#Article 1: Buganda (252 words)


Buganda bwe Bwakabaka bw'Abaganda muUganda.

Buganda erina ebyafaayo bingi ebiviira ddala eyo mu mirembe egyedda ennyo. Ssekabaka eyasooka Kato Kintu ye yagireetera okwegatta awamu eyo mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'ebina, era nga y'eyatandikawo ennono y'Abaganda bazzukulu ba Kintu. Buganda yagenda yeeyongera amaanyi n'efuukira ddala obwakabaka obumu ku businga obunene n'okuba obw'amaanyi mu buvanjuba bwa Afirika wakati w'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'omusanvu n'ekyekkumi n'omwenda. Mu biseera by'obufuzi bw'amatwale, Buganda yagezaako okulwana obutaggyibwako bwetwaze naye Abangereza ne bagisinza amaanyi. Bwekityo nno Buganda yafuulibwa entabiro y'obufuzi bw'amatwale mu Uganda mu mwaka gwa 1894. Erinnya Uganda, mu luswayiri eritegeeza Buganda abangereza lye baasalawo okuyita ettwale lino. Mu bufuzi obw'amatwale Abaganda bangi baafuna obwami obw'okuba ababaka b'abafuzi b'amatwale mu bitundu eby'enjawulo era Buganda yayitimuka nnyo mu kulima ppamba n'emmwanyi.

Oluvannyuma lwa Uganda okufuna obwetwaze mu mwaka gwa 1962, obwakabaka bwa Buganda bwawerwa Ssaabaminista wa Uganda omubereberye  Obote mu 1966. Oluvannyuma wajjawo obufuzi obubi ku mulembe gw'Obote ne nnaakyemalira Idi Amin n'emyaka egy'okweyawulayawulamu mu kibiina ekiri mu bukulembeze ekya National Resistance Movement ekikulemberwa Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, akulembedde eggwanga erya Uganda okuva mu 1986 era nga yeeyazzaawo obwakabaka mu butongole mu mwaka gwa 1993. Kaakano Buganda bwakabaka obutambulira ku bukulembeze obw'ennono era nga burina obwetwaze obw'ekigero okuva ku gavumenti eya wakati. Kizibu okwogera ku by'obufuzi mu Uganda n'otoyogera ku bugulumbo wakati wa gavumenti eya wakati n'ey'Emengo.

Okuva obwakabaka lwe bwaddizibwawo mu 1993, Ssaabasajja Kabaka Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II y'abadde alamula Obuganda na guno guliko. Ye Kabaka ow'amakumi asatu mu omukaaga mu lubu lwa Bassekabaka ba Buganda. Nnaabagereka aliko ye Maama Sylvia Nagginda.




#Article 2: Rwasha (128 words)


Federeshion ya Rwasha (Rwasha) ye'nsi esinga obunen munsi yonna. Ebituundu byaayo bli mu Bulaaya ate ne mu Eezia. Rwasha erina booda ne'nsi kumi na nya, Noowe, Finilandi, , Latvia, Lithueenia, Bupoolo, Belarus, Yukrein, Jooja, , , Cayina, Mongoolia ne . Ekibuga kya Rwasha ekikulu ciyitibwa Moosko.

Mu mwaaka 1700 Pietro Ssemaanyi yavuumbula obwakabaka bwa Rwasha. Mu 1917 ba Bolshevik baawaba obufuzi nebajjakko kabaka Nikolai II. Mu 1922 ba Bolshevik baavumbula . Mu 1991  yagwa kaakano Rwasha ne baddamu okugiyita Rwasha naye obwakabaka tebwazibwawo.

Rwasha ya nsi ezegatta, oba federeshion.
Omukulembese we'nsi ye prezideenti. Prai minista (katikkiro) yaalondo presidenti naye ne paalamenti erina okumukkiriza. Prezidenti asobola okufuga taamuzi biri ku murundi gumu naye nga wayiseewo ebbanga asobola okuddako.

Kaakano prezidenti wa Rwasha ye Vladimir Putin, katikkiro ye Dmitry Medvedev.




#Article 3: Swiiden (114 words)


Buswedi ggwanga mu Bulaaya mu Sikandinaavia, bukiikakkono kya Denimaaka, ebuvanjuba Finilandi, ebugwanjuba Nolwe
Obunene Buswedi yenkana 449 964 km² era ye yookusatu mu Bulaaya. Mu Skandinaavia yeesinza abantu (awamu obukadde mwenda)

Ku myaaka 800-900 Buswedi yasulwamu abantu abaayitibwanga ba vaiking.
Ba vaiking baalinga basuubuzi naye nga mukusinga balwanyi ate nga babbi. Eddiini ya Kristo yatuuka e Buswedi mu biseera bya ba vaiking naye yataandika okuba ey'amaanyi mu biseera by'omwaka 1100.
Mu mwaaka 1200 Abaswedi baatandika okuva Finlandi. Mu lutalo lwa Finlandi Rwasha yawaaba Finlandi okuva ku Buswedi.

Buswedi bwakabaka era omukuleembese waayo ye kabaka. Kaakano kabaka aliko ye kabaka Kaarle XVI Kustaa. Mu bufuzi kabaka talina buyinza. Paalamenti ne katikkiro (prai minista) beebayisa amateeka.




#Article 4: Yuganda (158 words)


Uganda (Yamuhuri Ya Uganda mu lu'swaayiri, Republic Of Uganda mu lungereza) nsi mu buvanjuba bwa Afirika wakati wa Kenya, South Sudan, Kongo, Rwanda n'Omugga Abangereza gwe batuuma Nile oguyiwa ku nnyanja Nnalubaale.
Erinya Uganda liva ku Buganda era ebibuga ebikulu n'ebinene byonna biri mu Buganda. Ekibuga ky'ensi ekikulu kiyitibwa Kampala.

Bannayuganda baabanga bayizzi ko n'okunoonyanga eby'okulya mu bibira mu myaka wakati wa 1,700 ne 2,300 emabega. Abantu abateeberezebwa okuba nga baasibuka mu massekkati g'afirika, be baasenga mu bukiika kkono bw'eggwanga lino. Ebibinja by'abantu bino byaleeta era n'okugunjaawo amagezi ag'okuweesa, n'amagezi amaggya mu by'obukulembeze n'embeera z'abantu.

Ebitundu ebisinga mu bukiika kkono bw'eggwanga lino birimu emigga egikulukuta nga gidda ku nnyanja Nnalubaale, emu ku zisingayo obunene mu nsi yonna era nga erimu ebizinga nkumu. Ennyanja eno teganya bbugumu kulinnya nnyo oba okukka ennyo era ekola kinene nnyo okuleetawo ekiddedde n'enkuba. Ebibuga ebisinga obukulu biri mu bukiika kkono okuliraana ennyanja Nnalubaale nga mwe muli n'ekibuga ky'eggwanga ekikulu Kampala n'ekirala ekiriraanyeewo eky'Entebbe.




#Article 5: Esigalyakagolo (4863 words)


Esiga lya,Kagolo mu kika ky'ente. Tuli bazukulu ba Namutale-kagalo muganda wa Katongole. Jjajjaffe Namutale-kagalo yava Bunyoro ne jjajjaffe Katongole.

Mbaniriza nnyo abasomi bange. Mwebale okwagala Obuganda. Mu Buganda tumanyidde ddala ng’ekika kintu kikulu. Era ekika kintu kigazi nnyo. Ng’omusiingi okuzimbirwa Obuganda, mu kika namwo mubaamu obuganda obutono. Bugatira ku ntiko nga ke kasolya. Olwono ow’akasolya y’abeera omutakka omukulu mu kikka ekyo. Yafuuka omukiise ow’ensoonga mu Iukiiko ewa Ssaabasajja. Era ebika byonna bisisinkanira waggulu ku Ssaabasajja Kabaka. Ebikka bikola omulimu gwa tendo nnyo mu kukuŋŋaanya wamu n’okumannyagana. Nga guno gwe musiingi ogw’obumu bw’abantu mu Buganda. Buli kika n’obulombolombo bwakyo, okugeza abantu ab’ekika ekimu tebakirizibwakufumbiriganwa.

Mu kitabo kino, tujja kutunuulira engeri nnya ebika gye byajjamu mu Buganda . Tuja kwesigama nnyo ekika ky’ente. Era tujja kulaba ku byafaayo byaba jjajjaffe Kintu ne Kimera olwo naffe kijja kutuyamba okumannya ensibuko yaffe mu Buganda .

Abawandiisi bangi bawandiika nebagamba nti ffena tuli bazukulu ba Kintu. Balowooza nti era yeyatandika Obuganda. Abantu bano siyiinza kubawakanya. Mu ngeri endala. abawandiisi abanoonyereza ku mawanga g’Africa, buli omu avvuddeyo n’okunoonyereza kwa njawulo. Ekintu kino kibaddewo Iwa nsoonga nti mu biseera ebyayita, Africa teyalina nkuuma nungi ya byafaayo. Twala eky’okulabirako ekya Isreal n’amawanga agaliranyewo nga Misiri. ‘mu biseera byaba Nabbi ne Yezu Kuristu, bawandiisanga bufumu. Baasobola okukuuma ebyafaayo by’ensi zaabwe kkati gy’emyaka ng’enkumi taano egiyise. .wano mu Africa entereka y’ebyafaayo teyali nuŋŋamu n’akatono. Kaakano tweddabulula bweddabuluzi. Olw’obugunjufu obutono, tewaali byakuwandiisa. Abakulu bebaanyumizanga abato. Eyanyumizibwanga, yabikomyangaawo. Oluusi yesuulirangayo gwa Nagamba. Eyasobola okubyongeraya, olw’ekinyumo, yakyusanga ebyo ebyamunyumizibwa n’ayongeramu ebibye. OIw’ebinyumizibwa nga tebiteekeddwa mu buwandiike. kyaleetera okuziŋŋamizibwa kwe'nkuuma y'ebyafaayo. Engeri ebinyumizibwa gyebiri byangu byakunyomoola, bangi bazitwala nti ezo nfumo. N’olwekyo, nebabyesonyiyira ddala nti tebibakwatako.

Kyanaku nti ebyafaayo ebitonotono bye twaali tulina mu buwandiike, byayononebwa olw’okudobonkanyizibwa kw’eby’obufuzi n’eby’enfuna okutakoma buli kiseera nabuli mwaka mu mawanga g'Africa,
Omwami Micheal B Nsimbi mu kitabo kye “amannya amaganda n'enono zaago” atunyumiza n’agamba nti “ebyafaayo singa abantu tebabiwandiika naye nebabisirikira, bafanana ng'omuntu atiimba bendera y'ensiiye emanju w'enyumba gyetayiinza kulabikira.
Okunoonyereza ebyafaayo mu mawanga g'Africa, tegunabeera mulimu mwangu kubanga abantu ababimanyi basigadde balubatu. Wabula ng’obwetaavu bukyaali bwa maanyi okulaba nga tubizuula. Singa twagala bazukulu baffe okwagala Obuganda, tuteekwa okuwandiika ebyafaayo byonna byetuba tufunye oba byetugwaako. Kirungi okuwandiika kubanga abantu bangi bakiririza mu biwandikiddwa okusiinga ebintu ebibanyumizibwa. Ebiwandiiko biwangaala nnyo ate nga tebikyukakyuka. Naye ebinyumizibwa biggwawo kubanga abantu berabira ate era nebaffa.

 

Okuva ensi lweyatandika. ebyafaayo bizze biterekebwa butiribiri, nga byogera ku ntandikwa y’ensi eno. Bw'osoma ekitabo “encyclopedia bosanic l997” ekulaga nti ensi yatandikibwawo wakati w’obuwumbi busatu n’obutaano eng’emyaka egiyise. Eky’okulabirako ekyangu, ye Baibuli ne Kolani. Buli muntu ateekwa okuba nekyakiririzaamu ku bibiri ebyo. Ebitabo ebyo byawandiikibwa dda kakati emyaka nkumi bbiri egiyise. Ekyewunyisa teri yali avvuddeyo kubiwakannya. Ebitabo cbyo byantanula nange kwe kusalawo okuwandiika.

Omulimu gwokuwandiika ekitabo kino, mukadde nnyo emabega nga nange sinazaalibwa. Bajjajjaffe abakulu mu siga lyaffe erya Kagolo. Byekwaso Kakulu ne Genatio Kakulu. Baakola omulimu ogw'etendo nga banoonyereza ebyafaayo ebikwatagana n’esiga lyaffe erya Kagolo.
Omulimu guno gwatekebwa mu mpapula nga 16th 05 1982, omwami Nasani Bulojje Bakubanja owe Kajjwa-Kyanamukaaka, Buddu. Yasobola kukuuna ebiwandiiko bino. era nekinyamba nti bwe namutuukako, yasobola okubimpa. Mubiwandiiko byeyampa, mwalimu n’ebyawandiikibwa abakulu ababiri benjogeddeko waggulu. Nebaza omwami Alozious Kwabufu olw’okunyamba mu ŋŋeendo zange zenatambula bwe nali nga noonya bwiino eyakola mu kitabo kino.

Nyongera okwebaza kattikiro w'ekika ky’ente omwami Zadok Muwulya olw’olukusa olwampeebwa okunoonya bwiino nga mujja mu kitabo kye ekiyitibwa eyafaayo by'ekika ky'ente. Kno kwosa omukulu w’esiga eyansengekera emituba, enyiriri, empya n’enju mu siga lyaffe.
Nebaza gavumenti ya saabasajja kabaka wa Buganda eyatuteerawo omukutu gw’eby’empulizigannya oguyitibwa www.buganda.com nga nagweyambisa mu kumanya n'okufuna ensibuko y’ebika mu Buganda .

Okusingira daala, katwebaze kamala byonna mukama katonda eyankuuma, n’anuŋamya n’ampisa mu makubo omwali mujjudde enkuba eyalimu obuseerezi. Akasana perekettya wamu n’enzikiza. OIwo n’alyoka akusobozesa gwe omusomi wange okufuna bwiino ono newewaayo omusome ate use nekoyo amwetaaga.

Baganda bange, banyinaze, abaana n'abazukulu bange mwennamu siga, mbaniriza nnyo. Nga tutandika omulimu gw'okuwandiika ekitabo kino, twalowooza nti gujja kuba muyabayaba. . naye kaakano nkikakasiza nti omulimu gwageenda bukwaku.Ng'emisaanvu oba emiziziko, twafuna obuzibu muby'entambula. Simubya nsiimbi, wabula ol'embeera y'obudde eyakyukakyukanga. Naye wakati mubuvumu, twabivvunuka. Nga bwe twatwala obudde nga tunoonyereza, kyatuyaamba okumanya n'okufuna ebyafaayo ebiyakontana. Mu ngeri eno, netukakasa nti byetwafuna esiga lye byali byetaaga. Oluvanyuma lw'okukuŋŋaanya omulimu guno awamu mu buwandiike nga tweyambisa ebuuma bikalimagezi, kyaali kyamugaso nnyo okugusasaanya. Nga bw'ossoma ekitabo kino, jukiranga okukituusa ku muzukulu omulala. Okuyita mu kuwandiika ekitabo kino, twakirabamu omulamwa era nga kyamugaso okusiinga okutegekaanga enkuŋŋaana zokka. Mu nkuŋŋaana, tuba nabiingi eby'okwogerako wamu n'okutesaako. Kale ngagwe afunye ekitabo kino, nkusaba okukikuuma kigende mu maaso pakka ku bazukulubo. Mu nkola eno, lwetujja okusobola okukuuma ebyafaayo... George Kakulu

 

Ng’ensi bwejja ekyuka, nakiraba nga kitugwanidde okuwandiika ebitukwatako ng’ab’esiga lya Kagolo. Wakati nga ntalaaga olw’omulimu guno, nafuna endowooza bbiri okuva mu Bantu. Ng’emu egaamba nti bikumalira budde n’endala ng’eŋŋumya, wabula saaterebuka.

Nkizudde ng’abantu bangi ebintu by’okuwandiika babyebalamye. Ekintu kino nakirabamu obuzibu. Okugeza mu biseera bino, tokyayiinza kutuuza baana n’obabuulira ebyafaayo. Abasiinga bali mu masomero ga bisulo. Abalala bali ku gwakupakasa nsiimbi. Obudde obutono bwe baba bafunyewo, babukozesa mukunyumya birala. Ng’okumanya ani yaffa naani yazaala. Kyokka siinga ebintu by’oba obanyumiza obibawa mu buwandiike, kibabeerera kyangu okubisoma.

Ng’obugunjufu bwe bweyongedde, ebintu ebitawandiikiddwa abantu tebakyabikiririzaamu, yadde nga nebwebiba bituufu. Kale omusomi wange, faangayo okuwandiika era n’okwagala ekikaakyo. Mu nkola eyo, mwetunatambuliza Obuganda, netubutwala ku ddaala eriggya.

Ssaabasajja Kabaka awangaale.

Rocks Peter Basaaya II

Okujja kw'ebika wano mu Buganda buli muwandiisi akumanyi mu ngeri ndala. Naye bangi ku bawandiisi bagamba nti ebika byajja mu ngeri zanjawulo wano mu Buganda . Okusookera ddala ensi Buganda yayitibwanga Muwawa. Abantu abaagiberangamu nga bayitibwa 'Balasangeye’..Yatandikibwawo.Ssekabaka.Tonda..Kwaddako.bassekab-aka amakumi asatu mu musaanvu nga mwe mwali Ssebuko , Buganda , Bemba Sseguku, Buwumpya Bukokooma. Ggulu, Maganda n'abalala. Obufuzi bwabwe bwali bwesigamiziddwa ku bika. Ebiseera ebyo waaliwo ebika bitaano nga byebino, emamba, enjaza. engeye, enyange kuno kwosa n’olugave. Obufuzi buno bwakomekerezebwa nokutibwa kwa Bemba e Buddo. Olwo Kintu n’atandika enfuga empya.

Nate waliwo endowooza egamba nti ebika bibiri byajja byokka nga biva mu bitundu eby'enjawulo. Nga y’ente n’omutima. Okugeza Katongole Yajja n’ente okuva e Bunyoro. Bulondwa yava e Mangira n’ayitira ku mugga Mayanja wuuyo mu Bunyoro n’ente ya lubombwe, olwo n’aggukira e Magiri-Kyanamukaaka Buddu. Mugenyi yajja ng'alwana ntalo okuva mu Abysinia wuuyo mawogola azimbyeyo bigo bya Mugenyi. N’atolontokera ddala ppakka mu Rwanda . Nayo n'aziimbayo ebigo. Oluvanyuma yakomawo e Buganda n'aguundira mu Buddu. Nenyonyi bwetyo yajjanga mubusoolesoole ppakka lweyaguundira mu Buganda .

Kintu ateberezebwa ukuba nga yalya Obuganda wakati wa 1314-1344. Yali musaale mukugaziya Buganda muby'enfuna, eby’obufuzi n'eby'buwangwa. Agambibwa okuba nga yali muganda wa Lukidi Mpuuga nga nyabwe ye Nyatoolo. Ebifa ku kitaawe tebimanyiddwa. Kyokka ateberezebwa okuba nga yali mutembeeyi eyo mu ludda Iwa Madi munsi eyayitibwanga Abbysinia nga kati ye Ethiopia . Mu kutuuka mu Buganba, yayitira mu nsizi ze Masaaba mu Bugisu. Mu Buganda , yatuukira Mangira mu Kyaggwe. Yajja n’ebika kumi nabisatu omuli engo, envuma, empindi. embogo. enjovu. ekkobe, envubu, empeewo, entalaganya wamu n’embwa..Kigambibwa ngali e Mangira, Kakooto Mbaziira yamusiigira mutabaniwe Kabengwa. Kintu nawa Kabengwa obuvunanyizibwa obw’okulunda enteze. Ente zaali nnyiingi. Kabengwa nazikwasa musajjawe Kisindewante. Wabula n’asigaza ente ya Kintu enjeru Kanyomu n’omwana gwayo ogwa Lubombwe. Lumu bwe yakama amata ga Kintu, abantu ab’omutima omubi nebagayiwamu omunyo. Naatya era n’alagira mutabaniwe Bulondwomu badduke. Enta enjeru n’omwana gwayo tebabireka. Olw’ente enjeru, baatya nti yaalibakwasa. Kwe kugisiba ku kikoligo. Webaagisiba nebayitawo ‘Ntenjeru’ n’okutuusa kati. Awo nebasomoka omugga Mayanja, nebesogga Bunyoro. Kaswiga ngali e Bunyoro, yatta ne Katongole omukago. Ne bwe baali bajja mu Buganda , bajja bonna. Oluvanyuma Kintu yatta Bemba m magezi ag’ekitalo e Buddo era nalya obuganda. Yatekawo enfuga empya nga yamirembe pakka na kakano, obuganda buli ku musingigwe. Waliwo endowooza eyogera ku bika ebyajja ne Ssekabaka Kimera okuva e Bunyolo. Kimera kabaka wa Buganda wakusatu. Agambibwa okuba nga yafuga Buganda wakati wa I374-1404. ebyafaayo by’obuwanguzibwe biviira ddala ku Ssekabaka Cwa Nabakka. Bwe lwali olwo, nga Cwa aweereza mutabaniwe ewa Winyi okufuna olufubanja. Bweyatuukayo, ng’asowagana ne Wanyana muka Winyi. Teyalwa, ng’addukayo wabula n’affiira mu kubo ng’akomawo era n’azikibwa e Sirinnya mu Busiro. Ekiseeta kyatuuka nga Buganda terina kabaka. Cwa Nabakka yaleka tazadde mwana mulala mulenzi. Awo Walusimbi ne Ssebwana nebakuuma Namulondo. Kyokka abantu nebatabaagala. Kwe kuwulira nti Kalemeera yaleka azadde omwana e Bunyoro. Tebaalwa nga bamutumya. Mu kutuuka e Buganda , Kimera yatuuka n'ebika asatu mu munaana. Era nga byebino ebimu kubyo, efumbe omutima akayozi, ekinyomo, entalaganya, enkerebwe, empologoma, ensenene, ekkobe, ab'obutiko, n'ebirala. Okumanya ebisinga ku bino oma ekitabo bassekabaka ba Buganda .
Okuva Kimera lweyagataganya Obuganda ppakka nakati tebukutukanga. Okujjako Iwe bwali bujiddwawo  mu 1966. Bwazibwawo  mu 1993. Omulangira Ronald Mutebi n’atuula ku ntebbe era n'afuuka Kabaka mu 1993.

Wabula kigambibwa nti ebika ebyo byonna, buli kimu kyajja kyeyungayunga. Ky’ov’olaba nti ente ezeddilwa nyingi naye nga zirina omufuzi omu. Kino kyatuukikako wakati mu kutta emikago. okukola endagaann wamu n’okuggataganyizibwa ba Kabaka.

Ebyafaayo by’ekika ky’ente bingi nnyo era nga buli omu abimanyi bubwe. Okusookera ddala ente ezedirwa nnyingi nga zirimu emitendera gya njawulo. Gino gye mitendera okusinziira ku kitabo “ebyafaayo by’ekika ky’ente”. Waliwo ente ey’obusito ng’eno ewakka nga tewanayita naku mwenda ng’emaze okuzaala. Tetukirizibwa kunywa mata gaayo ffe ab’ente. Ente endala y’empuula oba eyakatosi nga ebeera n’eddiba nga liringa ebbumba. Waliwo ente enkuggu nga eno eba terina mukira. Waliwo ente ebeera n’olugongogongo nga lwa kawemba. Eno eyitibwa ente eya kayinda. Waliwo ente eya lubombwe nga yefananyiriza entulege. Kuno saaako ente eyekiganja, ngebeera n’ekinuulo ng’ekyaala ekimu kyeru ate ng’ekirala kiddugavvu. Kuno saako ente eya kaasa ngayo ebeera n’ebbala eryeru mu mutwe gwaayo. Abantu abamu bagamba nti ekika ky’ente kyajja ne kintu, ate abalala nebagamba nti kyaava Bunyoro. Ko n’abandi nebagamba nti kinansaangwa. Waliwo endowooza egamba nti Kintu ng’ajja mu Buganda , mu lugendo lwe ng’ali ne mugandawe Lukidi. Bwe batuuka e Mangira mu Kyaggwe, baayawukana era nebagabana abantu. Lukidi yalondamu ababe nga mwabo mwe mwali ne Kaswiga. Kiswiga yasenga ku kasozi Kyankere. Yazaalirawo abaana bangi nga mwe mwaali ne Lwekana eyamusikira. Nate Lwekana bwe yaffa, Wangi n’asika. Wangi n’azaala Katongole, Kagolo, Lwera ne Kalibbala. Abaana bano bonna baawesezanga ku mugga Lusamule nga ekiseera kino guli mu Ssingo. Katongole yeyasikira kitaawe Wangi.

Katongole ng’afuuka muganzi nnyo eri omukama Kyebamba. Ebbanga bwe lyayitawo, Katongole n’asiigira omukama Kyebamba muwalawe ayitibwa Nakayijja. Enakku waayita meka?, omuwala nga yetisse ettu lya Mugema. Kino kyasanyusa Kyebamba olwa Nakayijja okufuna olubuto. Ekiseera eky’okuzaala bwe kyatuuka, Nakayijja n’azaala bulungi. Ebyembi omwana gweyazaala yali namagoye. Okuva edda n’edda nga Namagoye tayagalibwa mu nsi. Abamu baamuyitanga musambwa. Era ebiseera ebisinga yattibwanga oba n’akwekebwa okuva mu b’eŋŋandaze. Oluusi bweyaffanga, ng’ab’eŋŋandaze bokka nga bebamuziikako ate mu kyaama. Eky’okuzaala Namagoye, kyatiisa Kyebamba. Era kwe kuyita abalaguzibe bamuwe ku magezi. Bamugamba nti okuba omulamu, ateekwa okutuga omwana. Katongole, Nakayijja wamu n’ab’eŋŋanda ze bonna battibwe. Awo Katongole n’akoona ku baanabe, bakazibe wamu n’ab’eŋŋandaze badduke baviire ekibabu olwo lwe banaawonnya obulamu bwabwe. Katongole n’ab’eŋŋandaze nga badduka, batambulanga kiro eyo mu matta nsejjere baleme okulabibwa. Kale ŋŋaali bwezakaabanga, nga batandika okutambula. Kyokka emambya bwe yabanga tenasala, nga bekweka. Bino bye bifo ebikulu byebaasulamu. Bwe baava e Bunyoro, baasula Kagabo era abamu webamwawukanirako nebasigala awo. Bwe baava e Kagabo nebagenda baggwa e Lusiba nga wano Nakaddu weyasigala. Ebiro ebyaddako babimala Kawula, okuva awo baasula kisozi mu Gomba. Wano abaana ba Katongole abamu webaamuviirako nebagenda basenga e Buganga ekyomu Mawokota. Katongole n’abaasigala ku mugendo nebajja baggwa e Kankobe. Okuva awo baagwa mu Buddu. Wano baamannya nti tekyaali muntu n’omu abawondera. Awo kwe kunoonya webanaakuba ensisira zabwe. Buddu baamuyitamu, okugenda okwejukagannya nga bali mu kibira Teero. Mu Teero mwaalimu omugga nga munene ate nga gulimu ensonzi. Omugga guno gwakayanirwa enjuuyi bbiri; olwa Katongole n’olw’omutaka we Ssaango.

Bwe baalemagana, nebasalawo okukuba akalulu. Kwe kutegeka embaga y’omwenge okwaali n’abagoma. Buli luuyi lwasimbawo omuwala omu. Era buli luuyi lwasiimba amafumu ana. Nebagamba nti “anaazina n’amala yetuunga ku mafumu, anaaba awangulidde oluddalwe akagga”. Awo amazina negatandikwa okutyetyebulwa. Lukwanzi muwala wa Nembe eyali yesibye eddiba ly’ennyana mu kiwato kye ng’olubuto wamu n’ekifuba nga biri bweru. N’azina nnyo, neyetoloora amafumu emirundi enna. Awo ku mulundi ogwokutaano, ne yetuunga ku mafumu. Negamuyita mu kifuba n’avaamu omusaayi mungi, awo naffa. Ab’emizira n’eŋŋoma nebakuba okwo kwosa n’amakondeere nebafuuwa. Olwa Lukwanzi okutuwangulira omugga. Bwegutyo omugga negufuuka gwaba nte n’okutuusa kakano. Kyokka ye omuwala ow’e Ssaango yalemwa okugetungako, kuba yagatya.

Omuwala bwe yayitanga mu Teero nga wante, abavubi nga bamuwa ensonzi nyingi. Nebweyabeeranga omuto ng’ali ku mabegga ga nyinna, nyinna bazimuwanga okutuusa lweyagambanga nti “mulekere awo ezo zimala zenayiinza okwetikka”. Singa baazimumanga, nga nabo tebakwasa.

Nga bamaze okuvvunuka byonna, Katongole yalonda ente enkuggu okuba omuziro ggwaffe. Ne ŋŋaali okuba akabiro kaffe. Olwo omubala neguvvuga nti “kigere kyante mwejja mwelinya. Mbadde ngaleeta omusumba aganywedde”. N’omulala negugamba nti “ekyuma nkiridde, n’omukimba ngulidde. Bwembirya, bwembiwoza, binsanga mu sasa”

 

Okukulambulirako akatonotono, tuli bazukulu ba Namutale-kagalo muganda wa Katongole. Jjajjaffe Namutale-kagalo yava Bunyoro ne jjajjaffe Katongole. Olubereberye katongole nga yakava e Bunyoro, baali bassa kimu ne Kagolo-Namutale. Obuzibu bwajja bwebuti, nti nga tumaze okuva e Bunyoro, twaagwa ku mugga Kuziizi. Era netusiisira mu lusenyi lwagwo. Mu kisenyi kino twaazalirawo abawala babiri; omu nga ye Kuzizi nga tujukira omugga guno wetwasooka okusiisira. Ow’okubiri twamuwa erya Namaganda olwokuba nti twaali tumaze okuva e Bunyoro nga tuzze e Buganda . Mu kiseera kino twagwamu ekirwadde ekisonde. Kisonde linnya lya Lunyoro eritegeeza kabotongo. Kabotongo owabwe yali akubya omuntu omabwa nafanana ng’omugenge. Ekirwadde kino ebyembi kyakwata Bantu abaali mu lusiisira lwa Namutale. Katongole n’alondamu abantu mu lusiisira lwa Namutale abaali batanalwala kirwadde kino ekisonde. Era nga bekwatira mu lwa ngabi okwewonya ekirwadde ekisonde. Bwatyo jjajjaffe Katongole bweyayawukana ku jjajjaffe Kagolo-Namutale. Bwatyo jjajjaffe Katongole nadduka mugandawe Kagolo-Namutale olw’ekirwadde ekisonde. Mu kugenda, yagenda n’abaana wame n’abazukulu ba Namutale-kagalo era mu mikwesese gyonna Katongole gyeyayitamu, yaggukira Bijja. Bijja kati erinnya baalikyusa bayitawo Bikira nga kirirannye Kyotera mu Buddu. Era weyasiisirira ddala, n’okuziikwa n’aziikibwa awo. Mu lusenyi kumpi n’omugga Kuzizi, Katongole weyaleka Namutale-kagalo. Katongole bwe yali agenda, yaleka atuumye enju ya Namutale abasonde nga mw’otwalidde abaanabe abaasigala, wamu n’abazukulu . Olwo enda ya Namutale-kagalo n’eyitibwa ekika ‘ky’abasonde’. Kale Namutale n’azaawa obutaddamu kuwuliza Katongole mugandawe. Olwokuba nga yali ayabuliddwa Katongole, nga n’ekika ky’ente kimuvuddemu. Kwe kwefunira ekika ky’abasonde. Nga wayiseewo ebbanga eggereko, jjajjaffe Namutale n’abantube bonna, baawona ebisonde. Awo kwe kuva mu lusenyi lwomu Kuzizi nebatambula nga beyongerayo. Mu lugendo lwaffe, twagukila Lwange ekyomu Mawokota ew’omutaka ow’effumbe. Bweyatulaba, n’atwaniriza era n’atutwala mu makaage. Oluvanyama, Namutale yanyonyola omutaka w’effumbe engeri gyetwawonamu omukama Kyebamba ow’e Bunyoro. Yamunyonyola olugendo lwonna, n’engeri Katongole gyeyamujjako abaanabe n’amuleka ku mugga Kuziizi mu lusenyi oluvanyuma lw’okulwala ekirwadde ky’ebisonde. Namutale n’asaba omutaka w’effumbe batte omukago. Omutaka teyali mubi, nga batta mukago.

Mpozi omukago lwe luganda olugunjibwawo wakati w’abantu babiri beppo n’okusiingawo nga ba bika bya njawulo. Mu mukago mubaamu endagaano egamba nti “ebibyo bye byange, n’ebyange bye bibyo, abantubo baba bange, n’abange baba babo”. Kale gweegwo omukago mu bumpimpi. Omukago guno Namutale gweyatta n’omutaka w’Effumbe, gwaletera abamu ku baana n’abazukulu okusala eddiiro nebadda mu kika ky’effumbe. Wano nga tuli e Lwanga, twazaalirawo omwana omuwala ayitibwa Kalima muwala wa Bulojje, omwanawe omubereberye.

Bwe waayitawo ekiseera, bakazi ba Namutale, abaana wamu n’abazukulu b’abaanabe nebegugunga nga baagala Namutale­-Kagolo agende anoonye abaana babwe abageenda ne Katongole. Namutale kwe kulagira abantube basibe ebintu byabwe bagende banoonye abantu babwe abaali bagenze ne Katongole. Awo kwe kusitula. Bwe baali mu lugendo, baagendanga babuuzabuuza oba waliwo eyali alabye ku Katongole. Abantu nga babagamba nti Katongole ali Ssese mu biziinga. Mu kiro ekyo nga bagenda, Namutale-Kagolo mweyafiira olw’obukulu mu myaka. Ebisigala bye nebiziikwa e Ssentema-Lwanga mu Mawokota. Bulojje ye yasikira kitaawe Nmutale-Kagolo era n’akulembera ekibinja ky’abantu nebalamaga olw’e Ssese. Wabula baba bagenda, mukazi wa Bulojje n’alumwa olubuto. Kwe kukutamako ku kasaka ,ebyaddirira kwali kuzaala. Omwaana gweyazaala kwe kumutuuma erinnya Nabisaka. Mu linnya lino mwe muvva n’erinnya Nasaka, abaganda be baalikyuusa bwe baali baagala okutereeza olulimi oluganda. Oluvanyuma beyongerayo n’olugendo lwabwe.

Bwe batuuka ku nyanja Lweru/Nalubaale oba giyite (Lake Victoria) , nebalinnya obwato nebagolomola mu bizinga by’e Ssese. Bagukira wa Mukasa nebamweyanjulira, naye n’abaaaniriza. Era n’abawa omutala. Nga wayiseewo akabanga, Mukasa yawasa muwala wa Bulojje Kalima. Kalima ono yayongerwako erinnya lya ‘Kabulojje’ olwo naaba nga ye Kalima-Kabulojje. Twasiisira ewa mukodomi waffe Mukasa. Ebanga nga liyiseewo, Kalima-Kabulojje yalima nnyo era ng’okulima kwe kwatikirivvu mu Ssese. Mukasa n’asanyuka nnyo olwa mukaziwe okuba nga mulimi bwatyo era kwe kwogera nti “omukazi ono alimye omusiri ogulinga enyanja”. Enjogera eno yagendera ddala mu maaso nabuli kati naddala mu bitundu by’e Kiziba nga bagamba nti “ kalima kabulojje akalimira obusiri nkenyanja” Ebanga nga liyiseewo, netusiibula mukodomi waffe Mukasa era netwabulira obuko nga Katongole tetumulabyeeyo. Wano Bulojje yali ne mugandawe Basaaya n’abaana babwe wamu n’abalala. Awo kwe kujja e Kiziba, kubanga e Ssese gye baali batulagiridde, Katongole teyaliiyo.

Kiziba ggwanga lya ‘Bantu group’ nga bayitibwa Baziba n’olulimi lweboogera luyitibwa Luziba. Basangibwa mu maserengeta g’enyanja Nalubaale/Lweru. Bwe twali tujja twagukira ku kaalo akayitibwa Buwanga. Bulojje naye ebirwadde byaali byaamukosa nnyo olwo kwosa eŋŋeendo enyiingi zeyatambula, tezamulekera bulamu. Awo n’alwala nnyo era n’affa, Basaaya mugandawe n’amusikira. Mu mirembe egiyise, omuntu bweyafaanga nga mugandawe y’amusikira. Basaaya kyeyava asikira Bulojje. Basaaya tamanyiddwako byafaayo bingi, wabula amanyiddwa ng’ow’omutuba. Basaaya teyamala banga ggwanvu naye n’affa. Ddamulira omwaanawe n’amusikira. Ekyaletera Ddamulira okusikira Basaaya, kwekuba nga baganda ba Basaaya bonna baali bamaze okuffa.

Bwe lwali olwo nga wabaawo omulangira mu bwakabaka bw’ekiziba eyali agenzeeko mu bizinga bya Nalubaale. Bw’atuuka ku kiziinga Busungwe, ng’asisiinkanawo Semawule. Semawule n’amufumbira emmere. Omulangira bweyalyako, n’awomerwa. Bweyali ng’agenda, yamusuubiza nti bwendiwangula eno gyeŋŋeenze bwendiwangula ndikunona. Oluvanyuma omulangira ono yawangula era n’amunona. Yamuwa ekyaalo Bukwale omwo mweyavanga n’agenda amufumbira emere. Semawule yazaala Kayondo ne Wangi. Wangi n’azaala Damulira. Omulangira ono yatuuka naafa. Ne Ddamulira n’asenguka okuva e Bukwale n’adda e Buwanga.

Abantu nebategeeza omulangira kibi kalanda mutabani wa bulungu I kabaka w’ekiziba. Nti e Buwanga wazuseeyo abanyoro bamanyi okufumba okusinga abaffe e Kiziba. Kibi Kalanda n’abuuza nti “ bamanyi okufumba akatogo wamu n’emmere ey’eminwe ng’eyeno e Kiziba?” Kwekumugamba ng’abanyoro bwe bateeka eby’okulya okusiinga Abawaya b’e Kiziba bonna. Awo kwe kutuma ababaka okujja e Buwanga. Era nebatugamba nti “omulangira n’abagonza” ekitegeeza nti “abaagala”. Jjajjaffe Ddamulira kyeyava agenda ew’omulangira kibi Kalanda. Kale bweyatuuka mu maaso g’omulangira. Omulangira n’amubuuza ebibuzo naye nga Ddamulira tamanyi Luziba. Ddamulira n’amuddamu nti “mpozzi yogera n’omwana wange ono Kagolo”. Awo Kagalo n’anyumya n’omulangira kubanga yali amannyi Oluziba. Ekyamuyamba, kwe kuba nga yajja mu Buwanga nga muto, kyeyava aluyiga. omulangira kwe kubuuza Kagolo nti “omannyi okufumba emmere ay’akatogo?” Kagolo naddamu nti “kitwayitu tukyumba muno okukira n’abawaya bawe” Omulangira n’aseka namubuuza nate nti “n’osinga abaziba” Kagolo n’amuddamu nti siyinzi kukulimba”. Awo Kibi Katanda namubuuza nti “mwavaawa” Koye nti “twava Bunyoro”. Omulangira n’amubuuza nti “nsonga ki eyabajjayo?”. Awo Kagolo n’amunyonyola nga bwe byatambula nga bajjajjaffe bava e Bunyoro. Awo KibiI n’abagamba baddeyo e Buwanga, amangu ddala nga wayise ebiro binna, mujja kujja munfumbire. Enaku nnya tezaalwa nezituuka. Ddamulira n’abamu ku baanabe nga bajja ew’omulangira n’obutamu bwabwe, buli bwe bafumbirangamu obulo bwabwe mu ŋŋeendo zaabwe zonna tebabuleka mabega. Awo omulangira n’abaaniriza era n’abayingiza mu kisakaate kye. Abaziba abaali bamufumbira baagaana Ddamulira okufumbira mu butamu bwe, nga baagala afumbire mu bwabwe. Kyokka Ddamulira n’abaziyiza ng’alowooza bayiinza okumukola obubi. Era n’agamba Kagolo nti “mufumbe mu zaffe”. Awo ng’Abaziba bawakana nnyo. Era nga baagala n’okuteekawo olutalo. Kagolo ye olw’okuba nga yali amanyi olulimi lwabwe, kwekugenda n’aloopa omusango ew’omulangira. Omulangira n’ayita enjuuyi zombi era nebawoza. Okukakkana, ng’omusango gusinze Baziba. Kagolo nga yeyanza mulangira olw’okusala obulungi omusango. Awo nga baddayo mu fumbiro kufumba, era nga baletera omulangira emmere. Bweyalyako, ng’akungiriza obuwoomi bw’emmere ng’alangirira nga bwajjanga okulya emmere y’abanyoro. Awo kwe kugoba abaziba bonna abaali bamufumbira.

Abaziba nga bamaze okugobwa mu kisakaate, baakwatibwa obuggya eri Ddamulira. Kwe kugenda ewa kabaka bulungu I ne baloopa, nga bamugamba nti “omwanawo Kibi Kalanda ajja kukutta alye obwa kabaka bwo. Kubanga asomokka enyanja n’ebigere nga tewali lyaato”. Kituufu omulangira yateranga okusomoka enyanja n’ebigere n’atuuka gyeyayaggalanya. Kabaka BulunguI eby’abaziba yawuliramu eky’okumujjako obwa kabaka bwe era neyeraliikirira. Kwe kutumira Kibi Kalanda ababaka okumugamba ave mu nsiiye. Era ababaka ebigambo ebyabatumwa babituusa bulungi eri omulangira. Kwe kumugamba nti “ siba ebintu byo byonna ove mu nsi ya kitaawo, ogende gy’oyagala yonna. Kubanga akugobye”.

Bwatyo Kibi Kalanda ng’agamba bantube budduke, bagende gyebaligwa, gyebaliggwa. Ng’agamba ne Kagolo nti “namwe musibemu ebyamwe twabulire kiziba kubanga kitange angobye munsiiye”. Kale Ddmulira n’abantu be ewabwe e Buwanga tubaddayo kubasiibula. Bwe batyo bwebaava e kiziba ng’omulangira abakulembedde. Bweyagoba ku mwalo e Ddimo mu Buganda n’alaba olusozi nga kuliko ekibira. Bweyayingira mu kibira, n’alaba nga mulimu etaka ejimu nga duungi n’okusinga n’ely’ewabwe e kiziba, kitaawe gyeyamugoba. Awo kwe kugamba basajjabe nti “wano wensiimye era buno bwe butaka bwange wamu n’abazukulu bange. Kale n’okutuusa kati obutaka bw’esiga lya Kibi Kalanda ow’engabi enangira ye Kiziba. Abasajja b’omulangira bwe baali basiisira, nga Ddamulira atudde butuuzi, ng’eno Kagolo n’abaanabe bali ku mulimu gwabwe, ogw’okufumbira omulangira akatogo. Obutakulwisaayo nga simenye kawonvu na kagga, awo newayitawo emyaka ng’ebiri oba esatu egy’ekizungu. Newajja omuntu n’abanyumiza enaku gy’ayiseemu. Omusajja ono yali munaku ng’emese yomu Kereziya. Omusajja oyo n’anyumiza Kibi, Ddamulira ne Kagolo mutabeniwe ebigambo ebyasanyusa Ddamulira byebiibyo ebyabazaawula ye n’eŋŋandaze bonna. Ddamulira kwe kumubuuza ekyaalo gye yali abeera. mpozzi okukwongera okukubugumya ku bwongo, Buddu yonna yali Bunyoro nga n’abantu baamwo Banyoro. Naye Ssekabaka Jjunju eyafuga obuganda wakati wa 1754-1764, n’aliwangula ng’ayita e Kiganda. yateekamu omwamiwe Luzige ow’endiga abe pokino.

Omusajja n’amuddamu nti “mbeera mu Bagabo b’e Mulema abaweesi” Ko Ddamulira nti “erinnya ly’omuweesi yaani?”. Ko ye nti “ye Lwegaba alina ne bagandabe Lukyamuzi ne Nakana”. Ddamulira kwe kuva weyali attudde kuba yali amaze okuzaawuka. Ddamulira n’ategeerera ddala nti bebaabo bagandabe ne bajjajjabe. Ddamulira n’alekka Kagolo ne banne e Ddimo n’agenda n’oli omusajja. Bwebatuuka e Mulema, ewa lwegaba, ng’amusanyukira. Awo Lwegaba kwe kuyita Nakana e Birongo. Ddamulira kwe kubabuuza nti “jjajjafe Katongole ali Luuyiwa?”. Ko bo nti “yafiira Bijja” (Bijja ekiseera kino ye Bikira) obulwadde bwa kawumpuli. Oluvanyuma Ddamulira n’asiibula n’akomawo e Ddimo ewa Kibi Kalando mukamaawe. Nga wayise emyezi ebiri, n’asiibula Kibi Kalanda. kwekujja n’atuuka mu katala nga kaliko akabira n’azimba, era n’abeera awo wamu ne Kagolo n’abaanabe abalala. Ng’amaze okuziimba, yagenda e Buwanga gye yali alese bakazi babwe wamu n’abaana babwe n’abanonayo. Kyokka abakulu abaali bawasiza,baasigalayo. Ddamulira n’aberera ddala mu kaalo ako.

Abantu abajjanga okumulaba nga bagamba nti tugenda wa Ddamulira. okuva olwo akaalo nga kafuna erinnya ‘Ddamulira’ nga mukama waako n’okutuusa ku mulembe guno. Ddamulira bweyalaba nga waali wafunze nga takyalina waalima n’abaanabe, kwekusalawo okugenda anoonye awagazi nga wajjimu kuba akaalo Ddamulira kaali kakalu emmere nga tedda bulungi. Ddamulira kwe kulengera omutala Kyamiiru. Bweyagulambula, nga mulungi akukamala. Etaka nga jjimu ate nga dungi. Omutala guno gwali guliraanye enyanja Lweru oba Nalubaale. Kyamiiru aliranye obwalo Ddamulira, Nabitaka wamu ne Kiwumulo. Bwatyo Ddamulira kwe kutandika okulima omutala Kyamiiru. Lumonde bweyasaako wamu n’ebitooke nga bikuze, kwekuddayo e Ddamulira n’alagira abantube basibe ebyabwe. Awo nebajja e kyamiiru. Bwatyo Ddamulira n’abeerera ddala mu Kyamiiru era n’afuuka mutaka waakwo. N’azaawuka era n’agenda alabagane n’oluganda lwe. Yasooka kulaba Lwegaba ne Nakana e Bironge. Awo n’addako Kayabula e misonzi, n’alaba Wangi e Mulema, Kamuli e Kyatokoolo, n’alaba Lukyamuzi e Kabanda. kwekubategeeza nti tuzaawuse era tuzze mu kika kyaffe eky’ente. Kati tuzeeyo mu kika kyaffe eky’ente eteriiko mukira. Ddamulira bwatyo bweyamala okuzaawuka, n’adda mu kika kye, n’afuuka ow’ente. Nate n’addamu okuyitibwa omugabo oba omukooza nga bwe yayitibwanga e Bunyoro. Ddamulira n’abeera e Kyamiru okutuusa lweyaffa. Omulambo gwe nebaguzaayo e Buwanga mu Kiziba ku butaka bwe obwasooka. Omwaanawe kagolo n’amusikira. Bwatyo Kagolo naddukanya omutala Kyamiru. Awo kwe kutandika okunoonya omukazi. Teyalwa ng’agenda ewa Balukake e Buliro ayogereze omuwala Matwale. Bwatyo Kagolo n’awasa Matwale omuwala omusiita muwala wa Balukake. Balukake yali mugagga era nga mutaka mulyambidde. Teyalwa ng’abeera lubuto, kwekuzaala omwaana omulenzi n’amutuuma erinnya bugala. Ddamulra yazaala n’abaana.

Obulombolombo bye bintu ebigobererwa okuva ku bajjajjaffe ppaka ku bazukulu. Ebintu bino ziyiinza okuba empisa oba emirimu. Bikuumibwa butiribiri obutasobezebwa nga nabuli abisobya aba akoze eky’omuzizo. Obumu ku bulombolombo mu siga lyaffe mwe muli;

Okuva edda nga tetulya nte nkuggu wadde okunywa amata gaayo. Omwezi bwegwabanga gwakagabo, nga tetulya kyaggulo. Siinga gonja oba etooke lyassanga nga telirina mpumumpu, mu siga lyaffe tetwabiryanga. N’ettu ly’emwanyi singa lyasibbwanga newabulako akaayi akayiseeko, eryo lyaliinga muziro.

Nate ku ludda lw’emizizo mu siga lyaffe mwe muli;

Abazukulu bonna mu siga lyaffe, tetukirizibwa kuwasaŋŋana. N’omuwala okufunira olubuto ku lujja kyamuzizo mu siga lyaffe.

Mu siga lyaffe tusobola okubbula amannya ag’engero naye ag’esiga n’ag’ekika tetugabbula.

Mu mikolo gy’okwabya enyiimbe, tetukirizibwa kwabizaawo lumbe kwolwo omuntu lw’afudde oba nga tanaziikwa. Emikolo gy’okumala abalongo, n’ebikwatagana ne lubaala nga mw’otwalidde okusamira, mu siga lyaffe bikolebwa bampya oba nyiriri abo abakwatibwako sosi mituba oba esiga lyonna.

Jukira ku ntandikwa nga bwetulabye nti okunoonya ebyafaayo sikinaba kintu kyanga, kale nange okuzuula emituba egiri mu siga lya Kagolo tekyamberera kyangu olw’ensoonga nti abantu abamu benatuukangako, tebaasobola kumpa bye nali netaaga nga bikwata ku siga lyaffe lino erya Kagolo. Kale bw’osanga ng’amutuba mwova siguwandiseeko, tokitwala bubi, wabula tegeeza omukulu w’esiga tulongoseemu wetuba twawaba.

Bugala mutabani wa Damulira nga nyina ye Matwale.

Bugala ng’akuze, yazaala omukazi ayitibwa Kasangirwa. Yagenda ku muganga n’amuwa eddagala eryaleetera Kasangirwa okukoma ku Nakate omwana gweyazaala omu. Oluvanyuma bugala yagenda ku mandwa n’afuna eddagala era n’azaala abaana bangi. Waayitawo ebbanga ddene , Bugala naafa. Omulambo gwe neguziikibwa e Kyamiiru. Era yeyasooka okuziikibwa e Kyamiiru. Bwatyo Semwanga mutabaniwe n’amusikira. Ssemwanga teyayitimuka nnyo engeri gye yali omwavu ate nga yali mulenzi muto. Yaffa tazadde mwana kuba yali muwuulu. Ne nyina yali mukazi munyage. Oluvanyuma Victor Kitungulu yamusikira nga naye nyina yali munyage. Oluvanyuma twava e Kyamiiru mu 1907 olwa mongoota. Nange e Kyamiiru wetwatuukira nalabawo mu 2008 naye nga tewakyaali muntu yenna nga kati bibira by’olaba byokka.

Bisaayo bwe yava e Kyamiru n’asenga e Nkoma nga kati kiri mu ggombolola Kyanamukaka. Bisaayo teyalwa ng’azaala abalongo. Bisaayo agambibwa okuba nga yawangaala nnyo. Oluvanyuma yaffa olw’agalwadde okwo saako n’eŋŋendo empanvu zebatambula tezamulekera bulamu. Mutabaniwe Basiga n’amusikira. Basiga yazaala Kipande, Zakalia Bakulumpagi, Kagumira, Ntate I, Lutaya wamu ne Nsibuka e Kijonjo. Basiga ye yafiira Gulama. Basiga yasikirwa muzukuluwe Vicitoro Mitiabala. Mitiabala yasikirwa mutabaniwe Yozefu.

Kyekuza yali mutabani wa Wangi. Kyekuza agambibwa okuba nga yazaala abaana bangi. Ye teyawangaala nnyo wabula naye yaffa mangu. Mutabaniwe ayitibwa Isiŋoma n’amusikira. Isiŋoma mu baana beyazaala mwe mwali ne Muyaza era ye yamusikira. Olwo ye Muyaza ng’amaze okufa, yasikirwa Lutwaala. Lutwaala ng’amaze okuffa, waayitawo ebanga egereko, ng’olumberwe terunaabizibwa. Wabula oluvanyuma lwayabizibwa era Ssengooba mutabaniwe n’amusikira. Sengooba yasikirwa Luka Kayiruki. Oluvanyuma, Luka Kayiruki yasikirwa muzukuluwe Kiyimba kuba weyaffiira nga batabanibe bonna bamaze okufa.

Bino byenasobola okuwandiika ku mutuba guno nga byampeebwa omwami galwoko julius. Eno y’ensikirano yaagwo. Kadoma ng’amaze okuffa, yasikirwa Miyingo. Miyingo n’asikirwa Namunye. Oluvanyuma Namunye yasikiurwa Ssempogo.
Bano be baana n'abazukulu abava mu mutuba gwa Kadoma.

Kadoma yazaala

Muwuulu yazaala Nkambwe ne Siyombera.

Bano be baana ba Nkambwe:

Bagenda, ye nazaala Zuluzansi, muwuulu, 
Yozefiina ne Kasajja.

 

Eno y’entegeka eyakolebwa abagenzi Kakulu Gyagenda ne Genatio Gyagenda abaaliko abakulu b’esiga lya Kagolo. Yawandikibwa era neterekebwa muzukulu wabwe Bulojje Y ow’e Kajjwa. Ekubiddwa mu kyaapa nga tekyusidwakyusidwa Basaaya Rocks peter. Olukiiko luno omulamwa gwaalwo gwaali gwa kutereeza Nyiriri mu siga.

Nga bwetwaalaba engeri gye twajjamu mu Buganda , kankulambulire abantu abaava e Bunyokro. Bulojje ne Kiyimba nga Nkonjwe kitabwe yasigalayo e Bunyoro. Bo mu kujja bajja n’abaana babwe babiri; Kayondo ne Ssemawule. Mu kujja kwabwe batukira Lwanga mu Mawokota. Wano balwawo. Mu kiseera ekyo, kabaka n’atuma Bulojje e Ssese okunonayo (damula) effumu erikuuma Obuganda. Bweyatuukayo, n’azaayo omusango, era n’akomawo e Buganda . Kabaka kwe kumugoba nate addeyo e Ssese. Bweyatuuka, Mukasa n’amuwa ekyaalo Nkoma olwo ye n’akituuma Bulima. Ekiseera kino yali amaze okuwa Mukasa muwalawe Kalima. Mugandawe Kiyimba yasigala e Lwanga mu Mawokota webatuukira. Bulojje n’aberera ddala e Ssese. Mutabaniwe Ssemawule n’amulekawo, n’agenda ku kizinga Busungwe okuvuba. Ssemawule yazaala Kayondo wamu ne Wangi. Wangi olwo n’azaala Ddamulira. Ddamulira n’agenda asenga ku mutala Kyamiru. Ddamulira yazaala Kagolo, Kiwuka ne Bemba. Kagolo yazaala owaana omu Bugala.

AG’ABASAJJA	

AG’ABAKAZZI

 

Ekitabo kino kiwandiikiddwa Basaaya Rocks Peter, nga kikwatagana n’ensibuko y'esiga lya Kagolo mu kika ky’ente. Alaga engeri ebika gye byajjamu wano mu Buganda ; Akunyumiza engeri Katongole gyeyagobwa mu Bunyoro, n’okujja kwe mu Buganda . Bwatuuka ku siga lya Kagolo, akulambululira engeri Kagolo Namutale gyeyayawukanamu ne mugandawe Katongole. Engeri gyebagendamu e Kiziba wamu n’e Ssese. Oluvanyuma kagolo gyeyafunamu obutaka e Kyamiru. Omuwandiisi akunyonyola emituba ebyafaayo byagyo n’abagikulira. Anyonyola ensikirano y’esiga okuviira ddala ku Kagolo Namutale. Amaliriza n’amannya agatumibwa mu siga lyokka. Omuwandiisi yasomera mu Kalisizi P/S Lwengo-Masaka. Gyeyava n’asomera mu Shimoni Demonstration School . Emisomo egya waggulu yagisomera mu Kako’s High School, Bweyogerere-Wakiso. neku Our Lady Consolata sss, Kireka-Kampala. Muyivu nga yasomera mu tendekero lyeby’obusuubuzi e Nakawa nafuna diguli mu BaBA.




#Article 6: Jens Galschiøt (352 words)


Jens Galschiøt, (yazaliwa 4 Juni 1954 ku kyalo Frederikssund,mu Denmark), musiizi wa bifanyanyi, era mubumbi wa bifananyi mu byuuma ebyanjawulo ,amanyikidwa ku mulimu gwe oguyitibwa Empagi Yobuswavu oba giyite Pillar Of Shame. Galschiøt yasenga e Odense mu 1973, ate omwaka 1985, nagulawo ekiffo wakorela emirimu gya ngakiwerako obwagagavu bwa square mita 2,000 kuno kwekuli foundry, studio, ekifo newalagira emilimu gye gallery Galschiøt ne sculpture park Mwaka 1990, Galschiøt,Erik Mortensen ne Jean Voigt begata nebakola The Ringwearer's jacket,omulimu ogwawomwamu omutwe nabakyala wa Denmark Margaret II, Nabakyala wa Denmark |Nabakyala Margaret II  Ku mazalibwa ge agemyaaka 50. Galschiøt Yali omukwabo abakola ku Seville Expo '92.

Omwaka 1997, yatwala ogumu kumirimu gye The Pillar Of Shame (Empagi Yo Buswavu) mu Hong Kong Kino kyayongera okutangaza emikisa gye mingi era ebibumbe ebiala nga kino The pillar Of Shame byakolwa ne bitwalibwa e Mexico mu 1999.Ekyokusatu ne kitwalwa Brazil mumwaka 2000.

Omwaka 2008, Galschiøt yatandika kampeyiniThe Color Orange eno yali ekwata kukutyobola ddembe lya buntu mu China. Wano yamibwa olusa okuyingira mu Hong Kong,Gyeyali agenda okusigaThe Pillar Of Shame(Empagi Yo Buswavu) rangi eyakakyungwa. 

Jens Galschiøt Akoze ebirabo bingi era ebimu kubyo biwebwa abantu abanywede mu banabwe akakendo mu bintu ebyenjawulo, buli mwaka.Ebimu kubino byebino 

wamanga: 

The SHOWBIZ ya 1993.  A Mask Of Bronze. Ekirabo kino kigabwa mu mwaka omulundi gumu aba Theatre Koldingomuzanyi aba anywedde mu banne akendo mu kuzannya ekintu ekikwata ku byobuwangwa.

 Wing.sculputure for the  Phoenix Architectural competition 'Fuction and Form 1991',.

 Hans Christian Andersen prize era bukibuga kyafuna ekirabo  kyakyo nga kye kibumbe ekino.Banakyewa abawelera ddala 100 bemawoma omutwe mumulimu gunno.

Ku mukola nga wayise emyaka 10 ,Jens ne bakozibe basilawo okumanya ki? ekyatuka ku bibumbe bino buli gyabisa ebyali biwerela ddala 20. kuba waliwo akasilikiriro  kubyo mubibuuga ebimu byakwekebwa ate ebirara nebimyenyebwamenyebwa. Kyewunyisa ebibumbe ebisaatu byonna ebyatekwa mu bufaransa neguno guliko tebikubwako kyamulubare.Era waliwo olugyeregelero nti ebimu byafuuka ababaka ba palamenti.Okusinzira ku jens ye agamba nti tamanyi bantu engyogera eno gyebajigya.Ate mubibuuga ebilala byatekwa mubiffo eikwasa abalambuzi omubabiro okusinzira ku lupapula lwa mawulira Herning Folkebladolwafuluma nga 8.desemba 1993.Mu kibuuga Bonn ekya Bugyelimani kyatwalwa awakunganyizibwa ebifananyi.nemubibuuga nga Copenhagen ne Milano bikyaliyo bubiffo ebilungi ddala. 




#Article 7: Pillar of shame (Empagi yo Buswavu) (648 words)


Empagi Y'obuswavu (Pillar of Shame) kye kimu ku bibumbe omusajja omu Danish omububumbi Jens Galschiot. Empagi Y'obuswavu buli emu eweza obuwanva bwa mitta 8 era ebimu kubibumbe bino byakolwa mukikomo,koppa,ne munkokoto. Ekibumbe kino kyalagwa eri ensi ku lukunngaana oluyitibwa FAO olwatuula mu Rome mu 1996.Okuva ku olwo Empagi z'obuswavu  eziwera 3 zaasimbibwa mu Hong Kong,Mexico,ne Brazil. N'eyokuna mu Berlin gye yali eyina okusimbibwa naye tesimbibwanga naguno gwaka.

Okusinzira Galschiot,Empagi Yobuswavu elaga obwezigoro bwebifananyi ku? ekigenda mumasso nokujukiza abantu kumpisa embi zebayisamu banabwe, nobutadayo kweyisa nga byakutale. Okwegotagota nokwewetaweta okulabikira kwabantu obulabikira ku Empagi Yobuswavu kabonero akalaga okutyobora,okuyisayisamu amasso, nobutawa kitibwa eri kinomu. langi enzirugavu eri kukibumbe kino kabonero akalaga okunyolwa nokungubaga,eri abatyobolwa.Kisobola okozesebwa kunjuyi zombi awali obukubagano neteba asonga munne lunwe nti ye mukyamu aba yemutufu.

Empagi Yobuswavu mu Haking Wong Podium ku setendekero Hong Kong,mu 2008. China ekibiina Hong Kong Alliancemukuwagilwa kwa kinakyo ekiyitibwa Patriotic Democratic Movementsmu China abalwanirila okutyobola eddembe lyobuntu basiga empagi Yobuswavu langi e yakakyungwa okuwagira pojekiti eyitibwa Langi Yakakyungwa The Color Orange( Langi ya Kakyungwa).Pillar of Shame Mu Hong Kong Empagi Yobuswavu eyasimbibwayo yoyakolwa munkokoto,era yasoka kusimbwa mu kibangirize ekiyitibwa Victoria Park mu 1997,okujukira abantu abatugumbulwa ngawayise emyaka 8 abatugumburilwa mu kibangirize Tiananmen Squarengabekalakasa mu 1989.Ekibumbe kiliko abantu 50 begosesegose nokwewetaweta nga kekabonero okulaga abo abafira mukuyiganyizibwa gavumenti.kubuturilo bwekibumbe kino kuliko ebikwata kubaffa nebifananyi byabwe ngabiworedwako era nga kuwandikidwako munimi nga olungereza, noluchina mubigambo bino The Tiananmen Massacre, June 4th 1989 and The old cannot kill the young forever.

Empagi Yobuswavu omulundi gwayo ogusoka yetorozebwa emisubawa ngajikumidwa Candlelight Vigilokujukira emyaka 8 okwekarakasa okumanyidwa nga Tiananmen Square protestsnga 3 Juni 1997.Mukiro kye nakku zomwazi 4 Juni 1997, abayizi basetendekero balwanira awanasimbwa ekibumbe kino.Oluvanyuma lwakavuvungano kano ne polisinabakulira setendekero eno olutalo balurinyako era kusaawa 9 ogwekiro nebasitura ekibumbe kino ekiweza kilo 2000(2tons)nekitekebwa kukituti kye kizimbe ekiyitibwa Haking Wong kusetendekero ya Hong Kong, Naye ebitundu byakyo ebimu tebyesobolwa kuyungibwako kuba ekituti kyali tekisobola kuwanirila buzito.Empagi Yobuswavu eno yasimbwa mukiffo kyekimu nga 16 juni 1997.

Mubiseera bino Empagi Yobuswavu yeyongera okulagwa mu sentendekero ezenjawuro:

Nga 31 Mayi 1998, kumukolo ogwokujukira Tiananmen Square protestsnga wayise emyaka 9, ekibumbe kino kyazibwa mu kibangirize ekitibwa Victoria ParkNate era emisubawa negikumwa butto. Ku makya ngemisubawa teginakumwa,omusajja Omuhongokong naye no nga musizi wabifananyi yayiira Empagi Yobuswavu peyiro zalangi emyufu bbiri, nga bwagamba nti omusayi gwa bantu ogwayibwa nage gwemusayi gwange.

Nga 24 ne 25 Sebutemba 1998,ekibiina kyabayizi basentendekero ya Hong Kong ekiyitibwa HKUSUkyakuba akalulu ku mutwe ogugamba nti oba Empagi Yobuswavu esimbwa ku sentendekero oyo oluberera. held a general . Era obululu bugenda okumala okubarwa nga abayizi 1,629 ku 2,190 bebawagira nti esimbwe luberera,era nate empagi Yobuswavu nesimbwa butto kukitutiHaking Wongnga 3 Desemba 1998. Nate era kumajukira agomulundi ogwe 10 agamanyidwa ngaTiananmen Massacreera yalagwa eri abantu ne misubawa negikumwa nate mukibangirize ekiyitibwaVictoria Parkmu 1999.  Without the University authorities' endorsement, the Pillar was moved back to the Haking Wong podium after the anniversary, Omukolo gwokusirikirila okujukira emyoyo gyabagenzi gwakolwa nga gukulemberwa ekibiina kyabayiziHKUSUnekinakyo The Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements mu China era gukolwa buli Mayi wabuli mwaka. 

Nga 30 Apuli 2008, Empagi Yobuswavutyasigwa langi eyakakyungwa ngakyekimu kumikolo gya purojekiti gyayatuuma The Color Orange( Langi ya Kakyungwa) okujukiza oba okusisimula abantu ba China okurwanirila eddembe lyo buntu elyabwe elyobwebange. Naye kwolwo omubumbi Galschiot yamibwa olusa okuyingira mu Hong Kong,naye ekibiina ekiyitibwa Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movementsmu China nekiwoma omutwe mukola omulimu guno nga yetaliwo ngadizibwa ewabwe kubutaaka e Denmark.

ebiffo mwe zasimbwa:

Empagi Yobuswavu yali yakusimbwa mu kibuuga Berlin,e Bugyelimani,kumukolo gwokujukira abatibwa mubiseera bya banazi,Holocaust victims|victims of the Nazi regimeNaye olwabizibu ebyagana nyindo okwegala omubumbi ono yasazamu purogekiti eno.

Emigogo gyengato egiwerela daala 16,000,nga buli gumu gukikirila omuntu eyatibwa mu 1995 mukitta bantu ekiyitibwa Srebrenica massacreera gyakunganyizibwa negitekwa kuwankaki wa Brandenburg mukibuugai Berlin, kusabitti Julayi 11, 2010. Engato zakunganyizibwa nga akabonero okulaga nti wade Empagi Yobuswavu teliwo naye tugyikirilizamu,zakunganyizibwa omugyelimani nakyawa Phillip Ruch's ngekijukizo eri Srebrenica.




#Article 8: My Inner Beast (155 words)


My Inner Beast(Omutima gwefubitizi) Kino kyekibumbe ekiweza obuzito bwa kilo 1000(ton)era kyakolwa munkokoto enzirugavu era Jens Galschiot.Omwaka 1993 mu november ebibumbe binno ebiwera 20 byasimbwa mu bibuuga ebiwereladala amakuumi abbiri 20 okwetorola bulaya nga taweredwa lusa okuva mubakulu.Musaawa 55 zokka omulimu guno gwali guwede era gwawomwamu omutwe banakyawa abawerela ddala kikuumi 100 era nga kino kyekyali ekirabo kya buli kibuuga ekyo mwebyasimbwa.

Ku mukolo wayise emyaka 10 Jens GalschiotYatesa na bakozibe banonyereze biki ebyatuuka ku bibumbe bino byonna 20 era bamanye biki ebibikwatako.

Kikuba ensisi kubiki ebyatuka kubibumbe binno (Omutima Gwefubitizi). Mubibuuga ebimu ebibumbe binno tebikubikako kyamulubale era awamu byayononebwa nebisanawo. Ebisattu ebyasimbwa e bufaransa byo byaburiladala. 

Mubibuuga ebilala nga Bonn mu Bugyelimani byakunganyizibwa ne bitekwa mukunganyizo lye ebifananyi era eyo abalambuzi gyebabisanga.Mukugyaganya kumukolo ogumanyidwa nga European Social Forum ogwaliwo nga 12–15 Novemba 2003 mu Paris Ebibumbe bino 2 byetaba mumwoleso era nga biwelekedwako nekilala kyetwayise (Okunyigirizibwa kwanagwano)Survival of the Fattest and 14 Hunger Boys.




#Article 9: Survival of the Fattest (okunyigiriza Kwa Nagwano) (255 words)


Survival of the Fattest (Okunyigiriza kwa Nagwano) ekibumbe kino kyakalenzi kanywalufu oba kayite akayala,nga kakongoze ekkazi linagwadda era ekibumbe kino nakyo kyakolwa Jens Galschiøt,ne Lars Calmar,mu 2002, nga kabonero akalaga obutenkaya mungabana yebikozesebwa munsi eno.

Mitta 3.5 obuwanvu bwekibumbe kino nga kyakolwa mukikomo mumwaka 2002 era kiraga ogukazi gunagwadda nga Guzungu ngagukongojebwa akalenzi akayala ennyo era nga ko kava munsi zabakadugala oba Abafirika.Gunagwano guno ngagukute minzani mumuno gwagwo ogwadyo akbonero akalaga obwenkanya,naye guzibiriza amasso okwefura nampurilazibi okutwarila amateeka mungalo nokweyagariza gwogwoka. 
Ekibumbe kino kisindika obubaka eri babinyonkondo munsi yonna,era nokwongera okujukiza banagwano mukuvabira kwebavabiramu ngate eliyo,abelya enkuta no kuffa munsi ezikyakula.Kubutalibwenkanya nkungabanya yebikozesebwa munsi,abazungu munsi zabwe bali bulungi nnyo,era banyigiriza nnyo abavu mubyensubuligana munsi.Ensi engagga zibinika omusolo kubye baguza abavu ate bo'bwebatuka okugula nebabagyerega nga babagula obussente butuno nnyo.

Mu 2009 ku (cop15) kyekyasilisidwa wali wagulu ekigwayo nti15th Climate Change Conferenceogwo gwali mwoleso ogwomulungi ogwekuumi netaano(COP15), Jens Galschiot yayolesa ekibumbe ekilala mumannya SevenMeters(Mitta Musanvu),naye nga Survival of the Fattest (Okunyigiriza kwa Nagwano)kyekyasinga okwata abantu omubabiro. 
Survival of the Fattest(Okunyigiriza Kwa Nagwano) kyatekwa kumwalo gwa Copenhagen,okurilana ekibumbe ekimanyidwa ennyo eDenmark ekiyitibwa next toThe Little Mermaid.Ekibumbe The Little Mermaidkyakolwa ngabasinsira ku lugero lwo mussajja omuwandisi we ngero omu Denmark ayitibwa Hans Christian Andersen. The Little Mermaidkyafuka kijukizo kyansi ya Denmark era nga kigambibwa nti buli mwaka kirabwa abalambuzi abawera akakade akalamba.
Okuteeka ekibumbe kino mumazzi , Galschiot yali mukakafu nti eno manduso okutwala obubaka bwe bweyayisa mukibumbe kye, eri ensi yonna.Ekikolwa kino kyasisimula abatesa era nebatandika okutunurila ebigendelerwa byensi zinagwadda mu lukiko lwe nkyukakyuka zobudde munsiClimate Change.




#Article 10: The hunger march(Olukumba lwo muyala) (417 words)


The Hunger March(Olukumba lwo Muyala) Nalino linnya kugamu kubibume ebyakolwa Jens Galschiot mu 2001.

The Hunger March(Olukumba Lwo Muyala)ekibumbe kino kijukizo eri ensi nti senga ebyetago, nobuyambi bwabo abonabona senga tebyanjurwa mulujudde, olunaku olumu abo abali obulungi balikera kumakya ababonabona nga bakonkona kunzigyi zaabwe ngabetaga okuyambibwa mubulungi abo mububi.

Okujukiza ensi ensonga eno ,Jens Galschiøt kyeyava abumba ebibumbe bino ebiwerela ddala 27 Ebyobulenzi bukadugala oba buyite Obufirika nga buyala,bukovu nnyo era ebibumbe binno yabibumba mu kyuuma ekyekikoomo. Obulenzi buno mubwenyi bwabwo bulabika nga bunakuwavu nnyo,ekikoomo omwakolwa ekibumbe bakyongera okukizigira nekiwera daal omulabi ekifanannyi kyenyini nti bunyikavu nnyo,naye wansi bubigere mwattu nga abbwambaza engatto ezitemagana ngabwolaba gano gebagamba agamukene,Engatto zino ezikolebwa kampuni emanyidwa ennyo munsi yonna,era nga emu kwezo ezikwata ekisooka mukozesa abaana abavu munsi egikyakula ngababusasula ensimbi mpawo bwaga.  

Okubumba ekibumbe kino yamala kulaba filimu eyitibwa The Marchnafuna ekiniga ku mwoyo,filimu eno yalagibwa omumyaka gye 80 omuli ekibinja kyabantu abayala basimbye lwakasotta ngaborekela enzigyi mu zabulaya.Abayala bali bewadeyo bagende baffire mumasso gabo abali obulungi banagwadda. 

Mu mayi wa 2001,mu kabuuga akayitibwa Odense,ekibuumbe ekyekikoomo akalenzi akayala ngakakoganya ngakambadde ezirabika ngatezikatuka bulungi naye nga zitemagana ngali gebagamba agamukene ezekikka kya nikeAbadanish benagwadda bakera kwota buliro ekibumbe ekyali kiwanikidwa kukituti ekyali kikoredwa mujinja lyomuwendo eliyoyotedwa obulungi ennyo mulangi enzirugavu era elyekikka kyagranite ngaliwandikidwako wansi ebigambo ebigamba ntiJUST DO IT era ngeno yengombo ya kampuni ekola engatto zinno. 
Jens Galschiot yawulirwa ngagamba kukibume kino nti njakworesa obunanfusi nobulabayi bwakampuni bwezoleseza mu burango bwazo ngazilimba ensi nti eddembe nomutindo kwebakoseseza abakozi babwe mulungi,naye babatulugunya mukimpukumpuku.

Mulukungana oluyitibwaASEM 4olwali e Copenhagen mu September 2002,ebibumbe 27 ebyobulenzi obuyala byasimbwa mu kibuuga mu Copenhagen okwakarakasa kunsonga obwenkanya mumbeera zabantu social justice. 
Ebibumbe 27 ngabyakozesebwa okulaga abantu abayala ngabelyanenkuta munsi ezikyakula ngababinikibwako ebizibu ensi ezo zinagwadda mukwelowoozako zokka nga zifuna amagoba amangyi nga tezibariride bankusere.Omukolo gwategekebwaCare-Denmark neSalvation Army.Oluvanyuma ebibiina bino byatonera ebibume binno engaatto eza Adidas, Nike and Reebok.

Mu summerbuno bwebudde bwomusana mubulaya mu 2002 ekibinja byebibume bino 27 ebyobulenzi obuyala ngabikoledwa mu kyuuma ekya copa byetolozebwa Denmark yonna okuwakanya gavumenti bweyali esaze kubuyambi bwewa ensi ezikyakula. 

Jens Galschiot yagulawo enkolagana  nolukiiko lwebibiina byobwanakyewa mu Aarhus. 
Ebukuumi nebikuumi byaba nakyewa betaba mu kuyambako okubumba ebibumbe binno mu bumbiro lyo mubumbi ono ebyali bigendwa okwolesebwa gwanga lino lyonna.Mu maki wa 2003 esinzizo eliyitibwa Dan Church Aidlyakozesa ekibumbe kino kumukolo gwokusolosa ssente zabaana abifiridwako bakadde babwe olwobulwadde bwa mukenenya.

The Hunger March(Olukumba Lwo Muyala),kirabikide kumikolo mingi  egyokwekarakasa egyenjewuro mu Denmark nga olwekarakasa olwekyukakyuka zobudde climate demonstrations.Mwattu ebibumbe binno bitekwa kubiggali ebiba bisindikibwa oba ebisikwa emotooka nebyetataba mukukumba.




#Article 11: In the name of God (Mulinnya lya Katonda) (288 words)


In the name of God (Mulinnya Lya Katonda) eno porojekiti eyatandikwawo Jens Galschiøt ngeno yakibumbu ekyo muwala omutto ngali lubuto, kino nga kyabumbwa kuwakanya ekelezia engeli gyekwatamu ensonga okwagalana nenkozesa yobupiira bugalimpitawa, amakerenda agaziyiza okuzaala. Era nga pulezidenti Bush naye ngayali agana abantu okozesa obupiira galimpitawa nga abagamba nti banywerere kuba nabwe naga tebafudeyo kubiki ebiyinza okudirila senga babagana.

Akawala kano akali olubuuto kyekimu ku bibume era ebyabumbwa Jens Galschiøt.Kino kyabumbwa mu kyuuma coppa ekibumbe kino kilaga omuwaala ngakomeredwa kumusalaba omunene ddala.

Nga 1 Desemba 2006, Ku lunaku lwokuza obulwadde bwa AIDs,ekibumbe kino ekya kawaala akali olubuuto nga kawanikidwa kumusalaba obuwanvu mitta 5 kyetebwa mumasso  nge kanisa ya copenhagen. Nge kikolwa ekilaga okuwakanya engeli ekelezia bweyasalawo kunsonga yokozesa obupiira galimpitawa era ngewadeyo abagoberezi bayo okukwegadanga nga tebakoze bupiira.Guno gwegwali omulundi ogusokeradal ekibumbe kino okozesebwa kumukolo omutongole.

Nga maki 2007 ekibumbethe In The Name of God (Mulinnya Lya Katonda) kyekyali ekisale ku kampeyini  ye kibiina kyabakyala bo mu Nicaraguan okulwanyisa ensonga yabakyala obutakirizibwa kugyamu mbutto ate nge zimu bazifuna tebeyagaride. Abakyala 37 abali embutto baffa oluvakyuma lwemyezi 3 nagabaganidwa okugyamu embutto mu 2007, newankubade nga nokuzala tekwesigwa nnyo abakyala baffa nebaleka bamulekwa 80.

Kampeyini yagulwawo 17 Mayi nolukungano lwa banamawulire mumasso kooti enkulu nekungudo za motoka.Ekibumbe kino kyatandika olugendo lwakyo okwetorola egwanga lyonna nga 20 mayi nga ekwaso yomulabi mu kampeyini eno.Olwokongeramu amannyi ,abakyala bakola obubumbe obutono obufananira ddala ngakino mubungi ngabwagabira bamemamba ba palamenti , ablamuzi na bakwatibwako abalala.

Mu 2007 ku lukungana World Social Forume Nairobi Jens Galschiøt yatwala ebibumbe 2 ebyobuwaala ngabukomeredwa kumusaraba,olwokwewala obukubagano obwandivude mukworesa obwerere bwomukyala mulujude ebibumbe binno byabolwa mu kikoomo nga byabazibwa engoye okubika kubukyala bwabyo.
Ku lukungana World Social Forum, “In the name of God (Mulinnya Lya Katonda)” yatondawo ensonga 3.




#Article 12: SevenMeters (Mitta Musanvu) (432 words)


SevenMeters(Mitta Musanvu)  ku gunno omulundi omubumbi ono Jens Galschiøt yakola ekitali kyabuligyo okworesa ebibumbe bye byonna omulindi gomu era yakikola ku lukungana olumanyidwa nga COP15olwariwo nga 7 Desemba 2009 mu kibuga Copenhagen.

Emyezi 9 nga olukunganaCOP15telunabawo,Jens Galschiøt, nabakozi be aba AIDOH (Art In Defense Of Humanism), batandika okubaganya ebirowooza engeli nabo bwenetaba mu lukungana lunno olwali lukwata kumbeera zobude munsi yonna olwai lugenda okuba mu Copenhagen.Mukaseera akatono ennyo olutimba oluyitibwa sevenMeter.net lwatondwawo.

Elinnya SevenMeters(Mitta Musanvu)lyatumibwa oluvanyuma okumanya nti enkyukakyuka zobudde mukubuguma omuzila gwonna gwe gwanga lya Greenland, Negusanuka amazzi munsi yonna gagya kulinya ebitundu musanvu.Mukulaga abantu ki? ekiyinza okubawo mukyukakyuka zobudde ,ekibinja kya sevenmeter(Mitta Musanvu)kyava bayunga obutala obuwerako obwagagavu bwa kilomitta 24 ngabulimubuwanvnvu mitt 7 mulunkungana lwaUN's climate summitmu Desemba 2009 mu kibuga Copehagen.Obutala buno bwatekwa ku Bella Center wenyini awali watesezebwa era nekitondawo embeera yobwetavu ennyo okwanguwa okusarila ensonga eno amagezi obunambiro nge kizimba tekinasamba dagala.

SevenMeters(Mitta Musanvu)bateka obutala bunno obwayaka mukibuga copehagen okutusa olukungana COP15 mu 2009.

SevenMeters(Mitta Musanvu)yawezako obwagagavu kilo mitta 24 obutala obumyansa nga obuwanvu okudawagulu mitta 7 mu lukungana UN's climate summit. 
Obatala bwali bulengegyera kubuyanja mumakati ga Copehagen okwetorola ekizimbe Bella Center awatesezebwa wenyiniCOP15.

Ku Bella Centerawyingirila metro,Obutala bwtolozebwa ekikondo kyenkokoto ngabwaka mpolampola mulangi emyufu.Butala bwali bukubira ddala bulungi mumpagi.era obutala buno ngabugaoberela okusilikirila kwensi.

Ku metrookuliranila ddala Bella Centerekibinja kye bibumbe ebyobulenzi obuyala The hunger march(Olukumba Lwo Muyala)byali bitekedwa mu mazzi wansi naye nganabyo biyungidwako obutala obumyansa ngabwaka mu langi emyufu.

Ku metro2,Wali olukungana lwa COP15welwari ekibumbe eyitibwa Messenger(Omubaka) ngakyabubwa mu kikoomo ngakiwerako obuwanvu mitta 4 gekibumbe kino kyamusajja nge mabegawe wateledwayo omuwendo gwabanonyi bobubudamu abatondebwawo okukyukakyuka kwembeera yensi.

Ku Amager Fælled (a common land),ekibumbe ekiweza obuwanvu bwa miita 6 kino kyekibumbe ekyefananyiriza ddala kiri ekiyitibwaStatue of Libertyekyo mwamerika era nomuka gwatekwako mukuwera ddala ekifananyi omulabi.Kyasimbwa kukasozi wakati mukitundu emikolo wegyali.ekibumbe kino omubumbi ono yeyakituma lyaFreedom to polluteera kiraga engeli ensi za bazungu bweziri ensale mukwonona obutonde bwensi nobutafayo.  

Mu kitundu ‘Amager Fælled’mumasso ge kiffo awatuula COP15  SevenMeters(Mitta Musanvu) wasimbibwawo ekibumbe obuwanvu mitta 10 nga kikoredwa mu coppa nga bwenyi bwamuntu ngakyambazibwa engoye zomukazi kadugala oba muyite omufirika.Ebibumbe nga bikubudwamu ebitaala ebyamanyi mulangi enjeru ngakekabonero akalaga obanonyibobubudamu abawereleda obukadde 200 abayinza okutondebwawo olwenkyukakyuka mbeera muns ioluvanyuma myaka 40. 

Mu masso ga palamenti watekwawo ebibumbe kuumi kubuwanvu okuva ku mitta 7 okutuuka 15.Binno byakolwa ngabikwata ku UN'sDecade for education omwaka 2005 okutuuka 2014 era byawomwamu omutwe ekibiina Eco-net.dk. 

Okurilana ekibumbe ekimanyidwa ngaThe Little Mermaid ku Langelinie,ekibumbe the Survival of the Fattest(okunyigiriza Kwa Nagwano),a kabonero ke nsi zinagwadda okweyagariza. Ekazi nga akalenzi okuva munsi zabakadugala kalikongoze ngalikute minzani mumuno gwalyo ogumu ngalyefura nti likora byakitalo nnyo gyekali.




#Article 13: Fundamentalism (Okwesukulumya) (299 words)


Fundamentalism(Okwesukulumya) kino ekibubme kyakijukizo era nga kyakikoomo omubumbi Jens Galschiot nga kyanyukuta ezikola ekigambo FUNDAMENTALISM . Buli nyukuta egyakolwa mu bitabo ekyediini, ngewaza obuwanvu mitta 2.5 ngazetorola okola enziga. kisubirwa okumalwa okolwa mumwaka 2013

Fundamentalism(Okwesukulumya) ewarako obuwanvu 2.5 mitta kikoledwa mu bitabo era nga bili kyuuma ekyekikoomo. Ebitabo binno bye bikola enyukuta e 14 ezikola ekigambo'FUNDAMENTALISM'munziga enetorovu eweza obugagavu bwa mitta 7. 

Ebitabo bigatidwa wamu buli kimu kukinakyookola buli nyukuta,ebitabo byawudwamu kurani , Bayibuli,ne Toran.
Buli kitabo kikoledwa nga kisinzira kukitabo kyenyini ngabwekifanana,ngakikoledwa ngalo mu wax.Ebitabo bino byankaniradala nga bili ebyedini bwebyenkana.Enyukuta 14 ezikola ekigambo kino ediini 3 buli emu egyakua nenyukuta 4 naye nganene. 

Ebweru wenziga enowaliwo wawandikidwa ko bunyukuta entono.Bubugambo bunno obutono waliwo enyiliri ezisimbubwa mu buli kitabo enyukuta enene mu kitabo mwenva.ebigambo bino bili munimi zenyini ebitabo bino mwebyawandikibwa ebilala bili mu lungereza.Buli bigambo bino ebilaga Ebikolwa ebyokusonyiwagana, Okusonyiwa,Ameteeka agakwata ku bakyala,Okufayo kubateyamba,Omwenkanonkano Amagezi,Okwagaliza, Enzikiriza, Esubbi, Nokuyamba nebinga ebyo.

Munda wanziga eno nga wawandikidwayo enyirili ezisimbudwa mu buli kitabo kino zebikolwa ebitali bilungi.Enyirili zinno embi ezilagira abantu nga bakyala okugondera Bababwe wedde babayisa nga ebyokunsiko,Okutugumbulwa senga togondera diini,Obutakiriza kwogera kubyaskwagadanga,Okusirika mulukungana wadde byebogera bikunyigiriza,nokubika kumitwe wade omusana mungyi.

Enkola yonna enyukuta bulinyukuta eteredwa ku lupapula,era enyirili zili ezisimbulidwa mubitabo ebitukuvu,zilagwa era abalabi bazisoma mu nimi zabwe era bazisoma nga tebamaze kwetorola kibumbe kino.
 
Kuliko omulyango gumu gwoka woyita munyukuta eya (T)wagulu wayo waliwo ekigambo ekigamba nti nsanyuse okulaba.era bwomala oyingira mu nziga eno ngolimunda bwoba oyagala kufuluma era woyingirila wofulumila tewali kabonero kakulaga kufuluma.

Ebipimo byekibumbe: siyizi: H 250 cm,enziga 8 mitta.

Okworesa ekibumbe kino kusubirwa okuba mu kunganyizo lye byoresebwa e Herning Museum of Contemporary Art spring bubiseera byakasana oba giyite summer mumwaka 2013.

Okusinzira ku Jens Galschiøt,ekibumbe kino kisomoza abantu bekubamu toki.

Jens Galschiøt era ayongera nagamba nti obubonero buno buyinza okutaputibwa mungeli ezenjawulo.




#Article 14: The Color Orange (Langi Ya Kakyungwa) (367 words)


The Color Orange(Langi Ya Kakyungwa) kino kyo kibiina ekyatandikibwawo Jens Galschiøt mu 2008,okwongera okulaga nti mu China batyobola eddembe lyobuntu,kumukolo gyemizannyo egiyitibwaOlympic Gamesmu kibuuga Beijing August 2008.

The Color Orange(Langi Ya Kakyungwa)yakozesebwa nga akabonero alaga okwekarakasa engeli eddembe lyo buntuhuman rights bwelityobolwamu mu China.  Ensonga enkulu yali yakuwa abetataba mumizannyo, Abagenyi, NabaChina Langi Ya Kakyungwa. Okusobola okusindika obubaka eri ensi nti wanno waliwo ekikyamu, Enkufira, Tayi, Obukalamu, Empapula, Ebiteteyi, Amasutti, Ensawo nebilala. EkibiinaThe Color Orange(Langi Ya Kakyungwa)kibakinyonyola kigamba nti bali byinza okubagana okozesa akabonero kekibiina kye ddembe lyo buntu nti naye okozesa Langi Ya Kakyungwa teri yali ayinza okubagana.

Ekibiina kyaThe Color Orange(Langi Ya Kakyungwa)kyasalawo okusiga Empagi Yobuswavu langi yakakyungwa Pillar of Shame(Empagi Yobuswavu) ngakano kafukira daala akabonero kokungubagira abantu abatirwa ekirindi ekyatumwa Tiananmen Massacre langi ya kakyungwa kati ekozesebwa akabonero akalwanirila eddembe lyo buntu mu China.

Omubumbi omu Denmark Jens Galschiot nabakozibe balinya enyonyi nebagenda mu Hong Kong kumukolo gwokusiiga Pillar of Shame(Empagi Yobuswavu) langi ya kakyungwa.Nga apuli 26 nge nyonyi yakatonya kukisaawe e Hong Kong namwa olusa okuyingira munsi eyo  era natikibwa kunyonyi endala nazibwa ewabobwe.

Ekibiina ekimanyidwa nga Chinese Democracy Movementkyasalawo okola omulimu gunno wadde ye omubumbi yali taliwo.Ekibume kyasiigwa langi ya kakyungwa kumulamwa gwokulwanirila eddembe lyo buntu mu China nokulaga okuwagira kwabwe eri ensi yonna nti bawagila nesekuwagira purojekiti yaThe Color Orange(Langi Ya kakyungwa)okozesebwa mumizannyo egimanyidwa nga Olympic Game 2008 okwongera amanyi mukurabula ensi nti mu China batyobola eddebe lyobuntu.Okusiiga ekibumbe kino kwakolwa abyizi basetendekero ya Hong Kong ne bamemba bekibiina ekimanyidwa nga The Democracy Movementekiyina ekitebbe kyakyo ekikulu mu Hong Kong. Mubaliwo kumukolo guno mwemwali ne sentebe wekibiina kyabasubuzi ekya Hong Kong Mwami Cheuk Yan Lee, omutontomi Szeto Wah,Looya wekibiina ekilwanirizi kyeddembe lyo buntu Mwami Albert Ho,nakyewa ate nga munakatemba Longhair,nababaka ba palamenti ya Hong Kong bangi.

Mubiseera emizannyo gya olympics wagyeli gigendera mu masso e China e Denmark,omukolo gwokwambaza ekibumbe olugoye mu langi ya kakyungwa gwakolwa nabo okwegata kubanabwe munsi yonna okulaga okuwagira.

Mumisinde gye, ebyafayo mu mitta 100 Usain Bolt yali ayambade akakoomo mu langi ya kakyungwa. Jens Galschiøt agamba nti tamanyi gyali ekigenderelwa kya Usain Bolt okwambala akakoomo.kumizannyo gya olympics 2008 The orange color(Langi Ya Kakyungwa)yafuka omulumyo eri ensi okugilaga nti waliwo ekikyamu mu China ku ddembe lyo buntu.




#Article 15: Gallery Galschiøt (359 words)


Gallery Galshiøt  Ekifo kino kya omubumbi we webibumbe ayitibwa Jens Galschiøt|Jens Galschiøt ekifo kino kisangibwa mu mambuka gekibuga ekiyibwa Odense era kyenkana obunene bwa 10,000 m2.
kigule kubuli mugenyi abaze okukyala nokulambula emirimu gye okuva essaawa 9-17pm munaku ezokola era kiba kigale kunaku zasabiti,okuyigira kwabwerele.ekifo kino kyabulwamu erinnya lyo mubumbi ono. 

The working Artwork workshop Wano oyinza okulaba nga Galschiøt nabakozibe nga babumba ebibumbe mubuli size,mukifo kino waliwo ebibumbe ebiwede ne bitanagwa kubumbwa ne bifananyi ebilala bingi.Era bwoba ofunye omukisa nosanga ngababumba oyinza bulungi okugoberela engeli ebibumbe bino gyebibumbwa okuva mu wax okutuka lwebigwa nga bibumbidwa mu kikoomo oba mu siliva. 
The exhibition hall/ the gallery Wano wafunira omukisa okulaba buli kibumbe Galschiøt kyeyali abumbye nebifananyi ebisige ebya basigi abenjawulo. Waliwo ekifo omusobola okutula abantu abawereladala nga 300 era wano batesezawo, wayinza okutekebwawo omukolo gwona kagube gwabayimbi.Walowo edduuka awatundibwa ebibumbe, ebyomubulago, ebyokumattu , obukoomo era ngabino byonna bikorebwa omubumbi ono. 
Bronze foundrybwoba ofunye omukisa oyinza okulaba ngabasanusa siliva oba ekikomo okuva mubipimo ebitono okutuka kilo nga 400 okubikolamu ebibumbe, ekifo kino kyekimu kubitono enyo mu Denmark awayigilizibwa abasanusi be bikomo.
The Sculpture ParkEkibangilize kino mwosanga ebibumbe ebine ebitasobola kugya munda mukizimbe era oyinza okugya notulamu nge bwolaba kubibumbe bino ekifo kino kisangibwa kundagirilo eno:Gallery Galschiøt Banevænget 22, 5270 Odense N, esiimu (+0045 6618 4058.) www.aidoh.dk. 

Galschiøt ebibumbe bye bisangibwa mu biffo bingi ebyenjawulo munsi yonna.Mubino mwemuli ebibumbe ebiwela ton 22 bya My Inner Beast ebili mubulaya wonna, Illegal Art, “Pillar of Shame” mu Hong Kong, Mexico and Brazil. “Hunger March” (2002), “In God's Name” (2006), “The Color Orange” (2008), “Fundamentalism” 2011/12.era ebibumbe ebilala oyinza okubisanga kumyoleso egyenjawulo. 

Mu 1960 ekizimbe kino  nga kolero lya motoka eryayitibwa nga Næsby car body factoryera kyamala emyaka mingi ddala nga yemu ku galagi ya motoka obunene ku kizinga Fyn.Mu mwaka 1990 ekibula nsimbi bweyagwawo mu bulaya galagi eno egalawo kuba tebayina sente era ekifo kino nekisigala nga kikalu oba kiyite kifulukwa okumala emyaka 5 ngatewali kikolebwawo. 
Mu 1994 Omubumbi webubumbe Jens Galschiøt nakigula era natandika okukikyusa nakikolamu ekifo yosobola okusanga Ebyobuwangwa,Ebifananyi, Ebyempuliziganya,Esomero Lyebifananyi ebisige nokubumba ebibumbe mu bikomo,Compuni ya TV, awalukibwa ebyemikono nge biselo ,Ekibangirize omutekwa ebibumbe ebinene ennyo omutuntu mwasobola okutula ngawumudeko.  




#Article 16: Mbazzi (404 words)


Kisangibwa mu kabondo k'embazzi,Ggombolola ye Muduuma,mu Ssazza ly'emawokota mu disitulikiti ye Mpigi. Okutuukayo, okwata oluguudo lwe Mityana olupya okuva e Kampala, n'okyamira e Kwata/Nkambo, olwo n'okwata ku kkono. Awo n'ogenda ppaka e Mbazzi. Waliwo kilomita 36 okuva e Kampala. Mbazzi erina abatuuze abasukka mu 1000. Abantu b'e Mbazzi balimi era balunzi. Balima kasooli, lumonde, muwogo, ebijanjaalo, enva endiirwa, ebitooke n'ebirala. Ate balunda ente, embizzi, enkoko n'ebirala.

Okutuukayo, okwata oluguudo lwe Mityana, n'oviiramu e Kwata, okumpi ne esiteti ya Jomayi eya Bujuuko Setelite City. Abalala bayitawo Nkambo oba ku siteegi ya Jamiiru. Olwo n'okwata ku mukono ogwa kkono bwoba ogenda Mityana. Oyingira munda awo katono, Mbazzi n'atandika. Ekyalo Mbazzi kinnene ddala kuba kiriko ebyalo ebirala  nga Senene, Kaasa, Kiryamenvu, Katuulo, Kiwale.

Nga Uganda kati eweza kumpi abantu miliyooni 42 Abantu bonna balina okulya n'okunywa. Eryo tteeka. Ensangi zino, ensimbi ziri mu bya bulimi-Okulima n'okulunda! Byonna bigendera wamu, olwo ne biyambagana. Ensolo zigimusa ennimiro, olwo ebimera ne byeyagala. Wabula okufuna mu bulunzi n'obulimi,oteekeddwa okubala ennyo buli ssente yonna gy'oteekamu. Obulimi olina okugifuula bizinensi ye nnyini. Omulimi w'omulembe guno asaana okubeera omukugu mu byakola. Obukugu buno bufunika oluvanyuma lwokuddingana  ebyo byokola mu butuufu bwabyo. Omulimi ateekeddwa okuba omumaliririvu. Okumanya tekukoma. Mu bulimi,olina okufunayo bye wesibako. Tosobola kukola buli kimu. Olina okufuna wossa essira. Byolima ne byolunda biteekwa okuba ku mutindo. Anti ebirungi, buli omu abiyaayanira.
Wateekwa okubaawo enkolagana ne balimi bano,olwo ne muwangana amagezi.
Ku mulembe guno, anagaggawala yoyo analima era n'alunda.

Ku mulembe guno ogwa Yintaneti, ensi yafuuka kyalo kimu. Omuntu asobolera ddala okukola ebintu bingi nga yeyambisa emikutu gya yintaneti egy'enjawulo ng'asinzira wonna waali mu nsi yonna. Mu kunoonya amagezi, ffenna twenkana anti tubeera bayizi. Na bwe kityo, oba oli mu kibuga oba mu kyalo, kasita obeera ku Yintaneti,osobola okugyeyambisa okukuguka mu ebyo byoyagala.
E Mbazzi, twagala tutandikeyo pulojekiti nga Bannakyalo nabo basobola okweyambisa Yintanenti okwekulakulanya  mu byobulimi, mu byobulamu ate ne mu byenfuna.
Bannambazzi bajja kusomesebwa okukozesa Kompyuta ate naddala mu nkulakulana yaabwe.Olwo bagenda kutandika okuwanyisiganya enkola  ezisinga okuba ennungi mu bintu ebyenjawulo. 
Waliwo ekizimbe ekyaweereddwayo okusobola okubeera ekungaaniro lya Bannambazzi. Kati ekyetaagisa kwe kufuna Kompyuta  wamu n'ebirala ebikozesebwa. Tusuubira okukozesa amasanyalaze g'enjuba. Tugenda kukola bino byonna nga tuyita mu kibiina kyaffe eky'Abalimi b'e Mbazzi.

Twagala tukozese olulimi oluganda kuba ffenna tulutegeera bulungi.
Abantu ab'enjawulo bajja kuwandiikanga ku nsonga ezo waggulu mu ngeri y'okuwanyisiganya ebirowoozo. Bino bigenda kusinga kwesigamizibwa ku nkola ezigezeseddwaako mu kyalo. Oli asobola n'okuwandiika ku ebyo bye yalabako oba bye yasomako.




#Article 17: Ennkulakulanna eya nnamaddala (795 words)


Ekiwandiiko ku nnkulakulanna eya nnamaddala. Ekiwandiiko kino kiyitiddwa “Ennkulakulanna eya nnamaddala” Kiwandiikiddwa Mukyala Joyce Nanjobe Kawooya

Omu ku batendeesi  b’e kibiina kya WWF(World Wide Fund for Nature) LVCEEP (Lake Victoria Environment Education Program) ekissomesa okukuuma obutonde bw’ensi mu bitundu ebisangibwa ku mugga Katonga oguyyiwa mu njanja Nalubaale.
Omukyala ono era y’ omu ku bakulira ekibiina ekiyitibwa ECO Partner Africa nga kisangibwa mu Masaka.
Y’omu ku bakulira Essomero ly’a Kaswa Parents’ School mu Masaka.
Y’akulira ekibiina ekiyibwa Concerned Women Farmers Organization (COWO Kaswa Zinda Centre)
Y’omu ku bakayungirizzi b’a RCE greater Masaka on ESD ( Regional Centre of Expertise on ESD) 
Y’omu ku batuula ku lukiiko olukulu olwa UCSD (Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development).

Mu 'kiwandiiko  kino tuggenda kutunulira nnyo ku nsibuko y’ Ennkulakulana eya nnamaddala. 
Bwettujukira ebyayitta, osobola okugamba nti endowooza eno ey’ennkulakulana eya nnamaddala eviira ddala ku ssematalo owokubbiri ngayakagwa. Kyazuulibwa nti amawanga gano agaali mu ntalo zino gakosebwa nnyo obwavvu n’enjala. Kino nno  kyaleetera abakungu b’A mawanga  amagatte mu nsi yonna,okutuuza nekiiko ezitali zimu ,okusala amagez ku ngeri ki obuzibu bunno gyebuyinza okuvunikibwa. Watandiikibwawo ebiwayi byensi yonna ebyenjawulo okutandiika okwekkenennya n’ikuzuula engeri gyebayinza okwanganga era nokuvunuka ebizibu bino. Ebimu ku biwayi bino, mwe mwali kyebayitta International Monetary Fund(IMF) nekirala kyebayita (World Bank Group)(WBG) byonna nga bigendereera okuyamba okwanganga obuzzibu bwo’bwavvu n’ebbula lye mmere mu nsi yonna.
Ate era mu Myakka gy’enkaaga waliwo  Alipoota ezenjawulo ezzava mu ntuula ezenjawulo mu nsi yonna ate zzino nga zogera ku ngeri obutonde bw’e nsi gy’e bwali bwolekedde okusaannawo nga kireetebwa engeri abantu gy’ebaali bakozzessamu obubi  obutonde bw’ensi nga bagenderera okwekulakulanya n’okulakulannya amawanga gabwe. Naye ate ng’ enkola eno bwegenda mu maso obutonde bwensi yonna bubba bwakugwawo, kubanga abantu ababukozesa beyongera bweyongezi ate nga bwo tebweyongerako.
Mu mwaka gwa 1972 ekibiina kya’mawanga amagatte  nate era  kyatuuzza olukiiko taba mirukka, olwatuula mu kibuga Stockholm okuteesa ku bizibu ebikosa obutonde bw’ensi mu nsi yonna. Era mubyavva mu kuteesa kuno mwe mwali okutandiikawo ekibiina ekiyitibwa” United Nations development Program (UNDP)”kino nno nga kyabyannkulakulana mu nsi yonna.

Ate mu mwaka gwa 1977 olukiiko olulala lwatuula mu Tiblisi. Era kyassalibwao enkulakula eyungibwengako n’byenjigiriza ku buttonde bensi, awo nno wakolebwaawo ebbaggo erilambulula enkola enno lyebaayiita Tblisi Declaration Ebbaggo lino likatiriza ebyenjigiriza ku buttonde bwensi nti bussomesebwengako  mu buli ssomo mu matendekero, buyigirizibwenga awatali kkomo mu bulamu bwomuntu,kino kino kireterenga omuntu okulowozanga ku buttonde bwensi bwanabanga y’ekulakulannya ate era kinamusobozesanga n’okugonjola ebizibu ebiggwa mu kowe eryo. Ebbaggo lino nno lijumbiddwa nnyo nga liyungibwa mu bye’njigiriza by’Amawanga gonna, ekyokulabirako wano mu Uganda watekebwawo ne kye bayita “The Uganda strategy to implementing education for sustainable development”nga mu kino nno kwe kuteeka mu nkola enjigiriza enno ate n’okuwa obuvunnanyizibwa buli abakwatibwako ebyenjigiriza ku buli mutendera , okuvira ddala mu massomero ate ne mu gavumenti era ne mu bi tongole by’enjigiriza.
Mu mwaka gwa 1987 Alipoota ezakazzibwako “Bruntland Commissions final report. Our Common Future. Zzakatirizza ennkulakulanna eyannamaddala mu nsi yonna. Era zannyonnyola amakulu g’e nnkulakulanna eyannamaddala nga nabuli kati bwe tukyagitegeera nti;

E nnkulakulanna eyannamaddala buvvunnannyizibwa bwa buli muntu mu nsi yonna nga mwemuli abakyala n’baami, abantu bonna mu nzikiriza nobuwangwa bwabwe okulaba nti  ate enkulakulana enno tekossa buttonde bwa nsi. Nti a te era nebwewabaawo ennkulakulanna mu byenfuna z’bantu, obutonde bwensi, embeera zabantu abagirimu, birowoozwbwengak o nnyo kisobozese n’abantu bennyini okutwala obuvvunnannyizibwa okulwanirira obutonde bwe’nsi nga bekulakulannya.
E nnkulakulanna  enno yayawulwamu emittindo esatu. Omutindo ogukwatta ku byennfunna, Omutindo ogukwatta ku’mbeera z’abantu,gamba eby’obulamu n’ebyenjigiriza ate n’ Omutindo ogukwatta ku buttonde  bw’ensi. Mu kinno nga baalaga nti tewali nnkulakulanna esobola kubaawo nga emitindo egyo esatu  egiragiddwa  tegitambulidde wamu Wano nno bwotunulira ebyogeddwako engeri gyebirambikiddwa,olaba nga byonna biggwa mu bya bufuzi.
Era nti singa kigobererwa  emitindo gino  ne gitambulira wamu wabeerawo okussa ekitibwa mu buttonde  bw’ensi, emigga, enyanja, nembalama zazo  nebyo byanna ebisangibwamu biba bikumibwa bulungi .  Wabeerawo enkulakulana mu by’enfuna byegwanga ate era wabeerawo enkulakulana ne mu bantu benyinni, nti ate era  wabeerawo n’obufuzi obwo bwenkannya.
Mu mwaka gwa 1992 nate era olukunganna ttabamiruka olw’Amawanga Amagatte lwatuula, luno lwamaannyika nnyo nga Earth Summit era lwatuula mu Rio de Janeiro. Lwafulumya ebbaggo elyatikirivu lyebaayitta Agenda 21 enno nga yenteekateeka  ye’nnkulakulanna eyannamaddala. Mwalimu ebintu bibiri ebyaali ebyenjawulo okuvva ku nkiiko zonna ezaali zibeerawo. Ekisooka olutuula lunno lwetabwamu Amawanga manji nnyo, ekyokubbiri nti enteekateeka eyateesebwaako etekebwe mu nkola nga etuuka ku buli mutendeera gwe by’obufuzi okuvvira ddala wansi okutuuka ku nsi yonna. Era mu bbaggo lino ekitundu kyalyo ekya 36 kiragga nti ebyenjigirizza nabyo bisimbibweko nnyo essiira.
Eby’Enjigiriza bikulu nnyo mu nnkulakulanna eyannamaddala ate ne mu kutumbula abantu okwanganga ebyekuusa ku buttonde bwe’nsi ne’ nnkulakulanna.  Wano ng’otwalidemu  ebyenjigiriza mu massomero ate n’ebyenjigiriza mu bantu okusobola okukyusa endowooza zabwe nti bebalina okwanganga ebintu byonna ebikwaatagana ne’ nnkulakulanna eyannamaddala. Nti ate era kikulu nnyo okusasannya ebyogerwa ku nnkulakulanna eyannamaddala, emigaso, endowooza, enkozea ne neyisa kisobozese abantu bonna okwetaba mu nnkulakulanna eyannamaddala nga basobola n’okugikubagannyako ebirowoozo.




#Article 18: Endowooza y'omuntu (115 words)


Mu bulamu bw'omuntu yenna, endowooza  ye kintu kikulu nnyo. Omuntu abeera ekyo kyali lwa ndowooza ye mu bwongo bwe. Ebirowoozo  bye bitambuza obulamu bwa buli muntu. Ekyo ekijjula mu muntu ne kimumaamira obwongo, kye kimusindika okweyisa nga bwe yeyisa. Omuntu yenna alina obuyinza ku ndowooza ye. Kikakata ku buli mutonde yenna okufuga ebyo ebiyingira mu mutwe gwe. Wabula singa tofaayo kufuga ebyo byotekako assira mu bulamu bwo, buli kasasiro yenna agenda kweyingirira mu mutwe gwo awatali amukuba ku mukono. Kino kiba kya bulabe nnyo. Anti olwo, oba tokyefuga  mu ndowooza yo. Embeera eno eba ya mutawana nnyo. 
Kiba kirungi singa buli muntu omulamu afuba okufuga ebirowoozo bye. Enkulakulana y'omuntu omulamu esinzira ku ndowooza ye ng'omuntu.




#Article 19: Enkoko (577 words)


Enkoko kimu ku binyonnyi ebirundibwa mu Buganda ne mu maka g’abantu abalala bangi nnyo olw’emigaso enkumu egizifumbekeddemu. Nazzikuno nga Omuganda alunda enkoko zino olw’emigaso gye zaarina enfaafa era nga gyekuusa nnyo ku buwangwa, wabula e nsangi gino abantu tebakyatambulira ku mulamwa guno nga bo bakulembeza kya kwenogera nsimbi.

Ebika by’enkoko

Mu Buganda era nga awantu awalala wonna enkoko zino gye zirundibwa era tulina enkoko za bika bibiri wabula nga wano ziweebwa amannya gaazo ag’ennono okusinziira ku kikula oba ku ntondwa yaazo.

Enkoko ensajja mu Luganda eyitibwa Mpanga oba Sseggwanga era nga n’enkazi eyitibwa Nseera. Wabula nga mu bika biro ebikulu ebibiri era mulimu ebika ebirala ebigwamu.

Ebika ebigwa mu biti bino ebibiri;

i)                   Ensesere

ii)                 Lujumba

iii)               Kakofu

iv)               Ey’olusingosingo n’ebika ebirala bingi

Ennunda y’enkoko

Nazzikuno nga omuganda enkoko ze zeetakulira. Mu mbeera eno nga omuganda enkoko ezita ne zisobola okutambula okusobola okwetakulira n’okufuna ebintu bye zisobola okulya okusobola okubeezaawo obulamu bwazo. Wabula nga enkyukakyuka gye zigenda zibangibwawo mu bitundu eb’enjawulo abantu kati enkoko ennansi zino nazo kati bazirundira mu biyumba olw’ensonga nti abamu bapangisa, abamu tebakyalina ttaka limala enkoko zino kwe zisobola okubeera nga bwe zeetakulira ekibaleetedde nabo okukyusa ennunda y’enkoko zino.

Enkoko enseera nga bwe twakirambise waggulu nti ze nkoko ze tuyita enkazi mu lulimi olwangu era nga zino mu buttoned ze zaaweebwa olukusa okubiika nga erimu ku makubo omuyinza okuyitibwa okwongera ku muwendo gw’azo. Enkoko enseera eridde obulungi esobola okubiika eggi buli lunaku era nga esobola okubiika wakati w’amagi amakumi asatu (30) n’amakumi ana (40) olwo n[elyoka etandika okumaamira nga bwe kiri mu buttoned bwazo.

Okumaamira n’okwalula

Enkoko emala ennaku abiri mu lumu ku magi (21) n’oluvannyuma n’eyalula. Wabula wano wayinza okubeerawo embeera ez’enjawulo eziyinza okwongezesaamu  ennaku nga ezitasukka nnaku ssatu okuva ku ziri abiri mu olumi eze ssalira. Kino kiyinza okuva ku bintu nga;

Singa enkoko etandika okumaamira wabula nga omulunzi bulijjo aggyawo amagi nga agatereka olw’embeera endala zonna z’ayinza okuba nga yatya okuzenganga olwo yo enkoko n’etandika okumaamira gano geelinawo olwo ye n’agenda okukitegeera nga gano gabadde galekeddwako ennaku ate n’agyongera amalala.

Enfunda ezisinga enkoko zino zimanyi okubiika mu kifo ekimu nga zisukka mu emu. Wano singa enkoko endala egatta eggi mu gano agamaamirwa olwo kiyinza okuleetawo okutaataagana nu nnaku entuufu ezirina olwalulirwamu amagi gano. Wamu n’ensonga endala nyingi.

Egimu ku migaso gy’enkoko

i)                   Enkoko kati okuzirunda mulimu oguviiramu ddala ensimbi era abantu bangi kati bagagga ffugge wabula nga ensimbi baziggye mu kulunda nkoko.

ii)                 Enkoko kimu ku bintu ebitwalibwa ku muko era nga wano enkoko ya Sseggwango omuko kawasa gy’awa omuko gy’aggya omukazi.

iii)               Enkoko zivaako ebyoya ebikozesebwa mu kutimba wamu n’okwongera okulabisa oulungi ebifo eby’enjawulo

iv)               Enkoko omuganda yazeeyambisanga okumanya obudde. Kino era kikyeyambisibwa bantu ab’enjawulo naddala abakuliridde mu myaka  mu misoso gy’ebyalo

v)                 Zituwa ennyama ewoomera abantu abasing omubinga wansi w’enjuba wano.

vi)               Ziriko engero wamu n’enjogera ezizituukirako wano mu Buganda ko n’ebintu ebirala ebituukira ku lulimi nga ebikocco. Okugeza;

vii)             Enkoko zivaamu kalimbwe ekimu ku bigimusa ebisingayo obulungi okukozesebwa abalimi nga bamuteeka mu nnimiro zaabwe.




#Article 20: Wikipedia (312 words)


Wikipedia gwe mukutu ogukwataganya ennimi ez’enjawulo ezekenenyezeddwa nga guwandiikibwako abantu ab’enjawulo mu nkola ey’obwannakyewa.  Wikipedia mutimbagano gwa magezi ku bintu byonna mu nsi.  Amagezi gano gaweebwayo ku bwereere okuva mu bantu abokozesa ennimi  287 ez’  enjawulo.
Bannakyewa okwetoolola ensi eno bakawandiika ku mitwe egy’enjawulo egiwerera ddala obukadde makumi asatu mu nnimi ez’enjawulo 287 be ddu, nga mwotwalidde n’ebiwandiiko ebiwera obukadde buna n’emitwalo ana nga bya lulimi Olungereza.  Omuntu yenna asobola okweyunga ku mutimbagano guno, ne yekenenya ebiwandiiko ebiriko, era asobola  okukola enkyukakyuka okusinzira ku bukugu bwe ku kiwandiiko ekyo.
Wikipedia gwe mukutu ogusinga okweyunirwa mu kunoonyereza ku magezi ag’enjawulo.  Mu mukutulansanja, 2014, olupapula “New Times” mu Bungereza lwakakasa nti Wikipedia ekwata kifo kya kutaano mu nsi yonna mu mitimb .agano gya yintanneti egikozesebwa.  Kino kyesigamizibwa mu miko gy’ebiwandiiko obuwumbi kkumi na munaana (18) egisomebwa abantu abasukka mu bukadde ebikumi bitaano (500) buli mwezi, okusinzira ku mukutu ogwa comScore. Mu mikutu egikulembedde Wikipedia, mulimu ogwa Yahoo, ogwa Facebook, Microsoft n’ogwa Google, era ng’ogusinga mu mikutu egyo gukyalirwa abantu akawumbi kamu n’obukadde bibiri buli mwezi.
Jimmy Wales ne Larry Sanger be batandika Wikipedia nga 18 Gatonnya 2001.  Ye Larry Sanger ye yayiya erinnya Wikipedia ng’alijja mu” kagambo “Wiki” akategeza “ekyangu” mu lulimi lw’e Hawaii n’ekigambo “pedia” ekitegeza “obugunjufu mu lulimi Olugereki.
Enkola ya Wikipedia eyawunkana ku mpandiika y’ebitabo eby’amagezi ebimanyiddwa ennyo ate n’olw’okuba nti bingi ebiwandiikibwamu tebikwatagana na byanjigiriza mu matendekero, kigireetedde okuganja ennyo mu by’amawulire.  Mu mwaka 2006, akatabo Time Magazine ak’e Bungereza kaalonda Wikipedia ng’omukutu oguleese enkulaakulana ey’omujjirano ku mitimbagano gya yintaneti nga gukozebwa obukadde n’obukadde bw’abantu okwetoolola ensi eno, nga kwegattidwako n’emikutu emirala emiganzi ennyo nga Youtube, Reddit, Myspace ne Facebook.  Wikipedia gufuuse omukutu oguyayanirwa ennyo mu by’amawulire naddala ago agakagwawo.

Wadde ng’enkola ya Wikipedia ewa omukisa buli muntu okuwandiika eby’amagezi era n’abiteeka ku mukutu guno, oluusi mubaamu ebiwandiikiddwa nga mulimu ebibulamu, nga tebituukiridde ate oluusi abantu bagweyambisa okwonoona ebiwandiiko eby’amagezi. 




#Article 21: Ekibalangulo (128 words)


Ekibalangulo (Mathematics)/ Ekibalo/Okubala (Math) kye kigambo ekivvuunula omulamwa gw'Olungereza : 

Mu bufunze ekibalangulo kifuuka kibalo(maths). Kokka era oyinza okukiyita okubala anti olulimi lugaggawala bigambo eby'enjawulo ebirina amakulu agaliraaniganye ennyo (synonyms). Gye bujja tujja kuwandiika enkuluze y'ebigambo by'Oluganda ebifaananya amakulu (thesaurus).

Omulamwa gw'ekibalangulo gutondeddwawo omunoonyerezi Charles Muwanga okuyita mu kakodyo k'enzimba y'emiramwa emiggya ak'okugaziya amakulu (semantic extension) g'ekigambo ekibalangulo ekitegeeza ekifo we baweesezanga  oba we bawagalira  ebyokulwanyisa omuli amafumu. 

Okiraba nti ekigambo ekikulu mu kunnyonnyola ensibuko y'omulamwa gw'ekibalangulo kiri kuwagala , naye kati kuno kuwagala kwa bwongo , si mafumu. Noolwekyo 'ekibalangulo nga essomo kisonjolwa nga essomo eriwagala obwongo nga lyogeza ennamba.

Singa oba oyagala okwogera ku mathematician mu Luganda ogamba omubalanguzi ate  ebigambo ebirala ebyetaagisa mu sessomo ly'ekibalangulo biri: 

Weetegereze bino:

Manya:  Okubala = to count

Weetegereze bino:




#Article 22: Vayiraasi (139 words)


Kano kawuka kali mu ttuluba ly’obwo obumanyiddwa ng’obusirikitu akavaako endwadde kyokka nga keeyubulira oba okwalulira munda wa butoffaali (cell) obulamu obw’ekitonde ekirala(kwe kugamba nti ku lwako kokka, akawuka kano tekasobola kweyalula, kye kakola okweyalula, keegatta ku butoffaali bulala obulina obusobozi okweyaluza bwokka. Mu mbeera eno, buli akatoffaali kali lwe keeyalula, nga n'akawuka kano aka viyiraasi keeyalula.)
Olw'ensonga eyo gye tulabye waggulu,viyiraasi zisobola okukosa ebitonde by’obulamu eby’enjawulo omuli ebisolo, ebimera n’obuwuka obulala obwa bakitiiriya ne archea.

Okuva 1892 omusajja Dmitri Ivanovsky bwe yawandiika ng’annyonnyola ku kawuka akaali kakosa ekirime kya taaba okutuuka mu 1898, Martinus Beijerinck we yazuulira akawuka ka vayiraasi akayitibwa  mosaic virus, ebika bya vayiraasi nga 5,000 bizze bivumbulwa ne binnyonnyolwa.
Obuwuka bwa vayiraasi busangibwa kumpi mu buli mbeera ebaamu obuluma ku nsi (ecosystem).

Essomo ku buwuka buno liyitibwa (virology) nga lino ttabi ku ssomo ku butonde (microbiology)




#Article 23: Siriimu (4894 words)


Buno bulwadde obuleetebwa akawuka ka vayiraasi akakosa obutoffaali mu mubiri gw’omuntu obukola ku kulwanyisa endwadde ne gusigala nga gunafuye. Olw’ensonga eno, kye kava kayitibwa HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus infection. Mu mbeera eno, Siriimu bulwadde obukosa enkola n’obuttoffaali bw’omubiri obulwanyisa endwadde. Omuntu nga yakakwatibwa akawuka kano, asobola okufunamu olubu lw’ endwadde ezeekuusa ku yegu oba ssenyiga.
Kino kisobola okuddirirwa ekiseera ekiwanvuko okuyitawo kyokka nga tewali kabonero konna muntu kaalaga. 
Obulwadde bwe bugenda bukulu mu mubiri, bw’ongera okutabangula entegeka y’omubiri ekola ku kulwanyisa endwadde ezigulumba ekireetera omuntu okuba ng’alumbibwalumbibwa endwadderwadde omuba n’ebizimba ebitatera kukwata muntu mulamu bulungi ng’obutoffaali bwe mu mubiri n’entegeka erwanyisa obulumbaganyi mu mubiri ekola bulungi.

Akawuka ka HIV okusinga kayita mu kikolwa ky’abantu eky’okwegatta ( kino kitwaliramu abeegatta mu ntegeera emanyiddwa ey’omukazi n’omusajja n’ey’ebisiyaga okugeza omusajja ne musajja munne), okufuna omusaayi mwe kaali, okuyita mu mpiso n’okuva ku maama ne kakwata omwana mu biseera omukazi w’abeerera olubuto, mu kuzaala aba mu kuyonsa. 
Amazzi g’omubiri gw’omuntu agamu nga amalusu n’amaziga tegasiiga HIV. Ekubbo erisooka okwekuuma akawuka ka Siriimu kuba kwekuuma mu kwettanira ebikolwa by’okwegatta mu mukwano n’okwengendereza enkozesa y’ebintu byonna ebifumita ng’empiso. Teri ddagala liwonya wadde erigema obulwadde buno, naye, waliwo enzijanjaba esobola okwettanirwa okukendeeza ku misinde akawuka gye kaddukirako mu kukosa omubiri gw’omuntu. 
Enzijanjaba eno esobola okuleetera ddala omuntu alina akawuka kano okubeerera ddala mu bulamu kumpi nga atakalina era n’awangaalira ddala. Newankubadde ezijanjaba y’eddagala eriweeweeza lino ku kawuka ekendeeza ku misinde akawuka kano gye keeyongerera mu musaayi gw’omuntu mu mubiri ne kitangira akalina okulumbibwalumbibwa ennyo endwadde, enzijanjaba eyinza okuba ey’obuwanana n’oluusi okutuusa obuzibu obulala kw’agyettanidde ennyo.

Abakola ku kunoonyereza ku Ndagabutonde, bagamba nti ensibuko ya siriimu/HIV ewanuuzibwa kuba mu mawanga ga Masekkati- n’Obugwanjuba ga Afrika ku nkomerero y’ekyasa ekye 19 oba entandikwa y’ekyasa ekya 20. Siriimu yasooka kwetegerezebwa kitongole kya Amerika ekikola ku kukugira n’okutangira ensaasaana y’endwadde ekya Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) mu 1981 ng’aleetebwa akawuka ka HIV. Okuva Siriimu lwe yavumbulwa, asse abantu abateeberezebwa okuba mu bukadde 36 (ng’otunuuliridde omwaka 2012). Mu mwaka gwe gumu guno we gwatuukira, 2012, kiwanuuzibwa nti abantu abakunukiriza mu bukadde 35 n’emitwalo 30 be baalina akawuka kano mu nsi yonna. Siriimu assibwa mu ttuluba ly’endwadde eziyitibwa ‘’Nnabe oba Nawokeera’’ oba endwadde ezisaasaanira ettunduttundu eddene ate ng’era zisigala zikyasaasaana.

Siriimu alina engeri nkumu gy’akosezaamu ensi, okusooka ng’endwadde n’ensibuko y’okusosolebwa. Obulwadde bulina n’engeri gye bukosezzaamu ebyenfuna naddala okujojobya abantu ababa mu myaka emikozi. Wabula obulwadde bufuuse mitwe egivuddeko okusika omuguwa mu nzikiriza z’amadiini. Mu ngeri y’emu, obulwadde bussiddwaako nnyo essira naddala mu kisaawe ky’ebikisawo n’ebyobufuzi era ng’emirimu egy’ekuusa ku kunoonyereza ku bulwadde buno gissiddwaamu n’okuvujirirwa omusimbi omusuffu okuva 1981 lwe bwazuulibwa okulaba obo basobola okubowonya oba si kyo okufuna vakisini ya siriimu.

Akawuka ka HIV kalina emitendera esatu mwe keeyebululira nga katuuse mu mubiri gw’omuntu okutuuka lwagwa ddala ku ndiri n’ayogerwako ng’alina Siriimu. Emitendera gino gye gino wammanga: acute infection, clinical latency ne AIDS.

Ekiseera ekiddirira ng’omuntu akwatiddwa akawuka ka HIV okuyita mu limu ku makubo ge twalabye waggulu ky’ekiyitibwa acute HIV. Mu kiseera kino abantu abasinga bateeganyizibwa ssenyiga n’endwadde ezimwefaanaanyiriza okumala ebbanga eriri wakati wa wiiki 2-4 kyokka nga waliwo abatabaako kintu kyonna kibabaako. Mu bantu ababa bakwatiddwa akawuka kano, ebitundu ebiri wakati wa 40 – 90 bafuna obubonero buno; omusujja, esanjabavu, omutwe ogubobba, okubutuka olususu ng’obutulututtu bulimu olusirasira, n’amabwa mu bulago n’olumu mu bitundu eby’ekyama.Abantu abamu mu kiseera kino batera n’okulumbibwalumbibwa endwadde enneegwanyize ezijja olw’okuba mu musaayi muba muyingiddemu akawuka akagwira akatali kaamu. Endwadde endala ezeekuusa ku lubuto ng’okusesema, okusinduukirirwa emmeeme n’okufuna ekiddukano.
Olumu omuntu ali mu kaseera kano asobola okufuna embeera y’okusannyalalasannyalala okutonotono oluusi mu bigere n’ebitundu ebirala embeera eyitibwa Guillain – Barre Syndrome Olw’okuba obubonero obwogeddwaako waggulu tebujja mu ngeri esengekeddwa, obumu olumu tebwetegerezebwa nti bwa kawuka ka HIV. Ne mu mbeera ezimu ezirabibwa abasawo oba eddwaaliro, ziteera okuwubisibwa endwadde endala nazo olumu eziraga obubonero obwefaananyirizaako. Olw’ensonga eno, kye kiva kisembebwa eri omulwadde yenna aba atawaanyizibwa omusujja ogutasobola kunnyonnyolwa bulungi okwekengerwa olw’akawuka ka HIV.

Obubonero obusooka buddirirwa omutendera guno. N’awatali bujjanjabi bwonna, omutendera guno ogw’omuntu eyakwatibwa akawuka ka HIV gusobola okumala ebbanga eriri wakati w’emyaka 3 n’okusukka 20 ( naye ng’okusinga kitera kuba myaka nga 8). Newankubadde ku ntandikwa y’omutendera guno omuntu ayinza obutaba na kabonero konna, bwe guba gufundikira, omuntu atandika okutaataganyizibwa omusujja, okukogga, endwadde ezeekusa ku lubuto n’okulumizibwa ebinywa. Wakati w’ebitundu 50 ne 70 abantu ku mutendera guno bafuna okuzimba kw’esanjabavu , okuba kutwaliramu okuzimba kw’esanjabavu ezisukka mw’emu (mu bitundu ebitali mbalakaso) okumala ebbanga eriri wakati w’emyezi 3 – 6.

Wadde abantu abasinga abalina ekika ky’akawuka HIV-1 basobola okuzuulibwa ng’awatali bujjanjabi katuusa omuntu oyo mu mbeera y’okweyubula n’alabikira ddala nti mulwadde wa siriimu, akatundu akatono ak’abantu abamu (ebitundu 5 ku 100) basigala ng’omuwendo gw’obutaffooli bw’omusaayi obulwanyisa obulumbaganyi mu gwo ( CD4 T cells) nga guli waggulu newankubadde baba tebali ku bujjanjabi bwa Antiretroviral okumala emyaka egisukka 5. Abantu abagwa mu ttuluba lino be bayitibwa ba HIV controllers oba long-term nonprogressors (LTNP). Ettuluba eddala lye ly’abantu , ababeera n’akawuka akatasobola kulabibwa oba akatono mu musaayi wadde baba tebali ku nzijanjaba ya ARVs. Bano bayitibwa elite controllers oba elite suppressors. Bano mu bantu ababa n’akawuka 300, musobola okubaamu 1 yekka.

Omuntu agambibwa nti wa Siriimu, akawuka HIV kaba katuusizza omubiri gwe okuba nga gunafuyisiddwa ddala . Mu mbeera eno, omuntu kati aba alina ekiyitibwa Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Eno esobola okunnyonnyolwa ng’embeera ng’obutoffaali obulwanyisa obulumbaganyi mu masaayi (CD4+ Tcells) nga zisse wansi we 200 oba okubalukawo kw’endwadde ezeekuusa ku kawuka ka HIV. Awatali bujjanjabi butuukiridde, kumpi ekitundu ky’abantu ababa n’akawuka ka HIV batuuka mu mbeera y’okuba ne Siriimu mu bbanga lya myaka 10.

Omuntu asobola n’okutaganyizibwa eddwande enneegwanyize (opportunistic infections) eziba zireetebwa obuwuka bwa bakitiriya, vayiraasi, fungi ne parasites nga zino ziba zirwanyisibwa baserikale b’omubiri. Endwadde ezikwata omuntu ebiseera ebisinga ziba zeekuusa ku mbeera gy’aba abeeramu. Endwadde zino zisobola okukosa ekitundu ky’omubiri.

Abantu abalina Siriimu ebiseera ebisinga baba basabola okufuna kookolo eyeekuusa ku viyiraasi, nga Kaposi’s Sarcoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, Primary Central nervous system lymphoma ne kookola wa nnabaana (cervical cancer).

Kookolo wa Kaposi’s Sarcoma y’asinga okwegiriisiza mu bantu ababa ne HIV era ng’ebitundu ebiri wakati we 10 na 20 ku 100 gwe baba naye.
Ekika ekyokubiri ekya kookolo ye lymphoma, ng’ono kigambibwa yatta kumpi ebitundu 16 ku 100 ku by’abantu ababa ne HIV so ng’era ke kamu ku bubonero obusooka mu bantu ebitundu ebiri wakati we 3 ne 4 ku bazuulibwa nti balina siriimu. 
Ebika bya kookolo bino ebibiri birina akakwate n’ekisipi (Human herpes virus). Kookolo wa nnabaana asinga kuba mu baba ne Siriimu olw’akakwate ne viyiraasi ya Human papillomavirus. Okwongereza kw’ebyo, abantu abalina Siriimu babeera n’obubonero bw’omusujja gw’oluteentezi, okutuuyanirira (naddala ekiro), esanjabavu ezizimba, okutiitima, obunafu n’okukogga. Ekiddukano nako kabonero akeeyolekera mu bitundu 90 ku 100 eby’abantu ababeera ne Siriimu.

Akawuka HIV kayita mu makubo amakulu asatu:

Tewali kakwate kukwatibwa kawuka kano singa omuntu  akwata mu bubi bw’omuntu alina akawuka kano, eminyira, amalusu, ebikolondolwa, amaziga, entuuyo, omusulo oba ebisesemye okujjako, ng’ebintu bino bibaddemu omusaayi.
Kisoboka omuntu okukwatibwa ebika bya HIV  eby’enjawulo ekimanyiddwa nga superinfection.

Ekkubo erisinga okuyitwamu okusiigibwa akawuka ka HIV, lya kwegatta mu kikolwa ky’omukwano n’omuntu aba akalina. Omuwendo gw’abasinga okufuna akawuka kano bayita mu kika ky’okwegatta ekimanyiddwa wakati w’omusajja n’omukazi (hetero sex). Wabula mu Amerika, nga tunuulidde omwaka 2009, okusaasaana kw’akawuka okuyita mu kwegatta kwali mu bantu abeenyigira mu bisiyaga era nga bano baali bakola ebitundu 64 ku 100 ku banntu bonna abaali bakwatibwa akawuka.
Bw’oba otutte okwegatta kw’abantu nga tebeekuumye, kiteeberezebwa nti obulabe okukwatibwa buli lwegatta wakati w’abantu guli waggulu ebitundu 4 ku buli 10 okusinga mu mawanga agaakula mu byenfuna.

Mu mawanga amaavu,  obulabe bw’okusaasanya akawuka okuva ku bakazi okudda mu basajja kiteeberezebwa kuba ebitundu 0.38% buli kikolwa ky’okwegatta lwe kibaawo bw’ogeraageranya  ku kusaasanyizibwa okuva ku basajja okudda mu bakazi okuli ebitundu 0.30%.

Obulabe bw’okusaasaanya akawuka kano mu bali b’ebisiyaga kuli waggulu nga kiteeberezebwa kuba wakati w’ebitundu 1.4% - 1.7% buli kikolwa buli lw’ekibaawo (ka kibe ku musajja ku musajja (homo sexual) oba musajja ku mukazi (heterosexual).
Newankubadde obulabe bw’okusaasaanya akawuka  okuyita mu bikolwa by’okwenywegera (omuli n’ebitundu eby’ekyama) (oral sex), guli  wansi, naye era akawuka kasobola okuyitamu okusaasaanyizibwa era nga waaliwo n’abalwadde abaali bazuuliddwa. Obulabe akawuka okusaasaanira mu kkubo lino bussibwa ku butundu wakati wa 0 -0.04%.
Mu mawanga amaavu, obulabe bw’okusaasaanya akawuka kano mu kukuba obwamalaaya okuva ku bakazi okudda mu basajja  guli ebitundu 2.4% buli kikolwa so nga okuva ku basajja okudda ku bakazi obulabe buli obutundu 0.05%
Obulabe bw’okukwatibwa akawuka ka HIV gweyongera mu mbeera ono ng’abadde n’endwadde z’ekikaba endala (Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)).
Amabwa mu bitundu by’ekyama (Genital ulcers) ng’ongera obulabe bw’okukwatibwa akawuka kano emirundi 5. Endwadde z’ekikaba endala nga enziku, kabootongo, chlamydia, trichomoniasis ne bacterial vaginosis nazo zisobola okwongera ku bulabe bw’okukwatibwa akawuka kano newankubadde  ku ssa entonotono.

Obungi bw’akawuka kano mu musaayi gw’omuntu (viral load) nakyo kikola kinene mu kusaasaanya akawuka kano mu bikolwa by’okwegatta  by’ekika kyonna n’okuva ku maama okudda ku mwana.
Mu bbanga ery’emyezi 2 n’ekitundu egisooka omuntu ng’akwatiddwa akawuka kano, obusobozi bwe okukasaasaanya  buba emirundi emirundi 12 olw’obungi bw’akawuka akaba mu musaayi gwe. Omuntu bw’aba ali mu biseera bye ebisembayo ng’akawuka kamuli mu musaayi, obusobozi bwe okukasaasaanya buba bukubisaamu kumpi ate emirundi munaana okusingawo.

Obulabe bw’okusaasaanya akawuka mu bakuba obwamalaaya bunene, okwegatta okuli okukuluusaanyizibwa nakwo kwongera ku bulabe bw’okusaasaanya akawuka.
Obuliisamaayi nabwo bw’ogera ku bulabe bw’okusaasaanya akawuka olw’ensonga nti mu mbeera eno kondomu ebiseera ebisinga tezirowoozebwako. So nga n’obulabe bw’okukwatibwa akawuka buba bw’amaanyi eri abakwatibwakwatibwa endwadde z’ekikaba olutetenzi.

Ekkubo ery’okubiri erisinga okuyitibwamu okusaasaanya akawuka ka HIV lya musaayi n’ebikozesebwa mu musaayi. Okusaasaanyizibwa okuyita mu musaayi kusobola kuba mu kugatta bikozesebwa ng’empiso, okufumitibwa ekintu ekisongovu wakati w’alina akawuka n’atalina, mu kugaba omusaayi  n’okukozesa ebintu ebifumita ebitali bifumbe bulungi.

Obulabe okukwatibwa akawuka mu kugatta ebintu ng’empiso mu kwekuba ebiragala buli ebitundu 0.63 ne 2.4% buli kikolwa lwe kibaawo,  ate obulabe oli okukwatibwa akawuka ng’afumitiddwa kintu kisongovu guli 0.3% (omuntu ng’omu mu 333) buli kikolwa lwe kibaawo, ate obulabe oli okukwatibwa akawuka  ng’amusaayi gwe gutabaganye n’alina akawuka mu butanwa ne biba ebitundu 0.09% (oba omuntu 1 mu bantu 1000) buli lwe kiba kibaddewo.

Mu Amerika abeekuba ebiragala mu 2009, baali bakola ebitundu 12% ku bantu bonna abaalina akawuka era ng’ebitundu kumpi 80 ku 100 mw’abo abakozesa ebiragala balina akawuka ka HIV.

Akawuka kasaasaanyizibwa  kumpi ebitundu 93 ku 100 mu musaayi  mwe kaba kabadde. Mu mawanga agaakulu, obulabe bw’okusiigibwa akawuka okuyita mu kussibwaako omusaayi guli wansi nnyo (wansi w’ekitundu kimu ku kitundu ky’akakadde) olw’okwekkeenneenya omusaayi okw’ekika ekya waggulu gye kikolebwa. Ekyokulabirako, e Bungereza, obulabe buloopebwa mu muntu omu bantu obukadde 5!

Mu mawanga amaavu, ekitundu kya musaayi ogugambibwa gwe guyinza okuba nga gw’ekebejebwa obulungi (2008 we yatuukira) era kiteeberezebwa nti ebitundu 15 ku 100 ku muwendo gw’abakwatibwa akawuka kano bakafunira mu kussibwako musaayi mwe kaba n’ebintu ebyekuusa ku musaayi, nga kino kitegeeza nti ebitundu ebiri wakati w’e 5 ne 10 mu nsi yonna ey’abalina akawuka kano bakafunira mu musaayi okugagibwa.

Abantu abettanira okusalwa enjola mu bigambo kigambibwa nabo bali mu bulabe bw’okukwatibwa akawuka kano newankubadde tewali mulwadde yali afunise kuyita mu kkubo lino ali ku likodi.
Ensiri n’ebiwuka ebirala kizibu okusaasaanya akawuka ka HIV.

Akawuka ka HIV kasobola okusaasaanyizibwa okuva ku maama okudda ku mwana mu kiseera ky’olubuto, mu kuzaala ne mu kuyonsa.
Lino ly'ekkubo ery'okusatu erisinga okusaasaaniramu akawuka mu nsi yonna. Awatali bujjanjabi, obulabe bw’okufuna akawuka ng’omukyala tannasumulukuka ne mu kusumulukuka guli ebitundu 20 ku 100 so nga mu kuyonsa obulabe buli ebitundu 35 ku 100. 2008 we yatuukira, ekkubo lino (vertical transmission) lyali livunaanyizibwa ku bitundu 90 ku 100 ku muwendo gw’abaana abaali abalina akawuka.
Okuyita mu nzijjanjab ey’omulembe, obulabe bwa maama okusiiga omwana bussiddwa nnyo okutuuka ku kitundu 1 ku 100.
Obujjanjabi obutangira mulimu; maama okukozesa ARVS ng’ali lubuto ne mu kuzaala, abakyala okuzaala nga balongooseddwa, maama okwewala okuyonsa n’okussa bbebi ku ddagala lya ARVs.
Ebimu ku bimenyeddwa waggulu ebyembi mu mawanga agamu agakyakula tebiriiyo. Singa omusaayi gw’etabika mu mmere mu kiseera ky’okugaaya, kisobola okuleetawo obulabe bw’okusaasaanya akawuka.

Akawuka HIV ke kavaako embeera etuusa omuntu okulwala Siriimu.  HIV kika kya viyiraasi mu butonde ekyekolako olukomera retrovirus nga mu nkula yaakyo kirumba ntegeka y’omubiri eguyamba okulwanyisa obulumbaganyi naddala obutoffaali bwa CD4+ T Cells, Macrophages ne ).
Kano ke kasinga okuba mu bantu era ke kavunaanyizibwa ku kufa kw’abantu abasinga mu nsi. 
HIV-2  kasinga kuba mu Bugwanjuba bwa Afrika.

Akawuka ka HIV nga kamaze okuyingira omubiri gw’omuntu, ekiseera ekiddirira kiba kya kweyubula  oba okweyalula  ku misinde emiyitirivu (viral replication) ekikaleetera okuba akangi mu musaayi gw’oku ngulu.
Mu biseera by’okukwatibwa akawuka kano ebisooka, obungi bw’akawuka kano butuuka mu bukadde n’obukadde mu buli (milliliter) y’omusaayi.
Kino kiddirirwa okusereba kw’obungi bw’obutoffaali bwa CD4+ T Cells. 
Akawuka okweyalula mu bungi okuva nga kaakayingira omubiri (viremia) kirina akakwate ku kukuzuukusibwa  kw’obutoffaali  bwa CD8+ T Cells, ezitta obutoffaali obuba bulumbiddwa akawuka ka HIV, okweyalula kw’obutoffaali obulumbiddwa HIV ne bukyusibwakyusibwa obutonde bwabwo n'enkula (seroconversion).

Okuzuukusibwa kw’obutoffaali bwa CD8+T Cell kirowoozebwa nti kukulu mu kukuuma omuwenda gw’akawuka (HIV) mu musaayi nga gulinnya n’okukka nga bunaabwo obwa CD4+ T Cell bwe  bugenda mu maaso n’okweyaluza.

Enneeyisa oba enziramu y’obutoffaali bwa CD8+T Cell mu kiseera ky’obulumbaganyi kirina akakwate ku kukendeeza emisinde akawuka ka HIV mwe keeyalulira mu musaayi newankubadde tekasaanyizibwawo (HIV).

Ku nkomerero, akawuka ka HIV kaleeta Siriimu bwe kamalawo obutoffaali bwa CD4+ T cell mu musaayi. Kino kinafuya entegeka y’omubiri erwanyisa obulumbaganyi era obutoffaali obwo we butali, omubiri tegusobola kulwanyisa bulumbaganyi bukolebwa ndwadde oba okutta obutoffaali obulala obuba bumaze okufuulibwa obw’obulabe olwa HIV okubwesogga.

Embeera obutoffaali bwa  CD4+ T Cell gye busaanyizibwawo, ekyuka  okusinziira ku mutendera  akawuka gye kabaamu mu mubiri (kwe kugamba; we kaba kaakaguyingirira ne we kabeerera nga kamazeemu ku kiseera (acute and chronic phases)).
Mu kiseera ekimanyiddwa nga (Acute phase),  okulwanagana okubaawo ku butoffaali obusenseddwa akawuka ka HIV okubutta okuba kuwadaawandibwako obutoffooli obukola ogw’okutta bunnaabwo obuba bufunye obuzibu ((cytotoxic T cells)) kuleetera obutoffaali bwa CD4+ T Cell okusereba newankubadde embeera ya  (apotosis) esobola okuvaako kino.
Mu kiseera ekimanyiddwa nga (chronic phase) embeera y’omubiri okuba nga buli kadde guli ku bwerende nga n’okutondawo T cells kutono, kivaako omuwendo gwa CD4+ T Cells okusereba.

Newankubadde  obubonero bwa Siriimu tebweraga okumala emyaka ng’omuntu amaze okukwatibwa akawuka ka HIV, omuwendo gwa CD4+ T Cells ogusinga gusaanyizibwawo mu wiiki ezisooka ng’akawuka kaakayingira mu mubiri gw’omuntu naddala mu lunyiranyira lw’ebyenda omusinga okuba obutoffaali obulwanyisa obulabe (lymphocytes).

Ensonga lwaki obutoffaali bwa CD4+ T Cell obw’olunyiranyira (Mucosal CD4+ T cells) bwe businga okwettanirwa akawuka kwe kuba nti bulaga ekiriisa  CCR5 akawuka ka HIV kye kakozesa ng’omukutu (co- receptor)  okwesogga  obutoffaali  so ng'akatundu katono nnyo aka CD4+ T Cells mu musaayi akasobola okubaako embeera y’ekiriisa ekyo.

Enkyukakyuka ezimu ku CCR5 naddala ekika kya  CCR5 - ^32 zisobola okutangira okulumbibwa kw’akawuka ka HIV (HIV -1 infection).

Akawuka ka HIV kanoonya ne kasaanyawo  CCR5 eziba ziraga embeera ya CD4+ T Cells mu kiseera kya (Acute infection).
Obwangu entegeka y’omubiri erwanyisa endwadde gy’eyanukulamu obulumbaganyi bw'akawuka nga kamaze okuyingira omubiri kukendeeza ku bukosefu obwandikoleddwa akawuka olwo ne kireetera omubiri okuyingira ekitundu ekimanyiddwa nga (clinically latent phase).

Obutoffaali bwa CD4+ T Cells mu lunyiranyira lw’ebyenda lusigalira ddala nga lwo lumeteddwa akawuka. 
Akawuka okusigala nga keeyubula kireetera entegeka y’omubiri erwanyisa obulumbaganyi okusigalira ddala ng’ekola butaweera ogwayo okuyitira ddala mu kiseera ekya chronic phase.

Omubiri okubeera ku bwerende olw’okuba entegeka erwanyisa obulumbaganyi eba ezuukusiddwa ekiriisa (protein) ekitonotono ekizuukusa obutoffaali (cytokines) kiva ku kawuka okwongera okutabangula omubiri nga kagenda keeyubula.

Embeera y’obwerende eno era yeekuusa ne ku ntegeka y’omubiri eketta embeera y’olunyiranyira mu byenda okuba ng’efudde (Break down of immune surveillance system of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier) nga kino kiba kivudde ku kusereba kwa CD4+ T cell ez’olunyirira mu kiseera kya (acute phase).

Akawuka ka HIV kazuulibwa mu kukeberebwa olwo ne kamanyibwa n’omutendera kwe kaba kalimu mu mubiri.
Abakakiiko akakola ku kutangira endwadde aka United States Preventive Services Task Force kasemba abantu bonna aba wakati w’emyaka 15 – 65 ng’abakyala ab’embuto bonna kya buwaze.
Okukeberebwa oba akawuka ka HIV keesozze omubiri gw’omuntu  ng’embeera ya seroconversion tennabaawo kikolebwa nga bapima  HIV – RNA oba  p24.   Ribonucleic acid (RNA) kika kya molekyu (molecule) ekikola emirimu egy’egyawulo  n’okuwa ebirairo ku nneeyisa y’obutoffaali z’endagabutonde (genes). 
Okukebera p24 kugenderera kuzuula oba ekika ky’ekiriisa kya protein eky’akawuka ka HIV ekimanyiddwa olumu nga CA, obutoffaali bwa  Monoclonol ezeekuusa ku kiriisa kya p24 byegatta  mu musaayi gw’omuntu. Buli kiriisa kya p24 mu musaayi kyebeembeka ku katoffaali ka monoclonal era obutoffaali bw’ekiriisa p24 bwe kyegatta ku butoffaali  monoclonal, kireetawo enkyukakyuka ya langi singa ekiriisa kiba nga kyabadd mu musaayi okukeberebwa.

Ebiva mu kukebera akawuka mu butoffaali bw’abaana abato wansi w’emyaka  18 ebiseera ebisinga ebivaamu biba bifu olw’ensonga nti baba bakyalina obutoffaali obuyamba ku mubiri obwa bamaama baabwe maternal antibodie.
Mu mbeera eno okusiigibwa akawuka ka siriimu kusobola kuzuulibwa nga bakozesa PCR okuzuula RNA oba endagabutonde {DNA oba okuyita mu kiriisa kya p24.. 
Ebitundu by’ensi bingi tebirina busobozi bwa nkebera ya PRC yeesigika era nga mu bifo bingi balinda okutuusa omwana ng’akuze ekimala okukeberwa obutoffaali .
Mu mawanga agali w’eddungu Sahara wakati wa 2007 – 2009 abantu abali wakati w’ebitundu 30 – 70 baali bamanyi nga bwe bayimiridde ku nsonga y’akawuka ka Sirriimu.
Mu 2009, abantu wakati wa 3.6 ne 42 ku 100 mu basajja bali bakebereddwa ekyoleka nti waaliwo okweyongera mu maaso bw’ogeraageranya n’emyaka egyasooka.

