndi wojambula wa South Afican ndi wojambula nyimbo yemwe amadziwika nthawi yake ku Isidingo monga Katlego Sibeko asanalowere Scandal monga Yvonne. Iye amvekanso mawu omwe amatsata kachitidwe ka MTN's Interactive Voice Response akusungidwa ngati Wotsogolere Wachiphatso Wachigawo pa Bungwe la Atsogoleri a Naledi Theatre Awards.

Kgomotso anachita Bachelor of Arts degree mu Law ndi Politics ku University of Cape Town. Anapatsidwa mphoto ya Jules Kramer ya Fine Arts pamene anamaliza maphunziro ake. Mu 2004 adapeza Masters of Fine Arts ku Theatre Arts ku Columbia University ku New York City. Anapitirizabe kukhala ndi ntchito ku US ndi UK mpaka 2008. Kgomotso adayang'ana alendo pa TV, Madam  Eve, SOS, Backstage, ndi Moferefere Lenyalong. Iye wapanga mawonekedwe ku zisudzo za Romeo  Juliet, Dream Night Midsummer, Hamlet ndi Dr. Faustus. Pa November 15, 2018 Kgomotso adavumbulutsira pa Instagram ndipo ndilo liwu lakumbuyo kwa MTN's Interactive Voice Response system.

Kgomotso ni wakwatiwa kuli Calvin Christopher.




#Article 118: Lady Antebellum (woyimba) (320 words)


Lady Antebellum ndi gulu la nyimbo la ku America lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku Nashville, Tennessee m'chaka cha 2006. Gululi limapangidwa ndi Hillary Scott (chitsogozo ndi mawu omveka bwino), Charles Kelley (mtsogoleri ndi mawu oyimba, gitala), ndi Dave Haywood (mawu omvera, guitala, piyano, mandolin). Scott ndi mwana waimba nyimbo ya nyimbo ku Ireland Linda Davis, ndipo Kelley ndi mchimwene wa woimba nyimbo Josh Kelley.

Gululi linayamba mu 2007 monga Jim Brickman wosakwatiwa Never Alone, asanatumizire Capitol Nashville. Lady Antebellum yatulutsa Albums 6 za Capitol: Lady Antebellum, Akusowa Inu Tsopano, muli ndi usiku, golide, 747, ndi mtima wosweka, kuphatikizapo Album imodzi ya Khirisimasi (Pa Winter Winter Night). Albums zawo zitatu zoyambirira ndizovomerezedwa ndi platinamu kapena zapamwamba ndi Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Ma Albumwo adapanga nyimbo khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi pa zojambula za Hot Country Songs ndi Country Airplay, zomwe zisanu ndi zinayi zafika pa nambala imodzi. Chiwerengero chawo chokhalitsa kwambiri ndi Akufunika Inu Tsopano, chomwe chinatha milungu isanu pa udindo umenewu mu 2009; Nyimbo yonseyi ndi 2011 Just Kiss inafotokoza nambala 1 pa Zithunzi Zakale Zakale.

Lady Antebellum anapatsidwa Top New Duo kapena Gulu ndi Academy of Country Music ndi New Artist of the Year ndi Country Music Association mu 2008. Iwo anasankhidwa pa Grammy Awards awiri pa 51 A Annual Grammy Awards ndi ena awiri pa 52nd Annual Grammy Mphoto. Mwa osankhidwa awa, adatenga kunyumba mphoto ya Best Country Performance ndi Duo kapena Gulu ndi Ophunzira chifukwa Ine Kuthamangira kwa Inu. Anapatsidwa mphoto ya Gulu la Vocal Group, Song of the Year (Need You Now), ndi Chaka Chokha (Need You Now) pamisonkhano ya 44 ya ACM pa April 18, 2010. Adapindula mphoto zisanu pa 53 Mipukutu ya Grammy, kuphatikizapo Nyimbo ya Chaka ndi Mbiri ya Chaka cha Ndikufunika Inu Tsopano. Lady Antebellum adapezanso Best Album Album pa 54th Grammy Awards. Pofika m'mwezi wa August 2013, gululi linagulitsa zidutswa za digito 12.5 miliyoni ndi Albums 10 miliyoni ku United States.




#Article 119: Broiler (121 words)


Broiler ndi nkhuku yomwe imamera ndipo imapangidwira makamaka ya nyama. Ambiri odzola amakhala ndi nthenga zoyera ndi khungu lachikasu. Ambiri opanga malonda amapita kuphedwa-kulemera pakati pa masabata anayi ndi asanu ndi awiri, ngakhale kuti mbeu zochepa zochepa zikufika kupha-kulemera pafupifupi masabata 14. Chifukwa cha kuswana kwakukulu kofulumira kofulumira kwambiri, komanso kubzala kumeneku kumakhala ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, makamaka matenda otupa malungo ndi operewera, khungu ndi maso ndi maso a mtima. Kuyendetsa mpweya wabwino, nyumba, kusungirako katundu ndi njira zapakhomo zimayenera kuyesedwa nthawi zonse kuti zithandize phindu labwino la nkhosa. Zosamalidwa bwino (amalonda) amakula mpaka kukula msinkhu komanso amakhala ndi nkhawa zawo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kukhumudwa kwa chiopsezo chachikulu ndi mitsinje. Mabilera amakula nthawi zambiri ngati nkhosa zosakanikirana m'magulu akuluakulu pansi pa zovuta.




#Article 120: Nkhuku (163 words)


Nkhuku (Gallus gallus domesticus) ndi mtundu wa mbalame zokhala ndi mbalame zomwe zimakhala ndi mbalame zam'mlengalenga. Ndi imodzi mwa nyama zoweta komanso zofala kwambiri, zomwe zili ndi zoposa 19 biliyoni kuyambira 2011. Pali nkhuku zambiri padziko lapansi kuposa mbalame iliyonse kapena mbalame zoweta. Anthu amasunga nkhuku makamaka ngati gwero la chakudya (kudya nyama ndi mazira) ndipo, mocheperapo, monga ziweto. Poleredwa koyamba kuti apange cockfighting kapena mwambo wapadera, nkhuku sizinasungidwe kuti zikhale chakudya mpaka nthawi ya Hellenistic (4th-2nd century BC).

Kafukufuku wa mafuko awonetsa za chiyambi cha amayi ambiri ku Southeast Asia, East Asia, ndi South Asia, koma ndi clade yomwe inapezeka ku America, Europe, Middle East ndi Africa kuchokera ku Indian subcontinent. Kuyambira ku India wakale, nkhuku zoweta zimafalitsidwa ku Lydia kumadzulo kwa Asia Minor, komanso ku Greece cha m'ma 500 BC. Nkhuku zodziwika ku Egypt kuyambira m'ma 1500 BC, ndi mbalame yomwe imabereka tsiku lililonse itabwera ku Igupto kuchokera ku dziko la Syria ndi Shinar, Babuloia, malinga ndi zolemba za Thutmose III.




#Article 121: Here You Come Again (508 words)


Here You Come Again ndi album ya masewera solo ya Dolly Parton .  Linatulutsidwa pa October 3, 1977, lolembedwa ndi RCA Victor .  Inali nyimbo yoyamba ya Parton kuti ikhale platinamu yovomerezeka ndi Recording Industry Association of America , kuti itumize makope miliyoni.  

Billboard inasindikiza kafukufuku wa albamuyi mu October 17, 1977, yomwe inati, Ichi ndi mbali yowonekera kwambiri ya popon ya Parton.  Zomwe akusankha kugwira ntchito, zina ndi olemba odziwika, ena amadzilembera, amaperekedwa ku mawu a Parton aang'ono omwe akulira.  Liwu lake lokwera lokoma limakhala losaoneka kwambiri pa chodulidwa chilichonse, kutulutsa chiyero chofunda.  Chingwe chosasunthika ndi nyanga yowonjezera imapangitsa kuti mphepo ikhale yofewa, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.  Ndipo ntchito yamagitala yolimba, yobwereka zitsulo kuphatikizapo, sizimasokoneza mawu a Parton.  Chotsatira cha titleon cha Parton chimene adaimba pa TV Awards TV, ndikutsimikizira kuti Hot 100.   

M'magazini ya Oktoba 22, 1977, Cashbox inafotokoza ndemanga yakuti, Njira zopambana za Dolly zatsimikizira oposa omwe kale sanali okhulupirira kuti dzikoli ndi omvera akumadzulo alibe ufulu wokhala paokha maluso a mbalameyi.  Ndi album iyi, Dolly amatenga chiphona chachikulu pakati pa mapulogalamu okongoletsera omwe amangokhala ndi banjo kapena pedal steel lick.  Koma ngakhale iwo omwe amuwona iye akuchita adzayenera kukhala osachepera modabwa momwe akudziwiratu mwachibadwa Dolly akudumphira mu thumba latsopano.   

Albumyi inafotokoza pa Nambala 1 ku chart ya US Billboard Hot Country LPs ndi No. 20 pa chartboard ya US Billboard 200 .  Ku Canada, nyimboyi inachitika pa No. 12 pa tchati cha RPM ku Canada. 

Album yoyamba ija, Here You Come Again, inatulutsidwa mu October 1977 ndipo inafotokoza nambala 1 ku United States Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, No. 3 pa Billboard Hot 100 ndi No. 2 ku United States Billboard Easy Tchati chomvetsera.  Ku Canada, munthu mmodzi yekha anafika pa nambala 1 pa chithunzi cha RPM Canada Country Singles chart, No. 7 pa RPM Canada Singles chart ndi No. 1 pa RPM Canada Easy Listening chart.  Ku Australia, mmodzi yekha anafika pa No. 10 pa chart ARIA Top 100 Singles chart.  Mmodziyo adakumananso ndi nambala 75 pa OCC UK Singles Chart . 

Mu mezi ya February 1978, Two Doors Down ndi It's All Wrong, But it's All Right zinaperekedwa ngati mbali imodzi ya A, imodzi yokhala ndi mapulogalamu a pop ndi dziko.  Pulogalamu ya Two Doors Down yomwe inafotokozedwa ndi Parton inalembedwa ndi Parton mu Januwale 1978 ndipo imakhala ndi phokoso loposa popanga nyimbo.  Icho chidzalowe m'malo mwawuniyumu ya Album yoyamba pa kuyimba konse kwa Album.  Doors Two Down anafika pa No. 19 pa Billboard Hot 100 ndi No. 12 ku US Billboard Easy Listening chart.  Ku Canada, mmodzi yekha anafika pa No. 26 pa RPM Canada Singles chati ndi No. 7 pa RPM Canada Easy Listening chart.  Zonse Ndizolakwika, Koma Zili Zabwino pa No. 1 pa Billboard Hot Country Singles chart ndi RPM Canada Country Singles chart. 

Mu April 1980, Me and Little Andy tidatulutsidwa ngati osakwatiwa ku UK ndipo sizinasinthe. 

Sukulu ya Misonkhano Yoyimba Yadziko 

Nyimbo Zomusangalatsa za ku America 

Country Music Association Awards 

Misonkhano Yachigawo ya 20 ya Grammy Awards 

Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Grammy Yachiwiri 

Nashville Songwriters Association International Awards 




#Article 122: Irène Bordoni (685 words)


Irène Bordoni (16 Januani 1885 - 19 March 1953) anali mkazi wa ku Corsican - American ndi woimba. 

Bordoni anabadwa mu Ajaccio , Corsica kuti Sanveur Bordoni, ndi telala , ndi Marie Lemonnier.  Wojambula wa m'zaka za m'ma 1900, Francis Millet anali amalume ake omwe anamwalira ku Titanic .  Iye adakhala mwana wamng'ono , akuchita ku Paris paulendo ndi mafilimu amkati kwa zaka zingapo, atayina ndi wothandizidwa ndi André Charlot .   Bordoni anapanga koyamba pa siteji ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zitatu, pa Variétés , Paris.  

Anapita ku United States pa 28 December 1907, ali pa steerage pa SS La Provence .  Chaka cha Bordoni chinaperekedwa m'mizere yoyambira ma 1895, koma chaka chake chobadwa ndi 1885.  Anali ndi zaka 22 pa mndandanda wa othawa pomwe anafika ku United States mu 1907.  Anapita koyamba ku Reno, ku Nevada , kumene bambo ake adanena kuti akukhalapo kale.  

Bordoni anapanga Broadway pakati pa abale a Shubert kupanga Broadway ku Paris ku Winter Garden Theatre ndipo adalowa m'malo mwa Anna Held monga lingaliro la Broadway la ku French piquancy ndi Continental.  Anali mu Miss Information (1915) ndi Hitchy-Koo (1917 ndi 1918). 1919 anawona Bordoni mu Sleeping Partners pogwirizana ndi HB Warner ku Bijou.  Mu 1920 mawu ake okondweretsa ndi kukhalapo adagwira pamene mudali ku Central Theatre.  

Bordoni inauza George Gershwin nyimbo ya  Do It Again  ndi vivacity ndi verve mu 1922 Broadway show The French Doll ku Lyceum.  Mutu wawonetsero unayamba kukhala dzina lake lotchulidwira.  Anayambanso ku Miss Missbebe Bluebeard (1923) ndi Naughty Cinderella (1925) ndi Avery Hopwood , zomwe otsutsa zamasewero a New York Times adanena, Mwa Miss Bordoni mmodzi akhoza kuyankha zomwe zafotokozedwa nthawi zambiri.  Mawu ake, mawu ake omveka komanso makamaka maso ake omwe akungoyang'anitsitsa, ndi okongola kwambiri.   

Atazindikira kuti maso ake ndi ofunika kwambiri, Irène Bordoni mwina amakumbukiridwa bwino kuchokera ku zisudzo zoimba nyimbo monga nyenyezi ya nyimbo ya Paris ya 1928 Cole Porter yomwe ili ndi nyimbo yakuti  Let's Do It  Tiyeni tipeze zotsatira za Porter. .  Bordoni ankalemba ndi kuimba nthawi zambiri ndipo pa wailesi nyimbo ina ya Cole Porter,  Let Misbehave  ndi Irving Aaronson ndi a Commanders dance dance.  Nyimboyi yaphatikizidwa phokoso la zithunzi zisanu zoyendayenda kuphatikizapo Zomwe Mukufuna Kudziwa Zokhudza Kugonana * (* Koma Poopa Kufunsa) (1972), Pennies ochokera Kumwamba (1981) ndi Bullets Over Broadway (1994).  Pambuyo pake Porter anaphatikiza dzina la Bordoni m'mawu a nyimbo yake Ndiwe Pamwamba (Ndiwe maso a Irène Bordoni) kuchokera ku nyimbo ya Anything Goes (1934).  
Panthawi yonse ya Broadway, Bordoni ankadziwika kuti anavala zovala zokongola kwambiri, kuphatikizapo zovala za Erté . Panthawiyi, Bordoni inafotokoza zotsalira za ndudu za Lucky Stere, ndikusuta Lucky kuti ndikhale wamng'ono, zomwe zinanenedwa kuti zathandizira kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kusuta fodya m'ma 1920.  

Bordoni ankavala tsitsi lake ndi zizindikiro zamtengo wapatali, zomwe adawathandiza kuti azizikonda; ndithudi 'kuyang'ana' kwake kunayendetsedwa bwino ndi okondedwa ake okha komanso kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1920 zomwe zidapanga nyenyezi yotchedwa Broadway nyenyezi yotchedwa Claudette Colbert .  Anali woyang'anira woyamba wa WD Hutton wa stockbroker pamene anatsegula ofesi yake ya nthambi ku West 57th Street.  

M'zaka za m'ma 1930, iye anali woimba mlendo pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zosiyana komanso kuwonetsedwa pa The RKO Hour.   Bordoni inakondweretsa anthu kumbali zonse ziwiri za Atlantic, monga ndi Irving Berlin Ndilo Tsiku Lokondweretsa Tsiku Lonse ku West End mu 1939.  

Bordoni anakwatira Edgar Becman yemwe anamusudzula mu 1917.  Iye anakwatiranso pa 24 Oktoba 1918 kwa wofalitsa wa Broadway ndi lyricist E. Ray Goetz yemwe anawonetsa mawonetsero ambiri a Broadway (ndipo mlongo wake Dorothy Goetz anali mkazi woyamba wa Irving Berlin ) koma iwo anasudzulana mu 1929. 

Pakati pa pempho lake lapadziko lonse adasunga nyumba m'madera ozungulira New York: kuchokera 230 West End Avenue kufikira 108 East 78th Street mpaka 104 East 40th Street - komanso Paris ndi Monte Carlo .  Iye adayendetsa malonda ku Palm Beach m'zaka za m'ma 1920 panthawi ya dziko la Florida.  Pambuyo pake Bordoni anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wothandizira mafilimu komanso wolemba mabuku wotchedwa Avery Galen Bogue (1896-1951). 

Anamwalira pa 19 March 1953 ku Jewish Memorial Hospital ku Manhattan, ku New York City .   Anayanjanirana m'manda a Ferncliff , Hartsdale, New York .  

Bordoni analengeza kapena anali womasulira woyamba nyimbo izi: 




#Article 123: Avril Lavigne (1163 words)


Avril Ramona Lavigne (wobadwa pa September 27, 1984) ndi woimba wa ku Canada-French, wolemba nyimbo, ndi wojambula.  Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zitatu (15), adawonekera pa shania ndi Shania Twain ndipo ali ndi zaka 16, adayina pangano lakale lojambula nyimbo ndi Arista Records zopitirira $2 miliyoni. 

Nyimbo yake yoyamba, Let Go (2002), inagogomezera skate punk persona yomwe wakhala akuyitanidwa ndi anthu oimba komanso nyimbo monga  Pop Punk Queen , chifukwa cha zomwe adachita komanso zotsatira zake. Lavigne amaonedwa kuti ndi woimba kwambiri pakukula kwa nyimbo za punk , popeza adayambitsa njira ya nyimbo za pop, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi akazi. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha akatswiri ake, Lavigne wagulitsa zoposa 40   albhamu miliyoni ndi zoposa 50   miliyoni imodzi padziko lonse, kumupanga iye wojambula wachitsikana wotchuka kwambiri ku Canada nthawi zonse, kumbuyo kwa Celine Dion ndi Shania Twain .  

Lavigne ali ndi vuto limodzi,  Ovuta , anafika nambala imodzi m'mayiko angapo padziko lonse ndipo anatsogolera Lavigne kuti akhale msilikali wamng'ono kwambiri kuti akhale ndi albamu imodzi ku United Kingdom . Album Yake yachiwiri, Under My Skin (2004), inakhala album yoyamba ya Lavigne kufika pamwamba pa Billboard 200 chithunzi ku United States, ndikugulitsa makope 10 miliyoni padziko lonse. Best Damn Thing (2007), Album yachitatu ya studio ya Lavigne, adafikira nambala imodzi m'mayiko asanu ndi awiri padziko lapansi ndipo adawona kuti dziko lonse lapansi likuyenda bwino ndi  Girlfriend , yomwe idakhala yoyamba kukwera Billboard Hot 100 ku United States. Album yake yachinayi ndi yachisanu, Goodbye Lullaby (2011) ndi Avril Lavigne (2013), adawona bwino kupambana kwa malonda ndipo onsewa anali golide ku Canada, United States, ndi madera ena. 

Kuwonjezera pa nyimbo, Lavigne adatchula Heather, a opossum wa Virginia , mu filimu yowonongeka ya Over the Hedge (2006), ndipo adawonetsa kanema pa Fast Food Nation (2006).  Mu 2008, Lavigne adayambitsa zovala zake, Abbey Dawn , ndipo mu 2009 adatulutsa mafuta ake oyambirira, Black Star , omwe adatsatiridwa ndi Rose Forbidden mu 2010, ndi Wild Rose mu 2011.  Lavigne wakwatiwa kawiri: kwa Deryck Whibley kuyambira 2006 mpaka 2010, ndi Chad Kroeger kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2015. 

Pamene Lavigne woyamba wabweza olengeza, iye anali wodziwika kwa iye tomboyish kalembedwe, makamaka ake ma tayi ndi thanki pamwamba.  Iye ankakonda zovala zamagetsi, nsapato za skater kapena Converses ,  mahatchi achikopa, ndipo nthawizina amavala nsapato zozungulira zala zake.  Pa chithunzi chowombera, mmalo movala kukwera pamaso, iye ankakonda kuvala T okalamba, ogwedezeka. Poyankha machitidwe ake a mafashoni ndi nyimbo, ailesi ya zamalonda adamutcha kuti  princess pompk   ndi yankho laling'ono la Blink-182 .  Zolankhula ndi mafani amamuona ngati anti-Britney , mbali imodzi chifukwa cha malonda ake ochepa komanso weniweni, komanso chifukwa chakuti anali wamisala. Sindinapangidwe ndipo sindikuuzidwa zomwe ndinganene ndi momwe ndingachitire, kotero iwo amanditcha anti-Britney, omwe sindiri.  Pofika mu November 2002, Lavigne anasiya kuvala zomangira, akunena kuti amva kuti akubvala chovala.  Lavigne anachita khama kuti asunge nyimbo yake, osati fano lake, kutsogolo kwa ntchito yake.  

Lavigne kenako anatenga zambiri Gothic kalembedwe monga anayamba Album wake wachiwiri, pansi pa khungu langa, malonda siketing'i ake zovala kwa wakuda tutus ndi kupanga fano zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro angst . Pa The Best Damn Thing zaka, Lavigne anasintha mayendedwe. Ankavala tsitsi lake lofiira ndi pinki, ndipo ankavala zovala zachikazi,  kuphatikizapo tight jeans ndi zidendene, ndi kujambula magazini monga Harper's Bazaar .  Lavigne anatetezera kalembedwe kake katsopano: Sindinong'oneza bondo ayi. Mukudziwa, mabwenzi ndi omenya akazi ndi onse   ... Ilo linali ndi nthawi ndi malo ake. Ndipo tsopano ndine wamkulu, ndipo ndasintha .  

Lavigne wakhala akufotokozera chidziwitso chodzipangira chiwembu chomwe adanena kuti adadzipha mu 2003, ndipo adalowetsedwa ndi thupi lachiwiri limene kale linalembedwa kuti lisokoneze paparazzi.  Izi zinangokhala ngati nthabwala pa blog ya Brazil, koma zakhala zikuvomerezedwa ndi a theorists.   Pomwe anakambirana ndi KIIS 106.5 ku Australia mu November 2018, Lavigne adayankha nkhani zabodzazo, akuzikana ngati zodabwitsa.

Zojambula zochepa chabe za Lavigne ndizosiyana ndi iye; Zina zonse zikufanana ndi za abwenzi ake.  Lavigne anali ndi nyenyezi yojambula mkati mwa dzanja lake lakumanzere lomwe linalengedwa panthawi imodzimodzi monga bwenzi ndi nyimbo zofanana ndi zojambula za Ben Moody . Chakumapeto kwa 2004, anali ndi mtima wochepa wa pinki kuzungulira kalata yake D yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa dzanja lake lamanja, lomwe limamuyimira chibwenzi chake, Deryck Whibley. Lavigne ndiyeno-mwamuna Whibley anali ndi zofanana zofanana mu March 2010, pokondwerera tsiku la kubadwa kwake. Mu April 2010, Lavigne anawonjezera chojambula china pa mkono wake, chomwe chinali mphezi ndi nambala 30.  

Komabe, chikondi chake cha zojambulajambula chinachitidwa ndi ailesi mu May 2010, pambuyo pa Lavigne ndi Brody Jenner aliyense ali ndi zofanana zofanana ndi mawu akuti fuck pa nthiti zawo.   Lavigne anawonekera m'nkhani ya June / July ya magazini ya Inked , komwe anakambirana ndi kujambula zojambula zake, kuphatikizapo Abbey Dawn kumanzere kwake kumanzere ndi XXV ndi nyenyezi kumanja kwake. Ngakhale kuti atsimikizira kuti tatchuka pamatchulidwe ake (akuti ndi mawu ake okondedwa  ) adaigwiritsa ntchito pambuyo pa chithunzi cha magazine.  Iye anawonjezera kuti potsiriza anafuna kupeza mtima wa abulu wamkulu ndi mbendera kupyolera mwa iwo ndi dzina   ... Ndikuyembekezera zaka zingapo ndikuonetsetsa kuti ndikufunabe. Ndiyenera kuyembekezera munthu wapadera kuti abwerere m'moyo wanga.  Mu July 2010, Lavigne adamupatsa dzina lake, Brody , atadzilemba bwino pamutu pake.  Banjali linalengeza kuti January 2012.  

Lavigne wakhala Chifalansa mwalamulo kuchokera pa kubadwa, chifukwa bambo ake ndi French ndi France amagwiritsa ntchito jus sanguinis .  Anapempha pasipoti yake ya ku France ndipo analandira mu February 2011.  Mu January 2012, nyumba ya Lavigne ku Bel-Air , pamsika kuyambira May 2011, anagulitsa, ndi Lavigne anasamukira ku Paris, France, kukaphunzira Chifalansa.  Anabwereka nyumba n'kupita ku sukulu ya Berlitz . Pambuyo pake iye anatenga ukwati wake wachiwiri kumwera kwa France .  

Lavigne ndi Sum 41 omwe amatsogolera nyimbo / katswiri wa guitar Deryck Whibley anayamba chibwenzi pamene Lavigne anali ndi zaka 19, atakhala mabwenzi kuyambira ali ndi zaka 17. Mu June 2005, Whibley adamuuza. Okwatiranawo anakwatirana pa July 15, 2006 ku Montecito, California . Pa October 9, 2009, Lavigne adasudzulana, adatulutsa mawu akuti, Ndikuyamikira nthawi yathu pamodzi, ndipo ndikuthokoza ndikudalitsidwa chifukwa cha ubwenzi wanga. Chisudzulo chinathetsedwa pa November 16, 2010.  

Lavigne anayamba chibwenzi ndi Hills star Brody Jenner mu February 2010.  Pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri za chibwenzi, banjali linagawanika mu January 2012. 

Lavigne adayamba kugonana ndi mchimwene wina wa ku Canada, dzina lake Chad Kroeger , woyang'anira gulu la Nickelback , mu July 2012. Chibwenzi chinakula pamene adayamba kugwira ntchito limodzi mu March 2012 kuti alembe ndi kulemba nyimbo za Lavigne album. Lavigne ndi Kroeger anayamba kugwirizana mu August 2012, patapita mwezi umodzi wokhala pachibwenzi.  Okwatiranawo anakwatira ku Château de La Napoule, nyumba yomangidwa zakale zapakati pa nyanja ya Mediterranean kumwera kwa France, pa July 1, 2013 (yomwe ndi Canada Day ), itatha chaka chimodzi kukhala pamodzi.  Iwo anali ndi ukwati wawo ku Portofino , Italy.   Pa September 2, 2015, Lavigne adalengeza kuti akulekana ndi Kroeger kudzera mu akaunti yake ya Instagram .  

Mu April 2015, adawululira magazini ya People Magazini kuti adapezeka kuti ali ndi matenda a Lyme pambuyo pa kubadwa kwake kwa 30 mu 2014.   Poyankha ndi Billboard m'mwezi womwewo, Lavigne adanena kuti ali ndi vutoli ndipo akufuna kuti adziwe za matendawa.  

Current members

Former members




#Article 124: Esther Nyawa Lungu (684 words)


 

Esther Nyawa Lungu (anabadwa 2 June 1961) ndi Zambian chithunzi anthu ndi wandale amene wandigwira malo a Lady Choyamba Zambia kuyambira January 25, 2015.  Iye ndi mkazi wa Pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu . 

Makolo a Esther Lungu anabadwira, Agnes ndi Island Phiri, omwe adachokera ku Eastern Province .  Lungu anakulira Chikatolika , koma iye ndi mwamuna wake tsopano akubatiza .   Iye wakwatiwa ndi Edgar Lungu, yemwe ali ndi ana asanu ndi mmodzi, kwa zaka zoposa makumi atatu.  

Mu 2015, iye anapita ku United States kukachita misonkhano yachidule ndi yazimayi ku George W. Bush Institute ku Dallas, Texas , ndi United Nations ku New York City .  Lungu adalankhula ngati woyang'anira bungwe la Invest in Women ku Dallas, lomwe linayesedwa ndi Cherie Blair .  

Lungu wakhala akuyesetsa kuti asamangokwatirana naye monga Mkazi Woyamba.  Iye ndi Pulezidenti komanso mlangizi wa Esther Lungu Foundation yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mwezi wa December 2015 kuti liwathandize amai ndi ana a Zambia. 

Esther Lungu anabadwa pa 2 June, ku Agnes ndi ku Island Phiri, omwe anali ochokera ku Eastern Province .  Lungu anakulira Chikatolika , koma iye ndi mwamuna wake tsopano akubatiza .  Iye anati, Pamene tinakumana koyamba, Edgar anatenga mabuku ake a UCZ pamene ndinali ndi mabuku anga a katekisimu, mpaka tinapeza mfundo zofanana mu chipembedzo cha Baptist.     

Edgar Lungu adakhala mphunzitsi wamkulu mu 2011, Minister of Home Affairs pa 9 Julayi 2012 ndi Minister of Defense pa 24 December 2013 kuchokera ku United Party for National Development .  Lungu adasankhidwa kukhala woyang'anira chipani cha Patriotic Front pa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa January 2015, pambuyo pa imfa ya Sata.  Iye adagonjetsa mndandanda wa otsutsa ndipo analumbira monga Purezidenti wa Zambia pa 25 January 2015 ndi mkazi wake Esther anakhala Mkazi Woyamba wa Zambia .  

Pokhala Mkazi Woyamba, Esitere anali mbali ya maulendo ambiri a dziko limodzi ndi Purezidenti.  Mchaka cha 2015, adapezeka pamsonkhano waukulu ku United States of America ndipo adayitanidwa ndi George W. Bush Institute kuti akambirane nawo pa msonkhano woyamba wa amayi ndikukambirana nkhani za mphamvu za amayi, zaumoyo ndi zamakono.  Anapemphedwa ndi mtsogoleri wa zaumoyo wa Ufumu wa Saudi Arabia ndi Princess Princess Latifa Bint Abramzi Al Saud kuti akambirane chithandizo cha amayi ndi mapulogalamu a chithandizo cha ana ku Zambia.  Monga gawo la ntchito yake yothandizira, anayambitsa Esther Lungu Foundation mu December 2015.

Mayi Woyamba Esther Lungu adayambitsa Foundation Trust yomwe ikufuna kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha anthu osauka omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zolimbitsa umoyo wawo, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zachikhalidwe komanso zachilengedwe. 

Esther Lungu Foundation Trust (ELFT) idzagwiritsa ntchito udindo wake kuthetsa nkhani zokhuza mphamvu zachuma , za amayi, za ana komanso zachisawawa , komanso zachilengedwe makamaka madzi ndi ukhondo.  ELFT ikufuna kukhala ndi anthu ogwira ntchito zathanzi, azachuma ndi anthu ku Zambia kuti apititse patsogolo chitukuko cha umoyo ndi chuma cha anthu osauka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi njira zogwirizana.  

Esther Lungu Foundation Trust (ELFT) mothandizidwa ndi Muslim Social and Welfare Trust (MSWT) adayika mapampu a manja ndi malo ambiri m'dera la Chongwe .  Chigawochi chinali kuyang'aniridwa ndi madzi ochepa pamene malo okhala mumtsinje wa Chongwe adachepetsedwa.  Maziko ake adayambanso kufotokozera mabanja omwe ali otetezeka kuti athe kulimbikitsa amayi kuthetsa umphawi m'dzikoli.  Mazikowo adayambanso kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi mautumiki a Zomangamanga ndi Maphunziro Akuluakulu kuti athandize ana kupita kusukulu.   Monga mbali ya zoyesayesa zowonjezera thanzi la ana, adapempha kuti agwiritse ntchito sopo m'manja monga momwe chizolowezichi chingachepetsere m'modzi mwa atatu aliwonse omwe amatsekula m'mimba.   Estere wakhala akupitiriza kufotokoza maganizo ake poonjezera umoyo wa amayi achikulire m'dzikoli.  Anapereka bungwe la amayi okwana 30,000 mpaka asanu ndi limodzi m'dziko la Chilanga kuti alangizidwe. Esther adayamikira mwamuna wake posankha mkazi kuti akhale mtsogoleri wa Purezidenti, woyamba mwa mtundu wake m'mbiri ya Zambia.  Anaganizira kuti chizindikiro cha mphamvu za amayi m'dzikoli.  Zigawo zina zamalonda zatsutsa udindo wake kuntchito monga chidziwitso cha mwamuna wake mu chisankho cha pulezidenti, koma mlanduwu watsutsidwa kwambiri ndi Patriotic Front.  

Chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa ndi mavuto a anthu omwe ali osatetezeka m'madera a Olimpiki apaderadera adamupatsa mtsogoleri wa 50 Wachikondwerero ku Africa, mu September 2017, patsiku la chikondwerero cha 50 cha Olympic Academy yomwe idakonzedwa ndi Zambia ku Olympic Youth Development Center (OYDC) .  




#Article 125: Lily Tembo (266 words)


Lily Tembo (November 20, 1981 – September 14, 2009), wodziwika bwino ndi dzina lake Lily T, anali woimba wa ku Zambia, wofalitsa wailesi, mtolankhani ndi wogwira ntchito zachikondi amene adalandira chisangalalo cha dziko ndi 2004 Lily T. Kwa album iyi, adalandira mphoto ziwiri. 

Tembo anatulutsa Albums awiri ndipo anali kugwira ntchito pachitatu pa nthawi ya imfa yake. Kuwonjezera pa kuimba, amadziwika kuti akuwonekera pa FM Radio 5 ku Zambia, akugwira ntchito monga wolemba nkhani ndikugwira nawo ntchito yothandizira. 

Tembo anabadwira ku Kabwe, Zambia, ndipo anakulira m'banja lokonda nyimbo. Waphunzitsidwa ndi bambo ake, omwe adasewera ku Africa, ndi alongo ake ndi amayi ake omwe anaimba mu tchalitchi. Tembo adapita kusukulu ya sekondale ku Sukulu ya Atsikana a Kabulonga ku Lusaka, likulu la Zambia. Pambuyo pake, adachita ntchito yofalitsa uthenga ku Evelyn Hone College. 

Tembo inatulukira ku msika wa nyimbo mu 2004 ndi album Lily T, yomwe idayamba ntchito yake ndipo inamuyendetsa dziko lonse. Anamasula album yake yachiŵiri mu 2006. Tembo nayenso anali wowerenga nkhani pa wailesi ya 5, wailesi yomwe ili ku Lusaka, Zambia. 

Atapambana mphoto imodzi, adadziwika ndi BBC Africa ngati wotchuka kwambiri wa ku Africa amene adakhalapo pachiyambi kwa zipangizo zachikhalidwe. 

Lily adalimbikitsa kulengeza za malungo ku Zambia. Mu April 2009, adatsogolera olambira pa tsiku lachikumbutso cha malungo ku Lusaka.  

Pambuyo kudandaula pa zowawa zazing'ono m'mimba ndi mavuto aakulu gastritis, Tembo anamwalira 6:30 PM, September 14 pa zaka 27. Zomwe adayankha zinadabwa, popeza adali akucheza ndi mafani pa Facebook pa September 11. 

Mlongo wa Tembo Patience adalengeza kuti Ali ndi gastritis, adadwala Loweruka... Amasanza kwambiri ndipo amayamba kuchepa kwa magazi. Lolemba kuzungulira maola 19:00, anamwalira.  




#Article 126: Just Slim (391 words)


Paul Chilupe Banda (wobadwa pa 17 Juni 1989), wodziwika bwino monga Just Slim ndi woimba wa Zambia, wolemba nyimbo , Wopanga nyimbo ndi disc jockey .  Paulo ndi wolimbikitsidwa kukhala ndi moyo wabwino ndi HIV / AIDS  ndi Ambassador kwa Abale for Life Kampeni ku Zambia .  Iye adayamba ndi ine mmodzi yemwe adatulutsidwa pa December 1, 2010 limodzi ndi Wachelwa wina yemwe adatulutsidwa tsiku lomwelo komanso onse awiri omwe ali ndi ma TV MTV , Myself ndi HIV .  

Slim's nyimbo ntchito inayamba mu 2007 ngati wolemba ndi wolemba nyimbo .  Anapanga chigamulo chake choyamba mu December 2010 ndi dzina lake loyamba lomwe limatchedwa ME  lomwe linatsatira masewera osiyanasiyana.  Iye adalembanso nyimbo zoyambirira, monga  Best of Me  ( Kuthamanga ) ndi  Kupyolera mu Wire  ( Kanye West ). 

Paul adaimba nyimbo yake yoyamba ndi mmodzi yemwe anatulutsidwa mu December 2010, dzina lake Me. Mu Meyi 2012, nyimbo YANGA inayikidwa ngati gawo la tepi yojambulidwa yotchedwa Umboni: Mixtape yomwe inaphatikizapo chivundikiro cha reggae cha Best of Me ya Tyrese kuchokera ku Album Yoyenera Kuitana .  

Iye adagwira ntchito ya woyang'anira nyimbo ku Zambia Awards Winning TV Drama Series: Love Games yomwe inakambidwa ndi Media 365 kudzera mu Financial and Technical Support kuchokera ku National HIV / AIDS Council ya Boma la Republic of Zambia komanso United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) ndi Pulezidenti wa United States wa Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief-Financial Support Support for Health project. 

Paul akugwira ntchito yatsopano ndi wofalitsa,  Shom-C .

Paulo anabadwa pa June 17, 1989 ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a Edzi , koma sanadziwe mpaka atatsala pang'ono kufika 15.  

Mu 2003, adapezeka kuti ali ndi chifuwa chachikulu ndipo adachiritsidwa atalandira mankhwala.  Pambuyo pa chaka chimodzi, TB inawonjezereka, chitukuko chomwe chinachititsa madokotala kuti alangize kuti Paul, amene anali kusukulu ya sekondale, ayambe kukayezetsa HIV.  Pokhala ndi malingaliro kuti sanakhalepo ndi chibwenzi chilichonse, adapeza mfundo za dokotalayo zikudodometsa kwambiri.  Izi zinapatsa amayi ake mwayi wowulula za HIV .  Atalandira uphungu wina wamayi, Paulo adagwirizana kuti apite kukayezetsa kachirombo ka HIV komwe kunakhala koyipa koma ndi chitetezo chochepa cha thupi lomwe CD4 yake inaliyiyi . 

Anaganiza zowonekera poyera kuti ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti ngati atayankhulapo ndi munthu yemwe angamugwiritse ntchito komanso kuti adziwe mtundu wa tsankho omwe ali nawo omwe ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV / amasonyeza kuti ali ndi HIV.  




#Article 127: Mampi (353 words)


Mirriam Mukape (wobadwa 4 August 1986), ndi woimba wa Zambian Pop ndi R  B yemwe amachititsa pansi pa dzina lake Mampi .  Nyimbo zake ndi kwaito ndipo reggae anauziridwa.  

Mampi anabadwira ku Lusaka pa 4 August 1986.  Anayamba kuimba mu tchalitchi ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.  Anapita ku Muyooma Basic School, Libala High School , ndi Springfields Coaching Center ku Lusaka.  

Amayi anamwalira ndi khansara ali ndi zaka 14 ndipo patapita zaka zingapo ali ndi zaka 16, bambo ake ndi mchimwene wake adaphedwa ndi zomwe mimbayo sanadziwulule. 

Moyo unasintha kwambiri kwa Mampi.  Nthawi zina ankapeza kuti alibe nyumba ndipo sanathe kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro ake.  Amatchula pemphero ndi kutengedwera ndi mlongo wa mzanga monga chomwe chinamupangitsa kupyola mu nthawi yovuta pamoyo wake. 

Panali nthawi ya imfa ya mchimwene wake ndi bambo ake, Mampi adapezedwa ndi woimba nyimbo ndipo anasaina zolemba mu 2003.  Anamasula Album yake yoyamba Maloza mu 2005.  Zinaphatikizapo nyimbo Sunshya, yomwe adachita kuti ayambe kuonekera pa Television Zambia .  Album yake yachiwiri, Chimo ni chimo , inatulutsidwa mu 2007.  Iye anachita ku Namibia nthawi yoyamba mu 2012, ku Windhoek . 

Mu 2012 anatulutsa nyimbo ina Natural Born Star. 

Mchaka cha 2015 woimba nyimbo wa Chipwitikizi, Luyanna, adatulutsidwa ndi Mampi's hit Walilowelela .  Njirayi imakhalabe ndi Mampi kuimba mizere ku Bemba ndi Nyanja pomwe Luyanna akuimba mzere wina mu Chipwitikizi. 

Msewu womwe unkayenda ndi kanema yomwe idakutsogozedwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha African.  Ngakhale kuti sanawoneke pa vidiyoyi ndi Luyanna, awiriwa adawoneka mu kanema ya nyimbo ya nyimbo yatsopano yomwe inatulutsidwa kale, Chifukwa cha Mampi.  

Mu December 2017 Mampi anamasulira imodzi ya Nyula Yako kuchokera ku album yomwe ikubwera kuti idzatulutsedwe mu 2018 ya mutu womwewo.  Nyumba yovina idasindikizidwa inali ndi kanema. 

Mwezi womwewo Mampi adalumikizana ndi stellar line of African musicians kuphatikizapo South Africa Mphoto kukondwerera DJ Black Coffee kutseka chaka pa Vic Falls Carnival  

Mampi anali wotsutsa pa nyengo yachisanu ndi chiwiri ya Big Brother Africa 7 monga mmodzi wa anthu olemekezeka a panyumba pa nthawi yachisanu ndi chiwiri ya Big Brother Africa StarGame. Mampi anathamangitsidwa kuchokera ku Big Brother Africa pa 27 May 2012; iye anali m'nyumba kwa masiku 21.




#Article 128: Oliver Mtukudzi (111 words)


Oliver Tuku Mtukudzi (22 September 1952 - 23 Januwari 2019) anali woimba wa Zimbabwe , wamalonda, wopereka ufulu , wolondera ufulu wa anthu ndi Ambassador Wachifundo wa UNICEF ku Southern Africa .  Tuku ankadziwika kuti wakhala chikhalidwe chodziwika kwambiri pa dziko lonse la Zimbabwe. 

Mtukudzii anakulira ku Highfield, m'dziko la Harare, m'dziko la Zimbabwe ndipo anayamba kuchita mu 1977 pamene adalowa m'gulu la Wagon Wheels, lomwe linagwiranso ntchito Thomas Mapfumo ndi James Chimombe .  Mmodzi wawo Dzandimomotera anapita ku golide ndi Album yoyamba ya Tuku ikutsatiridwa, yomwe inalinso yopambana kwambiri.  Mtukudzi amathandizanso Mahube, Southern.  

Pa 23 January 2019, Mtukudzi anamwalira ali ndi zaka 66 ku Kliniki ya Avenues ku Harare, Zimbabwe.  




#Article 129: Jason Momoa (144 words)


Joseph Jason Namakaeha Momoa (wobadwa pa August 1, 1979) ndi wojambula wa ku America, wolemba, wojambula filimu, wotsogolera ndi chitsanzo.  Iye amadziwika kuti akuwonetsa Aquaman mu dziko la DC Extended , kuyambira mu 2016 filimu ya superhero  , ndi pa 2017 pamodzi Justice League ndi film yake 2018 solo Aquaman .  Iye ankadziwikanso kuti maudindo TV wake monga Ronon Dex pa asilikali yopeka TV onena Stargate Atlantis (2004-2009), Khal Drogo mu HBO zongopeka TV onena Game ya mipando (2011-2012) ndipo monga Declan Zeze mu Netflix mndandanda Frontier (2016-alipo). 

Mu 1998, Momoa adapezedwa ndi wogulitsa dziko lonse Takeo Kikuchi, yemwe adalimbikitsa ntchito yake yachitsanzo .  Momoa adagonjetsa chitsanzo cha Hawaii chaka cha 1999 ndipo anakumana ndi mpikisano wa Miss Teen Hawaii.  Pa zaka 19, iye ankagwira ganyu pa mafunde shopu asanakhale kuponyedwa mu ntchito sewero mndandanda Baywatch Hawaii , pamene anaonekera monga Jason Ioane (1999-2001).  




#Article 130: Maureen Mwanawasa (369 words)


Maureen Mwanawasa (wobadwa pa 28 April, 1963 Kabwe , Zambia ) ndi nduna ya Zambia ndi wakale woyamba wa Zambia kuyambira 2002 mpaka 2008.  Iye ndi mkazi wamasiye wa Pulezidenti wakale Levy Mwanawasa , yemwe adamwalira mu 2008. 

Pofika chaka cha 2006, Mwanawasa adawoneka ngati woyenera kukhala pulezidenti wa dziko, koma pambuyo pa imfa ya mwamuna wake sanapereke mwayi wokhala wovomerezeka kuimira gulu la mwamuna wake mu chisankho .  Komabe, iye adagonjetsa mwadzidzidzi Michael Sata wa Patriotic Front pamene adam'patsa ulemu pamaliro a mwamuna wake, zomwe zinachititsa Sata kukakamizika kupita kumalo. 

Iye ndi Purezidenti wakale wa bungwe la African Women First Against the HIV / AIDS ndi woyambitsa wa Maureen Mwanawasa Community Initiative (MMCI) mu 2002.  Analinso mwiniwake wa Mwanawasa  Company, lawimake ya mwamuna wake, mpaka adalowa ndale ndikusiya ntchito yake yachinsinsi. 

Mwanawasa anali wa Mboni za Yehova , koma mu 2001 adachotsedwa kunja chifukwa chochita nawo ndale.  

Mu May 2016, Mwanawasa adalengeza kuti adayitanitsa Mtsogoleri Wachigawo wa Lusaka mothandizidwa ndi United Party for National Development (UPND) mu chisankho cha 2016 chomwe chachitika pa August 11, 2016.  Mwanawasa, yemwe adalemba mapepala ake osankhidwa pa May 30, 2016, adalandira zotsalira za Pulezidenti wakale ndi Vicezidenti Guy Scott , komanso omwe kale anali aphungu a Sylvia Masebo ndi Obvious Mwaliteta  Iye analonjeza kuti azidzatha kuphulika kwa cholera mumzindawu komanso kusowa kwa madzi ngati atasankhidwa.  Mwanawasa adalonjezanso kuti azisambitsa zitsamba zosatha ndi zowonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosonkhanitsira zinyalala, akuti, Kulikonse komwe mumayang'ana ku Lusaka, pali zonyansa ndipo izi ziyenera kusintha kuyambira sabata lino.  Palibe njira yomwe mzinda wathu wokongola ungayandire pa zinyalala.  .  .  Makhalidwe osungira zonyansa osasankhidwa mumzinda wa Lusaka ndi owopsya.  Pamene muli pamisewu ya Lusaka, mumayang'ana kumadzulo mumawona zinyalala, mumayang'ana kum'maŵa mukuwona zinyalala, mumayang'ana chakumpoto, ndi zinyalala, mumayang'ana kum'mwera ndi zinyalala.  Izi sizilandiridwa.  Kodi mungakonde ngati nyumba yanu yodzala ndi zinyalala ndipo pali fungo loyipa pozungulira?  Yankho ndilo ayi.  Tiyenera kusunga ukhondo ndikukhala wathanzi komanso oyenera.  Ndi udindo wathu kusunga mzinda wathu osati kwa ife okha, komanso kwa anthu omwe akuchezera mzinda wathu komanso mibadwo yotsatira.   

Mwanawasa adasankha chigawo chachiwiri ku chisankho cha Mayaka pa August 11, kutaya wokondedwa wa Patriotic Front (PF), Wilson Kalumba.   Kalumba adagonjetsa chisankho ndi mavoti 270,161, pamene Mwanawasa anabwera pamalo achiwiri ndi mavoti 150,807.  




#Article 131: Levy Mwanawasa (660 words)


Levy Patrick Mwanawasa (3 September 1948 - 19 August 2008) anali Pulezidenti wachitatu wa Republican wa Zambia .  Iye analamulira dziko kuyambira mu January 2002 mpaka imfa yake mu August 2008. Mwanawasa akuyamika kuti adayambitsa ndondomeko yothetsera vutoli ku Zambia pa nthawi yake. Asanasankhe chisankho cha Mwanwasa, adakhala wotsatilazidenti kuyambira 1992 kufikira 1994 pamene adakhalapo Mmodzi wa chipani cha chipani cha Chifubu . 

Mwanawasa anabadwira mu Mufulira , Northern Rhodesia , monga wachiwiri mwa ana khumi.  Iye anali ndi digiri yalamulo kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Zambia .  Anagwira ntchito m'maofesi alamulo apadera kuyambira 1974 mpaka 1978 pamene adakhazikitsa yekha: Mwanawasa  Company.  Mu 1985, Mwanawasa adagwira ntchito ngati Solicitor General ku boma la Zambia koma adabwerera ku ntchito yaumwini mu 1986.     
Mu 1989, adatsogolera gulu la chitetezo chalamulo kwa Lt. Gen Christon Tembo , yemwe adaimbidwa mlandu ndi boma la Kenneth Kaunda lopandukira boma, lomwe linayesedwa ngati chiwonongeko choyenera chilango cha imfa; Tembo adagonjetsedwa ndi boma, ndipo mbiri ya Mwanawasa pakati pa otsutsa a Kaunda inakula.  Pambuyo pa Frederick Chiluba asankhidwa kukhala Pulezidenti, adasankha Mwanawasa kukhala Vice-Presidenti mu December 1991.  Mwanawasa adachoka pa March 1992. 

Pamsonkhano wake usanachitike mu 1990, Mwanawasa adasankhidwa kukhala Pulezidenti wa Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), koma anakana kufotokozera, kunena kuti anali wamng'ono komanso wosadziŵa zambiri.     M'malo mwake anaganiza kuyima ngati phungu ndipo anapambana ndi namtindi wa anthu ambiri akuzikhulupirira. 

Pa 8 December 1991 Mwanawasa anachita ngozi yaikulu yamsewu pomwe adathandizi ake anamwalira pomwepo.  Anapweteka mthupi mwambiri ndipo anathamangira ku Johannesburg , South Africa kukachiritsidwa.  Anakhalabe m'chipatala kwa miyezi itatu.  Zotsatira zowopsa za ngoziyi ndizinthu zowonongeka.  A commission of inquiry anakhazikitsidwa kuti afufuze yemwe anali ndi mlandu woweruza zakupha. 

Mwanawasa adakhala Vice-Presidenti kufikira atasiya ntchito mu 1994.  Mu 1996 adatsutsana ndi Chiluba kuti adziwotchedwe ndi Movement for Multiparty Democracy .  Mwanayo atamwalira, Mwanawasa adachoka ku ndale mpaka chisankho cha 2001. 

Mu August 2001, Komiti Yachigawo Yachigawo ya MMD inasankha Mwanawasa kukhala mtsogoleri wa pulezidenti wa chisankho cha 2001 .  Anapambana chisankho, chomwe chinachitika pa 27 December 2001, ndi 29% chifukwa cha kalembera Zambia, posankha anthu ena khumi ndi awiri kuphatikizapo adindo ena awiri ( formerly Godfrey Miyanda ndi Gen.  Christon Tembo ); Anderson Mazoka adakhala wachiwiri ndi 27%, malinga ndi zotsatira zake.  Mwanawasa anagwira ntchito pa 2 January 2002.  Komabe, zotsatira za chisankhozo zinatsutsana ndi maphwando akuluakulu otsutsa, kuphatikizapo Mazoka a United Party for National Development , omwe ambiri akudzinenera kuti adapambana chisankho.  Owonetsa chisankho ndi maiko onse omwe adasankhidwa ndi maiko akunja adawonetsa zochitika zazikuluzikulu ndi chisankho ndi chisankho, kuphatikizapo kugula mavoti, kulembera mavoti olakwika, kusalidwa kwa anthu osagwirizana ndi zosayenera, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa kwa MMD.  Mu January 2002, anthu atatu otsutsawo anapempha Khoti Lalikulu kuti ligonjetse Mwanawasa.  Ngakhale khotilo linavomereza kuti chisankhocho chinali cholakwika, chidalamulira mu February 2005 kuti zolakwikazo sizinakhudze zotsatirazo ndipo anakana pempholi.  

Mu February 2002, boma Mwanawasa zinadula chisamani defamation mlandu Zambia Post mkonzi Fred M'membe ndi chitsutso Wopanga malamulo Dipak Patel kuti nkhani yomwe M'membe tamutchula Patel ngati kuitana Mwanawasa ndi  kabichi , ndi Buku zikuoneka kuti kuvulala wake.  

Komabe, mwanawasa anafotokoza kuti akufuna kuyambitsa chiyanjano cha dziko lonse, Mwanawasa adasankha akuluakulu a malamulo otsutsa aphungu ake mu February 2003, kuphatikizapo Patel wa FDD monga Pulezidenti wa Zamalonda, Zamalonda, ndi Makampani, ndi Sylvia Masebo wa ZRP monga Mtumiki wa Boma.  Komabe, Godfrey Miyanda, mwiniwake wa otsutsa, adatsutsa kusuntha ndipo adaopseza kuti apereke mlandu pa izo. 

Mu Januwale 2005, Mwanawasa adapepesa kudziko chifukwa cholephera kuthana ndi umphawi wa Zambia.  Pafupifupi 75 peresenti ya anthu a m'dzikoli amakhala osachepera $ 1 patsiku, United Nations 'chizindikiro cha umphaŵi wadzaoneni. 

Anasankhidwa kukhala Pulezidenti wa MMD kwa zaka zisanu mu 2005.  

Mwanawasa anathamangira kwa nthawi yachiwiri mu chisankho cha pulezidenti womwe unachitikira pa 28 September 2006.  Michael Sata wa Fuko Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ankaonedwa kuti ndi amene ankamuvutitsa kwambiri.  Chisankho chake chinatsimikiziridwa pa 2 Oktoba; Malingana ndi zotsatira zake, adalandira mavoti 42.98%.  Iye analumbirira mu liwu lina pa 3 Oktoba.  Patangotha masiku angapo, adatcha nduna yatsopano ndikuika Rupiah Banda kukhala Vice-Presidenti. 




#Article 132: Circus (Bath) (304 words)


Circus ndi msewu mbiri lalikulu townhouses mu mzinda wa Bath, Somerset , England , kupanga bwalo ndi zipata zitatu.  Chinapangidwa ndi otchuka wamanga John Wood, Wamkulu , izo inayambika mu 1754, anamaliza mu 1768, ndipo ankamuona ngati chitsanzo chachikulu koposa a zomangamanga Chijojiya .  Dzina limachokera ku Latin 'circus', kutanthauza mphete, oval kapena bwalo.  Yakhala yosankhidwa ngati nyumba yowonjezeredwa. 

Circus imagawidwa m'magulu atatu a kutalika kwake, ndi udzu pakati.  Gawo lirilonse likuyang'ana limodzi la masitepe atatu, kutsimikizira kuti nkhope yapamwamba nthawizonse imayikidwa molunjika kutsogolo. 

Circus, yomwe poyamba inatchedwa King's Circus , inapangidwa ndi wokonza mapulani John Wood, Mkulu .  Anatsimikiza kuti Bath anali malo oyambirira a ntchito ya Druid ku Britain, Wood omwe anagwidwa ndi Stonehenge , omwe ali ndi    ku outer bank bank, ndipo adapanga Circus ndi    kuti azitsanzira izi.  

Wood anafa pasanathe miyezi itatu kuchokera pamene mwala woyamba unayikidwa; mwana wake, John Wood, Wamng'ono , adamaliza ntchitoyi popanga mapangidwe a abambo ake.  Ndalama zoyamba za kumwera kwakumadzulo zinaperekedwa mu 1755-1767, gawo lakumwera chakummawa mu 1762-1766, ndi gawo la kumpoto mu 1764-1766. 

Malamulo atatu a m'Chikatolika (Greek Doric , Roman / Composite ndi Korinto ) amagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamwamba pa zina, muzithunzi zam'mbali zokongola.  The frieze wa Doric entablature ali chokongoletsedwa ndi alternating triglyphs ndi 525 zithunzi zizindikiro, kuphatikizapo njoka, zizindikiro kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi, zipangizo woimira zaluso ndi masayansi, ndi zizindikiro masonic .  The kampanda ili ndi mwala Kanthanga finials . 

Poyang'ana kuchokera mlengalenga, Circus, pamodzi ndi Queens Square ndi Gay Street yomwe ikugwirizana nawo, amapanga mawonekedwe ofunikira, omwe ndi chizindikiro cha masonic chofanana ndi chokongoletsera nyumba zambiri za Wood.  

Chigawo chapakati chinali ndi miyala yokhala ndi miyala, yomwe inali pakhomo lomwe linapereka madzi ku nyumba.  Mu 1800 anthu ozungulira Circus adalumikiza mbali yapakatikati ya malo osatsegula ngati munda.  Tsopano, dera lapakatili liri udzu pamwamba ndipo liri kunyumba kwa mitengo yakale ya ndege . 




#Article 133: Mpule Kwelagobe (563 words)


 

Mpule Keneilwe Kwelagobe  (wobadwa pa November 14, 1979) ndi mabizinesi a Botswanan, mzimayi wamalonda, chitsanzo, mfumukazi yapamwamba yemwe adawonedwa Miss Universe 1999 ndi Purezidenti wamakono wa Miss Universe Botswana Organization.  Iye anali mzimayi wakuda waku Africa waku Africa kuti apambane mutu wapadziko lonse wokongola wokhala pamutu komanso dziko loyambirira loyambirapo pafupifupi zaka makumi anayi.  Kwelagobe wakhala akudziwika kuti ndi wofuna kulera ufulu waumunthu, makamaka pa nkhondo yake yolimbana ndi HIV / AIDS ndi kulimbikitsa achinyamata ndi amayi kuti akhale ndi mwayi waukulu wopeza maphunziro opatsirana pogonana ndi ntchito.  Iye ndi wothandizira a QuesS Capital LLC, ogwira ntchito paokha omwe ali ndi ndalama zothandizira ndalama , mphamvu zowonjezereka ndi ulimi ku Africa ndi South Asia . 

Mu August 1997, Kwelagobe anakhala mkazi wamng'ono kwambiri kuti apange korona wa Miss Botswana ali ndi zaka 17.  Anali wophunzira wa sekondale ku Sukulu ya Secondary School ya Lobatse .  Kwelagobe anayimira dziko lake ku Miss World pageant mu 1997 ku Mahe, Seychelles koma sanaikepo.  Mu February 1999, adagonjetsa Mayi Miss Universe Botswana , kuti akhale mkazi woyamba kuti awononge Miss Botswana kawiri.  Anali woyamba ku Miss Universe Botswana ndi amayi oyambirira a Botswana kuti atenge nawo mbali ya Miss Universe.     

Kwelagobe anafika ku Port of Spain pa May 5, 1999 kwa Miss Universe 1999 pageant, yomwe inachitika pa May 26 ku Chaguaramas Convention Center, Trinidad  Tobago .  Anamenya nthumwi zina 84 kuti apambane tsamba la Miss Universe.  Kwelagobe adakhala Mayi Wachifumu woyamba wochokera ku dziko loyambira kuyambira 1958.  Iye anafika ku nyumba yake yatsopano ya New York City masiku awiri atatha kukongoledwa Miss Universe.  Kwa nthawi ya ulamuliro wake ankakhala ku Trump Place ndipo ankagwira ntchito ku Trump Tower monga Donald Trump anali mwiniwake wa Miss Universe pageant pogwirizana ndi CBS .     
Pambuyo pa ulamuliro wake monga Miss Universe, Kwelagobe anakhala woimira Clairol .  Masamba awiriwa pamasamba awiri adapezeka m'magazini ku US pamene Kwelagobe anali Miss Universe.  Mu 2002, adakhala woyamba ku Miss Universe kulowa mu yunivesite ya Ivy League pambuyo pa ulamuliro wake. 

Mu 2000, Kwelagobe anasankhidwa kukhala ambassador wa Goodwill ndi bungwe la United Nations , ndikukambirana za achinyamata ndi HIV / AIDS .  Pakati pa ena, adalankhula ndi Msonkhano wa Padziko Lonse pa Zomwe Zilikulimbikitsabe , Msonkhano Wolimbitsa Mayiko, Msonkhano wa Achinyamata Padziko Lonse ndi United States Congress (Komiti ya United States House of Representatives Committee on Banking and Financial Services).  Kwelagobe inafotokoza za chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha AIDS ku Africa ndipo idapempha lamulo lokhazikitsa bungwe la United Nations kuopewera AIDS.  

Mu 2001, Kwelagobe analemekezedwa ndi mphotho ya Jonathan Mann Health Human Award ndi International Association of Physicians mu AIDS Care (IAPAC). Analemekezedwa pamodzi ndi mkulu wa bungwe la European Commission HIV, Lieve Fransen .  Mu 2003, anasankhidwa kukhala Mtsogoleri Wadziko Lonse Mtsogolo (GLT) ndi World Economic Forum , ndipo mu 2006, anasankhidwa ndi bungwe lomwelo monga Young Global Leader (YGL).  

Mu 2015, Kwelagobe anasaina kalata lotseguka limene ONE Misonkhano anali kusonkhanitsa anasaina chifukwa; kalatayo inatumizidwa kwa Angela Merkel ndi Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma , powalimbikitsa kuti aziganizira za amai omwe akutsogolera G7 ku Germany ndi AU ku South Africa . 

Kwelagobe ali ndi digiri ku Political Science ( International Politics ) kuchokera ku Columbia University ku New York City .     Iye akukhala pa bolodi wa Institute African kwa masamu Sciences , poto-African zopezera Center wa Bwino m'masayansi masamu linakhazikitsidwa ndi 2008 TED Prize wopambana ndi kwadzidzidzi wasayansi , Professor Neil Turok .  




#Article 134: Flood (Halo) (1075 words)


Chigumula ndi zopeka parasitic mlendo moyo mawonekedwe mu Halo matumizidwe ophatikizika amawu, nyimbo ndi zithunzi chilolezo .  Zimayambitsidwa mu sewero la vidiyo la 2001 la  , ndipo limabwereranso mndandanda wamakalata monga Halo 2 , Halo 3 , ndi Halo Wars .  Chigumula chimakhudza moyo uliwonse wamtima wokwanira (koma osati kuphatikizapo Purple Aki ).  Zilombo zokhudzana ndi chigumula, zomwe zimatchedwanso Chigumula, zimatengera ena magulu.  Mankhwalawa amaonedwa ngati oopsya omwe Ambuyake akale ankadzipha okha ndi moyo wawo wonse mumlalang'amba poyesera kuti Chigumula chifalikire. 

Zolengedwa ndi zowonongeka za Chigumula zidatsogoleredwa ndi ojambula a Bungie a Robert McLees, omwe adagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zosagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku masewera oyambirira a Bungie Marathon 2 .  Mmene masewera oyambirirawo ankakhalira, Halo , yomwe inali yotchedwa ringworld, inachotsedwa ndi zolengedwa zake zambiri kuti zidabwitsenso kudabwitsa kwa Chigumula.  Wojambula m'mabwinja a Bungie Vic DeLeon anakhala ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoyenera kupanga nthawi yowonetsera bwino chigumula cha mvula ndi kupanga mapangidwe ozungulira a zinyama zamtundu wa Halo   3 . 

Kupeza kwa osewera kwa Chigumula ku Halo: Kusinthasintha Kusinthika ndi chiwembu chachikulu, ndipo ndi chimodzi mwa zozizwitsa zomwe amaziwona bwino pamene atulutsidwa.  Chigumula chinabwerera ku Halo   2 ndi Halo   3 sadatamandidwe molimbika.  Zotsatira za Chigumula zasiyana.  Ngakhale kuti ena adapeza kuti Chigumula chinachokera komanso chiphunzitso cha sayansi, ena amachiika pakati pa anthu ambiri omwe amasewera masewero a kanema. 

Chigumula chimasonyezedwa ngati thupi lachilengedwe lomwe limakhudza moyo uliwonse wokhala ndi kukula kokwanira.  Fomu yaikulu kwambiri yomwe ilipo yomwe Chigumula chikhoza kudzipangitsa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zamoyo zina ndi mawonekedwe a matenda.   Mitundu iyi imayang'ana mabungwe akukhala kapena akufa, kuyesa kuyendetsa mipeni yowopsa ndikulowa mumatope.  Woperewerayo sangathe kusokonezeka pamene mawonekedwe a kachilomboka amalowa mu thupi la alendo ndipo amayamba kusintha, ndikubweretsa wokhala nawo pansi pa chigumula.   Malinga ndi kukula kwa thupi, mawonekedwe a matendawa amachititsa kuti munthu wosaukayo apite ku mitundu yambiri yapadera mu kuyendetsa kayendedwe ka chakudya china.  Magulu akuluakulu amatembenuzidwira kukhala mawonekedwe a nkhondo, omwe amakula miyendo yaitali ya mkwapulo, pamene kudya ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwiritsidwa ntchito kumasandulika kukhala opangira mafomu ambiri.  Chigumula chimapanganso mawonekedwe otchedwa malingaliro ofunika kuti athetse mgwirizano; Izi zikuphatikizirapo kusintha kwa chisinthiko, chomwe chimatchedwa  Manda .  

Chigumula chimayambira koyamba kupyola pakati pa Halo: Combat Evolved , mu nkhani ya 343 Guilty Spark.  Gulu la anthu lomwe likuthawa adaniwo Pangano la Pangano pa  Halo , ringworld yokhazikika ndi mlendo Wowonongeka .  Cortana ali ndi nzeru zouluka akutumizira mkulu wa abambo wamkulu kuti apeze mtsogoleri wawo, Jacob Keyes , amene adatayika mumsasa ndikufunafuna chida cha zida.  Mbuye Wamkulu akupeza kuti Pangano lawamasula mwangozi Chigumula.  Masewera a Keyes adasandulika kukhala asilikali kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, pamene makiyi amafunsidwa ndi Chigumula pofuna kuyesa malo a Dziko lapansi ndipo potsirizira pake amadziwika.  Kuwonekera kwa Chigumula kumapangitsa nzeru ya Halo kuti asamalire 343 Cholakwa cha Spark kupempha chithandizo cha Mbuye Wamkulu poyambitsa chitetezo cha Halo ndi kuteteza Chigumula.  Pamene Master Chief amvela kuti mphamvu Halo kuti m'malo kupukuta gulu la moyo wozindikira kuteteza kufala Chigumula, iye ndi Cortana detonate munthu chombo Lawi la injini Yophukira ' kuononga mphete ndi kuteteza Chigumula kuthaŵa. 

Chigumula chimabwerera ku Halo 2 (2004), kuonekera pa mphete ina ya Halo yotchedwa  Delta Halo .  Chigumula cha Delta Halo chimatsogoleredwa ndi Manda, chidziwitso chachikulu cha Chigumula chomwe chimakhala mu matumbo a mphete.  Mkulu wamkuru amasonkhanitsa pamodzi Mbuye Wopambana ndi Pangano Wopatulika woyera wotchedwa Arbiter ndipo amawagwira ntchito poletsa utsogoleri wa Pangano kuchotsa mphetezo.  Pakalipano, Gravemind akuwombera sitimayo yaumunthu Mu Amber Clad ndikumangokhalira kumalo osungirako chipangano cha High Charity .  Pomwepo, Chigumula chimadutsa kudutsa mumzindawu, ndipo Gravemind adatenga Cortana.  Pamene Chigumula chifalikira, Pangano limapanga chitetezo pofuna kuteteza tizilombo kuti tisachoke kundende.  

Chigumula chimabweranso mumsasa wa Halo 3 wa Floodgate, wokwera ngalawa yowonongeka yomwe imatha kuthawa ku Delta Halo.  Ngakhale kuti infestation ya Padziko lapansi imaletsedwa, Master Chief ndi Arbiter amapanga mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi Chigumula kuti athetse kuyika kwa mphete zonse za Halo ku malo otsogolera omwe amadziwika kuti Likasa.  Chiopsezo chitayimitsidwa, Mng'oma amatembenukira pa iwo.  Mbuye Wamkulu akumenyera njira yake kupita pakati pa High Charity , akumasula Cortana ndikuwononga mzindawo, koma Gravemind amayesa kudzimanganso pa Halo yomwe ikukumangidwa pa Likasa.  Podziwa kuti kuyendetsa mpheteyo kuwononga chigumula chokha chifukwa cha Likasa kunja kwa Milky Way, Chief Chief, Arbiter, ndi Cortana amapita ku chipinda cholamulira cha Halo, atseke mphete, ndi kuthawa.  Manda akuwachenjeza kuti kugonjetsedwa kwake kungachedwetse Chigumula, osati kuimitsa. 

Nthano ya 2006 The Halo Graphic Novel ikufotokoza za kumasulidwa kwa Chigumula pa zochitika za Halo: Zotsutsana Zomwe zinasinthidwa m'nkhani ziwiri, Ulendo wotsiriza wa Infinite Succor ndi Breaking Quarantine.  Pamene Chigumula chimangotchulidwa kuti ndi wanzeru mu masewerawa, Halo Graphic Novel imasonyeza kuti Chigumula chimakhala ndi malingaliro a mng'oma , zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azidziwa bwino masewera awo.  Lee Hammock , mlembi wa The Last Voyage wa Infinite Succor , anafotokoza maziko a nkhaniyi kuti ndi njira yosonyezera ngozi yeniyeni ya Chigumula ngati ngozi yochenjera, osati chinthu chomwe osewera akukumana nacho.  Hammock adanenanso kuti nkhaniyi idzatsimikiziranso kuti Chigumula ndi chidziwitso, ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti ndizowona Zombi.  Chiopsezo cha Chigumula chikufotokozedwanso m'nkhani yochepa kuchokera ku Halo Evolutions anthology, The Mona Lisa, yomwe pambuyo pake inasinthidwa kukhala zojambula zosangalatsa .  

Chigumula chimaphatikizapo kwambiri mu Greg Bear 's trilogy ya ma buku, The Forerunner Saga , yomwe imachitika zaka masauzande zisanachitike zochitika za masewera akuluakulu.  Buku la Halo: Silentium limasonyeza kuti Chigumula ndi chimene chimatsalira cha Precursors, mtundu wakale womwe unanenedwa kuti ufulumizitse kusintha kwa mitundu ndi kupanga malalang'amba.  Okonzeratu anagonjetsa Otsogolera; atatsala pang'ono kutayika, ena a Precursors adadzichepetsera okha ku ufa wophika womwe ungasinthirenso m'mbuyo mwawo.  Nthawi inapangidwa ndi ufa wosalakwa, ndipo inakhala mutagenic, ikuchita ndi zamoyo zina kuti zibweretse zomwe potsiriza zidzasintha mu Chigumula.  Chigumula chikanatha kuopseza anthu akale ndiyeno Forerunners, omwe pomalizira pake amangapo ndi kulumikiza Halo Array kuti asiye tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kufalikira.  

Dzina la Chigumula ndi limodzi mwa mayina ambiri otengedwa kuchokera ku nkhani zachipembedzo ku Halo franchise.  Chigumula ndi makamaka Manda ndizochita ziwanda kapena satana, ndipo chiyambi cha Mbuye wa Ambuye ku matumbo a Halo kuti akumane ndi Chigumula chikhoza kufaniziridwa ndi ulendo wopita ku gehena.  PC Academy Paulissen akunena kuti dzina lakuti 'Chigumula' limatanthawuza za kutchulidwa kwa chigumula cha Bibliya , ndi Likasa lotsogolera pokhala pogona kuchokera ku chiwonongeko choononga ndi chiyeretso chofanana ndi Baibulo.  

Miyoyo ya moyo ndi chilengedwe cha chigumula ndi ofanana ndi makhalidwe a zamoyo zenizeni.  Chigumula chinayambitsa kusintha kwa thupi kukumbukira kusintha kwa mapiko a makamu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka Leucochloridium paradoxum , kapena ziwalo zopweteka za Ribeiroia -amphibians omwe sali odziwa.  Chizoloŵezi cha Chigumula chosinthira chigawo chake chikufanana ndi a parasitoid wasp Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga ' ntchito zamagulu a kangaude kuti atetezedwe.  




#Article 135: Halo: Combat Evolved (1041 words)


Halo: Combat Evolved ndi 2001 sayansi asilikali zopeka ya munthu chowombelera kanema masewera mwakuchita Bungie ndi lofalitsidwa ndi Microsoft Game situdiyo .  Linatulutsidwa ngati mutu wazitsulo wa Microsoft Xbox video game console pa November 15, 2001.   Microsoft inamasulidwa masewero a masewera a Microsoft Windows ndi Mac OS X mu 2003.  Masewerawa adatulutsidwa posachedwa ngati Xbox Yoyamba ya Xbox 360 .  Halo amayikidwa mu atumwi makumi awiri ndi chimodzi , ndi player kudzitengera udindo wa Master Chief , ndi cybernetically kumatheka supersoldier .  Mtsogoleri akuphatikiza ndi Cortana , wanzeru zakuya .  Osewera nkhondo alendo osiyanasiyana atayesera kuvumbulutsa zachisinsi zinsinsi za eponymous Halo , wozungulira woboola pakati yokumba dziko . 

Bungie adayamba kukula kwa zomwe zidzakhale Halo mu 1997.  Poyambirira, masewerawo anali masewera a nthawi yeniyeni omwe amatha kuwombera munthu wachitatu asanayambe kuwombera munthu.  Pakati pa chitukuko, Microsoft adapeza studio ndipo anasintha maseŵerawo kukhala mutu wotsatsa wa console yake yatsopano ya masewera a video, osakanikirana ndi Xbox. 

Halo anali wopambana komanso wogulitsa malonda.  Halo wakhala akutamandidwa ngati imodzi mwa masewera akuluakulu a kanema nthawi zonse, ndipo adayikidwa ndi IGN ngati wothamanga wachinayi woyamba bwino kwambiri. Kutchuka kwa masewerawa kunatsogolera ku malemba monga  Halo kuphone ndi  Halo killer, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku masewera ofanana ndi omwe amayembekezera kukhala abwino kuposa iwo.  Halo inachititsa kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito multimedia franchise yomwe yaposa $ 4.6 biliyoni padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo masewera, mabuku, toyese, ndi mafilimu.  Kuwonjezera apo, masewerawa anauziridwa ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito muwotchi wofiira wopangidwa ndi fanetsero.  Mavidiyo a Buluu , omwe amatchedwa opambana kwambiri a machinima (njira yogwiritsa ntchito injini yeniyeni ya 3D, nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku masewero a pakompyuta, kupanga mafilimu owonetsera).  

A mkulu-tanthauzo remake ,  linatuluka kuti Xbox 360 pa tsiku 10 Launch masewera choyambirira cha.  Chikumbutso chinakonzedweratu chifukwa cha Xbox One monga gawo la  mu 2014.   Magazini opitirira mamiliyoni asanu anagulitsidwa padziko lonse mu November 2005.  

Halo: Kumenyana Kusinthika ndi masewera othamanga omwe osewera amachitiramo masewera mu 3D chilengedwe pafupifupi kwathunthu kuchokera kwa munthu woyamba .  Wosewera akhoza kuyenda ndikuyang'ana mmwamba, pansi, kumanzere, kapena kumanja.  Masewerawa amakhala ndi magalimoto, kuchokera ku jeeps zankhondo ndi akasinja kupita ku ndege zowonongeka ndi ndege, zambiri zomwe zimatha kuyendetsedwa ndi osewera.  Masewera amasintha kwa munthu wachitatu pamagalimoto oyendetsa galimoto ndi oyendetsa mfuti; anthu okwera ndege amawonetsa munthu woyamba.  Masewera a mitu mmwamba anasonyeza chikuphatikizapo zoyenda lodziwa kumene kuli kuti akaundula kusuntha ogwirizana, kusunthira kapena kuwombera adani, ndi magalimoto, mu utali wozungulira zina za oseŵerawo.  

Pa March 15, 2004, Gearbox Software inamasulidwa Halo: Edition Yachikhalidwe ya Windows, yomwe inathandiza ojambula kugwiritsa ntchito mapu opangidwa ndi mapangidwe ndi masewero a masewera pogwiritsa ntchito Halo Editing Kit yotengedwa ndi Bungie.   Halo: Kusinthidwa Kwadongosolo ndiwowonjezera anthu ambiri, ndipo kumafuna kopangidwe koyambirira ya Halo kwa PC kukhazikitsa.  

Halo: Kusinthasintha Kusinthika kumachitika mu malo a sayansi yazaka za m'ma 2600.  Kuyenda mofulumira kuposa kuwala komwe kunatchedwa slipspace kunaloleza mtundu wa anthu kupanga colonize mapulaneti ena osati Dziko lapansi.  Dziko lapansili limakhala ngati bwalo lamilandu lazinyanja komanso chipinda cha ntchito za sayansi ndi za nkhondo.  United Nations Space Command imapanga pulogalamu yachinsinsi kuti ikhale ndi gulu lankhondo la anthu opititsa patsogolo omwe amadziwika kuti a Spartans kuti athetse kupanduka m'madera a anthu.  Zaka makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri zisanayambe masewerawa, gulu linalake lamakono lazamagulu limatchedwa kuti Pangano la Pangano ndikuwononga miyoyo ya anthu, kufotokoza kuti umunthu ndi chilango kwa milungu yawo.  Asilikali aumunthu akukumana ndi kugonjetsedwa kwakukulu; ngakhale kuti anthu a ku Spartan ali ogwira ntchito motsutsa Pangano, iwo ali owerengeka owerengeka kuti athetse nkhondo.  Masiku awiri asanayambe ntchito ya ku Spartan kuti apeze malo a Pangano la Pangano, magulu ankhanza a chipangano Afikira ndi kuononga dzikolo.  Nyenyezi Yophukira ya Starhip ikuthawa padziko lapansi ndi mkulu wa abusa a Spartan John-117 .  Sitimayo imayambitsa kulumphira pamtunda, kuyembekezera kutsogolera mdani kuchoka ku Dziko lapansi. 

Masewerawo amatseguka pamene Nsonga ya Autumn imachoka ndikupeza mndandanda wawukulu wa alendo wosadziwika.  Pangano likutsatira M'mbuyomu ndikuwononga chombocho.  Zotsatirazi protocol, woyendetsa Yophukira ' Yakobo Keyes watikhulupilira sitimayo yokumba nzeru (AI) Cortana kwa Mbuye Chief kuteteza Pangano ku kupezana ndi malo Earth.  Chief, Cortana, ndi anthu ogwira sitimayo akuthawira kumtunda pomwe Keyes akugwa-amadzika ngalawa pamphepete.  Pansi, a Chief Chief ndi Cortana apulumutse ena opulumuka.  Maphunziro Ophunzirira apangidwa ndi Pangano, Mbuye Wamkulu ndi gulu la amadzi kulowa mu Pangano la Choonadi ndi Kuyanjanitsa kuti amupulumutse.  Makhwale amasonyeza kutiworldworld imatchedwa  Halo  ndi Pangano, ndipo amakhulupirira kuti ndi chida.  Cholinga chotsutsa Pangano pogwiritsa ntchito Halo, Master Chief ndi Cortana akulimbana ndi njira yawo kupita ku chipinda chogonjera, kumene Cortana alowetsa makompyuta a Halo.  Amatumiza Chief Master pa ntchito yofulumira kuti apeze ndi kuimitsa Keyes, yemwe anali kufunafuna chida cha zida kwina kulikonse. 

Atafika kumalo otsiriza a Chief captain, Chief Master akukumana ndi mdani watsopano, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amadziwika kuti Chigumula .  Kutulutsidwa kwa Chigumula kumalimbikitsa wothandizira Halo, AI 343 Guilty Spark , kuti ayankhule ndi Chief Chief ndikupempha chithandizo chake kuti apeze ndondomeko ya Activation ya ring kuti agwiritse ntchito chitetezo cha mphete.  Pambuyo pa Mbuye Wamkulu atenga Index ndikukonzekera kuti agwiritse ntchito, Cortana amapezanso ndikumuchenjeza kuti asagwire ntchito.  Iye apeza kuti Halo yapangidwa kuti apukutse mlalang'amba wa moyo wokondwa kuti Chigumula chigwiritse ntchito monga ozungulira, motero njala ndi kuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. 

Cholinga cha 343 Guilty Spark, yemwe amatumiza Sentinels ake kuti awathandize, Chief Chief ndi Cortana akuganiza kuti awononge Halo kuti asamangidwe kapena kuthawa kwa Chigumula.  Malamulo a Needing Keyes kuti awononge Autumn ndi Halo nawo, Master Chief abwerera ku Chowonadi ndi Chiyanjanitso , pokhapokha kuti apeze Makiyi omwe amawonetsedwa ndi Chigumula.  Kuchotsa zizindikiro kuchokera kumsasa wa captain, Master Chief akubwerera ku Autumn , koma chiwonongeko chokha chimaimitsidwa ndi 343 Guilty Spark.  M'malo mwake, Chief Master ndi Cortana amatha kupangitsa kuti sitimayo iwonongeke, ndikuthawa pang'onopang'ono.  Chiwonetsero chachidule cha post-credits , 343 Cholakwa cha Spark chikuwonetsedwa kuti chapulumuka chiwonongeko cha Halo. 

Nkhani yozungulira Halo: Kusinthasintha Kusintha kwasinthidwa kukhala ma buku, omwe poyamba anali Halo: Kugwa kwa Kufika , Prequel .  Lofalitsidwa mu Oktoba 2001, bukuli linalembedwa ndi Eric Nylund , amene adakwaniritsa masabata asanu ndi awiri.   Bukuli linasandulika mabuku ofalitsa a Weekly ndi makope oposa zikwi mazana awiri ogulitsidwa.   Buku yotsatira ya mutu wakuti  , ndi chikhomo-mu kwa Halo: kuthana kusanduka, polongosola osati nkhani ya Master Chief, komanso anthu a anthu ena pa unsembe 04.  Wolembedwa ndi William C. Dietz , bukuli linawonekera pa ofalitsa a Weeks ofalitsa a Weekly mu May 2003.  




#Article 136: Cortana (Halo) (793 words)


Cortana ndi zopeka yokumba nzeru khalidwe mu Halo kanema masewera angapo .  Wowonetsedwa ndi Jen Taylor , amawonekera ku  ndi maulendo ake, Halo 2 , Halo 3 , Halo 4 , ndi  .  Amakhalanso mwachidule mu prequel  , komanso m'mabuku angapo a franchise, masewera, ndi malonda.  Panthawi yochita masewerawa, Cortana amapereka chidziwitso chachinsinsi kwa ochita masewerawa, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito ya Chief Officer John-117.  M'nkhaniyi, iye akuthandizira kuteteza kusungidwa kwa malo a Halo , omwe angawononge moyo wokhutira mu mlalang'amba. 

Choyambirira cha Cortana chinali chochokera kwa mfumukazi ya ku Egypt Nefertiti ; khalidwe la holographic chifaniziro nthawi zimatengera mtundu wa mkazi.  Game mapulogalamu Bungie koyamba Cortana ndi Halo -through ndi Cortana Letters, maimelo anatumiza pa ulimi kuthana kusanduka ' mu 1999. 

Ubale pakati pa Cortana ndi Master Chief wakhala ukuwonetsedwa ndi owonetsa ngati chimodzi mwa zigawo zofunika kwambiri pa nkhani ya masewera a Halo .  Cortana wakhala akudziwika chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chake ndi khalidwe lake komanso momwe akufunira kugonana .  Makhalidwewa anali kudzoza kwa wothandizira wachinsinsi wa Microsoft dzina lomwelo . 

Cortana ndi nzeru zaluso zomwe zimapezeka mu Halo franchise.  Mu masewera a pakompyuta, Cortana nthawi zambiri amatumikira monga mlangizi ndi wothandizira kwa chiwonetsero cha osewera, akuwongolera machitidwe a makompyuta achilendo ndi zojambula zojambula.   Amayankhula zambiri za zokambirana za masewerawo. Malinga backstory ake, Cortana inamangidwa ku anaipanga ubongo Dr. Catherine Elizabeth Halsey , mlengi wa supersoldier ntchito wovutika ; Maselo a Halsey anakhala maziko a oyendetsa a Cortana.  Cortana ndi AI ena ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri za moyo wawo, pambuyo pake amayamba kufanana ndi kuganiza kuti amafa mu njira yotchedwa rampancy. 

Monga zomangamanga, Cortana alibe mawonekedwe enieni kapena kukhalapo.  Cortana amalankhula ndi mawu osalala a mkazi, ndipo amapanga chithunzi chodziwika kuti iye ndi mkazi.  Cortana akuti ndi ofanana ndi Halsey, omwe ali ndi maganizo omwewo osatetezedwa ndi usilikali komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu.  Mu  , Cortana akufotokozedwa ngati wopepuka, ndi tsitsi lodulidwa mwamphamvu ndi khungu la khungu lomwe limasiyanasiyana ndi navy buluu kupita ku lavender, malingana ndi maganizo ake.   Numeri ndi zizindikiro zikuwombera pa mawonekedwe ake pamene akuganiza.  Halsey amawona Cortana ali wachinyamata yekha: ali wochenjera kuposa makolo ake, nthawizonse akuyankhula, kuphunzira, ndi wofunitsitsa kugawana chidziwitso chake.  Cortana akufotokozedwa kuti ali ndi masewera a sardonic ndipo nthawi zambiri amasokoneza nthabwala kapena ndemanga zowakomera, ngakhale panthawi ya nkhondo.

Cortana adapangidwa ndi kusankhidwa ndi katswiri wa Bungie Chris Hughes.  Chinthu cha nkhope yake chinali chojambula ndi mfumukazi ya Mfumukazi ya ku Egypt Nefertiti. Dzina la Cortana ndi losiyana ndi Curtana , lupanga lolembedwa ndi Ogier the Dane , monga chilembo cha AI cha Bungie cham'mbuyo  amatchulidwa ndi lupanga Durendal .  Zolemba za Curtana zikuwonetsa kuti lupanga liri ndi mofanana ndi Joyeuse ndi Durendal  Frank O'Connor, wotsogolera chitukuko cha Franchise, adanena kuti Cortana sali wamaliseche, ngati mawonekedwe a digito alibe zovala kapena zopanda pake. Makampani 343 adasankha kufotokoza maonekedwe ake ooneka ngati chisonyezero cha umunthu wake; Kotero chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe iye amawonekera [akuwonekera] ndicho kukopa ndi kufunafuna chidwi.  Ndipo amachitapo kanthu kuti awachotse anthu kuti aziteteza pamene akulankhula naye ndipo amachititsa kuti akambirane.  

Cortana ndi ubale Master Chief anali pakati gawo la nkhani Halo 4 ' gawo la chikhumbo kuwerenga kwambiri nkhani anthu.  Mkulu wa zamalonda Josh Holmes ananena kuti Cortana anali m'njira zambiri kuposa munthu wamkulu Master, ndipo maganizo akuti Mfumu idzagonjetsa ndi umunthu wake panthaŵi imodzimodziyo akutaya Cortana. Amayi a Holmes anapezeka kuti ali ndi matenda a 'dementia' panthawi ya chitukuko, ndipo mavuto ake enieni adalongosola kuti Cortana anali mbadwa komanso chibwenzi cha Chief Cortana. Maonekedwe atsopano a Hort 4 a Cortana ndi chimodzi mwa masewera omwe amasintha kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa zojambula, akatswiri ojambula amalenga zosiyanasiyana malingaliro ndi kufufuza momwe Cortana angayang'anire.  Kulonjeza mapangidwe a 2D adasandulika ma chipangidwe chosavuta cha 3D kuti awawonetsere mu injini ya masewera.  Katswiri wamasewera Matt Aldridge anakumbukira kuti Cortana anali mmodzi wa anthu ovuta kwambiri kuti awonere masewerawa chifukwa cha khalidwe lomwe ali nalo ndi osewera; Chimodzi mwa zolinga za Aldridge chinali kupanga chikhalidwe komwe mipukutu ya code idzayenda yosasokonezeka kuchokera kumapazi ake kupita kumutu. Mkulu wazamalonda Kenneth Scott ndiye adayambitsa mapangidwe a Cortana.  Mchitidwe wa kuyendetsa khalidwewu unkachitidwa ndi Mackenzie Mason. 

Kwa Halo 5 , maonekedwe a Cortana amasintha kwambiri.  Pofotokoza momwe analili poyamba kuti anali wofewa komanso wonyenga, makampani 343 anatenga nkhaniyi kuti iwonetseke kuyang'ana kwake kuti asonyeze udindo wake watsopano monga wolamulira yekhayo wa mlalang'amba.  Pachiyambi choyamba cha mapeto, iye amavala zovala zoyera, atakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali, ndi zina zotero.  Adzakhala wamkulu kwambiri, mfumukazi yamphamvu kwambiri.  Anali wosiyana kwambiri ndi iye, analemba motero Brian Reed.  Chojambula chake chomaliza chinali ndi ma Spartans ndi Forerunners pamwamba pa mawonekedwe ake akale, kuphatikizapo Gulu lamtsogolo.  Kumva iye kuvala [Mantle] inali njira yabwino yokhala nayo yakeyo, mofananamo, Reed anati. Makhalidwewa anali owonetsedwa komanso owonetseratu pogwiritsa ntchito kayendetsedwe kake ndi talente pa 343 Industries ndi Axis Animation.




#Article 137: Halo 2 (733 words)


Halo 2 ndi sewero la vidiyo yoyamba yomaliza ya 2004 yomwe Bungie adayambitsa.  Omasulidwa ku Xbox Video Game Console pa November 9, 2004, masewerawo ndi gawo lachiwiri mu Halo franchise ndi sequel mpaka 2001  wotchuka  .  Masewera a Microsoft Windows a masewerawa anamasulidwa pa May 31, 2007,  opangidwa ndi timu yapakati pa Microsoft Game Studios yomwe imadziwika kuti Hired Gun.  Masewerawa ali ndi injini yatsopano ya masewera , komanso kugwiritsa ntchito injini yafikiliya ya Havok ; adawonjezera zida ndi magalimoto, komanso mamapu atsopano.  Wosewera alternately amatenga maudindo a anthu Master Chief ndi mlendo muweruzi pankhondo 26. m'ma pakati pa anthu United Nations Space Lamulo , ndi kupha fuko Pangano , ndi parasitic Chigumula . 

Pambuyo pa kupambana kwasinthika , mndandanda wina unkayembekezeredwa ndipo ukuyembekezeredwa kwambiri.  Bungie adapeza kudzoza muzokambirana ndi masewera a masewera omwe adasiyidwa pa masewera awo oyambirira, kuphatikizapo ochita masewera ambiri pa intaneti kudzera mu Xbox Live .  Nthawi zopinga amakakamizidwa mndandanda wa cutbacks mu kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa masewera, kuphatikizapo cliffhanger mathero kukachita kampeni mode masewera amene anasiya ambiri mu situdiyo chikuyenda.  Pakati Halo 2 ' malonda khama anali taphunzira zenizeni masewera otchedwa  Ndimakonda Njuchi  kuti nawo osewera kuthetsa masamu zenizeni dziko. 

Pamasulidwe, Halo 2 ndiye kanema wotchuka kwambiri pa sewero la Xbox Live, ali ndi udindo umenewu mpaka kutulutsidwa kwa Gears of War kwa Xbox 360 pafupifupi zaka ziwiri zotsatira. Pa June 20, 2006, maseŵera oposa 500 miliyoni a Halo 2 adasewera ndipo maola oposa 710 miliyoni akhala akusewera pa Xbox Live;  pa May 9, 2007, chiwerengero cha ochita maseŵera osiyana anali atakula kuposa mamiliyoni asanu.   Halo 2 ndi mtundu wa Xbox wotchuka kwambiri wotengera zaka ndi makope oposa 6.3 miliyoni ogulitsidwa ku United States okha. Masewerawa adalandira kutchuka kwakukulu, ndi mabuku ambiri akuyamika chigawo cholimba cha anthu ambiri.  Msonkhanowo, komabe, unali kutsogolera kwa kutsutsa kwa mapeto ake. 

A mkulu-tanthauzo remastered buku la Halo 2 linatulutsidwa monga mbali ya  pa November 11, 2014, kuti Xbox Mmodzi .  

Halo 2 ndimasewera othamanga , omwe osewera amakhala ndi masewera osiyanasiyana kuchokera kwa munthu woyamba.  Osewera amagwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza kwa zida za anthu komanso zachilendo komanso magalimoto kuti apite patsogolo pamasewerawo.  Bwalo la thanzi la osewera siliwoneka, koma osewera ali m'malo mwake ali ndi zikopa zovulaza zomwe zimasintha pamene sizikutentha. 

Zida zina zingagwiritsidwe ntchito , zomwe zimapangitsa munthu wosewera mpira kugulitsa molondola, kugwiritsira ntchito mabomba ndi mfuti pofuna kuwombera. Wosewera akhoza kunyamula zida ziwiri pa nthawi (kapena zitatu kapena ziwiri-zida; chida chimodzi chimakhala chosungunuka), ndi chida chilichonse chiri ndi ubwino ndi zovuta pazochitika zosiyanasiyana zolimbana.  Mwachitsanzo, zida zambiri zapangano zimayambitsa mafilimu omwe amatha kusokoneza ma batri omwe ali nawo, omwe sangasinthidwe ngati atatha.  Komabe, zida izi zikhoza kuwonjezereka ngati zitapitilira nthawi yaitali.   Zida za anthu sizothandiza kwambiri pa zishango zolowera ndipo zimafuna kubwezeretsanso, koma sizingatheke chifukwa cha moto wautali.  Wosewera amatha kunyamula mabomba asanu ndi atatu (mabomba anayi, Chipangano chinayi) kuti asokoneze ndi kusokoneza adani.  Chatsopano mu Halo 2 ndikhoza kukwera magalimoto a adani omwe ali pafupi ndi osewera ndi kuyenda mofulumira.  Wopewera kapena AI amayenda pagalimotoyo ndipo amakakamiza dalaivala wina kuti achoke pa galimotoyo.

Halo 2 walandira ulemu wotchuka.  Pogwiritsa ntchito mzere wa malo a Metacritic , masewerawa apeza 95 ochuluka mwa 100, motero.  Halo 2 analandira mphoto zambiri, kuphatikizapo Best Console game ndi Best Sound Design kuchokera ku Interactive Achievement Awards .  Malinga ndi Xbox.com, masewerawa adalandira mphoto zoposa 38.  

Owerengera ambiri adayamika nyimboyo poyera kwambiri.  Ophatikizapo ambiri amadziwika kuti anali abwino pa Xbox Live panthawiyo.  Game Informer , pamodzi ndi mabuku ena ambiri, adavotera kuti ndipamwamba kuposa Halo: Combat Evolved , kutchula macheza ambiri omwe amachititsa kuti azichita masewerawa.  Otsutsa ambiri adanena kuti Halo 2 adali ndi ndondomeko yomwe idapambana, ndipo adayamikiridwa ndikuponyedwa pachisankho ichi.  M'mphepete review 'm anapeza kuti Halo 2 akhoza mwachidule ndi mzere kuchokera script ake: Si dongosolo latsopano.  Koma tikudziwa kuti izi zigwira ntchito.   

Mpikisano wa masewerawo watengeredwa pang'ono chifukwa chochepa kwambiri,  ndi chifukwa chokhala ndi mapeto a cliffhanger ovuta .  GameSpot adanena kuti ngakhale kuti nkhaniyi ikusintha pakati pa Pangano ndi magulu aumunthu anapangitsa chiwembucho kukhala chovuta kwambiri, chinasokoneza wosewera mpirawo kuchokera ku dziko lapansi ndikupulumuka; pamene Edge adalemba chiwembu chisokonezo cha fisi-fiction ya fan-fiction ndikunyalanyaza ndale za Ep -II -style.  

Mawindo a Mawindo a masewera omwe adalandira maphatikizidwe osakaniza, ndi IGN chiwerengero cha 7.5 / 10 ndi GameSpot akuchipatsa 7.0 / 10.  Kutsutsidwa kwakukulu kunali chifukwa cha nthawi yomaliza yomaliza, ndipo zithunzizo zidalembedwa.  Icho chinalandira chiwerengero cha 72 pa zana kuchokera ku Metacritic.




#Article 138: Ana Ortiz (817 words)


 
Ana Ortiz (anabadwa January 25, 1971) ndi American Ammayi ndi woimba.  Ataphunzira ntchito ya ballet ndi kuimba kuyambira ali wamng'ono, potsiriza pake anapita ku yunivesite ya Arts .  Ortiz anayamba ntchito yake akuchita zisudzo, mu 2000s oyambirira nyenyezi mu sakhalitsa NBC sitcoms Kristin (2001) ndi AUSA (2003), ndipo anali maudindo kumatchula pa uko ndi Boston Malamulo . 

Ortiz adachenjeza kwambiri udindo wake monga Hilda Suarez mu Series ABC comedy-drama series Ugly Betty kuyambira 2006 mpaka 2010.  Iye adawonekeranso mu mafilimu monga Mavuto a Ntchito (2009) ndi  (2011), ndipo adawerengedwa ndi  (2008).  Kuyambira 2013 2016, Ortiz nyenyezi monga Marisol Suarez mu Pano TV sewero lanthabwala-sewero mndandanda wamphulupulu adzakazi , umene iye analandira linapereka Imagen kwa Best Ammayi - TV . 

Ortiz anabadwira ku New York City ,  ndipo ali mwana wamkazi wa Angel Ortiz, yemwe kale anali membala wa Council of City Philadelphia , ndi mayi wina wa ku Ireland-America, Kathleen Kulhman.  Ali mwana, Ortiz anaphunzira ballet kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, mpaka kupweteka kwa kuvina poti kumukakamiza kuti apange luso losiyana.  Ortiz anamaliza maphunziro awo ku University of the Arts ku Philadelphia. 

Mu 2006, Ortiz anaponyedwa ngati Hilda Suarez , mchemwali wake wa mtsogoleri, mu Series ABC comedy-drama series Ugly Betty .  Poyamba, Ortiz adayankha ntchito ya Betty Suarez , koma anapita ku America Ferrera m'malo mwake.  Ortiz adati mu 2008, Ndinali wopambana kwambiri.  Ndinangovala magalasi ndipo tsitsi langa linakhala lopanda kanthu komanso lavala zovala , pofotokoza zimene ankavala pamene ankawombera mlandu wa Betty.  Ndikungofuna kuti iwo andikumbukire, kuti ndikakhale nawo m'tsogolo.   Ortiz anali mmodzi wa awiri a Filadelphia omwe anali a Ugly Betty nthawi zonse, wina anali Mark Indelicato , yemwe adamusekera mwana wake Justin.  Kugwirizana kwina kwa mzinda ndi katswiri wina dzina lake Becki Newton (yemwe adasewera ndi Amanda Tanen ), yemwe adaphunzira ku yunivesite ya Pennsylvania ku Philadelphia. 

Kuwonjezera pa udindo wake pa Ugly Betty , Ortiz anali akugwira ntchito mu mafilimu, kuphatikizapo maudindo a Tortilla Kumwamba , ndi Mazunzo Ogwira Ntchito pogwirizana ndi nyenyezi yake yakale ya Betty , Lindsay Lohan .  Anamvekanso mau a  , ndipo adaziyika mu filimu yopangidwira TV ya  mu 2008.  Ortiz nayenso anali ndi udindo wothandizira alendo ku Army Wives panthawi yake yachiwiri.  Ankachita masewera otchedwa Sandi. Iye adawonekeranso muvidiyo ya 2010 ya Enrique Iglesias ndi Juan Luis Guerra  Cuando me enamoro . 

Pambuyo pa Ugly Betty kumapeto kwa 2010, Ortiz anaponyedwa ngati mtsogoleri woyendetsa ndege wa ABC wotchedwa Blue Blue pafupi ndi oyang'anira kupha anthu a San Francisco omwe adagwirizananso kuti athetse kupha munthu mmodzi. Woyendetsa ndegeyo sanatengedwe kuti ayambe.  M'chaka chotsatira iye adawonekera mu filimu yamaseŵera  , ndipo adawerengedwa mu woyendetsa ndege wina, wotchedwa Outnumbered Fox. Woyendetsa ndegeyo sanatengedwenso mpaka mndandanda.  Pambuyo pake adakhala ndi gawo la HBO comedy series Hung.  Ortiz nayenso ankakhala ndi mafilimu odziimira atagona ndi Nsomba , ndi Anthu Oterowo.

Mu 2012, Ortiz anaponyedwa ngati mtsogoleri wa ABC wotchedwa Devious Maids , wopangidwa ndi Marc Cherry. Pa May 14, 2012, woyendetsa ndegeyo sanasankhidwe ndi ABC pa nthawi ya mndandanda wa Networking wa 2012-13.  Komabe, pa June 22, 2012, Lifetime idatenga woyendetsa ndegeyo ndi dongosolo la khumi ndi zitatu. Mndandandawu unayambira pa June 23, 2013, pa Moyo nthawi zonse ndi ndemanga zabwino kuchokera kwa otsutsa. Muwonetsero, amachititsa udindo wa Marisol Duarte (wotsogolera Pulofesa Marisol Suarez).  Izi zidzakhala mndandanda wachiwiri momwe khalidwe lake likugawira dzina lomaliza la umunthu wake wakale kuchokera kumndandanda wina.  Pakuyankhulana kwake adawonekeratu kuti akunyoza kwambiri ndi Amuna Ake omwe Amanyenga. Komanso mu 2013, Ortiz anali nyenyezi yapadera yochereza alendo ku ABC yopambana pachiwopsezo cha opera, Revenge , monga Bizzy Preston. Mu 2014, alendo a Ortiz omwe ali ndi nyenyezi m'magulu awiri a ABC amasonyeza: Mmene Mungachokere ndi Kuphedwa kopangidwa ndi Shonda Rhimes, Black and Black-ish.

Mu October, 2014, Ortiz anaponyedwa pamodzi ndi Katherine LaNasa , Jeremy Sisto ndi Tyler Blackburn pa masewera achiwerewere, Chikondi ndi Chomwe Mukuchifuna? , pogwiritsa ntchito filimu yaifupi ya 2011 yomwe ili ndi dzina lomwelo. Iye adayankhula pa ntchito mu filimu ya 2018 Ralph Breaks Internet. Azinyenga anachotsedwa pambuyo pa nyengo zinayi, mu 2016.  Otsatirawa, Ortiz anali ndi nyenyezi yoyendetsa ndege ya ABC, Charlie Foxtrot , moyang'anizana ndi Jason Biggs ndi Swoosie Kurtz . Mu 2018, adamenyana ndi Scott Foley ndi Lauren Cohan mu Whisky Cavalier ya ABC.

Ortiz wokwatira woimba nyimbo Noah Lebenzon mu June 2007 ku Rincón , Puerto Rico .  Mwana wawo wamkazi Paloma Louise Lebenzon anabadwa pa June 25, 2009  Ortiz ndi Lebenzon mu Mwana wawo wachiwiri, mwana wake Rafael, anabadwa pa September 24, 2011.  Ortiz akugwira ntchito pozindikira za nkhanza zapakhomo, akufotokozera zomwe anakumana nazo pamene anali ndi zaka za makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri ndikuyamba kukondana kwambiri.  Mu nkhani ya USA Today , Ortiz amanenanso kuti malo otsiriza ochokera ku Ugly Betty ndi mutu wakuti  Mmene Betty Anakhumudwitsiranso , pamene Hilda adakhala pabedi lake akuyang'ana ku bafa atazindikira kuti Santos wamwalira, adachokera ku zomwezo : Ndinagwiritsira ntchito zina mwa izo mosamvetsetsa.  .  .  Ndi chinthu chomwe chimakhala nane nthawi zonse. 




#Article 139: William Kamkwamba (475 words)


William Kamkwamba (wobadwa pa August 5, 1987) ndi mlengi wa Malawi , injiniya ndi wolemba.  Anapeza mbiri mu dziko lake mu 2006 pamene anamanga mphepo ya mphepo kuti azigwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zing'onozing'ono zamagetsi mumzinda wa Wimbe (makilomita 32 (20)   mi) kum'maŵa kwa Kasungu ) pogwiritsa ntchito mitengo ya buluu , ziwalo za njinga, ndi zipangizo zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa ku scrapyard.  Kuyambira pamenepo, iye wamanga dzuwa zoyendetsedwa ndi madzi mpope kuti amapereka woyamba madzi akumwa kumudzi ndi awiri turbines zina mphepo (ataima yaitali pa mamita 12 (39   ft)) ndipo akukonzekera zina ziwiri, kuphatikizapo ku Lilongwe , likulu la ndale la Malawi. 

William anabadwira m'banja laumphawi wamba ndipo amadalira kwambiri ulimi kuti apulumuke.  Anasangalala kusewera ndi anzake, Gilbert ndi Geoffrey, pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zatsopano.  Malingana ndi mbiri yake, The Boy Who Harnessed The Wind , abambo ake anali munthu wovuta kumenyana amene anasintha atakhala Mkhristu.   Njala yowononga inachititsa kuti Kamkwamba asiye kusukulu, ndipo sanathe kubwerera kusukulu chifukwa banja lake silinathe kulipira malipiro.  Poyesera kuti apitirize maphunziro ake, Kamkwamba anayamba kuyendera laibulale yam'mudzi.  Kumeneku kunali Kamkwamba atapeza chikondi chenicheni pa zamagetsi.  Asanayambe, adakhazikitsa bizinesi yochepetsera ma radiyo, koma ntchito yake ndi ma radio sizinamupatse ndalama zambiri. 

Kamkwamba, atawerenga buku lotchedwa Using Energy , anaganiza zopanga mphepo yamkuntho.  Anayesa njira yaying'ono yogwiritsa ntchito dynamo yotsika mtengo ndipo potsiriza anapanga mphepo yomwe imagwira ntchito yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi m'nyumba mwawo.  Alimi amodzi ndi atolankhani anafufuzira zipangizo zojambula ndi dzina la Kamkwamba m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.  A blog za zomwe adazichita zinalembedwa pa Hacktivate ndi Kamkwamba anachita nawo mwambo wokumbukira mtundu wake wanzeru wotchedwa Maker Faire Africa , ku Ghana mu August 2009.  

Pamene Daily Times ku Blantyre , likulu la zamalonda, adalemba nkhani pa mphepo ya mphepo ya Kamkwamba mu November 2006,  nkhaniyi inafotokozedwa kudzera mu blogosphere ,  ndi mtsogoleri wa msonkhano wa TED Emeka Okafor adaitana Kamkwamba kuti akambirane ku TEDGlobal 2007 ku Arusha , Tanzania ngati mlendo. Nkhani yake inalimbikitsa omvera, ndipo anthu ambiri omwe amalimbitsa ndalama pamsonkhanowo analonjeza kuti adzathandiza kumaliza maphunziro ake apamwamba.  Nkhani yake inakumbidwa ndi Sarah Childress kwa Wall Street Journal. Anakhala wophunzira ku African Bible College Christian Academy ku Lilongwe.  Kenako adalandira maphunziro ku African Leadership Academy ndipo mu 2014 anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Dartmouth College ku Hanover, New Hampshire. M'chaka cha 2013 TIME dzina lake Kamkwamba ndi Anthu 30 Osapitilira 30 Kusintha Dziko.  Mu 2010, The Boy Who Harnessed The Wind anasankhidwa monga University of Florida Common Book, kuti ophunzira onse olowawo awerenge.   

Mu 2014, anasankhidwa ngati mabuku wamba ku Auburn University ndi University of Michigan College of Engineering , komanso.  William adawonekera pa yunivesite iliyonse kukambirana buku lake ndi moyo wake. Mchaka cha 2014, Kamkwamba adalandira digiri yake ya Dartmouth College ku Hanover, New Hampshire kumene adali wophunzira ndipo anasankhidwa ku Sphinx Senior Honor Society. Mu 2019 Mnyamata Amene Anagwedeza Mphepo adasinthidwa kukhala  filimu , akuyang'ana Chiwetel Ejiofor , yemwe adalembanso ndi kutsogolera. 




#Article 140: Emiliano Sala (657 words)


Emiliano Raúl Sala Taffarel ( kutchulidwa kwa Chisipanishi:    ; 31 October 1990 - 21 January 2019) anali Argentine katswiri wa mpira amene ankaimba monga patsogolo . Atatha kusewera mpira wachinyamata ku Argentina ndipo akutsatira kanthawi kochepa m'mipikisano ya Portugal , Sala anayamba ntchito yake ku France ndi Bordeaux , ndipo anayamba ntchito yake mu February 2012.  Atakakamizika kulowa mu timu yoyamba, adatengedwa kupita ku Championnat kumbali ya Orléans ndi Ligue 2 mbali ya Niort mu nyengo zotsatizana.  Anakondwera nawo makanema awiriwo, adakwaniritsa zolinga 39 pakati pawo, asanabwerere ku Bordeaux.  Pambuyo pake adalonjezedwa kuti adzalandira ngongole, Sala adayambanso kukondwera, ndipo m'malo mwake adayanjananso ndi anzake a Caen 1 ku ngongole.  

Mu 2015, adasainira Nantes mwakhama.  Ndili ndi Nantes, adawonetsa maulendo oposa 100 ku Ligue 1, ndipo adapeza zolembera zolembera bwino, potsirizira pomwe gululi likulimbana ndi nyengo zitatu zotsatizana.  Fomu yake inalimbikitsa kusamukira ku Cardiff City mu January 2019, chifukwa cholemba ndalama za £ 15   miliyoni (€ 18   miliyoni). Sala adaphedwa ndi ndege pa Alderney pa 21   January 2019.  Ankauluka kuchokera ku Nantes kukafika ku Cardiff ndege ya Piper Malibu .  Kufufuza koyamba kwa masiku atatu      kudutsa English Channel.  Kusaka kwapadera kwapadera komwe kunayambika kunayambika, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti adziwepo zadothi pa 3   February; Thupi la Sala linapezedwa masiku anayi kenako. 