Enkola bbiri ez’ekisawo ze zeesigamizibwako okusengeka akawuka ka HIV n’endwadde ezeekuusa ku kawuka olw’okusobola okubwekenenya.
Enkola esooka y’ensengeka y’ekitongole ky’Amawanga Amagatte mu nsi ekivunaanyizibwa ku byobula   World Health Organisation WHO   n’ensengeka y’ekitongole ky’Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku kutangira endwadde ekya Center for Disease Control (CDC).

Ensengeka ya CDC’s esinga kwettanirwa mu mawanga agaakula. Engeri ensengeka y’ekitongole kya WHO gy’eteetaza nnyo bizuuliddwa kuva mu labalatore, esinga kwettanirwa mu mawanga agakyakula agalina ebikozesebwa ebitono.
Newankubadde ensengeka eyawukana,  enkola zombi ziyamba mu kukung’aanya bwiino ku ndwadd eno.

WHO ennyinnyola ya Siriimu yasooka kugiwa mu 1986. Okuva olwo, ensengeka ezze esuumusibwa n’okugaziyizibwa, era ng’ennyinnyola ekyasembyeyo yali mu 2007. Enkola ya WHO ekozesa emitendera gino mu nseneka yaayo.

Obutoffaali bwa CD4+ T Cell buba wansi 200.

Ate okusinziira ku nsengeka y’ekitongole kya CDC, emitendera gy’akawuka ka HIV gy’asemba okukyusibwa mu 2008. Enkola eno ensengeka emitendera akawuka ka siriimu gye kayisaamu omuntu nga batunuulira omuwendo gw’obutoffaali bwa CD4+ T Cell n’obubonera obweyoleka ku muntu.

Siteegi  1: CD4+ T Cell ziba zenkana 500 oba okusingawo era tewaba kabonero kooleka Siriimu.

Siteegi 2: Omuwendo gwa  CD4 nga guli wakati wa 200 – 500 era tewali bubonero bulaga Siriimu.

Siteegi 3: Omuwendo gwa CD4 gwenkana 200 oba okuba wansi wagwo.

Newankubadde omuwendo gwa CD4 gulinnya okuva ku 200, okujjanjaba embeera n’obubonero bwa Siriimu kulina okusigala.

Okukozesa obupiira kukendeeza ku bulabe bw’okusaasaanya akawuka ka HIV ebitundu 80 ku 100. Singa kondomu zikosebwa abafumbo, ng’omu ku bo alina akawuka, embeera y’akawuka okusaasaanyizibwa eri ekitundu 1 ku 100.
Waliwo obukakafu nti ne kondomu y’ekikyala nayo esobola okuwa obukuumi bwe bumu nga kondomu y’abasajja.
Omukazi okwesiga ebizigo ebirimu eddagala lya tenofovir  Reverse transcriptase inhibitor nga tanneegatta, kikeendeeza ku bulabe bw’okukwatibwa ebitundu 40 ku 100 mu bakyala mu Afrika.

Okwawukanako, okukozesa ekika ky’ebizigo  ebyesiigibwa mu bitundu by’ekyama ebya spermicide nonoxyno 1-9 bino bisobola okwongera obulabe bw’okukwatibwa akawuka kano olw’ensonga nti  bireetera abikozesezza okufuna okusiiyibwa mu mbugo n’okwetakulatakula.
Okukomola abasajja mu kitundu ky’Afrika eky’obukiikaddyo bw’eddungu Sahara kiyambye okukkakkanya ku bulabe bw’abasajja abeenyigira mu bikolwa by’okwegatta ebimanyiddwa (hetero sexual men) okukwatibwa akawuka ka HIV,  ebitundu ebiri wakati wa 38- 68 ku 100.
Okusinziira okukunoonyereza okukoleddwa, ekitongole kya WHO ne UNAIDS, byonna bisemba abasajja okukomolwa ng’ekkubo ly’okukeendeza okusaasaana kw’akawuka wakati wa basajja n’abakazi mu 2007.

Eky’okukomola oba kikendeeza ku kusaasaanya kw’akawuka mu basajja n’abakazi kikoontanibwako. Mu ngeri y’emu, n’omugaso gw’okukomola mu mawanga agaakula kuliko akabuuza oba kulina ne kye kuyinza okuyamba kutangira obulabe bw’okusaasaanya akawuka mu basiyazi.

Wabula abakungu abo, balina okutya nti entaputa embi ku nsonga y’okukomola eyinza  okuleetera abantu abamu okuwubisibwa ne beeyongera kwettanira bikolwa bisobola kubateeka mu bulabe bwa kukwatibwa kawuka.
Omuwendo gw’abavubuka bangi bongera okwenyigira mu bikolwa ebibateeka mu bulabe bw’okukwatibwa akawuka ka HIV. Tekimanyiddwa oba okujjanjaba endwadde z’ekikaba kiyamba mu kutangira akawuka ka HIV okusaasaana.

Abantu abalina akawuka ka HIV nga balina CD4 ezeenkana oba eziri waggulu wa 350 okumira eddagala eriweweeza ku kawuka ka HIV antiretrovirals bwe balikozesa nga tennanneegatta na baagalwa baabwe kikendeeza ku bulabe bw’okukwatibwa akawuka  ebitundu 96 ku 100.
Kino kikola ebitundu ebiri wakati wa 10 – 20 ku kukeendeeza ensaasaana kw’akawuka. Okubeera ku nzijanjaba  ya Pre – exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) ne doozi y’eddagala lya tenofovir  ne bwe kutabaako emtricitabine kiyamba okutangira ensaasaana y’akawuka mu basiyazi, abaagalana okuba omu ng’alina akawuka omulala nga talina, n’abavubuka abeettanira enkola y’okwegatta ennambulukufu (hetero sexual). Enzinjajaba eno esobola okuba ey’omugaso ne ku beekuba ebiragala kuba okunoonyereza kino kikulaze.
Okwettanira obuyonjo mu mbeera abantu ze babeeramu ekiteeberezebwa nti kikola kinene mu kussa ensaasaanya y’akawuka ka HIV. N’okwewala okugatta ebifumita ng’empiso nakyo  kikendeeza ku bulabe bw’okusaasaanya akawuka ka HIV.

Buno bwe bujjanjabi omuba okumira eddagala mu bbanga eriri wakati w’essaawa 48 – 72 ng’omuntu yaakamala okwesanga mu limu ku makubo agayitamu akawuka ng’ate teyeekankasa mbeera ya muntu okugeza gw’abadde yeegasse naye oba okwesanga nga yeesaze oba okwefumita omusaayi ne gwegatta ku gw’omulala mu butanwa.

Okukozesa eddagala lyokka erya Zidovudine kikeendeeza obulabe bw’okukwatibwa akawuka ka siriimu singa omuntu aba mu butanwa yeefumise empiso eyinza okubaamu akawuka ( abasawo abafumitibwa empiso mu butanwa nga bali ku mirimu enkola eno bagyettanira.)

Omwaka 2013 we gwatuukira, enzijanjaba entuufu ekkaanyiziddwaako okuyamba mu mbeera eno mu USA eba yakukozesa eddagala omuli: tenofovir, emtricitabine ne raltegravir nga lino likendeereza ddala obulabe bw’okukwatibwa akawuka.

Enzijanjaba ya PEP esembebwa eri abo ababa basobezeddwaako naddala mu mbeera ng’akoze ekikolwa  amanyiddwa nti alina akawuka ka HIV kyokka nga lya ngeri singa oli aba tamanyiddwa mbeera ye  ku kawuka oba akalina oba nedda.
Enzijanjaba ku ddagala lino emala wiiki 4 era ng’ereetawo embeera ezitali za bulijjo eri oyo aba alikozesa ekiseera ekyo.  Mu mbeera eddagala Zidovudine we likozesebwa ebitundu 70 ku 100 ku balyettanira bafuna kamunguluze, obukoowukowu, okulumwa omutwe n’ebirala.

Pulogulaamu z’okutangira maama okusiiga omwana we akawuka vertical transmission zikeendeeza ensaasaana y’akawuka ebitundu ebiri wakati wa 92- 99 ku 100.
Kino kikolebwa mu kwettanira  ezinjajaba y’eddagala ez’enjawulo omuba ekiseera  maama w’abeerera olubuto ne mu kuzaala. Oluvannyuma lw’okuzaala omwana ayinza n’okuyonsebwa ku ccupa.

Singa okuliikiriza omwana kuba kwe kusaliddwaawo okukolebwa, era nga kujja kusoboka okutuukirizibwa, maama alina okuva ku by’okuyonseza ddala bbebi we. (Lwaki? Emmere n’amata agatali g’amabeere gayinza okuleetera bbebi amabwa ku lulimi oba mu lubuto ate bw’addamu okuyonka wayinza okubaawo obulabe bw’okusiigibwa akawuka) 
Kyokka  bbebi bw’aba taliikiriziddwa, kisembebwa n’ayonkera ddala emyezi mukaaga. Singa bbebi ayonka emyezi 6 mu butuufu byagyo, n’okweyongera okwettanira enzinjajaba ya antiretroviral prophylaxis eri bbebi, kikendeeza obulabe gy’ali okusiigibwa akawuka.

Mu kiseera kino, kisoboka okugambibwa nti tewali  ddagala ligema siriimu oba vakisini ya siriimu.
Okugezesebwa kwa vakisini ya RV 144 ebyafulumizibwa mu 2009 byazuula nti kyali kisoboka okukendeeza ku bulabe bw’ensasaana y’akawuka ebitundu 30 ku 100. Kino kyayongera okuleetawo essuubi eri bannasaayansi abakola ku kunoonyereza kwa vakisini nti osanga bannaatuuka ku buwanguzi. Okugezesa okulala ku RV 144 kukyagenda mu maaso.

Okubeerawo n’akawuka kano kyetaagisa omuntu okukozesa ebika bya ARVs okukendeeza okusaasaanyizibwa kwako.
Waliwo ebika bya ARVs eby’enjawulo byonna nga bikola ku kiseera oba mutendera gwa njawula mu bulamu bw’akawuka ka HIV. (life cycle).
Enzijjanjaba eyettanira okukozesa eddagala ery’enjawulo eriruubirira  emitendera egy’enjawulo egy’akawuka ka HIV kwe kaba kye kimanyiddwa nga Highly Active Anti Retroviral  Therapy (HAART)
Obujjanjabi bwa HAART obuliwo bukola mu mulengo (cocktails) omuba waakiri eddagala lya mirundi ng’esatu ebigwa mu ttuluba lya bika (class/types) bya  ARVs.
Obujjanjabi bwa HAART bukendeeza ku bungi bw’akawuka mu musaayi, bukuuma omubiri n’obusobozi okulwanyisa obulumbaganyi bw’endwadde n’okutangira endwadde enneegwanize ezitera okutuusa abantu okufa.

Ebitongole bya Amerika eby’obulamu  American Institutes of Health n’ebirala bisemba okuwa obujjanjabi bwa ARVs eri buli mulwadde wa siriimu.
Olw’okuba waliwo obuzibu mu kulonda enzijjanjaba n’okugituukiriza mu bulambulukufu, obulabe bw’ebiyinza okuva mu butagondera mateeka okutangira ate okumerusaawo ekika ky’akawuka akagumira eddagala oba okulyebalama, ebitongole ebyo byagala nnyo n’abalwadde okwenyigira mu bujjanjabi buno era nga bissa ensira ku kwetegereza obulabe n’ebirungi eri omulwadde alina omuwendo gw’akawuka omutono mu mubiri.

Ensibuko y’abasawo okutandika okwettanira enzijjanjaba eyeesigamiziddwa ku HAART erina emirandira oba ensibuko kuva mu lukung’ana  olw’atuula wakati wa July 7 – 16, 1966 e Vancouver (Canada) olwayitibwa 11th International Conference on AIDS.
Mu lukung’aana luno, David Ho, okuva mu kitongole ekinoonyereza ku siriimu ekya Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center e  New York ne George Shaw owa University of Alabama  mu ttendekero ly’obusawo, baggyayo  bwiino ku mbeera y’akawuka ka HIV bwe baategeeza nti omuntu akwatiddwa akawuka ka HIV, olunaku keeyaluza emirindu obuwumbi 10, ekyali kitegeeza nti  eno yali ddwadde egwa mu ttuluba lya vayiro yifekisoni ekyali kitegeeza nti kaali kalian kufuna nzinjajaba ya antiviral.

Olukung’aana luno lwaddirirwa amawulire ku nsonga eno ag’omuddiringanwa okufulumizibwa mu katabo ‘The New England Journal of Medicine’ nga biwandiikibwa Hammer, Gulick ne bannaabwe abalala abakola ku mawulire g’okunoonyereza bwe baalaga omugaso ogwali mu kukozesa indinavi mu bujjanjabi bw’enkola ya HAART.
Enkola y’okwettanira  obujjanjabi obulimu ebika by’eddagala bisatu 3-drug therapy yettanirwa abali ku bujjanjabi bw’abakola ku balwadde abalina akawuka era ebyavaamu gwali omuwendo gw’abantu abaali batandise okufa olwa Siriimu okukka okukka okuva ku bitundu ebiri wakati we 60 - 80.

Waliwo ebika by’eddagala ebiwera kyokka byonna nga bikozesebwa mu mirengo okujjanjaba akawuka ka HIV.
Enkozesa y’eddagala lino mu mulengo okutwalira awamu ky’ekiyitibwa Anti- Retroviral Therapy
Eddagala lya Anti retroviral (ARV) okutwaliza awamu lisengekebwa okusinziira ku mutendera ggw’akawuka lye gutangira.
Omulengo ogusookerwako gubaamu ebiti by’eddagala 2 okuli; Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) + Protease Inhibitors (PI) oba ebika  2, Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inibhibitors (NRTIs) + Non – Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor NNRT).

Lino lyettanira kukalubya mbeera y’akawuka kano mwe keerippira ku butoffaali bw’omubiri gw’omuntu.  Maraviroc ne Enfuvirtide bye bika ebibiri ebikyakakasiddwa ku mulimu guno. Maraviroc eruubirira kiriisa kyanirizi  CCR5 ekisangibwa ku butoffaali obuyambi (human helper T Cells).

Wabula obwegendereza bulina okubaawo mu kweyambisa eddagala lino olw’obusobozi bwe liyinza okuleetawo mu nkyukakyuka y’enneeyisa y’obutoffaali bw’omubiri tropism eyinza okuvaako ate akawuka ka HIV okukyusa ne kettanira kiriisa kirala ekya CXCR4.

Mu mbeera entono, abantu abamu basobola okufuna enkukakyuka y’enneeyisa y’obutoffaali mu kiriisa CCR5 ekivaako embeera yaakyo enyanirizi okuba nga tekola, ekintu ekisobola okuleetawo obugubaasivu oba okukendeeza ku misinde ye nneeyubula y’akawuka.

Naye nga bwe kyalagiddwaako waggulu embeera eno esobola okwebalamwa akawuka ka HIV singa ate kagubira eddagala obwanga ne kabwolekeza ekiriisa CXCR4.

Okusobola okutangira akawuka ka HIV okwerippa ku lususu lw’akatoffaali (host membrane) eddagala Enfuvirtide likozesebwa.  

Enfuvirtide kika kya ddagala eririna enneeyisa ya peptide eririna okumiribwa ne likola nga likolagana ne N –terminal  heptad ez’ekiriisa gp41 olwo ne lisannyalaza obusimu bw’akawuka ne katasobola kukola lujegere ku butoffaali bw’omubiri ( form an inactive hetero six-helix bundle).

Lino ddagala eririna enneeyisa ya nucleoside ne nucleotide ezitangira ekiriisa ekiyamba akawuka ka HIV okukyusa entondeka yaako RNA n’efuuka DNA.

Kwekugamba eddagala ly’ekika kya NRTIs likutula lujegere akawuka ka HIV mwe kayita okusobola okufuna embeera mwe kasobola okutandikira okweyaluliza. Eddagala litangira nucleosides endala okugenda mu maaso nga zigattang’ana okukola olujegere lumu. Kino kisoboka olw’ensonga nti  mbeera nnyunzi eya 3’OH.

Ebika bino byombi bikola mu ngeri ya kuvuganya competitive substrate inhibitors. Mu bufunze kwe kugamba nti eddagala likola mu ngeri zombi,  okutangira akawuka okusikirizibwa okwerippa ku katoffaali  host cell n’akatoffaali  obutasikirizibwa kwegatta ku kawuka.

Ebyokulabirako bya NRTIs kuliko: deoxythymidine, zidovudine, stavudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, abacavir, lamivudine, emtictabine ne tenofovir.

Lino ddagala eriba n’obusobozi okuziiza ekyukakyuka y’akawuka( reverse transcriptase) nga lyekwata ku kitundu ky’ekiriisa ekiyamba ku kawuka nga keekyusa (binding to an allosteric site of the enzyme).

NNRTIs zikosa ekifo ekiriisa ky’akawuka ekikayamba okwegatta ku k’atoffaali k’omubiri (host cell) nga kaleetawo embeera y’obutabangufu (molecular arthritis).

Eddagala lya NNRTIs zisobola era okugwa mu matuluba abiri. Ettuluba erisooka (first generation) n’ettuluba ery’okubiri (second generation).

NNRTIs mu ttuluba erisooka ziruubirira ekifo kimu eky’eriisa ky’akawuka ka HIV era kyangu akawuka okufuna obugubu ne kalyebalama. Olw’okuba NNRTs mu ttuluba ery’okubiri nnyangu okukyusakyusa ebifo, lisobola okusoma enkyukakyuka y’akawuka ne likola ku mbeera mwe kaba keekyusizakyusiza.

Ebyokulabirako by’eddagala lino mulimu; nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz, ne rilpivirine.

Eddagala lino liziiza ekiriisa ekikolebwa akawuka ka HIV kikasobozese okwerippa ku katoffaali k’omubiri host cell.
Mu mbeera eno litangira endagabutonde y’akawuka ka HIV (RA) okwesogga endagabutonde ya katoffooli k’omubiri host cell kwe kaba keerippye (ka HIV).

Mu kiseera kino eddagala eritangira ekiriisa ky'akawuka okwerippa ku mubiri gw'akatoffaaki akawuka mwe kaba kaagala okwesogga(host cell) lingi liri mu kugezesebwa clinical trial era ng’eddagala raltegravir mu ttuluba lino lye lyasooka  okukakasibwa ekitongole kya FDA mu October 2007.

Eddagala eddala erimaze okuyita okugezesebwa lye, Elvitegravir.

Eddagala lino litangira akatoffaali k’omubiri host cell akamaze okwesoggebwa akawuka ka HIV ne kakansesera obuteeyalula. Mu mbeera eddagala litangira obuwuka obweyalula okuba obw’omutawaana nga liremesa embeera vayiraasi yonna mwe yeetondekera n’eba ey’obulabe ng’efuna ekiriisa. Kino kiba kityo nga liremesa embeera ya cleavage of gag and gag/pol precursor proteins.
Obuwuka bwonna obweyalula ng’eddagala lya Protease inhibitor liri mu mubiri buba bulemaziddwa nga tebukyali bwa bulabe.
Ebyokulabirako by’eddagala lino kuliko; lopinavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Amprenavir and Ritonavir.

Waliwo n’eddagala Maturation inhibitors eritangira vayiraasi ya HIV okuyita mu mitendera gy’obulamu bwayo okutuuka lw’ekula n’eba ya bulabe ng’efunye ekirungo ky’ekiriisa kya protein. Kyokka okugezesa n’okukola ebika by’eddagala lino bibiri Bevirimat ne Vivecon byayimirizibwa mu 2010.

Wabula nn’akawuka okugubira ebika ebimu eby’eddagala   weeguli nnyo. Mu mbeera eno ettuluba ly’ebika by’eddagala eritangira akawuka akagubira eddagala likoleddwa.

Bisimbuddwa mu wikipidea y'Olungereza

   Jump up ^ Sepkowitz KA (June 2001). AIDS—the first 20 years. N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (23): 1764–72. doi:10.1056/NEJM200106073442306. PMID 11396444.
   ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Markowitz, edited by William N. Rom ; associate editor, Steven B. (2007). Environmental and occupational medicine (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams  Wilkins. p. 745. ISBN 978-0-7817-6299-1.
   Jump up ^ HIV and Its Transmission. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2003. Archived from the original on February 4, 2005. Retrieved May 23, 2006.
   ^ Jump up to: a b Sharp, PM; Hahn, BH (September 2011). Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine 1 (1): a006841. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841. PMC 3234451. PMID 22229120.




#Article 24: Vakisini ya Siriimu (417 words)


VAKISINI y’akawuka HIV esobola okwogerwako nga vakisini esobola okukozesebwa n’egema oba okutangira abantu abatalina kawuka ako (HIV) okubakwata oba esobola okuleetawo embeera esobola okutaataganya embeera y’akawuka ako mu mubiri gw’omuntu ( therapeutic effect).
Mu kiseera kino, tewali ddagala ligema HIV, akawuka akaleeta siriimu kyokka pulojekiti nnyingi ezikola ku kunoonyereza ezigenda mu maaso. Waliwo obukakafu nti eddagala erigema lisobola okufunika.
Okunoonyereza okukoleddwa (monoclonal antibodies (MAb) kukikakasizza nti omubiri gw’omuntu gusobola okwetangira  akawuka ka HIV era abantu abamu basobolera ddala okubeera mu mbeera nga balina akawuka ako kyokka nga tebalaga bubonero bwonna okumala emyaka n’emyaka (asymptomatic).
Eddagala erizaamu abantu essuubi okusobola okulwanyisa akawuka kano nga kakafunibwa mu mubiri eribadde mu kugezesebwa okwenjawulo bitandise okuwulirwa era ng’ebisooka  ku mutendera gw’okugezesebwa ku bantu clinical trials bitandise okuwulirwa.
Vakisini y’akawuka ka HIV emu emulisizza ku ssuubi ly’okufuna essuubi yekkenneenyezebwa mu kunoonyereza RV 144 okwakolebwa mu Thailand nga kwatandika mu 2003 era ebyavaamu ebyaalimu essuubi ne bifunibwa mu 2009. 
Okugezesa kungi tekuli ky’amaanyi kyavuddemu omuli n’omusomo  STEP n’okugezesa HVTN 505.  

Obwetaavu bw’okufuna eddagala lino buva ku nsonga nti endwadde ezitta abantu nga zeekuusa ku kawuka ka HIV akaleeta embeera ya siriimu kukunukiriza mu bukadde 25 okuva 1981.
Mu 2002, siriimu yatuuka ku ssa ly’okuba nti ye yali endwadde eyali ekyasinze okuvaako abantu bangi okufa mu Afrika.
Eddagala eritali ligema erisobola okujjanjaba ku Siriimu lyo weeriri.
Enzijjanjaba y’ebika by’eddagala ery’enjawulo (Highly Active Antiretriviral Therapy (HAART))  likoze omulimu mulungi okuweweeza ku mbeera y’abalwadde okuva lwe lyateebwa ku katale. 
Obujjanjabi obwesigamiziddwa ku nkola eyo eya HAART, buyamba okukkakkaanya ku mbeera y’omulwadde n’obubonero kyokka nga tebuwonya bulwadde wadde obubonero bwa siriimu.
Ekikulu ennyo,  HAART  tetangira kusaasaanya kw’akawuka mu bantu ababa bakebereddwa ne bazuulwa nga ddala tebalina kawuka.
Olw’okuba mu mawanga agasinga abantu balemeddwa okwettanira enkola y’okuva ku bikolwa eby’okumala geegatta mu bikolwa eby’omukwano,  okuvumbula eddagala erigema abatannakwatibwa lye kkubo eririna okwettanirwa. 
Wabula wadde kiri kityo, oluvannyuma lw’emyaka egikunukiriza mwaka 20, akawuka ka HIV-1  kakyatakuza abakenkufu emitwe okuzuula eddagala erigema.

Mu 1984, oluvannyuma lw’abakugu okwekenneenya enkula y’akawuka akali  kavaako siriimu, bannasaayansi okuva mu US National Institutes of Health ne Pasteur Institute, minisita wa Amerika ow’ebyobulamu n’empereeza yaabyo, Margaret Heckler  yalangirira nti eddagala erigema lyali lyakufunika mu myaka ebiri.
Wabula okunoonyereza okwaddirira  okwakolebwa okwefaananyiriza okulala okw’eddagala erigema endwadde ezireetebwa obuwuka  bwa vayiraasi, kwalemererwa okwawula ekika ky’ekiriisa kya proteins ekyebuungulula akawuka ka  HIV-1.
Waliwo abagamba nti vakisini ya HIV eyinza obutasoboka bwe wataabeewo okugenda mu maaso ku kuteegera ku kawuka kano kusukkulumye.
Waliwo ensonga ezifudde omulimu gw’okuzuula eddagala erigema akawuka kano omuzibu okwawukanako ku kunoonyereza ku vakisini ezigema eddwande endala:




#Article 25: Seroconversion (420 words)


Eno y'enkyukakyuka ereetera embeera y'obutoffooli bw'omubiri okukyusibwakyusibwa mu mbeera olw'akawuka ka HIV okubwesogga.Embeera eno ereetera akatoffaali akeesogeddwa okutandika okufuna olubembe lw'ekiriisa eky'ekika kya protein(antibody)nga lusobola okwetegerezebwa mu musaayi (blood serum). Kino kiba kivudde ku katoffooli okulumbibwa embeera etaali ya bulijjo (infection) oba okugemesebwa (Immunisation).

Ng'omutendera gw'akatoffaali oba obutoffaali tegunnabaawo, akawuka mu musaayi kyokka ng'obutoffaali mwe kaakeesogga tebunnaba kutandika kufuna nkyukakyuka kusobola kutegeerebwa.
Oluvannyuma lw'obutoffaali okukyusibwakyusibwa, obutoffaali obusenseddwa akawuka butandika okweyoleka ate ng'olwo akawuka kennyini mu musaayi tekakyasobola kulabika.

Embeera z'akawuka - akatoffaali okukyukakyuka (antigen-antibody - immune complex)ezituusibwa ku mubiri zaanguyirwa okugyibwa mu mubiri, olwo obuwuka obweyoleka nti bw'amaanyi (dominant party) nga bulemeddwa okulwanyisibwa entegeka z'omubiri ezirwanyisa obulabe n'esigala ng'esobola okwetegerezebwa.

Ku kiseera kya seroconversion akawuka ka HIV n'obutoffaali obwetengeredde buba mu buwendo mutono mu musaayi.
Olw'embeera eno, okukebera omusaayi okukolebwa kuyinza okulaga ebifu. (false negative test for infection).

Enkola y'okukebera embeera y'obutoffaali mu mubiri yeekozesebwa okuzuula embeera y'obutoffaali obuba bulumbiddwa akawuka ka HIV ne kakyusa enkula n'obutonde bwabo ne bufuna olubembe lw'ekiriisa kya protein.

Lino linnya eriweebwa embeera y’okubaawo  oba obutabaawo kw’ekika ky’obutoffaali mu musaayi.

Nga seroconversion tennabaawo (oba akawuka ka HIV nga tekanneesogga katoffaali ka mubiri ne kakaleetera okukyusakyusa enkula yaako n’endabika, omusaayi guba sero negative ku butoffaali obulaga enkyukakyuka mu nkula yaabwo (mu bufunze, obutoffaali obukyukakyuka buba tebuliimu).
seroconversion bw’emala okubaawo, omusaayi bwe gukeberebwa guba gulaga sero positive, ekiba kitegeeza nti mulimu obutoffaali obukyukakyuka oba obutandise okukyusa enkula yaabwo.

Ekigambo seroconversion kikozesebwa mu kukebera omusaayi okulaba oba mulimu obutoffaali obutandise okukyusakyusa embeera yaabwo, olw’akawuka HIV.
Mu mbeera eno –Sero converted kikozesebwa okutegeeza embeera y’omuntu okufuuka HIV negative.
Seroreversion – kye kine kya seroconversion.
Kino kye kiseera omusaayi ogukebeddwa we gulagira nti tegukyalimu butoffaali bukyukakyuka oba obukyusibwakyusibwa mu musaayi gw’omulwadde.
 

Entegeka z’omubiri ezirwanyisa obulumbaganyi (immune system) zisigaza ebyama oba likodi (Immunological memory) ku bulumbaganyi bw’obuwuka bwe bulwanyisako okusobola okubutegeera amangu ne butegeka olutabaalo singa buba buzzeemu okulumba omubiri.
Kino kinnyonnyola lwaki endwadde ezisinga ezirumba abaana mu buto teziddamu kubalumbagana mu bukulu. (Bwe ziddamu, kiba okutwaliza awamu kitegeeza nti waliwo embeera y’entegeka z’omubiri ezirwanyisa obulabe okuba nga zinafuye oba ng’okugema kw’alemererwa).

Mu kiseera ky’okulumbibwa endwadde ekisooka (Primary infection) obutoffaali bwa (Immunoglobulin M(IgM)) buzaalibwa/butondebwa era omuwendo bwe gukka (ne guba nga tegukyasobola kwetegerezebwa) obutoffaali bwa (Immunoglobulin G(IgG)) gulinnya ne gusigala nga gusobola okwetegerezebwa.
Mu bulumbaganyi bw’endwadde omulundi ogw’okubiri, omuwendo gwa (IgM) tegulinnya naye ogwa (IgG) gulinnya.

Mu mbeera eno, okweyongera kwa IgM kulaga kulumbibwa oba bulumbaganyi bwa ndwadde mpya mu mubiri, so nga okubaamu kwa IgM kulaga okulumbibwa kw’endwadde enkadde (eyali erubye ku mubiri) oba okugemesebwa.

(Bikyusiddwa okuva mu Wikipedea y’Olungereza)




#Article 26: Michael Ezra (744 words)


Kilowoozebwa nti Michael Ezra y’omu ku b’Afirika abasinga bagagga. Ye nanyini SunSpace International, kampuni eyewandiisa mu nsi ya Seychelles, era yeyatandikawo Ezra Track Team Board, ekibiina ekigabira ab’emizannyo obuyambi n’okunoonya abalina talanta. Mugabi wabuyambi amanyiddwa okugabira ab’ebyemizannyo mu nsi ye.

Ng’azaalibwa Kampala, Uganda nga 20 July 1973, Michael Ezra yakiikirirako Uganda mukukunyuuka emisinde.
Yazaalibwa Beatrice Nantongo, Kaminsona wa polisi ya Uganda eya wummula. Y’owokubiri mu baana abataano ng’alina banyina babiri, Hope ne Beatrice, nebaganda be babiri, Patrick ne Martin. Yasomerako e Kitante Primary ne Makerere College School.
Okuva mu 2003 abadde akyankalanya abamawulire e Uganda, naddala agawandiika oluusi ebyoolugambo, nga bamuwaana era ngabwebamuvuma  mu bwekanya.
Ensibuko (n’omuwendo gwenyini) y’obugagga bwe kikyaali kyama kye. Ekyobugagga kyasigamu ensimbi yekampuniye SunSpace International. Kigambibwa nti mu Dubai (U.A.E) wokka asizeeyo ensimbi ezissukka mu kawumbi kamu n’ekitundu aka doola z’Amerika, nga nyinji kuzzo ziri mu kuzimba bizimbe.

Yasooka kulabwibwaako nga agaba obukadde 12 eri aba Uganda athelitics team nga bagenda mu IAAF World Cross Country Championships e Lausanne, Switzerland.

ETTB yateekawo enkambi z’abaddusi mu Uganda yonna ng’ekigendererwa kyakunoonya balina talanta.
Mu February Maichael ezra baamulemesa okugula eyali klabu ya Plemiya, Leeds United, ku bukadde bwa pawunda 60 nekiletera emigabo gya klabu eno okulinna 14%.

Mu March yayamba abakubi b’ebikonde, nasaasaanya doola z’Amerika nga 500,000 nga tiimu ya Uganda eyebikonde, The Bombers, eri mu munkambi emyezi mwenda ng’egezaako okwetaba mu 2004 Summer Olympics mu Athens.

Mu June y’etema okusalula Govumenti ya Uganda obukadde bwa doola 30 okugula ekisaawe kya Uganda National Stadium (Mandela National Stadium). N’okutuusa essaawa yaaleero Govumenti ya Uganda tennamuddamu mu butongole.

Mu Oktobba yagaziya ETTB nagyongerako eby’akapiira nasaasaanya obukadde 60 okuweereza tiimu y’eggwanga, The  Cranes, eyali ekwamidde lwa bbula lya ssente e Niamey, Niger kumupiira ogusunsula aba Africa Cup of Nations.

Mu Novemba yasasula doola ezissukka mu 250,000 okugula essaawa eyokumukono eya Mont Blanc. Eno essaawa gyebaweesa ng’eri emu yokka mu nsi yonna kyekyali ekivuganyizibwa kunyondo mu nyonyi ya Emirates nga bekulisa emyaka 100 egya kampuni Mont Blanc. Essaawa yamukwasibwa Ow’ekitiibwa Sheik Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum e Dubai.

Mu Desemba yalondebwa nga omusajja w’omwaaka abasomi ba NewVision, eggulire erisinga obunene mu Uganda, mu nkola yaabwe eyabuli mwaaka. Yasooka kukwatanga kyakubiri okumala emyaaka ena: okuva mu 2003 okutuuka mu 2005 ne mu 2007; ng’amuwangula yemukulembeze w’eggwanga, Yoweri Museveni.

Mu September yagabura aba Cranes doola 100,000. Kooki yagabana doola 15,000, ababiri abamuyambako bagabana 2,500 bulyomu nazzaako abazannyi 16 beyawa doola 5,000 bulyomu nga bakubye Niger 3-1 mu gw’okusunsula.

Mu Mayi yagenda okulamuza enyonyi A380 mu kampuni enFaransa ezimba enyonyi, Airbus, ngayagala kugyetambulizanga mu yekka.

Mu Julayi yawonera watoto bamufere obukadde bwa doola 5.93. Omufere yali muMerika akozesa yintaneti okubba abantu.

Mu Oktobba ng’alambula Nyayo stadium e Nairobi, Kenya yatemyako ku ba Daily Monitor nti ataddewo doola 650,000 singa aba Cranes beesogga 2012 African Cup of Nations e Equatorial Guinea ne Gabon. Nagattako nti ajja kwongerako doola 50,000 singa bawangula tiimu ya Kenya, Harambe Stars, mugw’okusunsula nga 9 Oktobba e Nairobi, Kenya. Doola 650,000 ng’azigabanye bwati: abazannyi 18 – doola 30,000 bulyomu, kooki – doola 60,000, abayambi ba kooki – doola 25,000 bulyomu, kooki wa kipa – doola 25,000.

Mu Oktobba yasuubiza, ng’omugabwi gwetumanyi, okuwa ba Cranes ekitundu (kimukyakubiri) kya ssente doola 650,000 newankubadde tebayitamu kugenda mu Africa Cup of Nations.

Mu Agusto 2010, nga yaakadda mu gwanga lye, abamawulire bawandiika nti yali tasasudde musolo oguweza obuwumbi bw’eza Uganda 1.1 (nga doola 500,000) eri Gavumenti ya Uganda. Kino kyawaliriza ekitongole ky’emisolo, Uganda Revenue Authority (URA), okusaba ateekebweko natti y’okutambula n’ebyobugagga bwe. Mukiseera kyekimu kyagambimwa nti Michael Ezra kooti y’ebyensimbi yamulagira asasule ebbanja lya bukadde 430 (nga $195,000), ng’ogasseko amagoba, eri National Bank of Commerce (Uganda).

Mu Sebutemba 2010, yayita olukungaana lw’amawulire ku wooteli ey’etendo eya Emin Pasha e Kampala nabalaga obukadde bwa doola 3 ng’alinga alaga nti tannaggwaamu nga bwekimuwandikibwako mu mawulire.

Mu Febwali 2011, Michael Ezra yakwatibwa police y’e Kenya. Kyagambibwa nti Ezra yali aziimudde ekiragiro kya kooti okujja yewozeeko kubigambibwa nti yawandiika ceeke ya doola 200,000, eyamera ebiwaawatiro, ng’agiwaandiikidde kampuni emu ennaKenya. Ezra, ng’ayitira mu ba puliida be, yegaana emisango gino. Puliida we yawoza nti kano kaali kasango katono era ng’asobola okuteebwa kukakalu ka kooti. Yayongera okugamba nti Ezra musuubuzi omututumufu era ng’alina n’ebyobugagga bingi mu Kenya nayongerako nti Ezra tebaamukwata wabula yeyetwalayo mu boobuyinza era n’olwekyo tekisuubirwa nti ayinza okudduka. Omulamuzi yamuta kukakalu ka kooti ka bukadde 6 ez’e Kenya ($78,000). Ba puliida ba Ezra bayongerako nti waliyo omusuubuzi omunnaKenya eyali amusibako amatu g’embuzi ng’asuubira okumujjamu ssente zatakoleredde.
Mu Julayi 2013, kooti yamwejjereeza emisango gya ceeke ezaabuuka.




#Article 27: Ekigimusa ekya mazzi (113 words)


EKIGIMUSA EKY’AMAZZI (TEALIQUID MANURE)
EkIgimusa Kino eky’amazzi kiwa ekirime, emmere, ekisobozesa okukola mu kiseera kyakyo kyekikuliramu.
Engeri y’okukolamu ekigimusa kino:
Bino wansi by’ebintu ebyetaagisa okukola:-

Ekigimusa kino eky’amazzi ky’ekikola nga (Rapid grow)  wabula kyo tokissa ku  bukoola, wabula okukifukirira ku bbali (wansi) w’ek irime (okwetolola). Omulundi gumu mu  buli nnaku musanvu okumala  ennaku 14 – 21 ng’obungi  bwoteeka ku birime nga emboga, bbiringanya, entula, ennyanya byandibadde gulamu 250 mu’nnaku musanvu ezisooka oba  gulamu 500 mu ‘nnaku kumi nannya ezisembayo.
N’omilimi atalina ppipa asobola okokozesa ekidomola oba ekintu ekirala kyonna omusobola okutabulirwa. Eky’okwekkanya: (a) buli lw’okunnganya eby’okuukozessa ekigimusa  kino (kilo 1) oba olina okussaamu kilo 5 oba 4 ez’ebigimusa ne zzissibwamu amazzi litres 20.




#Article 28: Okwekulakulanya (339 words)


OKWEKULAAKULANYA.
Leero nkuleetedde engeri gy’oyinza okufuna ssente mu kulunda enkoko enganda. Enkoko zino nnyangu kuba osobola okutandika n’enkoko bbiri ne zizaala n’oweza ekiyumba kya nkoko 100.
Ekirungi kye nkoko zino tezirwalalwala ate zirya buli kintu ne zikula bulungi. Ekirala zirina akatale ate zigulibwa ku ssente nnyingi ko bwogeraageranya n’enzungu.
Mw. Erias Kasumba nga mulunzi wa nkoko era nga ye nnannyini T.K Chicken Breeders mu zooni ya Nakiyanja e Nabbingo essira yalissa ku kulunda nkoko ng’anda era annyonnyola bwati engeri gyazilabirira n’azifunamu;
Abalunzi abamu balowooza nti okulunda enkoko enganda temuli magoba, wabula nze ebbanga
lye maze nga nzirunda nkizudde zisinga enzungu okukola ssente. Njaluza amagi n’ennunda okuva mu buluda sikozesa nkola ya nkoko kwalula kuba neetaaga nnyingi.
MU BULUDA
Obukoko obwolunaku olumu mbussa mu buluda. Kino kiba kisenge nga kirina okubaamu ebbugumu eriwera kuba tebuba na maama ababikka.
Wansi njalirirawo ebipapula by’ebookisi kubyo oteekeko empumpu erandiddwa ku mbaawo.
Ekyo nga kiwedde, olina okuteekamu essigiri oba ensuwa omuli omuliro ng’eno eyamba okuwa obukoko ebbugumu.
Kuno ngattako ettaala kuba ekiro erina okusula ng’eyaka okutuusa nga buwezezza wiiki ssatu. Nteeka mu ebifo ebyenjawulo mwe buliira ne bwe bunyera amazzi.

Mu buluda bumalamu wiiki nnya, naye era jjukira ku lunaku olusooka nga wakabuleeta okubugema Marek. Mu wiiki esooka mbugeme Newcastle, wiiki eyookubiri n’embugema ggombolo, eyokusatu tuddamu okugema Newcastle/IB olwo wiiki esembayo mu buluda ne tugema ggombolo 2.
Nga buvudde mu buludda Ku wiiki eyokutaano, ddamu obugeme Marek busobole okukula nga bw’amaanyi. Era kyusizzaawo emmere okuva ku Starter okudda ku Grower’s Mash.
Ku wiiki eyomukaaga tubugeme typhoid. Ku myezi ebiri tuzigema kawaali kano kayiso bakakuba
mukiwawaatiro olwo oba omaze okugema okutuusa bwonozitunda. Wabula bw’ozuula nti zirimu obulwadde ziwe eddagala okutereera.
ENFUNA Y’ENKOKO
Ku myezi ena nyongeramu ku birungo okugeza mukene n’ensigo za ppamba biyamba enkoko empanga okuzitowa. Ku myezi etaano ojja kuba otunda.
Wabula enkoko ku myezi etaano eba ekumazzeeko ekinene ennyo 10,000/-, singa oba walunda enkoko zo 300 empanga katugeze. Oba ojja kuba nga okozesezza obukadde busatu, buli nkoko ogenda kugitunda 20,000/-, kiba kitegeeza nti ofuna obukadde mukaaga olwo amagoba ne gabanga genkana ne




#Article 29: Ebigimusa okuvamu nnakavundiira (346 words)


EBIGIMUSA OKUVA MU KASASIRO {COMPOSIT MANURE]
Wetutuukidde okufulumya bino, nga ffena tukimanyi nti ebiigimusa ebizungu bigula buwanana omulimi owa bulijjo nga tasobola kubisasulira.
N’olw’ekyo ky’ekiseera okuyamba omulimi ono okuvuunuka obuzibu buno, nga tugezaako okumuyIigiriza okwekolera ebigimusa ebibye okuva mu bisaaniiko byasobola okufuna okuva mu fumbiro lye, mu nnimiro ye n’ebikoola by’emiti ebimwetoolodde, olw’okumusobozesa okulongoosa ettaka lye.
WANSI Y’ENGERI ENNYANGU OMULIMI GY’AYINZA OKUKOLAMU EBIGIMUSA NG’EKINNYA {COMPOSIT PIT] 
Okutegeka ekinnya ekyy’okukoleramu ebigimusa bino:-
Londa ekifo, ekisikirize , gamba wansi w’omuti, mu bitooke oba okuzimbako ekisikirize kibe kumpi n’ennimiro mw’ogenda okubissa.
Ekipimo –kibeere kya futi 4 ne nnyingo 11 obugazi, obuwanvu futi zoba oyagadde okusinziira ku bikozesebwa by’olina, okukka wansi –ekinnya sima 30cm okutuuka ku futi 4.
Bw’omala okusima ng’ebiseera bya musana kifukiriremu amazzi kibe kiweweevu.
EBYETAAGISA O KUKOLAMU EBIGIMUSA 
Bw’oba n’ebinogeddwako kasooli oba omuwemba
Omuddo omukalu, n’ebikoola by’emiti ebikalu
Ebintu ebibisi oba ebisaaniiko okuva mu ffumbiro
Obusa bw’ensolo gamba ente, embuzi, embizi, obumyu, kalimbwe w’enkoko bwoba osobodde okumufuna
Ettaka erya wagulu, bw’oba osobola okufuna erya wansi w’omuti oba mu nnimiro
Evvu n’amazzi.

Omwaliiro ogusooka gwandibadde gw’ebyo ebinogeddwako kasooli, ebivuddemu entungo, omuddo omukalu oba ebikoola ebikalu nga bitemeddwatemeddwa mu butundutundu obutono ddala.
Bw’oba nga wasobodde okufuna ebinogeddwako kasooli. nga  by’ososezza wansi, zzako omuddo n’ebikoola  ebikalu, obugulumivu bwa 10 cm bikkako obutaka butono nnyo ofukirireko otuzzi.
Omwaliiro oguddako ogwokusatu, gube gwa bikoola oba bintu bibisi obugulumivu bwa 10 cm -15 cm nga nabyo bitemeddwatemeddwa mu butundutundu.
N’ebisembayo bw’oba olina obusa bw’ensolo oba kalimbwe w’enkoko gwozzako n’olyoka obikako ettaka kungulu lyojje wansi w’omutti oba mu nnimiro.
EBY’OKWEKKANYA: Ebikozesebwa byonna bisaanye bibe mu butundutundu obutonotono’olw’okubisobozesa okuvunda amangu
Osobola okudinngana , okukunganya nga bwe kiragiddwa waggulu okutuuka lw’ofuna obungi bw’ebyo ebyetaagisa.
Ffuna omuti ogusimbe mu bintu bino by’okunnganyizza, okukola ng’ekipima ebbuugumu {Themometer], ennaku bwe ziwera 4 sikamu omuti okulaba oba bitandise okuvunda. Ate bwoddamu okubikebera n’osanga ng’omuti guwoze kiba kitegeeza nti bituuse okukyusa.
Ebigimusa bino bikyusibwa buli nnaku 4 okumala enfunda 3 – olwo biba biweza ennaku 12 olwo n’okweyambisa biba bituuse era obijja mu kinnya kino  n’obisa mu kinnya ekirala n’olinda biwole nga wayiseewo esande emu  otadiika okuusa ku birime.
Ref WWF/lvceep 




#Article 30: ENTOBAZI (462 words)


ENTOBAZI {WETLANDS} N’ ETEEKA ERYAKOLEBWA OKUSOBOLA OKUKUUMA N’OKULABIRIRA ENTOBAZI ERYA LUKUMI MU KYENDA MU ETAANO -1995 MU {UGANDA}
 { NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WETLAND RESOUCRES IN UGANDA} 

Eteeka lino lyabagibwa minisitule evunanyizjbwa ku’butonde bwensi.

Entobazi tuzingiramu ebidibba, emigga, ebiibira, enyanja,era nga bino byamugaso nnyo. Abantu abasinga  beyunye nnyo entobazi olw’emigaso emingi zebiyina era nga abantu abamu  bakozesa entobazi zino kubanga basobola okujjamu ebintu ebisoobola okuzimba, ebintu ebisoobola okukozesebwa mu kuluka nga enjulu eziruka ebibbo, ensansa eziruka  emikeeka, ebitoogo ebiruka ebiwempe, n’ebintu ebirala bingi ebiyinza okukolebwa mu bintu ebisangibwa mu’ntobazi. 
Ebiibira nabyo emirundi egisinga tuyinza okubitwalira mu’ntobazi kubanga emigga egisinga n’enzizzi bitandiikira mu biibira. Ebiibira bino biyina emigaso mingi okugeeza tujjamu emmere, biyamba okuyonja empeewo, bituteerekera ebisolo byaffe, tujjamu ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ‘makolero g’ebibajje. Ate mu m’igga namwo tusangamu ebyenyanja n’ebisolo ebirala ebisangibwa mu mazzi.
Mu 1986, abakkugu balambiika nti  embeera y’emigga n’ebiibira  yali ekosebbwa nnyo   era nga emirimu  tegigenda bulungi, era n’obutonde bw’ensi bwaali tebufiibwako nakamu. Mu kiseera ekyo wabagibwawo amateeka agakugira abantu obutayoonona butonde bw’nsi mu 1995, gamba nga okuzimba mu ‘ntobazi n’okulima mu’ntobazi.
Amateeka  gano gabagibwa okusoboola okukendeeza okwongera okwonoona obutonde era gagenderela okuteekawo enkola obutonde bw’esi gye bwaali bulina okukuumibwa okusoobola okuyamba abantu  abensangi ezo, abensangi zino okuzikozesa mu nnkulakulana ate era ne mubiseera eby’omumaa nabo okuzisanga n’ekibasobozesa okuzikozesa obulungi {Sustainable Development}
Amateeka gano gagendererwa kwongera ku migaso gy’obutonde nga mwotwalidde n’entobazi.
Emigaso gy’entobazi
Emigaso gino giyinza okwawulibwamu mu bitti bibbiri:
Ejateekebwawo obutonde {ecological}
N’Abantu gy’ebafunnyemu omugaso {social – economical}
Entobazi ziyamba amazzi okubeera awamu era kiyamba ebimera okufunna amazzi.
Entobazi ziyamba ettaka obutakulukuta naddala nga waliwo emiti. Emiti gino giyamba okukwata ettaka eryalikulukuse.
Entobazi zikuuma ebimera n’ebisolo ebisangibwamu mu mbeera ennungi.
Mu ntobazi tufunamu ebitoogo eby’eyambisibwa mu kuluka ebintu by’emikono nga okuluka emikeeka, ebibbo, tufuna enjulu era n’emiti egiyinza okukozesebwa mu kuzimba.
Mu ntobazi tufunamu ebyenyanja ebituyamba okutuzamu amanyi.
Ebisolo ebisinga bitwalibwa ku ntobazi nebisobola okufuna eky’okuzza eri omumwa naddala mu budde obw’ekkyeeya.
Entobazi zituwa amazzi agatuyambako mu makolero , mu birime era n’ebisolo.
Abalambuzi bajja nnyo okulaba entobazi  zino era nebasasula ssente okusoboola okuzilaba, kino kiyamba nnyo eggwanga okulakkulanna.
Newankubadde entobazi zirina emigaso mingi, naye ate era n’ebizibu ebisangibwamu biyitirivu.
Abantu abasinga tebamanyi mugaso gwa ntobazi era bazonoona nga bazijjawo n’ebazimbamu amayumba n’okulima emmere, ekiretedde entobazi azisinga okusanawo, kino kitureteddwa ensonga y’obwaavu n’obufunda bw’ettaka.
Ebigendererwa bya Gavumenti ku’mateeka agafuga obutonde bw’ensi.
Gavumenti ya {Uganda} eteeka bino mu kukola:
Okunyweezza amateeka agaakolebwa okusobola okukuuma obutonde era n’okukozesa obutonde okusoboola okuberawo kati ne jebulijja.
Okubonerezza abantu abasangibwa nga bonoona obutonde okusobola okumalawo abazi be misango.
Okukuuma emigaso gy’entobazi.
Okukuuma obulamu bw’ebintu ebisangibwa mu ntobazi nga ensolo n’ebimera.
Gavumenti ekiriza emirimu egitasanyawo butonde bw’ansi, gamba okufuna amazzi aganywebwa, okuvuuba mu nvuba ennungi n’okulunda.
Era ekubirizza abantu n’ebitonole ebya nnakyewa okwongera okwogera ennyo n’okusasannya ku migaso gy’entobazi.




#Article 31: Okukola obulimiro obutono (275 words)


OKUKOLA OBULIMIRO OBUTONOTONO [NURSERY BED]
Kirungi  okusimba ensigo nga  enkuba yakatandika okutonya. Waliwo ebika by’emiti egikula amangu nga{ leucauna] ne kalitunsi ebiyinza okumala emyezi 3 okuba nga gituuse okusimbuliza. Waliwo ebika by’emiti nga{ grevaria ], {eriamaikaria], ne { acacias] egiyinza okutwalira ddala emyezi 4– 6  okusimbuliza.  Nolwekyo olina okutandiika okukola kubya{ nursery bed]okusobola okutegeka ensigo gyonosimba ngo’zijja k  miti egyo egisinga okuba egyomugaso. 
ATE WALIWO[ NURSERY BEDS] ngazo za nva gamba nga enyannya, emboga nebirala. Zozino zo zikula mangu okusinga ezo ezembala singa oyiwa[ nursery bed ] nga ensigo omaazze galonderela era nekyonofunamu bwekijja okuba, wabula endokwa bwoba nga wakoze  [nursery bed ]  wonozijja okuzisimba tekyetagisa nnyo kuzitteka mubuveera, osimbuliza busimbuliza n’otwala mu nimiro. Katugambe oyina okuba ne ka[ nursery bed ] ko nga kenkana futi 2 ku futi 3, oyinza okukasimba ku nsonda y’enimiro yo.
ENTEGEKA ya [ nursery bed ] 
Tegeka nga [ nursery bed ]  essala akaserengeto. Wonokola akarimiro watekwa okuba nga wakabale bulungi.  Terezawo bulungi wenkanenkane, tema emiteteme ozizike akarimiro okuziyiza mukoka okutwala ensigo n’ettaka. Wekakase nga ‘karimiro tekasuka futi3 obugazi obuwanvu kola nga bwoyagala.

Kozesa obusa obuvunze obulungi gamba obufuuse attaka oba ettaka egimu obulungi. Yiwa ensigo zino mubuwanvu wanvu okutuuka ku ndala ebanga ly’annyingo 3 . Koloboza mu ‘kalimiro wakati buwanvu wanvu bwa kimu ky’akubiri eky’ennyingo, yiwa ensigo obikeko ettaka okujjuza wokoloboza. Bikka akalimiro kano nesubi tonotono oba samusamu fukirira ngokozesa ekifukirira amazzi. Oyinza okusimbako akayumba waggulu okuziyiza ebisolo okubyonona, waggulu obuwanvu akayumba kaba ka futi 2. Kyandibadde kirungi oyongere okunyweza emigogo gino gireme okusesetuka. Era ofukirire akalimiro emirundi ebiri , kumakya n’akawungezi buli lunnaku. Obusigo obutameredde mu buwanvu wanvu bwewakola bugyemu okirize obuli mu buwanvu wanvu okumera obulungi.




#Article 32: Ekyoto ekikekkerezza enku (467 words)


EKYOTO EKIKEKKEREZA ENKU {Energy saving stove]
EBYETAGISA OKUKOLA EKYOTO KINO
Amataffaali – okusinzira ku bunene bw’ekyoto kyeweetaaga.
Ettaka lya bulijjo ebitundu 40 ku buli 100, bwe bu kalaayi 2.
Enkulukuku ebitundu 50 ku buli 100 , bwe bukalaayi 3 bw’oba ogifunye.
Obusa ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 , akakalaayi 1 . Ebyo byona obisambira wamu.
Ettakka ly’ekiiswa ebitundu 90 ku buli 100 , obukalaayi 5; tabulamu obusa ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 , akakalaayi 1. Nabino  bisambirwa wamu.
Ebbumba lyoka ebitundu 100 ku buli 100, ekalaayi 6.
Bino byebyeyambisibwa okusiba amataffaali n’okubikka ekyoto kino kyonna.
N’oluvannyuma nga kikaze siigako olufuufu n’obusa – okukyetoolooza kyonna.

Sooka otereeze bulungi ekifo w’ogenda okuzimba ekyoto kino waleme kubaawo kaserengeto konna. Ng’ogenda okukola ekyoto kino ddira ettaka, enkulukuku, n’obusa obigatte wamu, singa oba tosobodde kufuna nkulukuku, gatta ettaka erya bulijjo n’ettaka ly’ekiswa naye ate enkulukuku tekola bulungi nga togasseemu   kirala. Olina okufuba okulaba ng’ofuna enkulukuku kubanga  y’ekola enkwasi.
Ebbumba bw’oba olirina lyo lyemalirira nga togasseemu kirala.  Ssamba obudongo bujje bulungi bumalewo ennaku 2 olyoke obukozese. Osobola okukozesa obungi  bw’amataffaali gonna g’oba olina , okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu b’olina mu maka go, kubanga bwe babeera abangi olina okuzimba ekyoto kinene, bwe babeera abatono era olina kuzimba kitono n’amataffaali gaba matono, katugeze singa oba olina abantu nga mukaaga oyinza okweyambisa amataffaali nga 30 naye nga agamu ga bitundu, waliwo awagenda amalamba n’agebitundu.
Oyinza okuzimba eky’ebyoto bibiri oba bisatu okusinziira ku bungi oba obutono bw’ebintu by’ofumba, weesalirawo ekikumala. Ekyoto kirina okutunula awava empewo entonotono, tokitunuza wava mpewo nnyingi kubanga omuliro tegutereera wamu. Tetuteekawo kituli kiyisa mukka kubanga ebbugumu tuba tulifiirwa ate nga bwe libeeramu lituyamba okujjiisa amangu ebintu byetufumba n’enku okugenda entono.
Bw’oba osala ebyoto, ekisooka kirina okuba ekinene okusinga ebirala kubanga ky’ekifumba emmere engumu ng’ebijanjaalo, n’emmere endala. Ebyoto ebitono by’ebifumba ebintu ebinafunafu nga amazzi, enva ezanguwa n’ebirala.
Bwomaliriza okusiba amataffaali kubako akadongo kyonna kibunire oluvannyuma lw’ennaku ssatu maalako olufuufu ng’otaddemu obusa. Oba olufuufu lwokka okukilabirira obulungi; singa wabaawo awavudde akadongo kiddabirize. Ekigendererwa mu kino kukekkereza nku olw’ensonga nti ofumba ebintu bingi omulundi gumu ku nku za mulundi gumu mu kiseera kye kimu.
Kikekkereza n’obudde olw’ensonga nti tolwa mu ffumbiro ng’ofumba nga ku ky’amasiga agaffe aga bulijjo ositulako kino ozzako kirala.	`
EBIRUNGI EBIRI MU KUKOZESA EKY OTO KINO:
Kikekkereza  enku, wakiri ebitundu 30 ku buli 100.
Kikuuma  ebbugumu.
Kikeendeeza ku mulimo nga obutaseeseleza buli kiseera.
Si kyangu kusengula.
Essefuliya teziteruka.
Sikyangu mwana kujja siinga oba omutumye okuseesaamu.
Tekyonoona mpewo zetoloddewo n’okuddugaza ebikozsebwa mu ffumbiro.
Obudde butono bw’omala ng’ofumba. 
 
WEETEGEEREZE BINO:
Omuwendo gw’amataffaali kisinziira ku bunene bwmasigago bweweetaaga.
Obugazi bw’amasiga- 75cm, obukiika-75cm, obugulumivu -27 cm kino kisinziira ku bunene bw’amasiga geweetaaga.
Omulyango gw’ossaamu enku – 9 inchi
Obugazi bw’ebyoto ebisatu (1) 9” = 23 cm , (2) 8” = 20 cm, (3) 7” = 17 cm
Obugazi bw’ebyoto businziira ku bunene bw’amasiga go geweetaaga.
Ref:WWF




#Article 33: Okukuuma obutonde bw'ensi (126 words)


OKUKUUMA OBUTONDE BWENSI NGA TUKEKKEREZA EBIFUMBISIBWA NG’ENKU, AMANDA N’EBIRALA NGA TWEYAMBISA AMAGEZI AGEKIKUGU
Tukole ki okuwonya n’okukuuma ebibira n’emiti ebikyaliwo?
Amawanga ga{ Africa]  yonna galina ekizibu  ekyeyongera buli kiseera naddala buli embeera y’obudde lwekyukakyuka nga kiva mu kusaanyawo ebibira n’emiti.
Buli lwe tutema emiti oba ebibira , tuba tuleeta ekizibu  ku butonde  bw’ensi. 
Nga – Ebitundu ebiri waggulu we’nsozi byononebwa okukulugguka kw’ettaka.
Abantu mu byalo babonabona mu ngeri nyingi.
Nga ze zino – Tebaba na mmere ebamala.
Endya eba mbi nnyo.
Tebaba na by’akuzimbisa, enku, embaawo, ebibajje n’ebiruke.
Enfuna eba nnafu nnyo
Ebisolo bibulwa omuddo
Ekyokukola ng’embeera emaze okubeera etyo:
Tulina okukendeeza okweyongera kwebibira ebisanyizibwawo
Okukuuma n’okusimba emiti.
Okukendeeza emirimo egikolebwa abakyala olwkusitula embeera yaabwe.
Okusomesa abatuuze ne’bibiina engeri entuufu ey’okweyambisa emiti wamu n’ebirara.
N’okukendeeza endwadde.




#Article 34: Ffene (491 words)


Dan Nsobya,Bukedde Newspaper,Dec 09,2013
Ffene kibala ekiri ku ttunzi ennaku zino. Abalimi n’abasuubuzi nkumu mu ggwanga kati mwe bayoola ensimbi kyokka obulimi bwa ffene tebuteereddwaako ssira n’emiti mingi gifunye akawuka akagikaza awatali kikolebwa!
Omusuubuzi w’ebibala mu Kame Valley Market mu kibuga [Mukono], Musa Bisaso agamba nti enkota ya ffene esobola okuliisa abantu 10.
Buli kiwayi kya 500/- bagisuubula wakati wa 2,000/- ne 3,000/- okusinziira ku bungi bwa ffene obubeera ku katale.
Omukugu mu by’ebibala mu Makula Nussery e [Masanafu], Dan Kyaligamba agamba nti ffene omwaka abala sizoni bbiri (emirundi ebiri). Omuti ku lubala olusooka awo ku myaka wakati w’esatu n’ena gussaako enkota ntono.
Ku myaka etaano n’omukaaga omuti gusobola okuteekako enkota ezisoba mu 30 mu sizoni emu ate ku myaka 10 guba gusoboa okuteekako enkota ennene ezisoba mu 80. 
Mu bufunze ku myaka esatu yiika bw’oba olinamu emiti 60 mu sizoni esooka buli nkota bw’ogitunda ku 2,000/= ofunamu 600,000/-. 
Ku myaka etaano buli sizoni oba ofuna sh 3,600,000/-. Ku myaka 10 mu yiika ey’emiti 60 osobola okufunamu 9,600,000/- mu sizoni emu.

Emigaso gya ffene 
Ng’oggyeeko okumulya, ffene akamulwamu omubisi, akazibwa n’aliibwa nga bbagiya, akolebwamu wayini, ate ennaku zino ebbula ly’emiti we lituuse asalibwamu embaawo n’enku. 
OKUSIMBA FFENE.
Omukugu mu byobulimi, [Baagala Walusimbi] agamba nti ffene ky’ekibala ekisobola okudda ku bika by’ettaka ebitali bimu mu [Uganda].
Agamba nti wadde guli gutyo, ffene okubala obulungi kisinziira ku ndabirira, obugimu bw’ettaka n’embeera y’obudde. Abala bulungi ng’alimiddwa ku ttaka eggwanvu, omutalegama mazzi ate eritaliimu bbumba.
Agamba nti ffene wa ntondo, tayagala kusimbulizibwa, kale bw’oba ogenda kumusimba ofuna ensigo n’ozisimba butereevu mu kifo w’oyagala. Ensigo nga tonnazisimba sooka ozinnyike mu ddagala nga Perenox oba Mancozeb 80 okuziyiza obulwadde bw’omu ttaka. Ensigo zaanikeko ng’omaze okuzinnyika olyoke osimbe. 
ima ebinnya ebigazi ate ebiwanvu ffuuti 2x2. Amabanga osobola okupima ffuuti 25x30 oba 20x30. Ku mpima y’amabanga eno mu yiika emu mugendamu ebikolo wakati wa 48 ne 80. 
Ate bw’oba ogenda kusimba ku lusalosalo amabanga pima ffuuti 15x30 okuva ku kikolo okutuuka ku kinnaakyo.
Baagala agamba nti ffene bw’aba alabiriddwa bulungi, ettaka ggimu, talumbiddwa bulwadde, ate nga n’embeera y’obudde nnungi, okugeza ng’enkuba etonnya, atandika okubala wakati w’emyaka esatu n’etaano okusinziira ku kika.
Ffene yeekolera obugimu, ebikoola bwe bigwa bivunda ne bikola obugimu ye ne yeeyongera okutinta ate taliiko mirimu mingi ng’okukoola wabula bw’oba n’essamba osaawamu busaayi.

Okuziyiza obulwadde
Baagala agamba nti omuze gw’abalimi okutemaatema ku nduli, mbu abale mangu gusaana okukomezebwa kuba lino ly’ekkubo erisinze okusiiga ffene endwadde kale omuti tegusaana kunuubulwa mu ngeri yonna.
Oluusi ng’atandise okubala, enkota ento zivunda ne zikunkumuka olw’obulwadde. Ekizibu kino bw’oba okirina, bw’olaba amulisa ng’ofuuyirako ne [Mancozeb 80W.P] oziyize enkota okuvunda. Ffene oluvannyuma lw’okumulisa, ayengerera wakati w’emyezi esatu n’ena. Abanoga ow’okutunda basobola okunoga akuze obulungi wadde ttannayengera. 

Ebiwuka ebyonoona ffene
Namuginga awummula ebitulituli ku nduli. Ayagala nnyo awatemeddwa, mu mpataanya z’amatabi oba awali enkovu yonna. Ebiwuka bino we biruma obulwadde we buyita era kino kivaako amatabi agakoseddwa okutandika okukala.
Oluusi ffene yeeyasamu nga tannanyengera naddala ng’enkuba eddiridde ekyeya, ekikuta kya ffene ne kitakula mangu.




#Article 35: OTANDIKA BIZINENSI ENTONOTONO (326 words)


EMITENDERA 8 GY’OBA OGOBERERA NG’OTANDIKA BIZINENSI ENTONOTONO
NTANDIKA ntya bizinensi entono?
Okutandika biziness ky’ekimu ku bintu ebizibu kyokka okusalawo okusanyusa okukola mu bulamu. Waliwo ebintu bingi ebyetaagisa n’okulowoozaako. Okutandika bizinensi kitwala omuntu okubeera omuguminkiriza n’okwewaayo mu bingi.
Bizinensi entono okusobola okuyimuka, okubeera ng’eriko ekizibu kyegonjoola, okumatiza obwetaavu oba okuleeta ku katale ebintu ebyetaagibwa. Kino olina okukikola oluvanyuma lw’okunoonyereza n’okwebuuza. Waliwo n’ebibuuzo ebirala by’olina okweddamu, okugeza byenjagala okukola ani abyetaaga, waliwo abantu abalala ababitunda, okuvuganya kuli kutya? N’ebirala bingi.
EMITENDERA GY’OBA OGOBERERA
o	Ggula obwongo: Funa ekirowoozo ekitandika bizinensi. Wadde nga tosoose kutunuulira nsimbi, ekifo, akatale n’ebirala, ekirowoozo kye kirina okusooka n’ofuna n’engeri gye kiteekebwa mu nkola.
o	Sooka okole okunoonyereza: Oluvannyuma lw’ekufuna ekirowoozo, weebuuze nti otuuse okukiteeka mu nkola? Weepimeepime olabe obwetegefu bwo butuuse wa? Funa okuwabulwa okwenjawulo olabe nga kikola, bwekiba tekikola olabe ng’okola ekirala.
o	Kola pulaani: Olina okubeera ne pulaani eneekusobozesa okutuukiriza bizinensi yo ey’ekirooto. Bw’obeera onoofuna obuyambi bw’ensimbi okuva mu bitongole nga bbanka, bamusigansimbi, weetaga pulaani ennambulukufu eggyayo byonna by’otegeka okukola. Era olina okulaga ebigendererwa byo, ekiri emabega waakyo, engeri gyogenda okutundamu bizinensi n’ensimbi  gye zigenda okuva.
o	Balirira eby’ensimbi: Okutandika bizinensi entono, tekyetagisa nsimmbi nnyingi kyokka kijja kwetagisa ez’entandikwa. Waliwo engeri eziwerako mw’oyinza okuyita okusiga ensimbi ze weeterekera, looni n’endala z’onoonyeza mu makubo amalala.
o	Funa era owandiise erinnya lya bizinensi gy’ogenda okukola: Erinnya likola kinene okutambuza bizinensi. Londa eryo eddungi. Bw’omaliriza olina okugenda ew’omuwandiisi wa kkampuni. Bwe mubeera babiri,  laba nga mulinaempapula zonna ezeetaagisa.
o	Funa layisinsi ne pamiti: Bino biri kitundu mu kutandika bizinensi kyokka ng’ozifuna okusiinzira ku kika kya bizinensi gy’ogenga okukola ne wa gy’esangibwa. N’olwekyo olina okusooka okunoonyereza layisinsi ne pamiti ki ezigya mu bizinensi gy’oyagala okutandika.
o	Olina okubeera n’ekifo w’egenda okubeera: kuba kikulu bizinensi okubeera n’ekifo weesangibwa. Woofisi yo osobola okubeera awaka, eengabane awantu, edduuka n’ebirala. Naye olina okukimanya nti w’oteeka bizinensi wakola kinene mu kukufunira amagoba ogitambuza. Olina okulowooza ku byonna ebineetagisa okubeezaawo eno era laba ng’ekifo kino kiyamba okutwala bizinensi gy’okola mu maaso.




#Article 36: Tewekubagiza (139 words)


O'woluganda kwebaza gyona gy'okola wabula njaga okukutegeeza gwe eyekubagiza olw'embera eyo gyoyitamu wabula nsaba okukutegeza nti eyo embeera osobola okugivamu mu ngeri zino wamanga;
Eri eyo eyafilwako taata / maama, engandazo kale nadala nga tolina muntu wo yena nkugamba nti oli muwanguzi kubanga okyali mulamu. Munange nsaba okukugamba nti Katonda ali naawe wabula olina okumanya bino okusobola okubaawo ate nga oli bulungi. 

Edda nga nkyali mutto nalina okusomozebwa nga abange baweddewo naye omusajja omu yangamba nti Peter oli mwana mulungi naye bwaligoberera bino oliba bulungi munsi ekisooka okukuuma nga amazima, empisa, okwewala bi group ebiibi, okwagala nga abantu abalal okusingira dala abakadde awamu n'abaana abato nadala abo abali mubwetaavu awo ensi erikwagala ate nawe n'ekunyumira ebigambo ebyo sasooka kubitegera naye kumbe omukulu oyo yali bambi naye nga alinga nze naye Katonda amuwe ekiwumulo ekyemiembe.

Nkwagaliza okusoma obulungi 

nsigadde ndi 




#Article 37: OKULIMA ENNYAANYA (331 words)


Olwareero tugenda kutunurira  kukilime ky'enyaanya ,omuntu okulima ennyaanya otekeddwa kukola bino wammanga .
Ffuna obusigo bw'ennyaanya ennungi ddala ngazino mulimu oxly,Eden,Rionex,n'ekika kya Maximal.
Ennyaanya zino zibala bulungi ate nga mpangaazi ddala ng'omaze okuzinoga .
                       
                        
OKUKOLA BEEDI Y'ENNYAANYA.
Ffuna  ekifo  ekilina ettaka eggimu obulungi ,kabala bulungi  ekifo kino era bwekiba nga ettaka siddungi tekamu ebigimusa nga kalimbwe w'enkoko .
Ppima fuuti  3 obugazi nobuwanvu bwonna bwoyagala okusinziira kubungi bwensigo  gyolina .
Mansa obusigo oluvannyuma obikkeko ettaka ettonotono awo obikeko ebisubi ,fukirira wo amazzi bwekuba kwamusana okumala ennaku  6-7 olyoke obikuleko ebisubi  ng'obusigo bumeze awo ozimbeko akayumba okwewala omusana.
Ngawayisewo wikisi  2 tandika okukendeeza ebisubi ku beedi ennyaanya zisobole okumanyiira embeera yobudde naye tewerabira okufuyiirako eddagala ly'ebiwuka.
Ngawayisewo wikisi ssatuku nnya  tandika okusimbuliza  ennyaanya zino munnimiro ewedde okutegekebwa. 				
				OBA.
Ffuna kalimbwe w'enkoko omutabule bulungi n'ettaka , Ffuna obuveera ngabuno mwebassa kalitunsi  otekeemu ettaka lino  awo yiwamu amazzi agokya okusobola okutta obuwuka obuyinza okutta ennyaanya zo ,oluvannyuma ettaka nga liwoze tekamu obusigo  bubiriburi mubuli  kaveera .
                          EBIGIMUSA EBIKOZESEBWA KUNNYAANYA.
Bw'oba otandise okusimbuliza osobola okukozesa ebigimusa bino ,singa ettaka liba ngalibi kozesa kalimbwe w'enkoko ez'amaggi ng'ono omussa mukinnya n'omutabula n'ettaka  awo nosimbamu ebikolo b'yennyaanya bibiri mumabanga agasanidde .oba osobola okukozesa NPK akasanikira kekiddomola  kamu , kayiwe mukinnya otabule n'ettaka oyiseewo ennaku  3-4 ow'olyoke osimbe ennyaanya zo .
E bigimusa ebifuyirwako mulimu NPK super green ng'ono ayamba nnyo okukwasa ekimuli nekimera okubeera nga kyakiragala bulungi.
Tulinamu booster ng'ono ayamba nnyo mukugezza entengo ,Tulinamu  allwin gold ng'ono ayamba ennyaanya okumulisa ennyo n'okukwasa ekimuliate nokuleeta amatabi amalala .
Tewerabira okubikka ennyaanya zo.
                            LWAKI TUBIKKA ENNYAANYA

                    EDDAGALA ELIKOZESEBWA MUKUFUYIIRA ENNYAANYA.
Tulina eddagala lyabika  bingi ngalino mulimu Rocket,Dudu cyper ,Turfgor ,Harvester n'ebirara bingi ,Tulinamu eddagalaeliyitibwa  fungalcil ne harvester ngalino likozesebwa kukibabuko [blight] era tulina n'eddagala ly'obuwungo eliyitibwa mancozeb  oba dayisiini ngalino liyamba nnyo okukendeeza amazzi mubikoola  by'ennyaanya .
                       OBULWADDE OBUTAWANYA ENNYAANYA .

             Bannange ebiwooma biggwa byokya ne walungi tewaba wammwe .okulima bugagga ate nenkumbi  telimba  gw'akutemyako oyagala wambazzi  tandika nange leero  tojjakwejjusa .

                 NSIGADDE   NZE  KIKANJA JOHN BAPTIST  
                                           0759-241-525. MBAZZI.




#Article 38: Kikanja john baptist/sandbox (331 words)


Olwareero tugenda kutunurira  kukilime ky'enyaanya ,omuntu okulima ennyaanya otekeddwa kukola bino wammanga .
Ffuna obusigo bw'ennyaanya ennungi ddala ngazino mulimu oxly,Eden,Rionex,n'ekika kya Maximal.
Ennyaanya zino zibala bulungi ate nga mpangaazi ddala ng'omaze okuzinoga .
                       
                        
OKUKOLA BEEDI Y'ENNYAANYA.
Ffuna  ekifo  ekilina ettaka eggimu obulungi ,kabala bulungi  ekifo kino era bwekiba nga ettaka siddungi tekamu ebigimusa nga kalimbwe w'enkoko .
Ppima fuuti  3 obugazi nobuwanvu bwonna bwoyagala okusinziira kubungi bwensigo  gyolina .
Mansa obusigo oluvannyuma obikkeko ettaka ettonotono awo obikeko ebisubi ,fukirira wo amazzi bwekuba kwamusana okumala ennaku  6-7 olyoke obikuleko ebisubi  ng'obusigo bumeze awo ozimbeko akayumba okwewala omusana.
Ngawayisewo wikisi  2 tandika okukendeeza ebisubi ku beedi ennyaanya zisobole okumanyiira embeera yobudde naye tewerabira okufuyiirako eddagala ly'ebiwuka.
Ngawayisewo wikisi ssatuku nnya  tandika okusimbuliza  ennyaanya zino munnimiro ewedde okutegekebwa. 				
				OBA.
Ffuna kalimbwe w'enkoko omutabule bulungi n'ettaka , Ffuna obuveera ngabuno mwebassa kalitunsi  otekeemu ettaka lino  awo yiwamu amazzi agokya okusobola okutta obuwuka obuyinza okutta ennyaanya zo ,oluvannyuma ettaka nga liwoze tekamu obusigo  bubiriburi mubuli  kaveera .
                          EBIGIMUSA EBIKOZESEBWA KUNNYAANYA.
Bw'oba otandise okusimbuliza osobola okukozesa ebigimusa bino ,singa ettaka liba ngalibi kozesa kalimbwe w'enkoko ez'amaggi ng'ono omussa mukinnya n'omutabula n'ettaka  awo nosimbamu ebikolo b'yennyaanya bibiri mumabanga agasanidde .oba osobola okukozesa NPK akasanikira kekiddomola  kamu , kayiwe mukinnya otabule n'ettaka oyiseewo ennaku  3-4 ow'olyoke osimbe ennyaanya zo .
E bigimusa ebifuyirwako mulimu NPK super green ng'ono ayamba nnyo okukwasa ekimuli nekimera okubeera nga kyakiragala bulungi.
Tulinamu booster ng'ono ayamba nnyo mukugezza entengo ,Tulinamu  allwin gold ng'ono ayamba ennyaanya okumulisa ennyo n'okukwasa ekimuliate nokuleeta amatabi amalala .
Tewerabira okubikka ennyaanya zo.
                            LWAKI TUBIKKA ENNYAANYA

                    EDDAGALA ELIKOZESEBWA MUKUFUYIIRA ENNYAANYA.
Tulina eddagala lyabika  bingi ngalino mulimu Rocket,Dudu cyper ,Turfgor ,Harvester n'ebirara bingi ,Tulinamu eddagalaeliyitibwa  fungalcil ne harvester ngalino likozesebwa kukibabuko [blight] era tulina n'eddagala ly'obuwungo eliyitibwa mancozeb  oba dayisiini ngalino liyamba nnyo okukendeeza amazzi mubikoola  by'ennyaanya .
                       OBULWADDE OBUTAWANYA ENNYAANYA .

             Bannange ebiwooma biggwa byokya ne walungi tewaba wammwe .okulima bugagga ate nenkumbi  telimba  gw'akutemyako oyagala wambazzi  tandika nange leero  tojjakwejjusa .

                 NSIGADDE   NZE  KIKANJA JOHN BAPTIST  
                                           0759-241-525. MBAZZI.




#Article 39: OKULIMA EBIJANJAALO (269 words)


			OKULIMA EBIJANJAALO.
	Ebijanjaalo ky'ekilime ekula amangu era ngakisola okukuwa sente singa oba ng'obirabiridde bulungi ddala.Tulina ebika by'ebijanjaalo biwerako era nga mubinomulimu bino wammanga .
	1 ,kanyeebwa
	2 , Nambaale
	3 ,Yellow beans ,Nakyewogola n'ebirara bingi.Omulimi w'oba osimbye ebijanjaalo byo mubbanga lyamyezi ebiri n'ekitundu kwesatu obeera okungula eri gwe aba ayagala okutunda ebibisi.
			EBIJANJAALO BY'ETAAGA BINO WAMMANGA.
	Ebijanjaalo bino by'etaaga ennimiro nga sinnyonjo nnyo kisukiridde kubanga birina ensigo nnene bulungi osobola okugisimba awantu neweba nga siwayonjo tebilinga bimera birara .
	Ebijanjaalo ng'obisimba olina okubisimba mumabanga amalungi ddala era nga gwe akozesa engalo zo ng'osimba olina okusimba mumabanga ga 30 ku 30 cm oba okusingako awo katono .
	Ebijanjaalo ngabimeze bifuyiremu  ekigimusa  kyaNPK owamazzi era nga kino kiyamba nnyo kubanga  kilimu ebiriisa byamirindu essatu ebisinga okwetagibwa ekimera era muno mulimu [Nitrogen,Phosphorus,Pattasium].Ng'omaze okufuyira  ebijanjaalo byo ,ekiddako kuba kubikoola era nga bino bikoolebwe omulindi gumu kw'ebiri .
	Ebijanjaalo  ngabimaze okukoolebwa ngabituuse ku stage emulisa , bifuyire n'eddagala ely'ebiwuka ngalino mulimu Rocket ,Turfgor ,Dudu cyper  n'ebirara era ngalino mutabikwamu ely'obuwunga liyite  Dithen  oba liyite Mancozeb n'ekigimusa ekiyitibwa Allwin gold era ngakino kiyambako ekimera  okuleeta amatabi n'okukwasa okimuli . Ebiseera bw'ebiba ngabyankuba ebijanjaala kasita bileeta eminnyololo ,ofuna omo ejiiko bbiri n'omutabula mobbomba n'eddagala  lyebiwuka nga Rocket n'ofuyira ebijanjaalo byo.Kino kiyamba okugumya ekikuta ky'ekijanjaalo  amazzi nga tegasobola kuyingira munda kwonona mpeke zebijanjaalo . 
		OBULWADDE BW'EBIJANJAALO .

Ebiseera ebisinga  okwenkuba ebijanjaalo bibabuka ebikoola n'ebijanjaalo byennyini era kino ng'osobala  okukigoba ne mancozeb oba fungalcil.

Oluusi  ebijanjaalo bimanyi okuwotoka era ngakino kiyinza  okuva  kumunyeera ,kale obalina okukozesa eddagala lyonna ely'ebiwuka.

Kino osobola okukozesa Dudu acelamectin.
	EBIWUKA EBIYIGANNYA EBIJANJAALO 

MUBEERE BULUNGI ,TUNADDAMU NATE 
				MUKAMA ABAKUUME
							MBADDE KIKANJA JOHN BAPTIST.
									0759-241-525.




#Article 40: Akafuba (220 words)


Buno bulwadde obuleetera okukololakola ekisusse. Endwadde eno esobola okujjanjabwa mu n'ezinjanjaba za mirundi ebiri: ey'ekizungu n'ey'ezinjanjaba y'ekinnansi. Enzijanjaba ey'ekinnansi esoboka ng'omuntu akozesa ekimera ekiyitibwa Ekkajjolyenjovu.

Akafuba bwe bulwadde obuleetebwa akawuka akakwata amawuggwe.  Kaleetebwa singa omuntu ayingiza empewo erimu obuwuka bwako okuva ku muntu omulwadde waako era nga buyita mu kunyiza, okuseka, okuyimba, okukolola oba okuwandula era nga bino binnyonyolwa Dr. Charles Kasozi, omusawo mu kitundu ekimu. Dr. Lydia Nakiyingi era ng’ono musomesa mu matendekero agawaggulu ate ng’akola ku kunoonyereza ku ndwadde ezitali zimu ezikwata abantu mu kitongole ekimu e Makerere ayongerako nti akafuba kasobola okufunibwa singa omuntu afuna amalusu g’omuntu akalina.  Kino kisobola okubaawo mu kuwandula, okukwata mu ngalo z’omuntu alina amalusu, ku minyolo egirina akawuka, ebintu ebikozesebwa awaka n’obutambaala bw’omungalo..
Newankubadde akafuba katera kukosa mawuggwe, Dr. Nakiyingi annyonyola nti kasobola okukosa ebitundu by’omubiri ebirala.  Agamba nti ebitundu bino mulimu, olususu, omutima, ennyingo n’amagumba.  Akafuba kasobola okukosa ebinywa mu mubiri n’obwongo.  Dr. Nakiyingi annyonnyola nti bwekaba mu mawuggwe, kayitibwa kafuba ka mu misuwa.  Bwe kaba wabweru w’amawuggwe, kayitibwa akafuba k’emisuwa egyawabweru era nga katera nnyo okukosa abantu abatalina bukuumi bumala mu mubiri naddala abo abalina akawuka ka ssirimu.         
Obubonero bw’akafuba
Okusinziira ku Kasozi, obubonero mulimu:

Kasozi annyonnyola nti newankubadde akafuba kalagibwa mu ngeri zanjawulo mu bantu abalina akawuka ka ssirimu kuba omuntu ayinza obutaba na musujja ng’ate alina akafuba ak’olutatadde.




#Article 41: Oluwumu (100 words)


Oluwumu y'emu ku ndwadde z'olususu. Lukuba ebiba ebisooka okuba ebitono ng'ebisente kyokka bwe bitafuna kujjanjaba amangu ago lusobola okusaasaanira omubiri gwonna. Bwe lukula ekisusse, olususu lw'omuntu lutandika okulabika g'oluyisiddwaako evvu.Lusobola n'okuviirako omuntu okutandika okuva ekisu. 
Lusobola okusiigibwa omuntu gaayita mu kukozesa ebintu ng'engoye n'ebikunta era olw'okuba tebuluma, bangi bagayaalirira okulujjanjaba ne batuuka okuvaamu olusu.
Enzijanjaba yaalwo mu kinnansi; funa ekifuula, akatuntunu akatono, mageregankoko, ebikoola by'ensugga, omucuula, kafumbe omusajja noluwoko.
Eddagala lisekulire wamu n'oluvannyuma  kuuta mu bifo ebirimu obulwadde buno.
Eddagala lye limu liteeke mu bizigo weesaabe mu bifo byonna ebirimu obulwadde buno waakiri emirundi esatu olunaku.Singa onoonyiikira ojja kufuna enjawulo.




#Article 42: ENKOKO:EBIKA (368 words)


Genderera ekika ky’enkoko ky’olunda okufuna amagoba
BUKEDDE,May 21, 2012

 ENKOKO:

Bya EDWARD SSERINNYA

OBULUNZI bw’enkoko mulimu oguyimirizzaawo Bannayuganda abawerako, bangi bagufunyeemu ensimbi ate abalala bagwevuma.

Ng’oggyeeko okulinnya kw’emmere y’enkoko naddala ccacu, ggwe omulunzi w’enkoko wali okirowoozezzaako nti n’olulyo lw’olunda lwandiba

 nga lwe luvaako kalunsambulira enkoko zo okubiika amagi amatono n’empanga obutazitowa n’ofiirwa ssente’.

Zino zimu ku nkoko ezisinga okulundibwa mu Uganda ez’ennyama n’amagi n’engeri gye zikolamu. Omukugu mu kutabula emmere y’enkoko 

ez’endyo ez’enjawulo Moses Mufumbiro owa Agro Business Solutions e Jinja annyonnyola ku ndyo zino.

Ez’amagi Hisex: Eno nkoko ya kitaka, ku wiiki 18 ne 19 etandika okubiika. Ku wiiki 26 okutuuka ku 30 singa ogirabirira bulungi eba 

ebiikira ku bitundu 94, ate ku wiiki 76 etandika okusala amagi n’edda ku bitundu 66, era wayita ebbanga ttono n’ekoowa. Bovans: Eno

 nayo enkoko erundibwa mu Uganda, ku wiiki, kabeera ka kitaka. Naye wadde kafaananira ddala nga Hisex mu ndiisa zaawukana

kuba olulyo si lwe lumu. Ku wiiki 18 etandika okubiika, wakati wa wiiki 23 ne 46 eba ebiikira ku bitundu 90 ne 95. Bw’eweza wiiki 78

 n’okudda waggulu eba ekaddiye ng’ebiikira ku bitundu 75.

Bovan Nera: Nkoko nzirugavu era efaananira ddala nga zino eng’anda naye ate teba ng’anda. Wakati wa wiiki 19 ne 20 etandika okubiika.

Wakati wa wiiki 22 ku 40, wano ziba zibiikira ku bitundu 93 ne 94. Ku wiiki 74 zisala amagi kuba ziba zikaddiye. Bovans White, eno

 yo ebeera njeru, ebiikira ku wiiki 20, ku wiiki eya 23 okutuuka ku 40 wabula ku wiiki y’e 76 eba ekooye. Kuroiler: Luno olulyo 

lukyali lupya mu Uganda, nga lwava

Buyindi. Etandika okubiika ku myezi ena n’ekitundu. Emala omwaka ng’ebiika nga mu mwezi esobola okubiikamu amagi 20. Eringa nganda 

kuba osobola okugita n’etaayaaya.

Ez’ennyama Hybro PN+: Eno eba njeru, singa oba ogiriisizza bulungi wakati wa wiiki ttaano ku munaana eba ezitowa kkiro bbiri 

n’ekitundu.

Kuroiler : Eno nkoko y’e Buyindi, kyokka ne mu Uganda abamu bagirunda, enneeyisa yaayo eringa ya nkoko ng’anda era osobola n’okugita

 n’etaayaaya.

Ku nnaku 55 esobola okuba ng’ezitowa kkiro emu n’ekitundu. 

Cobb 500: Eno eba njeru, ku nnaku 49 eba esobola okuzitowa kkiro bbiri. 

n’ekitundu, singa oba ogiriisizza bulungi. Hubbard : nayo eba ne langi njeru, ku wiiki 49 oba otunda. Ku ndabirira ennungi 




#Article 43: Ekirwadde ky’ebola (341 words)


Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) bwe bulwadde obuluma abantu nga buletebwa akawuka ka ebola. Obubonero bweyolekera wakati we nnaku bbiri ne wikisi ssatu oluvanyuma lwo kulumbibwa akawuka akaleeta obulwadde buno, butandika ne'kifuba ekikalu, okulumizibwa mu bi nywa, no 'kulumizibwa omutwe. Kyabulijjo nti okukulukuta kwe nyiindo, okusesema, n' ekiddukano bigobelera, awamu n'okukendeeza enkola y' ekibumba n' ensigos. Mu kaseera kano, abantu abamu batandika okukulukuta omusaayi.
Akawuka akaleeta ekilwadde kino osobola okukafuna singa okwatagana n' omusaayi oba amazzi agava mu mumu biri gwe kisoro ekirina obulwadde buno (naddala ekima oba ebinyira). Ekyokutambula kwo bulwadde buno nga buyitta mu mpewo kibadde tekina kakasibwa. Ebinyira bitebelezebwa okutambuza n'okusaasanya akawuka akaleeta ekirwadde kino . Singa abantu bafuna ekilwadde kino, basobola nabo okukisaasanya. Bakaawonawo abasajja basobola okukitambuza mu mazzi gekisajja okumara emyeezi ebiri. Okusobola okujanjaba ekilwadde kino, kyebakola, endwadde endala ezifanaganya obubonero nga Malaria, cholera n'endala ezigwa mu kowe lya viral hemorrhagic fevers zisooka kujibwaamu. Okukakasa obujanjabi, omusaayi gukeberebwa okunoonya akawuka kano antibodies, ekilwadde RNA, oba akawuka kenyini.

Okubwewala kuzingiramu okukendeeza kunsasana y'ekirwadde okuva ku nkima n'embizzi okutuuka mu bantu. Kino kisoboka okukolebwa okuyitta mu kwekebejja ensolo zino n'okutta ngabwetuziika emibiri jaazo singa zisangibwa nobulwadde buno. Okufumba obulungi e nyama n'okwambala ebizibaawo ngatukwaata kunyama kiyinza okuyamba ko, nga bwebambala ebizibaawo n' okunaaba engalo nga twetooloddwa ababtu abalina ekilwadde. Ebimu kummazi n'ebitundu by'omubiri okuva mubantu abakwatiddwa ekirwadde kino bilina okukwatibwa nobwegendereza.

Tewali bujanjabi butuufu obwekilwadde kino; kawefube owokuyamba abantu abakwatiddwa okilwadde azingiramu okubawa oral rehydration therapy (okunywa mazzi agalimu ekiwomerezze) oba intravenous fluids. Ekirwadde kittira ku sipiidi yawaggulu nnyo mortality rate: okusingira ddala wakati webitundu ataano n'ekyeenda kukikumi abo abakwatiddwa obulwadde. EVD yasooka kulabibwaako Sudan ne mu Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ekirwadde kisinga kubeera mu bitundu bya Sub-Saharan Africa. Okuva mu 1976 (lwe bwasooka okulabibwaako) okuyita mu 2013, wansi wabantu 1,000 buli mwaaka bebakwatibwa. Okulumbibwa akwakasinze obunene bwebuliwo kati mu 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak, obukutte Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia kilabika ne Nigeria. Okutuuka mu gwomunaana 2014 abakwatiddwa abasoba mu 1600 be ba zuuliddwa. Kawefube akyaagenda mu maaso ow'okufuna vaccine; wabula, tewali kati.




#Article 44: Sekazzi (811 words)


Sekazzi amanyibbwa mu kikugu nga Citrullus lanatus. Ekimela kino kisibukila mu bitundu bya omukalwe mu bitundu bya Afrika ebya ebbugumu naddala mu bukiikaddyo bwa Omuyabwe (Equator). Ekimela kino kisobola okukulila mu ddungu ku mazzi agabeela wansi ela ne ekibala kyennyini kikola nga ensulo ya amazzi abantu ge banywa. Amakungula mu nsi yonna gawela ttani obukadde 8 nga buggibwa mu ekteya (hectare) obukadde nga 3. 
Ekimela kyagala nnyo obudde bwa ebbugumu ela obwa omukalwe, k.k. obubugume bwa buli lunaku obuli wakati wa  22 ne 30°C. Obubugume obwa wansi zeetaaga obuwela 18°C ate ne obwa waggulu bwa 35°C. Obubugume bwa omu ttaka bweetaaga ne buba mu kigelo kya 20 ne 35°C. Sekazzi ezikulila mu bbugumu ne omukalwe ziba ne ekiwoomeleze ekiweza ebinnakikumi 11 bwe ozigelanya ne zinnaazo ezibalila mu bunnyogovu eziba ne ebinnakikumi 8. 				             Sekazzi zikulila wakati wa ennaku 75 ne 110 mpozzi okusinziila ku mudde (mbeela ya obudde).
Sekazzi zeetaaga ettaka eggimu eliyiikayiika ne obulunge bwa obugimu (pH) obuli wakati wa 5.8 ne 7.2. Bwe ozilima mu ttaka elitali limulungufu zikula mpola ate nazo zennyini zibaako enjatika. Okuzibaza mu bungi ettaka lyetaaga okugimusibwa ne kilo wakati wa 80 ne 100 eza Omuginnyimusa (Nitrogen) mu buli ekteya, Phosphates wakati wa 25 ne 60 buli hectare ate ne Potassium wakati wa 35 ne 80 buli ekteya.
Sekazzi kilime ekinyuma okulima, ekikula amangu ate nga kiwoomu. Ensigo za sekazzi zigule mu matundilo ga ebilime ageesigika. 										

ENNIMA YA SEKAZZI
Okulima sekazzi ne akunyumila gezaako okugobelela emitendela gino bulungi.

Omutendela 1
Londa ekifo ekyetadde we onoolima sekazzi. Sekazzi zaagala nnyo aweetadde ate ne enjuba. 	
	 

Omutendela 2
Tegeka ennimilo. Sekazzi empoomu zaagala nnyo ettaka eggimu. Ettaka lisinsimule okoolemu omuddo gwonna ela oguziike mu ttaka. Ettaka lyo lisseemu nnakavundila oba ebigimusa nga DAP. 

Omutendela 3
Oyinza okukozesa ennimyo (trakita) oba enkumbi. Oyinza okukola ebituuti kubanga Sekazzi zaagala nnyo awagulumivu naddala ennimilo bwe eba awaseeteevu. Kola ekituuti ekigumu obulungi ekitumbidde fuuti nga emu ate nga obugazi kisingako ku fuuti bbili. Okuva ku kinnya ekimu okutuuka ku kilala buukawo fuuti 5 – 6 kubanga zaagala nnyo okweegazaanya. Ekituuti kiyamba emilandila okweegazaanyiza mu ttaka eggonvu ne okukula obulungi, ne okuganya omulamya (oxygen) mu milandila ne obutobu obususse okukenenuka. Nate kiyamba ne okukuumila amazzi mu ttaka.	
						
 	
Omutendela 4
Oyinza okusimba ne osibusiza ensigo za sekazzi 3 – 5 mu kinnya nga zeesudde. Ziziike mu ttaka nga ekitundu kya inci. Singa ensigo ezimeze zisoba mu ze oyagala, enjabayaba zisalemu nga okozesa ekisaliziso. Tokuula, kubanga okugikuula kujja kutuusa obulabe ku milandila gya eli esigaddewo. 					
	 	

Omutendela 5
Ekiseela bwe kitaba kya nkuba yiililila amazzi ku nsigo ze osimbye, naye ekituuti tokitobya. 					

Omutendela 6
Ssa ebigimusa ku kituuti oba okwetoolooza ekinnya, wabula endokwa tozibikka.

ENDABILILA YA SEKAZZI 
Sekazzi zibalila nnyo mu bitundu ebilimu ebbugumu ela zeetaaga ekiseela kiwanvuko. Waliwo ne ebika ebibalila mu bitundu bya obunnyogovu. Awo nno londoba bulungi ekika ekibalila mu mbeela za ekitundu gye ogenda okusiga sekazzi. Sekazzi zeetaaga okulabililwa ennyo bwe oba oyagala zikubalile bulungi.

Omutendela 1
Mu bitundu ebya ebbugumu, ensigo zisimbe buteleevu ku bituuti oba mu binnya. Mu bitundu bya obunnyogovu, sooka osimbe ensigo mu mmelezo. Ela gela bulungi ekiseela olume olukwafu nga teluubeeyo ela ne ettaka nga libugumyeemu. Weegendeleze nnyo nga osimbuliza endokwa. Zipimile ekiseela ekimala (ensanve 2 ku 3) kubanga ziyinza okukufa. 					
Bwe osalawo okuzisimba mu mmelezo kilyose ozimeleze mu busawo oyanguyilwe okuzisimbuliza nga tezikosebbwa.

Omutendela 2
Bikka okweetoolooza endokwa ettaka eggimu obulungi ela likuumilemu amazzi agamala. Okubikka kuziyiza omuddo ate mu bitundu bya obunnyogovu kuyamba ne okukuumila ebbugumu mu ttaka. Okubikka kuno kusaana kube kwa nnakavundila oba oluveela oluddugavu olwakolebwa okubikka ennimilo.													

Omutendela 3
Koola sekazzi ne akakumbi akatono, nga weegedeleza obutaziseeseetula milandila gyaazo. Omuddo gukuule bukuuzi olwa obutakosa ndokwa. Okyayinza okwambala enkampa. Weetaaga okukoola lunye, kumpi buli lunaku. Sekazzi zo tezijja kukula bulungi bwe zinaabeela zivuganya ne omuddo ku bigimusa ne ebyeetaago ebilala.				

Omutendela 4
Sekazzi ziwe amazzi agazimala so tosukkiliza. Sekazzi zeetaaga amazzi agamala okubala obulungi, kyokka zifa bwe gayitilila. Sekazzi zo zeetaaga amazzi agaweza liita 1.5 buli lunaku okumala emmaku nga 60. 														
Omutendela 5
Kungula sekazzi ekkoola ekililaanye ekinogolelwa bwe kikala. Mu kiseela kya amakungula ekibala kiba kidoodooma ne oluusi entobo nga eyeluukilidde. 

ENSALILA YA SEKAZZI

Omutendela 1
Weetegeleze sekazzi zo olabe bwe zili. Zuula enduli lukulwe eya buli kimela. Enduli lukulwe eno ebaako amatabi 3 oba 4 agalanze ku njuyi zonna. 								

Omutendela 2
Enduli lukulwe laba nga tekoonwaako. Nate taliza ettabi oba amatabi abili agasooka ku buli nduli lukulwe. 													

Omutendela 3											
Obutabi bwonna obulabika nga bunafu oba nga tebusanyusa busaleko nga weeyambisa ekisaziso ekya obwogi. Obutabi obwo tebumulisa ela tebuyinza kubala. Olwa okuba nga sekazzi zinywa nnyo, ebibala ebibili oba ebisatu ebili ku mbowabowa ebbili oba essatu eza amaanyi bye bisobola okukula obulungi. Weegendeleze nnyo obutasala lubowabobowa luliko sekazzi.
				
Omutendela 4
Lambulilila lunye sekazzi zo ela amatabi agalabika obubi oba amalwadde ogasaleko. Amatabi ge osazeeko gasuule wala oba gookye olwa okuziyiza endwadde. Gezaako okwenkanyankanya ebilyo ne ebibala bya oku sekazzi.

Faayo nnyo ku bino:




#Article 45: OMUGASO (1984 words)


OMUGASO GWA ENNIMI ENZAALIRANWA MU KUYIGA

Nelson Mandela olumu yagamba nti “omuntu bw'omugambira mu lulimi lwe ategeera, ky'omugambye kigenda mu mutwe. Ekyo ky'omugambira mu lulimi lwe, kigenda mu mutima gwe”. Olulimi lwebirowoozo, ebijjiro nebimeeme byaffe kye ky'obugagga kyaffe ekisingayo omuwendo. 	

Okuzimba enjogeranya enneesimbu kwesigamye ku kussa kitiibwa mu nnimi. Kubanga ekyo kyonna ekikiikirila obulamu obulungi, na buli kiruubirilwa ky'enkulaakulana kyasanguzibwa mu lulimi, nebigambo ebirondobe obulungi ne bikissaamu obulamu wamu nokukimanyisa. 	

Ennimi ze zitufuula ekyo kye tuli; bwe tuzikuuma, tuba twekuuma.UNESCO nga ejaguza International Mother Language Day (Olunnaku Ttabansi olwa Ennimi Enzaalilanwa) olwa omulundi ogwa ekkumi ne esatu yalaga nga okukozesa olulimi oluzaaliranwa mu kuyiga kwa omu ssomero bwe kuli okwa amaanyi ennyo mu kutangira obutamanya kusoma na kuwandiika. UNESCO yakikkaatiriza nti abantu bwe bafiirwa olulimi lwabwe obunnabantu bwavuwazibwa. Awo nno ekyabakuŋŋaanya mu 2012 kwe kulwanirira eddembe/obuweebwa bwa buli omu asobole okuwulirizibwa, okuyiga ne okumanyisiganya / okuwuliziganya. Kuba buli lulimi lusaabaza ensikirwa eyongera ku bugunja yadde nga waliwo ebitwawula. 
Kishore Singh, Omuwandiisi owa Enjawulo owa United Nations ku Buweebwa bwa Ebyenjigiriza akiraga lwatu nti obuweebwa ku byenjigiriza eri abantu bonna kikulu nnyo naddala eri abo abakyammibbwa omukisa ogwo olwa enteekera (policies) ezitaganya bwenkanyi.  Enteekera eziganya obwenkanyi nkulu nnyo mu kufunyisa buli muntu obuyigilize awatali kusosolwa oba kusookoolwamu. UNESCO ewagira nnyo kaweefube wa okuziyiza obusosoze mu byenjigiriza obwelimbise mu “luse, langi, entondwa, olulimi, ensinza, ebyobufuzi, ensibuko kinnaggwanga oba kinnambeerabantu, embeera ya ebyenfuna oba obuzaale.” 	

Embeerabantu (societies) gye zigenda zeeyongera okubaamu obuwangwa obungi wamu ne amawanga amangi abantu mwe basibuka, kikulu nnyo okussa ekitiibwa mu buwangwa bwa bannaffe, ennimi zaabwe ne emiwendo gyabwe (their values), ate naddala mu byenjigiriza. Kubanga eno ye ntabiro esinga obukkaanya, okutumbula okutegeeragana ne okukolagana mu ngeri eyobumu mu bantu abasibuka mu bibinja ebyawufu. Omu ku banooonyereza Helen Pinnock, alaga nti ensonga ya olulimi mu byenjigiriza nkulu nnyo mu kukulaakulanya mu muyizi obukugu bwa okuyiga. Obukugu buno bwe buwanirira obuwanguzi bwa omuyizi era ne bukendeeza obungi bwaabo abava mu ssomelo. Ekitongole kya Save the Children kiraga nti ensi “eza kireebereebe” zeezo nga abaana baazo ebiseera ebimu okuyiga bakufunira mu lulimi lwe batayogera waka. Ripooti ekubira nga ekkaatiriza nti abakulu bekiyigisa, abakulembeze ba amawanga, ko ne abagabi ba obuyambi bateekwa okussa mu nkola ebyenjigiriza ebyesigamye ku nnimi enzaaliranwa ennyingi ate mu bwangu obwa ekitalo. 

Ripooti eyitibwa, “Language and Education: The Missing Link” elaga bulungi nga olulimi oluyigilwamu bwe luyinza okufunyisa obuyigilize obwa ensa ate ne okwongela ku mutindo gwa abayizi; so ate ela luyinza ne okufeebeza ddala kaweefube wa okuyigiliza. Ripooti eno egenda mu maaso ne okulaga nga enkola eyeesigamye ku nnini enzaalilanwa ennyingi mu byenjigiliza ela eyamba omwana okwenyigila obulungi ddala mu kuyiga kwe bwe eteekwa okutandikila mu lulimi lwe oluzaalilanwa, ne oluvannyuma ne egenda nga eyanja mpolampola ennimi endala mu ntegeka enzimbe obulungi ela etandila ku kutegeela okuli mu baana kwe baafunila mu lulimi olusooka oba oluzaalilanwa. Pinnock awagila ekya abaana okusomela mu lulimi oluzaalilanwa waakili emyaaka mukaaga egisooka. Ayongelako ne agamba nti ekiseela kino kiyamba okukulaakulanya mu mwana obukugu bwa ebyennimu obulala ne okumusobozesa okufuna obulungi ebyo bye ateekwa okuyiga. Omuwanguzi wa Ekilabo ekimanyibbwa nga Nobel Prize, Dr. Rigoberta Menchú alaga okwennyamila bwe agamba nti, “Abantu bangi bamanyi okwetoziila okuba mu ssomelo. Abalala bamanyi bwe kili ddala entabwe eviilako abaana okuva mu ssomelo. Kuba abaana bangi, ekibaleetela okutendewalilwa ne okusaalilwa tekiva ku misanvu egilabika oba ku nsimbi, wabula lwa ekyo ekyabasalilwawo basomesebwe mu lulimi lwe batategeela.” Omwana obukugu bwe atabufunila mu lulimi lwe oluzaalilanwa, okuyiga kwe okwa omu ssomelo mu lulimi olugwila kumpi tekusoboka. Ripooti yennyini eno elaga nti obukozi bwa abayizi obususse okubeela obwa omutindo ogwa wansi mu nsi nnyingi buva lulimi mwe bayigila. Mu nsi omuli ennimi ennyingi, nga abantu tebakunnakulaakulana, ne abasinga obungi nga babeela mu byalo, ne abandi nga tebasobola kuyigila mu nnimi zaabwe enzaalilanwa; ripooti eno egamba nti essila lissibwe ku bantu ba omu bitundu ebyo okuyiga kwa abantu we kuli wansi ela nga ne ennimi engwila oba ezicaaka gye zitakozeselezebwa. Pinnock awa amagezi nti okukyusa okudda mu lulimi lwa abayizi olusooka / oluzaalilanwa kujja kubanguyiza okuyiga wamu ne okubassa ku ddaala kwe babeelela abawanguzi mu bye bakola. Okunoonyeleza nate kulga nti abayizi abayigila mu nnimi zaabwe enzaalilanwa banguyilwa nnyo okuyiga ne okukozesa enninmi endala. Awo nno ekya abazadde okwagala abaana baabwe okuyiga ennimi encaasi kileme kutwalibwa nga nsonga elimu ensa ela eweza ennimi enzaalilanwa. Ne ekisingila ddala, ennimi enzaalilanwa zisobola bulungi okuyamba omuntu okuyiga ennimi endala zonna. Abasomesa gye bakoma okuyamba abaana okukozesa ne okukulaakulanya ennimi zaabwe enzaalilanwa, abaana gye bakoma okusobola okukola obulungi mu byokuyiga, omuli ne obukugu bwa okuyiga ne okweeambisa olulimi olwa okubili. Abayizi abateekebbwateekebbwa obulungi okubeela abawanguzi bayiga bulungi ensonga zonna ze bafunila mu lulimi lwabwe ela ne banguyilwa okudda mu kuyigila mu Lungeleza oba Olulimi olulala lwonna nga ekiseela ekituufu kituuse. 		

Abamu beekwasa ensonga ya ensaasaanya ku bikozesebwa etesoboka. Sheldon Shaeffer, eyaliko Omukulu wa UNESCO agamba nti ekizibu kya ensaasaanya ne ebikozesebwa kimulungulikika; “Ekizibu okumulungula kye ekiyinza (State) okuba ne ensonga eli e buziba kyokka nga teyogelwa eyeesigamibwako okugaana okukozesa olulimi oluzaalilanwa — okutya nti kino kijja kufunyisa abantu aba ekibinja ekimu obuyinza batuuke ne okujeemela ekifuzi, olwo obumu bwa eggwanga bube mu katyabaga. Ekiwakanilo ekituufu kiteekwa kuba nti ebibinja bya abantu ebilina obuwangwa ne olulimi ekifuzi bye kitwala okuba nga bikkilizibwa, nga bya muwendo, ela nga kitakabanila okubitumbula wattu biba biwulize nnyo eli eggwanga.”Pinnock amenya ebiyinza okubaawo okuba ne ensomesa ya omu lulimi entuufu:Ennimi abantu ze bakozeseza ewaabwe mu bulamu obwa bulijjo ze ziteekwa okuyigilwamu mu kuyiga kwa abato ne ku ddaala nnakasooka (primary).Abaana balina kuyiga kusoma nga basookela mu lulimi lwabwe lwe basinga okumanya, olwa okumalilayo ddala obusobozi bwabwe mu kutegeela, okuwandiika ne okusoma. Olulimi lwa abaana oluzaalilanwa lulina okukulaakulanyizibwa ku ddaala nnakasooka lyonna (ne okusukkawo) olwa okutumbula obukulaakulanyi bwa okutegeela.Enzilukanya ya okutendekebwa ne obukozi bwa abasomesa eteekwa okufa ku bino:a) Okuyamba ne okufunyisa abasomesa ebyetaago basobole okutegeela obulungi olulimi ne obuwangwa obuwanilidde okutegeela kwa abaana abo;b) Okutegeela enkulaakulana ya olulimi (muno nga mwe otwalidde omugaso gwa Olulimi 	Oluzaalilanwa, abaana nga bwe bayiga olulimi, bwe bayiga okusoma, ne ebilala.);			
c) 	Okutegeela enkolagana eli wakati wa Olulimi Oluzaalilanwa ne enkulaakulana ya Olulimi 	olwa Okubili wamu ne obutuukamu bwa ensomesa yaazo zombi.

Ebisomesebwa omuyizi bwe bimuweelwa mu lulimi lwe atamanyilidde, ebiseela bingi nnyo ebiteekwa okumalibwa okusomesa abaana okutegeela, okwogela, okusoma ne okuwandiika mu Lulimi olwa Okubili oba Olugwiila. Kino nno kizibu nnyo ate kyonoonela emyaka mingi ku mutendela ogusooka so nga emyaka egyo abaana bandigimalidde ku kuyiga okusoma ne okuyiga ebitegeelo bya obuyivu mu Lulimi lwabwe Olusooka. Abaana abatasobola kutegeela lulimi olukozesebwa mu kibiina, balemwa okwolesa kye bamanyi, okubuuza, ne okwenyigila mu kuyiga. So nga abaana bwe baweebwa omukisa ne batandikila mu lulimi lwe bategeela okuviila ddala ku lunaku olusooka mu ssomelo—wabaawo enkizo ya maanyi mu byenjigiliza, mu basomesa, mu bazadde ne mu bayizi bennyini. 

Okuyigila mu nnimi enzaalilanwa kwongela ku kufunyisa obuyigilize. Abaana bwe baba bategeela olulimi oluyigilwamu  batandika okuyiga ku myaka emituufu ela ne basoma nga teboosa ela ne basigala nga tebavudde mu ssomelo; okusinga aba abayigila mu lulimi olugwila. Obubaka obusobola okukenenulwa obwaggyibwa mu nsi 22 ezikyaakula wamu ne mu bibinja bya ennimi 160 bwalaga nga abaana abaalina omukisa okuyigila mu nnimi zaabwe enzaalilanwa bangi ku bo baafaanana okwewandiisa ne okusigala mu masomelo, so nga abo abaataalina mukisa gwa kuyigila mu nnimi zaabwe eyo ye yali ensonga eya amaanyi eyabaddusanga mu masomelo. Ate mu kunoonyeleza okwali e Mali, abayizi ba omu bibiina abaayigilanga mu nnimi zaabwe enzaalilanwa baakilanga emilundi etaano bannabwe abaddanga mu bibiina olwa okuyigilanga mu lulimi olugwila, ela baakilanga emilundi egisoba mu esatu obutava mu ssomelo ku bannaabwe abaayigilanga mu lulimi olugwila.

Kino kili kityo lwa kuba nga emikisa gya okukuumila abaana mu ssomelo gili waggulu bwe baba basobola okutegeela ne okuyiga mu ngeli ebanguyiza okubaako bye beekolela mu lulimi lwe bategeela. 

Omuntu bwe aba akazizza olulimi lwe olusooka ne ebitegeelo lukulwe ebiwanilila okuyiga ayanguyilwa okukulaakulanamu obutegeezi obwa awamu obweetaagibwa okuyiga amangu ela mu bwangu olulimi olulala, okulusoma ne okuluwandiika.

Omuntu bwe ayigila mu lulimi oluzaalilanwa, obuwangwa bwa awaka ne okumanya okwa omu nnono byongelwako bwongelwa ate ne bikulaakulanyizibwa. Abaana bafuna okwekkililizaamu ne okusanyukila embala yaabwe. Abaana aba engeli eyo bakola bulungi nnyo mu ssomelo okusinga abo abakakibwa okuyigila mu lulimi lwe batamanyi ela olugwila, kuba kino kisaabulula mu basingila ddala obungi okwekkililizaamu kwabwe. (Ball, 2010).

Gulere Wambi Cornelius (2002) alagila ddala nti Olulimi Oluzaalilanwa gwe musingi gwa Kayazanfuna owa Embeelabantu (social capital) (e.g.Obuntubulamu). Ensonga eno nkulu nnyo kuba ye ewanilidde okukula kwa embeelabantu. Olulimi lwe lutabaganya engagalano za abantu mu kwetumbula bo bennyini ate ela nga kino kyennyini kimu ku bintu ebikola kayazanfuna. Noolweekyo, olulimi luteekwa lukwaatibwe nga Ekkula so si nga ekigwaawo obugwi nga tuli mu nkwajjilila ya okukulaakulana. Olulimi gwe muyungo gwa obusimu bwaffe oba gwe musaayi gwennyini. 

Olulimi Oluzaalilanwa lwanguyiza omuyizi ela ne ayolesa enkalila eziwanilila obuwanguzi:
Omuyizi bwe  atakaluubililwa....Yeetuma ela
 	Yeezuulila ela ebigendelelwa ne emilimu ebya okuyiga kwe abifaako ku lulwe 
 	Teyeeganya kukola 
 	Yeesalila yekka ebiseela mwe akolela 
 	Aba ne olukalala lwa ebikolebwa buli kiseela ate nga afaayo 
 	Akola bulungi nga teli amulabiliza	 	

Omuyizi akaluubililwa...Yeeganya okukola 
 	Tafa ku mize gye egitamuyamba
 	Taba na lukalala lwa bikolebwa mu biseela ebigele 

Ku nsonga ya Obugunja / Obuyiiya, omuyiza atakaluubililwa...
 	Yettanila nnyo emilimu emiggya ela anoonya buli mukisa gwa kuyiga we guli 
 	Anoonya okuyambibwa buli we kisobokela
 	Emmeeme ye eyaayaanila okuyiga 
 	Agezaako ebikolebwa mu kuyiga ebya enjawulo 
 	Embeela za okuyiga empya azaŋŋanga ne okwekkililizaamu kungi 
	 	
Ate omuyizi akaluubililwa ... Emilimu emiggya amala geekolela  
 	Tafaayo kufuna kuyambibwa we aba asanze 
 	Ne ekizibu we kili tamanyaawo 
 	Taba na kwekkililizaamu singa embeela ya okuyiga empya ebalukawo 

Ku kumaliliza emilimu gye akolela awaka – omuyizi atakaluubililwa... 
 	Afuba okukola emilimu egyeetaaga kaweefube owa amaanyi 
 	Ebimulagiddwa abigobelela ela emilimu ne agimaliliza ne obwegendeleza
 	Ebiseela abikozesa bulungi 
 	Afaayo ku kalonda 
 	Tasala ku maanyi ge ayolesa nga akola  	 	

Sso ate omuyizi akaluubililwa ...Ebisomelwamu tabitegeka bulungi, oluusi abileka waka 
 	Emilimu egyetaaga okufuba tagimalilako biseela 
 	Amaanyi ge assaamu gasinziila ku mbeela  
 	Emilimu egikolwa awaka oluusi tagimaliliza 

Ku nneeyambisa ya ya Obumanyisa, omuyizi atakaluubililwa...
 	Obwanguyiza obumufunyisa obumanyisa abweyambisa bulungi	 	

Ate omuyizi akaluubililwa... Tamanyi kya kukola mpozzi nga waliwo amugambye 

Ku nkolagana ne abalala, omuyizi atakaluubililwa...
 	Agabana ne banne ebiyamba mu kuyiga 
 	Ayagala okukola ne banne 
 	Aba ne obuvunaanyizibwa mu kibinja, kibiina 
 	Assawo enkolgana ennungi ne banne wamu ne abakulu ku ye 
 	Agondela bulungi ebilagilo bya ekibiina ne ebya essomelo 
 	Ayamba abalala	 	

Ate oyo akaluubililwa... kimuzibuwalila okugondela ebilagilo bya ekibiina ne essomelo 
 	Asoomooza abakulembeze, tassa kitiibwa mu bamusinga bukulu  
 	Tassa kitiibwa, bintu na ndowooza za balala 
 	Oluusi tasobola kukola oba kuzannya oba kukolagana bulungi na balala 

Ku kumalawo Obukuubagano, omuyizi atakaluubililwa...
 	Aba mweteefuteefu okuluŋŋamizibwa, okukkiliza ensobi ne okukyusa mu nneeyisa 
 	Emilelembe agimalawo mu ngeli ennungi 	 	

ate oyo akaluubililwa... Yeetaaga okulyowebwa ku busungu bwe 
 	Munaawuuzi wa ntalo / musombi wa kabi
 	Emilelembe tagimalawwo mu ngeli nnungi 

Ku nsonga ya Okwetaba mu Kibiina, omuyizi atakaluubililwa...
 	Aleeta ebilowoozo wamu ne okwongela ku kumanya mu kibiina 
 	Yeenyigila mu bikolebwa mu kibiina ne ekibinja kye 
 	Ayamba kwagazisa abalala ne okubazzaamu amaanyi 
 	Akkiliza okubaako kye akola ku mulimu oguba gubaweelebbwa	 	

Ate oyo akaluubililwa...Tasobola kuwuliliza balala nga tababambidde 
 	Aleka abalala ne bakola byabwe 
 	Talina mutemwa gwe yeewa kukola 

Ku kumulungula Ekizibu, omuyizi atakaluubililwa...
 	Ayagala nnyo okugezaako ekipya ne okuwaawo amagezi agayinza okumulungula ekizibu 	 

Ate oyo akaluubililwa... Bulijjo abuuza kiyinza kukolebwa 
 	Akemmentelelwa okumulungula ebizibu ku lulwe 

Ku kweteelawo Ebiluubililwa ebiyamba okukola obulungi
 	Azuula ela ne anyweza ebyo ebilungiya omulimu gwe
 	Azuula ebiluubililwa ela ne abifubilila ku lulwe  
 	Akulaakulanya engeli katuukiliza okuliyilila ebyo bye alinamu obunafu ebiyinza okumusubya okutuuka ku biluubililwa bye. 
 	Alemelako alabe nga atuuka ku biluubililwa ela we kyetaagisa akola ne emilimu emilala ko ne okufuna obuyambi okuva mu banne 
 	Omulimu gwe agulamula mu ngeli ya kagobansonga ela yezzaamu yekka amaanyi okukola ebilungi 

Ate oyo akaluubililwa... Omulimu aguwaayo nga tamaze kugweekenneenya ela abeela mumativu ne ekitono kye asobola okufuna 
 	Yeesigama nnyo ku bazadde be okwenyigila mu bye akola, okusalawo ekya okukola, ne okulamula omulimu gwe
 	Takkiliza bimugambibwa ku nsoma ye 
 	Si mweteefuteefu kufuna buyambi kuva walala 
 	Abeela mumativu ne obukugu obwa wansi 
 	Ebiluubililwa bye abifuna ela ne abifubako lwa bazadde aba amaanyi.




#Article 46: OKUBUULILILA (2283 words)


We mpandiikidde ebilowoozo bino nga ensi yettanila kugaggawala, kwogiwala mu bwongo, kufuga, wamu ne ebyamasanyu okukila ebyobwakatonda, ebyempisa ne ebyennono ebigasa obunnabantu. Ebintu ebina bye nsoose okubamenyera, abantu aba omulembe guno abasinga obungi babitunuulilila mu kkowe lya kusiŋŋana. Olwo abo ababilina ne baba ku ludda lwabwe ne abo abatabilina nabo ne baba ku ludda lwabwe. Byo ebibili bye mbamenyedde oluvannyuma, abantu abasinga obungi babitunuulila nga ebitagasa oba ebyobwewussa, ebya wansi ela ebitagya mu mulembe gwabwe ela nga bibabuzaako bubuza milembe.

Embeela eno nga bwe mulaba tevaamu kalungi konna wabula okutabulatabula omulaala mu bantu, olwo abali ‘obulungi’ ne baba nga balina kunyigiliza bali ela nga tebabeesembeleza olwa okutaasa ‘obulungi’ bwabwe. Ne bali ‘abali obubi’ batunuulila abali obulungi nga babeegomba olwa okuba ‘obulungi’ kyokka nga baayita mu kubaggyako byabwe. Ekyoyooyo kino kye kiviiliddeko abantu okulowoozanga nti balina kuyita mu kunyaga, kubba, kutiisatiisa na kutta okutuuka ku mbeela ya obulungi buli omu bwe yeegomba. 

Nze ndowooza nti kino kya nnaku, kubanga entabwe eva ku kuba nga ensonga ezo zitabuddwatabuddwa mu ngeli etategeelekeka. Ekyadibadde ekituufu kwe kusooka okutegeela bye twetaaga lwaki tubyetaaga, ate ela bitabagana bitya ne obunnabantu, ne obwakatonda ne embeela zaffe.

Ensonga zino mu mazima amatuufu zitabagana bulungi nnyo. Tetusobola kwawula bugagga ku bwakatonda kubanga Katonda ye Ssegaali asingayo. Musaanye mujjukile nti ate ku bintu bye twafuna obufunyi okuva gyali nga tuyita mu bugabilizi bwe kwe tusinziila okubaako ne ke tulina ela nga kwe tusinziila okugabilagana mu bwetaavu bwaffe obwa engeli zonna ne okuwanilila obunnabantu.
 

Ebyobufuzi ne Katonda ne obunnabantu bye bimu ddala, kubanga bigendeleddwamu kukulembela bantu kubatuusa ku kwesiima ate mu ngeli eya essanyu.

Ebyokwesanyusa nabyo tebyawulwa ku bwakatonda kubanga Katonda yennyini ensi yamusanyusa, ela bwe atyo yagituwa tugilye, tugisanyukilemu nga bwe tulisanyuka mu bulamu obutaggwaawo.

Awo nno ebbuyaga elituyuuza liva ku butamanya kwawula ate ne tutaba buto ebintu ebyo oba ensonga ezo. Tewali ayagala kuba mwavu kuba ela ne omwavu tewali amwagala. Amagezi ge tunoonya gandituyambyenga kutuuka ku bugagga obwa ensibo sso ne butatwawulayawula mu bubinjabinja obutatugasa.

Nze ndowooza nti singa ekyo kye tukola twandituuse ku kisumuluzo ekiggulawo enkuluze ya obuwanguzi ku ebyo bye twettanila ne abantu bonna bye beetaaga. 

AWO NNO:

Baana bange mwetaagila ddala empangi ennyweevu kwe munaayima okuggumiza akasolya. Obulamu bwa ensi bulimu ebbuyaga elya amaanyi ennyo ela nga lyakunse liti lisigula buli kintu kyonna ekitali kinywevu, ekilamu ne ekitali. Kale nno kye nva mbasaba okweteekelateekela obulungi obunaabasobozesa okwaŋŋanga ebbuyaga elyo lileme kubasaanyaawo, wabula mube empangi ya essuubi ne obuwanguzi bwammwe ate ne obwa abantu abalala ababeebunguludde.

Munaayinza mutya okutuuka ku ekyo?

Musaana mujjukilenga engelo zino ezaagunjibwawo bajjajjaffe be tutaasobola kulaba nako kabekasinge ne obutabawulilako, sinakindi ne obutabeefumiitilizaako. Naye bwe mwetegeleza ennyo mujja kuzuulamu obumanyilivu ne obugezi obwa ekikugu ennyo mu zo.
a)	Amagezi tegaba ga omu,-----------------------
b)	Omuweesi ekyamuzimba ku kkubo kulagililwa, ne
c)	Kayemba nnantabuulililwa alisaabala bwa bbumba …

Kye mpise okubuulililwa, si kilala, wabula okuweebwa amagezi agabatuusa ku butuukilivu. Nkakasiza ddala nti omuntu yenna atuukilidde ye oyo asobola okusongwako olunwe, abantu bonna nga bamweyunila olwa okubajuna nga mpozzi Yezu Kristo bwe ali eli abantu bonna. Wadde okubuulililwa kwonna si kubayamba kutuuka ku butuukilivu, naye ela kwonna mukuwulilize. Oluvannyuma mwefunile akaseela akeekusifu mwefumiitilize ku kubuulililwa okwo nga mukkiliza ekyo ekikola ekinyusi kya obwomuntu bwammwe ela entabilo ya emmeeme zammwe okubalambululila ekyo kye musaanidde okukola. Obulamuzi obukolebwa mu ngeli nga eyo bwe bunaabayamba okukenenula mu kubuulililwa kwonna ne mutuuka ku okwo okusingayo omugaso.

Baana bange obumanya buva mu bumanyi ne okumanya.
Lino lye kkula lya obutegeezi ne obugezi. Obumanya bwebunguluddwa ebintu bingi ebiyinza okububuutikila ela ne busaanyizibwawo ela nga ne ebimu ku byo bwe bumanyi ne obugezi ebintu ate ebya ensibo mu bumanya.
Obumanya buva mu kwefumitiliza ku ebyo bye mumanyi ela bye mutegeela obulungi olwo ne bubatusa ku bye mufaanana obutamanya ne bye mutategeela bulungi, nabyo ne bibatangaalila ddala bulungi mu ngeli ya bakalimagezi. Obumanya obwo bwe bujja okubayamba okukenga ebbuyaga elyandisobodde okubakkulubbya ne libaggya ku butuukilivu bwammwe nga libazza eli obuzikilivu.
Awo nno mwettanilenga nnyo engeli zonna ezinaabasobozesanga okutuuka ku bumanya obwa engeli yonna.

Baana bange omukisa gwammwe gwonna gubali mu batonde, ŋŋamba abo Katonda be yatonda. Abatonde abo balimu obulungi bwa Katonda, obulungi obujjudde.
Obulungi obwo bwe bufaabiinyisa abantu bonna okuba mu ssanyu ne emilembe egya nnamaddala nga bali wamu ne bannaabwe. Tewali ssanyu lilibaviila mu kwebengula ku bunnabantu oba okukontana ne obunnabantu. Oba nga omuntu omu ati wa mugaso nnyo gye oli ate alabisa abantu bonna abali mu nsi eno! Mwefanaanyilize nga buli muntu omu yenkanankana omukisa gwo gumu, olwo olina emikisa emeka mu nsi? 

Obulungi nno buzuulibwa mu kutakabanila mikisa gyonna egyo. Baana bange gye munaakomanga okutakabanila obulungi bwa abatonde ba Katonda gye mulikoma ne okutuuka ku bulungi bwammwe.

Ebintu ebigwawo mu bulamu nga tuli ne bannaffe si bye bisaanidde okubawugula ne okubawabya. Wabula ne bwe binaagwangawo, amaaso gammwe mugasimbe ku ekyo ekilungi Katonda kye yassa mu bantu abo, ela ku ekyo kwe muba musinziilanga okutuuka ku bulungi.

 

Baana bange ekintu ekitukula konna kiba kiwewufu ku bwakyo kyennyini. Kino kitegeeza nti obuzito obwandikibaddeko nga buva ku bucaafu tebubaawo kubanga obucaafu obwo tebukibaako. Nammwe nno bwe mutyo. Obuzito obukembya abantu tebuva walala wabula ku kukabililwa mu mutima olwa obukyayi bwe baba nabwo eli bantu bannaabwe.
Obukyafu bwembeleddwa enge, ettima, effutwa, omululu, olwetumbu, okwemanya, obwenzi, obugwenyufu, obutamiivu, obutemu, ne okuwoolera eggwanga…

Abakola ebintu ebyo baba bagendelela kwewonya bizibu; bo bwe balowooza. 
Baana bange nze mbagamba nti mutyo si bwe mukolanga. Kubanga ekiva mu bikolwa nga ebyo, kuzitoowelelwa, kulemelelwa ne okusaanawo oba okuzikilila nga mpozzi bwe olaba ekintu ekijjudde obukyafu bwe kizikilizibwa kyonna.

Baana bange, kino nno mukitegeele bulungi! Obuteefu tekitegeeza bubondeevu, butiitiizi, busilifu oba buteeyanila. Obuteefu bugelelwa ku bunywevu (bugumu), buzila, bumalilivu, kuba na ddoboozi ne obwelwanilizi; wabula nga ate ebintu ebyo wadde obilina ela we wandyeyambisilizza, weeyamba bukkakkamu, obukkaanya, obuteesa ne obwesimbu okutuuka ku kye oluubilila ela awatali kukifiilwa.

Baana bange, ffenna kye tufaabiinila bwe buwanguzi ate obuwanguzi obwannamaddala.
Obuwanguzi obutafunilwa mu buteefu bukontanila ddala ne obuwanguzi bwe tuba tutuuseeko oba bwe tuluubilila okutuukako, ela ne ekiva mu kyo kwe kufiilwa obufiilwa, oba ne tuwangulwa mu kifo kya okuwangula. Obuwanguzi obujja olwa obuteefu tewali amanyi muwendo gwabwo we gwenkana bunene ela nga bubeerldde ennaku zonna. 

Baana bange, obuzila kwe kuba omulwanyi nnamige owa ekyo ekikila obwegombesa. 
Omuzila si ye oyo amalila amaanyi ge ne emmeeme ye ku kulwana obulwanyi ne emikono gye ela ne azikiliza buli kintu, naye ye oyo alwanyisa obulabe ne abusaanyaawo sso ate ne ayamba abalabe be okulaba amazima ne bagasiima ela nabo ne bageeyagalilamu. Obuzila nno, tebukoma ku kusaanyaawo busaanya bulabe, wabula buzingilamu ne okutakabanila obulungi obubadde buzindiddwa sinakindi obubadde busaanyzibbwaawo obulabe, olwo ne buzzibwawo ela ne bukuumibwa butilibili. 

Obuzila bwammwe buleme nno kuba mu kusaanyaawo bantu oba ebintu, wabula okuwanilila abantu bonna ne obunnabantu. Obuzila bujja kubeetaagisa okugumila okutulugunyizibwa kwonna okwa omu mutima, mu mmeeme ne mu mubili, sinakindi mutuusibweko ne ebisago. Ebyo byonna bisobola okubaawo, ne mulabila ddala nga muli nga abagenda okuzikilila. Omuzila asigala nga mumalilivu ela nga alina essuubi elitagooka nti ajja kuwangula. Ekyo bwe kibalema, ne mumala mukkiliza empagi eyo ebalimu okuwangulwa, olwo endowooza yammwe eliba esiguukuluddwa ela nga mupondoose.
Mukubeemu ekifaananyi nga mulinnyiddwa ku nfeete ela nga mwesengeleza omulabe wammwe!!

Obuzila bwammwe bubali mu mulowooza, mu ekyo kye mukkiliza, ne mu kumalilila okukituukako. Ekyo kye mukkililizaamu kiteekwa kuba kituufu ate nga kitukuvu ela nga kye kivaamu essanyu lya bonna. Oyo yenna atakola ekyo, aba mutiitiizi, taba muzila. 

Mmwe temubanga batiitiizi, mubanga bazila!

Baana bange, mwewalanga nnyo okwewanika ku muntu yenna. Wano nno muntegeelele ddala bulungi: omuntu yenna, ye buli mutonde yenna.

Omuze gwa obutassa kitiibwa mu bantu, gwe guvaako okusosola mu bantu, olwo abantu ne bapimilwa ku ngelezo ne abalala ne bassibwa ku milengo. Abo abakikola baabuwe bafaanana okwepankila ku bantu bo be balowooza nti ba wansi okubasinga ate ne beelyanyiza ku be balowooza nti ba waggulu.
Baana bange, tewali kibala kyonna kitayima ku ttaka kubala sso ate ne ebimu bibalila mu ttaka. Kya busilu bugwagwa okwelyanyiza ku bibala bye olaba nga binyilittukila eyo waggulu ela nga byepankila ku ttaka okuli emilandila, enkolo ne enduli ebiwanilidde amatabi okuli amasanso, amakoola ne ebibala bili.
Okwo kuba kufukilila lunnyo ku nkolo…

Baana bange, ekitiibwa kye munassanga mu bantu abo, bwe bugimu bwe munaafukililanga ku nkolo ewanilidde ebibala bye munaanoganga ennaku zonna.
Buli omu ku mmwe asaana amanye nti buli muntu ali ku nsi kuno ateekwa okubaako ne kye amusinza. Sso ate ela ne ekyo kye olowooza nti okimusinza, obusobozi obwo tebuba bubwo, buba bwesigamiziddwa ku balala. Musaana mukimanye nti abantu abo bonna Katonda be yatonda obeele nabo buli omu alimu emikisa gyo egya obuwanguzi gye atelese egisukka ku gumu.

Baana bange, ekitiibwa mukiweelanga bweleele. Gye mulikoma okukiwa abantu, nabo gye balikoma okukibawa; olwo ne muva mu kuweebwa ekitiibwa ne mutuuka ku Beekitiibwa ne okuba abeekitiibwa. Nga mutuuse ku ssa elyo, obwekitiibwa bwammwe mubutuusize ddala ku buli muntu nga buli muntu yenna mumuwa ekitiibwa. 

Baana bange mmujjukilenga lunye olugelo oluganda olugamba nti “Agali awamu ge galuma ennyama” ne “ Ekyalo ddiba lya mbogo telizingwa omu.”
Ekinyusi ekili mu ngelo zombi, kwe kuba nti buli muntu ali ku nsi kitundu ekikola omuntu omujjuvu nga mpozzi bwe olaba ebitundu bya omubiri gwa omuntu ne ebintu ebitalabika bwe bijjuuliliza omuntu yenna omujjuvu. Singa ekimu ku bintu ebyo kyesuulilayo gwa nnaggamba twandibadde tetulina kye twetuusa. Mwefaanaanyilize obukuyege engeli gye buzimbamu esswa eddene. Okutuuka ku kwezimbila ekisulo bukolela wamu ela obunnawamu obwo bwe bubusobozesa.

Ggwe omuntu nga omuntu osobola bulungi nnyo okulemelelwa singa toba na bunnawamu obwo oba okuwangula singa oba nabwo mu ggwe. Obunnawamu mu mmwe bujjawo ggwe nga ssekinnoomu okkiliza okutabaganya obulungi omutima gwo, emmeeme yo, enkenzo zo, obwongo bwo, ebitundu bya omubili gwo byonna, ela byonna awamu ne bikola kyenkanyi mu kwewaayo okwa ekitalo ekyo ekisaanidde okukola mu kiseela ekyo olwa okukujuna oba okukuwanguza.

Mu ngeri ye emu ne obunnawamu bwo naddala ne baganda bo ne bannyoko ko ne abantu abalala bukulu nnyo mu buwanguzi bwammwe. Singa buli omu ku mmwe akola kyenkanyi mu kwewaayo ne okwagala okutaliiko kkomo, olwo muliba muzudde ekkula abantu abalala osanga lye baali bazudde mmwe lye mutazuulanga oba lye batazuulanga kyokka mmwe nga mulizudde. Okuzuula ekkula elyo kye kileetawo enjawulo mu nkulaakulana ya abantu. Tewali buwanguzi bwonna bwali butuukibbwaako awatali kukolela wamu.

Okusobola okukolela awamu muteekwa okuba abenkanya mu nnamula yammwe. Obwenkanya buleme kupimilwa ku kyenkanyi mu kintu ekimu, naye ku kyenkanyi ekiva eli obusobozi ne obuvunaanyizibwa bwa buli omu ku mmwe.

Baana bange, kyangu nnyo okwelimba nti mukolela wamu kasita muba nga temulina bwenkanya mu mmwe ko ne ekluubililwa ekimu. Buli omu ku mmwe lwe ayawula obwenkanya bwa ekiluubililwa kye ku ky abalala, olwo obunnawamu nga buziŋŋamye. Ekyo nno kye kiviiliddeko ebitongole ebingi okugwa ne ebibiina bya abantu okulemelelwa sinakindi ne okusaanawo.

Baana bange, obuwanguzi obuva ku bunnawamu tebuleetebwawo kintu kilala wabula ebyo bye mbamenyedde.

Baana bange, ensi nyingi ezikulaakulanye, ebitongole nabyo bwe bityo, sso ne abantu abatonotono ne bassekinnoomu bwe batyo bakulaakulanye ela ne batuuka ku ddaala elyegombesa. Wabula ne ensi nnyingi, ebitongole ela ne abantu balemeddwa okutuuka ku nkulaakulana lwa kubulwa ela lwa butaba na bwesigwa. Obwesigwa kye kilabo ekikubaamu ggwe nga omuntu nga tekiwaanyisibwa. Ku bwesigwa abantu kwe basinziila okukubaamu ne obwesige, ela bwe batyo ne baba nga ggwe gwe beesiga okukutelesa ebyama byabwe, ela ebinu ebikulu ennyo eli obulamu bwabwe, ela ne ebyobugagga byabwe.

Obwesigwa nsulo ya bugagga, nsulo ya milembe, ela nsulo ya ssanyu. Essanyu lye ofuna teliba lya nkiso, wabula liba lya buli omu. Obwesigwa nsulo ya butebenkevu, kubanga abantu abakwesiga be bannannyini kutakabanila milembe gyo ne obutebenkevu bwo, anti kuba baba bayaayaanila ekkula lyabwe obutatuusibwako kabi konna.
Olwa okuba nga oli mwesigwa, abantu banaakweyunilanga olwa okubayambanga, olwa obwesige bwe bakulinamu.
Ettutumu lyo bwe lityo linaatendwanga abantu aba buli mulembe, kubanga ggwe  onoobanga owanlridde obugagga bwabwe, essanyu lyabwe, ate ne obwesige bwabwe. Abantu bangi nnyo mu nsi abeetaaga be bayinza okwesiga kyokka batono ddala, ate ela nga bakyeyongela okukendeelerl ddala. Ne ensi ne ebitongole ebimanyifu, bwe bityo bwe bikoze. Olwa empeeleza yaabyo ejjuddemu obwesigwa, abantu bettanila okussa obulamu bwabwe mu bitongoe ne ensi ezo, ela ne okussaawo ebyobugagga byabwe.

Omuntu oba ekitongole oba ensi okuba ne obwesigwa, aba amanyi bulungi kye ali, ekyo kye asobola okuweeleza ate nga ateebeleza bulungi kiki kye asobola okubeela. Obumanye obuli awo bwe bukuyamba obutayuugana, ne okola kye okola ne omutima gumu, kyokka nga tosuubila mpeela wadde okusiimibwa.
Wabula ekya essanyu, ate ebintu ebyo bijja bigobelela ekyo kye oli ela bwe otyo ne obifuna.

Baana bange teli kilabo kya bantu babili ne okusukkawo kikila kuteesa. Tewali nsonga yonna eliyinza kubalemelela singa muba ne okuteesa nga engabo yammwe. Temwetantalanga okwemalila ensonga zammwe nga mweyawudde ela nga temukkaanyizza! Mufubanga okweddiza ensa yammwe eya obwenda ya nnakalaama ne mudda ku mmeeza emu ne muteesa, musalewo ku nsonga yonna eba ebakaluubilidde. Okusunguwala ne okunyiiga olwa kino na kili bya bwamuntu ela bibaawo mu bulamu bwaffe abantu. Wadde embeela eyo emaze ne ebaawo, temugiganyanga kubabuutikila, mwewanga akadde ne mukkakkana, ettumbiikano ne limala okukka ne mudda mu nteeko musobole okuteesa. Ebyo byonna bazadde bammwe bye baakola ku lwammwe baabibategekela mu buteesa ela nga baagala mubeele mu milembe. Muteesanga nga mwagala okubiganyulwamu. Obuteesa bwe bukuumidde ensi eno mu mbeela eya emilembe. Singa si buteesa twandibadde mu ntalo ezitaggwa ela ne abantu tetwandibaddengamu mutima gwa milembe. Awo nno nga mwagala emilembe gibukale mu mmwe, muteesenga buteesa! Mujjukilenga lunye nti okwagala kuva mu kuteesa, ela ne ebilungi byonna biva mu kuteesa. 

Mu kuteesa mwe muva obuwanguzi obwa nnamaddala, kubanga enjuyi zombi eziba zitakkaanya ziwangula. Mu kuteesa mwe muva obuwangaazi, kubanga mu mmwe munaasibukangamu emilembe ne mubeelanga ne essanyu elinaabataasanga ku bilwadde bya olukonvuba ebitwala abantu e kaganga. Mu buteesa mwe munaggyanga obunywevu nga olwazi. Mujjukilenga okuddangako mu kyama ne mwegeyaamu nga wabaddewo obwetaavu bwonna. Okwegeyaamu okwo kwe kubazuulila obuteesa ne mutuuka ku kulamula mu bwenkanya ekyo kye mwetaaga. 

Mwekakenga okuteesa, kubanga ye nsulo ya obuwanguzi bwammwe obwa nnamaddala.

NZE KITAMMWE ABAAGALILA DDALA,




#Article 47: Entegeka y'ezade (130 words)


Mu Uganda ne Africa okutwaliza awamu, abantu bakyalimu endowoza egamba nti
omusajja yenna bwazala abaana abangi olwo aba musajja[daladala era bamutya no 
kutandika okumuwa ekitiibwa. Basebo ne banyabo okuzala kirungi naye ebyokuzala
faa byali byaluli nga bajajja ffe bakyalina ebibanja gagadde nga wade tebasomeseza
naye ngabasobola bulungi okulabirira abaana abo nadala mubyendya kubanga
awalimibwa waliwo ate nga wanene n'obujimu nga wagimu, at'era nawokulundira.

Bejanjabisanga mudo nameere.
Abo baliina omukisa nga balina ebyo byonna, emikisa egyo gigenda gikendera.
Kubanga kati kizibu omuntu okufunsa edagala eriva mu mitti n'emiddo olwensonga nti ebibira biweddewo.

AMAGEZI GEMPA BANANGE ABALIWO N'ABALIDAWO GEGANO;-
Tuzaale nga tubalirira abaana baleme kubonabona olwebyeyambisibwa mu
bulamu obwabuligyo okubeera ebitono ate nga ababyetaga bangi nyo nyo.
Zalanga ngosinzira kunfunayo nga omuntu ate ne nsiyo Uganda gibalirire.
Kibalama GeorgeWilliam 0771 683 020




#Article 48: Ssappule y'abajulizi ba uganda (143 words)


(Gigezeeko weerabireko ggwe wennyini. Bwoba olina ebizibu mu bulamu oba ku ssomero, gisome emirundi 3 okutuuka ku 10 buli lunaku.Weeyambise Ssappule yaffe eya bulijjo ey’empeke 10. Buli buyambi bwa Bajulizi ba Uganda bwofuna , wadde nga okyesanga mu bizibu ebikirako akabiga k’omuliro, bukwongera bwongezi kwesiga Katonda n’okusuubira ennyo e Ggulu)

Mu linnya lya Patri………………….................(Ku mpeke essatu ezisooka , nga tuziddinngana emirundi essatu )
Kitaffe ali mu Ggulu x3 
Mirembe Maria x3
Ekitiibwa kibe Ekya Patri x3
(Ku mpeke ennene x1)
Ayi Abajulizi ba Uganda Abatuukirivu, temwafiira bwereere, mufunamu ekitiibwa kingi nnyo.
(Ku mpeke Entono)
Ayi Abajulizi ba  Uganda Abatuukirivu, mmwe abanywevu ennyo era abesigwa eri Mukama waffe Yezu Kristu,
Mutusabire.
Ekitiibwa kibe ekya Patri ...........x3

(Nga ofundikira, kowoola Abajulizi ba Yezu Kristu-Abakatuliki bano, bwoti):

(Bw'oyagala Osobola okwongerako Abajulirwa ba Yesu Kristo -Abakulistayo bano):

Mu linnya lya Patri…………………………………………

N.B    BW'OBA OLINA GW'OMANYI  ABITEGEERA ,




#Article 49: Emeere bugagga (131 words)


Mubutufu emmere kintu kyamuwendo mumaka gaffe kubanga obulamu bwetaga ekyokulya kumpi
Buli saawa era osobola obutanaba okumala omwezi mulamba nasigala nga mulamu naye tasobola 
Kumala naku nnya ngatalide nasigala tanaffa.
Emmere kyekintu kyona ekiribwa omuntu oba ebisolo.Ekyewunyisa abantu abeebiti ebenjulo bonna
Betagga okulya.okugeza
Abasibe mumakomeera,abalwadde mumalwaliro,abayizi mu matendekero,abadugavu nabazungu
Abasawo nabasomesa abakulembeze nebebakulembera abalala bangi.
                                                               EBIBALA MMERE
Bana Uganda banange ebibala mmere ekyo manyi nti mukimanyi bulungi nyo,mbasaba mubiwe ekitibwa. Ndaba bangi abatema emiti gyafene, emiyembe,jambula emiwafu nemirala mbu bafunemu
Sente ezamangu ekintu kyendaba nga okulya egi okwesubya omuwula.lwaki?
Singa omuti gwo ogwafene ogumu kwegyo gyolina obalirira sente eziyinza okugula bifene byona
Ebiberako olubala[sizoni] kyangu nyo okuzula nti ogulekawo ngatogutemye nogulyangako nokutundako
Buli lubala[sizoni] kisinga nyo nyo dala okugusanyawo olwebyoyagala ebitono tono ne welabira ebyetago ebyabuli kiseera kale kiyite buli mwaka.




#Article 50: OKUMEZESA ENDOKWA Z'EMITI N'OKUZIRABIRIRA (226 words)


Oluvanyuma lw'okulaffubana  kwa Gavumenti  eya wakati, eya Buganda awamu n'ebitongole ebyo bwa nakyeewa naddala ekya SCC-VIA Agro Forestry prLyaoject mu Masaka, Rakai, ne Lyantonde, abantu balabye nga ddala bali mu katyabaga ak'obutonde bwensi okwonooneka.
Wano kwekusalawo baffungize nate basobole okuzaawo embeera nga bweyalinga edda.
Okusimba emiti ly'erimu ku makubo ag'okweyambisa mukukuzaawo obutonde bwensi  obweyagaza o  kusinziira ku migaso egiva mu miti omuli;
a.1 Egimu ku migaso gy'miti.
EMBAAWO [Emisizi,emivule,Grevelle a,podo n'milala] ]
 Ebibala [emiyembe,amapeera,ovakado,emichungwa]
 Eddagala[Ekiffabakazi,moringa,neemtree,Nnyambalazittonnya.......]
Okuzza obujjimu mutaka [omuzibandegeya, calliandra,emituba,ssettala ]
 Okunyiriza olugya [Kalivario,nkalati,ak'amadaala.....]
 Ebikome mu birime [Emisizi,emigavu,emituba,sesbania........]
 Emmere y'ebisolo [Emisasa,calliandra,sesbania......]
  Wano wetulabidde nga buli muntu asaanye abeere ng'amanyi okwemwreza endokwa n'endabirira yonna ekwata ku kusimba emiti.
 2 .o ENTEEKATEEKA Y'OKUMEZA EMITI MU BUSIRI [Nursery Establishment]
 Nursery[ tujja kukigandawaza nti Nasale] kye ki.
 Ebirime byonna, okufaannanako  ng'omuntu nga bikyaali bito byetaaga okwegenndereza.
 N'olwennsnga eyo ,kyetaaagisa okubirabirira mu kifo eky'enjawulo ekimanyiddwa nganursery.