Sala anabadwira m'tawuni ya Cululú, Province la Santa Fe , Argentina, mpaka Horacio Sala ndi Mercedes Taffarel. Bambo ake ankagwira ntchito monga dalaivala wamakalimoto; kenako banja linasamukira ku Progreso.   Iye anali ndi pasipoti ya Italy. Anali ndi mbale, Dario, ndi mlongo, Romina. Iye anali wotsutsa wa Independiente ndipo, akukula, anaphunzira masewero a mpira wotchuka, Gabriel Batistuta .  

Sala adayamba kusewera mpira wa San Martín de Progreso, komwe adatsalira mpaka atakwanitsa zaka 15. Kenako anasamukira ku San Francisco, Córdoba kukasewera pa sewero la mpira wa mpira Proyecto Crecer atatha kuwona ndi scout. Mbalameyi idagwirizana kwambiri ndi gulu la Spanish RCD Mallorca ndi FC Girondins ya Bordeaux ku France, akuyang'ana osewera m'derali. Atalowa m'banjamo, adasamukira kunyumba ya anthu omwe adakwera nawo pabwalo ndi anyamata ena.  Anasewera masewera asanu ndi awiri omwe amapezeka kuzipikisano za chipani cha Spanish Soledad B pakati pa October 2007 ndi February 2008. 

Mchaka cha 2009, pokhala ku Granada , Spain, adalimbikitsidwa kumalo ena a Chipwitikizi ku FC Crato ndi mcheza mnzake wa Argentine yemwe adasewera kumeneko ndikugwirizana ndi gulu la Chipwitikizi. Sala adasewera kampani ya Crato, adalemba kawiri kawiri, koma mwadzidzidzi adachoka ku gululo ndikubwerera ku Argentina, akunena kuti chibwenzi chake chinali m'mavuto kudziko lakwawo. 

Pa 19 January 2019, Sala adalumikizana ndi Premier League ku Cardiff City pamsonkhano wa zaka zitatu ndi theka kuti adzalandire ndalama zolembera,  atapatsidwa £ 15   miliyoni.  Kuloledwa kunamenya nyimbo yalabu yoyamba ya £ 11   miliyoni zomwe zinaperekedwa kwa Gary Medel mu 2013.   Monga gawo la chigulitsiro chogulitsa, 50 peresenti ya malipiro oyendetsera chiwongoladzanja anali chifukwa cha katswiri wake woyamba wa gulu la Bordeaux.  Mayi Sala adatsutsa mwatsatanetsatane kalabu ya Chinese Super League kuti ayambe kujambula Cardiff, ngakhale kuti anapatsidwa malipiro apamwamba ndi malipiro, chifukwa chofuna kusewera mu Premier League.   Pambuyo pa imfa ya Sala, Nantes adafuna malipiro ochokera ku Cardiff.  

Atamaliza kuchipatala ku Cardiff, Sala anabwerera ku Nantes m'mawa wa 19   January pa ndege yomwe inakonzedwa ndi Mark McKay.   Cholinga chake chinali kubwerera ku Cardiff pa 21   January kuti apite ku phunziro lake loyamba la maphunziro ndi gulu lake latsopano mmawa wotsatira.  Sala adayitanidwa kuti apite kumusasa wa Cardiff motsutsana ndi a Neil Warnock , mtsogoleri wa Newcastle United , koma adabwerera ku France kukauza anzake anzake a Nantes kuti asonkhanitse katundu wawo.  

Pa 21 Januwari ndege ya Piper Malibu , yomwe idakwera ndege kuchokera ku Nantes kupita ku Cardiff, inathawa ndi Alderney .  Ndege yomweyi komanso woyendetsa ndegeyo adatuluka ku Sala ku Nantes masiku awiri kale. Pa 23   January, Channel Islands Air Search inanena kuti panalibe chiyembekezo chofuna kupeza opulumuka aliyense m'madzi. Uthenga wamtunduwu, womwe unatumizidwa kuchokera ku ndege ndi Sala kupita kwa abwenzi ake kudzera ku WhatsApp , unatulutsidwa ndi olembiya a Argentina ole .  Uthenga womvera umasulira motere: 




#Article 141: Claire Johnston (206 words)


Claire Johnston (b. 16 December 1967) ndi woimba wa Anglo-South Africa komanso wolemba nyimbo.  Iye ndi mtsogoleri wotsogolera wa South African fusion band Mango Groove. 

Johnston wakhala ku South England , ndipo amakhala ku South Africa kuyambira zaka zitatu.  Anagwirizana ndi Mango Groove ali ndi zaka 17, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo adajambula ma studio asanu ndi limodzi ndi gululo, anakhudzidwa kwambiri, ndipo anamasulidwa ma albamu awiri.  Iye adziwika ngati chizindikiro cha Nation Rainbow , vision ya Desmond Tutu ya chikhalidwe chosiyanasiyana cha South Africa mu nthawi yotsutsana ndi chigawenga . 

Pakati pa zoimba zake amalemba Ella Fitzgerald ndi Debbie Harry , komanso Louis Armstrong ndi okhulupirira m'zaka za m'ma 1900.  

Kwa kanthawi iye anakwatiwa ndi mtsogoleri wa Mango Groove John Leyden. Amakhala ku Johannesburg , South Africa. 

Johnston anabadwira ku Bishops Stortford , tauni yomwe ili ku Southern England m'chigawo cha Hertfordshire . Banja lake linasamukira ku South Africa ali ndi zaka zitatu.  Ali ndi zaka khumi, adayamba kukhala woyimba, wothamanga, ndi woimba mu filimu ya Johannesburg ya nyimbo ya Annie.  Ali ndi zaka 17, pa chaka chomaliza ku Greenside High School , adalowa mu Mango Groove. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi udindo kwa gululi, anamaliza digiri ya Chingelezi, Philosophy, ndi Politics ku yunivesite ya Witwatersrand mu 1988. 




#Article 142: Mango Groove (178 words)


Mango Groove ndi gulu la 11 la South African Afropop lomwe nyimbo zawo zimayimba nyimbo zapamwamba ndi zamatauni -makamaka marabi ndi kwala . 

Kuyambira pa maziko awo mu 1984, gululi latulutsa ma studio asanu ndi limodzi ndi maulendo ambiri.  Album yawo yatsopano, 2016's Faces to the Sun , inali zaka zoposa zinayi pakupanga.  

Mango Groove yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ku Johannesburg mu 1984.  Amodzi mwa anthu anayi omwe adayambitsa mazikowa, John Leyden, Andy Craggs, ndi Bertrand Mouton-anali magulu achigwirizano omwe anali ndi gulu lachizungu la punk band lotchedwa Pett Frog, pomwe anali ophunzira ku yunivesite ya Witwatersrand .  Mu 1984 anyamata atatu adakumana ndi Voice Voice ya nyimbo yalala Jack Lerole ku nyumba ya Gallo Records ku Johannesburg.  Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, Lerole adatsogolera gulu la kula lotchedwa Elias ndi Zig Zig Zive za Jive .  John Leyden ankakondwera ndi jazz yaku South Africa nthawi ino.  Mbiri ya Lerole isanafike iye.  Iye ndi anyamata a Pett Frog anakambirana pamodzi, ndipo gulu lina linayamba kusintha. Dzina la gululi linapangidwa pa chakudya chamadzulo: pun pa mawu akuti Munthu, go groove!. 




#Article 143: Zambia one hundred kwacha note (288 words)


One hundred kwacha note ndi chipembedzo cha ndalama za Zambia . Lamulo la pamapepala, lomwe linatulutsidwa koyamba m'chaka cha 2013 lili ndi Lamulo la Ufulu ku Lusaka , lomwe limapereka malamulo apamtundu ku Zambia, pakati pomwe pali National Assembly , mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa banknote m'mawu a m'munsimu ngodya, ziwerengero m'makona atatu ndi makina atsopano a Giesecke  Devrient kumbali ya kumanja, komanso Buffalo mmbuyo.  The obverse chili ndi African nsomba mphungu amene ankaona ngati kuzindikira yoyamba ya banknote Zambian, pamodzi ndi odula manja , siginecha ya Bank of Zambia Kazembe ndi kukhoma ndalama osonyezedwa banknote, ndi zina zimangokhala za ndondomeko ya banknote ndi Baobab Tree.   Ndalama za banknote zatchulidwa ndi Bank of Zambia kuyambira January, 2013 pamene zero zitatu zochokera ku K500, K1,000, K5,000, K10,000, K20,000 ndi K50,000 zinali kuchotsedwa.  

Chigawo chakale cha ndalama chinagawidwa ndi 1000, motero, kuchotsa zisoti zitatu kuchokera pa preexisting K50,000, K20,000, K10,000, K5,000, ndi K1,000.  Zipembedzo za m'munsi za K500, K100, ndi K50 zinagawanika ndi 1000 ndipo zinasandulika kukhala 1 Kwacha, 50, 10, ndi 5 ndalama za Ngwee. Pa January 23, 2012, Banki ya Zambia inakonza zochitika zina zokhudzana ndi zochitika za Zambian Kwacha.  Malangizowo akuvomerezedwa ndi boma, kukhala imodzi mwa njira zoyenera kuthana ndi ndalama zowonjezereka zowonjezera ndalama za dziko, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa nthawi yonse, chifukwa cha zaka zingapo za kuchuluka kwa ndalama zachuma zomwe zikudziwika ndi chuma cha dziko pakati pa zaka zapitazo za m'ma 1900, ndi zaka zoyambirira za zaka za zana la 21. Pa 22 August 2012 Banki ya Zambia inatulutsa chikalata chofotokozera kuti tsiku la kusintha kwa ndalama zowonjezera lidayikidwa pa 1 January 2013. Malingalirowa adalandiridwa ku nyumba yamalamulo pa November 3, 2012.  Pambuyo pake, The Redomination of Currency Act (  ) inakhazikitsidwa pa December 3, 2012. 




#Article 144: Halo 3 (1161 words)


 

Halo 3 ndi sewero la vidiyo loyimba loyambirira la 2007 lopangidwa ndi Bungie ku Xbox 360 console.  Gawo lachitatu mu Halo franchise , masewerawa amatha nkhani yomwe inayamba mu 2001  ndipo inapitiriza mu Halo 2 ya 2004.  Masewerawa anatulutsidwa pa September 25, 2007, ku Australia, Brazil, India, New Zealand, North America, ndi Singapore; September 26, 2007, ku Ulaya; ndipo pa September 27, 2007, ku Japan.  Nkhani Halo 3 ' kwagona pa nkhondo interstellar pakati pa zana makumi awiri ndi chimodzi anthu ndi magulu a mafuko mlendo kudziwika monga Pangano .  Wochita masewerowa akuyang'anira udindo wa Mbuye Wamkulu , yemwe ali ndi supersoldier wotsitsimula, pamene akumenya Pangano.  Masewerawa ali ndi magalimoto, zida, ndi masewera a masewera omwe sakhala nawo mu maudindo apitawo, kuphatikizapo kuwonjezera mafilimu owonetsera masewera, kugawana mafayilo, ndi mapu a Forge mapulogalamu-omwe amathandiza ochita masewera kupanga zosinthidwa kwa magulu ambiri . 

Bungie anayamba kupanga Halo 3 patapita nthawi pang'ono Halo 2 atatumizidwa.  Masewera inali yololedwa analengeza pa E3 2006, ndipo zotsatira anali yoyamba ndi oswerera angapo beta lotseguka kusankha osewera amene anagula masewera Xbox 360 Crackdown .  Microsoft inagwiritsa ntchito madola 40 miliyoni pa kulengeza masewerawo, poyesa kugulitsa masewera ambiri a masewera ndi kukulitsa kukonda kwa masewera kupyola chikhazikitso cha Halo .  Kugulitsa kunaphatikizapo kukwezedwa pamtanda komanso masewera ena enieni . 

Pa tsiku lomwe asanamasulidwe, 4.2   Miyendo milioni ya Halo 3 inali muzipinda zamalonda.   Halo 3 yapambana US $ 300   miliyoni sabata yoyamba.   Anthu oposa 1 miliyoni adasewera Halo 3 pa Xbox Live m'maola makumi awiri oyambirira.  Mpaka pano, Halo 3 yagulitsa makopi oposa 14.5 miliyoni, kuti ikhale yachisanu yogulitsa masewera a Xbox 360 nthawi zonse, yabwino kwambiri kugulitsa Xbox 360 ndi yabwino kwambiri kugulitsa munthu woyendetsa pa console kunja kwa Call of Duty masewera.  Masewerawo anali masewera otchuka kwambiri a masewera a 2007 ku US Ponseponse, masewerawa analandiridwa bwino ndi otsutsa, ndi zopereka za Forge ndi zowonjezera zambiri zomwe zimakhala ngati zida zamphamvu; komabe ena otsutsa amatsutsa imodzi-sewero masewera, makamaka chiwembu ndi dongosolo la ntchito.  Prequel ku masewerowa,  , inatulutsidwa padziko lonse pa September 22, 2009.  Chotsatira china, Halo 4 , chomwe chinatulutsidwa pa November 6, 2012, chinakhazikitsidwa ndi makampani 343 ndi ndalama zokwana madola 220 miliyoni pa tsiku lake loyamba.  Halo 3 idakonzedwanso ngati gawo la  ya Xbox One pa November 11, 2014.  

Halo 3 yakhazikitsidwa mu sayansi yachinsinsi mkati mwa zaka 2552 ndi 2553.  M'chaka cha 2525, mgwirizano wapadera wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imadziwika kuti Pangano ikutulukira kuti anthu akufalikira m'madera ambirimbiri.  Pangano likulengeza umunthu kukhala wotsutsana ndi milungu yawo ndikuyamba kuwononga mizinda mwa kuphulika mapulaneti ndi mabomba a plasma, kutembenuza malo awo mu galasi.  Ngakhale kuyesetsa kuti Pangano likwaniritse dziko lapansi, magulu a Pangano amapeza dziko lapansi pa Halo 2 . 

Protagonist Halo 3 ' ndi Master Chief Zing'onozing'ono Officer John 117, ndi opaleshoni kumatheka supersoldier amadziwika ngati  wovutika .  Msilikali akumenyana pafupi ndi Arbiter, kapitawo wamanyazi wa chipangano cha Elite.  Zizindikiro zina ziwiri za a Elite, N'tho 'Sraom ndi Usze' Taham, zikuwoneka ngati osewera wachitatu ndi wachinayi mu masewera othandizira.  Kuwathandiza malemba kuchokera kumbuyo kwa masewera, kuphatikizapo asilikali a Avery Johnson ndi Miranda Keyes .   343 Guilty Spark , yemwe amayesa kulephera kuletsa Mbuye Wake kuwononga malo ake a Halo: Mphinthi Wosinthika , amawonetsanso maonekedwe.  Kuwonanso gawo mu nkhaniyi ndi chigumula chomwe chimadziwika kuti  Gravemind .  Mu Halo 2 , mtsogoleri uyu wa Chigumula amathawa kuchoka ku ndende ya Installation 05, akulowetsa mumzinda wa High Charity mumzinda wa Pangano, ndipo amalanda Cortana , nzeru zopangidwa ndi anthu. 

Pambuyo pa zochitika za , kuwonongeka kwa Chief Master kummawa kwa Africa, komwe amapezeka ndi Johnson ndi Arbiter.   Mtsogoleri, Johnson, ndi gulu likulimbana Pangano mu nkhalango ndikufika pa malo a UNSC.  Apa, Keyes ndi Ambuye Hood akukonzekera cholinga chomaliza chotsutsa mtsogoleri wa Pangano, Mneneri Wopambana wa Chowonadi, poyambitsa zojambula zowonongeka kunja kwa mabwinja a mumzinda wa New Mombasa.  Mtsogoleriyo akutsutsa zotsutsana ndi Pangano la Pangano la Air kotero kuti Hood ingatsogolere zotsiriza zombo zapansi pa Mtumiki, koma Choonadi chimayambitsa chophimba choyika , ndikupanga chojambula chojambulira chimene iye ndi otsatira ake alowa.  Malo osokonekera m'ngalawamo omwe ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja; Magulu a anthu achilendo amafika komanso amachititsa mantha m'madera a Padziko lapansi, akuwopsyeza.  Potsatira uthenga Cortana adachoka m'chombo cha Chigumula, Chief, Arbiter, Elites, Johnson, Keyes ndi asilikali awo amatsata Chowonadi kupyolera pakhomo.  Kulowa nawo ndi 343 Guilty Spark, amene amathandiza Mfumu popeza iye alibe ntchito yoti akwaniritse pambuyo pa kuwonongedwa kwake.  

Poyenda pakhomolo, anthu ndi a Elites amapeza malo aakulu omwe amadziwika kuti Likasa, kutali ndi m'mphepete mwa mlalang'amba wa Milky Way.  Pano, Choonadi chingathe kusintha nthawi zonse.  Chigumula chimalowa mumtunda wa High Charity mwamphamvu, ndikuyamba kusokoneza.  Choonadi chimagwira Johnson, momwe iye akufunira munthu kuti agwiritse ntchito luso lamakono.  Keyes amafa pofuna kuyesa, ndipo Johnson akukakamizidwa kuti ayambe mphetezo. Kumva kulimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi Chief ndi Arbiter kuti asiye Choonadi.  Arbiter, Chief Master, ndi Mafunde a Chigumula amabwera ndikugonjetsa alonda a Choonadi, kupulumutsa Johnson ndi kuletsa makinawo.  Atatha Arbiter akupha Choonadi, Gravemind akutembenukira kwa Chief ndi Arbiter. 

Mtsogoleri, Arbiter ndi Guilty Spark akupeza kuti Likasa likukumana ndi Halo kuti idzalowe m'malo omwe Mfumuyo inawonongera kale.  Mkuluyo akuganiza kuti atsegule Halo; Phokosoli lidzathetsa Chigumula chomwe chinachitika pa Likasalo podziletsa mlalang'amba wonse kuchokera ku chiwonongeko.  Kuti apange mpheteyo, Mfumuyo imapulumutsa Cortana, yemwe ali ndi Activation Index ya kuwononga Halo, kuchokera ku High Charity ndikuwononga mzindawo.  Afika pa Halo yatsopano, Cortana akuchenjeza kuti Gravemind akuyesera kudzimanganso palokha.  Mtsogoleri, Arbiter, ndi Johnson amapita ku chipinda cha Halo kuti akonze mpheteyo.  Wokhululuka Spark akufotokoza kuti chifukwa mpheteyo isanamalire, kusinthidwa msanga kudzawononga ndi Likasa.  Johnson atanyalanyaza chenjezo lake, Wachilendo Spark amamuvulaza kwambiri kuti ateteze mphete yake.  Ngakhale kuti Mfumu ikuwononga Guilty Spark, Johnson amwalira posachedwa.  Mfumu ikugwiritsira ntchito mpheteyo, ndipo imathawa kupulumuka kwa mphete pa frigate ya UNSC Kupita Patsogolo .  Komabe, mphamvu ya Halo ya kuphulika imachititsa kuti pakhomo lamasitima liwonongeke, zomwe zimangokhala theka la kutsogolo kwa Mmbuyo mpaka Chigumula , atanyamula Arbiter, ndikubwezeretsa ku Dziko lapansi.  

Utumiki wa chikumbutso umachitika pa Dziko lapansi chifukwa cha magulu akugwa a nkhondo ya Pangano laumunthu, pamene Arbiter ndi Ambuye Hood amasinthanitsa mwachidule mawu okhudza Master Master akugwa.  Pambuyo pa msonkhano wa chikumbutso, abale a Arbiter ndi abale ake a Elite amapita kudziko lawo, Sanghelios.   Pakalipano, theka lakumbuyo la Pambuyo mpaka Kuwala likutuluka mu malo osadziwika.  Cortana akugwetsa mazunzo, koma amavomereza kuti pangakhale zaka zambiri asanalandidwe.  Pamene Mbuye Wamkulu alowa mu tulo ta Cristana , Cortana amamuuza kuti amuphonya, koma amamulimbikitsa pommuuza kuti, Ndipatseni ine pamene mukufunikira ine.  Ngati masewerawa atha kumapeto kwa zovuta za Legendary, zochitika zikupitiriza kusonyeza chigawo cha Pitani mpaka ku Dawn chikuloŵera ku dziko losadziwika, lomwe ladziwika kuti Requiem, malo oyamba a pulogalamu ya Halo 4 . 

Halo 3 anabadwa poyamba Halo 2 asanatulutsidwe mu 2004. Ambiri mwa ogwira ntchitowa anali otanganidwa kwambiri kuti apange zambiri pa Halo 2 , pamene ena anapitiriza ndi maziko a chitukuko cha Halo 3 .  Bungie adakhala chete ponena za zomwe polojekiti yawoyi inali, ndikusiya ndemanga pazochitika zawo za mlungu ndi mlungu zokhudzana ndi polojekiti yatsopano.   Masewera inali yololedwa analengeza ndi zenizeni nthawi cinematic ngolo pa E3 2006.  




#Article 145: Halo 4 (775 words)


Halo 4 ndiwothamanga kwambiri komanso masewera asanu ndi atatu mu mndandanda wa Halo .  Zinali pa 6.  November 2012 anatulutsidwa ku Xbox 360 .  Halo 4 ndimasewera oyamba mu Halo trilogy yatsopano yotchedwa Reclaimer Trilogy .  Ngakhale kuti mndandanda wonse wa Halo mndandanda wapadera, kupatulapo  , anapangidwa ndi Bungie , kukula kwa Microsoft Halo 4 kunasamutsidwa ku makampani 343. Nkhaniyo imayamba zaka zinayi zitatha zochitika ku Halo 3 .  Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuchokera ku Halo 3 , Mbuye Wamkulu akuwonetsedwanso ngati protagonist.  KI Cortana ndilo gawo la masewerawo. 

Ntchito ya Halo 4 inali pa 4.  June 2011 pa E3 2011 adalengeza. 

Chiwembu cha Halo 4 chinapangidwira kufufuza ndi chinsinsi choposa momwe masewera ambuyomu amachitira mndandanda wa masewera a Halo , omwe adagwirizana kwambiri ndi khalidwe loyendetsa munthu woyamba.   Zambiri zomwe zimachitidwa zimachitika pazimbezi zapademic.  Ngakhale matekinoloje a abambo ali ochuluka kwambiri kuposa mmbuyo mwa maseŵera a Halo .   Pulogalamu ya Halo 4 yagawidwa mu mautumiki asanu ndi atatu. 

Mu 2557, zaka zinayi pambuyo pa zochitika kuchokera ku Halo 3 , Mbuye Wamkulu akadali mu Cryostase mkati mwa chiwonongeko cha Mmbuyo mpaka ku Dawn.  AI Cortana amamuchotsa ku hyper sleep, chifukwa pali ntchito zosiyanasiyana pabwalo.  Onsewo amadziwa mwamsanga kuti ngalawayo ikuyendetsa dziko lapansi la bambo ake ndipo ikuzunguliridwa ndi ndege zonse za Alliance.  Yesani monga momwe akumenyana kumbuyo asilikali tidakocheza pansi, ndi kukhazika chida mphukira pa bolodi.  Panjira yopita ku rocket, awiriwo ali m'ngalawamo amakumana ndi kuwala kosalekeza komwe kumathamanga ngati scanner kupyolera mu sitimayo.  Poyamba zikuwoneka ngati rocket inayamba, koma imatsekezedwa ndi chitsulo.  Mbuye Wamkulu amatha kuchotsa chitsulocho.  Roketi imayambitsa ndi kuwononga Alliance Cruiser.  Koma mwadzidzidzi, kuwala kwa dziko la sireku kumawoneka ndipo kumatsegulira ndikuyamba kukopa ngalawa ndi ndege za Alliance.  Mbuye Wamkulu amayesa kulowa podula, koma ngalawa imagawanika chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka .  Amaponyedwa mmbuyo pakati pa zitsulo ndikutha kuzindikira. 

Mbuye Wamkulu amabwera mwa iyemwini kachiwiri pa kuwonongeka kwakukulu pa Magazi a Atate a Magazi.  Cortana amavomereza kuti ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu (8) akhala akudutsa nthawi yeniyeni yogwiritsira ntchito AI ndipo wakhala akuyamba kuchepa.  Kotero, nonse inu, Mlengi wa Cortana, mumasankha   Catherine Elizabeth Halsey, yemwe adapeza kuti amupulumutse.  Awiriwo adasankha kulanda ngalawa ya Alliance kuti ifike ku Earth.  Koma asanayambe kugwiritsira ntchito ndondomekoyi, Cortana akuchenjezedwa ndi chizindikiro chododometsa kwambiri.  Chizindikiro chikuyenda bwino kwambiri padziko lapansi, kotero Cortana angachizindikire ngati chizindikiro cha UNSC.  Amakumana ndi wojambula zithunzi omwe Alliance akufunanso kubweretsa.  Pambuyo pa nkhondo yochepa, Cortana akupeza malo ogwira ntchito ndipo atulukira chinthu china padziko lapansi chomwe chimasokoneza chizindikirocho.  The UNSC Infinity, yomwe chizindikirocho chinayambira, akulengeza kuti akufuna kuti alowe mkati mwa ndege.  Cortana akufuna kumuchenjeza, koma maziko apulaneti amalepheretsa izi.  Awiriwo asankha kuthetsa kusokoneza.  Iwo amapita ku nsanja kumene angatsegule pakhomo mkati mwa dziko lapansi.  Ali panjira kumeneko, Cortana amalankhula mobwerezabwereza mauthenga a pawailesi, omwe amayesa kudabwa ndi awiriwa kuti atenge nsanja.  Pakhomo la nsanja, amapeza kuti osati Mbuye Wamkulu yekha yemwe akufuna kuteteza Alliance kuti asalowe mu nsanja, komanso nzika za Sentinel drones padziko lapansi.  Awiriwo alowa mu nsanja ndikupita kumtunda.  Pomwepo, Cortana ali ndi mwayi wotsegula ndi kutsegula pakhomo.  Kuphatikiza pa portal, ziŵerengero zoopsya zimawoneka.  Asanayambe kumenyana, Chief Master akudumpha Cortana kumalo ena. 

Pulogalamuyi imabweretsa Master Chief ndi Cortana mkati mwa dziko lapansi kumene amapeza satelesi yomwe imapangitsa chizindikiro chosayerekezeka.  Ndi satelesi iyi, iwo akufuna kuchenjeza zopanda malire patsogolo pa chingwe ndikudziyang'ana okha.  Koma amatetezedwa ndi chishango chotetezedwa ndi magetsi ochokera kumadera awiri osiyana.  Atatha kuwononga yoyamba ndipo akupita ku yachiwiri, amayamba kukangana pakati pa Promethean ndi Alliance.  Mbuyeyo atatembenuka kachiwiri, amalandira uthenga kuchokera ku Infinity kuti iwo ali kale pamphepete.  Mtsogoleri akudutsa m'mabwalo angapo kupita ku satellite, kumene akuyenera kumenyana ndi nkhondo zina zakutchire.  Potsirizira pake, iye amachititsa kuti satanayo ayambe kutumiza uthenga ku Infinity.  Komabe, John ndi Cortana sakudziwa kuti satellita ndi sitima ya atate.  Atate Father Didactic amachokera ku satellite ndi maphunziro ogwirizana ndi Prometheaner.  Awuza John kuti akufuna kubwezera anthu.  Bwanji, iye amaphunzira mtsogolo.  Pomalizira, aphunzitsi amatsegula malo akuluakulu pamwamba ndikuyamba kugwa.  Zimayamba kuthawa ndi mpweya , zomwe zimatha podumphira ku khomo lolowera pamwamba. 

Mafilimu enieni ambiri amatchedwa Halo 4 Infinity, chifukwa momwe amachitira pa sitimayo ndi dzina lomwelo ndi membala amene amatha kulankhula.  Amagawidwa m'magawo otsatirawa: Masewera a Nkhondo, Misasa ya Spartan ndi Forge Mode.  Mu Halo 4 , kulimbikitsidwa kwakukulu kumayikidwa pakukonza ndi kusinthasintha khalidwe lanu ndi kachitidwe kanu kawowonjezera.  Monga momwe  mukhoza kusintha bwino zida zanu, kupeza phindu, ndi kusankha zida zankhondo.  Chomwe chiri chatsopano, ndikuti mungathe kukhazikitsa njira zosiyana siyana ndikukweza mapepala pamasewero a masewera komanso kupanga magulu anu a zida.  Kuwonjezera pa magalimoto ochiritsira Wraith , Ghost , Banshee , Warthog , Mongoose ndi Scorpion Tank, akadali Mantis .  Galimoto yatsopano ya UNSC kwenikweni ndi yaikulu 'Mech ndi njira zitatu zosiyana.  




#Article 146: Halo 5: Guardians (1271 words)


Halo 5: Guardians ndi sewero la vidiyo yomasewera loyamba lokonzedwa ndi Makampani 343 ndipo lofalitsidwa ndi Microsoft Studios ku Xbox One pulogalamu ya masewera a pakompyuta .  Chigawo cha khumi ndi chotsatira chachikulu chachisanu mu masewera a pulogalamu ya Halo , chinatulutsidwa padziko lonse pa October 27, 2015.  Chiwembu masewera a motere awiri fireteams wa anthu supersoldiers : Blue Team, kutsogozedwa ndi Master Chief , ndi Fireteam Osirisi, kutsogozedwa ndi wovutika Locke .  Pamene oyambirira amapita kunja popanda kuchoka kuti azindikire nzeru zapamwamba zomwe zimapanga Cortana , kukhulupirika kwa Chief Master kumatsutsidwa, ndipo Fireteam Osiris akutumizidwa kuti amulandire. 

Microsoft inalengeza Halo 5 pa Xbox One pa Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013 .  Podcast yotchedwa Hunt the Truth inagulitsa masewerawo, ndikuyang'ana pa Master Chief's backstory.  Masewerawa ndi zipangizo zake zogwirizana nazo zoposa US $ 400   miliyoni mu maola makumi awiri ndi anai oyambirira ndi US $ 500   miliyoni mu sabata yoyamba, kugulitsa malonda otsegulira a Halo 4 , omwe adagwiritsira ntchito rekodi yabwino kwambiri yogulitsa franchise.  Ngakhale izi, zinali ndi malonda otseguka otsegulira masewera ena a Halo ku Japan ndi UK.  Atatulutsidwa, Halo 5 analandira kawirikawiri ndemanga zabwino kuchokera kwa otsutsa, ndi kuyamikiridwa pa masewera ake, zojambula, zojambula zamagulu ndi ma modewu ambiri.  Komabe, masewerawa omwe adasewera masewerawa adagwirizanitsa mayankho, ndi kutsutsidwa kumbali yake yayitali, nkhani, kulemba ndi kutha. 

Chotsatira, Halo Infinite , chinalengezedwa pa E3 2018 . 

Halo 5: Odikira amachitika mu chaka cha 2558, ndipo amatha miyezi isanu ndi itatu pambuyo pa zochitika za Halo 4 .  Masewerawa amatsatiridwa ndi moto wotchedwa Blue Team ndi Fireteam Osiris.  Bungwe la Buluu likutsogoleredwa ndi Chief Chief Officer John-117 ( Steve Downes ) ndipo amapangidwa ndi anzake a Spartan-II omwe anamenyana nawo panthawi yomwe Halo: Mlili Wotsutsana : Petty Officer Second Class Linda-058 (Brittany Uomoleale ), wophunzira wachilendo; Kalasi Yachiwiri Yachiwiri Kelly-087 ( Michelle Lukes ), wofufuza yemwe amadziwika chifukwa cha liwiro lake lalikulu ndi mzanga wapamtima wa John; ndi Lieutenant Junior Grade Frederic-104 ( Travis Willingham ), yemwe ndi mkulu wa bungwe la Blue Team ndipo akuthandizira msilikali wothandizira, koma amatsutsa kwa Chief Master.  Mamembala a Blue Team ndi onse a Spartan-IIs, asilikali apamwamba omwe adasinthidwa omwe adagwidwa ndi kuphunzitsidwa ngati ana; iwo ali pakati pa Spartan yotsiriza-Ine yomwe ndatsala yamoyo.   Fireteam Osiris akuphatikizapo Spartan-IV, mbadwo watsopano wa anthu a ku Spartan omwe adalowa nawo pulogalamuyi ngati akuluakulu a usilikali.  Fireteam Osiris amatsogoleredwa ndi Jameson Locke ( Ike Amadi ), yemwe kale anali wothandizira komanso wogula ntchito ku Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) ndi katswiri wodziwa ntchito.  Mamembala ena a Fireteam Osiris ndi awa: Holly Tanaka ( Cynthia McWilliams ), katswiri wodziwa nkhondo ndi injiniya mu gulu la asilikali a UNSC ndi amene anapulumuka Pangano la Pangano pa dziko lake; Olympia Vale ( Laura Bailey ), mgwirizano wandale komanso chizindikiro cha intelligence ndi ONI omwe angathe kulankhula zambiri za Chipangano, makamaka Sangheili; ndi Edward Buck ( Nathan Fillion ), wachikulire yemwe kale anali Orbital Drop Shock Trooper ali ndi maulendo oposa 180 a nkhondo, yemwe anali mtsogoleri wamkulu ndi mtsogoleri wa gulu la Alfa-Nine ku  .  

Kuthandiza anthu otchulidwa monga osawerengeka ' mkulu, Captain Thomas Lasky (Darren O'Hare); Mtsogoleri wa Spartan Sarah Palmer ( Jennifer Hale ), mkulu wa opaleshoni kwa magulu onse a Spartan IV omwe ali ku Infinity ; Roland, Infinity ' s boardboard AI, ndi Dr. Catherine Halsey ( Jen Taylor ), wasayansi amene analenga pulogalamu ya SPARTAN-II.  Anthu ena obwerera kwawo ndi Arbiter Thel 'Vadam ( Keith David ),  tsopano akutsogolera mitundu ya Sangheili ngati Swanga la Sanghelios motsutsana ndi Pangano la Pangano, lotsogoleredwa ndi Jul' Mdama (Travis Willingham).  Cortana ( Jen Taylor ), mnzake wapamtima wa A Chief Chief yemwe ankaganiza kuti wafa pambuyo pa zochitika za Halo 4 , akubweranso.  

Fireteam Osiris akutumizidwa ku dziko la Kamchatka lomwe likulamulidwa ndi Jul 'Mdama, kuti adzalandire dokotala wina dzina lake Dr. Halsey, yemwe adanena kuti ali ndi mbiri yowonongeka kwa anthu ambiri, panthawi ya nkhondo pakati pa Pangano la Alliance ndi a Prometheans.  Ngakhale gululi likuchita bwino popeza Halsey ndikuchotsa mtsogoleri wa Pangano Jul 'Mdama, Halsey amawauza kuti pangozi vuto latsopano. 

Kumalo ena, Mtsogoleri Wamkulu akutsogolera gulu la Blue kuti ateteze malo ofufuza a ONI omwe amadziwika kuti Argent Moon.  Kufika kwa Pangano la Pangano kumalimbikitsa Bungwe la Blue Blue kuti liwononge malo m'malo mwake.  Panthawiyi, Mfumuyo imalandira uthenga wochokera kwa Cortana, pomutsogolera ku Meridian.  John akulamulidwa kuti abwerere ku Infinity pa kuwononga Silver Moon, koma iye ndi Blue Team sanamvere malamulo ndipo adatsata pambuyo pa Cortana, kumukakamiza Captain Lasky kulemba mndandanda wa a Spartans monga AWOL .  Izi zimachititsa kuti anthu azivutika kwambiri mu Infinity , monga Halsey amakhulupirira kuti kupulumuka kwa Cortana pogwiritsa ntchito teknoloji ya Forerunner kumamuchititsa kukhala wosakayikira komanso wosadalirika. 

Lasky amapereka Fireteam Osiris cholinga chopeza ndi kutenga Blue Team.  Osiris akutumizidwa ku Meridian kuti apite ku Blue Team, komwe amapeza kuti anthu akumenyana ndi adani a Prometan.  Pakufuna kwawo, amakumana ndi Warden Wamuyaya, Wachi Promethean monga Cforana's enforcer.  Atagonjetsa kanthawi Warden, Osiris akutenga Blue Team, kuwalamula kuti aime pansi ndi kubwerera ku Infinity .  Akuluakulu a maboma a Locke akumenyana ndi manja ndipo amathawa ndi gulu lonse la Blue Team pamene akupita ku Guardian, yomwe imamangidwanso kwambiri monga Forerunner.  Osiris sangathe kuthaŵa kugwa kwa colony monga Guardian ikuyendera ndipo imatha.  The Guardian ikubwera pa Pulogalamu Yowonongeka Genesis, kumene John ndi Cortana akuyanjananso.  Cortana adanena kuti matenda ake omwe amatha kupulumuka adachiritsidwa ndi teknoloji yomwe inamuthandiza. 

Osiris amatumizidwa ku Sangheili homeworld of Sanghelios, kumene akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito Guardian wokhalamo omwe amakhala kumeneko kupita ku Blue Team.  Komabe, dzikoli likuphatikizapo nkhondo yapachiweniweni; Magulu otsala a Pangano adasankha kuti apange kuima kwawo komweko.  Kuti athamangitse ntchito yawo, Osiris akuphatikizana ndi Arbiter ndi kumuthandiza kukantha koopsa pa pangano la otsala.  Mabungwe a Osiris a Guardian mothandizidwa ndi Mtsogoleri wa Palmer pamene Arbiter amatha kuthetsa asilikali omaliza. 

Pa Genesis, Osiris akukumana ndi wosamalira dziko lapansi, nzeru 031 Exuberant Witness, yemwe akugwirizana nawo kuti asiye Cortana.  Osiris amakafika ku Blue Team, yemwe amavumbulutsa Cortana akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito a Guardians kuti athetse mtendere wamtendere pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowonongeka.  Mtsogoleri Wamkulu, akudziwa kuti chiwonongeko chachikulu cha Cortana chidzayambitsa, kuyesa kutsimikizira Cortana kuti ayime pansi.  Amakana ndikutsegulira gulu la Blue mu ndende yowonongeka, kuti awaletse kusokoneza dongosolo lake.  Osiris amatha kumasula ulamuliro wa Genesis kubwerera ku Exuberant, yemwe amamanga ndende kuchokera ku Cortana pamene akuchoka pa dziko lapansi ndi Guardian. 

Malingaliro opangira ma galaxy amayamba kulumbira kwa Cortana ndi zolinga zake.  Cortana amapeza osawerengeka ndipo akukonzekera kuletsa izo, koma Lasky ali sitimayo AI Roland, amene akadali okhulupirika kwa osawerengeka, kuchita slipspace kuchokera Lapansi ndi kuchita kudumpha mwachisawawa mpaka angathe njira kulimbana Cortana.  Pomwe Blue Team inabweranso, Osiris akubwerera ku Sanghelios kuti akalumikizane ndi SPARTAN-IIs ndi Mtsogoleri wochuluka Palmer, Thel'Vadam , ndi Halsey.  Ngati wosewerayo amaliza masewerawa pa Zopeka, zowonjezera zowonongeka zimasonyeza kusamalidwa kosadziwika kwa Halo pamene Cortana akuwomba,  . 

Mu 2014, Microsoft adalengeza Halo Championship Series, mpikisano wake.  Isanafike Halo 5: Atetezi ' kumasulidwa, Microsoft analengeza mpikisano ndi US $ 1   miliyoni mphoto dziwe, ndi zofunika kukhala masewera ndi mpikisano mu malingaliro.   Gawo la mapepala a REQ omwe adagulidwa ndi ndalama zenizeni zimapereka madamu a mphoto; pa November 4 REQ adapeza ndalama zoposa $ 500,000 ku dziwe,  lomwe linakwera ku US $ 700,000 pa November 19.   Pa Game Awards kumayambiriro kwa December, Microsoft adalengeza US $ 2   malipiro a malipiro a miliyoni , oponderezedwa ndi malonda a pakiti yapadera REQ.   Pa February 19, dziwe lonse la mphoto linadutsa US $ 2,500,000 .   Mpikisano wotchedwa Halo World Championship unayamba pa December 6, 2015,  ndi kumapeto kwa March 18-20, 2016.  

Pambuyo pa Masewera a Halo World, Microsoft adalengeza Halo Pro League pogwirizana ndi Electronic Sports League monga njira yokula Halo eSports.  




#Article 147: OpenStreetMap (207 words)


OpenStreetMap ( OSM ) ndi polojekiti yogwirizana yopanga mapu okonzedwanso omasuka a dziko lapansi.  M'malo mwa mapepala okhaokha, deta yomwe imapangidwa ndi polojekitiyi imatengedwa kuti ndiyo yaikulu yomwe imayambira.  Zolengedwa ndi kukula kwa OSM zakhala zikulimbikitsidwa ndi zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kupezeka kwa mapu kumudzi konse, komanso kubwera kwa zipangizo zamakono zotetezera satana .  OSM imatengedwa ngati chitsanzo chodziwika cha kudzipereka kwadzidzidzi . 

Cholengedwa ndi Steve Coast ku UK mu 2004, chinauziridwa ndi kupambana kwa Wikipedia ndi malo omwe ali ndi mapu enieni ku UK ndi kwina kulikonse.  Kuyambira nthaŵi imeneyo, yakula kwa anthu oposa 2 miliyoni olemba ntchito,  omwe angathe kusonkhanitsa deta pogwiritsa ntchito kufufuza, zipangizo za GPS , kujambula zam'lengalenga , ndi zina zowonjezera.  Izi crowdsourced deta ndiye limapanga pansi Open Nawonso achichepere License .  Malowa amathandizidwa ndi OpenStreetMap Foundation , bungwe lopanda phindu lolembetsedwa ku England ndi Wales. 

Deta yochokera ku OSM imapezeka kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zonse, monga momwe amagwiritsira ntchito Facebook , Craigslist , OsmAnd , Geocaching , MapQuest Open, JMP mapulogalamu , ndi Ma Foursquare kuti agwirizane ndi Google Maps , ndi maudindo ena odabwitsa monga kusintha deta yosasinthika yomwe ilipo ndi GPS olandila. Dongosolo la OpenStreetMap lapindula poyerekeza ndi zomwe zilipo, ngakhale mu 2009 khalidwe lachidziwitso linasiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi.  




#Article 148: Nikon D3200 (394 words)


The Nikon D3200 ndi 24.2- megapixel DX mtundu DSLR Nikon F-phiri kamera mwalamulo anapezerapo ndi Nikon pa April 19, 2012.  Zimagulitsidwa ngati kamera ya DSLR yowakonza anthu oyamba kumene komanso odziwa ntchito za DSLR omwe ali okonzeka kuti apite patsogolo. 

Gwiritsani ntchito makamaka oyamba kumene angathandizidwe ndi njira zothandizira.  Amalowetsa D3100 monga momwe DSON imalembera DSLR, koma khalidwe lake lachifaniziro limakhala lofanana ndi la DSLRs. Malinga ndi DxOMark , DSLR ya DSLR inadutsa chiwerengero cha DxOMark Chigawo chonse cha Sensor ya fullframe Canon EOS 5D Mark II , ngakhale kuti 5D Mark II anali yodziwika bwino patatha zaka zinayi.  

Wotsatira wake ndi Nikon D3300 yomwe inalengezedwa mu Januwale 2014 ndi Nikon Expeed 4 purosesa yowonongeka, popanda fyuluta yotsegula (OLPF), 5   fps ndi kamera yoyamba ya DSLR ya Nikon ndi Easy (sweep) Panorama.  Monga mu Nikon D5300 , thupi lopangidwa ndi carbon-fiber-reinforced bodymer komanso kachilombo katsopano kamene kamatulutsa kansalu kameneka kamakhala kochepa kwambiri. 

The osiyanasiyana wochitachita wa Nikon D3200 ( Expeed 3 dzina lake Expeed 2 mtundu, 14 Tinthu yafupika kuti Akamva 12 ) kuposa ngakhale zonse chimango DSLRs ngati Nikon D3S ( Expeed 2 dzina lake Expeed (1) lembani, 14 Tinthu) kapena Canon 5d MK3 ( DIGIC 5+ , 14 bits) pafupipafupi ya film (ISO 100 ndi ISO 200) chifukwa cha kuchepetsa mphamvu zowonongeka kwa analogi-to-digital .  

D3200 sizimangodziwika bwino.  Nikon D3200 yaikulu kwambiri imagwiritsa ntchito kuwombera zithunzi zambiri zapamwamba (HDR, makamaka popangidwa ndi kuphatikiza zithunzi zosiyana siyana) ndi kuwombera kamodzi, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ojambulidwa .  Njira yowonjezera ya HDR imapeŵetsanso mavuto monga kufotokozera , mafano auzimu kapena zolakwika zina pamene mukuphatikiza zithunzi zambiri. 

DxO Labs inapereka mphamvu zake zokwanira 81, mbali imodzi chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu.   Panthawi yakuyesera zotsatira zachiwiri za APS-C DSLRs muyeso ya DxO Labs / DxOMark yowona, inkapambana kuposa okwera mtengo kwambiri.  Kujambula Zithunzi Zopanga Zojambulajambula kunapatsa kamera chiwerengero cha 73% pothandizira mphoto ya siliva, kuyamikila kuti ntchitoyi ndi yopindulitsa komanso ikuwonetseratu yochedwa AF  ndi kusowa kwa zotsatira za fyuluta ya kamera. TechRadar inapereka chiwerengero cha 4/5, kutchula momwe makamera amatsogolerera komanso zojambula monga zamphamvu zake ndi mitundu yodabwitsa pawindo la LCD ngati lofooka kwambiri. Magazini ya T3 yotchedwa D3200 imodzi mwa njira zabwino kwambiri zowonjezera za DSLRs, poti ngakhale kuti ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali komanso ndi mavuto ena owonetsera LCD, njira yotsogolera komanso khalidwe labwino kwambiri limapangitsa kukhala wamkulu ngati muli DSLR oyambirira kwa kamera yokoma .  




#Article 149: Wikimania (1842 words)


Wikimania ndi msonkhano wa pachaka wa Wikimedia Foundation. Mitu ya zokambirana ndi zokambirana zikuphatikizapo Wikimedia projects monga Wikipedia, ena wikis, mapulogalamu otseguka, mauthenga auulere ndi maulendo auufulu, ndi zinthu zamagulu ndi zamaganizo zokhudzana ndi nkhanizi. 

Kuyambira mu 2011, wopambana wa mphoto ya Wikipedian ya Chaka adalengezedwa ku Wikimania. 

, msonkhano woyamba wa Wikimania, unachitika kuyambira 4 mpaka 8 August 2005 ku Haus der Jugend ku Frankfurt, ku Germany, kukopa anthu pafupifupi 380. 

Mlungu wa msonkhano unaphatikizapo masiku anayi Othawa, kuyambira 1 mpaka 4 August, pamene oyambitsa pafupifupi 25 anasonkhana kuti agwiritse ntchito ma code ndikukambirana zamakono za MediaWiki ndi kuyendetsa polojekiti ya Wikimedia. Masiku oyambirira a msonkhanowo, ngakhale kulipira kwake monga August 4-8, anali Lachisanu mpaka Lamlungu la sabata, kuyambira 5 mpaka 7 August. Ndondomeko ya kuwonetsera idakonzedwa tsiku lonse mu masiku atatu aja. 

Olankhula Keynote anaphatikizapo Jimmy Wales, Ross Mayfield, Ward Cunningham, ndi Richard Stallman (amene adalankhula za Copyright ndi mudzi m'zaka za makompyuta). Zambiri ndi zokambirana zinali mu Chingerezi, ngakhale kuti ochepa anali m'Chijeremani. 

Othandizira a phwandowa anaphatikiza Mayankho, SocialText, Sun Microsystems,  , ndi Logos Group . 

, a Wikimania msonkhano wachiwiri, unachitika kuyambira 6 mpaka 8 August 2006 ku Harvard Law School 'm Berkman Center kwa Internet  Society in Cambridge ku Massachusetts, United States, ndi 400 -500 msonkhano. 

Jimmy Wales, Lawrence Lessig, Brewster Kahle, Yochai Benkler, Mitch Kapor, Ward Cunningham, ndi David Weinberger . Dan Gillmor adagwiritsa ntchito zolemba zotsutsana nzika za tsiku lomwelo. 

Associated Press inalembedwa ndi Wales ndipo inasindikizidwa m'manyuzipepala ambiri padziko lonse. Anakumbukira momwe mazikowo adasinthira kuchokera kwa iye atakhala pansi pajamas ake ku bungwe lolimbikitsana lomwe liripo tsopano; kawirikawiri amakankhira pamtengo wochuluka; Wikipedia idzaphatikizidwa pa makompyuta omwe akugawidwa kupyolera pa One Laptop per Child ; onse Wikiversity ndi chilengedwe cha gulu chenjezo anali wavomerezedwa ndi komiti Foundation; komanso kuti Wiki-WYG ikukula chifukwa cha malonda apadera ndi Wikia, Inc. ndi Socialtext . 

Answers.com anali wothandizira wa Wikimania 2006, pomwe Amazon.com, Berkman Center ya Internet  Society ku Harvard Law School, Nokia, WikiHow anali othandizira pazinthu zabwino, Wetpaint, Ask.com, Yahoo!, ndi Socialtext anali abwenzi-omwe amapereka chithandizo, ndi IBM, FAQ Farm, Elevation Partners, One Laptop per Child, ndi Sunlight Foundation anali othandizira-akuthandizira pa msonkhano. 

Magulu ena atatu adatumiza mayina, chifukwa cha mizinda ya London, Milan, Boston, ndi Toronto ; koma ku Toronto ndi Boston zokhazo zidapitsidwanso ulendo wachiwiri wofunsidwa ndi olemba Wikimania. Ku Toronto, chochitikacho chikanakambidwa ku Bahen Center ya University of Toronto . 

Monga momwe adalengezedwera pa 25 September 2006, , msonkhano wachitatu wa Wikimania, unachitika kuyambira 3 mpaka 5 August 2007 ku Taipei, Taiwan. Ichi chinali choyamba choyamba cha Wikimania kuti apange maphunziro odzipereka. 

Magulu ena atatu omwe adatumiza mayina, chifukwa cha mizinda ya London, Alexandria, ndi Turin . Zopangira ku Hong Kong, Singapore, Istanbul, ndi Orlando alephera kupanga mndandanda wamakono. Wopambana adalengezedwa pa 25 September 2006. 

Pa 3 August 2007, mtolankhani wina wa New York Times, Noam Cohen, anati: Msonkhanowu wakhudza anthu okwana 440, oposa theka kuchokera ku Taiwan, omwe akufuna kudzidzimitsa kwa masiku atatu m'malingaliro ndi nkhani zomwe zimabwera kudzipereka kwathunthu -kulemba katswiri. Maphunzirowa akukhudzana ndi mitu yonga momwe tingagwirizanane mwamtendere; kuli kofunika kuti tipereke 'luso' mu polojekiti yomwe imakondweretsedwa polola aliyense kupereka, kuphatikizapo olemba osadziwika . 

, msonkhano wachinayi wa Wikimania, unachitika kuyambira 17 mpaka 19 July 2008 ku Bibliotheca Alexandrina ku Alexandria, Egypt, ndi anthu 650 ochokera m'mayiko 45. Ku Alexandria kunali malo akale a Library of Alexandria. 

Mizinda itatu yomwe idakonzedweratu inali kumapeto, awiriwo anali Atlanta ndi Cape Town . Zolinga za Karlsruhe, London ndi Toronto zinatumizidwa, koma kenako anachoka. Panali mikangano yokhudza msonkhano, komanso kuitanitsa Wikimania 2008 chifukwa cha kulamula kwa Aigupto ndi kutsekera olemba malemba pa nthawi ya Mubarak. Mohamed Ibrahim, wophunzira ku yunivesite ya Alexandria amene anagwira ntchito yopititsa msonkhano ku Alexandria, anauza BBC kuti, Ndikuganiza kuti tili ndi ufulu wokhala ndi ufulu woyankhula momveka bwino. Chimodzi mwa zolinga zake chinali kuthandiza kukula kwa Wikipedia ya Arabia yomwe ikuthandizira kuyambira mu 2005. Mtsogoleri wa nduna ya ku Egypt adalankhula pa zikondwerero za Mubarak m'malo mwake. 

, msonkhano wachisanu wa Wikimania, unachitika kuyambira 26 mpaka 28 August 2009 ku Buenos Aires, Argentina, ndi anthu 559 omwe anapezekapo. Chisankho chomaliza chinapangidwa pakati pa Buenos Aires, Toronto, Brisbane ndi Karlsruhe, ndipo chisankho chomaliza chikubwera ku Buenos Aires ndi Toronto. 

, msonkhano wachisanu ndi chimodzi wotchedwa Wikimania, unachitikira pa 9 mpaka 11 July ku Philharmonic ya ku Poland Baltic ku Gdańsk, Poland. Tsiku loyamba pa July 9 linadzala ndi kutha kwa msonkhano wa WikiSym wophunzira. Zida za Amsterdam ndi Oxford kwa Wikimania 2010 zinataya pang'ono. 

Iyi inali msonkhano woyamba womwe unaphatikizapo kuika patsogolo pa chikhalidwe cha mtundu wokhala nawo, makamaka kukambirana kwa oimba a Philhilmoni, kukondwerera zaka khumi za imfa ya Wolemba Wopolishi Wolemba Władysław Szpilman wofunika kwambiri komanso wolemba nyimbo ya Choonadi mu Numeri? . Pamsonkhanowu, Sue Gardner, mkulu wa bungwe la Wikimedia Foundation, adanena kuti mazikowo ndikutulutsa chiwerengero cha alendo ku Wikimedia sites kuchokera pa 371 miliyoni kufika pa 680 miliyoni pamwezi zisanu. 

, msonkhano wachisanu ndi chiwiri wa Wikimania, unachitika kuyambira 4 mpaka 7 August 2011 ku Haifa, Israel. Malo osonkhanawo anali Haifa Auditorium ndipo ikugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha Beit Hecht pa Phiri la Carmel . Otsindika pa msonkhanowo anali Yochai Benkler, mnzake ku Berkman Center ya Internet ndi Society ku Harvard University ndi Joseph M. Reagle Jr. wa MIT, wolemba . Mtsogoleri wa Komiti ya Sayansi ndi Zamakono ku Knesset, Meir Sheetrit, nayenso analankhula pamsonkhano, monga Yonah Yahav, Mtsogoleri wa Haifa . Mmodzi mwa omwe ankathandizira mwambowu anali University of Haifa . Msonkhanowu unali ndi magawo 125 mu maulendo asanu omwewo panthawi imodzi ndipo anapezeka ndi Wikimedians 720 ochokera ku mayiko 56 osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ena omwe alibe mgwirizano ndi Israeli. 

Poyankha ndi Haaretz, katswiri wina wa ku Wikipedia, dzina lake Jimmy Wales, adanena kuti panthawiyi pankakhala msonkhano wotsutsana ndi msonkhano ku Israel, monga momwe adachitira ku Egypt mu 2008. Anati ngakhale kuti panalibe mikangano pakati pa olemba pa nkhondo ya Israeli ndi Palestina, ndi kuyesayesa kwa gulu la pro-Israel kuti lilembetse olemba ena a Wikipedia, amakhulupirira kuti nkhani za Wikipedia sizinalowerere pamutu; adanena kuti   ndi yosagwirizana. 

Wikimedia Foundation, mkulu wa bungwe la Sue Gardner, adalankhula ndi msonkhano wokhudza zakumadzulo, zomwe zimagwiridwa ndi amuna zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito Wikipedia. Kumapeto kwa mwambo womaliza wa August 7, Jimmy Wales anapatsidwa chivundikiro choyamba cha sitimayi yoyamba yokhudza mbiri ya Wikimedia, inaperekedwa ndi msonkhano wa positi wa Israel pofuna kulemekeza mwambowu. Pakati pa ntchito zatsopano zomwe takambiranazi ndizogwirizana ndi zikhalidwe monga mizinda, makalata, malo osungirako zinthu komanso museums. 

Pambuyo pa msonkhanowo, ophunzira adapatsidwa ulendo waulere ku Haifa, Jerusalem, Nazareth kapena Acre . Shay Yakir, tcheyamani wotuluka ku Wikimedia Israel, adanena kuti ku Israel, msonkhano wa ku Haifa unali wochitira Masewera a Olimpiki. 

, msonkhano wachisanu ndi chitatu wa Wikimania, unachitika kuyambira 12 mpaka 15 July 2012 ku Yunivesite ya George Washington ku Washington, DC, United States, ndipo anthu oposa 1400 ochokera m'mayiko 87. Kuwonjezera apo, Dipatimenti Yachigawo ya US, mogwirizana ndi Wikimania 2012, inakonza msonkhano wotchedwa Tech @ State : Wiki. Gov yomwe inayang'ana pa Chidziwitso chogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito wikis mu gawo la anthu. 

Nkhani zazikulu za msonkhano ndizofunikira kusinthira mawonekedwe akale ndi mawonekedwe a dowdy ndi Wikimedia tools zatsopano pofuna kukopa ndi kusunga olemba zambiri ndikupanga Wikimedia sites kukhala yovomerezeka komanso yosangalatsa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, makamaka amayi. Nyanja ya Atlantic inali ndi zithunzi zomwe zinasonyezedwa pamsonkhano womwe unasonyeza momwe chiwerengero cha olamulira atsopano chagwera mofulumira zaka zingapo zapitazi. 

Pulezidenti wamkulu wa bungwe loyamba, Jimmy Wales, adalongosola za Wikipedia Blackout ya January 2012, akuti, Ndikapita kukachezera akuluakulu a boma tsopano, akuopa kwambiri. Komabe adakumbukiranso kudzipereka kwa Wikimedia kuti asalowe ndale pokhapokha ponena za zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza ntchito yathu. Wales anavomera ndi wolemba nkhani Maria Gardiner, yemwe anayambitsa nawo Ada Initiative, kuti Wikimedia iyenera kuchita zambiri kuti chiwerengero cha akazi okonza mapepala apitirire. Iye anati: Monga polojekiti ya kusintha kwa anthu, ngakhale ngati sizinthu zotsutsa, gulu la Wikipedia liri ndi udindo ku ntchito yake ndi kwa anthu kunja uko padziko lapansi kuti akhale paulendo wopita ku zosiyanasiyana - kuwonjezera kukula kwa ambulera ya dziko lapansi.  

, yachisanu ndi chinayi yokambirana ya Wikimania, inachitika pa 7 mpaka 11 August 2013 ku Hong Kong Polytechnic University, ndipo anthu 700 omwe anachokera ku mayiko 88. Mizinda yoyenera inali London (UK), Bristol (UK), Naples (Italy) ndi Surakarta ( Indonesia ). 

Mmodzi wa maphwando a mwambowu unachitikira ku nyumba yayitali kwambiri ku Hong Kong, International Commerce Center . Phwando lotseka linkachitikira ku Shek O Beach . Nkhani zomwe zikukambidwa zikuphatikizidwa ndi kusiyana kwa azimayi a Wikipedia ndi a Wikipedia mothandizi a Jimmy Wales 'a Wikipedia kuti ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito Makhalidwe Okhala Otetezeka kuti afotokoze masamba ake. 

, msonkhano wa khumi wa Wikimania, unachitika kuyambira 8 mpaka 10 August 2014 ku Barbican Center ku London, England, United Kingdom. Kuitanitsa mwalamulo kunatsegulidwa mu December 2012. London inasankhidwa mu May 2013 monga mzinda wokhala wokhawokha womwe unabwera kuchokera ku Arusha (Tanzania). Msonkhano waukulu unaperekedwa ndi Salil Shetty, Mlembi Wachiwiri wa Amnesty International . Chotsatiracho chinalichonso Wikimania yoyamba yomwe inakambidwa ndi Lima Tretikov, yemwe ndi Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa Wikimedia Foundation. Chochitikacho chinayambitsidwa ndi hackathon ya masiku awiri, ndi zochitika zina zamphindi. 

Msonkhanowo unali ndi mayendedwe asanu, pamodzi ndi chaka chonse cha 'State of the Wiki'. Izi zinali: Social Machines, Tsogolo la Maphunziro, Democratic Media, Open Scholarship, ndi Open Data. Msonkhanowo unali zalembedwa ndi mapulogalamu a pa TV 60 Mphindi mu dongosolo lotchedwa 'Wikimania. 

, msonkhano wa khumi ndi umodzi wa Wikimania, unachitika kuyambira 15 mpaka 19 July 2015 ku Hotel Hilton Mexico City Reforma ku Mexico City, Mexico . Kuitanitsa mwalamulo kunatsegulidwa mu December 2013. 

Mizinda ina yovomerezeka inali: Arusha, kumpoto kwa Tanzania ; Bali, chigawo cha Indonesia ; Cape Town, ku South Africa ; Dar es Salaam, ku Tanzania ; Esino Lario, chigawo cha Lecco, Lombardy, Italy, ndi Monastir, ku Tunisia . Otsatirawo anali Mexico City, Cape Town ndi Monastir. Mexico City inasankhidwa mu April 2014. 

Malo akuluakulu anali hotelo ya Hilton Mexico City Reforma. Gulu la bungwe la Wikimedia México, AC, lachigawo cha Mexican lomwe likuimira zofuna ndi zolinga za Wikimedia Foundation. 

, msonkhano wa khumi ndi awiri wa Wikimania, unachitika kuyambira 24 mpaka 26 June 2016, ndi zochitika zapadera kuyambira 21-28 June, m'mudzi wa mapiri a Esino Lario, Italy. Esino Lario sanapambane pa Wikimania ya 2015. Malowa ndi oyamba omwe si mzinda waukulu. Pamsonkhanowu, adalengezedwa kuti Catherine Maher, yemwe ndi Executive Director wa Wikimedia Foundation, adasankhidwa kukhazikika. 

, msonkhano wa 13 wa Wikimania, unachitikira ku Le Center Sheraton Hotel ku Montreal, Quebec, Canada, kuyambira 9 mpaka 13 August 2017. Chochitikacho chinachitika ku Canada pa chaka cha sesquicentennial ndipo ku Montreal panthawi ya chikondwerero cha 375. Masiku awiri oyambirira ankaphatikizapo WikiConference North America . 

, msonkhano wa 14 wa Wikimania, womwe unachitikira ku Cape Town, South Africa, kuyambira 18 mpaka 22 July 2018 ku Cape Sun Southern Sun Hotel. Mutu wa chochitikacho unali  Kulimbana ndi ziphuphu Zophunzitsira: njira ya Ubuntu patsogolo . Imeneyi inali nthawi yoyamba yomwe mwambowu unachitikira ku Africa ya kum'mwera kwa Sahara ndipo nthawi yoyamba nkhaniyo inali ndi mutu. Iyi inali nthawi yachiwiri yomwe mwambowu unachitikira ku Africa kapena ku South Africa. 

, Wikimedia Conference, yomwe idzachitike ku Stockholm, Sweden, kuyambira 14 mpaka 18 August 2019.




#Article 150: Nobody's Fool (2018 film) (700 words)


Wopusa wa wina aliyense (Nobody's Fool) ndi filimu yokondeka ya ku America ya 2018 yomwe inalembedwa ndi Tyler Perry .  Nyenyeziyi ndi Tiffany Haddish , Tika Sumpter , Omari Hardwick , Mehcad Brooks , Amber Riley ndi Whoopi Goldberg , ndipo akutsatira mkazi watsopano amene wafalitsidwa amene amayesa kuthandiza mlongo wake ndi mwamuna yemwe angakhale akumupha .  Firimuyi imasonyeza mafilimu oyamba a R-Ricky Tyler Perry, komanso filimu yake yoyamba yoperekedwa ndi Lionsgate . 

Wopangidwa ndi Paramount Players (monga filimu yoyamba ya studio), Tyler Perry Studios , ndi Mafilimu a BET , Palibe Wopusa Anatulutsidwa ku United States pa November 2, 2018, ndi Paramount Pictures .  Filimuyi imalandira machitidwe olakwika ochokera kwa otsutsa ndipo yakhala yoposa $ 33 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. 

Danica ( Tika Sumpter ) ndi wogwira ntchito mwakhama pamsika wogulitsa, ndipo wakhala mu chiyanjano ndi Charlie ( Mehcad Brooks ), mwamuna yemwe anakumana naye pa Intaneti chaka chatha koma sanawonepo mmoyo weniweni. 

Pamene atumizidwa kukatenga mlongo wake Tanya ( Tiffany Haddish ) watsopano yemwe adakali m'ndendemo, amayi ake Lola ( Whoopi Goldberg ) akuuzanso Danica kuti Tanya ayenera kukhala kunyumba kwake.  Tanya adadabwa ndi nyumba ya Danica, ndipo adapeza kuti Bailey yemwe adamukonda kwambiri Bailey (adrian Conrad) adamusiya mkazi wina.  Tanya akuganiza Danica lichitidwa catfished kuyambira iye sanayambe awonapo Charlie munthu. 

Tsiku lotsatira, Tanya ndi Danica amaima ndi Brown Bean, malo ogulitsira khofi pafupi ndi ntchito ya Danica.  Frank ( Omari Hardwick ), mwiniwake wa sitolo yemwe ali ndi vuto la Danica, akutsutsa kuti amalola Tanya kugwira ntchito ku sitolo.  Pamene Danica akutenga Tanya kuchokera kuntchito usiku womwewo akuyenda mwangozi pamsonkhano wa AA womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito mu sitolo ndipo amamva kuti Frank ankakonda kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa ndikupeza kuti ali m'ndende zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. 

Tanya atapeza kuti Charlie kwenikweni ndi mwamuna wotchedwa Lawrence ( Chris Rock ), Danica akunena zinthu zoipa kwa Tanya zomwe zimamukhumudwitsa Tanya kwambiri amasankha kupita kunja kwa amayi awo.  Danica akuwonetsa kuti akugwira ntchito mwatakonzeka komanso wosakonzekera kupereka pulogalamu yomwe wakhala akugwira ndikuyimitsa. 

Mnyamata wa Tanya, Danica, ndi Danica Kalli ( Amber Riley ) akuyang'anira Lawrence, mwamuna yemwe ali pa njinga ya olumala ali ndi Jheri curl, ndipo amamukakamiza kuti amunamize Danica. 

Tsiku lotsatira, Frank amasiya kukondweretsa Danica, ndipo amatha kunena za maubwenzi awo akale, koma amatha kugonana.  Tsopano, ndikudzidzimuka ndi zomwe zakhala zikuchitika, Danica amamuyitana Kalli ndikumuuza kuti wagona ndi Frank ndikumuuza kuti sakupeza wokongola chifukwa cha zolakwa zake zapitazo, osadziwa kuti adakali m'nyumba yake.  Tsopano akudzimvera chisoni chifukwa chomukhumudwitsa Frank, Danica akuzindikira kuti amamukonda ndipo akufuna kumupatsa mwayi wachiwiri. 

Patapita miyezi itatu, Danica ndi Kalli adziŵa kuti Charlie ndi weniweni ndipo nkhani yake idasokonezedwa ndi Lawrence, mphunzitsi wake wakale wa koleji.  Charlie akuwonetsa ku ofesi ya Danica.  Frank akuwona Danica akusiya ntchito ndi Charlie ndikutsutsana naye.  Danica akupitirira tsiku loipa ndi Charlie ndipo amadziwa kuti si iye yemwe amamukonda iye, ndipo amapambana Frank.  Frank akukayikira kulola Danica m'nyumba mwake mpaka atayimba  Pa Bended Knee  mu mvula, chinachake amamuuza iye nthawi ina, ndipo adagwirizananso monga banja.  Pamapeto pake, Tanya, chifukwa cha kuseketsa kwake, akuphwanya ukwati wa Bailey monga malipiro ake kuti amuvulaze mlongo wake. 

Mu March 2018, adalengeza Tiffany Haddish , Tika Sumpter ndi Omari Hardwick atayikidwa mu filimuyo, ndipo adatchedwa The List , ndi Tyler Perry kulemba ndikuwatsogolera, komanso kukhala wolemba pansi pa banki yake ya Tyler Perry Studios.  Mwezi womwewo, Whoopi Goldberg , Amber Riley , ndi Missi Pyle nayenso anagwirizana nawo. Pambuyo pake, filimuyi inatchulidwa kuti Nobody's Fool.

Chithunzi chachikulu chinayamba mu April 2018, ku Atlanta, Georgia. 

Firimuyi inatulutsidwa ku United States pa November 2, 2018, ndi Paramount Pictures . 

Wopusa wa wina alibe ndalama zokwana $ 31.7 miliyoni ku United States ndi Canada, ndipo $ 1.8 miliyoni m'magawo ena, kwa ndalama zokwana $ 33.5 miliyoni. 

Ku United States ndi Canada, Palibe Wopanda Munthu yemwe adatulutsidwa pamodzi ndi The Nutcracker ndi Four Realms ndi Bohemian Rhapsody , ndipo adayembekezeredwa ndalama zokwana madola 12-14 miliyoni kuchokera kumaseŵera 2,468 kumapeto kwa sabata.   Zinapanga $ 4.8 miliyoni tsiku lake loyamba, kuphatikizapo madola 600,000 kuyambira Lachinayi usiku kutsogolo.  Izi zinayamba kufika pa $ 14 miliyoni, kumaliza gawo lachitatu ku bokosilo, ndikukhazikitsa pakati pa mapepala otseguka kwambiri a filimu ya Perry.   Firimuyi inagwa 53% mu sabata yachiwiri kwa $ 6.5 miliyoni, kuthetsa chisanu ndi chiwiri.  




#Article 151: Death Star (368 words)


Death Star ndi mtundu wa malo osungirako malo osungirako malo komanso magalasi opambana omwe amapezeka mu Star Wars opera franchise.  Imfa Yoyamba Imfa imanenedwa kukhala yoposa 100   km mpaka 160   kilomita imodzi, malinga ndi gwero .  Amagwiritsa ntchito asilikali okwana 1,7 miliyoni komanso 400,000 droids. Death Star yachiŵiri imakula kwambiri, pakati pa 160   km mpaka 900   makilomita imodzi malingana ndi magwero , ndipo apamwamba kwambiri kuposa omwe amatsogolera.  Onse mabaibulo izi mwezi -sized m'malinga anapangidwa kuti chachikulu mphamvu ziyerekezo maluso likhoza kuwononga angapo fleets panyanja kapena mapulaneti lonse ndi kuphulika wina ku superlasers awo. 

Ngakhale kuti zambiri, monga malo a superlaser, zidasinthika pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana popanga nyenyezi za Star Wars, lingaliro la Death Star pokhala malo akuluakulu ozungulira pamtunda wa makilomita 100 linali losagwirizana mwa onsewo. George Lucas anapatsa ntchito yoyamba kupanga Star Star kwa wojambula zithunzi ndi Colin Cantwell,  amene adagwirizanitsa ndi Stanley Kubrick pa filimu ya 1968 2001: A Space Odyssey . Mu zokambirana za 2016, Cantwell adanena kuti Sindinakonzekeretse kuti ndikhale ndi ngalande ya Death Star, koma pamene ndinali kugwira ntchito ndi nkhungu, ndinazindikira kuti zigawo ziwirizi zinagwedezeka mpaka kufika pamtunda.   Monga zikanatengera sabata la ntchito kuti akwaniritse ndi mchenga ndikutsitsimutsa vutoli, Cantwell anapempha Lucas kuti asungitse ntchitoyo.  Lucas ankakonda lingaliro, ndi chitsanzo cha Death Star chinalengedwa ndi John Stears. Phokoso lomveka lowerengera ku Death Star likuwombera pamwamba pazithunzi za Flash Gordon. Kuwonetsa malo osakwanira koma malo amphamvu a malowa kunayambitsa vuto la Industrial Light amp;amp; Magic omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafanizo a Return of the Jedi. Njira yokhayo yokha ya mamita masentimita 137 inamaliza, ndipo chithunzicho chinapangidwira pang'onopang'ono kwa filimu yomaliza.  Onse Stars Imfa Buku ndi osakaniza a zanyengo wathunthu ndi yachigawo ndi zojambula matte. 

Kuphulika kwa Nyenyezi ya Imfa yomwe inafotokozedwa mu Edition Yapadera ya A New Hope ndi ku Return of the Jedi imamasuliridwa ndi Praxis effect , momwe phokoso lamtundu wa chinthu chimachokera kuphulika. 

Zithunzi zojambula zowonongeka zomwe zawonetsedwa pafupipafupi za chiwonongeko cha Death Star kumapeto kwa A New Hope zinali zenizeni za pakompyuta zojambula kuchokera ku Jet Propulsion Laboratory zopangidwa ndi Larry Cuba ndi Gary Imhoff monga gawo la Project CalArts , ndipo anaphatikizidwa pa kujambula. 

Pambuyo pa kujambula kujambula, chitsanzo choyambirira chinatayidwa kunja; Komabe, wogwira ntchito ya ILM anachipeza.  




#Article 152: Daniela Ruah (391 words)


Daniela Sofia Korn Ruah (anabadwa December 2, 1983) ndi Chipwitikizi American Ammayi amadziwika kuti kusewera NCIS Special Mtumiki Kensi Blye mu CBS apolisi procedural mndandanda  . 

Ruah anabadwira ku Boston , US, kwa makolo achiyuda ochokera ku Portugal , kumene mayi ake ndi katswiri wamagetsi ndi bambo ake ndi opaleshoni ya ENT. Ruah ali ndi zaka 5, banja lake linabwerera ku Portugal, kumene adapita ku St Julian's School ndipo, pa 16, anayamba kuchita telenovelas.  Anapambana mpikisano wothamanga wa Chipwitikizi ndi TV.  

Ruah anasamukira ku England ali ndi zaka 18 ndipo adalandira Bachelor of Arts pakuchita zamisiri kuchokera ku London Metropolitan University . Anabwerera ku Portugal kumene adapitirizabe kuchita, ndipo mu 2007 adasamukira ku New York City kukaphunzira ku Theatre Strasberg Theatre ndi Film Institute .  

Cholowa chake ndi Sephardic Jewish ndi Ashkenazi Jewish .   Bambo ake ali a Chipwitikizi-Makolo achiyuda a Moroccan, ndipo amayi ake anali a Chirasha-Aukreniya omwe anasamukira ku Portugal. 

Ruah anayamba kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi a Chipwitikizi ali mwana.  Ntchito yake yoyamba inali ndi zaka 16, pamene ankasewera Sara pa sopo opanga Jardins Proibidos (Oletsedwa M'minda).  

Ali ndi zaka 18, anasamukira ku London kuti akaphunzire ku London Metropolitan University , kumene adalandira Woyamba mu Zojambula.  Ruah anabwerera ku Portugal kukapitiriza ntchito yake.  Anapambana mpikisano wotchuka Dança Comigo (Chipwitikizi cha Dancing ndi Stars ) ndipo ali ndi maudindo akuluakulu mu ma TV, mafilimu achidule, ndi masewero. Mu 2007, anasamukira ku New York kuti akaphunzire ku Lee Strasberg Theatre ndi Film Institute .  

Ruah nyenyezi ngati Wothandizira Wapadera Kensi Blye ku  , yomwe inayamba pa September 22, 2009.  Mu 2011, iye adawonetsera khalidweli mu maonekedwe a alendo ku mndandanda wa Hawaii Five-0. 

Mu 2013, Ruah anaonekera David Auburn 'm modabwitsa kusewera Umboni pa Los Angeles' Hayworth Theatre. 

Pa January 8, 2018, adatsimikiziridwa kuti Ruah adzagwirizana ndi Eurovision Song Contest 2018 ku Lisbon , Portugal pamodzi ndi Catarina Furtado , Sílvia Alberto ndi Filomena Cautela. 

Ruah ali distinguishable birthmark diso lake lamanja, wotchedwa nevus wa Ota. 

Ruah ndipo kenako adakali pachibwenzi ndi David Paul Olsen, mchimwene wake wamkulu ndipo ali ndi mbiri ya Ruis ya  nyenyezi ya Los Angeles Eric Christian Olsen , anali ndi mwana wamwamuna mu December, 2013. Patapita miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, pa June 17, 2014, Ruah ndi Olsen anakwatira ku Portugal potsatizana.  Olsen ndi Lutheran. Ruah ndi Olsen anali ndi mwana wachiwiri, mwana wamkazi mu September, 2016. 




#Article 153: Chef 187 (138 words)


Kondwani Kaira, imadziwika ndi gawo dzina lake Olemekezeka 187, ndi Zambian ntchafu kadumphidwe woimba, wakale Infinix kazembe ndi kale Proflight kazembe ku Province Copperbelt anasaina pansi Alpha zisangalalo Music.  Iye ndi mchimwene wamng'ono wa Macky 2 .  Akuti dzina la Chef 187 limatanthauza kupha, kuphika ndi kutumikira (wophika) pamene 187 ndilo liwu lachigamu la kuphedwa lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi apolisi a ku America.  Kutanthauzira kwina kumatanthawuza kuti ngati nyimbo zili ngati chakudya , ndiye ndiye mtsogoleri. 

Mkulu wa 187 woyamba anasonyeza chidwi ndi nyimbo pamene anali ndi zaka 5, koma adangoganiza kuti ndi ntchito yake mu 2003 atamuwona mchimwene wake wamkulu Macky 2 akuyenda bwino mu makampani.  Mu 2005 analemba nyimbo yake yoyamba.  Mu 2010 iye anathandizana ndi Macky 2 , kugwira njanji diss mutu wakuti 2010, akulimbana pa rapper mbama Dee Anathandiza Kukhazikitsa za XYZ timva zosangalatsa. 




#Article 154: Su Yung (156 words)


Vannarah Riggs (June 30, 1989) ndi Wrestler Wrestler yemwe tsopano wasindikizidwa kuti Impact Wrestling pansi pa dzina lache Su Yung , kumene ali nthawi imodzi Yotsitsimula Akatswiri. Iye poyamba ankagwira ntchito WWE , kumene iye mpikisano ake kakulidwe gawo Florida Championship Kulimbana (FCW) pansi mphete dzina Sonia. 

Iye anakwatiwa ndi wrestler mnzake wrestler Rich Swann mu March 2017. Pa December 10, 2017, mwamuna wake wa Riggs Swann anamangidwa ku Gainesville, ku Florida chifukwa cha ma batri ndi kuwatenga / kundende. Wopwetekayo adadziwika kuti ndi mkazi wake.  Malingana ndi lipoti lakumangidwa, Swann ndi Riggs adakangana pa Swann akudandaula kuti Riggs akugwira ntchito usiku womwewo.  Pamene Riggs anayesera kuthawa ndi Swann, mboni zimati iye amugwira pamutu ndikumukankhira kumbuyo kwa galimoto yake. Swann anatulutsidwa m'ndende ya Alachua County Jail tsiku lomwelo ndipo adamuuza kuti akalumikizane ndi misonkhano yamilandu. Pa January 25, 2018, milandu yonse yotsutsa Swann inachotsedwa, pamene aphungu adatsimikiza kuti panali umboni wosakwanira kuti apite patsogolo ndi mlanduwo.




#Article 155: Christchurch mosque shootings (308 words)


Kuwombera kwa mzikiti ya Christchurch kunali kuopsa koopsya kwa azungu ku Al Noor Mosque ndi Linwood Islamic Center ku Christchurch , New Zealand , pa Lachisanu pemphero pa 15 March 2019.  Anthu osachepera 49 anaphedwa pa kuwombera ndipo anthu oposa 20 anavulala.  Anthu atatu akudandaula anamangidwa ndi mlandu umodzi.  Nkhondoyi inanenedwa kuti ndi ndondomeko ya zigawenga ndi nduna yaikulu ya New Zealand Jacinda Ardern ndi maboma osiyanasiyana padziko lonse. Nkhondoyi ndi yomwe inachitika kwambiri ku New Zealand kuyambira mu 1943, mndende wa Featherston wa ndende yomwe anthu 49 anaphedwa.  Chinanso chinali chowombera choyamba ku New Zealand kuyambira 1997 kuphedwa kwa Raurimu. 

Kuukira kumeneku kunayambira pa Al Noor Mosque, Riccarton ndi Linwood Islamic Center, pa 13:40 pa 15 March 2019 NZDT (05:40 UTC ). Apolisi adapeza mabomba awiri galimoto. Nkhondo Yachilendo ku New Zealand inawadetsa popanda chochitika.  

Munthu wina wothamanga kwambiri athamanga ku Mosque Al Noor ku Deans Ave, Riccarton cha m'ma 1.40pm. The Al Noor chowombelera livestreamed mphindi 16 za nkhondo yake pa Facebook Live , kumene iye kudziwika monga 28 wazaka azungu Australia Zaka zoyambirira za livestream zinasonyeza woyendetsa galimotoyo akuyendetsa galimoto yake kumsasa ndipo akumvetsera nyimbo ya Chiserbia yomwe ikukondwerera Radovan Karadžić , yemwe anapezeka ndi mlandu wa kuphedwa kwa Asilamu a ku Bosnia. Mfuti zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito phokosoli zinkalembedwa ndi zolemba zoyera zomwe zimatchulidwa anthu kuchokera ku mbiri yakale mpaka kumbuyo kwa nkhondo zomwe zinkachita nkhondo ndi Asilamu.  Mabukuwa anaphatikizapo intaneti zambiri, ndipo dzina la Ebba Åkerlund anali pamwamba pa mfuti, yemwe anavutitsidwa ndi zigawenga zachisilamu ku Stockholm , anaphedwa ndi kutchetcha galimoto.Anthu mazana atatu kapena asanu akhoza kukhala ali mumsasa, kupita ku Pemphero la Lachisanu , panthawi ya kuwombera.  Mzinda wina wa mzikitiwu unauza olemba nkhani kuti adamuona athawira mumsasawo ndipo akuponya zida zomwe zinkawombera pamsewu pomwe adathawa.  

Wothamanga wachiwiri anaukira Linwood Islamic Center. Msonkhano wina unabwereranso moto.  Apolisi adatsimikizira kuti ndizowonongeka panthawi imodzi.  




#Article 156: Maiko Zulu (213 words)


Maiko Zulu ndi woimba wa ku Zambia, wofuna ufulu waumunthu komanso nthumwi yovomerezeka ya bungwe lapadziko lonse la anthu ogwira ntchito ku Zambia.  Ntchito yake yomwe ikugulitsidwa ndi mafakitale ndi nyimbo za ufulu waumunthu imadziwikanso ponseponse komanso m'mayiko ena. 

Maiko anabadwira mumzinda wa Livingstone, Zambia.  Anakulira pa famu yake.  Maiko anasamukira Lusaka, likulu la Zambia ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi malinga ndi biography yake pa Maiko Zulu website.  Mu Lusaka maiko adayamba ntchito yake yoimba.  Analowa makampani opanga nyimbo ndi dzina lake lotchedwa St. Michael, dzina limene anasintha pambuyo pake.  Malinga ndi zomwe nyuzipepala ya Times ya Zambia inayankha ndi Zulu, Zulu adati adasintha dzina lake kuti  asungidwe ndi chikhalidwe chake cha ku Africa tsopano, kulandira malemba a Maiko .  

Maiko ndi wolemba nyimbo, woimba ndi wofalitsa.  Nyimbo zake zikuphatikizapo pulezidenti wa Mad, nyimbo yomwe boma la TV lofalitsa TV linakana kusewera pamalo awo. Maiko akugwiritsanso ntchito pokhala Studio pa zisudzo za Muvi TV ku Lusaka. 

Maiko akuyamikiridwa kuti akulimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu ku Zambia.  Analandira mphoto chifukwa cha ntchitoyi kuchokera ku International Labor Organization.  Amalankhula m'malo mwa anthu osauka, makamaka ana.  Iye ndi wotsutsa wotsutsa wa ndale.  Posakhalitsa adayambitsa zotsutsa zotsutsana ndi zandale za Zambia anapitirizabe kuzunzidwa kwa olemba nkhani.   Iye wathanso kukweza ndalama ndi kupereka zinthu zofunika zofunika ku ndende  




#Article 157: Juba (sniper) (143 words)


Juba (aka  Joba) ndi pseudonym wa ananena Sniper nawo Iraq nkhondo 'm zigawenga , nkhani mavidiyo angapo.  Yachiwiri mwa mavidiyowa akuwonetsa Juba akudandaula kuti adaphera asirikari 37 a ku America. Kaya Juba ndi munthu weniweni, gawo lomwe amagawana ndi anthu angapo, kapena kufalitsa / kufalitsa nkhani sikudziwika. 

Juba anakhala wotchuka pambuyo pa luso lapadera lotha kuwombera linawonetsedwa m'mavidiyo a pa Intaneti omwe adatulutsidwa. 

Juba sniper mwachionekere ankagwira ntchito zambiri za Sunni zigawo za Iraq, makamaka chigawo cha Anbar chomwe chinali chigawo chakupha kwambiri kwa asilikali a US pa nkhondo ya Iraq.  Mavidiyo a Juba anali otsika koma anasonyezanso masewero enieni a nkhondo ndi nasheeds .  M'makanema ambiri, Juba akuwoneka akupha asilikali ambiri a US ndi zomwe zikuoneka kuti ndi Dragunov , mfuti ya ku Russia.  Juba amawonedwa akupha mkati mwa mamita mazana angapo mpaka mamita chikwi osamvetseka mu mavidiyo otulutsidwa ndi molondola kwambiri. 




#Article 158: Hula hoop (791 words)


A hula hoop ndi chidole hoop kuti twirled padziko m'chiuno, miyendo kapena khosi.  Hla hoop yamakono inakhazikitsidwa mu 1958 ndi Arthur K. Spud Melin ndi Richard Knerr , koma ana ndi akulu kuzungulira dziko lapansi adasewera ndi ziboda m'mbiri yonse.  Hula amawunikira ana ambiri amayeza pafupifupi masentimita 70 (28   mu) m'mimba mwake, pamene anthu akuluakulu amayesa pafupifupi mamita 1 (40   mu).  Zipangizo zamakono za makoswe zikuphatikizapo msondodzi , rattan (mpesa wolimba komanso wamphamvu), mpesa ndi udzu wolimba.  Masiku ano, kaŵirikaŵiri amapangidwa ndi matope a pulasitiki .  

Native American Hoop Dance ndi mawonekedwe ovina ovina omwe akuphatikizapo makoswe ngati mapulogalamu.  Mapulogalamuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zonse zooneka bwino komanso zolimba, zomwe zimaimira nyama zosiyanasiyana, zizindikiro, ndi zolemba.  Kuvina kumachitika kawirikawiri wokhala ndi masewera ambiri. 

Asanadziŵike ndi kudziwika ngati chidole chodziwika bwino cha pulasitiki (nthaŵi zina chimadzazidwa ndi madzi kapena mchenga), hula hoop yachikhalidwe inali yopangidwa ndi msondodzi wouma, rattan, mphesa, kapena udzu wolimba.  Ngakhale kuti akhalapo kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, nthawi zambiri amakhulupirira kuti iwo anapangidwa m'ma 1950. 

Mlembi wina dzina lake Charles Panati analemba za chilakolako chogwiritsa ntchito matabwa a matabwa ndi zitsulo m'zaka za m'ma 1400 ku England.  Iye akunena kuti madokotala amachiza odwala omwe amamva ululu, amachoka mmbuyo, ngakhalenso kusokonezeka kwa mtima chifukwa cha hooping.   Panati imanenanso kuti dzina lakuti  hula  linachokera kuvina la Hawaii m'zaka za zana la 18, chifukwa cha maulendo omwewo.  

Chombo cha hula chinatchuka padziko lonse kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, pamene buku la pulasitiki linagulitsidwa bwino ndi kampani ya toyunivesite ya California ya Wham-O .  Mu 1957, Richard Knerr ndi Arthur Spud Melin , akuyamba ndi lingaliro la nsomba za ku Australia zomwe zinapangidwa ndi bamboo, zopangidwa ndi maola 1.06 (42   mu) makoswe okhala ndi pulasitiki ya Marlex .  Pogulitsa ntchito, malonda ndi malonda ogulitsa katundu, dziko lonse la July 1958 linapangidwa: mapepala apulasitiki okwana mamiliyoni makumi awiri ndi asanu adagulitsidwa miyezi yosachepera inayi, ndipo malonda anafika ku maunite oposa 100 miliyoni m'zaka ziwiri.  Carlon Products Corporation inali imodzi mwa oyamba kupanga hula hoop; Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1950, Carlon anali kupanga makoswe oposa 50,000 pa tsiku.  Phirili linalowetsedwa ku National Toy Hall of Fame ku Strong ku Rochester, New York , mu 1999. 

Nkhokwe ya hula inasokoneza dziko lonse, ikufanso m'zaka za m'ma 1980, koma osati ku China ndi ku Russia, kumene kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa hula kumapangitsa kuti anthu azichita masewera olimbitsa thupi. 

Posachedwa,     pakhala kuyambiranso kwa hula hooping, komwe kumatchulidwa kuti hoopdance kapena  hooping  kuti imasiyanitse ndi mawonekedwe a ana.  The jam band The String Cheese Incident imatchulidwa kuti ikuthandizira kukonzanso kachidwi.  Mamembala a gulu adayamba kuponyera makompyuta akuluakulu pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990, akulimbikitsa ojambula awo kuti aziwombera ndi kuvina, kufalitsa mawu ndi zosangalatsa.  Kuyambira mu 2003 ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Hooping.org kuti magulu ang'onoang'ono a hoopers anayamba kupeza mzake pa intaneti ndi malo enieni ndipo kayendedwe kanayamba kukula.  Bay Area Hoopers adayamba ku San Francisco panthawiyo nthawi zonse ankakhala ndi nyimbo zowonongeka ndi nyimbo zomwe zimangoyambika ndi gulu lokhalira lija linayamba kufotokozedwa m'midzi yonse padziko lapansi.  Mu 2006 Hoopin 'Annie anali ndi lingaliro lokhazikitsa holide yotsegulira ndipo tsiku loyamba la Padziko Lonse linachitikira mu 2007.  Hla hooping yamakono ikuwoneka pa zikondwerero ndi zochitika zambiri ku USA, UK, Australia ndi Europe. 

Ma hoopers ambiri amadzipangira okha mapepala a PVC , kapena polypropylene tubing (yotchedwa polypro).  Mitsempha ya polyethylene , makamaka mapiritsi a polyvinyl chloride , ndi aakulu kwambiri ndipo ndi olemera kuposa makoswe a m'ma 1950.  Kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwa chiwindi kumakhudza kalembedwe kake.  Zingwe zolemera kwambiri, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuti azisewera ndi osewera, pamene kuwala, kutentha kwapadera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mofulumira.  Mitsempha iyi ingapangidwe mu nsalu kapena mapepala apulasitiki kuti apange chithunzi chowoneka bwino ndi kusiyanitsa pakati pa chingwe ndi danse.  Gaffer Tape imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kulumikiza mkati mwa hula hoop kuti yowonjezera kapena pogwiritsira ntchito hula hoop yopanda kanthu ikhoza kupukutidwa pogwiritsa ntchito nsapato.  Ena amagwiritsa ntchito tepi, yojambulidwa, kapena tepi yowala, ndipo ena amapangidwa ndi matope omveka bwino ndipo samadzazidwa ndi zipangizo (nthawi zambiri zidole za ana zili ndi zida zambiri).  Zipangizo zamakono za LED zakhala zikudziwitsidwa zaka zingapo zapitazi, kulola makoswe kuti awoneke pawombera kapena kutayika.  Zokonzedweratu 'Smart Hoops' zilipo zomwe zimapereka zotsatira zosiyanasiyana zapadera ndipo zina zingathe kupangidwira mwa kugwiritsa ntchito pafoni. 

Kusuntha kwamakono kwachititsa zidule zambiri.  Kudumphira tsopano kumaphatikizapo ambiri 'pamatupi' omwe amayenda ndipo ambiri 'amachotsedwa thupi'.  Zitsanzo zochepa zimaphatikizapo kupuma, kudzipatula, kumangiriza mwendo, ndi kuikiranso kawiri. 

Kuwombera kwatha tsopano kumakhala ntchito yotchuka yolimbitsa thupi, ndi makalasi mu mizinda yambiri kuzungulira dziko lapansi.  Zimakhala zovuta kwa oyamba kumene kuyamba ndi zinthu zambiri zopezeka pa intaneti.  

Kuwonjezeka kwaposachedwa kumene kumapangidwanso kumakhala kutentha kwa moto, kumene maulasi amaikidwa kunja kwa chingwe ndipo amadzaza ndi kevlar wicks, omwe amathiridwa mafuta ndi kuwotcha moto . 

Makampani ena amapanga makoswe a hula osokonezeka kuti azitha kuyenda mosavuta komanso osagwirizana. 




#Article 159: Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten (324 words)


Dr. Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten ndi dokotala wa zamankhwala wa ku Ghana komanso Mtsogoleri wa Dipatimenti ya Akan-Nzema ya College of Languages Languages, Ajumako Campus wa University of Education, Winneba ku Ghana.  Iye ndi munthu woyamba kulandira digiti ya doctorate mu chinenero cha Twi , chimodzi mwa mitundu ya chinenero cha Akan .  

Dr Anima akuchokera ku Atwima-Ofoase m'chigawo cha Ashanti .  Dr. Anima anakulira m'banja la aphunzitsi .  Iye wakwatiwa ndi Dr. Charles B. Wiafe-Akenten, amenenso ali mphunzitsi pa Dipatimenti ya Psychology ya University of Ghana .  Mwana wake woyamba, Dr Michael Wiafe-Kwagyan, ndi mphunzitsi wokhala ndi Plant Science Department mu bungwe lomwelo.   Ali ndi ana atatu aakazi - Nana Adwoa, Awo Asantewaa, ndi Ohenemaa Wiafewaa. 

Dr. Anima adachita maphunziro ake apamwamba ku Sukulu ya Sekondale ya St. Roses, Akwatia ku Eastern Region Ghana pakati pa 1991 ndi 1993.  Anapita ku yunivesite ya Ghana pa digiri yake yoyamba, anamaliza maphunziro a Bachelor of Arts mu Linguistics ndi Theatre Arts (Theatre for Extension Communication) mu 1995.  Analandira Doctorate Degree kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Ghana mu July, 2017 mu Chiyankhulo cha Chiyanja cha Ghana (Akan Linguistics - Media Discourse).  Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, analemba kalata yake pamagwiritsa ntchito masiku ano a Akan pa wailesi ndi pa TV (   ) m'chinenero cha Twi, munthu woyamba kuchita zimenezo.  Malinga ndi iye, vuto lalikulu la kulemba pepala lophunzirira ku Twi linali kutanthauzira molondola mawu ogwidwa ndi mawu olembedwa a sayansi kuchokera ku Chingerezi.  

Anagwira ntchito pa GTV , kuyambira 2003 mpaka 2013. Analinso ndi pulogalamu yotchedwa Amammerefie pa wailesi yakanema, Asempa FM pakati pa 2008 ndi 2010. Kuwonjezera apo, adagwira ntchito monga mutu wa Akan ku Top Radio ndi Radio Universe zonse zomwe zili ku Accra. 

Dr. Anima adakhazikitsa Language Watch Foundation kuti athandize kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero choipa pa airwaves.  Akuyesetsa kukhazikitsa chinenero cha Nananom ndi Media Center kuti aphunzitse anthu mu luso la kulemba mu Twi, mawu osankhidwa, kuyankhula pagulu, kugwiritsa ntchito miyambi ya Twi ndi mawu amodzi .  




#Article 160: Facebook (405 words)


Facebook (nthawizina yofupikitsidwa kwa FB ) ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi webusaitiyi inayamba mu February 2004.  Linamangidwa ndi Mark Zuckerberg.  Lili ndi Facebook, Inc.    , Facebook ili ndi ogwiritsa ntchito oposa 1 biliyoni. Ogwiritsa ntchito akhoza kupanga mbiri yanu , kuwonjezera ena ogwiritsa ntchito ngati abwenzi, ndi kutumiza mauthenga.  Ogwiritsa ntchito Facebook ayenera kulemba asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito tsamba.  Dzina la utumiki limachokera ku dzina la buku lopatsidwa kwa ophunzira kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha sukulu ndi mayunivesite ena ku United States.  Mabuku awa amathandiza ophunzira kuti adziwane bwino.  Facebook imalola aliyense ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali osachepera zaka 13 kuti azigwiritsa ntchito webusaitiyi. 

Facebook yakhazikitsidwa ndi Mark Zuckerberg ndi anzake ogwira nawo sukulu komanso ophunzira ena a sayansi ya sayansi ya Eduardo Saverin , Dustin Moskovitz ndi Chris Hughes . Umembala wa webusaitiyi unali wa ophunzira a Harvard poyamba.  Kenaka zinaphatikizapo ma sukulu ena ku Boston , Ivy League , ndi University of Stanford .  Pomalizira pake anatsegulira ophunzira ku mayunivesite ena.  Pambuyo pake, idatseguka kwa ophunzira a sekondale, ndipo pomalizira pake, kwa aliyense wa zaka 13 ndi kupitirira.  Malingana ndi ConsumersReports.org mu May 2011, pali ana 7.5 miliyoni oposa 13 omwe ali ndi akaunti.  Izi zimaphwanya malamulo a webusaitiyi.  

A January 2009 Compete.com amaphunzira kuti Facebook ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito malo ochezera a pa Intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito ogwiritsa ntchito pamwezi.  Zosangalatsa Masabata onse amaika malo kumapeto kwake kwa zaka khumi .  Ilo linati, Pansi pa dziko lapansi ife timalankhula bwanji zochitika zathu, kukumbukira tsiku lakubadwa kwathu, ogwirizanitsa anzathu, ndi kusewera masewero a Scrabulous pamaso pa Facebook?  Anthu akuganiza kuti Facebook ili ndi alendo okwana 138.9 miliyoni mwezi uliwonse mu May 2011.  Malingana ndi Social Media Today , mu April 2010 anthu okwana 41.6% a US anali ndi akaunti ya Facebook.   Kukula kwa Facebook kunayamba kuchepetsedwa m'madera ena.  Malowa anawonongeka ogwiritsa ntchito mamiliyoni 7 ku United States ndi Canada mu May 2011 poyerekezera ndi chiwerengero chakale.  

Facebook yakhala ikukhudzidwa pazokangana zambiri . Zina mwa zotsutsanazi zakhala zikukhudza anthu omwe akutha kuona mauthenga awo omwe anthu ena amawatumizira, ndipo ena ali pafupi makampani ndi otsatsa akutha kuona mauthenga aumwini omwe akugwiritsa ntchito. 

Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa m'magazini PLOS ONE wasonyeza kuti Facebook ikhoza kuyambitsa kufalitsa chisangalalo pakati pa anthu komanso kusunga anthu.  Asayansi apeza kuti nthawi yochuluka imene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito pa Facebook patatha milungu iwiri, kenako iwo anamva. Pamwamba, Facebook imapereka chithandizo chamtengo wapatali chokwaniritsa zofunika zaumunthu zogwirizana.  M'malo molimbikitsa ubwino, zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti Facebook ikhoza kuipitsa. 




#Article 161: Michael Sata (468 words)


Michael Charles Chilufya Sata (6 Julayi 1937 - 28 Okutobala 2014) anali wandale wa kuZambia yemwe anali Purezidenti wachisanu wa Zambia, kuyambira pa 23 Seputembara 2011 mpaka kumwalira kwake pa 28 Okutobala 2014. Woyimira demokalase,  adatsogolera Patriotic Front ( PF), chipani chachikulu cha ndale ku Zambia. Pansi pa Purezidenti Frederick Chiluba, Sata anali nduna m'ma 1990s ngati gawo la boma la Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD); adayamba kutsutsa mu 2001, ndikupanga PF. Monga mtsogoleri wotsutsa, Sata - wotchuka King Cobra - adatulukira monga wotsutsana ndi wotsutsana ndi Purezidenti Levy Mwanawasa mu zisankho za 2006, koma adagonja. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Mwanawasa, Sata adathamanganso ndipo adatayika kukhala Purezidenti Rupiah Banda mchaka cha 2008.

Patadutsa zaka 10 akutsutsana, Sata adagonjetsa Banda, yemwe adakwanitsa, kuti apambane chisankho cha Seputembara 2011 ndi kuchuluka kwa mavoti. Adamwalira ku London pa 28 Okutobala 2014, kusiya a Purezidenti a Guy Scott kukhala Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti mpaka zisankho zapurezidenti zidachitika pa 20 Januware 2015.

Ukwati woyamba wa Sata unali wa Margaret Manda.  Pambuyo pake adakwatirana ndi mkazi wake wachiwiri, Christine Kaseba, yemwe adakhala Mkazi Woyamba wa Zambia pa nthawi ya utsogoleri wake. Michael Sata akuti anali ndi ana osachepera khumi pakati pa maukwati ake awiri.

Mu 2016, mkazi wamasiye wa Sata, a Christine Kaseba, adakana zonena za mayi wina kuti nayenso adakwatirana ndi Michael Sata. 

Madera nkhawa zaumoyo wa Sata adakula mu 2014 ndipo ena adati sakuyendetsa boma kwenikweni chifukwa cha momwe alili, ngakhale boma lidakana. Anasiya kuwonekera pagulu, zomwe zimawoneka ngati zopanda pake kwa Purezidenti wopanda mawu komanso wolankhula. Owona adati akuwoneka kuti sakusangalala atatsegula nyumba yamalamulo pa 19 September ndipo kumapeto kwa mwezi wotsatira adalephera kuonekanso pagulu. Mtsogoleri wa MMD a Nevers Mumba adatinso boma lidanama za thanzi la Sata.  Anasowanso kalankhulidwe pamsonkhano waukulu wamisonkhano makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu ndi zinayi ya United Nations General Assembly pamabodza akuti adwala ku hotelo ina ku New York City.

Pa 19 Okutobala, adachoka mdziko muno potsatira zomwe amamuwona ngati wodwala, ndikumusiya Edgar Lungu, Nduna ya Zachitetezo, woyang'anira dzikolo posakhalapo. Poganizira momwe zinthu zinalili, komanso mwadzidzidzi paulendowu, kuchoka kwa Sata kuti asawonekere pagulu komanso kuti zaka 50 zakudzilamulira kwazaka za Zambia zangotsala masiku ochepa, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Sata amadwala kwambiri. 

Sata adamwalira pa 28 October ku London.  Amalandira chithandizo chamankhwala osadziwika. Secretary of Kabin Roland Msiska adapereka chiganizo choti amwalira mochedwa masanawa. Monga mukudziwa kuti Purezidenti amalandila chithandizo ku London. Mtsogoleri wanyumba idapita pa Okutobala 28. Kuwonongeka kwa Purezidenti Sata kuli ndi chisoni chachikulu. Mtundu udziwitsidwa za maliro. Atamwalira 23:00 mu Chipatala cha King Edward VII, mkazi wake, Christine Kaseba, mwana wamwamuna, Mulenga, ndi abale ena pabanja anali naye panthawiyo. Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Guy Scott adasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri mpaka chisankho, zomwe zidamupanga kukhala mtsogoleri woyamba wa boma la Africa lomwe lili mwa demokalase ku Africa komanso woyamba kuyambira F. W. de Klerk ku Apartheid South Africa.




#Article 162: Mpundu (291 words)


Mpundu (Bambara: Tutu; Chiyoruba: Idofun) ndi mtengo wobiriwira nthawi zonse ku Africa, womwe umapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana opanda mitengo nthawi zambiri m'malo opanda madzi okwanira pansi. Imadziwikanso kuti mapundu kapena mobola plum pambuyo pa chipatso, chomwe chimawoneka ngati chokoma ndipo chimapangitsa mtengowo kutetezedwa ndikadula mitengo kuti ikalime.

Amakula ku Guinea Savanna dera la West Africa kuchokera ku Senegal kupita ku Chad kenako nyengo yamitengo kudutsa Equator kudutsa Kenya ndi kum'mawa kwa kontrakitala ku Miombo kudera lamapiri ku Zambia ndi Zimbabwe. Kufikira kwake kwakummwera ndikutali chabe kwa malo otentha ku South Africa, pafupifupi 25 ° S.

Pamaso pa mtengo waukulu umasinthasintha mawonekedwe ake. M'madera omwe kumagwa mvula yambiri (pafupifupi mamilimita 1,000 (39 mu) kapena kupitilira chaka chilichonse) imakula mpaka kukula kukula kwake pafupifupi 20 mpaka 20 metres (66-72 ft) yokhala ndi korona wozungulira 20 metres (66 ft) kudutsa. Nthambi ndi zolemera ndipo zimatha kugwa kapena kukula, ndikupatsa mtengo mawonekedwe. Mvula ikakhala yochepa imakhala yotengera bowa ndipo nthawi zambiri imakula mpaka 15m kokha. Itha kukhala yodziwika bwino komanso pamalo okwera kwambiri kum'mwera pakati pa Africa nthawi zina imakhala mtengo waukulu kutchire mumtunda wamtunda womwe dothi lake ndi losavunda bwino ndipo limatha kupaka miyezi ingapo pachaka.

Chomera chachikhalidwe ku Africa, chipatso chodziwika bwino ichi chitha kupititsa patsogolo chakudya, kuwonjezera chitetezo cha chakudya, kulimbikitsa chitukuko chakumidzi ndikuthandizira chisamaliro chokomera nthaka.  Matabwa ndi ovuta komanso ovuta kugwira ntchito koma mwatsoka sakhala cholimba motero amagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono, ngakhale amapangira makala abwino. Komabe, mtengo waukulu wa mtengowo ndi chipatso chokoma, chomwe chimawoneka koyambilira nyengo yachilimwe ndipo chimatha kukololedwa kupitilira miyezi itatu kapena kupitilira apo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito akamwe zoziziritsa kukhosi ndipo kernel imakhala ndi mafuta ambiri. 3 zamkati zopondaponda ndizophatikizira mu zakumwa ndipo popeza zimatsukidwa bwino, zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga zakumwa zoledzeretsanso.

Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pochiritsa chikhulupiriro ndi matchalitchi ena aku Zimbabwe.




#Article 163: Chizindikiro cha Stop (356 words)


Chikwangwani choyimira kapena Stop M'Chingerezi ndi chizindikiro chamsewu chopangidwa kuti chidziwitse madalaivala kuti ayenera kuima kwathunthu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti palibe magalimoto ena omwe akubwera ndipo palibe oyenda pansi omwe akudutsa asanakwere.

Msonkhano wapadziko lonse wa Vi8 wa 1968 pa Road Signs ndi Signals umalola mitundu iwiri ya zilembo komanso mitundu itatu yovomerezeka. Sign B2a ndi octagon wofiira wokhala ndi mawu akuti STOP mwa zoyera. Sign B2b ndi bwalo wofiira wokhala ndi utoto wofiirira wokhala ndi mtundu woyera kapena wachikaso, ndipo cholembedwa STOP mumtambo wakuda kapena wamdima. Msonkhanowu umalola kuti mawu oti STOP akhale mu Chingerezi kapena chilankhulo cha dzikolo. Mtundu womalizidwa ndi Msonkhano wa United Nations Woona Zachuma ndi Zosiyanasiyana pa Road Traffic mu 1968 (ndipo mu 1978) akutsimikizira chizindikiro chokhala ndi mayimitsi a 600, 900 kapena 1200 mm.

Zizindikiro zakuimitsa ku United Kingdom ndi New Zealand ndi 750, 900 kapena 1200 mm, malingana ndi malo amasaina ndi kuthamanga kwa magalimoto.

Ku United States, zizindikiro zoyimitsa zili ndi kukula kwa 750 mm kudutsa moyang'anizana ndi ma octagon ofiira, wokhala ndi malire oyera a 20 mm. Zilembo zazikuluzikulu zokhala ndi zipewa zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimapanga nthanoyo ndi 250mm. Zizindikiro zazikulu za 900 mm (35 in) zokhala ndi nthano ya 300 mm (12 mu) ndi 25 mm (⅞ in) amagwiritsidwa ntchito pama msewu a multilane. Zoyang'anira zilipo pazizindikiro zazikulu kwambiri za 1,200 mm (47 mu) zokhala ndi nthano ya 400 mm (16 mu) ndi 30 mm (1 1⁄4 mu) malire oti mugwiritse ntchito pomwe mawonekedwe a chizindikiro kapena mawonekedwe akutali ali ochepa, komanso chizindikiritso chaching'ono chovomerezeka kukula kwa ntchito wamba ndi 600 mm (24 mu) ndi nthano ya 200 mm (7.9 mu) ndi 15 mm (⅝ in). [6] Zoyimira metric zomwe zalongosoledwa m'mabuku azoyang'anira ku US ndizowerengeka za mayendedwe aku US, osati kutembenuka kwenikweni. Munda, nthano, ndi malire zonse zimabwezeretseka. Mu msonkhano wa Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of the UN, malangizo omwe ali pa chikwatu kuti ayime akufotokozedwa kuti azikhala achingerezi monga kuyimitsa kapena kulembedwa m'chinenerochi. Mayiko ena amagwiritsa ntchito zonsezi. Dongosolo losiyana ndi chikwangwanicho linapangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ku U.S, ndipo kenako linavomerezedwa ndi mayiko ena ndi U.N. Ngakhale izi, US sikuti sigwirizana ndi UN Convention.




#Article 164: Tuberculosis (449 words)


Chifuwa chachikulu (TB) ndi matenda opatsirana omwe nthawi zambiri amayamba chifukwa cha bakiteriya wa Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Matenda a chifuwa chachikulu amagwira mapapo, koma amathanso kukhudza ziwalo zina za thupi. Anthu ambiri ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa sasonyeza zizindikiro zilizonse, ndipo zikatero zimakhala kuti chifukwa chachikulucho sichinayambe kuwonekera. Pafupifupi 10% ya anthu omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa omwe sanayambe kusonyeza zizindikiro zilizonse amatha kuyamba kuonetsa zizindikiro ngati sanalandire thandizo lililonse la kuchipatala, ndipo hafu ya anthu oterewa amatha kumwalira ndi matendawa. Zizindikiro za matenda a TB zikuphatikizapo kukhosomola kwambiri mpaka kumalavula magazi, kutentha thupi, kutuluka thukuta usiku, ndiponso kuwonda. Matendawa ankadziwika kuti oyamwa thupi chifukwa choti anthu omwe akudwala amawonda kwambiri. Matendawa akagwira ziwalo zina munthuyo amatha kuyamba kusonyeza zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana. 