Kirungi omulimi asimbe ensigo ennungi ezisobola okumera obulungi.Wewale ensingo endwadde osobole okufuna endokwa ennamu obulungi.
OKUSIMBA . ENSINGO zibikke ettaka erisaanidde okusinziira ku bunene bwaazo era ziwe amabanga agamala bwekiba kisoboka minyiriri.Osobola okusimba obuterevumu bukopo oba wansi ku taka egyerere
AMAZZI.
 Fuba okuluba  nti olina amazzi agasobola  okukuza emiti,endokwa .
 Kyandibadde kirungi nofuna ekifo  ekiriranye amazzi ag'ensulo oba omugga
Ekyokwetegereza.
AKASIRI  K'OKUMEREZAMU ENSINGO  KANO KAZIMBEKO EKISIKIRIZE ERA  NGA KINO KIKOLEBWA okusinziira  ng'enjuba bwetambula , endondo enyimpi zibeera ku luuyi olw'ebugwanjuba.

		EBIKOZESEBWA [TOOLS].

KANKOME AWO MBADE 




#Article 51: Okulima green paper (110 words)


Omuntu okulima green paper otekeddwa okukola bino wammanga .
Ffuna ensigo ya green paper ennungi, tegeka bulungi ekifo wogenda okuyiwa beedi  ya green paper wo.ng’omaze okukabala bulungi ekifo kino tekamu ekigimusa  ngamuno mulimu nakavundira ,obusa bw’ente ,kalimwe w’enkoko nebigisa ebizungu omuli NPK.Ng’omaze okukola bino wammanga leea obusigo bwa paper obumanse muttaka lino ly’okabadde oluvannyuma ofukirireko amazzi bw’omala obikeko ebisubi okutuusa obusigo buno ngabumeze awo oly’oke ojeko ebisubi  bino ozimbeko okayumba okwewala omusana, ngawayisewo wiki emu kibbiri tandika okukendeeza ebisubi ebiri kukayumba kano paper ono asobole okumannyira embeera y’obudde
  
Ngawayiseewo omwezi 1 tandika okusimbuliza paper wo ng’omuteeka munnimiro ewedde okutegekebwa obulingi era tewerabira okisimba paper wo mumabanga agasanidde.
         EDDAGALA ELIKOZESEBWA MUKUFUYIRA.




#Article 52: Embizzi nziriisa ntya bulungi (174 words)


Okusinzira ku bange lye nundidde ebisisolo bino nkizudde nga endiisa yabyo abamu ebalema okutegera kale n'lwekyo wanjagalidde okugabana wamu mawe ku kye njudde.

Mukulunda ebyokulya kye kisingira ddala kusaasaanyizibwako ensimbi. Buli lw'ogayala okuziriisa obulungi ofirwa kuba tezikula mangu ate ziyinza okukunduga awamu n'okulumbibwa endwadde.

Emmere y'embizzi ennungi ebeeramu ekiriisa ekireeta amannyi, ekizimba omubiri, vitamini, omunnyo gw'ebisolo.

Waliwo emmere ebaamu ebirungo ebyenjawulo ng'etundibwa. Eno etera okubeeramu ebirungo ebimala.

Embizzi enzungu ey'emyezi esatu eba efuna kkiro emu n'ekitundu buli lunaku, era buli mwezi ogweyongerako kubukulu bwayo oba ogattako nga ekitundu kya kkiro y'emmere gy'erya buli lunaku.

Kinno no kitegeeza nti embizzi ey'emyezi omukaaga eba efuna kkiro biri(2) ne grammes lusaanvu (700) buli lunaku.

Embizzi ezifuna emmere eno teziteekako masavu mangi so ngate zikula bulungi.

Embizzi enganda zikula mpola nnyo era sandikuwagidde kuzigulira mmere eno entabule kubanga tojja kuzifunamu magoba bulungi.

Embizzi osobola okugiriisa omuddo gamba nga kafumbe, ennanda, amalagala, ga lumonde, ebisagazi ebitoototo ng'obitemyetemyemu, Muwogo, Lumonde na kawunga.

Abalunzi abamu baliisa embizzi omusaayi gw'ente nga bamzze okugufumbako nga bewala endwadde z'ebisolo eziyinza okusaasanira mu bintu bino.




#Article 53: Omweso (3432 words)


Omweso gwe gumu ku mizannyo gy'omu Uganda egy'edda ennyo
egy'okwewummulizaako. Amawanga mangi gafaanana okuba nga gamaze emyaka bikumi na bikumi
nga baguzannya. 

Omweso gye gwatandikira tewali amanyiddeyo ddala newankubadde nga waliwo
abantu abawa ebirowoozo byabwe ku nsibuko yaagwo. Ebirowoozo ebyo tebinnafuna bibikakasa mu
ngeri ematiza buli muntu. Abatambuze n'abayizi b'ebifa ku mpisa z'abantu ez'obuwangwa, omweso
bagusanga ne mu nsi zino eziri ku nkingi za Uganda: Kenya, Sudan, Congo,Rwanda, Tanzania,
n'okweyongerayo mu Afirika eya wakati.
Abantu abamu bagamba nti omweso gwava mu nsi z'ebweru ne guyingira mu Uganda. Ekyo
okukikkiriza kisaana kumala kwekenneenyezebwa mu bintu bino — ennimi ez'enjawulo ezoogerwa mu
Uganda, ebintu eby'edda ebisangibwa mu bitundu bya Uganda ebitali bimu, ensibuko z'abantu b'omu
Uganda abali mu bitundu ebitali bimu. Ate abantu abalala bwe bagamba nti omuzannyo ogwo gwava
mu Uganda ne gugenda ebweru n'abo tetusaana kumala gabawakanya.

Kye tulaba amangu kye kino nti abantu abamu aboogera ennimi ez'enjawulo
balina amannya agatava ku kikolo kimu ge gayita ekintu kye geesezaamu. Ekyo kiyinza okutugambisa
nti buli ggwanga omuzannyo ogwo lyaguvumbula lyokka. Naye ate tuyinza n'okugamba nti oboolyawo
ng'amawanga agamu gaagukoppa ku malala ne negaguyiyiiza amannya mu nnimi ze googera. Sso nno
ate waliwo agamu agayita ekintu kye geesezaamu amannya agalabika nga gava ku kikolo kimu
eky'ennimi ze googera. Ekyo kiragira ddala ng'amawanga ago omuzannyo gaaguggya ku mawanga
agagaliraanye bwe gali mu kika ekimu oba ku mawanga agaagawangula oba ge gaawangula mu biro
eby'edda. 

Erinnya 'omweso' (mu bungi 'emyeso') litegeeza ekibajje mwe beeseza ate n'omuzannyo
gwennyini. Omweso gutera kubajjibwa mu muti. Ekinnya ky'omweso ekimu kiyitibwa ssa
(ebingi 'masa'). Ensigo enzirugaalirivu eziyitibwa empiki, eziva ku muti oguyitibwa omuyiki, ze
zikozesebwa mu mweso. Okuzannya kwennyini kuyitibwa 'kwesa.' Ekigambo ekyo kiringa
ekyava mu linnya 'mweso.' Omuzannyo guyitibwa `kyeso' (ebingi 'byeso').
Mu lulimi Oluganda mulimu ebifaanana okulaga ng'omweso gwa dda nnyo mu Buganda. Ebiraga
ebyo gisangibwa mu njogera ze tuyita ebisoko era ne mu ngero. Enjogera ezimanyiddwa ennyo ze

Ebyafaayo by'obwakabaka nabyo birinayo ekiraga ng'omweso gwa dda nnyo mu Buganda. Buli
Kabaka omuggya olwamalanga okusika n'agenda e Buddo, ku lusozi olwatikkirirwangako
Bakabaka engule, n'akolayo n'omukolo gw'okwesa. Omukulu w'emikolo gy'oku Buddo yabanga
Ssemanobe Ow' emmamba, omukuumi w'olusozi lw'Obwakabaka. Akakasa omukolo gw'
okwesa ku Buddo ye muwandiisi omwatiikirivu, Sir Apollo Kaggwa Kalibbala. Mu kitabo kye ekiyitibwa
Empisa ~a Baganda, yawandika bw'ati ku mukolo gw'okwesa: Bwe yamuggyanga awo
(Ssemanobe) n'amutwala mu luyiki, lwabeeranga kumpi n'awaabeeranga embuga ya Makamba
Omwami w'oku Buddo. Omwo mwe yanoganga empiki buteba eyabeeranga mu mweso
ogwabeeranga mu kigango Ggombolola oba Masengeregansaze, Katikkiro gwe yayesezangamu
ng'asalira abantu emisango. Naye empiki eyo buteba amakulu gaayo nti 'Kabaka taasingibwenga
magezi mu bwakabaka bwe eri abantu be; abantu be bwe banaamusaliranga amagezi
ag'okumusinga era ye y'anaasinganga okubasalira amagezi amalungi ag'okubafuganga, ng'omwesi
ow'amagezi bw'agobya munne empiki entono eza buteba'.

Tewali amanyidde ddala Kabaka eyatandika `okwesa' ng'omukolo mu kusika kwa Bakabaka
kyokka omukolo gwo gulinga ogw'edda ennyo newankubadde nga guyinza obutaba gwa dda nnyo
ng'Obwakabaka obulowoozebwa okuweza emyaka ng'ebitaano okuva ku Ssekabaka Kintu.
Omukolo gw'okweseza e Buddo mu kusika ng'ogutadde ebbali, omweso gwayagaligwanga nnyo
mu lubiri lwa Kabaka. Kabaka yayesanga ne bakyala be abakulu era ne bannyina, abambejja. Oluusi
yayitanga Katikkiro n'abaami abakulu n'ayesa nabo.
Abaami n'abataka abakulu buli gye baageeranga yonna nga baba n'emyeso mu bisaakaate byabwe.
Abaami abakulu n'abato n'abasajja be baafuganga baayesanga kumpi buli lunaku enkya n'eggulo.
Akatuuso ke kaabasalangako anti nga bonna basembezebwa ku mmere y'embuga. Mu mweso abaami
mwe baafuniranga omukisa okulaba abantu baabwe n'okugamanya mu ngeri y'omukwano. Bwe baabanga
beesa nga banyumya ku bintu bingi ebya buli ngeri. Mu kwesa abaami ne basajja baabwe mwe
baamanyiranga ebifa mu nsi. Bwe waabangawo abajja okubasalira ebibakaayanya ng'abaami ne basajja
baabwe abali mu mweso bawuliriza ensonga zonna. Abaami bwe baasalanga ensonga nga basajja baabwe
nabo bawulira ensala y'abaami n'amagezi ge baawanga abantu abaabanga babatwalidde ebigambo
ebyetaaga okutawulula.
Mu nkiiko ez'engeri eyo eza bonna ezitaabanga ntongole mwe mwava engero zino:

Mu basajja baabwe abaabanga bakuŋŋaanye okwesa, abaami mwe baalondanga abasajja be beesiga ne
babatuma eza buli ngeri. Kabaka bwe yatumanga amangu ababaka mu baami okumusolooleza omusolo,
gamba ng'ogw' enswa oba ogw'embugo oba ogw'enkumbi oba ogw'engeri endala oba okutwala abatabaazi,
abasajja abaasangibwanga ku mbuga nga beesa be baasookanga okuwera n'okugabwa okukulembera
abalala. Mu ngeri eyo omweso gwabanga ng'ekkuŋŋaaniro abaami mwe baggyanga abantu
ab'okubaweereza n'okuweereza Kabaka. Omweso gwayambanga abantu abasobola emirimu okumanyika
amangu mu baami n'okuweebwa ebifo ebikulu.
Ekirala ekikulu ekyali ku mweso kwe kumala ku bantu ekiwuubaalo. Abaami abakulu n'abantu abalala
abaabanga balindiridde okulaba Kabaka baamulindiriranga nga beesa mu kagango akaabanga okumpi
n'ennyumba Twekobe, Kabaka mwe yasulanga. Abambejja nabo baalina akagango akaabwe mwe
baabeeranga nga beesa okutuusa lwe baasobolanga okulaba Kabaka.
Nga bwe tulabye waggulu, Katikkiro yayesezanga mu kigango Masengeregansaze, mwe yatuulanga
ng'asala emisango n'okutawulula abaabanga n'ebibakaayanya. Bagamba nti Mukasa eyaliko Katikkiro wa
Mutesa I ne Mwanga II yali kayingo mu kwesa. Mbu abantu baamuwolezanga ng'eno bw'ayesa. Bwe
baamalanga okuwoza n'addamu ebigambo omuwaabi by'awozezza era n'eby'omuwawaabirwa. Mbu
byonna yabiddangamu mu ngeri eyeewuunyisa. Bwe yamalanga okubiddamu nga n'abaami bamaze
okukubira omusango, n'alyoka asala omusango. Bagamba nti ensala ye yabanga ya magezi era nga ya
bwenkanya.
Ka tutuuke ku birala ebifa ku mweso. Edda omweso gwaliko emizizo. Egimu ku gyo gye giro:
Okuggyako abambejja ne bakyala ba Kabaka n'ab'abaami abakulu, abakazi aba bulijjo tebaayesanga. Mu
bakopi ddala kyali kizirira ddala omukazi okwesa. Baagambanga nti omukazi bw'akwata mu mweso
tayeza mmere. Kale nno omulimu gw'okulima emmere mu maka nga bwe gwali ogw'abakazi bokka,
omuzizo ogwo abakazi baagukwatanga mango. Abawala abato bobaabagambanga nti singa beesa
tebagenda kusuna mabeere. Kale nno obutasuna mabeere nga kitegeeza mpozzi na butafumbirwa. Okutya
obutafumbirwa kwagoberanga ddala abaana abawala ku mweso.
Abakazi ne bawala baabwe nga bwe baalina omulimu gw'okukola ku by'emmere byonna mu maka era
 
n'emirimu emirala, kyangu okulaba nti singa baalekerwa eddembe okwessa ku mweso ogumala ebiseera
bwe gutyo tebandisoboddenga kumalawo mirimu gyabwe egya buli lunaku egyali emingi bwe gityo.
Ekirala ekikulu kye tusaana okumanya kye kino nti omweso gwakuŋŋaanyanga abantu bangi aba buli
ngeri ate nga mu kukuŋŋaana okwo baggyangamu okumanyagana ennyo. N'olwekyo abasajja abafumbo
baatyanga nti singa baleka bakazi baabwe ne bawala baabwe okubeera mu mweso n'abasajja aba buli
ngeri kiyinza okuvaamu ebitali birungi.
Abalenzi abato nabo tebakkirizibwanga kubeera awo nga beesa ebbanga lyonna, anti nabo baalina
eby'okukola bingi, ng'okulunda embuzi n'ente, n'okutumwa e'j'jendo eza buli ngeri. Kyokka bo bwe
baabanga ku ttale nga balunda embuzi oba ente beesaliranga amagezi ag'okwesaako. Baasimanga emyeso
ku ttaka ne beeseza omwo. Mu kifo ky'empiki zennyini baakozesanga mayinja oba ensigo z'ebimera ze
basobolanga okufuna. Abasumba bayinza okuba nga be baasima emyeso egisangibwa ku njazi, mu
bitundu bya Uganda ebimu. Naye oba ng'ekyo bwe kiri, kizibu okumanya ebintu bye baasimisanga amasa
g'emyeso ku njazi eŋŋumu bwe zityo!
wokubanga omweso gwatuuzanga abantu ne batayagala kuguvaamu, ne gubeerabiza n'ebintu ebirala
byonna, abaami b'ebyalo abamu abaakuumanga ennyo ebyalo byabwe, tebaayagalanga kulaba basajja
baabwe nga beeseza mu byalo byabwe. Abaami ab'engeri eyo baatyanga nti singa omulabe azinda ekyalo
amangu oba Kabaka okugaba ekiwendo eky'amangu, ekyalo kyonna kiyinza okuttibwa oba okunyagibwa.
Abaami abaatyanga eby'engeri eyo bwe baasanganga basajja baabwe nga beesa nga bayinza okubaggyako
empiki ne bazisuula.
Okwesa kwaliko omuzizo omulala omukulu:
Abantu tebakkirizibwanga kwesa kiro ng'enjuba emaze okugwa. Baagambanga nti singa abantu beesa
ekiro akabe ne kamala kakaaba oba ekiwuugulu oba empisi ng'olwo nno ababadde beesa zibasanze.
Baalagirwanga okutwala empiki zonna ku luzzi okuzooza ate nga buli mpiki bagitwala yokka. Okwoza
empiki lye ddagala lyokka lye bakkirizanga nti lye liyinza okuggyawo akabi akayinza okujja ng'ekimu ku
bintu ebyo kikaabye ng'abantu beesa ekiro.
Omuntu agenda okuwoza omusango naye teyayesanga. Mpozzi beefaanaanyirizanga nti singa omuntu
agenda okuwoza ayesa ne bamugoba mu kwesa, ne mu kuwoza bayinza okumusinga.

Kino kyali ng'omuntu bwe yandikirowoozezza. Mu matandika g'ekitundu 'S ekyafundikira omulembe
gwe 19. omweso wamu n'emizannyo gy'ekinnansi egy'engeri endala gyali gitandise okugenda nga
gifeebesebwa empisa z'abagwira b'Ebuvanjuba ezaali zigenda zikyusa embeera za bannansi ez'edda.
Enfuna y'ebintu wamu n'ebyobufuzi byali bitandise okukyuka. Entalo z'okunyaga ebintu n'abantu zaali
zikomezeddwa Abangereza abaali batandise okufuga ensi nga bayita mu baami bannansi. Ebyokufuna
abantu baali tebakyabiggya nnyo ku baami. N'olwekyo abantu baali batandise obutakyabeeranga nnyo mu
baami nga beesa. Ab'amaanyi baali batandise okusuubulanga ebintu ng'engoye n'amaliba.
Uganda ng'emaze okukkiriza okukuumibwanga Abangereza, abasajja abalamu baatandika
okulondebwanga okwetikka emigugu gy'abakozi ba Gavumenti, naddala Baddiisi, nga bali ku mirimu gya
Gavumenti. Abantu tebaayagalanga kukola mirimu gya ngeri eyo kubanga empeera gye baagifunangamu
yabanga ntono nnyo. Okuwona ku mirimu egyo, abantu kye baakolanga kwe kwewala okukunnaaniranga
mu baami okwesa.
 
Ppamba bwe yaleetebwa mu Uganda mu 1904, okusobozesa abantu okufuna ensimbi z'omusolo, abasajja
Abaganda ne batandika okulima so ng'okuva edda n'edda kyabanga kya nsonyi omusajja Omuganda
okulima. Okulima ppamba kwasibanga abasajja bangi mu nnimiro ne mu maka, nga balongoosa ppamba.
Emirimu gya ppamba abasajja tegyabalekerangawo kiseera kya kwesa. Ate n'oluvannyuma omweso
baaguyita omuzannyo gw'abagayaavu.
Ekirala ekyali kyagala okudibya omweso ze nvunza ezaaleetebwa Abaganda abasuubuzi b'amasanga, nga
baziggya mu Tanzania. Abasuubuzi abo baatolontokanga ne batuuka mu nsi y'Abanyamwezi, Unyamwezi
(Abaganda baagiyitanga Bunyaanyimbe). Envunza zaali zeefudde za kabi nnyo mu Buganda.
Zaayingiranga mu bigere by'abantu abajama ne zikulira omwo. Omuntu eyabanga n'envunza ennyingi mu
bigere bwe baabanga bazimutunduddemu ng'ebigere birwala. Mpozzi okulwala kw'ebigere by'envunza
kwe baayita `okuvunda' n'obuwuka obwabivunzanga ne babuyita 'envunza.'
Omuntu eyabanga n'envunza ennyingi mu bigere buli we yagendanga ng'alekawo amagi gaazo. Amagi
tegaalwanga nga gaalula, nga gasaasaana mu kifo ekyo mwe gaabanga gaaluulidde. Omweso nga bwe
gwakuŋŋaanyanga abantu abangi awamu, gwalabika nga guku'yaanya n'envunza. Olw'okwagala
okudduka envunza abantu kyebaava batandika okwewala omweso. Envunza bwe zityo bwe zaali zaagala
okutta omweso.
Amasomero bwe gaatandikibwa mu myaka ng'ekkumi egyatandika omulembe guno gwe tulimu, omweso
tegwassibwamu nnyo maanyi ng'emizannyo gy'abagwira egy'omu nnyumba, okugeza nga draughts, ludo,
emisota n'amadaala. Kyamazima amasomero awamu ag'ebisulo oluvannyuma gaafunira abayizi emyeso
naye abayizi abaayesanga tebaabanga bangi nnyo olw'okubanga omweso gwali gumaze okuvumaganibwa
nti `guleeta envunza.' Kyokka abantu abamu abakulu, abaagazi b'ebintu byaffe eby'obuwangwa, bo
emyeso baagikuuma mu maka gaabwe ne beesezangamu oluusinooluusi ne mikwano gyabwe. Abantu abo
be baawonya omweso okuzikirira wonna mu Buganda era tusaana okubeebaza ennyo.
Ka tulabe n'ekintu ekirala ekifaanana okuba ekimu ku bintu ebyaziyiza omweso okweyongera ennyo
mu maaso:
Okutuusa jjo luno, mu biro ebitali bya wala nnyo, tewabadde bidduka ebyesigibwa, ebyanguya abakozi
ba Gavumenti n'abatali ba Gavumenti okubaggya mu byalo, abasinga obungi gye basula, okubatuusa ku
mirimu gyabwe ate n'okubazzaayo. Essaawa z'abakozi bonna abatali ba Gavumenti ez'emirimu nazo edda
zaali teziriiko mateeka ga Gavumenti amakakafu nga bwe kiri kaakati. Ate kimanyiddwa ng'abakozi
abasinga obungi okuva gye basula okutuuka ku mirimu gyabwe mailo zitera kuba wakati wa ssatun'
ekkumi n'ettaano. Ekidduka ekikulu abakozi abasinga obungi kye baalina mu biro ebyo ke kagaali 'lumala
mawano.' Kale nno abakozi byamalanga ebbanga ddene mu kkubo nga basotta obugaali. Ate nno ku nsozi
nga basindika busindike. We baatuukiranga ewaabwe nga n'abandyagadde okwesa tebakyalina kiseera
kimala.
Abakozi abaafunanga emisaala egiteeyamba baakubanga kigere. Abo nno we baatuukiranga eka nga
booya busera, nga n'ageesa tebagalina ate era nga n'enjuba emaze okugwa mu nnyanga. N'abandibadde
n'ekiseera ekyesa, mu budde obwo baabanga beegomba kufuna kaakuzza eri mumwa. Kale nno
tekyewuunyisa okulaba ng'abakozi baali tebakyasobola kwesa oba okukulowoozaako.

Kizibu nnyo okulondawo ekintu ekimu ne tugamba nti kye kyazzaawo omweso ne gikwagazisa n'abantu
nga bwe bagwagala kaakano. Ekisinga obwangu kwe kugatta awamu ebintu byonna bye tulowooza nga
birina kye byakola ku kuzzaawo omweso n'okugwagazisa abantu.

Mpozzi kye tusaana okusookerako okumenya kye kibiina ky'Abataka, James Miti ne Sezario Mulumba ne
bannaabwe abalala kye baasitula ennyo mu 1947. Ekibiina ekyo kyakubiriza nnyo Abaganda okwagala
ebyabwe eby'obuwangwa. Okwo kwe tuzza okudda kwa Sir Edawrd Mutesa II ku Bwakabaka, ng'ava mu
buwa anguse mu London, mu 1955. Ekiddirira ekyo bye bigambo ebyatandikira mu Africa
ey'Ebugwanjuba nga bikubiriza Abafrica okwemanya nga nabo bantu mu nsi, abasaana okweyagalira mu
nsi zaabwe n'okwagala ebyabwe eby'obuwangwa era n'okubikuza.
Okujja kwa bbaasi ezikola mu bibuga, nga zigezaako okutambulira mu biseera ebimanyiddwa, ate
n'okufuna mmotoka za takisi ezikola mu bibuga ne mu miriraano gyabyo by'asobozesa abantu bangi
okutuukanga amangu mu maka gaabwe nga bamaze okukola ne basobola n'okwesaako. Okwo ssaako
okweyongera kwa bupikipiki obutono ate ne Gavumenti okussaawo essaawa ez'etteeka ezinnyukirwamu
mu bibuga. Abafrica okweyongera obungi mu bibuga ne mu miriraano gyabyo nakyo kyayongera ku
bungi bw'abantu abayinza okwesezaamu nga babadde tebagenze mu mizannyo mirala. Ebyo byonna bye
mmenye birina kye bikoze ku kuddamu okwagazisa abantu omweso.
Mu nnaku zino. omuntu amanyi okutunula ennyo bw'ayita mu butale, mu Kampala ne mu bifo ebirala
ebikuŋŋaanirwamu abantu abangi ebiri ebweru wa Kampala, mu ssaawa ez'ekyemisana
n'ez'olwegguloggulo, yinza okulaba ebikuukuulu bwabantu nga beetoolodde omweso. Abeesa, omweso
gubanyumira nga bwe gunyumira abatunuulizi. Abaagazi b'omweso oluusi bassaawo empaka ne
zinyumira abazibaamu n'abalabi ababa bawagira abazannyi. Mu bifo ebimu abantu oluusi beeseza nsimbi
ate abatunuulizi abamu ne basibawo ensimbi.
Okujjulula ku mateeka g'okwesa ag'edda kuyambye nnyo okukendeeza ku kiseera ekyeso ekimu kye
kimala okuggwa. Edda ekiseera ekyeso ekimu kye kyamalanga okuggwaamu kyabanga wakati wa
ddakiika 10 na 20 naye kaakano kiri wakati wa 3 na 7.
Ekyewuunyisa ennyo kwe kulaba ng'omweso ogwayolekerwa ebizibu ebingi bwe bityo ate gwe gusinze
okuyita obulungi mu balabe baagwo bonna, neguddamu okwagalibwa ennyo. Bye guyiseemu bikakasiza
ddala nga bwe guli omuzannyo omulungi.
Omuntu yenna agamba nti omweso si muzannyo gwa magezi kirungi ayige okuguzannya, yeerabireko
ng'obukodyo bw'ateekwa okuyiga okuba omukugu mu gwo n'okugunyumirwa bwenkana
n'obw'emizannyo gy'omu nnyumba egisinga obulungi egisangibwa wonna mu nsi.

eryesimbidde ddala mu eryo ery'emabega, empiki ze eziri mu ssa lye ery'omu maaso zigambibwa
nti `mpeerere.' Empiki zonna eziri mu masa ago gombi munne ayinza okuzitta bw'aba ng'asobola.
Okutta empiki empeerere oyo azitta ateekwa okuba n'empiki emu oba ezisingawo, mu ssa lye
ery'omulunyiriri olw'omu nda eriri ddala mu mutwe gw'essa eririmu empiki empeerere. Okutta
empiki empeerere, ayesa ayoola empiki ezize z'alaba nga zinatta eza munne, n'agenda ng'azisuula
mu masa ge okutuusa empiki ye envannyuma lw'egwa ssa lye eriri ddala mu mutwe gw'essa lya
munne eririna empiki empeerere. Empiki za munne eziri mu masa gombi aziyoolamu n'azeesa
ng'atandikira mu ssa eriddirira essa eryo mw'aggye empiki ezisse eza munne. Bw'aba akyayesa
n'asanga empiki za munne endala empeerere nazo azitta n'azeesa nga bwe yayesezza ezaasoose,
okutuusa lw'ayalika. Omuntu bw'aba tannayalika ayinza okutta empiki za munne zonna
empeerere z'asobola okutta mu lwesa !we olumu. Obukugu mu kwesa buli mu kumanya mpiki
omuntu z'ayinza okutta ng'ate ezize taziweeredde mu ngeri mbi.

limu ku masa ago mwe ziri n'azeesigaliza nga zize ddala. Okwo kwe bayita `okugatta empiki.'
Bw'aba tayagadde kuzeesigaliza ayinza okulagira azisse okuzitwala, nga bw'amugamba nti,

Ayesa bw'alaba empiki za munne empeerere z'ayinza okutta ng'adda emabega akkirizibwa
okuzitta ng'asinziira mu limu ku masa ge ana agasembayo ku kkono we. Essa mw'asobola
okuggya empiki n'ezitta eza munne, ly'asinziiramu n'ayesa ng'adda emabega. Bw'aba ayinza
okuttayo empiki emirundi ebiri oba n'okusingawo, akkirizibwa okuzitta mu ngeri eyo
ey'okutebuka, nga buli mulundi empiki agenda azisuula emabega mu masa ge, nga bw'akola mu
kutta okw'okugenda mu maaso.
Empiki z'asembyayo okutta ng'adda ennyuma z'ayesa ng'agenda mu maaso, ng'asinziira mu ssa
eriddirira eryo lye yavuddemu okudda emabega. Okwesa ng'odda emabega olw'okutta empiki kwe
bayita 'okutebuka.' Empiki omuntu gy'asooka okusuula ng'atebuka gye bayita `buteba.' Empiki
omuntu z'ayinza okuyoola ng'atebuka teziyinza kusukka ku 9. Tewali akkirizibwa kwesa ng'adda
emabega bw'aba nga talina mpiki z'agenda okutta mu kutebuka 

Waliwo okubala kwa ngeri bbiri:

Empiki omuntu z'ayesa n'ayalika mu ssa mwe yaziggye ziba 16, ziyitibwa `nkaaga.'
Empiki ezigenda mu maaso essa erimu okuva we zaavudde ziba 17; ezo ziyitibwa 'nsanve.'
Ezigenda mu maaso amasa abiri okuva we zaavudde ziba, 18; ezo ziyitibwa 'nnaana.'
Ezigenda mu maaso amasa asatu okuva we zaavudde ziba 19; ezo ziyitibwa 'nnyenda.'
Empiki ezibalibwa ng'ogenda mu maaso, ezirina amannya amakakafu zikoma awo. Ezeeyongerayo
 
okuwera nga 20, 21 n'okusingawo tezirina mannya era mu kwesa tezitera kuwera nnyingi bwe zityo.

Empiki ezeesebwa ne zirekayo essa limu okutuuka we zaavudde ziba 15; ezo ziyitibwa 'ntaanwe.'
Ezirekayo amasa abiri okutuuka we zaavudde ziba 14; ziyitibwa
Ezirekayo amasa asatu okutuuka we zaavudde ziba 13; ziyitibwa 'nsatwe.'
Ezirekayo amasa ana okutuuka we zaavudde ziba 12; ziyitibwa 'mbirye.'
Ezirekayo amasa ataano okutuuka we zaavudde ziba 11; ziyitibwa 'kkumi n'omu.'
Ezirekayo amasa omukaaga okutuuka we zaavudde ziba 10; ziyitibwa 'kkumi.'
Ezirekayo amasa omusanvu okutuuka we zaavudde ziba 9; ezo ziyitibwa 'lwanga.'
Okubala ng'odda emabega awo we kukoma. Embala eyo omuntu agikozesa ng'ayagala okumanya
empiki z'ayagala okwesa gye zinaamutuusa, n'empiki z'anaasobola okutta.
Kyokka omuntu bw'aba abala, ebigambo ebyo ayongera okubisalako n'alekawo bino by'owulira
ng'abala: tta, nnya, ssatu, bbiri, omu, kkumi, I wang a.
Empiki emu bw'eweererwa endala emu, zombi wamu ziyitibwa 'kayiki' .

ENGERI Y'OKUGOBA EKYESO

Okugoba kuba kwa ngeri nnya:

(a) OKWA BULIJJO

Okugoba okwa bulijjo kwe kw'okutta empiki z'omulala ennyingi n'aba ng'asigazizza empiki z'atayinza
kwesa n'agoba. Kyokka okusigaza empiki entono si kwe kugobwa; okugobwa mu ngeri eya bulijjo
kusinziira mu ngeri empiki gye zirimu mu masa gaazo. Omuntu ne bw'aba ng'akyasigazza empiki
eziwerako naye bw'aba nga mu buli ssa alinamu empiki emu era aba agobeddwa kuba empiki emu
teggibwa mu ssa n'eyesebwa nga temaze kuleeterwako mpiki ndala. Ekyeso ekigobe mu ngeri ya bulijjo
kibalwa nga kyeso kimu. Abeesa bayinza okumala okwesa nga beesezza ebyeso byonna bye baagala.

(b) OKUTEMA (okw'edda)

Ayesa bw'awubwa oba bw'akigenderera n'aweerera empiki mu masa ge abiri agasemba erudda n'erudda,
ekyeso kye kigambibwa nti kiriko 'emitwe ebiri.' Empiki zonna eziri mu masa ago ana munne bw'azitta
mu lwesa olumu oyo gwe bazisseeko aba 'atemeddwa' (agobeddwa mu kye bayita 'okutema'). Agenda
okutema olusuula empiki envannyuma mu ssa n'alayira mu ngeri yonna gy'ayagala, okugeza,

ng'okugoba ebyeso ebibiri. Kyokka atema ekyeso bw'atalayira okutema kwe tekubalibwa era talina
kyeso ky'abalirwa nti agobye. 

(c) OKUGOBA AKAWUMBI

Omuntu bw'aweerera empiki ze zonna mu kyeso, munne n'azitta n' azimalamu mu kwesa olumu, oyo
gwe bazisseeko baba bamugobye kye bayita `akawumbi.' Akawumbi bakabalamu ebyeso kkumi na
bibiri. Ebyeso ekkumi n'ebibiri bye bayita `akagoba.' Agobye akawumbi olumala okwesa
n'avuunika omweso, empiki zonna ne ziyiika wansi, ate n'alagira gw'agobye okuvuunula omweso
n'amannyo n'okulonda empiki zonna n'amannyo ng'azizza mu mweso. Kyokka gwe bagobye ekyo
takikola era okwesa okw'omulundi ogwo awo we kuggweera. Okugoba akawumbi si kya bulijjo.

(d) OKUTEMA (okuggya)

Mu kugoba Ekyekitema (ekiggya) oludda olumu bwe lutta empiki emirundi ebiri ng'oludda
olulala temmnattayo ku mpiki, oludda olwo lwe baba basseeko empiki emirundi ebiri luba
lugobeddwa mu ngeri gye bayita `okutema' okw'engeri ey'okubiri.
 
Atemye abalirwa okugoba ebyeso bibiri nga mu (b). Waliwo ebintu bitaano ebiteekwa
okutuukirizibwa omuntu alyoke akkirizibwe nti atemye mu ngeri ntuufu:

bw'ayoola empiki n'azeesa ne zikwata ku ndala ate n'ayoola ezo okutta munne omulundi
ogw'okubiri,

ENGERI Y'OKWESA

Kaakano waliwo okwesa kwa ngeri ssatu:

(a) OKW'OKUBALA (oba Eky'okubala)

Mu kwesa okw'okubala buli ludda lukkirizibwa okubalirira empiki nga terunnayoola mpiki
kwesa, lusobole okulondawo ezinaasinga okwesa obulungi oba okutta ennyo ez'oludda olulala oba
okwalika nga teruweeredde mpiki zaalwo ez'omugaso. Kyokka era oludda oluba lubala bwe
lulwawo ennyo nga lubalirira oludda olulala luyinza okwetamwa ne lugamba, nga bwe
luseetulaseetula n'omweso, nti, Omweso enkuyege zigulya. Okwo kuba ng'okulabula oludda
olwo lwese mangu.

(b) EKISIBE

Mu kyeso kye bayita Ekisibe abagenda okwesa basooka kuwaanyisa mpiki. Buli omu aggya
empiki emu ku ludda lwe ng'agiwa munne n'agissa mu zize. Okwo kwe kuba `okusiba' ekyeso.
Mu kyeso ekisibe buli aba ayesa bw'ayoola empiki ze mu ssa n'asuulako emu mu ssa aba
takyakkirizibwa kuzizza mu ssa mw'aziggye okutwala endala z'aba alabye nga ze zinaasinga
okumugasa. Ateekwa kutwala ezo z'aba asoose okusitula.

(c) EKY'OBUTABALA

Mu kyeso ekiyitibwa eky'obutabala, buli ludda lusitula busituzi mpiki ze lulaba amangu nga zigasa, ne
lwesa, awatali kumala kuzibalirira. Mu kyeso eky'engeri eyo ayesa omu bw'alwawo okwesa munne
ayinza okusitula empiki ezize n'ayesa newankubadde ng'aba amaze oluwalo lwe. Bw'ayesa bw'atyo nga
munne tannayesa mu luwalo lwe aba akola kye bayita `okutanza.' Okwesa Eky'obutabala kuggya nnyo
naye kaakano kwe kusinga okwagalibwa, naddala mu bibuga, era kunyumisa nnyo omweso ate nga
kugwanguya okuggwa, kyokka kwetaaga okulaba amangu empiki ezisaana okwesa.

EBIRALA EBIFA KU KWESA

Mu kwesa mulimu okukozesa obukujjukujju n'obukodyo omuntu asobole okugoba, nga bwe kiri mu
mizannyo emirala. Bino wammanga bye bimu ku by'obukujjukujju ebitera okukolebwa mu kwesa:
(a) Okukweka empiki mu nnasswi omuntu aleme okwaliika mu ssa ly'abadde agenda okwalikamu.
(b) Okutoola oba okwongera empiki endala, mu bubba, ku ezo z'ogenda okwesa, zisobole okukugasa
nga bw'oyagala.
(c) Okutoola oba okwongera empiki ku za munno nga talabayo, ezizo zeeyongere okuba ez'omugaso
ng'ozeesa.
(d) Okubuuka essa oba okulisuulamu empiki ebbiri osobole okutuuka w'oyagala.
(e) Okusuula empiki mu ssa lya munno ng'olinga awubiddwa, osobole okuggyamu empiki z'oyagala.
Eby'obukujjukujju ebikolebwa mu kwesa bye biyitibwa `okubbira.' Omuntu bw'alaba nga munne
amubbira amuyimiriza n'amulagira okugolola ensobi gy'akoze nga tanneeyongera kwesa mpiki ezo
z'aba nazo mu ngalo. Mu byeso eby'empaka kaakano mubaamu abalamuzi be bayita `abasazi.'

 
Okubayamba okubala ebyeso n'obugoba, abeesa abamu baba n'ebitundu by'emiti bye bayita `ebiti.'
Byonna wamu biba amakumi abiri mu bina. Buli agoba ekyeso mu ngeri eya bulijjo awa munne
gw'agobye ekiti kimu. Gwe batemye gamuwa ebiti bibiri. Bwe bamala okwesa ebyeso bye baba
baagadde ne balyoka babala ebiti buli omu by'alina. Asinga okuba n'ebiti ebingi nga gwe bagobye mu
kwesa kwonna. Aba n'ebiti ekkumi n'ebibiri aba agobeddwa `akagoba' kamu.
Ate abeesa abamu bagabana ebiti nga batandika okwesa. Buli agoba munne ku biti bye aggyako kimu
n'akissa mu kifo kyakyo. Asinza ebiti ebingi ku nkomerero nga y'agobeddwa mu kwesa.
 




#Article 54: Enfulula y'ebiswa mu nimiro (127 words)


Abantu bangi batya nnyo ebiswa mu nimiro era bwebityo ne bibajjoga so nga ate byangu bya kutta.

Mpozi ebiswa bino bizibu nnyo ku banga bikuuma enkuyege enkuyege zino bye biwuka ebikyasinze okusumbuwa omulimi kubanga zirya buli kirime na daala ebyo ebirina obutititi nga kasooli, muwogo nebirala.

Naye nsaba okutegeza oyo yena abonabona n'enkuyege nti sooka ononye ebiswa ebirimu enkuyege naddala ezo ezemitwe eminene bwomala okuziga genda ku duuka eritunda edagala ely'ebirime obuze atunda eddagala eritta ebiswa naye ze nakozesaako lye bayita Tamiddo ono ye abita nnyo lwakuba wa beyi nene naye ne bwofuna Tafugo naye mulungi waliwo ne roketi naye mulungi.

Kasita omala okugula eddagala ero nga otegeka amazzi nga gawera okusinzira ku biswa byoyagala oku fufula n'ofuna enkumbi nakadomola aka lita tanno awo n'lyoka ogenda munimiro.




#Article 55: EBYAFAAYO BYA MBAZZI (178 words)


MBAZZI,MBAZZI ESANGIBWA MU MBAZZI PALISI/OMULUKA,MUDUUMA, MAWOKOTA,

               MPIGI DISITULIKITI,UGANDA.
EKIKULA KYAMBAZZI,

                MBAZZI KITUNDUNDU KYANSOZI,BIKKO,BUSERENGETO NE MISWETO.
                MBAZZI KYALO NAYE MUKYO MULIMU OBWALO OBUTONOTONO NGA 
                BWOBUGATA OLWO OFUNA EKYALO MBAZZI.
                               OBWALO OBWO OBUKOLA MBAZZI

           EBIMU KU BYAFAYO BYOBWALO OBWO OBUKOLA MBAZZI
                          [KWEKYAVA OKUTITIBWA ERINYA ELYO]
                                                            KUBAMITWE
OKUMPI NAWO, EDENYO WALINGAWO OLUBIRI,OLWAKULEMBERWANGA OMUSAJJA OMUKAMBWE ENYO DALA. OMUSAJJA OYO ABAJJA NGA OKUMUKYALIRANGA NGA BASAJJA YABABUUZANGA NTI MULABYE KUBASDAJJA BANGE NGAMUJJA.[ABASAJJA BEYATEGEZANGA ZALINGA NSEGA].BWEWAGAMBANGA NTI TOBALABYE OLWO NGAGAMBA ABAMBOWA BE NTI BAKUTWA,OLWO BASAJJA BE NGA BAKUTWA NGA BAKUTTA. YALINGA AYAGALA BWAKUBUUZA NTI BASAJJA BANGE OBALABYEKO,WALINANGA KUDAMU NTI MBALABYE BEYAGALA,OLWONGA GWE OWONA OKUGAJAMBULWA. ABANTU OLWO AKALO AKO NEBAKAKAZAKO ERINYA NTI ERI GYEBAKUBA KUMUTWE. KIWAALE OLWOKUBANGA ABANTU BABULINANGA MUKITUNDU KINO,ABABAWONDELANGA BASANGA NGOYE ZABWE MUKIFO KINO. ATERA OLWOKUBANGA ABATIBWA NGA BALINGA BASAJJA OKUSINGA, BANABWE ABABANONYANGA BASANGANGANYO EMPALE ZABAGENZI. ABATUZE EKIFO EKYO NEBAKAZAWO KIWAALE.

          ENSONGA ENDAL LWAKI KIWALE AYITIBWA KIWALE
OMWAMI OMU KUBAKUZA BASEKABAKA DAUDI CHWA 11,ONO NGA YE STANISIRASI MUGWANYA YALI ALAMBULA MAILO YE NGA EKOMA MU KITUNDU KINO,OLWOKUBA YALI AKOOYE,OLWAMALAKO ETTAKA LYE YASALAWO OKUJJAMU EKIWALE KYEYALAMBULIRAMU ETTAKA AKISIMBA KU KITI NGAKABONERO AKOBUTEERABIRA NSALO KIWALE

                                                    MUTTABA




#Article 56: Amazzi (155 words)


Yangtze gwe mugga ogusinga obuwanvu mu Chaina era ogw'okusatu era nga gwe gwokusatu mu nsi yonna. Emigga egisinga obuwanvu mulimu, Amazon mu South Afrika ne Nile mu Afirika.
Ku nsi kuliko ensulo z'amazzi obusiriivu obukadde 326. Wansi w'ebitundu bisatu Ku buli kikumi (3%) eby'amazzi gano malungi era ku muwendo guno ebitundu bibiri Ku bisatu gasangibwa mu bitundu ebirimu omuzira. Olw'amazzi amangi agatwetoolodde oyinza okulowooza nti gatumala okukozesa emyaka bukadde na bukadde. Naye obadde okimanyi nti amazzi ago ge tulaba ng’amangi gasobola okutubulako mu lunaku lumu?

Tusooke tubeeko bye tumanya ku bikwata buvo n'obuddo bw'obungi bw'amazzi agali ku nsi.
Amazzi gavaamu amasannyalaze.
Omugaso gw'amazzi ogusinga kwe kutuwa amasannyalaze okusinga ensulo endala yonna evaamu amaanyi. Amazzi kintu kya butonde era tegaliimu kakicya yenna.

Tetusobola kukola mirimu gyaffe egya bulijjo nga okwoza ebintu, engoye oba okukozesa kaabuyonjo nga tetulina mazzi. 

Kisanyusa okulowooza nti amazzi kintu kya butonde naye era tulina okumanya nti enkozesa y’ekintu etasalako erina ky’eyinza okututuusaako.




#Article 57: EBYEWUNYISA KU MUSAJJA MUKASA MIKE (724 words)


ENO Y'EMBOOZI YA MUKASA OMUSAJJA AYOGERA N'EMYOYO, KATONDA KO NE SITAANI. 

EMBOOZI  EYEWUNYISA.

Mukasa agamba nti omwoyo gwe gwogera nemwoyo (egy'abantu n'ensolo). Kino kyamuva mu buto naddala ku myaka kumi n'ettano (15). Yayagala okukyegyamu naye kyagana kuba kiri mu butonde.

Agamba talina nnyo diini era agenda mu sinzizo naye nga yeyisa nga Katonda bwayagala. Agamba mukusoka yali amanyi ffena bwetuli abantu, bweyakizula yali amannyi mulwadde mu bwongo nga byalaba ate ensi tebiraba!!

Mukasa agamba omwoyo gwe gwogera ne Katonda, sitani ko n'egyabasoka era tayagala nnyo kuziika bafudde olwokuba aba afudde ayogera naye.

Omwoyo gwe gukyalira abafu ne bamubuliira enaku gyebalina. Ebimu ebiri mu bafu ebibaluma, tebagala kubayita sitani n'okubba ebyabaffu (ebintu) ko n'okubonyabonya abaana babwe. Agamba, bwoffa ng'olese omwanawo nga abonanabona ddala nga talina watudde, nawe toba namirembe; bwofa omanya nti ensi eno yekyasinze okunyuma, nebwobera mwavvu assembayo naye ng'olyeno, Mukasa agamba nti, singa buli omu afuna omukisa naffaako nadawo, ensi eno yandibadde tetumalamu n'okuta muno olw'ebyensi.

Agamba nti okuffa obanga aloota alemedde mu kirooto, wotegeerera, bwebutayogera nabalamu; oyogera naye nga tebakuddamu. Wano wewali amaziga nga muno gwooyagala okuzaama omulaba naye ng'empuliziganya teriwo; Katonda awo yakolawo bubi.

Ebyo byebimu kubiri mu kufa.....

Mukasa awa amagezi kunsonga eno nagamba, zaala omu-babiri, bwebiba bigaanidde ddala, ebyensi tozaala simusango era mube bakiriza. Abateeketeekedde n'emyoyo obulamu obudako lokoka

Agamba nti sitaani musajja omulungi ddala enyo mundabika ye. Agamba yajja nga mubuliwo ng'olumu amulaba atudde muntebe oba ku buliri.

Kino kyabangawo mu kiro, ebigambo bye yamugamba nga nti, toja kunemesa nze sitaani tebanemesa.

Agamba sitaani musajja mulungi ddala; mukyotala mu nfaananaye, alina akadokoli, muwanvu era mutonotono. 

Sitaani talina nnyo buzibu eri abantu singa oba okozesa bulungi obwongo bwo. Ekiibi kyalina ayogeza magezi naba mwoji era mu nsi sitaani tayagala bagonvu; sitaani talina njala mpanvu.

Ebigendererwa bya sitaani ayagala ku gata nsi  obuwangwa bugwewo, buli omu yeyise nga bwawulira; “mwerinde ogwa eddalu nga temuli balwadde mubwongo”Oyo ye sitaani. 

Era Mukasa agamba kozesa bulungi obwongo bwo n'obusungu  ko n'omutima buli kimu nga kikanya ne kinakyo sitaani talikuwamba. Sitaani mwoyo gubera kunsi eno era mugezi byansuso.

Mukasa agamba nti omwoyo gwe gwogerako ne Yesu.

Agamba nti Yesu simusanyufu nakamu, yafiira bwereere. Yaja okutereza mu n'eyisa, entegera y'abantu naye nsi yategera nnyo ebyamageero so nga tekyali ku butume kuba ekyo amanyi gakyo gali ku nsi eno; kyabona ng'ensi.

Yesu ye yajja okusomesa obutayiwa musaayi, okusadaaka n'okujawo obukyayi tube kimu ng'ebitonde ebyatondebwa omu. Bwetugamba okwagalana, tekitegeza gata mawanga oba okola emikwano mwagalane!

Mukasa agamba bwati ku banabbi abeyita abatume ba Katonda nga bakakasa nti amanyi Katonda yennyini yeyagamugabira.

 

Agamba nti omwoyo gwe gwagenda ewa Katonda; yasooka nakyalirwa ekitangaala omwali nga Yesu naye nga tamunyega kigambo kyona nadayo. Yalabanga Malayika ku nsi eno naye nga nazo tezogera naye mpozi omutunurila. Naye lumu, zajja essaawa yali emu eyokumakya, yakyalirwa malayika ezamutunurila engeri eraga nti tugendde. Basanga omusajja eyamubuza, olagawa? Koye, ewa Katonda, k'omusajja “omwagaza kki?”  Koye, “eri abantu be babonabonna”. Omusajja ono yamusongera olugalo olumulaga Katonda gyali.

Mukasa agamba yagenda okuzza amaaso nga alaba ali mulubiri ewa Katonda; eyamusongera olugalo yeyali Yesu.

Agamba nga atuse ewa Katonda, Katonda yamubuuza  ”olagawa?” Koye nti, “ewa Katonda!” Ko Katonda “oli nani kati?” yasirikiriramu, Katonda namuddamu nti, “omwagaza kki?” Ko Mukasa nti, “eri abantu be babonaabona” Ko Katonda, “Genda obagambe nti teri gwesimanyi”. Ko Mukasa, “tebajja kunzikiririzamu”  Ko Katonda nti, “toligyemebwa tomanyi kyoli” Ko Mukasa, “ate abo ababonaabona?” Ko Katonda, “ekyo kyokka ky’osaba? Genda byona ogya ku bimanya” Yebuzamu alimanya biki ku nsi eno!

Mukasa agamba mu ggulu ewa Katonda mu lubiri lwe oba nga ayimiridde mu bbanga ng’otambula togwa. Wakati w’olubiri lwe waliwo ekintu ekyetolovu, kinene ng’ogupiira; kitukula nga amazzi; bwokitunuramu  olaba ensi yonna, awo Katonda walabira ensi zonna. Yo teli bantu wasingayo binyonyi. (Mu ggulu ewa Katonda)

Yo ewabera abantu wasingayo bakazi. Eno batya okulaba omusaayi, befula kyebagade; olulimi lwe bakozesa okusinga Lukasiru (sayini) kuba lwelutegerebwa buli kitonde.

Katonda musajja mutono, Yesu amusingako ku buneene. Katonda afanana mu nga Yesu, mugonvu osinga Yesu.

Katonda munyiivu eri abakulembeze.

Ebisingako awo bisange mukitabo ekiyitibwa “VUMBULA KYOLI” 
Ensi kyeki? Ensi yensisinkano, yabuli kimu gy'oli.
Kirimu byewebuza byonna. Yakiwandiika alina emyaka kumi n'etaano (15 yrs), yakimala alina abiri mu munaana (28 yrs).

Agamba yetaga obuyambi kisobole okusaasana mu bantu ne mu nnimi ezenjawulo. Ayagala ba faaza, ba bishop, ba maseka, ba levulandi n'abakulu beby'obuwangwa, banabbi temuliiko. 

Eyagala okumanya ebisigawo kuba ku +256753940995/+256788343739/ +256773940995 (wabula owekibuuzo tewandikubye).

Tusange ne 

CONTENT BY:
  wamu ne 




#Article 58: Boda-boda (303 words)


Boda-boda eyinza okuba nga yagaali oba ya pikipiki], edda wano mu Afirika omuntu eyavuga nga akagaali ka manyi gakifuba bamuyitanga bodaboda era wano mu Uganda ekigambo ekyo kisalibwa nga kiyitibwa Boda 

Mubuwangwa entambula ya boda-boda yemu ku ntambula mu Afirika esabaaza abantu n'ebintu ebyamaguzi era nga yatandikibwawo mu 1960 ne 1970 era nga ekyakola kinawadda ku nsalo ya bana Kenya ne ba na Uganda n'e bitundu ebirara. 

Erinya boda-boda lyagunjibwawo oluvanyuma lw'obwetavu obwokusabaza abantu ku nsalo okubasomosa awataalinga biwandiiko biyite endaga muntu. Era enkola eno yatandikira mu maserengeta nga osala okudda mu town y'eBusia (Kenya/Uganda), awali ekitundu kya mayolo oku tuuka ku nsalo. Wano entambula eno yakula ku misinde nabwekityo ne kikopebwa ne kunsalo y'amambuka mu kibuga ky'eMalaba (Kenya). Era omuvuzi w'entambula eno yateranga oku wogana nti boda-boda gategeza abandiyagadde okumusomosa era ekyo kyabayamba nga okuwubisa abalala nga bali balowoza nti bano bali bawulira poda-poda ekyabanga kitegeza okuyambibwa ku ntambula eri mu Sierra Leone.  

Mu Buyindi oba mu aba china mu mbera waliwo egaali ya roadmaster era nga zino zikozesebwa mu mbera eyabulijjo okutika ebintu ku nimiro naye ekilowozo kyajja mpola nabwekityo netandika oku sabaza abantu n'ebyamaguzi. Kaleno kyali kyamugaso nnyo okusinzira ku miwendo eminene okutambula akasobo cycle rickshaw eyakozsebwanga mu Asia.

Mu bi buga ebisinga obungi mu Afirica ne mu Byaalo abavuzi ba boda-boda abakugu ba tondawo ebibiina ebibagata era ne babikolera Semateeka era ne babiwandiisa eri mu mateeka era nga kino ki bayamba okukendeeza ku buzibu bwebasanga nga (okuvuga obubi,obutafa kubiduka byabe) ku mulimu gwabe.

Newankubadde boda ggali zikyakola mu bitundu ebimu okusingira dala mu bifo gye zasibuka, okusingira ddala mu bibuga eky'eKenya ne Uganda, naye eggali zisinze ku gibwaawo pikipiki era kino kisobozeseza pikipiki okutwala erinya lya boda-boda. Era kigambibwa nti mu 2004 kyateberezebwa nti abantu 200,000 wano mu Uganda bali bavuga boda ggali naye nga 90,000 bali batandii okuwamba.  




#Article 59: OKUKUUMA OBUTONDE BWENSI NGA TUKEKKEREZAEBIFUMBISIBWA (139 words)


Tukole ki okuwonya n’okukuuma ebibira n’emiti ebikyaliwo?
Amawanga ga[Africa]  yonna galina ekizibu  ekyeyongera buli kiseera naddala buli embeera y’obudde lwekyukakyuka nga kiva mu kusaanyawo ebibira n’emiti.
Buli lwe tutema emiti oba ebibira , tuba tuleeta ekizibu  ku butonde  bw’ensi. 
Nga – Ebitundu ebiri waggulu we’nsozi byononebwa okukulugguka kw’ettaka.
Abantu mu byalo babonabona mu ngeri nyingi.
Nga ze zino – Tebaba na mmere ebamala.
Endya eba mbi nnyo.
Tebaba na by’akuzimbisa, enku, embaawo, ebibajje n’ebiruke.
Enfuna eba nnafu nnyo
Ebisolo bibulwa omuddo
Ekyokukola ng’embeera emaze okubeera etyo:
Tulina okukendeeza okweyongera kwebibira ebisanyizibwawo
Okukuuma n’okusimba emiti.
Okukendeeza emirimo egikolebwa abakyala olwkusitula embeera yaabwe.
Okusomesa abatuuze ne’bibiina engeri entuufu ey’okweyambisa emiti wamu n’ebirara.
N’okukendeeza endwadde.
Kisaanye kimanyibwe nga mu [Uganda]  abantu 96 ku buli 100 beeyambisa miti mu byetaago byabwe ebyo’omumaka. Nolwekyo okukuuma emiti gino egikyaliwo kwe kukola amasiga agomulembe agakekkereza enku.




#Article 60: ENSUJJU ZISIMBE OWONE OBWAVU (163 words)


Mu kakyo kano Abalimi be’Enva, Ebibala, Ebimuli, Ebilungo ne’Nsujju biri kumwanjo nnyo mu kuyingiza ensimbi mu balimi era n’eggwanga.  A. Abantu  beyongeera obungi obugunjufu n’bulabufu nabyo byeyongedde . Abantu bategeera emigaso gy’enva n’ebibala eby’enjawulo mu bulamu bwabwe naddala okuliisa n’okukuuma emibiri gy’abantu.
Ensujju [pumpkin]
Ky’ekimu ku ebyo  ebigenda okwogerwako.
Ebika bino by’onolaba ku likalala luno byazulibwa bakakensa ; Ab’amawanga agenjawulo nga begatidde wwamu okuva mu mwaka ogwa 1897.

Ensimba  sooka onnyike ensigo okumala essaawa abiri munya (24) nga tonasimba.

Ekinya kimu mugendamu :

Endabirira : bikka ku bikolo olwokukuma bunyogovu buli bbanga
Wewale endwadde zebiwuka bino wamanga:

Eddagala  [pest control]

Ensujju zino zibala [yield]. Buli kikolo kibala wakatiw’ensujju 50 -60 oba okusingawo.

Okuva ku nnaku 90 -120 gye myezi 3 -4  tandiika okukungula okuva lw’osimbye.

Tereka ensujju mu kifo awatali bbugumu nnyo . 
Otereka  ensujju okuva ku sand 8 –sane 36 ( gye’ myezi 2- 8)

Akatale;
Akatale ke nsujju tekagwawo , welamula ewka.

Enfmba yanjawulo nnyo okusinzira ku mawanga agalya ensujju.
 MAAIF




#Article 61: Silimu (138 words)


 ‘’MANYA EBITUUFU EBIKWATA KU SILIMU [HIV/AIDS]’’
Emirundi agisinga, ebintu ebikwaa ku silimu mikwano gyo byegikubuulirabiyinza obutaba bituufu, Waliwo ebyogerwa ebikwata ku kondomu, obujanjabi, engeri silimu gyasasaana mu, okwekebeza omusayi n’okubudabudibwa nga biyinza okukulemesa okukola ebintu ebinakuyamba okubeera omulamu. Akawuka akaleea silimu kasobola okuziyizibwa, osobola okuba n’akawuka akaleeta silimu n’obeera mulamu.

Okubeera n’akawuka akaleeta silimu tekitegeeza nti omuntu ateekwa okuba nga mulwadde. Abantu abamu babeera n’akawuka akaleeta silimu okumala emyaka mingi nga tebanaba kulaga bubonero. ’’’Sikituufu: ’’’Omuntu nga alabika bulungi ku mwalo tasobola kuba nga alina akawuka akaleeta silimu.

[ARV] ly’ddagala eriweweza ku silimu liziyiza akawuka obuteyongerako mu mubiri gw’oyo aba akalina. Eddagala lino teriwonya silimu wabula liyamba abalina silimu okubeera n’obulamu obulungi,kiyamaba noyo atalina kawuka obutakwatibwa.

Okubeera n;akawuka akaleeta silimu tekitegeeza kufa. Abantu bangi bawangadde emyaka mingi nga balina akawuka akaleeta silimu. Wekebeze omanye bw’oyimiridde osobole okwetegekera obulamu.




#Article 62: Enva (196 words)


Mulimu ebijanjaajlo, ebinnyebwa, kawo, empindi, empinamuti, empande, soya, nebirala.

Muno mwetusanga entula, biringanya , kamulari ow’ebika byana, nakati, ensugga, ennyanya, entuutunu, n’ebirala.

Tulinamu,  ddodo, gobe, ejjobyo,ebbugga, salati,emboga n’ebirala.

Kaloti,[carrots] sugabiti [sugarbeat], bitiruutu [beat root],  katungulukyumu [garlic], ladisi [radish],. Bino biyamba nnyo naddala abakyala abali embuto.

KTusangamu ebika bye’ensujju, [water mem\lons], amaboga, ebisuusuuti, nebirala bingi.
Omulimi okumanya ebika b’enva kimuyamba nnyo okumanyaendwadde zaabyo, n’okusobola okuzikendeeza ,okugeza nga okulima nga akyusakusa ennimiro.
Ezimu ku ndwadde z’enva mulimu, kannanga, kayovu,kamagongolo, kigabi, emmogo, ndiwulira nendala nnyingi.

Sooka okunganye bino,
Omusulo [urine] , kaunyira, katungulukyumu, sabuune omweru ayoza engoye, ekizimbulukusa [baking powder], kamulali omutono [red bird], evvu, amazzi, omunnyango oba oluwoko.

Tereka omusulo gwokunganyiza nga otaddemu evvu ok6umala enaku kumi nataano .
Tabulamu amazzi eggama mukaaga nga ogassemu  atungulukyumu, busatu nga obusekudde oba enganda y’obutungulu obulala nga nabwo obusekudde. Tereka okulala ennaku satu, kyoka nga otabulamu buli lunaku.
Funa kamulali eggama emu saamu amazzi eggama nnya , fumba nnyo yessere. Tululamu amazzi era musekule agonde nnyo. Tabulamu kawunyira akaganda , n’amazzi gazzeemu . gatta wamu mu byasooka.
Teeka akatole kasabuune omweru mu ggam yamazzi era saamu ekizimbulukusa obugiko busatu, Gatta wamu kwolwo lwonofuyira.
Obungi bw’omusulo gwewakunganya bwenkanynkanye mu0kutabula nga tonafuyira.
www.maaif




#Article 63: Lumonde owa Kipapaali mulime owonnya obwavu (397 words)


Kino kino kimera kya tunzi, kirimu ekiriisa  [ vitamin A] 

Ettaka eggimu
Ennimiro nga ogiteseteese bulungi

Amalagala gagulibwa okuva eri ebitongole bye’ggwanga ebinonyereza ku by’ennima [NARO]
N’abalimi abalima lumonde oyo oba ebibiina bya nakyewa.

Ebikata biteekwaokutemebwa ng’ebula olunaku lumu okusimba amalagala. 
Obugazi buteekwa okuba nga bwa fuuti sattu,okuva kukikata ekimu okutuuka ku kilara.
OKusimba amalagala koteekwa kukolebwa mu biseerabya nkuba.
Ssimba amalagala ago gokka agalabika nti malungi.

Yerula ekikande, oteme ebikata.
Funna amalagala amalungi ate nga magimu.
Byaala lumonde mu biseera by’enkuba.
Koola lumonde mu sabbiti 3-4 ezisooka.
Ddamu okukoola emirundi ebiri nga tonaba kusogola.

Omuddo guvuganya n’amalagala nga birwaniraebiriisa ebiri mu ttaka, awamu n’ekitangala.
Omuddo gukonzibya enkula y’amalagala, gukendeeza obulungi n’obungi bwa lumonde ate era n’okufiriza  omulimi .
Ziyiza omuddo nga okoola mubudde, emirundi ebiri mu buli lusimba olw’emyezi ebiri  n’ekitundu.

Kungaanya  era oyokye amalagala agaliridwa obusanyi.
Lima nga okyusakysa mubifo mwoba olimidde.
Singa wabalukawo ebiwuka oba endwaddw z’amalagala tukirira omulimisa w’omukitundu kyo.

Musoggole mangu mu  myezi esatu.
Kuuma omusiri nga mukoole era oziike n’enjatika zokubikata.
Wewale okutema lumonde ono bwoba nga osoggola.
Okusoggola kukozesebwa n’emiti oba enkumbi.

 Oyinza okutundira mu nimiro oba mu  butale.

Yozza ettaka ku lumonde era omuwaate.
Bejjula era osalesale lumonde. Teeka lumonde onno ku katimba omwa nike.
Bwaba nga amazeokukala, sekulamu ensaano.
Teeka ensaano mukintu ekitayitamu mpewo.

Amazzi ebitundu 63 ½ ku buli 100g
[Calories] [cals] 30.5 ku buli 100g
Ekirisa ekizimba omubiri [proteins]g. 1.3 ku bli 100g
Amasavu [Fats]g 0.3  ku buli  100 g
Ekiriisa e kireeta amanyi [carbohydrates]g 32.8 ku buli 100g
Ekiriisa ekigumya amagumba [calcium] mg 30.5 ku buli100g
Ekiriisa ekizaamu omusaayi [iron] mg 1.2 ku buli 100g
[Vitamin A] [Intenational Unit] 120 ku buli b100g
[Thiamine][Thiam] mg 0.2 ku buli 100g
[Riboflavin][Ribofl]mg 0.05 ku buli 100g
[Niacinm] [mg] 0.9 ku buli 100g
[Vitamin C] mg 37 ku buli 100g

Ekiriisa ekiri mu lumonde onno kikukuuma nga oli mugimu era nga oli musanyufu.
Ekiriisa [vitaminA] kiyambaomubiri okubeera omugimku era nga gw’amanyi.
Ekiriisa [Vitamin A] Kiyamba omubiri okulwanyisa endwadde.
Ekiriisa[vitamin A] kiyamba amaso okulaba obulungi.
Ekiriisa kiyamba omwana okukula obulungi

Tabula olubatu lw’ensaano ya kasooli mu ggama y’amazzi emu. Fumba okumala esaawa emu, bugye bulungi.
Tabula olubatu lw’ensaano ya lumonde mu mazzi amabisi ogate  mu  buugi bw’odumbye. Yongera ofumbe okumala eddakika endala taano.
Tekamu vamata, obuleke bwesere.
Tekamu sukaali anoge.

Ektobeo kya baana, stta wamu lumonde omufumbe, ebijanjalo n’enva endirwa.
Lumonde omwokye
Kabalagala n’amandaazi
Keeki, n’Emigaati.

 maaif wwf /lvceep




#Article 64: Omulimi Owedda n'owaleero (119 words)


[Ancient  and present sustainable farmers]
Omulimi owedda obutafaanana n’owaleero, yalimanga lwakufuna kyakulya nakufuna nsigo zakutereka  olwamasimba agomumaaso. Naye omulimi owa leero alima olwokufuuna ekyokulya, okutereka ensigo ezembala wamu n’okugaziya enfunaye.

Omulimi era yemulunzi, n’lwekyo omulimi ateekwa okubeera n’ekisolo oba n’e bisolo byalabirira, olwokufunako ebigimusa nga obusa , omusulo n’ebirala byateeka mu nimiro zze ez’enva oba mulusuku nawalala asobole okuzza obugya attaka lyalimirako.

Embizzi, endiga, enkoko, obumyu, ente, embuzi, ebyennyanja, sekkoko,embaata nebirala bingi.. 

Omulimi ateekwa okusimba emitigy’ebibala n’enva endirwa, nga bino bituyamba okwewala endwadde era nokwongera okugaziya obwongo mubykuyga, naddala abaana baffe , era n;okwongera kumanyi g’obutonde mu nkula eyektonde ekisajja.
Enve endiirw n’ebibala bikulu nnyo ku buli kijulo. Enva endiirwa tezisaana kusiikibwa namuzigo oba samuli yenna , wabula kugerekebwa.




#Article 65: ENSIRINGANYI BAZIZAALUKUSSA (405 words)


Okuzaalukussa ensiringanyi kwava dda kubajjajja ffe. Mu’ensi ezakula edda waliyo n’amalundiiro  kwe bazaalukussiza ensiringanyi era nga bazigguza abavubbi abavubisa amalobo. 
Nga ojeko okuzilobesa ebyennyanja, ensiringanyi zirya kasassiro nakunkumuka navunda, najjimusa ettaka. Awo nno oba ofunye ekigimusa  ekirimu ebirungo  ebiretebwa ensiringanyi ebya fosifolasi [phosphorus], potasiyamu [potassium],  kalisiyamu [calcium], n’e magineziyamu [magnesium] ebijimussa ebimea.
Ensiringanyi zikola amakubo mu ttaka neziyamba emirandiira gy’ebimera okulandiira mu ttaka.. 
Ensiringanyi ziyamba abalimi okuvvunza n’akavvundia owabuli kkika nakozesebwa mu nnimiro ne mu mere y’ebisolo nga embizzi.

Mu’ensi eziri  obuvanjuba namaserengetta ga Africa [East and Southern Africa] tusangayo ebika by’ensiringanyi ebikumi bisattu 300, era nga ekika kyensiringanyi ekisinga okumannyika mu kukozesebwa abavubbi mu kuloba ebyennyanja , kye kika ekiyitibwa [ Tiger worm].
Erimu ku makolero agazaalukussa ensirinanyi mu nsi eya [South Africa], emanyiddwa ra esangibwa  mu [ Parks department Nursery off Randles Road, Durban] Ekolero lino lizaalukussa era ligaba n’ensiringanyi eri abo abagala okutandiika okuzaalukussa ensiringanyi. 

Ensiringanyi ebiri bweziba zaliraniganye ziwanyisiganya enkwaso enzaazi [sperm cells].
Ensiringanyi zirina ekitojji awo   nga ku mutwe kyebayita [ clitellum] era ensiringanyi bwezimaa okuwanyisiganya enkwaso, enzaazi, amaggi nga gagenda mu ekyo ekitojji. Kino nno ate nga kivako  nga kyetugga nga kifuuka essonko oba ekissu kye nsiringanyi. Oluvanyuma lwa sabitti sattu amaggigavamu ensiringanyi eziwereza ddala obuwanvu bwa [2mm] milimita bbiri ate nga ziri mu langi njeru.Bwewayitawo ennaku nga nnya ate zifuuka za langi myufu eyoluberela. 

Kozesa ekidomola oba sefuliya ejamu ekdomola ky’amazzi, . Giwumulemu ebituli mu ntobo ne mu mabali gayo,. Sefuliya eno gituuze ku matafaali anna empewo esobole okuyitamu. Tekamu omusennyu mutonotno gubikke ebituli ebisooka.
Tekako olubaawo ku musennyu ng;olekayo ebanga , totuusa ku sefuliya naye lwetolooze olugoye lwona olunaziyiza ensiringanyi obutafuluma. 
Wagulu wolubaawo ywako ettaka lya nakavundia   otekeko ensiringanyi . ate era wano ogatamu ne ku ttaka eritali lya nakavundira.
Esefuliya gibikeko omukeeka oba ekiwempe , otandiike okufukirira okumala ennaku nnya.
Muteeke okumala ennaku kumi nga tofukirira, era agya kuleeta ebugumu. Oluvanyuma lwe nnaku ekumi, mugyeko omukeeka awole bulungi. Nakavundiira ono mutabulemu layimu [lime], okusinzira ku bunfi bwe, kilo emu etabula obugazi bwa mita emu  [1 cubic metre]. eya nakavundira.

Buli sabiti satu obeera otabulamu afune  ku mpewo ea osobola nokusekuliramu ebisosonkole bya’amaggi birise ku nsiringanyi. 
Tosulamu gamba nga ebikuta by’emikyungwa, oba eniimu, omuddo, oba ennyama , bijja kutta ensiringanyi.

Esefuliya gyolundiramu ensiringanyi togiteeka mu musana oba mu bunyogovu obuyitiridde.

Funa ekifo nga emezza otekeko empapula, tekako ettaka lyanakavundira elyawagulu. Ettaka eririwansi mu sefuliya lyawuzemu, erimu likozese mu nimirozo eddala lisigalewo olikozese mu kuzaalukussa ensiringanyi endala.
www.dsw.org




#Article 66: ENKYUKAKYUUKA MU MBEERA Y’OBUDDE BW’ENSI N’ENTEEKATEEKA MU BITUNDU OMULI ENNYANJA NNALUBAALE (807 words)


Waliwo ekiwandiiko ekyakolebwa okusinzira ku kwekennenya okwakolebwa okulondoola entambula y’ebikolebwa okussa mu nkola ebisuubizo n’entekateeka za [East African Community Climate Change Policy (EACCCP] okukendeeza obulabe obuva mu mukka ogufukumuka okuva mu makolero ne mu bintu ebirala, awamu n’okukyuusa obuwufu okusobola okutambula n’enkyukakyuuka y’embeera y’obudde bw’ensi mu bitundu omuli ennyanja Nnalubaale. Naddala ku nsonga ezikwata ku by’obulimi, obulunzi, eby’ebdiisa n’okubeera n’emmere ey’ensibo.
Okwekenneenya okwakolebwa kwatongozebwa ekitongole kya [East African Sustainability Watch Network  ( EA Suswatch Network] era nga ye ntabiro y’ebibiina binnakyeewa ebisangibwa mu Uganda, Kenya, ne Tanzania. Ebibiina bino birina eggwndisizo lyabyo mu kitongole kya [ Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development] [UCSD] e Kampala mu Uganda.
Okwekennenya kuno kwakolebwa nga y’emu ku ntekateeka ya ppuloojekiti eyitibwa [EA SusWatch Network LVEMP II CIVIL Society Watch Project ( Nov 2011 – Oct 2014) ] . Ppuloojekiti eno eraafubana okulaba nga ebigendererwa bya [Lake Victoria management Project (LVEMP) II ne EACCCP ] bituukirizibwa. Okwekennennya okwakolebwa mu byalo mu mwaka 2012 kwatunuulira nnyo amaanyi agakozesebwa mu byalo mu kufumba gamba nga Amanda, enku n’ebirala. So  nga ate mu mwaka 2013 okwekennenya okwakolebwa kwatunuulira nnyo engeri abantu gyebafunamu amazzi n’embeera y’obuyonjo.
Entekateeka n’enkola ya [EACCCP] ewa enkizo ensonga y’okukyuusa obuwufu okusobola okutambula n’enkyukakyuuka y’embeera y’obudde bw’ensi. Oluvanyuma n’elowooza ku kukendeeza obulabe obuva mu nkyukakyuuka y’embeera y’obudde bw’ensi. Ekirala enkola ya EACCCP essa essira ku bukulu bw’ensonga y’okuteeka enkyukakyuuka zino mu ntekateeka y’enkulakulana y’eggwanga nga lyona awamu neya’mawanga agali mu kitundu kino .Kino  kikolebwa nga batunuulira ebitongole ebikoseddwa ennyo enkyukakyuuka y’embeera y’obudde bw’ensi so nga ate ebitongole bino birina obusobozi okuyamba ko kukukendeeza obuzibu obuva mu mbeera y’enkyukakyuuka eno awamu n’enkulakulana ey’obuwangaazi mu mawanga gano ag’omukago n’ekitundu kyonna okutwalira awamu..
Ekitundu ekyobugwanjuba bwa Africa [East Africa] kyesigamye nnyo ku by’obulimi n’obulunzi so nga ate nabyo byesigamye nnyo ku kutonya kw’enkuba . Kino nno kyabulabe nnyo era kiteeka obulamu n’obuwangaazi bwa’abantu abbali mu byalo ssaaako n’e nsonga ekwata ku mmere ey’ensibo okubeera mu bulabe obwamanyi olw’embeera y’obudde bw’ensi ekyukakyuukana. Era kimanyiddwa nti abantu abaweza ebitundu 80% ababeera  mu kitundu ky’ebuvanjuba bwa Africa basinga  kukola mulimu gwa bulimi awamu n’okulunda . Okulima n’okulunda mu kitundu kino  bikosebwa  nnyo olwokubanga byesigama ku kutonya kw’enkuba etonya ebbalirirwe . Kuno kwossa obutaba n’abintu ebyetaagisa okusobozesa okuterekamu amazzi, enkozesa y’ettaka etali nungi, tekinologiya akyaali owemabega, ssaako n’ennima etali ya  mulembe.
Okunonyereza Kuno kwazuula nti mu bbanga eriyise, waliwo obutyaabaga obugudde mu bitundu bw’ensi eby’enjawulo olw’enkyukakyuuka mu mbeera y’obudde bw’ensi yonna. Embeera y’ensi omusangibwa nekitundu kino  ssaako n’ebyenfuna, ebiteeka ekitundu kino ku ndebolebo y’okufuna obulabe obwamanyi obuva mu nkyukakyuuka mu mbeera y’ebbugumu awamu n’obunyogovu.
Mu nsangi zino waliwo obubonero obwenkukunala obwoleka enkyukakyuuka mu mbeera y’obudde bw’ensi. Embeera eno yeyolekera mu kyeeya ekiddiringana, ettaka okuggwamu amazzi, n’okweyongera kw’ebbula ly’emmere eribwa ssaako n’eyebisolo ebirundibwa awamu n’ebsangibwa mu nsiko. Kuno kweyongerako obulwadde obubalukawo  olw’enkyukakyuuka mu mbeera y’obudde bw’ensi. Waliwo kremya, attangira abantu okukyuusa obuwufu okusobola okutambula n’enkyukakyuuka mu mbeera y’obudde bw’ensi, olw’ebyo ebivudde mu nkyukakyuuka zino. Ebitundu ebisinga obungi murimu obwaavu obukudde ejjembe, era n’ebivudde mu nkyukakyuuka mu mbeera  y’obudde bw’ensi, byonna bigootanyiza entekateeka ezikolebwa okukendeeza  embeera y’obwaavu.Kino kiremessa okutukiriza ebimu ku bilubirirwa bye kyaasa [Millennium Development Goals MDGs]. So nga ate nga enkulakulana y’amawanga agali mu kitundu  eky’obugwanjuba bwa Africa [East Africa] yesigamye nnyo ku by’obulimi n’obulunzi wabula nga nabyo bysigamye nnyo ku kutonya kw’enkuba.
Enkyukakyuuka  mu mbeera y’obudde  bw’ensi eyongedde okusajjula n’okwoleka endyambi eri mu kitundu kino era nga kino kigenda kwongera okugootanya entekateeeka ezikolebwa okukendeeza obwaavu awamu n’endyambi. Endyambi enafuya nnyo obulamu bw’abantu awamu n’okubalemesa okugumira obuzibu obuva mu nkyukakyuuka y’embeera y’obudde bw’ensi, ssaako n’okulemererwa okwekulakulanya.
Waliwo embeera eyekwanaganya n’enkyukakyuuka mu mbeera y’obudde bw’ensi eyeyoleka mu bulambulukufu oba mubutali bulambulukufu mu kuvuba eby’ennyanja mu Nnyanja enene [Marine] awamu n’okuvuba mu migga n’enyanja aziri  munda mu mawanga . Kino kya bulabe nnyo eri amawanga agesigamye ku musingi ogw’eby’obuvubi, abantu abali mu mawanga ago ssaako naabo abakola omulimu gw’okuvuba eby’ennyanja. Eby’obuvubi awamu n’abavubi bakozesebwa mu ngeri ez’enjawulo olw’enkyukakyuuka mu mbeera y’obudde bw’ensi. Muno nno mulimu engabanya n’obungi bwe byennyanja ebivubbwa mu Nnyanja enene[Marine], awamu n’okuvuba mu migga n’ennyanja eziri munda mu mawanga , ebifo ebyennyanja webizaalira n’ewebibeera ssaako n’okufuna amazzi amalungi [fresh water].
Eby’obulunzi biyamba nnyo embeera y’ebyenfuna by’amwanga agali mu kitundu kino era kimanyiddwa nti kye kimu kubisinga okuvaamu ensimbi ennyingi. Wabula, abalunzi abainga obungi nga mwe muli naabo abalunda Ente, baavu nga balundira  ku musingi gwa wansi , era nga basanga okusoomozebwa  omuli n’embeera y’obudde bw’ensi  ekyukakyuuka. Olw’obwaavu obukudde ejjembe , enkyukakyuuka mu mbeera y’obudde bw’ensi etaataganyizza nnyo abalunzi bano, enafuya obulamu bw’abwe awamu n’okubalemesa okugumira obuzibu nga mwe muli n’butasobola kweterekekera mmere ey’ensibo. 
East African Community Climate Change Policy [EACCCP] eruubirira okulungamya amawanga ag’omukago n’ebekikwatako bonna okusasobozesa okukola entekateeka eyawamu okulwanyisa obulabe bwonna obuva mu nkyukakyuuka y’embeera y’obudde bw’ensi mu kitundu kino awamu n’okulaba nti wabaawo enkulakulana ey’obuwangaazi mu mbeera y’abantu awamu n’eby’enfuna. Okusoomoza okuliwo  kwe kuba nti enkola eno eya EACCCP tennamanyika bulungi naddala eri amawanga agomukago.
 www.ugandacoalition.or.ug




#Article 67: EMIPIIRA EMIKADDE BAKOLAMU EBINTU BINGI (127 words)


Emipiira emikadde kyekimu  ku byonoona ettaka. Emipiira giikoolebwa mu bintu bino, 89% kaboni [carbon],7.5% hayidurogyeni [hydrogen],k 1.8% salufa [sulphur],0.2% nayiturogyeni [nitrogen], 1.5% vvu [ash].
Emipiira emikadde girina obulabe bungi nnyo eri obutondebw’ensi ,ssimyangu gya kuxunda, gyabulabe nnyo eri Abantu n’ebintu  bwegikwaata ommuliiro., gyanguwa nnyo okwaaka.
Emipiira emikadde giregamamu amazzi g’enkuba awo nno n’ekireteera ebiwuka nga ensiri okubiikira amaggi gaazo ku mazzi gano. Ensiri zino zireeta endwadde nga omusujja gw’ensiri [malaria fever] nendala nnyingi nnyo.

Waliwo engeri nnyingi nnyo, ezokukozesa  emipiira emikadde, waliwo okukolamu engatto oba ebiraatto [sandals], waliwo okukolamu emiggwa egisiba ebisolo, ensawo , entebe n’ebiwempe.
Emipiira emikadde bagikozesamu  ku myaliro nga bakola engudo za kolasi, wano nno bagiyiwako ekirungo kyebayita asifaliti [asphalt]
Emigaso emirala mulimu, okulimiramu enva [Tyre vegetable gardens]ate era nokugikozesa nga nasale[nursey bed]
 www.dsw.org




#Article 68: OMUSU (173 words)


Omusu gubalibwa mu bika by’obusolo obulya mu ngeri y’okumeketa oba okukesula ebimera. Gurya emirandira, enduli, amakoola, ebibala, amatabi, naddala omusu gurya nnyo ebikajo  n’enkolokolo z’ebisagazi. Omusu gulina amannyo amoogi agakula nga gava mu kibuno ewala mu kiwanga. Kale olw’okugakozesa ennyo nga gikeketa gatera okukunguyira. Gakola gati ng’ate eno bwe gatutumuka, awo nno gakula ekiseera kyonna.
Omusu guba n’omubiri mumpi wabula nga gwa lubasi. Omubiri gubikkiddwa obwoya obulangufu nga bumyukirivu eno nga bwetobeseemu ebibambya ebiddugavu. Okuva ku mutwe okumalayo omubiri guweza insi nga 12, omukira  insi 5, ne  guzitowa laatiri nga 15.
Bwegiba emingi giyitibwa emisu era emisu gisangibwa mu nsiko  enziyivu naddala mu nkolokolo z’ebisagazi.  Gitera kulya kiro. Gikuba amakubo mu nsiko eno agayitibwa , ebyole. Muno mwe gitera okwetiribooseza. Emisu gya ngeri bbiri, emyene n’emmangala. Emyene giba minene nga mikazi, emmangala misu mitono nga n’okusinga giba sseddume. Nazikuno ng’Abaganda bayaayanira nnyo okulya ennyama y’omusu era mu bisolo ebiyiggibwa eno ye yabanga ku mwanjo. Kyabanga kya mpisa abaami ba Kabaka okubeeranga n’abayizzi ab’enkalakkalira  abaabayiggiranga emisu. 

for more details, visit Musu Website : www.ekikakyomusu.org




#Article 69: EMMERE Y’ENTE N’ENKOKO GYETABULIRE (1025 words)


Mu kaco kano, waliwo amakampuni maangi mu Yuganda agatabula emmere . Wabula ate, abalunzi b’enkoko n’abebisolo baangi basazewo okwetabulira emmere . Kino kivudde ku nsinga zino wa mmanga.
Omulunzi bweyetabulira emmere , asobola okukozesa ebimu ku bintu byeyerimira ekintu  ekimuyamba ennyo okukendeeza ku bbeyi y’emmere .
Buli muntu wa ddembe okwekolera kyayagala kasita kiba mu nti talina gw’alumya. Kino kiba kitegeeza ni oli ayagala okwetabulira emmere ayambibwe akole bwatyo era no;oyo ayagala okukozesa emmere eva mu makolero naye bamuleke agule.
Kyetaagisa okuteekawo enkola enesobozesanga abalunzi okuvuganyanga obiterevu n’abakozi bemmere. 
Emmere oli  gyeyetabulidde ebeera ya nsimbi ntono era kisoboka okubeeramu ebirungo ebimala kasita oli atabula ebirungo  byonna mu mmere nga  bwekiba kirambikiddwa fomyula  [fomula].
Eno y’emu ku ngeri esobola okukendeeza ku kwonooneka kwa kasooli n’ebintu ebirala ebivaamu emmere ereeta amaanyi, gamba nga lumonde, muwogo nebirala. Bino nno bamala kubikaza, era nga byebimu ku byonoonekera eyo mu byalo byaffe.  N’olwensonga eno, abalunzi bo mu byalo  basaanidde bayige okwetabulira emmere era balunde n’enkoko , embizzi, ssekkoko , embuzi embaata n’ente. Olwo mu kifo ky’okutunda kasooli , lumonde, muwogo, omuwemba n’ebirala ebiringa ebyo, ebyensimbi entono oli atunda magi, mata, nkoko, mbuzi nebirala.

Omulunzi okulemwa okwawula ebirungo eby’omutindo omulungi n’ebyo eby’omutindo ogwa wansi.Abalunzi bangi balemwa okugula ebirungo eby’omutindo owa waggulu nebakkozesa ebyo ebyomutindo ogwa wansi. Bangi balemwa okwawula kyakyu wa k saooli [maize bran] omulungi, ebyennyanja ebirungi, soya omulungi nebirala, nebagula ebyo bye baba basanze era ekiva mu kino kwe kutabula emmere ey’omutindo ogwa wansi.
Bulijo sooka nga kwekeneenya birungo by’’ogenda okukozesa.N’olwensonga eno, osaanidde omanye ebirungo eby’omutindo omulungi bwebifanana.

Ebirungo ebyeaagibwa mu kutabula emmere bizingiramu bino.

Bino bizingiramu kasooli, omuwemba, obulo, omuceere, engaano, kyakyu wa kasooli, kyakyu w’omuceere, kyakyu w’engaano, muwogo omuse nebirala,Wabula, omulunzi asaanidde amanye omutindo gwa buli kirungo naddala ogwo ogwa kyakyu. Ekyokulabirakokye kya kyakyu wa kasooli. Ono alimu ebika bina oba n’okusingawo. Waliwo oyo kyakyu omulungi nnamba emu, kyakyu wa kasooli nnamba emu n’ekitundu, kyakyu wa kasooli nnamba bbri ne kyakyu wa kasooli addugala.

Bino bizingiramu ebirungo ebiva mu bimera nebyo ebiva mu nsolo.

Bino bizingiramu ensigo eziri mu luse lw’ebijanjaalo gamba nga soya, enkolimbo,   empindi, Ddengu, nebirala, era n’ebkamulo ebiva mu makolero ga buto gamba nga ebikamulo by’ensigo za pamaba. Ensigo zona eziri mu lusebijanjaalo kisanidde zisoke ku siikbwako era oli azise nga tezineyambisbwa mu kutabula mmere ya bisolo.
Wabula, waliwo ebika by’ebikamulo by’ensigo za pamba  n’ebyensigo z’ekitungotungo by’emirundi ebiri kwekugambaebyo ebikamulo ebikolweddwa ng’ensigo zimwereddwako obuwuziwuzi oba ebikuta [decorticated seed cake] n’ebyo ebikoleddwa ng’ensigo tezimwereddwako buwuzuwuzi [ undercorted seed cakes].
Ebikamulo by’ensigo za pamba ebimwereddwako obuwuziwuzi [decorticated cotton seed cake] n’ebikamulo by’ensigo z’ekitungotungo ezigiddwako ebikuta [decorted sunflower seed  cake], zezisaanidde okweyambisibwa ng’oli atabula emmere  y’enkoko, embizzi, n’eye’ensolo ento ezizza obwe’nkulumu.

Ebirungo ebivaamu emminnyo bizingiramu obusonko, amagumba amase, omunnyo ogwabulijo,  omunnyo omukole, ettaka erya kikunsi, evvu, n’ebintu ebirala. Wabula ebyembi, abasubuzi bakirimululu bongeramu amazzi, omusenyu mu busonko era nebongera n’olufufugge lwa mayinja ge muyenga mu magumba amase, mbu bizitowe. Kino kibivirako ebintu bino okuba eby’omutindo ogwawansi.

Bino bizngiramu ebirungo bya vitamin n’emminnyo [ vitamin and mineral premixes]. Omulunzi asaanidde akozese ekika kyebirungo bya vitamin ebituufu ku buli kika kya nnyonyi oba nsolo.

Olumu mu mmere mwongerwamu e bintu ebirala kisobozese, omutindo gw’emmere okweyongerako. Ebintu bino bye bayita engattirizo era bizingiramu nga bino , amino aside, [anno acids] gamba nga layisini [Lysine], metonayini [methonine], era n’birungo ebitabuddwa awamu gamba  magiki puloteyini [magic proten],kwolite puloteyini [ quality protein] nebirala. ‘’ Ebntu ebirala ebirowoozebwako oli by’asanidde okulowoozaako ng’attabula emmere’’
Ebirungo byonna oli ateekwa okusooka okubikunguunta nga yeyambisa akatimba akakunguunta omusenyu kimuyambe okujjamu ebisaaniiko, emisumaali, obusanikira bwa soda, enseke, za soda, obuveera n’ebyuuma, n’ebintu ebirala.
Emmere etabuddwa esaanidde ebe ngetuukaana n’ebigero [standard] ebyatekebwawo abakugu. Ba offisa okuva mu minisitule kino bajja kukikunnyonyolako nnyo.

Ekimu ku kyetaago ky’ente ekamwa ekikulu ennyo, kye ky’okuba nti ente ey’engeri eno eba yetaaga okuba nti ezaawo emmnnyo egyenjawulo mu mubiri gwayo kuba  emminnyo egyengei eno, gyeyambisibwa mu kukola amata negigendera mu mata bwekamibwa. N’olwensonga eno, ente ez’amata ziweebwa bulooka y’omunnyo nezikombereza buli wezibeera zaagalira. Bulooka  z’omunnyo guno za bbeyi nene era kino kiba kyetaagisa abalunzi okutandika okuzekolera. Wabula n’omutindo ogwo ogwatekebwawo ekitongole ky’abasawo b’ebisolo.

Ebyetaagisibwa ye kyakyuwa kasooli omulungi  atabula emmere y’obukoko n’obubaata obuto ziba kilo 100,mu mmere y’ebutulazi kilo 100, mu mmere y’enkoko ezibika kilo 100, mu mmere y’enkoko ezennyama kwezitandikira kilo 100, mu mmere yen oko ez’ennyama ezikomekeleza kilo 100.
Ebyennyanja ebise mu mmere y’obukoko n’obubaata obuto kilo 14, mu mmere y’ebitulazi kilo 12, mu mmere y’enkoko ezibika kilo 14, mu mmere y’enkokp ezennyama kwezitandikra kilo 30, mu mmere y’enkoko ez’ennyama ezikomekereza kilo 20.
Ebikamulo by’ensigo za pamba mu mmere y’enkoko ento n’obubaata obuto kilo 14, mu mmere y’eebitulazi kilo 12, mu mmere y’enkoko ezibika kilo 20, mu mmere y’enkoko ezennyama kwezitandikira kilo 30, mu mmere y’enkoko ezennyama ezikomekeeza kilo 25.
Ebikamulo by’ensigo z’ekitungotungo mu mmere y’obukoko obuto n’embaata ento kilo 14, mu mmere y’ebitulazi kilo 12, mu mmere y’enkoko zibika kilo 20, mu mmere y’enkoko ezennyam ento kilo 30, mu mmere y’enkoko ez’ennyama ezikomekereza kilo 25.
Amagumba amase mu mmere y’obukoko obuto ne’embaata ento kilo 4, mu mmere y’ebitulazi kilo 4, mu mmere y’enkoko ezibika mwo toteekamu, mu mmere y’enkoko ez’ennyam ento kilo 12era newezikomekereza kilo 12.
Obusonko obuse mu mmere yenkoko ento n’embaata kilo4, mu mmere y’ebitulazi kilo 4 , mu mmere y’enkoko ezibika kilo 12, mu mmere y’enkoko eze’nnyma zona toteekamu.
Omunnyo ogwa kikunsi mu mmere ya buli mutendeera wona tekamu kilo 1, 
Ebirungo bya vitamin [premix] mu mmere ya buli mutendera tekamu ¾ ebya kilo okujako mu mmere y’enkoko ze’nnyama ezikomekereza teekamu kilo 1.

Ebyetaagisa mulimu kyakyu wa kasooli kilogulamu 70 mu mmere y’ente ezikamibwa ate era kilo 70 mu mmere y’obuyana.
Ebyennyanja ebise mu mmere y’ente ezikamibwa toteekamu, ate mu mmere y’obuyana kilo 5.
Ebikamulo by’ensigo za pamaba mu mmere y’ente ezikamibwa kilo 15, ate mummere y’obuyana kilo 13.
Ebikamulo by’ekitungotungo mu mmere y’ente ezikamwa kilo 10 ate mu mmere y’obuyana kilo 7.
Amagumba amase mu mmere y’ente ezikamibwa kilo2 ½  ate mu mmere y’obuyana era kilo2 ½ .
Omunnyo omukole[ mineral salt powder] mu mmere y’ente ezamata kilo 2 ne mummee y’obuyana kilo 2.
Ebirungo bya Vitamini [vitamin premix] mu mmere y’ente zamata  ½ kilo ne mu mmere y’ennyana nayo ½ kilo.
Ebisingawo webuuze okuva eri omusawo w’ebisolo.




#Article 70: OMWENGE NA KABI KAGWO (486 words)


Omwenge by’ebirungo ebiba bikamuddwa mu kintu o'kugeza amabidde naye olusi guterekebwa gusobole okufuna obuka.
Omwenge ddagala ate nga likyayinza okukozesebwa oba okweyambisibwa obubi ekiyinza okuviramu nawokera oba omutawana n’olwekyo omuntu asobola okufuukira ddala lujuuju.
Omwenge gunywebwa  bunywebwa gwawuddwamu okusinzira Ku maanyi ga buli kika okugeza emandule, legyula, oggwebirimba, n’omwenge bigere.

Olw’okuba nti omwenge gukirizibwa mumbeera eyabulijjo gusangibwa buli wantu wonna, era kyeguva gutundibwa kyere mu maduuka nawalala.
Gukolebwa era negusangibwa mu bitundu byekyalo mu njegoyego ze kibuga n’ebitundu ebirala. Mubyobuwangwa bwe Buganda omwenge gutwalibwa nga ekintu e ikulu ennyo, okugeza nga kumbaga, enyimbe, kubatiza, ku bintu nga bino tegusobola kubulawo.  Omwenge omuganda oba omwenge bigere, gwe gusinga okweyambisibwa mu byalo naye ate gwo omwenge omuzungu gusinga kweyambisibwa mu bibuga oba ebitundu ebikulakulanye mu gwanga.

Abantu abamu bafukidde ddala balujuuju olw’omwenge era b’esanga nga tebakyayinza kubeerawo nga tebanywedde, kubanga obulamu bwabwe kwe bwesigamye. Wadde nga abantu abasinga obungi bagunywa mubiseera byabwe ebyo bwerende.

Omuntu bwanywa omwenge omubiri guba gutabikiddwamu obutwa era ne bivanu tebiba bitono.
Omuntu bwanywa omwenge aba agenderera kwesanyusa naye oluvanyuma essanyu n’erigenda nga liddirira oba n’okukendeza ne ndowooza ye.
Omwenge gusalako obusimu bwokubwongo oli nasigala okweyisa mungeri etali ya bantu.
Gubuza amanyi mu mubiri natandika kukankana emikono, okwogera ekirimi, obutalaba bulungi n’obutawuliira  bulungi okwosaako n’okutambula ng’ataagala.
Omwenge bweguyitirira obungi mu mubiri guleeta obunafu mu bwongo ne buba nga tebukyasobola kufuga mubiri, ne kiviramu omuntu okuba ngatakyasobola kulowooza sinakindi n’okufa.
Mukamwa musesebuka n’okwatika nekibaviramu okwatibwa amabwa agenjole , kansa , mu kamwa neku mumiro.
Omwenge gu kwasa amabwa, alusazi mu lubuto, gutuusa ebisago ku kibumba olwo’kubabukirirwa okwabuli kakedde. Emirundi egisinga ne kiviramu omuntu okulwala kansa.
Omwenge gusesebula akalulwe ne kiviramu omuntu okulwala sukali. Amawugwe nago gatukibwako ebisago nekivamu omuntu okuba ngatasobola kussa bulungi.
Obusimu bwomubiri nabwo bufa ne kivirako omuntu okuyubuka mungalo ne bigere.
Obwongo nabwo bunafuwa olwebsago n’ekivamu agunywa okwerabiralabira. 
Enyama y’omutima nayo etukibwako, omuntu nafuna entunuusi n’omutima okwewuba.
Ebitundu ebyekyama bikosebwa n’amazzi g’omusajja agazaala gakendera naba nga takyasobola kuzaala.
Abakyala abasangibwa ne mbuto zitera okuvamu. Abaana abamu bazalibwa nga banafu ate ng’atebazitowa nobwongo bwa baana bwenyini buba bunafu.
Omunywi w’omwenge ayinza okugwa eddalu oba okutabukatabukamu okwekiseera.
Okufirwa emirimu olwokuba lujuuju omwenge gulina kyegukendeza ku nkola y’omuntu mu by’enyngiza n’enfulumyaye.
Okuleeta obubenje kubavuzi bebidduka  n’okufa, obwedimo oba obujagalalo mu bantu.
Okutyobola eddembe ly’abaana, kusasika kwa maka,okulwanagana, obubbi, okwata abakazi, n’abaana abato, obutakanya wakati w’musajja n’omukazi mu bufumbo.
Abanywi b’omwenge beetanira nnyo ebiddagaladagala.

Okumanyisibwa obubi mu mwenge nga tweyambisa amaanyi g’empewo okugeza ladiyo[radio], televizoni [television] empapula zamawulire, n’abazanyi bemzanyo gya katemba.
Okwongera emisolo ku mwenge okusobola okukendeza kubanywi b’omwenge oba okulemesa abakozi b’omwenge.
Okutandikawo ebibiina ebiyigiriza abanywi b’omwenge ate era ne mu masomero. Okukifuula ekyeteeka eri okulabula abakozi bomwenge n’abakolamu nnga bamanyisibwa akabi akalikk mu mwenge.
Okuwagira ab’ebibiina eby’obwananyini,  banakyewa, ebikulakulanya ku mbeera y’obulamu n’okusingira ddala ebyo ebitema empenda ez’okugema abantu abanywa omwenge.
Ousaawo ebiseera ebituufu ebyo kuggalawo kwe bifo  ebitunda oba ebinywerwamu omwenge. N’okutterebula abatunzi b’omwenge buli kadde.
Okugaanira ddala abaana abato okuyiga omwenge.




#Article 71: OBULIMI BW’EKINTABULI (340 words)


Buno bwe bulimi bw’emiti n’ebirime ebibala, n’okulunda ebisolo. Obulimi buno bukendeeza obwavu butuletera okubeera n’emmere emala, bukendwe miti nebusobozesa amaeeza okutemwa kka okufuna enku okuva ku kibanja.
Emiti gisika omuka gwa kabonidiyokisayidi okuva  mu mpewo ate negifulumya okisigeni gwetwetaaa.
Emiti gituwa enku, embawo, n’eddagala ly’ekinnansi.
Omulimi afuna amata , ebibala, n’emmere okuva mu mimiro ye.
Nayiturogeni eyongerezedwa mu ttaka n’emiti ayamba ebirime okukula obulungi.
Emiti gikuumma ettaka obutakulugusibwa [soil erosion].
Obusa obuva mu bisolo bukozesebwa ku miti n’ebirime ebilala.
Emiti giweereza abantu ate n’ebisolo eby’okulya .
Amakoola g’emiti gakuuma ettaka nga liwewwevu.
Egimu ku miti egiweereza ebibala mulimu Ovakado [Persea Americana] Ovakado awooma nnyo era alina ekirisa kya proteyini. Ekbala kyenyini tekirina munnyu, kirina potasiamu mungi ne vitamin B6, C, D, K ne E. Oyinza kumulya ng’ekibala k’yenyini oba nga saladi, nga supu,era oyinza okumukozesa nga ekizigo oba eddagala. Ayinza okutundibwa emitala wa mayanja.
Omuti gw’omuyembe [Mangifera indica] nagwo gulina emigaso mingi nnyo.Gumanyidwa nga gutuwa emmere ate gutuwa en uba, awamu n’ekisikirizze. Gugumira omusana awamu n’amataba. Ensigo y’omuyembe eyinza okukozesebwa nga eddagala ly’akafuba, omusujja n’ekiddukano.
Omuti gwa Kalwenda ogumanyiddwa nga  Guliveliya [Grevillea robusta]  guno nagwo gurina emigaso mingi ddala, gukula mangu ne gutuuka mita nga amakumi abiri. Gulina emilandira egigenda wansi mutaka, n’olwekyo gifuna emmere yagyo mu bwangu. Tugikozesa mu kukuuma empewo nokutuwa ekisikirize. Amatabi gaagwo tugakozesa nga nakavundira. Omuti ogwo gutuwa embawo ,n’enku
Omuti gwa Kawoomera mbuzzi[Calliandra] [Calliandra Calothysus]  nagwo gwa mugaso nnyo. Guno  omuti gukula  mangu , tegumala banga ddene , gukuuma ettaka obutatwalibwa n’amazzi era gwongera Nayitulogyeni mu ttaka.  Emiti gino giyinza okukozesebwa nga olukomera lwa makka oba ekibanja. Gutuwa emmere y’ebisolo byetulunda awaka awamu n’enku. Bwogutemako obutabi gusobola okutojjera neguleeta amakoola amalala.
Omuti omuzimba ndegeya [ Sesbania, River bean or Eyptian rattle pos] [ Sesbania sesban] nagwo gukula mangu nnyo. Gwongerra nayitrogyeni mu ttaka, gukuuma ettaka obutatwalibwa n’amazzi oyinza okukungula amakoola mu myezi nga mu naana nga gyiyiseewo n’oliisa ebisolo. Bwe ggumala emyaka essatu  gubeera n’emigaso emirala nga eddagala. Omuti  guno mulungi mu  kutuwa enku  mu bbanga ettono ddala emyezi nga munaana okutuuka ku mwaka gumu.




#Article 72: OBUTONDE BW’ENSI (525 words)


Obutonde bw’ensi bwe uba tubwogerako,  tuba twogera ku bintu bino wammanga, Ettaka, ebimera, ebiwuka, ebisolo, amazzi nga mwotwalidde ennyanja ne migga,, empewo, ebinyonyi, akasana, amayinja, enzikiza n’ebirala.
Ettaka liba n’obulamu wewaawo naye mu buttoned si kiramu. Ettaka lifa, sso ate Ettaka lisobola okulamuka oba oyinza okukiyita okuzuukira.
Ettaka liri mu bika ebiwerako, era wammanga bino bye bimu ku nika byalyo.
Eriddugavu, Erya kiwugankofu, Erya kikuusikuusi, ery’oluyinjayinja, ry’ekikasima, lino liba lyetabiseemu ettaka elirina langi enjeru ng’ennoni, n’ebika ebiralalala.
Olw’okuba ng’ettaka liba n’obulamu ate nga liri mu bika eby’enjawulo, omulimi aba asana okumala okwetrgerwza nga tannatanula kukekeza nkumbi , oba ng’ettaka kw’genda okulima ddamu era nga teyeerabira kusooka kwetegereza kika ki eky’ettaka kw’agenda okulima, na kika ki eky’ekirime ky’agenda okusimbawo. Kiri nti ssi buli ky’oyagala okusimba nti kidda ku buli kika kya ttaka, osobola okusiika okwebuuza ku mukugu oba omulimisa , n’kuyambako okukebera ettaka eryo.Mu kukuwa ku magezi, oyambibwako obutayonoona biseera, amannyi, oboolyawo n’ensimbi, ku ttaka eritazza ky’ogenda kusimako. Sinakindi okukuwa amagezi okubaako by’oyongera mu ttaka, osobole okulituusa ku mutindo ogugwanira ekirime ky’oteekateeka okusimba.
 Ebimera bye bimu ku bintu ebikola obutonde bw’ensi, era nga muno otwaliramu , ebika by’emiddo ebiwerako, enva, emmere mu bika eby’enjawulo, emiti n’ebirala. Emigaso gy’ebimera mingi ddala omuli okuliisa abantu ,ebisolo ate n’ettaka.
Abantu bye bimu ku bikola obutonde bw’ensi. Abantu olwokuba nga balina ekitone eky’amagezi n’okutegeera okukira ku bintu ebirala, byonna ebikola obutonde bw’ensi, be bavunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obutonde b’ensi obwo okulabia ddala nga tebutyoboolwa oba  okusanaawo.
 Ebisolo nabyo bye bimu ku bikola obutonde bw’ensi, nga we bitali obutonde bw’ensi bukosebwa kinene ddala, abantu ko ebimera eby’engeri zonna ssaako ettaka lyennyini.
Ebinyonyi okufaananako n’ebintu ebyo waggulu ebyogeddwako, nabyo bitwala ekifo  kinene ddala mu kukuuma obutonde bw’ensi n’olwekyo bya mugaso nnyo.
Ebiwuka nga waliwo ebiwuka eby’obulabe eri omuntu n’eri ebimera, naye nnabyo ku luuyi olulala bya mugaso nnyo eri obutonde bw’ensi, era nga nabyo birabirilwa omuntu obutasaanawo.
Amazzi gano go mu kukuuma obutonde bw’ensi buli muntu akimannyi nti amazzi bwe bulamu, era oyinza okulowooza nti ge gatwala ekifo ekisooka mu kukuuma obutonde bw’ensi, naye nebintu ebirala ebikola obutonde bw;ensi byonna bya mugaso nnyo, wabula nti amazzi wegatali , obutonde bw'ensi buyinza okusaanirawo ddala.
Empewo okufaananako ng’ebintu ebirala , empewo y’emu ku bintu ebikola obutonde bw’ensi, nga bw’ebulawo, abantu, ebisolo, ebinyonyi,ebiwuka, ebimera, ettaka, n’amazzi tebiyinza kubeerawo ng’empewo tebimala.
Omusana nagwo gwa mugaso mu kukuuma obutonde bw’ensi , anti ggwe wamma ebisolo, abantu, ebinyonyi, ebiwuka, ettaka n’ebimera byonna wamu bifuna obusannyalavu obw’enjawulo singa tebifuna kabugumo.
enzikiza okufaananako ng’ebintu ebirala, enzikiza nayo ya mugaso eri obutonde bw’ensi, si  lwakuba nti bajjajjaffe nga bwe baagamba nti, Enzikiza kiyamba mumizi, naye ebitonde bingi ebyegazaanyiza mu nzikiza eyo.
amayinja wattu wandiyinzizza okulowooza nti, amayinja okugyako okugazimbisa amayumba oba okugakozesa entaana oba amalaalo n’amakubo, nti teriyo migaso mirala, naye nno nago ku butonde bw’ensi galina emigaso , nga bwe gabulawo , omuntu oba n’ebintu ebimu nga bifuna obusannyalavu obw’enjawulo.
Ensozinazo za mugaso nnyo eri obutonde bw’ensi era nga be zibulawo abantu n’ebintu ebrala bifuuna obusannyalavu obw’enjawulo.
 ebiwonvu nabyo bya mugaso , era mu ngeri yemu obtonde bw’ensi obutalimu biwonvu oba obukko, obutonde bw’ensi buba bwolekedde obuzibu  bwo kusanawo.
Kale nno awo tugamba nti omuntu n’ebitonde ebimwetoolosse bye bikola obutonde bw’ensi.




#Article 73: Enkwa Ebivu, n’ebiwuka ebirala by’ewale awamu n’endwadde zebireeta ku Ddundiro lyo (347 words)


Endwadde ezireetebwa enkwa awamu n’ebivu kye kizibu ekikyasinga okubobbya asalunzi baffe emitwe mu Ssemazna wa Africa n’okusingira ddajla wano e Uganda. Abalunzi bangi basigadde kulunda lwa nnaakolantya n’abandi okubuviiramu ddala ne beesogga emirimu emirala ng’emberebezi eva ku ndwadde ezireetebwa olunnabe lw’enkwa n’ebivu.
Mu bizibu ebingi ebireetebwa enkwa n’ebivu mu malundiro gaffe mwe muli bino wammanga, 
Ente ezimu zilwawo okujja ku musalo oba n’obutajjira ddala nga kino kiviira ddala ku ndwadde ezireetebwa ebivu eziyitibwa Nagana
Ensolo zaffe  naddala nga tezifuniddeewo bujjanjabi era oluusi ne bwe ziba zibufunye, naye obulwadde obwo buzisinza amannyi.
Emirundi mingi ente zikoozimba ne bwe ziba zifunye obujjanjabi, kino kisinga kulabikira mu bulwadde bw’ekivu. Ente eyo bw’ogitunda tosobola kugigyamu ssente zimala kubanga ebeera ekoozimbye nnyo.Endwadde ezimu nga Nagana ez’ebivu tezitera kuggwa mu nte wadde ebeera ejanjabiddwa era enkomerero ya byonna oba olina okugiggyawo. N’olwekyo ekiba kisingako kwe kwewala ebivu ku ddundiro lyo.
Tulina ebika bisatu eby’enkwa ebisinga okutawaanya amalundiro gaffe e Uganda, era bye bino.
Enkwa Emmyukirivu Eno enkwa ebeera mmyukirivu era y’ereeta omusujja ogw’amakebe [ECF], nga guno guleetera ente ebbugumu ery’amannyi mu mubiri n’okuzimba ensanjabavu, era ebiseera ebimu ente singa tejjanjabibwa mangu eyinza okuffa. Bw’ebeera ejjanjabiddwa ebiseera ebisinga ssente ezigijjanjaba ziyinza okusinga ezigivaamu ng’etundiddwa, anti amata geesala bw’eba ng’ebadde ekamwa.

Enkwa Embalabala
Enkwa eno ebeera n’amabala ameeru, amaddugavu oba kiyite amagondogondo era kino kye kigituumisa erinnya eryo. Eno enkwa ya mutawaana nnyo era ereeta omusujja gwa bika bibiri; Omusujja gw’obusa obukalu n’omusujja gw’okufuka omusulo ogw’omusaayi.
Enkwa eya Bbululu
Eno enkwa tetera kulabikalabika naye nayo ya mutawaana, ereeta omusujja gw’omusulo gw’omusaayi’’

Bibeera biwuka nga bifaanana enswera naye byo  binene.Bino bya mutawaana nnyo kubanga bireeta endwadde mu bantu wamu ne mu bisolo. Mu bantu bireeta obulwadde obuyitibwa Mmongoota ate mu nsolo ne bireeta Nagana.
Nagana bulwadde bwa nte nga bwe bugikwata yonna ekenena, esala amata, oluusi eyinza okufa.
Singa olaba obumu ku bubonero bw’ezimu ku ndwadde waggulu, fuba okutegeeza omusawo w’ebisolo omutendeke akuli okumpi nga bukyali.
Wabula waliwo amakubo amalungi g’oyinza okuyitamu okwewala endwadde ezo zinnamutta ng’oyita mu kuziyiza  ebivu, enkwa n’ebiwuka ebirala ku malundiro gaffe . Ekkubo erisinga okuyitibwamu, ly’ery’okukozesa eddagala ly’ebisolo wonna mu ggwanga.




#Article 74: Ettaka n’endabirira yaalyo ng’otema ensalosalo (504 words)


Ettaka lirina embeera erigwanyiza okuliyita eddamu oba eddungi era nga lisobola okufa oba okuggwaamu ensa singa terirabirirwa bulungi nga bwe kisanidde.Tulina okumanya n’okuyiga enkola entuufu egwanidde nga tukozesa enkumbi kku ttaka lyaffe okusobola okulikuuma nga ddamu. Nga tutegeka oba tulongoosa ekitundu ku ttaka okukifuula ennimiro anti tusooka kusaawa nsiko, kusambula, kukabala n’ebiring’ebyo, okusalamu oba kiyite okulamba ebitundu omunaabeera ensalosalo nga tweyambisa enkumbi.
Ensalosalo za bika bino [Fanya Ju] luno oba zino , ziba nsalosalo ezitemebwa obukiika mu nnimiro gamba olusooka, oluddako n’endala eziddirira ng’ogyeko olwo olusemberayo ddala ku nkomerero y’ennimiro, ettaka lyazo litemwa nga lisuulibwa oludda olw’ekyengulu  anti ggwe wamma, emirundi nmingi ennimiro zaffe zibera kuba nneesulifu.                                                                                                                                        N’olw ekyo, ensalosalo zino ziteekwa okubaamu ku miziziko mu ngeri esaanye okutangira ku misinde gy’amazzi oba mukoka.
Waliwo ensalosalo ezibeera mu nnimiro nga tezirina we ziyingiriza mazzi mu nnimiro agaba gakulukuta wazira okutega ago gokka agaba gakungaanidde mu bitaba ng’enkuba nnyingi etonnye.
[Fanya kini] luno lwe lusalosalo oluteekwa okusembayo wansi oba ekyemmanga, anti ggwe wamma n’entema yaalwo ey’ettaka tefaanana n’eri eya ziri zi [fanya ju], lyo ettaka lidda kyemmanga okutangira amazzi okujjula amangu ekiyinza okuluvirako okubooga. Emiziziko egitangira emisinde gya mukoka nga bwe twalabye waggulu, na muno  gyetaagisa.
Ekituufu kiri nti okutwalira awamu emiziziko gino, giteekebwa ku nsalosalo empanvu z’oyinza okuyita enkoloddoli kubanga ennyimpi tolina  bw’ozikolamu ziveemu omugaso.
Ensalosalo zino ng’ozitema, tezandibadde mpanvu nnyo okukka wansi, kubanga amazzi gaba geetaagisa okukola ku bimera byonna naddala ebyo ebiriira  kungulungulu ng’ogyeko emiti.
Yadde ng’ensalosalo ekigendererwa kyazo kutangira kukulugguka kwa ttaka, telusaana kusukka ffuuti emu oba emu n’ekitundu. bw’elusukkawo mpozzi ng’ogenderera kutangira butangizi kukulugguka kwa ttaka lyoka sso si kuliisa bimera.
Eriyo ennimiro eziteetaagibwamu nsalosalo, nga zino zibeera ku miseetwe myereere, gamba nga mu Lwera awatali mazzi ga kulugguka.

Ettaka lirina embeera erigwanyiza okuliyita eddamu oba eddungi era nga lisobola okufa oba okuggwaamu ensa singa terirabirirwa bulungi nga bwe kisanidde.Tulina okumanya n’okuyiga enkola entuufu egwanidde nga tukozesa enkumbi kku ttaka lyaffe okusobola okulikuuma nga ddamu. Nga tutegeka oba tulongoosa ekitundu ku ttaka okukifuula ennimiro anti tusooka kusaawa nsiko, kusambula, kukabala n’ebiring’ebyo, okusalamu oba kiyite okulamba ebitundu omunaabeera ensalosalo nga tweyambisa enkumbi.

Waliwo ensalosalo ezibeera mu nnimiro nga tezirina we ziyingiriza mazzi mu nnimiro agaba gakulukuta wazira okutega ago gokka agaba gakungaanidde mu bitaba ng’enkuba nnyingi etonnye.
[Fanya kini] luno lwe lusalosalo oluteekwa okusembayo wansi oba ekyemmanga, anti ggwe wamma n’entema yaalwo ey’ettaka tefaanana n’eri eya ziri zi [fanya ju], lyo ettaka lidda kyemmanga okutangira amazzi okujjula amangu ekiyinza okuluvirako okubooga. Emiziziko egitangira emisinde gya mukoka nga bwe twalabye waggulu, na muno  gyetaagisa.
Ekituufu kiri nti okutwalira awamu emiziziko gino, giteekebwa ku nsalosalo empanvu z’oyinza okuyita enkoloddoli kubanga ennyimpi tolina  bw’ozikolamu ziveemu omugaso.
Ensalosalo zino ng’ozitema, tezandibadde mpanvu nnyo okukka wansi, kubanga amazzi gaba geetaagisa okukola ku bimera byonna naddala ebyo ebiriira  kungulungulu ng’ogyeko emiti.
Yadde ng’ensalosalo ekigendererwa kyazo kutangira kukulugguka kwa ttaka, telusaana kusukka ffuuti emu oba emu n’ekitundu. bw’elusukkawo mpozzi ng’ogenderera kutangira butangizi kukulugguka kwa ttaka lyoka sso si kuliisa bimera.
Eriyo ennimiro eziteetaagibwamu nsalosalo, nga zino zibeera ku miseetwe myereere, gamba nga mu Lwera awatali mazzi ga kulugguka.




#Article 75: AMASIGA AG’OMULEMBE GAMUGASO, TEGAKOSA BUTONDE BWA’ NSI (562 words)


Wakoleddwawo amasiga ag’omulembe agayamba okukekkereza enku. Amasiga gano gakoleddwa nga gakuuma ebbugumu ly’omuliro mu Kyoto ekisobozesa enku okwaka obulungi. Amasiga gano gabeerako omudumu ogufulumya omukka.

Gakekkereza enku, Kumpi tegaleeta mukka, Mangu okukozesa, Gagya mu nfuna y’abantu, tegakosa buttonde bwa’nsi.

Bulijjo bw’oba ofumba kisaanidde okozese ekisaankira okubikka ku ssefuliya gy’ofumbiramu. Kino kikuumira ebbugumu musefuliya eriggyiisa emmere amangu, n’okukekkereza ku nku. Okusaniika  emmere nakwo kuyamba mu ngeri yeemu.
Emmere gisaleesalemu obutundutundu,. Enkola eno ekendeeza ku bungi bw’enku ze weetaaga okufumbiisa.
Emmere enkalu nga kawo n’ebijanjaalo osookanga kubyozaako oluvanyuma n;obinnyika okumala essawa nga ttaano nga tonnabifumba.Kino kikendeeza obungi bw’enku ezeetaagibwa okufumba emmere bw’etyo.
Weewal okuteeka amazzi agayitiridde obungi mu sseffuliya kubanga galwawo okwesera ekiviirako okukozesa enku ennyingi ng’ofumba.
Kuma omuliro oluvannyuma lw’okuteekateeka emmere gy’ogenda okufumba.
Zikiza omuliro ng’omazze okufumba.

Amataffaali, okusinzira ku bunene bw’amasiga geweetaaga.
Ettaka lya bulijjo ebitundu 40 ku buli 100, bwe bu kalaayi 2.
Enkulukuku ebitundu 50 ku buli 100 , bwe bukalaayi 3 bw’oba ogifunye.
Obusa ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 , akakalaayi 1 . Ebyo byona obisambira wamu.
Ettakka ly’ekiiswa ebitundu 90 ku buli 100 , obukalaayi 5; tabulamu obusa ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 , akakalaayi 1. Nabino  bisambirwa wamu.
Ebbumba lyoka ebitundu 100 ku buli 100, ekalaayi 6.
Bino byebyeyambisibwa okusiba amataffaali n’okubikka amasiga gano gonna.
N’oluvannyuma nga gakaze siigako olufuufu n’obusa – okugetoolooza gonna.

Sooka otereeze bulungi ekifo w’ogenda okuzimba amasiga gano waleme kubaawo kaserengeto konna. Ng’ogenda okukola amasiga gano ddira ettaka, enkulukuku, n’obusa obigatte wamu, singa oba tosobodde kufuna nkulukuku, gatta ettaka erya bulijjo n’ettaka ly’ekiswa naye ate enkulukuku tekola bulungi nga togasseemu kirala. Olina okufuba okulaba ng’ofuna enkulukuku kubanga  y’ekola enkwasi.
Ebbumba bw’oba olirina lyo lyemalirira nga togasseemu kirala.  Ssamba obudongo bujje bulungi bumalewo ennaku 2 olyoke obukozese. Osobola okukozesa obungi  bw’amataffaali gonna g’oba olina , okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu b’olina mu maka go, kubanga bwe babeera abangi olina okuzimba amasigagano nga manene bulungi, bwe babeera abatono era olina kuzimba matono n’amataffaali gaba matono, katugeze singa oba olina abantu nga mukaaga oyinza okweyambisa amataffaali nga 30 naye nga agamu ga bitundu, waliwo awagenda amalamba n’agebitundu.
Oyinza okuzimba ag’ebyoto bibiri oba bisatu okusinziira ku bungi oba obutono bw’ebintu by’ofumba, weesalirawo ekikumala Amasiga garina okutunula awava empewo entonotono, togatunuza wava mpewo nnyingi kubanga omuliro tegutereera wamu. Amasiga gano gabeerako omudumu ogufulumya omukka.
Bw’oba osala amasiga, agasooka garina okuba amanene okusinga eku malala kubanga g’egafumba emmere engumu ng’ebijanjaalo, n’emmere endala. Amasiga amatono gegafumba ebintu ebinafunafu nga amazzi, enva ezanguwa n’ebirala.
Bwomaliriza okusiba amataffaali kubako akadongo amasiga gonna gabunire oluvannyuma lw’ennaku ssatu maalako olufuufu ng’otaddemu obusa. Oba olufuufu lwokka okukilabirira obulungi, singa wabaawo awavudde akadongo kiddabirize. Ekigendererwa mu kino kukekkereza nku olw’ensonga nti ofumba ebintu bingi omulundi gumu ku nku za mulundi gumu mu kiseera kye kimu.
Gakekkereza n’obudde olw’ensonga nti tolwa mu ffumbiro ng’ofumba nga ku ky’amasiga agaffe aga bulijjo ositulako kino ozzako kirala.	`

Gakekkereza  enku, wakiri ebitundu 30 ku buli 100.
Gakuuma  ebbugumu.
Gakeendeeza ku mulimo nga obutaseeseleza buli kiseera.
Si kyangu kugasengula.
Essefuliya teziteruka.
Sikyangu mwana kujja siinga oba omutumye okuseesaamu.
Tegonoona mpewo zetoloddewo n’okuddugaza ebikozsebwa mu ffumbiro.
Obudde butono bw’omala ng’ofumba. 

Omuwendo gw’amataffaali kisinziira ku bunene bw’masigago bweweetaaga.
Obugazi bw’amasiga- 75cm, obukiika-75cm, obugulumivu -27 cm kino kisinziira ku bunene bw’amasiga geweetaaga.
Omulyango gw’ossaamu enku – 9 inchi
Obugazi bw’amasiga asatu (1) 9” = 23 cm , (2) 8” = 20 cm, (3) 7” = 17 cm
Obugazi bw’amasiga businziira ku bunene bw’amasiga go geweetaaga.




#Article 76: EDDAGALA LY’ENVA N’EBIBALA (322 words)


Okukendeeza ku ndwadde zetufuuna mu maka gaffe tutekwa okulima enva eziwonya endwadde, muno nga otwalidemu kaloti ono awonya amaso, entinamuti, enkolimbo, akayindiyindi, nakati, ejobyo ne ddoodo zino nno zizamu omusaayi, katunkuma ayamba ku plesa, katngulukyumu ono naye azamu amannyi ate era ayamba ku ndwadde z’ekiwanga, ebibala nga emicunwa nebirala. 
Wabula ate wattu enva n’ebibala wadde nga biwonya endwadde naye ate nabyo birina endwadde ezibirumba nga n yetaagisa okufuuyirwa ku ddagala.
Naye ggwe okimanyi ng’eddagala ezzungu erifuuyira ebirime lyabbeeyi nnenne, gwe omulimi ow’enfuuna entono tosobola kulisasulira, ng’ate sikukoma mu butasasula kwoka nga waliwo n’ebizibu ebirengeddwa ebyakabi ku mbeera y’Obutonde bw’Ensi yaffe ne ku bulamu bwaffe bweriyinza okututusaako.
N’olw’kyo kati mulimo gwaffe okugezaako okunoonya amagezi g’okuvvunuka ebizibu bino ebiyinza okuvaamu ebirangiddwa waggulu. 
Amagezi agatandiise okunoonyezebwa ku nsonga eno kwekugezaako okukola eddagala eryaffe nga tulijja mu bikoola by’emiti, omuddo, n’ebyo byetusobola okwefuunira ebitali biragirize bunaayira.

Ebikoola by’omuti oguyitibwa Melia Aza (lira) oba {Neem] (Muttankuyege),
Ekinu, Amazzi ,Omusulo gw’ente oba embuzi.,Evvu (lyanu),Kaamulali (abalagala),Ekitabulirwamu (kidomola oba drum).

Sekula ebikoola by’omuti guno Melia Aza (lira) oba Neem ( Muttankuyege) owezeemu obuzito bwa kilo 3. Ffuna amazzi amayonjo litres 20 ( jerican emu) gateeke mu kidomola oba (ppipa) oba ekimu kyosobola okufuna. Ssaamu kilo 3 ez’ebikoola byewasekudde.
Mwebyo ogattemu omusulo ge’ente oba embuzi ebikopo by’gama 8. Ekitegeeza nti buli ebikopo bibbiri bitabula ebikopo by’amazzi 10 be ddu.
Ffuna ebikopo by’evvu bisatu bya kikopo bisse mu kintu mwosobola okulikologera osseemu amazzi ekikopo kimu okologe okumala eddakiika 30, bwomala ligatte wamu n’ebyo byona ebimenyeddwa waggulu mu 1,2,3 ne 4.
Ffuna  kaamulali (piripiri) gulamu 225 omugatte mw’ebyo bye wasoose okutabula obisaanikire oba mu bbinika obutayitamu mpewo, linda ennaku 2 otabulemu oba osuukunde okumala ekiseera, oddemu obikke era ennaku 2 oddemu okutabula, oba okutabula, oba okusuukundamu ng’umulundi ogwasooka, olwo ziba ngaziweze ennaku nnya (4) ; mu kseera kino liba lituuse okukozesebwa ku birime, lisengejje bulungi otandike okussa ku birime.
Ekyokwekkanya: eddagala lino ligezesedwa mu kasooli akutta kigabi ate era ne mu birime ebirara.




#Article 77: ENTOBAZI N’EMIRIMU, N’EMIGASO GYAAZO (469 words)


Emirimu gy’entobazzi gisobola okugabanyizibwamu egyo egy’obutonde, kwe kugamba nt egyandibaddewo ng’omuntu talina kyakozeeko, okugeza ng’ebramu n’embeera ebyebunguludde, n’egyo egireetebwawo ebyo abantu bye bakola , gamba ng’emirimu gy’abantu n’ebyenfuna byaabwe.
Mu’ teeka elifuga entobazi ate lyo ‘Eteeka lino lyabagibwa minisitule evunanyizjbwa ku’butonde bwensi nga ligamba bweliti..

Entobazi tuzingiramu ebidibba, emigga, ebiibira, enyanja,era nga bino byamugaso nnyo. Abantu abasinga  beyunye nnyo entobazi olw’emigaso emingi zebiyina era nga abantu abamu  bakozesa entobazi zino kubanga basobola okujjamu ebintu ebisoobola okuzimba, ebintu ebisoobola okukozesebwa mu kuluka nga enjulu eziruka ebibbo, ensansa eziruka  emikeeka, ebitoogo ebiruka ebiwempe, n’ebintu ebirala bingi ebiyinza okukolebwa mu bintu ebisangibwa mu’ntobazi. 
Ebiibira nabyo emirundi egisinga tuyinza okubitwalira mu’ntobazi kubanga emigga egisinga n’enzizzi bitandiikira mu biibira. Ebiibira bino biyina emigaso mingi okugeeza tujjamu emmere, biyamba okuyonja empeewo, bituteerekera ebisolo byaffe, tujjamu ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ‘makolero g’ebibajje. Ate mu m’igga namwo tusangamu ebyenyanja n’ebisolo ebirala ebisangibwa mu mazzi.
Mu 1986, abakkugu balambiika nti  embeera y’emigga n’ebiibira  yali ekosebbwa nnyo   era nga emirimu  tegigenda bulungi, era n’obutonde bw’ensi bwaali tebufiibwako nakamu. Mu kiseera ekyo wabagibwawo amateeka agakugira abantu obutayoonona butonde bw’nsi mu 1995, gamba nga okuzimba mu ‘ntobazi n’okulima mu’ntobazi.
Amateeka  gano gabagibwa okusoboola okukendeeza okwongera okwonoona obutonde era gagenderela okuteekawo enkola obutonde bw’esi gye bwaali bulina okukuumibwa okusoobola okuyamba abantu  abensangi ezo, abensangi zino okuzikozesa mu nnkulakulana ate era ne mubiseera eby’omumaa nabo okuzisanga n’ekibasobozesa okuzikozesa obulungi [Sustainable Development]
Amateeka gano gagendererwa kwongera ku migaso gy’obutonde nga mwotwalidde n’entobazi.
Emigaso gy’entobazi
Emigaso gino giyinza okwawulibwamu mu bitti bibbiri:
Ejateekebwawo obutonde {ecological}
N’Abantu gy’ebafunnyemu omugaso [social – economical]
Entobazi ziyamba amazzi okubeera awamu era kiyamba ebimera okufunna amazzi.
Entobazi ziyamba ettaka obutakulukuta naddala nga waliwo emiti. Emiti gino giyamba okukwata ettaka eryalikulukuse.
Entobazi zikuuma ebimera n’ebisolo ebisangibwamu mu mbeera ennungi.
Mu ntobazi tufunamu ebitoogo eby’eyambisibwa mu kuluka ebintu by’emikono nga okuluka emikeeka, ebibbo, tufuna enjulu era n’emiti egiyinza okukozesebwa mu kuzimba.
Mu ntobazi tufunamu ebyenyanja ebituyamba okutuzamu amanyi.
Ebisolo ebisinga bitwalibwa ku ntobazi nebisobola okufuna eky’okuzza eri omumwa naddala mu budde obw’ekkyeeya.
Entobazi zituwa amazzi agatuyambako mu makolero , mu birime era n’ebisolo.
Abalambuzi bajja nnyo okulaba entobazi  zino era nebasasula ssente okusoboola okuzilaba, kino kiyamba nnyo eggwanga okulakkulanna.
Newankubadde entobazi zirina emigaso mingi, naye ate era n’ebizibu ebisangibwamu biyitirivu.
Abantu abasinga tebamanyi mugaso gwa ntobazi era bazonoona nga bazijjawo n’ebazimbamu amayumba n’okulima emmere, ekiretedde entobazi azisinga okusanawo, kino kitureteddwa ensonga y’obwaavu n’obufunda bw’ettaka.
Ebigendererwa bya Gavumenti ku’mateeka agafuga obutonde bw’ensi.
Gavumenti ya [Uganda] eteeka bino mu kukola:
Okunyweezza amateeka agaakolebwa okusobola okukuuma obutonde era n’okukozesa obutonde okusoboola okuberawo kati ne jebulijja.
Okubonerezza abantu abasangibwa nga bonoona obutonde okusobola okumalawo abazi be misango.
Okukuuma emigaso gy’entobazi.
Okukuuma obulamu bw’ebintu ebisangibwa mu ntobazi nga ensolo n’ebimera.
Gavumenti ekiriza emirimu egitasanyawo butonde bw’ansi, gamba okufuna amazzi aganywebwa, okuvuuba mu nvuba ennungi n’okulunda.
Era ekubirizza abantu n’ebitonole ebya nnakyewa okwongera okwogera ennyo n’okusasannya ku migaso gy’entobazi.




#Article 78: OKUKOLA EBIGIMUSA EBY’AMAZZI (219 words)


Emmereyonna nga mwotwalidde  Amatooke kasooli, enva n’ebirime ebirala, ebiggwa mu kiti ky’emmere eyensibo, ennima yaabyo ekoseddwa nnyo endwadde, ebiwuka, embeera y’ettakka, n’ebirala bingi nnyo.
Waliwo ebyazulibwa abakugu ebiyinza okuyamba mu kulongoosa ennima n’okuzza ensuku zaffe obuggya, ate era n’okuziyiza ebirime obutakosebwa nwdaddde. Muno nno mwe muli n’o wekolera ebigimusa eby]amazzi.

Obusa bw’ente, embuzi, obumunyu ne kalimbwe w’enkoko.
Ensawo (kutiya) engumu.,Ebikoola by’emiti oba omuddo nga birimu ekiriisa, n’okusobola okuvunda amangu.
Emiti emigumu egy’ebikondo nga bino by’ebiwanirira ensawo.
Tteeka ebimenyeddwa mu nsawo, bwe biba bisobola okuweza kilo 1 okutuuka ku kilo 50, obisibe ku muti waggulu nga mugumu okusobola okulengejjera mu ppipa ng’ensawo tetuddeemu.
Ffuna amazzi amayonjo ebidomola  kumi ogasse mu pippa mwotadde ensawo,. Oteekamu negakoma waggulu ,kuba gali gokka gaba n’obuka bungi nnyo.
Buli nnaku 3 olina okujja n’osukundamu ,oba n’onyenyamu,  mu nsawo okumala abbanga ery’ennaku 12 oba 14, amazzi gano agaba gakoze ekigimusa  gaggya kuba gatuuse okweyambisibwa ku birime byo. 
Ekigimusa kino eky’amazzi ky’ekikola nga [Rapid grow] , wabula kyo tokissa ku  bukoola, wabula okukifukirira ku bbali wansi w’ek irime okwetolola.  Omulundi gumu mu  buli nnaku musanvu okumala  ennaku 14 okutuuka ku ennaku 21 ng’obungi  bwoteeka ku birime nga emboga, bbiringanya, entula, ennyanya byandibadde gulamu 250 mu’nnaku musanvu ezisooka oba  gulamu 500 mu ‘nnaku kumi nannya ezisembayo.
N’omulimi atalina ppipa asobola okokozesa ekidomola oba ekintu ekirala kyonna omusobola okutabulirwa.




#Article 79: OKUSOMA OKUGENDEREERA OKULEETA ENKULAAKULANNNA EYANNAMADDALA (759 words)


[Education for sustainable development. ESD]
Mu kusoma okugendereera okuleeta enkulaakulana eyannamaddala,  tutunulira nnyo ku nsibuko y’ Ennkulakulana  eya nnamaddala. 
Bwettujukira ebyayitta, osobola okugamba nti endowooza eno ey’ennkulakulana eya nnamaddala eviira ddala   ku ssematalo owokubbiri ngayakagwa . Kyazuulibwa nti amawanga gano agaali mu ntalo zino gakosebwa nnyo obwavvu n’enjala. Kino nno  kyaleetera abakungu b’A mawanga  amagatte mu nsi yonna,okutuuza nekiiko ezitali zimu ,okusala amagez ku ngeri ki obuzibu bunno gyebuyinza okuvunikibwa. Watandiikibwawo ebiwayi byensi yonna ebyenjawulo okutandiika okwekkenennya n’ikuzuula engeri gyebayinza okwanganga era nokuvunuka ebizibu bino. Ebimu ku biwayi bino, mwe mwali kyebayitta “ Inernational Monetary Fund)(IMF) nekirala kyebayita (World Bank Group)(WBG) byonna nga bigendereera okuyamba okwanganga obuzzibu bwo’bwavvu n’ebbula lye mmere mu nsi yonna.
Ate era mu Myakka gy’enkaaga waliwo  Alipoota ezenjawulo ezzava mu ntuula ezenjawulo mu nsi yonna ate zzino nga zogera ku ngeri obutonde bw’e nsi gy’e bwali bwolekedde okusaannawo nga kireetebwa engeri abantu gy’ebaali bakozzessamu obubi  obutonde bw’ensi nga bagenderera okwekulakulanya n’okulakulannya amawanga gabwe. Naye ate ng’ enkola eno bwegenda mu maso obutonde bwensi yonna bubba bwakugwawo , kubanga abantu ababukozesa beyongera bweyongezi ate nga bwo tebweyongerako.
Mu mwaka gwa 1972 ekibiina kya’mawanga amagatte  nate era  kyatuuzza olukiiko taba mirukka , olwatuula mu kibuga “Stockoholm” okuteesa ku bizibu ebikosa obutonde bw’ensi mu nsi yonna. Era mubyavva mu kuteesa kuno mwe mwali okutandiikawo ekibiina ekiyitibwa” United Nations development Program (UNDP)”kino nno nga kyabyannkulakulana mu nsi yonna.
 Ate mu mwaka gwa 1977 olukiiko olulala lwatuula mu “Tiblisi” . Era kyassalibwao enkulakula eyungibwengako n’byenjigiriza ku buttonde bensi , awo nno wakolebwaawo ebbaggo erilambulula enkola enno lyebaayiita “Tiblisi Declaration” Ebbaggo lino likatiriza ebyenjigiriza ku buttonde bwensi nti bussomesebwengako  mu buli ssomo mu matendekero, buyigirizibwenga awatali kkomo mu bulamu bwomuntu,kino kino kireterenga omuntu okulowozanga ku buttonde bwensi bwanabanga y’ekulakulannya ate era kinamusobozesanga n’okugonjola ebizibu ebiggwa mu kowe eryo. Ebbaggo lino nno lijumbiddwa nnyo nga liyungibwa mu bye’njigiriza by’Amawanga gonna, ekyokulabirako wano mu Uganda watekebwawo ne kye bayita [The Uganda strategy to implementing education for sustainable development] nga mu kino nno kwe kuteeka mu nkola enjigiriza enno ate n’okuwa obuvunnanyizibwa buli abakwatibwako ebyenjigiriza ku buli mutendera , okuvira ddala mu massomero ate ne mu gavumenti era ne mu bi tongole by’enjigiriza.
Mu mwaka gwa 1987 Alipoota ezakazzibwako “Bruntland Commissions final report. Our Common Future. zzakatirizza ennkulakulanna eyannamaddala mu nsi yonna. Era zannyonnyola amakulu g’e nnkulakulanna eyannamaddala nga nabuli kati bwe tukyagitegeera nti,

 E nnkulakulanna eyannamaddala buvvunnannyizibwa bwa buli muntu mu nsi yonna nga mwemuli abakyala n’baami, abantu bonna mu nzikiriza nobuwangwa bwabwe okulaba nti  ate enkulakulana enno tekossa buttonde bwa nsi .Nti a te era nebwewabaawo ennkulakulanna mu byenfuna z’bantu, obutonde bwensi, embeera zabantu abagirimu, birowoozwbwengak o nnyo kisobozese n’abantu bennyini okutwala obuvvunnannyizibwa okulwanirira obutonde bwe’nsi nga bekulakulannya.
E nnkulakulanna  enno yayawulwamu emittindo esatu. Omutindo ogukwatta ku byennfunna, Omutindo ogukwatta ku’mbeera z’abantu,gamba eby’obulamu n’ebyenjigiriza ate n’ Omutindo ogukwatta ku buttonde  bw’ensi. Mu kinno nga baalaga nti tewali nnkulakulanna esobola kubaawo nga emitindo egyo esatu  egiragiddwa  tegitambulidde wamu Wano nno bwotunulira ebyogeddwako engeri gyebirambikiddwa,olaba nga byonna biggwa mu bya bufuzi.
Era nti singa kigobererwa  emitindo gino  ne gitambulira wamu wabeerawo okussa ekitibwa mu buttonde  bw’ensi, emigga, enyanja, nembalama zazo  nebyo byanna ebisangibwamu biba bikumibwa bulungi .  Wabeerawo enkulakulana mu by’enfuna byegwanga ate era wabeerawo enkulakulana ne mu bantu benyinni, nti ate era  wabeerawo n’obufuzi obwo bwenkannya.
Mu mwaka gwa 1992 nate era olukunganna ttabamiruka olw’Amawanga Amagatte lwatuula , luno lwamaannyika nnyo nga “Earth Summit” era lwatuula mu “ Rio de Janeiro”. Lwafulumya ebbaggo elyatikirivu lyebaayitta”Agenda 21” enno nga yenteekateeka  ye’nnkulakulanna eyannamaddala. Mwalimu ebintu bibiri ebyaali ebyenjawulo okuvva ku nkiiko zonna ezaali zibeerawo. Ekisooka olutuula lunno lwetabwamu Amawanga manji nnyo, ekyokubbiri nti enteekateeka eyateesebwaako etekebwe mu nkola nga etuuka ku buli mutendeera gwe by’obufuzi okuvvira ddala wansi okutuuka ku nsi yonna. Era mu bbaggo lino ekitundu kyalyo ekya 36 kiragga nti ebyenjigirizza nabyo bisimbibweko nnyo essiira.
Eby’Enjigiriza bikulu nnyo mu nnkulakulanna eyannamaddala ate ne mu kutumbula abantu okwanganga ebyekuusa ku buttonde bwe’nsi ne’ nnkulakulanna.  Wano ng’otwalidemu  ebyenjigiriza mu massomero ate n’ebyenjigiriza mu bantu okusobola okukyusa endowooza zabwe nti bebalina okwanganga ebintu byonna ebikwaatagana ne’ nnkulakulanna eyannamaddala. Nti ate era kikulu nnyo okusasannya ebyogerwa ku nnkulakulanna eyannamaddala, emigaso, endowooza, enkozea ne neyisa kisobozese abantu bonna okwetaba mu nnkulakulanna eyannamaddala nga basobola n’okugikubagannyako ebirowoozo.
Awo nno mu mwaka gwa 2000 ne’wateekbwaawo enkola ezzokugobererwa mu nnkulakulanna mu nsi yonna zebayiitta”The United Nations Millenium Goals” Enkola enno yalambika ebigendererwa okutukibwako mu  nnkulakulanna  n’ebiseera byabyo.Mwalimu emitindo munnanna egykugobererwa, omwaali okukendeeza ku obwaavu, okukendeeza ku kufa kwa’baana mu ssannya, okukendeeza ku mukennya, okukendeeza okusasannyaomusujja gw’Ensiri ate nokutekawo ennkulakulanna eyannamaddala mu banga lya mya’kakumi, awo  kiraga nti okutuuka mu mwaka 2015.




#Article 80: ENKOKO ENNANSI EREETA AMAGOBA (339 words)


Zino z’enkoko enzaaliranwa era nga zaamanyiira embeera ya wano mu [Uganda] oba [Africa].
Ebimu ku bika by’enkoko ennansi bye bino, ‘’Enkwekwe’’ ‘’ Ennyoro’’ Eng’anda’’ n’endala. Enkoko zino bwe zibeera zirabiriddwa n’obukugu zisobola okuwa nomulunzi amagoba amangi ddala .

Ziumira embeera n’obulwadde obumu, Zigumira ebiwuga oba enjoka, Zigumira omusana oba ekyeya, Zigumira enkyukakyuuka mu mbeera y’obudde, , nez’embeera z’obulwadde ezisinga obubi.
Ebyokulya byazo byangu okufuna. Tezeetaagisa ttaka ddene, Ebikozesebwa okuzimba enju zaazo bifujika mangu, akatale k’e nkoko n’amagi gaazo weekali.

Ekifo enkoko we zaalulira kiteekwa okuba nga kyawufu ku ekyo gye zibiikira.
Enkoko ekozesebwa okwaluza eteekeddwa okuweebwa emmere n’amazzi buli kiseera.
Enkoko emu esobola okumaamira oba okwalula amagi 15 oba 17.
Osobola okukozesa ssekkoko okwalula amagi g’enkoko agawera amakumi anna ‘’40’’
Ku lunaku olwomusanvu olw’okumaamira oteekeddwa okwawula amagi amasumba era n’ogasuula.
Mu kiseera kino eggi eririna akaana libeera lirina akantu akalinga akawuka nga kava ku njuba.
Ddamu okukebera amagi nga wayiseewo ennaku endala musanvu oggyemu amagi amafu.
Obukoko obwafiira mu ggi bubaako engeri y’olusaaysaayi.
Obukoko obulamu mu ggi libeera likutte akazikiza naye ng’ekifo eggi mwe lissiza kirabika bulungi.

Obulwadde, Enzimba y’ennyumaba y’enkoko embi, Ebbugumu eriyitiridde, Obutwa bw’mo mmere ekukudde, Obujama, ebiwuka ebitawaanya enkoko, endiisa, Okuleka enkoko ne zenjeera, Ebikozesebwa mu kulya, oba okunywa nga bitono, Ebiyumba by’enkoko ebirina enzikiza.

Okukuuma obuyonjo nga twewala ennyumba ezitonnya, okuzimba ennyumba eyingiza era n’okufulumya empewo, Ennyumba ezirina ekitangaala zeetaagisa , Okugema enkoko, Okuzijjanjaba nga zirwadde, okuzimbira enkoko zireme okufuna obulwadde, Enkoko tuziwe eddagala ly’enjoka, tetuwa nkoko mmere ekukudde, Togezaako kutabulira nkoko mmere nga kyakyu mwereere omutali kasooli.

Endabirira  eri mu mite ndera esatu, endabirira  y’obukoko obuto, enkuza, n’okubiika.
Naye essira ka tulisse ku ndabirira y’obukoko obuto okuva ku lunaku olumu okutuuka ku ssabiiti ennya.

Okuva ku lunaku olw’omusanvu okutuuka ku lw’ekkumi nennya [280C] , Okuva ku lunaku olw’ekkumi n’etaano okutuuka ku lw’ana mw’ebbiri[210C].
Obukoko buwe amaanyi agasooka nga obuwa amazzi agalimu sukaali oba gulukosi , nga tezinanatandika kulya okumala essaawa bbiri ½ kilo ya sukaali gitabule mu lita taano ez’amazzi.
Weewale nnyo obukoko okwekuma awamu . Tandika okuwa obukoko emmere nga bumaze okunywa amazzi.




#Article 81: OKULUNDIRA MU BIYUMBA (424 words)


Emigaso n’enkizo y’okulundira mu biyumba, ‘’ Ebisolo tebikozesa maanyi mangi okunoonya emmere’’.
Okwewala enkwa n’obulwadde obulala obusangibwa eyo ku ttale.
Okukekkereza Omuddo , Kyanguwa okukngaanya obusa, Tekyetaagisa nkomera kukugira nsolo zo, Ebisolo ebikuumirwa mu biyumba biba bya ddembe.Osobola okulabirira obulungi ebisolo byo, Omusana n’enkuba ennyingi osobola okubyewala, Omuddo tegulinnyirirwa bisolo, Kyangu okuba n’omuddo mu bifo eby’enjawulo, Kyangu okufuna olulyo lw’ennume lw’oyagala.

Amazzi galina kubeera kumpi, Ebiyumba ebirungi,, Entandikwa, Emmere emala, Abakozi, Ettaka, Ebiruubirirwa n’ebinywerwamu.

Endabirira, Okufuuyira, Okulambula ebisolo byo, Okugema, Okuziyiza endwadde n’okuzijjanjaba.