Chifuwa chachikulu chimafalikira kudzera mumpweya anthu omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa akakhosomola, kulavula malovu, kulankhula kapena kuyetsemula. Anthu omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa omwe sanayambe kuonetsa zizindikiro sangapatsire anthu ena. Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ena monga HIV/Edzi komanso omwe amasuta fodya ndi omwe kawirikawiri amadwala matenda a chifuwa chachikulu. Kuti madokotala azindikire ngati munthu ali ndi TB amafunika kumuunika m'mapapu pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya X-ray, komanso kuyesa madzi a m'thupi kuti aone ngati ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. Koma kuti madokotala adziwe ngati munthu ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa ngakhale kuti sakusonyeza zizindikiro, zimadalira kuyeza khungu pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa tuberculin skin test (TST) kapena kuyeza magazi. 

Kupewa kwa chifuwa cha TB kumaphatikizapo kuunika omwe ali pachiopsezo chachikulu, kuzindikira matendawa asanayambe n'komwe ndi kulandira thandizo la kuchipatala mofulumira komanso kulandira  katemera wa bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Anthu omwe angatenge matendawa mosavuta ndi omwe akukhala nyumba imodzi ndi wodwala, anthu omwe akugwira nawo ntchito komanso anthu omwe angamacheze ndi wodwala chifuwa chachikulu. Thandizo la chipatala la matendawa likuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito maantibayotiki ambiri kwanthawi yaitali. Nthawi zina tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa sitimva mankhwala a maantibayotiki (MDR-TB) komanso sitimva mankhwala aliwonse a chifuwa chachikulu (XDR-TB). 

Zikuoneka kuti munthu m'modzi pa atatu alionse padziko lapansili ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa TB. Chaka chilichonse pamapezeka pafupifupi munthu m'modzi watsopano pa anthu 100 alionse amene tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa talowa m'thupi mwake. Mu 2014, panali anthu 9.6 miliyoni omwe anadwala matenda a TB ndiponso anthu oposa 1.5 anafa ndi matendawa. Anthu oposa 95 pa 100 alionse omwe anamwalira ndi matendawa anali a m'mayiko osauka. Koma chiwerengero cha anthu atsopano omwe akumatenga matendawa chaka chilichonse chatsika kuyambira m'chaka cha 2000. Ndipo pafupifupi anthu 80 pa 100 alionse a m'maiko ambiri ku Asia ndi ku Africa anapezeka kuti ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matedawa atayezedwa ndi achipatala, pomwe oyambira pa 5 mpaka 10 pa 100 alionse a ku United States ndi amene anapezeka ndi tizilombo toyambitsa chifuwa chachikulu. Ndipo zikuoneka kuti anthu akhala akudwala chifuwa chachikulu kuyambira kale kwambiri.




#Article 165: BCG vaccine (336 words)


Katemera wa Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) ndi katemera amene amaperekedwa pofuna kulimbana ndi matenga a chifuwa chachikulu. M'mayiko amene chifuwa chachikulu n'chofala kwambiri, katemera m'modzi kwa mayi woyembekezera yemwenso ndi wathanzi ndipo watsala pang'ono kubereka mwana. Ana omwe  ali ndi HIV/AIDS sayenera kupatsidwa katemerayu. M'madera omwe chifuwa chachikulu si chofala kwenikweni, ana omwe akuoneka kuti akhoza kudwala matenda a chifuwa chachikulu kawirikawiri amapatsidwa mankhwala owateteza ku matendawa pambuyo poti ayezedwa ndi dokotala. Anthu akuluakulu omwe sakudwala chifuwa chachikulu komanso sanalandirepo katemera wa matendawa koma nthawi zambiri amapita kudera lomwe matendawa ndi ofala akuyenera kupatsidwa katemerayu.

Katemerayu amagwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana kwa anthu a misinkhu yosiyanasiyananso, ndipo amatha kugwira ntchito kwa zaka 10 mpaka 20. Kwa ana, katemerayu amateteza pafupifupi 20% ya anawo kuti asatenge matendawa, ndipo kwa omwe tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa talowa kale m'thupi mwawo, amateteza hafu ya anawo kuti asadwale chifuwa chachikulu. Katemerayu amaperekedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya jakisoni. Palibe umboni wotsimikizira kuti kulandira katemera mungapo pa nthawi imodzi kumathandiza kwambiri. Katemera wa BCG angagwiritsidwenso ntchito polimbana ndi mitundu ina ya matenda a khansa ya chikodzodzo.

Nthawi zambiri katemerayu sabweretsa mavuto alionse odetsa nkhawa. Koma mavuto ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhalapo ndi oti pamalo amene munthu wabayidwa jakisoni pamatha kutupa, kufiira, ndiponso pangapweteke kwa kanthawi. Komanso chilonda chaching'ono chingayambe pamalo amene pabayidwa jakisoni ndipo kenako pangachite chipsera chilondacho chikapola. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mavuto ena amene amachitika kawirikawiri kwa anthu amene ali ndi vuto la chitetezo chochepa m'thupi.Amayi omwe ali oyembekezera sayenera kulandira katemera. Katemerayu anapangidwa kuchokera kutilombo totchedwa Mycobacterium bovis tomwe timapezeka kwambiri mu ng'ombe. Ngakhale kuti tizilombo ta m'katemerayu timakhala tofooka, timakhalabe tamoyo.

Katemera wa BCG anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba pa ndi madokotala m'chaka cha 1921. Katemerayu ali m'gulu la m'ndandanda wa mankhwala amene ofunika kwambiri pagulu la mankhwala a World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, omwe amathandiza kwambiri pa nkhani zaumoyo. Mtengo wogulira mankhwalawa pa chipiku unali madola 0.16 pa katemera m'modzi m'chaka cha 2014. Koma ku United States mtengo wake umayambira madola 100 mpaka kufika 200. Ndipo chaka chilichonse ana pafupifupi 100 miliyoni amapatsidwa katemerayu.




#Article 166: Measles (498 words)


MChikuku, chomwenso chimadziwika kuti mayina akuti  morbilli, rubeola, ndiponso  red measles, ndi matenda amene anthu amapatsirana mosavuta ndipo amayambitsidwa ndi mavailasi achikuku. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa ndi monga kutentha thupi, komwe kumatha kuposa pa 40 °C (104.0 °F), chifuwa, chimfine, ndiponso kufiira maso. Pakapita masiku awiri kapena atatu kuchokera pamene zizindikiro zoyambirira zinayamba kuonekera, munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa amatuluka tinsungu toyera mkamwa mwake tomwe timachedwa tinsungu ta Koplik. Pakapita masiku atatu mpaka 5 kuchokera pamene zizindikiro zoyambirira zinayamba, tizilonda tofiira tophwathalala timatuluka kumaso ndipo timafalikira m’thupi lonse. Zizindikirozi kawirikawiri zimayamba pakatha masiku 10 mpaka 12 kuchokera pamene munthu anakhala pafupi ndi wodwala matendawa ndipo zizindikirozi zimatenga masiku 7 mpaka 10. Anthu 30 mwa anthu 100 aliwonse omwe ali ndi matendawa amathanso kusonyeza zizindikiro zina zikuluzikulu monga kutsegula m'mimba, kuchita khungu, kutupa kwa ubongo, ndiponso chibayo. Rubella (chikuku cha ku Germany) n'chosiyana ndi chikuku chotchedwa roseola.

Matenda a chikuku amafala kudzera mu mpweya ndipo amafalikira mosavuta munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa akakhosomola kapena kuyetsemula. Chikuku chingafalikirenso ngati munthu atakhudza malovu kapena mamina a munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa. Anthu 9 pa 10 aliwonse omwe sanalandire katemera wa chikuku ndipo akukhala ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa amatenga matendawa mosavuta. Munthu akhoza kupatsira ena matendawa kuyambira pa tsiku la 4 asanayambe kutuluka tizilonda mpaka pa tsiku la 4 atatuluka tizilonda. Kawirikawiri munthu amatha kudwala matendawa kamodzi pamoyo wake. Munthu yemwe akuganiza kuti ali ndi matendawa amalimbikitsidwa kuti azikayezetsa ndipo kuchita zimenezi kumathandiza a zaumoyo.Katemera wa chikuku amathandiza kwambiri kuti munthu asadwale matendawa. Katemera wathandiza kuti anthu 75 pa 100 aliwonse omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa asamadwale ndipo zimenezi zachitika kuyambira m’chaka cha 2000 mpaka 2013 ndipo ana 85 pa 100 aliwonse padziko lonse alandira kale katemera wa matendawa. Padakali pano palibe mankhwala odziwika omwe amachiza matendawa. Komabe thandizo loperekedwa ndi achipatala komanso ukhondo zimathandiza kuti matendawa asafalikire. Thandizoli lingaphatikizepo oral rehydration solution (madzi a mchere ndi shuga), zakudya zopatsa thanzi, ndiponso mankhwala othandiza kuletsa kutentha thupi ndiponso kuphwanya thupi. Mankhwala olimbana ndi mabakiteriya angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati wodwalayo akusonyeza zizindikiro zina zoyambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya, monga chibayo. M’mayiko omwe akukwera kumene, wodwala amalimbikitsidwanso kumwa mankhwala othandiza kuwonjezera vitamini A m'thupi.

Chaka chilichonse, anthu pafupifupi 20 miliyoni amakhudzidwa ndi matenda a chikuku, ndipo ambiri mwa anthu amenewa ndi a m’mayiko omwe akukwera kumene a mu Africa ndi Asia. Chikuku chimapha anthu ochuluka zedi poyerekezera ndi matenda onse amene angapewedwe ndi katemera. M’chaka cha 2013, anthu 96,000 anafa ndi matendawa ndipo mu 1990, anthu omwe anafa ndi matendawa analipo 545,000. Mu 1980, zikuoneka kuti matendawa anapha anthu 2.6 miliyoni padziko lonse. Ku United States kokha, chaka chilichonse anthu 3 kapena 4 miliyoni ankapezeka ndi matendawa chaka chilichonse dzikoli lisanayambe kupereka katemera. Ambiri mwa anthu amene amadwala matendawa komanso kumwalira ndi matendawa ndi ana osakwanitsa zaka 5. Masiku ano, 0.2 peresenti ya odwala matendawa ndi amene amakhala pa chiopsezo choti akhoza kumwalira, ndipo chiwerengerochi chimafika pa 10 peresenti kwa odwala omwe alinso ndi vuto loperewera zakudya m'thupi. Zikuoneka kuti matendawa amakhudzanso zinyama zina.




#Article 167: Measles vaccine (400 words)


Katemera wa chikuku ndi katemera amene amathandiza kwambiri popewa matenda a chikuku. Ana osapitirira miyezi 9 akalandira katemera mmodzi yekha, 85 peresenti ya anawo amakhala otetezeka moti sangadwale matendawa, ndipo 95 peresenti ya ana opitirira miyezi 12 sangadwale akalandira katemerayu. Pafupifupi anthu onse omwe sakhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira cholimbana ndi matendawa atalandira katemera woyamba amakhala ndi chitetezochi akalandira katemera wachiwiri. Katemerayu akaperekedwa kwa anthu opitirira 93 pa 100 aliwonse m'dera linalake, kawirikawiri palibenso munthu wa m'deralo amene angadwale amatenda a chikuku. Katemerayu amagwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri m'thupi la munthu. Koma sizikudziwika ngati katemerayu amayamba kuchepa mphamvu pakapita zaka zambiri ali m'thupi la munthu. Katemerayu amathanso kuteteza munthu kuti asadwale chikuku ngati waperekedwa kwa munthuyo patangopita masiku ochepa kuchokera pamene tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa talowa m'thupi la munthuyo.Ndipo katemerayu ndi wosaopsa ngakhale kwa anthu amene ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV. Pamakhala mavuto ochepa kwambiri oyambitsidwa ndi katemerayu ndipo mavutowo si oopsa komanso sakhalitsa. Mavuto ake angakhale kumva ululu pamalo amene mwabayidwa jakisoni komanso kutentha thupi. Munthu mmodzi pa anthu 100,000 aliwonse amatha kuyamba vuto la Anaphylaxis.Ndipo anthu ochepa kwambiri mwa anthu amene alandira katemerayu amathanso kuyamba vuto la Guillian-Barre syndrome, autism ndiponso kutsegula m'mimba.

Katemera wa matendawa alipo wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga wa chikuku chenicheni komanso wa chikuku cha rubella, mumps, ndiponso chikuku cha varicella (amatchedwanso katemera wa MMR ndiponso katemera wa MMRV). Mitundu yonseyi ya katemera imagwira ntchito bwinobwino. Bungwe la World Health Organization linapereka malangizo akuti katemerayu aziperekedwa kwa mwana aliyense mwanayo akangokwanitsa miyezi 9 m'madera amene matenda a chikuku ndi ofala. Koma m'madera amene matendawa si ofala, mwana amayenera kulandira katemerayu akakwanitsa miyezi 12 ya kubadwa. Katemerayu amapangidwa ndi tizilombo tamoyo. Amakhala waufa ndipo amayenera kusungunulidwa kuti alowe m'thupi la munthu kaya kudzera pakhungu kapena m'minofu. Munthu yemwe yapatsidwa katemerayu angayezedwe magazi pofuna kutsimikizira ngati katemerayu akugwiradi ntchito yake m'thupi.Mu 2013, ana 85 pa ana 100 aliwonse analandira katemerayu padziko lonse. Mu 2008 mayiko osachepera pa 192 anapereka katemerayu maulendo awiri. Katemera wa chikuku anayamba kuperekedwa kwa anthu mu 1963. Kenako mu 1971 katemera wa mitundu iwiri ya chikuku anayamba kuperekedwa kwa anthu. Ndipo mu 2005, katemera wa katsabola anaphatikizidwa pa mitundu ya katemera wa chikuku n'kukhala katemera wotchedwa MMRV. Katemera ameneyu ali pa gulu la World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, yemwe ndi katemera wofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu amene ayenera kuperedwa ndi  a zaumoyo komanso a zachipatala. Ndipotu katemera wa chikuku si wokwera mtengo.




#Article 168: Pertussis vaccine (371 words)


Katemera wa chifuwa chokoka mtima ndi katemera amene amateteza ku chifuwa chokoka mtima. Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya katemerayu; katemera wa maselo athunthu komanso katemera wa tizigawo tamaselo. Anthu 78 pa 100 aliwonse amene alandira katemera wa maselo athunthu amatetezeka ku matenda a chifuwa chokoka mtima pomwe anthu 71 mpaka 85 pa 100 aliwonse amene alandira katemera wa tizigawo tamaselo amatetezeka ku matendawa. Zikuoneka kuti mphamvu za katemerayu zimachepa moti chaka chilichonse, anthu awiri mpaka 10 pa 100 aliwonse omwe analandira katemera wa tizigawo tamaselo amatha kudwala matenda a chifuwa chokoka mtima. Ngati mayi woyembekezera atalandira katemerayu, zingathandize kuti mwana wosabadwayo adzatetezeke kumatendawa akadzabadwa. Zikuoneka kuti katemerayu anathandiza kuti anthu 500,000 asafe ndi matenda a chifukwa chokoka mtima mu 2002.Bungwe la World Health Organization ndiponso la Center for Disease Control and Prevention limalimbikitsa kuti ana onse azipatsidwa katemerayu ndipo katemera ameneyu akhale m'gulu la akatemera amene amaperekedwa nthawi zonse. Ngakhale anthu amene ali ndi HIV/AIDS ayenera kulandira katemerayu. Ana amayenera kulandira katemerayu maulendo atatu, kuyambira ali ndi milungu 6. Kenako anawo akamakula angapatsidwenso katemera wina wowonjezera. Katemerayu amaphatikizidwa ndi katemera wa mitundu ina.

Katemera wa tizigawo tamaselo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mayiko olemera chifukwa choti sabweretsa mavuto ambiri. Anthu oyambira pa 10 mpaka 50 pa 100 aliwonse amene alandira katemera wa maselo amamva kuphwanya kwa thupi, thupi limatentha, komanso pamalo pamene awabayapo pamafiira. Mwana m'modzi pa 100 aliwonse amene abayidwa katemerayu amalira kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri ndipo amatha kuchita ngati wakomoka, Febrile seizures. Koma katemera wa tizigawo tamaselo nthawi zina amangochititsa kuti mkono umene wabiyidwawo utupe pang'ono komanso kwa nthawi yochepa basi. Mavuto amene amabwera munthu akangolandira kumene katemerayu, kaya wa maselo athunthu kapena wa tizigawo tamaselo amakhala ochepa kwambiri kwa ana akhanda. Katemera wa maselo athunthu sayenera kuperekedwa kwa mwana amene wapitirira zaka 6. Mitundu iwiri yonseyi ya katemera sibwera mavuto aliwonse odetsa nkhawa okhudza ubongo.Katemera wa chifuwa chokoka mtima anapangidwa koyamba mu 1926. Katemerayu ali pa gulu la World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, yemwe ndi katemera wofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu amene ayenera kuperedwa ndi a zaumoyo komanso a zachipatala. Mtundu wina wa katemerayu ulinso ndi mankhwala olimbana ndi kafumbata, diphtheria, poliyo, ndiponso katemera wa Hib ndipo mtengo wake unali madola 15.41 a ku America mu 2014.




#Article 169: Hepatitis A (507 words)


Hepataitisi A (matenda omwe poyamba ankatchedwa matenda opatsirana a hepataitisi) ndi matenda opatsirana omwe amagwira  chiwindi ndipo amayambitsidwa ndi vailasi yotchedwa hepataitisi A (HAV). Ambiri mwa anthu amene ali ndi mavailasi amenewa, makamaka ana, amasonyeza zizindikiro zochepa kapena sasonyeza n'komwe zizindikiro za matendawa. Kwa anthu amene akusonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa, pamatenga milungu iwiri mpaka milungu 6 kuchokera pamene tizilomboti tinalowa m'thupi kuti zizindikiro ziyambe kuonekera. Nthawi zambiri zizindikiro za matendawa zimaonekera kwa milungu 8 ndipo zina mwa zizindikirozo ndi: nseru, kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba, khungu kuchita chikasu, fkutentha thupi, komanso kumva kupweteka m'mimba. Pafupifupi anthu 10 mpaka 15 pa 100 aliwonse amene asonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa, zizindikirozo zimayambiranso pakatipa miyezi 6 kuchokera pamene tizilombo ta matendawa tinalowa m'thupi. Matendawa amatha kulepheretsa chiwindi kugwira bwino nthcito yake ndipo izi zimachitika makamaka kwa achikulire.

Kawirikawiri matendawa amafalikira ngati munthu wadya chakudya kapena kumwa madzi omwe akhudzidwa ndi nyansi za kuchimbudzi zomwe zili ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. Nkhanu komanso ndiwo zina za m'gulu la nkhanu zomwe sizinaphikidwe mokwanira zimathanso kufalitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. Matendawa amatha kufalanso ngati munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa akukhudzana kwambiri ndi anthu ena. Ngakhale kuti ana omwe ali ndi tizolombo toyambitsa matendawa sasonyeza zizindikiro zake, komabe anawo amatha kupatsira anthu ena matendawa. Matendawa akalowa m'thupi la munthu koyamba munthuyo n'kuchira, munthuwo sangadwalenso matendawa kwa moyo wake wonse ngakhale tizilombo tochuluka titalowa m'thupi mwake. Zizindikiro za hepataitisi A n'zofanana ndi zizindikiro za matenda ena ambiri choncho pamafunika kuyeza magazi kuti madokotala atsimikizire ngati munthu ali ndi matendawa. Matenda a hepataitisi alipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokwanira 5 motengera mtundu wa vailasi umene umawayambitsa, monga: A, B, C, D, ndi E.

Katemera wa hepataitisi A amathandiza kwambiri kupewa matendawa. Mayiko ena amalimbikitsa kuti ana onse azilandira katemera wa matendawa nthawi ndi nthawi makamaka ngati ali m'madera amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri. Zikuoneka kuti munthu akangolandira katemerayu kamodzi, amagwira ntchito m'thupi mwake kwa moyo wake wonse. Matendawa angapewedwe mosavuta potsatira njira zaukhondo monga kusamba m'manja komanso kuphika zakudya m'njira yabwino. Matendawa alibe mankhwala, koma wodwala amapatsidwa mankhwala oti athane ndi zizindikiro za matendawa monga nseru kapena kutsegula m'mimba. Nthawi zambiri munthu yemwe ali ndi tizolombo toyambitsa matendawa amakhala bwinobwino popanda vuto lililonse la chiwindi. Koma ngati matendawa achititsa kut chiwindi chiwonongeke n'kumalephera kugwira bwino ntchito, pangafunike opaleshoni yochotsa chiwindicho n'kuika china.

Padziko lonse, anthu 1.5 miliyoni amasonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa chaka chilichonse ndipo zikuoneka kuti anthu mamiliyoni ambirimbiri amatenga tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. Matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri m'madera amene ukhondo ndi wovuta komanso madzi aukhondo ndi osowa. M'mayiko amene akukwera kumene, pafupifupi ana 90 pa 100 aliwonse amakhala atatenga tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa akamafika pokwanitsa zaka 10 zakubadwa, choncho sangadwale matendawa akafika pa msinkhu wauchikulire. M'mayiko amene ndi olemera ndithu, nthawi zambiri matendawa amafika pokhala mliri chifukwa ana m'mayiko oterewa salandira katemera wa matendawa komanso matupi awo amakhala asanazolowere tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. Mu 2010, matenda a hepataitisi A anapha anthu okwana 102,000 padziko lonse. Choncho panakhazikitsidwa Tsiku Lokumbukira Matenda a Hepataitisi Padziko Lonse lomwe ndi pa July 28 chaka chilichonse ndipo cholinga chake ndi kuthandiza anthu kuti adziwe za kuopsa kwa matenda a hepataitisi.




#Article 170: Hepatitis A vaccine (306 words)


Katemera wa Hepataitisi A ndi katemera amene amathandiza kupewa matenda a hepataitisi A. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti katemerayu amathandiza kwambiri moti anthu 95 pa 100 aliwonse amene alandira katemerayu sadwala matenda a hepataitisi ndipo katemerayu amagwira ntchito m'thupi kwa zaka zosachepera 15, ndipo kwa anthu ambiri amathandiza kwa moyo wawo wonse. Madokotala amalimbikitsa kuti munthu ayenera kulandira katemerayu kawiri pa moyo wake kuyambira ali ndi chaka chimodzi. Katemerayu amaperekedwa kudzera mu jakisoni yemwe amabayidwa m'minofu.

Bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) limalimbikitsa kuti katemerayu ayenera kuperedwa kwa anthu onse amene ali m'madera amene matendawa ndi ofala. Kumadera amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri, madokotala salimbikitsa kuti katemerayu aziperekedwa kwa aliyense chifukwa anthu a m'madera otere amakhala ndi chitetezo chokwana cholimbana ndi matendawa m'matupi mwawo. Bungwe la Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) limalimbikitsa kuti anthu onse, ana ndi akuluakulu omwe, amene angadwale ndi matendawa mosavuta azilapatsidwa katemera.

Katemerayu sabweretsa mavuto alionse odetsa nkhawa. Ana 15 pa 100 aliwonse omwe apatsidwa katemerayu ndiponso hafu ya akuluakulu onse amene apatsidwa katemerayu amamva ululu pamalo amene abayidwapo kwa masiku angapo. Mitundu yambiri ya katemera wa hepataitisi A imakhala ndi mavailasi omwe agonekedwa moti sangathe kudwalitsa munthu ndipo mitundu ina ya katemerayu imakhala ndi mavailasi omwe achepetsedwa mphamvu. Amayi oyembekezera kapena anthu amene chitetezo chawo m'thupi n'chochepa sayenera kupatsidwa katemera wokhala ndi mavailasi omwe achepetsedwa mphamvu. Mitundu ina ya katemera wa hepataitisi A amaphatikizamo mankhwala amene angalimbanenso ndi hepataitisi B ndiponso amatha kusakaniza ndi mankhwala a katemera wa typhoid.Katemera woyambirira wa hepataitisi A anavomerezedwa m'mayiko a ku Ulaya mu  1991 kenako anavomerezedwa ku United States mu 1995. Katemerayu ali pagulu la World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, yemwe ndi katemera wofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu amene ayenera kuperedwa ndi a zaumoyo komanso a zachipatala. Ku United States mtengo wa katemerayu umayambira pa madola 50 mpaka kufika pa madola 100.




#Article 171: Hepatitis B (678 words)


Hepataitisi B ndi matenda opatsirana omwe amayambitsira ndi mavailasi otchedwa hepataitisi B virus (HBV) ndipo amagwira chiwindi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa tikalowa m'matupi kwa anthu ena anthuwo sangadwale pomwe ena amadwala kwambiri. Anthu ambiri sasonyeza zizindikiro zilizonse za matendawa tizilomboti tikangolowa m'thupi mwawo. Koma ena amayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro nthawi mwachangu kwambiri moti amayamba kusanza, khungu limachita chikasu, amakhala otupa, amakodza mkodzo woderapo komanso amamva kupweteka m'mimba. Nthawi zambiri zizindikirozi zimaonekera kwa milungu ingapo ndipo si zichitika kawirikawiri kuti munthu amwalire ndi zizindikiro zoyambirirazi. Kuchokera pamene tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa talowa m'thupi, pangatenge masiku 30 mpaka 180 kuti zizindikiro za matendawa ziyambe kuonekera. Ana 90 pa 100 aliwonse amene tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timalowa m'thupi mwawo pa nthawo yobadwa kapena atangobadwa kumene amadwala kwambiri matenda a hepataitisi B, pomwe ndi ana 10 okha pa 100 aliwonse amene amadwala kwambiri matendawa ngati tizilomboti talowa m'thupi mwawo atakwanitsa zaka 5. Anthu ochuluka omwe amadwala kwambiri matendawa sasonyeza zizindikiro zoonekeratu; koma pakapita nthawi, chiwindi chawo chimatha kuputa kapenanso angathe kudwala khanso ya m'chiwindi. Mavuto akuluakulu amenewa amachititsa kuti anthu oyambira pa 15 mpaka 25 pa 100 aliwonse amwalire ndi matendawa.

Mavailasi omwe amayambitsa matendawa amafalikira kwa anthu ena kudzera m'magazi kapena m'madzi ena m'magazi.Anthu ambiri amatenga matenda a hepataitisi B pa nthawi yobadwa kapena amawatenga pa nthawi yomwe anali ana, ndipo imeneyi ndi njira yaikulu imene matendawa amafalira. M'madera amene matendawa si ofala kwenikweni, matendawa amafala kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo ndiponso kudzera m'kugonana. Njira zina zimene zingachititse munthu kutenga matendawa ndi: kugwira ntchito zaumoyo, kuikidwa magazi, njira yachipatala yochotsera madzi m'thupi, kukhala nyumba imodzi ndi munthu amene ali ndi matendawa, kupita kumayiko amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri, ndiponso kukhala pamalo amene pakukhala anthu ambirimbiri. M'zaka za m'ma 1980, zinadziwika kuti zipangizo zojambulira matatuwu ndiponso masingano ochiritsira zinathandizira kuti matendawa afale; koma masiku ano vutoli lachepa chifukwa zipangizo zimenezi zikumatsukidwa bwino ndi mankhwala moti sizingafalitsenso matendawa. Mavailasi a  sangafalikire ngati anthu atagwirana manja, kudyera mbale imodzi, kukisana, kuhagana, kukhosomola, kuyetsemula, kapena kuyamwitsa mwana. Madokotala angathe kuyeza munthu ndi kudziwa ngati ali ndi matendawa ngati papita masiku oyambira pa 30 mpaka 60 kuchokera pamene tizilomboti talowa m'thupi. Kawirikawiri madokotala amayeza magazi kuti adziwe ngati muli tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa komanso kuti adziwe ngati muli maselo ambiri olimbana ndi mavailasi. Matendawa ali m'gulu la matenda a hepataitisi omwe amayambitsidwa ndi mavailasi awa: A, B, C, D, ndi E.

Kuyambira mu 1982, panakonzedwa katemera wothandiza kupewa matendawa. Bungwe la World Health Organization limalimbikitsa zonse mwana aliyense azipatsidwa katemerayu pa tsiku limene wabadwa ngati zili zotheka kutero. Pakapita nthawi, munthu aliyense amafunika kulandira katemerayu kachiwiri kapenanso kachitatu n'cholinga choti akhale wotetezeka kwambiri. Katemerayu amathandiza kwambiri moti anthu 95 pa 100 aliwonse amene apatsidwa katemerayu, sadwala ngakhale pang'ono matendawa. Mayiko 180 padziko lonse akhala akupereka katemerayu kwa anthu awo kuyambira mu 2006. Kwa anthu amene akufuna kuikidwa magazi, ndi bwino kuti magaziwo aziyezedwa kaye n'kutsimikizira kuti alibe tizilombo toyambitsa hepataitisi B, komanso makondomu ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati m'modzi mwa anthu amene akufuna kugonanawo ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. Wodwala akangoyamba kumene kusonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa, akuyenera kusamalidwa bwino mogwirizana ndi zizindikiro zimene ali nazo. Anthu amene akudwala kwambiri matendawa angapatsidwe mankhwala a antiviral monga tenofovir komanso interferon, ngakhale kuti mankhwala amenewa ndi okwera mtengo.Nthawi zina pangafunike opaleshoni yochotsa chiwindi ndi kuika china ngati chiwindicho chawonongeka kwambiri.

Zikuoneka kuti munthu m'modzi pa atatu aliwonse padziko lonse tizilombo toyambitsa hepataitisi B tinalowapo m'thupi mwawo, ndipo anthu oyambira pa 240 miliyoni mpaka kufika pa 350 miliyoni anadwala kwambiri ndi matendawa. Ndipo chaka chilichonse, anthu 750,000 amamwalira ndi matenda a hepataitisi B. Masiku ano matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri m'mayiko a ku East Asia ndi ku Kumunsi kwa chipululu cha Sahara, ku Africa ndipo anthu akuluakulu oyambira pa 5 mpaka 10 pa 100 aliwonse amadwala kwambiri matendawa.Koma anthu omwe amadwala matendawa ku Ulaya ndi ku North America ndi ochepa kwambiri, moti ndi munthu m'modzi yekha pa 100 aliwonse  amene angadwale matendawa. Matenda a hepataitisi B poyamba ankadziwika ndi dzina lakuti hepataitisi ya m'madzi a m'magazi. Akatswiri ochita kafukufuku akofuna kukonza chakudya chimene chizikhala ndi katemera wa HBV. Zikuoneka kuti matendawa akhoza kugwiranso anyani akuluakulu.




#Article 172: Hepatitis B vaccine (309 words)


Katemera wa Hepataitisi B ndi katemera amene amathandiza kupewa matenda a hepataitisi B. Mwana aliyense akangobadwa amayenera kupatsidwa katemerayu pasanapite maola 24 mwanayo atabadwa, ndipo kenako angalandire katemera wachiwiri ndiponso wachitatu pakapita nthawi. Ngakhale ana omwe ali ndi chitetezo chochepa m'thupi mwina chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS kapena omwe anabadwa masiku asanakwane  ayenera kulandira katemerayu. Kwa anthu omwe alibe mavuto  ena m'thupi, katemerayu amathandiza kwambiri moti anthu 95 pa 100 aliwonse amene alandira katemerayu sangadwale.

Anthu omwe ali m'madera amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri amayenera kuyezetsa magazi kuti atsimikizire ngati katemerayu akugwira bwino ntchito. Ndipo anthu a m'mayiko amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri amayenera kulandira katemera wowonjezera pakapita nthawi, chomodzimodzinso ndi anthu omwe chitetezo chawo n'chochepa m'thupi. Anthu omwe sanalandire katemerayu koma apezeka m'dera limene  mavailasi a hepataitisi B ndi ofala kwambiri akuyenera kulandira katemera wa hepataitisi B immune globulin. Katemerayu amaperekedwa kudzera m'jakisoni.

Katemera wa hepataitisi B sabweretsa mavuto aliwonse odetsa nkhawa. Mavuto ochepa amene angakhalepo angakhale kumva ululu pamene munthu wabayidwa jakisoni wa katemerayu. Katemerayu alibe mavuto aliwonse ngati munthu atamulandira pa nthawi imene ali woyembekezera ngakhalenso pa nthawi imene akuyamwitsa. Ndiponso palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti katemerayu angayambitse mavuto ena monga matenda otchedwa Guillain-Barre . Katemera wa matendawa amapangidwa ndi njira zamakono pogwiritsa ntchito tizigawo tina ta DNA. Katemerayu amathanso kuphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala ena a katemera wa mitundu ina.

Katemera wa hepataitisi B anavomerezedwa koyamba m'dziko la United States m'chaka cha 1981. Kenako mu 1986 panapangidwa mtundu wina wa katemera womwe ndi wabwino poyerekezera ndi woyamba uja. Katemerayu ali pagulu la World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, yemwe ndi katemera wofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu amene ayenera kuperekedwa ndi a zaumoyo komanso a zachipatala. M'chaka cha 2014, mtengo wogulitsira katemerayu pachipiku unali woyambira pa madola a ku America 0.58 mpaka 13.20 pa katemera m'modzi. Koma ku United States, mtengo wa katemerayu umayambira pa madola 50 mpaka 100.




#Article 173: Meningitis (440 words)


Matenda oumitsa khosi ndi matenda amene amayamba chifukwa cha kutupa khungu limene limakutira bongo ndiponso mnyewa waukulu wochoka ku bongo, ndipo kutupa kotereku kukachitika kumatchedwa meningesi. Zizindikiro zofala kwambiri za matendawa ndi kutentha thupi, kupweteka kwa mutu ndiponso kuuma kwa khosi. Zizindikiro zinanso zingakhale monga  kusokonezeka maganizo kapena bongo kusiya kugwira ntchito moyenera, kusanza, ndiponso kudana kwambiri ndi kuwala kapena phokoso. Ana omwe ali ndi matendawa nthawi zambiri zosagwirizana kwenikweni ndi matendawa, monga kunyong'onyeka, kuwodzera, ndiponso kukana kudya. Koma ngati tizilonda tatuluka, zingasonyeze kuti munthuyo ali ndi mtundu winawake wa matenda oumitsa khosi; monga, matenda oumitsa khosi omwe amayambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya wa meningococcal.

Kutupa kwa khungu lokuta bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu kumachititsidwa ndi mavailasi, mabakiteriya, ngakhalenso tizilombo tina, ndipo nthawi zina mwa apo ndi apo, kumatha kuyambitsidwanso ndi mankhwala a kuchipatala. Matenda oumitsa khosi akhoza kukhala oopsa kwambiri makamaka ngati khungu lomwe latupalo lili pafupi kwambiri ndi malo amene bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu zalumikizana, ndipo zoterezi zikachitika, wodwalayo amayenera kulandira thandizo la chipatala mwamsanga. Ndipo njira ya kuchipatala yoyeza timadzi ta mkati mwa msana imathandiza madokotala kudziwa ngati munthu ali ndi matenda oumitsa khosi kapena ayi. Kuti achite zimenezi, madokotala amabaya jakisoni kumsana m'munsi mwa fupi la khosi n'kutenga timadzi tomwe timakuta khungu lophimba bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu. Ndiyeno amayeza timadzite ndi makina oyezera.

Anthu angathe kupewa mitundu ina ya matendawa ngati atalandira katemera wa meningococcal, wa masagwidwi, wa chibayo, ndiponso katemera wa Hib. Ndipo nthawi zina zimathandiza ngati anthu omwe akuoneka kuti angathe kutenga matendawa mosavuta atapatsidwa mankhwala olimbana ndi tizilombo ta matendawa. Thandizo loyambirira kwa munthu amene akudwala kwambiri matendawa lingakhale kumupatsa mankhwala olimbana ndi mabakiteriya ndipo nthawi zinanso mankhwala olimbana ndi mavailasi. Anthu omwe akudwala kwambiri matendawa angapatsidwe mankhwala la corticosteroids omwe amathandiza thandiza kuti khungu lokuta bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu lisatupe. Munthu yemwe ali ndi matenda oumisa khosi akapanda kulandira thandizo mwachangu, angakhalenso ndi mavuto ena aakulu monga kugontha n'khutu, khunyu, madzi kuunjikana mubongo, kapenanso  mavuto ena a mubongo.

Mu 2013 matenda oumisa khosi anagwira anthu pafupfupi 16 miliyoni. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti anthu 303,000 amwalire ndi matendawa, omwe ndi anthu ocheperapo oyerekezera ndi anthu 464,000 omwe anamwalira ndi matendawa mu 1990. Odwala akalandira thandizo loyenerera, ndi anthu 15 okha pa 100 aliwonse omwe angamwalire ndi matendawa. Chaka chilichonse, mliri wa matendawa umabuka cha mu December ndi June m'mayiko kumunsi kwa chipululu cha Sahara ku Africa dera lomwe limadziwika kuti  dera la matenda oumisa khosi. Miliri ina yocheperapo ya matendawa imabukanso m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansili. Dzina la Chingelezi la matendawa meningitis ndipo linachokera ku mawa a Chigiriki akuti μῆνιγξ méninx, omwe amatanthauza khungu kapena chikopa ndipo mawu a zachipatala amene anawonjezeredwa ku dzinali akuti  -itis, amatanthauza kutupa.




#Article 174: Meningococcal vaccine (337 words)


Katemera wa matenda oumisa khosi ndi katemera yemwe amateteza munthu ku Neisseria meningitidis. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya katemera mogwirizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyananso ya matendawa, ndipo anaikidwa m'magulu awa: A, C, W135, ndi Y. Anthu oyambira pa 85 mpaka 100 pa 100 aliwonse amene alandira katemerayu amakhala otetezeka ku matendawa ndipo katemerayu amagwira ntchito m'thupi la munthu mpaka kwa zaka ziwiri. M'madera amene anthu ambiri analandira katemerayu,  matenda oumisa khosi ndiponso sepsis zachepa kwambiri. Katemerayu amatha kuperekedwa pobaya jakisoni m'minofu kapena pobaya pakhungu.

Bungwe la World Health Organization limalimbikitsa mayiko amene chiwerengero cha anthu odwala matendawa ndi chokwera kwambiri kapena mayiko amene kumachitikachitika mliri wa matendawa kuti nthawi ndi nthawi azipereka katemera  kwa anthu awo. M'mayiko amene matendawa si ofala kwenikweni, madokotala amalimbikitsa zoti anthu okhawo amene angatenge matendawa mosavuta ndiwo ayenera kulandira katemerayu. M'dera la ku Africa lomwe limadziwika kuti la matenda oumisa khosi pali zoyesayesa zoti zonthu onse oyambira pa chaka chimodzi mpaka zaka 30 alandire katemera wa metendawa wotchedwa katemera wa conjugate. Ku Canada ndi ku United States katemera wothandiza kulimbana ndi mitundu yonse ya matenda oumisa khosi amayenera kuperekedwa kwa achinyamata onse ndiponso kwa anthu ena amene angatenge matendawa mosavuta. Anthu onse amene amapita ku Mecca ku Hajj amayeneranso kulandira katemerayu.

Katemerayu amayenera kuperekedwa m'njira imene singayambitse mavuto ena odetsa nkhawa. Ena mwa anthu amene alandira katemerayu amamva ululu pamalo pamene abayidwapo komanso pamafiira. Zikuonekanso kuti katemerayu azimayi apakati akhoza kulandira katemerayu chifukwa sayambitsa mavuto aliwonse kwa amayi otere. Ndipo ndi munthu m'modzi yekha pa anthu 1 miliyoni omwe alandira katemerayu omwe amakumana ndi mavuto ena obwera chifukwa cha katemerayu.Katemera wa matenda oumisa khosi anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyambirira m'zaka za m'ma 1970. Ndipotu katemerayu ali pagulu la World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, yemwe ndi katemera wofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu amene ayenera kuperekedwa  ndi a zaumoyo komanso a zachipatala. Mtengo wogulitsira katemera m'modzi pachipiku unali woyambira pa madola a ku America 3.23 mpaka 10.77 USD m'chaka cha  2014. Koma ku United States mtengo wa katemerayu umayambira pa madola 100 mpaka 200.




#Article 175: Chifuwa Chachikulu (445 words)


Chifuwa chachikulu (TB) ndi matenda opatsirana amene nthawi zambiri amayamba chifukwa cha bakiteriya wa Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Matenda a chfuwa chachikulu amagwira mapapu, koma amathanso kukhudza ziwalo zina za thupi. Anthu ambiri ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa sasonyeza zizindikiro zilizonse, ndipo zikatero zimakhala kuti chifuwa chachikulucho sichinayambe kuonekera. Pafupifupi 10% ya anthu omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa omwe sanayambe kusonyeza zizindikiro zilizonse amatha kuyamba kuonetsa zizindikiro ngati sanalandire thandizo lililonse la kuchipatala, ndipo hafu ya anthu oterewa amatha kumwalira ndi matendawa. Zizindikiro za matenda a TB zikuphatikizapo kukhosomola kwambiri mpaka kumalavula magazi, kutentha ndi kuphwanya kwa thupi, kutuluka thukuta usiku pogona, ndiponso kuonda. Matendawa ankadziwika kuti oyamwa thupi chifukwa choti anthu omwe akudwala amawonda kwambiri. Matendawa akagwira ziwalo zina munthuyo amatha kuyamba kusonyea zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana.

Chifuwa chachikulu chimafalikira kudzera mumpweya anthu omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa akakhosomola, kulavula malovu, kulankhula kapena kuyetsemula. Anthu omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa omwe sanayambe kuonetsa zizindikiro sangapatsire anthu ena. Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ena monga HIV/AIDS komanso omwe amasuta fodya ndi omwe kawirikawiri amadwala matenda a chifuwa chachikulu. Kuti madokotala azindikire ngati munthu ali ndi TB amafunika kumuunika m'mapapu pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya  X-rays, komanso njira yoyeza madzi a m'thupi. DKoma kuti madokotala adziwe ngati munthu ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa ngakhale kuti sakusonyeza zizindikiro, zimadalira kuyeza khungu pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa tuberculin skin test (TST) kapena kuyteza magazi.

Kupewa kwa chifuwa cha TB kumaphatikizapo kuwunika omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, kuzindikira matendawa asanayambe n'komwe ndi kulandikira thandizo la kuchipatala mofulumira komanso kulandira katemera wa bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Anthu omwe angatenge matendawa mosavuta ndi omwe akukhala nyumba imodzi ndi wodwala, anthu omwe akugwira nawo ntchito komanso anthu omwe angamacheze ndi wodwala chifuwa chachikulu. Thandizo la chipatala la matendawa likuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito maantibayotiki ambiri kwa nthawi yaitali. Nthawi zina tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa sitimva mankhwala a maantibayotiki ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti chifuwa chachikulucho chisamamvenso mankhwala aliwonse.

Zikuoneka kuti munthu m'modzi anthu atatu aliwonse padziko lonse ali ndi matenda a chifuwa chachikulu. Ndipo chaka chilichonse munthu m'modzi pa anthu 100 aliwonse amatenga matenda a chifuwa chachikulu. M'chaka cha 2014, anthu opitirira 9.6 miliyoni anadwala matendawa zomwe zinachititsa kuti anthu 1.5 miliyoni amwalire. Anthu oposa 95 pa 100 alionse omwe anamwalira ndi matendawa anali a m'mayiko amene akukwera kumene. Koma chiwerengero cha anthu atsopano omwe akumatenga matendawa chaka chilichonse chatsika kuyambira m'chaka cha 2000. Ndipo pafupifupi anthu 80 pa 100 alionse a m'maiko ambiri ku Asia ndi ku Africa anapezeka kuti ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matedawa atayezedwa ndi achipatala, pomwe oyambira pa 5 mpaka 10 pa 100 alionse a ku United States ndi amene anapezeka ndi tizilombo toyambitsa chifuwa chachikulu. Zikuoneka kuti matenda a chifuwa chachikulu akhala akuvutitsa anthu kuyambira kale kwambiri.




#Article 176: Katemera wa matenda oumisa khosi (286 words)


Katemera wa matenda oumisa khosi ndi katemera amene amaperekedwa kwa anthu pofuna kupewa matenda amene amayambitsidwa ndi tizilombo tochedwa Neisseria meningitidis. Katemerayu ali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo amathandiza polimbana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyananso ya matenda oumisa khosiwa omwe alipo m'magulu monga: A, C, W135, ndiponso Y. Katemerayu amathandiza kwambiri moti anthu oyambira pa 85 mpaka 100 pa anthu 100 aliwonse amene alandira katemerayu amakhala otetezeka kotheratu kumatendawa kwa zaka zosachepera ziwiri. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti m'madera amene anthu ambiri amalandira katemerayu, matenda oumisa khosi ndiponso matenda a sepsis achepe kwambiri mpaka kutsala pang'ono kutheratu. Katemerayu amaperekedwa pobaya jakisoni m'minofu kapena pobaya pakhungu.

Bungwe looza za umoyo padziko lonse la World Health Organization limalimbikitsa kuti m'mayiko amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri kapena mayiko amene mliri wa matendawa umayamba pafupifupi anthu azilandira katemerayu nthawi ndi nthawi. Koma m'mayiko omwe matendawa si ofala, a zaumoyo amalimbikitsa kuti magulu okhawo a anthu amene ali pa chiwopsezo chotenga matendawa ndi omwe akuyenera kulandira katemera wake. M'dera la ku Africa lomwe matenda oumisa khosi ndi ofala mukuchitika nchito yapadera yomwe cholinga chake n'kupereka katemera wa matenda oumisa khosi A kwa anthu onse. Mtundu wa katemerayu womwe umaperekedwa ku Canada ndi ku United States umathandiza kulimbana ndi mitundu yonse inayi ya matendawa ndipo a zaumoyo amalimbikitsa kuti achinyamata a m'mayikowa ayenera kumalandira katemerayu nthawi ndi nthawi chifukwa ndi omwe ali pa chiopsezo chachikulu. Anthu omwe akuganiza zopita ku Mecca ku Hajj amayeneranso kulandira katemerayu.

Katemerayu sabweretsa mavuto alionse odetsa nkhawa. Ena amangomva kupweteka kwa kanthawi ndipo pamalo amene awabaya katemerayu ndipo nthawi zina pamafiira. Palibenso chodetsa nkhawa chilichonse ngati mayi wa pakati atalandira katemerayu. Munthu m'modzi pa anthu opitirira 1 miliyoni aliwonse amene alandira katemerayu ndi omwe amatha kukumana ndi mavuto okulirapo obwera chifukwa cha katemerayu.




#Article 177: Matenda oumitsa khosi (323 words)


Matenda oumitsa khosi ndi matenda amene amayamba chifukwa cha kutupa khungu limene limakutira bongo ndiponso mnyewa waukulu wochoka ku bongo, ndipo kutupa kotereku kukachitika kumatchedwa meningesi. Zizindikiro zofala kwambiri za matendawa ndi kutentha thupi, kupweteka kwa mutu ndiponso kuuma kwa khosi. Zizindikiro zinanso zingakhale monga  kusokonezeka maganizo kapena bongo kusiya kugwira ntchito moyenera, kusanza, ndiponso kudana kwambiri ndi kuwala kapena phokoso. Ana omwe ali ndi matendawa nthawi zambiri zosagwirizana kwenikweni ndi matendawa, monga kunyong'onyeka, kuwodzera, ndiponso kukana kudya. Koma ngati tizilonda tatuluka, zingasonyeze kuti munthuyo ali ndi mtundu winawake wa matenda oumitsa khosi; monga, matenda oumitsa khosi omwe amayambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya wa meningococcal.

Kutupa kwa khungu lokuta bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu kumachititsidwa ndi mavailasi, mabakiteriya, ngakhalenso tizilombo tina, ndipo nthawi zina mwa apo ndi apo, kumatha kuyambitsidwanso ndi mankhwala a kuchipatala. Matenda oumitsa khosi akhoza kukhala oopsa kwambiri makamaka ngati khungu lomwe latupalo lili pafupi kwambiri ndi malo amene bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu zalumikizana, ndipo zoterezi zikachitika, wodwalayo amayenera kulandira thandizo la chipatala mwamsanga. Ndipo njira ya kuchipatala yoyeza timadzi ta mkati mwa msana imathandiza madokotala kudziwa ngati munthu ali ndi matenda oumitsa khosi kapena ayi. Kuti achite zimenezi, madokotala amabaya jakisoni kumsana m'munsi mwa fupi la khosi n'kutenga timadzi tomwe timakuta khungu lophimba bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu. Ndiyeno amayeza timadzite ndi makina oyezera.

Anthu angathe kupewa mitundu ina ya matendawa ngati atalandira katemera wa meningococcal, wa masagwidwi, wa chibayo, ndiponso katemera wa Hib. Ndipo nthawi zina zimathandiza ngati anthu omwe akuoneka kuti angathe kutenga matendawa mosavuta atapatsidwa mankhwala olimbana ndi tizilombo ta matendawa. Thandizo loyambirira kwa munthu amene akudwala kwambiri matendawa lingakhale kumupatsa mankhwala olimbana ndi mabakiteriya ndipo nthawi zinanso mankhwala olimbana ndi mavailasi. Anthu omwe akudwala kwambiri matendawa angapatsidwe mankhwala la corticosteroids omwe amathandiza thandiza kuti khungu lokuta bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu lisatupe. Munthu yemwe ali ndi matenda oumisa khosi akapanda kulandira thandizo mwachangu, angakhalenso ndi mavuto ena aakulu monga kugontha n'khutu, khunyu, madzi kuunjikana mubongo, kapenanso mavuto ena a mubongo.




#Article 178: Katemera wa Hepataitisi B (218 words)


Katemera wa Hepataitisi B ndi katemera amene amathandiza kupewa matenda a hepataitisi B. Mwana aliyense akangobadwa amayenera kupatsidwa katemerayu pasanapite maola 24 mwanayo atabadwa, ndipo kenako angalandire katemera wachiwiri ndiponso wachitatu pakapita nthawi. Ngakhale ana omwe ali ndi chitetezo chochepa m'thupi mwina chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS kapena omwe anabadwa masiku asanakwane  ayenera kulandira katemerayu. Kwa anthu omwe alibe mavuto  ena m'thupi, katemerayu amathandiza kwambiri moti anthu 95 pa 100 aliwonse amene alandira katemerayu sangadwale.

Anthu omwe ali m'madera amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri amayenera kuyezetsa magazi kuti atsimikizire ngati katemerayu akugwira bwino ntchito. Ndipo anthu a m'mayiko amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri amayenera kulandira katemera wowonjezera pakapita nthawi, chomodzimodzinso ndi anthu omwe chitetezo chawo n'chochepa m'thupi. Anthu omwe sanalandire katemerayu koma apezeka m'dera limene  mavailasi a hepataitisi B ndi ofala kwambiri akuyenera kulandira katemera wa hepataitisi B immune globulin. Katemerayu amaperekedwa kudzera m'jakisoni.

Katemera wa hepataitisi B sabweretsa mavuto aliwonse odetsa nkhawa. Mavuto ochepa amene angakhalepo angakhale kumva ululu pamene munthu wabayidwa jakisoni wa katemerayu. Katemerayu alibe mavuto aliwonse ngati munthu atamulandira pa nthawi imene ali woyembekezera ngakhalenso pa nthawi imene akuyamwitsa. Ndiponso palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti katemerayu angayambitse mavuto ena monga matenda otchedwa Guillain-Barre. Katemera wa matendawa amapangidwa ndi njira zamakono pogwiritsa ntchito tizigawo tina ta DNA. Katemerayu amathanso kuphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala ena a katemera wa mitundu ina.




#Article 179: Hepataitisi B (547 words)


Hepataitisi B ndi matenda opatsirana omwe amayambitsira ndi mavailasi otchedwa hepataitisi B virus (HBV) ndipo amagwira chiwindi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa tikalowa m'matupi kwa anthu ena anthuwo sangadwale pomwe ena amadwala kwambiri. Anthu ambiri sasonyeza zizindikiro zilizonse za matendawa tizilomboti tikangolowa m'thupi mwawo. Koma ena amayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro nthawi mwachangu kwambiri moti amayamba kusanza, khungu limachita chikasu, amakhala otupa, amakodza mkodzo woderapo komanso amamva kupweteka m'mimba. Nthawi zambiri zizindikirozi zimaonekera kwa milungu ingapo ndipo si zichitika kawirikawiri kuti munthu amwalire ndi zizindikiro zoyambirirazi. Kuchokera pamene tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa talowa m'thupi, pangatenge masiku 30 mpaka 180 kuti zizindikiro za matendawa ziyambe kuonekera. Ana 90 pa 100 aliwonse amene tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timalowa m'thupi mwawo pa nthawo yobadwa kapena atangobadwa kumene amadwala kwambiri matenda a hepataitisi B, pomwe ndi ana 10 okha pa 100 aliwonse amene amadwala kwambiri matendawa ngati tizilomboti talowa m'thupi mwawo atakwanitsa zaka 5. Anthu ochuluka omwe amadwala kwambiri matendawa sasonyeza zizindikiro zoonekeratu; koma pakapita nthawi, chiwindi chawo chimatha kuputa kapenanso angathe kudwala khanso ya m'chiwindi. Mavuto akuluakulu amenewa amachititsa kuti anthu oyambira pa 15 mpaka 25 pa 100 aliwonse amwalire ndi matendawa.

Mavailasi omwe amayambitsa matendawa amafalikira kwa anthu ena kudzera m'magazi kapena m'madzi ena m'magazi.Anthu ambiri amatenga matenda a hepataitisi B pa nthawi yobadwa kapena amawatenga pa nthawi yomwe anali ana, ndipo imeneyi ndi njira yaikulu imene matendawa amafalira. M'madera amene matendawa si ofala kwenikweni, matendawa amafala kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo ndiponso kudzera m'kugonana. Njira zina zimene zingachititse munthu kutenga matendawa ndi: kugwira ntchito zaumoyo, kuikidwa magazi, njira yachipatala yochotsera madzi m'thupi, kukhala nyumba imodzi ndi munthu amene ali ndi matendawa, kupita kumayiko amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri, ndiponso kukhala pamalo amene pakukhala anthu ambirimbiri. M'zaka za m'ma 1980, zinadziwika kuti zipangizo zojambulira matatuwu ndiponso masingano ochiritsira zinathandizira kuti matendawa afale; koma masiku ano vutoli lachepa chifukwa zipangizo zimenezi zikumatsukidwa bwino ndi mankhwala moti sizingafalitsenso matendawa. Mavailasi a hepataitisi B sangafalikire ngati anthu atagwirana manja, kudyera mbale imodzi, kukisana, kuhagana, kukhosomola, kuyetsemula, kapena kuyamwitsa mwana. Madokotala angathe kuyeza munthu ndi kudziwa ngati ali ndi matendawa ngati papita masiku oyambira pa 30 mpaka 60 kuchokera pamene tizilomboti talowa m'thupi. Kawirikawiri madokotala amayeza magazi kuti adziwe ngati muli tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa komanso kuti adziwe ngati muli maselo ambiri olimbana ndi mavailasi. Matendawa ali m'gulu la matenda a hepataitisi omwe amayambitsidwa ndi mavailasi awa: A, B, C, D, ndi E.

Kuyambira mu 1982, panakonzedwa katemera wothandiza kupewa matendawa. Bungwe la World Health Organization limalimbikitsa zonse mwana aliyense azipatsidwa katemerayu pa tsiku limene wabadwa ngati zili zotheka kutero. Pakapita nthawi, munthu aliyense amafunika kulandira katemerayu kachiwiri kapenanso kachitatu n'cholinga choti akhale wotetezeka kwambiri. Katemerayu amathandiza kwambiri moti anthu 95 pa 100 aliwonse amene apatsidwa katemerayu, sadwala ngakhale pang'ono matendawa. Mayiko 180 padziko lonse akhala akupereka katemerayu kwa anthu awo kuyambira mu 2006. Kwa anthu amene akufuna kuikidwa magazi, ndi bwino kuti magaziwo aziyezedwa kaye n'kutsimikizira kuti alibe tizilombo toyambitsa hepataitisi B, komanso makondomu ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati m'modzi mwa anthu amene akufuna kugonanawo ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. Wodwala akangoyamba kumene kusonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa, akuyenera kusamalidwa bwino mogwirizana ndi zizindikiro zimene ali nazo. Anthu amene akudwala kwambiri matendawa angapatsidwe mankhwala a antiviral monga tenofovir komanso interferon, ngakhale kuti mankhwala amenewa ndi okwera mtengo.Nthawi zina pangafunike opaleshoni yochotsa chiwindi ndi kuika china ngati chiwindicho chawonongeka kwambiri.




#Article 180: Katemera wa Hepataitisi A (244 words)


Katemera wa Hepataitisi A ndi katemera amene amathandiza kupewa matenda a hepataitisi A. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti katemerayu amathandiza kwambiri moti anthu 95 pa 100 aliwonse amene alandira katemerayu sadwala matenda a hepataitisi ndipo katemerayu amagwira ntchito m'thupi kwa zaka zosachepera 15, ndipo kwa anthu ambiri amathandiza kwa moyo wawo wonse. Madokotala amalimbikitsa kuti munthu ayenera kulandira katemerayu kawiri pa moyo wake kuyambira ali ndi chaka chimodzi. Katemerayu amaperekedwa kudzera mu jakisoni yemwe amabayidwa m'minofu.

Bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) limalimbikitsa kuti katemerayu ayenera kuperedwa kwa anthu onse amene ali m'madera amene matendawa ndi ofala. Kumadera amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri, madokotala salimbikitsa kuti katemerayu aziperekedwa kwa aliyense chifukwa anthu a m'madera otere amakhala ndi chitetezo chokwana cholimbana ndi matendawa m'matupi mwawo. Bungwe la Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) limalimbikitsa kuti anthu onse, ana ndi akuluakulu omwe, amene angadwale ndi matendawa mosavuta azilapatsidwa katemera.

Katemerayu sabweretsa mavuto alionse odetsa nkhawa. Ana 15 pa 100 aliwonse omwe apatsidwa katemerayu ndiponso hafu ya akuluakulu onse amene apatsidwa katemerayu amamva ululu pamalo amene abayidwapo kwa masiku angapo. Mitundu yambiri ya katemera wa hepataitisi A imakhala ndi mavailasi omwe agonekedwa moti sangathe kudwalitsa munthu ndipo mitundu ina ya katemerayu imakhala ndi mavailasi omwe achepetsedwa mphamvu. Amayi oyembekezera kapena anthu amene chitetezo chawo m'thupi n'chochepa sayenera kupatsidwa katemera wokhala ndi mavailasi omwe achepetsedwa mphamvu. Mitundu ina ya katemera wa hepataitisi A amaphatikizamo mankhwala amene angalimbanenso ndi hepataitisi B ndiponso amatha kusakaniza ndi mankhwala a katemera wa typhoid. 




#Article 181: Hepataitisi A (376 words)


Hepataitisi A (matenda omwe poyamba ankatchedwa matenda opatsirana a hepataitisi) ndi matenda opatsirana omwe amagwira chiwindi ndipo amayambitsidwa ndi vailasi yotchedwa hepataitisi A (HAV). Ambiri mwa anthu amene ali ndi mavailasi amenewa, makamaka ana, amasonyeza zizindikiro zochepa kapena sasonyeza n'komwe zizindikiro za matendawa. Kwa anthu amene akusonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa, pamatenga milungu iwiri mpaka milungu 6 kuchokera pamene tizilomboti tinalowa m'thupi kuti zizindikiro ziyambe kuonekera. Nthawi zambiri zizindikiro za matendawa zimaonekera kwa milungu 8 ndipo zina mwa zizindikirozo ndi: nseru, kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba, khungu kuchita chikasu, fkutentha thupi, komanso kumva kupweteka m'mimba. Pafupifupi anthu 10 mpaka 15 pa 100 aliwonse amene asonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa, zizindikirozo zimayambiranso pakatipa miyezi 6 kuchokera pamene tizilombo ta matendawa tinalowa m'thupi. Matendawa amatha kulepheretsa chiwindi kugwira bwino nthcito yake ndipo izi zimachitika makamaka kwa achikulire.

Kawirikawiri matendawa amafalikira ngati munthu wadya chakudya kapena kumwa madzi omwe akhudzidwa ndi nyansi za kuchimbudzi zomwe zili ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. Nkhanu komanso ndiwo zina za m'gulu la nkhanu zomwe sizinaphikidwe mokwanira zimathanso kufalitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. Matendawa amatha kufalanso ngati munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa akukhudzana kwambiri ndi anthu ena. Ngakhale kuti ana omwe ali ndi tizolombo toyambitsa matendawa sasonyeza zizindikiro zake, komabe anawo amatha kupatsira anthu ena matendawa. Matendawa akalowa m'thupi la munthu koyamba munthuyo n'kuchira, munthuwo sangadwalenso matendawa kwa moyo wake wonse ngakhale tizilombo tochuluka titalowa m'thupi mwake. Zizindikiro za hepataitisi A n'zofanana ndi zizindikiro za matenda ena ambiri choncho pamafunika kuyeza magazi kuti madokotala atsimikizire ngati munthu ali ndi matendawa. Matenda a hepataitisi alipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokwanira 5 motengera mtundu wa vailasi umene umawayambitsa, monga: A, B, C, D, ndi E.

Katemera wa hepataitisi A amathandiza kwambiri kupewa matendawa. Mayiko ena amalimbikitsa kuti ana onse azilandira katemera wa matendawa nthawi ndi nthawi makamaka ngati ali m'madera amene matendawa ndi ofala kwambiri. Zikuoneka kuti munthu akangolandira katemerayu kamodzi, amagwira ntchito m'thupi mwake kwa moyo wake wonse. Matendawa angapewedwe mosavuta potsatira njira zaukhondo monga kusamba m'manja komanso kuphika zakudya m'njira yabwino. Matendawa alibe mankhwala, koma wodwala amapatsidwa mankhwala oti athane ndi zizindikiro za matendawa monga nseru kapena kutsegula m'mimba. Nthawi zambiri munthu yemwe ali ndi tizolombo toyambitsa matendawa amakhala bwinobwino popanda vuto lililonse la chiwindi. Koma ngati matendawa achititsa kut chiwindi chiwonongeke n'kumalephera kugwira bwino ntchito, pangafunike opaleshoni yochotsa chiwindicho n'kuika china.




#Article 182: Katemera wa chifuwa chokoka mtima (307 words)


Katemera wa chifuwa chokoka mtima ndi katemera amene amateteza ku chifuwa chokoka mtima. Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya katemerayu; katemera wa maselo athunthu komanso katemera wa tizigawo tamaselo. Anthu 78 pa 100 aliwonse amene alandira katemera wa maselo athunthu amatetezeka ku matenda a chifuwa chokoka mtima pomwe anthu 71 mpaka 85 pa 100 aliwonse amene alandira katemera wa tizigawo tamaselo amatetezeka ku matendawa. Zikuoneka kuti mphamvu za katemerayu zimachepa moti chaka chilichonse, anthu awiri mpaka 10 pa 100 aliwonse omwe analandira katemera wa tizigawo tamaselo amatha kudwala matenda a chifuwa chokoka mtima. Ngati mayi woyembekezera atalandira katemerayu, zingathandize kuti mwana wosabadwayo adzatetezeke kumatendawa akadzabadwa. Zikuoneka kuti katemerayu anathandiza kuti anthu 500,000 asafe ndi matenda a chifukwa chokoka mtima mu 2002.

Bungwe la World Health Organization ndiponso la Center for Disease Control and Prevention limalimbikitsa kuti ana onse azipatsidwa katemerayu ndipo katemera ameneyu akhale m'gulu la akatemera amene amaperekedwa nthawi zonse. Ngakhale anthu amene ali ndi HIV/AIDS ayenera kulandira katemerayu. Ana amayenera kulandira katemerayu maulendo atatu, kuyambira ali ndi milungu 6. Kenako anawo akamakula angapatsidwenso katemera wina wowonjezera. Katemerayu amaphatikizidwa ndi katemera wa mitundu ina.

Katemera wa tizigawo tamaselo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mayiko olemera chifukwa choti sabweretsa mavuto ambiri. Anthu oyambira pa 10 mpaka 50 pa 100 aliwonse amene alandira katemera wa maselo amamva kuphwanya kwa thupi, thupi limatentha, komanso pamalo pamene awabayapo pamafiira. Mwana m'modzi pa 100 aliwonse amene abayidwa katemerayu amalira kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri ndipo amatha kuchita ngati wakomoka, Febrile seizures. Koma katemera wa tizigawo tamaselo nthawi zina amangochititsa kuti mkono umene wabiyidwawo utupe pang'ono komanso kwa nthawi yochepa basi. Mavuto amene amabwera munthu akangolandira kumene katemerayu, kaya wa maselo athunthu kapena wa tizigawo tamaselo amakhala ochepa kwambiri kwa ana akhanda. Katemera wa maselo athunthu sayenera kuperekedwa kwa mwana amene wapitirira zaka 6. Mitundu iwiri yonseyi ya katemera sibwera mavuto aliwonse odetsa nkhawa okhudza ubongo.




#Article 183: Chifuwa chokoka mtima (387 words)


Chifuwa chokoka mtima, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti  chifuwa cha masiku 100, ndi matenda omwe anthu amapatsirana mosavuta ndipo chimayambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya. Matendawa akamayamba kumene, zizindikiro zake zimakhala zofanana ndi za chifuwa wamba komanso chimfine ndipo wodwala amatuluka mamina, amatentha thupi ndiponso amakhosomola mwa apo ndi apo. Pakapita nthawi, wodwalayo amayamba kukhosomola kwambiri. Ndiyeno wodwalayo amayamba kukhosomola modetsa nkhawa ndiponso amabanika. Wodwalayo angakhosomole kwa masiku opitirira 100 kapena milungu 10. Wodwalayo angakhosomole kwambiri  mpaka kufika posanza, kuvulala m'nthiti, kapena kufika potopa kwambiri mpaka kumalephera kukhosomala bwinobwino. Ana omwe sanakwanitse chaka chimodzi kawirikawiri sakhosomola kwenikweni koma m'malo mwake amangobanika kwa kanthawi ndithu. Nthawi zambiri pamadutsa masiku oyambira pa 7 mpaka 10 kuchokera pa nthawi imene tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa talowa m'thupi la munthu kuti munthuyo ayambe kusonyeza zizindikiro. Nthawi zina anthu amene anapatsidwa katemera wa matendawa amatha kudwala koma matendawa sakhala a mphamvu kwambiri.

Matenda a chifuwa chokoka mtima amayambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya otchedwa Bordetella pertussis. Anthu amapatsirana matendawa kudzera mu mpweya ndipo amafalikira mosavuta munthu yemwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa wakhosomula kapena kuyetsemula. Wodwala akhoza kupatsira ena matendawa kungoyambira pamene wayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro mpaka kufika pa milungu itatu atayamba kukhosomola modetsa nkhawa. Odwala amene alandira mankhwala olimbana ndi mabakiteriya sangapatsire ena matendawa ngati papita masiku 4 kuchokera pamene anayamba kumwa mankhwalawa. Madokotala amafunika kuyeza makhololo kapena mamina kuti adziwe ngati munthu ali ndi matendawa. Ndiyenso madokotala angayeze zinthu zimenezi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana monga yotchedwa culture kapena yotchedwa polymerase chain reaction.

Matendawa angapewedwe ndi katemera monga katemera wa chifuwa chokoka mtima. Azaumoyo amalimbikitsa makolo kuti ana onse a milungu 6 mpaka 8 ayenera kupatsidwa katemera woyambirira yemwe amakhala wa magawo anawo. Koma mphamvu za katemerayu zimachepa pakapita zaka zingapo ndipo azaumoyo amalimbikitsa kuti ana akulirapo komanso akuluakulu azipatsidwanso katemerayu. Anthu amene akhala pafupi ndi munthu yemwe akudwala matendawa angamwe mankhwala olimbana ndi mabakiteriya pofuna kudziteteza kuti asadwale. Koma kwa anthu amene ayamba kale kudwala matendawa, kumwa mankhwala olimbana ndi mabakiteriya patapita milungu itatu kuyambira pamene anayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro za matendawa sikuthandiza kwenikweni. Ana osakwanitsa chaka chimodzi komanso amayi apakati angathe kumwa mankhwala olimbana ndi mabakiteriya ngati papita milungu 6 kuyambira pamene zizindikiro za matendawa zinayamba kuonekera. Mankhwala olimbana ndi mabakiteriya omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi monga erythromycin, azithromycin, kapenatrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Koma kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti mankhwala sathandiza kwenikweni pa vuto la kukhosomola kwambiri. Ana ambiri osakwanitsa chaka chimodzi amagonekedwa m'chipatala chifukwa cha matendawa.




#Article 184: Katemera wa chikuku (303 words)


Katemera wa chikuku ndi katemera amene amathandiza kwambiri popewa matenda a chikuku. Ana osapitirira miyezi 9 akalandira katemera mmodzi yekha, 85 peresenti ya anawo amakhala otetezeka moti sangadwale matendawa, ndipo 95 peresenti ya ana opitirira miyezi 12 sangadwale akalandira katemerayu. Pafupifupi anthu onse omwe sakhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira cholimbana ndi matendawa atalandira katemera woyamba amakhala ndi chitetezochi akalandira katemera wachiwiri. Katemerayu akaperekedwa kwa anthu opitirira 93 pa 100 aliwonse m'dera linalake, kawirikawiri palibenso munthu wa m'deralo amene angadwale amatenda a chikuku. Katemerayu amagwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri m'thupi la munthu. Koma sizikudziwika ngati katemerayu amayamba kuchepa mphamvu pakapita zaka zambiri ali m'thupi la munthu. Katemerayu amathanso kuteteza munthu kuti asadwale chikuku ngati waperekedwa kwa munthuyo patangopita masiku ochepa kuchokera pamene tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa talowa m'thupi la munthuyo.

Ndipo katemerayu ndi wosaopsa ngakhale kwa anthu amene ali ndi kachirombo ka HIV. Pamakhala mavuto ochepa kwambiri oyambitsidwa ndi katemerayu ndipo mavutowo si oopsa komanso sakhalitsa. Mavuto ake angakhale kumva ululu pamalo amene mwabayidwa jakisoni komanso kutentha thupi. Munthu mmodzi pa anthu 100,000 aliwonse amatha kuyamba vuto la Anaphylaxis.Ndipo anthu ochepa kwambiri mwa anthu amene alandira katemerayu amathanso kuyamba vuto la Guillian-Barre syndrome, autism ndiponso kutsegula m'mimba.

Katemera wa matendawa alipo wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga wa chikuku chenicheni komanso wa chikuku cha rubella, mumps, ndiponso chikuku cha varicella (amatchedwanso katemera wa MMR ndiponso katemera wa MMRV). Mitundu yonseyi ya katemera imagwira ntchito bwinobwino. Bungwe la World Health Organization linapereka malangizo akuti katemerayu aziperekedwa kwa mwana aliyense mwanayo akangokwanitsa miyezi 9 m'madera amene matenda a chikuku ndi ofala. Koma m'madera amene matendawa si ofala, mwana amayenera kulandira katemerayu akakwanitsa miyezi 12 ya kubadwa. Katemerayu amapangidwa ndi tizilombo tamoyo. Amakhala waufa ndipo amayenera kusungunulidwa kuti alowe m'thupi la munthu kaya kudzera pakhungu kapena m'minofu. Munthu yemwe yapatsidwa katemerayu angayezedwe magazi pofuna kutsimikizira ngati katemerayu akugwiradi ntchito yake m'thupi.




#Article 185: Chikuku (499 words)


MChikuku, chomwenso chimadziwika kuti mayina akuti  morbilli, rubeola, ndiponso red measles, ndi matenda amene anthu amapatsirana mosavuta ndipo amayambitsidwa ndi mavailasi achikuku. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa ndi monga kutentha thupi, komwe kumatha kuposa pa 40 °C (104.0 °F), chifuwa, chimfine, ndiponso kufiira maso. Pakapita masiku awiri kapena atatu kuchokera pamene zizindikiro zoyambirira zinayamba kuonekera, munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa amatuluka tinsungu toyera mkamwa mwake tomwe timachedwa tinsungu ta Koplik. Pakapita masiku atatu mpaka 5 kuchokera pamene zizindikiro zoyambirira zinayamba, tizilonda tofiira tophwathalala timatuluka kumaso ndipo timafalikira m’thupi lonse. Zizindikirozi kawirikawiri zimayamba pakatha masiku 10 mpaka 12 kuchokera pamene munthu anakhala pafupi ndi wodwala matendawa ndipo zizindikirozi zimatenga masiku 7 mpaka 10. Anthu 30 mwa anthu 100 aliwonse omwe ali ndi matendawa amathanso kusonyeza zizindikiro zina zikuluzikulu monga kutsegula m'mimba, kuchita khungu, kutupa kwa ubongo, ndiponso chibayo. Rubella (chikuku cha ku Germany) n'chosiyana ndi chikuku chotchedwa roseola.

Matenda a chikuku amafala kudzera mu mpweya ndipo amafalikira mosavuta munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa akakhosomola kapena kuyetsemula. Chikuku chingafalikirenso ngati munthu atakhudza malovu kapena mamina a munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa. Anthu 9 pa 10 aliwonse omwe sanalandire katemera wa chikuku ndipo akukhala ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi matendawa amatenga matendawa mosavuta. Munthu akhoza kupatsira ena matendawa kuyambira pa tsiku la 4 asanayambe kutuluka tizilonda mpaka pa tsiku la 4 atatuluka tizilonda. Kawirikawiri munthu amatha kudwala matendawa kamodzi pamoyo wake. Munthu yemwe akuganiza kuti ali ndi matendawa amalimbikitsidwa kuti azikayezetsa ndipo kuchita zimenezi kumathandiza a zaumoyo.

Katemera wa chikuku amathandiza kwambiri kuti munthu asadwale matendawa. Katemera wathandiza kuti anthu 75 pa 100 aliwonse omwe ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa asamadwale ndipo zimenezi zachitika kuyambira m’chaka cha 2000 mpaka 2013 ndipo ana 85 pa 100 aliwonse padziko lonse alandira kale katemera wa matendawa. Padakali pano palibe mankhwala odziwika omwe amachiza matendawa. Komabe thandizo loperekedwa ndi achipatala komanso ukhondo zimathandiza kuti matendawa asafalikire. Thandizoli lingaphatikizepo oral rehydration solution (madzi a mchere ndi shuga), zakudya zopatsa thanzi, ndiponso mankhwala othandiza kuletsa kutentha thupi ndiponso kuphwanya thupi. Mankhwala olimbana ndi mabakiteriya angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati wodwalayo akusonyeza zizindikiro zina zoyambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya, monga chibayo. M’mayiko omwe akukwera kumene, wodwala amalimbikitsidwanso kumwa mankhwala othandiza kuwonjezera vitamini A m'thupi.

Chaka chilichonse, anthu pafupifupi 20 miliyoni amakhudzidwa ndi matenda a chikuku, ndipo ambiri mwa anthu amenewa ndi a m’mayiko omwe akukwera kumene a mu Africa ndi Asia. Chikuku chimapha anthu ochuluka zedi poyerekezera ndi matenda onse amene angapewedwe ndi katemera. M’chaka cha 2013, anthu 96,000 anafa ndi matendawa ndipo mu 1990, anthu omwe anafa ndi matendawa analipo 545,000. Mu 1980, zikuoneka kuti matendawa anapha anthu 2.6 miliyoni padziko lonse. Ku United States kokha, chaka chilichonse anthu 3 kapena 4 miliyoni ankapezeka ndi matendawa chaka chilichonse dzikoli lisanayambe kupereka katemera. Ambiri mwa anthu amene amadwala matendawa komanso kumwalira ndi matendawa ndi ana osakwanitsa zaka 5. Masiku ano, 0.2 peresenti ya odwala matendawa ndi amene amakhala pa chiopsezo choti akhoza kumwalira, ndipo chiwerengerochi chimafika pa 10 peresenti kwa odwala omwe alinso ndi vuto loperewera zakudya m'thupi. Zikuoneka kuti matendawa amakhudzanso zinyama zina.




#Article 186: Katemera wa BCG (336 words)


Katemera wa Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) ndi katemera amene amaperekedwa pofuna kulimbana ndi matenga a chifuwa chachikulu. M'mayiko amene chifuwa chachikulu n'chofala kwambiri, katemera m'modzi kwa mayi woyembekezera yemwenso ndi wathanzi ndipo watsala pang'ono kubereka mwana. Ana omwe ali ndi HIV/AIDS sayenera kupatsidwa katemerayu. M'madera omwe chifuwa chachikulu si chofala kwenikweni, ana omwe akuoneka kuti akhoza kudwala matenda a chifuwa chachikulu kawirikawiri amapatsidwa mankhwala owateteza ku matendawa pambuyo poti ayezedwa ndi dokotala. Anthu akuluakulu omwe sakudwala chifuwa chachikulu komanso sanalandirepo katemera wa matendawa koma nthawi zambiri amapita kudera lomwe matendawa ndi ofala akuyenera kupatsidwa katemerayu.

Katemerayu amagwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana kwa anthu a misinkhu yosiyanasiyananso, ndipo amatha kugwira ntchito kwa zaka 10 mpaka 20. Kwa ana, katemerayu amateteza pafupifupi 20% ya anawo kuti asatenge matendawa, ndipo kwa omwe tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa talowa kale m'thupi mwawo, amateteza hafu ya anawo kuti asadwale chifuwa chachikulu. Katemerayu amaperekedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya jakisoni. Palibe umboni wotsimikizira kuti kulandira katemera mungapo pa nthawi imodzi kumathandiza kwambiri. Katemera wa BCG angagwiritsidwenso ntchito polimbana ndi mitundu ina ya matenda a khansa ya chikodzodzo.

Nthawi zambiri katemerayu sabweretsa mavuto alionse odetsa nkhawa. Koma mavuto ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhalapo ndi oti pamalo amene munthu wabayidwa jakisoni pamatha kutupa, kufiira, ndiponso pangapweteke kwa kanthawi. Komanso chilonda chaching'ono chingayambe pamalo amene pabayidwa jakisoni ndipo kenako pangachite chipsera chilondacho chikapola. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mavuto ena amene amachitika kawirikawiri kwa anthu amene ali ndi vuto la chitetezo chochepa m'thupi.Amayi omwe ali oyembekezera sayenera kulandira katemera. Katemerayu anapangidwa kuchokera kutilombo totchedwa Mycobacterium bovis tomwe timapezeka kwambiri mu ng'ombe. Ngakhale kuti tizilombo ta m'katemerayu timakhala tofooka, timakhalabe tamoyo.

Katemera wa BCG anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba pa ndi madokotala m'chaka cha 1921. Katemerayu ali m'gulu la m'ndandanda wa mankhwala amene ofunika kwambiri pagulu la mankhwala a World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, omwe amathandiza kwambiri pa nkhani zaumoyo. Mtengo wogulira mankhwalawa pa chipiku unali madola 0.16 pa katemera m'modzi m'chaka cha 2014. Koma ku United States mtengo wake umayambira madola 100 mpaka kufika 200. Ndipo chaka chilichonse ana pafupifupi 100 miliyoni amapatsidwa katemerayu.     




#Article 187: Isaki (106 words)


Sulaiman Kalimu 
Mwana wa number 3 mubanja la Ana 6 
Ku salima Malawi ku lifidzi. school Ali form 2.chipembedzo chake ndi chisila. Ali ndi mayina angapo. Loyamba Sulaiman  (birth name).
Jovanie mw  (Nickname).
Ishmael  (at school)Amavera nyimbo ZA Malinga Mafia. Amadana ndi nyimbo za Mady p (don gogo)
Amasapota BEFOWARD WANDERERS  (manoma)
Kunja amasapota team ya MANCHESTER UNITED 
PLAYER YEMWE AMAMUKONDA NDI CHRITIANAL RONALDO.
AMAKONDA KUSEWERA GAME YA DREAM LEAGUE 
nzake wa pantima ndi BONIFACE KILEMBE
Adaimako ndi malinga nyimbo yotchedwa #RIGHT #STARS muchaka cha 2019 
Nyimbo ina adaimba ndi B WILLZ (Boniface kilimbe)
Nyimbo yotchedwa Mu GHETTO 

SULAIMAN ABDUL KAREEM  
Adabadwa pa 27th may 2002




#Article 188: Chacina da Sé (213 words)


Qhov  Sé tua neeg pov tseg  ', kuj tseem hu ua'  tua neeg da Sé  'yog kev sib tua tawm tsam cov neeg tsis muaj tsev nyob hauv Praça da Sé, nyob hauv lub nroog S Paulo Paulo, nruab nrab ntawm 19th thiab 22nd Lub Yim Hli 2004.

Kev tshawb nrhiav nyob rau lub sijhawm qhia tias qhov laj thawj ntawm kev ua txhaum cai yog ua kom cov neeg ua pov thawj tsis txaus siab uas tau tshaj tawm tias cov tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem tshuaj txhaum cai hauv cheeb tsam. Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, tus neeg saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb raug ntes kaw, rau tub rog tub rog raug txwv, peb tug tub rog raug ntes, tabsis raug tso tawm vim tsis muaj pov thawj. Txij ntawd los, tsis muaj leej twg raug liam tias yog tus ua txhaum.

Tus sawv cev ntawm National Street Population Movement, Sebastião Nicomedes de Oliveira tau hais rau xyoo 2015: Qhov teeb meem txuas ntxiv, kev tsim txom mus ntxiv. Yog li, peb qhia tias peb tsis tau hnov ​​qab, vim tias cov neeg no tsis tej zaum cov neeg tsis muaj tsev nyob tseem raug kev tsim txom, tuag yam tsis saib xyuas. Kev tua neeg tsis tas. 




#Article 189: Nalu (241 words)


A dzina lenileni la Nalu ndi Nalwamba Sinah Namukoko. ndi katswiri wodziwika bwino ku Zambia yemwe wayimba nyimbo limodzi ndi mwamuna wake Israeli ndipo pakati pa nyimbo zomwe wachita ndi nyimbo yomwe yamenyedwa yotchedwa Efindingile.

Nalu's real name is Nalwamba Sinah Namukoko. She's a ZAMBIAN female Artist with a very string standing in music industry.
Nalu is the 3rd born daughter in the family of seven, four brothers and two sisters. She went to Namununga, Nsansa and Nkwazi Primary schools. She completed her secondary school at Mpelembe.

Musical Background:

 Both my parents love music and appreciate it in a very special way. So, I guess I can say I was born into a musical family. I used to sing in concerts at Nursery school and also at primary school. Nalu started her career way back while she was schooling at primary school. She had a group of friend who used to sang with her..

In 1999, Nalu performed for KTV talent show as guest artist which was broadcast on M-Net (a TV station broadcasting to 41 countries in Africa).
Dream Collaborator: Ringo and Rebecca Malope. Their music is out of this world!
Nalu stakes her claim to be taken seriously as a young African female musician with her debut album, House.. Money… Car.

Nalu (Nalwamba Namukoko) is married to Izrael (Kangwa Kapamba) for over a decade. Other than House, Money, Car…, they have other songs like Tikakumana, One Africa and Runaway.




#Article 190: Chisenga Muyoya (123 words)


Chisenga Muyoya was born on the 21st of April in Lusaka,Zambia.

She was exposed to IT at an early age where she used to play with her father's laptop.After high school she went to the University of London MSc.ICT for development of Royal Holloway class of 2016.Chisenga is a 2013 MILEAD (Moremi Initiative Leadership and Empowerment Development) fellow, Commonwealth PHD Scholar and Data + gender researcher.

She is an experienced computer programmer and  a founding member of Asikana Network,a social enterprise that increases the participation of women and girls in technology. Roles include: Strategic planning and implementation , advocacy, training capacity building and mentoring.

Chisenga Moyo is the first Zambian to win the Junior Chamber International Outstanding Young Person of the Year Award




#Article 191: Bing Crosby (469 words)


Harry Lillis Crosby ( Tacoma, United States, 3 maypole cha 1903 - Alcobendas, Spain, 14 October wa 1977 ), imadziwika Bing Crosby anali woimba ( crooner ) ndi wosewera American ndi ntchito zinatenga zaka pafupifupi ankaona Nyenyezi yoyamba, Bing Crosby anali woyamba kugulitsa nyimbo komanso wopambana kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 20.

Crosby anali mtsogoleri wazakugulitsa, kuwonetsa ma wailesi, ndi kupeza ndalama mu kanema - m'modzi wofunikira komanso wotchuka m'zaka zam'ma 20 padziko lonse lapansi. Anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri oyamba ojambula.

Pakati pa 1934 ndi 1954, Crosby anali wogulitsa mosalephera ndi ma Albamu ake, makanema akuluakulu pama wayilesi, komanso makanema otchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Nthawi zambiri amadziwika kuti ndi mmodzi wa anthu omwe amakonda kuimba kwambiri ndipo ndi mawu omwe amalembedwa pakompyuta masiku ano. Mbiri yaukatswiri ya Crosby ndiyodziwika konse, ndikofunikira kwambiri kutchula kuti anali m'modzi mwa olimbikitsa kwambiri ochita zisudzo zina zazikulu Othandizira achimuna monga Frank Sinatra, Perry Como, Dean Martin, John Lennon, Elvis Presley, Michael Bublé kuti atchule ochepa.

Bing Crosby wagulitsa marekhodi opitilira 1 biliyoni padziko lonse lapansi, mwina ogulitsa kwambiri m'mbiri yonse, komanso nyimbo yomwe ikugulitsidwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yotchedwa White Christmas, yokhala ndi zambiri Makope 50,000,000 omwe agulitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi.5

Crosby anali wodziwika komanso wotchuka kwambiri chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 padziko lapansi mpaka pomwe kafukufuku yemwe anachitika kalelo adawonetsa kuti Crosby anali wotchuka komanso wolemekezeka kuposa Papa Pius XII panthawiyo.

Kupambana kwake kwa tchati kumakhalabe kosangalatsa: Makadi 396 payokha, kuphatikiza 41 No. 1: Ngati muwerenga kangapo White Christmas yomwe ikuperekedwa, zomwe zingafikitse kuchuluka kwa 43, kuposa The Beatles ndi Elvis Presley pamodzi.

Crosby anali ndi zoyimba pawokha chaka chilichonse kuyambira 1931 ndi 1954, kuphatikiza iye anali ndi mayimidwe 24 odziwika mu 1939 yekha.

Bing Crosby adalemba zojambulidwa zoposa 2000 zamakampani ndi ma wayilesi pafupifupi 4,000, kuphatikizanso mndandanda wawanema ndi kanema wawayilesi, ndiye wojambula wojambulidwa kwambiri m'mbiri.

Bing Crosby adalemba mapaipi 41 No. 1 pama chart (43 kuphatikiza mutu wachiwiri ndi wachitatu wa Christmas Christmas), kuposa The Beatles yokhala ndi (24) ndi Elvis Presley okhala ndi (18) mbiri.

Zojambulazo zinafika maulendo 396, kuphatikiza a Frank Sinatra (209) ndi Elvis Presley (149).

Crosby anali liwu la nyimbo 13 zosankhidwa ndi Oscar, zinayi zomwe zidapambana Academy Award for Best Song: Lokoma Leilani (Waikiki Ukwati, 1937), Christmas Christmas (Holiday Inn, 1942), Swinging pa Nyenyezi (Going My Way, 1944), ndi Kuzizira, Kuzizira, Kuzizira kwamadzulo (Apa Comes the Groom, 1951).

Bing Crosby wapatsidwa nyenyezi zitatu pa Hollywood Walk of Fame: imodzi yojambulira, imodzi ya wailesi, ndi imodzi yamakanema.

Bing Crosby ndijambula wojambulidwa kwambiri m'mbiri yomwe inali ndi ma 400 pafupifupi ma hitits omwe agulitsidwa padziko lapansi, zomwe palibe amene akuphatikizapo Frank Sinatra, Elvis Presley, The Beatles ndi Michael Jackson omwe afika pafupi kufananiza.

Crosby walemba zisudzo zinayi mu Grammy Hall of Fame, yomwe ndi mphotho yapadera yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1973 kulemekeza zojambulidwa zofunikira komanso mbiri yakale.




#Article 192: Purezidenti wa Malawi (151 words)


Uwu ndi mndandanda wa atsogoleri adziko la Malawi , kuyambira pa ufulu wa Malawi mu 1964 mpaka lero.

Kuyambira mu 1964 mpaka 1966 mtsogoleri wa dziko pansi pa Malawi Independent Independence Act 1964 anali Mfumukazi ya Malawi , Elizabeth II , yemwenso anali Mtsogoleri wa United Kingdom ndi mayiko ena a Commonwealth . Mfumukaziyi idayimiriridwa ku Malawi ndi Governor-General . Dziko la Malawi lidakhala repaboliki pansi pa Constitution ya 1966 ndipo Monarch and Governor-General adasinthidwa ndi Purezidenti wamkulu .

Kutsatiridwa kwa mpando wachifumu kunali kofanana ndi kuloza pampando wachifumu waku Britain .

The Bwanamkubwa-General ankhaimilira mfumu ku Malawi ndi kumachita kwambiri kwa mphamvu za mfumu. Bwanamkubwa wamkulu anakhazikitsidwa kwanthawi yayitali, akumagwira zokondweretsa mfumu. Pambuyo pa Ndondomeko ya Westminster 1931 , a Bwanamkubwa-General adasankhidwa kokha pazomvera za Kabungwe la Malawi popanda kuchita nawo boma la Britain. Pakusala kwanyumba, Chief Justice adakhala ngatiofesi Yoyendetsa Boma .

Nkhani yayikulu: Chisankho chachikulu cha Malawi 2020




#Article 193: Anthu a Chitumbuka (161 words)


Chitumbuka , (kapena, Kamanga Dazi Makwakwa , Batumbuka ndi Matumbuka ), ndi mfunda anapezeka ku Northern Malawi , Eastern Zambia ndi Kumwera Tanzania .  Chitumbuka chimafotokozedwa ngati gawo la banja la chilankhulo cha Bantu , komanso komwe kudachokera dera la pakati pa Mtsinje wa Dwangwa kumwera, mtsinje wa North Rukuru kumpoto, Nyanja ya Malawi chakum'mawa, ndi Mtsinje wa Luangwa .  Amapezeka zigwa pafupi ndi mitsinje, nyanja komanso malo okwezeka aNyika Plateau , komwe imakonda kutchedwa Henga ngakhale izi zikuyankhula mwachangu dzina logawa. 

Anthu a Chitumbuka adazunzidwa ndi mtundu wa Ngoni , wochokera ku South Africa , zandale kumbuyo kwa malonda a minyanga, komanso pogulitsa akapolo olamulidwa ndi otchedwa ma Arab, gulu kuphatikiza Chiswahili komanso -Muslim Africa. koma pambuyo pake adachita bwino mu nthawi ya atsamunda chifukwa cha mwayi wamaphunziro omwe adapindula nawo. A Chitumbuka anali ndi gawo lapaulimi lokwanira kupezera ndalama, ndipo amuna achikulire ambiri akusiya mabanja awo kuti akagwire ntchito yosamukira kwawo, chifukwa cha chitukuko cha dziko lawo ndi boma. 




#Article 194: Malawi Police Service (120 words)


Malawi Police Service ndi chiwalo palokha wa wamkulu amene analamula malamulo kuteteza Zachitetezo ndi ufulu wa anthu ku Malawi .  Malawi Police Service imayang'aniridwa ndi Inspector General of Police .

The Inspector General ndiye mutu wa Malawi Police Service. Udindowo amasankhidwa ndi Purezidenti waku Malawi ndikuwatsimikizira ndi National Assembly.  Komiti Yasankhidwa Pagulu nthawi iliyonse ikafunse za luso la munthuyo.  Inspector General wa apolisi atha kukhala zaka zisanu pachaka chimenecho.  Inspector General wa Apolisi amatha kuchotsedwa ndi purezidenti chifukwa chokhala wokhazikika, wosakhazikika, wolephera, kapena wofika zaka zopuma pantchito.  Inspector General amayang'anira bungwe la Malawi Police Service (MPS) pansi pa Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ndi Kutetezedwa Pagulu. Inspector General amathandizidwa ndi Wachiwiri ndi oyimilira awiri omwe amayendetsa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ntchito. 

Woyang'anira:




#Article 195: Malawi (1964-1966) (139 words)


Malawi inali yotsogola ku Malawi yamakono ya Malawi . Izo zinali pakati pa 1964 ndi 1966.  Pamene British ulamuliro inatha mu 1964, ndi Malawi wodzilamulira Act 1964,  ndi Nyasaland Protectorate , yemwe poyamba constituent wa chitaganya cha Rhodesia ndi Nyasaland , anakhala dziko lodziyimira pawokha . Mfumu yaku Britain inali mtsogoleri wa dziko ndipo Malawi idagawana mfumu, Mfumukazi Elizabeth II , ndi mayiko ena a Commonwealth . Udindo wa mfumuyi umaperekedwa kwa a Governor-General wa Malawi, Sir Glyn  Jones (6 Julayi 1964 - 6 Julayi 1966). 

Elizabeth II sanakhale ku Malawi kapena kupita ku Malawi mu 1960s koma adapita mchaka cha 1979 (22-25 Julayi).

Hastings Banda adasankha udindo ngati Prime Minister (komanso wamkulu wa boma ). Pambuyo pa kuthetsedwa kwa ulamuliro wamfumu, Republic of Malawi idakhalako pa 6 Julayi 1966 ndipo a Banda adakhala Purezidenti woyamba wa Malawi .




#Article 196: British Central Africa Protectorate (407 words)


Defenceorate ya Britain Central Africa idalipo mdera lamasiku ano Malawi pakati pa 1891 ndi 1907 .

The Shire mapiri kum'mwera kwa Nyanja nyasa ndi minda kumadzulo kwa nyanja anali chidwi kwa British kuchokera pamene kufufuza ndi David Livingstone mu 1850s , ndi malonda anayamba chikusuntha pa 1880s . Mu 1889 , Angelezi Achipwitikizi adayamba kulamulidwa ndi malowa, ndipo Britain adalengeza za Shire Highlands Protectorate , ndikuyiyika ku District Yoyang'anira Nyasaland mu 1891 , ndikulembanso ku Britain Central Africa Protectorate mu 1893 .

Sir Henry Hamilton Johnston anali Commissioner kuchokera pa 1 pa 1891 mpaka pa 16 Epulo 1896 . Kuphatikiza pa kukhazikitsa oyang'anira ndi apolisi, adapatsa alimi malo olima minda , ndi makampani amigodi, ndikuthamangitsa anthu amtunduwu, omwe sanali ozindikira zamalamulo. Kofi idakhala mbewu yabwino kwambiri.

Blantyre ndiye likulu lazachuma komanso zachikhalidwe la oteteza, pomwe Zomba ku Highlands ndi komwe amakhala ndi kazembe ndi oyang'anira.

Sir Alfred Sharpe adatenga udindo wawo mu 1896, ndipo adatumikira mpaka pa 1 Epulo 1910 , a Francis Barrow Pearce ndi a William Henry Manning monga Commissioner kwa nthawi yayitali mu 1907 ndi 1908.

Chitetezicho chidasinthidwa kukhala Nyasaland Protectorate pa 6 Julayi 1907 .

Mapaundi awiri, 1896
Masitampu oyamba azotetezedwa adatulutsidwa mu Epulo 1891, pomwe amapanga zikuluzikulu za Rhodesian zaku Britain South Africa Company ndi BCA . Maofesi angapo atsopano omwe adatsegulidwa mchaka , kuphatikizapo Blantyre, Zomba, Chiromo , Port Herald , Fort Mlange , Fort Johnston kum'mwera kwa nyanjayi, ndi Karonga kumapeto kwa nyanjayi.

Masitampu apamwamba a BSAC anali ofunikira mu 1892, 1893, ndi 1895. 1895 adaonanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa masitampu osindikizidwa, komwe kunali chovala chamalo achitetezo ndikulemba BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA . Kutulutsa kwa 1895 kudasindikizidwa ndi De La Rue pamapepala osavomerezeka, koma kuyambira mu Febere 1896 pa pepalali panali Crown over CC kapena Crown pamwamba pa CA watermark .
Masenti asanu ndi limodzi, 1897
Mu Ogasiti 1897 kukhazikitsidwa kwatsopano, kukugwirabe ntchito manja, koma ndi mawonekedwe omveka m'malo mwake.

Mu 1898 kuposanso masitampu a ndalama imodzi. Poyamba kuperekedwa kwa masitampu oyipa okwana 3 kudayikidwanso, ndiye kuti pa 11 Marichi boma lidapereka masampu osungiramo ndalama omwe amakhala ndi INTERNAL / POSTAGE .
Penti imodzi ya 1903, idasinthidwa ku Chiromo ndi cholembedwa chozungulira-chazungulira
Mu 1901 , masitampu a 1d, 4d, ndi 6d a 1897 adasindikizidwa mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mu 1903 masitampu atsopano adatulutsidwa, okhala ndi mbiri ya King Edward VII ndipo adalemba kuti BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA / PROTECTORATE , ndi zipembedzo kuyambira ndalama imodzi mpaka mapaundi khumi.

Masitampu otsatila adaperekedwa ndi a Nyasaland Protectorate.




#Article 197: Commissioner Wachigawo (Malawi) (106 words)


District Commissioner ndi positi wamkulu mu Malawi a appointee kuyang'anira zigawozo ( Prefectures ) kapena m'madera oyang'anira mu Malawi. 

Pali zigawo 32 m'Malawi . Udindo wake ndi wofanana ndi wa kazembe . Udindo wa DC ndiosankhidwa ndi Purezidenti wa Malawi. A DC akuwuzidwa kuti ndiwo gawo wolumikizirana zigawo, kuphatikizaponso kukhala oyankha msanga zadzidzidzi m'Malawi.  Ma District Assemblies amapezeka mu District Commissioners Office (DCO).  Udindo wa ma Komishala a Chigawo udayambira ku cholowa cha Malawi.  Kuyambira mu 1996 kupita mtsogolo, mamembala a Ma Komiti a Development District ndi a Commissioner a Chigawo ngati Chairman, Atsogoleri, Atsogoleri Awo, Oimira Zipani, Amembala A Nyumba Yamalamulo komanso ena ena oyimilira. 




#Article 198: Bungwe Lachitukuko chaulimi ndi Kutsatsa (225 words)


Bungwe la Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation , lomwe nthawi zambiri limadziwika kuti ADMARC , lidapangidwa m'Malawi mu 1971 ngati kampani yaboma kapena parastatal kuti lilimbikitse chuma cha Malawi pakuwonjezera kuchuluka ndi kugulitsa kwakunja kwaulimi, kuti ipangitse misika yatsopano yakugulitsa ya zokolola za ku Malawi ndikuthandizira alimi aku Malawi. Ndi amene analowa m'malo mwa zikwangwani zingapo zosiyana za nthawi ya atsamunda ndi nthawi ya atsamunda, zomwe ntchito zawo zinali zochulukirapo polamulira ang'onoang'ono aku Africakapena kupanga ndalama za boma monga polimbikitsa chitukuko cha ulimi. Pamaziko ake, ADMARC idapatsidwa mphamvu zothandizira kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha zachuma cha bungwe lililonse laboma kapena loyimira, laulimi kapena ayi.

Pazaka khumi zoyambirira kugwira ntchito, ADMARC imawoneka ngati yamabizinesi ochulukirapo kuposa mabungwe ofanana amitundu ina ya mu Africa, koma kuchokera pakupangidwako idakhudzana ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa zinthu kuchokera paulimi wocheperako mpaka kumagawo a fodya , omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala a mamembala akusankhidwa. Izi zidayambitsa ziphuphu, kugwiritsa ntchito udindo molakwika komanso kusakwanira mu ADMARC ndipo, chifukwa chakuchepa kwa mitengo yafodya padziko lonse lapansi, lidasinthiratu pofika 1985. Kuti tipeze ngongole za World Bank , ADMARC idayenera kukhala yabizinesi, koma yabwinobwinoNdondomeko zachuma zomwe World Bank idachita kuti izi zitheke, zomwe zidapangitsa kuchepa kwa chakudya m'Malawi mu 1992. Kutsatira kuperewera kwa 1992, opereka thandizo padziko lonse lapansi adafuna kuti abwerere pandale za magulu ambiri pofika 1994, ndi Purezidenti Banda , omwe adalamulira kuyambira 1964, adachotsedwa mwamtendere paudindowu.




#Article 199: Kebby Musokotwane (114 words)


Kebby Sililo Kambu Musokotwane (5 Meyi 1946 - 11 February 1996) anali wandale wochokera ku Zambia . Anali membala wa United National Independence Party komanso m'modzi wapakati pa a Purezidenti Kenneth Kaunda . Iye anali Mtumiki wa Finance kuchokera 1981 mpaka 1982. Musokotwane anatumikira monga 5 Nduna ya Zambiakuyambira pa 24 Epulo 1985 mpaka 15 Disembala 1989. Kenako adakhala mlembi wamkulu wa UNIP. Kaunda atasiya kukhala Purezidenti wa chipani mu 1992, kutsatira chisankho cha chipani mu 1991, a Musokotwane anasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti wa chipani, mothandizidwa ndi Kaunda. Mu 1993 adayipidwa ndi chipongwe pomwe adavomereza kuti gulu lokhala ndi chipani lidachita chiwembu chofuna kusintha boma latsopano la Frederick Chiluba . Adamwalira pa 11 February 1996. 




#Article 200: Media Wiki: edi ttools (680 words)


Copy and paste: – — ° ′ ″ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ± − × ÷ ← → · §    Cite your sources:  

   }   |   []         #REDIRECT    amp;    lt;slt;/s   lt;suplt;/sup   lt;sublt;/sub   lt;codelt;/code   lt;prelt;/pre   lt;blockquotelt;/blockquote   lt;reflt;/ref lt;ref name= /      lt;references /   lt;includeonlylt;/includeonly   lt;noincludelt;/noinclude      lt;nowikilt;/nowiki   lt;!-- --   lt;span class=plainlinkslt;/span 

Symbols: ~ | ¡ ¿ † ‡ ↔ ↑ ↓ • ¶   # ∞   ‘ ’ “ ” ‹› «»   ¤ ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ € ₠ ₣ ƒ ₴ ₭ ₤ ℳ ₥ ₦ № ₧ ₰ £ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₮ ₩ ¥   ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦   ♭ ♯ ♮   © ® ™
Latin: A a Á á À à Â â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā Ã ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ   B b   C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç   D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð   E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə   F f   G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ   H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ   I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị   J j Ĵ ĵ   K k Ķ ķ   L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ   M m Ṃ ṃ   N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ   O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ   Ɔ ɔ   P p   Q q   R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ   S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß   T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ   U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ   V v   W w Ŵ ŵ   X x   Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ   Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž   ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə 
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ   Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ   Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ   Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ   Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π   Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ   Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω    
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г   Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ   Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж   З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і   Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к   Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м   Н н Њ њ О о П п   Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ   У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х   Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш   Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь   Э э Ю ю Я я   ́ 
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ   ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ   ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ   ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ   ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ   ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ   ɥ ʍ ɧ   ʼ   ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ   ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ   ɨ ʉ ɯ   ɪ ʏ ʊ   ø ɘ ɵ ɤ   ə ɚ   ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ   æ   ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ   ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ   ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪   




#Article 201: Henry Everard (114 words)


Henry Breedon Everard GCLM ICD DSO TD (21 February 1897 - 7 Ogasiti 1980) anali injinala wa magalimoto ndi wamkulu yemwe adakhala Purezidenti Wotsogolera wa Rhodesia panthawi ya UDI .

Everard anabadwira ku Barnet ndipo adaphunzira ku Marlborough College ndipo adamaliza maphunziro awo ku Divine College, Cambridge mu 1922.  Panthawi ya Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko lonse adatumikira ku France ndi Rifle Brigade , pomwe adavulazidwa pomenya nkhondo ndikufika paudindo wa Captain . Anagwira ntchito yokonza njanji kuyambira 1922, koma adayatsidwa kachiwiri pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse , ino mu Sherwood Foresters ; adatengedwa mndende ndi asitikali aku Germany, adalandira Dongosolo Lodziwika , ndipo adafika pa Lieutenant-Colonel. Atabwereranso nkhondo itatha adakhala wamkulu wa British Railways .




#Article 202: Argentina (772 words)


Argentina, boma la Argentina, ndi dziko loyima palokha ku , kumpoto chakumwera komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa adati. Imakhazikitsa boma la republican, demokalase, loyimira komanso boma.

Dziko la Argentina lakhazikitsidwa ngati boma la feduro, lophatikizidwa kuyambira 1994 ndi dziko komanso maboma 24 olamulira kapena maboma odziyendetsa okha, omwe ndi zigawo 23 ndi Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (ACBA), yomaliza kukhala Federal Capital ochokera mdziko. Mayiko onse omwe amadzilamulira ali ndi malamulo awoawo, mbendera ndi chitetezo. Zigawo 23 zimasunga maulamuliro onse osagawidwa ku National State, ali ndi maulamuliro atatu odziyimira pawokha ndipo akutsimikizira kuti maboma awo akhoza kudzilamulira okha.

Ndi gawo la Mercosur, ndipo pomwe anayambitsa mu 1991—, Union of South American Nations (Unasur), Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CLACS) ndi Bungwe la American States (BAS).Mu 2018, Human Development Index (HDI) inali 0,830, ndikuyiyika pagulu la mayiko omwe ali ndi chitukuko chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu, pamalo 48. Atasinthidwa kuti asayanjane, Argentina imagwera malo anayi pagululi, malinga ndi mndandanda wake wosiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi komwe umapezeka pamalo a 77. Mu maphunziro, lamuloli likukhazikitsa kuti ndalama zothandizira anthu pantchito yophunzirira siziyenera kukhala zosakwana 6% ya GDP, ngakhale zinali choncho, ndalama zidayima pa 5.5% ya GDP mu 201716 ndi chiwerengero cha anthu ophunzira kwambiri azaka 15 kuposa 99%.

Chuma cha Argentina ndi chachiwiri chotsogola komanso chofunikira ku South America. Malinga ndi Banki Yadziko Lonse, GDP yake yadzinayi ndi ya 27 padziko lonse lapansi Chifukwa chakufunika kwawo komanso kufunika kwachuma, ndi amodzi mwa mayiko atatu aku Latin America omwe ali m'gulu lotchedwa Gulu la 20 komanso ndi membala wa gulu la NIC kapena mayiko atsopano otukuka.

Ndi dziko lokhalo la Latin America lomwe lili ndi malo osanthula kafukufuku wasayansi pakati pa khumi kwambiri padziko lapansi, komanso dziko la Latin America lomwe lili ndi apamwamba kwambiri pa mphoto za Nobel mu sayansi (atatu). Mphamvu yake mwaukadaulo ndi sayansi yalola kuti ipange, kupanga ndi kutumiza ma satelayiti, kupanga zida zoyendera zida za nyukiliya ndikukhala wopanga mapulogalamu, ndege, pakati pazinthu zina. Amayesedwa ngati mphamvu yachigawo.

Adapatsa mgwirizano owonjezera wa zida za nyukiliya ku mayiko aku Latin America, Maghreb, Persian Gulf, Southeast Asia ndi Oceania, potengera kuthekera kwakukhazikitsidwa ndi National Atomic Energy Commission (NAEC) ndi kampani yotchuka ya boma ya INVAP. Ndi dziko la Latin America lomwe lapambana mphoto zambiri za Nobel, makumi asanu konse, onse atatu omwe adalumikizidwa ndi sayansi.

Ndi dera la 2,780,400 km², ndiye dziko lalikulu kwambiri lolankhula Chisipanishi padzikoli, lachiwiri kukula kwambiri ku Latin America ndi lachisanu ndi chitatu padziko lapansi, poganizira dera lokhalo lomwe lingakhale m'manja mwaulemu. Alumali ake, omwe anazindikira ndi UN mu 2016, akufika pa 6,581,500 km², ndikupanga kuti ikhale imodzi yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kuyambira ku America mpaka ku South Pole ku Antarctica, kudutsa South Atlantic. Ngati mungawerenge Zilumba za Falkland, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands ndi zilumba zina zazing'ono (zoperekedwa ndi United Kingdom, koma ndi ulamuliro wotsutsana), kuphatikiza gawo la malo otchedwa Antarctic lotchedwa Argentine Antarctica kumwera kwa 60 ° S parallel, Panthawiyi dziko la Argentina lati likulamulira, dziko limakwera mpaka 3 761 274 km² Ndi limodzi mwa maiko makumi awiri okhala ndi Antarctica, pakati pawo ndi omwe ali ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu, okhala ndi besi zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Dera lake limakumana ndi nyengo zambiri, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kutalikirana kwa malo okhala kupitirira 30 ° - kuphatikiza madera angapo am'mlengalenga, kusiyanasiyana komwe kumayambira 107 m pansi pa nyanja (Laguna del Carbón) mpaka pafupifupi 7000 masl ndi kukulira m'mphepete mwa nyanja zomwe zikufika ku 4725 km. Dambo lambiri lonyowa limadutsa zipululu zazitali komanso mapiri ataliatali, pomwe kumpoto ndi kotentha kuli kumpoto.

Dera lake laku America, lomwe limakhala mbali yayikulu ya kum'mwera kwa Cone, kumalire ndi Bolivia ndi Paraguay kumpoto, Brazil kumpoto chakum'mawa, Uruguay ndi Atlantic Ocean kummawa, Chile kumadzulo, ndipo nthawi zonse kumadera ake aku America, kumwera ndi Chile ndi madzi aku Atlantic a Drake Passage.