Emmere yandibadde ng’egwa mu bika byonna ebyetaagisa, Ekipimo eky’emmere ekijjuvu buli kisolo gye kirya olunaku, Etterekero ly’emmere, Emmere erina okubanga ewooma , Okulundira mu biyumba , Omugaso gy’okulundira mu biyumba , ebisolo tebikozesa maanyi okutambula nga binoonya amazzi n’emmere oba omuddo nga munkola endala bwekiri. Ebisolo bisobola okwewala Enkwa n’obulwadde obulala bungi nga ziriira mu biyumba.
Kibisobozesa olubaawo okukekkereza kw’omuddo oba emmere yonna kuba ekisolo kyo ogenda omanyira emmere gyekirya olunaku, olwo nekiyamba endala okugitereka.
Kiba kyangu nyo okukungaanya obusa mu biyumba  kuba bwo, buba wamu n’e biyumba okubukozesa ebirala.   Ebiseera byomala nga okola ebikomera, okugeza eby’omuddo omulime, tebibaawo.
Ebisolo ebikuumibwa mu biyumba biba bya ddembe okusinga ebikulidde mu nkola endala,ezo nno endala  zo ziba ndalu nnyo.
Sso ng’ate Osobola okulabirira obulungi ebisolo mu biyumba  ,kuba ebiyumba biba byangu okutukirira, awo nosobola okulaba mpozi gamba nga ebiwuka ebiba bilumbye  oba ebiruma ebisolo. Mu ngeri eno ebisolo biyinza obutayisibwa bubi.
`’’’Ebimu ku byetaagisa okulundira mu biyumba’’’
Olina okuba ng’olina amazzi ageeyambisibwa ku bnisolo byo nga gali kumpi ddala, kikuyambe okukola emrimo gyo mu budde.
Olina okuba n’ebiyumba nga biserkeddwa bulungi ate nga biri mu kifo  ekituuki0amu amangu ng’ekkubo. Birina okuba nga wansi  bizimbiddwa bulungi okusobala okubiyonja.
Olina okuba n’entandikwa oba ssente ezisobola okuddukanya emirimo emirala, egiba giriwo gamba okusasula abakozi n’ebiralalala.
Olina okuba n’emmee oba omuddo ogumala ebisolo byo era osobola okulima ng’ebisagazi, n’emiddo emirala mingi nnyo. Abakozi bano bakuyamba ku mirimo egy’enjawulo okugeza okutuusa omuddo gw’ebisolo okumpi we biriira, okubiyonjeza we bisula n’ebrala.
Lina okuba n’ebirirwamu , n’ebinywerwamu ebisolo nga bizimbe bulungi okwewala emmere n’amazzi okugwa wansi ekiyinza okuleeta endwadde ezitali zimu mu kisibo.

Ng’olabirira  ebisolo, olina okulaba ng’ebisolo byo bifuuyirwa naddala enkwa waakiri  emirundi ebiri mu ssabiiti biyambibwe obutafuna musujja gw’enkwa n’ebirala.
Olina okulambula ebisolo byo buli kiseera ekigere, kikuyambe okulaba ebisolo byo ebiba birwadde, osobole okubijjanjaba amangu, ate era n’okulaba ebisolo ebiba bigenze ku musalo n’embeera e ndala.
Olina okugema ebisolo byo endwadde ezitali zimu bisobole o u ula nga birungi naawe omulunzi nga bikuzzaamu amaanyi.
Olina okuziyiza endwadde mu bisolo byo, n’okwewala ebisolo okufa obulwadde obwandiwonye singa bijjanjabibwa.




#Article 82: Ensalosalo (217 words)


 [Fanya Ju] luno oba zino , ziba nsalosalo ezitemebwa obukiika mu nnimiro gamba olusooka, oluddako n’endala eziddirira ng’ogyeko olwo olusemberayo ddala ku nkomerero y’ennimiro, ettaka lyazo litemwa nga lisuulibwa oludda olw’ekyengulu  anti ggwe wamma, emirundi nmingi ennimiro zaffe zibera kuba nneesulifu.                                                                                                                                        N’olw ekyo, ensalosalo zino ziteekwa okubaamu ku miziziko mu ngeri esaanye okutangira ku misinde gy’amazzi oba mukoka.
Waliwo ensalosalo ezibeera mu nnimiro nga tezirina we ziyingiriza mazzi mu nnimiro agaba gakulukuta wazira okutega ago gokka agaba gakungaanidde mu bitaba ng’enkuba nnyingi etonnye.
[Fanya kini] luno lwe lusalosalo oluteekwa okusembayo wansi oba ekyemmanga, anti ggwe wamma n’entema yaalwo ey’ettaka tefaanana n’eri eya ziri zi [fanya ju], lyo ettaka lidda kyemmanga okutangira amazzi okujjula amangu ekiyinza okuluvirako okubooga. Emiziziko egitangira emisinde gya mukoka nga bwe twalabye waggulu, na muno  gyetaagisa.
Ekituufu kiri nti okutwalira awamu emiziziko gino, giteekebwa ku nsalosalo empanvu z’oyinza okuyita enkoloddoli kubanga ennyimpi tolina  bw’ozikolamu ziveemu omugaso.
Ensalosalo zino ng’ozitema, tezandibadde mpanvu nnyo okukka wansi, kubanga amazzi gaba geetaagisa okukola ku bimera byonna naddala ebyo ebiriira  kungulungulu ng’ogyeko emiti.
Yadde ng’ensalosalo ekigendererwa kyazo kutangira kukulugguka kwa ttaka, telusaana kusukka ffuuti emu oba emu n’ekitundu. bw’elusukkawo mpozzi ng’ogenderera kutangira butangizi kukulugguka kwa ttaka lyoka sso si kuliisa bimera.
Eriyo ennimiro eziteetaagibwamu nsalosalo, nga zino zibeera ku miseetwe myereere, gamba nga mu Lwera awatali mazzi ga kulugguka.




#Article 83: Okukunganya Amazzi G'enkuba (422 words)


okukungula amazzi g'enkuba kwekutega n'okukunganya amazzi g'enkuba okugakozesa mu bintu ebyenjawuli era n'okugafunamu so sikugaleka kugenderea bwerere. Era nga gano tugakosesa mu malimiro, okukola awaka, amazzi g'okufukirira, okuwa e bisolo okunywa era n'okujanjabibwa obulungi era n'okukozesa munda mu mayumba okugeza nga mu binabiiri ne toilets z;omunda ne birara. Mubitundi ebisinga amazzi gakunganyizibwa ne gagenda mu binya bye bategese obulungi mwe gasobolera okwesengejja. Amazzi agakunganyizidwa gasobora okukola nga amazzi g'okunywa era n'okutereka era n'emirimu emira nga okufukirira ebirime.

wano ewaffe e Mbazzi twatandika enkola eyomulembe era nga abantu b'ekitundu kino benyumiriza nnyo munkola eno kubanga ekyeya tekibatawanyiza kubanga amazzi bagalina mu bungi era nga basobola okutambuza polojekiti zabwe.

Amazzi malungi nnyo era tugetaaga nnyo mu bulamu bwaffe obwabulijjo kubanga tukakozesa ffe nga abantu, ebirime, ebinyonyi  awamu n’ebisolo.

Mubutufu omuntu yenna nandiyetaze okutega amazzi anasobola okugakuuma okusobola okusomoka obuzibu bweyandisanze nga talina mazzi waka we.

Wesanga nga omuntu azimbye enyumba era na gisereka naye nakoma kukuyingira ate amazzi nagulanga magula so nga ate ku mabaati ge genyi asobola okusaako engogo bwatyo nasobola okutega amazzi.

Okusima ekinya n’okisamu ekivera oba ettundubaali era n’oziimbako era n’okisereka 
Kale olwalero kanjogere kumkola eno eyokusima ekinya n’osaamu etundubaali
Bwenabadde ntambula tambula ku kyalo Mbazzi nasanze abantu abamu nga ebirime byabwe binyirira nga bwobiraba biraga nga enkuba etonnya bwe nayogeddeko n’abamu ku bantu banno bantegezeza nti bo bakungula amazzi mwatu nenewunya naye nafunye omukisa era ne banjiggiriza bwebakikola.

Otegeka ekiffo awagenda okusimibwa ekinnya era ekinya kino kisimibwa ku bipimo bino ekitandikibwako obugazi osima futi kumi ( 10ft ) ku futi munana (08ft) awo nosima okuka wansi obuwanvu bwa futi mukaga (6ft) bwekityo wansi muntobo ne kibera futi sattu nekitundu (3.5ft). 

Bwomala okusima ekinya ekyo nga otegeka omusingi okwetolola ekinya kino era nekizimbibwako bulungi nga zimba enyumba eya kiyu kimu era n’okisereka bulungi n’amabaati ebisera ebisinga kiserekebwa amabaati nga musanvu.

Yelirira etundubaali mukinya wetolozeeko emiti nga ogikiiseko olwo ekitundu ekyawaggulu kwoba wetoloza etundubali eryo nga bwokubamu emisumaali

Amazzi g'enkuba ganno malungi nnyo nti wano oba ogekozeseza nga tolina akusoloza era munsi ziri ezakula edda gatwalibwa nga enyongereza kwago gebafuna mu gavumenti. Mukyeya oba n'amazzi, era kiyambako n'okukendeza amazzi ag'omujuzo mu biffo ebye kiko nga Bwayise, era kikendeza n'omujuzo ku nzizi zaffe ekisobozesa amazzi okuba muluzi nga malungi. Kiyambako nti amazzi gaberawo obudde bwona wo galira. Enkola eno eyokukozesa amazzi g'enkuba agategedwa mu nkola y'ebibuga kiyambako ku gavument engeri gye werezamu amazzi era kino kiyamba mwembi ekitongole kyamazzi nawe agakozesa.  era n'okwonona amazzi kukendera kubanga amazzi gaba mayonjo nga gayita bulungi mu paipu nga tegetaga kusamu manyi mangi okugatambuza nga  sewer system.




#Article 84: Okukongola kasooli (229 words)


Edda mumyaka egy'ensanvu n'egyekinaana (1970s to 1980s) kasooli twali tumukongoza ngalo okuva ku ndebe npaka ku kutiiya, olusi nga bwaba mungi kangambe ekutiya emu kubiti n'okweyongerayo twakozesanga miggo nga ali mukutiya n'okuba okutuusa bwava ku bikongoliro

kyatwalanga obudde bungi  kasooli okuva ku bikongoliro nga okozesa engalo nga ogya kugyako mpeke ku mpeke emu kwemu ekyavirangako engalo okufuna amabavu.

Olw'obulumi obwavanga ku mabavu abantu kyabawaliriza nga okuwumula ebanga eddene nga nga tebakongola, okufuna obujanjabi kubiwundu oba obulumi bwengalo okuweweramuko.

Kino ate kyatalanga obudde bungi okukongola kasooli okuwera. 

Mpozi ekirungi kugyo kasooli yali tabeeramu kasaniko nakamu era nga abera munyirivu era tewabanga manyi malala gatekebwamu kuwewa.

Olwokuba tewalinga kyakukola ng'ogguma okutusa bwomala.

Kyayamba nga omuntu okuba nga oli muzza nganda oba okuba omuntu wabantu kikuyambe okufuna abantu abakukwasizangako mu biseera eby'okukongola.

Mukino kyaleteranga abantu okuzaala ennyo olwokwagala okufuna omuwendo gw'abantu abango mu maka gabwe balyoke bangange ebizibu by'emirimu nga egyo okugeza okukongola kasoli nebirara.

Okukuba kassoli nga mukutiya kyalinga kyangu okusingako ekyokukongola n'engalo lwaki?
   nga ofuna ekutiya etaliko kituli kyona n'otekamu kasooli akaze obulungi kubikongoliro nomutekamu nga wakigero nosibako awo oluvanyuma nolyoka otandika okukuba n'omuggo. Era wano wakubanga kasooli ono nga bwokyusa eludda olulara olwekutiya emirundi egiwerako nga nti oyagala buli wamu wakubwe era awo n'omugyamu eyasigalangako kubikongoliro awo ab'engalo nga ba mukongola okumumalako.

Kasooli w'okukuba mu kutiya yasigalangako kubikongoliro so nga ate wakudibwamu okukongolwa ab'engalo.

Yasigalangamu obukongoliro obukutusekutuse nga bwakuwewa




#Article 85: OKULUNDA EBYENYANJA (116 words)


Okulundira ebyenyanja ‘’’awafunda’’’  nkizudde nga kirungi.  Kubanga bwenabadde ngezaako “okulambula ku balimi” babyo nesanze nga kumpi buli muntu abisobolera ddala okubirima awamu n’okubirunda. 
  

Mubutufu nze nail sikiriza nti omuntu asobola okulunda ebyenyanja ku lukalu nga tebiri mu nnyanja naye kitufu abantu balunda abyaddala.

Bwenatukiridde omulunzi wabyo ku Kyalo lwazzi namusanze nga alundira wantu awafunda era natunyoyora nti ye tekimukalubiriza kubirabirira era ye namusanze nga alunda Mmale yatugambye nti emmale nyangu okulunda kubanga mu ‘’’kiffo ekifunda’’’ ye alundirako emmale eziwera olukumi (1000)

Omulunzi ono yangabye nti okubirunda olina okuba nabino wammanga;

Bwato ya nnyonyodde nga bweizimbiwa mpaka nga ebyenyanja bitekedwamu era natulaga n’engeri gya birisamu.

Abantu ababi bwe basobola okugya ne basaku mazzi ‘’’obutwa’’’ ne babitta byona




#Article 86: Akatale k’omulimi ekikonoona biibino (115 words)


akatale k’omulimi ekikonoona biibino FARMING  MARKETS PROBLEMS
 Ebyonoona obutale bw’omulimi byebino, omutindo gwekyo kyotunda, obungi bwebirimibwa, ensiba yabyo, entereka yabyo, endabika yabyo n’omutindo, ekifo awatundirwa, entambuza enkyaamu, enkwata gyobikwatamu, endabika yomutunzi.

Abalimi bandifunye ssente nnyingi singa betundira ebirime n’ensolo zaabwe butereevu mu  katale.
Abalimi okutundira awamu nga beggasse kijja kuyamba nnyo abalimi n’abalunzi era n’abaguzi ababirya.
Kijja kukirizisa abasubuzi aba kolijja nabalongoosa ebirime ate naabo ababitwala emitala wamayanja okufunako akatono, basobole okuuwa abalimi emiwendo eminene mubirime nensolo zaabwe.
Wano nno, Abalimi betaaga ebyaggi omuterekwa ebirime nga byamutindo ate nga biri ku kubo , basobole okukungaanya era n’okukuuma ebirime byabwe , awo era basobole okufuna entambula ennyangu.

Abalimi bawalirizibwa okulongoosa ebirime byabwe nebitukira ddala kumutindo ogwawaggulu.




#Article 87: Kabaka wa Buganda (406 words)


Kabaka kye kitiibwa ekiyitibwa omukulembeze ow'okuntikko mu Bwakabaka bwa Buganda. 142–143 Okusinziira ku nnono za Buganda, Obwakabaka bukulemberwa Bakabaka babiri (2), omu nga wa byamwoyo (Enzikiriza) n'ow'ebyensi.

Oweebyomwoyo akiikirirwa  eziyitibwa Mujaguzo, ng'abakulembeze ab'ensikirano abalala, alina olubiri, abakungu b'Obwakabaka, abaweereza n'abakuumi b'olubiri (abambowa). Omulangira anaafuuka Kabaka (anaalya eŋŋoma) alina okubaako emikolo egy'ennono gy'akola ku ŋŋoma Mujaguzo nga tannafuuka Kabaka wa Buganda. Omulangira oba Omumbejja w'Obwakabaka bw'azaalibwa eŋŋoma z'Obwakabaka zikubibwa (zivuga) abo abalonde okuva mu kika ekivunaanyizibwa ng'akabonero okutegeeza Obuganda nti Omulangira oba Omumbejja azaaliddwa. Era eŋŋoma zino zivuga ssinga Kabaka abeera akisizza omukono/ aggye omukono mu ngabo(afudde) na akabonero ak'okumubika mu butongole. Okusinziira ku Buwangwa b'Abaganda, Kabaka TAFA wabula ABULIRA MU KIBIRA.  Mu Masiro ga Bassekabaka ba Buganda nga ag'e Kasubi (  oba ag'e Wamala omuntu bakoma kumulaga mulyango ogugayingira, awo tasukkawo era kyamuzizo okusukkawo okweyongera munda.

Mu Buganda temuli nkola ya kugamba nti omuntu azaalibwa nga  Buli mulangira atwalibwa mu ngeri ya kyenkanyi okutuusa ekiseera eky'okutikkira Kabaka omuggya nga kituuse- Nga  abaddeko akisizza omukono. Wabula mu kiseera nga Kabaka aliko afuga, akakiiko k'abantu abalonde kabeerawo nga keetegereza n'okwekenneenya aenneeyisa y'abalangira ababaawo mu kiseera ekyo. Mu mbeera eyo, Kabaka asinziira ku magezi g'akakiiko ako n'alonda omulangira anaamuddira mu bigere. Ku mukolo ogutegekebwa mu kyama, Omulangira omulonde akwasibwa akabugo (  nga kamuweebwa akulira akakiiko ako akasunsuzi. Erinnya ly'Omulangira eyo alondeddwa likuumibwa nga lya kyama okutuusa Kabaka aba aliko ng'akisizza omukono. Kabaka bw'akisa omukono/bw'afa, Abalangira n'Abambejja bayitibwa okukuba eriiso evvannyuma ku njole ya Kabaka(omulambo), wano Omulangira Omulonde w'akwatira akabugo kali, n'akassa ku njole eyo nga akabonero ak'okweyoleka nti ye musika / y'anaddira mu bigere.Ekigambo Kabaka kitegeeza Omutume.

Mu nnono z'Abaganda, Omwana aba wa kika ka kitaawe (amuzaala). Kyokka mu mbeera y'emu waliwo ebiwanuuzibwa nti Kabaka atwala muziro gwa nnyina. Kino si kituufu.Kabaka aba n'ekika kye ekiyitibwa Olulyo Olulangira. era n'abasajja (abalenzi) abakivaamu bayitibwa Abalangira ate abakazi (abawala) bayitibwa 'abambejja'. Okutabulwa ku ku nsonga eno kwava ku mbeera nti ekika kino ekOlulyo Olulangira terulina kabbiro ate ng'ebika by'Abaganda ebirala biba n'akabbiro. Kyokka ekabbiro tekalina kutwalibwa mu mbeera y'emu n'ekika. Akabbiro kabeera kabonero bubonero kyokka ekika kyo kirala ensibuko y'obuzaala bw'omuntu okuyita mu lubu lwa kitaawe okuviira ddala ku Kabaka Kintu.

Omulangira omukulu owa Kabaka mu buwangwa ayitibwa Kiweewa,ng'ono takkirizibwa kufuuka Kabaka. Kino kyategekerwa bwekityo okumutaasa okutemulwa n'ekigendererwa k'okufuuka Kabaka. Kyokka aweebwa obuvunaanyizibwa obw'enjawulo obw'okutuukiriza mu Lulyo Olulangira mu Bwakabaka. Era y'ensonga lwaki anaalya eŋŋoma asigala nga wa kyama.

Bano be Bakabaka ba Buganda amamanyiddwa, okutandikira mu myaka gya 1300 AD. 




#Article 88: Olutobazi nabajjuzi (124 words)


Olutobazi Nabajjuzi lusibuka ku kyalo Kijonjo mu ggombolola y'eBuwunga, mu disitulikiti y'eMasaka. Olutobazi luno mugga era nga guyiwa amazzi gaagwo mu mugga Katonga, ate ggwo ne guyiwa mu nnyanja Nnalubaale. Olutobazi luno lwe luvaamu amazzi agakozesebwa mu kibuga ky'eMasaka anti ekitongole ky'amazzi kyazimba essengejjero ly'amazzi kumpi n'olutobazi luno e Kijjabwemi mu Masaka. Lusangibwamu eby'obutonde era eby'obulambuzi omuli enjobe, enngonge, bbuulwe n'ebika by'ebinyonyi ebirala bingi era nga 2 November 2006 lwawandiikibwa nga olutobazi olw'omugaso mu nsi yonna. Olutobazi luno lusomboola abalambui okuva mu nsi yonna okusobola okujja okwelabira ku makula agalulimu.

Kigambibwa nti omugga guno baazaala muzaale. Nti omukazi omu erinnya lye Nabajjuzi yali lubuto, kyokka bweyagenda okufukamira okuzaala, mu kifo ky'omwana yazaalamu mugga ne gutandika okukulukuta. Eyo nno y'ensonga lwaki omugga guno gwatuumibwa Nabajjuzi.




#Article 89: Bbuulwe (122 words)


Bbuulwe (Balaeniceps rex) kye kimu ku binyonyi ebisangibwa mu Uganda nga kinene kumpi okwenkana kalooli. Kirina langi eya bbululu kyokka nga ekito kiba kya langi ya kitaka. Kirina omumwa mugazi ogwakula nga engatto nga ku kino kwe kuva erinnya lyakyo ery'olungereza erya shoebill. Ku mumwa gwakyo oludda olwa waggulu kuliko eddobo erikisobozesa okuvuba ebyennyanja n'emmere yaakyo endala omuli ebikere ko n'emisota.

Ekinyonyi kino kibeera mu ntobazi nga mwe kisula, mwe kiyiggira era mwe kizaalira. Ekinyonyi kino kyagala nnyo ebifo ebisirifu era nga kitambula kisooba nga kigezaako okuyigga ate era emirundi mingi kisobola okuyimirira mu kifo kimu okumala essaawa eziwerako. Ekinyonyi kino kisangibwa mu bitundu ebiriraanye ennyanja Nnalubaale, mu olutobazi nabajjuzi, olutobazi olwa Mabamba, mu kkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Mburo ko n'erya Murchison Falls.




#Article 90: Nnalubaale (275 words)


Nnalubaale y'ennyanja esinga obunene ku ssemazinga Afirika ate munsi yonna ekwata kyakubiri nga eddirira ennyanja eyitibwa Superior esangibwa ku ssemazinga Amerika. Obwagaagavu bwayo bugisobozesa okutuuka munsi ssatu omuli Uganda, Kenya ne Tanzania. Nnalubaale egabirirwa emigga mingi nnyo, nga mu gino, egisinga obunene mulimu Katonga, nga guno gusibuka mu bitundu eby'obugwa njuba bwa Uganda, omugga Kagera nga guno gusibuka mu nsi y'eBurundi ko n'omugga Mara ogusibuka mu nsi y'eKenya. Ennyanja eno eriko omugga Kiyira ogukulukuta nga guva ku nnyanja eno. Ennyanja eno evubibwamu eby'ennyanja nga empuuta, engege, mukene, enkejje, ssemutundu, emmamba, emmale ko n'ebirala bingi. Ebisolo n'ebinyonyi nkumu nabyo bisangibwamu. 

Ennyanja eno era erimu ebizinga bingi nnyo nga ebizinga by'eSsesse ne Buvuma. Ebizinga bino biriko abantu bangi era nga bakolerako n'emirimu mingi nga okulima. Ebizinga bino era kifo ebinyonyi ebiva ku ssemazinga endala nga Bulaaya kwe bijja n'ebiwummulira n'okwalulirako naddala mu biseera e Bulaaya bwe wabeererayo obutiti. Kino nno kireetera abalambuzi okwettanira ennyo ennyanja eno.

Ennyanja eno eyimirizzaawo obulamu bw'abantu abagiriraanye ko n'ebyenfuna eby'amawanga gano asatu. Eyimirizzaawo eby'obusuubuzi nga obuvubi anti amakolero mangi agakola ku by'ennyanja gazimbiddwa era gawadde abantu emirimu ntoko. Eby'entambula nabyo bikulaakulanye nga amaato omuli amatono, ebidyeri ko n'emmeeri bitambuza abantu ko n'ebyamaguzi ku nnyanja eno. Era ennyanja eno eyimirizzaawo amakolero amalala mangi ageeyambisa amazzi gaayo ate era n'ebitongole by'amazzi biggyamu amazzi g'ebisengejja olwo ne gagabirwa ebibuga okukozesa. Naye ate ebyembi ennyanja eno eri mu buzibu obw'okusaanyizibwawo kubanga kazambi mungi nga kwotadde n'ebikudumo ebiva mu makolero ebikulukutiramu awatali kusooka kusengejjebwa. Kino nno kyabulabe nnyo eri eby'obutonde ebiri mu nnyanja eby'olekedde okusaanawo. Waliwo enjogera egamba nti ennyanja tenoga etali nnungi nnyo kubanga ereetera abantu obutafaayo nga bamala gasuula n'okuyiwa buli kye basanze mu nnyanja. 




#Article 91: Nzikiriza ey'eNicea (390 words)


Nzikiriza ey'eNicea bye bigambo eby'okwatula okukkiriza ebyakkiriziganyizibwako olukiiko lw'Eklezia yenna olubereberye olwatuula e Nicea mu mwaka 325. Nzikiriza eno y'efunza byonna aba Kristu bye bakkiriza era nga eyatulwa mu mmisa eza Sande n'ennaku enkulu. Nzikiriza eno ekozesebwa mu  nzikiriza nnyingi ezikkiririza mu Kristu nandibadde nga ebigambo ebimu byawukanamu ko. Eno wammanga, y'eNzikiriza nga bwekozesebwa mu Eklezia Katolika.

Nzikiriza Katonda omu.
Patri omuyinza wa buli kantu, 
eyakola eggulu n’ensi, 
na byonna ebirabika n’ebitalabika.
 
Nzikiriza n’Omukama omu Yezu Kristu, 
Omwana omu ati owa Katonda, 
Patri gw’azaala 
nga n’emirembe gyonna tiginnabaawo. 
Katonda ava mu Katonda, 
Ekitangaala ekiva mu Kitangaala, 
Katonda ddala ava mu Katonda ddala. 
Yazaalibwa buzaalibwa, tiyatondebwa, 
ye ne Patri mu bwakatonda be bamu ddala: 
byonna mwe byakolebwa. 

Oyo olw’okubeera ffe abantu, 
olw’okutulokola yava mu ggulu n’akka. 
N’afuna omubiri mu Maria omubeererevu 
ku bwa Mwoyo Mutuukirivu, n’afuuka omuntu. 

Era olw’okubeera ffe, 
yakomererwa ne ku musaalaba, 
n’abonaabona ku mirembe gya Ponsio Pilato, 
n’aziikibwa, 
n’azuukira ku lw’essatu 
nga bwe kyali mu biwandiiko. 
N’alinnya mu ggulu, 
atudde ku gwa ddyo ogwa Patri. 
Alijja ogw’okubiri n’ekitiibwa 
okulamula abalamu n’abafu, 
obwakabaka bwe tibuliggwaawo. 

Nzikiriza ne Mwoyo Mutuukirivu, 
Omukama era awa obulamu, 
ava mu Patri ne Mwana 
gwe tusinza awamu ne Patri ne Mwana, 
ne tumugulumiza kimu, 
eyayogerera mu Balanzi. 

Nzikiriza ne Eklezia omu, 
omutukuvu, Katolika, eyava mu Batume. 
Njatula Batismu emu esonyiwa ebibi. 
Era nnindirira okuzuukira kwabafu, 
n’obulamu obw’emirembe egirijja. 

Amiina.

Nzikiriza bweba nga tesomeddwa, esobola okuyimbibwa. Enzivuunula y'oluyimba olwa Nzikiriza mu Luganda nga luva mu lw'olulattini y'eno:

    
Nzikiriza Katonda omu,                		
Patri ayinza buli kantu,                 		       	 
Omutonzi w’eggulu n’ensi,
ebirabika byonna,.           		       	 
era n’ebitalabika 			       	

N’Omukama omu Yezu Kristu,                   	            
Mwana omu yekka owa Katonda,             		
Eyazaalibwa Patri                       			 
Nga emirembe gyonna teginnabaawo,           		
Katonda ava mu Katonda, Kitangaala mu kitangaala        
Katonda ddala ava mu Katonda ddala,                   	    
yazaalibwa tiyakolebwa,                       		
obwakatonda obumu ne Patri.             		
byonna mwe byakolebwa.           			
eyava mu ggulu nakka olw’okubeera ffe abantu,             
alyoke atulokole:               			
 		
N’afuna omubiri ku bwa Mwoyo Mutuukirivu,          	 
mu Maria embeerera,           			 
n’afuuka omuntu			                  

N’akomererwa era ku lwaffe             			
ku mirembe gya Pilato,                     		 
n’abonaabona era n’aziikibwa.         		  
era yazuukira ku lw’essatu             			 
nga bwe kyalangwa;           			 
n’alinnya mu ggulu                   			 
atudde ku ddyo ogwa Patri            		               
        
Alidda ogw’okubiri n’ekitiibwa                	               
okulamula abalamu n’abafu,           			 
obwakabaka bwe tebuliggwawo.         		

Ne Mwoyo Mutuukirivu ,            		           
Mukama, atuwa obulamu,              			 
Asibuka mu Patri ne mu Mwana              		 
Asinzibwa ne Patri 				 
wamu ne Mwana                        			  
agulumizibwa nabo                 			 
eyayogerera mu balanzi                    		

N’Eklezia omu Omutukuvu,           		           
Katolika eyava mu Batume                     		 
Nzikiriza Batismu emu               			 
Okusonyiyibwa ebibi.              		                 
Era nninda, n’okuzuukira              		 
Okw’abafu,                              			 
n’obulamu                      			              
obw’emirembe egirijja.  




#Article 92: Nzikiriza y'Abatume (115 words)


Nzikiriza y'Abatume y'essaala efunza okukkiriza mu ngeri ennyimpi. Okwawukanako n'eNzikiriza ey'eNicea eno yo eyogera ku bikkirizibwamu naye mu bufunze nnyo. Etera kusomebwa mu ssaala eza ssekinnoomu nga ekisinde ne ssappule.

Nzikiriza Katonda Patiri omuyinza wa buli kantu 

Omutonzi w'eggulu n'ensi. 

Ne Yezu Kristu omwana we ali omu yekka. 

Ye Mukama waffe, 

Eyali mu lubuto ku bwa Mwoyo Mutuukirivu
 
N'azaalibwa Biikira Maria. 

N'abonaabona ku mirembe gya Ponsio Pilato. 

N'akomererwa ku musaalaba. 

N'afa, n'aziikibwa, n'akka e Magombe. 

Ku lunaku olwokusatu n'azuukira mu bafu. 

N'alinnya mu ggulu. 

Atudde ku gwa ddyo ogwa Katonda Patiri omuyinza wa buli kantu. 

Alidda okulamula abantu abalamu n'abafu. 

Nzikiriza Mwoyo Mutuukirivu, 

N'Eklezia Katolika Omutukuvu, 

N'okussa ekimu okw'abatuukirivu

N'ekisonyiwo eky'ebibi, 

N'okuzuukira okw'emibiri, 

N'obulamu obutaggwawo. 




#Article 93: Katonga (285 words)


Omugga Katonga gusangibwa munsi Uganda. Gusibuka mu bugwanjuba bwa Uganda mu nnyanja Goerge olwo ne gusiyagguka eggendo nga guyita mu disitulikiti omuli Kamwenge, Ibanda, Mubende, Mityana, Kiruhuura, Gomba, Butambala, Mpigi, Ssembabule, Bukomansimbi ne Kalungu okutuukira ddala mu nnyanja Nnalubaale nga guweza mayiro 140 nnambirira. Kigambibwa nti mu biseera ebyedda ennyo nga ennyanja Nnalubaale tennabaawo, omugga guno gwakulukutanga gudda e bugwanjuba mu nnyanja George kyokka olw'enkyukakyuka y'ensi, gyeguva bwe wajjawo ekikko ne gukyuka negutandika okukulukuta nga gudda ebuvanjuba okuyiwa mu kinnya obwaguuga ekyafuukamu ennyanja Nnalubaale.

Omugga guno Katonga guliko emigga emirala emitonotono egigugabirira nga olutobazi nabajjuzi olwo ne gugenda okutuuka mu Nnalubaale nga mugga munene ddala. Katonga gwe gumu ku migga egisinga obunene mu gigabirira ennyanja Nnalubaale. Ku nsibuko yaagwo emu waliyo ekkuumiro ly'ebisolo erya Katonga era nga gukolebwako eby'enkulaakulana bingi gamba nga obulambuzi, obuvubi, entambula, amazzi n'ebirala bingi.

Okuva edda n'edda nga omugga guno gumanyiddwa era bajjajjaffe baagujjako n'enjogera egamba nti oli mu kulya Katonga ajjula nga erabula abantu obutaba bagayaavu naye balabuukirirenga embeera eza buli ngeri obudde bwonna. Kino kyava ku lugero olugamba nti lumu waaliwo abaali bagenze ku mbaga emitala w'omugga guno naye nga we baasomokera omugga guno nga gwakala olw'omusana. Ku mbaga baamalayo ennaku nnyingi, bagenda okudda nga omugga guzzeemu okukulukuta nga n'okubooga gubooze. Awo omu kwe kugamba banne nti obwedda tuli mu kulya (ku mbaga) nga Katonga ajjula!

Bw'oba nga ova e Kampala ku luguudo lw'eMasaka ogusanga nga waakayisa equator n'akabuga k'eKayabwe. Mugga gulabika nga munene nnyo ate nga gujjuddemu ebitoogo. Omugga guno mukulu nnyo anti gwe gumu ku giyimirizzaawo ennyanja Nnalubaale ko n'okuwanirira eby'obulimi mu kitundu ky'amassekkati ga Uganda kubanga guyambako mu kutonnyesa enkuba n'okugimusa ettaka. Kisaanye nno omugga guno okukuumibwa obutiribiri anti gwe gumu ku bifuula Uganda okuba ekkula. 




#Article 94: Enjobe (197 words)


Enjobe (tragelaphus spekii) kisolo ekyefanaanyirizaako engabi nga kisangibwa mu lutobazi. Enjobe gwe gumu ku miziro gy'Abaganda. Enjobe ya luganda n'ebisolo ebimu nga empeewo, engabi, ensama n'empala naye nga yo tetera kulabika. Ekisolo kino kiyigganyizibwa nnyo era nga kiri mu kabi ka kusaanawo olw'abo ababitta olw'ennyama yaabyo egambibwa okuba nti ewooma okuzaama. Enjobe ebeera n'obunuulo nga buwanvu nnyo ate nga bugonda ekigizibuwalira okutambulira ku lukalu kyokka nga ate mu lusaalu, eyanguyirwa nnyo nga n'okuwuga ewuga. 

Enjobe enkazi eba ya kitaka omucamufu, eba esingako katono ku mbuzi mu bunene n'obuwanvu era etera okuzaala omwana gumu. Yo ennume eba ya kikuusikuusi  nga erina amayembe. Buli lwe yeeyongera okukula, amayembe gagenda geenyoola era geeyongera obuwanvu. Enjobe ennume eba esinga enkazi obunene nga egejja okwagala okwenkana ente. Enjobe ebeerako obwoya obweru obuba bwetobese mu birala ku matu, ku lubuto ko ne kumukira. Enjobe kisolo kya nsonyi nnyo era y'ensonga lwaki etera kulya kiro era nga emmere yaayo muddo.

Mu bifo ebimanyiddwa okubaamu enjobe mulimu olutobazi nabajjuzi n'omugga Katonga. Ebimu ku bisinze okukendeeza omuwendo gwabyo kwe kuziyigga, okwokya empiira, n'okusanyaawo entobazzi. Kyeraliikiriza nti oba olyawo mu biseera ebirijja mu maaso, enjobe ziyinza okusaanirawo ddala olw'engeri omuwendo gwazo gyegugenda gukendeerera ku misinde egya yiriyiri.




#Article 95: Kizito omuto omujulizi omutuukirivu (491 words)


Kizito omuto omujulizi omutuukirivu ye mujulizi eyali asinga obuto mu bonna abaayokebwa Ssekabaka Mwanga e Namugongo. Y'omu ku bajulizi abakatoliki abiri mu ababiri abaafiirira Yezu nga 3 Gwamukaaga 1886. Kizito yazaalibwa mu mwaka gwa 1872 era yafa alina emyaka kkumi n'ena. Yali Muganda nga ava mu kika ky'emmamba nga azaalibwa Mityana.

Kizito atendebwa olw'obuvumu bwe yalina mu kukkiriza Yezu anti newandibadde yali mwana muto atyo, yayagala nnyo okusoma era nga taganya banne abakulu mu ddiini kumuleka mabega bwe baabanga bagenda okusoma eyo mu matumbi budde. Kigambibwa nti olw'okusaba banne okumuzuukusanga bagende bonna okusoma ekiro naye bo ne batamuzuukusanga olw'okumusaasira olw'olugendo kubanga yali muto, yasiba ekyayi ku luggi n'akisibira ku kugulu kwe, nga bwe banaaba bajjawo oluggi asobole okuzuukuka. Bwe yazuukuka, n'abagamba nti ku luno temundeka. Kale nno banne ne beewunya nnyo olw'okwagala Kizito kwe yayagalamu Yezu ono gwe yali yaakasenga. Kizito yabatizibwa Kaloli Lwanga eyali omukulembeze w'abasomi.

Kabaka Mwanga bwe yabuuza abasoma nga agenda kubatta n'abagamba okudda oludda luli, Kizito naye teyagaana, wabula yeewaayo newandibadde abambowa baamwegayirira eddiini agireke si kulwa nga emussissa. Kizito yayokebwa ne banne e Namugongo mu kifo kati awali ekkanisa ey'ekijjukizo ky'abajulizi ey'abapolositante e Namugongo.

Kizito yalangibwa paapa Benedicto XV mu lubu lw'abeesiimi mu mwaka gwa 1920. Yalangibwa paapa Paulo VI mu lubu lw'abatuukirivu nga 18 Gwakkumi 1964 mu eKlezia enkulu eya Petero omutume e Roma mu kitiibwa ekingi wakati mu lukiiko lw'eKlezia yenna olwokubiri olwa Vatikano olwali lugenda mu maaso e Roma mu biseera ebyo.

Kizito kaakati ye muwolereza w'abaana mu Uganda nga tumulabirako empisa ennungi, obuwulize n'okwagala Yezu. Kizito omuto tumutenda olw'empisa ennungi ey'okukkiriza, ey'okusuubira ko n'ey'okwagala. Erinnya Kizito kati ly'afuuka linnya lya ddiini era nga lituumibwa mu Klezia yonna. Kizito aganze nnyo mu b'Afirika naddala mu buvanjuba bwa Afirika, mu Zambia, mu Ghana n'awalala wangi nnyo.

Oluyimba luno lwayiiyizibwa omwami Joseph Kyagambiddwa

Leaders:  Chorus:

Mwana w’embuga gwe mbiita                  		-do-

Kizito omwagalwa omuganzi asiimwa          		-do-

Nkugumya ennaku gwe nsuuta                        		-do-

Omwana w’ abakungu atalabwa                      		-do-

Atunula ng’amata obuta olw’enneema         		-do-

Nkuuma ekkula lya Katonda zzaabu                		-do-

Nkuuma emisana n’ettumbi                             		-do-

     
(A)	 	Chorus: 	Bwe tulittibwa naawe ffembi olw’okuba eddiini 
				Nze ndikugumya gy’ogenda tolindeka
				Bwe balinjokya ne nfa nze ndijaguza owange,
				Nze ndiwondera, ne ngwa ggwe eri gy’oligwa  (A x2)

(B)	Kizito onnumya omwoyo, mazima totya, ewa Yezu 
laba nnyini ffe anti gyetulamaga. (B x2)

(C)	Zannya, zannya, omwana wa Yezu zannya, 
Zannya nnyo omulenzi wa Yezu omwana, 
Jaagaana omulongo w’olukoba owange, 
Jaagaana omulongo w’olukoba ow’edda. (C x2)

(D)	Eh! Eh! Eh! ……………… Eh! Eh! 
Kizito onsagaasaganya ka nkusabire, 
Gy’ogenda wala ntalo, nywera tuziyabule (D x2)

Ne Namasole aweese ggwe					        -do-

Mukama w’eggulu Katonda awa ggwe				-do-

Nnyina Maria atwesiimya						-do-

Okaabiranga ki nga ndi wano?					-do-

Ntunula sitemya nkukuuma owange				        -do-

Nkwasa Bikira omuyambi nnyaffe				        -do-

Gwe mmulerera ow’emmamba					-do-

Ziriba bbiri n’enngenda						-do-

Nngenda eri omutonzi nga nze nfa nno				-do-

Nfiirira ssebo eyantonda					-do-

Ffe tulifa lumu ffembi wamu					-do-

Ndayira sirikuleka bw’omu ggwe					-do-

Liiso ddene waggulu gy’ali eyo					-do-

Tulimulaba n’oweera						-do-




#Article 96: EMMERE N’ ENNYONGEREZA KU MMERE GY’OLYA (174 words)


	==EMMERE N’ ENNYONGEREZA KU MMERE GY’OLYA ==FOOD SUPPLIMENTS
Emmere mu lulimi,  olwangu, kitegeeza, ebika by’emmere ebiribwa omuntu. Bakagezi munnyo bakivumbula nti emibiri gyaffe gyetaaga ekiriisa obutundu nkaaga ‘’60’’ buli lunaku, olwobulamu obuwaangazi. Ebiriisa bino biva mu mmere , lwakuba ekibi nti emmere enfumbe gyetulya esinga eggwamu ekiriisa, olw’ensonga zino,
Emmere yaffe tugifumba nnyo, neggwamu ekiriisa. Geego amaanyi ageegatta n’emmere mu mubiri okusobola okulwanyisa endwadde, era n’okuyamba obutafaali omubiri gwo obutafa oba okonzimba.
Waliwo endwadde eziyinza okumerukawo oluvannyuma lw’okukyuusa emmere mu mubiri.
Obutono, obungi obusukiridde, n’obutenkanya mmere kiyinza okuleetawo obukyamu mu mubiri, nga endwadde , okugeza okuzimba amaaso. Obuzibu ku busiimu bw’omubiri nendala.
Omubiri gw’omuntu gulina ebintu ebiribwa n’ebyegatta mu musaayi, ebintu bino biyamba Abasirikale b’omubiri okkula, n’okufuna amaanyi.
 Omuntu yenna ateekeddwa okwongereza ku mmere gy’alya.  
Abantu 75% ku kikkumi tutambula n’endwadde naye nga tetumanyi olw’endya embi. Abantu 15% ku kikkumi be balwadde.
Abantu 10% ku kikkumi be balamu munsi yonna ate abasing kubo baana bato. Gwe ononkakasa otya nti  kwoli? Kale n’olwensonga eyo nendala ziraga nti buli omu yetaaga ennyongereza ku mmere enfumbe gyetulya.




#Article 97: Afirika (266 words)


Afirika ssemazinga. Afirika lumanyiddwa nga olukalu lw'omwana w'omuddugavu. Lusangibwamu amawanga agawerera ddala 54. Ssemazinga ono wanjawulo nnyo kubanga afumbekeddemu obugagga obw'omuttaka, embeera y'obudde ennungi, abantu abalina empisa n'obuntubulamu, ebisolo eby'omunsiko n'ebinyonyi ebisinga ebitasangibwa ku ssemazinga ndala. Ku lukalu luno kwe kusangibwa omugga ogusinga obuwanvu mu nsi yonna oguyitibwa Kiyira, n'ennyanja ekwata eky'okubiri mu nsi yonna mu bwaguuga eya Nnalubaale
Ssemazinga ono alina abantu ab'enjawulo, aboogera ennimi ez'enjawulo era nga balina n'obuwangwa obwenjawulo. Abafirika boogera ennimi enzaaliranwa eziwerera ddala enkumi bbiri.

Afirika eyogerwako nnyo mu byafaayo era nga amawanga naddala ag'obukiika ddyo galina ebyafaayo ebyenkukunala ebimaze emyaka egisukka mu nkumi ebbiri. Okugeza amasiro g'abassekabaka b'eMisiri abaayitibwanga ba faraawo gakyaliyo na kaakano. Omugga kiyira gumanyiddwa nnyo mu byafaayo era nga ne mu bayibuli gwogerwako. Tujjukira nti jjajjaffe Yiburayimu yawanngangukirako mu Afirika muno ate era ssemazinga ziri bbiri zokka Yezu omwana wa Katonda ze yalinnyako nga emu ku zzo ye Afirika. Anti tujjukira nti nga kabaka Kerode bwe yali ayagala okutta omwana oyo, katonda yalagira kitaawe Yozefu amuddusize e Misiri, wano mu Afirika. Ate ye kabaka omukyala eyakyalirako kabaka Solomooni naye yava ku lukalu lw'Afirika kuno.
Mu nsagi zino nga wazzeewo tekinologiya ow'okunoonyereza, abakugu baazuula mu Tanzania obujulizi obukakasa okubaawo kw'abantu ku lukalu luno mu mirembe egy'edda ennyo. Era Afirika yeesinga okuba n'eddungu eddene erikira gonna munsi yonna erya Sahara. Eddungu lino olw'okuba eddene lityo, tewali yeetambaalanga kulisomoka, kubanga buli eyagezangako, yafanga nga tannatuuka gy'alaga. N'olwekyo ebitundu ebiri mu bukiika kkono bw'eddungu lino byasigala nga byeyawudde nnyo ku nsi yonna era tewali yalowooza nti eno eriyo abantu okutuusa abatambuze abeetooloola ensi bwe baazula ebitundu bino nga bayitira ku ssemayanja.




#Article 98: Ebika byabuganda (473 words)


EBIKA BYABUGANDA (THE CLANS OF BUGANDA KINGDOM)

BY: KYALIGONZA JOHNBOSCO       

THE CLANS OF BUGANDA 
BY: KYALIGONZA JOHNBOSCO
Buganda's clan system is central to its culture. A clan represents a group of people who can trace their lineage to a common ancestor in some distant past. In the customs of Buganda, lineage is passed down along matrilineal lines. The clan essentially forms a large extended family and all members of a given clan regard each other as brothers and sisters regardless of how far removed from one another in terms of actual blood ties. The Baganda took great care to trace their ancestry through this clan structure. A formal introduction of a muganda includes his own names, the names of his father and paternal grandfather, as well as a description of the family's lineage within the clan that it belongs to. The clan has a hierarchical structure with the clan leader at the top (owakasolya), followed by successive subdivisions called the ssiga, mutuba, lunyiriri and finally at the bottom the individual family unit (enju). Every Muganda was required to know where he falls within each of these subdivisions and anyone who could not relate his ancestry fully was suspect of not being a true Muganda. 
After the coronation of Kabaka Mutebi II in 1993, a survey of the clans was carried out to establish definitively the number of clans, corresponding clan heads, and all other positions of authority within each clan. The following list shows 46 clans which are officially recognised by His Majesty's government as constituting the clans of Buganda, as of August 1996. Oral history has always maintained that there are 52 clans in Buganda. This anomaly may be because some clans have not been able to establish their claims legitimately, or possibly that some clans may have died out, with no heirs to carry on the clan heritage. 
It is a curious fact that the clans are not known by the names of the respective clan founders. Instead, totems were adopted by the clans, and the names of those totems came to be synonymous with the clans themselves. Each clan has a main totem (omuziro) and a secondary totem (akabbiro). The clans are usually known by the main totem and they are listed above by that totem. The royal clan (Abalangira) is a unique exception in that it has no totems whatsoever. For a proper understanding of the culture however, it is important to distinguish between the totem and the clan. The clan is a matter of genealogy and it is through the clan that the baganda trace their ancestry. A totem on the other hand, is just a symbol to represent the clan. Although the two are intimately associated with one another, they are in fact different. In the west, a totem would be similar to a court of arms. 




#Article 99: AMAZZI N’EBIGAFAAKO MU BYALO MU’ ENKULAAKULANA EYA NAMADDALA (106 words)


 == AMAZZI N’EBIGAFAAKO MU BYALO MU’ ENKULAAKULANA EYA NAMADDALA == WATER  IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT VILLAGES
Tulina ekizibu ky’amazzi mu byalo byaffe , tusobola kukola ki?
Singa abantu baba betaaga obuyambi ku buzibu bwabwe obw’amazzi betaaga okmanya ebintu eby’engeri eno.

Baani abakima amazzi awaka?, Genkanaki, era emirundi emeka olunaku?
Mu kunonnyereza ebifa ku mazzi oyinza okubikungganya mungeri nga zino.

Wetegereze ensonga zino ezikwata ku mazzi.

Waliwo abekyalo oba abakwatibwako ku nsonga y’amazzi oba akakiiko ka LC Local Council kye bayinza okukolawo?
Ebyalo byetaaga obuyambi oku nsonga z’amazzi okuva ku  kakiiko ke by’enkulaakulana mu muluka oba okuva ew’omumyuka w’ebye’enkulaakulana mu kitundu nn’awalala wonna nga mu Gavumenti n’ebibiina byanakyeewa.




#Article 100: Ensimbu (108 words)


Ensimbu bwe bulwadde obutaataganya omuyungiro gw'amagumba mu mubiri. Obuzibu buno biyinza okuvaamu obuvune mu magumba wabula ekibuleeta tekimanyiddwa bulungi.

Ekiviirako obulwadde bw'ensimbu tekimanyiddwa wabula abamu bagamba nti obuzibu buno buva ku muntu okufuna obuzibu ku bwongo, okukubibwa ennyo ekisusse n'ebirala. Abaana abamu basobola okufuna obuzibu buno singa bafuna obukosefu nga bazaalibwa. Abantu abalina obulwadde buno batera kulabibwa ku kwekuba bigwo n'okwesika. Omuntu ne bw'aba ali ku nju waggulu, asobola okuvaayo ne yekkata wansi obulwadde obwo nga bumukutte.

Ensimbi egambibwa okuba ng'eva ku ku kukosebwa kw'obutoffaali bwongo. Omuntu alina Obulwadde buno atera okufuna okusanyalala. Omuntu alina Ensimbu asobola okukeberebwa omusaayi nga bakozesa ekyuma ekimanyiddwa nga Electroencephalogram mu lulimi lw'Ekinnassaayansi.




#Article 101: Enkaka (278 words)


Omusujja gw’ekibumba, bulwadde obuleetebwa akawuka akayitibwa hepatitis virus era nga butera kukwata kibumba. Obubonero bw'obulwadde buno tebutera kulabibwa mangu naye bwe bukula omuntu atandika okufuna omusujja, okulumwa mu lubuto, okupeeruuka, okufuka omusulo omukwafu n'obulala.
Akawuka kano (HVC) kasaasanyizibwa nga kayita mu kugabana omusaayi, omwana ayinza okukafuna ng’azaalibwa. Ebika by'obulwadde buno bya ngeri nnyingi nga A, B, C, D ne E.
Tewali ddagala lya bulwadde buno lyakakasiddwa naye busobola okukendeezebwa nga beekebejja omusaayi oguba gugabiddwa. Omuntu akwatiddwa obulwadde buno abeera asobola okuggyibwamu ekibumba. Olw’obulwadde buno, ky’ova olaba ng’abantu baggyibwamu nnyo ebibumba ensangi zino.
Obulwadde buno okusinga buli nnyo mu ssemazinga w'omuddugavu wamu n'obugwanjuba bwa Bulaaya era kigambibwa nti abantu wakati w'obukadde 150-200 be balina Obulwadde buno mu nsi yonna. Mu 2015, abantu abaafa Obulwadde buno baali 343,000.

Obulwadde buno businga kusaasaanyizibwa nga buyita mu kugabana musaayi wamu n'engeri z'obujjanjabi ezirimu obulagajjavu.

Kigambibwa nti ensi 77 ezirimu obulwadde buno. Mu nsi ezo ne Amerika mweri. Mu Amerika bakozesa, “intravenogus drugs. Ensi endala Obulwadde mwe bulabibwa mulimu Rassia. Mu Russia, abantu akakadde kamu n'emitwalo esatu balina obulwadde buno.

Okugabana omusaayi wamu n'ebintu ebikozesebwa okugaba omusaayi awatali kusooka kubaako ngeri ya kikugu kiviirako okusaasaanya Obulwadde buno.
Ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ddwaliro ng’empiso, obugoye abasawo bwe bakozesa ku balwadde ab'enjawulo n'ebirala bisuubirwa okuba nga bisaasaanya obulwadde buno.

Wakyaliwo okutankanibwa oba obulwadde bw'enkaka busobola okusaasaanyizibwa nga buyita mu kwegatta. Waliwo okunoonyereza okulaga nti akawuka kano kasobola okusaasaanyizibwa nga kayita mu kwegatta nga bwe kiri ku kawuka akaleeta mukenenya. Ekibiina kya the United States Department of veterans Affairs kikubiriza abantu okukozesa obupiira okwetangira Obulwadde buno.

Abantu Okugabana ebintu nga egirita, obusenya, empiso n'ebintu ebirala ebiyinza okuviirako omusaayi okwetabika kisuubirwa okuba erimu ku makubo agasaasaanya obulwadde buno.




#Article 102: Ttoli mwavu (113 words)


Lekera awo okwekubagizanga buli kiseera nga bw'ogamba nti ssente zaabula ng'ate abalala bayoola njoole, ky'oyina okukola kwe kwojiya obwongo bwo naawe n'otandika okuziyoola.
 
Abantu bangi balowooza nti ssente ziri mu bibuga bwe batyo bakitawe abavubuka abasinga ne batunda ebibanja bya bakitaabwe ne bagulamu boodabooda bambi ne badda mu bibuga eky'ennaku mu bbanga ttono nnyo ne babakuba obutayimbwa ne bafa.

Toli mwavu wabula omutwe gwo gwe mwavu.Abagagga be weegomba abasinga ensimbi baziggya mu kulima, 

Yiga engeri gy'olimamu obutiko oyoole omudidi gw'ensimbi.

Ebintu bingi biriko ssente gamba nga;
Obutiko, Katunguluccumu, Kasooli, Bijanjaalo, kalitunsi n'ebirala nkuyanja.

Lunda obugubi, ebyennyanja n'enkoko oyoole ssente ezitayina ayina mu bbanga ttono nnyo ate nga byetaagisa ssente ntono nnyo okutandika n'okulabirira.
                             




#Article 103: Sekamu (203 words)


Olwali olwo nga nkulabira abaami babiri nga buli omu alina mutabani we.
Asooka yali ayitibwa Taata John era nga mutabani we ye John. Omulala nga ye Taata Peter era nga mutabani we ye Peter. 
Buli omu ku baami bano yali yakyawa mutabani we nga agamba nti yayitirira obusirusiru. Lumu Taata John aba atambulako akawungeezi nga ali ne mutabani we John, asisinkana Taata Peter naye nga ali ne mutabani we Peter ne batandika emboozi. 
Mu kunyumya kwabwe, Taata John ategeeza Taata Peter nti Katonda yakola ensobi n'amuwa omwana omu yekka John ate eby'embi n'amumuwa nga mwana musirusiru, tategeera. 
Taata Peter olwawulira ekyo naye n'ategeeza munne nti ggwe Taata John owuwo alabika ategeeramu. Owange ku nsi teri amusinga busiru. Kino Taata John yakiwakanya era n'ategeeza nti ku nsi talabangayo mwana musiru nga John.

Mu kuwakana okungi, baasalawo bagezese abaana bombi okulabako ani asinga obusiru.
Taata John ye yasooka okuyita mutabani we:

Taata John: John?
John: Wangi taata
Taata John: Genda ku dduuka ongulireyo omugaati
John: Kale taata. John adduka n'agenda.
Taata John: Olaba obusiru obumuli, adduse buddusi tansabye na ssente zigenda kugula mugaati

Taata Peter addako okugezesa mutabani we era amuyita:
Taata Peter: Peter?
Peter: Wangi taata
Taata John: Genda okebere eka olabe oba gyendi




#Article 104: Ennkulaakulanna (108 words)


Mu kusoma okugendereera okuleeta enkulaakulana eyannamaddala,  tutunulira nnyo ku nsibuko y’ Ennkulakulana  eya nnamaddala. 
Bwettujukira ebyayitta, osobola okugamba nti endowooza eno ey’ennkulakulana eya nnamaddala eviira ddala   ku ssematalo owokubbiri ngayakagwa . Kyazuulibwa nti amawanga gano agaali mu ntalo zino gakosebwa nnyo obwavvu n’enjala. Kino nno  kyaleetera abakungu b’A mawanga  amagatte mu nsi yonna,okutuuza nekiiko ezitali zimu ,okusala amagez ku ngeri ki obuzibu bunno gyebuyinza okuvunikibwa. Watandiikibwawo ebiwayi byensi yonna ebyenjawulo okutandiika okwekkenennya n’ikuzuula engeri gyebayinza okwanganga era nokuvunuka ebizibu bino. Ebimu ku biwayi bino, mwe mwali kyebayitta “ Inernational Monetary Fund(IMF) nekirala kyebayita World Bank Group(WBG) byonna nga bigendereera okuyamba okwanganga obuzzibu bwo’bwavvu n’ebbula ly'emmere mu nsi yonna.




#Article 105: Kasasiro avaamu ekigimusa ettaka (331 words)


Kasasiro avaamu ekigimusa ettaka Waste composit manure
Kasasiro avaamu ekigimusa ettaka era wetutuukidde okufulumya bino, nga ffena tukimanyi nti ebiigimusa ebizungu bigula buwanana omulimi owa bulijjo nga tasobola kubisasulira.
N’olw’ekyo ky’ekiseera okuyamba omulimi ono okuvuunuka obuzibu buno, nga tugezaako okumuyIigiriza okwekolera ebigimusa ebibye okuva mu bisaaniiko byasobola okufuna okuva mu fumbiro lye, mu nnimiro ye n’ebikoola by’emiti ebimwetoolodde, olw’okumusobozesa okulongoosa ettaka lye.

Londa ekifo, ekisikirize , gamba wansi w’omuti, mu bitooke oba okuzimbako ekisikirize kibe kumpi n’ennimiro mw’ogenda okubissa.
Ekipimo –kibeere kya futi 4 ne nnyingo 11 obugazi, obuwanvu futi zoba oyagadde okusinziira ku bikozesebwa by’olina, okukka wansi –ekinnya sima 30cm okutuuka ku futi 4.
Bw’omala okusima ng’ebiseera bya musana kifukiriremu amazzi kibe kiweweevu.

Bw’oba n’ebinogeddwako kasooli oba omuwemba
Omuddo omukalu, n’ebikoola by’emiti ebikalu
Ebintu ebibisi oba ebisaaniiko okuva mu ffumbiro
Obusa bw’ensolo gamba ente, embuzi, embizi, obumyu, kalimbwe w’enkoko bwoba osobodde okumufuna
Ettaka erya wagulu, bw’oba osobola okufuna erya wansi w’omuti oba mu nnimiro
Evvu n’amazzi.

Omwaliiro ogusooka gwandibadde gw’ebyo ebinogeddwako kasooli, ebivuddemu entungo, omuddo omukalu oba ebikoola ebikalu nga bitemeddwatemeddwa mu butundutundu obutono ddala.
Bw’oba nga wasobodde okufuna ebinogeddwako kasooli. nga  by’ososezza wansi, zzako omuddo n’ebikoola  ebikalu, obugulumivu bwa 10 cm bikkako obutaka butono nnyo ofukirireko otuzzi.
Omwaliiro oguddako ogwokusatu, gube gwa bikoola oba bintu bibisi obugulumivu bwa 10 cm -15 cm nga nabyo bitemeddwatemeddwa mu butundutundu.
N’ebisembayo bw’oba olina obusa bw’ensolo oba kalimbwe w’enkoko gwozzako n’olyoka obikako ettaka kungulu lyojje wansi w’omutti oba mu nnimiro.
Wekkaanye Ebikozesebwa byonna bisaanye bibe mu butundutundu obutonotono’olw’okubisobozesa okuvunda amangu
Osobola okudinngana , okukunganya nga bwe kiragiddwa waggulu okutuuka lw’ofuna obungi bw’ebyo ebyetaagisa.
Ffuna omuti ogusimbe mu bintu bino by’okunnganyizza, okukola ng’ekipima ebbuugumu {Themometer], ennaku bwe ziwera 4 sikamu omuti okulaba oba bitandise okuvunda. Ate bwoddamu okubikebera n’osanga ng’omuti guwoze kiba kitegeeza nti bituuse okukyusa.
Ebigimusa bino bikyusibwa buli nnaku 4 okumala enfunda 3 – olwo biba biweza ennaku 12 olwo n’okweyambisa biba bituuse era obijja mu kinnya kino  n’obisa mu kinnya ekirala n’olinda biwole nga wayiseewo esande emu  otadiika okuusa ku birime.
 




#Article 106: Enyanjula y’Entobazi (100 words)


 Emirimu gy’entobazzi gisobola okugabanyizibwamu egyo egy’obutonde, kwe kugamba nt egyandibaddewo ng’omuntu talina kyakozeeko, okugeza ng’ebramu n’embeera ebyebunguludde, n’egyo egireetebwawo ebyo abantu bye bakola , gamba ng’emirimu gy’abantu n’ebyenfuna byaabwe.
Mu’ teeka elifuga entobazi ate lyo Eteeka lino lyabagibwa minisitule evunanyizjbwa ku’butonde bwensi nga ligamba bweliti..

Entobazi tuzingiramu ebidibba, emigga, ebiibira, enyanja,era nga bino byamugaso nnyo. Abantu abasinga  beyunye nnyo entobazi olw’emigaso emingi zebiyina era nga abantu abamu  bakozesa entobazi zino kubanga basobola okujjamu ebintu ebisoobola okuzimba, ebintu ebisoobola okukozesebwa mu kuluka nga enjulu eziruka ebibbo, ensansa eziruka  emikeeka, ebitoogo ebiruka ebiwempe, n’ebintu ebirala bingi ebiyinza okukolebwa mu bintu ebisangibwa mu’ntobazi. 




#Article 107: Emigaso gy’entobazi (127 words)


Emigaso gino giyinza okwawulibwamu mu bitti bibbiri:
Ejateekebwawo obutonde {[ecological}]
N’Abantu gy’ebafunnyemu omugaso social  economical
Entobazi ziyamba amazzi okubeera awamu era kiyamba ebimera okufunna amazzi.
Entobazi ziyamba ettaka obutakulukuta naddala nga waliwo emiti. Emiti gino giyamba okukwata ettaka eryalikulukuse.
Entobazi zikuuma ebimera n’ebisolo ebisangibwamu mu mbeera ennungi.
Mu ntobazi tufunamu ebitoogo eby’eyambisibwa mu kuluka ebintu by’emikono nga okuluka emikeeka, ebibbo, tufuna enjulu era n’emiti egiyinza okukozesebwa mu kuzimba.
Mu ntobazi tufunamu ebyenyanja ebituyamba okutuzamu amanyi.
Ebisolo ebisinga bitwalibwa ku ntobazi nebisobola okufuna eky’okuzza eri omumwa naddala mu budde obw’ekkyeeya.
Entobazi zituwa amazzi agatuyambako mu makolero , mu birime era n’ebisolo.
Abalambuzi bajja nnyo okulaba entobazi  zino era nebasasula ssente okusoboola okuzilaba, kino kiyamba nnyo eggwanga okulakkulanna.
Newankubadde entobazi zirina emigaso mingi, naye ate era n’ebizibu ebisangibwamu biyitirivu.




#Article 108: Abantu abasinga tebamanyi mugaso gwa ntobazi (103 words)


Abantu abasinga tebamanyi mugaso gwa ntobazi era bazonoona nga bazijjawo n’ebazimbamu amayumba n’okulima emmere, ekiretedde entobazi azisinga okusanawo, kino kitureteddwa ensonga y’obwaavu n’obufunda bw’ettaka.
Ebigendererwa bya Gavumenti ku’mateeka agafuga obutonde bw’ensi.
Gavumenti ya [Uganda] eteeka bino mu kukola:
Okunyweezza amateeka agaakolebwa okusobola okukuuma obutonde era n’okukozesa obutonde okusoboola okuberawo kati ne jebulijja.
Okubonerezza abantu abasangibwa nga bonoona obutonde okusobola okumalawo abazi be misango.
Okukuuma emigaso gy’entobazi.
Okukuuma obulamu bw’ebintu ebisangibwa mu ntobazi nga ensolo n’ebimera.
Gavumenti ekiriza emirimu egitasanyawo butonde bw’ansi, gamba okufuna amazzi aganywebwa, okuvuuba mu nvuba ennungi n’okulunda.
Era ekubirizza abantu n’ebitongole ebya nnakyewa okwongera okwogera ennyo n’okusasannya ku migaso gy’entobazi.




#Article 109: Emizannyo gy'Abaganda (243 words)


Buli ggwanga libeera n’ebyalyo bye tuyinza okuyita eby'obuzaaliranwa era eby'ensonga mu kitundu ekyo ne mu bantu aboogerwako. Bwe twogera ku mizannyo, Abaganda nabo baazannyanga emizannyo mingi. Mu mizannyo Abaganda gye baalinanga, mwabangamu egy’abato n’abakulu. Ate ne mu gyo ng’era mulimu egy’abawala n’abalenzi. 

Mu mizannyo egyazannyibwanga mwalingamu ssekitulege, okubaka amayinja, okubuuka, okwekweka, okudduka, okubonga enje, ggogolo, kantuntunu, nkulimbye, ssemufu, nkusibiddaawo, vvaawondye, akawuna, okusiita, okwesuuba, ssewajjuba, katakuliramuliro, okumeggana, okuyiringisa entengo oba obutanga, okubumba, okuzimba ennyumba/obuyumba, okufumbafumba, okuwuga, okwesa, okulwana entooketooke, okulwana ebirumbirumbi, okwebagala ente, okulwanyisa embuzi oba endiga, ekigwo, okubiriga, okukuba enziga, okukuba enkuyo, okufumita emmuli, dduulu, zzaala, okuvuga amaato, okubaka omupiira, okusamba omupiira, nkulimbye, okuwuga, kamesetambula, okulinnya emiti, ffukukutu, kitumwa, obugole (okusiba abagole oba okukola eby'abagole), mpa ndye, ssonko, kaggogo, kibugga, ssemufu, okubuuka omuguwa, ssekkonde n’emirala. Ggwe ku mizannyo egyo omanyiiko giri wa?

Okumanya ng’emizannyo egyo gyabanga mirungi ne Kabaka yennyini yagyenyigirangamu. Era waliwo emizannyo egimanyiddwa nti Kabaka anaalya eŋŋoma alina emizannyo gy’asooka okuzannya. Gamba, omuzannyo gw’ebirumbirumbi n’okuyigga. Abamu baalinga bamanyi n’okumeggana.

Emizannyo gino gyabangamu emiganyulo egy’enjawulo: egimu gyabangamu okukozesa amaanyi bwe gityo nga gizimba omubiri; emirala gyabangamu okufumiitiriza (okukozesa obwongo oba okulowooza), bwe gityo nga giyamba mu kuwagala obwongo so nga n’emirala gyabanga gya kuwummuza birowoozo, kwesanyusa, kutabagana n’ebiringa ebyo.

Era nga bw’olaba ne leero nti abato balina emizannyo mingi, n’egyo gye tumenye waggulu egisinga obungi gya bato. Okugeza, okufumbafumba, nkusiddaawo, okuzimba obuyumba, nkulimbye, kaggoggo, okwesuuba, okusiita, vvaawondye, ssekkonde, akawuna n’emirala. So ate egy’abakulu mulimu okukuba enkuyo, okuyigga, okumeggana/ekigwo, okwesa, okulwana entooketooke n'emirala.




#Article 110: Okucaafuwaza Amazzi (178 words)


Amazzi geetaagisa mu bulamu. Tekyetaagisa kukkaatiriza mugaso gwa nsonga eno. Wabula okucaafuwaza amazzi kye kimu ku bizibu eby’entiisa eby’obwebungulule bwaffe ensangi zino.

Okucaafuwaza amazzi  kubaawo ng’ebintu eby’obutwa bigenze mu nsibuko z’amazzi ez’enjawulo. Okugeza, mu nnyanja , mu migga , mu gayanja n’ebifo ebirala. Ebintu ebyo bwe bigenda mu mazzi ago, bimulungukiramu era ne bibeera mu go oba ne biteeka ku ntobo yaago. Kino kireetera omutindo gw’amazzi ago okubeera nga gusse nnyo era amazzi ago gaba tegakyali malungi n’akamu.
Amazzi ago bwe gacaafuwala, tekiba kizibu ky’ebyo ebibeeera mu mazzi byokka wabula, obucaafu obwo butambula ne bubuna wonna mu bifo ebivaamu amazzi ge tukozesa. Amazzi ago gye gakkira nga gatuuse ne mu maka gaffe era nga ge gamu kwaago ge tukozesa ewaka. Oluusi twesanga nga ge tunywa.

Okucaafuwaza amazzi kusobola okuggyawo mu ngeri ez’enjawulo. Emu ku ngeri esingira ddala y’ey’obucaafu obuva mu kibuga ne kasasiro/ebisaaniiko ebiva mu makolero. Engeri endala ezireetera amazzi okucaafuwala z’engeri ze tutasobola kulaba butereevu: kwe kugamba, obucaafu obuyingira mu mazzi nga buva mu ttaka oba mikutu gy’amazzi g’omu ttaka ne mu bbanga nga buyita mu nkuba.




#Article 111: Ennima ey'obutonde (814 words)


Ennima ey'obutonde ekwata ku kulima okutaliimu kukozesa ddagala erikolebwa okutta ebiwuka ebitawaanya ebirime oba ebigimusa ebikoleddwa obukolebwa. Ekigendererwa ekikulu ky'ekyomulimi okuwa obutonde ekyo kyaggyira ddala obutereevu my butonde. Omulimi akkiririza mu kukozesa obutonde ng'abweyambisiza wamu n'ebyo ebiva mu ttaka, entambuza y'amazzi wamu n'abantu abetoolodde ennimiro.
Omulimi akolera mu butonde okukolerera obutonde nga yeeyambisa obutonde, ng'assa ekitiibwa mu buli kintu ekiburimu mu nnima ey'obutonde. Ekigendererwa ekikulu mu nnima eno kwe kuwa obutonde ekyo kyonna kye bwetaaga awatali kukyusaamu.

Ebintu bitonotono ebirina okutwalibwa nga bya mugaso mu nnima ey'obutonde. Ekisooka ly'ettaka wamu n'ebiriisa byalyo ebiva mu bintu by'obutonde. Omulimi alina okussaayo omwoyo kw’ebyo by’aba ateesezza okukola mu bulambulukufu bwabyo wamu n'okufaayo okulabirira ettaka.

Kya mugaso okussa ebigimusa eby'obutonde mu ttaka buli lunaku obutayosa era nga kyangu okukola. Omulimi kye yetaaga kwe kutunuulira obutonde ibumwetoolodde omuli ebitundu ebisaawe, ennimiro wamu n'effumbiro. Omuddo ogusaayiddwa, ebisaaniiko ebivunze ebiva ku bimera n'emiti, ebisaaniiko ebiva mu ffumbiro byonna bisobola okutabulwa awamu okusobola okukola ebiriisa eby'obutonde ebyetaagibwa mu nnimiro. Okusobola okufuna amakungula agasinga obulungi, ettaka lyo ligattemu ebintu ebyo ebiva mu butonde.

Ekintu ekirala ekikulu ennyo ekirina okufiibwako mu nnima ey'obutonde bye bimera n'emiti ebinaakungulwamu. Kigambibwa okuba nti kya mugaso okusiga ensigo oba okusimba emiti emito egyo eginaatukana n'embeera y’obudde wamu n'ekika kyettaka. Kino kijja kukekkereza obudde nga tojja kwetaaga kuteeka nnyo birowoozo ku nkula yaabyo olw'ensonga nti obutonde nga bwo bujja kubiyamba okukula mu ngeri eyeeyagaza.

Ebibala n'enva endiirwa ebiva mu kukozesa ebintu eby'obutonde kigambibwa okuba nga bibeera biwoomu era nga n'ebiriisa ebifumbekeddemu bingi ddala. Kookolo azuuliddwa nga bukyali ebiriisa bino bisobola okuyamba okumuziyiza olw'ensonga nti emmere erimiddwa n'ebintu eby'obutonde emalawo omukisa gw'okuliiranga ebintu eby'obulabe ng'eddagala ly'ebirime, n’ebigimusa ebiyamba ebirime okukula amangu; nga bwe kiri nti mu nnima ey'obutonde temuba kukozesa ddagala ttabule. Eno y'emu ku ngeri ezisinga obulungi okusobola okubeera ng'omubiri gukola bulungi, gweyagaza era nga mulamu.

Ennima y'obutonde y'enkola esobozesa okuggyawo obulabe obw'okulumbibwa sukaali, endwadde z'omutima wamu n’endwadde endala era ng'ekuwa bulungi omukisa gw’obubeera ng'oli kumpi n'obutonde wamu n'okufuna mu bujjuvu obulamu obuggya okuva mu butonde mwe nnyini. Eno engeri era ekekkereza ensimbi ezissibwa mu bulimi. Ennima y'obutonde eyamba okukuuma amazzi olwobutakozesa biragala, eyamba okuziyisa ekiriisa ekya Nitrogen obutaggwa mu ttaka. Efuula ettaka okubeera nga ddamu bulungi era nga lirimu ebiriisa, okufuna ebibala ebituukana n'omutindo gw'eggwanga. Ebimera ebitaliibwa nga ppamba era asobola okulimibwa oobulungi mu nnima ey'obutonde.

Ogusooka ekukkiriza wamu n'aboomu makaago okukendeeza ku bungi bw'eddagala eririirwa mu mmere buli lunaku. Okulya ebibala n'enva endiirwa ebituukiridde kikendeeza ku bungi bw'eddagala ery'obutwa lye tulya mu bulamu bwaffe obwa bulijjo.

Ogw'okubiri ekuyamba okukola omulimu gwo mu kukuuma obutonde bw'ensi eri eddagala ery'obutwa. Ennima ey'obutonde kitegeeza nti tojja kubeera ng'okozesa eddagala eritta ebiwuka wamu n'ebigimusa ebitundibwa mu katale ebiyamba okwongera ku bulamu bw'ebirime. Mu kifo kya bino ojja kuba ng'okozesa ebintu ebirala eby'enjawulo okukuuma ebirime nga biramu era n'okuziyiza ebiwuka okusaasaanira ku bimera ebirala. 

Waliwo emitendera mitono  era emyangu gy'osobola okweyambisa okutandikawo ennima eyiyo ey'obutonde. 

Sooka okebere ettaka lyojja okubeera ng'okozesa mu nnima ey'obutonde. Ettaka eddungi ate nga ddamu terijja kukuuma bukuumi bimera byo nga biramu kye kyokka wabula era lijja kuliikiriza n'ebiriisa eby'enjawulo. Osobola okugula ebikozesebwa ebibyo awaka by'osobola okukozesa okukebera ettaka lyo mu budde obukwanguyira. Ekirala osobola okusindika ekitundu ku ttaka lyo eri wofiisi etwala eby'obulimi mu kitundu kyo okusobola okulikebera.

Eky'okubiri kola enteekateeka y'ennimiro yo, nsigo ki na miti ki emito gy'osobola okusimba. Ku kino yongerako ne ku mutindo gw'ettaka lyo ng'ozuula bimera ki ebituukana n'ekika ky'ettaka lyo. Londa ebimera ebisobola okugumira embeera y'obudde, ettaka, amazzi wamu n'ekitangaala. Gezaako okugula endokwa ezisobola okulimibwa nga tokozesezza bigimusa oba ddagala lya birime. Kino kijja ku kuyamba okufuna emmere etaliimu ddagala lya butwa.

Eky'okusatu, tegeka ebintu okuva mu butonde ne nnakavundira eby'okukozesa mu nnimiro ey'obutonde ng'okuaanya eebisaniiko by’oggye mu nnimiro ne mu ffumbiro. Kino kijja kuyamba obutonde bw'ensi nga kikendeeza ku kuziika ebintu ebitalina mugaso mu ttaka, nga n'ekyokubiri kya bwereere ekiteetaagisa kussaamu nsimbi yonna okukikola.

Ekiddako, kola enteekateeka ku ngeri y'okufukiriramu ebirime ng'osinziira ku mbeera y'obudde n'ekiseera nga bwe kiri mu mwaka. Kiba kiirungi okufukirira ebirime mu budde obw'okumakya okusinga ekiro olw'ensonga nti embuyaga eba ekunta mpola ku makya era nga n'omukisa gw'ebimera okuvaamu amazzi nga gambuka mu bbanga guba guli wansi nnyo. Ekirala gezaako okufukirira emirandira okusinga ebimera.

Ekiddako, gulayo ebigimusa by'obutonde olwokuba nti ebirime ssi byonna nti bibeera byetaaga ebigimusa; ebiwuka ebirungi ebigasa ettaka bisobola okukuyambako mu nnima ey'obutonde. Mu kaseera kano weetaaga okugula ebintu ebikozesebwa okugeza ebitiiyo, giraavu, ebifukirira n'ebirala. Osobola era n’okwewola ebintu bino bikuyambeko mu nnima ey'obutonde.

Ekiddako, tandika okugula ensigo oba osobola okuggya mu nva endiirwa oba ebibala by'olina n'otandika okubisimba nga bwe wateekateeka era nga n'ennimiro ewedde.

Ekiddako, tandika okukoola. Guno gwe mulimu ogusingayo obwangu. Osobola okuyambibwako abaana bo bw'oba obalina oba n'oyita abaana okuva ku mulirwano okukuyambako mu kino.

Ekiddako osobola okutegeka okubikka ennimiro yo ng'okozesa omuddo omusale, ebiti ebitemeeteme, ebitiititi ebivudde ku bimera n'ebirala. Kya migaso nnyo okutegekera ennimiro yo ekisiikirize ekirungi ate era n'okutegeka engeri ennungi ey'okusobozesaamu ebimera okufuna omusana ogumala. 




#Article 112: Ssettendekero wa Makerere (136 words)


Ssettendekero wa Makerere, lye ttendekero erisinga obunene era nga likwata kyakusatu mu matendekero amakadde ag'ebyengigiriza ebya waggulu. Mu kusooka lyateekebwawo ng'essomero ly'ebyemikono mu 1922. Mu 1963, lyafuuka ettendekero ly'Obuvanjuba bwa Afrika, nga ligaba emisomo egituusa ku ddiguli eziva mu ssetendekero wa London. Mu 1970, University of East Afrika bwe yayawulwamu amatendekero asatu ageetongode, omuli University of Nairobi (Kenya), University of Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), Ssettendekero wa Makerere naye yeetengerera wano mu Uganda. We twogerera, ssettendekero wa Makerere alimu college mwenda ne School emu. Abayizi abalimu bali nga 36,000 ku ddaala lya ddiguli esooka n'abayizi 4,000 ku ddaala lya ddiguli eza waggulu.

Abakulembeze ba Afirika abawerako baatikkirirwa Makerere okuli omukulembeze wa Uganda Milton Obote, Julius Nyerere ne Benjamin Mkapa aba Tanzania. Omukulembeze wa Democratic Republic of Congo Joseph Kabila n'omukulembeze wa Kenya mwai kibaki nabo batikirilwa Makerere.




#Article 113: Ttiimu y’omupiira eya Kampala City Council Football Club (125 words)


Ttiimu eyabbulwa mu kitongole ekiddukkanya ekibuga kya Uganda ekikulu Kampala ekifunzibwa nga KCCA FC, ttiimu ya mupiira eya Uganda esangibwa mu Kampala, ekibuga ekisinga obunene era kye kibuga ekikulu ekya Uganda. Ekitongole ekiddukanya Kampala kyasooka kuyitibwa  Kampala City Council oluvannyuma ekyakyusibwa okufuuka Kampala Capital City Authority era n'erinnya lya ttiimu eyo ligenze likyuka okusinziirra ku nkyukakyuka eno.Emikutu mingi n'empapula z'amawulire bikyakozesa erinnya lya ttiimu eno ekkadde erya Kampala City Council Football Club erifunzibwa nga KCC.

Ttiimu eno yatandikibwawo omugenzi Samuel Wamala mu mwaka gwa 1963 nga yeeyali akulira ettabi ly’ekitongole erikola ku kazambi mu kitundu kyaba yinginiya mu kitongole kya Kampala City Council Ttiimu eno okusooka yali esingamu bakozi abakola mu kitundu ekya kazambi naye oluvannyuma kyagaziyizibwa ne kiyingizibwamu n'amatabi amalala mu kitongole kya KCC




#Article 114: Amaanyi (615 words)


Mu nnyinyonnyola eya bulijjo, Amaanyi y'embeera nga singa ebeera eteekeddwa ku kintu esobola okukiggya mu kifo ekimu okukizza mu kirala oba Amaanyi bwe busobozi bw'omuyuŋŋano gwonna okukola omulimu. Amaanyi gali buli wamu nga mu bantu oba mu bisolo oba mu bintu ebitalina bulamu okugeza ennyonyi, Ekitaangaala, Ebyuma n'ebirala.
Amaanyi ga ngeri nnyingi: Amajjuluzi, Ag’omu kifo, Ekitaangaala, Amaloboozi, Ag’oku ttaka, Amanafuya, Amanaanuufu oba Ag’mu buttoffaali. Okusinziira Ku mateeka g'okukuuma Amaanyi, Amaanyi ag'engeri yonna gasobola okukyusibwa ne gazzibwa mu ngeri endala naye nga omuwendo gwago gusigadde gwe gumu. Okugeza, Omukozi asindika ensawo Amaanyi ge amajjuluzi gakyusibwa ne gafuuka ag'ekifo okuva Ku nkyukakyuka ebaawo oba singa oyokya ekiti, Amaanyi agakirimu gafuuka ebbugumu oba bw'oteeka essimu yo Ku masannyalaze, Amaanyi g'amasannyalaze gakyusibwa ne gasobola okuterekebwa mu buttoffaali obuli mu lyanda.
Enkyukakyuka nnyingi ez’amaanyi ag'obutonde n'agatali ageeyolekera Ku mitimbagano buli lukya. Envumbula nnyingi ez'amaanyi agatali ga butonde zibaddewo okumala emyaka.

Amaanyi gaawuddwamu ebibinja ebikulu bibiri: Ag'obutonde n'agatali ga butonde.

Amaanyi ag'obutonde ge maanyi agava mu bintu binnansangwa. Ga,ba, enjuba, empewo, enkuba era gasobola okufunibwa nga gaddiŋŋanibwa wonna we geetaagisibwa. Amaanyi ago mangi ddala mu nsi. Okugeza, Amaanyi ge tufuna mu njuba gasobola okukozesebwa ne tufunamu amasannyalaze. Mu Amaanyi agava mu mpewo, ebbugumu ly'omuttaka, agoomubimera, ag’omu bbanga gonna gasobola okukozesebwa okutuukiriza ebyetaago byaffe ebya bulijjo.
Bino bye bimu Ku birungi n'ebibi ebiri mu kukozesa Amaanyi ag'obutonde.

Enjuba, Empewo, Ettaka, n’amayanja weebiri mu bungi ate nga bya bweereere.
Amaanyi agatali ga butonde ge tukozesa matono ate nga gaggwaawo.
Amaanyi ag'obutonde gagambibwa obutaba na bulabe Ku bwebulungulule.
Amaanyi g'obutonde gayamba okwongera Ku by'enfuna n'okutondawo emirimu. Ensimbi ezikozesebwa okuzimba amakolero gasobola okubangawo emirimu eri enkumi n'enkumi z’abantu.
Tekikwetaagisa kwesigama Ku muntu yenna okukutuusaako Amaanyi ag'obutonde nga bwe kiri Ku gatali ga butonde.
Amaanyi g'obutonde galina emisoso mitono okusinga okukozesa amasannyalaze. Eyo gye bujja, emiwendo gy’amasannyalaze gisuubira okweyongeraa kubanga emiwendo gyago gisinziira Ku gy'amafuta, noolwekyo amaanyi g'obutonde gayamba okukendeeza ku misoso gy'amasannyalaze.
Ebisikiriza eby'enjawulo ku misolo ng’ebiwandiiko ebisonyiwa emisolo, okukendeeza ku misolo weebiri eri abantu abaagala okutandikawo ebintu bino omuva ssente.

Si kyangu kutandikawo makolero gano kuba emisoso mingi.
Amaanyi g'enjuba gasobola kukozesebwa budde bwa misana so si kiro oba mu biseera by'enkuba.
Ebbugumu ly’omu ttaka erikozesebwa okukola amasannyalaze nalyo kya bulabe. Lisobola okuvaamu omukka ogw’obulabe wamu n'okuleeta enkyukakyuka mu bwebulungulule.
Amasannyalaze gatuwa Amaanyi amalungi naye okuzimba amabibiro kiwemmenta obusanga wamu n'okwonoona entambula y'amazzi nga kw'ossa n'okutaataaganya ebintu ebibeeramu.
Okukozesa amaanyi g'enjuba, olina okwesigama ku mpewo ez’amaanyi noolwekyo weetaaga okulonda ekifo ekirungi okugakola. Era kitaataaganya omuwendo gw'ebinyonyi mu bbanga.

Amaanyi agatali ga butonde mangi agaggyibwa mu bintu ebiri ku nsi. Bino bya kuggwaawo mu myaka ataano mu etaano okuva kati. Amaanyi agatali ga butonde si malungi ku bwebulungulule bwaffe era ga bulabe nnyo ku bulamu bwaffe. Gayitibwa agatali ga butonde kubanga tegasobola kuzzibwawo mu kaseera katono. Amaanyi agatali ga butonde gasangibwa mu bintu nga ebisigalira by'ebisolo, amafuta n'ebirala.
Bino bye bimu ku birungi n'ebibi ebiri mu kukozesa amaanyi agatali ga butonde.

Amaanyi agatali ga butonde so gaabuseere naye nga mangu okukozesa okugeza kyangu okuteeka amafuta mu mmotoka.
Osobola okuteekamu kitono ate n'ofunamu obungi bw’amasannyalaze obuwera.
Tegaliiko kuvuganyizibwa. Okugeza, singa obeera ovuga baatule n'eggwaako, tosobola kugiddizaako mu lugendo wakati okuggyako ng’ogenze we bazikolerako.
Gatwalibwa okuba nga si gaabuseere okugakyusa okugazza mu kikula ekirala.

Amaanyi agatali ga butonde gajja kutuuka gaggweewo.
Amaanyi gano gavaamu omukka omubi bwe gaba gakolebwa era ne goonoona omukka ffe abantu gwe tussa.
Ng’amaanyi gano bwe gali ag’okuggwaawo akaseera konna, emiwendo gyago gyeyongera buli lukya.

Amaanyi gano galina okukuumibwa tusobole okutangira obwebulungulule bwaffe obutataataaganyizibwa. Tulina okugakuuma olw'emigigi egijja. Obungi amaanyi ago bwe tugakozeserezaamu kiyiza okuba eky'obulabe ku nsi. Tusobola okukendeeza ku bulabe obuyinza okututuukako nga tukozesa amaanyi matono. Emisoso gy'amaanyi ago gyeyongera buli mwaka. Kya mugaso okumanya omuwendo gw'amaanyi ago era ne tutagadiibuuda.




#Article 115: Force (142 words)


Empalirizo (forces) ziva ku kusika(pull), okusindika(push) oba okunyooreza(twist).N'olwekyo empalirizo kyekuusiza ku kusika, okusindika oba okunyooleza. Empalirizo ze ziviirako okuva(motion) okwa buli kika, ne bwe kuba kujugumira, kuseetuka yadde omugendo.Empalirizo ze ziviirako ebidduka okuva mu kifo era n'ensolo okutambula oba ekinyonyi okubuuka ziba mpalirizo.Empalirizo n'olwekyo zetaaga amasoboza(energy).

Mu essomabuzimbe(physics) , empalirizo zirina akakwate n'emiramwa nga okuva(motion), amasoboza(energy) n'amaanyi(power).

Mu butuufu empalirizo z'obutonde(forces of nature) n'ezitali za butonde  za njawulo.Empalirizo zirimu:
(i) Empalirizo z'essikirizo(gravitational forces)
(ii) Empalirizo z'ensikirizo(forces of attraction).Muno mulimu empalirizo za magineeti(magnetic forces) n'essikirizo(gravity)
(iii) Ekikuubagano(Friction)
(iv)Ekikkatiro(compression)
(v)Ekinyigirizo(Stress)
(vi)Kawereege(Tension)
(vii)Mu essomabibuuka(aeronautics) , waliwo empalirizo ezibeera ku bibuuka nga:
       (a) Ensukuma = empalirizo esukuma (the force of thrust).Ensukuma ebaamu emsukuma eya    waggulu(upthrust) n'ensukuma eya wansi (down thrust).Ensukuma era oyinza okujiyita 

      (b)Ensitula=Empalirizo esitula(the force of lift).Eno era oyinza okugiyita amasitula=amasoboza agasitula (energy of lift)
      (c) Obuzito(weight) oba essikirizo(gravity).Empalirizo y'essikirizo esika edda wansi ku ttaka




#Article 116: Energy (138 words)


 Amasoboza(Energy)

Amasoboza, empalirizo  n'amaanyi miramwa gya njawulo mu sayansi .

Amasoboza kiva mu kugattika(blending) ebigambo by'oluganda amaanyi agasobozesa.Mu kifo ky'okugamba nti amaanyi agasobozesa tukiyimpawaza ne kiba amasoboza (energy).Amasoboza yadde kiriraaniganye nnyo mu makulu n'omiramwa amaanyi n'empalirizo , mulamwa omwawufu ku gino. Amaanyi kiba kipimo ky'amasoboza ate empalirizo zo zetaaga amasoboza ekintu okusobola okukyuka embeera mwe kibadde.

Amasoboza bwe busobozi okukola(ability to do work).Amasoboza nago galimu ebika:

(i) Amasoboza ag'okuva(kinetic or motion energy).Gano ge masoboza agakola
(ii) Amasoboza amatereke(Stored/potential  energy)

Amasoboza ag'okuva galimu:

(a) Amasoboza ag'ekitambuzo (mechanical energy)
(b)Amasoboza agekitangaala(Light energy)
(c) Amasoboza ag'ebivuga(sound energy)
(d) Amasoboza aga nabbugumya(thermal energy).Gano ge masoboza ag'ebbugumu oba okwokya(heat energy).
(e) Amasoboza ag'amasannyalaze(electrical energy)

Amasoboza amatereke (Potential energy)galimu:

(a)Amasoboza ag'ekikyusabuziba(Chemical energy).Muno mulimu amasoboza amatereke mu mmere, mu bbaattule, mu mafuta aga nakavundira(fossil fuels), ebyanda(coal) , amanda (charcoal), mu manda ga lediyo(radio batteries), n'amalala




#Article 117: Motion (physics) (131 words)


Okuva(Motion)

Okuva kye kigambo ky'Oluganda ekivvuunula motion.Mu butuufu mu bwengula buli kintu kiri mu kuva.Ne atomu ezizimab obutaffaali bw'omubiri gwo ziri mu kuva nga zijugumira , ensonga lwaki omubiri gwo gubuguma.

Omugendo(continuous motion) kikwata ku kuva okweyongerayo(continuous motion).N'olwekyo omugendo nakwo kuva(motion)naye si buli kuva nti guba mugendo kubanga n'okuba nti obuziba(atomu) eziri mu ntebe kw'otudde zijugumira nakwo  kuva naye si tezikola mugendo.Tuyinza okwogera ku 
     (i) omugendo gw'ekitangaala(Light ray)
     (ii) Omugendo gw'amasannyalaze(electric Current). 
     (iii) Amasannyalaze nga omugendo gw'obusannyalazo(electricity as the movement/motion or flow  of electrons)

Manya  : Mu kuvvuunula okwa sayansi wewale okuvvuunula butereevu mu mbeera ezimu kubanga amakulu gayinza obutavaayo bulungi .Togamba  mukulukuto gwa masannyalaze.Gamba omugendo gw'amasannyalaze okutegeeza electric current.

Kati nno tuyinza okwogera ku amateeka ga Newton ag'Okuva(Newton's Laws of Motion)ne kalonda yenna akwata ku kuva kw'ebintu(the Motion of things).




#Article 118: Ebyobuziba (133 words)


Mu Luganda olwekusifu atomu era kaba kaziba kubanga akasirikitu kano katini nnyo oba kali wala nnyo n'eriiso eriri obukunya okulaba.Kino kitegeeza nti okulaba akaziba wetaaga enzimbulukusa (ennyanguyirizi eezimbulukus obusirikitu) ey'enjawulo.

Akaziba (atom) oba obuziba (atoms) bwe butoffaali obutinniinyo(obutini ennyo) obuzimba buli kintu era nga bwe buzimba n'obutaffaali bw'ebiramu (the cells of living things).

Essomo lya sayansi erikwata ku buziba bw'ebintu lye liyitibwa:

Essomabuziba oba ebyobuziba (chemistry) ligerageranye ne ebyobuzimbe oba essomabuzimbe (physics). Mu butuufu ebyobuziba(chemistry) kitundu ku ebyobuzimbe (physics) , lwa kuba ddyo essomabuzimbe lisoma obuzimbe bw'ebintu byonna okuviira ddala ku buziba obusirikitu okutuukira ddala ku bwaguuga bw'ebisinde, enjuba, n'enkuluungo ezooro mu bwengula.

Ebyobuziba oba essomabuziba lisoma ku buzimbe bwa busirikitu nga obuziba (atomu) n'obuziizi (nucleus), Ebyobuziba lisoma buziba bwa kintu nga obuziba buno bwe butaffaali obusirikitu obuzimba buli kintu. Tusobola okwogera ku:






#Article 120: Okuva (Motion) (3122 words)


Okuva kivudde mu bugambululo okuva mu kifo.Kino bwe tukisalira (Clipping) ne tusigaza okuvaMotion). Kati nno Mwami Muwanga asobodde okuwandiika ku Mateeka ga Newton ag'Okuva(Newton's Laws of Motion) n'okulamblula omulamwa guno mu Luganda.

Empalirizo (forces) zirina okuteekebwa ku kintu okukijja mu kifo (okukitambuza) oba okukyusa okuva kwakyo. Enkyukakyuka mu kuva tezijja zokka. Kati okuva kuno kwonna kupimibwa kutya? 

Bannassomabuzimbe(Physicists) balina emiramwa gye beyambisa nga bannyonnyola oba basoma okuva. Emisinde ekintu kwe kiddukira oba kwe kitambulira, emisinde gyakyo oba eng’enda (velocity), byonna biva ku mpalirizo. Osaana okimanye nti yadde emiramwa gy’emisinde n’eng’enda gitera okukozesebwa okutegeeza ekintu kye kimu, mu sayansi girina amakulu ga njawulo.

Okutebenta (acceleration) kyekuusiza ku mulamwa gwa ng’enda (velocity). Okutebenta kipimo kya nkyukakyuka y’eng’enda y’ekintu mu kiseera ekigere (ekitera okuba buli sikonda). Eng’enda ziyinza okulinnyisibwa  oba okussibwa  mu buli kiseera  ekigere. 
Enzitoya mulamwa omulala ku kuva.	Enzitoya (mass) kitegeeza obungi bw’ekintu obuliwo era enzitoya epimibwa mu ggulaamu (oba kiroggulaamu). Olubaawo luba n’enzitoya nnene okusinga olupapula. Ekidduka nga motoka kiba n’enzitoya, eng’enda n’ekigerageranyo ky’entebenta (rate of acclerartion).

Okuva kiraga kukyusa kifo omuntu oba ekintu we kibadde. Omuntu oba ekintu kiba mu kuva singa ekifo kyabyo kikyuka ng’obigerageranyizza n’omuntu oba ekintu ekiri mu kifo ekimu oba ekigenda akasoobo. 

Bw’otambula mu motoka ogambibwa okuba mu kuva kubanga buli kintu ekirala kyonna ng’okigerageranyizza ne motoka n’abajirimu kiri mu kukyuka buli kaseera. Kyokka abantu babiri abali mu motoka eno baba tebali mu kuva nga buli omu omugerageranyizza n’omulala. Kino kiri bwe kityo kubanga ekifo kyabwe buli omu okusinziira munne tekikyuka ate era nga n’emotoka tekyuka. Bwe tuba tutegedde engerageranya (relation) eno, tukkaanya nti okuva kusinziira ku mbeera.
Okusobola okutegeera okuva, olina okulowooza ku mpalirizo (forces), okutebenta, amasoboza, okukola, n’enzitoya. 
Bannasayansi okuva bakutunuulira mu ngeri satu: (i) ekintu kidduka ku misinde ki?  (ii) Kidda ludda ki? (c) Ku misinde ki kwe kwe kikyusiza okuva (omugendo) kwakyo?

Okusoboka okutegeera obulungi omulamwa gw’okuva (omugendo), olina okunnyonnyoka omulamwa gw’empalirizo, entebenta, amasoboza (energy), omulimu, n’enzitoya (mass). Bino byonna bye bikola ekitambuzo (mechanics

Kakensa Isaac Newton yali munnassomabutzimbe (physicist) era omubalanguzi (mathematician) eyannyonnyola obulungi ensibuko y’ ebigereeso by’essikirizo (gravity) n’okuva (motion). Yagereesa nti (he theorized that) “empagi ewaniridde Seng’endo mu bwengula y’esonga y’emu lwaki bw’okanyuga ekintu kidda ne kigwa wansi. Kiva ku ssikirizo (gravity)”.

Omugendo , okujugumira oba okukankana byonna biri mu kikolwa kya kuva naye okujugumira oba okukankana teguba mugendo.Ekisinde kika kya mugendo era ekitabo kya bbayibbuli “Exodus”  kyandiyitiddwa kisinde oba mugendo.

Okuva obadde oyinza okukiyita omugendo naye olw’okuba omugendo kuba kuva okuzingulukufu , waliwo embeera z’okuva ezitakola mugendo. N’obuziba (atomu) obuli mu ntebe kw’otudde buyinza okuba nga bujugumira naye nga tebuli mu mugendo. 

 (i)Okutambula kw’emotoka kuva ku mpalirizo ezigireetera okuva mu kifo

ii)Ebibuuka nga ebinyonyi, ennyonyi n’ebizungirizi okubuuka mu bbanga nakyo kiva ku mpalirizo ebigireetera okukola omugendo mu bwengula.

Bw’oba osotta eggaali ng’olinnya akasozi osanga obuzibu kubanga oba osindika ekidduka ku mpalirizo ez’enjawulo ng’olinnya akosozi kyokka mu kudda wansi empalirizo zino ziba wansi.

Ekikuubagano kibawo nga safeesi bbiri zikwatanganyene kireetawo okukendeeza embiro,  naddala nga safeesi za lukyakya (are rough).

Ekigugubiro ky’empewo nakyo kireetera embiro okukendeera. Eno y’ensonga lwaki ennyonnyi n’emotoka bisongolwa (streamlined) okukendeza ekigugubiro ky’empewo. Kino era kye kiretawo obwetaavu bw’ekitondekamaanyi , ebidduka okukola amasoboza okw’ang’anga ekigugubiro ky’empewo. Wetegereze bino wansi :

(a)Amasitula = amasoboza agasitula ekizungirizi oba ennyonyi (Lift) okubuuka mu bbanga
(b)Ensitula=Empalirizo eziwaliriza ekidduka okuva mu kifo(lift)
(c) Amasukuma = amasoboza agasukuma ekizungirizi/enyonyi (thrust)
(d) Ensukuma=Empalirizo esukuma ekidduka(thrust)
(e) Amawalabulo = Amasoboza agawalabula Ekizungirizi/ennyonyi (drag)
(f) Empawabulo=Empalirizo ewalabula ekidduka nga kiyita  mu mpewo.

Ezo zonna mpalirizo ezeetagisa ekidduka,  ennyonyi oba ekizungirizi okubuuka mu bbanga.
Eng’enda, Emisinde, Okutebenta, n’Okutebentuka 

Eng’enda (Velocity) n’emisinde (speed) miramwa egifaanagana ennyo kyokka eng’enda eba kipimo kya mbiro ng’olaga n’obwolekero (oludda ki ) ate emisinde kipimo kya mbiro zokka awatali kufa ku bwolekero. Singa tumanya nti omuvuzi avugira motoka ku km 45 buli saawa naye nga tetutegeezeddwa ludda ki, egyo giba misinde , teba ng’enda(velocity). 
Kyokka bw’oba otambulira ku km 45 buli ssaawa ng’oyolekedde obukiikaddyo, wano munnassomabuzimbe aba agamba nti eng’enda yo eri  km 55 buli saawa okwolekera bukiikaddyo .  Abagoba b’emmeeri ku mazzi n’abagoba b’ennyonyi bakozesa nnyo ebigendo (vectors) omuli okumanya eng’enda y’ekidduka. 

Emisinde era oyinza okukiyita embiro. Tunnyonnyola embiro ekintu kwe kiddukira nga “emisinde” gyakyo. Bwe tuba tusobola okupima disitansi (obuwanvo) ekintu kwe kitambula mu kiseera ekigere, tumanya emisinde gyakyo giba kiromiita emu buli ssaawa era kino kiwandiikibwa nga    km1 bs (Kisomwa kiromiita emu buli ssaawa).

Eng’enda

Bwe tulaga oludda ki , ntegeeza obwolekero ki n’emisinde gy’ekintu kwe kiddukira, tuba twogera ku ng’enda yakyo. Manya nti eng’enda tekitegeeza “mbeera” yakyo wabula “ngeri” gye kigendamu. Oli bw’akubuuza nti emotoka ebadde edduka ngeri ki ? Aba asuubira nti ojja kukola omukunuukirizo gw’emisinde n’okulaga obwolekero, ntegeeza ludda ki lw’eyolekedde.
 N’olwekyo tuyinza okunnyonnyola eng’enda y’ekintu nga emisinde n’obwolekero bwakyo. N’olwekyo ennyonnyi eddukira mu misinde egya mairo 650 buli ssaawa nga eyolekedde obuvanjuba egambibwa okuba n’eng’enda  eya mairo 650 buli ssaawa ku ludd olwa buvanjuba.

Singa tusobola okupima omuwendo ne tufuna n’obwolekero , ekyo tukiyita kipimo kipimo kya kigendo (vector). N’olwekyo “eng’enda” (velocity) kiba “kipimo kya kigendo” (vector  quantity). 

Emisinde n’olbwolekero bw’ekintu biba bikyuka buli kaseera. Emisinde gy’omuvuzi w’emotoka giyinza okukyuka okuva KM 30bs okudda ku KM40bs ate ne gikka okutuuka ku KM20bs. Okutwalira awamu essomabuzimbe  litwala okutebenta oba entebenta nga “ekigerageranyo ky’enkyukakyuka y’engenda” (the rate of change of 'velocity').  
Ka tugambe nti omuvuzi wa motoka yakyusizza emisinde okuva ku KM30 buli ssaawa okutuuka ku KM 40. Kino kitegeeza nti yayongezza emisinde gye na KM10bs, n’olwekyo tugamba nti entebenta  ye oba ekigerageranyo ky’enkyusa mu misinde kwabadde KM10bs. Okutebenta tekikwata ku kwongeza misinde kyokka wabula n’okukendeeza emisinde.

Okukyusa eng’enda

Mu kukyusa eng’enda ekigambo okutebenta (accerelation) we kijjira. Okutebenta nakyo kipimo kya kigendo (vector). Twogera ku kwongeza emisinde singa okutebenta n’eng’enda biba bisonze mu ludda lwe lumu. Mu kukendeeza emisinde (decereration) singa okutebenta  n’eng’enda biba bisonze mu ludda olwa kikontana oba kiyite obwolekero obwa kikontana (opposite direction). Bw’otebenta oba n’okendeeza emisinde oba okyuusa eng’enda yo mu kipimo ekigere ku kiseera ekigere. Okukendeeza emisinde kuba kutebentuka(deceleration)

Entebenta ey’ Entakyuuka (Constant Acceleration)

Waliwo embeera nga entebenta ey’entakyuka (oba ka tugambe kuba mu ntakyuka (constant accereration) nga waliwo empalirizo ey’entakyuuka eteekeddwa ku kintu. 
Ekyo’okulabirako ly’essikirizo (gravity). Okusika kw’essikirizo mu bintu kuba kwa ntakyuuka era kusikira mu makkati ga nkulungo. Essikirizo ery’enkulungo ya Ddungu lya njawulo ku eryo ery’enkulungo y’Ensi kubanga zirina enzitoya za njawulo. 
Yadde nga essikirizo liyinza okuba eddeneko oba ettonoko, liba lireetawo okutebenta okw’entakyuuka okumpi ne  safeesi ya Ensi.  

Okutolontoka (Momentum)

Okutolontoka  kuba kupima engeri ekintu ekitebenta oba ekidduka gye kiyinza okuba ekizibu okukiyimiriza. 

Okutolontoka  kweyongera nga enzitoya oba eng’enda byeyongedde. Okutolontoka  kwenkana Enzitoya kubisaamu engenda y’ekintu.

Okutolontoka (Momentum) nakyo kipimo kya kigendo (it’s a vector measurement). Bannasayansi babalanguza (to calculate) okutolontoka nga enzitoya y’ekintu bagikubisaamu eng’enda. Okutolontoka kiraga ngeri ekintu ekidduka oba ekiri ku misinde gye kiyinza okuba ekizibu okuyimirira. 

Singa oba odduka nga olina enzitoya ya kirogulaamu 70 n’eng’enda eya miita 15 buli sikonda nga odda ebuvannjuba (wano oba odduka nnyo) , entolontoka yo eba  kg 1,050 buli sikonda okwolekera buvanjuba. 

Jukkira Etteeka lya Newton erisooka: Ekintu ekiri mu mugendo kisigala mu mugendo okujjako nga kifunye okutaataatanyizibwa.  Etteeka eryo era likola ne ku okutebentuka. Singa ekipimo ky’enzitoya n’eky’eng’enda bisigala nga bye bimu, ekipimo ky’entolontoka kisigalanga kye kimu. Bw’okanyugira omuntu ejjinja n’alumizibwa, limukuba nnyo olw’okuba kibadde kizibu okuliyimiriza (lyabadde n’entolontoka ya waggulu). 

Ate era bw’okasukira omuntu akayinja akatono n’ejjinja eddene ku misinde gye gimu, ejjinja eddene liba likuba omuntu n’entebentuka ennene (greater momentum), liba zzibu okuyimiriza, era likola obuvune bwa maanyi okusinga ku ttono.  Enzitoya bw’eba ennene (ku misinde gye gimu), entolontoka eba ya  maanyi okusingawo. 
Essasi kya kulabirako kw’ekintu ekirina enzitoya entono ennyo naye nga kirina entolontoka ey’amaanyi kubanga liba ku misinde miyitirivu nnyo. Kino kitegeeza nti amasasi mazibu okuyimiriza, ekitegeeza togezaako kuliyimiriza kyokka liviire buviizi. 

Amateeka ga Isaac Newton ag’Okuva
(Newton’s laws of Motion)

Kakensa Sir Isaac Newton y’omu ku bannasayansi era omubalanguzi (mathematician) ab’amaanyi abaali babaddewo. Kakensa ono yazaalibwa mu Bungereza mu 1643, omwaka gwe gumu kakensa omulala Galileo gwe yafiiramu. 

Isaac Newton yakulira ku Jjajja we omukyala n’asoma okutuuka waggulu kyokka ng’ali mu bbanguliro yayagala nnyo ekibalangulo (mathematics), essomabuzimbe (physics), n’essomabwengula (astronomy)  era yasoma n’afuna diguli esooka n’eyokubiri.

Bwe yali ng’ali mu bbanguliro (college), n’atandika okuwandiika ebirowoozo bye mu kitabottabamiruka eky’abayivuwavu (journal). Ebimu ku birowoozo bye byali ku mulamwa gw’okuva (motion), kye yayita Amateeka g’Okuva Asatu (the three laws of motion). Kyokka era yatondekawo ebirowoozo ku Empalirizo esikira mu Nzitoya (a force that pulls from a mass) oba mu bumpimpi essikirizo (gravity), empabya y’ekitangaala (diffraction of light), n’empalirizo (forces). Bye yatuukako gwe musingi gwa sayansi ensi kw’etambulira leero. 

Buli nkulaakulana etuukibwako mu sayansi ne tekinologiya yesigamye ku “sayansi wa kuva” (the science of motion) oba ka tugambe nti yesigamye kukunnyonnyoka sayansi wa kuva n’amateeka agafuga sayansi ono ow’okuva.

Wano mu nsi z’abaddugavu nga ne Uganda mw’eri, tetugenda kwetengerera mu sayansi ne tekinologiya okujjako nga tugandawazza emiramwa egyetaagisa mu sayanzi w’okuva, ne sayansi yenna okutwalira awamu.

Weetegereze emiramwa gy’oluganda gino egyekuusiza ku sayansi w’okuva  :

 Amateeka asatu ag’Okuva 

Etteeka ly’okuva erisooka

Etteeka 1ka:“Enzitoya bw’eba mu kiwummulo esigala mu kiwummulo oba bw’eba mu mugendo etambulira mu ng’enda ey’entakyuka okutuusa nga eteekeddwako empalirizo”. (If a body is at rest it remains at rest or if it is in motion it moves with uniform velocity until it is acted on by a resultant force). 
Etteeka ly’okuva erisooka era liyitibwa etteeka lya kiremeramumbeera (the law of inertia). Okusinziira ku tteeka lya kigaaniramumbeera:

Ekintu ekiri mu kifo ekimu kisigala mu kifo ekyo okujjako nga kiteekeddwako empalirizo ey’enjawulo ate kyo. Ekintu ekiri mu kuva kigenda mu maaso mu mugendo ku misinde n’oludda lwe lumu okujjako nga kiteereddwako empalirizo ey’enjawulo  
Okusinziira ku tteeka lino erisooka, ekintu ekiri mu kiwummulo kisigala mu kiwummulo ate ekintu ekiri mu kuva kisigala mu mugendo n’emisinde gye gimu ku ludda lwe lumu.

Kino kitegeeza nto okuva oba obutabaawo kuva tekisoboka kukyusibwa awatali mpalirizo ekitekebwako.
Singa tewabaawo kintu kyonna kikutuukako togenda kuva mu kifo. Bw’oba ogenda oludda olumu, okujjako nga waliw ekikutuseeko, oba weyongerayo ku ludda lwe lumu mu ntakyuka. 

Wali olabye bannabwengula (astronauts) ku TV? Okiraba nti ebikozesebwa byabwe bitengejja? Kye bakola kwe kubiteeka mu bbangane bisigala mu kifo kimu. Tewali mpalirizo ebitekebwako okuleetawo embeera eno okukyuka. 
Kiba bwe kityo era singa bakasuka ekintu mu maaso ga kamera. Ekintu ekyo kitambula butereevu (mu layini engolokofu). Singa wakati mu kutambula mu bbanga eyo mu bwengula babaako kye bakasuka, ekintu ekyo kigenda mu maaso nga kigenda ku ludda lwe lumu era ku misinde egy’entakyuuka okujjako nga waliwo empalirizo ekiteekeddwako, ka tugambe singa ensikirizo y’enkulungo eba ekisikirizza. 

Ekiremeramumbeera (inertia) kitegeeza ki?

Kino kitegeeza nti waliwo engeri ey’obutonde ekuuma ebintu okusigala oba okuremera (okulobera) mu mbeera gye bibaddemu oba okusigala nga bikola ekyo kye bibaddeko.  Buli kintu kigezaako obutayagala gugenda mu mbeera ya nkyukakyuka oba ka tugambe kigezaako okulemera mu mbeera gye kibaddemu. Buli kintu kiremera mu mbeera ey’okuva gye kiba kirimu okujjako nga waliwo empalirizo ey’enjawulo ekiteekeddwako; kino kitegeeza nti ekintu ekiri mu kuva kiba kyesigaliza embeera yaakyo ey’okuva.
Manya: 
(a)	Mu essomabuzimbe (study of structures , nature, physics) ekigambo “kiwummulo” kirimu omulamwa gwa “being at rest” kyokka mu essomabiramu(biology) ekigambo “ekiwummulo” kirimu mulamwa gwa “pupal stage”. 

(b)	Ekigambo “okuva” kye kirimu omulamwa gwennyini ogulimu amakulu g’omulamwa gw’olungereza ogwa essomabutonde ogwa “motion”. N’ekigambo “omugendo waliwo w’oyinza okukikozeseza ku mulamwa gwe gumu kyokka si buli “kuva” (motion) nti guba mugendo. Mu butuufu n’ekintu nga emmeeza oba ejjinja eriri mu kifo ekimu libaamu “okuva” okw’okujugumira kw’atomu zaayo mu ngeri emu oba endala yadde kiba tekiri mu mugendo. N’olwekyo “omuugendo kuba kuva naye okuva kuyinza obutaba mugendo bwe guba nga tegweyongerayo kuva mu kifo kimu kudda mu kirala mu layini engolokofu. Mu nzitoyo eri mu kifo ekimu nga ey’olubaawo, atomu ziba zenyenyeza mu kifo kimu awatali kweyongerayo. Guno teguba mugendo kyokka wabaawo okuva. 

(c)	Ate emiramwa “omugendo” ne “eng’enda” nagyo gyawukana. Eng’enda erimu omulamwa gwa “velocity” ate omugendo ne gubaamu omulamwa gwa “movement. Mu sayansi, si buli mugendo nti eba ng’enda.

(d)	Eng’enda ey’entakyuka (= constant velocity).
Mu ngeri endala, etteeka erisooka ligamba nti “ekintu etitali mu kuva (mu mugendo) oba nga kiri mu ‘eng’enda ey’entakyuka’ (constant velocity) kisigala bwe kityo okutuusa nga waliwo ekikisindise oba ekyekiise mu kkubo lyakyo.
Kyokka okusinziira ku kye tulaba bulijjo, oyinza okugamba nti mu butuufu ebintu tebibeerera awo awatali kuva (kuba mu mugendo) kubanga, eky’okulabirako, ejjinja bw’olikasuka waggulu, terisigalayo singa liba liteereddwa, kyokka era tebisigala mu mugendo ku misinde egy’entakyuuka. Eky’okulabirako, oguyinja oguyiringita okuva ku kasozi waggulu gweyongera emisinde buli kaseera akayitawo mu kukka so ng’ate ejjinja eriyiringita ku museetwe likomekkereza likkalidde (nga lirekedde awo okutambula); kyokka empalirizo eziriteekebwako nga ensikirizo y’ Ensi (earth’s gravity) n’ekikuubagano singa bijjibwawo, etteeka ly’okuva erisooka tuba tuliraba. Lino ly’etteeka ly’okuva erisooka erikwata ku bintu ebiri mu mugendo ogw’entakyuka. 

Etteeka 2li:  “Empalirizo yenkanankana enzitoya ng’ekubisiddwamu entebenta”. (Force is equal to mass times acceleration).
Okusinziira ku tteeka ery’okubiri ery’okuva, okutebenta kutondekebwawo nga empalirizo eteekedwa ku nzitoya. Enzitoya (y’ekintu ekiba kitebentebwa) gy’ekoma okuba ey’amaanyi n’amaanyi g’empalirizo agetaagibwa (okutebentesa ekintu) gye gakoma obungi.
Etteeka ery’okubiri ligamba nti entebenta y’ekintu ereetebwawo empalirizo egendana butereevu n’empima (magnitude) ey’empalirizo eyo ate n’egendana kifuulannenge n’enzitoya y’ekintu. Ekifuulannenge guba muwendo gw’emu ku   namba endala, kifuulannenge ya 5 eba 1/5. 

Etteka ery’okubiri liraga nti singa oteeka empalirizo y’emu ku bintu bibiri ebirina enzitoya ez’enjawulo, oba ofuna entebenta (enkyusa mu ng’enda) ya njawulo kubanga okutebenta okubeera ku nzitoya esingako obutono kuba kusingako.
Ekiva mu mpalirizo eya netoni 10 ku mupiira kiba kinene  okusinga empalirizo eyo yennyini  ekwatiddwa ku kimotoka. Ekiva mu kutebenta kiva mu kuba nti enzitoya za njawulo. 

Jjukira nti empalirizo gy’ekoma omaanyi entebenta gy’ekoma okuba ennene.
Kino kitegeeza ki? 

Etteeka lino buli muntu alimanyi mu kimpowooze. Buli muntu akimanyi nti ekintu gye kikoma okuzitowa gye kikoma okwetaaga empalirizo okukijja mu kifo oba ka tugambe okukiseetula okuyita mu disitansi y’emu ng’ekintu oba ebintu ebiwewuka. 
Kyokka etteeka ery’okubiri lituwa akakwate kennyini wakati wa empalirizo (force), enzitoya (mass), n’entebenta (acceleration). Kino kiyinza okulagibwa nga nakyenkanyanjuyi y’ekibalangulo eno: 

Empalirizo = Enzitoya x Entebenta 

Kino kye kibalangulo ky’etteeka lya Netoni (Newton) eryokubiri: 

Motoka ya basajjassubi ezitowa kirogulaamu kg 10,000, eweddemu amafuta nga egenda ebunjakko. Basajjassubi agezaako okujisindika okutuuka ku ssundiro ly’amafuta ng’agitambuliza ku mita 0.05 buli sikonda ng’adda bukiikakkono. Nga okozesa etteeka lya Netoni ery’okubiri oyinza okubaza obunji bw’empalirizo Basajjassubi ly’ateeka ku motoka eno okujiseetula bw’oti:

Empalirizo = 10,000 x 0.05
Empalirizo = Netoni 500
Kati wano tuba tusobola okweyongerayo ku tteeka lya Netoni ery’okusatu. 
Etteeka lino liwa ensonjola n’embalanguza y’empalirizo okuyita mu nzitoya n’entebenta (Okutebenta).
Emp. = Enz x Ent
Emp. = Empalirizo
Enz. = Enzitoya
Ent. =entebenta

Eky’okulabirako, obuzito eba mpalirizo gye tufuna ku Nsi ereetebwawo ensikirizo y’ Ensi. Obuzito bubalanguzibwa nga: 
Obuz. = Enz x Ens.
Ens. = okutebentesa kw’ensikirizo eba mu kifo eri nga miita 9.8 buli sikonda eya kyebiriga 

Obuz. = Obuzito

Ensikirizo eba miita 9.8 buli sikonda2 (Fuuti 32 buli sikonda2) ku Nsi.
Entakyuka y’ensikirizo ey’awamu eri miita 9.8 buli sikonda2 ku Nsi.

Etteeka 3tu: Etteeka lya Netoni ery’okuva ery’okusatu ligamba nti: 

Kino kitegeeza ki? 

Empalirizo ziba mu migogo. Etteeka ery’okusatu ligamba nti ku buli mpalirizo wabaawo empalirizo egyenkana okuva ku ludda olwa kikontana.  Empalirizo eno ekyenkana eba nsindikano kuba eba ekisindikanya okkudda emabega.

Bw’otuula ku ntebe, omubiri gwo guteeka empalirizo ku ntebe ate entebe eyo nayo n’eteeka empalirizo eyenkana ggwe gy’otadde ku ntebe naye yo eno eba edda wa ggulu, awatali ekyo entebe eba etendewererwa n’ekutukamu oba n’egwamu. Kino kya kyenkanyampuyi kubanga empalirizo eteekebwa ku kintu esisinkana empalirizo endala okuva ku ludda olwa kikontana.

Kiba kitya nga onyize emmanduso y’emmundu? Kiri kitya nga onyize emmanduso y’omuzinga? Essasi bwe likubwa mu bbanga ne wabaawo okubwatuka emmundu esindikibwa emabega nga essasi liwaguza okufuluma ligende mu bbanga. Empalirizo esindika essasi ebweru yenkanankana n’empalirizo esindika emmundu emabega naye ekituuka ku mundu (okusindikibwa emabega) tekirabika nnyo kubanga emmundu erina enzitoya nnene nnyo okusinga essasi. 

Kino kitegeeza nti ku buli mpalirizo eteekebwa ku kintu wabaawo empalirizo ekijja mu mbeera. Eno era yeyitibwa empalirizo ey’ensindikano (reaction force) ekyenkanankana mu maanyi naye nga eva ludda lwa kikontana. Kino kitegeeza nti buli ekintu lwe kisindika ekintu ekirala kisindikibwa emabega okuva ku ludda olwa kikontana n’’empalirizo y’emu.

Ekigambululo kino kitegeeza nti ku buli kunyigiriza, wabaawo omugogo gw’empalirizo. Mu njogera endala, ku buli kikolwa wabaawo okuva mu mbeera okw’ensindikano ku luuyi olwa kikontana mu kipimo kye kimu n’ekikolwa ekyo. Ekipimo ky’empaliririzo esooka yenkanankana n’ekipimo ky’empalirizo okuva ku ludda olwa kikontana. Oludda lw’empalirizo olusooka luviirako empalirizo ey’ensindikano okuva ku oludda olulala. N’olwekyo empalirizo ejja mu mugogo, empalirizo ey’ekikolwa kanaaluzaala n’empalirizo ey’ensindikano eva mu kikolwa kanaaluzaala mu kipimo ebyenkanankana ku ludda olwa kikontana.

 Mu butonde, omugogo gw’ekikolwa n’ensindikano gweyoleka mu bintu eby’enjawulo. Tunuulira ekyennyanja nga kyejjawo mu mazzi .Kikozesa amawawaatiro gakyo okukuba amazzi ekiddannyuma ne kisobola okugenda mu maaso. Olw’okuba waliwo empalirizo eziva mu kyenyanja okudda eri amazzi wajjawo ensindikagano okuva mu mazzi okudda eri ekyenyanja, empalirizo eno n’esobozesa ekyennyanja okugenda mu maaso. Ekyenyanja bwe kisindika amazzi emabega ensindikano eva mu kino esindika ekyenyanja ne kisobola okweyongerayo mu maaso. Amazzi nago galina okuba nga gasindika ekyenyanja ekiddamaaso, ekintu ekitwala ekyenyanja mu maaso.
Ekipimo ky’empalirizo eteekebwa ekyenyanja ku mazzi kye kimu n’ekipimo ky’empalirizo amazzi gye gasukuma ku kyennyanja ku ludda olwa kikontana.  Oludda olw’empalirizo   eteekebwa ku mazzi (ekiddannyuma) lwa kikontana n’oludda lw’empalirizo esindikibwa amazzi eri ekyennyanja (mu kiddamaaso). “Buli kikolwa kireetawo ensindikano ekyenkanankana okuva ku ludda olwa kikontana”. Omugogo gw’ekikolwa–n’ensindikano gwe gusobozesa ekyennyanja okuwuga mu mazzi.

Kati wekenneenye omugendo ekikyonyi kwe kibuukira. Ekinyonyi kibuuka nga kikozesa ebiwawaatiro byakyo. Ebiwawaatiro by’ekinyonyi bikkatira empewo ekiddawansi. Olw’okuba empalirizo ziva nsindikano, empewo nayo erina okuba nga eba esindika ekinyonnyi ekidda waggulu.

Ekipimo ky’empalirizo ku mpewo kyenkanankana ekipimo ky’empalirizo ku kinyonyi; oludda lw’empalirizo ku mpewo (ekiddawansi) lwa kikontana n’oludda lw’empalirizo ku kinyonyi (kiddawaggulu). “Buli kikolwa kireetawo ensindikano ekyenkanankana   ku ludda olwa kikontana”. Omugogo gy’ekikolwa–ekireetawo ensindikano gwe gusobozesa ebinyonyi okubuuka mu mpewo (mu bbanga).
Kati wekenneenye omugendo gw’ekidduka nga motoka nga ogenda ku mirimu gyo oba ku somero. Motoka erina namuziga ezetoloola ekiddannyuma. Namuziga buli lwe zetoloola ekiddannyuma, zikwata ku luguudo ne zisindika oluguudo ekiddannyuma.Olw’okuba waliwo empalirizo eziva mu nsindikano, oluguudo nalwo luteekwa okuba nga lusindika namuziga ekiddamaaso. 

Ekipimo ky’empalirizo eri ku luguudo kyenkanankana n’ekipimo ky’empalirizo ku namuziga (ku motoka); oludda lw’empalirizo ku luguudo (kiddannyuma) lwa kikontana n’oludda lw’empalirizo ku ku namuziga (kiddamaaso). “Buli kikolwa kireetawo ensindikano ekyenkanankana   ku ludda olwa kikontana”. Emigogo gy’ekikolwa – ekireetawo ensindikano gye gisobozesa ekidduka okugenda mu maaso.

Ekitambuzo n’Okuva (Mechanics and Motion)

Essomo ly’ekitambuzo oba kiyite “ekitambuzo ky’enzitoya” (mechanics of bodies) liba ssomo ku ngeri enzitoya ezitali mu kuva (rigid bodies) gye zeyisaamu oba akakwate akali wakati w’enzitoya ezitali mu kuva n’okuwaliriza okuziteekebwako.
Engeri ebitundu by’ekintu ebitali mu kuva (rigid bodies) gye bikwanaganyizibwamu okuleetawo omugendo oba okuva oba emparirizo (force) kye kiyitibwa engeri ekintu gye kikolamu (mechanism).

Manya nti Omugendo mulamwa ogwekuusiza ku kuva naye si buli kuva nti guba mugendo. Omugendo kitundu kimu eky’ekyo bannassomabuzimbe (physicists) kye bayita ekitambuzo (mechanics). Bannasayansi bavumbudde amateeka ag’enjawulo agannyonnyola okuva (motion) n’ensibuko y’enkyukakyuka mu mugendo(changes in motion).
 Waliwo n’amateeka ag’enjawulo ku misinde gy’ekitangaala (speed of light ) oba nga bannassomabutonde batunuulidde obutoniinya (obuntu obutini ennyo) nga atomu.




#Article 121: Obuwangaaliro( Environment) (2065 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Obuwangaaliro(the environment) gwe gumu ku miramwa egitondekeddwawo Ssekalowooleza Muwanga Charles. 

Obuwangaaliro kiva mu bigambo by'oluganda obutonde bw'ensi mwe tuwangaalira. Kati nno tuyinza okwogera ku:

(i) Okukuuma obuwangaaliro (Environment protection)
(ii) Obuwangaaliro obw'obutonde(natural environment)
(iii) Sayansi w'Obuwangaaliro(Environment Science)
(iv) Etteka ly'Obuwangaaliro(Environment Law)

Kibadde kizibu okuvvuunula the natural environment nga tukyakozesa obutonde bw'Ensi ng'omulamwa oguvvuunula  environment.

Obuwangaaliro bwaffe bulimu:

(a) Ebiramu nga ebimera , ensolo ,n'obulamu obusirikitu(Microbs)
(b) Ebitali biramu nga  ettaka, enjazi, emigga, ennyanja, entobazi ,  ebibira, ensozi n'obusozi, semayanja ne waluyanja, nampewo, enjuba , n'ebirala

Obuwangaaliro (the Environment )

Obuwangaaliro mulamwa oguva mu bigambo by’oluganda “obutonde bw’ensi mwe tuwangaalira”, ekitegeeza obutonde bw’ensi mwe tubeera.

Olulimi olutalina nzimba ya bigambo nnambulukufu lutera okukozesa ebigambo ebitajjaayo bulungi mulamwa guba gwa nsonga. Oluganda lubadde lukjozesa ebigambo “obutonde bw’ensi” (the natural world) okutegeeza “obuwangaaliro”(environment). Obvutonde bw’ensi tekiri wala nnyo na makulu gano naye tekikkaatiriza bulungi bwetaavu ebiramu bye bulina ku butonde bw’ensi.

Obuwangaaliro kikkaatiriza nti mu “butonde bw’ensi obw’obutonde”(the natural world as God created it )  , si mu nsi eyonooneddwa omuntu ,  mwe tujja obulamu (mwe tuwangaalira).

Obuwangaaliro bwaffe (Our environment) 

Obuwangaaliro (environment) kitegeeza buli kintu ekirina akakwate n’ekiwangaalio kyaffe (our habitat) era nga kirina akakwate n’obsobozi bwaffe okuba abalamu ku nsi nga empewo gye tussah, amazzi getukozesa, ebimera n’ebisolo ebiwangaalira ku nsi oba mu bitundu byaffe, ettaka kwe tulimira n’ebirala bingi.

Ekiwangaaliro = ekifo abantu oba ebiramu mwe biwangaalira oba mwe bibeera (habitat)
Obuwangaaliro = embeera mwe tuwangaalira oba etwetoolodde (environment)

Obuwangaaliro bw’obutonde mulimu:

(i)	Ebibira
(ii)	Obusozi n’Ensozi
(iii)	Semazzi (water bodies) .Muno mulimu emigga, emyala, entobazi, seluyanja(oceans) , waluyanja(seas),enzizi, okunokoolayo ezimu
(iv)	Eddungu
(v)	Olusaalu n’ettale
(vi)	Ebiwonvu n’ebikko
(vii)	Empewo
(viii)	Entababimera (vegatation)
(ix)	Ettaka n’enjazi

Ettaka (Soil)

Ettaka lububi olusangibwa ku safeesi y’ensi. Ettaka likolebwa amazzi, empewo, ebimera ebyafa, n’obutoffali obw’enjazi. 

Ettaka ery’olusenyu (Sandy soil) – lya luyinja (rough), lirina obutoffaali bunene.

Ettaka ery’ebbumba (Clay soil) – ssi lya luyinja (smooth), sseerevu (slippery) ate lya luwunga (powdery).

Lubogwe (Loam) – lirimu ebirungo by’olusenyu, olubumba, awamu ne nakavundira w’ebimera n’ensolo.

Emigaso gy’ettaka
	Okukuza ebirime 
	Okukuba obutoffaali 
	Okuzimba
	Okuwunda 

Ensibuko z’obutonde ez’enkyukakyuka mu buwangaaliro 
Ekyeya, kibuyaga, enkubakirinnyamutikka, amataba, musisiwazansi, n’ebirala.

Okukosa obuwangaaliro kikosa ki?

Engeri e’okukuumamu obuwangaaliro 

Okuziiyiza okwonoona obuwangaaliro 

Ekikulugguso ky’ettaka (soil erosion)

Ekikulugguko  = run-off
Ekikulugguso  =  erosion

Okuziiyiza ekikulugguso ky’ettaka (preventing soil erosion)
	

	

(The Origin of our environment)
Ensibuko y’Ensi yaffe eri mu nsibuko ya bwengula  era eno y’ensibuko y’obuwangaaliro bwaffe nga Katonda bwe yakigereka.

Obwengula kye ki? 

Obwengula, omuntu owa bulijjo ayinza okukiyita ebutonda, eggulu, olubaale oba ebbanga. Naye ekituufu kiri nti obwengula (universe) bulimu ebisionde (galaxies), seng’endo (cerestial bodies) ez’enjawulo nga enjuba n’emmunyenye ez’enjawulo ate nga buli njuba oba emmunyenye eba n’enkulungo ate nga buli nkulungo ebba n’omwezi oba emyezi egigyetoloola.
 
Obwengula, sengendo ezibulimu, na buli ekiri ku/mu seng’endo zino kye kiyitibwa obutonde, ebiramu n’ebitali biramu.

Osaanye  okimanye  nti ebiramu n’ebitali biramu ebiriwo mu butonde byonna wamu bye bikola obwengula. Bino byonna okutwalira awamu birina akakwate n’obuwangaaliro bwaffe, obutonde bw’ensi mwe tuwangaalira.

Ensibiko y’Obwengula 

Ebyawandiikibwa ebitukuvu biraga nti oluberyeberye Namugereka  yasooka kutonda bwengula nga tannaba kutonda bulamu.Soma mu Bbayibbuli Oluberyeberye 1:1).  

Okusinziira ku bannakyerongooserezo(evolutionists) , Katonda yasooka kutonda “ekire nabire” (the nebular cloud) kyokka nga ebbanga lyonna likutte enzikiza ey’amaanyi ennyo .  Bwe waayitawo ekiseera, Katonda n’agamba nti kati wabeewo obwengula. Ne wabaawo okubwatuka okunene (bigbang) mu kire nabire. 

Okubwatuka kuno kugenda okukkakkana nga waliwo seng’endo ez’enjawulo eziri mu kutondekebwawo enkola z’obutonde nga “empalirizo ezisikira mu nzitoya” oba essikirizo  (gravity).

Bannasayansi kye bayita okubwatuka okunene kirabika okuba nga lyali ddoboozi lya Katonda ery’omwanguka kuba nabo bateebereza buteebereza.

 Ekyewuunyo ekyeyorekera mu ngeri Namugereka gye yaluka obwengula

Mukono gwa Katonda ogw’amaanyi gwokka gwe guyinza okuluka okukontana ne kuvaamu enteekateeka ekuumira ebintu awamu ate mu kibalo ne sayansi owa waggulu.

Okunnyonnyoka okukontana okukuumira obwengula mu mugendo omusengeke obulungi ate mu kibalo ekya waggulu, omuntu ow’omulembe guno asaana okumanya ensengeka oba enteekateeka ya seng’endo (cosmic bodies)  eziri mu  bwengula (cosmos/universe):

Lwaki buli nzitoya(mass)  eri mu bwengula eyitibwa seng’endo? Kubanga buli ekiri    mu bwengula kiri mu mugendo ogutakoma nga kiseyeeya mu kkubo lyakyo. Bwe twogera ku bwengula n’olwekyo tutegeeza obwaguuga bw’enzitoya eziri mu bwengula. Sengendo eziri mu bwengula zisengekeddwa mu nsengeka ey’ekibalo ekya waggulu bwe ziti:

(a)	 Ebisinde(Galaxes)
(b)	 Enjuba =emmunyenye(the Suns/Stars)
(c)	 Enkulungo (planets) n’emyezi gyazo

Obadde olimu okubuusabuusa nti Katonda gy’ali ate nga ye Katonda w’obwengula bwonna ateekumira mu miti, mu njazi, mu njuba, oba mu myoyo egy’enjawulo?

 Sooka omanye nti obwengula kintu ekirina obumu kubanga bulimu  enjuba/emmunyenye , n’ensengekera zazo (solar systems)  ,   nga buli nsengekera ya  njuba erimu enkulungo(planets)  ate nga buli nkulungo eriko omwezi oba emyezi(moons). 

Ensengekera z’enjuba(emmunyenye) ziri mu bibinja ebiyitibwa ebisinde(galaxies) ebiri mu kuva  okw’entakoma(constanbt motion) mu bwengula buli emu n’enjuba zayo nazo eziri mu mugendo ogutakoma n’enkulungo zaayo . 

Ebisinde ebiri mu bwengula butabalika ate buli kisinde kirimu ensengekera z’enjuba (solar systems) bukadde na bukadde nga buli nsengekera ya njuba yebulunguddwa enkulungo nga eno enkulungo y’Ensi kwe tuli. Sseng’endo kiraga nti buli ekiri mu bwengula ka bibe bisinde, ebire nabire (the nebular clouds) , njuba oba munyenye, oba emyezi , yadde obutoffaali obusirikitu nga obuziba(atomu),  kiri mu kuva okutakoma.
	
Kakensa Johannes Kapler yakizuula nti enkulungo mu nsengekera y’enjuba yaffe zigondera amateeka ga Katonda gano abakafiiri ge bayita amateeka g’obutonde,  gy’obeera obutonde bwe bwetonda:
	
(i)	Enkulungo zetoloola (orbit) enjuba mu kiripuso (ellipse) so si mu bwetoloovu obutuukirivu nga bwe kyali kirowoozebwa. Enjuba ebeera wakati mu kiripuso kino. Kino kitegeeza nti buli nkulungo waliwo ekiseera w’ebeerera okumpi ennyo n’enjuba. Enkulungo bweba eri kumpi n’enjuba edduka emisinde mingiko okusinga ng’eri walako nayo olw’ okuba nga okuliraana enjuba akanyigirizi (pressure) keyongera okukka wansi ekintu ekiddusa enjuba okusingako.

(ii)	Enkulungo gy’ekoma okuba ewala okuva ku njuba yayo gy’ekoma okulwaawo okumalako okwetoloola kwayo era gy’ekoma okuba n’omwaka omuwanvu. Kitegeeza nti buli nkulungo erina obuwanvu bw’omwaka bwa njawulo okuva ku ndala. Omwaka gw’enkulungo y’Ensi gulimu ennaku 365.26.

Amateeka ag’Ensibo agafuga obwengula 

Amateeka agafuga oba agabezaawo obwengula mateeka ga Katonda kubanga amateeka gano mwe muli sayansi omukusike obutonde kwe butambulira. Tegasobola kuba mateeka ga butonde kubanga obutonde tebulina magezi; amagezi gonna agasukkulumye gali mu Kalimagezi omusukkulumu, Katonda.

Amateeka ag’ensibo agafuga obwengula galaga enteekateeka eya kagezimunyu asukkulumye ku bonna. Obwengula bugondera amateeka g’essomabuziba (chemistry), Essomabuzimbe (physics) n’ekibalangulo (mathematics) agasengekeddwa obulungi. 

Okutwalira awamu, agamu ku mateeka ga Katonda w’obutonde agafuga seng’endo (cerestial bodies) mu bwengula ge gano:

A.	Omugendo ogutakoma. Buli kintu mu bwengula kiri mu mugendo ogutakoma. Buli sengendo buli kaseera eba eseeyeeya mu kkubo lyayo; kino kitegeeza buli golomola, buli njuba, buli  nkulungo, na buli  ndagamwezi biri mu mugendo ogutakoma   kyokka nga tewali kimala gava mu kkubo lyakyo kutomeragana na kirala.

Omugendo guno guli  ne mu biramu ku Nsi .Buli kiramu kiri mu mugendo ogutakoma; kizaalibwa ne kikula nakyo ne kizaala ne kikaddiwa bwe kimala ne kifa nga kireseewo ebiramu ebyongezaayo sipiisa yaakyo.

B.	Emplirizo esikira mu sengendo/Essikirizo (Gravity).

 Lwaki enkulungo ziba mu mugendo okwetoloola enjuba obutagivaako? Eyasooka okuddamu ekibuuzo kino yali mungereza kakensa mu sayansi ayitibwa Isaac Newton , emyaka ng’ebikumi bisatu egiyise. Isaac Newton yakizuula nti ensonga lwaki enkulungo ziseyeeya okwebulungula enjuba kiva ku kintu kye kimu lwaki bw’osuula ekintu kigwa ku ttaka (ku Ensi). 

Yawumbawumba ng’agamba nti empalirizo esikira mu  njuba eyitibwa esikrizo ly’enjuba  (the sun’s gravitational force) esika enkulungo mu ngeri y’emu empalirizo esikira ku Ensi, eyitibwa essikrizo ly’ensi  (the earth’s gravitational force) gye gasika buli kintu ekitalina maanyi gawaliriza (force) malala era  nga   ge gamu agakuumira nze naawe ku ttaka. Wabula teyaddamu kibuuzo : ani eyateekateeka empalirizo zino ezisika buno(enzitoya mu bwengula) okweyisa bwe butyo ?

Yayongera n’agamba nti ekintu gye kikoma okuzitowa gye kikoma okuvaamu empalirizo esika  (pulling force ) eyitibwa essikirizo(gracvity) ennyingi  ate gye kikoma okuwewuka gye kikoma okuvaamu empalirizo esika entono. 

Seng’endo esinga okuba n’obuzito olw’enzitoya (mass) ennene gy’eba nayo eba njuba. Eno y’ ensonga lwaki evaamu essikirizo (gravity) , empalirizo esika ,  esinga obungi mu nsengekera yaayo era n’ekuumira buli sengendo oba enkulungo eri mu kyebulungulo kyayo mu kifo w’eri ng’egyetoloola.

Essikirizo , nga eno eba mpalirizo esikira mu nzitoya ennene, eba mu njuba   , mwe muli ekyama ekiwanga bu seng’endo obutono obuseyeeya nga bugyebulungula mu mugendo okutakoma. Enkulungo y’ ensi (planet earth) yaffe esangibwa mu kyebulungulo ky’essikirizo ly’enjuba Muwanga (solar gravitational field).

Seng’endo gy’ekoma obunene, gy’ekoma n’okuvaamu essikirizo   eringi. Eno y’ensonga lwaki yadde buli nkulungo evaamu essikrizo kyokka essikrizo ery’enjuba lisukkulunye kubanga enjuba, senkulungo, esukkulumye mu bunene ku nkulungo zaayo zonna ng’ozigasse wamu.  Ekibalo ky’essikirizo, empalirizo esikira mu nzitoya ennene,  ye mpagi ewaniridde sengendo mu bwengula. Essikirizo lirimu:

a.	 Empalirizo ezisikira ku mpuyibbiri (opposing forces). Buli njuba (mmunyeenye) esika enkulungo zaayo kyokka zo zigezaako okugyewaggulako.Kino kiri bwe kityo olw’empalirizo esikira mu makkati n’empalirizo  eyewaggula ku makkati eziriwo  mu butonde. Obumu bw’okukontana buno bwe buvaamu omugendo gw’enkulungo okwetoloola enjuba yaazo.

b.	Empalirizo eskria mu kifundikwa kya golomola. Buli kisinde  kirina ekifundikwa omusibuka empalirizo esika  enjuba zaayo okusigala munda mw’ekisinde ekyo. Golomola emu ebaamu ensengekerera z’enjuba buwumbi na buwumbi.

c.	Empalirizo esikira mu njuba (The sun’s gravitational force). Okukontana kw’amaanyi gano n’amaanyikyewaggula ku njuba kwe kukuuma enkulungo z’enjuba zonna okusigala, buli emu, mu kkubo lyayo mwe yetoloolera ng’egyebulungudde mu kyebulungulo kyaayo eky’essikirizo (gravitational field).

d.	Empalirizo esikira mu nkulungo (Planetary gravitational force). Okukontana wakati w’empalirizo eno n’eya kyewaggula okubeera mu mwezi kye kikuumira emyezi nga giseyeeya gyetooloola enkulungo yagyo era kye kikuumira buli kintu ekiri ku oba mu kyebulungulo ky’essikirizo ly’enkulungo (planetary gravitational fierd) mu kifo we kiri.

e. Empalirizo esikira mu mwezi (the moon’s gravitational force). Omwezi gwa buli nkulungo guli mu mugendo gwa mwezi mulamba okwetoloola enkulungo yagwo; na buli nkulungo eri mu mugendo gwa mwaka mulamba okwetoloola enjuba yaayo. Omweezi gw’ensi gulimu ennaku ng’asatu ate omwaka ennaku nga 365.

Empagi ewaniridde Seng’endo mu Bwengula ya kyewuunyo

Oba enjuba erimu empalirizo esika enkulungo zaayo, lwaaki tezebbika munda mwayo ne zaaka ne zifuuka vvu? Kino nakyo kibalo kya Katonda eky’ekyewuunyo. Wano Namugereka yateekawo empalirizo esikira ku mpuyibbiri.

Emaplirizo ezisikira mu mpuyibbiri (opposing forces) zeyoleka ng’ empalirizo ezisikira mu makkati (centrepetal force) n’empalirizo eziviira amakkati (centrefugal force). Ng’ojjeeko  okusikibwa okuva mu njuba (mu makkati g’enjuba), ,enkulungo ate era ebeera mu kikolwa eky’okwewaggula okuva ku njuba yaayo.

Kino kye kimu ne bw’osiba akazito ku luwaya, akagwa, oba oluwuzi oluwanvu n’okawuuba (okazunza) ng’oketolooza. Bw’okola kino oba okasikira ku mukono gwo mu ngeri y’emu “empalirizo esikira mu  njuba” gy’esika enkulungo ng’egizza munda kyokka empalirzo eyewaggula ku makkati n’ekuumira akazito mu kwetoloola. 

Awatali mpalirizo eviira makkati  (mu ngeri ey’okwagala okwewaggula), akazito kaba kagwaayo mu makkati ate era awatali kusikira mu makkati akazito kaba kasigala mu mugendo omugolokofu okuviira amakkati era kino kye kibaawo singa akagwa k’owuuba okatadde.

Bwe twogera ku “mpalirizo esikira mu makkati” mu luganda mba ndaga engeri ez’enjawulo “essikirizo” (Gravity)gye lyeyisaamu mu bwengula.   Mu butuufu, ebintu ebiri mu kwetoloola bifuna okwaagala okudda munda (mu makkati). Kino kye kiyitibwa empalirizo esikira mu makkati.
Empalirizo eyeyunira  amakkati y’empalirirza (force) eleetera enkulungo eba yetoloola  enjuba  okufuna okusikibwa okuva mu makati ga senkulungo eyo  . Wano we wali obwetaavu bw’empalirizo esikira mu makkati(centripetal force ) mu essomabutonde; oba si ekyo , ekintu ekidduka kiba kyeyongerayo butereevu awatali kuweta.

Ku ludda olulala omuntu ayinza okulowooza nti waliwo engeri y’ebintu eby’etoloola okwagala okudda ebweeru. Kino kye kiyitibwa empalirizo eyewaggula  ku makkati (centrifugal force). Mu butuufu , ekigambo ky’olungereza “centripetal force” kiva mu kya lulattini ekitegeeza” okunoonya amakkati”(seeking the centre) ate centrifugal  “ okwewaggula ku  makkati” (fleeing the centre).

Okuteekawo okukontana wakati w’empalirizo ezisikira mu makkati n’empalirizo eviira amakkati y’empagi Namugereka gyakozesa ewaniridde seng’endo zonna eziri mu bwengula  . Yadde nga buli seng’endo Katonda yagiteekamu essikrizo(gravity), gy’ekoma obunene gy’ekoma okuba n’amaanyi gano agasika endala entono eziri mu kyebulungulo kyayo. 

 Amateeka ag’ensibo Agafuga Enkulungo y’Ensi n’Ebyayo

Gano nago mateeka ga Katonda w’obutonde. Nga bwe guli mu bwengula , n’Ensi erina ensengekera yaayo n’amateeka ga Katonda  kwetambuliza ebigiriko.  Amateeka gano  agakwekuddwa era galaga nti obutonde ku Nsi  busengekeddwa mu kibalo kya waggulu nnyo bwe buti :

(i)	Essikirizo ly’ensi . (Earth’s gravity). 
Ng’essikirizo ly’enjuba bwe lisika enkulungo eziri mu kyebulungulo ky’enjuba, n’essikirizo  ly’ensi lisikira ku nsi buli kintu kyonna ekiri mu kyebulungulo kya yo (its field) mu bwengula nga n’omwezi gw’Ensi  , kaluuna , mw’ogutwalidde. Ekikuuma nampewo (atmosphere) kyekuusiza ku ssikirizo lya  Nsi.

(ii)	 Nampewo (Earth’s atmosphere). Era essikrizo ly’ensi lye liyamba okukuuma bbulangiti ya “nampewo’ omuli ebirungo by’emikka  egy’obulamu  nga yebulungudde Ensi . Enkulungo ezitaliiko bulamu zebulunguddwa ekiyitibwa bbulangiti ya “namikka” (planatory atmosphere).

(iii)	Ekifo eky’ekibalo. Ensi y’enkulungo yokka mu nsengekera y’enjuba Muwanga eri mu kifo eky’ekibalo okuva ku njuba okusobozesa embeera z’obulamu okubaawo.Enkulungo y’ensi era yebulunguddwa nampewo atabikiddwa mu bipimo by’emikka ebyekibalo ekituufu ebikola empewo esobola okubeezaawo obulamu.  




#Article 122: Ekinonoozo (Engineering) (707 words)


Bannasayansi beyambisa akalombolombo ka sayansi(the scientific method), nga kanoke kakodyo ke beyambisa nga bakola okunoonyereza okwa sayansi(scientific research) ne bavumbula amateeka ga sayansi.

Amateeka ga sayansi gano agaba gavumbuddwa bannasayansi, abaonooza ge banonooza okubaga n'okuzimba ennyanguyirizi oba okukola ennongooosereza ku nsengekera ez'enjawulo. 

Omulamwa gwa  ekinonoozo kivudde mu kugaziya makulu g'ekikolwa eky'okunonooza( to call forth, to apply ). Okusinziira ku Ssekalowooleza Muwanga Charles ,Omunonooza(Engineer) anonooza:

(a) amateeka ga sayansi 

(b) Amateeka g'ekibalangulo (mathematics)

(c)Amateka g'essomabuzimbe(Physics) 

okusobola okuzimba ennyanguyirizi(machine) oba okukola ennongooserezi(innovations) .