Zolembedwa zoyambilira za anthu okhala mdziko lino la Argentina zikuchokera zaka zikwi khumi ndi zitatu BP, nthawi ya Paleoamerican. M'masiku otukuka, nthawi ya Columbian, idakhalidwa ndi mitundu yambiri ya anthu, omwe ena mwa iwo akukhalabe m'dziko muno; Mwa iwo ma guaycurúes, ma guaraníes, mapu, tehuelches ndi ma diaguitas, omaliza anali gawo la Ufumu wa Inca. Kulamulidwa kwa Spain ku Spain komwe kudalipo tsopano kunayamba ndi maulendo owerengeka kuyambira mchaka cha 1512, kukhazikitsidwa kwa anthu mu 1528 ndikugawa madera. Pambuyo pake, idayamba kulamulidwa ndi Viceroyalty of Peru. Mu 1776, Crown yaku Spain idakhazikitsa Voredoyalty ya Río de la Plata, yomwe ikadakhala gulu lazandale lisanafike dziko la Argentina lono. Pa Meyi 25, 1810 adalandira ufulu wodziimira payekha pomwe wachiwiri wotsiriza wa Spain yemwe adalamulira kuchokera ku Buenos Aires adachotsedwa, kukonza Boma Loyamba Junta. Pa Julayi 9, 1816, ufulu unalengezedwa ku San Miguel de Tucumán.




#Article 203: Motul (kampani) (495 words)


Motul ndi kampani yapadziko lonse lapansi ya ku France yomwe imapanga, kupanga ndi kugawa mafuta owonjezera pamainjini (njinga zamoto, magalimoto ndi magalimoto ena) komanso zamalonda.

Yakhazikitsidwa mu 1853 ku New York, kampani ya Swan  Finch idayamba ntchito yawo m'mafuta apamwamba kwambiri. Pofika mu 1920, idatembenukira ku misika yapadziko lonse ndikutumiza mitundu ina ya katundu wawo monga Aerul, Textul, Motul.

Mu 1932, Ernst Zaug adakambirana zoti zigawike ku France za zinthu za mtundu wa Motul ndi Swan  Finch kudzera ku kampani yake Supra Penn. [1] Mu 1953, Swan  Finch centenary idakondweretsedwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Motul Century kwadziko lonse, komwe kunakhala mafuta oyambira ambiri pamsika waku Europe. Komabe, Swan  Finch adaimitsa ntchito yake mu 1957. Supra Penn adagulitsanso machitidwe onse amtundu wokhala ndi mtundu wa Motul, womwe adasankhidwa kukhala wopanga wamkulu wa kampaniyo, kukhala Motul S.A ..

Mu 1966, Century 2100 idawonekera pamsika. Inali mafuta oyamba opangidwa ndi mafuta opangira theka, [2] chinthu chomwe chimaletsa zopinga ndi katundu wama makina kakhumi kwambiri kuposa mafuta abwinowa. Mu 1971, Motul adayambiranso ndi Century 300V, mafuta oyambira agalimoto oyambira 100%. Motul analimbitsa kupezeka kwake konsekonse mu 1980s: ku Germany ndi Motul Deutschland mu 1980, Spain mu 1988, USA mu 1989, Italy mu 1994, Asia-Pacific mu 2002, Russia ndi Brazil mu 2005, ndi India mu 2006. Komanso, Motul adapanga ntchito yatsopano mu 2001: Motul Tech, yodziwika ndi mafuta opangira mafakitale.

Masiku ano, a Motul alipo m'maiko opitilira 80 ndipo amapanga mwaluso kwambiri ndikugawa mafuta owonjezera pamtengo wapatali. Monga mpainiya pazinthu zambiri zopangidwa ndi zopangidwa, Motul nthawi zonse amakonda kuyambitsa, kafukufuku ndi chitukuko. Kampaniyi ilinso mtsogoleri pamsika wolocha njinga zamoto ku France. M'munda wa motorsports, opanga ambiri amadalira Motul chifukwa chaukadaulo wake wamasewera othamanga pagalimoto / njinga. Motul yakonza ubale wapafupi ndi opanga monga Nissan, Yamaha, Subaru, Toyota, Honda ndi Suzuki etc.

Motul anali woyamba kupangira mafuta kuti agwiritse ntchito ukadaulo wamafuta a 100% popanga mafuta opangira magalimoto 100% popanga ndalama zatsopano zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zikhale zotsogola. mtundu komanso kupikisana kwapadera ndi kutentha kwambiri. 300V, malo otetezedwa a Motul, adakumana ndi chitukuko chachikulu chifukwa cha kupezeka kwake pa masewera othamanga kwambiri / mpikisano wa njinga. Kufufuza ndi chitukuko cha Motul zimagawika m'magulu awiri omwe amagwira ntchito mofanananira Magalimoto (magalimoto, magudumu awiri, bwato) ndi Industrial mafuta.

Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ambiri: makina azitsulo, ukadaulo wamakina, makina ndi zida zopangira, malonda a simenti, malo ogulitsa zakudya, mankhwala azodzikongoletsera, nkhuni, galasi ndi mchere, umagwirira, pulasitiki ndi kukonza ma labala, kupanga mawotchi , opanga zamagalimoto ndi magalimoto opanga, zoyendera njanji, ndi aeronautics.

Monga katswiri pamafuta opangira, Motul wakhala mnzake wa opanga ambiri komanso magulu amasewera chifukwa chotsogola kwake pamasewera olimbitsa thupi, magalimoto ndi mpikisano wa njinga zamoto. Motul amapezeka m'mipikisano yambiri yapadziko lonse monga othandizira ovomerezeka: MotoGP, Road racing, Kuyeserera, Enduro, Kupirira, Superbike, Supercross, Rallycross, World Rally Championship, FIA GT, Le Mans 24 Maola, Spa 24 Maola, Le Mans Series, masewera Kuwombera, Paris-Dakar, F3, etc. Mu 1977, Motul adapeza udindo wawo woyamba wa Pikipiki ya Pikipiki, m'gulu la Road Road, ndi Takazumi Katayama pa Yamaha 350.




#Article 204: Alice Chikondi (138 words)


Alice Chikondi Kaluluma is Zambian gospel songstress who is famously known for her worship and praise.

Born in 1993 in Lusaka, Alice is the first-born child to Masiye and Amanda Kaluluma, and a sister to renowned man of God Apostle Fred Kaluluma. She is a worship leader at the City of the Lord Church and the Word Empowerment Movement (WEM).

Her entry into the Zambian gospel circles has come with three great singles namely ‘Umbi nga Imwe,’ ‘Heart Beat’ and ‘Healing Anthem’.

All these songs are doing very well and available on itsretunes music site. She plans to release her debut album this year as she keeps working on more singles.

She says gospel music is the easiest way she ministers to the people.

But what does Alice think of the music industry in relation to gospel music?




#Article 205: Nelly Zulu (384 words)


'Nelly Zulu'
Nelly is a Zambian female gospel artist based in Lusaka capital city of Zambia. She was born in Lusaka and grew up in Rhodespark, Lusaka, with her grandmother, mother and sisters. She a Christian. Nelly is a Lawyer students being picked by Global scholarship.
 Nelly has never met her father and so, unusually for Zambia, took her grandmother's name instead. Not having a father figure was emotionally challenging, particularly when the other children at school were talking about their dads. But we always had books, and I pushed myself to do well.

As a child, Nelly was captivated by local lawyers' black and white outfits. Her mother worked close to the courts, and she walked past them every day to school. Years on, she is the first person in her family to have gone to university. Her mother – who lives on a farm and sells produce locally – and grandmother helped raise enough funds for her registration and first year of studies, with help from their local church

Nelly is sure that many souls will be touched by her songs.
â€œI cannot take you and Christâ€™s followers to a place I have never been to,â€ she says.
The former Petauke Day Secondary school pupil will certainly be taking tens, maybe hundreds, maybe thousands, maybe millions of Jesusâ€™ lost flock to Jerusalem.
The fifth born in a family of seven has truly impacted scores of those who cherish the gospel  songs.
Nelly is simply on song.
Take her other song Umupashi for instance; the soft-spoken songstress says she was inspired by the Holy Spirit which always leads her to do anything, including worshipping and praising the Lord in truth and in spirit.
But it is also her assurance and allegiance to the Lord that she can now testify of His ever presence in both good and bad times, no matter the circumstance through the song Alinaise.
Other songs by Nelly include Power in the Name of the Lord, Mwe Lesa and Yesu Akawela, a timely and warning song to all those who have not yet given their souls to the Lord to do so or perish in hell.
But because God is love, Nelly has given us the chance to redeem ourselves through the songs G.O.D. Is Love and The Lordâ€™s Prayer.




#Article 206: CHILESHE BWALYA (844 words)


Chileshe BWALYA

Bwlaya is a Zambian female gospel song singer. She was born in Kitwe in Zambia in a family of Sir childen, Chileshe Is number fifth born from Francis and Matilda Bwalya. Chileshe was raised in Lusaka capital city of Zambia and started her career.

The fifth of six children born to Francis and Matilda Bwalya, Chileshe’s first memories of music and singing go as far back as when she was just three years old, when she first realized her love for music and singing. Her educational sojourn helped her appreciate the values inherent in every individuals’ dreams and aspirations and channeling this knowledge into her everyday life has helped her mature into the woman she is today.

I can remember as far back as when I was 3 years old in kindergarten and through primary and secondary school.. However I started ministry when I joined MBF in October 2012. It’s one thing to sing because you can and another to sing because you understand why God gave you the ability to do so. I had the ability but I just no purpose and Prophet Mwale and Prophetess Mwale have played a great deal in helping me grow. I did sing for friend and tv commercials and radio adverts but now it's for Jesus.

God has given me so many plans. We embarked on a mission to create a Holy Ghost Network of worshipers and believers to spread the word. My responsibility at the moment is to equip and prepare with other believers for Gods work.

'Education  She attended school at Kabulonga girls and later on went to ZIBC and ZiCAS to pursue Business Administration. Currently Chileshe is married to Mr John Mumba.

Mathew 10:7-8. I was fished out of darkness through people who submitted to Gods word. There are many out there who are the way I used to be. I just want them to know the God that I have come to know. People need to be healed through the word of God that is in the music. Its every Christians responsibility to spread the gospel.

Charity work:

I am fortunate enough to belong to a ministry that believes in true religion according to the word of God (James 1:27) there are a couple of projects that the church (MBF) has embarked on to help school going children “AMAKASA PROJECT” It’s aim is to provide shoes for school going children as many do need assistance in this area, and Miracle Hands also to help widows sustain a living and support and partners with 4 orphanages, one for children living with HIV/AIDS, another for disabled and mentally challenged children aged 13yrs and below and another drop in centre to help children attain quality education 1 Her journey into Gospel music first blossomed in 2012 while she was embarking on a journey of self-realization and discovery of her true purpose. She had just joined Miracles by Fire church and meeting with Prophet Humphrey Mwale gave her some of the answers she needed 2
Songs: 
HER debut album, Talitha Cumi released last May, was well received by gospel fans and shot to number one on the Sounds Top 20 local music chart.
Gospel artist, Chileshe Bwalya may be fresh on the local music scene but seems poised to leave her mark.
Her albumâ€™s title, Talitha Cumi is an Aramaic phrase which means â€œLittle Girl Arise.â€ The album contains 12 tracks and was jointly produced by Ikonik studios and Ben Blazer.
Chileshe shared in a Weekend Mail interview that Talitha Cumi refers to resurrection or the birth of the album as a testimony of how God has raised her from death to life.
â€œEven the concept of the album is like a resurrection and I am basically referring to situations that point to this,â€ she said.
The album features songs about marriage, broken homes, lost dreams and songs of worship, all of which reflect the albumâ€™s theme of resurrection.
Chileshe began recording the album in the first quarter of the year and wrote some of the songs on the album with some help from other artists such as Ephraim, who also features on the album.
Although she is yet to confirm album tour dates, Chileshe has so far had the privilege to perform alongside more established gospel acts such as Ephraim and Damiano.
She cites prophet Humphey Mwale as her musical inspiration adding: â€œHe is the one who taught me a lot in terms of music.â€
While pursuing a solo music career, the calm toned singer is simultaneously a member of the Miracles by Fire Praise team whose debut album, The Anointing occupied the number one position on the Sounds Top 20 chart earlier this year.
Awards Chileshe is a Zambian Gospel singer who featured on the first music video “Worth More.” She is internationally known and has just completed a month-long tour of the US. Her awards include a Kwacha Music Award for Best Gospel Song and Best Female Artist as well as the 2016 Women’s Award “Songbird of the Year [Awards] 3

Source's




#Article 207: Mweshi Mulusa (460 words)


Mulusa is a Zambian born and based in Lusaka. She is among the best females gospel artist  in Zambia. She started her career away back. She became born again in 1995 and did a lot of songs since 1998. 

Since entering mainstream gospel in 1988, Mweshi’s journey has been such a revelation which she wishes most gospel artistes could emulate.
Talking about her new project, the follow-up to Kalubula which she delivered last year, Mweshi is also hopeful that many who are called to follow Jesus will be mentored and uplifted.

With songs that both connect and reconnect those who are bound to listen to them, Mweshi has carefully chosen each and every tune that will speak the truth to the believers.
Songs such as Nasesema (I Prophecy), Miracle Working God, Muya Usala (the Holy Spirit) and Tekupemamo, should ultimately help believers understand that there are benefits in finding time to speak to God in praise and worship.
Of course, there are other songs such as Katebebe, Yesu Ebulalo (Jesus is the Bridge) and Nakwimbila which she days comes from her heart.
With others such as Langeni Amaka Yenu and Sala Yesu which were also produced by her husband Llyod Mulusa at Star Studios, Mweshi feels as long as you choose Jesus Christ and seek His kingdom first, everything shall be added unto those who call upon his name.
Backed by a trio of relatively unknown gospel youths; Betty Zulu, Rachel Nakamba and Alice Banda, Mweshi’s only wish is that more gospel artistes should kneel down before God and seek His face as they go along the journey they are called for.

And while she has released her new album, Mweshi, who was awarded a certificate for her advocacy of the declaration of Zambia as a Christian Nation, is also hopeful that her followers will also find time to revisit her other albums such as Mighty God and Chendela Mumwela.
Awards: The album deservingly won her maiden Ngoma Award for best female artiste in 2008.
Two years later, Mweshiâ€™s defining album titled Mwaliwama was released by the multi-talented Taz (Taonga Sakala)â€™s Goemi Record studio and had such songs as Imitima Yenu, Ndakulumba and Abana Banshiwa.
â€œIn 2009, I released Mwabombeni, which had such uplifting songs as Kabai Mwane, Lesa Tata, Konse Nkaya and Ndinobukata,â€ said the 2010 and 2012 CHAPRO most consistent and best female artiste winner, respectively.
To date, mweshi has released several albums which have redefined the global gospel ministry and they include Nkankunkula (2012) and the Hymns of The Saints (2013) albums.
Her new album is titled Jubilee and contains such songs as Ni Yesu, Ima Wende, Nakabalika and Fyonse Fyenu. The album is a dedication to Zambiaâ€™s 50 years of Independence, which falls on October 24.




#Article 208: Regina Mwanza (125 words)


Regina Mwanza : she was born on 27 the December 1993 in Lusaka capital city of Zambia. Mwanza is the last born in 10 children. She is a Christian.
Regina Mwanza music career started way back as when she was at 9 years old in grade 4. Sh had a music passion and today she is long the top Zambian female gospel artist.
Education: She is a member of Chawama Baptist Church. Regina started school at age 9 straight in the 4th grade. After passing her grade 7 exams in 2008, she couldn’t continue due to financial challenges and so she stayed 3 years without attending school. However, God gifted her with a very nice voice to use to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ.




#Article 209: Deborah Chashi (486 words)


Deborah Chashi
Deborah is a Zambian female gospel song singer and writer. She was born on 28 April, 1992 in Lusaka Zambia. Chashi is a Christian. Completed her education in 2011 at Olympia Secondary school in Lusaka.

AT THE age of 16, Deborah Chashi aka Deborah C, was once involved in a series of activities which left most her peers puzzled.
â€œI perceived myself as a tom-boy and belonged to a group of young, though notorious gangsters, who robbed and attacked innocent people,â€ she says about her life in Lusakaâ€™s Matero.

All this happened right under the nose of her four siblings and parents.
But realising that she was in junior Secondary School (at St Monicaâ€™s in Matero) and an intelligent girl, Deborah, who completed her high school at Olympia secondary school in 2011, had to find a solution.
Her first step to salvation was to seek Godâ€™s intervention through reading the Bible, which she says strengthened her faith in God.
Although I began singing at the age of 10, it was not until I had received Jesus Christ as my personal saviour and redeemer on June 6, 2007, that I began to minister the gospel,â€ she narrates.
Now a member of the Jesus Assemblies Ministries Church in Matero, Deborah has moved on and confesses that there is joy in worshipping the Lord.
The first born in a family of five, Deborah, now aged 22, has just released her debut album full of songs which have reconnected her with Jesus.
â€œI was inspired by the scripture in Jeremiah 29:11 that partly reads: â€˜I alone know the plans I have for you, plans to bring you prosperity not disasterâ€¦â€™ and I followed Jesusâ€™ path,â€ Deborah says.

Her album is titled â€œRun to Youâ€ and contains songs which Deborah fully believes minister to her and others.
â€œAfter I composed the song â€˜Run To Youâ€™, I was positive that I will run to Jesus like a chid taking its first step and exceedingly grow in the Lord and never to look back,â€ she says.
A belated independence song titled â€œJubileeâ€ opens this 10-track album with an assurance of Godâ€™s restoration to our land after 50 years.
Award-winning gospel singer Karen features on the song Zina Lanu, a praise and thanks giving tune that exalts and uplifts the name of Jesus Christ.
On the song titled Simbangai (featuring Steve G.), Deborah pours all her worship to the Lord for His mercies that were paid on the Cross of Calvary.
Her other profound praises are found in another song titled Nikuyamikeni, on which she features another young revelation in the gospel music circuit, Regina Mwanza, of the â€œMy God Is Goodâ€ fame.
And when Deborah, who is inspired by Suwilanji and Karen, looks back at what her peers have achieved, she can still safely sing that Godâ€™s time is the best; that is what the song Waiting on You is about




#Article 210: Ester Changu (645 words)


Esther Chungu, formerly known as Carmine, was born on the 3rd of April 1994 from Mr  Everistol Mubanga Chunga and Abigail. She began singing at age 8, being inspired by her mother who sang in the Church praise team. 

Esther Chungu Mubanga is a Zambian recording and performing Gospel artist first born,she has 2 brothers
Esther grew up in Lusaka, where she attended her primary education at Eagle’s Nest, junior secondary at St. Monicas and senior secondary at Matero Girls high school. She has always been artistic and a fan of music from a young age, during her school days she participated in various artistic activities which in turn unveiled the artistic passion in her. Aside from that she also performed for her friends and family who advised her to make her music professional.

When she was 18 a friend of hers introduced her to Bitter sweet poetry and it was there that she realized she was in love with the stage and ministering to people about God through music. What drew her passion was the love she has for people combined with the love she has for music. She also drew her inspiration from her 

Influenced by the likes of CeCe Winans, Celine Dion, Alicia Keys, Adele and Emeli Sande, Esther Chungu has shaped her music to be alive, bringing with it love and hope. Popularly known for her debut single “Shooting Star” ,she has wowed audiences around with her amazing voice and presence. After her second single she took to the background on a journey of growth and self-discovery as an artist as well as an individual. Her little break from the lime light has seen her grow in faith and talent and has seen her discover herself more as an Artist and individual.

She wishes to impact other people’s lives through her original identity and name. This change has not been easy but it’s something she strongly believes she has to do, “Carmine is a great name and one of the reasons I agreed to use it was to avoid the mix up of whether or not I’m Abel Chungu’s sister… lol Well Esther Chungu is my name and I would love to be addressed by my true and authentic identity.

Esther chungu

The name change is not the only surprise the song bird has up her sleeve; Esther Chungu is now officially signed under new management, a new record label called Brave Only Music that has been founded by Mr Magnus Mando (Magg44) and Mr Steven Mwale. Mr Mwale spoke highly of the development, “From the first day I saw Esther Chungu performing on stage at a “Bittersweet” event I knew that her amazing talent would speak to many, and on the 5th of December 2015 we officially got her on the label. We are very excited to help create a platform for this young and amazing talent to fully and boldly express her God given talent and help with her passion to reach out to people.”

New music by Esther Chungu is set to drop this year. The song bird recalls all the people she has worked with prior to this new record deal, “I would like to take this time to thank the Bittersweet family who have always believed in me from day one! I’m grateful to Mr Kapembwa, Mr Enock and Mr Mwape for playing a role in my growth as an artist. I am excited about the future and everything that is set to happen from here onwards. And also to all my fans I love you all and I thank God for you.”

This new journey is something that should fills her fans with excitement as they eagerly anticipate her new music .

Connect with Esther Chungu on social media ; Facebook , Twitter , Instagram  at @itsEstherChungu

Listen to/download some of her songs here :




#Article 211: Olivia Kalenga (270 words)


Born  raised in the heart of lusaka, zambia, olivia began singing At a young age while in sunday school. Her recording career kicked off in 2009 with hip hop group s.l.i.c.e. She performed as a hip hop dancer while developing her vocal skills with major features on s.l.i.c.e’s go hard 1  2 albums. By 2010 olivia recorded alongside     artists such as jo-z jay, geo, mag44, tio  the lyricist. She captured hearts with her powerful performances on songs like ‘automatic’  the famous ‘freezing world’ single in 2011. In the mean time she still continued to perform as a dancer  singer with s.l.i.c.e without any intentions to rush into  releasing an album.

In 2014 olivia made an impressive come back with the release of her first solo single ‘surrender’ which was combination of an original song  william mcdowell’s ‘i surrender all.’ later followed even a more powerful single ‘ndelolela’ all under the nativez label. In july 2014 the nativez announced the release of olivia’s ep titled emotions; a six track project meant to officially introduce her as a solo artist to an even wider audience.

Emotions ep is not a marketing strategy but instead a project aimed at getting people to emotionally connect with olivia. It is a special dedication to people going through trying times in life. The songs on the project were inspired by some of olivia’s personal experiences and crafted by the production and writing skills of geo.

Currently, olivia serves as a worship leader in the youth ministry at deliverance church under bishop fortune mwiza. She is the first lady of the nativez as a recording  performing artist




#Article 212: Nsofwa Bowa (290 words)


Nsofwa Bowa was born in Ndola in 1975. He believes he was born with art and it is in his blood. He was lucky enough to be able to study art in high school. He went on to do a diploma in metallurgy at Copperbelt University and later attended training workshops in drawing, painting, photography and film-making in conjunction with the Norwegian National Academy of Arts in Oslo, Norway from 2000 to 2004. 

He attended the Insaka International Artists Workshop in Siavonga in 2003 and a ceramics workshop in Changsha, China in 2015. To Bowa, art is about composition and how it fills up a space to bring about inspiration. It is about expressing oneself in whatever form, technique or material. He is motivated by the desire to invent, produce and create art which is useful to the world and his country. He is inspired by the human spirit in relation to the human body anatomy and the simple gestures in human relationships. He has a preference for large-scale realistic sculptures, although he also does drawing, painting, illustrations, computer graphics and mixed-media. He is a free-style artist, not confined to one material, however, he mainly uses metal and cement. Most of his works are done in concrete reinforced with steel bars suitable for public display. However, he has worked in marble, wood, fiberglass and metal. 

The knowledge of metallurgy has enabled him to manipulate metal for his metal sculptures. In a career spanning over 15 years he has exhibited extensively in major exhibitions in Livingstone, Lusaka and the Copperbelt. He has also received a number of major commissions:

Awards: Aquila Simpasa Award for best upcoming artist (2001), Mukuba Award for Recognition (2003), nominated for Ngoma Awards in best 3-Dimension category.




#Article 213: Serah Chibombwe (239 words)


Serah Chibombwe 

SERAH was born in 

 in Mumbwa, Zambia. She took up art in Grade 4 at Southern Primary School in Lusaka, and continued doing art up to Grade 9. In senior secondary she continued art on her own. She used to do commissioned work on her own. In 2009, she was a nominee of Mukuba Awards. 

Later she discovered the Zambia National Visual Arts Council and registered as a member in 2011. Through exhibitions she started meeting other artists. After high school, she trained at the Hotel and Tourism Training Institute Trust. After her training, she moved to Kitwe in 2012. In 2014 she got a sign-writing job at Brushworks in Kitwe. After working there for a few months, she left for Lusaka again. 

There she joined the Art Academy Without Walls at the Lusaka Showgrounds. She has taken part in a number of group exhibitions, residence programs and workshops within Zambia including the 2015 Insakartist International Workshop and the Barclays Absa L'atelier 2015/2016 competition where one of her works were selected to the first round. She attended a one month art residency and training programme at the Àsìkò Art School in Addis Ababa. Serah is a painter who focuses on abstract and semi-abstract work. Her motivation is her sister who inspires her to work harder at her art. She draws inspiration from issues based on real life situations that surround her or that she has been through.




#Article 214: Emmanuel kapotwe (270 words)


Emmanuel Kapotwe:

Emmanuel Kapotwe was born in 1972 in Kabwe and grew up in Ndola. Both his parents were artists, so art was always around. 

Inspired by this surrounding, and especially by the artist Shadreck Simukanga, he too decided to become an artist and in 1995 he moved to Lusaka to join the Visual Arts Council (VAC). Self-taught, he was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of the Art Academy Without Walls (AAWW) and participated in many national and international workshops. From 2006-2007 he was a VAC committee member and he was the National Secretary from 2008-2012. 

He is mainly inspired by the concept that life is art. Light is the energy to do the things we do in life. It also makes us see the things which matter in life. Sound is another important medium to convey important messages. This is reflected in the fact that he is a multi-disciplinary artist and that light and sound play an eminent role in these disciplines. He does film-making, photography, sculpture, painting, making architectural models and graphic design. In addition, he makes music. He works in an abstract and semi-abstract manner, always with conscious use of lines and colours, to give expression to an emotion, not only to fit in the artwork, but to express a meaning in themselves. Colour has an effect on humans and it represents something and has meaning. For example, a mango fruit starts green, but when the colour changes it signals it is ready to eat. Kapotwe aims at using colour to create meaning.

He has participated in several international and local exhibitions and workshops:




#Article 215: Louise (100 words)


Louise Mandumbwa 

Louise was born in 1996 and is currently based in Botswana. She is a visual artist and self taught photographer. She has grown up surrounded by ink, canvas, acrylic and charcoal, under the strong artistic influence of her artist father, Crawford Mandumbwa. She studied art at John Mackenzie School in Francistown, Botswana, and attained a distinction at the IGCSE level. She is currently studying art at A-level. She works mainly in watercolour and pencil, and does mostly portrait photography. She is eagerly trying to broaden her skills, venturing into digital media and aspiring to study graphic design professionally.




#Article 216: Gilbert (241 words)


Gilbert Nsama

Nsama is a self-taught artist, born in 1987 in Luanshya. He started practicing art when he was in grade seven. 

He used to draw and make small human figures using clay. At secondary school he continued practicing art, although it was not offered as a subject at school. In 2008, after completing school, he decided to move to another town to seek advice on how to develop his talent. 

Through reading some books from an old library Nsama achieved the knowledge which helped him to understand some things about art. A local art teacher saw his drawings and was impressed and started coaching him so he could improve his artistic skills. 

In 2009 Nsama entered college to study Aircraft Maintenance Engineering at Zambia Air Service Training Institute in Lusaka. Whilst still in college he joined the Visual Arts Council of Zambia in 2010 and has since mingled with a lot of experienced artists. He has participated in some group exhibitions and started operating from the Art Academy Without Walls (AAWW) studio in Lusaka. He does mostly paintings and sculptures. In his paintings he uses oil paint on canvas and in his sculptures he uses both soft wood and hard wood. His works are highly symbolic and have a lot of hidden colour details. He gets his inspiration from nature and everyday life around him. His works reflect Zambian cultural heritage and the social aspects of daily life.

Exhibition history




#Article 217: Agnes (210 words)


 Agness Buya Yombwe

Agness Buya Ng’ambi Yombwe was born on 18th February 1966. She is a mixed media artist. She received an Art Teachers diploma from Evelyn Hone College in 1989. 

She has a certificate in Art and Design from Wimbledon School of art, London, United Kingdom in 1993. She taught art at Libala and Matero Boys Secondary Schools in Zambia for 7 years and at Bonnington and Donga Community Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana for 10 years. 
Agnes is a prolific and successful experimental artist who has won 10 awards both locally and abroad including first prize in print/graphics category in Artist in Botswana in 2003 and Best artwork by female artist in the Franco-COMESA Club exhibition of 2005. She has held 4 solo exhibitions and has also undertaken prestigious studio residencies at the Edvard Munch in Oslo Norway in 1995 and at the McColl Centre for visual Arts in North Carolina IN USA in 2002. 

She has exhibited in Zambia, Botswana, Namibia, Norway, United Kingdom, United States of America, Germany, and Indonesia. Her work is in private and public collections. She currently runs WayiWayi Art Studio and Gallery with her artist husband Lawrence Yombwe in Livingstone, Zambia, where she conducts various art clubs and workshops for both adults




#Article 218: Yombwe Agnes Buya (165 words)


Born Mazabuka, Zambia 1966, painter and sculptor.  Received an Art Teachers Diploma from Evelyn Hone College, Lusaka 1989.  

A certificate in art and design from Wimbledon School of Art, London. Taught Art at Libala and Matero Boys Secondary schools in Lusaka.  

A founder member of the Zambia National Visual Arts Council (VAC).  In the 1990s coordinated and facilitated women artists’ workshops at VAC, where she served as National Treasurer.  Prolific and successful experimental artist who has won several awards.  She has held several solo exhibitions.  Undertaken prestigious studio residencies at the Edward Munch Studio in Oslo, Norway in 1995 and at the McColl Centre for Visual Art in North Carolina, USA in 2002.  Has exhibited in many parts of the world and is currently living and working in Livingstone, Zambia where she runs a private Studio and Gallery called Wayi Wayi.  Yombwe conducts weekend workshops for children in Livingstone.

She has contributed massively at large extent to the growth of art in Zambia.




#Article 219: Siphiwe (440 words)


Siphiwe Wright , 

Siphiwe wright real name is Siphiwe Moyo, she was born in Lusaka Zambia

to parents Kesiwe and the late Mack key MoyoShe is currently . In a family

Siphiwe wright real name is Siphiwe Moyo, she was born in Lusaka Zambia

She was born to parents Kesiwe and the late Mack key Moyo. In a family in the United States ,she has been there since  2002. The soft spoken artiste had this to say in a recent interview  “I grew up in a musical family and so singing came naturally to me. when I was nine years, me and my twin sister formed a trio with our cousin called the shinning stars that helped me grow in music and the love of music. In my teenage years I joined a group called golden shields today known as the Twelve Gates, we traveled all over Zambia even outside of the country and those are some good memories I cherish singing to the glory of God.”

It’s not until she went to the States that she was encouraged to sing solo . That is something she has grown to love to

to help people and so through my music and the lord using me she will be

accorded a chance to reach and minister to people in Jesus’s name and to

bring glory to Gods name.

Siphiwe was born in a musical family both parents sang

and all the girls can sing but the guys on the other hand, well let’s just say a few of them can sing. she seriously

started solo ministry in 2003 shortly after she came to the United States with the encouragement of my brother. she only relocated to the USA late 2001.

Siphiwe have had the pleasure of singing in different

groups like twelve gates, shinning stars, central voices, unshaken, by grace…only to name a few. she have traveled

through out the United States ministering. she is passionate about my ministry and helping especially children

and women and so my ministry is called the Siphiwe notes

Why the Siphiwe notes?

Siphiwe chose to name this ministry the Siphiwe notes simply because everyone

needs a note to self and/or a note to praise. While we go through life

we need to realize our lives are like a blank paper our experiences are

the writings. Same with the music sheet of paper is just that unless

musical notes are put on them and then a song is birthed and that song

has the power to encourage strengthen and calm someone. Our life

experiences are our testimonies that can encourage motivate and give

hope to someone.




#Article 220: Tiwonenji (274 words)


Tiwonenji is the first born in a family of two, born in 1994 on June 21st. Attended David Kaunda secondary school where she completed her grade 12. She is a Christian.

In 2014, Tiwonenji went on to attend tertiary school at the National Institute of public administration, where is graduated with a diploma in public relations. Her biggest musical inspiration includes Kanye West, Da brat, Jhene Aiko and our very own local act Chef 187.

What do you get when you combine confidence on a hundred? Lyrical abilities on thousand ? Beauty on a million? and energy to deliver a hook as dangerous as lightening but yet as sweet as honey to the ear? This is what you can expect from Zambian artist Tiwonenji's brand new video for her 2015 single Designer. Hailing from Lusaka city,Tiwonenji has in a couple of months managed to captivate audiences from all over with her unique blend of afro beat sound mixed with her core genre Hip hop.

With just two singles in, Tiwonenji's music has been play listed on some of Zambia's biggest music stations and has also managed to top some local music charts here in Zambia. Designer, which was produced by Shinko Beats is a feel good song aiming to have you dancing all through the club lights.  2015 proved to be a fairy tale start for Tiwonenji's music career as she quickly rose up to be the new diva in town to look out for. With her killer ability to deliver bars on the mic mixed with her capable song writing skills, Tiwonenji is well scheduled to becoming a force to be reckoned with.




#Article 221: Lutricia Cheswa (480 words)


Lutricia Cheswa

Cheswa lutricia chimfwembe professionally know by her stag name snooky aka sindine shy mama is a bemba -born źambian rapper song writer ad a model she was born September 27 1992 ) snooky is à Zambian descent but crazy when she is on stage.

Cheswa grew up in a troubled family with a lot of things going on but still that didn’t let her from doing what she loved most and her siblings didn’t understand what she was made of and what she wanted to do.

Non from the family supported her music career,  instead they made fan of it and would tell that am just wasting my time but knowing myself and what GOD blessed me with I couldn’t let him down and myself she said I have always been a fan of music from way back but I began then when I was at school in 2006.  I would listen to slap d mampi Tommy d and nick minaj these artists have been my inspiration and will always be. My talent was first spotted by a producer named mass1 from equalizer mass and I have worked on some songs the first was nitelela chikanda etc that was in 2014 it was awesome so many people loved the tracks and where playing o over and dammed got too much attention and I thank my producer for the hard work and since then I have worked with various artists and producers my rapping skill has caught a lot’ attention and I loved that then in 2015 I was called at no doubt by a producer ñamed Ricore one of the best in zed thn I released my some songs called 29t ad danger caution which did very fine anď a lot of people love my work I then appeared in a bunch of joint tracks for studio work from Chris wado south African dance hall artist, DJ show star from kopàla, bee roxan, yung dee siluwana punchlines ad bĺàze1 mr ñagtauletota.snooky finally realized her debut single magwila ģwila on which she features Sammy dee mr weñyo I wanna bring out the best music coz am different from these others I find the music industry soo fan coz at the end of the day I learnt a lot from my fellow artist she said I love sweat ,pain and çompetition it makes me stronger, hard working and staying forced my dad always tod me that nothing is easy in life coz every step is soo hard tiĺĺ u reach the top, I love and support my fellow femous 

hehe ño hard feelings but I ain’t got competition with dem I believe iñ compitinģ with male àrtists dats my motor ad am ready for żed hope u are too and so they say the sky is the limit añd I mean it I will make sñoooky aka sindine shy mama.




#Article 222: KANJIBA (750 words)


Background;

Going by the stage name “Kanjiba” meaning a bird that sings a story, Thresa Ng’ambi, a rising Zambian songstress, has been releasing music that touches hearts and leaves crowds wanting more.

Here is the story of this talented songbird’s life.

Kanjiba was born in a home headed by a single parent, her mother, and is the last born in a family of three but unfortunately lost one of her siblings to a tragic road accident.

Growing up, she never knew or met her father and later lost her mother, forcing her and her older sister to move from one relative’s house to another, looking for a place they could call home.

Because it was only the two of them against a cold world, Kanjiba’s sister took up the role of mother and worked hard to fend for her little sister.

Most stories concerning famous people with a rough past usually include an aspect of the person being bullied at some point. But surprisingly, that was not the case for the songstress.

Kanjiba described herself as one who was a bully and daring person when she was younger. However, something that used to calm her spirit was whenever she would lift her voice to sing.

She narrated that after she lost her grandmother, singing was the only thing she would do to comfort herself.“I decided to continue singing because I felt it was a good way to keep in touch with my loved ones who were no longer with me,”She started primary education at Lusaka Primary School and later moved to Muchinga Primary School before eventually settling for Woodlands A Primary School.

Kanjiba completed her secondary education from Chipembi Girls Secondary School.

Narrating life after secondary education, the songstress explained that she did not have any other career but music in mind and decided to pursue her dreams.

However, this did not sit in well with her family, who decided to send her to Evelyn Hone College of Applied Sciences to pursue a secretarial program.

Still determined to pursue her dream, Kanjiba withdrew from her program and joined a music class.I ended up making a music band called Evelyn Hone Pop Band,”After completing her music course, the talented singer started producing and writing music for the band, which she does even in the present day.

Kanjiba produces pop music with a traditional touch and most people often confuse her voice with that of other artists such as Wezi and Angela Nyirenda.

One of her famous songs is ‘Kaulemama’ and she has worked with various artists including Clique Viral.

She explained that she chose traditional pop music because she discovered she loves African music and also cited her grandmother as one of the main inspirations behind the music style.“My grandmother played a bigger part through the stories she told me and the lessons behind the stories helped me make my music,”Before being recognized nationally as a musician, Kanjiba stated that the Zambian music industry was not easy to join because it was usually about connections and how much one had to offer.“It was not really about the talent, it’s about the money your song would produce,”Another challenge the singer faced was getting her songs to play on radio and television. But with the help of social media, she started posting songs and drew the attention of different people who enjoyed her music.

Kanjiba has won various awards through the years. She and her band scooped first prize in a musical contest to tour Europe and later, she released a single called “Mandu” as a solo artist and got a good response on air play ,attracting famous local Djs who remixed the song.

Mandu won first place and later dropped to second on Zed Upcoming Air Play. and later helped Kanjiba feature on the BBC Africa Entertainment Segment.

The talented musician describes herself as a simple, crazy, adventurous and creative person whose love for her two sons knows no limit.

She said she remains down-to-earth because of what life taught her before becoming successful.“My career path and experience through my music has taught me to never underestimate anyone and respect other people in spite of age, race and background,”The talented singer is someone who is worthy to be emulated. Not only is her music style unique, but also her personality.

It is safe to say that more of the skyrocketing talent is coming and the world will be there to listen to her touching music and cheer her on till the end.




#Article 223: Davaos (489 words)


Davaos; 

Davaos is a two-member girl group of enterprising and eccentric girls named Anivao and Dalivao.

Coming from humble backgrounds, the girls say they have always wanted to reach out to different communities through music and art in general.

â€œWe are not only doing music together but we are coming from one familyâ€¦ weâ€™re actually cousins,â€ revealed the 28-year-old Anivao, who attended Pamodzi Secondary School in Mufulira.

Based in Lusaka, the singing careers for the two started in their teenage years before they entered the recording studios six years ago.

While Anivao was in Mufulira, Dalivao was in Lusaka where she was growing her passion for music. The 24-year-old Dalivao is also an entrepreneur.

The two have worked with different producers including T-Sean, who has also composed two of their tracks – TV and Data. Last year, they were nominated for the Zambia National Broadcasting Corporationâ€™s Born  Bred Music Video Awards. The nomination was in the Best Upcoming Female artiste category.

â€œThis year, we have been working tirelessly with Wave Soundâ€™s producer Kekero, who is responsible for such songs as Paba Chimo (featuring Kanyelele songbird Kay Figo) as well as Impossible, which is doing very fine on most radio stations,â€ says Dalivao, whose real names is Dalitso Violet Phiri.

The girls have just released a new song titled Fear Nun, which they describe as â€œa lyrical song where we are simply expressing ourselves to the world out there.

Anivao continued: â€œRegardless of how many good dancehall artists are there, with us as the Davaos, we respect them but we are definitely not afraid of any of them.â€

Their two videos – Impossible and Bad – were recently officially launched at a star-studded event at Chez Ntemba V.I.P. in Lusakaâ€™s Kabulonga where the likes of award-winning singer CQ, Crazy- 4 and ZNBC TV2 presenter and singer G-Wise, Tyce, Jae Cash and EarlJay were also present.

Apart from Kay Figo and T-Sean, the girls have had an opportunity to work with ZaYellow Man under

the watchful eye of their manager Baron.

Their most recent shows were held at Timaz Pub  Grill in Chilenje and also made an appearance at the Dancehall Summer Jam atÂ  the Chainama Hotel that attracted the likes of DJ Cozmo, Dambisa, Nina, Kan2 and Tiger Man.

â€œI can say Zambian music is one of the best to have come out of Africa so far, although we lack good musical equipment,â€ said Dalivao.

Anivao, who is inspired by such girls as Spice from Jamaica, Missy Elliott, Rihanna and Vybz Kartel, adds: â€œBy the way, I can also safely say we are doing fine musically and can compete with artistes from other nations such as South Africa, Namibia and Nigeria, who are well equipped with good musical instruments and studios.

â€œWe (female artists) need to stop petty jealousies towards each other, and only then can we outstage the guys, because in us thereâ€™s also great potential to excel.â€

fmmusik@yahoo.co.uk,




#Article 224: Christopher Kalupeteka (124 words)


Christopher Kalupeteka:

Background;

Kalupeteka born on 11th June 1996 from Kitwe- Zambia to Mr Brian kalupeteka and Florence chewe kalupeteka.  He is a Christian.

Early Life

Christopher started his school in 2004 at Bulangililo basic school in Kitwe. He grew up very focused  and self motivated young Man. He never relied on anyone until he pushed with his studies. 

In 2007 he moved to Northern of Zambia, kasama and continues his education at Kasenda Basic school.

Medical doctor

Best pupil grade 2-7

Best pupil grade 8-9.

Best pupil in Physics, Additional Mathematics, principles of accounts and  best Overall grade 11.

Best pupil in Biology chemistry, Additional mathematics, and principles of accounts grade 12.

Best provincial pupil in chemistry-2015.

Pursuing Medicine ( Morocco)

International traveling




#Article 225: CHAMA FELISTUS (165 words)


CHAMA Felistus ;

Chama of ‘Art by Feli’ fame is a budding female 

Artist, born and bred in Zambia. She is a self taughtrt-
ist who has been actively involved in the industry for the 
past 6 years. She initially began as a ‘portrait’ Artistll-
lowing her ability to depict very fine details but she has 
gradually transformed her scope to a more diverse array 
of art works such as contemporary paintings, sculptures 
and digital rt.
Felistus is very passionate about art and this is expressed 
through her work. She has exhibited her work at ri-
ous functions hosted by the Court Reporters Assia-
tion of Zambia, Conservation Lower Zambezi, Modzi 
Arts and the Afro Twist movement. She is a feminist 
and activist and believes art is a powerful medium that 
can be used to transform the quality of life in Zambia. 
She is currently working with various organizations in 
empowering vulnerable children and women in Zam ia 
through rt.
CHAMA, FELI.

CHAMA Felistus ;




#Article 226: Godfridah M Kapwele (109 words)


Kapwele Godfridah is a young Zambia female artist from the Copperbelt Luanshya, born on the 16th of February 1993.

Specialized in drawing and painting using charcoal,graphite and water colours,
she began drawing in 2015 upon her enrollment at Evelyn Hone College where she ob-tained her Art Teachers Diploma in 2017.

A hardworking artist commonly known as “Godylocks 

Arts,” her work today is mainly commissioned pencil portraits. Among others Godfridah has done portraits for Hon Vincent Mwale, Hon Margret Mwanakatwe and Zambia’s first lady, Esther Lungu.

She narrates..”This is just the beginning am yet to make 

Zambia Proud.” she has been a good artist and inspires so many young people.




#Article 227: MUUMBA (100 words)


MUUMBA, BERVERLY: born and bred of Zambia. She is a female artists at a very small age.
Muumba is a self driven and motivated young female artist. She is in her final year of study pursuing Art and English teachers diploma at Evelyn Hone College.
She  is a Christian. 

Muumba loves using rainbow colours in her art works and enjoys figure drawing. During her course of study she has developed a kin interest in Art History a course she plans to pursue at degree and masters levels. She aspires to become a lecturer and well known female artist. 

Web results




#Article 228: Aslin Carol (245 words)


Carol Aslin
Carol grew up on the Copperbelt in Zambia and later spread her wings living in both New York and London. While living in New York she enrolled at The Art Students League in midtown Manhattan for three years. 
She moved back to London where she worked at an Old Master’s gallery in Piccadilly and later established her own highly regarded decorative painting business.
 
In 1998 she met her husband who was involved in the Zambian safari industry, she moved to the Luangwa Valley where she started painting full time and in 2002 they moved from the bush to Lusaka where she started 
to exhibit regularly.

Carol experiments with all forms of art, in the early days she worked mostly in oils and wildlife tended to be her subject of choice. She soon developed an interest in the art of print making so attended several courses in London and commissioned the construction of a bespoke etching press on which she still works. 

In recent years Carol has been experimenting with different mediums and is now working with resin on aluminum, wood and canvas. Visual Art is a wonderfully exciting way to interpret what we see or imagine and there are multiple ways of  making art, I love to experiment with different mediums in art making, oil, resin, clay, aluminum, canvas, wood etc. to find new ways to communicate my ideas’“Underwater Sponge”
Resin on Canvas.

Her Exhibitions include:

carolaslin.com › about About - Carol Aslin




#Article 229: Art Advanced in Zambia. (1965 words)


The Mganda Traditional;

Art has advanced to the new level in Zambia.

Synchronizing their movements with the louder and more powerful drumming, the dancers vigorously go through dazzling movements somewhat depicting military like drills, then they swing around injecting some of the African traditional rhythmic gyrating movements. All the while the dancers use whistles to accentuate and time some of the smoothly choreographed movements. This explosion of intense action and energy might last up to a few minutes depending on the length and sequence of the steps of the dance. Then there is a lull in the dance as the performers slow down to start the cycle again by singing the song or starting a new one. It is at this time, that young beautiful women using their clean well pressed handkerchiefs, might wipe the sweat off the brow of a particular drummer or dancer. This is every young dancer’s dream. Individual members of the audience may also place small sums of money in a particular dancer’s palm as a reward for his good or particularly outstanding dancing during a preceding sequence. This is known as kusupa.

Music and dance are perhaps the most universal of the creative nature of humans. Rural traditional people of Zambia are no exception. In spite of the dramatic social changes that have influenced many urban dwellers, Zambian rural people have maintained their traditional dance and music.

What would you do for entertainment on a Sunday afternoon if you did not have the movie theater to go to, open air rap concerts to attend, the VCR to watch a video movie, or TV to watch sports? If you lived eight thousand miles away among the Tumbuka, you would either be watching or dancing the mganda. I encountered the fascinating mganda dancers when I was travelling in the Lundazi rural district in Zambia. Traditional Zambian dance has not remained static. The people have adapted to modern influences thereby incorporating modern styles and synthesizing them with the traditional ones. One such excellent example is that of the mganda dance common among the Tumbuka people of the Lundazi district of the Eastern Province of rural Zambia. As is common in most of Africa, the Tumbuka straddle the international boundary between Zambia and Malawi. This is why the mganda dance is also common in parts of Northern Malawi.

Each group of mganda dancers from a village usually select a Jitedi which is a Tumbuka derivation from the English adjudicator. This is the leader of the team who acts almost as a conductor and has the most prestige. Once the dancers arrive at an open-air spot where they are going to perform, they form lines in rows ranging from three to five. The dancers are all neatly dressed in uniform colorful clothes. The audience makes a circle around them. The Jitedi will make sure the drummers are ready, that everyone has a baja, which is a kazoo made out of dry gourd and a white thin spider’s membrane. The Jitedi will also make sure the young men with sticks are ready and that a number of members of the dancing team have whistles.

The dance starts with moderate drumming, and then a song, which might have the following lyrics:

Anya Mu Nyirongo, Anya Munyirongo, Yahole-e-e

Mwadabila bele Yahole-e-e

Mwadabila bele Yahole-e-e

Lady Nyirongo, Lady Nyirongo

You admire your breasts

You admire your breasts

The lyrics are about a young beautiful woman whose name is Nyirongo who has so much vanity that she admires her own breasts. The song is then sung by the dancers again using bajas. The singing might take up to five minutes building a sense of anticipation in the audience. Then the climax of the dance follows. Most dancers experience ecstasy during this stage of the dance as though they were in an all consuming trance as this mganda dancer shows at Mwase mphangwe about forty miles south of Lundazi.

Like many other countries of the world, Zambia has many traditional dances. In each of the nine provinces there might be up to five major dances spread over several tribes. Some of the major characteristics of the dances are that they are performed either by men or women, some are for pure recreation while others are for exorcizing evil spirits or initiating of girls into womanhood. Some of the dances are old and others relatively new in that they came to being with the arrival of European influence barely forty to fifty years ago. The lyrics of the music are a commentary on significant social and political events of the time and therefore reflect the indigenous people’s perspectives. All these dynamic characteristics reflect part of the richness and complexity of African cultural traditions. Much of this traditional music now forms the basic foundations of most modern and contemporary African rhythms which are enjoyed world over.

The mganda dance is a classic case of the creative capacity of human beings. Britain, up to October 24, 1964 was a colonial power in the then Northern Rhodesia. During the Second World War, many young men among the Tumbuka were conscripted into the army to fight on the side of the British. The young men fought in North Africa and in places like Burma in Asia. The men came back to the villages with new knowledge about military uniforms, yelling commands, parades, drills, whistles, carrying and use of rifles. All these new experiences inspired the birth of a new dance; the mganda. The name of the dance is derived from the Tumbuka language term ganda which means “to march like soldiers.” The name of the dance is also depicts the loud boom sound from the large marching band style drum that is used during the dance. The dance is also sometimes known as malipenga or trumpets. Lipenga or plural malipenga are an equivalent of Western trumpets used in marching bands. The equivalent traditional instruments known as baja or kazoos were first used by the lake side Tonga of Northern Malawi.

The mganda synthesized some of the traditional rhythmic dance movements with modern military drill-like movements. The product was a dance that incorporates the vigorous energetic synchronized movements of young men who use two and a half foot swagger sticks mimicking the handling of rifles in an army drill. There are also older men who have more gentle relaxed movements. When all of this is mixed with the drumming, unique traditional instruments known as baja, a kazoo made out of dry gourd, songs with traditional lyrics, African rhythm, ambience and festive atmosphere, you have tremendous electricity, excitement, and sheer enjoyment.

Like many other facets of traditional customs, practices and lifestyles anywhere in the world, modern experiences have influenced Zambian traditional dance and music. Before the advent of European colonialism, Zambian traditional dance and music follows an distinctive typical cycle. The dances first involve a sequence of singing usually accompanied by synchronized clapping, and soon after the climax of the dance. Musical instruments usually include a number of different types and sizes of drums and other percussions like the shaking of gourds with dry seeds in them and rattles. The dance climax involves a wide repertoire of vigorous or elegant body movements. The dancers might stomp their feet harder, gyrate their hips sensuously or seductively, swing their arms from side to side while initiating graceful jerking movements of the head and neck like a swan. After the climax, the dancers resume the singing starting a new cycle.

The majority of traditional Zambian dances are done in the open with performers in the middle, and the drummers, singers, and other instrument players and audience forming a circle around the dancers. What is most exciting is that Zambian traditional dance is so participatory that the distinction between the audience and performers is constantly blurred. For example, the entire audience often participates in the singing. If a drummer is tired another individual who was standing in the audience would take over to relieve the tired individual. No one individual is ever credited with composing any one of the numerous songs used during all types of dances.

The mganda dance is performed for recreation between May and November, which is the dry season when there is no farming. Nowadays, the mganda dance involves young men in a particular village, practicing, and rehearsing outside the village during the week. Mganda might sometimes be performed on a competitive basis “on an away and home match basis.” On a mutually agreed afternoon, the group of young men and might walk up to 20 miles to perform at another rival village during a Sunday afternoon. In some cases, the dancers might have a tour during which they will walk many miles and perform at different villages along the way.

The mganda dance is popular among the Tumbuka because it plays so many functions. The dance integrates very well what is new and traditional among the Tumbuka. It is an excellent Sunday afternoon entertainment for the people and engenders healthy competition among young dancers from different villages. The dance is especially a good medium for social commentary and provides a valuable social opportunity for young men and women from different villages to meet, interact, know and admire each other. Quite often, a young man and woman who marry might have first seen or met each other at a mganda dance.

The mganda dance is a means of social commentary. In communities in which the rate illiteracy is still high and people have no access to newspapers, radios and other modern mass media through which they could express themselves on current issues in their communities, the mganda dance provides such a popular forum. The dance routines and many song lyrics often manifest such commentary. For example, a particular song and dance routine might portray and criticize a polygamous man who shows unfair attention and love to a younger junior wife.

The mganda dance is also a channel for community and individual artistic self expression that depict elements of joy, confrontation, political and social caricature and mimicry of the past and present expressed in the song lyrics and especially dance routines.

Perhaps one of the most significant functions is that the mganda dance among the Tumbuka encourages healthy competition among communities and bodily cleanliness. Dancers have to be clean and neatly dressed. They are judged by the public and spectators on how clean and well groomed their bodies are and how well their uniform clothes were ironed. All of these functions create a sense of community and belonging, which are very important in creating community vitality among the Tumbuka of Zambia.

J. Clyde Mitchell, “The Kalela Dance: Aspects of Social Relationships among the Urban Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1956.

Gulliver, Pamela., Africans in Northern Rhodesia,” The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers N0. 27, Dancing Clubs of the Nyasa in Tanganyika: Notes and Records, 1951.

Jones, A.M., “The Mganda Dance”, (Bantu) African Studies, Vol. 4, N0. 4, 1945.

Kay, George., “Chief Kalaba’s Village: A Preliminary Survey of Economic Life in an Ushi Village, Northern Rhodesia,” The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, N0. 35, 1964.

Ngulube, Naboth M.J., Some Aspects of Growing Up in Zambia, Lusaka: Nalinga Consultancy/SOL – Consult A/S Ltd., 1989.

Ranger, T.O., Dance and Society in Eastern Africa, Heinemann, 1975.

Republic of Zambia, Country Profile: Zambia 1984, Lusaka: Central Statistical Office, 1984.

Skjonsberg, Else., The Kefa Records: Everyday Life Among Women and Men in a Zambian Village. (Oslo: U-Landsseminaret, No. 21, 1981).

Tembo, Mwizenge S. Titbits for the Curious, Lusaka: Multimedia Publications, 1989.

Tembo, Mwizenge S., Mwila, Chungu., and Hayward, Peter., An Assessment of Technological Needs in Three Rural Districts of Zambia, Lusaka: Institute for African Studies, February 1982.

The American University, Zambia: a Country Study, Edited by Irving Kaplan, Washington, D.C , 1979.

University of Pennsylvania Museum, Dances of Southern Africa, film, 1960.




#Article 230: Andrew Mulenga (191 words)


Andrew Mulenga is a self-taught, freelance arts journalist whose main focus is documenting the contemporary art scene of his home country Zambia. He studied Art  Design at the Africa Literature Centre, Kitwe and began his career as a graphic designer and illustrator at Mission Press in Ndola.

He later joined The Post Newspapers Ltd. in the same capacity working his way to an appointment as Deputy Editor of the Education Post while establishing himself as the publications resident art critic. He is the 2012 CNN Multi-choice African Journalist of the year for Art  Culture. 

In 2014 he received a Media Institute of Southern Africa award for arts journalism. He completed an MA Art History at Rhodes University on an Andrew Mellon scholarship in 2014. He is currently on an Art History and Visual Culture Scholarship for a PhD at the same university. Since 2012 his articles have been regularly adapted in the modules of the Zambian Open University’s art curriculum. Through his writing as an emerging art historian his current ambition is to encourage Zambian artists to question the sociopolitical, cultural, historical, moral and aesthetic implications of the work they produce.

 




#Article 231: Gladys Kalichini (516 words)


Gladys Melina Kalichini was born in Chingola (Copperbelt-Province) in Zambia. She is a working artist with a studio space at the Arts Academy Without Walls (AAWW) in the Showgrounds of Lusaka 

Gladys  began as a self-taught artist and much of what she has learnt  has come from her interaction with Zambian artists and exploration of population theories and demographic features of Zambia. She is particularly fascinated by topics of social imbalance in developing countries. The topic that is most vivid in her works is that of gender in a modern and cultural perspective.

She primarily works with acrylic paints on canvas and is intrigued by the textures and bold lines in compositions. In her creative process she finds it very interesting how one line leads to the next mark, as well as one drawing developing into some form, a being.

Other than producing her own work, Gladys has worked with children with an artist collaboration called “art4art” creating a large scale collage for the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) office in Lusaka as well as for the Elizabeth Glaser Paediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAF) . The drawings incorporate sentences, letters, marks and words generated by the participating children. The entire student body was involved in the drawings which have raised significant funds for these institutions.

Gladys holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics with a minor in Demography (Population Studies) from the University of Zambia (UNZA) and is currently working both as an analyst for a telecommunication company and as an artist in her studio.

In the past years she exhibited her works locally in Lusaka (National Museum (2010), Henry Tayali Gallery (2010 and 2012), the American Chamber of Commerce (2012) and the 37d Gallery (2013)),  as well as internationally in San Francisco (2013 - Online Exhibition - Emergent Artspace).

Gladys Melina Kalichini is a visual artist and researcher from Lusaka, Zambia. She is at present an MFA candidate at Rhodes University in South Africa and a member of the SARCHI research group- Geopolitics of Africa. Her studio practice and research focuses on three main categories, namely; Colonial History, Memory and Marginalisation. She works with notions of narratives of women by drawing on the relationships pertaining to and between these three broad categories.

The bodies of work she produces usually manifest into two dimensional artworks (ranging from drawings, painting and photography) and installations.

Currently her work explores the representations of the ‘female black body’ in history by examining absent and misplaced narratives of women in African histories. She draws from given/specific/singular narratives about women that are held in the collective memory of histories as an entry point to the broader discussion of narratives of women marginalised from certain historicised events.

She uses the traces of the history of Alice Lenshina (b. 1920 - d. 1978) and Julia Chikamoneka (b.1910 – 1986) as held in Zambia’s collective memory (through commemorative gestures and the archive) to show that women’s historical narratives are not fixed at any point in time, they are rather continuously in flux either changing to become alternative representations of themselves or they fade and disappear 




#Article 232: Kukwase Tembo (301 words)


Nukwase Tembo is a Zambian artist who started drawing at the age of two. After completing her Secondary School education at Metropolitan School, she studied Social Work at The Ridgeway Campus of Lusaka before becoming a full-time artist in 2013.

Her work explores and challenges toxic societal norms that undermine the rights and values of women of colour. This reflection takes place in the context of post-colonial African nations, where many ideals borrowed from the West have been assimilated into African traditions and cultures in the face of the new norm. Culture – assumed to be fluid, dynamic and subject to change – is then treated as an inflexible norm.

The goal of her work is to normalize darkness; to establish what it really means to exist and to navigate the life of a black woman in Africa. Her work also focuses on the need to de-objectify women’s bodies where women of colour do not socially and culturally own their own bodies.

Her body of work manifests mainly in mixed media oil paintings and collages that have traces of fabric and used and/or ready to be discarded items like wrapping paper, old newspapers, cardboard and paper bags. The use of fabric symbolizes the foreign ideals that have been inculpated her rigid culture while the use of ready to be discarded elements represent the value, resilience and worth of women and of humanity as a collective, who exist as disposable entities at the hands of a system that was designed to devalue black women.

She has participated in the StART Foundation Trust ‘Upcoming Artists’ competition where she was one of the six selected winners. She is a Ngoma Award nominee for the Julia Malunga Award and was one of the top 100 finalists for the Barclays 2016 and 2017 L’atelier competition

.




#Article 233: Rhodesia (572 words)


Rhodesia (pambuyo pa Cecil Rhodes ) ndi dzina lakale la dziko la Africa ku Zimbabwe . M'mbuyomu, dzina loti Rhodesia limagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza dera lalikulu lomwe likufanana ndi Zimbabwe ( Southern Rhodesia ) ndi Zambia ( Northern Rhodesia ).

Mu 1953 , poyang'anizana ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha m'maiko aku Africa, United Kingdom idayesa kupanga Federation of Rhodesia ndi Nyasaland , yomwe inali ndi mayiko aku Zimbabwe , Zambia , ndi Malawi omwe panthawiyo amatchedwa Southern Rhodesia , Northern Rhodesia ndi Nyasaland motsatira.

Chitaganya cha Rhodesia ndi Nyasaland anali kusungunuka pa January 1 , 1964 pa ufulu wa Malawi ndi Zambia . Northern Rhodesia itapatsidwa ufulu ndi Britain mu 1964 , idasintha dzina kukhala Zambia. Southern Rhodesia idakhalabe koloni yaku Britain ndipo idayamba kudziwika kuti Rhodesia.

Boma la Britain lidatengera mfundo yotchedwa NIBMAR (No Independence Before Majority African Rule), modabwitsa boma loyera laling'ono la Rhodesian Front (RF) , lotsogozedwa ndi Ian Smith . Pa Novembala 11 , 1965 , a Smith adalengeza kuti dziko lodziyimira palokha popanda ulamuliro waku Britain, mu zomwe zidadziwika kuti Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) ndi Boma la Rhodesia. Izi zidatsutsidwa padziko lonse lapansi ndipo Rhodesia idalangidwa pamilandu yapadziko lonse kuyambira 1965 mpaka ufulu monga Zimbabwe mu 1980.

Ntchito yayitali yotsutsana ndi ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union) ndi ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People's Union) yolimbana ndi ulamuliro wa Smith idatsata UDI. ZANU , panthawiyo, anali a Marxist-socialist African nationalist liberation movement, yomwe idatsogoleredwa ndi Robert Mugabe . ZAPU analinso gulu lomenyera ufulu wachifalansa la Marxist-Socialist, lotsogozedwa ndi Joshua Nkomo(ZAPU nthawi zambiri anthu aku Britain ndi azungu amawona kuti ndiwopepuka kuposa ZANU). Boma la Rhodesia lidalimbana ndikulephera kuyang'anira kampeni yazankhondo ya ZANU ndi ZAPU, yomwe idakhala nkhondo yankhondo yodzaza dziko lonselo. Izi zidayamba kudziwika kuti Bush War ndi omwe anali kumbali ya boma loyang'aniridwa ndi azungu komanso Chimurenga (nkhondo yomenyera ufulu) ndi omwe amathandizira gulu ladziko lachi Africa.

Chifukwa chakukhazikika kwamgwirizano kapena mgwirizano pakati pa boma la Rhodesia ndi zipani zochepa zaku Africa, zomwe sizinatengeredwe chifukwa chake sizinachite nawo nkhondo, zisankho zidachitika mu Epulo 1979, pomwe UANC (United African National Council) Chipanichi chidapambana, ndipo mtsogoleri wawo, a Abel Tendekayi Muzorewa , bishopu wa United Methodist Church , adakhala nduna yayikulu mdzikolo. Pakadali pano dzina ladzikolo lidasinthidwa kukhala Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Pomwe zisankhozi zimafotokozedwa ndi boma la Rhodesia ngati zopanda tsankho komanso demokalase, sizinaphatikizepo zipani ziwiri zodziwika bwino zomwe zili mgulu lankhondo lachi Africa, ZANU ndi ZAPU. Boma la Bishop Muzorewa komanso dzina latsopanoli ku Zimbabwe Rhodesia sizinalandiridwe konsekonse. Anthu apadziko lonse lapansi adazindikira kuti kuthetsa nkhondo ku Rhodesia kuyenera kuphatikizanso ZANU ya Mugabe ndi ZAPU ya Nkomo kuti zitheke chifukwa ziwirizi zinali zofunikira kwambiri pankhondo. Kuzindikira kumeneku ndiye chifukwa chake Boma la Britain lidalimbikitsidwa ndi mayiko akunja kuti alowererepo.

Zotsatira zakusiyidwa kwa zipani zazikulu zadziko la Afican, ZANU ndi ZAPU, uchigawenga malinga ndi boma la Rhodesia komanso nkhondo yomenyera ufulu malinga ndi ZANU ndi ZAPU, zidapitilira. Boma la Britain (lotsogozedwa ndi a Margaret Thatcher omwe asankhidwa posachedwa ) analowereranso pofuna kukakamiza kukhazikika pakati pa boma losankhidwa ndi omenyera ufulu wawo.

Pansi pa mgwirizano wamtenderewu, Britain idayambiranso kulamulira kwakanthawi kochepa mu 1980 kenako idapatsa ufulu ku Zimbabwe Rhodesia mchaka chomwecho, pomwe zisankho zoyambirira zamitundu yonse zidachitika pomwe panali ziwopsezo zambiri komanso ziwawa zomwe zidachitika kutuluka mbali zonse ziwiri zankhondo. Mosadabwitsa, a Marxist Robert Mugabe ndi ZANU adapambana zisankhozi. Pa Epulo 18th, 1980, dzikolo lidayamba kudziyimira palokha ngati Republic of Zimbabwe , ndipo likulu lake, Salisbury adasinthidwa kukhala Harare , zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake.




#Article 234: Protectorate (145 words)


The legal regime of protection was the formal legal structure under which French colonial forces expanded in Africa between the 1830s and 1900. Almost every pre-existing state in the area later covered by French West Africa was placed under protectorate status at some point, although  gradually replaced protectorate agreements. Formal ruling structures, or fictive recreations of them, were largely retained as the lowest level authority figure in the French Cercles, with leaders appointed and removed by French officials.Robert Aldrich. Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion. Palgrave MacMillan (1996) .Alice L. Conklin. A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa 1895–1930. Stanford: Stanford University Press (1998), .Patrick Manning. Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, 1880–1995. Cambridge University Press (1998) .Jean Suret-Canale. Afrique Noire: l'Ere Coloniale (Editions Sociales, Paris, 1971); Eng. translation, French Colonialism in Tropical Africa, 1900 1945. (New York, 1971).




#Article 235: Mliri wa kachilombo ka corona 2019-20 (311 words)


Mliri wa COVID ‑ 19, womwe umadziwikanso kuti mliri wa coronavirus, ndi mliri wopitilira wa matenda a coronavirus 2019 (COVID ‑ 19) omwe amayamba chifukwa cha chifuwa chachikulu cha kupuma kwa coronavirus 2 (SARS ‑ CoV ‑ 2). Matendawa adadziwika koyamba mu Disembala 2019 ku Wuhan, China. World Health Organisation yalengeza kuti kufalikira kwa Public Health Emergency of International Concern pa 30 Januware 2020 komanso mliri pa 11 Marichi 2020. Pofika pa 23 Seputembara 2020, milandu yopitilira 31.6 miliyoni idanenedwapo m'maiko ndi zigawo 188, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti kuposa Anthu 972,000 amafa; anthu opitilira 21.7 miliyoni adachira. 

Matendawa amafalikira pakati pa anthu nthawi zambiri akakhala pafupi. Imafalikira mosavuta komanso mosadukiza kudzera mlengalenga, makamaka kudzera m'malo mwadontho kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono monga ma aerosol, omwe amapangidwa pambuyo poti munthu wodwala apuma, kutsokomola, kuyetsemula, kuyankhula kapena kuimba . Itha kupatsidwanso kudzera pamalo owonongeka, ngakhale izi sizinawonetsedwe bwino. Ikhoza kufalikira kwa masiku awiri chisonyezo chisanayambike, komanso kuchokera kwa anthu omwe alibe. Anthu amakhala opatsirana kwa masiku 7-12 m'milandu yochepa, ndipo mpaka milungu iwiri pamavuto akulu.

Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo kutentha thupi, kutsokomola, kutopa, kupuma movutikira kapena kupuma movutikira, komanso kununkhiza. Zovuta zimatha kuphatikizira chibayo komanso vuto la kupuma kwamphamvu. Nthawi yokwanira nthawi zambiri imakhala pafupifupi masiku asanu koma imatha kuyambira tsiku limodzi mpaka masiku 14. Pali ofuna katemera omwe akutukuka, ngakhale kuti palibe amene adamaliza mayeso azachipatala kuti atsimikizire kuti ali ndi chitetezo chokwanira. Palibe mankhwala enieni odziwika ndi ma virus, choncho chithandizo chamankhwala choyambirira ndiye chizindikiro.

Njira zodzitetezera ndikuphatikizira kusamba m'manja, kutseka pakamwa mukatsokomola, malo ochezera, kuvala chovala kumaso pagulu, kupewetsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kupumira mpweya komanso kusefa mpweya, komanso kuwunika komanso kudzipatula kwa anthu omwe akuganiza kuti ali ndi kachilomboka. Akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi ayankha pokhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuyenda, kutsekereza, kuwongolera zoopsa pantchito, komanso kutseka malo kuti achepetse kufalikira kwa matendawa. Madera ambiri agwiranso ntchito kukulitsa mphamvu zoyeserera ndikutsata olumikizana ndi omwe ali ndi kachilomboka.




#Article 236: Geography yaku Algeria (120 words)


Ambiri mwa Algeria ndi gawo la zinyalala zazikulu za m'chipululu ku Sahara. Dera laling'ono lakumpoto, komwe kumakhala anthu ambiri, limayang'aniridwa ndi maunyolo awiri akummwera chakumadzulo chakumadzulo - Tell Atlas ndi Saharan Atlas. Zonsezi ndi mbali ya mapiri akuluakulu a Atlas, omwe amafalikira kumpoto kwa Africa. Tell Atlas ndi mapiri angapo ndi zigwa zomwe zimayenderana ndi Nyanja Yamchere. Saharan Atlas ili pafupifupi 323 km kulowera. Pakati pa magulu awiriwa pali dera lamapiri pomwe dothi lachonde kwambiri ku Algeria limapezeka.

Madera ambiri akumwera kwa Algeria amakhala ndi miyala yaying'ono, koma pali madera ena akulu. Kum'mwera chakum'mawa kuli mapiri a Ahaggar, thanthwe lophulika lomwe phiri lake lalitali kwambiri, Phiri la Tahat, limafika pamwamba pa 3,000 m. Dera lopanda Sahara lili ndi anthu ochepa.




#Article 237: Geography yaku Angola (101 words)


Ambiri mwa Angola ali m'dera lokwera Chigwa la Bihé, lomwe lili ndi kutalika kwa 1,220 m. Chigwa chochepa cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja chimadutsa chigwa chakumadzulo, ndipo kum'mawa chigwa chokwera chimakwera mpaka 2,134 m.

Chigawo china cha Angola, dera laling'ono la Cabinda, pafupifupi 7,252 km² m'deralo, ndi khomo lomwe limasiyanitsidwa ndi Angola moyenera ndi Republic ya Kongo ya Demokalase. Cabinda wotsika wokutidwa ndi nkhalango zowirira.

Zambiri za mkati mwa Angola zili ndi nkhalango zambiri. Madera ena akum'mawa ndi achithaphwi; a Chipululu cha Moçâmedes chili kumwera chakumadzulo. Mitsinje yambiri, Zambezi komanso mitsinje ya Mtsinje wa Congo pakati pawo, imatsika kuchokera kuphiri kupita kumalire.




#Article 238: Sophocles (107 words)


Sophocles (497 B.C.E. - 406 B.C.E.) anali wolemba masewero aku Greece Yakale.

Moyo wa Sophocles umafanana ndi kukwera modabwitsa komanso kugwa kwatsoka kwa Atene m'zaka za zana lachisanu. Ali ndi zaka 16, anali m'modzi mwa anyamata omwe adasankhidwa ndi mzindawu kuti akaimbe odi. Mu 442 B.C.E, anali m'modzi wa osungitsa chuma chamgwirizano wachifumu, womwe udakonzedwa kuti ulimbane ndi Persia. Ndi Pericles, Sophocles anali m'modzi mwa akazembe pankhondo yolimbana ndi chilumba cha Samos, chomwe pambuyo pake chinayesa kuchoka mgulu la Atene. Mu 413 B.C.E, adasankhidwanso ku komiti yapadera yaboma pomweulendo waku Atene ku Sicily udalephera. Adamwalira ku 406 B.C.E, zaka ziwiri Atene asadapereke ku Sparta pankhondo ya Peloponnesia.




#Article 239: Geoffrey Chaucer (184 words)


Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340 - 25 Okutobala 1400) ndi wolemba ndakatulo wachingerezi. Amadziwika kuti bambo wa zolemba za Chingerezi. Ndiwotchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha Nkhani zaku Canterbury.

Chaucer anabadwira ku London cha m'ma 1340. Iye anali mwana wa wamalonda wachuma. Ali mwana, adatumikira monga mnyamata wantchito kwa wotchuka wa Ulster, ndipo pambuyo pake ngati valet m'nyumba yachifumu. Mu 1360, atamugwira pamene anali kumenya nawo nkhondo zaku France, Edward III adapereka dipo lake, ndipo pambuyo pake Chaucer adakwatirana ndi a Philippa de Roet, mdzakazi wolemekezeka kwa mfumukazi komanso apongozi ake a John of Gaunt, woyang'anira Chaucer.

Chaucer adakhala zaka zambiri akugwira ntchito yachifumu, monga woyang'anira miyambo kudoko la London, monga chilungamo chamtendere ku Kent, komanso ngati membala wa Nyumba Yamalamulo. Maudindo ake adamutengera ku France ndi ku Italiya, komwe mwina adakumana ndi Boccaccio ndi Petrarch ndipo adapeza ndakatulo za Dante—zomwe zimawoneka pakulemba kwake.

Chombo cha Chaucer chimagawika nthawi zitatu. Nthawi ya France (mpaka 1372) ili ndi ntchito ngati traslation ya Roman de la Rose ndi Bukhu la Duchess. Nthawi yaku Italiya (1372-1385) imaphatikizapo Troilus ndi Criseyde. Pomaliza, nthawi ya Chingerezi (1385-1400) imathera mu Nkhani zaku Canterbury.




#Article 240: Armenia (227 words)


Armenia (Հայաստան - Hayastan) ndi dziko lamapiri ku Caucasus pakati pa Europe ndi Asia . Likulu lake ndi Yerevan . Anthu aku Armenia ndi ochepera 3,000,000, komabe, pali anthu enanso 8,000,000 omwe amakhala kunja kwa Armenia. Anthu aku Armenia amakhala kunja kwa Armenia pazifukwa zingapo. Armenia imadutsa Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran ndi Turkey.

Armenia ili ndi zaka 3,500, popeza idalipo kale.
Armenia ndi dziko loyamba kutsatira Chikhristu ngati chipembedzo chovomerezeka. Phiri la Ararati (lomwe kale linali Armenia (masiku ano ndi Turkey), komwe kunali Likasa la Nowa.

Pakhala pali mikangano yaku Armenia yolimbana ndi Turkey ndi Azerbaijan, pazifukwa zingapo. Pakhala pali mikangano yokhudza malo (Artsakh - Արցախ), komanso chiwonongeko. Kuphedwa kumeneku kunachitika mu 1915, pomwe Ottoman adapha anthu 1,500,000 aku Armenia omwe amakhala ku Western Armenia. Eastern Armenia idalandira ufulu kuchokera ku Russia mu 1918, koma idalumikizidwa ndi Soviet Union mu 1920. Anthu ambiri aku Armenia adaphedwa pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse , kuyambira 1941 mpaka 1945. Mu 1988 chivomerezi chidagwedeza Republic ndikupha anthu ambiri pakati pa 25,000 mpaka 50,000. Mu 1991, Armenia idalandira ufulu kuchokera ku Soviet Union, ndipo tsopano, Armenia ndi dziko lotukuka, lolemera pachikhalidwe.

Purezidenti wa Armenia ndi Armen Sarkissan, ndipo Prime Minister ndi Nikol Pashinyan. Republic of Artsakh (Yotchedwa Armenia ndi Azerbaijan) ili ndi Purezidenti wawo waku Armenia, Arayik Harutyunyan.

Mbendera ya Armenia ili ndi mitundu itatu: Red, Blue, ndi Orange. Kutanthauzira kwamitundu iyi ndi motere:




#Article 241: Czech Republic (1048 words)


Czech, dzina lovomerezeka la Czech Republic, ndi dziko ku Central Europe. Inapeza ufulu pa Januware 1, 1993 ngati boma lolowa m'malo la Czechoslovakia, pomwe isanakhale ngati amodzi mwa mayiko awiri a feduro la Czechoslovak. Zimamanganso zaka zoposa chikwi za mbiri yaku Czech statehood ndi chikhalidwe. Malinga ndi malamulo ake, Czech Republic ndi nyumba yamalamulo, demokalase yolamulidwa ndi malamulo ndi maboma owolowa manja komanso andale kutengera mpikisano wamagulu azipani ndi mayendedwe. Mtsogoleri wa dziko ndiye Purezidenti wa Republic, bungwe lopambana komanso lokhalo lokhalo ndi Nyumba yamalamulo ya Czech Republic, boma la Czech Republic lili pachimake pamphamvu.

Czech Republic ndi dziko lazachuma pamsika lomwe, malinga ndi zachuma, zandale komanso zandale monga GDP pamunthu, cholozera cha chitukuko cha anthu, cholozera cha ufulu wa atolankhani kapena cholozera cha intaneti kuchokera pakuwunika, ndi amayiko otukuka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Chuma, malinga ndi World Bank, ndi gulu la mayiko 31 olemera kwambiri padziko lapansi omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri. Poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena, ili ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri omwe amakhala kumunsi kwa umphawi. Zikuwonetsanso kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu olemera kwambiri komanso osauka kwambiri komanso kugawa chuma moyenera pakati pa anthu.

Kuchuluka kwa ulova kwakhala kotsika kwanthawi yayitali komanso ochepera maiko otukuka. M'malo owerengera zachilengedwe, Czech Republic ndi yocheperako ngongole zachilengedwe poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena otukuka. Malinga ndi Global Peace Index, yomwe imalembedwa chaka chilichonse ndi Institute for Economics and Peace, dziko la Czech Republic lakhala limodzi mwa mayiko 15 otetezeka (pakati pa 5 ndi 15) padziko lapansi (mndandandawu umaganizira za kuwopsa kwa nkhondo komanso kuchuluka kwa ziwawa zapakhomo).

Czech Republic ndi membala wa European Union, North Atlantic Alliance, United Nations, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, Council of Europe, Organisation for Security and Co-operation ku Europe, European Customs Union ndi dera la Schengen. European Economic Area, membala wa Visegrad Group ndi mabungwe ena apadziko lonse lapansi.

Czech Republic ndi dziko lopanda malo okhala ndi 78,866 km2. Imadutsa Germany kumadzulo (kutalika kwa malire 810 km), Poland kumpoto (762 km), Slovakia kum'mawa (252 km) ndi Austria kumwera (466 km). Moyang'anira, imagawidwa m'magawo asanu ndi atatu ndipo nthawi yomweyo madera odziyang'anira 14. Likulu ndi Prague, yemwenso ndi amodzi mwa zigawo. Mu 2020, pafupifupi anthu 10.7 miliyoni amakhala ku Czech Republic. Anthu ambiri akuti ndi ochokera ku Czech kapena ku Moravia.

Czech Republic ikupitilizabe chikhalidwe cha Great Moravia, kuyambira m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi, Czech Principality, Czech Kingdom, Silesian Principalities ndi Silesian Duchy, Moravian Margraviate, ndi Czechoslovakia.

Gawo loyambirira lolembedwa m'chigawo cha Czech Republic masiku ano linali mgwirizano wamtundu wa Smi, mu theka lachiwiri la 9th Ufumu Wamkulu wa Moravia unakhazikitsidwa. Pamene idasowa mozungulira 907 ndikuwukiridwa ndi mafuko osamukira ku Hungary, chidwi cha chitukuko cha dziko chidasamukira ku Bohemia. Olamulira akumaloko a mzera wa Přemyslid adamanga dziko lakale la Přemyslid, lotchedwanso dziko la Czech (ulamuliro waku Czech, pambuyo pake Czech Kingdom), kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 10 ndi 11th kukhala gawo la Ufumu Woyera wa Roma. Kuyambira nthawi ya Charles IV. (1348) adagwiritsanso ntchito dzina loti dziko la Czech Crown m'malo omwe amalandiridwa ndi mfumu yaku Czech, lomwe limaphatikizaponso Moravia Margraviate ndi Duchy waku Upper ndi Lower Silesia.

Kuchokera mu 1526, maiko aku Czech adaphatikizidwa pang'onopang'ono mu ufumu wa Habsburg, omwe olamulira awo adagwiritsa ntchito kupambana kwawo pa Nkhondo ya White Mountain m'malo a Czech (1620) kuti achepetse kwambiri ufulu wakale wa Czech Kingdom. Maiko a Crown Czech, omwe sanali oyanjana ndi malamulo pambuyo pa 1749, adakhalabe malo opatsa ulemu a Habsburgs mpaka kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse mu 1918. Kuyambira 1804 ufumu wa Habsburg udali ndi dzina lovomerezeka la Austrian Empire ndipo kuyambira 1867 mphamvuyo idatchedwa Austria-Hungary.

Pambuyo pa kutha kwa Austria-Hungary mu 1918, Czechoslovakia idakhala ngati dziko logwirizana lokhala ndi Republican. Mu 1939, dera lomwe masiku ano limatchedwa Czech Republic lidalandidwa ndi gulu lankhondo laku Germany ndipo chidole chotetezera Bohemia ndi Moravia chidakhazikitsidwa. Czechoslovakia idabwezeretsedwanso mu 1945, ndipo kuyambira 1960 idakhala ndi dzina lovomerezeka la Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Adagwirizanitsidwa mu 1969, ndipo monga gawo la njirayi, Czech Socialist Republic, dziko loyimira palokha, linali patsogolo pa Czech Republic malinga ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Dzinalo lakhala likudziwika ndi dziko la Czech kuyambira pa Marichi 6, 1990, pomwe mawu oti socialist adachotsedwa padzina pambuyo pa kugwa kwa boma la chikominisi. Czechoslovakia idalandira dzina latsopano lovomerezeka mu 1990: Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. Pambuyo pake, kumapeto kwa 1992, komabe, idasowa ndikusinthidwa ndi mayiko awiri atsopano, Czech Republic ndi Slovakia. Pa 1 Januware 1993, Constitution of the Czech Republic idayamba kugwira ntchito, malinga ndi zomwe mawu oyambilira akupitilizabe dziko latsopanoli pachikhalidwe cha Czechoslovakia komanso mayiko akale a Czech Crown.

Kukhalapo kwa Czech Republic ngati nkhani yamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi kumavomerezedwa ndi mayiko onse padziko lapansi. Mpaka pa 8 Seputembara 2009, pomwe ubale wazokambirana udakhazikitsidwa, Liechtenstein sinavomerezedwe ngati boma lodziyimira pawokha. Liechtenstein adalola dziko la Czech kuvomereza palimodzi kukambirana pazachuma ngati chofunikira chakuzindikiritsa ndikukhazikitsa ubale wapadziko lonse (mikangano yokhudza malo yakhalapo pakati pa Liechtenstein ndi Czechoslovakia kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Czechoslovakia; Zoyeserera za Liechtenstein zoletsa Czech Republic kulowa m'mabungwe apadziko lonse sizinachitike.

Dzinalo la boma malinga ndi malamulo ndi Czech Republic; dzina loti Czech silimapezeka m'malamulo (monganso Czechoslovakia sinawonekeremo - dzinalo siliyenera kukhala gawo lamalamulo), koma ndi gawo limodzi la nkhokwe zachikhalidwe za UN ngati dzina lamtundu umodzi. Mu Meyi 2016, boma lidavomerezanso kumasulira kwa dzina la Česko mchingerezi (Czechia) ndi zilankhulo zina zapadziko lonse lapansi (fr. Tchéquie, šp. Chequia, etc.)

Ena mwa anthu amakana mawu oti Czech makamaka chifukwa chachilendo - chimodzimodzi dzina loti Czechoslovakia, mwachitsanzo, poyamba adakanidwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kwa dzina loti Czech Republic kudalembedwa mu 1704 ngati chisonyezo chokhudza madera onse aku Czech, ndipo mu 1777 monga tanthauzo lofanana la Bohemia. Panthawi yachitsitsimutso chadziko lonse, mawonekedwe aku Czech ndi Czech ochokera ku Bohemia adagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Fomu yaku Czech idagwiritsidwanso ntchito molakwika panthawiyo. Kusiya ziyankhulo kunathandizanso kusiya s imodzi pamtengowu. Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 19, dzina loti Czech Republic laonekeranso monga dzina la mayiko onse aku Czech. Mwanjira imeneyi, katswiri wazilankhulo zaku Moravia František Trávníček adayamba kulimbikitsa izi mu 1938. The Dictionary of the Literary Language of the Czech Language mu 1960 adalifotokozera m'matanthawuzo onse komanso ngati lotha ntchito. M'ngululu ya 1993, Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre idasankha kukhala dzina limodzi ku Czech Republic yodziyimira payokha, pambuyo pamikangano yamphamvu, kuthandizidwa ndi Czech Geographical Society komanso kutsutsidwa ndi Purezidenti Havel ndi ena. ndipo ena amamva ngati chotupa.




#Article 242: Game &amp; Watch (Console Series) (516 words)


Mtundu wa Game  Watch (Chijapani: ü ー chi  ウ オ ッ チ Gemü  Uotchi, wotchedwa Tricotronic ku West Germany ndi Austria, chidule cha GW) ndimasewera angapo apakompyuta opangidwa, opangidwa, omasulidwa ndi kugulitsidwa ndi Nintendo kuyambira 1980 mpaka 1991. Chogulitsachi, chopangidwa ndi wopanga masewera a Gunpei Yokoi, adatengera dzina lake pakupanga masewera amodzi ndi wotchi pazenera la LCD. Zithunzi kuyambira 1981 zakonzedwanso ndi alamu. Chinali chinthu choyamba kuchita masewera a kanema wa Nintendo kukhala wopambana kwambiri.

Maunitelowa amatengera 4-bit CPU yochokera kubanja la Sharp SM5xx, lomwe lili ndi ROM yaying'ono ndi RAM komanso dera loyendetsa zowonera la LCD, ngakhale kusanachitike kuyerekezera ku MAME kunali malingaliro olakwika akuti gawo lililonse limagwiritsa ntchito ASIC yake m'malo mwa microcontroller yolondola.

Mndandanda wagulitsa mayunitsi okwana 43.4 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi.

Wopanga masewera Gunpei Yokoi, pomwe amapita ku Shinkansen, adawona wabizinesi wosokonezeka akusewera ndi chowerengera cha LCD pakukhudza batani. Yokoi kenako adabwera ndi lingaliro la wotchi yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati kakang'ono kakang'ono ka nthawi yakupha. Yokoi, limodzi ndi mabataniwo, anaphatikiza D-Pad pambuyo pa kupambana kwa Donkey Kong mu 1982. Izi zidapangitsa kuti Ball, yomwe idakhala imodzi mwamasewera oyamba a Nintendo. Potsatira bwino, yofanana angapo kutonthoza atamasulidwa ndipo anayamba, ndipo analinso kudzoza chachikulu kwa Game Boy, kutonthoza kuti Yokoi kenako adalenga. mndandanda inatha mu 1991 ndi Mario ndi Juggler kutonthoza. Mayunitsi ntchito LR4x / SR4x batani mabatire, zimene Yokoi anasankha chifukwa iwo anali wamng'ono ndiponso ndilotsika mtengo. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yapangidwa, ina yokhala ndi zowonekera ziwiri komanso zopanga clamshell (Multi Screen series). Game Boy Advance SP, Nintendo DS ndi Nintendo 3DS pambuyo pake adzagwiritsanso ntchito kapangidwe kameneka.

Maudindo omwe amapezeka mumafomu a Game  Watch amasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku Mickey Mouse mpaka Balloon Fight, kuphatikiza ziwonetsero za Nintendo monga Donkey Kong, The Legend of Zelda ndi Mario Bros.

Mapangidwe amakono a mtanda D-pad adapangidwa mu 1982 ndi Yokoi pamasewera amanja a Donkey Kong. Kamangidwe anasonyeza kuti akhale otchuka pa maina audindo otsatirawa Game  Watch. Mapangidwe ake anali ovomerezeka ndipo pambuyo pake adapambana Mphotho ya Emmy ya Technology ndi Engineering.

Mayina ambiri ali ndi mabatani a GAME A ndi GAME B. Game B zambiri Baibulo mofulumira ndi kovuta wa Game A, ngakhale pali kuchotserapo, monga:

Ku Squish, Game B ndiyosiyana kwambiri ndi Game A - wosewerayo ayenera kukhudza alendo kuti awachotse, m'malo mopewa kusuntha makoma.

Mu Flagman, Game B ndi mode imene player ayenera akanikizire batani kumene mkati nthawi zina popanda kuloweza dongosolo.

Mu Woweruza, nkhonya, Bulu Kong 3 ndi Bulu Kong umodzi, Game B ndi ziwiri player buku la Game A.

Mu Climber, zibaluni Nkhondo, ndi Super Mario Bros., palibe batani Game B.

Nthawi zambiri, Game A ndi Game B zidakulirakulira mwachangu komanso / kapena zovuta pomwe wosewerayo amapita patsogolo, pomwe Game B imayamba pamlingo womwe Game A imatha kufikira 200.

Masewera osiyanasiyana a 59 a Game  Watch adapangidwa kuti agulitsidwe ndipo imodzi imangopezeka ngati mphotho ya mpikisano, yokwanira 60. Masewerawa adapatsidwa kwa opambana pa Nintendo F-1 Grand Prix, mtundu wa Super Mario Bros. ndi chikwama chachikaso, chomwe chidaperekedwa m'bokosi la pulasitiki lotengera Disk-kun, lomwe Nintendo adatsatsa pa Famicom Disk System yake. Monga mayunitsi 10,000 cabe zinalembedwa ndipo sitidakhala zilipo zogulitsa ritelo, Baibulo chikasu imatengedwa osowa.




#Article 243: Gorilla (117 words)


Gorilla (mtundu wa Gorilla) ndi anyani odyetsa omwe amakhala m'nkhalango zapakati pa Africa. Ndiwo anyani akuluakulu kwambiri. DNA yake ili ndi mapaundi 3,041,976,159 omwe amakhala ndi ma protein 20,962 okhala ndi ma exon 237,216. mu 1847 kuchokera ku zitsanzo zomwe zidapezeka ku Liberia. Dzinalo limachokera ku liwu lachi Greek γόριλλαι (gorillai),kutchula fuko la akazi aubweya,komanso idasankhanso amuna okhala ndi mahatchi omwe, onyamula zounikira, kumenya zombo, kuzunza ndi kugwiririra azimayi omwe amalinyero amawapatsa, ofotokozedwa ndi Hannon the Navigator.

anyani ambiri amayenda onse anayi. Mapiko awo akutali kwambiri kuposa awo akumbuyo ndipo amafanana ndi mikono, ngakhale amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati njira yothandizira akamayenda. Amuna ali pakati pa 1.65 ndi 1.75 m wamtali, ndipo amalemera pakati pa 140 mpaka 200 kg.




#Article 244: Spain (167 words)


Spain, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Kingdom of Spain, ndi dziko lopyola malire, membala wa European Union, wopangidwa mdziko lamakhalidwe aboma komanso demokalase ndipo boma lawo ndi lamalamulo apalamulo. Dera lake, lomwe lili ndi likulu ku Madrid,lakonzedwa m'magulu khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri odziyimira pawokha, nawonso amapangidwa ndi zigawo makumi asanu; ndi mizinda iwiri yoyenda yokha.

Spain ili kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Western Europe komanso kumpoto kwa Africa. Ku Europe, limakhala pachilumba chachikulu cha Iberia, chotchedwa Spain, ndi zilumba za Balearic (kumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean); Ku Africa kuli mizinda ya Ceuta (m'chigawo cha Tingitana) ndi Melilla (ku Tres Forcas Cape), Canary Islands (kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Atlantic Ocean), zilumba za Chafarinas (Nyanja ya Mediterranean), Peñon de Vélez de la Gomera (Nyanja ya Mediterranean), Zilumba za Alhucemas (malo azilumba Alhucemas) ndi Chilumba cha Alboran (Nyanja ya Alboran). Boma la Llivia, ku Pyrenees, ndi exclave yozunguliridwa ndi madera aku France. Magawo angapo amamalizidwa ndi zilumba zingapo komanso zilumba zazing'ono zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa chilumba chokha, Ili ndi dera la 505 370 km².




#Article 245: Kachilombo ka Korona (343 words)


 ndi matenda opatsilana oyambitsidwa ndi kachirombo ka Korona kotchedwa severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) muchingerezi. Munthu wodwala woyamba wa matendawa anapezeka mu mzinda wa Wuhan ku China mu mwezi wa Disembala mu chaka cha 2019.

Zizindikilo za matendawa ndi zosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zambiri munthu odwala amakhala ndi listipa,kutentha thupi, kukhosomola, kutopa, kuvutika kupuma ndi kusiya mvumva fungo ndi kumva makomedwe a zinthu mkamwa. Zizindikiro zimayamba mu masiku khumi ndi anayi amene munthu anatenga kachilomboka. Anthu ambiri (81%) sadwala kwambiri (chibayo cha pang'ono), pamene 14% amadwala kwambiri, 5% amadwala mwa kayakaya (kukanika kupuma kapena ziwalo kufa). Munthu mmodzi mwa atatu aliyense sakhala ndi zizindikiro za mtendawa koma amatha kufalitsa kachilombo ka Kovidi. Odwala ena amatha kuwonetsa zizindikiro za kovidi nthawi yayitali ngakhale achila makamaka pamene ziwalo nzathupi zawonongeka. Akatswiri a Sayansi akuchitabe kafukufuka kufana kupeza zomwe zimayambita anthu kuti azikhala ndi .

Kachilombo ka vayilasi kamene kamayambitsa Kovidi-19 kamafalitsiwa nthawi zambiri ngati munthu amene ali ndi kachilomboka akhala pafupi ndi anthu ena. Timalovu ndi timadzi tochokela mu mphuno tikhoza kufalitsidwa ndi munthu wodwala pamene akupuma, kuyetsemula, kukhosomola, kuyimba ndi kuyankhula. Anthu ena amadwala ngati kachilombo kalowa mkamwa, mphuno kapena mmaso. Kavayilasika kamathanso kufalitsidwa ndi mmalo ogwilika monga zikupa ndi zitseko ngakhale kafukufuka akuwonetsa kuti sinjira yayikulu imene kachilomboka kakufalitsidwila . Njira yakafalitsidwe kamatendawa sikakudziwika kwenikweni koma ambiri akuganiza kuti anthu akakhala kwambiri nthawi yayitali akhoza kupatsilana matenda. Munthu amene ali ndi matendawa akhoza kufalitsa kachilombo ka Kovidi masiku awiri asanayambe kuwonetsa zizindikiro, mmenenso anthu amene alibe zizindikiro angafalistilre matendawa. Anthu akhoza kufalitsa matendawa  mpakana masiku khumi ngati adwala pang'ono ndipo masabata wiri  (masiku khumi ndi anayi (14)) kwa amene adwala kwambiri. Njira zoyezela matendawa zosiyanasiyana zapangidwa. Njira imene ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi yotchedwa  imene amagwiritsa  pa munthu wodwala.

Njira zopewera matendawa ndi kupewa kuyandikilana ndi anthu, kukhala mumbindikiro, kukhala ndi mpheya mu zipinda, kuvindikila kukamwa ndi mphuno po khosomola ndi kuyetsemula, kusamba mmanja ndi kusazigwira kumaso ndi manja osasamba. Akatswlri akulangiza anthu kuvala  masiki mmalo omwe kumapezeka anthu ngati m'misika. Katemera wa matendawa akupangidwa ndipo mayiko ambiri ayamba kale kubaya anthu awo.




#Article 246: Mauboussin (596 words)


Mbiri ya nyumba ya Mauboussin idayambira ku 1827, pomwe Rocher wina adatsegula malo azodzikongoletsera ku Paris, rue Greneta. Omutsatira, a Jean-Baptiste Noury, ndi omwe adayang'anira msonkhanowu ndipo adawutcha kuti Maison Noury. Adatenga nawo gawo pa Universal Exhibition ku Paris ndipo adalandira mendulo yamkuwa ku 1878.

A Jean-Baptiste Noury ​​adalemba ntchito mphwake wa a Georges Mauboussin kuti akhale wophunzira, yemwe adayamba kuyang'anira zokambirana mu 1883. Georges Mauboussin adapereka dzina lake kunyumba yodzikongoletsera mu 1922: kenako adadzakhala Mauboussin, woloŵa m'malo mwa Noury. Pofuna kuti asataye mbiri yake ngati nyumba yodziwika ndi miyala yake, nyumbayi imasunga mzere wa Noury ​​m'dzina lake.

A Georges Mauboussin, omwe adakhala mwini nyumbayo, adaganiza zokhazikitsa malo ogulitsira miyala yamtengo wapatali ku rue Choiseul kuti akhale pafupi ndi malo azamalonda ndi mashopu. Amasankha nyumba yomwe imabweretsa malo amodzi malo ogulitsira ndi malonda ndi ziwonetsero zomwe amafunikira. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zizikhala ndi ziwonetsero za diamondi, miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi emeralds. Chiwonetsero choyamba chomwe chidachitikira ku salue ya rue Choiseul, mu 1928, chidapereka zodzikongoletsera 235, zomwe zinali zoyikapo 24 carat Joséphine emerald woperekedwa ndi Bonaparte.

Chifukwa cha ziwonetsero zapadziko lonse lapansi, a Georges Mauboussin adatchedwa Knight wa Legion of Honor.

Kutsatira chiwonetserochi chozungulira miyala ya rubi ya Mauboussin, a Maurice Dauzalle adalongosola kuti ndi luntha lomwe likuyenda mu L'Illustration mu 1930. Nyumba yaku Paris idatchulidwa m'magazini azamafashoni monga Vogue, Vanity Fair ndi Harper's Bazaar.

Nyumba ya Mauboussin kuyambira kale inali nkhani yabanja. Pambuyo pa mwana wake wamwamuna Pierre Mauboussin, Marcel Goulet, mphwake wa a Jean-Baptiste Noury, adalowa mnyumbayo ndikuyamba bizinesiyo mu 1934.

Kutsatira chiwonetsero cha New York, a Pierre Mauboussin amatsegula Mauboussin Inc. ndikukhazikitsa ma salon ku 330 Park Avenue.

Kuchokera mu 1928 mpaka 1933, nyumbayi idatenga nawo gawo pazowonetsa Kukongoletsa zaluso ku Grand Palais.

Mavuto omwe adayamba chifukwa cha zovuta za 1929 adakakamiza nyumbayo kuti izitseka ma salon a Mauboussin Inc. ku New York ndi nthambi zake ku South America ndi London. Mauboussin ndiye adakumana ndi nthawi ino makamaka chifukwa chalamulo lachifumu.

Mu 1934, Marcel Goulet, msuweni wa a Pierre Mauboussin adatenga bizinesiyo limodzi ndi mwana wawo wamwamuna, yemwe adatenga udindo wa director mu 1943. Kampani ya Mauboussin idakhala SARL mu 1949.

Kutsatira kukhazikitsidwa kwa komiti ya Vendôme yomwe cholinga chake ndikubweretsa makampani olemekezeka komanso apamwamba ku France, a Jean Goulet akuthandizira, ndi cholinga chomwecho, pakupanga Haute Joaillerie de France yomwe ikufuna kulimbikitsa chilengedwe cha France ndikuchita bwino kunja. Maison Mauboussin ndi m'modzi wa komiti ya Colbert yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku 1954.

Mauboussin adatsegula malo ake ogulitsa ku Place Vendôme ku Paris mu 1955. Amawonedwa ngati likulu lazodzikongoletsera ku Paris, amakhazikitsanso ma salon atsopano kumeneko. Nthawi yomweyo, nyumbayi ikutsegula nthambi ku Cannes, Vichy ndi Saint-Jean-de-Luz.Nyumbayi imapanganso mabokosi azodzikongoletsera. ()

Mu 1972, Alain Goulet-Mauboussin, mwana wa Jean Goulet, adafika mnyumbayo. Kutsatira izi, Mauboussin adatsegukira ku Asia. A Patrick Goulet-Mauboussin adalumikizana ndi kampaniyo patatha zaka zitatu ndipo adalumikizana ndi oyang'anira limodzi ndi mchimwene wake Alain.

Mu 1998, Mauboussin adataya m'modzi mwa makasitomala ake, Prince Jefri waku Sultanate waku Brunei, yemwe malamulo ake amayimira pafupifupi 80% yazopeza nyumbayo.

Mu 2002, Dominique Frémont, wazachuma waku Switzerland, adalamulira banja ndikugula 70% ya capital1. Adakhala mwini yekhayo mu 20052. Kuchokera mchaka cha 2002, Dominique Frémont adapereka udindo woyang'anira nyumbayo kwa Alain Némarq3, yemwe adapanga demokalase2. Monga director director, a Sophie Misrahi alowa m'malo mwa a Patrick Mauboussin.

Mwa kusamutsa kupanga zidutswa zina ku Asia, miyala yamtengo wapataliyi imapereka zodzikongoletsera pamitengo yotsika, makamaka mphete zachitetezo, zomwe zikuthandiza kuti mtunduwo uchira. Mauboussin ndiimodzi mwanyumba zanyumba zokongoletsera zabwino kwambiri zowonetsera mitengo yazodzikongoletsera pazotsatsa zake2. Kutsatira kukonzanso kumeneku, chiwongola dzanja cha Mauboussin chidakwera kuchoka pa 12.5 miliyoni ya euro mu 2003 kufika pa 25 miliyoni mu 20062.




#Article 247: Kuteteza nkhalango (815 words)


Kuphimba nkhalango ndi njira yoyeretsera nthaka yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito makina amodzi kudula, kugaya, ndikuchotsa zomera.

Makina ophatikizira , omwe amatchedwanso nkhalango ya nkhalango, nkhalango ya masticator, kapena yodula mabulashi, imagwiritsa ntchito ng'oma yozungulira yokhala ndi zida zachitsulo (mano) kapena masamba odulira zomera. Amapangidwa ngati mathirakitala ofunsira ntchito komanso ngati zomata zomata (mulching mitu) yamatalakitala a nkhalango omwe atopa kale komanso otopa ndi mphira, ma skid steers, kapena ofukula.

Chojambulira champhamvu yama hayidiroliki pa thirakitara yotopa

ASV RT-110 ndi DAF-180D akuyeretsa malo ku Georgia

PTO yoyendetsedwa ndi nkhalango yolumikizira thalakitala waulimi

Mitengo yolemera yanthambi ya nkhalango imatha kuyeretsa maekala okwana mahekitala khumi ndi asanu patsiku kutengera malo, kuchuluka kwake, ndi mtundu wazinthu. kupewa ndi kuyang'anira moto wamtchire, kasamalidwe ka zomera, kuwononga mitundu yachilengedwe, ndi kubwezeretsa nyama zamtchire.

Kuphimba nkhalango kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza njira ndikukonza misewu, misewu yayikulu, mapaipi, ndi mizere ina yothandiza. Izi nthawi zambiri zimafuna kuchotsedwa kwathunthu kwa mitengo yayimilira, ziphuphu, ndi zomera.

Mitengo yamafuta a nkhalango itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochita malonda ndi malo okhala monga kukonza malo ndi kukonza, kudula ndi kuyeretsa burashi, chilengedwe ndi njira zopumira, ndi kufufuza kwanyengo.

Kuphimba nkhalango kwakhala kotchuka pakati pa mabungwe osungira phindu osagwiritsa ntchito phindu, mabungwe aboma, malo osakira nyama, komanso eni malo oyesayesa pofuna kusamalira malo okhala pheasants, nkhunda, mbawala, agwape ndi nyama zina zosiyanasiyana. Kusamalira malo okhala nyama kumaphatikizapo zinthu zingapo: chakudya, madzi, pogona, ndi malo, ndipo pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zitha kuthandiza kukonzanso ndi kusamalira malo okhala nyama zamtchire.

Mitundu ina yodziwika bwino yachilengedwe monga tamarisk (mkungudza wamchere), Pinyon-juniper (pj), azitona aku Russia, Juniperus_virginiana, buckthorn, ndi multiflora rose  amatha kuwononga malo achilengedwe, kuthira madzi ochuluka kwambiri pansi, ndikusowa kuchotsedwa kuti akhazikitsenso malo okhala kapena kusungira tebulo lamadzi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga kachilombo ka paini tikhozanso kuwononga nkhalango, ndikusiya mitengo yowola ndi mitengo yocheperako ndipo izi zitha kukhala zowopsa zikalephera kulimbana ndi mphepo.

Kuphimba mulching moyenera kumatha kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa mitengo chifukwa chakuchulukana, kuwapangitsa kuti asatengeke mosavuta ndi mitundu yowononga. [Onaninso] Mitundu yolanda ikuluikulu yomwe ikupezeka imatha kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa zomera, tizilombo, ndi bowa. Ntchito yolumikizira nyumbazi zimatsitsa zinthuzo pansi komanso mkati mwazitali, motsutsana ndi njira zina monga zodulira zowzungulira zomwe zimatha kumwazikana kachilomboka ka pine kapena mitundu ina yachilengedwe kumitengo yoyandikana nayo.

Kuphimba mulching: Kutsekemera kumachepetsa kuthekera kwa moto wolusa pochotsa masamba ang'onoang'ono a masamba, mitengo yakugwa kapena yovunda, ndi mafuta ena. Ngati sakusamalidwa, katundu wamafuta ameneyu amachulukitsa kuthekera kwa moto, amachulukitsa kutentha, ndipo amakhala ngati makwerero amoto omwe amathandizira moto kukwera msanga pamwamba pamitengo yomwe ndipamene moto umatha kufalikira mwachangu kwambiri. Mulching itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kupangira utali wowuma womwe ungapangitse kuwotcha koyenera kwambiri.

Kuphatikizanso kotsekemera: Kuphatikiza pa kupendekera kwachilengedwe kwa zomera kuti muchepetse utsi wamoto, kutchingira nkhalango kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa mizere (yopumira moto) pamoto. Mitengo ikuluikulu yamatchire imasiya kuyeretsa kocheperako ndipo imathandizira kuchepetsa ndalama zonse zothanirana ndi moto. 

Kuyeretsa: Moto utazimitsidwa ndipo ntchito yoyeretsa ikuchitika, makina osungira nkhalango, zida zomata, ndi zokumba ndi cholumikizira zimatha kupereka mulch wapamwamba kuti muteteze kukokoloka kwa nthaka pamapiri ndikuchepetsa kuipitsa madzi. 

Pogwiritsa ntchito mitengo ndi zitsamba zina pomwe zimayimilira, makina otchinga amathetsa masitepe ambiri okhudzana ndi kuyeretsa malo monga kukonza malo, kudula / kudula, kukoka, ndi kuyeretsa malo. Izi zimathenso kufunikira kwa makina angapo monga bulldozer limodzi ndi zophatikizira zina zokumba, zometa mitengo, zopalira nkhuni kapena zopera, komanso zida zokoka. Pazinthu zosavuta kupeza pamafunika makina amodzi okhawo, kuchepetsa mafuta ndi mpweya.

Makina ena okhala ndi mulching amatha kugwiranso ntchito m'malo otsetsereka komanso m'malo ang'onoang'ono kapena olimba, m'malo ovuta, komanso nyengo yamvula kapena chipale chofewa. 

Makina opanga mulching amatha kuchotsa nthaka ya mitengo yosafunikira ndikupukutira popanda kusokoneza nthaka kapena zomera zabwino.

Njira zachikhalidwe zodulira nthaka nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka mwa kukankhira pamwamba pa mitengo, kuzula chitsa ndi mizu, ndikusokoneza nthaka. Zinthu zosungidwazo zimatha kusiyidwa pansi ndipo zidzakhala ngati cholepheretsa kukokoloka ndikubwezeretsanso zakudya m'nthaka kudzera pakuwonongeka. Popita nthawi, udzu umakula kudzera mumtambo ndipo umatha kusungidwa ndikutchetcha.

Kutengera kukula ndi mawonekedwe amutu wa mulching, ma mulcher a  amatha kungogwera mitengo yaying'ono. Mitengo yokhala ndi mutu wokhala ndi mulching womwe umazungulira mozungulira mozungulira imatha kuthana ndi mitengo mpaka mainchesi 6-8, pomwe yolumikizana yokhala ndi mutu woloza womwe umazungulira mozungulira yopingasa imatha kuthana ndi mitengo mpaka mainchesi 30. Zolumikizira zina zokutira zili ndi bulacket yomwe imachepetsa kwambiri chiopsezo chodula mitengo yayikulu ndi mutu wa Mulching. Kuphatikiza mitengo kumapeto kwenikweni kwa saizi iyi kumatha kukhala koopsa kwa zida ndi woyendetsa. Malo opangira ma mulching okhala ndi masamba ndi malo osiyanasiyana atha kufunikira zida zingapo, kuphatikiza makina olumikizira, opukutira m'matumba, ndi mathirakitala otsogola okhala ndi zolumikizira.

Miyala ndi miyala sizingakonzedwe kapena kusunthidwa ndi makina, ndipo mano akupera pansi pamiyala amatha kuzilala ndikupangitsa ngozi yamoto. Masamba, nyundo ndi mano zimasinthika ndipo zimawoneka ngati zovala. Miyala ing'onoing'ono ndi zinyalala zina zitha kuponyedwa mumlengalenga, ndipo ngakhale izi nthawi zambiri zimachotsedwa ndi chophimba, zitha kukhala zowopsa kwa woyendetsa ndi anthu ozungulira ndi nyumba zake. 

Ngakhale makina akulu kwambiri, kumangirira kumathandiza pokhapokha ngati kuli mitengo yochepera matani 25 ya mitengo kapena mitengo 100 pa ekala imodzi. 




#Total Article count: 247
#Total Word count: 102390