Mu butuufu munnasayansi yeyambisa akalombolombo ka sayansi(the scientific method)okusobola okuvumbula amateeka ga sayansi ag'enjawulo .

Amateeka ga sayansi gano n'ekibalangulo  abanonooza(engineers) ge banonooza okusobola okukola ebintu eby'enjawulo mu nsi eya tekinologiya(entondekabintu).

Kinonoozo kisonjolwa nga okunonooza amateeka ga sayansi n'ekibalangulo okuzimba ennyanguyirizi oba okukola enongooserezi(engineering is the application of the laws of science and mathematics to bulid systems which could be machines or make innovations of any form.

Lwaki Essomo ly’Ekinonoozo liyitibwa “kinonoozo”?

Ennono n’obulombolombo bw’abantu abalina obujajja bwe bumu bye bikola “ebyobuwangwa” (culture). Mu byobuwangwa mubaamu obulombolombo obw’enjawulo.

Bwetudda mu sayansi, ennono za sayansi ge mateeka ga sayansi agakakasibwa akalombolombo ka sayansi (the scientific method).

Ekinonoozo (engineering) n’olwekyo ly’essomo erinonooza amateeka ga sayansi n’amateeka g’ekibalangulo okuzimba ennyanguyirizi oba okukola ennongoosereza mu ensengekera (systems). Ennongoosereza ziyinza okuba mu buzaale bw’ebiramu ng’ebirime. 

N’olwekyo tuyinza okwogera ku ekinonoozo ky’obuzaale (genetic engineering) okuyita mu kwekebejja endagabuzaale (genes).

Essomabuzaale (genetics) ly’essomo ly’essomabiramu erinoonyereza ku buzaale (inheritence) bw’ekiramu nga lyekebejja enkolabuzaale (genes), obutaffaali obuvunaanyizibwa ku buzaale bw’ekiramu.

 “Abanonooza” (Engineers) beyambisa sayansi n’okubala okugonjoola obukunizo, okukola ennongoosereza oba okutondekawo ebikole ebyetaagisa okugonza obulamu.  “Ekinonoozo” (engineering) kyekuusiza ku kunonooza mateeka ga sayansi n’okubala okugonjoola obuzibu obw’ebyetaago by’omuntu okuyita mu kuzimba ennyanguyirizi, ebyobuzimbi, okukola ennongoosereza mu birime oba obuzaale bw’omuntu.

 Bannasayansi bakola okunoonyereza nga beyambisa “akalombolombo ka sayansi” (the scientific method) ne bavumbula “amateeka ga sayansi” (laws of science) ate “abanonooza” (engineers) ne banonooza amateeka ga sayansi ago n’amateeka g’okubala okukola ennongoosereza n’ennyanguyirizi. Abanonooza bakola batya ennongoosereza n’ennyanguyirizi? Abanonooza banonooza amateeka ga sayansi, ag'ekibalangulo, n'agessomabuzimbe(Physics) ne:

(i)	Babaga (design)

(ii)	Bawendowaza (evaluate)

(iii)	Bazimba (develop)

(iv)	Bagezesa (test)

(v)	Bakola enkyusiriza oba ennongoosereza (modify)

(vi)	Bapanga (install)

(vii)	Bekebejja (inspect)

(viii)	N’okufulumya ebitondeko (products) ebya buli kika n’ensengekera zabyo.

Abanonooza era:

(i)	Basalawo era ne balaga matiiriyo ki na mitendera ki egyetaagisa okuyitamu okutondeka (to manufacture) ekintu

(ii)	Bakola nga bakalabalaba b’entondeka y’ebikole (manufacturing) n’enzimba y’ebitondeko

(iii)	Bekebejja ensibuko y’obuzibu obubabubaluseewo mu kipango.

(iv)	Bakola okuwabula okw’ekikugu (consultation)

(v)	Basomesa amasomo g’ekinonoozo mu matendekero ne settendekero.

Amasomo g’Ekinonoozo (Fields of engineering)

Mu masomo g’ekinonoozo (fields of engineering) milimu gano wansi:

Abanonooza ab’obuzimbe babaga ebibago (frameworks) by’ebizimbe nga ebitimbagano by’ebiyungagano (truss) bya sitiiru atatalagga ow’obusolya bw’ebizimbe okulaba nga biyinza okugumira oba okuwanirira ekinyigirizo (stress) n’embeera z’obudde. 

Ekinonoozo ky’ekitambuzo kye ki?

Mu byafaayo, omuntu azze avumbula n’okuzimba ebikozesebwa n’ennyanguyirizi enzibu n’enzibuwavu buli olukedde, okusobola okulongoosa embeera y’obulamu bwe.

Ennyanguyirizi nnyingi ze tulaba buli lunaku, omuli ebidduka n’ebikozesebwa, bizimbibwa abanonooza ab’ekitambuzo (mechanical engineers) nga banonooza amateeka ga sayansi n’ekibalangulo. Mu ngeri ennyangu, “ekinonoozo eky’ekitambuzo” kikola ku buli kintu ekitambula oba ekiva mu kifo.

Okutambula kuyinza okuleetebwawo emifumbi mu bantu oba mu nsolo, obwoki, n’akanyigirizi k’entabamuliro (combustion pressure), enfuumo y’amazzi, omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti (electromagnetism), essikirizo, oba seppulingi ez’enjawulo.

Ekyokulabirako, mu motoka “ekitandiso” (starter motor) kikozesa mugendo gwa “masannyalaze ne magineeti” (electromagnetism), ekitondekamaanyi kyeyambisa akanyigirizi k’entabamuliro akabugaana okuva mu kwokya amafuta, siteeringi, ebiziiza, okunokoolayo ebimu.  

Abanonooza ab'ekitambuzo(Mechanical Engineers)

Abanonooza ab’ekitambuzo bazimba ebintu ng’ennyanguyirizi n’ebikozesebwa ebigonza embeera z’abantu. Ekigambo ekikulu wano kwe “kuzimba”.

Abanonooza era babaga ebitundu by’ebipango (sub-assemblies) eby’ennyanguyirizi ezo, omuli n’ensengekera ezizitetenkanya (control systems), ebikozesebwa, n’ebitundu by’ennyanguyirizi kinnakimu. 

Abanonooza bakozesa matiiriyo ez’enjawulo nga ebyuma, “ebyokubumba” (ceramics), ebya pulasitika n’ebirala. Kyetaagisa abanonooza okumanya enneeyisa oba ebinnyonnyozo bya matiiriyo ez’enjawulo. 

Okumanya “ebinnyonnyozo”(properties) ebya matiiriyo zino, gamba ng’obukwafuwavu (density) bwazo, obugumu, amaleego (tensile strength), embavu eyeweta, kiyamba abanonooza okubaza engeri matiiriyo zino gye  zineeyisaamu mu mbeera ez’okunyigiriza nga ekikkatiro, kawereege, okuweta oba  okunyooleza awamu ne mu mbeera z’obudde ez’enjawulo eza tempulikya, akanyigirizi, ggaasi ezifumya (corrosive gases), ebikulukusi (liquids) n’olubugumu (radiation). Era balina okubaza engeri matiiriyo gye zinaaberamu oluvannyuma lw’ekiseera ekiwanvu.

Abanonooza balina okuba n’obumanyirivu okuva mu masomo g’ekinonoozo ag’enjawulo, omuli   “ekinonoozo eky’ebizimbibwa” (civil engineering), ekinonoozo ky’enzirusi ez’obwengula, ekinonoozo kya kompyuta, ekinonoozo ky’amasannyalaze, n’amalala.  

Obusobozi obwetaagisa ennyo mu kinonoozo buva mu kunnyonnyoka essomabutonde (physics), ekibalangulo (mathematics), n’obuzimbe awamu n’ebinnyonnyozo bya matiiriryo ez’enjawulo.=




#Article 123: Omunonooza(engineer) (193 words)


Okusinziira ku Charles Muwanga , mu luganda olwa sayansi omunonooza ye kakensa anonooza amateeka ga sayansi n'ekibalangulo okuzimba ebintu eby'enjawulo ebyetaagibwa okugonza obulamu. 

Omulamwa guno gye gimu ku gizimbiddwa Muwanga Charles ng'agaziya amakulu(semantic extension) ag'ekikolwa eky'okunonooza mu sessomo ly'ekinonoozo(engineering). 

Mu luganda olw'omulembe Omutebi amakulu g'ekinonoozo awamu n'omunonooza gavaayo mangu nga otegedde ki ekinonoozebwa, amateeka ga sayansi n'ekibalangulo.

Abanonooza (Mechanical Engineers)

Abanonooza ab’ekitambuzo bazimba ebintu ng’ennyanguyirizi n’ebikozesebwa ebigonza embeera z’abantu. Ekigambo ekikulu wano kwe “kuzimba”.

Abanonooza era babaga ebitundu by’ebipango (sub-assemblies) eby’ennyanguyirizi ezo, omuli n’ensengekera ezizitetenkanya (control systems), ebikozesebwa, n’ebitundu by’ennyanguyirizi kinnakimu. 

Abanonooza bakozesa matiiriyo ez’enjawulo nga ebyuma, “ebyokubumba” (ceramics), ebya pulasitika n’ebirala. Kyetaagisa abanonooza okumanya enneeyisa oba ebinnyonnyozo bya matiiriyo ez’enjawulo. 

Okumanya “ebinnyonnyozo”(properties) ebya matiiriyo zino, gamba ng’obukwafuwavu (density) bwazo, obugumu, amaleego (tensile strength), embavu eyeweta, kiyamba abanonooza okubaza engeri matiiriyo zino gye  zineeyisaamu mu mbeera ez’okunyigiriza nga ekikkatiro, kawereege, okuweta oba  okunyooleza awamu ne mu mbeera z’obudde ez’enjawulo eza tempulikya, akanyigirizi, ggaasi ezifumya (corrosive gases), ebikulukusi (liquids) n’olubugumu (radiation). Era balina okubaza engeri matiiriyo gye zinaaberamu oluvannyuma lw’ekiseera ekiwanvu.

Abanonooza balina okuba n’obumanyirivu okuva mu masomo g’ekinonoozo ag’enjawulo, omuli   “ekinonoozo eky’ebizimbibwa” (civil engineering), ekinonoozo ky’enzirusi ez’obwengula, ekinonoozo kya kompyuta, ekinonoozo ky’amasannyalaze, n’amalala. 
 




#Article 124: Ekitambuzo(Mechanics) (1337 words)


Ekitambuzo , okusinziira ku Muwanga Charles, kiva mu kugattika(blending) ebigambo by'Oluganda ekibalo ekitambuza ebitundu by'ensengekera(the parts system).Tusobola okwogera ku:

(i) Ekitambuzo eky'omubiri(body mechanics)

(ii) Ekitambuzo eky'emotoka(Auto mechanics)

(iii)Ekitambuzo eky'ennyonnyi(aircraft  mechanics)

n'okweyongerayo.

Unlike in ekibalangulo (mathematics), in physics (essomabutonde) therefore, “ekibalo” is a reference to the trio: Calculations, mathematics or science behind the operation or movement of something. So ekitambuzo is “the science, calculation or math “behind the movement of the parts of a body system or structure. The system could be any structure as a machine. We can hence talk of:

	Ekitambuzo ky’omubiri (body mechanics).

	Ekitambuzo ky’emotoka (the mechanics of a vehicle).

	Ekitambuzo ky’ennyonyi (the mechanics of a plane).

	Ekitambuzo ky’ekinyonyi (the mechanics of a bird).

This is what we mean when we talk of:

	Ekitambuzo ky’omubiri gw’omuntu (the mechanics of a human body), meaning “ekibalo ekitambuza ebitundu by’omubiri gw’omuntu”, that is, the mathematics and science behind the motion of the parts of a human body as a system(ensengekera).

	Ekitambuzo ky’eggaali (the mechanics of a bicycle) meaning ekibalo ekitambuza ebitundu by’eggaali ng’ensengekera, that is, the mathematics and science behind the motion of parts of a bicycle as a machine system (ensengekera).

	Ekitambuzo ky’ekigaali (the mechanics of a wheel barrow) meaning ekibalo ekitambuza ekisobozesa ebitundu by’ekigaali maanyi ga kifuba okuva mu kifo ng’ensengekera, that is, the science and mathematics behind the movement of a wheelbarrow.

	Ekitambuzo kya pikipiki (the mechanics of a motorcycle), meaning ekibalo ekitambuza ebitundu bya pikipiki ng’ensengekera, that is, the mathematics and science behind the motion of a motorcycle as a system.

	Ekitambuzo ky’emotoka (the mechanics of a plane) meaning, ekibalo ekitambuza ebitundu by’emotoka ng’ensengekera, that is, the mathematics and science behind the motion or movement of a motorcar as a system.

	Ekitambuzo ky’ekinyonyi oba eky’ennyonyi (the mechanics of a bird or a plane as a system) meaning, ekibalo ekitambuza ebitundu by’ekinyonyi oba ennyonyi ng’ensengekera, that is, the mathematics and science behind the motion or movement of a bird or a plane as a system.

	Ekitambuzo ky’ennyonyi eya namunkanga ng’ensengekera (the mechanics of a helicopter as a system) meaning, ekibalo ekitambuza ebitundu bya namunkanga ng’ensengekera, that is, the mathematics and science behind the motion or movement of a helicopter   as a system.

	Ekitambuzo ky’ennyonyi ey’amasukuma ag’ omukka (the mechanics of a jet plane) meaning, ekibalo ekitambuza ennyonyi esukumwa omukka ng’ensengekera, that is, the mathematics and science behind the motion or movement of a jet plane   as a system.        

Era nnyongerako nti ekitambuzo ttabi lya ssomabutonde erisoma ebyo ebibaawo nga empalirizo eteekeddwa ku kintu. Ekitambuzo n’olwekyo kye kisoma buli kyekuusiza ku kuva awamu n’enfulumya y’empalirizo okuyita mu nnyanguyirizi ezisookerwako.  

Okunnyonnyola “okuva” kw’ekintu tekimala kulaga nti ekintu kitambudde nigi 10 okudda ku kkono wabula olina n’okulaga obworekero bwakyo; ntegeeza nti bwe kitambudde okuyita mu nigi ezo kyolekedde ludda ki? Eng’enda (velocity) yakyo n’entebenta (acceleration) ebadde etya?
Okutegeera emiramwa egyo kyetaagisa okwekebejja empalirizo ezisibukako okuva. Enkyukakyuka ezijjawo mu kuva kw’ekintu zitondekebwawo mpalirizo eziwaliriza ekintu okukyusa ekifo we kibadde n’eng’enda, awamu n’entebenta yakyo mu bwolekero obugere.

Oba empalirizo ebadde kusindika kidduka, oba kusika kw’essikirizo (pull of gravity) oba emifumbi, ekikulu kwe kulaga ekipimo n’obwolekero bw’empalirizo eba eyogerwako, enzitoya yakyo (its mass) awamu n’embeera y’okuva ey’ekintu ekyo.

Bw’osindika ekidduka ekiri mu mugendo, oba okireetera okwongera ku misinde gyakyo ate bw’osika kivaamu okuyimirira, okusinziira ku bwolekero bw’empalirizo eba ekiteekeddwako.

Singa oteeka ejjinja wansi ku ttaka, empalirizo emu eteekebwa ku jinja lino, y’empalirizo y’essikirizo (gravity). Empalirizo y’essikirizo eba etebentesa ejjinja okudda wansi eri amakkati g’ensi singa tewabaawo ky’ekiiise mu kkubo lyalyo mu kukka wansi. Kyokka singa tuddira ejjinja lino ne tuliwanika ku mmeeza, terigwa wansi kubanga emmeeza eba eriwanirira nga esindika waggulu ku jjinja lino.

Omugogo gw’empalirizo zino guba mugogo gwa kikolwa n’ensindikano (action-reaction); Empalirizo ezenkanankana okuva ku njuyi eziba eza kikontana ku bintu bibiri eby’enjawulo ebikwataganye. Empalirizo ey’ensindikano (reaction force) okuva ku mmeeza eyitibwa empalirizo eya bulijjo (normal force) kubanga eri mu mbeera eya bulijjo, kapendikyula ku safeesi y’emeeza.

Ekitambuzo (Mechanics)

The simple English definition of “mechanics” is “the science and mathematics required for building a system (ensengekera) of parts that bring about motion in a machine”. 

In Luganda, “motion” is “okuva”, movement is continous motion, and for animals like humans it is locomotion or the act of moving called okutambula. From “okutambula” we drive the Luganda concept ekitambuzo, which is Luganda for “machanics”. Don’t confuse the concepts “ekitambulizo” and “ekitambuz0”.

When you analyse the word “ekitambuzo”, it is formed by two Luganda words, “ekibalo” ekitambuza” ebitundu by’ensengekera (The math and science that moves parts of a system).
Unlike in ekibalangulo (mathematics), in physics (essomabutonde) therefore, “ekibalo” is a reference to the trio: Calculations, mathematics or science behind the operation or movement of something. So ekitambuzo is “the science, calculation or math “behind the movement of the parts of a body system or structure. The system could be any structure as a machine. We can hence talk of:

	Ekitambuzo ky’omubiri (body mechanics).

	Ekitambuzo ky’emotoka (the mechanics of a vehicle).

	Ekitambuzo ky’ennyonyi (the mechanics of a plane).

	Ekitambuzo ky’ekinyonyi (the mechanics of a bird).

This is what we mean when we talk of:

	Ekitambuzo ky’omubiri gw’omuntu (the mechanics of a human body), meaning “ekibalo ekitambuza ebitundu by’omubiri gw’omuntu”, that is, the mathematics and science behind the motion of the parts of a human body as a system(ensengekera).

	Ekitambuzo ky’eggaali (the mechanics of a bicycle) meaning ekibalo ekitambuza ebitundu by’eggaali ng’ensengekera, that is, the mathematics and science behind the motion of parts of a bicycle as a machine system (ensengekera).

	Ekitambuzo ky’ekigaali (the mechanics of a wheel barrow) meaning ekibalo ekitambuza ekisobozesa ebitundu by’ekigaali maanyi ga kifuba okuva mu kifo ng’ensengekera, that is, the science and mathematics behind the movement of a wheelbarrow.

	Ekitambuzo kya pikipiki (the mechanics of a motorcycle), meaning ekibalo ekitambuza ebitundu bya pikipiki ng’ensengekera, that is, the mathematics and science behind the motion of a motorcycle as a system.

	Ekitambuzo ky’emotoka (the mechanics of a plane) meaning, ekibalo ekitambuza ebitundu by’emotoka ng’ensengekera, that is, the mathematics and science behind the motion or movement of a motorcar as a system.

	Ekitambuzo ky’ekinyonyi oba eky’ennyonyi (the mechanics of a bird or a plane as a system) meaning, ekibalo ekitambuza ebitundu by’ekinyonyi oba ennyonyi ng’ensengekera, that is, the mathematics and science behind the motion or movement of a bird or a plane as a system.

	Ekitambuzo ky’ennyonyi eya namunkanga ng’ensengekera (the mechanics of a helicopter as a system) meaning, ekibalo ekitambuza ebitundu bya namunkanga ng’ensengekera, that is, the mathematics and science behind the motion or movement of a helicopter   as a system.

	Ekitambuzo ky’ennyonyi ey’amasukuma ag’ omukka (the mechanics of a jet plane) meaning, ekibalo ekitambuza ennyonyi esukumwa omukka ng’ensengekera, that is, the mathematics and science behind the motion or movement of a jet plane   as a system.      
  

Era nnyongerako nti ekitambuzo ttabi lya ssomabutonde erisoma ebyo ebibaawo nga empalirizo eteekeddwa ku kintu. Ekitambuzo n’olwekyo kye kisoma buli kyekuusiza ku kuva awamu n’enfulumya y’empalirizo okuyita mu nnyanguyirizi ezisookerwako.  

Okunnyonnyola “okuva” kw’ekintu tekimala kulaga nti ekintu kitambudde nigi 10 okudda ku kkono wabula olina n’okulaga obworekero bwakyo; ntegeeza nti bwe kitambudde okuyita mu nigi ezo kyolekedde ludda ki? Eng’enda (velocity) yakyo n’entebenta (acceleration) ebadde etya?
Okutegeera emiramwa egyo kyetaagisa okwekebejja empalirizo ezisibukako okuva. Enkyukakyuka ezijjawo mu kuva kw’ekintu zitondekebwawo mpalirizo eziwaliriza ekintu okukyusa ekifo we kibadde n’eng’enda, awamu n’entebenta yakyo mu bwolekero obugere.

Oba empalirizo ebadde kusindika kidduka, oba kusika kw’essikirizo (pull of gravity) oba emifumbi, ekikulu kwe kulaga ekipimo n’obwolekero bw’empalirizo eba eyogerwako, enzitoya yakyo (its mass) awamu n’embeera y’okuva ey’ekintu ekyo.

Bw’osindika ekidduka ekiri mu mugendo, oba okireetera okwongera ku misinde gyakyo ate bw’osika kivaamu okuyimirira, okusinziira ku bwolekero bw’empalirizo eba ekiteekeddwako.

Singa oteeka ejjinja wansi ku ttaka, empalirizo emu eteekebwa ku jinja lino, y’empalirizo y’essikirizo (gravity). Empalirizo y’essikirizo eba etebentesa ejjinja okudda wansi eri amakkati g’ensi singa tewabaawo ky’ekiiise mu kkubo lyalyo mu kukka wansi. Kyokka singa tuddira ejjinja lino ne tuliwanika ku mmeeza, terigwa wansi kubanga emmeeza eba eriwanirira nga esindika waggulu ku jjinja lino.




#Article 125: Entunnunsi (745 words)


Entunnunsi nayo emanyiddwa nga puleesa eyawagulu, ye mbeera ebeerawo ekseera ekinene/ekiwanvu okujanjabwa era nga omusaayi mu misuwa gukubira kumukumu/kubwangu era nga gubaba gweyongera. Entunnunsi tetera kubeera na bubonero. Entunnunsi erwawo newankabadde, eteeka kubunkenke bwo kufuna obulwadde bw’emisuwa, okusanyalala, okulemererwa kw’omutima, obulwadde bw’obwongo, obalaba, n’obulwadde bw’ensigo.
Entunnunsi etekebwa  mu bika bibiri: enunnunsi eyawansi, neyawuggulu. Ebitundu 90-95 ku 100, entunnunsi ebeera yawansi , nevunulwa nga entunnunsi eyawaggulu olw’okuba tewali bulamu bulambulukufu na mbeera z’abantu. Ebintu mu bulamu ebyongeza ku bunkeke mulimu, omunyo ogususe, okugejja okususe, okufuwa taaba n’omwenge.ekitundu ekisigaddeyo ekya 5-10% ku bibeerawo bitekeddwa nga entunnunsi eyawaggulu, evvunuddwa nga entunnunsi eyawaggulu olwobutamanya bigireta nga obulwadde bwensigo, okukendeza ku misuwa gy’ensigo n’okukozesa empeke ezitangira okuzaala.
Entunnunsi eragibwa mu bipimo bibiri; entunnunsi ebeerawo omulundi ogumu n’eyo ebeerawo emirundi ebiri era nga ze pulessa eyawaggulu n’eyawansi mu mitendera. Entunnunsi entuufu ng’omuntu awumuddeko eri  wakati wa “100-140 millimetrs mercury”, entuununsi y’omulundi ogumu ate ey’emirrundi ebiri wakati wa “60-90mmhg”. Entunnunsi eyawaggulu ebeerawo singa entunnunsi eyabuljjo eremera  okba waggulu wa “140/90mmhg”, bantu abakulu abasinga. Embalirira ey’enjawulo esinga kubera mu baana. Okubalirira/okwekenenya entunnunsi buli kadde kulabika kusinga okubeera mu yateesi n’okebera/n’opima entunnunsi 
Ebyokukyuka mumbeera y’obulamu n’obulamu n’obujanja bikendeenza kuntuununsu n’okukendeza ku bunkenke bwokufuna obuzibu mu bulamu. Enkyukakyuka mu bulamu mulimu okukogga, okukendezza ku nyingizza y’omunnyo, duyiro n’endya ennungi, singa enkyukakyuka y’ebintu mu bulamu tebimala, olwo obujanjabi bwentunnunsi bukozesebwa. Waliwo ebika nga bisatu ebyobujanjabi bwe ntunnunsi mu bitundu 90 ku 100 mu bantu. Enzijanjaba y’entunnunsi eyawaggulu namaddala egenjawulo ekwetaganyizibwa n’obulamu n’obulamu obusubirwa okuba obulungi. Ekiva mu bujanjabi bw’entunnunsi wakati wa “140/90” tekimanyiddwa bulungi n’okwejukanya okufunamu n’abalala okufana obujanjabi kuby’okufunamu.
Entunnunsi eya waggulu ekosa wakati wa 16 ne 39 ku 100 ku bantu mu nsi yonna. Mu 2010, entunnunsi yali ekkirizibwa okuba ensonga mu bitundu 18 ku 100 (obukadde 9.4) abafudde.

OBUBONERO KW’OLABIRA;
Entunnunsi tetera kubeera na bubonero na bubonero, era okugyitegeera etera kubeera mu kulaba mubiri gw’omuntu nga bakozesesa ebyuma bikalimagezi oba okuna obulabilizi bw’omuddwaliro ku kizibu ekitwatagana. Abamu ku balina enttunnunsi eyawaggulu baloopa okulumwa omutwe ogumeruka, okuwogganira mu matu, obutalaba bulungi , okuzirika emirundi egiweera. Obubonero bunno, newankubadde buyinza okukwataganyibwa n’okuyayana okusingira ddala entunnunsi ey’awaggulu yennyini.
Mu ku kukebera ku mubiri, entunnunsi eyinza okukwataganyizibwa n’okuberawo kwenkyukyuka mubya maaso. Enkyukyuka eno epimibwa mu mitendera okuva ku i-iv; omutendera ogusooka n’ogwokubiri kiyinza okubeera ekizibu okwawula.

ENTUNNUNSI Y’AWAGGULU
Entunnunsi n’obubonero obwenkalakalira obwogerwako buyinza okuleeta entunnunsi y’owaggulu nga entunnunsi olwobutamanya kugyireeta. Eky’okubirako, embeera y’obulwadde ereeta obunene obusukiride, sukaali atogumikiriba, obutalabika bulungi mu maaso, okugejja ensigo oba ebibebega n’obubonero ku mubiri bwa kakobe. Embeera y’entunnunsi ereeta okukogga, n’okwagala ennyo okulya, omutima okukubira waggulu, amaaso okugejja. Omusuwa omukulu guyinza okukwataganyizibwa ku bitundu by’omugongo n’enewasigadde okuva ku konno oba ddyo ku lwajuze lw’owakati mubifo byombi. Okulonkoma nomusuwa omukulu kuleeta okukeendeza  ku ntunnunsi mubitundu ebirinanye emikono n’okukeleya oba obutabaawo kubagana kwemissuwa. Ebintu nga “pheochromocytoma” bireeta embeera eyembagirawo eyentunnunsi n’okusokerwako okulumwa omutwe, okupeeruka n’okutuyana okuyitiridde.

AKATYABAGA K’ENTUNNUNSI
Embeera eyitiridde, okwengeza kwentunnunsi nga kwenkana ne oba okusinga omulundi ogumu (180) oba emirundi ebiri(110) nga kiyinza okuyitibwa atyabaga k’entunnunsi. Atyabaga k’entunnunsi katekebwa mu mitendera nga oba entunnunsi eyamangu oba eyembagirawo, okusizira ku kubeerawo oba obutabeerawo bw’okukosebwa bwekitundu ky’omubiri mu mitendera.
Muntunnunsi eyembagirawo, tewali bujulizi bwokukosebwa kwekitundu kyomubiri ekiviramu entunnunsi okulinya. Mumbeera eno, eddagala lyomukamwa likozesebwa okukendeza entunnunsi mu mitendeera wakati wa ssaawa 24 ppaka ku ssaawa 48.
Mu ntunnunsi ey’amangu waliwo obujulizi bwobulemu ku bitundu by’omubiri obwenjawulo. Ekitundu ekisinga okukosebwa mulimu obwongo,ekibumba,omutima n’amawuggwe, obubonero abazaala mulimu okubuzabuzibwa, okulumwa mukfuba n’obutassa bulungi. Mu ntunnunsi ey’amangu, entunnunsi erina okukendezebwa mu bwangu okuyimiriza okukosebwa kwebitundu ebimu. Newankubadde, tewali bujulizi bumala ku kinno.

Entunnunsi zibeera mu bembuto abali wakati wa 8- 10% ku buli 100. Okubeera puleesa emirundi ebiri mu ssawa mukaaga kitwalibwa ng’okukeberebwa kw’entunnunsi mu bakyala b’embuto. Entunnunsi ezawaggulu mu mbuto zitwalibwa wamu nga entunnunsi ezabeerawo edda.embeerya “pre- eclamasia” mu kitundu ky’olubuto okugeberwa okuzaala kulabibwa ku ntunnunsi ezeyongera n’okubeerawo kibirisa mu musulo
Embeera eno etukawo mubitundu 5 ku buli 100 mu mbuto ate era ng’evunanyizibwa nti yeleeta abakyala mu obutundu 15 ku buli 100. Embeera eno ekubisaamu emirundi ebiri obunkenke butokutirwa abaami. Ebiseera ebisinga tewali bubonero bwa okugyiraba obubonero bw’embeera eno bwebulabika, watera okubeerawo okulumwa omutwe, obutalaba bulungi mu mataala agaaka ennyo, okusesema, obulumi mu lubuto n’okuzimba, obulwadde bwensigo n’endwadde endala nnyingi nga omusaayi okwekwata mu mubiri.
Mukugeregeranya, entunnunsi ng’omuntu tannazalibwa kinnyonyolwa ng’entunnunsi mu bembuto ngatemuli birisa ebizimba omubiri mu musulo.

Abaana babeera bayisibwa bubi nnyo, tebaba na maanyi n’obuzibu mu kussa kiyinza okukwataganyizibwa n’entunnunsi mu baana abato. Mumbeera abakulukulu, entunnunsi eyinza okuleeta okulumizibwa omutwe,okuyisibwa obubi, okugejja ennyo, obutalaba bulungi, okwerumika n’okusanyalala mu maaso.

EBIREETA ENTUNNUNSI
ETUNNUNSI Y’AWANSI




#Article 126: ETTAMIIRO (284 words)


Ettamiro limayiddwa nga okukozesa omwenge mu bukyamu era nga kisobola okutegeeza okunnya omwenge nekuviiramu obuzubu. Gwayawulamwa ebikka bibiri;  omenge ogwesigamiddwako, n’omwenge ogwonoonebwa mu byobulamu. Ettamiro ligambibwa okubeerawo nga embeera zino ebbira n’endala zituusewo: ng’omuntu nga annywedde omwenge mu bungi okumala ebbanga eddene, nga waliwo obuzibu mu kwesala, okunywa omwenge kutwala obudde bungi era nga gwagalibwa nnyo, okugukozesa kuvaako obutatuukiriza buvunanyizibwa, ebizibu by’obulamu obwabulijjo, obuzibu mu by’obulamu, embera ey’obunkeke. Embeera ey’obunkeke etuukawo mu kuvuga nga bw’onywa obaokwegatta okutakuumidwa,n’ebirala. Okukozesa omwenge gusobola okuksa ebitundu by’omubiri byonna n’okusingira ddala obwongo, omutima, ekibumba, akawago, n’ekitundu ekikolagana n’okulwanyisa endwadde mu mubiri. Kino kisobola okuvaamu obulwadde bw’omutwe, enkuba y’omutima etali yabulijjo, okuremererwa kw’ekibumba, n’obunkeke bw’okufuna kansa. Okutwalira awamu, abakyala basikirizibwa obulabe bw’omwenge, nebizibu by’enddwade z’omutwe okusinga abasajja.
Obulamu bw’ebintu ebitwetolodde n’ebyobulamu bikwataganyizdwa n’ettamiro era  nga buli kitundu ku byo kileeta obunkenke. Omuntu alina omuzzadde  oba muganda we ng’ali ettamiiro alina emikisa esatu ku ena okubeera omutamiivu.  Mubintu by’obulamu ebitwetoolodde, mulimmu eby’obuwangwa n’ebyempisa. Okubeera n’ebirowoozo ebingi n’okuyaayana, n’omuwendo gw’essente entono ez’omwenge ky’ongera ku bunkeke. Abantu bayinza okwongera okunywako ku mwenge okusobola okwongera ku bubonero bw’okugyawo omwenge. Eddagala ly’okugyawo omwenge kuyinza okutwala emwezi okusobola okukoma. Mubyokujajaba ettamiro litwalibwa nga likola ku mubiri n’omutwe. Ebibuzibwa n’obuuzibwa n’okukebera omusaayi kuyinza okwekenenya abantu ablina ettamiro. Obubaka obwongerwako bukunganyizibwa olukakasa ekikeberebwa.
Okwewala ettamiro kusoboka nga balungamya n’okukitekako ekkomo ku mwenge ogutundibwa, okwengeze omusolo gwo mwenge n’ojjanjabi obwalayisi.okujjanja kuyinza okutwala emitendera ejanjawulo. Kubanga ebizibu byobulamu bisobola okutukawo mukasera bwakugyayo, omwenge guyina okufugibwa obulungi. Engeri emujenyigirwamu eby’bujjajabi. Kino kiyinza okubera nga wawebwa ate nga olimu ddwaliro oba okumukuuma. Emuntu asigala kukitundu nga bamulubira oba okumukuuma. Ebintu ebirala ebyagazise omuntu omwenge biyinza okubuzabuza obujjanjabi. Nga omaze okuyambibwa oba ebibiina bya bantu abayamba byeyambisidwa okuyamba omuntu okudda okuva mu kunnywa.




#Article 127: ENNYANGUYIRIZI(MACHINE) (1084 words)


Ennyanguyirizi kiva mu kikolwa ky'oluganda okwanguya .Ennynguyiriza ky'ekintu ekikolebwa okugonza oba okwanguya emirimu oba omulimu.

Mu ssomabuzimbe(physics) waliwo ennyanguyirizi ezisookerwako(simple or basic machines) ne ennyanguyirizi enzibuwavu(Complex machines). Okusinziira ku Muwanga Charles ,mu nnyanguyirizi ezisookerwako mulimu:

(i) Ensikiso = Ennyanguyirizi esika (Pulley)

(ii)Ensuubo = Ennyanguyirizi eyesuuba(Lever)

(iii) Ensaziso oba Enjuziso = Ennyanguyirizi esala oba eyuza(Wedge)

(iv) Ekitendero ekyewunzifu(Inclined Plane)

(v) Namuziga n'Ekikono(Wheel and axle)

(v)Kalinjola(Screw)

Mu nnyanguyirizi enzibuwavu mulimu ebitondekamaanyi eby'enjawulo nga:
(a) Ekitondekamaanyi eky'emotoka   (Car engine)
(b) Ekitondekamaanyi eky'ennyonyi  (aircraft engine)
(c)Ekitondekeso ky'amasannyalaze   (Electric Generator)
(d) Ekitondekamaanyi eky'amasannyalaze      (Mortar)

Ennyanguyirizi ezisookerwako(simple machines) ez'enjawulo ze zizimba ennyanguyirizi enzibuwavu(complex machines).

Ennyanguyirizi enzibuwavu (Complex machines)

Waliwo ennyanguyirizi ezisookerwako, ennyanguyirizi enzibu, n’ennyanguyirizi enzibuwavu. 

Kalinjola nga ensaanukuzi y’evviini eri mu mutendera gw’ennyanguyirizi ezisookerwako (simple machines). Bweyeyongera okuyungibwako ebitundu by’ennyanguyirizi ezisookerwako endala nga ebiwawaatiro bya namuziga ez’ebiwangagano, efuuka ennyanguyirizi esookerwako ennongooserezemu (improved simple machine).

Ennyanguyirizi enzibu eba nnyanguyirizi ekolebwa mu nnyanguyirizi ezisookerwako ezisukka mu emu ate ennyanguyirizi enzibuwavu nayo eba nnaynguyirizi ekolebwa ennyanguyirizi ezisookerwako ezisukka mu emu kyokka yo obutaba nga nnyanguyirizi nzibu erimu kalonda mungi ddala omuyizi gwe yetaaga okunnyonnyoka ku mutindo ogwa waggulu ddala. 

Eky’okulabirako y’ennyanguyirizi enzibuwavu, ntegeeza enzibu ekiwanvu, eyitibwa “ekitondekamaanyi (engine).

Ennyanguyirizi ezisokerwako zikolera wamu okungonza omulimu. Singa wekenneenya eggaali oba olaba ezimu ku nnyanguyirizi ezisookerwako ez’enjawulo z’oyizeekola ekitambuzo ky’eggali (bicycle mechanics). Kyokka ennyanguyirizi ezikola ekitondekamaanyi eky’emotoka zirimu kalonda wa sayansi mungi ddala okusinga ku w’eggaali.

Eggaali erina namuziga n’ebikono (wheels and crushes) ezitambuza eggaali olugendo lwayo. Amayembe (hand lebars), ebiziiza eby’engalo (hand breakes), n’ebisotta (break pedals) byonna bika bya bisuubo (levers).

Eggaali ezimu ziba n’ebiwangagano ebisobozesa omusossi (rider) okukyusa empalirizo y’okuweta (turning force). Oyinza okukyusa ebiwangagano okukwanguyiriza okusotta eggaali okwambuka ekitendero ekyewanzifu ng’ akasozi. Ebisotta oba olina okubyetolooza ennyo naye kino kikwanguyiza okulinya akasozi.

Ekitondeka maanyi (Engine)

Mu luganda olwa sayansi, ekikolwa eky’okutondeka kifundiwazo ky’ekigambululo “okutonda ebikoleka”. Ekikolwa eky’okutonda kya Katonda yekka era ye yekka asobola okutonda ebintu nga obwengula oba obulamu. 

Omuntu ky’akola kwe kukozesa eby’obugagga eby’ensibo Katonda bye yatonda okukola ebikozesebwa nga ennyanguyirizi n’ebyamaguzi eby’enjawulo, ekiyitibwa okutonda ebikoleka oba “okutondeka” (to produce, to manufacture).

Singa oli akugamba mu Lungereza nti ‘the engine of our economy is agriculture”, kino oba okivvuunula otya mu Luganda? Osobola okukivvuunula nti “ekitondekamaanyi ky’ebyenfuna yaffe by’ebyamalimiro”.

Ekitondekamaanyi (engine) oba ekitondekamaanyi eky'amasannyalaze (motor), eba nnyanguyirizi (machine) ekozesebwa okukyusa amasoboza (energy) okugafuula “omugendo’ (movement). Amasoboza gayinza okubeera mu mbeera yonna. Amasoboza agasinga okukozesebwa mu bitondekamaanyi galimu amasannyalaze, ag’ekika eky'enkyusabuziba  nga petulooli oba ddizero, oba okwokya (heat). Kemiko bw’eba ekozeseddwa okutondeka amasoboza, eyitibwa mafuta (fuel).

Enjawulo wakati w’ekitondekamaanyi (engine) n’ekitondekamaanyi eky'amasannyalaze (motor) eri mu kuba nti ekitondekamaanyi kitondeka “amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo” (mechanical energy) okuva mu bwoki (heat) so nga ate “ekitondekamaanyi eky'amasannyalaze” (motor) kitondekawo amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo okuva mu bika by’amasoboza ebirala ng’amasannyalaze. 

Ebitondekamaanyi byennyini biba bitondekamaanyi eby’omukka gw’amazi (steam) n’kitondekamaanyi eky’entabamuliro ey’omunda (internal combustion engine) kyokka ensoboza (motor) zennyini zirimu ensoboza ey’amasannyalaze (electric motor) n’ensoboza etambuzibwa amazzi (hydraulic motor).

Ku mulembe guno ekitondekamazzi kinnyonnyola ennyanguyirizi nga ebitondekamaanyi eby’omukka gw’amazi (steam engine), n’ebitondekamaanyi eby’entabamuliro eyo munda (internal combustion engines), ebyokya oba ka tugambe nti bikozesa amafuta okuikola emirimu egy’ekitambuzo (mechanical work) nga giteeka empalirizo ey’omugendo omugolokofu (torque) eyitibwa “ekisukuma” (thrust). 

Eky’okulabirako ky’ebitondekamaanyi ebikola empalirizo ey’omugendo (torque) mulimu ebitondekamaanyi ebya bulijjo ebya gasoliini ne ne dizero n’ebibongolo eby’empujjo (turboshafts). Eky’okulabirako ky’ebitondekamaanyi ebitondeka ekisukuma (thrust) mulimu ebiwujjo eby’empujjo (turbofans) n’ebizungirizi (rockets).

Ebitondekamaanyi eby’Enkunu (Piston engines).

Muno amafuta gokyebwa wansi mu ntobo y’ekisituliro (tray) era omukka gw’amazzi gukolebwa mu kibugumizo (boiler) ebiteeka empalirizo ku kibongolo (crankshaft) ne kireetera namuziga nayo okwetoloola ekiviirako emotoka okutambula.

Ebitondekamaanyi ebyasooka byakozesanga obwoki (heat) obwavanga wabweru w’ekitondekamaanyi ne byokyesa ggaasi ku kanyigirizi aka waggulu (high pressure) Bino byalinga bitondekamaanyi bya mikka gwa mazzi (steam) era ebitondekamaanyi ne biyiotibwa bitondekamaanyi bya mukka (Steam engines). 

Omukka gw’amazzi ogwokya gwawerezebwanga mu luseke okuyingira ekitondkamaanyi okusobola okuteeka empalirizo ku nkunu (pistons) okuleetawo okuva. Ebitondekamaanyi bino byakozesebwanga mu makolero amakadde, amaato n’emmeeri. Manya nti omukka gw’amazi agookya ye steam ate enfuuma eva mu kufumuuka kw’omukka guno ye vapour).

Ebitundu by’ekitondekamaanyi ebisookerwako.

Entabiro y’ekitondekamaanyi y’enkinu (cylinder)s, enkunu (piston) mwe zebongera okuva wansi okudda waggulu munda mw’enkinu. 

Walwo ebitondekamaanyi bya njawulo. Waliwo ekitondeka maanyi eky’enkinu emu one cylinder engine nga mu nyanguyiriza ezisaawa omuddo. Emotoka ezisinga zirina enkiinu ezisukka mu emu, ezimu enkulunnya, mukaaga, n’endala enkinu munaana.

Mu kitondekamaanyi eky’enkimu ennyingi (multi-cylinder engine) enkulu zisengekeddwa mu emuku ngeri esatu; lunyiriri (in a line) mu nkula eya – V, n’okugalamivu (horizontal).Bino by’ebitundu by’ekitondeka maanyi.
	
(i)	Ekikubansasi oba Ekikoleezo ky’ensasi (spark plug)

(ii)	Obwebunizo (valves)

Obweburizo obubuyimiriza n’okufulumya bweggala mu kaseera aketaagisa okuyingiriza empewo n’amafuta n’okufulumya omukka ogwa kazambi. Manya nti obwebarizo bwombi bweggala mu kinyigurrizo ky’empewo n’amafuta mu kikalwa eky’entabamuliro/ nattabulamuliro okusobola okulaba nga ekisenge ky’entabamuliiro kyonna kiggude.

(iii)	Enkunu  (Piston)

Wali olabye ekinu ekiganda bwe kifaanana? Kiba nga mukebe omwetoloovu nga entobo ebbiri ezigendagana nnetoloovu. Enkula ey’ekinu n’olwekyo mu bufunze kifuuka enkinu, kino nga kilaga enkula ey’ekinu ng’ogitunuulidde okuva munda oba enkunu, enkula ey’ekinu ng’ojitunuulidde okuva ku ngulu kwayo.

Enkunu kintu ekyakula ng’ensamu ekozesebwa mu kukomaga naye nga yo ya kyuma. Enkunu yebonga ng’edda wansi ne waggulu munda mw’enkinu (inside the cylinder). Ekyebongolo nkalubo ya kyuma ey’enkumu (cylindrical method) eyeboonya ny’edda wansi ne waggula munda mw’enkinu (cylinder).

(iv)	Obukugiro  by’enkunu  (piston rings)

Akakugiro k’enkunu (piston rings) kakola okusiba wakati w’ebisenge by’enkinu n’enkunu). Obukugiro (rings) bulina ebigendererwa bibiri.

a)	Okukugira oba okuziiyiza ekintabuli ky’amafuta n’empewo mu kisenge ky’entabamuliro (combustion chamber) obutawaguza kutonnya mu kiterekero kya woyiro (ekiteroyiro=sump) ng’ekikkatiro n’entabamuliro bigenda mumaaso.

b)	Okukuumira woyiro mu kiteroyiro (sump) obutatonnya mu kisenge ky’entabamuliro (combustion chamber) kuba woyiro awo aba ajja kwokyebwa afe ttayo.
Emookoka ezisinga ezokya woyiro ziba n’ ebitodekamaanyi (egine) ebikaddiye era ng’obukugiro tebukyaziyiza bulungi woyiro butatonnya.

(v)	Akakono (connecting rod)

(vi)	Ebyebongozo engeri gye bikolamu (How cam shafts work)

Omanyi nti waliwo obwebunizo (valves), obuyingiza ekintabuli ky’empewo n’amafuta n’okufulumya kazambi w’amafuta agoogokeddwa okuva mu kitondekamaanyi.
Ekyebongozo kyeyambisa obukukunavu obuyitibwa “engozo” (cams) obwesindika ku bwebunizo okubuggula nga ekyebongozo bwe kyebonga (rotate up and down), seppulingi ku bwebunizo ze zizza obwebindu (engozo) mu mbeera yabwo ey’okubunira.

(vii)	Ekyebongolo (crankshaft)

Ekyebongolo kiva mu kikolwa kya kwebonga kwa nkunu ng’eva wansi n’edda waggulu mu nkinu era ekyebongolo kino kikyusa omugendo gw’enkinu ogwa wansi ne waggulu ne gufuuka omugendo ogwetoloola. 

(viii)	Ekiteroyiro (Sump).

Bwe njogera ku kiteroyiro (sump) mba ntegeeza ekitereka oyiro. Ekiteroyiro kyebulungudde ekyebolongodlo era mu ntobo yakyo mukungaaniramu woyiro ow’ekigero. 
Obuzimbe n’enkola y’ekitondekamaanyi (Structure and principle of engine).

Waliwo ebitondekamaanyi bya ngeri nyingi omuli;

a)	Ekitondekamaanyi eky’omukka gw’amazi.

b)	Ekitondekamaanyi eky’empewo eyokya.

c)	Ekitodenkamaanyi ekyasisa ensasi (spark ignition engine).

d)	Empujjo ez’omukka ogwokya (steam turbine).

e)	Ekitondekamaanyi ekikokeezebwa ekinyigirizo (compression ignition engine).

f)	Empujjo eya ggasi (gas turbine).

g)	 Ekitodenkamaanyi eky’ekizungirizi (rocket engine




#Article 128: Omulengera (the Mind) (625 words)


                              “omwoyo akulengeza mu by’amagezi“. 

Yee “omulengera guba “mwoyo” gwennyini ogutalabika, so ng’ate guva mu bwongo obulabika.

Abaddugavu tulina “obusobozi bw’omulengera” bwe bumu n’obwabazungu naye obuzibu we buva lwa kuba nti tulina omuze omubi ogw’obutayagala kusoomooza bwongo bwaffe. 

Okugamba nti abaddugavu tebaagala kusomooza bwongo bwabwe mba ntegeeza nti tebaagala kumanya busobozi ki obuli mu bwongo babwe. Omuddugavu awerera omwana we kukuguka mu kukoppa obukusu amagezi g’abazungu bw’amala afune digiri oba dipulooma afune omulimu, akole eby’obugagga anyumirwe obulamu awatali kufa ku kubaako kipya ky’ateekawo oba ky’avumbula ku lw’obulungi bw’entabaganya ye n’abo abaliddawo.

Obutasomooza bwongo bwaffe ky’ekimu ku bisinze okutusibira emabega ng’abantu abalala ku Nsi bbo bagenda mu maaso mu sayanmsi ne tekinologiya, ffe nga tuli mu katemba yekka, kuzaala, kulya, kunywa na kugujuubanira bya bugagga ebitono ebiriwo.

Ndowooza nti okukulaga sayansi w’obwongo bwo mu katabo kano kinakuyamba okwetegeera ggwe omuddugavu nga omuntu, okitegeere nti olina obusobozi bw’omulengera (mental faculties) bwe bumu n’obwomuzungu, osobole okukozesa omulengera gwo mu bujjuvu.
Buli lunaku ebirowoozo ebiyita mu bwongo bwaffe nkuyanja naye waliwo ebimu ebisigalamu olw’okuba omulengera gubiteekako essira. Bw’oba olina gw’onyiigidde ennyo ojja kusigala nga wetisse okunyiiga okwo mu mulengera gwo. Okusigala nga wetisse okunyiiga okwo kijja kusikiriza ebikolwa ebitali birungi nga okuboggola, okwekandula, enge, empiiga, effutwa, oba okumulumba n’omukolako obulabe. Ekiyinza okuziiyiza kino ly’ essira okuliteeka ku bintu ebirala ebizimba obulamu bwo, obw’abantu bo, oba obw’entabaganya yo.

Ate bw’olowooza ku kubuuka mu bbanga ng’ekinyonyi era ekifaananyi kino omulengera kye gukuba mu bwongo bwo. Singa kino oba okiremezzaako ebirowoozo, ojja kutandika okuyiiya ebiwawaatiro bisobole okukusobozesa okubuuka. Eyo y’ensibuko ya tekinologia oba engeri gy’oyinza okutondekawo ekintu omulengera gwo kwe gutadde essira. 

Abaddugavu tusaana tutandike okulaba ng’ebirowoozo byaffe biteeka essira ku bintu eby’amakulu nga sayansi ali emabega w’obutonde oba tekinologiya avumbuddwa abazungu, okusobola okumunnyonnyoka n’okumuteekamu ennongoosereza naffe tufuuke abayiiya oba bannamakolero. 

Singa tutendeka abaana baffe ebirowoozo byabwe okubiteeka ku kusamira na kuwongera bajajja ffe abaafa n’emizimu egitasobola kutuyamba kukola kizungirizi kitutwala ku mwezi” mu kifo ky’okukozesa obwongo okuyiiya ebintu ebirongoosa obulamu bwaffe, tujja kusigala nga tuli kisekererwa mu Nsi eya Sayansi ne tekinologiya.

Ng’amaze okuyiga okwebuuza ebibuuzo eby’ekifirosoofa (philosophical questions) ku butonde na buli kintu ekigenda mu maaso, omwana yetaaga okumanya engeri y’okutuuka ku kumanya ng’akola enkakaso n’okulaga ky’avumbudde oba ky’ayize. Kino kikolebwa okuyita mu:

Engeri zino zirina ekigendererwa kimu: okutendeka asomesebwa okukozesa obwongo ng’asengeka ebirowoozo mu bwetengerevu (ng’asinziira ku fakikya (facts) oba obukakafu obulabika, okuyita mu kulambika oba okulambulula ensonga.

Okulowooza. 

Okulowooza kikolwa kya mulengera (mental process), obusobozi obw’okutondeka ebirowoozo (formation of thoughts). Okufaanana n’ensolo endala, omuntu yenna alowooza ku buli kintu ky’asegeera ne sensa ze ettaano. Buli muntu alowooza ku bintu, ebisolo, abantu, ebifo, enkula, na buli kintu kyonna awatali nsonga lwaki akola kino. Kino akikola ng’ enneeyisa engerekere (instinctive behaviour) awatali kukyefumiitirizako.

Wano omuntu atondeka ekirowoozo (forms a thought) awatali fakikya (facts) oba bukakafu. Kino kitegeeza nti mu mbeera emu, okulowooza kikolwa ekyetaagisa omuntu okutondeka ekirowoozo ku mbeera eriwo nga bw’eri awatali kugyefumiitirizaako.

Guno gwe mutendera ogusooka ogwetaagisa buli muntu yenna okusoobola okukozesa obusobozi bw’omulengera gwe (fakalita ze) gwe obulala obw’enkozesa y’obwongo.  Okulowooza kuno n’ebikolwa ebigerekere (instinctive acts) oba okumanya okwembagirawo (intuition) tekiri mu bantu bokka, wabula kuli ne mu nsolo ezitalina bwakalimagezi (magezi ga mutendera gwa waggulu) tebiri ku mutindo nga ogw’omuntu. Ziraba ekintu ne zikirowozaako nga bwe kiri kyokka zzo zikoma awo tezeeyongerayo kwefumiitiriza oba kukyefumiitirizaako yadde okwongera okukinoonyerezaako ne sensa endala.

Buli muntu asobola okulowooza naye abantu abamu bakoma ku kulowooza, tebeyongerayo kwefumiitiriza, balowooza bulowooza awatali kwefumiitiriza.  Bakkiririza mu fakikya (facts) oba ebiriwo awatali ku byekebejja na kwekenneenya. Fakikya zino oba ebiriwo nga bw’aba abisegedde, yee abitwala ng’amazima era tafaayo kubyekebejja na kubyekenneenya kusingako awo.

Okwefumiitiriza (Critical thinking). 

Kuno kuli mu bantu bokka. Kulimu bino wammanga:

Mu butuufu omuntu alowooza obulowooza ku kintu ky’asegedde ne sensa ze kyokka n’ateyongerayo kukyekebejja oba okukyekenneenya era n’atakyefumiitirizaako aba ng’ekisolo obusolo. 




#Article 129: Essoma-(-logy)words (137 words)


Muwanga agamba nti okuva mu kikolwa ky'Oluganda okusomesa tufuna emiramwa emikulu nga:
(i) Sessomo(Academic discipline, field of study)
(ii)Essomo (sub-field of study, topic)
(iii) Essoma-(prefix meaning -logy or study of... )
(iv)Essomeso(Lesson)

Akawango akasookeso(prefix) essoma-(equivalent to the English -logy) kasobozesezza oluganda okuvvuunula amasomo ag'ekikugu gonna. 

Akawango akasookeso essoma- era kategeeza kye kimu n'akawango akasookeso eby-.Ebyokulabirako:

(i)Ebyobuvubi= Ebyenjigiriza eby'obuvubi oba ebikolebwa mu buvubi
(ii)Eby'obulimi -Ebyenjigiriza eby'obulimi oba ebikolebwa mu bulimu
(iii) Ebyebibira = Ebyenjigiriza eby'ebibira oba ebikolebwa mu bibira
(iv) Ebyobuziba = Ebyenjigiriza eby'obuziba (Chemistry)
(v)Ebyamalimiro=Ebyenjigiriza eby'amalundiro n'amalimiro(Agriculture)
(v) Ebyembimo=Ebyenjigiriza eby'empimo (Geometry)
(vi)Ebyobuzimbe=Eby'enjigiriza eby'obuzimbe mu sayansi w'obutonde(Physics)

Gino wansi miramwa gye tufuna nga tweyambisa akawango akasookeso essoma mu kifo kye Eby- :

(a) Essomampimo=Essomo ly'empimo (Geometry). Empimo=dimension
(b) Essomankula=Essomo ly'enkula ez'ekibalo(Geometry).Enkula = mathematical shape
(c)Essomabibuuka=Essomo ly'ebibuuka(Aeronautics)
(d) Essomabuzimbe=Essomo ly'obuzimbe (Physics).Laba ebyobuzimbe
(e)Essomabuziba = essomo ly'obusirikitu obuyitibwa obuziba(Chemistry).Laba ebyobuziba




#Article 130: Ebyamalimiro (188 words)


Kino kifundiwazo ky’ekigambululo ky’oluganda “ebikolebwa ku malundiro n’ennimiro”. Oluusi tukigandawaza ne tukiyita agirikakya kyokka omulembe omutebi gugezaako nga bwe kisoboka okukozesa emiramwa egitali myewole.

Emiramwa egyetaagisa 

(a)	Ennimiro (garden). Manya essamba (plantation) eba nnimiro ennene.

(b)	Eddundiro (place for animal keeping))

(c)	Eddimiro (farm)

Eddimiro = eddundiro + ennimiro

Mu bungi: Amalimiro (farms)

When we add the prefix “ebya” to “amalimiro” (farms) we derive the Luganda concept “ebyamalimiro” meaning “agriculture”.

(d)	Ennyanguyirizi (machines)

(e)	Ekitambuzo (Mechanics)

Ebyamalimiro biva mu byabutonde Katonda bye yatugonnomolako, omuli ettaka, ekitangaala, tempulikya (ebbugumu ery’ekigero), amazzi oba enkuba, n’ebirala. Birimu okulima emmere y’abantu n’ebisolo, okulima emiti, ebibala, enva endiirwa, ebimuli, ensigo, okulima ebintu ebikozesebwa mu makolero (raw materials) nga ebiwuzi (fibre) ne pamba, okuwakisa ensolo (breeding), okulunda ensolo ezivaamu  amata, ennyama, amaliba, omwoya (wool), amagi, obuwuzi bw’ebisaanyi (silk). Ebyamalimiro biyamba omuntu okwetusaako ebyetaago ebisookerwako nga emmere, ebyokwambala, ebyokuzimbisa ng’amasamba g’embaawo, eddagala, ebibira by’enku (woodlots) n’okwesanyusaamu.

Eddimiro(Farm) kiva mu kugattika ebigambo eddundiro n'ennimiro.

Eddundiro + Ennimiro = Eddimiro(farm).Mu bungi(plural) Eddimiro kibeera amalimiro(farms). 

Okuva mu kigambo eddimiro tufuna ekigambo ebyamalimiro (agriculture), ekitegeeza ebyenjigiriza ebikwata ku malimiro oba ebikolebwa ku malimiro.

Eby- + Amalimiro = Ebyamalimiro (agriculture).




#Article 131: Essomabuzaale (Genetics) (1521 words)


Essomabuzaale(Genetics) ,okusinziira ku Charles Muwanga , ssomo lya essomabiramu(biology)erinoonyereza ku nnabuzaale(genes) z'obutaffaali.Essomabuzaale lyekuusiza ku :

(i) Obutaffaali                     (body cells)
(ii)Endagabuzaale oba ennabuzaale   (genes).
(ii) Endagabutonde                 (DNA)
(iii) Obusekese                    (Chromosomes)

Essomabuzaale (Genetics)

Munda mwa buli kataffaali ka kiramu, ekimera oba ensolo, mulimu emigereko gy’ebiragiro egiyitibwa endagabuzaale , mu bumpimpi “ennabuzaale” (genes). Endagabuzaale oba ennabuzaale ziraga oba ziwa endagabutonde ebiragebiragiro ku ki ekimera oba ensolo bwe kirina okufaanana , oba omubiri okukola ebigubezaawo nga mulamu .

Ennnabuzaale  zino  ziri ku luwuzi oluwanvu olwa matiriyo eyitibwa Endagabutonde(DNA)  ate endagabutonde  ez’enjawulo nazo ne zikola   ebinwa ebiwanvu (long strands) ebiyitibwa obusekese mu ngeri y’emu olusekese lw’enkul bwe lubaamu enku ez’enjawulo ezikola olusekese. Kino kitegeeza nti ng’olusekese lw’enku bwe lubaamu enku ez’enjawulo mu mubiri gw’omuntu mu buli kataffaali buli kasekese kabaamu endagabutonde(DNA) .

Olusekese oba ekinwa lubaamu enku ez’enjawulo ezisibiddwa awamu. Mu ngeri y’emu akasekese akamu kabaamu endagabutonde ez’enjawulo. Ennabuzaale kiba kitundu ku endagabutonde.

Essomabuzaale (genetics) kye ki?

Essomabuzaale liba ssomo lya buzaale bwa biramu bwe bisikira okuva mu bizadde bwabyo . Essomabuzaale sayansi assoma engeri ebiramu gye bisikira “enkula” (traits) n’enjawukanyo (variation) z’ebizadde byabyo mu birungo by’obutafaali bwabyo okuva ku mulembe ogumu okudda ku mulala.

Mu nsonjola ennambulukufu essomabuzaale ly’essomo ly’engeri ebiramu gye bisikiramu andabika zabyo nga langi y’amaaso, ennyindo, obuwanvu, n’ennayisa okuva ku bizadde byabyo. Munnasayansi akuguka mu essomabuzimbe ayitibwa munnassomabuzaale (Geneticist).

Singa taata alina enviiri eza munyerere azaala omwana , mu kiseera kitono enviiri ziyinza  okutandika okulabika ng’eza Taata. Kino bwe kibaawo, omwana aba asikidde (inherit) ennabuzaale =endagabuzaale(genes) okuva mu kitaawe era obutaffaali bw’enviiri zaabwe butba n’endagabutonde  (DNA) ze zimu.

Obuzaale oba essomabuzaale (genetics) lya mugaso mu bantu, ebisolo, n’ebimera awamu n’obutaffali obulamu obulala. Ekimera kiyinza okusikiza ekyana kyakyo enkula ng’obungi bw’ebibala bye kissa, langi y’ebimuli bye kireeta n’obuzimbe bw’emirandira okuyita mu nsigo evaamu ekimera ekifaanagana n’ekizadde kyakyo.

Ennabuzaale(Genes)

Okimanyi nti tewabangawo muntu akufaanana mu buli ngeri ebitundu kikumi ku kikumi , era talibeerawo? Bwe wetunuulira, olowooza waliwo omuntu omulala afaanana n’awe mu buli kintu , enkula n’embeera ez’obuntu ?  Nedda, oli muntu alina enkula, endabika, obusobozi bw’omulengera, n’embera z’obuntu ez’enjawulo.

Kyokka era kkiriza oba gaana, oyinza okufaanana ne kitaawo, maama wo, oba muganda wo yadde si kikumi ku kikumi. Kino kireetebwawo ekiyitibwa ennabuzaale =endagabuzaale (genes).
Osaana okimanye nti ennabuzaale ziringa mpapula okuwandiikiddwako ebiragiro ebifuga buli ekigenda mu maaso mu mibiri gyaffe. Ennabuzaale ziba molekyu eziwa  ndagabutonde (DNA) mu mibiri gyaffe  ebiragiro oba obubaka obwekusifu okukola ebintu eby’enjawulo mu mubiri gw’ekiramu.

Kigambibwa nti buli kataffaali kabaamu ennabuzaale ezisoba mu mitwalo ebiri zonna nga zikolera wamu. Ennabuzaale zino zibaamu enkusiko (codes) , ntegeeza obubaka obwekusifu obuviirako ekyo ebiramu kye bisikira okuva mu bizadde.

Tewerabiranga nti ennabuzaale kitundubutundu ku endagabutoonde (DNA), eno nga kemiko (chemical) ebaamu olukusiko lw’obuzaale (genetic code) ekola ebizimba mubiri ebikola obutaffaali obulamu (living cells).

Ebizimbamubiri (proteins) ze bbulooka ezizimba ebiramu. Kumpi buli kintu mu mibiri gyaffe, amagumba, omusaayi n’emifumbi bikolebwa bizimbamubiri (proteins) era mulimu gwa nnabuzaale okukola ku ntondeka y’ebizimbammubiri.

Ennabuzaale tosobola kuziraba n’amaso agali obukunya (naked eye), wetaaga enzimbulukusa ez’amaanyi era ennabuzaale mu butonde zaakula nga wuzi  ezisangibwa mu busekese bw’endagabutonde (Chromosome)

Ennabuzaale eziriko obulemu (Mutated genes)

Oluusi omuntu aba n’ennabuzaale ezitakola bulungi , z’ayinza okuba ng’azisikidde okuva mu bazadde be . Ennabuzaale ezo mu luganda zigambibwa okuba nga ziriko obulemu aba ziyite “ennabuzaale nnemu” (mutatated or altered genes). Ennabuzaale “ennemu” tezikola mirimu gyazo bulungi era zivaako obukyamu ku bitundu by’emibiri gy’ebiramu.

Ebimu ku birwadde ebisikire nga kookolo n’obutaffaali obw’eggabo (sickle cell) buva ku nnagabuzaale ennemu (mutated genes), zino nga z’endagabuzaale eziriko obulemu.
Endagabutonde (DNA)

Eky’olungereza DNA ekitegeeza endagabutonde  kiggwayo “Deoxyribonucleric Acid” nga eno “molekyu” esangibwa kumpi mu butaffaali bw’ebiramu bwonna.

Endagabutonde (DNA) ebaamu “olukusiko” (Code), luno nga lulimi olukusike olubeeramu obubaka obwekusifu , olutereka obubaka obukozesebwa ennabuzaale obusobozesa ebiramu okukola.
Endagabutonde esangibwa mu butaffaali bwonna mu buzimbe obuyitibwa “Obusekese” (Chromosomesa) nga buno bwe buterekero bw’endagabutonde.

Endagabutonde(DNA) esangibwa mu buziizi (nucleas) bwa butaffaali , eno eyitibwa endagabutonde ey’obuziizi (nuclear DNA). Kyokka endagabutonde emu esangibwa mu “kyondo” (Mitochondira) ky’aketaffaali era eno eyitibwa endagabutonde ey’ekyondira (mitochondrid DNA).

Obutaffaali bwonna mu kiramu ekimu bubaamu endagabutonde y’emu. Endagabutonde ekolebwa bbesi ez’ekimemiko (Chemical bases) nnya :
a)	Adenanyina (adenine A)
b)	Ganayina G( guanine G)
c)	Katosayine C (Cytosine C)
d)	Tayimayine T (Thymine T)

Bbeesi z’ekikemiko(endagabuzimbe) zino zisangibwa mu ludaala olunyooleze (twisted ladder) oluyitibwa nabbulula oludaala olwa nabbirye (Double Helix).

Mu bantu bbeesi zonna ze zimu naye ensegeka oba enzirinngana ya njawulo mu buli muntu. Endagabutonde eyinza okweyabuluzaamu (duplicate) oba okwekoppa. Eno y’ensonge obutaffaali bwonna mu muntu kinnomu buba n’endagubutonde y’emu.

Ekinwa (strandi) ky’endagabutonde kikolebwa ennyukuta GATC  , ennyukuta zino zisengekebwa mu ngeri ekola ebigambo. Ebigambo byesengeka okukola ekinnamakulu (sentences). Ebinnamakulu oyinza okubiyita ennabuzaale (genes). Ennabuzale ewa ebiragira, obutaffaali bwonna mu mubiri okukola ekyo ekyabutonderwa nga bwe kirambikiddwa mu endagabutonde zaffe omuli n’okukola ebizimbamubiri.

Obusekese (chromosomes) kye ki?

Obusekese bugeraageranye n’olusekese lw’enku omubeera enku ennyingi mu kinwa kimu. Akasekese kaba binwa (strands) bya ndagabutonde ebingi ebisibiddwa awamu ng’ekinwa ky’enku oba olusekese lw’enku.

Bbeesi ez’endagabuzimbe (chemicals bases) mu ndagabutonde zikuumirwa mu bifo byazo ne oludaala olwa nabbirye (Double Helix).

Oluddaala olwa nabbirye lugenda mu maaso okwezinga ku bizimbamubiri. Oludaala olwa nabbirye lwezinga ku molekyo ez’ebizimbamubiri okusobola  okukola ekiyitibwa “akasekese” (Chromosome) k’endegabutonde

Obusekese (Chromosomes) busangabwa mu buziizi(in the nucleus) bwa kataffaali.

	                                                                                       Obusekeese (Chromosomes)

Omuwendo gw’obusekese mu kataffaali gusinziira ku ki akataffaali kye kali. Omuntu aba n’obusekese 46 mu buli kataffaali.  Obusekese buno buli mu migereko ebiri egyo’obusekese 23. 
Buli muntu asikira obusekese 23 okuva ku maama n’obusekese 23 okuva ku taata. Eno y’ensonga lwaki buli muntu aba n’enkula (traits) okuva mu maama ne taata we.

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xxxxxxxxx
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xxxxxxxxx

Akasekese aka 23 ka kizadde (sex). Nga tutunuulira obusekese obuba mu kataffaali tuba tusobola okumanya ekizadde” (sex) ky’omwana ali mu lubuto. Ebisajja biba n’obusekese obwekizadde XY ate ebikazi xx. Buno buyitibwa “busekese bwa kizadde (sex chromosomes).

Obusekese bw’ekizedde(Sex chromosomes) kye ki?

Wakati mu kwegatta kw’ekisajja n’ekikazi, ekisajja kifulumya akataffaali ak’empakisolo (sperm cell) ate ekikazi ne kifulamya akatafaali ak’empako (ova cell). Jjukira nti tumaze okulaba nti omubiri gw’omuntu gulina emigogo gy’obusekese 23 mu buli kataffaali nga ku migogo gino , omugogo ogwa 23 ke kasekese ko ak’ekizadde (sex chromosome). Ebisajja biba n’obusekese XY ate ebikazi obusekese XX

Mu kuwaka, buli kizadde kiwaayo akasekese, ekikazi kiwaayo akasekese aka X kubanga ekikazi kirina obusekese xx (xx chromosome.

Ekisajja kifulumya akasekese x oba y mu ngeri etali ya kyeyagalire. Singa ekisajja kifulumya akasekese aka x kiba kigatta x eno ku kasekese x ak’ekikazi okukola xx , ekizadde kyakyo  kiba kya kiwala.  Singa ekisajja kifulumya akasekese ak’ekikazi aka Y , kivaamu ekito ekirina ekizadde eky’ekisajja oba ekirenzi.

Ku mulembe guno, abakugu basobola okukola okuwakisa wabweru w’omubiri (K W B = I V F) mu lungereza “in vitro fertilization”  wano, obutaffaali obw’ekisajja n’ekikazi bujjibwa mu bazadde mu laabu. 

Mu kiwakiso wabweru w’omubiri (K W B), kakensa asobola okulondako kizadde ki (which sex) ky’ayagala okuwakisa. Kino kitegeeza oyinza okulondako omulenzi oba omukazi.
Ensikizo z’obuzaale (Genetic Inheritances).

Okusikira ekintu kitegeesa okufuna ekintu okuva kw’oyo abadde nnyinikyo. Mu essomanuzimbe, ensikizo (inheritance) kitegeeza nti ekito kifuna oba kisikira enkula ezimu okuva ku bizadde, mama ne taata. Endagabuzaale ez’abazadde ze zisinzirako enkula zaffe.

Oluusi, omuntu y’omu abaamu ennaabuzaale ez’enjawulo. Zino ziyitibwa nkyotala (alleles).

Eky’okulabirako, olina enviri za kaweke kubanga ne maama oba taata wo yalina za kaweke. Ne bwe baba nga tebaalina za kaweke, nga za munyerere, nnabuzaale  mu butaffaali bwabwe ziyiriza okubaamu enviiri eza kaweka okuva ku bajjajja era nga naawe kaweke ono baamukusiza.

Ennabuzaale ze zisalawo ku nkula y’enviri , ey’amaaso, obuwanvu oba obunene bwaffe. Omuntu oba ne kopi bbiri ez’obakyotala  bwe bumu oba “kyotalemu” (homozygons) ate oyo oba ne kopi bbiri ez’enjawuli ez’ennabuzaale yonna, “kyotalabbiri (heterozygens).

Obukyotozo (moles) butuyamba okumenya endwadde ez’ebuzaale ze tuyinza okuba nga twasikira okuva mu bazadde baffe. Obukyotalozo n’endagabuzaale biyamba abakugu okumanya oba nga omwana an’asikira ekirwadde ky’obutaffaali obweggabo (sickle cell) n’endwadde endala.

Enjawukana y’Obuzaale (Genetic Variations)

Ebiramu binnakimu mu kibinja ky’ebiramu tebiba bye bimu ddala. Buli kiramu mu kibinja kirina omugereko gw’enkula ng’ekigero , langi obuwanvu, obunene, n’enneyisa enjawulo.

Oluse lw’ebiramu ebizaalibwa ebizadde bye bimu biba n’enjawukana neene. Oyinza okwesanga nti mu b’oluganda bana, omu aba n’enviri za kaweke, ate omulala naba mumpi, omulala wa kitema ate omulala muwanvu nnyo.

Enjawukana ezo mu biramu ebirina ebizadde by’ebimu ziyitibwa njawukano (variation). Ebisonjozo oba enkula eba esikiziddwa eva ka “biragiro  bya nnabuzaale” (genetic information).Kyokka  enkula endala ng’ enjogera ,  enjatula y’ebigambo , obugonvu bw’olususu (texture) oba obunene ziyinza okuva ku buwangaaliro bw’ekiramu   nga:

Oluusi omuntu ayinza okuba nga mu butufu alina enkula etali nsikire naye lwa kuba waliwo embeera ezitali za buzaale ezimuviiriddeko okulaga enkula etali ya buzaale bwe.  Omwana ayinza okulwala amaaso ne galabika ng’amamyufu.  Eno eba njawukana ereeteddwa obulwadde. Ate era omwana eyandibadde omuwanvu mu buzaale ayinza okukonziba olw’endwadde n’edyambi mu buto bwe.

Okukoppulala (Clopping)

Okukoppulula (clonning) kitegeeza okukola kopi y’ekiramu endala yennyini nga weyanbisa sayansi w’essomabuzaale (genetic Science). Mu essomabuzaale (genetically), okukoppulula kitegesa okutondekawo kopi y’ekiramu endala yennyini , emmere ey’emirandira nga lumonde n’ebirandira bitera okukoppululwa.

Okukoppulula kuyinza okuba okw’obutonde oba okukolebwa omuntu .  Mu buttoned , okuzaala abalongo abafaanagana kiva ku kataffaali ak’ekizadde (sexual cell) okweyabulazaamu wakati mu kiwakiso (during fertilization) okuwakisa abalongo.




#Article 132: Essomabiramu (102 words)


Essomabiramu (Biology) ssomo erikwata ku kalonda yenna ow'ebitonde ebiramu. Essomabiramu lirimu ebiti ebikulu bisatu:

Essomabiramu(Biology) era kirimu okusoma okweyubula kw’ebikula(the evolution of spieces) n’akakwate k’okweyubula(evolutionary rerationships)  akali wakati w’ekiramu ekimu n’ekirala  awamu n’ensengeka y’ebiramu eby’enjawulo ku Ensi.
Essomo lino linoonyereza ne ku bayologia  w’obulamu obusirikitu( microorganisms), ebimera,n’ ensoloplants, era ne kikunganyiriza embeera ya bino eya buli lunaku. 

Essomabiramu lyewolako ne mu “essomatomu”(kemisitologia) awamu  ne mu “essomabuzimbe”(fizikologia)  nga zikozesa amateeka ga  sessomo(disciplines) zino  ku biramu.

Sessomo lya essomabiramu(biology discipline) lirimu amatabi mangi kategole ez’engezeso(practical) ne eza emigereeso(theoretical). Mu Bayologia ow’engezeso  mulimu :

Ate mu kigereso ky'Essomabiramu (theoretical biology) mulimu sessomo (disciplines) nga :




#Article 133: Amasoboza (Energy) (6499 words)


Okusinziira ku Charles Muwanga , amasoboza(energy)ge maanyi agasoboza ebisoboka agasoboza ebikolebwa, mu mibiri gyaffe, mu makolero, mu njuba na buli ekikolebwa. Awatali masoboza , tewali kisoboka!!

Amasoboza bwe busobozi okukola omulimu .Amasoboza kiva mu kugattika(blending)  bigambo by’oluganda “amaanyi agasobozesa”. Amasoboza gajjira mu mbeera za njawulo  :

Abantu betaaga  amasoboza okukola ebintu eby’enjawulo   ebyetaagisa okwetusaako bye baagala mu bulamu .Ennyanguyirizi nga ebitondekamaanyi eby’ebidduka nazo zeetaaga amasoboza okukola emirimi gyazo. 

Amasoboza ga bika bibiri :

Emmere omuntu gy’alya ebaamu amakyusabuziba(chemical energy) .O ubiri gw’omuntu gutereka amasoboza gano okusobozesa omuntu okuba n’amaanyi agakola emirimu , okutambula oba okuzannya. 

Amasoboza ge gaviirako obusobozi okukola (ability to do work) .Muwanga agamba nti Oluganda lubadde lukozesa ekigambo kimu maanyiokuvvuunula  force , energy, ne power. Kino kibadde kiremesa omwogezi w'oluganda okuba n'endowooza ey'amasoboza(energy) , empalirizo(force), n'amaanyi(power)nga emiramwa egirimu amakulu ag'enjawulo mu syansi w'ebyobuzimbe(Physics).

Ku mulundi guno tuyinza okwogera ku :

(i)Amasoboza ag'emmere (food energy.Anti gava mu kulya!Ge gasobozesa omubiri okukola buli gye gukola.

(ii) Amasoboza ag'ekitangaala(Light energy) ge gasobozesa okulaba.

(iii) Amasoboza aga  nabbugumya(thermal energy). Gano ge masoboza era agayitibwa amasoboza ag'okwokya oba ag'ebbugumu (hrat energy) agareetera ebintu okwokya era ge gajjiisa emmere.

Waliwo amasoboza ag'okuva(kinetic energy) nga gano ge masoboza agakola(working energy) n'amasoboza amatereke(potential or stored energy). Amasoboza amatereke era ge masoboza ameebafu.

Amasoboza (Energy)

Enziring’ana y’emiramwa gy’amasoboza (tentative)

I.	Amasoboza

II.	Ebika by’amasoboza

III.	Ensibuko z’amasoboza

IV.	Embeera z’amasoboza

I. Akakwate wakati w’Amasoboza n’Obulamu ku Nsi
Ebyetaago by’obulamu ebisookerwako 

Buli kiramu ku Nsi kirina ebyetaago ebisookerwako okukisobozesa okuba ekiramu. Ebyetaago by’ekiramu ebisookerwako ebitaano bye bino:

(i)	Ekitangaala ky’enjuba(Sunlight)
(ii)	Empewo(Air)
(iii)	Amazzi (water)
(iv)	Ebbugumu
(v)	Emmere

Ebyetaago by’obulamu ebirala nja kubirambulula mu kitabo ekirala eky’Essomabiramu (Biology). Mu kitabo kino  ka njogere ku mugaso gw’ekitangaala ky’enjuba eri obulamu kubanga enjuba ye nakazaala w’amasoboa gonna ku Nsi.

Mu butuufu ,ekitangaala ky’enjuba kyekisinga okuba eky’omugaso  eri ebiramu kubanga y’ensibuko y’amasoboza ageetaaagisa ebimera n’ensolo. Ensolo zirya ebimera okufuna amasoboza gebyetaaga okukula, okuzaala , okutambula, n’okukola. Olowooza ki ekibaawo singa omuntu amala ennaku eziwera nga talidde mmere ?

Enjuba y’ensibuko y’amasoboza, ebbugumu n’ekitangaala. Ebimera byetaaga ekitangaala okukola emmere yabyo eyitibwa ebisukaali (sugars)  okusobozesa ekitangattisa(photosynthesis). 

Ebimera bitereka emmere, ebisukaali , mu bikoola byabyo  olwo  ensolo ne zirya ebimera bin one bifuna amasoboza agasobozeza emibiri gyabyo okukola emirimu gyagyo egy’enjawulo. Ebimuli by’ebimera bigwa ku ttaka bbakitiriya mu ttaka ne bibivunza okubifuula nakvundira nga biyambibwako obubisiwavu   n’ebbugumu  okuva kun juba . 

Ekitangaala ky’omusana kyetaagisa ensolo zonna yadde nga mu bigero eby’enjawulo ne mu ngeri  ez’enjawulo .Eky’okulabirako luyonsa nnyingi ne lugirigimba ng’emisota , enfudu , n’amakonkome  biota omusona emisana okusobola okufuna ebbugumu eryetaagisa okubisobozesa okukola ebintu eby’enjawulo.

Obuwundo n’ebinyira  nsolo ezetaaya ekiro   kyokka zibuna amasoboza g’enjuba okuyita mu kulya ebiramu ebirala ebiba bifunye amasoboza okuva ku njuba .Ensolo ezibeera ku ntobo za semayanja  nazo zirya ebiramu ebifu  ebikka wansi okuva waggulu nga bifunnde .Ebisigalira by’ebiramu ebyo bibaamu amasoboza ge byafuna okuva ku njuba.  

Amasoboza ebiramu ge bifuna okuva ku njuba ge gaviirako okumulisa n’okumeruka kw’obuwakiso (pollination) era kye kisobozesa n’ebisolo okuva mu kifo ekimu okudda mu kirala awali ebyetaago byakyo. 

Ebimera bitereka emmere yabyo(ebisukaali) mu bikoola byabyo  ate amasoboza agali mum mere y’ebimera ne gatuuka mu nsolo ezirya ebimera bino .Ebikoola bwe bikunkumuka ne bivundira mu ttaka  .
 
Buli kiramu kyetaaga emmere okukula obulungi. Emmere gye tulya ebaamu ebiriisa(nutrients) emibiri gyaffe gye byetaaga okuzzaawo obutaffaali obukaddiye 

Ebiramu bwe bifa ne bivundira mu ttaka, ebiriisa ebibibaamu  bimerengukira mu ttaka ate emirandira gy’ebimera   me When living things die and rot in the ground, the nutrients in them end up in the soil and get dissolved in it. As a result, plants roots are able to absorb nutrients such as salts, potassium, minerals, starch, phosphates and nitric acids from soils too. 

Amasoboza ky’ekimu ku  bywewuunyo  eby’obutonde ebiri mu bwengula ebyomugaso  enyo. Buli mulimu ogukolebwa oba ka tugambe nti buli kintu ekikolebwa mu bwengula kisoboka lwa “masoboza”. Lwaki?
Amasoboza (Energy) ge maanyi agasobozesa okukola (work) .Amasoboza kiva mu kugattika (blending) ebigambo by’oluganda “amaanyi agasobozesa” okukola omulimu. 
Amasoboza kye ki ?
Tunuulira embeera ekwetoolodde olaba oba waliwo okuva okw’engeri yonna .  ggwe okusobola okulaba , okuwulira , oba okusenserwa  ekintu kyonna kiva mu kuba nti waliwo ekireetera buli kintu okuba nga bw’okisegeera , amaanyi agatalabika agakola ekyo , amaanyi agatalabika agaviirako enkyukakyuka.                          
Buli ky’olaba wano ekigenda mu maawo kiva ku masoboza, amaanyi agakisobozesa okukola ekyo kye kikola. 

 

Amasoboza ge gasobozesa ensolo okutambula era ge gasobozesa n’emotoka okutambula ku nguudo  oba ebibuuka  okutambula mu bwengula .Amasoboza ge gasobozesa TV okulaga ebifaananayi ku ntimbe ne Leediyo okufulumya amaloboozi , okubugumya n’okwasisa ennyumba zaffe ekiro . Amasoboza getaagibwa mu mibiri gy’ebiramu , ebimera n’ensolo okukula n’okuva mu kifo ekiomu okudda mu kirala. 

Bannasayansi basonjola amasoboza nga obusobozi okukola .Tegasobola kutondekebwawo yadde okusanyizibwawo. Buli ekituukiddwako mu nsi eya sayansi kivudde ku busobozi bwa muntu okukyusa amasoboza okuva mu mbeera emu okugazza mu mbeera endala okusobola okugeyambisa okukola ebintu eby’enjawulo.

Ebisookerwako ku Masoboza 
Amasoboza (Energy ) kye kintu ekisobozesa okukyuka okwa buli kika, Amasoboza ge gasobozesa omugendo gw’ebidduka nga eggaalo , pikipiki, emotoka, amaato, emmeeri, ennyonyi , na buli ekitambula ,ebiramu n’ebitali bilamu okuva mu kifo .
Amasoboza ge gatambuza ebidduka ku nguude , amaato n’emeeri ku mazzi , ebibuuka mu bwengula .Amasoboza ge gasoboze emmere okuggya  , ekitangaala okututuukako era amasoboza agakwasa omuzira ge gaguleetera okusanuuka . 
Bannasayansi basonjola amasoboza nga obusobozi okukola omulimu .Amasoboza kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “amaanyi agasobozesa”. 
Amasoboza gajjira mu mbeera za njawulo:

Abantu betaaga  amasoboza okukola ebintu eby’enjawulo   ebyetaagisa okwetusaako bye baagala mu bulamu .Ennyanguyirizi nga ebitondekamaanyi eby’ebidduka nazo zeetaaga amasoboza okukola emirimi gyazo. 

Emigaso gy’amasoboza mu kakyo kano

Oluganda lubadde lukozesa ekigambo kimu , amaanyi, okutegeeza amsoboza oba empalirizo. Kati nno nneebaza Katonda oyo namugereka ataremererwa ansobozesezza ku mulembe guno Omutebi okwawula  emiramwa gino okuva ku mulamwa gw’amaanyi(Power).

Mu butuufu Olulimi okutandika okufuuka olwa sayansi  kirwetaagisa  okwawula emiramwa gino esatu .Ki kulu okutegeera nti buli ekigenda mu maaso mu bulamu ne mu butondewaliwo amaanyi ag’enjawulo agakisobozesa okugenda mu maaso. Amaanyi agasobozesa gano ge gayitibwa “amasoboza”(energy).

Emiganso gy’amasoboza ntoko. Abantu bakozesa amasoboza mu bye’entambula, okufumba, okubugumya enju , okunnyogoza eby’okunywa, mu makolero n’ebitondekero, okumulisa ekiro,  ebyamasanyu , okunokoolayo ebimu. 

Ate era amasoboza ag’ekitangaala ky’enjuba ge gayamba ebirime okukola emmere yabyo n’okukula mu kiyitibwa ekitangattisa (photosynthesis).

Emigaso gy’amasoboza agasobozesa buli kintu ekigenda mu  maaso mu butonde awamu ne mu sayansi ne tekinologiya gyeyolekera :

(i)	Awaka waffe:

(ii)	Mu makolero oba ebitondekero  nga gano wansi kyetaagisa amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze :

Mu butuufu bannamakolero bayinza okweyambisa ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’enjawulo okutondekawo amasannyalaze, amaanyi, n’ebbugumu. Mu nsibuko zino mulimu:

II. Ebika by’amasoboza
Amasoboza ga bika bibiri: 

	Ebiti by’Amasoboza
	Amasoboza Amatereke
Gano masoboza amebafu n’amasoboza ag’obusangiro	Amasoboza ak’Okuva
Amasoboza agali mu kuva ge masoboza agakola.Amasoboza agakola gabaamu okuva kw’amayengo, obusannyalazo, obuziba(atomu), molekyo, n’ebintu eby’enjawulo.
	Buli kiti ky’amasoboza kirimu ebika eby’enjawulo ebiyitibwa embeera(Forms) 

(Chemical enerby)
Amasoboza ag’enkyusabuziba ge masoboza amatereke mu nkwaso z’obuziizi oba ziyite enkwaso za atomu ne molekyo.	Amasoboza ag’Oluyengo=Olubugmu olw’amayengo(radiant energy) .
Gano gaba masoboza gwa mugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti agava mu njuba nga gayita mu mayengo agegonyola (transeverse waves).Amasoboza ag’Oluyengo galimu ekitangaala ekirabika, emigendo egya-x,emigendo gya-ggama, n’amayengo ga lediyo. Amasoboza ag’enjuba kyakulabirako kya masoboza ag’oluyengo.

(Nuclear Energy)
Gano ge masoboza amatereke mu buziizi bwa atomu, ntegeeza mu nnyukiriyasi y’akaziba.Amasoboza ag’obuziizi ge masoboza agakuumira awamu obuziizi bw’akaziba(bwa atomu).
Obuziizi bwa atomu ya Yulaniyaamu kyakulabirako kya masoboza g’obuziizi.	Amasoboza aga nabbugumya(Thernal energy)
Amasoboza aga nabbugumya era ge masoboza ag’okwokya oba amasoboza ag’ebbugumu(heat energy).Gava ku kujugumira(ibration) n’okutambula kw’obuziba(atomu) ne molekyo mu bintu.Amasoboza agannabbugumyamagombe(geothermal energy) kya kulabirako kya masoboza ga nabbugumya.

Gano ge masoboza amatereke mu bintu nga tubiteekako empalirizo. Seppulingi ezikkatiddwa  ne labba bbandi oba butida ezireeguddwa  byakulabirako bya musoboza ga kitambuzo amatereke.	Amasoboza ag’okuva(Motion energy).
Okutambula  kw’ebintu  ky’ekiyitibwa okuva.
	Amasoboza amatereke ag’essikrizo         (Gravitational potential energy)
Amasoboza ag’essikirizo ge masoboza ag’ekifo oba obusangiro obuli waggulu.Eky’okulabirako ge mazzi agali mu ttanka eziwanikiddwa ku kasozi akawanvu.Amazzi bwe gasumululwa okukka mu maka agali wansi w’olusozi gafuuka masoboza ag’okuva oba amasoboza agakola.	Amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze
(Electrical energy)
Amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze gaba masoboza agali mu kuva oba amasoboza agakola kubanga gabaamu omugendo gw’obusannyalazo.Ekimyansuko n’amasannyalaze bya kulabirako by’amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze kuba gombi gabaamu omugendo gw’obusannyalazo.
		Amasoboza ag’Ebivuga(Sound energy)
Okuvuga gwe mugendo gw’amasoboza okuyita mu bintu  mu mbeera ey’amayengo.
		
		
		
		

Emmere omuntu gy’alya ebaamu amakyusabuziba (chemical energy) .Omubiri gw’omuntu gutereka amasoboza gano okusobozesa omuntu okuba n’obusobozi okukola  emirimu , okutambula oba okuzannya. 
 (i)Amasoboza Amatereke (Stored/Potential energy)
Amasoboza amatereke amakyusabuziba (chemical energy) gaba masoboza amatereke amakyusabuziba .Kino kika kya masoboza matereke agekuusiza ku kwabuluza oba oba okutondeka kw’enkwaso ez’obuziba  (chemical bonds). 

Amasoboza amakyusabuziba  gaterekebwa mu mmere, amafuta ne bbaatule era gafulumizibwa mu mbeera z’amasoboza endala wakati mu nkyukakyuka ez’obuziba bwa atomu. Mu amasoboza amatereke (potentai energy) mulimu:

(a)	Amasoboza amatereke mu mmere n’ebyokunywa

					
(b)	Amasoboza amatereke mu bbaatule oba mu manda							
		

(c)	Amasoboza amatereke mu mazzi. 
Ekyokulabirako: amazzi amateefu oba ago agatali ga biyiriro. 

(d)	 Amasoboza amatereke mu mibiri gyaffe nga tuli mu kifo kimu ate nga tetulina kye tukola.

Emmere gy’alidde eba masoboza matereke singa omuntu talina ky’akozesa mubiri gwe nga okukola emirimu oba okutambulako.	

(e)  Amasoboza amatereke ag’ekitambuzo (Potential mechanical energy). Gano ge masoboza agasangibwa mu bintu ebireguuka nga seppulingi oba butida oba labbabbandi .
(f)  Omuteeko gw’ebiramu (Biomass) y’entuumo y’ebiramu ( organic material) eva mu bimera n’ebirime  era omuteeko gw’ebiramu nsibuko y’amasoboza ezzibwa obujja . 
Omuteeko gw’ebiramu oba entuumo y’ebiramu(Biomass) ebaamu amasoboza amatereke (stored energy) okuva ku njuba.Ebimera biyingiza amasoboza g’enjuba okuyita mu kiyitibwa ekitangattisa(photosynthesis). Amasoboza amatereke mu mafuta, enku, amanda oba ekibiriiti ekikoleeza omuliro nago gali mu kiti kino.
Entuumo y’ebiramu bw’eyokebwa, amasoboza amakyusabuziba (chemical energy) agasangibwa mu ntuumo y’ebiramu gafulumizibwa nga ebbugumu oba okwokya. Omuteeko gw’ebiramu guyinza okwokyebwa butereevu oba ne guteekebwa mu mbeera ey’amafuta g’ebiramu agekikulukusi (liquid biofuels) ne ggasi w’ebiramu ebyokyebwa ng’ebyaffuta (fuels). Ebyokulabirako by’entuumo z’ebiramu n’emigaso gyazo egy’amasoboza girimu:

Okuteeka entuumo y’ebiramu mu mbeera z’Amasoboza endala 
Entuumo y’ebiramu eyinza okufuulibwa embeera z’amasoboza endala nga ggaasi ya metani oba mafuta g’ebidduka nga etani (ethanol) ne dizero ow’ebiramu (bio diesel).

(f)	Amasoboza amatereke mu bizito ebiwanikiddwa waggulu.

(i). Amasoboza g’obuziba (atomic energy). Gano era gayitibwa matereke ga atomu.

(j) Amasoboza ag’obuziizi (Nuclear energy).Gano era gayitibwa matereke aga nnyukiriya.
(k). Amasoboza ag’ekikyusabuziizi .Gamo g’amasoboza ak’ekika ekya kemiko nga aga bbatule n’emmere . Amasoboza ag’obuziba era ge masoboza aga atomu ate amasoboza ag’obuziizi ge masoboza aga nnyukiriya. 

Amasoboza aga atomu (atomic energy) n’amasoboza aga nnyukiriyaasi (nuclear energy) ge masoboza agafulumizibwa mu “bitomeggero by’obuziizi” oba biyite “ebitomeggero bya nnyukiriya” (nuclear reactors). 

Nampa (neutron) bw’eyabuluza mu buziizi (nnyukiriyaasi) bw’obuziba (atomu) obutinniinya, kino kiyitibwa ekyabuluzabuziizi (nuclear fisson). Singa obuziizi bubiri (nnyukiriyaasi bbiri) zegattisibwa wamu ku bwoki obwa digiri bukadde na bukadde, kino kiyitibwa ekyegattisobuziizi (nuclear fusion) oba ekyegattiso kya nnyukiriyaasi.

 (ii)Amasoboza agakola (working energy) =Amasoboza agali mu kuva (kinetic energy)

Gano era gayitibwa masoboza agali mu kuva (kinetic energy). Amasoboza agali mu kuva (kinetic energy) oba amasoboza agakola galimu amasoboza ag’enjuba , ag’amasannyalaze, aga nabbugumya (thermal energy) oba ag’ebbugumu (heat energy), agetaagisa okwasisa amataala, okufumba emmere . 

Ensibuko y’amasoboza gonna eri mu masoboza ag’ekitangaala ky’enjuba (Solar light  Energy) .

Gano era oyinza okugayita amaanyi ag’enjuba. Mu “lubugumu lw’enjuba” (solar radiation) mulimu ebbugumu eriri emabega wa langi emmyufu (infrared heat), amayengo ga Lediyo (radio waves), emigendo gya ggama (Gamma rays), amayengo amatiniwavu (micro waves), n’ekitangaala ekya U-vi (ultraviolet).

n’ebimera byetaaga amasoboza g’enjuba (solar energy) okukola emmere yabyo

(a)	Amasoboza ag’ekitangaala n’Amasoboza ag’ebbugumu(Light and heat energy)

Mu kufumba emmere kyetaagisa amasoboza ag’ebbugumu nga wano wansi:

 Oyinza okweyambisa amasoboza ag’engeri ez’enjawulo okukola omulimu   gwonna. Oyinza okutega amasoboza amatereke n’ago agali mu kuva ag’ebiyiriro by’amazzi agategwa mu mazzi agakulukulukuta okuva waggulu ne gagwa wansi okuyita mu buwanvu obugere.

(a)	Amasoboza ag’ebidduka (vehicular energy)
							
(b)	Amasoboza ag’ensolo eziri mu kutambula (mu kuva)
		

(c)	Amasoboza ag’ebigwa. Singa omuyembe guva ku muti nga gugwa wansi ku ttaka, gubaamu amasoboza ag’okuva. Kyokka nga gukyali waggulu ku muti, gubaamu masoboza matereke.
Amasoboza ag’ebikulukuta ng’amabibiro g’amazzi   agakola amasannyalaze. Muno mulimu amasoboza ng’ ebiyiriro by’amazzi nga ebiyiriro bya ssezibwa oba amabiriro ga Kiira oba Nalubaale. 
Amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze  gava mu kutondekawo n’okukozesa amaanyi g’amasannyalaze okumala ekiseera mu ssaawa eza kirowaati, megawaati oba gigawaati.

(d)	Amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo (Mechanical Energy)
Amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo (mechanical energy) g’amasoboza agatambuza ebitundu by’ennyanguyirizi (machine). Amasoboza ag’ekitambuza era gekuusiza ku kutambula okubeerawo mu mibiri gy’ensolo ng’omuntu.

III.Ensibuko z’amasoboza (Sources of Energy)
Ensibuko zino zombi ziyinza okukyusibwa okufuuka ensibuko ez’omutendera ogw’okubiri ng’amasannyalaze .Ensibuko z’amasoboza zirimu:
Ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogusooka
(Primary energy sources)	Ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogwokubiri
(Secondary energy Sources)
Ensibuko z’amasoboza ezizzibwawo(Renewable energy  sources)	Ensibuko z’amasoboza ezitazzibwawo(Non-renewable energy  sources)	
Amasannyalaze agava mu mazzi (Hydropower)		Amasannyalaze
Entuumo y’ebiramu(Biomass)	Gasoliini	
Etano(ethernal)	Amafuta aga Dizero	
Dizero w’ebiramu(Biodiesel)	Ggaasi ow’obutonde 	
Empewo(wind)	Woyiro ne Petuloliyaamu	
(i)Ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogusooka
Ensibuko ez’omutendera ogusooka zeezo ezivaamu  ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogw’okubiri  ng’amasannyalaze ne ayidologyeni. 
Tukozesa ensibuko z’amasoboza (energy sources) za njawulo okukola emirimu oba okutondekawo ebintu eby’enjawulo .Ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogusooka  z’ezo eziyitibwa ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’obutonde           (Natural sources).Ensibuko z’amasoboza  era zirimu:
(a)	Ensubuko ezizzibwa obujja (renewable)
(b)	Ensibuko ezitazzibwa bujja(  nonrenewable)

Ensibuko z’amasoboza era zibaamu ezo ezisobola okuzzibwawo n’ezitazzibwawo. 
Bw’oba okozesa amasannyalaze mu maka go , okusinziira mu ggwanga ki mw’oli  , amaanyi g’amasannyalaze ago gaba gufulumuzibwa okuyita mu bipango by’amazzi , okwokya  ebyanda, ekyabuluzo ky’obuziizi  , okunokoolayo ensibuko entono. 
N’olwekyo ebye bye njogeddeko waggulu ziyitibwa nsibuko za masoboza(energy sources).Tanka ya ggaasi  ebaamu ggaasi eyinza okuba ng’esibuse mu  petulooliyaamu omulongose okuva mu bifuta(crude oil)  oba etano(ethanol) ava mu kulimu n’okulongoosereza empeke za kasooli(corn).

Ensibuko z’amasoboza ezizzibwawo(Renewable)
Amasoboza g’enjuba ( Solar energy) agasobola okufuulibwa amasanyalaze ,ekitangaala , n’ebbugumu  . Wansi olaba ekipango ekigazi nga kitunudde butereevu mu njuba okusobola okuyiniza amasoboza g’enjuba olwo gasobole okufuulibwa butereevu amasannyalaze agayinza okuwa amaanyi agakola ebintu ebikozesebwa bingi ddala.

Ensibuko z’amasoboza ezitazzibwawo (Non-renewable energy)
Abantu bafuna amasoboza agasinga obungi okuva mu nsibuko z’amasoboza ezitazzzibwa wo(nonrenewable energy sources), omuli 

Bwe wetegereza obulungi ensibuko z’amasoboza g’ensi nnyingi  tezizzibwawo kubanga obungi bwazo buliko ekkomo .Eky’okulabirako ge mafuta aga nakavundira(fossil fuels) aga petuloliyamu agatondekebwawno emyaka bukadde egiyise okuva mu bisigalira by’ebisolo n’ebimera by’ mu mayanja ebyafa edda .

Muno mulimu  ebyanda(Coal) ,ggaasi ow’obutonde, petuloloyaamu, ne yulaniyaamu.Ensibuko z’amasoboza zino zikozeseba okukola amasannyalaze , okwasisa amaka gaffe, okutambuza  ebidduka, n’okutondeka ebikole.
Ensibuko z’amasoboza zino ziyitibwa mafuta aga nakavundira w’ebyali ebiramu (fossil fuels ) kubanga  gatondekebwawo oluvannyuma lw’emyaka bukadde okuyita mu bbugumu  erisibuka mu buziba bw’ensi  awamu n’akanyigirizi okuva mu njazi  n’ettaka ku bisigalira by’ebimera ebyafa n’ebitonde nga  daatamu ez’obusirikitu .
Eky’okulabirako ekirala eky’ensibuko y’amasoboza agataddizibwawo  y’endagabuzimbe(elementi) eya yulaniyaamu eno nga atomu zaayo zisobola okwabulukuka okuyita mu kiyitibwa ekyabuluzabuziizi (nuclear fission)  okutondekawo obwoki (ebbugumu) n’amasannyalaze .
Abantu bakozesa ensibuko z’amasoboza agazzibwawo n’ago agatazzibwa wo okufulumya amasannyalaze agetaagisa mu maka, amakolereo, amatendekero, n’amaduuka oba ebifo ebya bbizinensi eby’enjawulo. Amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze gasobozesa ebyuma bikalimagezi, amataala mu bbalibbu, ennyinyogoza ,n’ennyanguyirizi endala ez’enjawulo. 
Amafuta agasinga agakozesebwa ennyanguyirizi nga ebidduka  gava mu bifuta (crude oil) n’ebikuukusi ebirala ebya ayidolokaboni (hydrocarbon liquids) ebitali nsibuko zizzibwa bujja.  
Ebifuta (Crude oil)
Ebifuta (Crude oil) mugattiko gwa ayidolokaboni ezatondekebwa okuva mu bimera n’ensolo ebyaliwo emyaka bukadde na bukadde .
Ebifuta mafuta ga nakavundira (fossil fuels) era bibeerawo nga ebikulukusi mu magombe g’ensi eyo mu miwaatwa gy’enjazi ez’omugalamiro(sedimentary rocks) n’okumpi ne safeesi mu nsenyu enkalu . 
Amafuta aga petulooliyamu gaba mafuta agajjibwa mu bifuta ne ayidolokaboni endala eziri mu ggaasi ez’obutonde(natural gas). Ebitondekebwa okuva mu petuloloyaamu( Petroleum products)  era biyinza okukolebwa okuva mu byanda(coal) , ggasi ow’obutonde , n’entuumo z’ebiramu .

Enjuba okutwalira awamu bwaguuga bwa senkulungo eya ggaasi ayidologyeni  eri mu mbeera eya ekyegattisabuziba(fuson) n’okufulumya amasoboza amayitirivu ennyo .

Mu bipango by’obuziizi bannasayansi baabuluza akaziizi ka yulaniyaamu (uranium atom) mu kiyitibwa ekyabuluzabuziba(fission) , ekintu ekiviirako okufulumya amasoboza amayitirivu.
Jjukira nti amasoboza ag’obuziizi(Nuclear energy) gaba masoboza okuva mu buziizi(core,nucleus ) bw’akaziba(atomu) 
Obuziba(atoms) bwe butaffaali obutini mu molekyu obuzimba ggaasi, ebikulukusi, n’enkalubo .
Obuziba bbwo nabwo buzimbibwa obutoffaali busatu obuyitibwa  obukonta, nampa , n’obusannyalazo .
Akaziba kalina obuziizi (nucleus /core) obwetooloddwa obusannyalazo. Obukontanyo buba n’ekisannyalazo ky’amasannyalaze (electrical charge) ekya pozitiivu ate obusannyalazo buba n’ekisannyalzo eky’amasannyalaze ekya negatiivu.Nampa tezirina kisannyalazo ky’amasannyalaze . 
Waliwo amasoboza mayitirivu mu nkwaso ezikuumira awamu obuziizi (nuclues).Amasoboza g’obuziizi (nuclear energy)  gano gayinza okufulumizibwa singa enkwaso ezo ziba zikutuddwa.  Enkwaso (bonds) ziyinz okukutulibwa okuyita mu kyabuluzo ky’obuziizi (nuclear fission) era amasoboza gano gayinza okweyambisibwa okutondekawo amasannyalaze. 
Mu kyabuluzo ky’obuziizi (in nuclear fission obuziba (atomu) zabuluzibwa, ekintu ekiviirako amasoboza okufulumizibwa.Ebipango by’obuziizi byonna bikozesa bikozesa ekyabuluzabuziizi (nuclear fission) era ebipango by’obuziizi ebisinga byeyambisa buziba bwa yulaniyamu (uranium atoms). 
Mu kyabuluzabuziizi (nuclear fission), nampawengwa (nampa) etomera akaziba ka yulaniyaamu n’egyabuluzaamu, ekiviirako okufulumya amasoboza amangi mu mbeera ey’okwokya n’oluyengo .
 Nampa endala zifulumizibwa buli kaziba ka yulaniyaamu lwe kaabulukuka. Nampa zino zeyongerayo okutomera obuziba bwa yuraniyamu obulala era kino ne kyeyongerayo bwe kityo emirundi n’emirundi. Kino ky’ekiyitibwa olugyegere lw’ekyukyusanya olw’obuziizi (nuclear chain reaction). Ekikyusanya kino(this reaction ) kikugirwa mu bitomeggero by’ekipango ky’amaanyi g ‘obuziizi    ( nuclear power plant reactors) okutondekawo ebbugumu eriba ryetaagibwa . 
Amasoboza g’obuziizi (nuclear energy) era gayinza okufulumizibwa mu kyegattisabuziizi (nuclear fusion) obuziba mwe bwegattira oba okwekwata awamu (fuse together) okutondekawo akaziba akanene okusingawo .Eno y’ensibuko y’amasoboza mu njuba n’emmunyenye.
Ekyegattisabuziizi(nuclear fusion) mulamwa gwakunoonyereza okugenda mu maaso ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza ag’ebbugumu n’ekitondeko ky’amasannyalaze(electricity generation), naye tekinnaba kukakasibwa oba nga tekinologiya ono anaaba w’amagoba olw’obuzibu obw’okukufuga ekikyusanyakyobuziizi  (controlling  fusion reaction).
Amafuta ag’Obuziizi (Nuclear fuel) 
Yuraniyamu g’amafuta agasinga okukozesebwa mu bipango by’obuziizi (nuclear plants) okwabuluza obuziizi( for nuclear fission). Yulaniyamu (Uranium) kitwaribwa okuba ensibuko y’amasoboza agatazzibwa bujja (nonrenewable energy source), yadde nga kyuma kya bulijjo ekisangibwa mu byazi mu bitundu eby’enjawulo ku Nsi.
Ebipango by’amasoboza ag’obuziizi(nuclear power plants) kyokka gakozesa ng’amafuta ekika kya yuraniyaamu ekiyitibwa  U-235 kubanga obuziba bwa yuraniyamu ow’ekika kino bwablukuka mangu . Yadde nga yuraniyaamu asangibwa ku nsi okusinga siriva ,  ekika kya U-235 tekisangikasangika.
Ensibuko z’amasoboza ezizzibwa obujja n’ezitazzibwa bujja  zisobola okweyambisibwa okufulumya ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’outendera ogw’okubiri ng’amasannyalaze .

Ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’Obutonde (Natural sources of energy)
Ensibuko z’amasoboza era tuyinza okuzinnyonnyola nga ez’obutonde n’ezo ezitondekebwawo omuntu :

(i)Ensibuko z’amasoboza az’obutonde 

Ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’obutonde ziva mu ngereka za Namugereka .Zino nsibuko z’amasoboza ezatondebwa Katonda. Zirimu :

Enjuba ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza ey’Obutonde

Enjuba ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza tugijjamu amasoboza ag’enjuba (solar energy) era agayitibwa amaanyi g’enjuba (solar power).Wano tweyambisa “entegeso z’amasoboza g’enjuba( solar panels ) ezeyambisibwa okutega omusana okukifuula amasoboza amatereke. 

Enjuba era etuusa ku bimera ekitangaala ekibiyamba okukola emmere yabyo.Ekitangaala ekiva ku njuba era kiyamba amagumba okukula nga ga maanyi.

Amazzi ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza ey’obutonde

Amazzi nsibuko y’amasoboza kubanga geyambisibwa okutondeka amasannyalaze.

Amazzi era masoboza agasobozesa okunnyonnyogoza ennyanguyirizi nga ebitondekamaanyi .

Empewo oba embuyaga ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza ey’obutonde

Embuyaga eyamba okwetolooza  empujjo z’empewo(windmills). Empujjo z’empewo zeyambisibwa okupika amazzi okuva wansi okuyita mu payipu okutuuka mu ttanka. 

Embuyaga era yeyambisibwa okwetolooza empujjo z’amazzi (turbines) eziyamba okutondekawo amasannyalaze. 

(ii)  Ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogw’okubiri:
Zino z’ensibuko z’amasoboza ezitondekebwawo   (Artificial sources).
Amasannyalaze ne ayidologyeni bya njawulo ku nsibuko z’amasoboza endala kubanga zino nsibuko z’amasoboza za mutendera gwa kubiri, ekitegeeza nti zino zzo nsibuko z’amasoboza ezitondekebwawo (artificial sources of energy) okuva mu nsibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogusooka .Ensibuko z’amasoboza zino ezitondekebwawo omuntu netissi z’amasoboza, ezeyambisibwa okutereka, okutambuza , n’okutuusa amasoboza mu mbeera ennyangu okukozesebwa . 
Okufaanana n’amasannyalaze, ayidologyeni nsibuko y’amasoboza ya mutendera gwa kubiri. Ayidologyeni atereka n’okutambuza amasoboza agatondekebwa okuva mu by’obugagga ebirala nga amafuta aga nakavundira(fossil fuels) , amazzi , n’entuumo y’ebiramu( biomass).
Ensibuko z’amasoboza ezitondekebwawo omuntu (Artificial sources) 

Ensibuko z’amasoboza ezikolebwa omuntu zirimu:

Amasannyalaze ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza etondekebwawo omuntu

Amasannyalaze agasinga okukozesebwa gava mu nsibuko ez’enjawulo , omuli :

	Amasannyalaze ag’amaanyi  ag’amazzi (Hydro electric power ). 
	Amasannyalaze aga nabbugumya (thermal electricity) agava mu petulooli oba ddizero. 
	Amasannyalaze ag’enjuba (Solar electricity)
	Amasannyalaze ag’entagenda(Static electricity)  okuva mu  dayinamo(dynamo)
	Amasannyalaze ga Ggaasi w’ebiramu (Bio-gas) agava mu kazambi w’ensolo 
Amasannyalaze geyambisibwa 

	Okuwa ekitangaala mu nnyuba
	Okufumba
	Okusannyalaza ebikozesebwa eby’amasannyalaze nga amasimu , tooki , ne bbatule
	Okutambuza ebitondekamaanyi by’ennyanguyirizi 
Amanda (Charcoal) ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza etondekebwawo omuntu

Amanda gava mu nduli na matabi ga  miti .Amanda geyambisibwa okugolola n’okugolola 

Petulooli ne dizero ng’ensibuko z’amasoboza ezitondekebwawo omuntu

Petulooli ne ddizero byeyambisibwa mu motoka ezitambula n’ebitondekeso by’amasannyalaze (electrical generators).

Palafiini ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza etondekebwawo omuntu

Amafuta aga parafini geyambisibwa okwasisa amataala awaka ne sitoovu okufumba 
Enku nayo nsibuko  etondekebwawo omuntu

Amati omuli enku , ebitittiriri, ebibaawo oba embaawo biyinza okweyambisibw okufumba .okukola Amanda, okubugumyaenju mu bude obw’empewo.

Ggaasi nga ensibuko etondekebwawo omuntu

Ggaasi yeyabisibwa mu kwokya ebyuma(welding)
Okufumba m’amataala.

(a)	Parafiini akozesebwa ki?
(b)	Tuwe ennyanguyirizi bbiri ezikozesa petulooli oba ddiezero
(c)	Tuweeyo ebika by’amasannyalaze by’omanyi
(d)	Amasannyalaze gakozesebwa ki?

Oziiyiza otya okudiibuuda amasoboza?

Obutadibuuda masoboza kitegeeza okukozesa ebyobugagga obulungi nga oziiyiza okumala gakozesa masoboza mu ngeri ey’ekyeyononero .Okwewala okwonoona oba okudibuuda amasoboza:

Lwaki kyetaagisa obutadibuuda masoboza ? 

Obutadibuuda masoboza kyetaagisa  kubaga : 

	Kikendeeza ensimbi z’osasaanya ku masoboza
	Kiziiyiza okudibuuda amasoboza
	Amasoboza gayinza okuterekerwa emirembe egirijja  mu mbeera ey’amanda. Enku , n’okweyongerayo
	Amasoboza gayinza okuterekerwagasobole okukozesebwa oluvannyuma.  

a)	Nokoolayo engeri eziziiyiza okudibuuda amasoboza. .............................................................................................................                                                       
b)	Tuwe ebintu bisatu eikozesebwa amasannyalaze .............................................................................................................	
c)	Lwwaki kyetaagisa obutadibuuda masoboza .........................................

IV. Embeera z’amasoboza (Energy forms)

Bwe twoogera ku bika by’amasoboza tetutegeeza mbeera za masoboza. Ebika by’amasoboza  biri bibiri:
(a)	Amasoboza ameebafu (Potential energy).Gano era gayitibwa amasoboza amatereke(Stored energy)
(b)	Amasoboza ag’Okuva(kinetic or motion energy).Gano era gayitibwa amasoboza agakola(working energy).
Embeera z’amasoboza(forms of energy) kikwata ku ngeri ez’enjawulo amasoboza gye geyolekeramu oba gye gabeeramu. Amasoboza amatereke n’amasoboza ag’okuva gabeera mu mbeera bbiri . Zino z’Embeera z’amasoboza(energy forms)  :
(i)Embeera z’Amasoboza Ameebafu (Potential energy).
Kyetaagisa okumanya enjawulo wakati w’amasoboza ameebafu n’amasoboza ag’essikirizo ‘. 
Ekintu gye kikoma okuba ekizito ,amasoboza gaakyo ameebafu gye kakoma okuba amangi . Amasoboza ameebafu gasangibwa mu mbeera ez’enjawulo . Gano geyorekera  mu mbeera ez’amasoboza amatereke(stored energy) . Galimu:
(a)Amakyusabuziba(chemical energy) . 
Amakyusabuziba ge masoboza agalindiridde okufulumizibwa okukola ekikyusabuziba(chemical reaction). Enkwaso z’enkyusabuziba(Chemical bonds) mu kibiriiti zitereka amasoboza agalindiridde okukyusibwa okufuulibwa amasoboza aga nabbugumya oba ag’okwokya ng’obadde asazizza akabiriiti
Amakyusabuziba  ge masoboza agakyusa obuziba  bw’ennabuziba (elements).Amasoboza agakyusa obuziba(amakyusabuziba) gaba masoboza agaterekeddwa mu nkwaso z’obuziba=enkwaso za atomu(atomic bonds) ne molekyu. 
Bbaatule , entuumo z’ebiramu(biomass) , petulooli , ggaasi ow’obutonde , amanda(Charcoal) n’ebyanda(Coal)  bya kulabirako by’amasoboza amakyusabuziba. 
Amakyusabuziba gafuulibwa amasoboza aga nabbugumya (thermal energy) buli abantu lwe bookya emiti oba enku mu kyoto oba ekikoomi (fireplace) oba  ne bookya gasoliini mu kitondekamaanyi ky’emotoka(Car engine).
Amakyusabuziba ge masoboza agaterekeddwa mu nkwaso z’epipooli eby’enkyusabiziba (in the bonds of chemical compounds ) , ntegeeza  mu buziba ne molekyu. (in atoms and molecules).
Amakyusabuziba gafulumizibwa munsindikano  y’enkyusabuziba  (chemical reaction), ne gatondekawo ebbugumu oba obwoki nga ekitondeko. Amakyusabuziba buli lwe gafulumizibwa , okuva mu ennabuzimbe , ennabuzimbe eno ekifuula sabusitansi mpya. 

Ekyokulabirako , bwe wabaawo  ekibwatuko (explosion), ,amakyusabuziba agabadde amatereke gakyusibwa okufuukamu amasoboza aga nabbugumya, amasoboza ag’ekitangaala, amasoboza ag’okuva n’amasoboza ag’ebivuga(sound energy) .

Ekyoklulabirako ekirala ky’ekya enku enkalu  ezirimu amakyusabuziba amatereke(potentialchemical enrgy). Enku bwe zikumibwako omuliro mu Kyoto amakyusabuziba gafulumizibwa gafulumizibwa ne gafuulibwa amasoboza aga nabbugumya n’amasoboza ag’ekitangaala. Okilaba nti enku zifuuka vvu, ekintu eky’enjawulo ku nku.

Emmere nayo kyakulabirako kirungi eky’amasoboza amatereke agayitibwa “amakyusabuziba amatereke” ( stored chemical energy). Amasoboza gano gafulumizibwa nga ekikamulabiriisa (digestion) kigenda mu maaso .Molekyu mum mere yaffe zikutulwakutulwamu obutundutundu . Enkwaso wakati w’obuziba buno bwe zitandika okutaggulukuka (loosen) , wabaawo ensindikano ey’enkyusabuziba(.chemical reaction will occur) olwo ekipooli ekipya ne kitondekebwao . Enkwaso bwe zitaggulukuka wabaawo ekiwokiso(oxidation) ekijjaawo embagirawo. 
Ekikyusabuziba( chemical reaction) ky’ekireetera okukutulakutula mu molekyo( is involved in  breakdown of a molecule). Amasoboza agatondekebwawo gatukuuma nga tuli babugumu , okukuuma n’okuddaabiriza   emimiri  era ne gatusobozesa okutambula oba okusulumba .Eby’okulya eby’enjawulo bibaamu obungi bw’amasoboza bwa njawulo  . 
Amasoboza agasangibwa mu mmere ey’enjawulo gapimibwa mu “kiro-kaloli” oba nansoboza (kilocalories) oba ensoboza( Calories). Nansoboza kiva mu bigambo “namunigina z’amasoboza(units of food energy) . Oyinza okulowoozaayo ebyokulabirako ebya amasoboza amakyusabuziba(chemical energy)?
 (b) Amasoboza  ag’essikirizo amatereke (gravitational potential energy).
Amasoboza agessikirizo amatereke( Gravitational energy) ge amasoboza agaba amatereke mu kintu ekiwanikiddwa waggulu .Ekintu gye kikoma okuba waggulu n’okuba nti kizito  , bye kikoma okuba n’amasoboza amatereke  amangi . 
Buli kintu kiyinza okuba n’amasoboza ameebafu  naye amasoboza ag’essikirizo gaterekebwa mu bwewanifu  bwa kintu .Buli ekizito gye kikoma okuwanikibwa waggulu kisigala waggulu eyo lwa mpalirizo eba ekiwaniridde eyo waggulu gye kiba kiri  ne kitagwa wansi.
Omuntu bw’aba avuga akagaali ka maanyi ga kifuba ku kaserengeto  n’akakkiriza ku misinde , amasoboza ag’essikrizo gaba gafuulibwa amasoboza ag’okuva ( motion energy). Ebiyiriro by’amasannyalaze ag’amazzi ( Hydropower) kya kulabirako ekirala eky’amasoboza ag’essikirizo(gravitational energy), nga ezzikirizo liwaliriza amazzi okuyiika wansi ku misinde okuyita mu  gawujjo g’amasannyalaze ag’amazzi  ( hydroelectric turbine) okutondeka amasannyalaze.  

Kikulu okumanya enjawulo wakati w’amasoboza amatereke n’amasoboza ag’essikirizo .
Ekituufu kiri nti buli kintu kibaamu amasoboza amatereke naye amasoboza ag’essikrizo gaterekebwa okusinziira ku bugul;umivu bw’ekintu gye kuyewanise waggulu. 
Buli kiseera ekizito gye kikuumirwa waggulu , wabaawo empalirizo oba manaanyi agakikuumirayo waggulu eyo .Eno y’ensonga lwaki kisigalayo ne kitagwa wansi . Olina okukimanya nti ekintu gye kikoma obuzito gye kikoma okuba n’amasoboza amatereke  kubanga kiba n’enzitoya nnene\9big mass).
(c)	Amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo(mechanical energy).
Ekitambuzo mulamwa oguva mu bigambo by’oluganda “ekibalo ekitambuza ebitundu by’ensengekera”. Amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo g’amasoboza agajjawo olw’ ekintu okuba mu mbeera ey’okuva oba embeera ey’okufumbekera mu kifo ekimu.Ebyokulabirako:

Amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo galimu masoboza amatereke mu bintu olwa kawereege  ( tension). Seppulimgi ezikkatiddwa(Compressed spring) ne labba aleeguddwa ( stretched rubber) bya kulabirako bya masoboza ga kitambuzo . 
Amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo gatera okubuzaabuzibwa n’amasoboza ag’okuva(Kinetic) awamu n’amasoboza amatereke  ( Potential Energy) . Ka tusooke tunnyonnyoke ekigambo “kukola”( ‘Work)’. 

Amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo gwe mugatte gw’amasoboza ag’okuva n’amasoboza amatereke agaba mu kintu ekiba kikozesebwa okukola .Mu njogera endala, amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo ge masoboza mu kintu nga gekuusiza ku kuva kwa kyo oba ekifo we kiri oba byombi.
Mu ky’okulabirako ky’olujji lwa motoka lwe njogeddeko waggulu , nze mba ndimu amasoboza amakyusabuziba amatereke nga si nalusindika kyokka bwe nnyimusa emikono gyange okusindika olujji, ekikolwa kyange kino knakyo kibaamui amasoboza ag’okuva. Bwe nsindika olujji , amasoboza gange amatereke n’amasoboza gange ag’okuva gafuulibwa amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo agavuddemu okukola oluggi ne lweggula.
Wano oluggi luba lufunye amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo  agaleetedde olujji okweseetula ne lweggula okumala akabanga .
Wetegereze nti okukola okubaawo , walina okubaawo ekintu ekivaamu empalirizo okusobozesa ekintu ekirala okuva mu kifo ( okuseetuka).  
Kino kya kulabirako ekirala .Omusajja ng’abadde atema omuti n’ejjambiya . 

(a) Ejjambiya ku  bwayo terina masoboza ga kuva naye erina amasoboza amatereke kubanga erina obuzito n’enzitoya(weight and mass).

(b)Okusobola okuyiza omuti , aba alina okugalula ejjambiya  , ekintu ekirinnyisa amasoboza gaayo amatereke olw’okuwanikibwa waggulu. 

(c) Olwo n’agiwaliriza okutambulira ku misinde egiri waggulu okukka wansi(wano efuna amasoboza ag’okuva) okujisobozesa okutema omuti eguyiuze. 
Omugatte gw’amasoboza amatereke n’amasoboza agali mu kuva ejjambiya g’efuna agajisobozesa okuyuza mu muti gwe guyitibwa amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo , agaleeterea omuti okugwa. 
(d) Amakyusabuziizi (nuclear energy).Amakyusabuziizi oba amasoboza ag’obuziizi(Nuclear energy ) , ge masoboza amatereke   mu buziizi(nnyukiriyaasi) bw’akaziba(atomu) –amasoboza agakuumira awamu obuziba bw’akaziizi(the nucelous of the atom) . Omuwendo gw’amasoboza omunene guyinza okufulumizibwa nga obuziizi bwonna bwegasse (combined) oba bwabuluziddwamu(split apart). 
 (ii) Amasoboza ag’Okuva (kinetic energy).
Buli ekitambula yadde okujugumira kiba n’amasoboza ag’okuva(kinetic/motion energy) era amasoboza ago ge gasobozesa buli kintu  okwenyenya, okujugumira, okukankana, okuseetuka, okutambula oba okugenda .
Anasoboza ag’okuva g’amasoboza ageyolekamu kintu ekiri mu mbeera ey’okuva oba omugendo ne bwe kuba kwenyenya, kukankana oba okujugumira.Ebintu ebibamu kuva birimu ebyo ebinene ennyo, obwaguuga nga enkulungo, n’obuntu obutono oba obutini ennyo nga obutaffaali (cells) n’ obutoffaaliparticles) nga atomu , nampa, konta, obukwaki , n’obusannyalazo.
Obutundutunyu obutono ennyo mu essomabuzimbe bwe buyitibwa obutunniiya (particles) era obuyitibwa “obutoffaali”(inanimate or animate small or tiny particles). Okutwalira awamu obutunniinya (particles) obusookerwako bulimu:
(a)	Obutoffaali obutono ennyo= Obutonniinya
(b)	Obutoffaali obutini ennyo = Obutinniiya
(c)	Obusirikitu (microscopic organisms)

(a)	Akatono 	= small or very small 
(b)	Akatini   	= tiny, minute , extremely small
(c)	Akatonniinya = subatomic particle( nampa=neutron, konta=proton)
(d)	Ajatinniinya 	= elementary particle( obusannyalazo=electrons , obukwaki=quarks )
(e)	Akatoffaali = particle, animate or inanimate  small, very small , or tiny particle
(f)	Akataffaali = living cell
(g)	Akatunniinya = akatoffaali(Particles)
Kimanye nti ekintu gye kikoma okuba ekizito ne gye kikoma okuba ku misinde , gye kikoma okuba n’amasoboza ag’okuva . Ddira  obutaasa bubiri obwenkanankana nga bulimu  amazzi ekigero kye kimu , okwate amayinja abiri erimu kigero kya kikonde kyo akalala kimu kya kuna ky’ejjinja erisooka. Amayinja gombi gakwate obuwanvu bwe bumu okuva mu buli kataasa olyoke ogatemu kiseera kye kimu . Ki ekibaawo?
Amazzi gaba gasamukka kyokka amazzi agali mu kataasa akaguddemu eginja eddene gasamuka nnyo okusinga ku mazzi agali mu kataasa akagudeemu ejinnja ettonoko. Amasoboza agava mu jonja eddene gasinga agava mu jinja ettono. Weetegereze:

Kati tutegeeze ! Jinja ki ku gambi erisinga okuba n’amasoboza ag’okuva? Eddene oba ettono ?
Ebyokulabirako ebirala ebiraga amasoboza ag’okuva mulimu :

Amasoboza ag’okuva kuba kuva kwa mayengo ,obusannyalazo ,obuziizi,obuziba, molekyu , ’ebintu  byonna ebiva mu kifo .
Amasoboza ag’okuva ge masoboza agakukola (energy at work) era galimu
Amasoboza ag’okuva ge masoboza agakola?
Yee !! Gano gonna wansi masoboza agakola ekitegeeza ge masoboza agaba mu kuva:
 (a) Amasoboza aga nabbugumya	(thermal energy).Amasoboza aga nabbugumya (thermal energy) era gayitibwa:

Amasoboza gano  gava mu kujugumira( vibration) n’okutambula(  movement) kw’obuziba  era ekiyitibwa okutambula kwa atomu eziri mu kintu.  Ekintu bwe kibuguma oba ka tugambe nti bwe kyokyebwa , obuziba (atomu) ne molekyo zakyo zitambulo  ne zitomeregana wakati mu kutebenta .
Amasoboza aga nabbugumya wo mu ttaka (Geothermal energy) ge masoboza gerisangibwa mu magombe g’ensi.  
Ennabuzimbe =endagabuzimbe (Matter) ekolebwa mu butunniinya oba molekyu eziva mukifo ne zijugumira mu ntakoma (constantly). Singa “obwoki”(tempulikya) bw’wnnabuzimbe bulinnya  kino kireetera obutunniinya era ekiyitibwa obutoffaali(particles) okweyongera okujugumira ku misinde. 
Amasoboza aga nabbugumya (thermal energy) ga masoboza agava mu bwoki (tempulikya) bw’ennabuzimbe. Ekintu gye kikoma okwokya, molekyu zakyo gye zikoma okujugumira era amsoboza agakyo aga nabbugumya gye gakoma.  

Ekyokulabirako bw’oteeka amazzi ku sigiri okugoya akawunga, amazzi gano gaba n’amasoboza aga nabbugumya (thermal energy) agali mu mbeera y’amasoboza ag’okuva olw’obutunniinya bwago obuba bujugumira. 
Singa ofukako ku mazzi gano ageseze mu kikopo ekirimu amata agannyogoga okole ka kyayi, amazzi gano agookya gayingiza mu butoffaali bw’amata agatookya agamu ku masoboza ga nabbugumya agagalimu .Ekikopo ky’amata kkyo kiba tekyokya nnyo ng’amazzi agasigadde mu sefuliya kubanga amasoboza aga nabbugumya agamu gavudde mu mazzi ne gayingira mu mata agabade agannyongoga.
Jjukira nti obungi bw’amasoboza aga nabbugumya afali mu kintu gupimibwa mu jjoole(J). 
Okiraba nti amasoboza aga nabbugumya galina akakwate n’obwoki(Tempulikya) bw’ekintu. Ebbugumu oba okwokya tekitegeeza kimu n’obwoki(temperature ).Kaakati obwoki kye ki ?

Obwoki(Temperature)
Obwoki bw’ekintu kitegeeza “kigero kya kwokya oba obunnyogovu”  bw’ekintu .Obwoki bupimibwa mu digiri eza Serisiyaasi (°C). Obwoki era kiyinza okupimibwa mu ekigerebuzo ekya Falenayiti (Fahrenheit scale), nga kino kinnalinnya ekyabbulwa mu Mugirimaani eyali ayitibwa  Falenayiti  . Akabonero ka farenayiti y’ennukuta  'F'. Mu kigerebuzo kya farenayiti ( Fahrenheit scale), amazi gekwatira ku digiri eza Falenayiti  asatu mu bbiri oba  F 32 ° ate nga gabugumira ku digiri , F  212 °. Mu kigerebuzo ekya Selisiyaasi (Celsius scale, amazzi gekwatira ku digiri eza Serisiyaasi ova C 0°  ate ne gabugumira ku  digiri eza Serisiyaasi kimumi oba C 100°.
Ekipimabwoki (thermometer) nyanguyirizi ekozesebwa okupima obwoki oba tempulikya. 
Ekirandizo, Ekibulukanyo, n’Oluyengo (Conduction, Convection and Radiation).

Okwokya oba ebbugumu liyinza okutambuzibwa okuva mu katoffaali akamu okuyingira akalala mu ngeri satu :

Amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze (electrical energy)
Amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze (Electrical energy) gava mu kutambula kw’obutoffaali obutini ennyo obuyitibwa obusannyalazo(electrons), obuba butambulira mu waya. Ekimyansuko( Lightning) kya kulabirako ky’amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze agali mu butonde. 
Ennabuzimbe (Matter) ekolebwa obutoffaali obuyitibwa obuziba(atomu).Lwaki buyitibwa buziba ? Kubanga “buli wala nnyo” n’amaaso gaffe agali obukunya okulaba . Ekno kitegeeza nti okusobola okulaba obuziba bw’ennabuzimbe kitwetaagisa ennyanguyirizi ezimbulukusa obutinniinya eyitibwa enzimbulukusa (microscope).
Mu kaziba(atomu) mubaamu ate obutunniinya oba obutoffaali obutini ennyo okusingawo obuyitibwa obusannyalazo  (electrons) obuba mu kuva entakyuka(constantly moving). 
Okuva kw’obusannyalazo buno kusinziira ku muwendo gw’amasoboza akasoboza ge kalina ,okukasobozesa okuva mu kifo. Kino kitegeeza nti buli kintu kirimu amasoboza amatereke ( potential energy), naye ebimu birina amasoboza amatereke okusinga ebirala.  
Omuntu munnasayansi ayinza okuwaliriza obusanyalaze buno okutambulira mu kubo eggere okuva mu kifo ekimu okudda mu kirala. Waliwo ebiyitiro by’obusannyalazo eby’enjawulo  ebiyitibwa ebilandizo(conductors) ebitambuza amasoboza gano. Ebintu ebimu tebiyionza kutambuza masoboza mu mbeera eno era bino biyitibwa biziiyizo( insulators). 
Buli omuntu munnasayansi asobola  okuleetera obusanyalzo buno okutambula okuva mu kaziba akamu okudda mu kaziba akalala nga yeyambisa empalirizo za magineeti atondekawo amasoboza g’amasannyalaze ( electrical energy) . 

Omugendo gw’amasannyalaze gukola gutya? 
Bbaatule etambuza amasoboza amakyuisabuziba(chemical energy) amatereke mu mbeera y’obutinniinya obuba busannyalaziddwa  obuyitibwa obusannyalazo ( electrons), obutambulira mu waya. Ekyokulabirako , amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze gayingizibwa mu kifo okuyita mu ttaala ng’amasoboza ag’ekitangaala(light energy) n’amasoboza aga nabbugumya oba okwokya ( thermal /heat) energy.

Ekimyansuko (lightning) nago masoboza ga masannyalaze  agasangibwa mu butonde , agamaanyi ennyo okuba nti tegakugirwa mu waya. Gava ku bire by’enkuba ebyetuuma awamu   ne bikola amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze amayitirivu ennyo mumbeera y’amasannyalaze ag’entagenda (static electricity). Amasannyalaze gano gafuluma nga waliwo ekimyansuko olw’ebire okukuubagana ennyo.Ekikuubagano ky’ebire ky’ekiviirako ekimyansuko.

Amasoboza ag’ebivuga (Sound energy)
Okuvuga (Sound )  gwe mugendo gw’amasoboza okuyita mu miyitiro  egy’emigendo gy’amayengo . Okuvuga  kujjawo nga empalirizo ereetedde ekintu okujugumira .Amasoboza gayita mu kintu mu mbeera ey’ejjengo . Amasoboza agatambuza ebivuga matono okusinga amasoboza ag’ebika ebirala.  
Engalabi ejugumira etambuza amasoboza mu kitundu nga ekivuga.  Amasoboza ag’okuva gayita  mu molekyo z’empewo etambula ne gatuuka ku muwulizi ng’amaloboozi oba ebivuga okuyita mu kabubi akajugumiza .Okirana nti amasoboza ag’okuva mu ngalo ezikuba engoma gafuulibwa amasoboza ag’ebivuga(sound energy). 

Ebijugumiro by’ebivuga(Sound vibrations) bivaamu amayengo g’ebivuga (sound waves) agayita mu miyitiro nga :

Okutuuka mu matu gaffe.
Amasoboza g’eddoboozi(Sound energy) gatera kupimibwa okusinziira ku kanyigirizi  n’amaanyi gaago  mu nigina ez’enjawulo eziyitibwa ebipasikaali ( pascals) n’ebidesibeero  (decibels). 
 Amasoboza ag’Oluyengo.
Amasoboza ag’Oluyengo (Radiant energy) masoboza ga mugendo gwa masanyalaze ne magineeti(electromagnetic energy) ogutambulira mu mayengo agegonyola(transverse waves). Amasoboza ag’oluyengo galimu:

Ektangaala n’olwkyo kika kimu eky’amasoboza ag’oluyengo.Omusana masoboza aga luyengo omuva amafuta n’ebbugumu ebikola obulamu ku Nsi.
Mu butuufu amasoboza ag’oluyengo (radiant energy) ga masoboza ag’amayengo g’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze na magineeti (the energy of electromagnetic waves). Mbeera y’amasoboza agayita mu bwengula .Ekyokulabairako, tuyingiza ebbugumu okuva kun juba eri ewala ennyo okuva ku Nsi okuyiyta mu lubugumu lw’amayengo, oluyengo (radiation) . Ebbugumu ly’enjuba terirandira kuyita mu kintu kya  nkalubo  kyokka , wabula kuyita mu bwangaala (vacuum) .Kino kisoboka lwa “mayengo ga mugendo gwa masanyalaze  ne magineeti “(electromagnetic waves). 
Amayengo g’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti 
Buli masoboza ag’entagenda(static energy okuva mpalirizo z’amasannyalaze ne magineeti lwe gasisinkana , galeetawo ekyebulungulo ky’amasannyalaze okuzetoloola.  Bw’okwata omunyolo gw’olujji ogw’ekyuma ofuna okuyitibwamu empalirizo y’amasannyalaze eg’entagenda (electro static force) . 

Ate yo empalirizo ya magineeti y’ensika esikiriza ekyuma ku magineeti. Kaakati ekyebulunguloky’amasannyalaze ekireetebwawo kiviiramo amayengo agayitibwa amayengo g’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti  era gayinza okutambula okuyita mu lwangaala (vacuum) , obutunniinya oba enkalubo .
Waliwo ebika by’amayengo g’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti bya njawulo nga byonna birina obuwanvu bw’ejjengo (wavelengths), ebinnyonnyozo (properties), enziringana (frequencies) n’amaanyi (power) ga njawulo era nga buli kimu kikolagana n’ennambuzimbe mu ngeri za njawulo.
Ensengekera y’amayengo yonna okuva ku gasembayo okutuuka ku gasingayo y’eyitibwa endaga y’’omugendo gw ’amasannyalaze ne mangineeti ( the electromagnetic spectrum). Obuwanvu bw’ejjengo gye bukoma okuba wansi  enziringana(frequency) gy’ekoma okuba waggulu ate obuwanvu by’ejjengo gye bukoma okuba waggulu enzirngana gy’ekoma okuba wansi. Ekitangaala ekyeru mbeera ya masoboza ga luyengo (radiant energy) era enziringana yakyo katundu katono ak’endaga y’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti.
Mu ndaga eyo waggulu oba olaba amasoboza ag’olubugumu ag’enjawulo agalagibwa n’obuwanvu bw’amayengo obw’enjawulo .
Amasoboza ag’oluyengo bwe gasisinkana ennabuzimbe , gakyusa ebinnyonnyozo by’ennabuzimbe.Ekyokulabirako amayengo amatiniwavu ( micro-waves), nga kino kitundu ku ndaga y’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti gwonna, bwe gateekebwako mu woveni y’amayengo amatiniwavu (microwave oven), molekyu z’amazzi mu mere gasannyalalazibwa ne kigaleetera okujugumira emirundu buwumbi mu buli sikonda , ekitondekawo okwokya okuyamba emmere okuggya .  
Woveni y’amayengo amatiniwavu ekolera ku sayansi wa masoboza ag’oluyengo oba kiyite amayengo g’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti (electromagnetic waves).
Amasoboza amatereke (Energy Stored)

Amasoboza tegayinza kutondekebwawo yadde okusaanyizibwawo naye gayinza okuterekebwa mu mbeera ez’enjawulo. Engeri emu kwe kugatereka mu mbeera ey’amasoboza amakyusabuziba (chemical energy) mu bbaatule. Akayitiro(circuit) bwe kaba kakwataganyiziddwa   , amasoboza amatereke mu bbaatule  gafulumizibwa okutondekawo amasannyalaze. 
Baatule eba n’enkomerero bbiri , enkomerero eya pozitiivu n’enkomerero eya negatiivu .Singa okwataganya enkomerero eya negatiivu n’eya pozitiivu  ne waya , otondekawo akayitiro(circuit ) . Obusannyalazo (electrons) bukulukuta oba butambula okuyita mu waya okutondekawo omugendo gw’amasannyalaze (electric current). 
Amasoboza gayinza okuterekebwa mu ngeri nnyingi endala .Gayinza okuterekebwa mu :

Amasoboza agakola  gasangibwa mu mbeera ki ?Enkozeso z’amasoboza  (Ennergy Carriers)
Obusangiro bw’amasoboza buva mu nsibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogusooka era bubaamu amasoboza agayinza okukyusibwa ne gateekebwa mu mbeera endala nga okukola okw’embagirawo, ebbugumu oba okukola ebintu ebirala.Obuterekero bw’amasoboza buvaamu amasoboza buli lwe waba wetaagisa.
Amasoboza ag’omutendera ogusooka	Engeri y’okuyusa amasoboza	Obuterekero bw’amasoboza
Ebifuta	Kirongooserezo	Mafuta(woyiro, gasoliini, 
Ggaasi ow’Obutonde	Ebipango by’amaanyi	masannyalaze
Ebyanda	Bipango by’amaanyi	masannyalaze
Yulaniyaamu ow’obutonde	Bipango by’amaanyi	Masannyalaze
Amasoboza ag’enjuba	Bipango by’amaanyi	Masannyalaze
Amasoboza ag’empewo	Bipango by’amaanyi(Mawujjo ga mpewo)	Masannyalaze
Amasoboza ag’ejjengo	Bipango by’amaanyi(mawujjo g’amazzi)	masannyalaze
Omugendo gw’amazzi ogw’ emigga ,ebiyiriro	Bipango by’amaanyi(Mawujjo g’amazzi)	Masannyalaze
Entuumo y’Ebiramu	Bipango by ‘amaanyi	Masannyalaze
Nabbugumya w’amagombe	Bipango by’amaanyi	Masannyalaze
Ekyebulungulo ky’Ensi ekya magineeti	Teri mugaso gumanyiddwa kuvaamu	
Ekimyansuko	Teri mugaso gumanyiddwa kuvaamu	
Obuterekero bw’amasoboza aobulala mulimu seppulingi , bbaatule, kapasita, ayidologyeni n’emiti.

Amasoboza tegasobola kutondekebwawo ate era tegasobola kusaanyizibwawo okujjako nga olina obusobozi obutondekawo enjuba,  Samasoboza , ekitegeeza sekazaalira z’amasoboza gonna mu mwengula. Kyemmanyi kiri nti tewali muntu ayinza kutonda sengendo za bwengula okujjako Katonda.
Olwokuba omuntu tasobola kutondekawo njuba ate ng’enjuba z’ezisibukamu amasoboza olwo amasoboza gano ne gatandika okukyusa embeera zaago , omuntu alina kumanya mbeera z’amasoboza ez’enjawulo ezetaagisa okweyambisibwa  ku nsi. 
Amasoboza tegasaanyizibwawo wabula osobola okuyusa embeera mwe gasangibwa okuva mu mbeera emu okudda mumbeera endala gy’oba oyagadde okukola omulimu gw’oyagala okukola.

Tukozesa amasoboza ag’ekika ekya kemiko okuva mu bbaatule okufuna omugendo gw’amasannyalaze (current). Okutondekawo omukka ogwokya oba enfuumo (steam or vapour) twokya ebyanda (coal) n’amafuta ga nakavundira (fossil fuels) amalala ne bikyusa amasoboza gakyo ag’ekika ekya kemiko amatereke okugafuula amasoboza aga nabbugumya (thermal energy).

Okufumba emmere oba wetaaga okukyusa amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze okugafuula amasoboza aga nabbugumya. Nigi y’amasoboza esembayo ye jjoole (joule).

Abantu bwe bakozesa amasannyalaze , gayinza okuba nga gaavudde mu kwokya byanda(coal) , ekikyusabuziizi (nuclear reaction) , oba amawujjo g’amazzi ku migga , okunokoolayo ezimu. Okiraba  nti ebyanda , obuziizi, n’ekiwujjamazzi  zonna nsibuko za masoboza .
Waliwo ensibuko z’amasoboza agasobozesa buli ekigenda mu maaso mu butonde mu bulamu bwaffe obwa bulijjo za njawulo kyokka ekituufu kiri nti ensibuko semasibuko y’enjuba. Embeera z’amasoboza ez’enjaulo mulimu:
(i)	Embeera ey’ekwokya(heat). Eno era eyitibwa mbeera ya nabbugumya(thermal). Si nabbiguma; oba embeera ey’ebbugumu(warmth).
(ii)	Embeera ey’ekitangaala(light ) . Eno era eyitibwa mbeera  ya luyengo(radiant)
(iii)	Embeera ey’amasannyalaze.
(iv)	Embeera ey’enkyusabuziba
(v)	Embeera ey’enkyusobuziizi
(vi)	Embeera ey’essikirizo(gravitational energy)
(vii)	Embeera ey’ensikirizo(magnetic attraction)

Ekikola ekitangaala ky’enjuba gaba masoboza ga kyegattisatomu (fusion energy). Ekitambuza amasoboza g’ekitangaala okuva ku  njuba gaba masoboza ga luyengo oba “olubugumu”(radiation energy). Olubugumu kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “oluyengo olw’ekitangaala n’ebbugumu” ate era “oluyengo” kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “olubugumu olw’amayengo g’ekitangaala”. Amasoboza okuva ku njuba n’olwekyo 

VI.Okukekkereza Amasoboza
(Energy Saving)

Engeri z’okukekkereza amasoboza (saving energy) ziri bbiri:

(i) Enkozesa y’amasoboza etali ya kyeyonoonero 		(Energy conservation).
Okukekkereza amasoboza kikwata ku nneeyisa eziiyiza okukozesa amasoboza amangi oba eviirako okukozesa amasoboza amatono.Ebyokulabirako:

 (ii) Okukozesa ebikekkereza amasoboza (energy efficiency).

Okukozesa ebikekkereza amasoboza kitegeeza  kukozesa tekinologiya akekkereza amasoboza kukola omulimu gwe gumu.

Omugaso gw’okukekkereza amasoboza (saving energy)
i.	Obutadibuuda (wastage)
ii.	Okukendeeza ebisale

Okuddaabulula ebikozeseddwa (Recycling)

Okudaabulula kikekkereza amasoboza n’ebyobugagga kubanga amasoboza matono ddala agaba gakozesebwa okukola ekuzzaawo oba okuddaabulula ekitondeko okusinga ago ageetagibwa okukola ekitondeko ekipya.

Okuddaabulula (recycling) ky’ekikolwa eky’okukyusa kakasiro oba ebyo ebikozeseddwa/ ebimaze okukozesebwa okusobola okubikozesa buto mu ngeri omu oba endala. 

Okuddaabulula kwetaagisa amasoboza matono ate era kiziiyiza okukozesa eby’obugagga ebyetaagisa ebirala, gamba ebimera nga emiti, minero , n’amazzi.Ebimu ku biyinza okuddaabululwa  nga biva mu miti z’empapula ezikozeeko , obukyupa bw’amazzi obwa pulasitiika n’obuveera nabyo biyinza okuddaaabululwa ne biddamu okukozesebwa awamu n’obukyupa bwa aluminiyaamu.

Okuddaabulula empapula okuva mu ttani y’empapula  ezikozeeko kiwonya  emiti egisukka mu 15  ne kimu kya kubiri eky’amazzi agandibadde gakozesebwa . 

Okuddabulula obukyupa bwa oluminiyamu kikekkereza amasoboza ebitundu ebisukka mu 90% okusinga okukola obukebebwa aluminiyamu obupya okuva mu masengere ga bbooseeti (bauxite ore).

Obuvune obuyinza okuva mu nkozesa y’amasoboza (energy use)

Okwewala obubenje bw’amasoboza 

(i)	        Amasoboza (Energy) kye?............................................................
(ii)	        Tuwe ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’obutonde…………………………………..
(iii)	Tusobola tutya okukekkereza amasoboza (saving energy)……………
(iv)	         Mugasoki oguli mu kukekkereza amasoboza ………………………………
(v)	        Buzibu ki obuva ku masoboza …………………………………………………
(vi)	Wewala otya obubenje bw’amasoboza?………………………………………




#Article 134: Empalirizo(Force) (2635 words)


Omuzimbi w'ebigambo Charles Muwanga, omulamwa guno agutuukako ng'agaziya amakulu g'ekikolwa ky'Oluganda eky'okuwaliriza(to force).

Empalirizo (forces) ziva ku kusika(pull), okusindika(push) oba okunyooreza(twist).N'olwekyo empalirizo kyekuusiza ku kusika, okusindika oba okunyooleza. Empalirizo ze ziviirako okuva(motion) okwa buli kika, ne bwe kuba kujugumira, kuseetuka yadde omugendo.Empalirizo ze ziviirako ebidduka okuva mu kifo era n'ensolo okutambula oba ekinyonyi okubuuka ziba mpalirizo.Empalirizo n'olwekyo zetaaga amasoboza(energy).

Mu essomabuzimbe(physics) , empalirizo zirina akakwate n'emiramwa nga okuva(motion), amasoboza(energy) n'amaanyi(power).

Mu butuufu empalirizo z'obutonde(forces of nature) n'ezitali za butonde  za njawulo.Empalirizo zirimu:

(i) Empalirizo z'essikirizo(gravitational forces)

(ii) Empalirizo z'ensikirizo(forces of attraction).Muno mulimu empalirizo za magineeti(magnetic forces) n'essikirizo(gravity)

(iii) Ekikuubagano(Friction)

(iv)Ekikkatiro(compression)

(v)Ekinyigirizo(Stress)

(vi)Kawereege(Tension)

(vii)Mu essomabibuuka(aeronautics) , waliwo empalirizo ezibeera ku bibuuka nga:

       (a) Ensukuma = empalirizo esukuma (the force of thrust).Ensukuma ebaamu emsukuma eya    waggulu(upthrust) n'ensukuma eya wansi (down thrust).Ensukuma era oyinza okujiyita amasukuma=amasoboza agasukuma(energy of thrust).

      (b)Ensitula=Empalirizo esitula(the force of lift).Eno era oyinza okugiyita amasitula=amasoboza agasitula (energy of lift)

      (c) Obuzito(weight) oba essikirizo(gravity).Empalirizo y'essikirizo esika edda wansi ku ttaka

      (d)Ekiwalabanyo (drag).Eno mpalirizo egezaako okugugubira omugendo oba ensukuma (thrust)

Wakitegedde!! Empalirizo(forces) ziviirako ebintu bingi ebigenda mu maaso mu butonde ne mu ntondeka y’ennyanguyirizi (machines). Empalirizo ze:

(a)	 Zikuumira ebintu awamu ate era

(b)	 Zibisattulula oba okubyabuluzaamu.

(c)	 Zireetera ebintu okuva mu kifo ate era.

(d)	 Zireetera ebintu okuyimirira mu kifo kimu

(e)	Zireetera ekintu okwewetamu

Empalirizo z'obutonde n'ezitali za butonde ziri mu biti bya njawulo. Waliwo:

(i)Empalirizo y'essikirizo(gravitational force)

(ii)Empalirizo y'ensikirizo(force of attraction).Muno mulimu empalirizo za magineeti(magnetic forces).

(iii)Empalirizo ezisikira mu mpuyibbiri(Opposing forces)

(iv) Empalirizo esikira mu makkati(Centripetal force)

(v)Empalirizo eviira amakkati(Centrifugal force)

(vi) Na zino mpalirizo:

    (a) Ekikuubagano(Friction)

    (b) Ekikkatiro(Compression)

    (c) Ekinyigirizo(Stress)

    (d) Kawereege(Tension)

Empalirizo ziva ku kusindika, kusika oba okunyooleza. Empalirizo zonna zetaagisa amasoboza(energy) okugenda mu maaso. N'okuva(motion) kwetaagisa amasoboza.

Kati nno olaba akakwate akatasattuilulwa akaliwo wakati wamasoboza, empalirizo, n'okuva. Bwe wataba kuva tewaba kukola.Okukola omulimu wateekwa okubaawo okuseetula ekintu okukijja mu kifo we kibadde.

Amaanyi(power) kiba kipimo ky'amasoboza.

Okusinziira ku  Charles Muwanga, abaddugavu ab’edda, okutuuka ejjo ly’abalamu, kaweefube ono ow’okuzimba emiramwa gya sayansi lw’atandiseewo, baali tebalina ndowooza ya mpalirizo na amasoboza (energy) nga emiramwa gya sayansi w’obutonde, ensonga lwaki buli kintu eky’ekuusiza ku mbavu (effort) bakinnyonnyozanga mulamwa gwa “maanyi” (power). 

Kyokka mu kwogera okwa bulijjo baalina endowooza y'ekikolwa “okuwaliriza”(to force) kye bataalambulula kutuuka ku ndowooza ya sayansi eri mu mulamwa , empalirizo (Force).

Baakolanga ebintu okunsinzira ku ngerekera z’obuntu (human instincts), awatali kulowooza ku kuba nti buli ekikolebwa kiva mu maanyi agayitibwa “masoboza” (energy) era nti amaanyi kiba kipimo ky’amasoboza buli kiseera ekigere. 

Baasetulanga ebintu ng’amayinja nga basindika oba okujja ensolo ng’embuzi mu kifo nga basika omugwa awamu n’okunyoola ebintu ebimu nga tebamanyi nti kino kiyitibwa mpalirizo (forces) evaako okuva (motion).

Kati no ffe abaddugavu ab’omulembe guno kati  tumanyi nti ekintu kyonna “okuva” mu kifo kyetaagisa empalirizo. Empalirizo yonna ebaamu okusika, okusindika n’okunyooleza.

Abaddugavu ab’edda baali bamanyi nti amaanyi gava mu kulya naye nga tebamanyi nti amaanyi kiba kipimo ky’amasoboza (energy). Baakumanga omuliro ne bafumba emmere oba okusaanuusa kkalwe naye nga tebamanyi nti okufumba emmere oba okusaanuuusa kkalwe kivudde ku masoboza, amasoboza ga nabbugumya ,amasoboza agookya (thermal/heat energy). 

Ekiro baakoleezanga omuliro okufuna ekitangala ate enjuba bw’egolooba nga bukedde nga bafuna ekitangala ky’enjuba kyoka nga tebamanyi nti ekitangaala nayo mbeera ya masoboza agayitimwa “amasoboza ag’ekitangala” (light energy) era agayamba ebimera okukola emmere yabyo ate nga ffe ebimera bye tulya ne tufuna amasoboza ag’’obuziba “ (chemical energy) ng’amasoboza ag’emmere (food energy).

Baakolanga   emirimu ( work) emirimu naye nga tebafuddeyo nti okukola kuva  ku kuteeka mpalirizo(force)  ku kintu okukijja mu kiffo. Mu ngeri endala , okukola(work)  kuba kuteeka masoboza (energy) mu kintu ne kiviirako empalirizo ekijja mu kifo.Ekintu ekiteekeddwako empalirizo bwe kitava mu kifo waba tewali kukola oba ka tugambe nti waba tewali kikoleddwa.

Tebaamanyanga nti bw’oba olima n’enkumbi ogiteekamu amasoboza okuva mu mubiri gwo, amasoboza ago ne galetawo empalirizo ewaliriza enkumbi okutema mu taka .

Kyokka bambi baalinawo emiramwa gya sayansi ataali mulambulukufu bulungi nga amaanyi, okutebenta, okutebentuka, okutolontoka, n’okufumuuka, lwa kuba empalirizo n’amasoboza byombi  baabiyitanga “maanyi”(power).

Wakitegedde!! Empalirizo ziviirako ebintu  bingi ebigenda mu maaso mu butonde ne mu ntondeka y’ennyanguyirizi (machines). Empalirizo zireetera ekintu okuseetuka ne kiva mu kifo oba okutambula era empalirizo ze ziwaliriza ekintu okwongeza emisinde, okukendeeza emisinde, okukyusa obwolekero, era empalirizo ze zireetera ekintu ekibadde kitambula okuyimirira mu kifo kimu. 

Empalirizo era zireetera ekintu okukyusa enkula yakyo. Empalirizo si kintu ky’osobola okulaba n’amaaso go naye olaba ebyo ebikolebwa  empalirizo ku bintu ebitwetoolodde. Empalirizo ze:

(a)Zikuumira ebintu awamu ate era

(b)Zibisattulula oba okubyabuluzaamu.

(c )Zireetera ebintu okuva mu kifo ate era.

(d) Zireetera ebintu okuyimirira mu kifo kimu

(e)Zireetera ekintu okwewetamu

Ensibuko y’empalirizo (Sources of Forces)

 Sooka webuuze nti empalirizo ziva ku ki ? 

Mu butonde ne mu bulamu obw’emirimu, ensibuko y’empalirizo eri mu bikolwa bisatu: 

(a) okusindika, 

(b) okusika, 

(c)okunyooleza.

 
Okunnyonnyola mu ngeri ennyangu, empalirizo ebaamu okusindika (pushing), gamba ng’okusindika ejjinja okulijja mu kkubo oba eggaali ng’ogisotta. Okusindika ekizito ng’oyambuka akasozi kyetaagisa empalirizo ya maanyi okusinga nga okka.

 Okusika 
     (pull)

Omulunzi ng’asika embuzi ku mugwa kya kulabirako bya mpalirizo ey’okusika. Akazannyo kano akokusika omugwa nako kalaga empalirizo ey’okusika.Embalaasi esika omuntu n’ebintu bye ku kigaali nayo mpalirizo eyamba okugondeza omuntu mu by’entambula.

    (twisting)

Okukola emirimu egimu tekyetaagisa kusindika oba kusika wabula kunyooleza (to twist or to turn). Okunyooleza kye kimu ku bikola empalirizo.

Bwoba osaanukula oba osiba ekikyupa ekiriko enjola oba bbalibu y’amasannyalaze eriko enjola okozesa mpalirizo ya kunyooleza (turning).
Empalirizo ezisikira mu makkati n’empalirizo eziviira amakkati (Centrepetal and centrifugal forces) .

Ddira akazito nga omukyungwa ogusibeko oluwuzi olugumu oba olugwa oluzunze ng’olwetolooza n’akazito kalwo waggulu w’omutwe gwo, ojja kufuna empalirizo esika nga edda wakati mu mubiri gwo. Eno eyitibwa empalirizo 
esikira mu makkati oba empalirizo eyeyunira  amakkati(centripetal force) .Eyo eba mpalirizo eva mu kusika .
            
Singa oluwuzi olusibiddwako akazito ako oluta omulundi gumu wakati mu kuluwuuba nga oluzunza olwetolooza waggulu w’omubiri gwo, luba lufuna empalirizo erusindika okuva ku makkati, okuva ku mubiri gwo ne lweyongerayo ku misinde mu musittale omugolokofu.

Eno eba mpalirizo eyewaggula ku makkati oba empalirizo eviira  amakkati (centrifugal force) esindika akazito okuva mu makkati.Eyo eba mpalirizo ereetebwawo okusindika.

Buli awali ekintu ekiteereddwako empalirizo etadde obwanga mu bwolekero obumu , wajjawo obwetaavu  bw’empalirizo endala egyenkanankana  okuva ku ludda olwa kikontana(opposite direction) okuziiyiza  ekintu okugwa wansi .

      (Types of Forces)

Ezimu ku mpalizo z’obutonde (forces of nature) ze zino:

(i)Essikirizo 
    (Gravity)

Ensonga lwaki buli ekikasukibwa waggulu kimala ne kikka wansi ku Nsi lwa mpalirizo esikira ku nkulungo y’ensi eyiitibwa ‘essikirizo’ (gravity).

Mu butuufu essikirizo y’empalirizo esika seng’endo entono okuva mu seng’endo ennene. Eno y’ensonga lwaki enjuba Muwanga (our sun), ewanga enjuba zaayo zonna buli emu mu buitiro bwayo okugyetoloola .

Omuntu ow’obuwangwa ky’ayita “okuwanga” butuufu kiva kukontana wakati w’empalirizo esikira mu makkati n’empalirizo eviira amakkati esangibwa mu  nkulungo zaayo zonna kubanga enjuba nzitoya(mass) nnene nnyo okusinga enkuluingo zayo zonna ng’ozigasse wamu. 

Omuzannyi w’omupiira bw’asimula omupiira gudda waggulu ate amasoboza bwe gaguggwamu ne gukka wansi olw’’essikirizo ly’Ensi (Earth’s gravity).
Omwana ng'avudde ku muto gw'omuyembe n'agwa,  lwaki agudde? Libadde “essikirizo ly’Ensi” (earth’s gravity), ettabi kw’abadde bwe limenyese n’agwa wansi mu kifo ky’okudda waggulu.

(ii) Empalirizo za magineeti (magnetic forces, magnetism).
Mu mpalirizo za magineeti mulimu:

 (iii) Empalirizo z’obuziba 
             (Atomic forces).

Obuziba bwa nabuzimbe mubaamu obutinniinyo n’obutonniinya omuli akasonnyalazo, akakontanyo, ne nampawengwa 

(iv) Empalirizo z’Obuziizi 
             (nuclear forces).

Singa Uganda ebadde nabuzimbe (matter), Buganda bwe buziba bwa Uganda ate ekibuga Kampala ne kiba nga bwe buziizi bwa Buganda kuba y’entabiro ya Uganda yonna.

Mu sayansi ow’Oluganda, “obuziba” bw’ekimette buba wala naye ate “obuziizi” buba wala nnyo n’eriiso okusinga obuziba. Obutoffaali obuzimba nabuzimbe (buli kintu) bwe tuyita obuziba (atomu) bwakyo ate “obuziizi” (nucleous) bwakyo ky’ekitundu ky’obuziba (atomu) ekisembayo munda, mu makkati.

Mu “buziba” (atomu) obwo waggulu amakkati bwe “buziizi” (nnyukiriyaasi), ekitegeeza nti amakkati ye nnyukiriyaasi ya atomu. Enkoloboze ziraga “emitendera gy’amasoboza” (energy levels). Ekikube ekyo waggulu kikulaga “obuziizi bw’obuziba” oba gamba “nnyukiriyaasi ya atomu” (the necleous of the atom).

(v)Ekikuubagano 
        (friction).

Tosobola kulaba mpalirizo okujjako ekyo kye zireetawo nga ekikuubagano oba okuva n’ekigugubiro kyempewo (air resistance).

(vi)Ekikkatiro 
      (Compression).
Kino wansi kiraga ekiyitibwa ekikkatiro.

Obusaale buno wansi bulaga mpalerizo ya kawereege (tension force) ebaawo n’empalirizo y’ekikkatiro.
	
Omusituzi w’obuzito ono naye atuukibwako empalirizo ez’ekikkatiro ne kawereege. Ddala omusajja oyo ali ku kawereege ng’ekizito kimwekkatiddeko mu mugongo !!

(vii) Ekinyigirizo n’ekikkatiro 
               (Compression and Stress).
Mu bitayimbwa bino wansi, obusaale obw’ekikkatiro obulaba nga busindika empalirizo ku kitayimbwa okuva waggulu ne wansi ate obwa kawereege olaba nga busika ekitayimbwa okuddwa wabweru ku nkomerero zombi. Waliwo n’empalirizo ez’okunyooleza (twisting). Ndowooza olaba kye ziyinza okukola ku kitayimbwa.

 (viii) Empalirizo z’ekitambuzo 
                  (Mechanical forces).
Empalirizo z’ekitambuzo zifa ku kukwatagana kwa bintu (contact). Empalirizo ennya ez’obutonde: essikirizo. Empalirizo za magineeti, empalirizo ez’amaanyi n’empalirizo ennafu zo si za kitambuzo kubanga zo tezibaamu kukwatagana kwa bintu butereevu.
Empalirizo ezitambuza emotoka oba ennyonyi mu bbanga zonna mparirizo za kitambuzo kubanga wano waliwo ebitundu eby’enjawulo okukwatagana. 

Mu butuufu n’ennyonyi etambula mu bwengula erimu empalirizo z’ekitambuzo kubanga n’empewo mw’eyita kintu ekiriwo ky’erina okusaabala okufuna ensukuma=empalirizo esukuma (thrust)  egitwala mu maaso.

Empalirizo ez’ekitambuzo (mechanical forces) ze ziviirako ebidduka n’ebitundu byabyo n’ebyennyaguyirizi endala okutambula. 

Ekyo waggulu kitundu kya “kitondekamaanyi”  (engine). Mpalirizo ki ezikirimu ezisobozesa emotoka okutambula?
Essikirizo n’Obuzito 

Buli kintu kizimbibwa obuntu obutini ennyo  obuyitibwa obutunniinya(particles) .Obutunniinyo(obuntu obutini ennyo) bwe butaffaali obuzimba ennabuzimbe(matter). Ennabuzimbe kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “endagabuzimbe” , ekitegeeza obutunniinya(particles)  obukola obuzimbe bwa buli kintu. 

Obutunniinya obusingayo obutoni buyitibwa  “buziba”(atoms) oba “atomu “. Okukozesa akagambo k’oluganda “obuziba “  ng’enderedde kukkaatiriza nti akatunniinya kano(this particle) , akaziba(atom) , mu bwanamunigina (in singular) ,  kantu akali ewala ennyo n’eriiso eriri obukunya okulaba era nga ketaagisa enzimbulukusa (ennyanguyirizi ezimbulukusa=microscope)) okusobola okukasembereza obusobozi bw’eriiso eriri obukunya okukalaba.

Kyokka nno ate “bannassomabuziizi”(chemists) baakizuula nti waliwo n’obutunniinya obutini ennyo okusingawo obuzimba obuziba(atoms) . Obutunniinya (particles)  buno bwe buyitibwa “obutonniinya” (atomic  particles)ne “obutinniinya”(elementary particles).

Omulamwa gw’akatonniinya (atomic particle)  guva mu bigambo by’oluganda “akatono ennyo”(very small)  ate “akatinniinya” (elementary particle) ne kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “akatini ennyo”(very tiny ).

Obuziba(atomu) bwekwata okutondekawo ekiyitibwa “molekyu”.Obuziba ne molekyu butono nnyo okuba nti tosobola kubulaba  kannakimu. Enkalubo nga ejjinja , ekikulukusi ng’amazzi  ne zi ggaasi ng’empewo zonna zikolebwa butunniinya buno , obuziba ne molekyu.

Buli kintu ekizimbibwa “obuziba” ne “molekyu” kiyitiba “ennabuzimbe”(matter). Ennabuzimbe kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “endagabuzimbe”. Kino kitegeeza nti “endagabuzimbe” ya buli kintu  buba buziizi(atomu) ne molekyu(molecules).

Obungi  bw’ennabuzimbe(amount of matter)  eba  mu kintu kye kiyitibwa “enzitoya”(mass) yakyo.Enzitoya y’ekintu ekimu yekwata ku nzitoya y’ekintu ekirala okuyita mu mpalirizo eyitibwa essikirizo(gravity). Essikirizo eba  “ensikirizo ennene”(big attraction). Awo okiraba nti waliwo akakwate wakati w’ensikirizo(attraction) n’essikirizo (gravity).

Enzitoya(mass) gy’ekoma obungi ,empalirizo esika egivaamu gy’ekoma okuba ennene. Eno y’ensonga lwaki enjuba Muwanga (our sun) nga eno erina enzitoya ya bitundu 99% eby’enzitoya yonna mu nsengekera yayo , erina essikirizo (ensikirizo ennene=gravity ) erisobola okusikiriza(to attract) enkulungo zaayo zonna omwenda n’emyezi gyazo ne zisigala  munda mu kyebulungulo kyayo eky’essikirizo(its gravitational field).

Ekireetera enkulungo z’enjuba Muwanga okusigala nga ziri mu mugendo ogw’entakoma buli emu mu buyitiro(orbit) bwayo, kiri mu empalirizo musikirampuyibbiri(opposing forces) zino:

(i)	Empalirizo esikira mu makkati(Centripetal force)

(ii)	Empalirizo eyewaggula ku makkati( Centrifugal force)

Nga akazito akasibe ku luwuzi ke wetolooza waggulu ku mutwe  gwo  we kalimu empalirizo esikira mu makkati  ne kiziiyiza akazito kano okuviira omubiri gwo , n’enjuba Muwanga eziiyiza enkulungo zaayo okuva mu kyebulungulo kyayo.

Kyokka ate buli nkulungo erimu empalirizo egezaako okugiwaga eviire amakkati g’enjuba Muwanga. Eno y’empalirizo eviira oba eyewaggula ku makkati(centrifugal force) .

Omwenkanonkano(balance) gw’empalirizo  ebbiri zino gwe guleetera buli nkulungo okusigala buli emu mu buyitiro bwayo okwetoloola  enjuba Muwanga awatali kugivaako ne zeyongerayo mu musittale omugolokofu mu entakoma.

Waliwo olunaawuzo(legend)  nti lumu kakensa  Isaac Newton aba atudde wansi mu muti gw’ebibala , ekibala ne kiva waggulu ku muti ne kimukuba mu mutwe.Yafuna okwolesebwa kw’omulengera okw’embagirawo ne yebuuza ki ekiviiriddeko ekibala kino okugwa wansi ne kitadda waggulu ?

Yagereesa nti kirabika waliwo empalirizo eviiriddeko ekibala ekyo okugwa wansi mu kifo ky’okudda waggulu. Empalirizo eno yagiyita “ensikirizo ennene”(big attraction) , “essikirizo”(gravitation).

Kakensa Isaac Newton era yagamba nti  lwaki enkulungo ziri mu kyebulungulo ky’essikirizo ly’enjuba y’ensonga y’emu lwaki ekibala  bwe kinogoka ku muti kigwa wansi ne kiteyunira waggulu. Empalirizo esikira ebintu ku nkulungo y’Ensi  eyitibwa “ nsikirizo ennene”(big attraction)  esikira mu makkati g’ensi oba giyite “essikirizo ly’Ensi(Earth’s gravity).

Okusinziira ku kigereeso ky’empalirizo ezisikira empuyibbiri (the theory of opposing forces) , ekibala nga ekyagwira  kakensa Isaac Newton mu mutwe  bwe kigwa , byombi ekibala n’ensi kwe kigwa biba bisikang’ana(are pulling each other) naye kino tekyeyoreka butereevu gy’oli kubanga empalirizo esikira mu kibala ntoni nnyo ekiyitiridde ng’ogigerageranyizza n’essikirizo  eddene  erisikira mu Nsi erina enzitoya(mass) esukkulumye ku y’ekibala mu bungi. 

       (weight)

Empalirizo y’Essikirizo 

Empalirizo y’essikirizo ebaawo buli awaba enzitoya (mass).Emaplirizo y’essikrirzo efumbekera awasinga okuba enzitoya ennyingi

Empalirizo y’ekikuubagano (the force of Friction)

Ekikuubagano y’empalirizo ebaawo nga safeesi bbiri zikwataganye buli emu okuyita ku ndala. Eno mpalirizo egugubira oba okuwakanya omugendo. 
Safeesi bbiri ez’olukyakya(rough surfaces) zikola ekikuubagano kya maanyi okusinga safeesi bbiri  ez’omuseeetwe omuseerevu.

Empalirizo ezibeera ku motoka eri mu kuva 
               (Forces acting on a moving car)
 
Singa omuntu omukulu owa kirogulaamu 80  n’akaana akato aka kirogulaamu 25 batuula ku lusuubo(balance) buli omu ku nkomerero,  ku mpuyi eza kikontana  obuwanvu bwe bumu okuva mu makkati , ki ekibeerawo?

Empalirizo y’essikirizo (the force of gravity) ly’ensi esikira ebintu ku ttaka (ku Nsi ) y’eyitibwa obuzito (weight). Obuzito businziira ku bintu bibiri:

(a)	Enzitoya (mass).Enzitoya buba bungi bwa mubiri oguli mu kintu.

(b)	Essikirizo (Gravity). 

Buli lw’ogezaako okwang’anga   empalirizo y’essikrizo mu ngeri ey’obutagigondera n’oyagala obuuke nga odda waggulu ,  oba owulira obuzito kubanga oli ku Nsi. Emibiri gyaffe giba gigezaako okuwakanya empalirizo y’essikirizo, ekintu ekituleetera okwewulira nga tuzitowa.

Obadde okimanyi nti Bannabwengula (Astronauts) tebawulira buzito mu bwengula kyokka nga enzitoya y’emibiri gyabwe esigala y’emu nga bwe yandibadde ku Nsi? Ebitondekamaanyi (engines) by’ennyanguyirizi ezitambulira mu bwengula bwe bitandika okubasindikira mu kizungirizi, lwe batandika okuwulira nti bazito.
                                                                                                     
Buli lw’olya oba n’onywa oba oyongedde enzitoya ku muburi gwo , ekintu ekirinnyisa ensika y’essikirizo , ekireetera omubiri gwo okwetaaga empalirizo esingawo okwang’anganga essikirizo .Kino kye kikuleetera okuwulira ng’ozitowa nnyo okusingawo bw’obadde nga tonnaba kunywa oba okulya. 
                                                                                  

Ekimu ku byawula omuntu ku nsolo endala kwe kukola emirimu egy’enjawulo era okukola y’ensibuko y’obugagga bw’omuntu.

Omwogezi w’oluganda kano ke kaseera okitegeere nti waliwo akakwate akatasattululwa wakaati w’okukola, empalirizo, okuva, amasoboza, n’amaanyi. 

(i)	Okukola/Omulimu (Work/Labour)

Mu sayansi w’obutonde era ayitibwa  essomabuzimbe oba ebyobuzimbe(Physics) , okukola kyetaagisa okuteeka empalirizo ku kintu n’okiseetula obuwanvo obugere okukijja mu kifo we kibadde. 

Singa oteeka empalirizo ku kintu naye ne kikulema okuseetula okukijja mu kifo we kibadde oba tokoze mu limu gwonna.

Okiraba nti oluusi, omulimu gw’oba okoze guyinza obutaba na kakwate kanene na mbavu(effort) gy’oba okozesezza okukola omulimu ogwo. Eky’okulabirako singa osindika ekigaali ekiriko ensawo za seminti eziwera era n’okiteekako empalirzo ennene ddala era n’okutuuyana n’otuuyana naye ekigaali ne kikulema okujja mu kifo , oba tokoze mulimu gwonna.

Okuba nti okoze , ekyo ky’oba otaddeko empalirizo kirina okuseetuka obuwanvu obugere olw’empalirizo gy’oba okitaddeko.Weetegereze nti mu sayansi w’obutonde(essomabuzimbe) , okukola omulimu kubaawo nga:

(i)	Empalirizo eteekeddwa ku kintu

(ii)	Empalirizo ereseewo okuseetuka okuyita mu buwanvu obugere

(iii)	Empalirzo eteekeddwa mu bwolekero bwe bumu ng’ekintu bwe kiseetuse.

Okukola omulimu ku kintu kubaawo nga wabaddewo okukyusa amasoboza  okugayingiza mu kintu ekyo. Omuwendo gw’omulimu ogukolebwa ku kintu gusinziira ku bintu bibiri :

(i)	Obunene bw’empalirizo eba eteekeddwa ku kintu ekyo 

(ii)	Obuwanvu ekintu ekyo mwe kiba kiyise nga kiseetuka

Omulimu (Work) = Empalirizo (p) x Obuwanvu(w)

Kino kiri  bwe kityo kubanga okusinziira ku tteeka lya Newton ery’Okubiri, empalirizo eyenkomeredde eba eteekeddwa ku kintu esinziira ku :

(i)	enzitoya(mass)  y’ekintu ekyo , n’

(ii)	Entebenta (accelaration) yakyo nga kiseetuka.

Okiraba nti:

Empalirizo = Enzitoya (mass) x Entebenta/Okutebenta (acceleration)

Namunigina y’empalirizo ye “Nampalirizo”(N) .Nampalirizo mu Lungereza y’eba Newton(N).”Nampalirizo 1” kisonjolwa nga empalirizo eyetaagisa okuseetula (okutebentesa) kirogulaamu emu ey’enzitoya (mass) buli miita emu ya sikonda eya kyebiriga.

Nampalirizo 1 = Kirogulaamu 1 buli miita ya sikonda eya kyebiriga

Oba                         N1= Kg 1 m/s2

Omuwendo gw’omulimu(okukola) ogwetaagisa okuseetula ekidduka  n’empalirizo ya  N 20,000 okuyita mu buwanvu bwa  miita 100 guba :

N 20,000 x m 100 = Nm 2, 000,000 oba Namirimu (J) 2,000,000

Nampalirizo –miita (Nm) = Namulimu (J). Namirimu (Joule) kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “Namunigina y’Omulimu”. Joule yakizuula nti   ekipimo ky’ebbugumu kye kimu kiba kitondekebwawo n’ekipimo ky’omulimu gw’amasannyalaze oba ogw’omubiri.

Bya Charles Muwanga




#Article 135: Ekizimba (177 words)


Ekizimba ekyogerwako wano, kijjawo ng'amasra geekung'aanyizza mu mubiri. Obubonero okulabirwa ekizimbwa bwe buno: okumyukirira, okulumizibwa, okubuguumirira n'okuzimba omuntu n'awulira nga mu kifo ekyo mulimu ekintu ekiringa amazzi agajjuddemu. Okumyukirira kutera okusaasaana okwetooloola awali ekizimba. 

Ebizimba bitera kuleetebwa bacterial infection [4] Kitera okuba nti bateria nnyingi ezitera okwegatta ekizimba ne kiryoka kijja. Mu Amerika ne mu nsi endala mu nsi, bacteria etera okuleeta obulwadde buno ye methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.[1] Tekitera kuba nti parasites zireeta ebizimba naye kino bwe kibaawo, kitera kubeerawo mu nsi ezikyakula. Ekizimba kitera kukeberwa okusinziira nga bwe kifaanana oba okusala ekitundu ekyo ne balaba ekiri munda. Oluusi basobola okukuba ekifaananyi mu kifo ekyo okwongera okwekkaanya ekiri munda bwe kiba nti amaaso omusawo tegamumalidde. Ekizimba bwe kiba nga kikutte mu bitundu eby'emabega awafulumirwa, bakozesa kifaananyi mu kompyuta okukebera ekizimba ekyo. 

Ebizimba ebikwata ku lususu ensangi zino bingi. Ebizimba eby'engeri eyo bitera okugambibwa ng'ebiva ku kukozesa eddagala. Mu Amerika ne Australia, abantu bangi abagambibwa okugenda mu malwaliro nga bakwatiddwa ebizimba eby'engeri eyo.

Buno obulwadde bw’ebizimba oba obulwadde bw’amayute, laba omusawo ate era kozesa neku ddagala nga lino.




#Article 136: EKIDDUKANO (537 words)


Ekiddukano kitegeeza omuntu okufuluma amazzi mu kifo ky’obubi. Omuntu bw’afuna ekirwadde kino, kitera okumala ennaku ntono era nga kisobola okuleetera omuntu okuggwaamu amazzi mu mubiri. Obumu ku bukonero bw'okuggwaamu amazzi mu mubiri mulimu nga okukogga, okupeeruuka, omutima okukubira waggulu, okukendeera ku musulo gw’ofuluma bulijjo n’obubonero obulala.
Obulwadde buno buleetebwa akawuka akamanyiddwa nga  Gastroenteritis . Obulwadde buno buva mu kulya emmere n’okunywa amazzi ebitategekeddwa bulungi oba ebitali biyonjo. Obulwadde buno bwawulwamu emirundi esatu nga; Ekiddukano ekimala ennaku entono, ekiddukano ekimala ennaku entono nga kirimu omusaayi n'ekiddukano ekimala akaseera akawera ng’ebiseera ebisinga kimala ssabbiiti bbiri.
Ekiddukano ekimala akaseera akatono kitera kuleetebwa ekirwadde ky’Ekinyaga naye nga tekitera kulabika mu nsi ezaakula edda. Ekiddukano bwe kibaamu omusaayi kiyitibwa Ekiddukano ky’omusaayi (Dysentery).

Ekisinga okukireeta ke kawuka ko mu bwenda oba ekyesigama ku mubiri era kino bakiyita okuyubuka kw’olubuto n’ebyenda. Akawuka kano kalya ku mmere eyagenze wamu namazzi . ekiddukano kyomusaayi bwekiyisawo ssabiti bbiri bakiyita ekiddukano ekiremeddeko. Ekiddukano ky'amazzi kiyinza okuva ku (kkolera) oba obulwadde obuletebwa obukyafu n’ewankubadde kinno tekisangibwasangibwa mu nsi ezakulakulana edda. Omusaayi bwegubera nga weguli kino bakiyita: ekiddukano kyomusaayi. Emirubdi mingi egiyinza okuleeta kinno era nekiviiramu ekiddukano. Munno mwe muli; okuzaala kwobutundu obukola omubiri “lactose intolerance” “inflammatory bowel disease”, obujjanjabi bwa mirundi mingi ne “irritable bowel syndrome”. Mubiseera ebimu stool culture sikye kituufu ekireetera.
Okwewala ekiddukano olina kukola bino; okukuuma obuyonjo, okunnya amazzi amalungi, wamu n'okunaaba engalo ne ssabuuni. Okuyonsa ekitono ennyo emyezi mukaaga (6) kwekusaliddwawo wamu n’okugemesa okusobola okwewala obulwadde. Amazzi amalungi agatasuliddwamu  omunyo omutonono wamu n’amazzi kwekunjanjaba okusalibwaawo. Empeke ezilimu zinc nazo osobola okuzikozesa. Obujanjabi buno bwalagibwa nti bwakajonjaba abaana obukadde ataano (50) mu myaka abiri mw’etaano(25) egiyise. Abantu webabeera nga balina ekiddukano balagirwa okulya emmere enungi wamu n’abaana abato okuyongera okubayonsa. Amazzi agatasulidwamu amazzi n’omunyo agatundibwa gayinza obtabeerawo naye nga ate okoledde awaka osobolaokumukozesa. Okugwamu amazzi agasusse mu mubiri, “intravenous fluids” ayinza okwetagibwa. Mu biseera ebisinga, newankubadde, kisobola okukwasiganya obulungi n’amazzi g’omumwa “antibiotics” tekiteera kozesebwa, naye ate  osobola okukikozesa mu mbeera endala okugeza; nga bo abalina ekiddukano kyo musaayi n’omusujja ogususse, abo balina ekiddukano ekisusse “loperamide” kiyinza okuyamba okukendeza ku bwa “bowel movement” naye ate tekikiribwa mu bulwadde obususse.
Mu kakadde nga kamu n’obutundutundu musanvu (1.7) kubuwumbi butaano(5billion) buli mwaka. Kitera kubeera  mu nsi ezikyakula ewali abaana abakyafuna ekiddukano emirundi esatu omwaka. Abantu abasinga okufa bali akakadde kamu n’obutundutundu abiri mukaaga (1.26) mu 2013 okuva ku bukadde bubiri n’obutundutundu ataano mu munaana (2.28) mu 1990.

Obulwadde buno tuyinza ku bweewala nga twongera ku mutindo gw'obuyonjo. Kino kisoboka nga tunywa amazzi amafumbe n'okunaabanga mu ngalo ne ssabbuuni.
Bo abakyala abayonza bakubirizibwa okuyonsa okumala emyezi mukaaga kubanga kino kibayamba okuzimba abasirikale b’omubiri mu baana okusobola okulwanyisa ekirwadde kino. Abo abakwatiddwa ekirwadde kino, balina okunywa Oral rehydration solution. Kino kiba kuba kirungo ekirimu omunnyo ne sukaali ebigereddwa obulungi era nga kiyamba okuzza amazzi mu mubiri omuntu g’afiirwa ng’afunye ekirwadde kino. Obujanjabi buno kigambibwa nti butaasizza obulamu bw'abaana abasukka obukadde obutaano mu myaka abiri mu etaano egiyise.
Obulwadde bw'ekiddukano buno businga kulabibwa mu nsi ezikyakula era nga businga nnyo mu baana. Kigambibwa nti omwana alwala obulwadde buno emirundi esatu mu mwaka. Omuwendo gw'abaana abafa obulwadde bw'ekiddukano gwakendeera mu 2013 okutuuka ku baana akakadde kamu mu emitwalo abiri mu esatu okuva Ku baana obukadde bubiri mu emitwalo ataano mu munaana mu 1990.




#Article 137: OMUTIMA OKULEMERERWA (230 words)


Eno y'embeera etuukawo ng’omutima tegukyasobola kutambuza omusaayi nga bwe gubeera gwetaagibwa mu mubiri. Obumu Ku bubonero bw'obuzibu buno: omuntu asa omukka ng’abaka mubake, okuwulira obukoowu ekiyitiridde, n’okuzimba amagulu. Akabonero akalala katera okubeera okuwulira nga tolina busobozi kukola dduyiro. Ekirwadde kino tekitera kuleeta kulumizibwa mu kifuba. 
Ekimu ku bireeta obuzibu buno kwe kukozesa ennyo omwenge omungi. Waliwo n’endwadde endala nnyingi ez’enjawulo eziviirako okulemererwa kw’omutima. 
Okukebera omusaayi okuyitibwa  electrocardiograph  ne Chest radiograph  mu lulimi lw’ekisawo bye biyinza okusinziirwako okulaba ekiviirako omutima okulemererewa era obujjanjabi obuweebwa omuntu businziira ku kiba kizuuliddwa. Abantu abali Ku bujanjabi obw'omutima babeera balina okuva ku ssigala, omwenge okukola dduyiro n'ebirala ng’abasawo bwe balagira.
Oluusi, omuntu asobola okuteekebwamu akuuma àkayitibwa Pacemaker okusobola okuyamba Ku mutima gwe okutambuza omusaayi. Era mu ngeri endala singa obwetaavu bubeera bw'amaanyi nnyo omuntu asobola okuteekebwamu omutima omulala oba Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).
Abantu bangi bafuna nnyo obuzibu buno obw’okulemererwa kw’omutima. Obujjanjabi bw’omutima bwa buseere era bangi abatasobola kufuna bujjanjabi buno bafa. Waliwo n’abafuna obulwadde buno naye obujjanjabi ne butabakolera era nabo ne bafa. Mu nsi ezikyakula abantu ebitundu bibiri ku buli kikumi balina obuzibu buno era nga mu bano abasinga babeera basukka emyaka 65. Kino kyeyongedde okuva ku bitundu mukaaga ku buli kikumi okutuuka ku bitundu kumi ku buli kikumi buli mwaka. Akatyabaga kano kazingiramu n'obulwadde bwa Kookolo era nga e Bungereza, abantu ebitundu bitaano ku buli kikumi abatwalibwa mu malwaliro balina obuzibu buno.




#Article 138: Ebika bya namba (Types of numbers) (113 words)


Mu sessomo ly'ekibalangulo (mathematics discipline) mu Omugereeso gwa namba(number theory) Sekalowooleza Muwanga namba azizimbye mu biti byazo nga bwe biri mu Lungereza Bwati:


#Article 140: Okunambulula (to factor numbers) (345 words)


(i) Namba ezerambulula    
       (Composite numbers) . 
    
           Zino era ziyitibwa namba ennambulukufu

(ii)Namba eziterambulula  
        (Prime numbers).

    Zino era ziyitibwa namba ezitali nambulukufu

Mu ssomo ly’ekibalo lyonna ojja kweyambisa ekiyitibwa okulambulula (factoring) mu ngeri ez’enjawulo. Okulambulula kukozesebwa nga obalanguza nakyenkanyanjuyi eza namayingo (polynomial equations), okusonjola (to simplify) n’emisoso gy’ekibalo emirala mingi ddala. 

Namba erambululwa ne 1 ne yo yennyini byokka eyitibwa “namba eterambulula” oba “namba etali nambulukufu” (prime number)  . Namba eziterambulula ekkumi ezisooka ziri  2, 3, 5, 7, 11,  13, 17,1 9, 23,  ne 29. 

Namba 1  tebalibwa mu namba ziterambulula , ensonga tetera kuteekebwa oba kulagibwa mu kulambulula kwa namba  kubanga 1 egenda mu buli namba . 
Bw’oba oyagala okuzuula namba eziterambulula zonna eza namba yonna kiba kitegeeza nti olina okulaga olukalala lwa namba ezitali nambulukufu zonna eza namba ennambulukufu, okujjako 1. Eky’okulabirako namba ezitali nambulukufu eza 75 ziri 5x5x5, si 5” yokka. Bwekityo bwe kiri yadde nga 5 ye nambuluzo yokka eya 75  kubanga wetaaga kopi za 5 ssatu okusobola okukubisamu okudda ku 75, n’olwekyo okulaga namba za 75 eziterambulula kitwaliramu kopi za 5 zonna essatu. 

Okulambulula namba kitegeeza kulaga nambuluzo zayo ezitali nambulukufu zokka  , zi bitondeko byazo . Eky’okulabirako, yadde nga 3x3 =9  ate nga 9 ngabiza ya 36 , 9 tebalibwa mu nambuluzo za 36 .

Wano olina okunnyonnyoka engeri gy’olambululamu n’okuzuula Nambuluzo Ey’awamu Esingayo(NESI) mu lungereza eyitibwa  GCF(Greatest Common Factor) n’Ennambuluzo Ey’awamu Esembayo(NESE) , mulungereza eyitibwa “Lowest Common Factor”. 

Mu kibalo , okulambulula(factorization or factoring ) kitegeeza okubumbulula ekintu (wano ekintu ekiba kibumbululwa eba namba n namayingo, oba metuliikisa )  okukifuula ekitondeko(product)  ky’ebintu ebirala oba enambuluzo , zino nga bwe ziba nga zikubisiddwamu wamu zikuwa namba eyasoosewo. Eky’okulabirako namba 12 erambululwa mu nambuluzo nga 3 × 4, ate namayingo   x2 − 9   n’erambululwa nga (x − 3)(x + 3).  Mu ngeri yonna , ekivaamu kiba kitondeko ky’ebintu ebitonotono oba ebitundutundu.

Tekigendererwa ky’okulambulula kwe kuzimbulula ekintu okutuuka ku butaffaalikazimbira bwakyo(obutaffaali obukizimba oba obutaffaali obukola obuzimbe bwakyo) nga nambuluzo  oba namayingo obusembayo. 

Okulambulula entegere kufugibwa ggereeso lya kubalanguza (arithmetic theorem) ate okulambulula namayingo kufugibwa ggereeso lya akigebbula ( the theorem of  algebra). 




#Article 141: Ennyingo(Terms, nomials) (187 words)


Bwo'gatta namba oba enkyusibwo(variables) ziba nyingo kyokka  bw'ozekubusaamu emirundi ziba nambuluzo(factors).

Okusinziira ku Muwanga , emiramwa gy'ekibalangulo egyekuusiza ku nnyingo n'Ekibalo ky'ennyingo=E
Weetegereze: 


#Article 146: Endwadde z'Ekikaba (1204 words)


Endwadde z'Ekikaba

Obulwadde bw’ekikaba osobola era okubuyita obulwadde omuntu bw’afuna ng’ayita mu kwegatta oba endwadde ezifunibwa oluvannyuma lw’omuntu okwegatta n’omuntu alina obulwadde obw'ekikaba. Obulwadde buno businga kusasaanyizibwa na kwegatta nga buyita mu bitundu nga; mu bukyala, emabega oba mu kamwa. Olw’okuba ng’obulwadde buno tebweyolekerawo, kino kyongeza ku mikisa gy’okubutambuza okuva ku muntu omu okudda ku mulala. Obubonero kw’osobola okulabira obulwadde buno kuliko: okuvaamu amazzi amabi mu bitundu eby’ekyama nga kino kibeera mu bakazi n’abasajja, okufuna amabwa ku ngulu oba okwetoloola ebitundu eby’ekyama n’okufuna obulumi mu lubuto wansi.  Obulwadde bw’ekikaba obufuniddwa ng’omukyala ali lubuto oba ng’azaala bubeera bwa bulabe eri omwana atannazaalibwa. Obulwadde obumu obw’ekikaba buleeta n’obuzibu mu kufuna olubuto.

Obuwuka obusobola okuleeta endwadde ez’ekikaba busoba mu makumi asatu era nga buleeta obulwadde nga; obuleetebwa akawuka ka bacteria okuli; enziku, kabootongo n’endwadde endala. Obuleetebwa akawuka ka virus okuli; mukenenya, amabwa mu bitundu eby’ekyama n’endala.
Newankubadde nga obulwadde buno businga kusasaanyizibwa na kwegatta, naye era waliwo n’engeri endala ezisobola okuyitamu obulwadde buno okugeza; omuntu okussibwamu omusaayi ogulimu obulwadde, okuyonsa ne mu kaseera ak’okuzaala.  Ensi ezaakula edda zirina obusobozi bw’okukebera obulwadde buno wabula nga mu nsi ezikyakula oluusi kiba kizibu.

Engeri esinga gye tusobola okuziyizaamu endwadde z’ekikaba kwe kwewala okwegatta. Endwadde ezimu zisobola okugemebwa okugeza hepatitis B n’ebika by’endwadde ebirala okugeza HPV. Okwegatta mu ngeri ey’obuvunaanyizibwa okugeza okukozesa obupiira bukalimpitawa, okubeera n’abantu be weegatta nabo nga batono n’okubeera mu mbeera nga buli muntu alina omuntu omu yekka gwe yeegatta naye kisobola okukendeeza ku bulwadde buno. Okutayirirwa mu basajja kiyambako okukendeeza ku mikisa gy’okukwatibwa endwadde ezimu.  Endwadde ezisinga ez’ekikaba zisoboka okujjanjabibwa era ne buwona, wabula ng’obulwadde nga mukenenya, Hepatitis B zo zijjanjabibwa naye nga teziwona.

Mu mwaka gwa 2008, kyateeberezebwa nti abantu obukadde bitaano be baalina obulwadde bwa kaboootongo, enziku oba endwadde z’ekikaba endala. Endwadde z’ekikaba ng’oggyeeko akawuka ka mukenenya z’atta abantu abawerera ddala 142,000 mu mwaka gwa 2013. Mu mwaka gwa 2010, mu nsi ya Amerika wazuulibwayo abantu obukadde kkumi na mwenda abaali balina endwadde ez’ekikaba. Endwadde zino zigambibwa okuba nga zaaliwo ne mu biseera ebikadde mu myaka 1550 nga Yesu kristo tannazaalibwa ne mu biseera eby’endagaano enkadde.  Abantu abafunye endwadde zino ez’ekikaba bafuna ensonyi n’okwesosola mu bantu abalala.

Si buli ndwadde ya kikaba nti eraga obubonero era nga n’obwo obulabika tebujjirawo mu bwangu ng’omuntu afunye obulwadde buno. Endwadde zino ez’ekikaba ezimu zireetera omuntu okuba omugumba, obulumi obw’olukonvuba oluuusi n’okufa wabula nga kisinziira ku kika kya bulwadde.
Singa omwana afuna obulwadde bw’ekikaba nga tebannatuuka mu myaka gya buvubuka kimuleetera okwegandanga nga bukyali. 

Ebika ebikulu

Enziku: buno bulwadde obuleetebwa akawuka ka bacteria akabeera ku bususu obugonvu era nga biseerera okugeza; mu mukutu gw’omusulo, mu bukyala, emabega, mu kamwa, mu mumiro ne mu maaso. Obulwadde buno busobola okusaasaana nga buyita mu kwegatta, mu kamwa oba emabega. Obubonero bw’enziku butandika okulabika oluvannyuma lw’ennaku 2-5 oluvannyuma lw’okwegatta n’omuntu alina obulwadde buno, newankubadde nga mu basajja abamu obubonero busobola obuteeyoleka okutuusa ng’omwezi mulamba gumaze okuyitawo. Obubonero obulabikira mu basajja kuliko; okubabuukirirwa n’okuwulira obulumi nga bafuuyisa omusulo, okwagala okufuuyisa buli kiseera, okuvaamu amasira mu busajja, okuzimba akawago, okuzimba ensigo, amabwa mu mumiro n’obubonero obulala. Mu bakyala obubonero nga; okuvaamu amasira mu bitundu eby’ekyama, okulumwa oba okusiiyibwa ng’afuuyisa omusulo, okufuna obulumi ng’ali mu kikolwa eky’okwegatta, okufuna obulumi obuyitiridde wansi w’olubuto n’omusujja busobola okulabika newankubadde nga mu bakyala abamu obubonero buno buyinza obutalabikirako ddala. 
Waliwo endwadde ezimu ezigaana okuwona n’eddagala erijjanjaba endwadde ezireetebwa akawuka ka bacteria wabula ng’ezisinga ziwonyezebwa n’eddagala lino.

Kabootongo: buno nabwo bulwadde obuleetebwa akawuka ka bacteria. Singa omuntu tafuna bujjanjabi obulwadde buno busobola okumuviiramu obuzibu mu bulamu n’okufa. . Obubonero bwa kabootongo kuliko; amabwa mu mukutu gw’omusulo, mu kamwa oba emabega ewayita obubi. Singa abeera tajjanjabiddwa obubonero buno busbola okweyongera okuba mu mbeera embi ennyo.  Obulwadde buno busangibwa nnyo mu nsi z’ Africa nga; Cameroon, Cambodia ne Guinea era nga kigambibwa okuba nga bweyongera buli kiseera mu nsi eya America.

Akawuka ka mukenenya

Buno bulwadde obunafuya abasirikale b’omubiri  kino ne kiguleetera okubeera nga tegukyasobola kulwanyisa ndwadde ezigulumbagana. Akawuka kano katta obutoffaali bw’omusaayi obuyamba okulwanyisa endwadde ezireetebwa akawuka aka virus. Mukenenya atambulira mu mazzi agava mu mubiri era ng’okusinga kibaawo mu kiseera eky’okwegatta. Asobola era okutambuzibwa mu musaayi omulwadde singa gwegatta mu gw’omuntu omulamu, okuyonsa, mu kuzaala n’okuva mu maama okudda u mwana ng’omukyala ali lubuto.  
Obulwadde bwa mukenenya buyita mu mitendera okuli; omutendera ogusooka, we butalabikira, we bulabkira n’omutendera we bufuukira omuziziko eri obulamu bw’omuntu ekimuviirako okufa. Ku mutendera ogusooka omuntu afuna obubonero ng’obwobulwadde bwa ssennyiga okugeza okulumwa omutwe, okuwulira obukoowu, omusujja, n’okulumwa mu nnyingo nga kino kibaawo okumala essande ebbiri.
Mu mutendera ogw’okubiri obubonero bwonna bubula era omuntu n’abeerawo nga talina ky’alaba okumala emyaka. Akawuka kano bwe katuuka ku mutendera mwe keeyolekera, omubiri gunafuwa nga tegukyasobola kulwanyisa ndwadde zigulumba era n’obutoffaali bw’omusaayi bukendeerera ddala. Mukenenya bwafuuka kiremya eri obulamu afuula omuntu amulina okubeera ng’ayanguwa okulumbibwa endwadde ez’enjawulo ekivaamu okufa.
Obulwadde buno nga bwakazuulibwa mu myaka gya 1980, abo abaabulina baali tebasobola kuwangaala bbanga nabwo kumala yadde emyaka emitono wabula nga kati waliwo eddagala eriweweeza ku bulwadde buno nga lijjanjaba obulwadde obulumbagana abalwadde b’akawuka ka mukenenya kino ne kibayamba okuwangaalako ekiseera n’okubeera n’obulamu obweyagazaamu. Newankubadde ng’akawuka kabeera kakendedde olw’okumira eddagala lino, wabula era omulwadde wa mukenenya abeera akyasobola okukasiiga omuntu omulala.

Okwewala okufuna obulwadde bw’ekikaba y’engeri esingayo obukulu okusobola okusalira endwadde ezitawona amagezi. Obulwaliro obuluamya abantu ku ngeri y’okwegattamu n’obuvunaanyizibwa bukubiriza abantu okukozesa obupiira n’okubutuusa ku bantu abali mu katyabaga k’okufuna obulwadde bw’ekikaba.

Engeri esinga okuba ennungi okuziyiza endwadde ez’ekikaba kwe kwewala okusisinkanya omubiri n’amazzi agaguvaamu n’omuntu omulwadde. Si buli nkola za kwegatta nti zisobola okuleetawo okukwatagana kw’emibiri. Enkozesa y’obupiira (condom) eyambako mu kuziyiza okuwaanyisiganya amazzi g’omubiri, newankubadde ng’endwadde ezimu zisobola okukwata omuntu wadde ng’akozesezza akapiira.
Abaagalana bonna babeera balina okukeberebwa nga tebannaba kwenyigira mu kikolwa kya kwegatta, oba ng’omu ku bo yeegattako n’omuntu omulala. Endwadde nnyingi ziba nzibu za kulabirawo oluvannyuma lw’okuzifuna era ng’ekiseera ekimala kiba kirina okuyitawo okusobola okufuna ebiva mu kukebera ebituufu.

Endwadde nnyingi zifuuka obulwadde obw’olubeerera ne zimaamira mu mubiri ne gulemererwa okulwanyisa endwadde endala ezijja okugulumba mu bwangu. Abasirikale b’omubiri baba basobola okulwanyisa akawuka singa omuwendo gw’obuwuka mu musaayi gubeera nga guli wansi, wabula singa omubiri gubeera nga guli mu kulwanyisa obuwuka obulala awo ne mukenenya w’afunira omukisa okusimba amakanda mu mubiri.
Enkola ez’enjawulo ziteereddwawo okusobozesa abantu okwongera okwekebeza akawuka ka mukenenya n’endwadde z’ekikaba endala. Mu zino mulimu okuwa abantu ebyo ebikozesebwa okukebera endwaade zino ebisobola okukozesebwa nga bali awaka. Obuyambi obulala bwe bw’okukubiriza abo abalwadde okukomangawo mu ddwaliro basobole okulaba oba ng’obulwadde bukendedde. Enkola ey’okujjukizanga abalwadde okudda mu ddwaliro okukeberebwa kubadde kukozesanga bubaka bwa ku ssimu oba email. Enkola ezo ennaku zino zikozesebwa nga zongerezebwako okukuba essimu n’amabaluwa.

Eddagala erigema omuntu okukwatibwa endwadde z’ekikaba ezimu gye liri okugeza Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B n’ebika ebirala ebya HPV. Abantu baweebwa amagezi okusooka okugemebwa nga tebannaba kwegatta okusobola okwekakasa obukuumi bwabwe. Okussaawo eddagala erisobola okugema obulwadde bw’enziku kukyakolebwako.

Obupiira bu kalimpitawa

Obupiira bw’abasajja n’abakazi buwa obukuumi singa bubeera bukozeseddwa mu ngeri entuufu,  wabula ng’ebitundu ebitabikkiddwa biba bikyalina omukisa okubeera nga biyitamu obulwadde bw’ekikaba obw’enjawulo.

Enkozesa entuufu ey’akapiira ka kalimpitawa ak’abasajja ebeeramu:

Okusobola okwekuuma n’okukuuma muganzi wo eri endwadde z’ekikaba, omuntu abeera alina okukitwala nti obupiira obukadde/obwayitako bubeeramu obulwadde. Noolwekyo obupiira obukadde bulina okusuulibwa. Buli mulundi, omuntu aba alina okukozesa akapiira akapya, buli lw’oyongera okweyambisa akapiira emirundi egisukka mu gumu, emikisa gy’akapiira okuyulika gyeyongera ne kikendeeza amaanyi gaako okuziyiza endwadde.




#Article 147: Omwenkanonkano (382 words)


Omwenkanonkano y'embeera nga buli muntu atwalibwa okubeera ku ddaala limu ng'omuntu omulala yenna awatali kusosolebwa nga basinziira Ku kikula kye. Kino kye kimu Ku bigendererwa by'ekibiina ky'amawanga amagatte nga okuleeta Omwenkanonkano mu mateeka, ensasula y’abakozi n'ebirala.

Ebyafaayo Omulwanyirizi w'omwenkanonkano eyasooka ye Christine da Pizan nga mu kitabo kye ekya The book of city of ladies yawandiika ku ngeri etaali nnung'amu abakyala gye baayisibwangamu. Ate ye Joseph Meachan yalaba nti abantu balina okutwalibwa ku ddaala lye limu era nga kino kye kyamuviirako okulonda Lucky Wright mu kitongole kye yali akulembera okusobola okutandikawo omwenkanonkano.

Mu biseera ebyayita, omukazi yabeeranga yekka era n'abasajja nabo baabeeranga bokka. Mu bunnabuntu bwa Shaker, omusajja teyalina kakwate kyonna Ku mukazi okutuusa nga Wright aleeseewo enkola y'omwenkanonkano oluvannyuma lw'okufa kwa Meacham mu 1796. Shaker yateeka mu nkola embeera y'omwenkanonkano okumala emyaka 200 nga era akolera wamu n'ebibiina ebitaba abakazi. Mukulu wa Shaker Frederick Evans ng'akolaganira wamu ne Antoinette Doolittle yeegatta Ku kibiina ekitakabanira eddembe ly'abakazi okubunyisa endowooza y'omwenkanonkano mu America ey'obugwanjuba.

Ba Shaka kaali kabiina ka ddiini mu America era baateeka nnyo omwenkanonkano mu nkola ngabakkiriza abakazi okulonda wamu n'okukola mu yaafeesi z'ebitongole eby'enjawulo.

Emiziziko mu mwenkanonkano Waliwo okukolokotebwa kw'omwenkanonkano ng'abamu bagamba nti endowooza eno terina kiruubirirwa kwongera ku ddaala ly'abasajja wabula okwagala okuteeka abakyala ku ddaala ly'erimu n'abasajja. Abalwanirizi b'endowooza eno, beesigamye nnyo ku mbeera eri mu mawanga g'abazungu naye tebafuddeeyo ku ngeri abakazi gye bayitamu enyigiriza abakazi mu mawanga gano nga obutabanguko mu maka, okukakibwa omukwano n'ebirala.

Amaanyi g'okulwanyisa obutali bwenkanya mu bantu

Ebibiina by'amawanga binnyonnyola omwenkanonkano nga bisinsiira Ku ddembe ly'abantu naddala nga abakazi okukulaakulana mu by'enfuna. UNICEF, Ennyinnyonnyola omwenkanonkano nga bagamba nti abantu bonna balina okuyisibwa mu ngeri y'emu. Ekitongole kya UNFPA kigamba nti, newankubadde endagaano nnyingi zitekeddwako emikono okuleetawo omwenkanonkano naye era abakazi bakyali wansi nnyo ku basajja mu bugagga, emirimu, okukola mu byenfuna n'emirala.

Mu 2010, European Union yatandikawo essomero lya European institute for gender equality ng'omu Ku kaweefube w'okuleeta omwenkanonkano. Omwenkanonkano kimu ku bisomesebwa mu mawanga nga Bungereza.

Okutyoboolebwa kw'abakazi

Okutyoboolebwa kw'abakazi abakugu bakikozesa okutegeeza ebikolwa eby'efujjo ebitali birung'amu ebikolebwa ku bakazi. Ekibiina ky'amawanga amagatte wansi w'omutwe Declaration on the elimination of violence against women, bannyonnyola okutyoboola kw'abakyala nga ebikolwa ebikolebwa ku bakyala nga basinziira ku kikula kyabwe olwo ne kibaviiramu obukosefu ku bwongo, ku mibiri gyabwe wamu ne ku bulamu bwabwe ng'abantu.




#Article 148: Kandika (770 words)


Obulwadde buno busobola okukwata mu bitundu bino: 1. Mu kamwa 2. Mu bitundu eby’ekyama

Singa buba bukukutte osobola okubulabira ku bubonero buno: Mu kamwa: i) Ebipaapi ebyeru ku lulimi oba mu bitundu ebirala mu kamwa ne mu mumiro ii) Obuzibu obulala mulimu amabwa n’obuzibu mu kumira.

Mu bitundu by’abakyala eby’ekyama i) Okusiiyibwa ii) Okubabuukirirwa iii) Okuvaamu amazzi agakutuse ng’amata agafudde

Obulwadde buno tebutera kukwata basajja wabula nga bwe buba bubakutte bafuna okusiiyibwa ku busajja bwabwe. Tekitera kulabika bulwadde buno kusasaanira mu mubiri gwonna wabula nga bwe buba busasaanye buleetera omuntu okuwulira omusujja n’obubonero obulala naye nga kisinziira ku bitundu ebikwatiddwa.

Kandida alimu ebika amakumi abiri wabula ng’ekika kya Candida albicans kye kisinga okukwata ennyo abantu. Kandida ow’omu kamwa akwata nnyo abaana abato abali wansi w’omwezi ogumu, abakadde n’abantu abataliina bulungi maanyi ga mubiri kulwanyisa ndwadde. Ebiyinza okunafuya amaanyi g’omubiri okulwanyisa endwadde kuliko; obulwadde bwa mukenenya, obujjanjabi obuweebwa omuntu oluvannyuma lw’okukyusibwa ekitundu ekimu mu mubiri, n’ebirala.

Bw’obulwadde obukwata mu bitundu eby’ekyama butera nnyo okujja mu kiseeera ng’omukyala ali lubuto, eri abo abalina emibiri eminafu okulwanyisa endwadde. Abantu abalina emikisa egy’amaanyi okufuna obulwadde buno beebo abateekebwa mu busenge obw’enjawulo mu malwaliro okufuna obujjanjabi obw’enjawulo, oluvannyuma lw’okuloongoosebwa, abaana abawewufu (abatalina buzito bumala) mu kiseera nga bazaaliddwa, n’abo abalina emibiri eminafu mu kulwanyisa endwadde.

Ebikoleddwa okuziyiza obulwadde buno kwe kukozesa eddagala eriyitibwa chlorhexidine wamu n’okunyumunguzanga mu kamwa oluvannyuma lw’okukozesa eddagala erinuusibwa (inhalers). Obujulizi butono nnyo obuwagira enkozesa y’eddagala erijjanjaba endwadde ezireetebwa akawuka aka “bacteria” (probiotics) okuziyiza oba okujjanjaba obulwadde buno ne bwe kiba eri abakazi abafuna ennyo endwadde ez’enjawulo mu bitundu byabwe eby’ekyama. Ku kandida akwata mu kamwa eddagala lya topicalclotrimazole oba nystatin libeera likola bulungi. Singa bino biremererwa, awo omuntu abeera alina okugezaako ku ddagala nga; fluconazole, itraconazole, oba amphotericin B. Singa obulwadde busasaana mu mubiri omuntu aweebwa amagezi okukozesa eddala nga caspofungin oba micafungin.

Kandida ow’omu kamwa akwata abaana mukaaga ku buli kikumi (6%) abali wansi w’omwezi ogumu. Abaana abiri ku kikumi abali ku bujjanjabi obwa kookolo n’abo abalina obulwadde bwa mukenenya abiri ku kikumi bafuna obulwadde buno. Ensasaana y’obulwadde buno tetera kuba y’amaanyi okuggyako ng’omuntu alina omubiri omunafu.

Obubonero n’obulwadde obugenderako

Obubonero n’obulwadde obugendera ku kandida bukyuka okusinsiira ku kitundu we bukutte. Obulwadde buno ebiseera ebisinga buleetera omuntu okumyuka mu kitundu we bukutte, okusiiyibwa n’okuggwebwako emirembe, newankubadde ng’obuzibu busobola okweyongera singa obulwadde buno buba tebujjanjabiddwa mu bwangu. Mu bantu abalina emibiri nga gisobola okulwanyisa endwadde, buno bubeera bulwadde bwa lususu, njala za ngalo oba ez’ebigere oba ku bususu obuli mu mubiri obuseerera. Busobola okukwata ku bususu obugonvu okugeza ak’omu kamwa, mu mumiro oba wansi mu bitundu eby’ekyama. Kibeera kizibu okusanga abantu nga bano nga balina obulwadde buno mu bitundu nga; mu byenda, mu kawago oba mu muyitiro ogw’empewo nga bwe kisobola okuba ku abo abalina emibiri eminafu. Mu bantu abalina emibiri eminafu okulwanyisa endwadde, kandida ow’omu mumiro abatawaanya nnyo okusinga obo abalamu obulungi era nga bubeera n’emikisa mingi okufuuka obw’omutawaana ennyo. Obubonero obubaawo oluvannyuma lw’okukwatibwa kandida ow’omu mumiro mulimu; obuzibu mu kumira, okuwulira obulumi ng’omuntu amira, okulumwa olubuto lwa wansi, kammunguluze n’okusesema. Ebipaapi ebyeru mu kamwa bitera nnyo okulabikira mu baana abato wabula nga tekitwalibwa ng’ekyobulabe okuggyako nga biruddemu ne bisussa mu ssande entonotono.

Obulwadde buno bwe bukwata mu bukyala, buleeta okusiiyibwa, okubabuukirirwa, amabwa n’okuvaamu amazzi agakutuse. Mu basajja, obulwadde buno buleeta obubunero nga; okumyuka ku mutwe gw’obusajja, okuzimba, okusiiyibwa, amabwa, okuvaamu olusu olubi, okufuna obuzibu okubikkula eddiba ly’oku busajja n’okuwulira obulumi mu kufuuyisa oba mu kwegatta. Kandida ow’omu byenda mu muntu nga mulamu asobola okweyolekera ku bubonero nga buno; okusiiyibwa emabega, okulya emmere ng’eyitamu buyisi, okuzimba olubuto, kaamunguluze, okufuna embiro, okugulumba mu byenda, okusesema, n’okufuna amabwa mu lubuto.

Emmere esobozesa omubiri okulwanyisa endwadde naye nga teriimu nnyo kika kya mmere ezimba omubiri eyambako okwenkanyankanya obuwuka obw’omugaso obubeera mu kamwa ne mu byenda. Okwambala engoye ez’omunda enkalu obulungi era ezaakolebwa mu ppamba kiyambako okukendeeza ku mikisa gy’okukwatibwa obulwadde bwa kandida.

Okukuuma akamwa nga kayonjo kiziyiza kandida ow’omu kamwa mu bantu abalina emibiri eminafu okulwanyisa endwadde. Abantu abali ku bujjanjabi obwa kookolo basobola okukozesa eddagala lya chlorhexidine okunyumunguza mu kamwa okusobola okuziyiza oba okukendeeza ku mikisa gy’okufuna obulwadde. Abo abakozesa eddagala nga linuusibwa bunuusibwa balina okunyumunguza mu kamwa n’amazzi oba eddagala erinyumunguza mu kamwa oluvannyuma lw’okunuusa eddagala eryo. Ku bakyala abatera okulumbibwa obulwadde obuleetebwa entiko (yeast infections), tewabaawo bujulizi bumala nti eddagala eritta obuwuka nga liyisibwa mu bukyala okugeza amakerenda oba bbongo lisobola okubayamba okuwonya endwadde ezijja oluvannyuma lw’okutawaanyizibwa ennyo endwaadde zino.

Obujjanjabi Kandida asobola okujjanjabwa n’eddagala erivumula endwadde ezireetebwa entiko okugeza; clotrimazole, nystatin, fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, ne echinocandins. Waliwo eryo erijjanjaba nga lyoza mu misuwa okugeza; caspofungin nga lino likozesebwa nnyo kwabo abalina emibiri eminafu okulwanyisa endwadde oba abalwadde abayi.




#Article 149: Obulwadde bwa Hernia (183 words)


Hernia kiba kizimba era nga kisinga kukwata kyenda. Hernia alimu ebika ebiwerako, naye ng'okusinga akwata mu kabutobuto naddala ebbalibbali w'akabutobuto ekisambi we kitandikira. Hernia aleetebwa omusaayi okwesiba nga tegukyagenda mu bifo gye gusaanidde okugenda, ekintu ekireetera ekizimba ekyo ekijja n'obulumi. Mu bika bya Heria ebirala mulimu nga ow'oku kyenda (hiatus hernia), owa wansi w'ekkundi (incisional Hernia) ssaako oyo akwata mu kkundi kwennyini (Umbilical Hernia).

Ebiyinza okuviirako Hernia yenna okukula mu mubiri kuliko ebintu ng'ekiziyiro (okuziyiraziyira), omugejjo (okugejja), omukyala okufuna olubuto (olw'omwana) n'ebirala.

Ku basajja Hernia ono akwata wakati w'ekisambi n'olubuto ng'ono tatera kuleeta bubonero era tatera kwetaagisa kulongoosebwa mu basajja. Wabula ku bakazi aba waabulabe nnyo era kiba kisaana omukyala alongoosebwe mu budde.

Obumu ku bubonero bw'endwadde ya Hernia

Obubonero buno bwawukanamu okusinziira ku kika kya Hernia, naye buno bwe businga okweyoreka ku ndwadde eno: Okuzimba okujja n'obulumi awo Hernia waaba akutte okugeza, ku kabutobuto, ate mu basajja watera okubaawo okuzimba kw'ensigo ezizaala n'obulumi mu kifo ekyo kyonna. Hernia era bw'asimba awantu, wajja obulumi bungi ne kikalubya obulamu ng'omulwadde oyo akolola, ng'akozesa omubiri oba ng'agenze mu kaabuyonjo.

Ebimu ku bireeta endwadde ya Hernia




#Article 150: Amambulugga (246 words)


Amambulugga ndwadde ereetebwa akawuka akayitibwa Mumps virus. Amambulugga mangu nnyo okusaasaanyizibwa mu bantu ababeera ewamu anti endwadde eno eyitira mu mukka gwe tussa, oba ebintu ng'amalusu oba eminyira gy'omulwadde singa bikutonnyera ku maaso, mu nnyindo oba mu kamwa.

Endwadde eno ekwata muntu yekka, era abalwadde basobola okusiiga bannaabwe amambulugga okuva mu nnaku nga musanvu(7) nga bubakutte naye nga tebunnalaga kabonero konna, okutuusa ku nnaku nga munaana(8) nga bumaze okweyolekera mu bubonero bwabwo. Abasawo okumanya endwadde eno kisinga kuba ku kuteebereza olw'okuzimba kw'obutaffaali obuzaala amalusu obusangibwa mu mba, okumpi n'amatu. Era okukebera obulwadde buno mu musaayi kyangu nnyo, newankubadde bukyayinza okwekweka ne butalabika naddala mu mibiri gy'abo abaagemebwa obulwadde buno.

Obubonero bw'amambulugga

Mulimu okuwulira omusujja omutonotono mu mubiri, okulumwa omutwe wamu n'obukosefu mu mubiri. Okugeza okulumizibwa mu nnyingo. Bino biddirirwa okuzimba kw'obutaffaali obuzaala amalusu obusangibwa mu mba okumpi n'amatu, era okuzimba kuno kumala ebbanga lya wiiki ng'emu.

Obubonero obulala kuliko akamwa okukala(nga temuli malusu), okuzimba mu bwenyi oba okuzimba amatu, n'ekirala kwe kulumizibwa ng'omulwadde ayogera.

Ekireeta endwadde eno

Amambulugga galeetebwa akawuka akayitibwa 'Mumps virus' akayita mu mpewo gye tussa, mu malusu oba mu minyira. Singa omulwadde akolola(oba ayasimula) oba anyiza, ne wabaawo obutondo obukusammukira mu maaso, mu nnyindo oba mu kamwa, olwo okwatibwa endwadde eno. N'ekirala esobola okukukwata ng'okozesezza ebikozesebwa mu kulya n'okunywa bye bimu n'oyo abulina.

Akaseera omulwadde k'amala n'obulwadde buno nga tebunnalaga bubonero bwabwo kali wakati w'ennaku kkumi na mukaaga n'ekkuminoomunaana(16-18) era omuntu kyangu nnyo okubusiiga abalala nga tamanyi nti abulina.

Engeri y'okweziyizaamu endwadde y'amambulugga




#Article 151: Okufuukuuka omubiri (665 words)


Okufuukuka omubiri

Buno bulwadde obujjira mu mbeera ez’enjawulo nga zireetebwawo engeri omubiri gye gusisiwalamu (gye gwewulira eri) ebyo ebiri mu bwetoloole bw’omuntu. Ku bantu abalala biyinza okuba nga bibakosa kitono oba oluusi obutabakoseza ddala. Okufuukuuka kw'omubiri kusobola okubeera mu ngeri ez'enjawulo nga, omusujja oguva ku bimera oba omuddo ogukaze, okufuukuuka olw’emmere, okulemererwa okussa, okufuukuuka okuleetebwa okulumwa ekiwuka ng’enjuki, olususu okukalambala n’embeera endala.

Obubonero kw’obulabira okufuukuuka kuliko: okumyuka amaaso, olususu okuyiwa olutulututtu olusiiwa, ennyindo okukulukuta, obuzibu mu kussa oba okuzimba, okukuba emyasi, okukolola n'ebirala. Omubiri okubeera nga tegukkiriza kika kya mmere ekimu n’omubiri okukyuka olw’okulya emmere eyonoonese mbeera za kufuukuuka ez’enjawulo.

Ebisinga okuleeta okufukuuka kw’omubiri

Empumbu n’ebika by’emmere ebimu, ebyuma n’ebintu ebirala. Emmere, okulumwa ebiwuka n’eddagala erimu erijjanjaba bye bisinga okuleeta obuzibu obw’amaanyi. Obuzibu buno busobola okubeera nga busikire oba nga buva ku butonde obwetoolodde omuntu. Omuntu akaberebwa okusinziira ku bujjanjabi omuntu bw'azzenga afuna. Okwongera okwekebejja olususu wamu n’omusaayi kubeera kwa mugaso nnyo wabula ng’okukebera omuntu n’azuulibwa ng’alina obulwadde obuvudde ku kintu ekimu kiba tekitegeeza nti ekyo ekireetedde omuntu oyo okufuukuuka nti kisobola n’okufuukuula omuntu omulala.

Singa ebintu ebimu bizuulibwa nga bireetera omuntu okufuukuuka kisobola okumuyambako okuziyiza embeera eno. Obujjanjabi bw’okufuukuuka buzingiramu okuwewala ebyo ebimanyiddwa nga bikireeta wamu n’okukozesa eddagala nga steroids ne antihistamines. Singa embeera etabuka omulwadde alina okukubibwa eddagala lya adrenaline nga liyisibwa mu mpiso. Okujjanjaba obulwadde buno ng’okozesa ebyo ebiyamba okwongera ku maanyi g’omubiri okulwanyisa endwadde, kiyamba omuntu okumanya ebintu eby’enjawulo ebivaako okufuukuuka kw’omubiri okugeza omuddo omukalu oba engeri omuntu gy’akosebwamu ebiwuka ebiruma.

Okufukuuka kw’omubiri mu nsi ezaakula edda kungi nnyo ebitundu 20% bafuukuuka olw’okulumwa ebiwuka, abalala ne bafuukuuka olw’emmere n’abalala okukalambala ensusu nga ziremererwa okukuuma amazzi mu lwo. Abantu ebitundu 1-18% babeera n’ekirwadde eky’okuziyira wabula kino kisinziira ku nsi omuntu mw'ali. Okufukuuka kw’omubiri okuva ku kulumwa ebiwuka kutwala ebitundu 0.05-2% ku bantu bonna. Omuwendo gw’abantu abafuna obulwadde buno gweyongera buli lunaku era nga bwasooka okuwulirwako mu mwaka gwa 1906.

Ebintu ebisinga ebireeta okufuukuuka kw’olususu okugeza enfuufu n’empumbu byo bitambulira mu mpewo era ng’obubonero bwabyo bubaawo oluvannyuma lw’empewo eno okukwatagana n’amaaso, ennyindo oba amawuggwe. Okugeza okufuukuuka okuva ku kusemberera omuddo omukalu kuleeta okusiiyibwa okw’amaanyi mu nnyindo, okwasimula, okusiiyibwa olususu n’okumyuka amaaso. Singa omuntu assa empewo eno erimu ebyo ebireetera omuntu okufuukuuka kireetera omuntu okufuna olunyiranyira mu mawuggwe, obuzibu mu kussa, okukolola n’okuyiriitira.

Ng’oggyeeko ebyo ebifuukuula omubiri ebyogeddwako waggulu, omuntu era asobola okufuukuuka omubiri okuva ku mmere, okulumwa ebiwuka n’eddagala erimu okugeza aspirin ne penicillin. Obubonero obulaga nti omuntu alina obuzibu ku mmere kuliko: okulumwa olubuto, okuzimba olubuto, okusesema, okufuna embiro, okusiiyibwa n’okuzimba olususu. Okufuukuuka okuva ku mmere oluusi kibeera kizibu okuleetera omuntu obuzibu mu kussa. Eddagala eriweebwa omuntu alumiddwa ekiwuka oluusi nalyo lireetera omuntu okufuukuka omubiri. Lisobola okuleetera ebitundu by’omubiri ebitali bimu okugeza, ebyenda, amawuggwe n’entambuza y’omusaayi. Singa embeera yeeyongera okubeera embi, kisobola okuvaamu okuzimba, entambula y’omusaayi okukkira ddala wansi, okuzirika wamu n’okufa. Kuno kisobola okubaawo ekibwatukira oba ne kitwala akabanga.

Ebika by’emmere bingi ebisobola okuleetera omuntu okufuukuuka omubiri naye ng’ebitundu 90% okufuukuuka kuno kuleetebwa; amata, soya, amagi, eng'aano, ebinyeebwa ebizungu, n’ebyennyanja. Mu baana abato, singa amata gabeera nga gabafukuula emibiri kibeera tekirina kye kikyusa singa baganywa nga matabulemu amazzi oba nedda.

Emmere esinga okuleetera omuubiri okufuukuuka mu nsi eya America bye byennyanja wabula ng’ate byo ebinyeebwa bye bisinga okuleeta obubonero obw’omutawaana. Okufuukuuka kw’omubiri olw’ebinyeebwa tekiryawo nti kirabika nnyo mu bantu abakulu oba abaana abato. Ebintu ebirala ebireetawo okufukuuka kw’omubiri bibeera bya mutawaana singa bibeera nga byegasseemu ekirwadde eky’okuziyira. Okufuukuuka kw’omubiri kwawukana mu bantu abakulu n’abaana abato. Okufuukuuka okuleetebwa ebinyeebwa ebiseera ebimu kulabikira nnyo mu baana abato, kuno kugattibwako okuleetebwa amagi nga gano gakosa abaana abali mu myaka nga 5. Kino ebiseera ebisinga kireetebwa ekirungo ekibeera mu kitundu ky’eggi ekyeru so si mu njuba.

Okufuukuuka okw’omubiri okuleetebwa amata kulabikira nnyo mu baana abato. Abantu abamu emibiri gyabwe tegiriba na busobozi kumenyaamenya mata ga mbuzi oba ga ndiga n’ago agava mu nte, nga n’abamu balemererwa okukkiriza ebimtu ebiva mu mata mu mibiri gyabwe okugeza omuzigo. Abaana ebitundu 10% abafuukuuka olw’amata era babeera tebasobola kulya nnyama wadde ng’ennyama erimu akatondo kasirikitu ak’ekirungo ekisangibwa mu mata.




#Article 152: Okuyimbulukuka (253 words)


Okuyimbuluka  mbeera ya bulamu amasavu agayitiridde we gabeerera mu mubiri okutuuka ku ssa wegatuukira okubeera nga gakosa obulamu by’omuntu.  Abantu battwakibwa okuba abayimbulukufu singa emibiri gyabwe gibeera n’obuzito, oba ekipimo ekifunibwa oluvannyuma lw’okugabiza obuzito bw’omuntu n’ekitundu (square) ky’obuzito bw’omuntu bubeera nga buli waggulu wa kilo amakumi asatu (30 kg/m2), ng’obuzito obuli wakati wa kilo 25-30 kg/m2 bwe butwalibwa ng’obuzito obusukkiridde. Amawanga agamu mu buvanjuba bwa ssemazinga wa Asia bakozesa ebipimo (values) bya wansiko. Okuyimbulukuka kuleetawoemikisa gy’okufuna endwadde ez’enjawulo okusingira ddala obulwadde bw’omutima, sukaali, okuzibikirwa kw’empewo, ebika bya kookolo eby’enjawulo, n’obulwadde bw’ennyingo.

Okuyimbulukuka kusinga kuleetebwawo omugatte gw’ebintu eby’enjawulo okuli okulya okuyitiridde, obutakola dduyiro,okufuna obutoffaali okuva ku bazadde obuleeta embeera eno. Okugamaba nti omuntuasobola okuba ng’alya katono wabula era n’ayimbulukuka oluvannyuma lw’omubiri okulemererwa okumenyamenya emmere eno tekirina byakulabirako bikiwagira. Okuyimbulukuka kuleetera abantu okubeera nga bakozesa amaanyi mangi okusinga bannaabwe abatono olw’okuba kiba kyetaagisa amaanyi mangi okukuuma obuzito bw’omubiri obweyongeddeko.

Okuyimbukuka kusoboka okuziyizibwa ng’omuntu ateekawo enkyuka kyuka mu nkola y’ebintu bye mu bulamu bwe obwa bulijjo wamu n’okukola okusalawo ng’omuntu. Okukyusa endya n’okukozesa omubiri dduyiro bwe bujjanjabi obusooka era obusinga obukulu. Omutindo gw’emmere gusobola okukyusibwa ng’omuntu akendeeza ku kulya emmere enzito, okugeza emmere erimu amasavu amangi ne sukaali, n’okulya ennyo ebika by’emmere ebitasoboka kumenyebwamenyebwa mu mubiri. Obujjanjabi busoboka okukolebwa nga bugattiddwa wamu n’endya ennungi, okukendeeza ku bwagazi bw’okulyaoba okukendeeza ku kulya amasavu.singa endya, dduyiro n’obujjanjabi bibeera nga tebikoze, awo omuntu asobola okussibwa ku nkola y’okusala amasavu oba okulongoosebwa okusobola okukendeeza ku bunene bw’olubuto ekireetera omuntu okuwukira ng’akkuta mangu oba okukendeeza ku bungi bw’ebirungo omubiri bye guyingiza. 




#Article 153: Okutya (300 words)


Okutya kika kya kukulungutana okunnyonnyolwa  n’okutya okutaggwawo abantu kwe babeera nakwo eri ekintu oba embeera.  Embeera eno ey’okutya ereetawo omuntu okufuna okutya ku kintu era ne kumuwangaaliramu okusukka emyezi mukaaga.  Omuntu alina embeera eno yeewalira ddala okusemberera embeera oba ekintu ky’atya, n’asukka nnyo ku buwanvu omuntu eyeewala ekintu kino okumutusaako obulabe bwe yandibaddemu okuva we kiri. Singa ekintu oba embeera etiibwa ebeera nga tesobola kwewalika, kino kireetera omuntu akitya okubeera nga tateredde.  Eri abo abatya ebiwundu oba omusaayi basobola okuzirika. Waliwo okutya okuva ku mbeera y’ekitundu omuntu mw’abeera nga tagyagala wabula nga talina ngeri gy’asobola kugivaamu. Ebiseera ebisinga abantu bafuna okutya ku bintu oba embeera eziwerako.

Embeera z’okutya zaawulwamu ebika eby’enjawulo okuli; okw’ebintu eby’enjawulo, okw’embeerabantu, n’okuva ku bwetoloole bw’omuntu. Okutya okuva ku bintu  mulimu; okuva ku bisolo ebimu, obutonde bw’ensi, omusaayi oba ekiwundu n’embeera ez’enjawulo. Oktya okusinga okulabika ennyo kwe kw’emisota, nnabbubi n’okubeera n’entengereze. Okutya kunooluusi kujja oluvannyuma lw’omuntu okufuna ekifaananyi ekibi ku bintu ebyo. Okutya kw’embeerabantu kwe kutya omuntu kw’afuna olw’okutya okulamulwa abantu abala ababalaba. Okutya okw’obwetoloole kujja olw’okuba ng’omuntu awulira ng’okuva mu mbeera gyalimu si kyangu.

Okutya ebintu eby’enjawulo kulina kumalibwawo ng’omuntu atya ebintu ebyo abeera ng’amanyizibwa okulaba ebintu by’atya  okutuusa ng’okutya ku muweddemu. Obujjanjabi tebwetaagisa mu kika ky’okutya kino. Okutya okw’omu mbeerabantu n’okwo okuva ku bwetoloole  bw’omuntu kwo kujjanjabibwa nga kugattiddwako okubuulirira n’eddagala. Eddagala ery’eyambisbwa mulimu antidepressants, benzodiazepines, oba beta-blockers.

Okutya okw’ebintu eby’enjawulo kukosa abantu ebitundu 6-8% mu nsi ey’obugwanjuba n’abantu ebitundu 2-4% mu ssemazinga wa Asia, Africa ne Latin America mu mwaka ogumu. Okutya okw’embeerabantu kukosa abantu ebitundu 7% mu America n’ebitundu 0.5-2.5% mu bitundu by’ensi ebisigadde. Okutya okuva ku bwetoloole bw’omuntu kukosa abantu ebitundu 1.7%.  Abakazi okukosebwa kwabwe kukubisibwamu emirundi ebiri mu kw’abasajja. Okusinga kibeera wakati w’emyaka 10-17.  Obungi bw’abantu abafuna embeera eno gukka buligye beeyongera okukula. Abantu abalina embeera ey’okutya babeera n’emiksa mingi okwetuga.




#Article 154: Ebigendererwa by’ensi eby’enkulakulana (1768 words)


Ebigendererwa by’ensi eby’ebyenkulakulana egenda mu maaso byatandikibwawo kibiina ky’amawanga amagatte.
Ebigendererwa by’ensi eby’enkulakulana egenda mu maaso bimanyiddwa mu butongole ng’ebigendererwa mukyusa nsi. Ebigendererwa bino biwerera ddala kkumi na musanvu nga bya kutuukirizibwa mu mwaka gwa 2030 mu nsi yonna. Ebigendererwa bino birina ensonga ezisongeddwako 169 mu byo. Ebigendererwa bino bisangibwa mu kiba ekya 54 mu kiwandiiko ky’amawanga amagatte ekyakolebwa nga 25/09/2015, nga byawomebwamu omutwe ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte nga kiyita mu nkola ey’okununula ensi nga kiyambibwako amawanga 193 agakirimu wamu n’ekibiina ky’abakozi ba gavumenti mu nsi yonna.

Ekiwandiiko ky’ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte kirambulula endagaano eyakolebwa wakati w’enfugiro ez’enjawulo ku ki ekirina okukolebwa oluvannyuma lwa 2015 ebigendererwa by’ensi yonna eby’enkulakulana ebyasooka (Millennium Development Goals) okubagibwa nga biweddeko. Kino kyali kya kukolebwa nga bazimbira ku mateeka agakkaanyizibwako mu kiwandiiko kino (Resolution A/RES/66/288), ekimanyiddwa nga “Ebiseera Eby’omu maaso bye Twetaaga”. 

Nga 19/07/2014, ekibinja ky’abantu abaali ab’okukola ku bigendererwa bino okuva mu Lukiiko Ttabamiruka olw’Ekibiina ky’Amawanga amagatte kyaweereza ekiwandiiko ekirimu ebiteeso byakyo eri Olukiiko luno. Ekiwandiiko ky’ebiteeso byabwe kyalimu ebigendererwa kkumi na musanvu (17) n’ebitunuuliddwa mu bigendererwa bino kikumi mu nkaaga mu mwenda (169) nga byali bitwaliramu kumpi buli kyetaagisa okusobola okutuuka ku nkulakulana eno egenda mu aaso / eteddirira.  Mu bino mwalimu okukomya enjala, n’obwavu, okutumbula eby’obulamu n’ebyenjigiriza , okufuula ebibuga ebifo ebyesiimisa, okumalawo obuzibu bw’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’obudde, n’okukuuma zi ssemayanja wamu n’ebibira. Nga 05/12/2014, olukiiko ttabamiruka olw’ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte lwakkiriza ekyo ekyasalibwawo ssaabawandiisi mu alipoota ye gye yakola oluvannyuma lw’okwekenneenya ebiteeso by’ekibinja ekikozi ekyasalawo ku bigendererwa bino era ne kikakasibwa nti enteekateeka yaakyo yejja okugobererwa.

Enteeseganya wakati w’enfugiro ez’enjawulo ku nteekateeka y’ebyenkulakulana ey’oluvannyuma lwa 2015 zaatandika mu mwezi gwa Gatonnya wa 2015 ne zikoma mu mwezi gwa Muwakanya era mu mwaka gwe gumu. Oluvannyuma lw’enteeseganya zino, ekiwandiiko eky’enkomeredde kyabagibwa mu lukiiko olwatuula okukakasa ebigendererwa bino mu mwezi gw’omwenda okuva ng’ennaku z’omwezi 25-27 mu 2015, mu kibuga New York mu America. Erinnya ly’enteekateeka eno liri: Okukyusa ensi yaffe: Enteekateeka nnamutayiika ey’enkulakulana eteddirira eya 2030 (Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development).

Ebyafaayo by’ebigendererwa by’ensi eby’enkulakulana eteddirira byatandikira mu mwaka gwa 1972, abakulembeze b’amawanga lwe baasisinkana mu kibuga Stockholm mu nsi eya Sweden okuteesa ku bwetoloole bw’omuntu mu lukiiko lw’ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte olwayitibwa United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, okutunuulira eddembe ly’amaka lye gaba nalyo okubeera mu bwetoloole obulimu obulamu obulungi era obulimu obugabirizi obwa buli ngeri.  Mu 1983, ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte lwe kyasalawo okugunjaawo olukiiko lw’ensi yonna okufaayo ku butonde bw’ensi wamu n’enkulakulana nga wano enkulakulana egenda mu maaso yannyonyolwa ng’obusobozi bw’okutuukiriza ebyetaago ebiriwo kati awatali kwemulugunya ku migigi egijja mu maaso n’obusobozi bwagyo kutuukiriza byetaago byago.  Mu 1962 olukiiko lw’amawanga amagatte olwasooka olukwata ku butonde bw’ensi n’enkulakulana lwatuula mu Rio. Mu lukiiko luno enteekateeka eyasooka ku butonde bw’ensi n’enkulakulana yakolebwa era n’etandika okugobererwa ng’enteekateeka nnamba 21.
 
Oluvannyuma lw’emyaka amakumi abiri ng’olukiiko lw’omu Rio lumaze okutuula, wagungibwawo ekirowoozo ekipya ekiyitibwa “Ebiseera by’omu maaso bye Twetaaga” ekyatuukibwako ensi ezirina obwa mmemba mu kibiina kino. Emiramwa emikulu egyateesebwako kwaliko okukendeeza obwavu, okubunyisa amasannyalaze, amazzi n’obuyonjo, eby’obulamu n’obusenze bw’omuntu. Ekiba ekya 246 eky’ekiwandiiko kino kireetawo enkwatagana wakati w’olukiiko olwatuula mu Rio n’ebigendererwa by’ensi yonna eby’ebyenkulakulana (Millennium Development Goals). “ Tukiraba ng’okussaawo ebigendererwa eby’ebyenkulakulana kisobola okuba eky’omugaso okusobola okussaawo enkola ey’ekiruubirirwa era ekwatagana obulungi ku nkulakulana egenda mu maaso. Ebigendererwa birina birambika era n’okukwataganya mu ngeri ey’ekyenknyi ensonga essatu enkulu ez’enkulakulana egenda mu maaso ( obutonde bw’ensi, eby’enfuna n’embeerabantu). Okutondawo ebigendererwa bino tebirina ndaba na maanyi gabadde gateekebwa ku bigenderewa by’ensi yonna eby’ebyenkulakulana. Ekiba ekya 249, kigamba nti enkola eno erina okubeera ng’egattiddwa bulungi era ng’ekwatagana n’enteekateeka y’ebyokukola oluvannyuma lwa 2015.

Ebiba bino ebibiri nga bigattiddwa wmu byavaako okuleetebwa kw’enteekateeakay’ebyenkulakulana eyali yetolooolera ku bigendererwa by’ensi yonna eby’enkulakulana (Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),[10] ebyabagibwa mu butongole mu Lukiiko olw’ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte olwatuula mu 2000, n’endagaano n’ekolebwa mu kiwandiiko ekya “Ebiseera eby’omu maaso bye Twetaaga”. Olukiiko lwa Rio+20 nalwo lwakkiriza nti enkwajjirira y’okubaga “Ebigendererwa by’ensi eby’enkulakulana egenda mu maaso” erina okuba nga yetoloolera ku bukozi, ng’eri mu bufunze era nga nnyangu okutuusa ku balala, mu muwendo omutono ddala, ng’ezzaamu essuubi, etwaliramu ensi zonna era ng’esobola okuteekebwa mu nkola ensi zonna nga tesudde muguluka ebyo ebiriwo mu mawanga ag’enjawulo, obusobozi n’amadaala g’ebyenkulakulana wamu n’okussa ekitiibwa amateeka g’ensi ezo ne bye gatwalanga eby’omuwendo (ebisoosowazibwa).

Ebigendererwa by’ensi yonna eby’enkulakulana byali birina okubeera nga bituukibwako mu mwaka gwa 2015. Okusalibwawo okulala kwali kulina okukolebwa okukkiriza okubagwo ebigendererwa ebirala eby’enkulakulana ebyali eby’okuva mu 2015-2030. Okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga eno kwatandika ng’omwaka gwa 2015 tegunnatuuka era ng’ekibinja y’abantu okuva mu kibiina ky’amawanga amagatte ekyali eky’okubaga enteekateeka ku birina okukolebwa oluvannyuma lwa 2015 kyafulumya alipoota eyasooka eyali eyitibwa Okuzuula Ebiseera Eby’om maaso bye Twetaaga (Realizing The Future We Want).[13] alipoota eno ye yali ekikolebwa ekisooka ku kutuukiriza ebyo ebirambikibwa mu biba ekya 246 ne 249 ebyekiwandiiko ky’Ebiseera eby’omu maaso bye Twetaaga. Alipoota eno yannyonnyola ensonga nnya n’ekitundu ku kirooto ky’ensi yonna ky’erina ku by’enkulakulana egenda mu maaso: okutwaliramu n’enkulakulana mu mbeerabantu, okwesigama ku butonde bw’ensi, okukulakulanya eby’enfuna, emirembe wamu n’obukuumi. Mu birala mwalimu.

Mu birala mwalimu olukiiko lwa Ssaabawandiisi w’ekibiina ky’amwanga amagatte olwa waggulu ku nteekateeka y’enkulakulana ey’okubaawo oluvannyuma lwa 2015, nga alipoota yaalwo yaweebwayo eri ssaabawandiisi mu mwaka gwa 2013.

Nga 25/09/2015, amawanga 193 agatuula kulukiiko ttabamiruka olw’ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte gassaawo enteekateeka eya 2030 ey’ebyenkulakulana eyali etuumiddwa Okukyusa Ensi yaffe (Transforming our world): Enteekateeka nnamutayiika eya 2030 ey’enkulakulana egenda mu maaso. Oluvannyuma lw’okussibwawo, ebitongole by’ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte nga bigattiddwa wamu mu kyatuumibwa United Nations Development Group, byasalawo okuwagira enteekateeka eno n’ebintu ebyabwe ebyetongodde, ebibiina eby’obwegassi wamu n’ebitongole eby’ensi yonna. Enkola yaabwe yali emanyiddwa nga Kuyega buli omu “Campaign Everyone”, yaleetera ebigendererwa by’ensi yonna okugaziyizibwa/ okusasaana.  Eky’okuwagira enkola eya kakuyege eyeetongodde yawakanyizibwa olw’obutafuna kukakasibwa kuva mu mawanga agalina obwa mmemba mu kibiina, wamu n’ebitongole by’abakozi mu gavumenti eby’enjawulo  kko ne gavumenti zonna obulambirira. Kino baakikola nga banenya olukiiko lwa UNDG okwesuulirayo ogwa nnaggamba ku nsonga enkulu ezaalina okubeera nga zoogerwako ndagaano: okuyimirizibwawo.  Ebyatunuulirwa ebirala mwalimu nti ebigendererwa by’ensi yonna kimiimo ekitegeeza enkwajjirira endala ez’enjawulo ezitalina kakwate ku kibiina ky’amawanga amagatte.

Enteekateeka entongole ekwata ku nkulakulana egenda mu maaso eyassibwawo nga 25/12/2015 erina ebiba 92 ng’ekiba ekikulu eky’amakumi ataano mu ekimu (51) kye kimenya ebigendererwa ekkumi n’omusanvu (17) eby’enkulakulana egenda mu maaso nga muno mwe muli ebitunuuliddwa 169. Mwalimu ebigenederwa bino wammanga:

 

Mu gw’omunaana gwa 2015, waaliwo ebitunuuliddwa 169 ku bigendererwa ebyo  n’obubonero 304 obw’okualbika oba nga ddala ebintu ebyo bissibwa mu nkola.

Okuva lwe kiri nti olukiiko lwa Rio+20 terwalambulula bigendererwa bino na bibikwatako, ekibinja ky’abantu amakumi asatu (30) kyakolebwa nga 22/01/2013, n’okusalawo kw’olukiiko ttabamiruka olw’ekibiina ky’amawangsa amagatte.  Abantu bano baaweebwa omulimu gw’okutegeka ekiwandiiko omuli ebyo ebinabeera mu bigendererwa by’ensi eby’enkulakulana egenda mu maaso nga byali bya kugobererwa mu mu lukiiko olw’enkaaga mu omunaana (68) olwali olw’okutuula mu mwezi gw’omwenda 2013 okutuuka mu gw’omwenda 2014.
Ekibinja ky’abakozi kyalondanga ba mmemba baakyo nga kisinziira ku bitundu (constituencies) ekyawa omukisa ensi ez’enjawulo okubeera nga zeetaba mu nteekateeka eno. Oluvannyuma lw’entuula 13, ekibinja kino kyawaayo ekiwandiiko kyakyo eky’ebigendererwa ekkumi n’omusanvu eby’enkulakulana egenda mu maaso n’ebyokutunuulira 169 eri olutuula olw’enkaaga mu omunaana olw’olukiiko ttabamiruka  olw’ekibiina ky’amawanga amagatte mu mwezi gw’omwenda ogwa 2014. 
Ekiwandiiko ekyava mu lukiiko lwa  Rio+20 kyali kigamba nti, “ku ntandikwa, ekibinja ky’abakozi kijja kusalawo ku ngeri y’okukolamu, omuli n’okussaawo ebirabirwako okukakasa ng’abakwatibwako n’abakugu okuva mu kibiina ky’abakozi ba gavumunti, bannassaayansi n’ekibiina ky’amwanag amagatte n’enkola yaakyo okuba nga beenyigiramu butereevu okusobola okuwa ebirowoozo eby’enjawulo wamu n’obumanyirivu. 

Alipoota ey’ekitongole ky’ensi yonna  ekinoonyereza ku mmere (International Food Policy Research Institute) eya 2013 yawakanya kaweefube ow’ebigendererwa bino nga kigamba  nti tebyalimu bbugumu limala. Mu kifo ky’okuluubirira okukomya obwavu omwaka gwa 2030 we gulituukira, n’okumalawo enjala n’endya embi mu mwaka 2025, nti ebigendererwa bino bissa nnyo essira ku kumalwo enjala n’endya embi nga bya kutuukibwako mu myaka etaano n’okukka wansi mu 2025.   Kyesigamya endowooza zaakyo ku nsi nga China, Vietnam, Brazil ne Thailand nga kinnyonnyola emikutu esatu omusobola okuyitibwa okutuuka ku  kigendererwa kino okuli: eby’obulimi, obukuumi  mu mbeeerabantu n’endya ennongoseemu nga bino bisobola okukola kinnakimu oba okugattibwa awamu.

Ebigendererwa by’ensi eby’enkulakulana egenda mu maaso era biwakanyizibwa olw’ensonga nti nabyo bye nnyini bikuubagana olw’ensonga nti mukwagala okulinyisa ebyo eby’enfuna by’amawanga, bajja kumaliriza nga bakuubaganye n’ekigendererwa ky’okutaasa ebiramu ebiri mu butonde bw’ensi. Ekirala kwe kugamba nti ddoola ya America $1.25 tezimala muntu kwebeezaawo mu bulamu obwa bulijjo kyokka nga bagamba nti omuntu asembayo okuba omwavu alina okuba nga waakiri afuna ddoola 5.   

Ensonga endala yali nti ebiruubirirwa 169 bingi nnyo era nga bisobola okuvaako okuwaba nga bwe kyali ku bigendererwa by’enkulakulana ebyasooka. Alipoota eno era yawakanya ebigendererwa bino olw’obutatunuulira mbeera y’abantu baawansi wabula ne bakulembeza ebitundu ebiri obulungi okubaga ebigendererwa bino. Bannabyanfuna baagamba nti ebigendererwa byonna ebirala biringa ebya bagigibwa okutuukiriza ekigendererwa ekisooka., baakiteebereza nti mu kugezaako okumalawo obwavu n’okutuuka ku bigendererwa ebirala kija kwetaagisa ssente eziri wakati wa US$2 trillion to 3 trillion (obutabalika) buli mwaka mu myaka 15 egijja mu maaso, ekirabika nga tekisoboka. Okukendeera kw’abantu abali mu bwavu obutenkanika kuwakanyizibwa olw’enkulakulana eyatuukawo mu nsi eya China; era ng’okugwa kuno kunenyezebwa okunene kussibwa ku bigendererwa by’ensi yonna eby’enkulakulana ebyasoooka okubagibwa. Ebigedererwa bino era biwakanyizibwa olw’ebizibu ebyajjamu mu kinyusi kyabyo ekikulu eky’”enkulakulana egenda mu maaso” n’okulemererwa okutereeza obungi bw’empewo ya carbon dioxide mu bbanga oba okukuumira obutonnde bw’ensi mu mbeera eyeeyagaza.

Amawanga n’ebibiina ebyegattira mu kibiina ky’amawanga amagatte biraze obukwatane wakati w’enkwajjirira y’ebigendererwa by’ensi eby’enkulakulna egenda mu maaso, enzisaamu y’ensimbi mu by’enkulakulana nga birina okumalirizibwa u kibuga Addis Ababa mu mwezi gw’omusanvu gw’omwaka 2015, n’olukiiko lwa COP 21 olwateesa ku nkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde olwatuula mu kibuga kya Bufaransa Paris mu mwezi ogw’ekkumi n’ebiri 2015.

Nations and other parties negotiating at the UN have highlighted the links between the post-2015 SDG process, the Financing for Development process to be concluded in Addis Ababa in July 2015, and the COP 21 Climate Change conference in Paris in December 2015.[47]
Mu mwezi gw’okutaano ogwa 2015, alipoota yawunzika ng’egamba nti ekyo kyokka ekinaava mu lukiiko olukwata nkyukakyuka mu butonde bw’ensi olw’omu Paris kye kijja okuyamba amawanga okutuuka ku bigendererwa byago ebyenkulakulana egenda mu maaso wamu n’ebyo ebitunuuliddwa mu byo eby’enjawulo. Alipoota eno era egamba nti okusobola okwang'anga enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde,ebigendererwa bino birina kusooka kutuukibwako; era nti enkulakulana n’embeera y’obudde si byangu kwawula, wamu n’obwavu, obwenkana ntondwa n’amasannyalaze. Ekibiina ky’awanga amagatte kikubiriza ebitongole bya gavumenti okutandika kaweefube ow’okukendeeza ku bulabe eri obutonde bw’ensi.

Ng’oggyeko ebigendererwa eby’etongodde ku  by’obulamu, obwenkana ntondwa, eby’enjigiriza n’ebirala waliwo endowooza nti singa okuyimusibwa kw’abakyala n’obwenkana ntondwa biba tebisoosowaziddwa, ebigendererwa ebirala byonna biba tebijja kutambula. Ebirowoozo n’obujulizi okuva mu nsonda ez’enjawulo biraga nti obwetabi bw’abakyala mu by’enkulakulana kirina engeri gye kifugamu okukulakulana kw’ensi yonna mu ngeri ezisukkuluma ebyo ebirowoozebwa nti bye bandikoze.

Olukiiko lw’ensi yonna olwa World Pensions Council (WPC) lugamba nti ebigendererwa bino tebyatunuulira nkwatagana wakati w’enkulakulana ey’ekiseera ekiwanvu wamu n’okusiga ensimbi mu bizimbibwa nga bwe kyali kirina okubeera.




#Article 155: Kandida (777 words)


Obulwadde buno busobola okukwata mu bitundu bino;

Singa buba nga bukutte osobola okubulabira ku bubonero buno; 
Mu kamwa:
i) Ebipaapi ebyeru ku lulimi oba mu bitundu ebirala mu kamwa ne mu mumiro
ii) Obuzibu obulala mulimu amabwa n’obuzibu mu kumira.

Mu bitundu by’abakyala eby’ekyama 
i)	Okusiiyibwa 
ii)	Okubabuukirirwa 
iii)	Okuvaamu amazzi agakutuse ng’amata agafudde

Obulwadde buno tebutera kukwata basajja wabula nga bwe buba bubakutte bafuna okusiiyibwa ku busajja bwabwe. Tekitera kulabika bulwadde buno kusasaanira mu mubiri gwonna wabula nga bwe buba busasaanye buleetera omuntu okuwulira omusujja n’obubonero obulala. Kino kisinziira ku bitundu ebikwatiddwa.

Kandida alimu ebika amakumi abiri wabula ng’ekika kya Candida albicans kye kisinga okukwata ennyo abantu. Kandida ow’omu kamwa akwata nnyo abaana abato abali wansi w’omwezi ogumu, abakadde  n’abantu ng’amaanyi g’emibiri gyabwe okulwanyisa endwadde gali wansi. Ebiyinza okunafuya amaanyi g’omubiri okulwanyisa endwadde kuliko; obulwadde bwa mukenenya, obujjanjabi obuweebwa omuntu oluvannyuma lw’okukyusibwa ekitundu ekimu mu mubiri, n’ebirala.

Bw’obulwadde obukwata mu bitundu eby’ekyama butera nnyo okujja mu kiseeera ng’omukyala ali lubuto, eri abo abalina emibiri eminafu okulwanyisa endwadde. Abantu abalina emikisa egy’amaanyi okufuna obulwadde buno beebo abateekebwa mu busenge obw’enjawulo mu malwaliro okufuna obujjanjabi obw’enjawulo, oluvannyuma lw’okuloongoosebwa, abaana abawewufu (abatali bazito kimala) mu kiseera nga bazaaliddwa, n’abo abalina emibiri eminafu mu kulwanyisa endwadde.

Ebikoleddwa okuziyiza obulwadde buno kwe kukozesa eddagala eriyitibwa chlorhexidine wamu n’okunyumunguzanga mu kamwa oluvannyuma lw’okukozesa eddagala erinuusibwa (inhalers). Obujulizi butono nnyo obuwagira enkozesa y’eddagala erijjanjaba endwadde ezireetebwa akawuka aka “bacteria” (probiotics) okuziyiza oba okujjanjaba obulwadde buno ne bwe kiba eri abakazi abafuna ennyo endwadde ez’enjawulo mu bitundu byabwe eby’ekyama. Ku kandida akwata mu kamwa eddagala lya topicalclotrimazole oba nystatin libeera likola bulungi. Singa bino biremererwa, awo omuntu abeera alina okugezaako ku ddagala nga; fluconazole, itraconazole, oba amphotericin B. singa obulwadde busasaana mu mubiri omuntu aweebwa amagezi okukozesa eddala nga caspofungin oba micafungin. 
Kandida ow’omu kamwa akwata  abaana mukaaga ku buli kikumi (6%) abali wansi w’omwezi ogumu. Abaana abiri ku kikumi abali ku bujjanjabi obwa kookolo n’abo abalina obulwadde bwa mukenenya abiri ku kikumi nabo bafuna obulwadde buno. Abakyala ebitundu bisatu bya kuna (3/4) bafunayo obulwadde obuleetebwa entiko waakiri omulundi gumu mu bulamu bwabwe. Ensasaana y’obulwadde buno tetera kuba y’amaanyi okuggyako ng’omuntu alina omubiri omunafu. 

Obubonero n’obulwadde obugenderako

Obubonero n’obulwadde obugendera ku kandida bukyuka okusinsiira ku kitundu we bukutte. Obulwadde buno ebiseera ebisinga buleetera omuntu okumyuka mu kitundu we bukutte, okusiiyibwa n’okuggwebwako emirembe, newankubadde ng’obuzibu busobola okweyongera singa obulwadde buno buba tebujjanjabiddwa mu bwangu. Mu bantu abalina emibiri nga gisobola okulwanyisa endwadde, buno bubeera bulwadde bwa lususu, njala za ngalo oba ez’ebigere oba ku bususu obuli mu mubiri obuseerera. Busobola okukwata ku bususu obugonvu okugeza ak’omu kamwa, mu mumiro oba wansi mu bitundu eby’ekyama. Kibeera kizibu okusanga abantu nga bano nga balina obulwadde buno mu bitundu nga; mu byenda, mu kawago oba mu muyitiro ogw’empewo nga bwe kisobola okuba kw’abo abalina emibiri eminafu.

Mu bantu abalina emibiri eminafu okulwanyisa endwadde, kandida ow’omu mumiro abatawaanya nnyo okusinga obo abalamu obulungi era nga bubeera n’emikisa mingi okufuuka obw’omutawaana ennyo. Obubonero obubaawo oluvannyuma lw’okukwatibwa kandida ow’omu mumiro mulimu; obuzibu mu kumira, okuwulira obulumi ng’omuntu amira, okulumwa olubuto lwa wansi, kammunguluze n’okusesema.
Ebipaapi ebyeru mu kamwa bitera nnyo okulabikira mu baana abato wabula nga tekitwalibwa ng’ekyobulabe okuggyako nga biruddemu ne bisussa mu ssande entonotono.

Obulwadde buno bwe bukwata mu bukyala, buleeta okusiiyibwa, okubabuukirirwa, amabwa n’okuvaamu amazzi agakutuse. Mu basajja, obulwadde buno buleeta obubunero nga; okumyuka ku mutwe gw’obusajja, okuzimba, okusiiyibwa, amabwa, okuvaamu olusu olubi, okufuna obuzibu okubikkula eddiba ly’okubusajja n’okuwulira obulumi mu kufuuyisa oba mu kwegatta. 
Kandida ow’omu byenda mu muntu nga mulamu asobola okweyolekera ku bubonero nga buno; okusiiyibwa emabega, okulya emmere ng’eyitamu buyisi, okuzimba olubuto, kammunguluze, okufuna embiro, okugulumba mu byenda, okusesema, n’okufuna amabwa mu lubuto. 

Emmere esobozesa omubiri okulwanyisa endwadde naye nga teriimu nnyo kika kya mmere ezimba omubiri eyambako okwenkanyankanya obuwuka obw’omugaso obubeera mu kamwa ne mu byenda. Okwambala engoye ez’omunda enkalu obulungi era ezaakolebwa mu ppamba kiyambako okukendeeza ku mikisa gy’okukwatibwa obulwadde bwa kandida. 

Okukuuma akamwa nga kayonjo kiziyiza kandida ow’omu kamwa mu bantu abalina emibiri eminafu okulwanyisa endwadde. Abantu abali ku bujjanjabi obwa kookolo basobola okukozesa eddagala lya chlorhexidine okunyumunguza mu kamwa okusobola okuziyiza oba okukendeeza ku mikisa gy’okufuna obulwadde. Abo abakozesa eddagala nga linuusibwa bunuusibwa balina okunyumunguza mu kamwa n’amazzi oba eddagala erinyumunguza mu kamwa oluvannyuma lw’okunuusa eddagala eryo.
Ku bakyala abatera okulumbibwa obulwadde obuleetebwa entiko (yeast infections), tewabaawo bujulizi bumala nti eddagala eritta obuwuka nga liyisibwa mu bukyala okugeza amakerenda oba bbongo  lisobola okubayamba okuwonya endwadde ezijja oluvannyuma lw’okutawaanyizibwa ennyo endwaadde zino.

Kandida asobola okujjanjabwa n’eddagala erivumula endwadde ezireetebwa entiko  okugeza; clotrimazole, nystatin, fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, ne echinocandins. Waliwo eryo erijjanjaba nga lyoza mu misuwa okugeza; caspofungin nga lino likozesebwa nnyo kwabo abalina emibiri eminafu okulwanyisa endwadde oba abalwadde abayi.




#Article 156: Enkulaakulana eyannamaddala (205 words)


Enkulaakulana eyannamaddala y'enkwajja y'okutuukiriza ebiruubirirwa bw'abantu wamu n'okukuuma ebintu by'obutonde okusobola okutumbula mu by'enfuna wamu n'embeera z'abantu. Ekimiimo enkulaakulana  kyaggibwa mu Brundtlant report eya 1987 ekwata Ku kukuuma ebibira. Endowooza eno bwe yakulaakulanyizibwa n'eryoka ekyusa obwa nga olwo essira ne liteekebwa Ku nkulaakulana mu by'enfuna ne mu bantu z'okukuuma obwebulungulule olw'emigigi egijja.

Enkulaakulana ey’ensibo kiyinza okunnyonnyolwa ng’ekikolwa ky'okukuuma ebintu by'omuwendo eby'obutonde oba ebikolebwa abantu nga tusikiza ebintu by'obutonde ebiba bikozeseddwa n’ebyo bwe byenkanya omuwendo oba okusingawo awatali kwonoona butonde.

Oluvannyuma lwa Rachel Carson okufulumya ekiwandiiko mu 1962 ekya The developing environmental movement, yayogera nnyo ku nkwatagana wakati w'enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna n'engeri obutonde gye bwali busaanyizibwawo.
Ebbanga bwe lyagenda liyitawo, Ekitongole ky’Amawanga amagatte mu nsi yonna ekikola ku nsonga z’obwebungulule n’enkulaakulana, kya yateekawo engeri ttaano ez'okukuuma obutonde era omuntu ataazitambulirangako yali wa kuvunaanibwa.
Mu 1992, The united Nations conference on environment and development kyafulumya  the Earth chater ekyannyonnyola engeri z'okukuumamu ebintu by'obutonde n'emirembe mu nsi yonna mu kyasa ky'abiri mu ekimu.
Mu nteekateeka yaabwe wansi w'akawaayiro ak'abiri mu akamu wansi w'omutwe Enkulaakulana eya nnamaddala, bannyonnyola nti enkulaakulana eno yalimu okukyusa okuva ku nkola enkadde mu by'enfuna okudda ku nkola empya mu nga kizingiramu okukozesa ebintu ebiri mu bwebulungulule okutuukiriza ebyetaago by'abantu okusobola okufuuka ku nkulaakulana eno.




#Article 157: Okutana (234 words)


Okutana kuleetebwa akawuka akayitibwa Clostridium tetani akatera okusangibwa mu ttaka, mu nfuufu oba mu bintu ebivundu era nga kayingira mu mubiri singa osalibwa ebintu kyonna ekyatalagga oba ekikyafu. Kino kireetera okukola obutwa mu mubiri ekireetera omuntu Okutana. Obulwadde buno tebusaasaanyizibwa bantu.
Okutana okusobola okutangirwa nga tugema abo abalina obulwadde buno nga bamalayo ekipimo ky'eddagala ng’abasawo bwe balagira. Omuntu alina ekiwundu alina okukikuuma nga kiyonjo.
Obulwadde buno obw'okutana buli mu buli nsi naye businga nnyo mu bitundu ng’embeera y'obudde ya bbugumu nnyo. Ebitundu eby’ebbugumu bibeeramu obuwuka bungi mu ttaka. Mu 2013, abantu abafa obulwadde bw'okutana baakendeera okutuuka Ku bantu 52000 okuva ku bantu 356000 mu 1990. 
Obulwadde buno bwazuulibwa Antonio Carle ne Giorgio Rottone mu 1884 mu ssetedekero ya Turin n'eddagala lyabwo ne lizuulibwa mu 1924.

Okutana kutandika n'obukosefu mu binywa era nga kireetera okulumizibwa mu kifuba, mu bulago, mu lubuto, okusannyalala wamu n'obuzibu mu kussa.
Obubonero obulala mulimu nga okutuuyana ennyo, okusannyalala, okuzimba, omutima okukuba ennyo n'okufuka okwabuli kaseera.

Okutana kuleetebwa akawuka akayitibwa Clostridum tetani akaleetebwa ebintu ebitalavvu naddala emisumaali oba ebyuma ebirala ebiyinza okusala oba okufumita omuntu.
Obulwadde buno businga kukwata bantu bataagemebwa oba abataamalayo kipimo kya ddagala.
Busobola era okuva ku bifo ebikcaafu n'obubi bw'abantu, obw'ebisolo ng’ente, embuzi, endiga, enkoko n'ebirala.

Okutana kuyinza okuziyizibwa nga tugema ne tetanus toxide. Abantu abakulu balina okufuna eddagala buli luvannyuma lwa myaka 10.
Mu baana abali wansi w'emyaka omusanvu, eddagala lyagatibwako ne DTT/DTAP eririmu n'okugema akafuba.




#Article 158: Eddembe ly'okweyogerera (280 words)


Ekiwandiiko kino okusingira ddala kyogera ku ddembe lya kweyogerera. Eddembe ly'okweyogerera lye liweebwa omuntu okusobola okwogera ebirowoozo bye, nga tatya kukugirwa/kuziyizibwa abo abali mu buyinza (gavumenti). Eddembe y’okweyogerera era lizingiramu n’eddembe ly’okunoonya, okufuna era n 'okusaasaanya obubaka oba endowooza yo nga tofuddeeyo ku mukutu mw’oyise.
Eddembe ly'okweyogerera litwalibwa ng'eddembe ly'obuntu era waliwo n’amateeka g’ensi yonna agafuga eddembe lino. Okugeza Universal Declaration of Human Rights wamu ne International Human Rights Law.
Eddembe ly'okweyogerera terituukiridde, era waliwo ebintu bingi ebirikugira, okuli; okuwaayiriza/okukonjera abakulu, okusaasaanya obuseegu okuyita mu bifaananyi mu  ebiwandiiko oba mu butambi.

Kirowoozebwa nti enfuga y'Abagereeki (Greeks) egoberera demokulaasiya ye yatandikawo eddembe lino eyo mu kyasa ekyokutaano oba ekyomukaaga nga Kristo tannajja. Ekirala bwe bukulembeze bw'eggwanga ly'Abalooma (Roman Republic) nabwo bwalimu eddembe ly'okweyogerera ssaako ery'eddiini. Okulangirira eddembe ly'omuntu ekyakolebwa eyo mu mwaka 1789 n'ebirala bingi biraga ensibuko y'eddembe lino.
Ennaku zino eddembe ly'okweyogerera lissibwamu ekitiibwa mu nsi yonna nga beesigama ku nnambika ya John Milton agamba nti: Eddembe ly'okweyogerera si bbeetu lya kwanja bubaka na birowoozo kyokka, wabula 
kizingiramu n'ensonga enkulu endala ssatu:
Okunoonya, okufuna n'okusaasaanya obubaka oba ebirowoozo eri abalala ng'omuntu takugiddwa. Kino kirimu n’omuntu okusalawo ku mukutu gw’ayagala okukozesa. 
Newankubadde eddembe ly'okweyogerera weeriri, naye ate tulina okulikozesa obulungi obutayingirira na kuvvoola ddembe ddala.

Lino ddembe eryongerezebwa ku ly'okweyogerera, naye ng'eyita ku mutimbagano gwa internet. Ate era kiyinza okutegeeza eddembe ly'omuntu yenna okukuuma ebyama bye obutalabibwa balala ng'akozesa omutimbagano.
Okuggyawo eddembe ly'okukozesa omutimbagano nga kikolebwa abantu oba gavumenti 
Kino kizingiramu ebikolwa ng'okulondoola n'okuketta era n'okufugiriza ennyo abantu ku nkozesa ya internet. Wabula okuyita mu ddembe ly'amawulire eryo waggulu, ekitongole ekitaba amawanga agakozesa  internet munsi yonna gakkaanya nti okuggyawo eddembe ly'okukozesa internet  ng'oyita mu bikolwa ebyo waggulu kiba kikyamu era tekikkirizibwa.




#Article 159: Omusujja gw’omu byenda (169 words)


Omusujja gw’omu byenda guleetebwa obuwuka obuyitibwa 'Salmonella Typhi' nga bukwata mu byenda ne mu musaayi. Omusujja guno bwe gukukwata otandika okufuna (okulaba) obubonero bwagwo mu bbanga eriri wakati w'ennaku omukaaga n'asatu (6-30 days).

Omuntu bw’afuna omusujja guno nga gwa maanyi okumala ennaku eziwera, anafuwa omubiri, alumizibwa mu lubuto, akaluubirizibwa mu kufuluma era alumizibwa n’omutwe. Wabula, waliwo n’abafuna obutulututtu ku mubiri.
Omusujja gw’omu byenda guva akwatira mu kulya era n'okunywa amazzi oba emmere ebiba birina akakwate ku bubi bw'oyo eyakwatibwa edda obulwadde buno. Omusujja guno gukwata bantu bokka, tegukwata kisolo kyonna. 

Obubonero obulala obw’omusujja gw’omu byenda bwe buno.
Mu mbeera ng'omulwadde alina omusujja gw’omu byenda tajjanjabiddwa, obulwadde buno bulina emitendera ena, era nga buli mutendera gumala wiiki ng'emu era, gye gino wammanga:

Wiiki eyookusatu weggweerako ng'omusujja gutandise okukendeera.

Okubeera abayonjo. Okusinga ennyo obulwadde buno bukwatira mu byakulya ne mu mazzi agalimu obubi bw’oyo eyakwatibwako obulwadde buno.

Okujjanjaba endwadde eno, eddagala lino wammanga lye limu ku likozesebwa:
Oral rehydration therapy, ekika kya Fluoroquinolone okuli eddagala nga eiprofloxacin n'ebika by'eddagala ebirala bingi.




#Article 160: Ebiramu eby’enjawulo (684 words)


Ekigambo, ebiramu eby’enjawulo kisobola okunnyonnyolwa mu makulu agaawamu nga obungi n'obuzaazi bw'obulamu ku Ssengendo Ssensi. Emu ku nnyinyonnyola ezisinga okukozesebwa y’eraga enjawulo wakati w'ebika by'ebitonde eby'enjawulo, enjawulo eri mu kika ky'ebitonde ekimu, wamu n'eyo ebaawo wakati w'ebibinja by'ebitonde by'enjawulo ebiri mu butonde obutwetoolodde. Kino kisobola okutusongera ku njawulo mu butoffaali obw'emibiri gy'ebitonde eby'enjawulo, wamu n'enjawulo mu butonde bwabyo mu kitundu ekimu. Obungi bw'obulamu obw'olukalu bulabikira nnyo ku lukuubo mwabuluzansi olwa Equator olw'ensonga nti waliwo embeera y'obudde ebuguma esobozesa ebimera okukyusa ebirungo by'obutonde ebiva mu byo okusobola okukola emmere eyaabyo. Kino kirabikira mu bitundu omuli obutonde obwa kiragala. Bwo obungi bw'obulamu obw'oku mazzi bulabikira ku lubalama lw'obugwanjuba bw’eriyanja Pacific kubanga ebbugumu kungulu kw'amazzi gaakyo lingi nnyo. Obungi bw'obulamu bulabikira nnyo mu bitundu ebibeeramu ebbugumu okusinga ebirala wabula nga kino kiteeberezebwa okugenda nga kikyuka emyaka egijja.

Omuwendo n'ebika by'ebirime, ebisolo n'ebitonde ebirala kye kiyitibwa obungi bw'obulamu. Ebintu bino bya mugaso nnyo eri obulamu bw'omuntu, nga bimulabirira n'emmere, enku, ebikozesebwa okuzimba amayumba, eddagala n'ebikozesebwa mu bulamu obwa bulijjo ebirala. Obungi bw'obulamu mu kitundu businziira ku mbeera y'obudde eri mu kitundu ekyo. Ebiramu byawulwamu ebiti bibiri okuli: ebimera n'ebisolo. Ebika by'ebimera ebimanyiddwa mu kiseera kino biri emitwalo musanvu (70,000), ate nga mu bisolo  (fauna) tulinamu ebika nga: eby'ennyanja, ebinyonyi, ensolo ezirina ezizaala abaana, ebiwuka, amayanzi n'ebirala. 
Enkyukakyuka z'obudde eziyitiridde zireetedde ebiramu bingi okusaanawo era ng'ebitundu 99% n'okusoba eby'ebika by'ebiramu ebyali ku nsi kuno ebiwerera ddala obuwumbi butaano byasaanawo dda. Okuteebereza kulaga nti ebika by'ebiramu ebiri ku nsi mu kiseera kino biri wakati w'obukadde ekkumi n'ekkumi n'obuna (10-14) wabula nga ku bino akakadde kamu n'emitwalo abiri bye byakassibwa mu buwandiike ate nga 86% tebimanyiddwa. Gye buvuddeko mu mwezi Gwokutaano omwaka 2016, bannassaayansi baakola okunoonyereza ne bafulumya alipoota eyalaga nti akatabalika kalamba ak'ebika by'ebiramu ke kasuubirwa okubeera ku nsi. 
Sseŋŋendo Ssensi agambibwa okuba ng’awangadde emyaka obuwumbi buna n’obukadde ataano mu buna era ng’ewaniridde obulamu okumala ebbanga lya myaka obuwumbi busatu n’obukadde butaano okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwasookera ddala ate nga tekukyukanga. Okusinziira ku omu ku banoonyereza agamba nti “Singa obulamu bwawanirirwa mu bwangu ku Ssengendo Ssensi….olwo bwalibadde kuli ssengendo okwetoloola ensi yonna.” 
Okuva lwe kiri nti obulamu bwatandikira ku Ssengedo Ssensi, okusaanawo okwamaanyi kwa mirundi etaano n’obulala obutonotono bye biviiriddeko omuwendo gw’ebiramu ebiri ku nsi okugwa mu ngeri ey’ekibwatukira. Ekiseera okuva omuntu lwe yatandika okubeera ku nsi kikendeezezza nnyo ku bika by’ebiramu eby’enjawulo. Kino kiyitibwa okusaanyizibwawo okw’omulundi ogw’omukaaga okuleetebwawo okubeerawo kw’omuntu n’okusingira ddala mu kusaanyaawo amaka g’ebiramu eby’enjawulo. Ku ludda olulala ebiramu eby’enjawulo nabyo birina engeri gye bikyusaamu obulamu bw’omuntu mu ngeri ennungi oba embi.
Okwetoloola ensi yonna, obungi bw’ebiramu ne gye bigasiza okubeerawo kw’omuntu kifuuse eky’okuteesaako eri bannabyabufuzi oluvannyuma lwa bannassaayansi okuvaayo okulaga nti embeera y’ebyobulamu okwetoloola wonna mu nsi ekosezza ebiramu eby’enjawulo ku nsi. Ensonga eno era teyawukana nnyo na nkyukakyuka mu mbeera ya budde, ng’obulabe bungi mu mbeera z’obulamu obuva ku nkyukakyuka eno era nga buleetawo enkukakyuka mu bitonde ebiri ku nsi. Kino kijjawo olw’enonga nti ebiramu ebisobola okutangira endwadde ez’omutawaana okutuukira ku bantu bifa ne wasigalawo ebyongera okusasaanyaawo endwadde okugeza akawuka ak’omu bitundu eby’omu bugwanjuba bw’omugga Kiyira. 
Obwetaavu n’ebbula ly’amazzi aganywebwa ku Ssengendo Ssensi byongera okulaga okusomooza okutwolekedde mu biseera ebijja mu nsonga z’obulamu bwaffe. Ekizibu kino ekimu ku bikireeseewo be bantu abasaasaanya amazzi okweyongera kyokka ng’ate tebasobola kukuuma bifo gye baggya na kukuumira mazzi ago. Newankubadde nga waliwo ebitundu ebifuna amazzi amayonjo, wabula wakyaliwo ebitundu ebitalina mukisa guno. Okusinziira ku kiwandiiko ky’ensi yonna ekya 2008, ebitundu 62% byokka waakiri bye bisobola okufuna amazzi amayonjo.

Amakolero mangi ebintu bye gakozesa bisibuka butereevu mu butonde. Muno mulimu ebikozesebwa mu kuzimba, ebigoogwa, langi, amasanda (rubber) ne “oil”. Ebiramu eby’enjawulo era bya mugaso nnyo mu kukuuma amazzi, okutuwa embaawo, empapula n’emmere. Noolwekyo okukendeeza ebiramu ebyo mu nsi buba bulabe bw’amaanyi ku nkulaakulana y’obusuubuzi era nga kya kusomooza eri kinene eri eri ebyenfuna.
Mu mwaka gwa 2006 ebika by’ebitonde bingi byali bitwalibwa okuba nga bya bbula nga bannassayansi bangi baakiteebereza okuba ng’obukadde bw’ebika by’ebiramu bungi buli mu katyabaga akabadde k’okusaanyizibwawo akaali katannaba kuzuulibwa.
Jared Diamond kino akinnyonnyola nga “Evil Quartet” omuli okwonoona okususse, okutta ennyo, n’okusanyaawo okw’eddaala ery’okubiri. Ate ye Edward O Wilson naye atulaga ebintu kumpi bye bimu ng’ebya Diamond.




#Article 161: Okukendeeza ku katyabaga k’ebigwawo nnamuzisa (1197 words)


Enkola ey’okukendeeza ku katyabaga k’ebigwawo nnamuzisa nkola eyita mu mitendera gy’okuzuula, okupima n’okukendeeza ku butyabaga obw’ebyo ebigwawo okuva mu butonde nga bya bulabe eri obulamu bw’omuntu. Enkola eno egendererwamu okukendeeza ku kunafuyizibwa kw’embeerabantu n’enkulaakulana okuleetebwawo ebigwabitalaze bino eby’obulabe nga tutunuulira ebyo ebiva ku butonde bw’ensi wamu n’ebizibu ebirala ebikireeta. Wano kibadde kifugibwa nnyo okunoonyereza ku kunafuyizibwa okw’enjawulo okwatandika okulabikira mu biwandiiko okuviira ddala mu masekkati ga 1970 era nga buno buvunaanyizibwa bwa bitongole ebifa ku nkulaakulana n’enkula y’ensi. Kino kirina okubeera ekitundu ekiramba ku ngeri ebitongole bino gye bikolamu emirimu gyabyo sso ssi kya kwogerako bwongezi oba ng’ekikolebwa omulundi ogumu gwokka ne kiviibwako. Enkola eno ey’okukendeeza ku bigwawo nnamuzisa esaasaanidde mu bitundu ebisinga obungi era ng’erabikira kumpi mu buli kitongole ky’ebyenkulaakulana wamu n’ebyo ebikola ku mbeera z’abantu.
Ennyinyonnyola esinga okujulizibwako ku nkola eno ey’okukendeeza ku katyabaga ak’ebigwawo nnamuzisa y’eyo ekozesebwa ebitongole eby’ekibiina ky’Amawanga Amagatte. Emiramwa emikulu egigobererwa bwe busobozi bw’okukendeeza okunafuyizibwa n’obutyabaga bw’ebigwawo nnamuzisa mu mbeerabantu zonna, okuziyiza oba okussa ekkomo ku bizibu eby’enjawulo, nga bitunuulirwa mu kifaanayi ekyawamu eky’enkulaakulana eyimirizikikawo.

Ku nsimbi obuwumbi bwa ddoola z’America 10 eziteeberezebwa okuba nga ziweebwayo ng’obuyamnbi okusobola okusitula embeera z’abantu, ebitundu bina ku kikumi (4%) byokka ze ziteekebwa mu kuziyiza obutyabaga. Kino kikyamu kubanga buli ddoola emu eteekebwa mu kukendeeza akatyabaga k’ebigwawo nnamuzisa ekekkereza wakati wa ddoola ttaano n’ekkumi mu kufiirwa okuleetebwawo ebigwawo nnamuzisa.

Okuva mu myaka gya 1970 enteekateeka ku bigwawo eby’obulabe lwe yatandika okulowoozebwako era n’okukolebwako, walabiseewo entegeera engaziko ku nsonga lwaki ebintu bino bigwawo nga kikoleddwa mu kugatta endaba ez’enjawulo ku kukendeeza obulabe bw’abyo eri abantu mu kitundu. Enkola empya ekwata ku kweteekerateeekera ebigwawo etulaga ekyasalibwawo okukolebwa ku nsonga eno. Enkola ey’okukendeeza ku katyabaga k’ebigwawo eby’obulabe nkola mpya wabula ng’etwala mu maaso endowooza n’ebikolebwa eby’asooka. Etwalibwa mu maaso ebitongole by’ensi yonna, gavumenti ez’enjawulo, abateekerateekera ebizibu ebigwabitalaze, wamu n’ebitongole bya gavumenti eby’enjawulo.
Bangi balaba enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde ng’erina ky’eyongera obutereevu ku kujjawo kw’ebigwawo eby’obulabe n’okubeera kw’abyo ebyamaanyi n’okweyongera kwabyo mu biseera eby’omu maaso. Waliwo kaweefube akolebwa okusobola okukwataganya Okukendeeza kw’ebigwawo nnamuzisa wamu n’enkyukakyuka mu embeera y’obudde. 
Okukendeeza kw’ebigwawo nnamuzisa nkola ekolebwako kumpi mu buli kitundu okwetoloola ensi wabula ng’ekyalina okusoomooza kw’amaanyi okuginnyonnyola mu bulambulukufu bwayo, newankubadde ng’ekirowoozo ekisinga okuba ekigazi ekigikwatako kitegeerwa bulungi.
Wabaddewo obwetaavu ku kwongera okutangaaza ku biri mu nkola eno ey’Okukendeeza kw’ebigwawo nnamuzisa era n’ebyo ebiraga oba ng’embeera esobola okudda mu nteeko. Okusoomoozebwa kuno kwakolebwako Ekibiina ky’ensi yonna  mu lukiikiko olw’Amawanga Amagatte (UN) olwatuula okuteesa ku Kukendeeza Ebigwawo eby’obulabe mu kibuga Kobe mu Japan mu mwaka gwa 2005 nga waakayita ebbanga ttono nga baakatuula okuteesa ku mutenzaggulu eyali yeeriisa enkuuli mu liyanja lya Buyindi mu mwaka 2004.
Enteekateeka z’Ekibiina ky’Amwanga Amagatte ziyambye nnyo okwongera okutereeza n’okussa amaanyi mu nkola eno ku mutendera ogw’ensi yonna nga kino okusooka kyakolebwa mu kiwandikko ekyabagibwa ekibiina kino mu myaka gya 1990 bwe gyali giwera emyaka kkumi bukya enkola eno etandikibwawo mu nsi yonna. Ba mmemba mu kibiina ky’Amawanga Amagatte baakakasa enkola eyali ey’okukozesebwa mu nsi yonna ku kukendeeza ebigwawo nnamuzisa nga yali ekubiriza abantu okuva ku nkola enkadde ez’okuziyizaamu ebintu bino eby’obulabe nga batwala mu maaso enkola ey’okubiziyiza nga tebinnabaawo.

Tekibeera kya bwenkanya okusuubira nti buli kimu ekikolebwa mu kukendeeza akatyabaga k’ebigwawo nnamuzisa kiba kyakutambula bulungi olw’obusobozi n’ebikozesebwa ebitamala. Gavumenti n’ebibiina ebirala birina okuvaayo okusalawo ku nteekateeka ez’okussaamu ensimbi, kizissaamu ddi era na mu bungi ki. Kya kusomooza kya maanyi nti ebyo ebikolebwa bifa nnyo ku nkulaakulana z’amawanga okusinga okuziyiza obulabe buno obw’ebigwawo nnamuzisa.

Tewali kibinja kyonna oba kibiina kisobola kuvaayo kutangaaza ku buli nsonga eri mu nkola ey’Okukendeeza ku katyabaga k’ebigwawo nnamuzisa. Buli omu alowooza ku nkola eno ng’ekizibu ekisukkiridde obuzito ekyetaaga okukwatibwako okwawamu. Mu kifaanayi ekigaziko eky’enkola eno, enkolagana wakati w’ebibiina eby’ebika eby’enjawulo wamu n’ebitongole efuuka ngazi era nga nzibu. Enkola ng’eno ebeera yetaaga nga waliwo enkolagana ennungi wakati w’abo abali mu buyinza n’abantu bawansi. Bwe kituuka ku kugattamu ebibiina okusalawo kulina okukolebwa ku bibiina eby’okugattamu. 

Waliwo endowooza bbiri eziggya abantu ku mulamwa ezikwata ku bitundu/ebyalo. Ekisooka balaba ebibiina ebikolebwawo mu bitundu ng’ebitalina mugaso mu kubaako kye bikola mu kaseera ak’akazigizigi. Ebikolwa eby’obutonde ebikolebwa mu byalo okugeza okunoonya obubudamu birabibwa ng’eby’obutaliimu era ebitaataaganya olw’okuba nga tebifiibwako ba buyinza. Endowooza ey’okubiri y’ey’okuba ng’ebizibu bino ebigwawo ekibwatukira bireetawo okukyamuukirira mu bantu abatabadde mu bitundu mwe bigudde okugeza abamu batya, abalala babba ebintu n’engeri endala. Noolwekyo beetaaga okubuulirwa eky’okukola n’okufuga enneeyisa zaabwe nga bwe kiba kiyitiridde walina okuteekebwawo etteeka ery’ekinnamagye.
Endaba endala ewagirwa okunoonyereza okuwererako ddala eggumiza omugaso gw’ebyalo n’ebibiina ebikolebwamu mu kuziyiza ebigwawo eby’obulabe. Ensonga eri nti ebibiina bino eby’omu byalo bituuka bulungi ku bizibu eby’enjawulo n’ebyetaago ebisangibwa mu kitundu, nga bifaayo okutumbula amagezi mu bantu ba bulijjo n’obukugu bwabwe mu ngeri esingayo okubeera eya layisi. Ensonga endala okweyimirizaawo kwa buli muntu nga biyita mu nteekateeka ez’obwannannyini wamu n’okunyweza obusobozi bw’obukulembgeze eri buli muntu. Kino kizzaamu abantu amaanyi nga kibasobozesa okumanya n’okumalawo ebisomooza eby’enjawulo. Abantu aba bulijjo wamu n’ebibiina ze mpagi luwaga mu nkola ey’okukendeeza akatyabaga k’ebigwawo nnamuzisa era nga be babeera eky’okuddamu kya buli nsonga. 

Amataba amangi ennyo gaagoya ebitundu 32 mu Columbia wakati wa 2010 ne 2012 era ng’abantu obukadde busatu mu emitwalo nkaaga baakosebwa. Nga 24/04/2012, omukulembeze w’eggwanga eyaliko mu kiseera ekyo Pulezidenti Juan Manuel Santos yassaawo etteeka eryali ligendererwamu okwongera omutindo mu ndaba y’ebizibu ebigwawo eby’obutonde n’engeri y’okubiziyizaamu ku mutendera gw’eggwanga lyonna wamu ne ku mutendera ogw’omuntu owa bulijjo. N’obuyambi bw’ensimbi okuva mu kitongole ekya “Climate  Development Knowledge Network”, ekibinja ky’abantu kyamala emyezi 18 nga bakola n’abakazi okuva mu Munisipaali y’e Manati mu ttabi erya Atlantico.
Mu ggwanga eryo, abakazi 5,733 be baakosebwa amataba nga baali balina okuddamu okuzimba obulamu bwabwe obuggya mu kifo kya Manati ekyali kifuukafuukanye. Abantu abaali mu pulojekitii eno baakola butaweera n’abakazi bano okulaba engeri gye bayinza okumalako n’embeera embi eyali ereeteddwawo amataba gano n’okulaba nga bazzaawo embeera y’okubeera obumu eyali mu kitundu kino.
Ebyanoonyerezebwa byalaga emitendera egyayitibwamiu okuzza ekitundu kino obuggya era emitendera gye gimu gisobola okuyitibwamu gavumenti okukendeeza obulabe bw’ebigwawo eby’obulabe eri abantu. Abanoonyereza era bakkaatiriza nti kibeera kya mugaso nnyo okugoberera ekikula olw’ensonga nti abakazi n’abasajja bakola emirimu gya njawulo nnyo ate n’ekirala nti embeera embi bw’egwawo, abakazi bakosebwa nnyo okusinga abasajja.

Enkola ey’Okukendeeza ku katyabaga k’ebigwawo eby’obulabe yetaaga okuddamu okulambika omulimu gwa gavumenti mu kukendeeza ebigwa bitalaze eby’obulabe. Kyakkiriziganyizibwako nti gavumenti z’amawanga zirina okukola omulimu ogusinga obunene mu nteekateeka eno. Balina omulimu gw’okukuuma abantu n’ebintu wamu n’obusobozi bw’okugaziya enteekateeka eno, obuyinza obw’okuluamya emirimu egikolebwa abalala, n’okuteekawo amateeka. Amateeka gano ne pulogulaamu ez’enjawulo birina okuba nga bikwatagana bulungi. Okunoonyereza era kukyetaagisa okusobola okuzuula lwaki gavumenti ezimu zisobodde ekizibu kino okukituula ku nfeete ate endala ne ziremererwa.

Etteeka erikwata ku mbalirira lifiibwako ebitongole by’eggwanga ebisuubirwa okukola kino mu ngeri etaliimu kyekubiira wamu n’ebitongole eby’obwannakyewa ebitafugibwa nkola ya demokulasiya. Embalirira efuuse ensonga enkulu mu kukendeeza kw’ebigwawo nnamuzisa era ng’erina kugasa abo abakosebwa embeera z’ebigwa bitalaze oba abo abali mu katyabaga k’okugwibwako embeera eno.
Ebitongole bingi ebigabi by’obuyambi mu nsi yonna bivuddeyo n’endowooza ku ddemimbe ly’abantu. Endowooza eno ezingiramu eddembe omuntu ly’aba nalyo; okugeza eryo erikkiriziganyizibwako okuyita mu ndagaano z’ensi yonna n’eryo ekitongole lye kikkiriza. Mu mbeera nga zino olulimi olw’eddembe lusobola okukozesebwa mu makulu agasukka ku mulundi ogumu. Obukuumi okuva eri ebizibu ebigwawo mu butonde tekitwalibwa nga ddembe lya muntu newankubadde nga kirambikibwa mu mateeka g’ensi ezimu okusinga nga tekirambikiddwa butereevu. Ekirowoozo ky’eddembe ly’okukuumibwa kikubaganyizibwako ebirowoozo mu ngeri ezimu.




#Article 162: SIKO SEERO (304 words)


SIKO SEERO  (SICKLE CELL).
SIKO SEERO (Sickle cell) bulwadde bwa nsikirano omuntu bwafuna mu kutataaganyizibwa kw’omusaayi nga obutoffaali bw’omusaayi obumyufu buzaala ekirungo ekimyufu ekisusse (abnormal haemoglobin)
Obutoffali omumyufu bufuula omusaayi okuba omumyufu era butambuza omukka gwetussa mu mubiri.  Bulina ekirungo ekiyitibwa ‘haemoglobin’ ekibuwa langi emyufu era n’okutambuza omukka ogussibwa.
Bwetooloovu, bunaanuuka, era bulina obwangu, ekibusobozesa okuyita mu misuwa ne mu busuwa obutono.
Wabula, mu bantu abalina obulwadde bwa sickle cell, obutoffaali bwabwe omumyufu bwefaananyirizaako ng’ekiwabyo. 
Agamba nti obutoffaali bwabwe obumyufu bwekumiira ekitabusobozesa kuyita mu misuwa ne mu busuwa obutono.
Buwunzika buzibikidde emisuwa, ekitataaganya entambula y’omusaayi, ne kiremesa omusaayi n’omukka gw’obulamu okubuna ebitundu by’omubiri.
Okuzibikira kw’emisuwa n’okumenyeka kw’obutoffaali obumyufu obwekiwabyo bye bivaako obubonero n’obuvune oba okulumizibwa kw’obulwadde buno obwa ‘Sickle cell’.
Omuntu afuna atya obulwadde bwa Sickle cell?
Obulwadde bwa (Sickle cell) bwa nsikirano, buleetebwa singa omuntu asikira obutoffaali obulimu obulwadde okuva mu bazadde bombi mu kaseera k’okufuna olubuto.  Singa abazadde baba n’obulwadde obw’omusaayi basobola okuzaala omwana n’obulwadde bwa sickle cell. Omukisa gw’abazadde bano okuzaala omwana abulina guli 25%.  Ekyennaku abaana ebitundu 80% bafa mu mwaka ogusooka olw’okulwawo okukeberebwa era ne bakwatibwa bubi.
Omuntu alina obulwadde bwa Sickle cell yandikoze bino okuwangaala:
Dr. Ndugwa ne Dr. Nanyeenya abe Rubaga bagamba nti okujjanjaba n’okutangira obulwadde bwa sickle cell bigenderera okutangira obulumi mu mubiri, obulwadde bwa omusujja gwa malaria n’okutta obuwuka obuba bulumbye omubiri.
Endabirira y’omulwadde alina obuwuka bwa Sickle cell
	Muwe eddagala ly’omusaayi buli lunaku okwewala okuggwebwamu omusaayi.
	Alina okunywa wakati wa lita 3 – 5 olunaku okwewala okuggwebwamu amazzi.
	Ffaayo ku ndya y’omulwadde ng’omuwa emmere erimu ebirungo ebiriisa omubiri, ng’era esingamu ebirungo ebizimba omubiri (proteins)
	Alina okukuumwa nga muyonjo okwewala obuwuka obusirikitu obulumba omubiri.
	Genderera embuguma y’omubiri gwe, omusujja kayinza okuba akabonero k’omusujja oba obuwuka mu mubiri.
	Genderera enkula ye.
	Mutangire omusujja gwa malaria ogusobola omuviirako okuggwebwamu omusaayi.  




#Article 163: Ebyobugagga ebyobutonde (240 words)


enyonnyola ebyobugagga eby’obutonde ng’ebyamaguzi eby’omugaso mu ngeri yaabyo ey’obutonde. Kino kitegeeza nti emirimu egikolebwa ku bintu gyekwanya na kubisima, na kubirongoosa so si kundawo biggya. Okugeza newankubadde ng’okulima oba okulunda tetusobola kubiraba ng’emirimu gy’obutonde, kwo okusima ebyobugagga eby’omuttaka n’okusima amafuta tubiraba ng’emirimu egy’obutonde 

Emirundi egisinga, eby’obugagga eby’obutonde tutera okubitunuulira ng’ebisobola okuzzibwa obuggya oba ebitasobola. Mu kiti eky’ebyo ebisibola okuzzibwa obuggya, mulimu ng’ebibira n’ebyobugagga ebitalina bulamu ng’embuyaga, empewo, amazzi n’amaanyi g’enjuba.

Eby’obugagga ebitaddizibwa buggya, by’ebyo ebiba bitakyasobola kuddamu kufunika kasita ebyo ebibadde mu kitundu bimala okuggaawo. Ebyo kasita tumala okubikozesa, tuba tetukyasobola kuddamu kubifuna, biba biweddewo. Ebyobugagga eby’omu ttaka tebiddizibwa buggya. Amafuta agava mu bisigalira by’ebiramu nago tegasobola kuddizibwa buggya newankubadde nga gasobola okuddawo nga gava mu biramu bye bimu oluvannyuma lw’obukadde n’obukadde bw’emyaka. Okumanya ebisingawo ku mafuta agava mu bisigalira, genda ku kibanja kino 

Mu kiseera kino, amafuta agava mu byasigalira gabalirirwamu ebitundu 90 ku kikumi eby’amaanyi gonna agakozesebwa mu nsi. Ebyobugagga ebyo bibalirirwa okubeera nga bitwala ebitundu 65% eby’amasannyalaze agakozesebwa wonna mu nsi ate era nga bikola ebitundu 95% eby’amaanyi gonna ageetaagibwa mu nsi yonna. Okugeza nga, amasannyalaze ageetaagisa okuleeta ebbugumu, entambula, okukola amasannyalaze n’ebirala.

Enkozesa yaffe ey’amasannyalaze agava mu byasigalira kumpi yeekubisaamu emirundi ebiri buli myaka 20. Ekibalo ekyo kyeraliikiriza kubanga ekigero ky’amafuta ago kikendedde nnyo kutwala wala era nga kyeraliikiriza. 

Ebyobugagga ebyobutonde ebizzibwa obuggya ng’embuyaga n’amazzi, bibaddenga bikozesebwa emabega yonna okutuusa wano jjuuzi. Mu nsi ezikyakula, biomass y’ensibugo y’amasannyalaze abantu abasing obungi mu mawanga ago ge bakozesa 




#Article 164: Ebika by’ettaka (190 words)


Ettaka lye twogerako wano si nfuufu bufuufu.  Ebimmera byonna byesigamye ku ttaka. Ettaka lye lisalawo ku kika ky’ekimera ekisobola okukulira mu kifo gundi. Mu ttaka omwo era mwe mubeera ebika by’ebitonde ebyenjawulo. Mu bino mulimu ebyo bye tutasobola kulaba na maaso gaffe wamu n’ebyo bye tusobola okulaba; waliwo ebyo ebyevulungula mu ttaka ate n’ebyo ebibeera obubeezi kungulu ku taka.

Tewali nsengeka ya bitaka bya ttaka ebimalayo byonna mu ngeri ematiza. Ettaka abantu balyogerako mu ngeri ez’enjawulo: ettaka ery’olusenyu, ettaka ery’olubumba, ettaka eggimu;ettaka eddungi oba ebbi; ettaka erizitowa oba eriwewuka ate era ne tulirabira ne ku bungi bw’omusenyu wamu n’ettosi eriri mu ttaka. 
Ekibanja kino ekya University ya Illinois’ The University of Illinois' extension web site kyogera ku ngeri ettaka gye lizimbibwamu wamu n’ebyo ebirikola, ebika by’ettaka, wamu n’engeri gye lirina okukuumibwamu. Ekibinja ekyo era kiriko okugezesa okw’enjawulo okunyuma okukoleddwa ku ttaka.

Singa onooba ng’oyagala okwekaliriza ettaka ly’olina ewaka wo, ekibanja kya BBC's gardening site kijja kukuyamba nnyo ku nsonga eno. Mu ngeri y’emu, ekitongole kya Chemistry.org portal kirina ekiwandiiko ekirungi ky’osoboola okwewanulira mu ngeri eya Pdf era nga kino kisobola okukuyamba okupima n’okwetegereza ekirungo kya acid ekiri mu ttaka lyo. 




#Article 165: EBYOBUGAGGA BY'OMU TTAKA N'ENKULAAKULANA GYE BIREETA (276 words)


Ebyobugagga by'omuttaka bye bintu eby'enjawulo ebisangibwa mu ttaka wansi, era nga bibeera mu kikula eky'obuwekeweke obwekutte wansi eyo mu ttaka.
Ebimu ku byobugagga eby'omu ttaka ebisinga okumanyika kwe kuli:
Zzaabu/zzawabu (gold), Ffeeza (silver), amafuta (oil) ne diamond. Mu birala mulimu quartz, mica, amanda (coal), feldspar n'ebirala bingi ddala.
Omuntu takoma kukozesa byabugagga bino kukola bintu bye bye yeesambisa mu maka ge, gamba nga ebiriirwamu n'ebinywerwamu eby'obuwangaazi, gaalubindi ezeeyambisibwa mu kusoma, kwotadde n'okukolamu ebyokwewunda eby'omuwendo era ebiyaayaanirwa ennyo; naye omuntu akolamu n'ebyo ebyeyambisibwa mu kuzimba ebizimbe ggaggadde, ssaako n'okukolamu ebiyita mu bbanga gamba nga ennyonyi, ebizungirizi n'ebirala.
Olw'okubaawo kw'enkulaakulana eno mu kkolero ly'ebyokuyiikuula ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka, ssaako enkola empya n'obukodyo ebyeyambisibwa mu kuyiikuula ebyobugagga buno, ebifo bingi mu nsi yonna byongedde okunokolwayo/okulengerwa nga birimu ebyobugagga bino. Kino kyongedde okuleetawo okwekengera ku ngeri omulimu guno gye guyisaamu/ gye gukosaamu enkolagana wakati w'ebintu ebirina obulamu n'obutonde bw'ensi mu bitundu omulimu guno gye gukolerwa.
Amakolero g'ebyobugagga eby'omu ttaka eby'enjawulo gabikozesezza mu ngeri ez'enjawulo okuva omuntu lwe yabivumbula. Okugeza, mu Misiri (Egyept) ey'edda, ensaano/obuwunga bw'ekyobugagga ekiyitibwa Lapis Lazul bwakozesebwanga ng'obw'okwekuba/okwesiiga mu kwewunda kw'ambejja baayo.
Ennaku zino, ebiva mu byobugagga bino byeyolekera mu bintu bye tukozesa mu bulamu bwaffe obwa bulijjo, gamba nga eddagala lye tusenyesa amannyo, gaalubindi ze tukozesa, nga kw’otadde n'ebimu ku byeyambisibwa mu ddwaliro mu kujjanjaba abantu n'ebisolo.

Olw'enkola ez'enjawulo ezikozesebwa mu kuyiikuula ebyobugagga bino gamba ng'amayinja, wabaawo okubwatuka n'okunyeenya ettaka era nga kino oluvannyuma kyandivaamu okubumbulukuka kw'ettaka ssaako okukosa obulamu bw'ebiramu ebiriraanyeewo n'ensonga endala eziringa ezo.

Kino singa tutandika okukyanjululiza wano twandizibya olunaku! Naye ko akakiiko akalondoola okukuuma obutonde bw'ensi n'enkulaakulana, kannyonnyola enkulaakulana ey'okuyiikuula ebyobugagga bino nga, okuluubirira okwetuusaako ebyetaago byaffe ebya leero nga tetulowooza ku bya nkya!




#Article 166: Engeri ebintu ebiramu gye byebeezaawo (228 words)


Omuntu alina engeri ez’enjawulo nnyingi z’aganyulwa mu bintu ebirala ebiramu. Ebintu ebyo bituyamba okufuna amazzi g’okunywa amayonjo wamu n’okuvunza ebisaaniiko oba ebicaafu. Mu kiseera kino, kaweefube mu kisaawe kino atunuulira okulaba engeri omuntu gy’asobola okuwaniriramu, okufuga n’okuteekawo amateeka agalwanirira ensonga eno. Waliwo era kaweefube atandise okulaba engeri abantu gye basobola okufuula ensonga eno omulimu oguvaamu ensimbi.

Ekirowoozo ky’okulengera nti omuntu okuganyulwa mu biramu ebirala yalengerwa Plato (eyo mu myaka gya 400 BC – nga Kristo tannajja). Omusajja oyo yakikenga nti okutema ebibira n’okubisaanyaawo kiviirako okukulugguka kw’ettaka wamu n’okukalira kw’ensulo z’amazzi. Kaweefube w’ekirowoozo ky’engeri ebiramu gye byebeezaawo mu mulembe guno kirabika kyatandikira ku Marsh mu 1864 bwe yasoomooza abaali bagamba nti ebyobugagga by’omu nsi tebiggwaawo. Kino yakikola ng’abalaga enkyukakyuka y’obugimu bw’ettaka mu bitundu bya Miditerranean. Mu myaka gya 1940 abawandiisi Henry Fairfield Osborn, Jr, William Vogt, ne Aldo Leopold beesowoolayo y’okumanyisa abantu nti okubeerawo kw’omuntu kwesigamye ku bwebungulule bwe. Abalala abazze boogera ku nsonga eno mulimu Paul Sears, Paul Ehrlich ne Rosa Weigert. Bano baalaga obuzibu obuyinza okutuukayo singa omuntu takozesa bulungi ebyo ebimwetoolodde.
	

Ebyokulabirako bino biraga enkolagana y’omuntu n’obwebungulule bwe nga tutunuulira ebyo by’afunamu:

Waliwo n’okunoonyereza okulala kungi okukolebwa okugera emiganyulo gy’obwebungule eri omuntu. Tekibuusibwabuusibwa nti obwebungulule bw’omuntu bwe bukuumibwa obulungi, aganyulwa nnyo okusinga bw’akolamu ekyo ekifaanana okumuganyula mu kaseera akatono oba akampi.
Kyetaagisa nnyo okulaba nga buli nsi eteekawo ebigobererwa n’amateeka agasobozesa okukuuma obwebungulule bw’omuntu nga tebutaataaganyiziddwa.




#Article 167: Amaanyi g’Enjuba (417 words)


Amaanyi g’enjuba kye kitangaala n’ebbugumu ebiva ku Njuba. Amaanyi ago ge gakozesebwa mu ngeri ng’okufumba, okuwa ekitangaala n’okukola emirimu emirala egy’enjawulo egy’ekikugu nga tweyambisa tekinologiya ow’engeri ez’enjawulo. 
Amaanyi gano ga buttoned era weegali mu bungi. Ky’ova olaba nga gettanirwa nnyo. Ekitongole kya Amerika eky’eby’Enkulaakulana, United Nations Development Programme kyakola okunoonyereza mu 2000 ne kizuula nti amaanyi g’enjuba gali mu kigero ky’obungi obwenkana 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ). Ekigero ekyo kisingira wala nnyo obungi bw’amaanyi obukozesebwa mu nsi obuwera nga 559.8 EJ nga bwe kyalabibwa mu mwaka gwa 2012. 
Mu mwaka gwa 2011, Ekitongole ky’Ensi yonna ekikola ku Amaanyi agakozesebwa mu nsi, International Energy Agency kyagamba nti tekinologiya w’amaanyi g’enjuba agataggwaawo ate nga si ga buseere, bw’anaakulaakulanyizibwa obulungi tujja kuganyulwa nnyo. Kyayongerako nti tekinologiya ono ajja kusobozesa ensi obuteeraliikirira bikwata ku Maanyi nga balina amaanyi g’enjuba agatasalako era ge tutasobola kumalawo; kikendeeza ku kucaafuwaza obutonde, kikendeeza ku lubugumu olungi oluzze  mu nsi n’emiganyulo emirala mingi. Ekitongole ekyo kigamba nti nti emiganyulo egyo gituuka mu buli nsi. 

Amaanyi g’enjuba tusobola okugakozesa ebintu bingi. Tusobola okugakozesa okufumba amazzi. Kino kikolebwa nga tukozesa ekyuma ekifumba amazzi ekikolera ku maanyi g’enjuba.
Amaanyi g’enjuba era tusobola okugakozesa mu kufumba ne mu kugera ebbugumu. Mu Amerika, emirimu gy’okufumba n’okugera ebbugumu bikozesa amaanyi agaweza ebitundu 30% ku maanyi agakozesebwa mu bizimbe by’ebyobusuubuzi.

Ebifumbisa amaanyi g’enjuba bikozesa kitangaala kya njuba okufumba era n’okukaza. Waliwo n’ebikozesebwa mu kufumba ebikozesa amaanyi g’enjuba. Ekifumba ekikozesa amaanyi g’enjuba kyasooka kukolebwa Horace de Saussure mu 1767. 

Ekirala ekikolebwa ku maanyi g’enjuba kwe kulongoosa amazzi. Okulongoosa amazzi kuno kukolebwa mu ngeri ya kufumba n’okusengejja nga bw’olaba bwe bafumba waragi okuva mu mwenge. Kino kikolebwa nga baddira obucupa obulimu amazzi ne bussibwa mu kasana okumala ebbanga eriwera. Eccupa zino zissibwa mu kasana okumala ebbanga okusinziira ku kasana akabaayo. Ebbanga liyinza okubeera wakati w’essaawa 6 n’ennaku ebbiri. Ekitongole ky’Ebyobulamu ekyensi yonna kisemba enkola eno. Abantu obukadde nga 2 mu nsi ezikyakula bakozesa enkola eno okulongoosa amazzi gaabwe ag’okunywa.

Amaanyi g’enjuba era tugafunamu amasannyalaze. Amasannyalaze g’enjuba gaggyibwa mu kitangaala kya njuba. Kiteeberezebwa nti omwaka gwa 2050 we gunaatuukira, amasannyalaze g’enjuba ge gajja okusinga okukozesebwa mu nsi okusinga amasannyalaze ag’ebika ebirala.
Amaanyi g’enjuba era gakozesa ne mu tekinologiya w’ebyokulima. 

Okuviira ddala mu myaka 1980, waliwo kaweefube abaddenga akolebwa okukola ebidduka ebikozesa amaanyi g’enjuba. Waliwo Ssettendekero ez’enjawulo mu nsi ezizzenga zeetaba mu kaweefube ono ow’okuwanira okuvuga ebidduka ebikolera ku maanyi g’enjuba. 
Tunajjukira nti ne mu Makerere University, waliwo abayizi abaakola bbaasi esaabaza abantu ng’ekolera ku maanyi g’enjuba (Kiira EV). Waliwo kaweefube akolebwa okulaba nti omulimu ogwo gukulaakulanyizibwa mu ggwanga. 




#Article 168: OBUYONJO (614 words)


Obuyonjo z'enkola ez'enjawulo ezikolebwa okusobola okubaawo nga tuli balamu bulungi. Ekitongole ekikulira n'okulondoola ebyobulamu munsi yonna, 'World Health Organisation ' (WHO), kyo kinnyonnyola obuyonjo ng’enkola n'engeri ez'enjawulo eziyambako okwekuuma nga tuli balamu bulungi, ssaako n'okutangira okusaasaana kw'endwadde.
So ng’ate mu buwangwa bwaffe obwa bulijjo, obuyonjo kitera kutegeeza kutukula butukuzi kye kyokka, naye ng'ekigambo buyonjo mu bujjuvu bwakyo n'ensibuko yaakyo, kizingiramu embeera n'enkola zonna, engeri gye tutambuzaamu obulamu bwaffe, gye tubeera, ssaako ebyo byonna bye tukola okusobola okuba n'obulamu obulungi era obweyagaza, eyo gye tubeera.
Wabula mu nkola ez'ebyekisawo, waliwo omutindo gw'ebyobuyonjo ogutulagirwa okugoberera n'okukuuma mu mbeera ez'enjawulo, anti ekitwalibwa ng'obuyonjo kisinziira ku buwangwa bw'abantu abo, ekikula (mukazi/musajja) nga kw’otadde n'ebibinja by'abantu eby'emyaka egy'enjawulo.

Buno bwe buyonjo obuzingiramu enkola z'ebyobuyonjo zonna ekikwata ku nkuuma y'eddagala, ssaako enzijanjaba eziyiza oba okukendeeza endwadde wamu n'okusaasaana kwazo.
Muno mugwamu enkola z'ebyobuyonjo ng'okwewala okusemberera abalwadde n'ebintu ebiriko obulwadde, okusobola okwewala okubusaasaanya, okufumba ebyo ebikozesebwa abasawo nga balongoosa abalwadde, okukozesa ebyambalo by'okwekuuma gamba nga Ggawuni, obukoofiira, ebyambalwa ku maaso n'ebyomungalo (gloves).
Era mulimu n'okusiba ebiwundu (amabwa) obulungi, okukuuma ebyo ebimaze okukozesebwa mu kujjanjaba, okutta obuwuka obuyinza okuba mwebyo ebinaddamu okukozesebwa n'ebirala.

Obuyonjo obw'ekika kino buzingiramu enkola zonna ezigenderera okuziyiza oba okukendeeza endwadde wamu n'okutangira okusaasaana kwazo mu maka gaffe, era ne mu bulamu bwaffe obwa bulijjo.
Mu bulamu obwa bulijjo,mulimu abantu be tubeera nabo buli wantu, eby'entambula ey’olukale, gye tukolera, era ne mu bifo eby’olukale byonna.
Ekisinga okusaasaanya endwadde ewaka be bantu (abo ababa bakwatiddwa obulwadde), emmere (naddala embisi), okwo ssaako ensolo ze tulunda ewaka.
Ebirala mulimu ebifo ebiregamamu amazzi, era nga kuliko ebifo nga mu kaabuyonjo, bippayipo ebikadde ebyayisibwangamu amazzi, amazzi agasigala ku byuma bye tuyonjesa, obugoye obwesiimuuzibwa n'ebirala. 

Obuyonjo buno buyinza okukuumibwa nga tuyita mu nkola zino wammanga:

Ebiseera ebimu, ebikozesebwa okuggyawo obuwuka, bikozesebwa lumu n'eddagala eritta obuwuka okusobola okubuggyirawo ddala, gamba nga: okwoza engoye ne ssabbuuni, ate n'omala n'ozigolola, era n'okikola ne ku birala nga ttawulo n'eby'okubuliri ebirala.

Obuyonjo bw'engalo butwaliramu okunaaba engalo bulijjo ne zitukula. Oba okunaaba engalo n'enjala ne bitukula ng'okozesa ssabbuuni n'amazzi amayonjo, oba okukozesa eddagala eritali lya mazzi, naye nga litukuza engalo n'okuziggyamu obuwuka.
Okusingira ddala kino kigendererwamu okuziyiza okusaasaana kw'endwadde mu maka na yonna gye tubeera ne bannaffe. Mu bifo ebitaliimu mazzi era nga ssabbuuni tayinza kukozesebwa, eddagala erigoba obuwuka mu ngalo nga tokozesezza mazzi na ssabbuuni, ng'oyisa liyise mu ngalo likozesebwa.
Ate mu bitundu ebitannakula, era ebyavu ddala, batera kukozesa vvu mu mbeera nga tewali ssabbuuni. Ekibiina ekikulira n'okulondoola ebyobulamu mu nsi yonna, kisemba/kiwagira okukozesa evvu okulongoosa engalo, naddala mu mbeera nga ssabbuuni taliiwo oba okukozesa omusenyu ogutukula ne bikola nga ssabbuuni mu kuggyawo obuwuka obwo bukasaasaanya ndwadde.

Obuyonjo obw’engeri eno bufa ku nkola zonna ez'entereka, enkwata n'enfumba y'emmere entuufu. Obuyonjo buno butuyamba okuziyiza emmere okufuuka ey'obutwa mu emibiri gyaffe.
Zino ze zimu ku nkola ez'enjawula eziraga enkwata, entereka, enteekateeka (entegeka, engabula) era n'endya y'emmere entuufu.

Kino kitegeeza ezo enkola ez'ekiyonjo ezikolebwa okuziyiza oba okukendeeza okusaasaana kw'endwadde ewaka nga tuyita mu kukozesa obulungi obujjanjabi obuba butuweereddwa okuva eri omusawo.
Ezimu ku nkola ezo ze zino:
Okukozesa obulungi eddagala nga bwe tulagiddwa omusawo wamu n'okusiba ebiwundu (amabwa) bye tuba tulina. Kino kituyamba okwewala obuwuka obutambuza endwadde.

Buno bwo buzingiramu enkola z'ebyobuyonjo zonna omuntu ze yeekolako okusobola okuba omulamu obulungi. Obuyonjo bw'omuntu buyinza okusinziira ku buwangwa obw'enjawulo ate n’ekiseera ekigere. 
Mu buwangwa obw'enjawulo buno bwe bumu ku bitwalibwa nga obuyonjo bw'omubiri:
Okusalako enviiri n'okwemwa, okunaabanga bulijjo (lunye), okunaabanga engalo bulijjo naddala nga tonnakwata ku byakulya, okwambala engoye ezitukula, okusenya amannyo bulijjo, okusala enjala z'engalo n'ezookubugere n'ebirala.
Naye obuyonjo bw'omubiri era obumu bwesigamizibwa nnyo ku kikula ky'omuntu, gamba ng'obuyonjo obusuubirwa abakyala okugoberera nga bali mu nsonga zaabwe ez'ekikyala ate nga kino tekiri ku basajja. Obuyonjo bw'omubiri obulala mulimu okubikka ku kamwa ng'okolola n'ebirala bingi.




#Article 169: Obuwangwa (605 words)


ekiwandiiko kino kikwata ku buwangwa nga bwe bukozesebwa mu mbeerabantu ez'enjawulo. Endabika y'omuntu yakulaakulanyizibwa abantu ab'edda okubaako enkyukakyuka n'eneeyisa ze baatuukako. Enzikiriza n'empunda y'ebintu bikulu nnyo mu buwangwa bw'abantu.
Obuwangwa bw'eby'obufuzi n'enneeyisa z'abantu zaawukana okusinziira ku buwangwa bw'abantu obw'enjawulo.
Enkulaakulana omuntu gy’atuuseeko gamba ng’okuwandiika biraga enkulaakulana mu buwangwa bw’abantu.
Obuwangwa busobola okunnyonnyolwa mu ngeri nnyingi ez'enjawulo. Munnabuwangwa E.B.Tylor Annyonnyola nti Obuwangwa buzingiramu amagezi, enzikiriza, empisa, amateeka, ennono n'ebiralala omuntu by’ayinza okuyigira mu kitundu mw’abeera.
Enkuluze y'olungereza eya Cambridge ennyonnyola Obuwangwa ng’embeera y'abantu ey'obulamu okusingira ddala ennono n'enzikiriza.
Mu kwekenneenya ebyobuwangwa, Obuwangwa kye kinyusi ekizingiramu ebintu eby'enjawulo omuntu ssekinnoomu by’ayiza okuyigira mu mbeerabantu. Kye kigambo ekyawamu ekiyinza okukozesebwa okulaga obusobozi, obukugu, obubonero n'ekifaananyi ky’obuyiiya bw'omuntu. Obusobozi buno buzze n'enkyukakyuka mu nneeyisa y'abantu mu myaka nga 50,000 egiyise. Obuwangwa buyamba okusaasaanya emirimu emyekusifu, amagezi n'ebirowoozo eri abantu ababeera awamu. Ebintu ebimu nga ekikula ky'omuntu, eŋŋanda, olulimi, obufumbo n'ebintu ebyolesebwa ng’ennyimba, emikolo n'ensinza, enkyukakyuka ng’ennyambala, enzimba by'ebimu ku biraga obuwangwa obwa buli mbeera bantu.
Obuwangwa bw'ebitundu busobola okwawulwamu nga tusinziira ku ddaala ly'obuyigirize Obuwangwa obwawaggulu n'obatali bayigirize  Obuwangwa Obwawansi. Mu ngeri y’emu, Obuwangwa bulabibwa nga ebintu ebikolebwa eggwanga erimu okwawukana Ku ddala mu bintu nga ennyambala, enzikiriza, emikolo n'ebirala. Kigambibwa nti Obuwangwa bwakozesebwanga abayivu okufuga abantu ba wansi. 
Mu ngeri endala Obuwangwa z’ennono, ebigobererwa n'ebintu eby'omuwendo eby'eggwanga oba ensi. Mu ngeri eno, omuyungiro gw'obuwangwa ly'ekkowe eryekenneenya omuwendo n'entegeeragana ey'awamu wakati w'obuwangwa obw'enjawulo. Mu biseera ebimu Obuwangwa kikozesebwa okutegeeza ebintu ebikolebwa ebibiina by’abantu mu ggwanga erimu. Mu buwangwa bw'abantu, obuwangwa busobola okwekenneeyezebwa n'okusengekebwa kubanga enneekenneenya yonna esinziira Ku bintu ebitwalibwa ng’eby'omuwendo mu buwangwa.

Mu kyasa kya 19, tulaba banna Australia nga bawakanya okujja kwa Captain James Cook mu 1770.
Okuvumbula mu buwangwa kitegeeza enkyukakyuka yonna empya etwalibwa nga ey'omugaso era ne yeeyolekere Mu neeyisa y'abantu. Omuntu mu nsi yonna afuba okukyusa Obuwangwa ng’asinziira ku nkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna by'ensi yonna, ku mikutu gy'amawulire n'ebirala.
Obutabanguko mu bantu n'enkyukakyuka empya bye bireeseewo enkyukakyuka mu buwangwa nga mu by'enfuna, embeera ezeekuusa ku bwebulungulule n'ebirala.
Obuwangwa bukyukakyuka oluvannyuma lw'amawanga okwe tabulatabula ne gannaago; obuwangwa obw’enjawulo ne busisinkana. Obuwangwa busobola okukyukakyuka olw'okuseebengerera mu buwangwa bw’abantu abamu. Gamba ng’okukozesa ebintu by’obuwangwa obulala ne mulekawo ebyammwe. 
Enkyukakyuka Mu buwangwa endala yaggyawo olw'obufuzi bw'amatwale okukakaatika obuwangwa bwago ku bantu be baali bafuga. Enkyukakyuka eno si ya kyeyagalire.

Immanuel Kant (1724- 1804), yagunjawo ennyinnyonnyola ng’alaga emitendera omuntu gy’ayitamu okufuuka omuntu. Yategeeza nti omuntu okubeera nga yali tannakula kutuuka ku ddaala ly’aliko kyali tekitegeeza butamanya wabula yali tannaba bubeezi kwetongola. Omuwandiisi Omugirimaani omulala Johnn Gottfied Herder (1744 - 1803) y’agamba nti obuyiiya bw'omuntu tebuteeberezekeka kuba obuyiiya bwe bweyolekera mu ngeri ez'enjawulo.
Mu 1795, Munnannimi Wilhelm con Humboldt  (1768 - 1835), yateekawo enkola y'okusoma embeerabantu okwekenneenya ebigendererwa bya Kant ne Herder. Ku mulembe Omurooma, abayivu mu Bugirimaani naddala abo bamwoyogwaggwanga mu nsi yonna, baalaba nga buli ggwanga lirina endaba yaalyo ey'enjawulo ku buwangwa mu nsi yonna newankubadde ng’enkola eno yali egatta buli ggwanga naye yalimu okusosola eri abo abakulaakulannye okusinga abalala.
Mu 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826-1905), agamba nti wadde ng’Obuwangwa bwawukana naye ate waliwo ebintu ebimu ebifaanagana mu buwangwa obw'enjawulo. Enkola eno Franz Boas (1858-1942) gye yakuliramu bwe yali ng’akyali mu Bugirimaani nga tannagenda mu Amerika.
Mu kyasa kye 19, abatontomi n'abawandiisi b'emboozi empanvu abangereza nga Mathew Arnold Baakozesa ekigambo eby'obuwangwa okutegeeza engeri omuntu ssekinoomu gy'ategeeramu n'okulowooza ku ebyo ebijja bibaawo mu nsi. Endowooza eno yageraagerannyizibwa ku y'Abagirimaani eya Bildung.
Waliwo abeekaliriza ebyobuwangwa ebeesowolayo okuwakanya endowooza ez’enjawulo ku by'obuwangwa. Okugeza Obuwangwa obwa waggulu n'obwa wansi obw'abayivu n'obutali bwa bayivu. Baawa ensonga nti abo abaali batwalibwa okuba n'obuwangwa obwa wansi be baali bagyiddwako obwetwaze bwabwe. Ensonga endala bagamba nti okwawulamu Obuwangwa obw'abayivu n'abatali bayivu kiraga okwawulamu wakati w'Abazungu abayivu n'abatali bayivu.




#Article 170: Olujegere n’ekitimba ky’emmere (269 words)


Ebisolo n’ebimera ka kibe kinene oba kitono kitya buli kimu kirina engeri gye kyesigamya okubeerawo kwakyo ku kisolo oba ekimera ekirala. Kino tusobola okukirabira ku njuki n’ebimuli by’ebimera, ebisolo ebirya omuddo, abantu abalya ennyama y’ebisolo n’ebirala. Kwe kugamba buli kimu kirina engeri gye kyesigama ku kinne waakyo. 

Olujegere lw’emmere lwe twogerako wano, y’engeri amaanyi gye gatambuzibwamu okuva mu kitonde ekimu okudda mu kirala nga gayita mu mmere. Kibeera kirungi okumanya ebikola olujegere luno okusobola okwewala okusaanyaawo oba okwonoona ebyo ebirutambuza.

Olujegere lw’emmere lutandika n’ekiseera ebimera ebyakiragala we bikolera emmere yaabyo era nga mu kiseera kino ebitonde bingi biganyulwamu. Okugeza ensirianyi n’ebisolo birya omuddo, abantu balya ebibala era nga wano amaanyi g’emmere we gaviira mu bimera okudda mu bisolo.

Ekisolo ekimaze okulya ebimera, bwe kiriibwa ekisolo ekirala ng’olwo amaanyi agakibaddemu gadda mu kisolo ekyo. Ate amaanyi agabibaddemu bwe gatuuka mu kisolo ekirala gakyusa ekika.

Olujegere lw’emmere lutulaga entambuza y’amaanyi n’ebiriisa okuva mu kitonde ekimu okudda mu kirala. Omutendera ogusooka by’ebimera okuzaala amaanyi, olwo ku mutendera ogwa waggulu ebitonde ebiri by’ebimera bifuna amaanyi ago era nga gatambula okuva mu kitonde ekimu okudda mu kirala.

Ebimera ebyakiragala tebikoma ku kuwa lujere luno ntandikwa wabula era bituyamba n’okutuwa empewo ennungi gye tussa, engoye ze twambala, amaka g’ebisolo by’omu nsiko, okulongoosa ebbanga nga binuunamu empewo embi n’ebintu ebirala ng’embaawo ezikolebwamu ebibajje.

N’olwekyo tulina okutegeera ensegeka y’ebitonde ebitwetoolodde nga tufaayo ku bungi bw’ebimera ebirimu n’okulaba nga tebikosa kubeerawo kwa bitonde birala ebiri mu kifo ekimu nabyo. Mu bibangirizi ebibuutikiddwa obutonde obw’omuddo, ebimera bibeera bingi okusinga ebitonde ebirala sso ng’ate mu kibira ebitonde ebirala bibeera birwanira ekifo n’ebirime wabula nga kino kyenkanyankanyizibwa bulungi mu nsengeka kinnabutonde.




#Article 171: Obulimi obuyimirizikawo (104 words)


Waliwo ennyinyonnyola ez'enjawulo ku bulimi obuyimirizikawo. Wabula ng’ennyinyonnyola zonna  zirina kye zifaanaganya mu zoera kye kino nti: obulimi bulina okuba n’obusobozi obuwa ebika by'emmere eby'enjawulo eri abantu.

Ebintu nga bisatu ebitunuulirwa mu bulimi obuyimirizikawo:

Newankubadde ng'obulimi bwatandikibwawo emyaka omutwalo mulamba (10,000) egiyise , abantu bangi naddala mu nsi ezikyakula bakyalina ekizibu ky'ebbula ly'emmere olw'emiwendo gy'abantu abali mu nsi zino egirinnya buli lukya.

Emu ku nkola eyeeyambisibwa mu bulimi obuyimirizikawo y’ey'okukyusakyusa ebirime mu nnimiro era ng'erina emigaso nga gino: 

Mu mirimu egikolebwa abantu naye nga gikosa obutonde bw'ensi, obulimi butwalako ebitundu 13%. Enkola abalimi ze bakozesa ezikosa obutonde bw'ensi kuliko zino wammanga:

Ebiva mu bino:




#Article 172: Omupango(Strategy) (157 words)


Omupango(strategy( kiva mu kikolwa eky'oluganda okupanga(to assemble or to strategize).Olulimi olukula ku misinde egya yiriyiri nga Oluganda wabadde wetaagisa omulamwa oguvvuunula eky'olungereza strategy. Kati nno tuyinza okwogera ku:


#Article 173: Obuserengeto(Slopes) (125 words)


Oluganda Olubaddewo lubadde lwogera ku kaserengeto oba obuserengeto awatali kugenda wala mu kibalo kya kaserengeto. Kaakati nno ,  akaserengeto(Slope) ka tusooke tukasonjole nga ekintu ekyewunzifu(inclined) nga bwolaba olusozi oba akasozi.Mu essomampimo(geometry) obuserengeto bulimu ebika bino:
(i)Akaserengeto aka kiddamaaso (positive slope). Kano kalagibwa nga kabuka okuva wansi okudda waggulu okuva ku kkono  okudda ku ddyo.

(ii)Akaserengeto aka kiddannyuma(negative slope).Kono kalgibwa nga kakka wansi okuva ku kkono okudda ku ddyo.

(iii)Akaserengezzi(Zero slop) .Guno guba museetwe, ekitegeeza nti tewali bwewunzifu bwonna.

(iv)Akaserengeto akatalina nsonjola(Undefined slope).Kano kaserengeto akesimbye jjaali nga kali kapendikyula okuyita mu ekisiisi eya x(y-axis).

Emiramwa emirala egyetaagisa mu kibalangulo ky'obusozi   girimu:

(a) Obuseregefu(steepness)

(b)Obwewunzifu(Inclination)

(c) Obusoziwavu(Steepness of mountain or a hill) . Buno buba bwewunzifu oba obuseregefu bw'olusozi oba akasozi

(d) Obugulumivu(Rise,altitude, vertical distance)

(e)Obugalamivu(Run,horizontal distance)






#Article 175: Empimo oba Empima(Dimensions) (135 words)


 Mu Luganda olubalanguzi, empimo oba empima kigambo ekivvuunula dimension eky'Olungereza.
Enkula ezekibalangulo zirina empimo za njawulo. Manya:
(i) Enkula ez'ekitendero(Plane shapes) zino zirina empimo emu(one dimension shapes):

    (a) Olukoloboze/Omusittale(line)
    (b)Ekisittale/Ekikoloboze(Line segment)
     (c)Omugendo(ray)

(ii) Enkula ez'ekitendero  zino zirina mpimo bbiri:
    (a)Mpuyinnya nga kyesimba, kyebiriga , kyebiriggula, kyegendaganya. Zino zirina empimo y'obuwanvu(length) n'obukiika(width)
    (b) Enkula ennetoloovu=Entoloovu(Circle). Enkula ennetoloovu n'eripuso zirina empimo y'obwetoloovu(circumference)n'olusekkati(diameter)

(iii) Enkula ez'enkalubo(Solid figures) oba enkula ez'ekibangirizo(Space figures)nga ebigulimiro(prisms) oba bwenyibungi(polyhedron), ekinu(cylinders) n'ensoggo(cones)  zirina empimo satu:

   (a) Empimo y'Obuwanvu obweyoleka nga obwetoloovu(the dimension of length or circumference)
   (b) Empimo y'obukiika(length obweyoleka nga olusekkati (the dimension of width or diameter)
    (c)Empimo y'bwesimbo oba obusimba  oba obugulumivu(the dimension of height/altitude)

Ekimu ku binnyonnyozo by'enkula ez'ekibalo z'empimo(dimensions) era okubalangula obwagagavu(area), obubangirivu(volume), n'obwetoloovu circumfrence, n'obwebulungirivu(perimeter) kitwetaagisa okumanya empimo za buli nkula,kuba empimo zino ze zitutuusa ku kibalo ekiba kyetaagisa.




#Article 176: Ekyelongooserezo ky'Ebiramu(the evolution of life) (125 words)


Okusinziira ku Kakensa Charles Darwin , ebiramu byonna byasibuka mu bulamu obwa wansi ennyo okutandika n'obulamu obusirikitu.

Olw'ekibalo kya Katonda ye ky'ayita ekibalo ky'obutonde, obulamu buzze bwelongoosereza n'okweyawulamu ebikula eby'enjawulo . Kino ky'ekiyitibwa ekyerongooserezo ky'ebikula(the evolution of species). 
Okkiriza  nti  ebiramu bizze byelongoosereza ( do yo believe that life has evolved )okuva mu bulamu obwa wansi ennyo okutuuka ku ndabika eriwo kati ? Gino gy'emiramwa gye wetaaga okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku mulamwa guno:

(i)Ekyerongooserezo ky'ebiramu(te evolution of life)
(ii)Okwelongoosereza kw'ebiramu(the evolution of life)
(iii)Okwelongoosreza kw'ebikula (the evolution of species)
(iv)Ekyelongooserezo ky'ebikula (the evolution of species)
(v)Ekikula(a Species)
(vi)Enkula( mathematical shape, human character)
(vi) Ebikula (soecies , plural of a species)
(vii)Okwolendobamu okw'obutonde(natural selection)
(viii)Mu butonde , Ekikula ekinafu kisaanawo(in nature , the weaker species dies out)




#Article 177: Akaziba (Atomu) (707 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!!

Omulamwa gwakaziba (atomu) guvudde mu kugaziya makulu(semantic extension) g'ekigambo ky'Oluganda e Buziba ekitegeeza ewala ennyo(very distant).

Obuziba =akazimbakintu=Atomu bwe butoffaali obuzimba buli kintu okuva mu buziba bwakyo.  

Bw’oba oyagala okuzimba ennyumba okozesa bubbulooka obuyitibwa obutaffaali. Mu ngeri y’emu Katonda bwe yayagala okutonda buli ekiri n’ekiriwo mu butonde yakozesa katoffaali akayitibwa “akaziba” oba “akazimbakintu” kyokka ate mu kuzimba ebiramu n’akozesa kabbulooka akasingawo ku katoffaali obunene akayitibwa akataffaali (cell). 

N’olwekyo bwe twogera ku bitali biramu n’ebiramu tuyinza okukozesa akatoffaali oba akaziba  naye mu biramu byokka twogera ku kataffaali (cell).

Obuzimbe bw'akaziba(the structure of the atom) bulimu:

(i) Obusannyalazo (Electrons)

(ii) Nampa oba nampawengwa (neutron)

(iii)Obukontanyo Oba konta (Proton)

Mu makkati g'akaziba we wayitibwa obuziizi bw'akaziba(the nucleous of the atom). Mu buziizi(in the nucleus) mwe musangibwa nampa(nuetron) ne konta(proton).

Obutoffaalo(particles) obwo obukola atomu bulimu:

(a) Obutinniinya=Otoffaali obutini ennyo(elementary particles).Muno mulimu obusannyalazo(electrons) ne obukwaki(kwarks)

(b)Obutonniinya=Obutoffaalo obutono ennyo(Subatomic particles). Mu Butonniinya mulimu konta, ne nampa.

Weetegereze nti mu luganda olwa sayansi waliwo enjawulo wakati w'akatono n'akatini. Akatono kayinza okuba nga si kasirikitu oba nga kasirikitu naye nga kasinga ku katini obutono.

Obuziba(atomu) mu butonde bulimu okuva oba omugendo (motion) ngokufaanana  seng’endo(celestial bodies) eziri mu bwengula nazo bwe ziri mu kuva oba omugendo ogutakoma. Obuziba buba bujugumira, bukankana, nga obusannyalazo obubulimu buva mu kifo ne bwetoloola. Bwe twogera ku kino tutwaliramu obuziba(atomu)obukola  empewo oba ggaasi, kakulukusi, n’enkalubo ,n'obuziba obukola amayinja oba entebe!

N'entebe kw’otudde zirimu okuva mu ngeri emu oba endala.Kino kyewuunyisa ate nga kya mazima . Singa tewaliwo kuva kwa busannyalazo mu kaziba(atomu), tewandibaddewo masanyalaze. Okuvumbula mugobansonga (obumu bw’okukontana) ali mu atomu kye kisobozesezza bannasayansi okukola ebya eratekinologiya (electronics) n’amasanyalaze agayamba omuntu okukola ebintu ebinji ennyo ku nsi.

 Omugendo gw’amasanyalaze (current) guba mugendo gwa kyagi za masannyalaze ogubaamu obusannyalazo (akasannyalazo) obutebenta nga buli kamu bwe kakoona ku kalala nga kabadde katebenta ne kireetawo amasoboza (energy) ag’amasanyalaze okutambula mu waya.

Osaana okimanye nti okukontana wakati wa atomu ezitafaanagana, ntegeeza eza erementi ez’enjawulo, kuleetawo okutomeggana kwa atomu (atomic reaction) zino, era kino kye kikiyitibwa okutomeggana kw’ekikemiko oba entomeggana z’ekikemiko (chemical reactions). 

Ebikyusabuziba (chemical reactions) bigenda mu maaso mu buziba olwa enkwaso ez'obuziba(chemical bonds). Ekikyusabuziba kitegeeza ekibalo ekikyusa obuziba okuvaamu ekintu ekipya.

Weetegereze nti Enkyusabuziba kye kivvuunula Chemical substance.Ekikyusabuziba n'enkyusabuziba byombi byekuusiza ku kukyusa ekintu mu buziba(at atomic level).

Amasannyalaze nago mugendo gwa busannyalazo(electricity is the flow of electrons) ku mutendera gw'obuziba(at atomic level). Weetegereze bino:

(a) Enkwaso oba enkwanso(Chemical bond)

(b)Empakiso(sperm)

(c)Empugiso(semen)

(d)Vatomu=atomu eviiriddwako oba okuyingiramu obusannyalazo(ion)

(e)Vatonu=vatomu eya negatiivu(negative ion)

(f)Vatopo= vatomu eya positive(positive ion)

(g)Vampa(isotope)

(h) ekisannyalazo (charge)

(i) Okusannyalaza(to charge)

Weetegereze nate :

Akaziba oba Atomu ke katinniinya oba akatoffaali  akalina ebisonjozo eby'endagakintu(element). Buli kaziba ekolebwa ebintu bisatu: 

i)	Obukontanyo (P+) – ye namunigina y’enzitoyo erina kyagi eya pozitiivu esingayo obutini. 

ii)	Nampawengwa (N) – ye namunigina y’enzitoyo esigayo obutini nga terina kyagi yonna. 

iii)	Obusannyalazo (e-) – ye namunigina erina kyagi eya negatiivu esingayo obutini. 
Obuzimbe bwa buli atomu, bulimu amakkati amekulungirivu nga omupiira, obuziiz(nucleus), ebaamu obukontanyo (P+) ne nampawengwa (N).  Okwetoloola nnyukiriyasi eno, obusannyalazo bwetoloola nga bw’olaba enkulungo bwezetoloola enjuba.

Enzitoyo eba n’enzitoya ate nga ebugaana ekibangirizo. Atomu bwe butoffaali bw’enzitoyo obusookerwako era tebusobola okwabuluzibwamu mu ngeri ya kikemiko eyabulijjo.

Ekigambo “atomu” kiva mu kya lugereeki oba oluyonaani “atom” ekitegeeza “ekitasobola kwabuluzibwamu”. Abayonaani baagereesa nti enzitoyo yali esobola okwabuluzibwamu obutoniinya obutasobola kulabika na liiso liri bukunya. Obutoniinya buno bwayitibwa “atomu”. 

Obukontanyo ne nampawengwa busangibwa mu nnyukiriyasi. Obukontanyo bulina kyaagi eya pozitiivu (+), nampawengwa buba ne kyagi ey’ekibogwe oba ka tugambe nti tebulina kyagi yonna . 

Obusannyalzo busangibwa mu miyitiro okwetoloola nyukiriyasi. Bulina kyagi eya negatiivu (-). 
Omuwendo gw’obukontanyo gwe gusinziirako anamba ya atomu (atomic number) ekyokulabirako H = 1. Omuwendo gw’obukontanyo mu erementi guba gwa ntakyuka (tegukyuka), ekyokulabirako H=1, Ur=92 naye omuwendo gwa nampawengwa giyinza okwawukana. 

Erementi emu eyinza okubaamu omuwendo gwa nampawengwa ogw’enjawulo; embeera za erementi emu ez’enjawulo ziyitibwa vampawengwa ooba vampa (isotopes). Ebinnyonnyozo eby’ekikemiko (chemical properties) ebya vampawengwa biba bye bimu yadde nga ebinnyonnyozo eby’obuzimbe obwo kungulu (physical properties) obwa vampawengwa ezimu biyinza okuba ebyenjawulo. 

Vampawengwa ezimu zifulumya olubugumu (are radioactive) ekitegeeza nti zifulumya amasoboza (they radiate energy) bwe ziba zibumbulukuka (as they decay) okudda mu mbeera enzigumivu okusingawo. Ekyokulabirako ekirala ye okisigyeni, ne namba ya atomu eya 8, eyinza okuba n’e nampawengwa 8, 9, oba 10. Ezo ze vampawengwa za okisigyeni ez’engyawulo.




#Article 178: Ekitangattisa(Photosynthesis) (536 words)


Ekitangattisa (Photosynthesis) kye kibaawo ng’ebimera bikozesa ekitangaala okuva ku njuba Muwanga okukola ku kabonibbiri-okisayidi okuva mu nampewo n’amazzi okuva mu ttaka okubifuula ebisukaali okuliisa ekimera. 

Ekiva mu kino ky’ekimera okufulumya okisigyeni n’ayingira mu nampewo.

Omulamwa gw'ekitangattisa guva mu kugattika ebigambo bibiri :

ekitangaala(light) + okwegattisa(synthesize)=   Ekitangattisa

Ekitangattisa y' engeri y’okukozesa amasoboza g’ekitangaala (light energy), okwegattisa (to synthesize) molekyu z’ebireetamaanyi (carbohydrate molecules) kye kiyitibwa “ekitangattisa (photosynthesis). Ekitangattisa kitera okuyita mu mitendera ebiri egy’enjawulo;

 (i) Ebitangattiso (Kolopulasiti).

Ekitundu ky’ebikoola n’enduli z’ebimera omubeera ekitangattisa (photosynthesis) kiyitibwa keropulaasi (chloroplast). Keropulaasiorigaanire (organelles) nnene nga ozigereegeranyizza, ezirimu oluzzizzi olulimu ebizimbamubiri (proteins), oluzizzi luno nga luyitibwa “situloomu” (stroma).

(ii) Ensengekera z’ebitangattiso (Photosystems)

Molekyu z’obutereke za langi (Pigment molecules) ezisengekeddwa nga ensengekera z’ekitangaala (photosystems) ze ziyingiza (zitega) ekitangaala ky’enjuba mu kololopulaasi (chloroplast). Ensengekera z’ebitangattiso (Photosystems) bulimba (clusters) bwa kitangaala obuyingiza obutereke bwa langi obw’ ekitangaala ky’enjuba nga bwegasse wamu ne molekyu nga obukonta (proton) eza vatomu eya ayodologyeni (hydrogen ion), enzayimu, enzayimu ez’awamu (coenzymes), ne sayitokiroomu (cytochromes).

Buli nsegekera ya kitangaala (photosystem) erimu nga molekyu 200 eza pigimenti eya kiragala eyitibwa kerofiiru (chlorophyll) ne molekyu nga 50 ez’ekibinja kya ky’obutereke bwa langi (pigment) ekirala ekiyitibwa keratenoyi (carotenoids). Mu kifo ekibeeramu okutomeggana eky’ensengekera y’ekitangaala (photosystem), amasoboza ag’ekitangaala gakyusibwa ne gafuulibwa amasoboza aga kemiko (chemical energy).

 
Ebiramu bingi ku Nsi, omuli n’ebimera byonna ebyakiragala, byegattisa (synthesize) emmere yabyo okuva mu molekyu ennyangu ennyo nga kabonbbiri-okisayidii (carbon dioxide) n’amazzi. Kino okubaawo ekiramu kyetaaga amasoboza (energy) era amasoboza gava mu kitangaala. Mu bimera ebya kiragala, amasoboza ag’ekitangaala (Light energy) gategwa mu keropulaasi (chloroplast) ezisangibwa mu butaffaali bw’ebimera ne bukozesebwa okwegattisa (to synthesize) molekyu za ggulukoosi (glucose molecules), eziragwa nga C6H12O6. Mu kikolwa kino, okisijeni (O2) afulumizibwa nga kazambi (waste product) ava mu bimera. 

Ggulukoosi ne okisijeni olwo ne bikozesebwa mu mitokyonduliya (mitochondrion) z’obutaffaali bw’ebimera n’ensolo, olwo amasoboza ne gafulumizibwa okukozesebwa mu kwegattisa (synthesis). Mu kutomeggana (in the reaction), kabonibbiri-okisayidi (C02) n’amazzi bifulumizibwa mu mitokyonduliya (mitochondrion) okuddamu okukozesebwa mu kitangattisa (photosynthesis) mu kolopulaasi (chloroplast). 

Ebyetaagisa okukuza ebirime n’omuddo mu Byamalimiro

Ebyamalimiro (Agriculture) kitegeeza okulunda n’okulima ebimera, obutiko n’ebiramu ebirala ebikozesebwa ng’emmere, ebigwa (fibre) n’ebintu ebilala ebyetaagisa okukuuma obulamu. Ebyamalimiro ky’ekimu ku bintu ebyafuula omuntu ow’omulembe ogw’ entabaganyaey’enteekateeka ey’omuggunduokuyita mu kulunda n’okulima mu buli maka, ekintu ekyaleetawo ekisukkulumo mu makungula (surpluses) era kino ne kiba entandikwa y’enteekateekanya (civilization).

Mu by’ensoma y’ebyamalimiro (agriculture education), okulima kuyimirilawo na ngeri oba bukodyo obusobozesa okutumbula ebikula by’ebirime n’ebisolo ebirundibwa. Mu bimera watera okwetaagisaawo okufukulira yadde nga waliwo n’enkola endala ez’okulima n’okulunda ku ttaka ekkalu. Mu mawanga agakulaakulanye aebyamalimiro ebiri ku mutindo ogw’amakolero byiimiriddewo ku kulima ekimera eky’ekikula ekimu oba okulunda ensolo y’ekikula kimu. Okulima n’okulunda kwonna kwetaagisa okuba ku mutindo ogukuuma obutonde bw’ Ensi (sustainable agriculture), omuli n’okukozesa nakavundira oba kiyite ebyamalimiro ebya nakavundira (e.g. permaculture or organic agriculture).

Sayansi webyamalimiro, okuzaalisa ebimera, eddagala ly’ebiwuka n’ebigimusa, awamu n’okulongoosa mu tekinologiya biyambye nnyo okulinnyisa obungi bw’ebikungulwakyokka ate era biviiriddeko okwonoona obutonde bw’Ensi oba okutataaganya omwenkanonkano gw’embeera y’ebiramu mu butonde.

Ebitondekwawo okuva mu ebyamalimiro mulimu emmere, ebiwuzi (fibres), amafuta, n’ebikozesebwa mu makolero. Ku mulembe guno ebimera bikozesebwa okukola amafula g’ebiramu (biofuels), eddagala, ne pulasitiika. Mu mmere mulimu enva endiirwa, ebibala, amata, ennyama, n’ebirala. Ebiwuzi mulimu ppamba, ebyoya by’ensolo (wool), obuwuzi obukolebwa obusaanyi (silk), n’ amasanda (flux). Amafuta g’ebiramu mulimu entuumo za kasasiro (biomass), etani, ne dizero.




#Article 179: Akatini n'akatono(Tiny and small) (105 words)


Mu luganda olw'akakyo kano, tewakyaali kigambo kifaanaganira ddala n'ekilala mu makulu yadde nga bifaanagana nnyo mu mpandiika n'enjatula.Weetehereze emiramwa gino:
(a)Akatono ne akatini(tiny and small)
(b) Akatini n'akasirikitu(minute and very small)
(c) Okutebenta  n'okutebentuka(Acceleration and deceleration)
(d) Okutolontoka n'okufumuuka(Momentum and evaporation)
(e) Okutondowala n'okutonnya(condensation and falling down of a water drop)

Okiraba nti akatini(tiny) kaba kasirikitu okusinga akatono. Oli bw'akubuuza nti nkwogere ku mmere? Oddamu otya?

(i)Nnyongerako katono oba 
(ii) Nnyongerako katini ?

Osaana okimanye nga omwogezi w'oluganda omuyivu nti akatini toyinza kukalaba n'eriiso eriri obukunya.ketaaga enzimbulukusa kyokka akatono oluusi kaba  kanene  ekimala okukalaba n'eriiso eriri obukunya.Tosobola kulya kasirikitu.

N'olwekyo alina kugamba nti nnyongeraako katono




#Article 180: Emisinde n'Engenda(Seed and Velocity) (246 words)


Emisinde n’Engenda
       (speed and velocity).

Mu essomabutonde oba essomabuzimbe(Physics) , emisinde kisonjolwa nga ekigerageranyo ky'embiro ezziddukwa buli namunigina ya biseera (rate of running per unit time).Mukasa avuze emotoka ku misinde gya km 150 buli ssaawa , kino kiba kigambululo kya misinde(Statement of speed)).

Kyokka bw'oba oyogera ku eng'enda(velocity) ku misinde oyongerako n'obwolekero(direction). Mukasa avuze emotoka ku km 150 buli ssaawa ng'ayolekedde bukiikakkono, kiba kigambululo kya ng'enda(Statement of velocity).

 Waliwo ebipimo ebiraga emisinde gyokka n’ebyo ebiraga emisinde, n'ekintu ekidduka emisinde gyekiraga oba gyekitunudde. Oli bw’akubuuza emisinde gy’ennyonyi kwetambulira aba akubuuza ekintu kya njawulo ne “engenda” yaayo .Nga Obuwanvu n’okuseetuka bwe birina amakulu ag’enjawulo yadde nga birina enfaanagana, ne emisinde n’engenda  bwe bityo bwe biri. 

 Emisinde gipimibwa ku nsengekera okulaga embiro ekintu ze kitambula. Era ginnyonyolwa nga ekipimo ky’olugendo oba obuwanvu bw’olugendo.

Ekintu ekiri ku mbiro oba ekiwewenyuka kiba misinde gya waggulu  kitambula olugendo luwanvu mu kaseera akatono . Ekintu ekigenda empola kiba n’emisinde gya wansi era kitambulo olugendo lumpi mu kaseera akatono. Ekintu ekiri mu kifo ekimu kiba n’emisinde zero. Mumisinde tetufaayo ku ludda ki ekintu gye kitambula kigenda.

Engenda  kipimo ekiraga emisinde  n’oludda ekintu gye kiraga . Engenda kitegeeza engeri ekintu ekitambula gye kikyuusaamu ekifo.Singa omuntu okuba oluta lumu mumaaso ate nadda emabega oluta lumu wano tewaba  “ngenda” kubanga omuntu aba adda mu kifo kye kimu .Kino kitegeeza.

Ssinga omuntu akubuuza nti ekidduka  kyo ddukira ku musinde ki ? Oyinza okuddamu nti  kiddukira ku  kirmita 70 buli ssaawa. 
Egyo gy’emisinde(speed) gyakyo . 

Bivudde eri Charles Muwanga.




#Article 181: Okutebenta n'okutolontoka(acceleration and Momentum) (159 words)


Okutebenta (acceleration) n'okutolontoka(Momentum)miramwa egibaddewo mu luganda nga si misonjole bulungi. Amateeka ag'enzimba y'emiramwa gatukkiriza okugaziya amakulu g'ebigambo ebiriwo okusobola okuteekawo emiramwa gye twetaaga mu sayansi.Kati nno weetegereze:

(i)Okutebenta (acceleration)
(ii)Okutebentuka (deceleration)
(iii)  Entolonta(momentum)
(iv) Okwongeza entolonta (increasing momentum).

Manya :

(a)Okutebenta oba entebenta(acceleration) kiba kigerageranyo kya nnyongeza mu  ng'enda (late of change of momentum)
(b) Okutebentuka oba entebentuka(Deceleration)  kigerageranyo kya nkendeeza mu ng'enda(late of change of velocity)
(c)Okutolonta(momentum) kigerageranyo kya nkusa mu ntebenta(late of change of acceleration)

Wano nno bw'otaba omutitiizi obivaako buvi anti waliwo abantu abamu  nga tebagumiikiriza nkyukakyuka abaadde bannagira nga bwendi mu kukyusa oluganda. Bano mbagamba kimu nti buli lulimi lukulaalulana mu bigambo , ne lufuna ebipya ate ne lukaddiya ebitakyatuukana na mulembe ogubaawo. 

Kati guno mulembe gwa sayansi, bwe tuba nga tubadde tukozesa ebigamba bitaano,  okutebenta, okutebentuka, okutolontoka, n'okufumuuka nga byonna byekuusiza ku kuva(motion) ,kisaanidde okubikwataganya n'ebyolungereza ebya sayansi ow'okuva(science of motion)era buli kigambo kifune ensonjola eya sayansi mu kifo ky'okwewola ebiva mu nnimi engwira.




#Article 183: Okwetta (152 words)


Emirungi mingi tuwulira abantu nga besse. Okwetta kuli mu buli nsi na mu buli kitundu abantu gye babeera.

Okwetta kuva ku bintu bingi okuli obulwadde bw’okubwogo nga okwenyamira , obukyayi (okwekyawa), obutamiivu, enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’omuntu oba okukozesa eddagala. Ensonga endala mulimu okweraliikirira okuva ku buzibu bw'okufuna ensimbi wamu n’obutakkaanya mu mukwano oba okunyoomebwa.

Okuziyiza okwetta

Ebimu ku bikoleddwa okuziyiza okwetta bye bino: okukendeeza ku busobozi bw’omuntu okwetuusako obutwa, okujjanjaba obwongo n’okulwanyisa enkozesa y'eddagala mu bukyamu.

Engeri z’okwetta nnyingi. Okwetta kusinzira ku bintu ebyetoolodde omuntu ayagala okwetta. Okugeza emiti, obutwa, emiguwa, ebiso, ebyogi  n'ebirala. Ebintu ebyo ebyetoolodde omuntu bireetera omuntu okwetta mu ngeri zino, okwetta nga yeetuze, okwewa obutwa, okwefumita ekiso n’engeri endala nnyingi. Engeri ezisinga okukozesebwa mu kwetta ze zino: okwetuga, okunywa obutwa bw’emmese n’okweyokya. Mu mwaka gwa 2013 abantu 842,000 betta ate nga mu mwaka gwa 1990 baali 712,000. Okweta, kukwatta ekifo kya 10 mu bireetera okufa kw’abantu munsi yonna.




#Article 184: Enziku (177 words)


Enziku, bumu ku bulwadde bwe'ekikaba. Obulwadde buno buleetebwa akawuka akayitibwa Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Abantu bangi abatafuna bubonero bwa nziku so ng'ate oluusi baba bagirina. 

Abasajja bayinza okubabukirirwa nga bafuuyisa, okufulumya amazzi amacaafu okuva mu busajja, oba okulumwa ensigo. 
Ate bo abakyala basobola okufuna okubabuukirirwa nga bafuuyisa, okufulumya amazzi amacaafu okuva mu bukyala, okukulukuta omusaayi mu biseera by’okulwala oba okulumwa wansi mu bitundu by’ekyama. Enziku eretaawo okuzimba mu bukyala ate mu basajja n’eretaawo okuzimba mu nseke. Bwe kityo, enziku eyo esobola okusaasaana mu nnyingo zonna oba mu misuwa gy’omutima singa eba tejajabiddwa.

Enziku esobola okusaasaanyizibwa ng'eva ku maama n’ekwata omwana mu kaseera kokusumulukuka. Obulwadde buno bukeberebebwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. basobola okukebera omusulo oba akanyinyi mu basajja ate mu bakyala bakebera mumwa gwa nnabaana. Okwekebeza ekirwadde ky’enziku kisaana eri abantu ababa bakafuuna ababeezi wamu n’abavubuka abali wansi w’emyaka 25 buli mwaka. So ate era n’abasiyazi balina okwekebeza buli mwaka.

Waliwo engeri nnyinhi omuntu z’asobola okweyambisa okwewala enziku; okugeza nga; okukozesa obupiira, okwegatta n’omuntu omu yekka ate nga naye mulamu, n’okulekayo okwegatta. Ebiseera ebisinga obujjanjabi bw'obulwadde buno buba bwa kukubwa mpiso. 




#Article 185: Amaanyi(Power) (350 words)


Ekigambo “Maanyi”(Power) mu Luganda olwa bulijjo  kiyinza okutegeeza:

(a)	Amasoboza(Energy)
(b)	Empalirizo(Force)

Kyokka mu Sayansi w’Obutonde/essomabuzimbe oba Ebyomuzimbe(Physics), amaanyi kikozesebwa okutegeeza ekigerageranyo  ky’enkozesa y’amasoboza (rate of energy use). Kino si kigerageranyo kya bya ttunzi na nsimbi  , wabula kigerageranyo kya masoboza na biseera oba okukola n’ebiseera.

Mu sayansi w’obutonde , amaanyi kikozesebwa  okunnyonnyola ekigerageranyo ky’enkozesa y’amasoboza.Kino kitegeeza nti amaanyi kipimo kya bwangu amasoboza kwe  gakozesebwa.

Amaanyi = Omulimu /Ebiseera 

Ssinga baggamba nti abasajja babiri, Kisekka ne Ssekitto,   baaweebwa omulimu buli omu okukoola yiika 12 ez’emwanyi mu naku 6 . Kisekka yamala omulimu mu nnaku 2 kyokka sekitto n’amala omulimu mu nnaku 6. Ani eyasinga okukozesa amaanyi amangi? 

Okiraba nti:

Kisekka yakola yiika 12 mu nnaku bbiri, n’aba ng’ataddemu amaanyi ga Namaanyi 6 .Namaanyi kitegeeza “namunigina z’amaanyi”.

Sekitto yakola yiika 12 mu nnaku 6   , n’aba ng’ataddemu amaanyi ga Namaanyi 2

Okiraba nti eyakola omulimu gwe gumu mu kiseera ekimpi yateekamu amaanyi mangi okusinga eyakola omulimu gwe gumu mu naku mukaaga. 

Okiraba nti bano bombi baakola omulimu gwe gumu naye omu yakola omulimu munene  buli  kiseera kye kimu okusinga omulala. Eyakola omulimu omunene buli kiseera okusinga omulala ya kozesa amaanyi mangi okusinga munne

Engeri y’Okupimamu Amaanyi

Namunigina ezikozesebwa okupima amaanyi mu Luganda ze 
(i)	Namaanyi(Watt).  

Namaanyi kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “namunigina y’amaanyi” (unit of power).

Namunigina y’okukola ye Nakkoola (joule). “Nakkoola” kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “namunigina y’okukola”(Unit of work) . Namaanyi namunigina ng’etegeeza kye kimu ne “Nakkoola  buli ka sikonda.

(ii)	Maanyigandogoyi (Horsepower).

Maanyigandogoyi namunigina ya maanyi ga bitondekamaanyi bya motoka n’ennyanguyirizi endala.Kino kiri bwe kityo kubanga nga tewannabaawo motoka endogoyi yakozesebwa nnyo okugonza eby’entambula mu bulaaya kubanga obutaba nga nsolo ndala ekigerageranyo ky’amasoboza gaayo kiri waggulu era nga yetikka n’okulinnya obusozi okumala engendo empanvu nga tennakoowa. Maanyigandogoyi emu ekunuukiriza Namaanyi 745.7

(iii)	 Empalirizo n’engenda. Amaanyi era gayinza okubalangulwa okuva mu mpalirizo n’engenda y’ekintu okuyita mu nakyenkanyajuyi eno:

Amaanyi = Empalirizo x Engenda

(iv)	Amaanyi g’amasannyalaze. Bwe tuba gubaza amaanyi g’amasannyalaze, tweyambisa “omugendo gw’obusannyalazo” (current) ne “volutaagi”.

Omugendo gw’obusannyalazo oba omugendo gw’amasannyalaze (current) gupimibwa mu Naggendo (ampares). Naggendo kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “namunigina z’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze” ate volutaagi zipimibwa mu voluti (volts).




#Article 186: Ebitontome bya Charles Muwanga ebya Sayansi (1696 words)


IALI NGO has been authorized by Terminologist Charles Muwanga to post this article from his Luganda scientific terminology works on Luganda Wikipedia  for free public consumption  !! 

                 (The Poem on Energy)

Amasoboza agasoboza abisoboka

Tewali kisoboka, tewali kikolebwa awatali Masoboza

Amasoboza maanyi agasoboza

Gano ge masoboza Gano ge masoboza

Amasoboza agasoboza ebisoboka

Amasoboza agasoboza abisoboka

Tewali kisoboka, tewali kikolebwa awatali masoboza

Waliwo amasoboza eg’ebbugumu

Gaba masoboza ga bwoki, masoboza ga nabbugumya

Gano ge masoboza agajjiisa ebifumbibwa

Amasoboza agasoboza abisoboka

Tewali kisoboka, tewali kikolebwa awatali masoboza

Waliwo amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo

Gano ge gatambuza ebitambula ng’emotoka

Ennyanguyirizi n’ebiramu

Amasoboza agasoboza abisoboka

Tewali kisoboka, tewali kikolebwa awatali masoboza

Waliwo amasoboza agava mu kulya

Gano ge masoboza ag’emmere

Atagalina nga taakole 

Anti gava mu kulya

Amasoboza agasoboza ebisoboka

Zino z’ensibuko z’amasoboza 

Waliwo amafuna aga nakavundira

Amafuta ag’amanda oba ebyanda

 Enku ez’emiti n’amazzi agakulukuta

Amasoboza agasoboza abisoboka

Amasannyalaze masoboza

Amasoboza agava mu mazzi agakulukuta mu biyiriro

Amasoboza agava mu bitomeggero by’obuziizi

Amasoboza aga nnyukiriya gaba masoboza ga buziizi

Amasoboza agava mu bitomeggero by’obuziba

Amasoboza aga atomu gaba masoboza ga buziba

Amasoboza agasoboza abisoboka

Lokola amasoboza! Todiibuuda masoboza! 

Gakozese bulungi okukuuma obutonde bw’ensi 

Toyonoona ntobazi omuli ensibuko y’amazi

Buli awava omuti simbawo omuti 

Ogwo mulanga gwa Kabaka wo !!

                               (the first poem on the Forces)

Empalirizo Empalirizo 

Empalirizo eba mbeera ewaliriza

Tewali kuva awatali mpalirizo

Okuva kwonna kwetaaga empalirizo

Emotoka okuva yetaaga empalirizo

Ennyonyi okuva yetaaga empalirizo

Empalirizo Empalirizo

Empalirizo ziva mu kusika, okusindika, oba okunyooleza

Okuseetuka kuva ku mpalirizo

Okutambula kuva ku mpalirizo

Empalirizo ebeera mbeera ewaliririza

Awatali mpalirizo tewaba kuseetuka yadde okuva mu kifo

Empalirizo Empalirizo

Ekitambuzo nakyo kyetaaga empalirizo

Ekitambuzo kyetaaga amasoboza agasobozesa empalirizo

Ekitambuzo kubaamu okuseetuka

Kuno kuba kuva

Empalirizo empalirizo

Zirimu ekikuubagano, ekinyigirizo, n’ekikkatiro

Zirimu Essikirizo n’ensikirizo

Ensikrizo ziba za magineeti 

Ate essikirizo liba lya   seng’endo 

Wakati w’ enjuba ne enkulungo zayo

      (the second poem on the Forces)

Mpalirizo Mpalirizo

Eba mbeera ewaliriza n’eviirako okuva

Okuva kuseetuka, kutambula, kuva mu kifo 

Sindika osike 

Okole empalirizo 

Mpalirizo, Mpalirizo

Zikola okutambula, zikola okudduka, n’okufumuuka kw’enfuumo

Emisinde nagyo giva ku mpalirizo

Emisinde n’obwolekero   bikuwa engenda velocity

Mpalirizo Mpalirizo

Zikola okutebenta okutebentuka n’okutolontoka

Okutebenta acceleration

Okutebentuka deceleration

Okutolontoka eba momentum

       (The Poem of Motion)

Motion Okuva

Okuva kuba kuseetuka, kutambula kuva mu kifo

Mu bwengula buli ekiri, kiri mu kuva

Ogwo guba mugendo

Omugendo kuva okweyongerayo

Motion Okuva

Buli mugendo kuba kuva naye si buli kuva nti mugendo

Okujugumira nakwo kuva

Okuva okweyongerayo obutereevu guba mugendo

Motion Okuva

Mu bwengula buli ekiri, kiri mu kuva

Okuva kiva  ku mpalirizo

Empalirizo zetaaga amasoboza

Amasoboza agasobozesa empalirizo ezireetawo okuva

Motion Okuva

Okuva kulimu engeri

Waliwo ensibukuva Kinematics

Waliwo engerikuva Dynamics 

Eryo ssomabutonde ery’okuva 

The Physics of Motion

Motion Okuva 

Ensibukuva ziba nsibuko za kuva

Engeri kuva ziba ngeri za kuva

Okuva kulina ensibuko mu mpalirizo

Okuva kulimu engeri ng’omugendo ogw’omwetoloovu

N’omugendo omutereevu

Motion kuva

Omugendo ogw’eomwetoloovu eba curved motion

Omugendo omutereevu eba linear motion

Omugendo guva ku mpalirizo

Empalirizo zetaaga amasoboza

       (the Poem of Matter)

Nabuzimbe  Nabuzimbe  Matter

Nabuzimbe  Nabuzimbe matter

Buli ky’olaba ne ky’otalaba ekiriwo Nabuzimbe

Anti kirina Obuzimbe

Nabuzimbe ye Nakazaala w’Obuzimbe bwa buli kintu

Nabuzimbe Nabuzimbe  Matter

Nabuzimbe era tukiyita kintu

Nabuzimbe  era eba sabusitansi

Nabuzimbe era eba matiiriyo

Nabuzimbeeba nzitoya, eba nzitoyo

Nabuzimbe Nabuzimbe  Matter

Embeera za Nabuzimbe ziri ttaano

Buli Nkalubo(solid), buli Kikulukusi(liquid) na buli Mukka(Gas)

Ejjengerero(Plasma) nayo mbeera ya Nabuzimbe

Oluzira nayo mbeera ya Nabuzimbe

Nabuzimbe Nabuzimbe Matter

Ekiriwo ekirabika n’ekitalabika eba Nabuzimbe

Nabuzimbe eriba  enzitoya(Mass) n’obuzito

Amazzi okufaana n’enkalubo galina enzitoya n’obuzito

Empewo etalabika nayo erina enzitoya n’obuzito

Nabuzimbe ebugaana ekibangirizo kubanga erina ezitoya

         (the poem on water)

Amazzi Water 

Erinnya ery'enkyusabuziba Chemical Name

Gayitibwa Ayidologyeni-bbiri-okisayidi

Ky’ekipooli ky’amazzi oba Molekyu y’amazzi

Galimu endagabuzimbe eya ayidologyeni

Galimu endagabuzimbe eya okisigyeni 

Endagabuzinbe ezo ebbir ze zikola ekippoli molekyo y’amazzi

Amazzi gabuzabuza

Amazzi  agakutte nga omuzira eba nkalubo ?

Omuzira ogumerenguse n’enduumo etondowadde kiba Kikulukusi ?

Amazzi  agafumuuka , eba nfuumo ,Mukka ?

Amazzi Gannyogoze

Amazzi Gabugumye

Amazzi Gafumbeko

Olabe ekibeerwo

Amazzi ddala gabuzaabuza

Amazzi ddala gabuzaabuza

    (the Poem on the Forces of nature)

Okuva kwonna kwetaaga empalirizo

Empalirizo kisonjolwa nga kusika okuvaamu essikrizo n’ensikirizo

Empalirizo kisonjolwa nga okusindika n’okunyooleza

OKuva kwonna kwa mpalirizo

Okuseetuka kuva ku mpalirizo

Okutambula kuva ku mpalirizo

Okuva kwonna kwa mpalirizo

Empalirizo ebeera mbeera ewaliririza

Awatali mpalirizo tewaba kuseetuka yadde okuva mu kifo

Okuva kwonna kwa mpalirizo

Empalirizo zisibuka mu Masoboza

Awatali masoboza tewaba mpalirizo

Okuva kwonna kwa mpalirizo

Ekitambuzo nakyo kyetaaga empalirizo

Empalirizo etambuza ebitundu by’ensengekera ng’ennyanguyirizi

Okuva kwonna kwetaaga empalirizo

Empalirizo z’obutonde zirimu ebika

Waliwo essikirizo nga essikirizo ly’enjuba n’essikirizo ly’ensi

Okuva kwonna kwetaaga empalirizo

Empalirizo z’obutonde zirimu ebika

Waliwo ekikuubagano, ekinyigirizo, n’ekikkatiro

Okuva kwonna kwetaaga empalirizo ng’ensikrizo

Ensikirizo eringa essikirizo naye ensikirizo teriba ssikirizo

Ensikrizo ziba za magineeti ate essikirizo ziba za  seng’endo ng’enjuba ne enkulungo

Empalirizo Empalirizo

Sindika osike 

Naye nga oyita mu kikuubagano 

Okuseetula ebintu

Olina kukozesa mpalirizo

Empalirizo ,empalirizo

Tezewalika , ze zijja ebintu mu kifo

Empalirizo ze zitambuza ennyanguyirizi

Empalirizo Empalirizo

Ebidduka bizikozesa okutambula

Emotoka etambula lwa mpalirizo

Ennyonyi edduka lwa mpalirizo

Ekizungirizi n’ennyonyi bibuuka lwa mpalirizo

Empalirizo Empalirizo

Endogoyi nayo ekozesa mpalirizo

Ensolo okutambula yetaaga empalirizo

Awatali mpalirizo yonna

Tuba  tusigala mu kifo kimu

Awatali mpalirizo tewali kukola

II.Ebitontome by’Ekibalangulo(the Poems of mathematics)

Kino kibalangulo ! Kino Kibalangulo

Ekibalangulo kiba kibalo

Ekibalo kuba kubala

Ekibalangulo kyogeza kubaza

Okubaza kuba kubalanguza

Okubalanguza kuba kubalangula

Kakensa w’essomabuzimbe Physics  aba munnassomabuzimbe

Ow’essomabutonde Physics  aba munnassomabutonde

Ow'Essomabuziba Chemistry  aba Munnassomabuziba

Kyokka kakensa w’ekibalangulo aba Mubalanguzi

Ekibalangulo Sessomo Discipline  eggazi

Ekibalangulo kirimu amasomo ag’enjawulo

Wamma ddala ekibalangulo kigazi ddala!

Ekibalangulo kitandika na mugereeso gwa Nnamba

Number theory

Muno mulimu okulambika ebika by’ennamba eby’enjawulo

Ekibalangulo kisimbira mu misingi gy’ennamba

Number bases

Emisingi gy’ennamba mu bumbi giba misimba

Ekibalangulo kirimu emigereko

Math Sets

Emigereko gigereka ebintu mu mirengo

Ekibalangulo kirimu emigerageranyo

Mathematical ratios

Emigerageranyo giba miwendo egyegerageranya

Ekibalangulo kirimu emigendaganyo

Mathematical proportions

Emigerageranyo ebiri egyenkanankana gikola emigendaganyo

Ekibalangulo kirmu emikwanaganyo

Mathematical relations

Omukwagaganyo gukwanaganya  emisengeko  gy’emigogo emisengeke

Ekibalangulo  kirimu emitundu oba emikutule

Omutundu guba muwendo ogusalemu ebitundu oba omukutulemu

Ekibalangulo kibalo kya mitonnyeze

Decimal numbers

Kubanga zinno namba ezirimu akatonnyeze

Ekibalangulo kibalo kya Nakyenkanya njuyi ne nakyekubira

Equations and ineqailties

Kubanga gyenkanya enjuyi oba okwekubira

Ekibalangulo kibalo kya Kigobansonga

Ng’eno eba variation

Kubanga kino kibalo kya ggobansonga

Ekibalangulo  kibazamukisa, ekibalo ky'Omukisa

Eno nga probability

Anti ababalanguzi n’omukisa bagubaza.

Ekibalangulo kibalo ekibaza Obuufu

Mathematical Locus

Anti Kibaza obuyitiro

Ekibalangulo kirimu  kalonda ne kalondomusengeke

Data and statistics

Anti kibaza kalonda ne kalondomusengeke

FFe tuli embaata ento tuyigabuyizi kubala  tubala nga tuddamu

Emu bbiri satu nnya…..okweyongerayo  mu entakoma

Oba esooka , eyokubiri , eyokusatu …okweyongeryo mu entakoma

Tutandika na Mugereeso gwa namba  Number Theory

Lino Ssomo erigereesa ku namba numbers

Ligereesa ku nambiso Numerals

Mulimu ennamba eza kibazo

Cardinal numbers

Zino ziba ennamba ezibala era zitandika n’emu

Ennamba ezibala

Counting numbers

Zino nazo zitandika n’emu okweyongerayo mu entakoma

Ennamba ez’ensibo

Natural numbers

Zino zzo zibaddewo era ziribaawo

Ennamba ez’endagakifo

Ordenal numbers

Zino ziraga bifo ,  ekisooka,  eky’okubiri ..n'okweyonerayo mu entakoma

Ennamba eza ndagalinnya

Nominal numbers

Zino ziraga kifo kya linnya

Ennamba eza kigaanira

Odd numbers

Zino ziba n’enfikko

Ennamba eza kyegabanya

Even numbers

Zino zegabanya obutaleka nfikko

Ennmba eza kyebiriga

Square numbers

Zino ziva mu kwebiriga namba

Ennamba eza kyesatuza

Cube numbers

Zino ziva mu kwesatuza namba

Enamba enzibuwavu

Complex numbers

Zino ziba nzibuwavu

Ennamba enzijuvu

Whole numbers

Zino  teziba za mikutule teziba za mitundu yadde emitonnyeze

Enamba ez’emikutule

Gini mitundu

Emiwendo  egy’ebitundu

Ennamba ez’emitonnyeze

Decimal numbers

Gino giba n’akatonnyeze

Ennamba ez’omugerageranyo

Rational numbers

Zino zikola emikutule

Ennamba ezitali za mugerageranyo

Irrational numbers

Tezikula mukutule

Waliwo kibalirampuyibbiri

Zino ziba yintegya

Zino zibalira  mpuyibbiri

Lino ssomampimo study of dimensions

Era ssomankula study of shapes

Ssomo lya mpimo Ssomo lya nkula

Enkula ey’ekibalangulo eba

Eba Mpimo emu one dimensional  oba

Oba Mpimobbiri two dimensional 

Oba mpimosatu three dimensional

Essomampimo era  ssomankula

Nkula ez’ekitendero plane figures

Ziba nkula za museetwe  flat shapes

Essomampimo era ssomankula

Enkula ey’enkalubo solid figures

N’enkula ez’ekibangirizo space figures

Waliwo n’enkula ennetoloovu

Era eyitibwa entoloovu

Eno nkula ya kitendero eyitibwa Circle

Waliwo kyesimba

Olungereza rectangle

Eno nayo ya kitendero

Waliwo kyebiriga

Olungereza square

Eno era kyesimba

Waliwo mpuyisatu oba mawetasatu

Olungereza trigony oba triangle

Eno erina enjuyi Satu

Waliwo mpuyinnya

Olungereza quadrilateral

Eno erina enjuyi nnya

Waliwo ekigulumiro prism

Ekitali kitendero

Kino kiba kigulumivu

Waliwo enkunu oba enkinu

Olungereza cylinder

Eno eba nkula ya lusoggo oba ya kasoggo

      (the Poem on Polygons)

Mpuyinnyingi  Mpuyinnyingi
Polygons  Polygons
Zino nkula ezirina empuyi ennyingi

Waliwo mpuyisatu

Erina enjuyisatu

Eno nayo mpuyinnyingi

Olungereza quadrilatrela

Eno erina enpuyinnya four sides

Olungereza Qaudrilalteral 

Erina empeto nnya Four angles

Olungereza pentagon

Eno ya mpuyi ttaano

Waliwo mpuyimukaaka

Olungereza hexagon

Erina empuyi mukaaga

Waliw mpuyimusanvu

Olungereza heptagon

Erina empuyi musanvu

Waliwo mpuyimunaana

Olungereza octagon

Eno erina empuyi munaana

Waliwo mpuyimwenda

Olungereza nonagon

Eno erina empuyi mwenda

Waliwo ne mpuyikumi

Olungereza decadon

Erina empuyikumi

    (the Poem on Quadrilaterals)

Zino mpuyinnya

Eza nakyenkana

N’ezitali za nakyenkana

Waliwo kyesimba

Olungereza rectangle

Erina enjuyinnya ku peto etryesimbu

Eno kyebiriga naye nga kyesimba

Olungereza square

Erina enjuyi ezenkanankana nnya

Waliwo kyegendaganya

Olungereza parallerogram

Erina emigogogo ky’emisittale ebiri egigendagana

Waliwo kyebiriggula

Olugereza rhombus

Erina emigogo gy’emisittale ebiri egigendasgana n’enjuyinnya nga zenkanankana

Ekitontome ky’Enjuba
     (The Poem of the Sun)

Nze Senkulungo, ndi Munyenye era nze Njuba

Mu bwengula ndi butabalika

Enkulungo zange ziseyeeya okunetoloola 

Mu kyebulungulo kyange eky’essikirizo

Obwo bwebuyitiro bwazo

Nze Senkulungo, ndi Munyeenye nze Njuba

Enjuba eziri ewala ennyo ezimunyeenya 

Z’emmunyeenye naye nazo njuba

Okumunyeenya kwaffe kuva ku kwewetamu kwa kitangaala

Nga kiva mu birungo bya ggaasi eziri wabweru wa bbulangiti ya nampewo

Okuyingira mu birungo by’empewo eziri mu bbulangiti ya nampewo

Enjuba y’emmuneyenye eyaka mu makakati w’ensengekera y\enjuba yaffe. Enkulungo zonna ziseyeeya okwetoloola Senkulungo eno, enjuba obwaguuga. Enjuba ekubisaamu enzitoya y’ensi emirundi egisukka mu kikumi ate nga okusinga erimu ayidologyeni ne keriyamu.

Amasoboza g’Ensi agasinga obungi gava mu Njuba Muwanga era y’esobozesa obulamu bwonna okubaawo.Yadde nga olugendo okuva ku Njuba Muwanga okutuuka ku Nsi lusnziira ku buyitiro bw’’Ensi, omugeranyo gw’olugendo guli nga obukadde bwa mairo kyenda mu busatu pna obukadde bwa kiromiita nga kikumi mw’ataano. Kitwala eddakiika munaana n’obusikonda kumi na mwenda ekitangaala ekiva kun juba okutuuka ku Nsi.

Kigambibwa nti amasoboza g’enjuba Muwanga geyongera ebitundu 10% buli luvannyuma lw’emyaka akawumbi kamu  era singa kino kigenda mu maaso mu myaka akawumbi kamu ku Nsi kujja kuba tekukyali mazzi gakulukuta kuba gajja kuba gafumuuse, eno y’ejja  okuba enkomerero y’obulamu. 




#Article 187: Amasoboza mu Mubiri (Energy in the body) (1908 words)


Plisinzioira ku Muwanga , ebitonde ebirina obulamu bikolebwa obukadde n’obukadde bw’obutaffaali(cells) obusirikitu obuyitibwa obutaffaali bw’omubiri (body cells). Munda mwa buli kataffaali mulimu molekyu(molecules) empanvuyirivu eziyitibwa  Endagabutonde . 

Endagabutonde (DNA) eriko obuweke obulinga obuli ku luwuzi lwa sappule obuyitibwa endagabuzaale oba ennabuzaale (genes) nga mu nnabuzaale muno mwe muterekebwa obubaka obusomebwa endagabutonde esobole okufuna ebiragiro omubiri kwe gukolera.

Molekyu z’endagabutonde (DNA molecule) n’olwekyo ze zitereka    ebiragiro bya Katonda   ebigamba obutaffaali bw’omubiri engeri y’okuzimbamu ekiramu ekyo, kibe kimera oba nsolo.

Nnabuzaale(endagabuzaale) n’olwekyo  bwe butaffaali obukola  molekyu ya ndagabutonde (DNA molecule) . Buli katoffaali  kafuna okumanyisibwa okuyita mu kemiko z’omubiri okuwa ebiragiro okukola buli ekizimba omubiri ekigenda okwetaagisa akataffaalikomubiri. N’olwekyo, endagabuzaale (genes) kitundu ku  ndagabutonde   omuterekwa ebiragiro bya Katonda  ebigamba obutaffaali bw’omubiri engeri gye buba bukola akatundu konna ku mubiri oba enkula y’ekiramu gamba nga enviiri eza munyerere, amaaso aga kitaka oba okuba omunene , omutono ,oba omuwanvu . 

Okuyita mu tekinologiya azze avumbulwa kati kimanyiddwa nti  “akataffaali k’omubiri”(body cell) kasirikitu (microscopic) ka kyewuunyo   akalimu emitendera egisinga egya masiini ezikolebwa omuntu. 

Omuduumizi  w’abaganda Kibuuka Omumbaale yagamba omu ku balwanyi be abakessi  okukoleeza omumuli gumu ku lusozi waggulu  ssinga abalwanyi ba Bunyolo bayingira nga basaabala ennyanja wamala oba okukoleeza emimuli ebiri ssinga baba bayise ku ttaka. 

Singa tewaaliwo mpuliziganya wakati wa Kibuuka Omumbaale n’omusajja we ono , okufuba okuteekawo okutegeeragana  okwangu ng’okwo tekwandibadde na makulu  Ekyo kitwaale ng’ekyokulabirako okubiseemu omuwendo ogulimu ziro ennyingi. Kati kimanyiddwa nti endagabuzaale z’omubiri  nsengekera (system) ya mpulizaganya mu butoffaali bw’omubiri .Bwe twoogera ku butaffaali (cells)tetutegeeza butoffaalo(atoms) . 

Obutoffaali butono nnyo (butini) okusinga obutaffaali yadde bwombi busirikitu (microscopic). Okutegeera ebikwaata ku masoboza(energy) mu butaffaali bw’omubiri (body cells)  kyetaagisa okunnyonnyoka obulamu. Obulamu busobola kubeerawo nga molekyu n’obutaffaali bw’omubiri bisigadde mu mbeera  ebukuuma nga busengeke bulungi. )  . 

Obutaffaali bwonna bwetaaga “amaanyikasoboza” okubukuuma mu nsengeka eyetaagisa  , Bannafizikologia (physicists) basonjola amaanyikasoboza nga obusobozi okukola .Kino kitegeeza nti okukola(work) kye kintu kyennyini ekyongerayo obulamu .

Enneeyisa y’amasoboza eragibwa okuyita mu  nekebejja  ezesigika , ekiyitibwa amateeka agafuga amaanyikasoboza (the  laws of thermodynamics).:

Etteeka erisooka ery’amasoboza ligamba nti amasoboza tegayinza kusaanyizibwaawo yadde okutondekebwaawo.Kino kitegeeza nti omugatte gw’amaanyikasoboza mu nsengekera ey’awamu  ng’obwengula(universe)) gasigala mu “entakyuuka” (constant). 

Amasoboza tegayingira yadde okufuluma mu nsengekera ey’awamu( a closed system)kyokka mu nsengekera ey’awamu , amasoboza gayinza okukyuuka.Eky’okulabirako , amasoboza ag’eknyusabuziba(chemical energy) mu petulooli gafulumizibwa ng’amafuta agegasse ne wokisigyeni olwo ensasi n’ekoleeza ekintabuli (mixture) munda mu yingini y’emmotoka.  Amasoboza  eg’enkyusabuziba agali mu petulooli gakyuusibwa ne gafuuka amasoboza aga nabbuguma(heat energy), amasoboza  ag’eddoboozi(sound energy) , n’amasoboza  ag’okuva( motion).

Etteeka  ly’amasoboza(thermodynamics) eriddako ligamba nti obungi bw’amasoboza obuliwo mu nsengekera ey’awamu(in a closed system)  “ekendeera entakyuuka”( decreasing constantly). Amasoboza agaliwo okukozesebwa ebiramu gava mu kipimo ky’ensengekera. 

Eky’akabi ,  okukyusa amasoboza mu nsengekera z’ebiramu tekibeerawo butereevu. Buli kutambuza kitundu kya mubiri , buli kirowoozo, na buli kutomeggana kwa kemiko(ekikemiko) mu butaffaali bw’omubiri mubaamu okutambuza amasoboza  ate n’okugenda kw’amasoboza mu kikolwa kye kimu.Olw’ensonga eno, ensengekera eba erina okuyingiza amasoboza mangi ddala okusinga  agetaagisa mu bikolwa by’obulamu.

Ekikyusabuziba mu  Mibiri gy’ebiramu
             (Chemical reactions in living things).

Ekigenda mu maaso okubeezawo emibiri gyaffe nga miramu nakyo si kya butanwa .   Ebipooli bya kemiko (chemical compunds) ebisinga tebyegattika  mbagirawo yadde okweyawulamu(okwekutulamu) embagirawo .
Ekikyusabuziba ekisinga okugenda mu maaso mu biramu  kyetaagisa oamasoboza(.to energize). Amasoboza gano ge gaabuluza mu kaziba(atom) akasangibwa  mu molekyu(molecules) , kino ne kisobozesa ekikyusabuziba(reaction) okubaawo. 

Ekikyusabuziba kyonna ekirimu okufulumya amasoboza kiyitibwa ekifulumyamasoboza   ( exergonic reaction). Mu kifulumyamasoboza ( exorgonic chemical reaction),ebisigalira(products) biba n’amasoboza matono  okusinga ebitomegganyi(the reactants). 

Ekikyusabuziba ekirala kiba kiyingizamasoboza ( endergonic reactions). Mu biyingizamasoboza ( endergonic reactions), amasoboza gategebwa era  ne gayingizibwa  okuva mu mbeera eyetooloddewo(surroundings )  . Ebisigalira(products) ebya ekiyinguizamasoboza ( endergonic reactions) biba n’amasoboza mangi okusinga enkyusabuzibai( reactants, chemicals) ebiba byenyigidde mu kikyusabuziba . Eky’okulabirako , ebimera ebikozesa ekitangattisa(photosynthesis)  ne bitega amasoboza okuva ku njuba okukola ebireetamaanyi ( carbohydrates)
. 
Amasobozeso(activation energy) agetaagisa okukoleeza( to spark ) ekifulumyamasoboza oba ekiyingizamasoboza  ( exergonic or endergonic reaction) gayinza okuba aga nabbugumya ( thermal energy ) oba amakyusabuziizi(chemical energy). Ekikyusabuziba kyetaagisa amasobozesoa(activation energy) era kiyinza okugenda mu maaso  nga waliwo nakongezabwangu ow’ebiramu(bio-catalyst).

Nakongezabwangu(Catalysts) ziba  sebusitansi ezanguyiriza ekikyusabuziba kyokka zo ne zisigala nga tezikyusiddwa.
 
Nakongezabwangu(catalyst) zikola nga zikkakkanya  obwetaavu bw’amasobozeso (activation  energy) okusobozesa ekikyusabuziba okugenda mu maaso mu bwangu.

Mu biramu , nakongezabwangu ziba molekyu za bizimbamubiri(protein molecules) eziyitibwa enzayimu(enzymes). Enzayimu zetaagisiza ddala okusobozesa ekikyusabuziba okugenda mu maaso mu butaffaali bw’omubiri. 

Ebiramu bingi ku nsi , omuli n’ebimera byonna ebyakiragala, byegattisa(synthesize)  emmere yabyo okuva mu molekyu ennyangu ennyo nga kabonibbiri-okisayidi(carbon dioxide) n’amazzi . Kino okubaawo ekiramu kyetaaga amasoboza(energy) era amasoboza gano  gava mu kitangaala.

Mu bimera ebya kiragala, amasoboza ag’ekitangaala (light energy) gategebwa mu kolopulaasi (chloroplast)  ezisangibwa mu butaffaali bw’ebimera ne bukozesebwa okugwegattisa(to synthesize) molekyu za gulukoosi( glucose molecules).  Mu kikolwa kino , okisigyeni afulumizibwa nga kazambi (waste product) ava mu bimera. 

Gulukoosi ne okisigyeni olwo ne bikozesebwa mu mitokyonduliyo(mitochondrion) z’obutaffaali bw’ebimera  n’ensolo , olwo amasoboza ne gafulumizibwa okukozesebwa mu kwegattisa(synthesis) . Mu kikyusabuziba (in the reaction), kabonibbiri-okisayidi n’amazzi bifulumizibwa mu mitokyonduliyo( mitochondrion ) okuddamu okukozesebwa  mu kitangattisa(photosynthesis) mu kolopulaasi (chloroplast).
 
Endaga ya enkwanaganya y’amasoboza mu butaffaali obulamu.

Ekitangattisa kigenda mu maaso mu mitendera ebiri :

(i)	Ekikyusabuziba ekiyingiza amasoboza. Omutendera ogusooka gwe  gw’ekikyusabuziba ekiyingiza amasoboza(the energy-fixing reaction ) era  oguyitibwa ekikyusabuziba eky’ekitangaala((light reaction) 

(ii)	Ekikyusabuziba ekiyingiza kaboni. Ate ogw’okubiri  gweky'ekikyusabuziba ekiyingiza kaboni( the carbon-fixing reaction ) era ekiyitibwa ekikyusabuziba  ekyetongodde ku kitangaala((the light-independent reaction) oba ekikyusabuziba ekigenda mu maaso mu mbeera ey'ekizikiza( dark reaction).

Mu kikyusabuziba ekiyingiza kaboni , erementi eyetaagisa ye kabonibbiri-okisayidi(carbon dioxide) ajjibwa mu nampewo(atmosphere). Ekivaamu kwe kukola  ekizimbamubiri ekiyitibwa gulukoosi(glucose).

Ggulukosi ayinza okuterekebwa mu ngeri nyingi . Mu bimera ebimu , molekyu za ggulukoosi zegattisibwa buli emu ku ndala  okukola molekyu za sitaaki(starch molecules). Eky’okulabirako , mu lumonde , sitaaki aterekebwa mu mirandira mu ttaka egiyitibwa emimmonde. Mu bimera ebimu ggulukosi afuulibwa fulakitosi (fructose) , ekitegeeza sukali wo mu bibala (fruit sugar),  era amaanyikasoboza ne gaterekebwa mu nkula eno eya fulakitosi. Ate mu bimera ebirala, fulakitosi yegatta ne ggulukosi okukola sukulozi , ono nga ye sukaali wo ku meeza( table sugar). 

Amasoboza gaterekebwa mu bireetamaanyi(carbohydrates) mu nkula eno Obutaffaali bw’ebimera( plant cells) bujja amasoboza okukola emirimu gyabwo mu bimera  okuva mu molekyu zino. Ensolo zikozesa enkula ya gulukosi y’emu okuyita mu kulya ebimera olwo ne ziyingiza molekyu mu butaffaali bwazo. 

Kino kitegeeza nti ebiramu byonna , mu ngeri emu oba endala , bibeerawo ku kitangattisa (photosynthesis).  Ekitangattisa ye engeri enkulu ey’okutuusa amasoboza ag’ekitangaala ky’enjuba mu nsengekera z’ebiramu(living systems ) n’okulaba nga amasoboza ago gabaawo okusobozesa ekikyusabuziba(chemical reactions) mu butaffaali bw’ebiramu .Ekyo nakyo kibalo kya butonde ekyateekebwawo Katonda.

(a)Amasoboza gabeera mu mbeera nnyingi ate nga gayinza okuterekebwa kyokka amaanyi tegayinza kuterekebwa.

(b)Amaanyi gakutegeeza embiro oba emisinde amasoboza kwe gakozesebwa. Mu motoka ez’enjawulo, amasoboza agakozesebwa gaba ge gamu naye obunene bw'ekitondekamaanyi ekya motoka bwe businziirako ekigerageranyo(rate) amasoboza kwe gaba gakozesebwa era eno y’ensonga lwaki emmotoka entono zikekkereza amafuta okusinga ennene.

(c)Amasoboza bwe busobozi okukola omulimu. Amaanyi ky’ekigerageranyo ky’emisinde(rate of speed) omulimu kwe gukolebwa buli sikonda. Amasoboza gapimibwa mu nakkoola(joule) ate amaanyi gapimibwa mu namaanyi (watts) oba kirowaati (kilowatts).Nakkoola=namunigina y'okukola(unit of work) ate namaanyi=namunigina y'amaanyi(unit of power).

Edda nga tewannaba bidduka bya nnyanguyirizi nga ebitondekamaanyi(machine engines), ekyeyambisibwanga okugonza mu byentambula yalinga nsolo ey’amaanyi. Ensolo zaali nnyingi naye ente, embuzi oba embwa tebyalina maanyi gasobola kwetikka bito na kudduka misinde gitambuza bantu n’ebyabwe nga embalaasi. Eno y’ensonga lwaki na guno gujwa, amaanyi ga yingini y’emotoka gapimibwa mu nigi eziyitibwa ‘amaanyi g’embalaasi (horse power).

 
Embalaasi (Horse) nsolo ekozesa amasoboza amangi okwetikka n’okudduka n’esigala nga tekooye.Amaanyi g’embalaasi (horse power) ge masoboza g’ekozesa buli sikonda mu biwaati. Weetegereze:

(i)	Okukola kwetaagisa ebintu bisatu ebikulu:

(ii)	Amasoboza gategeeza

Amasoboza bwe obusobozi okukola omulimu (ability to work). Okukola omulimu gwonna kyetaagisa amasoboza (amaanyi agasobozesa).

(iii)	Amaanyi kitegeeza

Okukola kiba kikolwa ekirimu empalirizo n’okuseetuka oba omugendo mu bwolekero bw’empalirizo.

Ekyokulabirako 1: empalirizo eya Nampalirizo 40 (40 Newtons) esindika ekintu miita kumu okwolekera empalirizo gy’esonze ekola omulimu ogwa Namulimu 400(400 Joules of work).Nampalirizo= namunigina y'empalirizo(unit of work).

Ekyokulabirako 2 : Okukola omulimu ogwa Nakkoola 150(150 joules of work), oba olina okufulumya amasoboza ga Namkkoola z'amasoboza 150 (150 joules of energy)

Ekyokulabirako 3 :Singa okola omulimu gwa namulimu 150 mu sikonda emu (Nga okozesa nakkoola z’amasoboza 150) , amaanyi ziba  Namaanyi 100(100 watts).

Enjawulo wakati w’amaanyi n’amasoboza

	Amasoboza 	Amaanyi
	Galina akakwate akatasattululwa n’amaanyi kubanga buli awali amaanyi wabaawo amasoboza.
	Kipimo oba kigerageranyo kya nfulumya ya masoboza buli nigi ya sikonda

	Ge galeeta enkyukakyuka
	Kipimo oba kigerageranyo kya bwangu omulimu kwe gukolebwa

	Gakyuka okuva mu kintu ekimu okudda mu kirala
	Amaanyi gapima bwangu amasoboza kwe gayingizibwa ekintu ekirala

	Gava mu mbeera emu okudda mu mbeera endala	Amaanyi tegasoboza kuva mu mbeera emu kudda mu mbeera ndala

 “Amaanyi” (Power) ky’ekigerageranyo ky’enfulumya oba ennyingiza y’amasoboza buli kiseera ekigere. Amasoboza gwe mulimu ogukolebwa mu nigi y’ekiseera ekigere (unit of time). Mu njogera endala amaanyi kipimo kya bwangu omulimu mwe gukolebwa. Nigi y’amaanyi ky’ekiwaati (watt). Ekiwaati kyenkanankana jjoole 1 buli sikonda 1.

Amaanyi (power) n’amasoboza (energy) ne mu Lungereza bikola okubuzaabuza kubanga birinaaniganye nnyo mu makulu. Okusobola okunyonnyoka emiramwa gino wetaaga okwekenneenya omulamwa ogw’okusatu, okukola ogukolebwa (work).

Amaanyi (power) mulamwa ogupima obungi bw’amasoboza agaba gakozesebwa buli nigi ya biseera (per unit time). N’olwekyo amasoboza y’embavu (effort) gy’oteekamu ate amaanyi gy’emisinde embavu eyo kw’ogiteekeramu. Emisinde gino kiba kigerageranyo buli nigi ya sikonda (rate per unit second). 

Eky’okulabirako bw’oba otusibwako amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze, ekigerageranyo ky’amasannyalaze (power rating) eky’ebikozesa amasannyalaze eby’enjawulo awaka kikutegeeza obungi bw’amasoboza buli kikozesa amasannyalaze bwe kikozesa buli sikonda.

Bbalibu ey’ebiwaati 80 eba ekozesa amasoboza ku kigerageranyo kya waggulu (at a faster rate) okusinga bbalibu ey’ejjengerero (fluorescent tube) erina ekigerageranyo ky’amasoboza eky’ebiwaati 20.

N’olwekyo amaanyi ky’ekigerageranyo amasoboza kwe kakozesebwa mu jjoole (joules) buli sikonda.

         (Glossary)

      (Atoms)

Akatoffaali k’ekintu akasembayo obutono .Akaziba era kayitibwa atomu.Mu bungi akazibwa kabeera buziba(atoms). Lwaki kaziba ? Kino tukituseeko nga tukozesa akakodyo k’okugaziya amakulu(semantic extension). Olw’okuba akaziba kaba kasirikitu, koogerwako nga akantu akali ewala ennyon’eriiso eriri obukunya.Erisso eriri obukunya(naked eye) terisobola kukalaba.Kyetaagisa enzimbulukusa(Mcroscope).Ensimbulukusa kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “ennyanguyirizi ezimbulukusa obusirikitu).

     (Force)
 
Empalirizo eba nsindiko(push) , nsikirizo(attraction, pull) oba ekinyoolezo(twist)

          (Chemical energy)

Amasoboza amakyusabuziba ge masoboza agafuumizibwa nga enkyusabuziba biri oba okusingako zikolaganye nga enkyusabuziba bbiri zibugumye.Tugamba nti enkyusabuziba zino zekyusaganyizza.

      (Friction)

Ekikuubagano y’empalirizo ejjawo nga safeesi bbiri zikwataganye ne zekuuba.

        (to Condense)

Okutondowala kibaawo nga ggaasi ennyogoze n’efuuka ekikulukusi.

         Generator)

Ekitondekeso eba nnyanguyirizi oba ekyanguyirizi ekikyusa amasoboza okugafuula amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze (amasannyalaze).

 Gano gaba masoboza agayinza okukutebenteraa mu waya.

     attraction)

Eno eba mpalirizo ezikira mu magineeti

     (Gravitation)

Eno eba nsikirizo  ereetera ebintu ebyenjawulo ebibiri buli kimu okweyunira ekirala. Esikiso liba ssikirizo.

     (Gravity)

Eno eba mpalirzo esikira mu seng’endo nga omwezi, emmunyenye, enkulungo n’emyezi.

            (Centripetal forces)

Zino ziba mpalirizo ezeyunira amakkati

              (Centrifugal forces)

Zino ziba mpalirizo ezewaggula ku makkati

                      (opposing forces)

Zino ziba mpalirizo ezewaggula ku makkati n’empalirizo ezeyunira amakkati

       (Energy)

Amasoboza   ge maanyi agasobozesa okukola.

       (Kinetic energy)

Gano ge masoboza ag’ebintu ebiri mu kuva.Gano ge masoboza agakola.

          (Potential energy)

Gano ge masoboza agatali mu kuva wabula galinze okukozesebwa.

Gano gaba masoboza agava ku njuba

         (to evaporate)

Kino kibeerawo nga ekikulukusi kyokyeddwa ne kifuuka ggaasi

   (Heat)

Gano ge masoboza agava   mu buziba ne molekyu bwe butebente nga budda mu maaso n’emabgega oba ka tugambe nti bwe bujugumira.

    (mass)

Buno  bungi bw’ennabuzimbe esangibwa mu kintu.

    (Weight)

Empalirizo y’essikrizo (the force of gravity) esikira ekintu wansi ku safeesi y’ensi.Empalirizo y’essikrizo tugiwulira nga obuzito(weight). 

 (Meteor)

Olwazi ekigwa okuva mu bwengula nga kyengeredde nnyo olw’ekikuubagano n’obutoffaali obuli mu nampewo.

    (Molecule)

Akalimba k’obutoffaali bw’obuziizi(atomu) bubiri oba okusingawo obukwataganye awamu. Kano  nako busirikitu. 

   (Particle)

Kano kaba katoffaali 

    (Stability)

Eno ye mbeera mu essomabutonde nga obuziba buggumivu, ekitegeeza nti si bubumbulukufu .Tuyinza okwogera ku obuziba obuggumivu (stable atoms) n’obuziba obutali buggumivu (unstable atoms).

      (Pressure)

Eno y’empalirizo enyigiriza ekintu wansi ku safeesi yakyo .




#Article 188: Obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu (128 words)


Obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu butunuulirwa mu ngeri y'emu ng'obwenkanya mu mbeera bantu . Obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu kitegeeza abantu okubeera n'emikisa egyenkanankana mu bwebungulule obutaliimu bulabe eri abantu.

Obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu kimu ku bibeezaawo enkulaakulana. Mu 1996 abakulembeze ku kakiiko k’ebibeezaawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika kaayogera ku bwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu nga omwagaanya ogw’obwenkanya mu bulamu  bwaffe. 

Mu kkowe ery'Ebyenjigiriza, amatendekero aga waggulu gannyonnyola obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu ng'omwenkanonkano mu mbeerabantu.

Obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu bulimu enkwata y'ebyobugagga, okwenyigira mu byobufuzi, ebyobuwangwa n'ebyenjigiriza mu ngeri entuufu era etayonoona. Obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu mulimu  okutuukiriza obyetaago bya buli muntu mu ngeri efaayo ku balala n'obutabalumya.

Mu bufunze, obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu butegeeza abantu okukola byonna bye bakola naye nga bafaayo ku balala mu ngeri zonna. Omuntu alina okuola kyonna ky'akola naye nga yeegendereza obutalumya oba obutakosa balala.




#Article 189: Ebyenfuna ebitoonoona butonde bwansi (123 words)


Ebyenfuna ebitoonoona butonde bwa nsi buluubirira kukendeeza ku bulabe obwandituusiddwa ku bwebungulule bwaffe. Enkola eno eruubirira okukola emirimu egiwanirira obutonde era egitabwonoona.

Okutwaliza awamu, ensonga eno ey’ebyenfuna ebitoonoona butonde, ezingiramu kaweefube w’ebikolebwa byonna okulaba nti obutonde tebutaataaganyizibwa. Waliwo n’abakugu mu byenfuna abeemaliza mu kwekaliriza engeri ez’enjawulo emirimu gy’abantu nga mwotwalidde n’amakolero bwe biyinza okukolebwa mu ngeri ewanirira obutonde. Ekigendererwa ekikulu kwe kulaba nti obutonde ng’emiti, emigga, ebibira, entobazi, ettaka, enjuba n’ebirala tebyonoonebwa oba nga tebikozesebwa mu ngeri ya kudiibuuda. 

Mu mwaka gwa 2012, ekitongole kya ICC kyafulumya ekiwandiiko ekirambika engeri y’okukozesa obutonde mu ngeri etabwonoona. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kirimu amagezi n’okuwabula kw’abakugu okwakuŋŋaanyizibwa mu myaka ebiri. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kitangaaza ku ebyo ebirina okufiibwak mu mirimu okulaba nti okusoomoozebwa okuliwo mu nsi ku butonde kukolebwako.




#Article 190: Okukola ebintu ebipya okuva mu birala (313 words)


Okukola ebintu ebipya okuva mu birala y’engeri y’okufuula kasasiro ekintu eky’omugaso. Kino kituyamba okwewala okwonoona ebintu ebyandibadde eby’omugaso. Kasasiro bw’akolebwamu ebintu ebirala kiyamba n’obutayonoona bwebungulule bwaffe ng’amazzi, empewo, n’ettaka.

Ebintu ebikolebwamu ebipya bizingiramu ebintu eby’enjawulo nga giraasi, empapula, kaadiboodi, ebyuma, pulasitiika, ebipiira, engoye n’ebyamasannyalaze. Mu ngeri y’emu n’okukola nakavundira mu bintu ebivunda nga emmere n’omuddo nakyo kitwalibwa ng’okukola ekintu ekipya okuva mu birala.

Ebintu ebigenda okufuulibwamu oba okulebwamu ebirala bisobola okutwalibwa we bikuŋŋaanyirizibwa oba mu kifo emmotoka w’ebiggya ne bisosolwa, ne biyonjebwa ate olwo ne bikolebwamu ebintu ebipya mu makolero.

Ekitera okubaawo kye kino nti ekintu ekikolebwamu ekirala, ekyo ekirala ekikoleddwa kiba kya ngeri eyo yennyini. Okugeza, empapula zikolebwamu empapula endala, oba akaveera akasuuliddwa ne kakolebwamu akaveera akalala. Wabula, kigambibwa nti enkola eno eyinza okubeera ey’ebbeeyi okusinga okukola ekintu ekipya kyennyini.

Okukola ebintu ebipya okuva mu birala kibaddenga kikolebwa okuva emabega yonna. Kigambibwa nti enkola eno yandiba nga yatandikira ku mulembe gwa Plato mu myaka gya 400 BC (Kristo nga tannajja). Mu kiseera ebikozesebwa we byabeerera eby’ebbula, okunoonyereza kw’ebyafaayo ebyekaliriza ebisigalira by’ebyo ebyakozesebwanga kulaga nti ebintu bitono nnyo eby’ebintu ebyakozesebwanga awaka ebyazuulibwanga (gamba nga evvu, ebipapajjo by’ensuwa n’ebirala). Kino kitegeeza nti kasasiro mungi yaddangamu okukozesebwa mu kiseera ky’ebbula. 

Mu biseera ng’omulembe gw’amakolero tegunnaba waliwo ebiraga nti kasasiro eyavanga ku byuma mu bitundu by’e Bulaaya yasaanuusibwanga n’addamu okukozesebwa. Gwo omulimu gw’okuddamu okukola ebirala okuva mu mpapula gwasooka kukolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1031 mu Japaani. Ate mu Bungereza, kasasiro ava mu mbaawo yakolebwangamu amataffaali.

Ebiseera bwe byagenda biyitawo, amakolero gaatandika okwetaaga kasasiro gwe gasobola okukolamu ebintu ebipya. Go amacupa aganywerwamu soda n’omwenge abantu baagazzangayo ne babawa ssente. Kino kyatandikira Bungereza ne Ireland eyo mu myaka gya 1800 naddala ku macupa aga Schweppes.

Engeri nnyingi eziteereddwawo okukuŋŋaanyizaamu kasasiro. Engeri zino ezimu zitandikibwako abaagala okukolamu ensimbi ate endala zitandikibwawo gavumenti. Okukuŋŋaanya kasasiro kulimu engeri ssattu okuli ebifo ewasuulibwa kasasiro, awatundirwa kasasiro n’ewateekebwa kasasiro ku makubo okuggyibwawo emmotoka. 




#Article 191: Olukusense (239 words)


Olukusense bwe bumu ku bulwadde nnamutta obwogerwako mu nsi muno. Busaasaanyizibwa akawuka akayitibwa measles virus. 

Obumu ku bubonero bw’omuntu alina olukusense bwe buno: omusujja, ekifuba, ennyindo ezikulukuta eminyira n’okumyuka amaaso. Oluvannyuma lw’ennaku bbiri oba ssattu , ng’omuntu amaze okufuna obubonero obwo,omuntu asobola okufuna obugondo obweru mu kamwa obuyitibwa Koplik's spots. Obutulututtu obumyufu obutera okutandikira mu maaso nga tebunnasaasaana mu mubiri gwnona butandika mu nnaku ssattu oba ttaano oluvannyuma lw’okufuna obubonero bw’obulwadde buno. Obubonero buno butera okujja mu nnaku 10-12. Olulala, omuntu afunye obulwadde buno, asobola okufuna embiro, okuziba amaaso oluusi n’obulumi ku bwongo.

Olukusense kirwadde ekitambulira mu mpeewo, era nga kisinga kusasanira mu kukolola wamu n'okukuba emyasa (okwasimula) okuva ku muntu omulwadde. Wabula, amaluusu oba eminyira gy'omuntu alina obulwadde buno nabyo bisobola okubusiiga omulala atalina. Singa abantu abalamu babeera mu kifo kye kimu n’omulwadde,wabaawo emikisa mingi nabo okukwatibwa obulwadde obwo mu nnaku nnya (4) zokka. Bwe kityo okwekebeza akawuka akaleeta olukusense kwamugaso mu bitundu gye tubeera. 

Obukadde nga 20 obw’abantu bwe bukwatibwa olukusense, okusingira ddala mu bitundu bya Afirika ebikyakulaakulana. Mu mwaka gwa 2013 abantu 96,000 be baafa ekirwadde kino, okuva ku bantu 545,000 abaafa mu mwaka gwa 1990. So ng'ate mu mwaka gwa 1980 abantu obukadde 2.6 be baafa ekirwadde ky’olukusense.

Nazzikuno abaana abakwatibwanga mulangira baabafumbiranga ebintu bino wammanga: enkejje, omutulika, enseenene n’ebirala bingi eby’ayambangako mu kufulumya obulwadde obwo. Laba Enzijanjaba y'Olukusense okumanya enzijanjaba y'olukusense ey'Ekiganda. Wabula, omulwadde w'olukusense asobola okukubwa empiso wamu n’okumira amakerenda mu nzijanjaba ey'Ekizungu.




#Article 192: Amateeka agafuga Empandiika y'Oluganda (181 words)


Empandiika y'Oluganda gye tugoberera yabagibwa mu mwaka gwa 1947. Empandiika eno erimu amateeka agawerako. Mu kiwandiiko kino tugenda kwogera ku mateeka ana.

Tukozesa ennukuta ennene mu ngeri zino wammanga: 

Ennukuta empeerezi ezitafaanagana teziddiring'ana mu kigambo.

Tukozesa ennukuta R singa ku kkono waayo wabeerayo empeerezi “i” okugeza;

 
Tukozesa ennukuta r singa era ku kkono waayo wabeerayo empeerezi “e” okugeza;

Ennukuta L esobola okutandika ebigambo mu Luganda, okugeza:

Tukozesa ennukuta eno singa ku kkono waayo wabeerayo empeerezi “a” okugeza:
 

 
Tuwandiika ennukuta eno singa ku kkono waayo wabeerayo empeerezi “o’ okugeza:

Ennukuta L ewandiikibwa singa ku kkono waayo wabeerayo empeerezi “u”, okugeza:

Ennukukta zombi R ne L teziwandiikibwa za nnabansasaana mu kigambo, okugeza:

Lleeta oba Wulirra.

Ennukuta zino zitabula bangi mu kuwandiika Oluganda. Mu njogera ziwulikika nga ze zimu naye mu mpandiika y’Oluganda zaawukanira ddala era tulina engeri bbiri mwe tuyinza okuzaawulira singa tuba nga tuzikozesezza.

i)	Tujja mwattu 
ii)	Munajja enkya
iii)	Temujjanga ewaffe

i)	Ggyamu engoye
ii)	Amatooke ago ng’ogaggyamu mu mmotoka weetegereze.

Wabula waliwo ebigambo nga bwe biba byogerwa omuntu awulira nga birimu “gy” ate ne biwandiikibwa n’ennukuta eya “g”, okugeza: 




#Article 193: Ebikolwa (298 words)


Mu Luganda ekiokolwa kye kigambo ekiraga omukozi ky’aba kola mu mboozi. Mu ngeri endala ekikolwa y'entabiro y'emboozi; kye kigambo emboozi eyo kw'etabira. Abamu kye bava ekikolwa bakiyita Nnantabira.

Ebikolwa birimu ebiti ebikulu bibiri:

 

 
Bino tubiyita ebyemala olw’ensonga nti bisobola okuyimirirawo ku lwabyo byokka butengerera ne biwa amakulu. 
Ebikolwa bino ebyemala era tubyawulamu ebiti bibiri era nga bye bino:

a)	Ebikolwa ebiteetaaga ekikolebwako bye bino nga; okwebaka, okutunula, okuseka, okufa, n’ebirala. 

Omuntu bw'akola sentensi omuli ebikolwa ebyo n'ebirala ebifaanana waggulu, amakulu gatereekeka bulungi. Mu ngeri eyo obeera teweetaaga kweongerako kigambo kyonna. Okugeza, omuntu bw'agamba nti, Anna yeebase, toyinza kubuuza nti, yeebase ki?

Mu mboozi ezo waggulu okuggyako ng’awuliriza oba omulabi ayagala kumanya ensonga lwaki ekikolwa kikolebwa olwo ayinza okubuuza. 

b) Ate waliwo ebikolwa ebyemala wabula nga byetaaga ekikolebwako mu mboozi. 

Mu mboozi esooka omwana yakola ekikolwa “eky’okukuba”, ng’ekikolwa kino akikola ku “mupiira“.

Erinnya erikolebwako (omupiira) lye liyamba ekikolwa ekikolebwa mu mboozi eyo waggulu okumalawo okwebuuza okwandibaddewo singa omuntu agyogera/awandiise emboozi eyo abeera nga talitaddeeko. Ne mu mboozi endala bwe kityo bwe kiri. 

 
Omwana akuba (akuba ki?).

Weetegereze: Bulijjo singa emboozi ebaamu ekikolwa nga kyemala naye nga kyetaaga ekikolebwako, nakasigirwa enkozi mu mboozi ebeera a-.

Muno mulimu ebikolwa nga:
	-va

Bino tubiyita ebiteemala kubanga tebisobola kuyimirirawo butereevu ku lwabyo mu mboozi ne biwa amakulu.

Weetegereze: Ebikolwa bino okuwa amakulu tubiyunga ku nakasigirwa enkozi, tuyinza okweyambisa embu z’amannya oba tuyinza okweyambisa nakasigirwa ez’obuntu eziteemala.

Eby’okulabirako
Namukasa alya muwogo.

Akayingo ako a- tukayita nakasigirwa enkozi.  

Newankubadde nga tugamba nti ebikolwa bya mirundi ebiri; ebyemala n’ebiteemala, naye tulinayo ebikolwa ebiyitibwa ebikolwa ebiyambi.
Ebikolwa ebiyambi omulimu gw’abyo kuyamba ku bikolwa ebirala ebiba biri mu sentensi eyo eba ewandiikiddwa. Ebikolwa bino ebiyambi biyinza okukozesebwa nga bisukka mu kimu mu sentensi. Ebimu ku byo bye bino:
 

n’ebirala.

Ebikolwa ebyo tuubirabira mu mboozi nga zino wammanga:

Okugeza: 




#Article 194: Okuggyamu olubuto (205 words)


Okuggyamu olubuto, kuba kuggyamu kanuunu nga tekanaba kufuluma nnabaana. Okuggyamu olubuto kukolebwa mu bugenderevu naye ng'ate wayinza okubaawo embeera we kiyinza okubaawo mu butali bugenderevu. Ekikolwa kino, ky'ekyo ekikolebwa okusindiikiriza olubuto okuvaamu. 

Amawanga agasinga mu nsi tegakkiriza bantu baamu kuggyamu mbuto naye ng'ate waliwo amawanga agakkiriza ensonga eno. Okuggyama embuto bwe kwakirizibwa gavumenti mu nsi ezaakulaakulana, waliwo eddagala eriziyiza okufuna embuto, bwe kityo ensangi zino waliwo obujjanjabi obutukana n’omutindo wamu n’okulongosa abakyala nga baggyibwamu embuto. 

Ekikolwa ky'okuggyamu embuto kya mutawaanya nnyo. Ekikolwa kino kiviirako abantu abasukka mu 47,000 okufa ate ng'abantu abawera obukkadde 5,000,000 baweebwa ebitanda buli mwaka. Ekitongole ky’ebyobulamu mu nsi yonna kisemba nti abakyala bonna bakkirizibwe okuggyamu embuto mu ngeri etabokosa era kibeere nga kikolebwa mu butongole.

Kumpi abantu 56 be baggyamu embuto buli mwaka mu nsi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abaggyamu embuto gwakendeera wakati wa 2003 ne 2008, so ng'ate emyaka mingi emabega abaggyamu embuto baali bakendeera olw’okuba nti abantu baali basobola okwetuusaako enkola z'ekizaalaggumba. Mu mwaka gwa 2008, abakyala ebitundu 40% mu nsi baali bakkirizibwa okuggyamu embuto mu butongole.

Okuggyamu embuto kikolwa ekibaddengawo ne mu mirembe gy'emabega ddala. Kino kibaddenga kikolebwa na ddagala lya kinnansi, ebyuma ebyogi wamu n’amaanyi. 

Amateeka g’okuggyamu embuto gaawukana okwetoolola ensi yonna okusinziira ku by’obuwangwa n’eddiini mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. 




#Article 195: Embu z'Ebigambo (273 words)


Olubu tusobola okukiyita oluse omugwa omuntu, ekintu oba ekifo. Mu Luganda tulina ebigambo eby’enjawulo era ng’ebigambo bino kinnakimu birina embu mwe bigwa. Tulina embu z’ebigambo mwenda omugwa ebigambo by’Oluganda byonna era nga ze zino wammanga:

Ekimiimo erinnya kitegeeza ekyo ekintu kye kiyitibwa.Okufaananako n’ennimi endala, mu Luganda namwo mulimu amannya agayitibwa oba agatuumibwa abantu, ebintu oba ebifo. Amannya gano galimu ebika ebiwerako wabula nga mulimu ebika ebikulu bibiri:

Gano gabeera mannya agatuumibwa abantu, ebintu n’ebifo, nga tegakyukakyuka era nga gasigalawo nga malamba ne bwe gaba nga gateereddwa mu mbu  z’amannya ez’enjawulo.

Amannya gano gaawulwamu ebiti mukaaga era nga bye bino wammanga:

N'ebika ebirala.

Weetegereze: 

Gano gabeera mannya agatwalira abantu oba ebintu awamu era nga googera ku kintu oba ebintu eby’enkalakkalira. 
Eby’okulabirako:

 
Weetegereze: Amannya gano tegawandiikibwa na nnukuta nnene okuggyako nga gatabdika sentensi.
Eby’okulabirako: 

Ebibinja by’amannya ebirala:

 
Waliwo ebintu mu Luganda nga birina amannya naye nga tebibalika. Kwe kugamba nti omuntu tayinza kugamba nti nnina kimu oba bibiri ng’ayogera ku bintu nga:
Amata, sukaali, amazzi, omunnyo, ettaka, omwenge n’ebirala ebigwa mu kkowe eryo.
Wabula, singa oba oyogera ku bika by’ebintu  bino oyinza okulaga omuwendo gw’ebika, okugeza,
 
a) Ebika by’omuddo bibiri,  kanyeebwa n’olumbugu bye bitutawaanya ennyo munnimiro zaffe. 
b) Ntwalira ebika by’omwenge ebyo byombi obitunde.

Weetegereze: 

Amannya gano tegawandiikwa na nnukuta nnene okuggyako nga ge gatandika sentensi.

Gano ge mannya agoogera ku bintu ebingi naye nga biteereddwa mu ttuluba limu agamu ku go ge gano:
Eggye , eggana, ekibiina, ekinywa, omutwalo, oluwungu n’amalala.

Mu Luganda eriyo ebintu nga tubyogera lunye wabula nga tetusobola kubikwatako oba okubiraga bannaffe. Ebintu bino tubiwulira buwulizi oba tulaba abantu nga babikola oba oluusi ne tulowoozaako birowooze ebimu ku byo bye bino;




#Article 196: Okuwangaala mu Luganda (175 words)


Mu kuwandiika olulimi Oluganda, tuwandiika ennukuta empeerezi ebbiri singa ennyingo ebeera ewandiikibwa ebeeramu eddoboozi eriwangaala. Kino kitegeeza nti awawangaala tuwandiikawo empeerezi bbiri nga mu bigambo bino: 

Wabula, kino tekitegeeza nti buli wabeera eddoboozi eriwangaala lirina kwolesebwa na kuwandiikawo mpeerezi bbiri. Ojja kwesanga nga waliwo w’owulira eddoboozi eriwangaala mu kigambo wabula nga teryoleseddwa mu kuwandiika olw’amateeka agafuga empandiika y’olulimi  Oluganda. Okuwandiika nga tuwangaala “n’empeerezi ebbiri” kireetebwawo embeera zino wammanga:

Eby’okulabirako

Eby’okulabirako 
i)	Anaagenda 
ii)	Nnaalinda 
iii)	Onaamusanga
iv)	Nnaasiima 

Eby’okulabirako

Okugeza, neesaze, neetemye, beerumye, yeerimba, n'ebirala. 

Waliwo n'engeri endala ez'okulaga okuwangaala mu Luganda z'osobola okulowoozaako oba okwetegereza.

Ebyo byonna bye tulabye waggulu kye tuyita okuwangaala n’empeerezi ebbiri ezifaanagana nga ziwandiikiddwa mu kifo kimu.

Weetegereze: Waliwo etteeka erifuga okuwangaala nga tukozesezza ennukuta 'ggy'. Ennyukuta ezo bwe zibeera mu kigambo ne kiwulirwa nga kiwangaala, tuba tulina okuwangaala mu mpandiika. Wabula ku nnyukuta endala tetukkirizibwa kukola bwe tutyo.

Wabula ennykuta eya “ny” yo tugitwala okuba ennukuta emu nga n’olwensonga eyo etteeka ery’okuwangaala n’empeerezi emu yo terigikwatako, kwe kugamba; ewawangaala ku yo wassibwawo empeerezi bbiri ezifaanagana mu maaso gaayo. Okugeza: 




#Article 197: Walifu y'Oluganda (205 words)


Walifu y’Oluganda kye kipande ekiraga ennukuta abiri mu omukaaga ez’eyambisibwa mu kuwandiika Oluganda era nga ze zino:

Weetegereze: Newankubadde ng'entereeza y'ennukuta eyo eyitibwa Walifu y'Oluganda, Oluganda terulina walifu ya njawulo ku Lungereza. Walifu Oluganda n'Olungereza ze lukozesa ya Kirooma era ekozesa ennukuta ze zimu. Entereeza y'ennukuta eyo egeegeenya bifo ewaatulirwa enjatula ey'ennukuta ezo. Omuntu bw'ategeka ennukuta ezo mu ntegeka ey'e Kingereza aba mutuufu ddala. 

Walifu y’Oluganda eyawulwamu ebitundu ebikulu bibiri;
i)	Ensirifu 
ii)	Empeerezi

Zino ziyitibwa ennukuta empeerezi olw’ensonga nti ziweererwa ennukuta ensirifu ne ziziyamba okukola amaloboozi era nga ze zino:

a      e     i      o        u

Ennukuta zino ziyitibwa zityo olw’ensonga nti singa zibeera tezongeddwako nnukuta empeerezi zibeera tezivuga oba nga tezivaamu ddoboozi. Ennukuta ensirifu ze zino wammnga:

Wabula, ennukuta ensirifu twongera ne tuziggyamu ebika ebirala bibiri okuli:

Zino zibeera nsirifu nga mu kwatulibwa kwazo omukka gufulumira mu nnyindo era nga kwe kuva erinnya Nakinnyindwa. Mu zo mulimu zino wammanga:
m   ,   n   ,   ny   ne ng'

Kigenderere nti ennyukuta ng ewandiikiddwa bw'etyo lwa nsonga nti wano wazibu okulagirawo akabonero kaayo akatuufu.

Zino ziyitibwa zityo olw’ensonga tezirina we zigwa watuufu. Kino kitegeeza nti ennukuta zino zisobola okukola ng'ensirifu ate era ng’empeerezi nga kino kisinziira ku kifo we zibeera mu kigambo. Ennukuta zino ze zino wammanga: 




#Article 198: Enzijanjaba y'Olukusense (224 words)


Obulwadde oluusi buyitibwa Mulangira. Buyitibwa butyo lwa nsonga nti bwatiibwanga nnyo olw'okuba nti bwalinga bwa bulabe nnyo mu Buganda nga n'okwatula erinnya lyabwo kitiisa. Buno bwe bumu ku ndwadde eziyitibwa nnamutta mu nsi yonna. Obulwadde buno bukuba obutulututtu ku mubiri gw'omuntu. Obulwadde buno bwa ngeri bbiri nga waliwo olukusense oluyiwa obutulututtu obutono ate n'obwo obuleeta obutulututtu. Obwo obuyiwa obutulututtu obunene buba bwa bulabe kubanga buleka  obukovukovu ku mubiri gw'omuntu.

Obulwadde buno businga nnyo mu baana abato wakati w'emyezi omwenda n'emyaka mukaaga. Omwana ayinza okukwatibwa Obulwadde buno singa abeera tagemeddwa bulwadde buno nga abasawo bwe balagira. 

Waliwo okunoonyereza okwalaga nti abaana abato naddala abali mu masomero busobola okubakwata nga buva ku bannabwe singa bagabana ebintu nga engoye, obuliri n'ebirala.

Omuntu alina Obulwadde buno abeera n'obubonero nga okuyiwa obutulututtu, okwetakulatakula, omusujja, amaaso okukuba akaleka oba okufuuka kyenvunvu.

Obulwadde buno busobola okukendeezebwa n'okwewalibwa ng'abaana bagemebwa emirundi ebiri nga abasawo bwe bagira. Omuntu akwatiddwa Obulwadde buno talina kubeera mu banne kubanga busobola okukwata abalala. Abantu balina okwewala Okugabana ebintu nga engoye wamu n'ebirala ebikozesebwa ku nsusu.

Waliwo eddagala egganda eriyinza okukozesebwa okuvumula Obulwadde buno nga okufumba enkejje, omutulika ne balukandudde olwo omuntu n'aweeba amazzi agavuddemu n'anywa.

Obulwadde buno kimu ku biviirako abaana okufuna obulemu ng'obutawulira, okulemererwa okwogera wamu n'okufa kuba olukusense luli Ku lukalala lw'endwadde omukaaga zi nnamutta era nga butta nnyo abaana naddala Ku ssemazinga wa Afrika.




#Article 199: Ekikuubagano(Fiction) (367 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !

Ekikuubagano (Friction) oba Okukuubagana eba mpalirizo (force) ezza emabega omugendo gw’ekintu ekiyita ku ngulu kw’ekirala (sliding object).

Buli awali ebintu ebikwatagana wabaawo ekikuubagano (friction) wakati wabyo. Emparirizo z’okukukuubagana kuno zikolera ku njuyi za kikontana (opposite directions. 

Motoka bw’eba yetaaga okuyimirira ku bitaala ekigisobozesa okukendeeza emisinde kiba kikuubagano wakati w’ebiziiza ne namuziga. Bw’oba okkirira ku kakubo akakaserengeto n’oyagala oyimirire mangu, oba osobola okuyimirira olw’ekikuubagano (okukuubagana) wakati w’engatto yo n’ettaka. Bwe bayiwa amazzi mu kakubo kano osanga obuzibu okuyimiria kubanga amazzi gakendeezezza ekikuubagano wakati w’engatto zo n’ettaka.  

Buli lw’okendeeza embeera ey’akaseerezi ekikuubagano kyeyongera. Eno y’ensonga lwaki empiira gy’emotoka oba engatto zibaamu ebikukunalo (protrusion) ng’obutonnyeze oba enkoloboze ezikukunadde oba eziyiseeemu olw’ekigendererwa eky’okwongeza ekikuubagano wakati w’omupiira gw’ekidduka oba engatto n’ettaka.

Ekikuubagano kibeerawo mu bintu bya nkalubo (solid objects) kyokka mu kakulukusi ne ggaasi ofuna ekigugubiro (resistance) eri omugendo.  Ekigugubiro tekibaamu safeesi za kaseerezi nga mu kikuubagano naye ofuna okugugubira ng’okwo kw’ofuna nga ogezaako okuyita mu bantu abangi mu ngeri ey’okwewagaanya. Wabaawo engeri y’okutomeragana awatali kuserengeta. Ggaasi bw’eba empewo, kino kiyitibwa ekigugubiro ky’empewo (air resitance). Bw’oba oli mu kizungirizi nga oddamu okuyingira nampewo, entobo y’ekizungirizi efuna okwookya okw’amaanyi.
Okutomeragana okubeerawo wakati wa molekyu z’empewo eziba zinyigirizibwa ekizungirizi, kuleetera empewo n’ekizungirizi kyennyini okwokya. Tempulikya ku ngulu kw’ekizungirizi nayo eba mbugumu naye obutatuuka ku tempulikya za ku ntobo y’ekizungirizi. 

Ekikuubagano mu Bikulukusi (Friction in Liquids)

Yadde nga ebikulukusi bireetera ebintu ebiba bibiyitamu okugugubira (to get resistence resistence), kyokka era bireetawo safeesi okuseerera ne bikakkanya ekikuubagano (friction). 
Ebikulukusi byeveera nnyo, ekitegeeza nti biba tebikyali bikwatufu nnyo (become less viscous) buli lwe byeyongera okufuna ebbugumu. Kino kiringa obukwatufu (viscocity) bwa woyiro ateekebwa mu motoka. Yingini z’emotoka zirina ebitundu ebitambula bingi era bino bikwatagana nga bitambula. 

Okukwatagana kuno kuleetawo ekikuubagano ne kiviirako okubuguumirira (to heat).  Woyiro bw’ateekebwa mu yingini y’emotoka, akwata ku safeesi zonna, n’ayamba okukkakkanya ekikuubagano n’okuyulika mu bitundu bya yingini. 
Kino kitegeeza nti yingini ebuguma ennyo eba yetaaga woyiro omukwatufu okusingawo (more viscous oil) asobola okukwata obulungi ku safeesi. 
Okupima ekikuubagano

Ebipimo by’ekikuubagano (measures of friction) bisinziira ku kika kya matiiriyo eziba zikwatagana. Enkokoto ku nkokoto erina ekigerageranyo ky’ekikuubagano ekiri waggulu ennyo (high coefficient of friction). Ekigerageranyo ky’ekikuubagano (coefficient of friction) kiba kipimo kya bwangu obubeerawo nga ekintu ekimu kiyita ku kirala. 




#Article 200: Ekikuubagano(Friction) (327 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !

Ekikuubagano (Friction) oba Okukuubagana eba mpalirizo (force) ezza emabega omugendo gw’ekintu ekiyita ku ngulu kw’ekirala (sliding object).

Buli awali ebintu ebikwatagana wabaawo ekikuubagano (friction) wakati wabyo. Emparirizo z’okukukuubagana kuno zikolera ku njuyi za kikontana (opposite directions.

Motoka bw’eba yetaaga okuyimirira ku bitaala ekigisobozesa okukendeeza emisinde kiba kikuubagano wakati w’ebiziiza ne namuziga. Bw’oba okkirira ku kakubo akakaserengeto n’oyagala oyimirire mangu, oba osobola okuyimirira olw’ekikuubagano (okukuubagana) wakati w’engatto yo n’ettaka. Bwe bayiwa amazzi mu kakubo kano osanga obuzibu okuyimiria kubanga amazzi gakendeezezza ekikuubagano wakati w’engatto zo n’ettaka.

Buli lw’okendeeza embeera ey’akaseerezi ekikuubagano kyeyongera. Eno y’ensonga lwaki empiira gy’emotoka oba engatto zibaamu ebikukunalo (protrusion) ng’obutonnyeze oba enkoloboze ezikukunadde oba eziyiseeemu olw’ekigendererwa eky’okwongeza ekikuubagano wakati w’omupiira gw’ekidduka oba engatto n’ettaka.

Ekikuubagano kibeerawo mu bintu bya nkalubo (solid objects) kyokka mu kakulukusi ne ggaasi ofuna ekigugubiro (resistance) eri omugendo. Ekigugubiro tekibaamu safeesi za kaseerezi nga mu kikuubagano naye ofuna okugugubira ng’okwo kw’ofuna nga ogezaako okuyita mu bantu abangi mu ngeri ey’okwewagaanya. Wabaawo engeri y’okutomeragana awatali kuserengeta. Ggaasi bw’eba empewo, kino kiyitibwa ekigugubiro ky’empewo (air resitance). Bw’oba oli mu kizungirizi nga oddamu okuyingira nampewo, entobo y’ekizungirizi efuna okwookya okw’amaanyi. Okutomeragana okubeerawo wakati wa molekyu z’empewo eziba zinyigirizibwa ekizungirizi, kuleetera empewo n’ekizungirizi kyennyini okwokya. Tempulikya ku ngulu kw’ekizungirizi nayo eba mbugumu naye obutatuuka ku tempulikya za ku ntobo y’ekizungirizi.

Ekikuubagano mu Bikulukusi (Friction in Liquids)

Yadde nga ebikulukusi bireetera ebintu ebiba bibiyitamu okugugubira (to get resistence resistence), kyokka era bireetawo safeesi okuseerera ne bikakkanya ekikuubagano (friction). Ebikulukusi byeveera nnyo, ekitegeeza nti biba tebikyali bikwatufu nnyo (become less viscous) buli lwe byeyongera okufuna ebbugumu. Kino kiringa obukwatufu (viscocity) bwa woyiro ateekebwa mu motoka. Yingini z’emotoka zirina ebitundu ebitambula bingi era bino bikwatagana nga bitambula.

Okukwatagana kuno kuleetawo ekikuubagano ne kiviirako okubuguumirira (to heat). Woyiro bw’ateekebwa mu yingini y’emotoka, akwata ku safeesi zonna, n’ayamba okukkakkanya ekikuubagano n’okuyulika mu bitundu bya yingini. Kino kitegeeza nti yingini ebuguma ennyo eba yetaaga woyiro omukwatufu okusingawo (more viscous oil) asobola okukwata obulungi ku safeesi. Okupima ekikuubagano




#Article 201: Amateeka ga Newton Ag'Okuva(Newton's Laws of Motion) (1699 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !

Kakensa Sir Isaac Newton y’omu ku bannasayansi era omubalanguzi (mathematician) ab’amaanyi abaali babaddewo. Kakensa ono yazaalibwa mu Bungereza mu 1643, omwaka gwe gumu kakensa omulala Galileo gwe yafiiramu.
 
Isaac Newton yakulira ku Jjajja we omukyala n’asoma okutuuka waggulu kyokka ng’ali mu bbanguliro yayagala nnyo ekibalangulo (mathematics), essomabutonde (physics), n’essomabwengula (astronomy)  era yasoma n’afuna diguli esooka n’eyokubiri.

Bwe yali ng’ali mu bbanguliro (college), n’atandika okuwandiika ebirowoozo bye mu kitabottabamiruka eky’abayivuwavu (journal). Ebimu ku birowoozo bye byali ku mulamwa gw’okuva (motion), kye yayita Amateeka g’Okuva Asatu (the three laws of motion). Kyokka era yatondekawo sebirowoozo ku Empalirizo esikira mu Nzitoya (the force that pulls from a mass) oba mu bumpimpi essikirizo (gravity), empapya y’ekitangaala (diffraction of light), n’empalirizo (forces). Bye yatuukako gwe musingi gwa sayansi ensi kw’etambulira leero. 

Buli nkulaakulana etuukibwako mu sayansi ne tekinologiya yesigamye ku sayansi wa kuva (the science of motion) oba ka tugambe nti yesigamye kukunnyonnyoka sayansi wa kuva oba muyite sayansi ow’omugendo n’amateeka agafuga saynsi ono ow’okuva.

Wano mu nsi z’abaddugavu nga ne Uganda mw’eri, tetugenda kwetengerera mu sayansi ne tekinologiya okujjako nga tugandawazza emiramwa egyetaagisa mu sayanzi w’okuva, ne sayansi yenna okutwalira awamu.

Nga amateeka ga sayansi agavum, buddwaa be gabaddewo okuva katonda lwe yatonda ensi, egimu ku miramwa gya sayansi gye twetaaga gyekweese mu bigambo bino ebibaddewo okumala emyaka mu lulimi lwaffe oluganda:

        Entolonta                               (momentum)
 
        Okutolontoka                            decrease in momentum

         (the three laws of motion)

Etteeka ly’okuva erisooka
     (the first law of Motion)

Etteeka lya kirobera
        (the law of inertia).

 Okulaba okufaanana ne kibunomu , kigambo ensibuko yakyo nga ya Lunyoro .Mu luganda Okulobera mu mbeera kuba kugaanira mu mbeera gy'obaddemu . Okusinziira ku tteeka lya kirobera:

Ekintu ekiri mu kifo ekimu kisigala mu kifo ekyo okujjako nga kiteekeddwako empalirizo ey’enjawulo ate kyo. Ekintu ekiri mu kuva kigenda mu maaso mu mugendo ku misinde n’oludda lwe lumu okujjako nga kiteereddwako empalirizo ey’enjawulo.
  
Okusinziira ku tteeka ly'okuva  erisooka, ekintu ekiri mu kiwummulo kisigala mu kiwummulo ate ekintu ekiri mu kuva kisigala mu mugendo n’emisinde gye gimu ku ludda lwe lumu.

Kino kitegeeza nto okuva oba obutabaawo kuva tekisoboka kukyusibwa awatali mpalirizo ekitekebwako.
Singa tewabaawo kintu kyonna kikutuukako togenda kuva mu kifo. Bw’oba ogenda oludda olumu, okujjako nga waliw ekikutuseeko, oba weyongerayo ku ludda lwe lumu mu ntakyuka. 

Wali olabye bannabwengula (astronauts) ku TV? Okiraba nti ebikozesebwa byabwe bitengejja? Kye bakola kwe kubiteeka mu bbangane bisigala mu kifo kimu. Tewali mpalirizo ebitekebwako okuleetawo embeera eno okukyuka. 

Kiba bwe kityo era singa bakasuka ekintu mu maaso ga kamera. Ekintu ekyo kitambula butereevu (mu layini engolokofu). Singa wakati mu kutambula mu bbanga eyo mu bwengula babaako kye bakasuka, ekintu ekyo kigenda mu maaso nga kigenda ku ludda lwe lumu era ku misinde egy’entakyuuka okujjako nga waliwo empalirizo ekiteekeddwako, ka tugambe  singa ensikirizo y’enkulungo eba ekisikirizza. 

Kino kitegeeza ki?

Kino kitegeeza nti waliwo engeri ey’obutonde ekuuma ebintu okusigala oba okuremera (okulobera) mu mbeera gye bibaddemu oba okusigala nga bikola ekyo kye bibaddeko.  Buli kintu kigezaako obutayagala gugenda mu mbeera ya nkyukakyuka oba ka tugambe kigezaako okulemera mu mbeera gye kibaddemu. Buli kintu kiremera mu mbeera ey’okuva gye kiba kirimu okujjako nga waliwo empalirizo ey’enjawulo ekiteekeddwako; kino kitegeeza nti ekintu ekiri mu kuva kiba kyesigaliza embeera yaakyo ey’okuva. Manya: 

(a)	Mu essomabutonde (study of nature, physics) ekigambo “kiwummulo” kirimu omulamwa gwa “being at rest” kyokka mu essomabiramu(biology) ekigambo “ekiwummulo” kirimu mulamwa gwa “pupal stage”. 

(b)	Ekigambo “okuva” kye kirimu omulamwa gwennyini ogulimu amakulu g’omulamwa gw’olungereza ogwa essomabutonde ogwa “motion”. N’ekigambo “omugendo waliwo w’oyinza okukikozeseza ku mulamwa gwe gumu kyokka si buli “kuva” (motion) nti guba mugendo. Mu butuufu n’ekintu nga emmeeza oba ejjinja eriri mu kifo ekimu libaamu “okuva” okw’okujugumira kw’atomu zaayo mu ngeri emu oba endala yadde kiba tekiri mu mugendo. N’olwekyo “omuugendo kuba kuva naye okuva kuyinza obutaba mugendo bwe guba nga tegweyongerayo kuva mu kifo kimu kudda mu kirala mu layini engolokofu. Mu nzitoyo eri mu kifo ekimu nga ey’olubaawo, atomu ziba zenyenyeza mu kifo kimu awatali kweyongerayo. Guno teguba mugendo kyokka wabaawo okuva. 

(c)	Ate emiramwa “omugendo” ne “eng’enda” nagyo gyawukana. Eng’enda erimu omulamwa gwa “velocity” ate omugendo ne gubaamu omulamwa gwa “movement. Mu sayansi, si buli mugendo nti eba ng’enda.

(d)	Eng’enda ey’entakyuka (= constant velocity).

Mu ngeri endala, etteeka erisooka ligamba nti “ekintu etitali mu kuva (mu mugendo) oba nga kiri mu ‘eng’enda ey’entakyuka’ (constant velocity) kisigala bwe kityo okutuusa nga waliwo ekikisindise oba ekyekiise mu kkubo lyakyo.

Kyokka okusinziira ku kye tulaba bulijjo, oyinza okugamba nti mu butuufu ebintu tebibeerera awo awatali kuva (kuba mu mugendo) kubanga, eky’okulabirako, ejjinja bw’olikasuka waggulu, terisigalayo singa liba liteereddwa, kyokka era tebisigala mu mugendo ku misinde egy’entakyuuka. Eky’okulabirako, oguyinja oguyiringita okuva ku kasozi waggulu gweyongera emisinde buli kaseera akayitawo mu kukka so ng’ate ejjinja eriyiringita ku museetwe likomekkereza likkalidde (nga lirekedde awo okutambula); kyokka empalirizo eziriteekebwako nga ensikirizo y’ Ensi (earth’s gravity) n’ekikuubagano singa bijjibwawo, etteeka ly’okuva erisooka tuba tuliraba. Lino ly’etteeka ly’okuva erisooka erikwata ku bintu ebiri mu mugendo ogw’entakyuka(okuva okw'entakyuka. 

Etteeka Ly’okuva erokubiri:
           (the second law of motion)

  “Empalirizo yenkanankana enzitoya ng’ekubisiddwamu entebenta”
                       (Force is equal to mass times acceleration).

Okusinziira ku tteeka ery’okubiri ery’okuva, okutebenta kutondekebwawo nga empalirizo eteekedwa ku nzitoya. Enzitoya (y’ekintu ekiba kitebentebwa) gy’ekoma okuba ey’amaanyi n’amaanyi g’empalirizo agetaagibwa (okutebentesa ekintu) gye gakoma obungi.

Etteeka ery’okubiri ligamba nti entebenta y’ekintu ereetebwawo empalirizo egendana butereevu n’empima (magnitude) ey’empalirizo eyo ate n’egendana kifuulannenge n’enzitoya y’ekintu. Ekifuulannenge guba muwendo gw’emu ku   namba endala, kifuulannenge ya 5 eba 1/5. 

Etteka ery’okubiri liraga nti singa oteeka empalirizo y’emu ku bintu bibiri ebirina enzitoya ez’enjawulo, oba ofuna entebenta (enkyusa mu ng’enda) ya njawulo kubanga okutebenta okubeera ku nzitoya esingako obutono kuba kusingako.

Ekiva mu mpalirizo eya netoni 10 ku mupiira kiba kinene  okusinga empalirizo eyo yennyini  ekwatiddwa ku kimotoka. Ekiva mu kutebenta kiva mu kuba nti enzitoya za njawulo.
 
Jjukira nti empalirizo gy’ekoma omaanyi entebenta gy’ekoma okuba ennene.

Kino kitegeeza ki? 

Etteeka lino buli muntu alimanyi mu kimpowooze. Buli muntu akimanyi nti ekintu gye kikoma okuzitowa gye kikoma okwetaaga empalirizo okukijja mu kifo oba ka tugambe okukiseetula okuyita mu disitansi y’emu ng’ekintu oba ebintu ebiwewuka. 

Kyokka etteeka ery’okubiri lituwa akakwate kennyini wakati wa empalirizo (force), enzitoya (mass), n’entebenta (acceleration). Kino kiyinza okulagibwa nga nakyenkanyanjuyi y’ekibalangulo eno: 

Empalirizo = Enzitoya x Entebenta 

Kino kye kibalangulo ky’etteeka lya Netoni (Newton) eryokubiri: 

Motoka ya basajjassubi ezitowa kirogulaamu kg 10,000, eweddemu amafuta nga egenda ebunjakko. Basajjassubi agezaako okujisindika okutuuka ku ssundiro ly’amafuta ng’agitambuliza ku mita 0.05 buli sikonda ng’adda bukiikakkono. Nga okozesa etteeka lya Netoni ery’okubiri oyinza okubaza obunji bw’empalirizo Basajjassubi ly’ateeka ku motoka eno okujiseetula bw’oti:

Empalirizo = 10,000 x 0.05

Empalirizo = Netoni 500

Kati wano tuba tusobola okweyongerayo ku tteeka lya Netoni ery’okusatu. 

Etteeka lino liwa ensonjola n’embalanguza y’empalirizo okuyita mu nzitoya n’entebenta (Okutebenta).

Emp. = Enz x Ent

Emp. = Empalirizo

Enz. = Enzitoya

Ent. =entebenta

Eky’okulabirako, obuzito eba mpalirizo gye tufuna ku Nsi ereetebwawo ensikirizo y’ Ensi. Obuzito bubalanguzibwa nga: 

Obuz. = Enz x Ens.

Ens. = okutebentesa kw’ensikirizo eba mu kifo eri nga miita 9.8 buli sikonda eya kyebiriga 

Obuz. = Obuzito

Ensikirizo eba miita 9.8 buli sikonda2 (Fuuti 32 buli sikonda2) ku Nsi.
Entakyuka y’ensikirizo ey’awamu eri miita 9.8 buli sikonda2 ku Nsi.

         (the third law of Motion)

 Etteeka lya Netoni ery’okuva ery’okusatu ligamba nti: 

Kino kitegeeza ki? 

Empalirizo ziba mu migogo. Etteeka ery’okusatu ligamba nti ku buli mpalirizo wabaawo empalirizo egyenkana okuva ku ludda olwa kikontana.  Empalirizo eno ekyenkana eba nsindikano kuba eba ekisindikanya okkudda emabega.

Bw’otuula ku ntebe, omubiri gwo guteeka empalirizo ku ntebe ate entebe eyo nayo n’eteeka empalirizo eyenkana ggwe gy’otadde ku ntebe naye yo eno eba edda wa ggulu, awatali ekyo entebe eba etendewererwa n’ekutukamu oba n’egwamu. Kino kya kyenkanyampuyi kubanga empalirizo eteekebwa ku kintu esisinkana empalirizo endala okuva ku ludda olwa kikontana.

Kiba kitya nga onyize emmanduso y’emmundu? Kiri kitya nga onyize emmanduso y’omuzinga? Essasi bwe likubwa mu bbanga ne wabaawo okubwatuka emmundu esindikibwa emabega nga essasi liwaguza okufuluma ligende mu bbanga. Empalirizo esindika essasi ebweru yenkanankana n’empalirizo esindika emmundu emabega naye ekituuka ku mundu (okusindikibwa emabega) tekirabika nnyo kubanga emmundu erina enzitoya nnene nnyo okusinga essasi. 

Kino kitegeeza nti ku buli mpalirizo eteekebwa ku kintu wabaawo empalirizo ekijja mu mbeera. Eno era yeyitibwa empalirizo ey’ensindikano (reaction force) ekyenkanankana mu maanyi naye nga eva ludda lwa kikontana. Kino kitegeeza nti buli ekintu lwe kisindika ekintu ekirala kisindikibwa emabega okuva ku ludda olwa kikontana n’’empalirizo y’emu.

Ekigambululo kino kitegeeza nti ku buli kunyigiriza, wabaawo omugogo gw’empalirizo. Mu njogera endala, ku buli kikolwa wabaawo okuva mu mbeera okw’ensindikano ku luuyi olwa kikontana mu kipimo kye kimu n’ekikolwa ekyo. Ekipimo ky’empaliririzo esooka yenkanankana n’ekipimo ky’empalirizo okuva ku ludda olwa kikontana. Oludda lw’empalirizo olusooka luviirako empalirizo ey’ensindikano okuva ku oludda olulala. N’olwekyo empalirizo ejja mu mugogo, empalirizo ey’ekikolwa kanaaluzaala n’empalirizo ey’ensindikano eva mu kikolwa kanaaluzaala mu kipimo ebyenkanankana ku ludda olwa kikontana.

 Mu butonde, omugogo gw’ekikolwa n’ensindikano gweyoleka mu bintu eby’enjawulo. Tunuulira ekyennyanja nga kyejjawo mu mazzi .Kikozesa amawawaatiro gakyo okukuba amazzi ekiddannyuma ne kisobola okugenda mu maaso. Olw’okuba waliwo empalirizo eziva mu kyenyanja okudda eri amazzi wajjawo ensindikagano okuva mu mazzi okudda eri ekyenyanja, empalirizo eno n’esobozesa ekyennyanja okugenda mu maaso. Ekyenyanja bwe kisindika amazzi emabega ensindikano eva mu kino esindika ekyenyanja ne kisobola okweyongerayo mu maaso. Amazzi nago galina okuba nga gasindika ekyenyanja ekiddamaaso, ekintu ekitwala ekyenyanja mu maaso.

Ekipimo ky’empalirizo eteekebwa ekyenyanja ku mazzi kye kimu n’ekipimo ky’empalirizo amazzi gye gasukuma ku kyennyanja ku ludda olwa kikontana.  Oludda olw’empalirizo   eteekebwa ku mazzi (ekiddannyuma) lwa kikontana n’oludda lw’empalirizo esindikibwa amazzi eri ekyennyanja (mu kiddamaaso). “Buli kikolwa kireetawo ensindikano ekyenkanankana okuva ku ludda olwa kikontana”. Omugogo gw’ekikolwa–n’ensindikano gwe gusobozesa ekyennyanja okuwuga mu mazzi.

Kati wekenneenye omugendo ekikyonyi kwe kibuukira. Ekinyonyi kibuuka nga kikozesa ebiwawaatiro byakyo. Ebiwawaatiro by’ekinyonyi bikkatira empewo ekiddawansi. Olw’okuba empalirizo ziva nsindikano, empewo nayo erina okuba nga eba esindika ekinyonnyi ekidda waggulu.

Ekipimo ky’empalirizo ku mpewo kyenkanankana ekipimo ky’empalirizo ku kinyonyi; oludda lw’empalirizo ku mpewo (ekiddawansi) lwa kikontana n’oludda lw’empalirizo ku kinyonyi (kiddawaggulu). “Buli kikolwa kireetawo ensindikano ekyenkanankana   ku ludda olwa kikontana”. Omugogo gy’ekikolwa–ekireetawo ensindikano gwe gusobozesa ebinyonyi okubuuka mu mpewo (mu bbanga).

Kati wekenneenye omugendo gw’ekidduka nga motoka nga ogenda ku mirimu gyo oba ku somero. Motoka erina namuziga ezetoloola ekiddannyuma. Namuziga buli lwe zetoloola ekiddannyuma, zikwata ku luguudo ne zisindika oluguudo ekiddannyuma.Olw’okuba waliwo empalirizo eziva mu nsindikano, oluguudo nalwo luteekwa okuba nga lusindika namuziga ekiddamaaso. 




#Article 202: Ekitambuzo n'Okuva(Mechanics and Motion) (482 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga ! Ekitambuzo n’Okuva (Mechanics and Motion)

Essomo ly’ekitambuzo oba kiyite “ekitambuzo ky’enzitoya” (mechanics of bodies) liba ssomo ku ngeri enzitoya ezitali mu kuva (rigid bodies) gye zeyisaamu oba akakwate akali wakati w’enzitoya ezitali mu kuva n’okuwaliriza okuziteekebwako.
Engeri ebitundu by’ekintu ebitali mu kuva (rigid bodies) gye bikwanaganyizibwamu okuleetawo omugendo oba okuva oba emparirizo (force) kye kiyitibwa engeri ekintu gye kikolamu (mechanism).

Manya nti Omugendo mulamwa ogwekuusiza ku kuva naye si buli kuva nti guba mugendo. Omugendo kitundu kimu eky’ekyo bannassomabuzimbe (physicists) kye bayita ekitambuzo (mechanics). Bannasayansi bavumbudde amateeka ag’enjawulo agannyonnyola okuva (motion) n’ensibuko y’enkyukakyuka mu mugendo(changes in motion).

 Waliwo n’amateeka ag’enjawulo ku misinde gy’ekitangaala (speed of light ) oba nga bannassomabutonde batunuulidde obutoniinya (obuntu obutini ennyo) nga atomu.

Essomabutonde ery’okuva (the physics of motion) likwata ku mpalirizo (forces). Empaliririzo erina okuteekebwa ku kintu okukijja mu kifo oba okukyusa omugendo gwakyo. Okukyusa omugendo tekijja ku bwakyo. Kati omugendo gupimibwa gutya?  Bannassomabutonde balina   taminologiya ze bakozesa mu kwekenneenya omugendo oba okuva. 

Emisinde ekintu gye kigenderako oba eng’enda yakyo gisinziira ku mpalirizo (forces) oba ka tugambe nti gisinziira ku kuwaliriza okukiteekebwako. Yadde nga ebigambo emisinde n’eng’enda bikozesebwa okutegeeza ekintu kye kimu naye mu butuufu byawukana mu makulu aga sayansi.  

Ate okutebentesa, okutebenta oba entebenta (Acceleration) kikyusamu omulamwa gw’eng’enda. Okutebenta kipimo kya nkyukakyuka ya ng’enda mu biseera ebigere (okusinga buli sikonda emu). 

Eng’enda kiyinza okuba okulinnyisa oba okussa emisinde mu kiseera ekigere. Enzitoya (mass) mulamwa omulala ogwetaagisa ennyo okunnyonnyoka omugendo oba okuva. “Enzitoya” bwe bungi bw’ekintu obuliwo era epimibwa mu gulaamu oba kirogulaamu.  Ejjinja liba n’enzitoya nnene okusinga sipongi nga birina obuzimbulukufu bwe bumu. 

Mu kitambuzo (mechanics), waliwo emigendo emyangu (simple movements) nga okutambulira mu lunyiriri oba layini engolokofu oba nga ebintu bibiri bitambula buli kimu kidda eri ekirala mu buzingulukufu(straight line).

Omugendo ogusingayo obwangu gwandibadde nga ebintu biri mu ng’enda eya entakyuka (constant velocity). Ekitambuzo era kitunuulira ebintu ebyongeza oba ebikendeeza emisinde, nga waliwo okuwaliriza okugenda mu maaso.  Waliwo n’omugendo omuzibuwavu (complex movement) omuli okukyusa mu oludda (direction).

 Muno mubaamu emigendo egy'ekitoloovu (curved movements) nga omugendo omwetoloovu (circular motion), oba omugendo gw’omupiira nga gusambiddwa mu bbanga. Emigendo emizibuwavu (complex motions) nga egyo, nagyo gyetaagisa empalirizo (forces) naye nga empalirizo zino za mugendo ogulimu amaweto ( movement on angles). Eky’okulabirako y’ensikirizo ey’enjuba oba ensikirizo ey’ ensi ewaliriza omupiira okudda ku ttaka. Essomabutonde lisoma okuva n’empalirizo nnyingi ez’enjawulo. 

Okuva ly’erimu ku masomo amakulu mu essomabuzimbe. Mu butuufu buli kintu mu bwengula kiri mu kuva. Okuva kuno kuyinza okuba nga kutono nga okwenyenyaamu era nga kubaawo mpola ddala naye era waba waliwo okuva. Kimanye nti ne bw’oba oyimiridde awatali kwenyeenya, ensi kw’oli eri mu mugendo okwetoloola enjuba Muwanga ate nga n’enjuba nayo eri mu mugendo okwetoloola ekisinde mw’eri. Okuva oba omugendo guno tegukoma. 

Okuva kitundu ky’ekyo bannasomabutonde kye bayita ekitanbuzo (mechanics). Bannasayansi bazze bavumbula ebigoberero oba amateeka agannyonnyola okuva n’ebiretawo enkyuukakyuuka mu kuva. 

Sir Isaac Newton

 Etteeka lya kirobera (law of iinertia)

Etteeka ly’okuva ery’okubiri




#Article 203: Nabuzimbe(Matter) (566 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Nabuzimbe (Matter).Nabuzimbe kifunze kya nakazaala w'obuzimbe(parent structure) bwa buli kintu. Nakazaala w'obuzimbe(parent structure) ky'ekyo ekiraga obuzimbe bwa buli kintu. Buli kintu kirina enzitoya(mass) ekola obuzimbe bwakyo(its structure).

Emiramwa nabuzinbe, obuzito(weight) n’enzitoya(mass) giriraaniganye nnyo kyokka buli gumu gulimu amakulu agagwawula ku mulala.Obuzito buva ku nzitoya (mass) okusinziira ku nsika eba eriwo (depending on the existing gravity). Enzitoya ezitoya ki? Enzitoya ezitoya Nabuzimbwe. Nabuzinbe kyawukana kitya n’enzitoya? 

Enzitoya (Mass) + Obuzito (Weight) = Nabuzinbe (Matter).

Kino kitegeeza buli nzitoyo erina enzitoya n’obuzito mu mbeera ey’essikirizo (gravity) engere.

Mu njogera eya bulijjo oyinza okukozesa ekigambo “ekintu” kyokka mu sayansi kiba kirungi n’okozesa “enzitoyo”. Enzitoyo  ky’ekyo ekiri buli w’obeera nga kirina enzitoya (mass)ate nga kibugaana ekibangirizo.

Nabuzimbe (matter), era ekiyitibwa matiiriyo, oba sabusitansi oba ekikolebwa atomu (zi atomu) ne molekyu (molecules).  

Buli nzitoyo erina akakwate n’ekitangaala n’olubugumu lwa erakitomagineeti (electromagnetic radiation). Yadde nga mu bwengula mwonna musangibwamu nabuzimbe, nabuzimbe ebeera mu mbeera mbale bubazi, eziyitibwa embeera z’enzitoyo (states of matter). Mu mbeera nabuzimbe mulimu:

	Enkalubo (solids)

	ebikulukusi (liquids)

	Ggaasi oba omukka

	Ejjengerero (plasma)

	Oluzira (Bose-Einstein condensates)

 Ebyobuziba ebya Nabuzimbe (The Chemistry of Matter)

Nga bwe tumaze okulaba nti essomabutonde/essomabuzimbe(Physics) n'ebyobiziba(Chemistry) masomo agalina akakwate akatasattululwa, kati ka tutunuulire ebyobuziba ebya Nabuzimbe.

(i). Ebyobuziba  bw'enzitoyo n'Amasoboza

Ebyobuziba, okufaanana nga essomabutonde, ye sayansi anoonyereza oba eyekebejja obuzimbe bwa nabuzimbe ( the structure of matter) n’amasoboza (energy) n’engeri ebibiri bino gye bikolaganamu. 

Obutoffaali bwa nabuzimbe obusookerwako bwe biziba (atoms) obwegatta okukola molekyu. Obuziba  ne molekyu bwe byekwataggana  (when they interact, react) bikola ebitondeko ebipya okuyita mu kikyusabuziba(chemical reactions). Serinnya ekikyusabuziba oba ekykyusazziba (reaction) eva mu kikolwa eky’okwekyusazziba (to react) ate nga kyo ekikolwa kino kiva mu kigambo “atomu”. Okutomeggana kiraga nti kibaawo wakati wa obuziba (atoms) obw'enjawulo .

(ii) Essomabuziba oba Ebyobuziba  kye ki? (What is chemistry ?)

Essomabuziba ly’essomo ly’enzitoya n’amasoboza n’enkolagana ezigenda mu maaso wakati w’ebibiri bino. Kyokka era ensonjola eno kitundu ku nsonjola y’essomabutonde, lwa kuba nga ensonjola ya essomabuziba erimu emiramwa emirala nga “empalirizo” (forces) ate nga ddyo lisoma n’obuzimbe bw’enzitoya ennene nga seng’endo z’obwengula, si butoniinya bwokka. 

Essomabuziba ne essomabutonde matabi ga sayansi wa nkula za butonde (physical science). 

Essomabuzibba  liteeka essira ku bisonjozo bya sebusitansi n’enkolagana oba akakwate akali wakati w’enzitoyo ez’enjawulo, naddala okutomeggana okugenda mu maaso mu busannyalazo (electrons).

Essomabutonde  lisoma ne ku kitundu kya atomu ekya nyukiriya, n’ebigenda mu maaso ku mutendera ogw’obutiniinya bwa atomu (subatomic particles),  awamu n’obuzimbe bw’obwaguuga bwa seng’endo eziri mu bwengula, omuli ebisinde (galaxies), enjuba oba emmunyenye (the suns), enkulungo (planets, emyezi, awamu n’ebibajjo abitayaaya eyo mu bwengula.

(iii) Lwaki kyetaagisa okusoma Ebyobuziba/Essomabuziba?

Kubanga okutegeera ebyobuziba  kiyamba okukumanyisa ku bigenda mu maaso mu nsi ekwetoolodde. Obadde okumanyi nti ebintu ebigenda mu maaso mu bulamu obwa bulijjo nga okufumba, okutalagga, okuvunda, ekikola ku mmere (digestion), n’okukula birimu Ebyobuziba  (Ekikyusabuziba?
Mu butuufu buli ky’okwatako, ky’olegako, oba ky’owunyirizaako eba nkyusabuziba(chemical). Bw’osoma eebyobuziba otandika okutegeera engeri ebintu gye bikola. Essomabuziba si kumanya kwekusifu, okutalina mugaso eri oyo atali munnasayansi.

Essomabuziba(Ebyobuzuba) kinnyonnyola ebintu ebigenda mu maaso buli lunaku nga okutabula eddagala, okukola ssabbuuni oba ebigimusa, okujjanjaba endwadde. Bw’oba olina ky’omanyi ku essomabuziba oba osobola okulonda bitondeko ki (which products) bye wetaaga okukozesa mu bulamu obwa bulijjo.

Essomabuziba ye sayansi asoma ebirungo, ebisonjozo, n’ebigenda mu maaso mu sebusitansi ez’ebiramu n’ezitari za biramu ne erementi ez’enzitoyo ez’enjawulo. Essomabuzimbe  n’olwekyo asobola okweyambisibwa mu bintu bingi naye okusingira ddala mu sayansi n’eddagala. Banna essomabuziba, bannassomabuzimbe, bannassomabiramu, n'abanonooza  bonna bakola amasomo agalimu essomabuziba.




#Article 204: Obuzimbe bw'Akaziba (the structure of the atom) (342 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga ! Akaziba kitegeeza atomu. Obuzimbe bw'akaziba (the atomic structure).Buno wammanga bwe butonniinya  (sub-atomic particles) obukola akaziba(atom):

(i)	Konta (kikontana): Eno erina kyagi ya pozitiivu era esangibwa munda mu nyukiriyasi y'akaziba. Akatonniinya kano kayitibwa “kikontana” , kakontanyo oba konta mu bufunze okulaga nti ekisannyalazo kyako  ekya pozitiivu kiri mu kukontana n'ekisannyalazo eky’akasannyalazo ekya negatiivu era okukontana kuno kwekukuumira akaziba  awamu ne katabumbulukuka. Jjukira nti poola ezitafaanagana z’esikiriza (attract).
(ii)	Nampa (Nampawengwa). Eno erina kyagi ya kibogwe era nayo esangibwa mu nyukiriasi ya atomu.
(iii)	Akasannyalazo (electron). Kano kalina ekisannyalazo kya negatiivu era ko katambulira mu kire oba ekisosonkole okwetoloola nyukiriyasi y'akaziba.
Akaziba ka ayodologyeni  (hydrogen)  ke kasingayo  obwangu mu buzimbe kubanga kalina akasannyalazo kamu, konta emu ne nampa emu.

iAkaziba ka  keriyamu (helium atomu), ke kaddirira aka ayodologyeni (hydrogen) obwangu kubanga kalina Obusannyalazo bubiri, Konta bbiri, ne Nampa bbiri.
 
Nabuzimbe yonna (all matter) ebaamu obutoffaali obuyitibwa obuziba(atoms). Luno lwe lukalala lw’ebinnyonnyozo by'obuziba ebisookerwako: 
(i)	Obuziba  tebusobola kwabuluzibwamu nate ng’okozesa  kikyusabuziba. Bulina obuzimbe omuli obusannyalazo, nampa, ne konta . 
(ii)	Buli kasannyalazo kalina kyagi y’amasannyalazo eya negatiivu. 
(iii)	Buli konta erina kyagi y’amasannyalaze eya pozitiivu. Kyagi ya konta n’akasannyalazo zenkana mu kipimo kyokka nga zirina obulaga bwa kikontana. Obusannyalazo ne konta bulina ensikiriza ey’awamu mu masannyalaze. 
(iv)	Buli nampa eba ya kibogwe mu masannyalaze. Kino kitegeza, nampa teziba na kyaagi era tezisikirizibwa mu masannyalaze okudda eri obusannyalaza oba okudda eri konta. 
(v)	Konta ne nampa bulina ekigero kye kimu kyokka bunene okusinga obusannyalaza naye enzitoya ya konta y’emu n’eya nampa. Enzitoya ya konta eri  emirundi 1840 okusinga ey’akasannyalazo 
(vi)	Nyukiriyaasi ya atomu ebaamu konta (proton) ne nampa (neutron). 
(vii)	Obusannyalazo butambulira wabweru wa nnyukiriyaasi (omubeera konta ne nampa). 
(viii)	Kumpi enzitoya ya atomu yonna esangibwa mu nyukiriasi kyokka kumpi volima ya atomu yonna erimu busannyalazo. 
(ix)	Namba ya konta (namba ya atomu) y’eraga ekika kya erementi .Bw’okyuusa namba ya nampa ofuna atonu (isotopes.) Bw’okyusa namba y’obusannyalazo ofuna atovu (ions) ya atomu ne namba ya konta etakyuka. Bino byonna bibeerawo mu erementi emu. 
(x)	Obutonniiya  bw'akaziba ekibukuumira awamu eba empalirizo ez’amaanyi ennyo. 




#Article 205: Akaziba ka ayidologyeni (hydrogen atom) (313 words)


Ayidologyeni ke kaziba akasingayo obwangu era mu nnaku ezasooka nga “okubwatuka okunene” (big-bang) kumaze okubaawo, ayidologyeni kye kika ky'akaziba kyokka ekyali mu bwengula obupya.

Akaziba ka ayidologyeni, okufaanana n'obuziba obulala endala, kalina obuziizi (nuleous) naye buno bbwo  ebulimu akakontanyo kamu kokka, n’akasannyalazo kamu, akatebenta okwetoloola obuziizi bw'akaziba.

Obuziba bwa ayidologyeni obwasooka mu bwengula bwetuuma wamu mu birimba ebiyitibwa nabire (nebulae). Nabire bwe yafuuka enkwafuwavu (when the nebula became dense) ekimala, n’evaamu ekiyitibwa enjuba. Munda mw’enjuba zino mwalimu ebbugumu lingi nnyo n’empalirizo esikira mu njuba (ensikirizo = gravity).

Ensikirizo ey’amaanyi (strong gravity) n’enyigira wamu atomu za k-mazzi ekyatondekawo atomu za k-mazzi nnya ezikwasiwaziddwa wamu (bonded together) okutondekawo akaziba akapya akalina  obukontanyo bubiri, nampawengwa bbiri, n’obusennyalazo bubiri. Kano kaziba ka kaziba akayitibwa  “keriyamu” (helium).

Obukontanyo bwalina amasoboza (energy) mangi okusinga aga nampawengwa, olwo amasoboza agasukkulumye ne gawaguza okugenda mu bwengula ne gakola okwokya n’ekitangaala kino ekitumulisa.

Mu butuufu munda mw’enjuba ezisinga obungi mu bwengula obuwumbi n’obuwumbi bw,obuziba bwa ayidologyeni(billions of hydrogen atoms) buli mu kukyuka okufuuka obuziba bwa  keriyamu (helium atoms) buli lunaku. Enjuba singa eba tekyalimu ayidologyeni (hydrogen), efuuka sabalangaatira (super giant) oba omulangaatira gw’enjuba omumyufu (red giant).

Kyokka si buli ayidologyeni nti yasigala mu njuba.Ayidologyeni  omu yatandika okuwewenyuka okwetoloola enjuba. Ayidologyeni  yegattika n’ebika by'obuziba ebirala, oluvannyuma lw’ekiseera essikirizo (gravity) ne lisikira awamu obuziba buno okukola enkulungo z’enjuba (planets of the sun).

Ku nsi kuliko obuziba bwa ayidologyeni  nkuyanja, yadde obusinga ku bbwo bwegasse n'obuziba obulala  okukola molekyu. Olw’okuba obuziba bwa ayidologyeni buwewufu nnyo, buwewuka okusinga empewo, ekitegeeza nti bw’ojjuza bbaluuni ne ayidologyeni  eba etengejja waggulu mu lubaale okufaanana ne bbaluuni ya keriyamu gy’ogula ku dduuka.

Ekintu ekisinga obukulu ku ayidologyeni, bwe buziba obubiri obwa ayidologyeni  obwekwasawaza n'akaziizi kamu aka okisigyeni okutendekawo molekyo y’amazzi ag’omugaso ennyo mu bulamu ate era akaziizi aka kitondekamazzi kegatta n'akaziizi ka kaboni okukola molekyo ya kaboni za nakazzi (hydrocarbons), eno nga eba molekyo ya kaboni n’amazzi, omukolebwa ebiramu byonna.




#Article 206: Akaziba ka Keriyamu(Helium atom) (235 words)


Obuzimbe bwakaziba ka Keriyamu (helium atom) bwangu ddala, nga mu bwangu bwe budirira obwa ayidologyeni. Okwetoloola obuziizi (nucleus)  bwa keriyamu, waliwo obusannyalazo bubiri. 

Munda mu njuba era mulimu obizaba bwa keriyamu. Enjuba ekola keriyamu nga ekwasawaza obuziba bwa keriyamu buna wamu ne kivaamu akaziba kamu aka keriyamu. N’olwekyo enjuba okusinga zikolebwa buziba bwa ayidologyeni  na keriyamu.  

Singa enjuba eba eggweredwako ayidologyeni, etandika okukyusa obuziba bwa  keriyamu okubufuula “obuziba bwa kaboni” (carbon atoms). Kyokka keriyamu abamu gwe bakozesa ku nsi afunibwa nga basima ebitundutundu wansi mu magombe g'ensi  gy’aba awagamidde.

 Keriyamu awagamira wansi mu magombe g’ensi okufaanana ne “obiziba obubumbulukufu” (radioactive atoms),buno  era nga buyitibwa “buziba obufulumya olubugumu” nga yulaniyaamu nabwo eziba mu magombe (in the earth’s crust) nga zivunze ne bufulumya “obutunninnya bwa alufa” (alpha particles), nga buno bwe bumu n'obuziba bwa keriyamu nga teburiimu busannyalazo bwazo. Kyokka era mu magombe, “obutunniinya bwa alufa (alpha particles) busanga obusannyalazo ne bubwegattako okufuukamu obuziba bwa keriyamu.

Kubanga obuziba bwa keriyamu butini , buba ziwewuka nnyo. Okufaanana ne ayidologyeni, keliyamu ewewuka okusinga empewo, n’olwekyo bw’ojjuza bbaluuni na keriyamu, bbaluuni ziba zitengejja mu mpewo. 

Kyokka omugaso gwa keriyamu ogusinga kwe kuziiyiza ebintu okutulika oba okubaluka (exploding). Obuziba bwa keriyamu buggumivu nnyo (are very stable) ekitegeeza nti kizibu okubuteeka mu mbeera ebusobozesa okweggata n'obuziba obulala okukola molekyo.

N’olwekyo bw’oba ng’okozesa matiiriyo eziyinza okutulika okwewala obubenje bikozese mu mbeera erimu keriyamu. Ekyokulabirako abookya ebyuma (welders) bakozesa nnyo keriyamu mu ngeri eno.




#Article 207: Akaziba ka Kaboni (Carbon atom) (334 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Enjuba bw’emala okukyusa obuziba bwa ayidologyeni bwonna  okubufuula keriyamu, etandika okukyusa obuziba bwa  keriyamu okubufuula obwa kaboni ne okisegyeni. Kaboni yenna mu bwengula yakolebwa mu njuba. Obuziba bwa kaboni buzito okusinga obwa keriyamu oba ayidologyeni kubanga kaboni alina obukontanyo 6 ne nampawengwa 6 mu biziizi n’obusennyalazo 6 obuwewenyukira wabweru w'obuziizi w'akaziba .

Obusannyalazo omukaaga bwonna tebusobola kutebenta kwetoloola obuziizi ku mutendera gwe gumu.  Obusannyalazo bubiri bwokka bwe busobola okuja mu kire ekisembayo munda (inner shell). N’olwekyo obusannyalazo obumu bulima okweyongerayo okuva okumpi n'obuziizi.

Akaziba ka kaboni n’olwekyo kalina ebire bibiri (two shells) nga obusannyalazo bubiri bwe busigala mu kire ekisembayo munda okuliraana obuziizi, olwo obusannyalazo buna ne bubeera mu kire ekiddako ekisimbayo ku ngulu 'mu kaziba.

Kyokka manya nti ekire ekyo kungulu kiyinza okwetikka obusannyalazo obutuuka ku munaana. Kino kisobozesa kaboni okwegatta n'obuziba obw'ekika ekirala okukola molekyo ezisingawo obunene.  Kaboni yegatta nnyo ne okisigyeni okukola molekyo ya kaboni-emokisayidi(carbon monoxide), ekitegeeza molekyu ya kaboni omukwasiwaze n'akaziba ka okisigyeni kamu (carbon monoxide) oba molekyu ya kaboni-bbiri-okisayadi (carbon-dioxide) ”, ekitegeeza molekyo ya kaboni omukwasiwaze (bonded with) n'obuziba bwa a okisigyeni bubiri (carbon dioxide). Kaboni-emu-okisayidi  (carbon-monoxide) oyinza n’okukyogera nga molekyu ya okisigyeni emu ne kaboni.

Ebiramu byonna ku nsi bikolebwa okusinga molekyo za kaboni eza nakazzi (hydrocarbons), eno nga eba molekyu ya kaboni eba ekwasiwaziddwa ne (bonded with)ayidologyeni.

Molekyo ya ayidologyeni ne okisigyeni y’eyitibwa amazzi. Byombi, ebimera n’ensolo birimu ebitundu bya kaboni nga 18%. N’olwekyo tukolebwa birungo bya njuba kubanga kaboni yasibuka munda mu njuba.

Ebimera bifuna kaboni nga bijja kaboni-bbiri-okisadi (carbon dioxide) mu mpewo olwo ne bikutulako obuziba bwa okisegyeni ate ensolo ne zifuna kaboni nga zirya ebimera oba ensolo endala.

Ensolo ziddamu ne zegattisa kaboni ne okisegyeni okukola kaboni-bbiri-okisadi (carbon dioxide), nga guno gwe mukka gw’ofulumya mu kussa. Ate era ebimera n’ensolo bwe bifa emibiri gyabyo nagyo, oluvanyuma lw’ekiseera, gifuuka kabonibbiri-okisadi nate.

Ebisinga bye tukozesa ng’amafuta bikolebwa mu kaboni, nabyo. Amanda, koolo, woyiro, enku, gasoliini byonna bikolebwa kaboni-eza-nakazzi (hydro carbons). Kaboni okuyitirira mu nampewo (the atmosphere) ky’ekiviriddeko “okubugumirira kw’enkulungo y’ensi” (global warming)




#Article 208: Olugero lwa Sayansi(The Story of Science) (554 words)


Olugero lwa Sayansi. Luno lwe lugero lw’ensibuko y’obwengula. 

Awo olwatuuka nga nkulabira. Emyaka giri eyo mu bukadde, Katonda ng’ali eyo mu ggulu ku ddamula ye eri ewala ennyo eyo mu bwengula n’agamba nti wabeewo nabire (nebular), olwo ne wabaawo nabire, obwaguuga bw’ekire ekikwaafu ennyo ekirimu emikka egy'ebirungo eby’ekintabuli ate nga nkwafu nnyo Katonda ze yakiteekamu. 

Bwe waayitawo ekiseera, Katonda n’agamba nti kati nabire oyo eveemu okubwatuka okunene (big-bang). Amangu ago embeera n’ejjawo mu kire nabire kino, ne wabaawo okubwatuka okunene era ekyaddirira ye yali entandikwa y’obwengula mwe tuli omuli seng’endo (heavenly bodies) obutabalika. Mu seng’endo muno mulimu ebisinde (galaxies), semakulungo eziyitibwa enjuba oba emmunyenye, enkulungo (planets), emyezi (moons) n’ebibajjo omuli ebikometo ne kibunoomu. 

Amasoboza (energy) Katonda ge yateekawo okusobozesa okubwatuka okunene mu nabire ge maanyi agasobozesa buli kiramu n’ekitali kiramu era mwe muli ekyama, tekinologiya ow’enjawulo avumbuddwa okuyita mu “nkola ya sayansi” (akalombolombo ka sayansi, kw’akolera.

Akalombolombo ka sayansi ddala kakasizza omuntu omutegeevu nti Katonda gwe tusinza Ssabagezi asukkulumye ku bakalimagezi ne bakagezimunyu  bonna. Kino otandika okukiraba ng’owulira nti obutoffaali (building blocks) obwava mu kire kino obwaguuga, nabire, bwe bumu obuzimba buli kintu (kitonde), ekiramu n’ekitali kiramu. 

Obutaffaali buno buyitibwa”obuziizi” (atoms) era obutoffali buno bwegatta okuyita mu kikyusazubuziizi (chemical reactions) ne bukola molekyo (molecule) ate molekyu ne zekyusaggana obuziizi ne zikola ebipooli by'endagakintu(elements) ez’enjawulo (compounds of the different elements). 

Nga bwe guli mu buli kitonde ekiriwo kati, ne zi ggaasi ez’enjawulo ezaali zikola nabire ono eyasibukamu okubwatuka okunene zaalimu obuziba ne molekyu naye okubwatuka kwagenda okukkakkana nga watondekeddwawo endagakintu (elements) empya ezitabaddewo. Ekyo si kibalo kya Katonda?

Okwo kwonna kulinga kugereesa naye bannassayansi bakizudde nti ensibuko y’ensengekera ya buli njuba (mmunyenye) eri mu kubwatuka okunene okubaawo mu zi nabire (nebular) eziba zitaayaaya eyo mu buzziba bw’obwengula. N’enjuba Muwanga, mu kyebulungulo ky’essikirizo lyayo nga enkulungo yaffe eyitibwa ensi mw’esangibwa nayo yatandikira mu “kubwatuka kunene” (big-bang) okwaliwo emyaka obukadde 4.6 egiyise. 

Nabire (nebular) kiba kire obwaguuga ekirimu gaasi ekiba kitayaaya mu buzziba bw’obwengula ewala eyo. Nabire eno eva mu kufa kw’obwaguuga bw’ensengekela y’enjuba (emunyenye) n’efuuka semufu (supernova). Semufu enop y’ebwatuka n’evaamu ensengekera y’enjuba empya.

Okubwatuka kwa nabire eno kuteeberezebwa okuba nga kwaleetebwawo kutomerebwa semufu (ensengekera y’enjuba endala eyali efudde = supernova) eyaleeta okujugumira mu kire nabire ne kyenyiga ekiddamunda. Mu kwenyiga ekiddamunda (contraction), empalirizo esikiramunda yeeyongera, kino ne kyongera okusikira sabusitansi munda. Nabire yeeyongera okwesikiramunda wakati mu nsika ey’amaanyi, 
n’ekyavaamu kweyongera kuweweenyuka mu kyetoloozo (spinning). Ekire nabire gye kyakoma okwesikira munda gye kyakoma okuweweenyuka mu kyetoloozo olw’empalirizo esikira makkati (centripetal force).

Okwesikira munda (contraction) kwali kwa maanyi, naddala okuliraana amakkati ga nabire, ekyaleetawo okukwata okwamaanyi mu makkati ga nabire eno n’oluvannyuma empalirizo eyewaggula ku makkati (centrifugal force) n’ereetera ekire nabire ekiri mu kuweweenyuka mu kyetoloozo okubyabyatala kyokka nga wakati waaliwo okuzimbulukula.

Amakkati ga nabire eri mu kuweenyuka gaakwata ekitole ne gaafuuka senkulungo (enjuba) eyafuuka amakkati g’ensengekera y’enjuba. Olutabu olwali lutebenta okwetoloola enjuba eno empya nalwo lwakwata obutole ebwenjawulo oba buyite obukulungo (planetoids). Obutole buno bwaatomelagana ne bwekwata okufuuka enkulungo z’obwengula.
 
Olw’okuba enjuba n’enkulungo zaayo, eziseyeeya nga zigyetoloola byava mu nabire emu, byonna biseyeeya mu bwengula nga byolekedde oludda lwe lumu, “kiddannyuma wa kalimi ka saawa” (counter clockwise) olw’empalirizo esikira mu makkati. Era eno y’ensonga lwaki enjuba Muwanga n’enkulungo zayo ziseyeeya kiddanyuma wa saawa ku kisiisi (axis) kyazo era eno y’ensonga lwaki enkulungo zonna ziri ku kitendero (plane) kye kimu mu layini ey’omumakati g’enjuba (sun equator) eno.




#Article 209: Empalirizo za Magineeti(Magnetic forces) (811 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Empalirizo za Magineeti(Magnetic Forces).

Mu mpalirizo za magineeti mulimu:

Magineeti eba matiiriyo esikiriza kkalwe (that attarcts iron)nga erina akakwate n’emigendo gy’amasannyalaze awamu ne magineeti ezirina ebyebulungulo by’empalirizo. Emiramwa gya sayansi omuntu gy’alina okukozesa ku magineeti mulimu:

Okusindikagana, ensindikagano (to repel, repulsion), magineeti ey’ekiseera (temporary magneti).
Magineeti ky’ekintu ekiyigiriza omuntu owa bulijjo empalirirzo z’obutonde ezitalabika. Engeri emu ey’okumatizaamu omuntu nti waliyo empalirizo z’obutonde ezitalabika kwe kumulaga ki ebyebulungulo kye bisobola okukola.

Magineeti ziba ne poola (enkomerero) era ekyebulungulo kifulumira mu poola emu ne kiddirayo mu poola endada. Ekyebulungulo kya magineeti kiva mu    mugendo gwa poola munda mwa magineeti nga emigendo gya poola gino gidding’ana ku ludda lwe lumu. Ne bw’okutulakutula mu magineeti emirundi emeka buli katundu kaba magineeti erina ekyebulungulo ekigenda ku ludda lwe lumu nga magineeti eyasooseewo. 

Magineeti zirina ebisonjozo n’ebinnyonnyozo bya njawulo; zisobola okusikang’ana n’okukung’anya ebintu awamu. Empalirizo eno etalabika ereetera magineeti okwesambagana. Eno nsi ya butonde bwa magineeti. Empalirizo eyekyewuunyo eya magineeti erimu okusindiikiriza oba okusikiriza matiiriyo za magineeti endala

Waliwo ebyebulungulo bya magineeti ebitalabika okwetoloola magineeti eri obwa namunigina, wakati wa magineeti ebbiri ezesambaggana (ezesindikagana).

Ku nkomerero ez’entikko eya BK ne BD we wasinga okuba ensikirizo n’ensindiikirizo ez’amaanyi. Kataffaali (bar), kakomo (ring), kisowaani (disc), domino, ne kigatto kya ndogoyi (horseshoe) ze magineeti ez’enjawulo nga buli emu erina enkula n’ebyebulungulo bya   njawulo. 

Enkoloboze ezikola emisengeko gy’ebyebulungulo bya magineeti gino ziyitibwa nkuloboze za byebulungulo bya magineeti (magnetic field lines). Enkoloboze zino zirabika okufulimira mu nkomerero eya BK neziyingirira mu nkomerero eya BD (South end).

Tumanyi nti magineeti zirina empalirizo ezisika matiiriyo eza kkalwe ne sitiiru nga zibizza gye ziri era tukimanyi nti magineeti zirina poola ezimanyiddwa nga BK ne BD. Poola eza kikontana zesikiriza (attract) ate ezifaanagana zesindikiriza awatali  kukwataganako.

Enkomerero eza BK zesikirizana n’enkomerero eza BD ate enkomerero eza BD singa ziba zisembereganye ekimala, okusinziira ku maanyi ga magineeti, ziba zesikiriza ne zikwatagana n’enkomerero eza BK ate n’enkomerero eza BD zesindikiriza n’enkomerero eza BD. 

Nga tweyambisa “obukalakato obwa kkalwe” (iron filings), tusobola okulaba ebyebulungulo bya magineeti bino. Singa obukalakato bwa kkalwe bumansulwa ku magineeti eya kataffaali (bar magnet), okiraba nti ennyiriri z’ebyebulungulo bya magineeti (magnetic field lines) zitandikira ku BK ya magineeti ate ne zikomekkereza ku nkomerero ya magineeti eya BD. 

Enkoloboze z’ekyebulungulo ezeweseemu buli emu okudda eri endala ziraga ensikirizo (attraction). Era oba olaba enkoloboze zino ezeweseemu bw’omansula obukalakato bwa kkalwe ku magineeti bbiri eza kataffaali ezesikirizana.

Kyokka obukalakato bwa kkalwe bwe buba bumansuddwa wakati wa magineeti ez’akataffaali bbiri ezesindikiriza, olunyiriri olw’ekyebulungulo kya magineeti luba lweweta nga buli lumu oluva awali olulala era ne luyimirira ku lubalama. Ebyebulungulo by’empalirizo za magineeti byesindikiriza buli kimu okuva okumpi n’ekirala, kino kye kivaako okweweta n’okuyimirira ku lubalama.

Magineeti ez’obutonde (natural magnets) mu butonde ziyingizibwamu obwamagineeti ekyebulungulo kya magineeti eky’ensi era zikolebwa mu kyazi kya kkalwe (iron ore) ekiyitibwa maginetayiti (magnetite). Magineeti empangaazi (permanent magnet) kiba kintu ekyesigaliza obwamagineeti bwakyo nga kimaze okuyingizibwamu obwa magineeti buno. 

Matiiriyo za Magineeti

Kkalwe ne nikero ze matiiriyo ezisinga okukolebwamu magineeti. Oyinza okukola magineeti ey’emirembe okuva mu musumaali gwa sitiiru ng’oddira magineeti  n’ogikuubaganya ku musumaali ku ludda lwe lumu emirundi egiwera. Omusumaali gutandika okusikiriza pinu obuuma obukwata empapula n’obunuma obulala obutonotono obwa kkalwe.

Ekyebulungulo kya magineeti ekya magineeti eya kataffaali. Magineeti ez’akataffaali zikozesebwa bulungi okusomesa kubanga poola zazo eza BK ne BD nnyangu okulaba kubanga zikola ekiyitibwa okusikang’ana (attraction) n’okwesindikagana oba okwesambaggana. Magineeti ez’akataffaali zikolebwa mu kkalwe, mpangaazi era zikuuma obwamagineeti bwazo okumala emyaka, ate nga tezigula sente nnyingi. Ebigoberero (principles, rules) ebiragibwa ku magineeti ez’akataffaali ziyinza okweyambisibwa ku nsengekera za magineeti enzibuwavu.

Empalirizo eya magineeti (Magnetism)

Eno mpalirizo ya nkula eyetaagisa ennyo mu masannyalaze. Empalirizo eya magineeti (maginetism) evaamu empalirizo ezisikiriza (ez’ensikirizo) n’ezisindiikiriza ez’ensindiikirizo).
Buli magineeti, awatali kufa ku kigero kyayo, eba ne poola(enkomerero) bbiri, BK ne BD. Poola (enkomerero) ezifaanagana nga  BK ne BK oba BD ne BD eza magineeti zesindiikiriza(na) oba ka tugambe nti zikola ensindikagano ate poola (enkomerero) eza kikontana ne zesikirizigana.

Erementi ezimu ez’ekyuma nga kkalwe oba nikero ziyinza okuyingizibwamu empalirizo za magineeti (magnetism) kubanga atomu zazo zirina ebyebulungulo bya magineeti. Atomu zino zesengekera mu butereke obusirikitu obuyitibwa domino (domains). Buli domino ke akebulungulo ka magineeti akatini.  

Domino z’ekitundu kya kkalwe ekitayingiziddwamu mpalirizo za magineeti si nnesengefu (are disorginsed). Ebyebulungulo byazo ebya magineeti bikolera wamu okutondekawo ekyebulungulo ekigazi eky’amaanyi okusingawo.

Enkula y’ekyebulungulo 

Ekyebulungulo ekyebulungudde magineeti ey’empangaazi kigoberera enkula ya magineeti nga bw’eri. Ekyebulungulo kiyita mu matiiriyo, ne kifulumira mu poola (nkomerero) eya BK. Ekyebulungulo kyeweta okudda mu magineeti okuyita mu poola eya BD, ekintu ekikola ekyetoloolo eky’entakoma. 

Amaanyi g’ekyebulungulo 

Ekyeblungulo kya magineeti kiba kya maanyi nnyo ku safeesi ya magineeti ne kinafuwa buli lwe kyeyongerayo munda. 

Ekyebulungulo ky’Ensi ekya Magineeti
 
Ensi yeyisa nga erimu magineeti eyemirembe ennene mu makkati gayo, eno y’ensonga lwaki endagaludda eba esonga mu BK. Akalimi k’endagaludda kasikirizibwa Poola y’Ensi ey BK, eno nga ye poola y’ensi eya magineeti eya BD. 

Ekyebulungulo kya magineeti eky’ensi kikugira emigendo gy’olubugumu n’embuyaga y’enjuba obutakosa bulamu ku Nsi. 




#Article 210: Sayansi w'Amasannyalaze(The basic science of electricity) (936 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Sayansi w’Amasannyalaze

Ekisannyalazo =Kyagi y’Amasannyalazekye ki?

Ekisannyalazo = Kyagi y’amasannyalaze(electric charge)esibuka mu butonde bwa kaziba(atom). Kye ntegeeza kwe kuba nti bwe tumala okwabuluza ekintu, oba ka tugambire ddala okwabuluza nabuzimbe(matter), mu butoffaali obuyitibwa molekyu  ate ne molekyu nazo ne tuzaabuluzaamu obutoffaali obuyitibwa obuziba(atom)  kati n'obuziba nabwo ne  tubwabuluza  ne tulyooka tutuuka ku butinniinya obuyitibwa “obutunniinya bw'ekisannyalazo eky'amasannyalaze” (particles of electric charge).Kino kiba kitegeeza nti ekisannyalazo eba matiiriyo nga bw’olaba akaziba(atom) naye nga yo eri wansi wa kaziba kuba ntini nnyo ku kaziba.

Ebitabo bya sayansi bitugamba nti ebintu eby’enkalubo (solid objects) ebisinga birimu  ebisannyalazo  b’amasannyalaze(electric charges).
Ebintu bikolebwa omuwendo gwe gumu ogw'ebisanyalazo  ebya negatiivu n’ebya pozitiivu era ebintu bisigala wamu lwa kubaawo ensikirizo (attraction) wakati w’ebisannyalazo ebya kikontana (opposite charges) obuli munda mu bbyo.  Enkwaso z’ekikyusabuziba (chemical bonds) mu butonde ziba za masannyalaze.  

N’olwekyo nga obuuziddwa nti kyaagi kye ki? Kino kiyinza okuddibwamu nti ky’ekyo ekiviirako kalonda w’amasannyalaze (electrical phenomena). Kalonda w’amasannyalaze bye biki? Ebyo by’ebintu ebiretebwawo ebisannyalazo oba kyagi y’amasannyalaze. Bitya?
Kyagi y’amasannyalaze ky’ekintu ekikulu ekyetaagisa amasannyalaze okubaawo. Kyaagi y’amasannyalaze kintu kya butonde ky’otasobola kwawula ku nabuzimbe(matter).Ekisannyalazo  kye kimu ku bisonjozo bya nabuzimbe(matter).

Mu ngeri ennyangu “kyagi y’amasannyalze” oba ekisannyalazo guba mugendo gwa kisannyalazo (flow of charge). Kyagi y’amasannyalze oba ekisannyalazo  gwe mugendo (movement) ogubaawo wakati mu mugendo gw’amasannyalaze (current) okutwalira awamu.

Omugendo gw'ekisannyalazo(Charge flow)

Ekisannyalazo(kyagi)  bwe kitambula, kiyitibwa zitya? Kiri nti ekisannyalazo  ekya negatiivu n’ekya pozitiivu bwe bitambula byombi awamu, kino tukiyita “mugendo gwa buzimbe” (physical motion). Olw’okuba nabuzimbe(matter) ekolebwa obutoffaali obulimu ekisannyalazo (charged particles), buli kuva oba buli mugendo ogw’obuzimbe guba mugendo gwa kisannyalazo kyokka ebiseera ebisinga dbisannyalazo ebya  negatiivu n’ebya pozitiivu bitambulira wamu.

Ku ludda olulala, buli bisannyalazo  ebya kikontana bwe bitambula nga byeyawudde, ebibaawo binyuma.Kyagi eza kikontana ezitambulira awamu ziba za “kitambuzo” (are mechanical) ate kyagi eza kikontana ezitambula nga zeyawudde ziba za “masannyalaze” (electrical).

Singa kyagi eya negatiivu mu kintu etandika okutambula ate kyagi ya pozitiivu ey’ekintu ekyo ng’esigadde mu kiwummulo, omugendo ogwo guyitibwa “omugendo gw’amasannyalaze (flow of electricity), oba omugendo gw’obusannyalaza (an electric current). Ebigambo “omugendo gw’obusannyalaza (electric current) kitegeeza kye kimu ne “omugendo gwa kyaagi” (charge flow.)
Kyagi si Masoboza?	

Kyagi tegaba masoboza kubanga kyagi ey’ekigero kyonna eyinza okuba n’amasoboza ag’enjawulo mu kiseera kye kimu (kino okirabira ku kyagi y’emu mu miwendo egy’enjawulo mu kapasita (capacitor). Mu butuufu oyinza okumanya ekipimo kya kyagi ekirimu kyokka nga tomanyi kipimo kya masoboza. 

Ekirala, kaagi n’amasoboza bitambula mu ngeri za njawulo: Mu kkebo (cales) za AC kyagi ziba mu kifo kimu olwo ne zenyeenya mpolampola kyokka ate ggo amasoboza gatambula okuyita mu katindo (circuit) kumpi ku misinde gya kitangaala.

Kyaagi y’amasannyalaze ya njawulo ku masoboza g’amasannyalze (electrical energy), mu ngeri y’emu empewo bw’eri ey’enjawulo ku mayengo g’ebivuga (amayengo g’eddoboozi). Munda mu butindo bw’amasannyalaze (inside electric circuits), kyagi etambula mpola mu kikula ekiringamu ennetoloolo so ng’ate amasoboza gatambula mu bwangu okuva ku nsibuko.

Abantu abamu balowooza nti olw’okuba kyagi n’amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze tebirabika, biteekwa okuba nga biri ekintu kye kimu, kyokka ekituufu kiri nti bya njawulo era obungi bw’amasoboza bubalangulwa nga okubisa obungi bwa kyagi ne volutaagi ya kyagi eyo. 
Kyagi mulamwa ogufaanaganamu n’enzitoya.Kyaagi si kisonjozo kyokka naye era “kintu”.Oba kyagi kisonjozobusonjozo kiyinza kitya okutambula okuva mu kifo ekimu okudda mu kirala.Ekibuuzo kino era kikola ne ku nzitoya. 
Enzitoya (mass) kisonjozo naye ate era kyeyisa nga enzitoyo (matter), ekiyinza n’okutambuzibwa okuva mu kifo ekimu okudda mu kirala.
Kyagi kintu ekirabika?

Kyaagi si kintu ekitalabika. Buli ekitangaala lwe kimyansamyansa ku kintu, kimyansamyansa okuva kungulu kwa atomu ate nga kungulu kwa atomu kukolebwa kyagi za negatiivu. 

Kino kitegeeza nti kyagi y’amasannyalaze efaanaganya kitangaala (reflects light). Engeri emu gy’oyinza okulabamu ekitangaala butereevu, tunula ku ngulu kwa waya. Ebyuma bitunula nga metero kubanga birimu ekitengejjeso (fluid) ekirimu obusannyalaza obutambuzibwa. Ekitengejjeso ky’amasannyalaze kino kifaanaganyo ekiyitirivu eky’amayengo g’ekitangaala, ekintu ekireetera safeesi ya metero (meto) okumasamasa.

Buno obusannyalaza bwe bumu bwe butambula (bulandira) mu mugendo gw’amasanyalaze. Ekyo ekirabika nga siriva mu meto y’eba kyagi. Eba kakulukusi ya siriva esangibwa mu meto zonna era eyinza okuwalirizibwa okukulukuta(okulandira). Yadde nga kyagi esobola okulabika, enkulukuta (ennandira) yakyo tesobola kulabika.

Wetegereze waya mu katindo k’amasannyalaze (electric circuit) akakozesebwa olaba oba onoolabawo ekintu kyonna ekitambula (ekikulukuta)?
Mu ngeri y’emu singa otabula giraasi y’amazzi oba tosobolza mugendo gutambula. Oba olaba obwovu obutambula obuyitibwa bbabbo n’obupapajjo bwa kasasiro obwa oli awo naye tojja kulaba mazzi gatambula.

N’olwekyo kyaagi y’amasannyalaze kye kisonjozo ky’enzitoyo ekyetaagisa, ekiviirako buli kalonda w’amasannyalaze. Omugendo gw’amasannyalaze guba mugendo gwa kyagi ate nga kyagi eza kikontana bwe ziba zaawuliddwamu wabaawo amasannyalaze ag’entagenda (static electricity). Wano wabaawo kalonda w’amasannyalaze ag’entagenda (electrostatic phenomena).
Mu kuwumbawumba, tuyinza okunnyonnyola kyaagi nga:
a)	Ekisannyalazo oba Kyagi oba ekisannyalazo  ky’ekyo ekisibuka mu busannyalaza, konta ne patiki endala.
b)	Ekisannyalazop  gwe muyitiro omuyita amasoboza g’amasannyalaze (okwefaananyiriza engeri eddoboozi gye liyita mu mpewo). 
c)	Ekisannyalazo  ky’ekyo nga kikyamuse nnyo kivaamu ekitangaala.
d)	Ekisannyalaze  ky’ekyo nga kikyamuseemu katono, kivaamu amayengo ga leediyo
e)	Ekyo ekirandira (ekitambula) nga waliwo omugendo gw’amasannyalaze. 
f)	Ekyo ekirabikira ku bbaluuni buli lw’ogikuubaganya ne ssaati yo. 
g)	Ekyo ekyeyorekera mu ngeri bbiri: pozitiivu ne negatiivu 
h)	Ekisannyalazo kiringa enzitoya: kisonjozo kyokka era kiringa ekintu, endagabungi entereke.
i)	Ekisannyalazo ze poola z’amasannyalaze  pozitiivu ne negatiivu (obutafaanana nga poola za magineeti eza  BK ne BD  
j)	Ekisannyalazo  ekivaako empaliririzo z’amasannyalaze 
k)	Ekisannyalazo  ky’ekyo ekya negatiivu ne pozitiivu ekikola atomu. 
l)	Ekisannyalazo ky’ekyo nga kikyamuse kasoobo nnyo, kireetawo obutindo bw’amasannyalaze.
m)	Ekisannyalazo ky’ekyo nga kibadde kitebenta nga kyetoloola kitondekawo obwamagineeti. 
n)	Ekisannyalazo  ky’ekyo ekifaanaganya ekitangaala ne kisobozesa ebintu okulabika. 
o)	Ekisannyalazo   ky’ekyo ekikuumira awamu  buli kintu 
p)	Ekisannyalazo  ky’ekyo ekitambula munda mu waya.
q)	Ekisannyalazo  ky’ekyo ekipimibwa mu namunigina eziyitibwa “Nansannyalaza” (Coulombs). 
r)	Ekisannyalazo ky’ekyo bannasayansi olumu kya bayitanga “endagabungi ey’amasannyalaze” (quantity of electricity) n.obotoffaali bw’amasannyalaze (particles of electricity.)




#Article 211: Kawereege, Ekikkatiro, n'Ekinyigirizo(Tension,Compression, and Stress) (323 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!Kawereege (Tension), Ekikkatiro (Compression), n’Ekinyigirizo (Stress)

Mu essomabutonde oba essomabuzimbe(Physics), kawereege (tension) kinnyonnyola empalirizo eteekeddwa ku buli nkomerero ya lukoba, waya oba omugwa na ku buli kintu ekyeyongerayo mu mpimo emu oba ku buli nkomerero y’omutayimbwa oba payipu. Ku mutendera ogwa atomu, kawereege ajjawo nga atomu oba molekyu zisikibwa buli emu okuva ku ndala ne zifuna amasoboza g’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti.
Buli nkomerero ya luwuzi oba oba omutayimbwa oguli mu kawereege eba esika ekintu kw’eri okulaba nga oluwuzi, omugwa oba olutayimbwa ludda mu mbeera gye lubaddemu etali ya kawereege.

Kawereege ky’ekikontana ky’ekikkatiro (compression)/Ekikkatiro oyinza okukigerageranya n’ekitoowolozo (slackening). Mu essomabutonde, yadde kawereege si mpalirizo, kirina namunigina za mpalirizo  era kipimibwa mu Netoni (Newtons).
Enkomerero z’oluwuzi oba ekintu ekirala ekiri mu kawereege ziba ziteeka empalirizo ku bintu ebikatatanye ne ‘oluwuzi oba olutayimbwa (rod), okudda eri olutayimbwa oba oluwuzi .Empalirizo zino eziva ku kawereege ziyitibwa empalirizo eza kawereege (tension forces). 

Ekinyigirizo (Stress)

Kino kikwata ku mpalirizo ezo munda, patiki ezirinaniganye eza matiiriyo eyeyongerayo ze ziteeka buli emu ku ndala. Ekyokulabirako, singa omutayimbwa ogw’enkalubo guba guwaniridde obuzito, buli patiki mu mutayimbwa esika patiki eziddako waggulu ne wansi wayo. Kakulukusi bw’eba mu kanyigirizo, buli patiki esindikibwa munda patiki zonna ezigyetoolodde era ensindikano ejjawo ezisindika okudda wabweru. Zino mpalirizo ez’obusirikitu (microscopic forces).

Ekikkatiro (Compression)

Mu kitambuzo, ekikkatiro kikwata ku kuteeka mpalirizo ey’ekyekanyi ng’osindika ozza munda (inward).
Wano empalirizo eteekebwa ku luuyi lumu, kino ne kitegeeza nti empalirizo ekendeeza obuwanvu bw’ekintu ku ludda lwe lumu. Empalirizo ez’ekikkatiro (compressive forces) era ziyinza okuteekebwa ku njuyi ez’enjawulo, okusobola okukendeeza obugazi bwakyo oba volima yakyo.  

Essomo erikwata ku nneeyisa n’buzimbe bwa seppulingi (springs), ssomo eryetongodde mu essomabutonde (Fizikisi). Seppulingi eri awo mu kifo kimu tebana kyamaanyi ky’ekola. Bw’ojinyiga, ojiteekako empalirizo (okuwaliriza) n’okyusa ensengeka y’obunyoolo (coils) bwayo. Enkyukakyuka eyo mu nteekateeka, etereka amasoboza mu seppulingi era eyinza okuzimbulukuka n’ekola omulimu ku bintu ebirala. Buli kintu ekinanuufu (elastic) kiyinza okwezza mu mbeera gye kibaddemu. Eky’okulabirako ye labbabbandi, etereka amasoboza mu ngeri y’emu. 




#Article 212: Sayansi w'Ekitangaala(The Science of Light) (1226 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Sayansi w’Ekitangaala
Ku mulembe guno omuganda ow'obuwangwa alina okuba n'obusobozi okuddamu ebibuuzo bino:

Ekitangaala kika ky’amasoboza ekigendera oba ekitambulira mu mayengo; mu butuufu amasoboza ga bika binji ddala agatambulila mu mayengo. Ekyokulabilako, eddoboozi liba jjengo erijugumilira mu mpewo. Ekitangaala nalyo jjengo lya byebulungulo by’amasanyalaze ne magineeti. Ekitangaala kitundu kimu eky’ebyebulungulo bya erakitomagineeti ebijugumira. Ebyebulungulo bino biyitibwa ndaga ya elakitomagineeti oba mugendo gwa ndaga y’amasannyalaze ne magineeti (the electromagnetic spectrum).

Amayengo ga erakitomagineeti gayita mu bwengula ku misinde egya 299,792 km/s (186,282 mairo/kasikonda). Kino kye kiyitibwa emisinde gy’ekitangaala (speed of Light). 

Omugendo gw’amasoboza (flow of energy) gusinziira ku “buwanvu bwa jjengo” n’enziring’ana (frequency) yalyo. Obuwanvu bw’ejjengo bwe buwanvu obuli wakati w’entikko z’ejjengo ate enziringana gwe muwendo gw’amayengo oguyita buli sikonda. Ejjengo ly’ekitangaala gye likoma obuwanvu, n’enziringana gy’ekoma okubeera wansi era n’amaanyikasoboza agali mu jjengo lino gye gakoma okubeera amatono.

Ekitangaala lubugumu (radiation) lwa erakitomagineeti (omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti) olulina obuwanvu bw’ejjengo (wavelength) obusobozesa eriiso ly’omuntu okulaba ekitangaala kino. Ekitangaala nga kitambulira mu bupaketi obusirikitu obuyitibwa obupoto (photons), kirina enneeyisa bbiri, ey’amayengo (waves) n’eya patiki (obupaketi). Kino kye kiyitibwa nabbirye w’amayengo ne patiki (the wave–particle duality).

Ebisibukamu ekitangaala bya ngeri nnyigi okutandika ne nabbugumya; enzitoya (a mass/body) ku tempulikya engere efulumya ekika ky’olubugumu lw’enzitoya enzirugavu (black-body radiation). Ebyokulabirako by’ekitangaala ekiva mu nabbugumya mulimu enjuba; balibu z’amasannyalaze eza nabbugumya (incandenscent light bulbs) ezifulumya ekitundu ekisinga obunenene eky’amasoboza nga kilri mabega wa mmyufu (infrared) ku ndaga ya erakitomagineeti ate ng’ekitangaala ekirabika kye kisinga obutono, ne patike ezengeredde (glowing) mu muliro.

Ekitangaala ekiva ku njuba kitundu kya masoboza (energy) agatambulira mu mayengo aga erakitomagineeti (electromagnetic waves).  Tulina okumanya nti ekitangaala ekirabika (visible light) kitundubutundu ku ndaga ya erakitomagineeti. Endaga ya erakitomagineeti (electromagnetic spectrum) ge masoboza (energy) agatambulira mu    mayengo (waves) agalimu olubugumu (radiation) olulina enziring’ana (frequency) ez’enjawulo, olw’amasoboza ageyolekera mu buwanvu bw’amayengo (wavelengths) obw’enjawulo. Laba endaga ya erakitomagineeti (electromagnetic spectrum) wano:

Mu butuufu okukontana okuli mu kitangaala ekiva mu bwengula (ekiva ku 
njuba) kweyolekera mu kuba nti ekitangaala kirina enkula bbiri:

Abagereeki abedda be basooka okugereesa oba okuteebeleza nti ekitangaala kiba kisaaganda kya patiki (stream of particles) obutini ennyo/obusirikitu (microscopic) yadde nga tewali yali alabye ku patiki za kitangaala.

Ekirowoozo ky’ekitangaala okuba ejjengo kyatandika na Christian Huygens mu 1600 eyagamba nti ekitangaala kyeyisa ng’ejjengo mu kifo ky’ekisaaganda kya patiki. Bakakensa b’omulembe guno bakkaanya nti ekitangaala kiri byombi, kyeyisa ng’ejjengo ate era kisaaganda kya patiki.

Amayengo gonna masoboza (energy) agali mu mugendo (omugendo gw’amakasoboza). Bwe twoogera ku “omugendo” mu sayansi tuba tetutegeeza kibiina kya byabufuzi, naye tuba tutegeeza ekimu ku bino:

Okutegeera engeri omugendo gw’ekitangaala gye gutambulamu ng’ejjengo, olina okunnyonyoka ejjengo eriyita mu mazzi engeri gye lyeyisaamu. Ejjengo ly’amazzi guba mugendo gw’amasoboza agatambula okuyita mu mazzi. Amazzi omuyita amayengo gano go gaba tegatambula, gasigala mu kifo kimu ejjengo n’amasoboza gaalyo we liba ligasanze. Ejjengo lye liba litambula oba lye liba liyita kyokka ffe tulowooza nti amazzi gaba gakulukuta.

Bw’oteeka ekigere kyo mu mazzi, otondekawo ejjengo kubanga otadde amasoboza (energy) agakulimu mu mazzi. Amasoboza gano gayita mu mazzi mu kifaananyi ky’ejjengo. Mu butuufu amayengo gonna gaba masoboza agaba gayita era gatera okuyita mu muyitiro/omukutu (medium).

Ejjengo ly’amazzi libaamu molekyu z’amazzi ezijugumira (vibrate) nga zidda waggulu ne wansi ku ppeto eryesimbu (right angle) okudda ejjengo gye liraga. Ejjengo ery’ekika kino liyitibwa ejjengo elyegonyola (transeverse wave).

Amayengo g’erakitomagineeti (electromagnetic waves) okwawukana ku g’amazzi, geewuunyisa kubanga gayinza n’okuyita awatali muyitiro gwonna. Kino kiba kitegeeza nti go gayita ne mu kyangaala (vacuum). Bwe njogera ku kyangaala mba sitegeeza bbanga kubanga n’awali ebbanga wayinza okubaawo ekintu mu kikula ky’empewo oba ggaasi, omuli obutoffaali obwa watomu (atoms) ne molekyu (molecules).

Ejjengo ly’ekitangaala liba n’amasoboza ageyoleka ng’ebyebulungulo by’amasanyalaze ne magineeti (electric and magnetic fields). Ebyebulungulo bijugumila ku maweto (angles) amesimbu nga bidda ejjengo gye liraga ne ku maweto amesimbu okuva ku ddala.

Amayengo g’ekitangaala gatambulira mu bipimo bya njawulo. Buli jjengo lirina” ekipimo kya:

 

Ekitangaala ekirabika (Visible light) kye kitundu ky’endaga y’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti (electromagnetic spectrum) amaaso gaffe agali obukunya kye gasobola okulaba. 

Ekitangaala okuva ku njuba oba balibu y’amasanyalaze kitunula nga kyeeru kyokka ekituufu kiri nti kiba mugattiko gwa kkala za musoke (rainbow colurs). Tusobola okulaba langi ez’enjawulo ez’endaga ya kkala za Musoke (ekkamiso=rainbow spectrum) nga nga twabuluza mu kitangaala ekyeeru n’ekigulumiro (prism=ekirawuli eky’ekigulumiro). Endaga (spectrum) era erabika bw’olaba “ekkamiso” (rainbow colours) mu lubaale. 

Kkala zino ziva ku emyufu (kasaayi) okutuuka ku mugattiko gwa bbululu, kakobe, ne kakyungwa. Wakati wa mmyuufu ne kakyungwa walilwo kyenvu, kiragala, bbululu, yindigo ne vayola. Kkala zino zirina obuwanvu bw’ejjengo, enziringana, n’amasoboza bya njawulo.  Vayola alina obuwanvu bw’ejjengo obusinga obumpi mu ndaga y’ekitangaala ekirabika. Kino kitegeeza erina enziringana n’amaanyikasoboza ebisinga okuba waggulu. Mmyufu (kasaayi) erina obuwanvu bw’ejjengo obusingayo obuwanvu n’olwekyo langi emmyufu erina enziringana n’amasoboza ebisinga okubeera wansi.  

Ekitangaala kitambula okuyita mu bwengula mu layini engolokofu kasita waba nga tewali kigyekiise mu maaso. Ekitangaala bwe kiba kiyita mu nnampewo, kyeyongerayo mu layini engolokofu okutuuka nga kiyingiridde molekyu za ggaasi, ebire oba enfuufu. Kino nga kibaddewo ekituuka ku kitangaala kisinziira ku buwanvu bwa jjengo bw’ekitangaala n’obunene bw’ekintu kye kisangirizza mu kkubo. 
Patike z’enfuufu (dust), ebile, oba enfuufu n’obutondo bw’amazzi biba binene okusinga obuwanvu bw’ejjengo ly’ekitngaala. Ekitangaala bwe kitomela patike zino ennene, kikyusa ekkubo lyako (gets reflected) ne kibuna emiwabo okudda emabega. Langi z’ekitangaala ez’enjawulo zonna nazo zidda emabega mu ngeli y’emu nga zitomedde patike z’enfuufu n’obutondotondo bw’amazzi. Ekitangaala ekizze emabega kilabika ng’ekyeelu kubanga kiba kikyalimu langi  za musoke zonna.  

Molekyu za ziggaasi ntonoko okusinga obuwanvu bw’ejjengo ly’ekitangaala ekirabika. Ekitangaala bwe kiyingirira molekyu za ziggaasi, kyeyisa mu ngeli ya njawulo. Ekitangaala bwe kitomela molekyu ya ggaasi, ekimu kiyingizibwa (gets absorbed). Bwe wayitawo akaseela, molekyu efulumya ekitangaala nga kidda mu kkubo ery’enjawulo kwelyo lye kibaddemu. Langi efulumiziddwa eba kkala y’emu n’eyo eyayingiziddwa. Langi z’ekitangaala ez’enjawulo zikolebwaako mu ngeri za njawulo. 

Kkala zonna ziyinza okuyingizibwa (absorbed) naye ezo ezilina enzilingana eza waggulu (nga eza bbululu) ziyingizibwa emirundi mingi okusinga ezo ezirrina enzilingana eza wansi (nga emmyuufu).Kino kiyitibwa “kusaasanya kwa Layila” (Rayleigh scattering). Kyabbulwa mu Lord John Rayleigh, munna fizikilogia omungeleza eyasooka okukizuula mu myaaka gya 1870. 

N’olwekyo ng’obuziddwa Lwaaki ekikaayi (Olubaale) kya bbululu, ky’osooka okumanya kwe kuba nti ekitangaala kika ky’amaanyikasoboza (energy) agasobola okuyita mu bwengula. Nga bw’olaba ekitangaala ekiva mu balibu y’amasannyalaze, n’ekitangaala ekiva ku njuba kilabika okuba nga kyeelu kyokka mu butuufu guba mugattiko gwa kkala ez’enjawulo.  Kkala ezili mu kitangaala ekyeelu mulimu emmyuufu, kakyungwa, kyenvu, kilagala, yindigo, bbululu ne vayola.Kklala zino osobola okuzilaba obulungi ng’olabye musoke mu kikaayi (mu lubaale). 
Ate era olina okumanya nti nampewo w’Ensi (the atmosphere of the Earth) akolebwa zi ggaasi ez’enjawulo naddala nayitilogeni ne wokisigeni. Mu kikula kya kemiko, yadde nga eriiso ly’omuntu terisobola kulaba zi ggaasi zino butereevu, molekyu za ggaasi ngazi ddala okusinga paketi z’ekitangaala. 
Ekitangaala okuva ku njuba kiba kyeelu kyokka ng’obweeru bwakyo bukolebwa mugatte gwa kkala za Musoke (rainbow colours). Kkala eya bululu kiba kitangaala ekitambulira mu bupaketi obutini okusinga obw’ekitangaala ekimyuufu.

Ekitangaala ekimyufu bwe kitomera nampewo. patiki z’ekitangaala zitomela molekyu ennene ez’empewo (ggaasi). Patike enneneko ez’ekitangaala emmyufu, kakyungwa, kyenvu n’ezimu eza kyenvu zisobola okuwagaanya okuyita mu molekyu z’empewo ne zikka wansi ku Ensi. 

Kyokka bu paketi bw’ekitangaala obutonotono, ekitangaala ekya bululu n’obumu obwa kiragala bulaalila ku molekyu ennene. N’olwekyo ekikaayi kirabika nga kya bbululu olw’ekitangaala ekya bbululu ekiba kiwagamidde waggulu mu nnampewo ate enjuba egwa (sunset) elabika nga mmyufu olw’ekitangaala ekimyufu ekiba kisobodde okuyita obuteleevu awali ekifundikwa ky’ekitangaala (enjuba).

Okumyuka kuyinza okulabibwa mu bifo eby’enjawulo mu kibuga naddala mu bifo awali empewo eyonooneddwa omukka, ekikaayi we kirabikira okuba ekimyufu ennyo. 




#Article 213: Sayansi w'Obwengula (Science of the Universe) (3441 words)


Obwengula omuntu owa bulijjo ayinza okukiyita ebutonda, eggulu, ekikaayi, olubaale oba ebbanga. Naye ekituufu kiri nti obwengula (universe) bulimu seng’endo (celestial bodies) ez’enjawulo nga n’Ensi yaffe mweri. Obwengula, sengendo ezibulimu na buli kiri ku/mu sengendo zino kye kiyitibwa obutonde.

Obwengula (the universe) kikwata ku buli kitonde, ebiramu n’ebitali biramu, ekiri mu bwengula kubanga buli ekiriwo kisangibwa mu bwengula. Mu kunoonyereza kwange kwe nkoze, nkizudde nti ekibezaawo obwengula, na buli kimu ekigenda mu maaso mu bwengula, kukontana kwennyini. Waliwo okukontana:

(i)	Wakati wa buli seng’endo ennene ne buseng’endo obugyebulunguludde obuli mu kyebulungulo kyayo (its field). Kino kye kikuumira awamu seng’endo eno ennene ne buseng’endo obugyebulunguludde obuyitibwa ebibulungulo byayo eby’obutonde (its natural satellites).

(ii)	Ne mu kaziba(atom), akatoffaali akazimbanabuzimbe (building block of matter) , mulimu okukontana wakati w’obutiniinya obuli munda mwako. Era okukontana kuno kwe kukuumira atomu awamu n’etabumbulukuka.

(iii)	Mu kitangaala kye tulaba okuva mu bwengula namwo mulimu okukontana kubanga ekitangaala kibaamu “empalirizo ey’erakitomagineeti” (elactomagnetic force) erimu kyaagi eya pozitiivu ne kyaagi eya negatiivu.

(iv)	Ekisinga okwewuunyisa kwe kuba nga ekitangaala kitambula mu ngeri bbiri; kitambula ng’ejjengo (wave) ate ne kitambula nga obupaketi bw’ekitangaala (packets of light) obuyitibwa obupoto (photons). Okwo nakwo kukontana. Obupaketi (packets) buno era munnasayansi abuyita obutoniinya (obusirikitu) oba obutiniinya (obusirikitu ennyo).
(v)	Ne mu nkulaakulana y’entabaganyo ez’enjawulo (different communities) eziri mu ntabaganya (society), ekizitwaala mu maaso kuba kukontana era singa tewaaliwo kukontana tewandibaddewo nkulaakulana mu ntabaganya. 

Eno y’entandikwa y’Olugero lwa Sayansi: Awo olwatuuka nga nkulabira. Emyaka giri eyo mu bukadde na bukadde, Katonda ng’ali eyo mu ggulu ku ddamula ye eri ewala ennyo eyo mu bwengula n’agamba nti wabeewo nabire (nabuler), olwo ne wabaawo nabire, obwaguuga bw’ekire ekikwaafu ennyo olw’emikka (ggaasi) egy’ekintabuli Katonda gye yakiteemu. 

Bwe waayitawo ekiseera, Katonda n’agamba nti kati nabire oyo aveemu okubwatuka okunene (bigbang). Amangu ago embeera n’ejjawo mu mikka/ggaasi egyaali gikola nabire ono ne wabaawo okubwatuka okunene era ekyaddirira ye yali entandikwa y’obwengula mwe tuli, omuli seng’endo (heavenly bodies) obutabalika. Mu ssengendo muno mulimu ebisinde (galaxy), enjuba (suns/the stars), enkulungo (planets), emyezi (moons) n’ebibajjo nga ebikometo/kibunoomu (comets). 

Amasoboza (energy) Katonda geyateekawo okusobozesa okubwatuka okunene mu nabire ge maanyi agasobozesa buli kiramu n’ekitali kiramu era mwe muli ekyama okwesigamye sayansi ne tekinologiya ku nsi.

Olugero lwa sayansi ddala lukakasa nti Katonda gwe tusinza Ssaabagezi, asukkulumye ku bakalimagezi bonna awatali kkomo. Kino otandika okukiraba ng’owulira nti obutoffaali (building blocks) obw’ekire kino obwaguuga, nabire, bwe bumu obuzimba buli kintu (kitonde), ekiramu n’ekitali kiramu. Obutaffaali buno buyitibwa”atomu” (atom) era obutoffali buno bwegatta ne bukola ekiyitibwa molekyu (molecule). Nga bwe guli mu buli kitonde ekiriwo kati, ne ziggaasi ez’enjawulo ezaali zikola nabire eyasibukamu okubwatuka okunene zaalimu watomu ne molekyu.

Okwo kwonna kulinga kugereesa eri ffe abatali bannasayansi era kyetaagisa Entabaganyi ya Bannasayansi (Scientific Community) ey’aboogezi b’oluganda okuteeka buli ekigenda mu maaso mu nsi eya sayansi mu luganda, buli muntu n’atali mu munnasayansi asobole okumanya n’okwagala sessomo lya sayansi mu bulamu bwe.

Bannasayansi bakizudde nti ensibuko y’ensengekera ya buli njuba (munyeenye) eri mu kubwatuka okunene okubaawo mu zinabire (nebular) eziba zitaayaaya eyo mu bwengula. Ne senkulungo Muwanga (enjuba Muwanga) mu kyebulungulo ky’ensikirizo yayo nga n’enkulungo yaffe eyitibwa Ensi nayo mu kyebulungulo kino mwesangibwa, nayo eteeberezebwa okutandikira mu “kubwatuka Okunene” (bigbang) okwaliwo emyaka obukadde 4.6 egiyise. 

Ensengekera z’enjuba zonna, n’olwekyo, ziteeberezebwa okuva mu kubwatuka okwava mu nabire eziba zitayaaya eyo mu bwengula.  Nabire (nebular) kiba kire obwaguuga ekirimu gaasi ekiba kitayaaya mu buziba bw’obwengula ewala eyo. Nabire eno eva mu nsengekera y’enjuba (emunyenye) eyafuuka semufu (supernova).

Kiteebelezebwa nti nabire omwava ensengekera y’enjuba yaffe yafuuka semufu emyaka bukadde na bukadde egiyise okutuuka bwe wajjawo okubwatuka okwavaako ensengekera empya ey’enjuba yaffe eno Muwanga. Okubwatuka kwa nabire eno kuteebelezebwa okuba nga kwaleetebwawo kire kino obwaguuga okutomerebwa semufu/ensengekera y’enjuba endala eyali efudde (supernova) eyaleeta okujugumira mu kire kya nabire, ne kyenyiga ekiddamunda. Mu kwenyiga ekiddamunda (contraction), ensikirizo yeeyongera, kino ne kyongera okusikira enzitoyo yakyo munda. Nabire yeeyongera okwesikiramunda wakati mu  nsika eyali ekifunnamyemu,  n’ekyavaamu kweyongela kuweweenyuka mu nkulungo (spinning). Ekire nabire gye kyaakoma okwesikira munda gye kyaakoma okuweweenyuka mu nkulungo olw’ensikirizo y’amakkati (centripetal force). Ensikirizo y’amakkati kiggwayo “empalirizo esikira mu makkati”. 

Okwesikira munda (contraction) kwali kwa maanyi, naddala okuliraana amakkati ga nabire, ekyaleetawo okukwata okwamaanyi mu makkati ga nabire n’oluvannyuma ensikirizo eyewaggula ku makkati (centrifugal force) ne galeetera ekire nabire ekiri mu kwetoloola okubyabyatala kyokka nga wakati waaliwo okuzimbulukula.

Amakkati ga nabire eri mu kutebenta gaakwata ekitole ne gaafuuka senkulungo (enjuba) eyafuuka amakkati g’ensengekera y’enjuba. Olutabu olwali lutebenta okwetoloola enjuba eno empya nalwo lwakwata obutole ebwenjawulo oba buyite “obukulungo” (planetoids). Obutole buno bwaatomeragana ne bwekwata okufuuka enkulungo z’enjuba (the sun’s planets).

Olw’okuba enjuba n’enkulungo zaayo, eziseyeeya nga zigyetoloola byaava mu nabire emu, byonna biseyeeya mu bwengula nga byolekedde oludda lwe lumu, “kiddannyuma w’akalimi k’essaawa” (counter clockwise) olw’amaanyimusikira mu makkati. Era eno y’ensonga lwaki enjuba Muwanga n’enkulungo zayo ziseyeeya kiddanyuma wa saawa ku kisiisi (axis) kyazo okumala essaawa abiri mu nya buli lunaku era eno y’ensonga lwaki enkulungo zonna ziri ku “kitendero kimu” (same plane) mu layini ey’amakkati g’enjuba (sun equator) yazo.

Okunnyonnyoka okukontana okukuumira obwengula mu mugendo omusengeke obulungi, entabaganya yaffe esaana okugandawaza seng’endo eziri mu bwengula.

Sooka webuuze lwaki buli nzitoya (mass) eri mu bwengula eyitibwa seng’endo? Kubanga buli ekiri mu bwengula kiri mu mugendo ogutakoma nga kiseyeeya mu kkubo lyaakyo. Bwe twogela ku bwengula n’olwekyo tutegeeza obwaguuga n’obusirikitu bw’enzitoya (masses) eziri mu bwengula.

Sengendo eziri mu bwengula zisengekeddwa mu nsengeka ey’ekibalo ekya waggulu bwe ziti:
(a)	Ebisinde (Galaxes)
(b)	Enjuba (Emunyeenye oba Senkulungo)
(c)	Enkulungo (planets)

 (i) Ensengekera z’Ebisinde (galaxy systems)

Buli nsengekera ya kisinde erimu obukadde n’obukadde bwa senkulungo (enjuba) ezifulumya olubugumu (okwookya) n’ekitangaala, ekirabika n’ekitalabika. Senkulungo zino ze ziyitibwa enjuba oba emunyeenye (the suns or the stars).

Ekisinde ekitangalijjo. (Milky Way Galaxy), ky’ekisnde omusangibwa ensengekera y’enjuba mwe tuli (enjuba Muwanga) . Olw’okuba ebisinde ebiri mu bwengula butabalika, eno eyaffe mwe tuli omusangibwa ensengekera y’enjuba yaffe, kye ky’eva eweebwa erinnya okuyamba okugyawula ku ndala ze tutalinaako kakwate.Buli kisinde kiseyeeya n’ebirimba by’ensengekera z’Enjuba (solar systems) butabalika.
	 

Mu buwangwa bwa bulaaya “ekisinde ekitangalijjo” (Milky way) kiyitibwa bwe kityo kubanga   kitangalijja ng’amata mu lubaale olw’ekiro nga bw’olaba ekyuma ekyengeredde.
(ii) Ensengekera z’Enjuba. (Senkulungo)

Omuntu atannannyonnyoka bwengula alowooza nti enjuba eri emu yokka eno etumulisa ku nsi. Kyokka ensengekera z’enjuba eziri mu bwengula butabalika. Enjuba, obutaba nga seng’endo ndala ezisangibwa mu bwengula eba eyaka, evaamu ebbugumu (okwokya) n’ekitangaala ekitambulira mu mayengo g’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti era agayitibwa amayengo ga erakitomagineeti, ekituuka ku seng’endo ezitaaka nga enkulungo y’Ensi (earth) eriko nampewo (atmosphere) asaasanya ekitangaala  kino.

Mu bwengula waliyo ensengekera z’enjuba (emmunyenye) butabalika. Enjuba zino nazo ziri mu birimba bukadde na bukadde, ebiyitibwa ekisinde. Ekyewuunyisa, buli kisinde kiseyeeya n’enjuba zaayo kyokka ate na buli njuba eri mu kisinde eri mu mugendo ogutakoma ne enkulungo zaayo kyokka tewali esisinkana nandala kugitomera.

Ensengekera z’enjuba (solar systems) era ze ziyitibwa ensengekera z’emmunyenye oba ensengekela za senkulungo. Buli nsengekera ya njuba erimu enkulungo (planets) ez’enjawulo nga zitambula zigyetoloola mu kiripuso (in ellipses) nga buli emu yetadde obuwanvu obw’enjawulo okuva ku njuba yayo.

Emmunnyenye nazo senkulungo (njuba) naye olw’okuba ziri wala nnyo, tuzirengera ng’obwaka (obumunyeenya) obutono ennyo mu bwengula. Kisuubirwa nti nga bwe kiri mu nsengekera y’enjuba yaffe n’emmunyeenye (enjuba eziri ewala ennyo) nazo zirina enkulungo (ndagamwaka) ezizeebulungudde kubanga waliwo obukakafu nti Namugereka ebintu byonna ebifaanagana yabisengeka mu ngeri kumpi y’emu.

                (Our Solar System)

Ensengekera y ‘Enjuba Muwanga: Eno ye senkulungo erimi ekibalo ekiwanga buli nkulungo mu kifo w’eri. Mu bwengula mulimu ensengekera y’enjuba butabalika. Muwanga y’emu ku zzo. Ensi esangibwa mu kyebulungulo kya Njuba Muwanga. Ensi yaffe y’emu ku bibulungulo by’obutonde (natural satellites) omwenda eby’ezetoloolera mu ekyebulungulo ky’ensikirizo y’Enjuba Muwanga (our sun’s gravitational field).

Ensengekera y’enjuba Muwanga erimu senkulungo ya Muwanga mu makkati gaayo, enkulungo (planets), ate enkulungo ezisinga obungi zebulungulwa emyezi. Enjuba Muwanga y’ewanga buli seng’endo eri mu kyebulungulo ky’ensikirizo yayo (its gravitational field) mu kifo mweri.

Ensengekera y’enjuba yaffe erimu enkulungo ezitaliimu kubuusabuusa munaana ze tuyinza okuyita Nagaddya, Ddungu, Ensi, Musoke, Kibuuka, Kisuule, Ggulu ne Nalwoga. 

Eyandibadde ng’eyomwenda, enkulungo gye tuyinza okuyita eya Nakayima ekyabuusi bwabuusibwa olw’okuba nga ntono nnyo.  Ku nkulungo zino omunaana, esingamu obunene y’eyo gye tuyinza okuyita eya Kisuule n’eddirirwa gye tuyinza okuyita eya Kibuuka ate esingayo obutono y’eyo gye tuyinza okuyita eya Nagaddya eno era nga y’esinga okuba okumpi n’enjuba. Enkulungo ennya ezisooka okuva ku njuba tuyinza okuziyita “naddemu” nga n’Ensi mw’ogitwalidde nkulongo za mayinja na byuma. Ate ennya ezisembayo eziyinza okuyitibwa “kikindakana” bwaguuga bwa ziggaasi ate nga ddala nnene nnyo okusinga naddemu. Ebbiri ezisinga obunene Kisuule ne Kibuuka zirimu okusinga zigaasi kitondekamazzi (hydrogen) ne keliyumu (helium) ate ebbiri eziddirira zino, Ndawula ne Nalwooga zirimu okusinga muzira omuli amazzi, wamonia (Ammonia) ne metani (methane) era zino ziyitibwa “mirangaatira gya muzira”.

Ensengekera y’enjuba Muwanga era erimu ebitundu bibiri ebirimu obubajjo bwa sengendo obutono enkumi n’enkumi. Obubajjo bwa sengendo obutono obwekitundu ekisooka ekiri wakati w’enkulungo ze tuyinza okuyita eya Musoke ne Kisuule okufanana n’enkulungo ez’ekibinja ekisooka, ekya naddeki, bulimu mayinja na byuma ate obubajjo bwa seng’endo obuli mu kibinja ky’enkulungo ekisembayo, ekiyitibwa kindakana, okusinga bulimu muzira ogulimu amazzi, amonia ne Metane. 

Obubajjo buno obumu bunene ekimala okuba nga buyinza okuba nga bulina ensikirizo (gravity) agaabwo, ekibuyisa “enkulungo eza nakalanga” (dwarf planets). Ng’ojjeeko obubajjo bwa sengendo buno era mu bwengula waliwo obusigalira omuli ebikomete, kibunomu, kantwa, n’enfuufu obutayaaya ekyere mu bitundu by’obwengula.

Mukaaga ku nkulungo ennene n’essatu ku ntono zetoloolwa ebibulungulo eby’obutonde ebiyitibwa emyezi. Enkulungo (ndagamwaka) bibulungulo bya njuba ate emyezi ne biba ebibulungulo by’enkulungo.  Eno wansi y’ensengeka y’ensengekera y’enjuba yaffe:

Enjuba Muwanga ye senkulungo ewanga enkulungo zayo, omuli n’Ensi, mu kyebulungulo kyayo eky’amaanyi musikira. Kubanga ensengekera z’enjuba eziri mu bwengula butabalika, eno eyaffe ensi yaffe mw’esangibwa kye nvudde ngyawula ku ndala nga njiyita “enjuba muwanga” (our solar system). Eno ye munyenye eri mu makkati g’ensengekela y’enjuba enkulungo y’ensi yaffe mw’esangibwa. Enjuba Muwanga y’enzitoya (mass) esingayo obunene mu nsengekera yayo; etwala ebitundu nga 99% eby’enzitoya (mass) y’ensengekera eno. Bannabwengula babalirira ensengekera y’enjuba Muwanga okuba n’emyaka obukadde buna. 

Enjuba eno y’empagi ewanga buli ekiri mu kyebulungulo ky’ensikirizo yayo (its gravitational field) okusigala nga kyetoloolela mu kifo we kiri nga kigyebulungudde.  Muwanga yali mufirosoofa mu biseera bye eby’obulamu. Bwe yafa abantu ne batandika okumutwaala nga lubaale mu ngeri y’emu gye baayisa bakagezimunyu abedda bonna nga bamaze okufa.

Eno wansi y’ensengekera y’enjuba Muwanga n’enkulungo zayo mu mannya agayinza okugandawazibwa okuva mu bamu ku bakagezimunyu ba Buganda abedda. Amannya gano gakukakasibwa ekibiina ky’olulimi oluganda ekibiina kino kinakyusamu nga kyo we kinaaba kyagadde.
Enkulungo ya Kiwanuka - (Mercury) – Ya kakyungwa. Eno y’enkulungo esinga okuba okumpi n’enjuba.  Ebbulwa mu Kakensa owedda, Kiwanuka, eyali omunoonyerezi ku laddu mu biseera bye eby’obulamu.
Enkulungo ya Ddungu (Venus) – Ya kyenvu .Eno y’enkulungo eddilila   Kiwanuka okuba okumpi n’enjuba era kigambibwa nti y’esinga okwokya. Ebbulwa mu Ddungu eyali kakensa ku nsolo ezo mu nsiko era omuyizzi omwatiikirivu mu biseera bye eby’obulamu.
Enkulungo y’Ensi (Earth) – Eri mu kkala eya bbululu, kitaka ne kiragala. Eno y’enkulungo ey’okusatu okuva ku njuba era ye yokka eri mu kifo eky’ekibalo ekya waggulu ekisobozesa ebiramu okubeerako. Kuno naffe abantu kwe tubeera. 
Enkulungo ya Musoke (Mars) – Ya kkala mmyufu. Eno y’enkulungo ey’okuna okuva ku njuba. Musoke yali musajja kakensa ku mbeera y’obudde naddala “ekkamiso” (endaga ya kkala za Musoke).
Enkulungo ya Kisule (Saturn) – Eri mu kkala eya kyenvu, emyufu, kitaka, n’enjeru. Eno ye nkulungo ey’okutaano okuva ku njuba. Buno bwaguuga bwa ziggaasi era y’esingayo obunene mu zonna. Matayo Kisuule yali kakensa mu by’emmundu  era ye yali omubundu (gunsmith} wa Basekabaka Muteesa I ne Mwanga II.
Enkulungo ya Kibuuka Omumbaale (Jupitor). Ya kyenvu. Eno y’enkulungo ey’omukaaga okuva ku njuba Muwanga. N’eno nayo bwaguuga bwa ziggaasi eddirira Kisuule mu bunene. Ebbulwa mu Kibuuka Omumbaale eyali kakensa mu by’ekijaasi era omulwaanyi nnamige mu biseera bye eby’obulamu.
Enkulungo ya Nagaddya (Uranus) – Ya bbululu. Eno ekwaata ekifo kya musanvu okuva ku njuba. Nagaddya naye yali mukazi mugezi mu kunoonyereza n’okuyenga eddagala era nga mujjanjabi mu biseera bye eby’obulamu.
Enkulungo ya Ggulu (Neptune) – Ya kiragala .Eno ekwaata ekifo kya munaana okuva ku njuba. Ggulu naye yali musajja omugezi eyali omunoonyerezi ku bwengula n’ensibiko y’obwengula.
Enkulungo Nakalanga eya Nakayima (Pluto) - Ya kyenvu. Eno nkulungo nakalanga (dwarf planet) esingayo okuba ewala okuva ku njuba kyokka ekyabuusibwabuusibwa oba ddala nayo nkulungo ya njuba kubanga ntono nnyo. Nakayima yali mukyaala kagezimunyu okuva e Mubende ku nkomerelo ya Buganda ng’oyingira Bunyoro.

Ezo waggulu z’enkulungo oba ebibulungulo by’obutonde (natural satellite) eby’enjuba Muwanga ebiri mu kyebulungulo kyayo mwe bigyetoloolera    mu mugendo ogutakoma. “Ekibulungulo ky’obutonde” ye sengendo entono eyetoloola sengendo ennene eri mu nsengekera (system) ya seng’endo ennene oba giyite senkulungo. 

Mu bungi ekibulungulo kiyitibwa bibulungulo (satellites) ate ekyebulungulo (field) ne kiyitibwa ebyebulungulo (fields) mu bungi. Waliwo ebibulungulo ebikolebwa omuntu naddala ebyo ebikolebwa mu byuma bikalimagezi ebyetoloola nga byebulungula enkulungo oba omwezi, naddala okukozesebwa mu mpuliziganya ku nsi.

Ebibulungulo by’obutonde ebyetoloola nga byebulungula enjuba biyitibwa nkulungo (planets) ate ekibulungulo ky’obutonde ekyetoloola nga kyebulungula enkulungo kiyitibwa omwezi.

Ensi yaffe erina omwezi gumu gwokka oguyitibwa omweezi gwa kaluuna (lunar moon), kyokka enkulungo endala zirina emyezi mingiko.  Buli nkulungo eri mu mugendo ogutakoma okwetoloola enjuba yaayo okumalako ebbanga lya mwaka ate era ne yetoloola ku “kisiisi” (axis) kyayo okumalako olunaku awatali kuyimiriramu. Enkulungo y’Ensi yetoloola enjuba okumalako ennaku 365 ate ne yetoloola ku kisiisi kyayo okumala essaawa abiri mu nnya (olunaku lumu).

Kakensa Johannes Kapler yakizuula nti enkulungo mu nsengekera yazo, enjuba zigondera amateeka gano:

(i)	Enkulungo zetoloola (orbit) enjuba mu kiripuso (ellipse), so si mu ntoloozo(circle) yennyini nga bwe kyali kirowoozebwa okusooka. Enjuba ebeera wakati mu kiripuso kino. Kino kitegeeza nti buli nkulungo waliwo ekiseera w’ebeerera okumpi ennyo n’enjuba. Enkulungo bweba eri kumpi n’enjuba edduka emisinde mingiko okusinga ng’eri walako nayo olw’ okuba nga okuliraana enjuba akanyigirizo (pressure) keyongera okukka, ekintu ekiddusa enjuba okusingako.

(ii)	Enkulungo gy’ekoma okuba ewala okuva ku njuba yayo gy’ekoma okulwaawo okumalako okwetoloola kwayo era gy’ekoma okuba n’omwaka omuwanvu. Kitegeeza nti buli nkulungo erina obuwanvu bw’omwaka bwa njawulo okuva ku ndala. Omwaka gw’enkulungo y’Ensi gulimu ennaku 365.26, ogw’enkulungo ya Nagaddya gulimu ennaku 88 ezo ku Nsi., ogwa Ddungu ennaku 224.7 ezo ku nsi,  ogwa Musoke gulimu ennaku 687 ezo ku  Nsi, ogwa Kisule ennaku 4, 332.6 ezo ku Nsi (gy’emyaka 11.86 egyo ku nsi), ogwa enkulungo ya Kibuuka ennaku 10,759.2 ezo ku Nsi (gy’emyaka 29.46).

Obwengula bugondera amateeka ga essomabuzimbe (chemistry), essomabutonde (physics) n’ekibalangulo (mathematics) agasengekeddwa obulungi. Okutwalira awamu, agamu ku mateeka agafuga seng’endo (celestial bodies) mu bwengula ge gano:

a)	Omugendo ogutakoma. Buli kintu mu bwengula kiri mu mugendo ogutakoma. Buli sengendo buli kaseera eba eseeyeeya mu kkubo lyayo; kino kitegeeza buli kisinde, buli njuba, buli nkulungo, na buli mwezi biri mu mugendo ogutakoma kyokka nga tewali kimala gava mu kkubo lyakyo kutomeragana na kirala okujjako nga wabaddewo empalirizo ez’enjawulo. Omugendo guno guli ne mu biramu ku Nsi .Buli kiramu kiri mu mugendo ogutakoma; kizaalibwa ne kikula nakyo ne kizaala ne kikaddiwa bwe kimala ne kifa nga kireseewo ebiramu ebyongezaayo sipiisa yaakyo.

b)	Essikirizo (Gravity). Lwaki enkulungo ziba mu mugendo okwetoloola enjuba awatali kujipaaluukako? Eyasooka okuddamu ekibuuzo kino yali mungereza kakensa mu sayansi ayitibwa Isaac Newton, emyaka ng’ebikumi bisatu egiyise. Isaac Newton yakizuula nti ensonga lwaki enkulungo ziseyeeya okwebulungula enjuba kiva ku kintu kye kimu lwaki bw’osuula ekintu kigwa ku ttaka (ku Ensi). Yawumbawumba ng’agamba nti empalirizo esikira mu njuba (the sun’s gravitational force) esika enkulungo mu ngeri y’emu essikirizo y’ Ensi (the earth’s gravity) gy’esika buli kintu ekitalina mpalirizo ndala ekisika, era nga empalirizo eno y’emu ekuumira naawe ku ttaka.

Yayongera n’agamba nti ekintu gye kikoma okuzitowa gye kikoma okuvaamu empalirizo ekisikiramu (essikirizo) ey’amaanyi ate gye kikoma okuwewuka gye kikoma okuvaamu ensikirizo entono. Mu nsengekera y’enjuba yonna, seng’endo esinga okuba n’obuzito olw’enzitoya (mass) ennene gy’eba nayo ebeera njuba. Eno y’ ensonga lwaki enjuba evaamu ensikirizo esinga amaanyi mu kkyebulungulo kyaayo era n’ekuumira buli seng’endo oba enkulungo eri mu kyebulungulo kyayo mu kifo w’eri ng’egyetoloola. Essikirizo erisukkulumye ebeera mu enjuba, mwe muli ekyama ekiwanga bu seng’endo obutono obuseyeeya nga bugyebulungula mu mugendo okutakoma. Enkulungo y’ ensi yaffe esangibwa mu kyebulungulo ky’ensikirizo y’enjuba Muwanga (solar gravitational field).

Ekibalo ky’ensikirizo y’empagi ewaniridde sengendo mu bwengula. Ensikirizo erimu:

a)	 Empalirizo ezisikira empuyi bbiri (opposing forces).Kino kiggwayo “empalirizo esikira mpuyibbiri: Buli njuba (mmunyeenye) esika enkulungo zaayo kyokka zo zigezaako okugyewaggulako.Kino kiri bwe kityo olw’empalirirzo esikira mu makkati n’empalirizo eyewaggula ku makkati eziriwo mu buttonde. Obumu bw’okukontana wakati w’empalirizo zino ebbiri bwe buvaamu omugendo gw’enkulungo okwetoloola enjuba yaazo.

b)	Empalirizo esikira mu kifundikwa ky’ekisinde. Buli kisinde kirina ekifo eky’amakkati, ky’enjise ekifundikwa, omusibuka empalirizo esika enjuba zonna eziri mu kyebulungulo ky’ekisinde kino okusigala mu kyebulungulo kyayo. Ekisinde ekimu kibaamu ensengekera z’enjuba buwumbi na buwumbi.

c)	Enpalirizo esikira mu njuba (The sun’s gravitational force). Olw’okuba enjuba erina enzitoya esukkulumye ku nkulungo zaayo, eba n’ensikirizo egisobozesa okuzikuumira mu kyebulungulo kyayo. Kyokka era osaana ojjukire nti okukontana okw’ensikirizo y’enjoba n’empalirizo eyewaggula ku njuba eva mu nkulungo kwe kukuuma enkulungo z’enjuba zonna okusigala, buli emu, mu kkubo lyayo mwe yetoloolera ng’egyebulungudde mu kyebulungulo kyayo eky’ensikirizo (gravitational field).

d)	Ensikirizo ey’enkulungo (Planetary gravitational force). Empaalirizo esikira mu nkulungo y’ekuumira buli kintu ekiri mu kyebulungulo ky’enkulungo okusikibwa wansi okudda ku nkulungo. Okukontana wakati w’empalirizo esikira mu nkulungo n’empalirizo eyewaggula ku mwezi kye kikuumira omwezi nga guseyeeya gwetooloola enkulungo yagwo era kye kikuumira buli kintu ekiri ku oba mu kyebulungulo ky’ensikirizo y’enkulungo (planetary gravitational field) mu kifo we kiri.
e)	Empalirizo esikira mu Mwezi (the moon’s gravitational force). Omwezi gwa buli nkulungo guli mu mugendo gwa mwezi mulamba okwetoloola enkulungo yagwo nga   buli nkulungo bweri mu mugendo gwa mwaka mulamba okwetoloola enjuba yaayo. Omwezi gw’ensi gulimu ennaku nga 30 ate omwaka ennaku nga 365.

Ku nkulungo y’ensi amaanyi gano geyolekera mu   bitayiro (tides) ku mazzi mu nyanja ne semayanja buli omwezi lwe gusemberera ensi yaffe nga gugyetoloola. Omwezi gwa kaluuna (lunar moon) ky’ekibulungulo (satellite) ky’enkulungo y’Ensi, kwe tuli.

Oba enjuba esika enkulungo zaayo, lwaki tezebbika munda mwayo? Kino kiva ku mpalirizo ezisikira empuyi ebbiri (opposing forces) azeyoleka ng’ empalirizo esikira mu makkati (centrepetal force) n’empalirizo eyewaggula ku makkati (centrefugal force). Ng’ojjeeko okusikibwa okuva mu njuba (mu makkati g’enjuba), enkulungo ate era ebeera mu kikolwa eky’okwewaggula okuva ku njuba yaayo.

Kino kye kimu ne bw’osiba akazito ku luwaya, akagwa, oba oluwuzi oluwanvu n’okawuuba (okazunza) ng’oketolooza okakutte mu mukono gwo. Bw’okola kino oba okasikira ku mukono gwo mu ngeri y’emu “ensikirizo y’enjuba” gy’esika enkulungo nga ezizza munda kyokka empalirizo eyewaggula ku njuba n’ekuumira akazito mu kwetoloola. 
Awatali mugendo gusikira mabbali (mu ngeri ey’okwagala okwewaggula), akazito kaba kagwaayo mu makkati ate era awatali kusikira mu makkati akazito kaba kasigala mu mugendo omugolokofu okuviira amakkati era kino kye kibaawo singa akagwa k’owuuba okatadde.
Bwe twogera ku “mpalirizo esikira mu makkati” mu luganda tuba tulaga engeri ez’enjawulo “empalirizo esikira mu sen’endo” gye yeeyisaamu mu bwengula.   Mu butuufu, ebintu ebiri mu kwetoloola bifuna okwaagala okudda munda (mu makkati). Kino kye kiyitibwa empalirizo esikira mu makkati.
Empalirizo esikira mu makkati ye mpalirizo (force) ereetela enkulungo eba yetoloola enjuba okufuna okusikibwa okuva mu makati ga senkulungo eyo. Wano we wali obwetaavu bw’okunnyonnyoka omulamwa gw’empalirizo esikira mu makkati “(centripetal force ) mu tekinologiya w’ebidduka; oba si ekyo, ekintu ekidduka kyandibadde kyeyongelayo butereevu awatali kuweta.
 

Mu butuufu ekigambo ky’olungereza “centripetal force” kiva mu kya lulattini ekitegeeza” okunoonya amakkati” (seeking the centre) ate “centrifugal” ne kitegeeza  “ okwewaggula ku  makkati” (fleeing the centre).
Okuteekawo okukontana wakati w’empalirizo esikira mu makkati n’empalirirzo eyewaggula ku makkati y’empagi Namugereka gyakozesa ewaniridde seng’endo zonna eziri mu bwengula. Yadde nga buli seng’endo Katonda yagitekamu ensikirizo (empalirizo egisikiramu), gy’ekoma obunene gy’ekoma okuba n’empalirizo eno esika busengendo obulala obutonotono ku yo obuli mu kyebulungulo kyayo. 
Olw’okuba enjuba Muwanga  erina enzitoya  y’ebitundu ebikunuukkiriza 99% eby’enzitoya y’ensengekera yayo yonna okutwalira awamu, esobola okusikira mu makkati gaayo enkulungo zaayo zonna kyokka ensikirizo eya kyewaggula eri mu nkulungo zino n’eziziiyiza okwebbika munda mu njuba yaazo. Kuba kukontana kwennyini okuziviiramu okusigala nga buli emu yetoloola enjuba mu kifo eky’ekibalo w’eri.

Nga bwe guli mu bwengula, n’ensi erina ensengekera yaayo n’amateeka g’obutonde kwetambuliza ebigiriko.  Amateeka g’Obutonde agakwekuddwa era galaga nti obutonde ku nsi busengekeddwa na kibalo kya waggulu nnyo bwe buti:

(i)	Empalirizo esikira ku Nsi. (Earth’s gravitational force). 

Ng’empalirizo esikira mu njuba bw’esika enkulungo eziri mu kyebulungulo ky’enjuba, n’empalirirzo esikira ku nsi esikira ku nsi buli kintu kyonna ekiri mu kyebulungulo kyayo (its field) mu bwengula nga n’omwezi gw’ensi mw’ogutwalidde. Eno mu bufunze y’eyitibwa ensikirizo y’ensi (Earth’s gravity).

(ii)	 Nampewo (Earth’s atmosphere). Eno ye bbulangiti y’empewo eyebulungudde enkulungo y’ensi. Era empalirizo esikira ku nsi y’eyamba okukuuma bbulangiti ya “nampewo’ omuli ebirungo by’emikka egy’obulamu (empewo) nga yebulungudde ensi. Enkulungo ezitaliiko bulamu zeebulunguddwa ekiyitibwa bbulangiti ya “namikka” (planatory atmosphere).

(iii)	Ekifo eky’ekibalo. Ensi y’enkulungo yokka mu nsengekera y’enjuba Muwanga eri mu kifo eky’ekibalo okuva ku njuba okusobozesa embeera z’obulamu okubaawo. Enkulungo y’ensi era yebulunguddwa nampewo atabikiddwa mu bipimo by’emikka ebyekibalo ekituufu ebikola empewo esobola okubeezaawo obulamu.  

(iv)	Omugendo gw’Enkulungo y’Ensi. Ng’ojjeko okwetoloola enjuba Muwanga ennaku 365 (buli mwaka), ate era enkulungo y’ensi yetoloolera ku kisiisi (axis) oba obutuuliro bwayo essaawa 24 okusobozesa buli katundu ku nsi okufuna ebbugumu n’obunnyogovu ebitali bikalaamufu, ekintu ekirala ekiyamba okukuuma obulamu ku nsi.




#Article 214: Omweso gw'Endagakintu (The Chemical table of elements) (1682 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!!  Omweso gw'endagakintu ez'enkyusabuzuba(Chemical table of elements) .Fakikya ku Essomabuziba(Facts on Chemistry)

Omweso gw'endagakintu era osobola okuguyita Taabulo ya erementi. Omweso gw'endagakintu mu lungereza gweguyitibwa  “Periodic table “. Etteeka ly'endagakintu(the law of chemical elements) ligamba nti ebinnyonnyozo by'enkyusabuziba(chemical properties) eby'endagakintu bisinziira ku bungi bwa buziba oba ka tugambe ku namba ya buziba  ( atomic numbers). 

Endagakintu  mu mweso ogw’emigalamiro ( the periodic table) zisengekebwa mu migalamiro( rows or periods) n’ebibinja by’ obusimbalaala(Groups of columns) .  Buli gumu ku misengeko omusanvu gujjuzibbwaamu  omuwendo gw'obuziba oba namba y'obuziba(atomic number) mu kundingana. Ebibinja ebiri mu busimbalaala  birimu endagakintu ezirina ensengeka(configuration) y’emu  mu kisosonkole eky’ebweeru(outer shell), ekiviirako endagakintu eziri mu bibinja bino okuba nga zirina  ebinnyonnyozo b'enkyusabuziba(chemical properties) bye  bimu. 

Obusannyalazo( electrons) mu kisosonkole eky’ebweeru w'obuziizi buyitibwa  busannyalazo obw'ekiyayaano(valence electrons). Obusannyalazo obw'ekiyayaano (Valence electrons) bwe bulaga enkula n’ekikyusabuziba(chemical reactivity) eky'endagakintu era bwenyigira mu nkwasowazo ez'ekikyusabuziba(chemical bonding). Namba ez’ekirooma eziri waggulu wa  buli kibinja ziraga namba y’obusannyalazo bw'ekiyayaano(valence electrons). 

Mu somo ly'ebyobuziba(Chemistry), waliwo fakikya mwenda z’olina okusooka okumanya: 

(i)	Nti ebyobuziba oba essomabuziba  ly’essomo lya nabuzimbe(matter) n’amasoboza awamu n’enkolagana wakati wa bino ebibiri. Ebyobuziba sayansi wa nsibo akwatagana ennyo n’essomabuzimbe(Physics) era nga kumpi amasomo gano gombi gatera okusonjolwa mu ngeri emu.

(ii)	Nti buli nzitoyo ekolebwa erementi za kemiko, ezawulibwa buli emu okuva ku ndala okusinziira ku muwendo gwa konta (protons) ezizirimu. 

(iii)	Endagakintu ez'ekikyusabuziba(Chemical elements) zisengekeddwa mu nziring’ana yOmuwendo ky'akaziba oba kiyite namba y'akaziba(atomic number) ogudda waggulu mu omumweso gw'endagakintu(table of chemical elements). Endagakintu(element) esooka mu mweso guno  ye ayidologyeni oba kitondekamazzi (hydrogen). 

(iv)	Buli ndagakintu mu mwesoeba n’obubonero bw’ennyukuta kamu oba bubiri. 
(v)	Ku tempulikya ey’ekigero (At room temperature) waliwo erementi za kakulukusi bbiri zokka, bbolomayini (bromine) ne makyule (mercury).

(vi)	Erinnya lya essomabuziizi obw’amazzi(The chemistry of water), H2O, ye  bbiri-ayidologyeni-emu-okisayidi   (dihydro-gen monoxide). 

(vii)	Endagakintu ezisinga obungi biba byuma oba kiyite meto (metals) ate era ebyuma ebisinga obungi bya siriva oba kivuvuvu (grey) Meto zokka ezitali za siriva ziri zaabu ne kkopa. 

(viii)	Omuntu azuula endagakintu  y’atera okugiwa erinnya.

(ix)	Kyokka waliwo endagakintu ezibbulwa mu Bantu nga Mendereviyamu oba Eyensiteniyamu), ezibbulwa mu bifo nga Kalifoniyamu ne Amerikamu, n’ezo ezibbulwa mu bintu ebirala. 

(x)	Yadde nga oyinza okubalira zaabu mu erementi ezebbaliririrwa (rare) ekituufu kiri nti zaabu ali mu magombe g’ensi mungi ekimala. 

Njawulo ki eri wakati w’ebyuma n’ebitali byuma

Endagakintu zawulibwamu ebyuma (metals) n’ebitali byuma (nonmetals), okusinziira ku bisonjozo byazo. Ka tutunuulire enjawulo wakati w’ebyuma n’ezitali byuma:

Endagakintu ezisinga za kyuma. Mu mweso ge'endagakintu, ebyuma byawulibwa ku bitali byuma ne layini eya zigizzaaga eyita mu erementi eya kaboni, Fosiferaasi, sereniyaamu, ayodiini ne ladoni. Erementi zino n’ezo eziri ku ddyo wazo z’ezo ezitali byuma ate erementi eziddirira  ku kkono wa layini ziyitibwa  byuma ebya kibogwe (metalloids or semimetals) era ebisonjozo byazo biri wakati w’ebisonjozo eby’ekyuuma n’ekitali kyuuma. Ebisonjozo eby’okungulu n’eby’obuziba ebya ebyuma n’ebitali byuma bye byeyambisibwa okuzaawula. 

Ebisonzojo ebyo ku ngulu eby’Ekyuma (Metal Physical Properties):

 

Ebisonjozo eby’obuziba obw’ekyuma (Metal Chemical Properties)

Ebisonjozo ebyo ku ngulu ebya ndagakintu ezitali Kyuma

Ebisonjozo eby’obuziba obwa ndagakintu etali kyuma 

Omweso gwa Endagakintu(Chemical Table)

Ekipande kya endagakintu oyinza okukiyita Omweso gwa Endagakintu, Taabulo ya Endagakintu oba Mweso gwa Mandeevu. Nze ku lwange njagadde taabulo oba ekipande kino nkiyite mweso aboogezi b’oluganda gwe basinga okutegeera.

Omweso gwa endagakintu  kiba kipande (chart) ekisengeka endagakintu  zonna eziriwo mu butonde kyokka mu myaka mitono egiyise taabulo eno eyongeddwako endagakintu entono ezikoleddwa omuntu nga pulatinaamu.

Bw’oba wakakuba eriiso ku taabulo eno awatali kweroboza olaba   ey’ekintabuli naye ensengeka yayo si ya kintabuli n’akatono kubanga buli musimbalaala ogwesimbye gubaamu enziringana ya erementi ezirina ebinnyonnyozo bye bimu. Ku ddyo asemberayo ddala ogw’omweso gwa erementi guno we wasangibwa erementi litiya (lithium), sodiya (sodium), potasiya (potassium), lubidiya (rubidium), Kyesiya (Caesium) ne fulankiya (francium). Zino ze endagakintu ez’olunnyo (alikali elements).

Okusinziira ku Dimitiri Mandeevu, singa erementi zonna ziba zisengekeddwa mu nziring’ana ey’obuzito bwazo, enzirng’ana ey’omugalamiro ey’ebinnyonnyozo yeyoreka. Kino kyalagibwa mu Etteeka ly’obugalamivu (law of periodicity)” okusinziira ku Dimitiri Mandeevu.

Mu butuufu oluvannyuma kyakakasibwa nti mu atomu mulimu ekibalo ekidda waggulu okuyita mu mitendera emigereke buli oli lw’ava ku ndagakintu  emu okudda ku ndala.Ekibalo kino kisibuka mu kyagi eya nyukiriyasi esangibwa mu makkati ga atomu.

Essomabuziba bw'akaziba(atom)  kisinziira ku muwendo gwa busannyalazo nga guno guba gwenkanankana ne konta era kino kiyitibwa omuwendo gw'akaziba oba namba y;akaziba(atomic number).

Okusobola okwesa omweso gw'obuziba  obulungi olina okusooka okunnyonnyoka obuzimbe bw’omweso guno. Mu mweso gw'obiziba mulimu emigalamiro (rows) n’emisimbalaala (columns). Emigalamiro n’emisimbalaala mu mweso gwa endagakintu giraga ki ? 

Okusobola okwesa omweso gw'endagakintu obulungi olina okusooka okumanya nti “obusimba”(vertical/column) bulaga “kibinja”(group) ate obugalamivu(raws) bulaga migaramiro(periods).

Emisimbalaala emyesimbu (vertical columns) giraga erementi ezirina ebisonjozo bye bimu kubanga ziba n’omuwendo gw’obusannyalaza bwe bumu mu kisosonkole kyazo ekyo ku ngulu. Omuwendo gw’obusannyalaza mu kisosonkole ekyo kungulu gwe gusinga okuvaako engeri endagakintu gy’eva mu mbeera n’ekyusa obuziba bwayo ng'ekwataganye  n'endagakintu endala  .

Emigaramiro emigalamivu(horizontal rows, periods) si kikulu nnyo. Obuzito oba ekigero kya erementi (kubanga omuwendo gwa konta ekitegeeza n’obusannyalaza) gweyongera buli lw’odda ku ddyo ne wansi. 

Emiyitiro gy’obusannyalazo, Ebyebulungulo n’Ebyebulungo 
(Orbitals and orbits)

Emiyitiro gy’obusannyalazo n’ebyebulungulo kintu kye kimu?

Ky’olina okusooka okumanya kwe kuba nti mu atomu, obusannyalazo (electrons) buba ne kyagi eya negatiivu ate nga busangibwa mu miyitiro gya busannyalaza (obwetoloola buli atomu. Emiyitiro gy’obusannyalazo (erectron shells) n’ebyebulungulo (orbitals) byekuusiza ku kintu kye kimu. Okutwalira awamu zino nziringana za mitendera gya (series of energy levels) okwetoloola nnyukiriyasi y'obuziba. 

Ekyebulungulo ky’obusannyalazo kye kimu n’omutendera gw’amasoboza (energy level)? 

Buli kyebulungulo ekiri mu muyitiro (shell, medium) kirina enkula ey’enjawulo ate nga kiragibwa n’ennyukuta nga s, p. Tewali byebulungulo bibiri birina mutendera gw’amasoboza gwe gumu Omuyitiro gw’akasannyalazo (electron shell) mwe musangibwa ekyebulungulo. 

 Ebyebulungulo (the orbitals) bisengekeddwa mu miyitiro (shells) n’obuyitiro (subshells), ate emitendera gy’amasoboza gye gimu  okujjako nti mu bibiina ebya waggulu emiyitiro (shells) giyitibwa bire bya busannyalaza(electron clouds), kyokka byombi bitegeeza kye kimu. 

Enkulungo bwe yetoloola enjuba yayo, ekkubo lyayo ery’enkomeredde eriyitibwa ekyebulungo (orbit) liyinza okutonnyezebwa (to plot). Ne atomu tuyinza okugiraga mu ngeri y’emu ng’obusannyalaza  obwebulunga okwetoloola nnyukiriyaasi.

Kyokka ekituufu tekiba ekyo kubanga obusannyalazo mu butuufu busajjaalaatira (to inhibit) mu bibangirizo (regions of space) ebiyitibwa ‘ebibulungo” (ebyebulungo (orbitals).  Ebibulungo n’ebyebulungulo (Orbits and orbitals) biwulikika nga ebifaanagavu kyokka birina amakulu ga njawulo ddala. 

Endagakintu zonna mu migaramiro (periods, raws) zirina omuwendo gw’ebyebulungulo eby’obusannyalazo (erectronic/atomic orbitals) gwe gumu. Buli endagakintu mu mugalamiro ogusooka waggulu (first raw/period) erina ekyebulungulo kimu eky’obusannyalazo (erakitooni) bwakyo. Ate endagakintu zonna mu mugalamiro ogw’okubiri (second period, raw) zirina ebyebulungulo bibiri eby’obusannyalazo bwazo. Kino kigenda bwe kityo okudda wansi mu taabulo.

Emisimbalaala emyesimbu (vertical columns_ biba bibinja. Endagakintu ezibeera mu kibinja ziba n’omuwendo gw’obusannyalazo bwe bumu mu byebulungulo byabwo. (Ekitegeeza nti ziba ne kyagi y’emu). Buli endagakintu  mu musimbalaala ogusooka (ekibinja ekisooka) erina akasannyalazo kamu mu muyitiro gwayo oqwo ku ngulu. 

Bino wansi bye bibinja bya endagakintu (mu misimbalaala): 

Ebinnyonnyozo bya buli ndagakintu:

Mu mweso gwa erementi buli erementi ennyonnyolebwa ba bino:

Ky’olina okumanya kwe kuba nti obubonero bwa erementi obw’oluganda okufaanana n’obwolungereza bwonna tubwewoze okuva mu lulattini n’olugereeki (oluyonaani) kubangaensibuko z’amannya ago ezisinga obungi ziva mu nnimi ezo ebbiri.

Mu ngeri y’emu amannya ga erementi agasinga obunji oluganda lugewoze mu lungereza era ka tugambe mu lulattini na lugereeki ne tugawa enjatula n’empandiika ey’oluganda. Erementi bbiri zokka  ezibadde n’amannya mu luganda, zzaabu (gold) ne “kkalwe” (iron) ze zitewoleddwa mu mweso gw’oluganda kyokka obubonero bwazo okufaanana n’obulala bwonna tubwewoze era akabonero ka kkalwe kali “Fe” akava mu ky’olulattini “ferrum” n’akabonero ga  Zzaabu “Au”.
						

Dimiti Mandeevu (Dmitri Mendeleev) yafulumya omweso gw'endagakintu  ogwasooka mu 1869. Yalaga nti singa endagakintu  zisengekebwa okusinziira ku buzito bw'akaziba (atomic weight), kivaamu omusengeko (pattern) nga ebinnyonnyozo by'endagakintu bidding’ana mu bugalamivu (periodically).

Kyokka okusinziira ku kunoonyereza kwa munnassomabutonde Henry Moseley, kyakakasibwa nti omweso gw'endagakintu yesigamye ku namba ya atomu edda waggulu (increasing atomic number) so si ku buzito bwa atomu. Omweso oba Taabulo eno eyalimu ennongoosereza yali esobola okukozesebwa okulagula ebinnyonnyozo bya erementi eezitannaba kuvumbulwa.

Endagakintu mu mweso gw’Emigaramiro zisengekeddwa mu migaramiro (raws) n’ebibinja (groups. Buli gumu ku migaramiro omusanvu ejjuzidwamu mu nzering’ana ne namba ya atomu (atomic number).

Ebibinja birimu erementi ezirina obusengeke bw’obusannyalaza bwe bumu (same electron configuration) mu kire oba ekisosonkole ekyo kungulu, ekiviirako erementi eziri mu kibinja okuba nga birina ebinnyonnyozo bya kemiko ebigwa mu kiti ekimu.

Obusannyalaza mu kisosonkole eky’o kungulu buyitibwa busanyalaza bwa valansi (valence electrons). Obusannyalaza obwa valansi bwe busalawo ku binnyonnyozo n’entomaggana eya kemiko eya erementi era bwenyigira mu nkwaso ez'enkyusabuziba (chemical bonding).
 
Nambiso z’ekirooma(Roman numerals) ezisangibwa waggulu wa buli kibinja ziraga namba y’obusannyalaza obwa valaensi eya bulijjo.

Amannya ga endagakintu mu luganda, olungereza n’ensibuko ey’olulattini
Zino ze endagakintu  ez’Oluganda ezaava mu Lulattini: 

 

#Article 215: Eddagala erigema endwadde ya kkolera (192 words)


Eddagala erigema endwadde ya Cholera lya mugaso nnyo mu kuziyiza okukwatibwa n'okusaasaana kwa Cholera.

Eddagala lino liba lya mugaso nnyo era likola ebitundu kinaana mu bitaano ku buli kikumi(85%) singa omwana agemebwa mu myezi omukaaga egisooka ng'amaze okuzaalibwa. Wabula singa omwana agemebwa obulwadde bwa cholera mu myezi emirala omukaaga egiba gisigaddeyo okuweza omwaka gumu, eddagala lino likolera wakati w'ebitundu ataano n'enkaaga ku buli kikumi(50-60%).

Naye singa omwana agemebwa ng'awezezza emyaka ebiri olwo eddagala lino liba lijja kukola ku bitundu ebitasukka makumi ataano ku buli kikumi.

Buli okugemesebwa kw'abaana abangi mu kitundu lwe kukolebwa , kiyamba n'abo abatagemeseddwa,  anti baba tebalina gye banaabuggya kubanga abasinga baba baagemesebwa nga kizibu okubakwata.
Ekitongole ky'ebyobulamu munsi yonna (World Health Organisation) kikubiriza era kiwagira enkozesa y'eddagala lino erigema cholera, nga kwekuli eritonnyezebwa mu kamwa [ddoozi bbiri oba ssatu] nga kw'otadde n'ery'akayiso (naye eddagala ery'akayiso terirabikalabika nnyo, era ery'okutonnyeza mu kamwa lye lisinga okweyambisibwa).

Eddagala lino erigema cholera eritonnyezebwa mu kamwa teriyina bulabe bwonna, era likkirizibwa okukozesebwa  ne ku bakyala abalina embuto, era n'abo abalina emibiri eminafunafu. Kyokka  omuntu nga yaakalimira yandifunamuuko obulumi obutonotono mu lubuto, oba oluusi n'okuddukana, naye nga si bya bulabe nnyo eri obulamu bwe.




#Article 216: Obulwadde bw'Ennyingo (Arthritis) (122 words)


Obulwadde bw'ennyingo, obwogerwako mu Lungereza nga Arthritis kbwe bulwadde obukosa ennyingo.

Obumu ku bubonero bw'obulwadde buno mulimu nga okulumizibwa mu nnyingo, ebbugumu, okumyukirira ku lususu, okuzimba, ennyingo okukakanyala, okulumizibwa singa ogezaako okutambuza ennyingo erimu obukosefu.

Obulwadde bwa Arthritis bwa ngeri nnyingi ezisukka mu kikumi naye ezitera okulabika mulimu nga Osteoarthritis nga buno butera kukwata mu ngalo, maviivi ne mu bisambi, Rheumatoid arthritis nga buno butera kukwata mu mikono ne mu bugere.

Obumu ku bujjanjabi bw'obulwadde buno mulimu okuteekamu bbaraafu ku kifo ewali obulumi, okuyisa ekintu ekibuguma ku kifo awali obuvune. Okukendeeza ku mugejjo wamu n'okukola dduyiro biyinza nabyo okukendeeza ku buzibu buno.

Ekika ky'obulwadde bw'ennyingo ekya Osteoarthritis bukwata abantu abasukka ebitundu 3.8% ate Rheumatoid bwo bukwata abantu abasukka mu 0.24% buli mwaka.




#Article 217: Okulya ekisusse (118 words)


Okulya ekisusse kitegeeza okulya ekisusse mu ngeri etali ya bulijjo. Endy ey'engeri eno, egambibwa okuba nti ereetera omuntu obuzibu mubiri gwe wamu ne ku bwongo. Olw'okuba nti omuntu alina kulya mu ngeri eya bulijjo, oyo alya n'asukka ku ngeri abantu abalala gye balyamu mu ngeri eya bulijjo, alabibwa ng'alimu obulwadde.

Ekiviirako endya embi tekimanyikiddwa bulungi. Kiteeberezebwa nti, ebintu ebiri mu bwebulungulule bw'omuntu ne mu musaayi bisuubirwa okuba nga bye bimu ku biviirako omuntu okulya ekisusse, Obuwangwa bw'omuntu wamu n'engeri endala. Okulya ekisusse okw'engeri za Pica ne Rumination zisinga nnyo mu bantu abasomyeko.

Obujjanjabi bungi obw'enjawulo ku ndya embi nga muno mulimu nga okwogerako n'abantu abalina obuzibu buno, okulya emmere erimu ebiriisa, okugenda mu malwaliro okufuna Obujjanjabi n'engeri endala.




#Article 218: Obulwadde bw'Entunnunsi (162 words)


Obulwadde bw’entunnunsi abamu ensangi zino bwe baakazaako erya Puleesa  y'embeera ebeerawo ng’emisuwa egitambuza omusaayi gigutambuliza ku ntunnunsi ezawaggulu. Obulwadde buno tebutera kulaga bubonera naye singa bukula buleeta obutyabaga ng’omutima okulemererwa, okusannyalala, okulwala ensigo n'endwadde endala.

Obulwadde bwa puleesa bwawulwamu emirundi ebiri, entunnunsi eyawaggulu (Primary high blood pressure) n’entunnunsi eya wansi ne Secondary high blood pressure. Obulwadde bw’entunnunsi bugambibwa okuba nga buva ku musaayi wamu n'embeera z'omuntu nga okunywa omwenge, omugejjo, sigala n'ebirala. Ate Secondry blood pressure ” bugambibwa okuba nga buleetebwa endwadde nga ensigo, enseke okufunda, n'okukozesa empeke z'ekizaalaggumba.

Entunnunsi z’omuntu zisobola okupimibwa ne kitegeerwa nti omuntu alina entunnunsi ezabulijjo oba nti zisusse oba ziri wansi ku ezo z’alina okuba nazo. Omuntu omulamu alina okubeera n’entunnunsi nga zirina ekipimo ekiri wakati wa 100-140 mmHg. Omuntu agambibwa okuba n’entunnunsi eza waggulu oba wansi ng’ekipimo kiri 140/90 mmHg.

Okukyusa Ku mbeera z'obulamu obwa bulijjo n’okufuna obujjanjabi. Okukendeeza ku mugejjo, omunnyo ogulibwa okukola dduyiro n'okulya emmere erimu ebiriisa nabyo biyamba okukuuma entunnunsi z’omuntu nga nnungi.




#Article 219: Obulwadde bw'Okwebaka (167 words)


Obulwadde bw’okwebaka, obumanyiddwa mu Lungereza nga Insomnia buno bwe buzibu obutaataganya eneebaka y'omuntu. Omuntu asobola okulemwa okwebaka oba okwebaka ennyo ekisusse. Omuntu alina obuzibu bwa insomnia atera obutabeera na maanyi, teyeeyagala n'obubonero obulala. Obuzibu buno busobola okumala ebbanga ettono wakati w'ennaku n'omwezi oba ezisukka omwezi.

Obulwadde bw’okwekaba busobola okwereeta bwokka oba okuleetebwa embeera endala nga okutawaanyizibwa mu bwongo, omutima okulemererwa, ekikeeto n'embeera endala. Okukozesa ebintu nga taaba n'omwenge nabyo bigambibwa okuvaako obuzibu buno.

Ekisookera ddala omuntu alina okwemanyiiza okwebaka mu budde bwe bumu ate era n’azuukukira mu budde bwe bumu. Kyagala nnyo omuntu n’abeera nga tataatagana mu budde bwe obw’okwebaka. Omuntu okukola ebintu ebimusobozesa okwebaka obulungi wamu n'okukyusa mu bulamu bwe obwa bulijjo bwe bujjanjabi obusookerwako obw’obulwadde bw’okwebaka. Enneebaka ennungi mulimu nga okwebaka mu budde, okufuna akasana, ekifo ekisirifu n'okukola dduyiro. Omuntu alina obuzibu buno asobola okufuna obujjanjabi okumala wikki nnya ku ttaano.

Waliwo n’amakerenda agasobola okukozesebwa omuntu ne yeebaka naye gano ga bulabe kbuanga gasobola okukosa omuntu, okuwunga, n’okugamanyiira ne kiba nti omuntu bw’atagamira tasobola kwebaka. 




#Article 220: Eddagala erigema Amambulugga (176 words)


Amambulugga bulwadde obukwata omuntu amatama ge ne gazimba.

Eddagala erigema amambulugga litangira bulungi amambulugga era ne kikendeeza obulabe mu bantu. Singa abantu babeera bagemeddwa bulungi, akatyabaga kano kakendeezebwa okuva ku bitundu kyenda ku kikumi okutuuka Ku bitundu kinaana mu bitaano.

Omwana agemembwa amambulugga, alina okufuna ekipimo kya mirundi ebiri nga ekisooka akifuna nga ali wakati w'emyezi 12 okutuuka Ku 18 ate eky'okubiri okufuna ali wakati w'emyaka ebiri okutuuka ku mukaaga.

Eddagala lino ddungi era teririna bulabe ku muntu. Liyinza okuleetera omuntu obulumi obutonotono wamu n'okuzimbamukko mu kifo ewabeera wagemeddwa. Eddagala lino teriteekwa kuweebwa mukyala ali lubuto kuba kiyinza okumuviirako okuzaala omwana ali mu mbeera embi.

Mu nsi ezaakula n'ezikyakula obulwadde buno bugattibwa ku ndwadde ezigemebwa nga olukusense. Mu 2005, ensi ezisukka 110 zaawa abantu baazo eddagala lino era mu bitundu eddagala lino gye lyagabibwa kyakendeeza ensaasaanya y'obulwadde buno okutuuka Ku bitundu 90%.

Eddagala errigema amambulugga lyayisibwa mu 1948 naye okusooka lyasaasaana mu bifo bitono n'oluvannyuma ne liteekebwa mu matundiro mu myaka gya 1960. Eddagala lino liri ku lukalala lw’eddagala eriwagirwa Ekitongole ky'Ensi yonna ekikola ku byobulamu.  




#Article 221: Ekitooke (458 words)


Ekitooke kimera kikulu nnyo mu Buganda. Bwe bisimbibwa nga bingi, bikola ekiyitibwa olusuku. Mu Buganda tulina ebika by'ebitooke eby'enjawulo nga Nakitembe, Nakyetengu, kayinja, Mpologoma, kisansa, kivuuvu, gonja, ndiizi n'ebirala. 

Omulimu yenna bw'abeera asimba ekitooke ateekwa okufuna ekifo nga kigimu bulungi, Ekitooke kiteekwa okuweebwa ebbanga lya fuuti kkumi ku kikumi okuva Ku kitooke ekimu okudda ku kirala. 

Ekinnya omusimbibwa ekitooke kirina okubeera fuuta nnya Ku nnya mu bugazi ate mu Ku kka fuuti bbiri. kino kiyambo omulimi okufuna ekifo okumpi wateeka ebigimusa kubanga ekiriisa kino tekirina kuteekebwa ku kitooke kwe nnyini wabula ku mabbali g'ekinnya ng’olwo enkuba bw'etonnya amazzi go ne galyoka gakulukusa ekiriisa kino okukissa ku kitooke mu kigero ekyetaagisa.
Bw'obeera osima ekinnya, ofuba okulaba nga ettaka eriddugavu n'erimyufu liteekebwa mu bifo eby'enjawulo kuba si buli ttaka nti libeera ddungi okuteeka ku kitooke era wano tusaako ettaka eriddugavu lyokka.

Bw'omala okusima ekinnya wansi osookayo evvu olwo n'ozzaako obusa naye nga bulina kuba nga buwolu kuba bwe buba obulungi okussa ku kitooke.

Olwo bw'omala okuteekamu obusa bikkako ettaka eriddugavu nga wano omu ayinza okusooko n'akirekamu sabbiiti emu obo omulala ayinza okuteekamu endu ku ssaawa eyo naye kino kibeera eri ye nga omulimu.

Bwoba ogenda kusimba bitooke goberela bino 1 Ekinnya kilina kuba nga kigazi ate nga kiwanvu 2 Ngomazze okusima ekinnya teekamu obusa okumala wiki 3 nga obutabudde nettaka mukinnya 3 Nga wiki 3 ziyiseewo takula mukinya muli mwewatabulira obusa akatuli nga kawanvu otekemu endu

Omulimi alina okusalira olusuku lwe waakiri emirundi ebiri mu mwezi. Wano omulimi alina okuggya essanja, ebireka n'ebyayi ku kitooke. Omulimi alina okwegendereza ebintu by'akozesa mu kusalira ng’obwambe, ebiwabyo, ejjambiya n'ebirala kuba kigambibwa okusaasaanya obulwadde mu bitooke. Kirungi obutagabana bintu ebyo na muntu mulala alina olusuku.

Olusuku singa luweza emyezi mwenda ng’ebitooke bitandise okuleeta engo oba okussa, omulimi talina kuddamu kulimisaamu nkumbi kuba emirandira giba giranze nga singa gitemebwa kikosa enkula y'ekitooke.

Omulimi alina okuggya empumumpu ku kitooke nga singa ebiwagu byonna bibeera biweddeyo nga kino akikola akozesa omuti gw'amakabyo so si kambe okutangira okusaasaanya Obulwadde.

Ekitooke ngakiwezezza endagala taano tandikilawo kubika ntenbu Ekitooke tekilina kubelako ssanja Tokikiliza kuberako mpumumpu Ekitooke kirekeko endukusa 3 kikisobozese okuusa amatooke amanene Ekitooke bwekiba nga kilumbuddwa obulwadde kisigulemu mangu nga tekinayongera kubusasanya Wewale okufuyila mulusuku ne ddagala okugeza nga 2FOD kuba wabulabenyo asoborela ddala okusannyawo amangu ddala SSEMBALIRWA NICHOLAS okusinzira ku mulimi omukugu oku ku kyaalo MBAZZI bwanyonyola

Omulimi alina okubikka olusuku ng’akozesa ebintu nga ebisoolisooli, ebisagazi ebikaze n'ebintu ebirala ebitamera singa babeera bikozeseddwa.

Omulimi asobola Okukozesa nnakavundira, obusa obuwolu ng’ebiriisa eri ebitooke. Wano ebiriisa bino biteekebwa mu mabanga so si ku bitooke ku bikolo kwennyini nga wano singa enkuba etonnya amazzi gakulukusa obugimu buno mu muwendo ogw'ekigero eri ekitooke.
Enkuba singa etonnya osobola okukuluggusa ettaka ko n'ebigimusa wabula wano omulimi asobola okutema ensalosalo mu lusuku okutangira embeera eno.




#Article 222: EkkyO (IQ) (339 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!Ekkyo kifundiwazo kya bigambo bya Luganda bino wansi:

(i)Ekipimo ky'Obugezi(measure of  Wisdom)
(ii)Ekipimo ky'Obwakalimagezi(measure of Intelligence)
(iii)Ekigeranyo ky'Obwakalimagezi(Intelligence Quotient)
(iv)Ekigeranyo ky'Obugezi (Wisdom Quotient)

EkkyO	Ensonjola

    
Embeera ezifuga Ekkyo

Okufaanana n’obwakalimagezi (intelligence), Ekipimo ky’Obuwakalimagezi (Ekkyo) kisinziira ku bintu ebikulu bibiri:

i)	Obuzaale
ii)	Embeera omuntu gy’abeeramu

Buli buwangwa buba n’ebigambo ebyekuusiza ku “okumanya”(knowing), “okutegeera” (understanding), okusegeera(sense perception) , “okukwata”(grasping),  n’amagezi”(wisdom)   . Mu luganda era tuyinza okwogera ku muntu kalimagezi oba (intelligent person) n’omuntu  kagezimunyu(genius) . Bino byonna mwe muva omulamwa gw’obwakalimagezi (intelligence). Obwakalimagezi kikwata ku “bugezi” bwa muntu

Obwakalimagezi kyeyorekera mu ngeri nnyingi omuli, okusengeka ebirowooza(logic), okutondeka ebirowooza(abstruction), okutegeera, okukwata, okuwuliziganya n’abalala, okuyiga, okumanya ebijja abantu mu mbeera, okujjukira, okuteekateeka, n’okujjawo obuzibu.

Obwakalimagezi kisonjolwa nga obusobozi okuyiga, okutegeera, okwang’anga embeera empya. Obwakalimagezi’ kiraga obusobozi okutuuka ku kulowooza okuzibuwavu   n’okukozesa obwongo okuzibuwavu.  Obwakalimagezi businziira ku mbeera enkulu bbiri.

i)	Obuzaale  (Heredity)
ii)	Embeera omuntu gy’abaamu (Environment)
Entabiro (interplay) y’obuzaale n’embeera omuntu gy’abeeramu kintu kikulu nnyo okusobola okukulakulanya obusobozi bw’obuyivuwavu obw’omuntu.

EkkyO(IQ) kifundiwazo oba katugambe “ekigambo ekyatulirwa mu bufunze bwakyo” (acronym). Okufaananamu n’oky’olungereza IQ (Intelligence Quostient) , EkkyO kifundiwazo ekiggwayo : “Ekipimo ky’obwakalimagezi” ekitegeeza” Measure of intelligence oba “intelligence quostient”.

 EkkyO         Obwogi bwa Mulengera (OM)    x  100
	   	    Obukulu mu myaka (BM)

Mu kubaza okusingayo obwangu , ekipimo ky’obwakalimagezi kiba kyenkanankana obwogi bw’Omulengera(OM) nga ogabizzaamu obukulu mu myaka (BM) n’okubisaamu 100.

Eky’okulabirako, singa omwana atandika okusoma ku myaka ebiri n’ekitundu ate nga’abasinga batandikira  ku myaka mukaaga, omwana oyo aba afuna “EkkyO YA 200. Kino kipimo kya waggulu nnyo, ekitasangikasengika. Eyo EBA  EkkyO ya mugerageranyo (ratio IQ).

Mu ngeri endala, singa omwana akola ekintu oky’etaagisa amagezi og’omuntu ow’emyaka 20 ,  ono aba ne EkkyO ya 200.

EkkyO epimibwa akusinziira ku kigero kya 100. Omuntu ayinza okuba n’EkkyO eya 100 , eri  wansi wa 100 , oba waggulu wa 100. Okunoonyereza okukoleddwa kulaze nti amawanga agakulaakulanye mu bulaaya, Amerika ne Aziya ge galina abantu abasinga okuba ne EkkyO eziri waggulu ate agaffe aga Afrika ne gakwebera nga ekigero  kya EkkyO eky’abuddugavu kiri ddala wansi nga ku 65  ng’ate agasajjakudde gali 100 n’okusingako.




#Article 223: Enkalala z'emiramwa gy'Ekibalangulo (889 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! 

Emiramwa gy’Ekibalangulo emigandawaze

Lino “sessomo” eriwagala obwongo nga lisengeka ebirowoozo  nga lyogeza   namba. Essomo lino n’olwekyo liyamba okukulaakulanya  “ EkkyO”(kisomwa  “Ekkyu”)  y’omuntu.  Ekibalangulo mu bumpi kiwandiikibwa “ekibalo”(maths). Gino gye gimu ku mibalanguzo( operational concepts) egyetaagisa mu sessomo lino:

#Article 224: Enkyusabuziba(chemicals or chemical susbstances) (836 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!


Obuzimbe bw’ennabuzimbe(the structure of matter) buva ku buzimbe obwangu okudda ku buzimbe obuzibuwavu (complex) , kubanga obutoffaali(particles) obusinagyo obutini, obutinniinya=obutini ennyo(elementary particles) bwekwasawaza(bond together) okukola obutoffali obuddako obutono, obuziba(atoms) ate na buno ne  bwekwasawaza okukola molekyo eziddako mu butono ate molekyo nezekwasawaza okukola ebipooli (compounds).

Okwekwasawaza kitegeeza kwegatta okugenda mu maaso wakati w’obuziba(atoms) ne kiviirako enkyukakyuuka ez’obuziba(chemical changes) mu nabuzimbe (matter) ez’enjawulo. Ekigenda mu maaso wakati w’akaziba akamu n’akalala kye njise ekikyusabuziba (reaction). 
Lwaki ekikyusabuziba kubanga kino kiba kikolwa ekikomekkereza nga wazzeewo enkyukakyuka ey’obuziba(chemical change .

Ekikyusabuziba ekigenda mu maaso mu wakati w’akaziba akamu n’akalala emu n’endala kivaamu enkyusabuziba (chemicals) ez’enjawulo okuva mu mbeera. 

Ekikyusabuziba n’olwekyo kiviirako ekintu“Okuva mu mbeera” nga kkalwe okutalagga .
Enkyukakyuka ez’obuziba ezijjawo wakati w’akaziba akamu n’akalala kireetawo  endagakintu(element)  ekwatibwako okuva mu mbeera ne kivaamu ekintu(nabuzimbe) kijja. 
Embeera endagakintu mw’ebadde nga ekikyusabuziba tekinnabawwo eba evuddewo.

Bw’oba okyayagala okwefumiitiriza ku kino kye nkugamba kuba “ekifaananyi eky’omulengera” (mental picture)  ku butinniinya  bw’akaziizi.  Waliwo obutinniinya bw’akaziba obusirikitu ennyo Katonda bwe yakozesa okukola ebitundu byako so ng’ate n’akaziba kano nako kasirikitu aketaagisa enzimbulukusa (microscope)okulaba.

Obutiniinya obusatu buno, akakontanyo(proton), nampawengwa(neutron), n’akasannyalazo(electron) obwo bwonsatule ne busengekebwa okukola akaziba ng’ebirimba n’ebirimba by’akaziizi ak’ekika ekimu bye bikola buli ndagakintu(element) okugyawula ku ndagakintu endala zonna. 

Waliwo  endagakintu(elements) 118 ezisobola okusangibwa mu molekyo ze tumanyi. Molekyo entiniko ziyinza okukolera awamu ne zitondekawo molekyo ennene   (macromolecules). Mu butuufu buli ky’olaba kizimbiddwa okuva mu kitono(small) oba ekitini(tiny, minute). 

Bwe tutandika  n’obutinniinya obusirikitu ddala tuyinza okukiraga mu mitendera okuva ku gusembayo wansi okweyongerayo waggulu. Gino gye mitendera gy’obuzimbe bw’enzitoya:

Sabusitansi (Matiiriyo) yonna ey’ekikyusabuziba(reactive substance) eyitibwa enkyusabuziba (pure substance). Sabusitansi zibaamu endagabuzimbe n’ebipooli (elements and compounds).  Kizibu nnyo okwawula ebirungo eby’enjawulo ebikola  enkyusabuziba  awatali kweyambisa “bukodyo bwa kikyusabuziba buzibuwavu” (complex chemical techniques)

Endagakintu (Elements)

Buli kintu kirina endaga ekyawula ku kirala.Endaga eno eyinza obutaba ndabika ya kungulu naye  obuzimbe bw’obuziba bwayo (structure of its atoms) 
Endagakintu eba nkyusabuziba etasobola kwawulibwamu oba okukyusibwa okufuuka nkyusabuziba ndala mu ngeri yonna ey’ekikyusabuziba eya buljjo. Namunigina(unit)  y’endagakintu esingayo obutono k’akaziizi (atom).

Ensonjola  1: Endagakintu ey’ekikemiko( chemical element)

Endagakintu  ye sabusitansi etasobola kwabulibwamu oba okukutulwamu sabusitansi endala ey’enyusabuziba okuyita mu kikyusabuziba(chemical reaction).

Waliwo endagakintu 118 ezimanyiddwa nga ku zino ezisinga ziriwo mu butonde ate ezimu nga zikoleddwa muntu. Endagakintu ze tumanyi ziragibwa mu mweso gw’enkyusabuziba(Chemical table of elements nga buli ndagakintu efundiwaziddwa n’akabonero ak’enkyusabuziba(chemical symbol). 
Ekyama ky’essomabuziba kiri mu buzimbe bwa kaziizi(atom) , naddala okukontana okw’obutonde okuli wakati w’obutinniinya obubiri, akasannyalazo ne kikontana (konta).

Akaziba(atom)

Omulamwa gw’akaziba(atom) nagutuseeko nga nkozesa akakodyo k’okuzimba emiramwa gya sayansi a’okugaziya amakulu(semantic extention).

Akaziba n’olwekyo kyekuusiza ku kigambo eky’oluganda olwa bulijjo “ebuzuba”(a very far away place).

Mu ngeri emu “akaziba kali wala nnyo n’obusobozi bw’eriiso lyaffe eriri obukunya okulaba” kubanga akaziba katoffaali akasirikitu aketaaga “enzimbulukusa ey’obusannyalazo”(electron microscope) okukalaba. 

Amakkati g’akaziba ngayise “buziizi”(nucleus).Mu luganda olwa bulijjo obuziizi kitegeeza ekitundu ky’ekifo ekisembayo okuba ewala.

Akaziba giba migereko(sets) gya butinniinya bwa masannyalaze obuyitibwa kikontana (konta), nampawenwa (nampa), n’obusannyalazo (electrons). Obuziba butini nnyo era tosobola kubulaba okujjako nga weyambisizza ekiyitibwa “enzimbulukusa y’obusannyalazo” (electron microscope). 
Obuziba obumu bulina obukontanyo, nampawengwa, n’obusannyalazo bungi  okusinga obulala ate obulala bulina butono okusinga obulala. Buli kaziba keyisa mu mbeera ya njawulo era ekireetawo okweyisa mu mbeera ey’enjawulo kiva ku muwendo gwa busannyalazo(electrons) ne obukontanyo(protons) obusangibwa mu kaziba ako.

Obuziba obusingayo obwangu buba n’akasannyalazo kamu n’akakontanyo  kamu era ako ke kaziba ka ayidologyeni( kitondekamazzi). Ekirimba ky’akaziba ezikwasiwaziddwa wamu(which is bonded together) kye kikola ggaasi eya ayidologyeni(hydrogen gas).

Obuziba obuzibuwavu(complex atoms) okusingawo buba n’obukontanyo bungiko, nampawengwa nnyingiko, n’obusannyalazo bungiko. 

Ekirimba kyabwo nga bwegasse kye kikola endagakintu(element) endala nga keriyamu, kkopa, okisigyeni, kkalwe, zaabu, makyule, ekikulembero, n’okweyongerayo. Endagakintu gy’ekoma okuba n’obutinniinya obungi, ntegeeza gy’ekoma okuba n’obusannyalazo, nampa ne konta ennyingi, gy’ekoma okuba n’enzitoya ennene (big mass) era gy’ekoma okuba enzito mu ssikirizo ly’Ensi (earth’s gravity).

Ayidologyeni ne keriyamu (helium) mpewufu nnyo era abantu bazikozesa okuzimbulukanya bbaluuni. Zzaabu erimu obukontanyo  79 , nzito nnyo ate ekikulembero (lead) ekirimu konta 82 esingako obuzito, eno y’ensonga lwaki abantu bakozesa ekikulembero okukola obuzito (weights). Endagakintu (element)  oba akaziba ak’obutonde akasingayo obuzito ye Yulaniyamu.
Kubanga obukontanyo buba n’ekisannyalazo(kyagi) ky’amasannyalaze ekya pozitiivu, bugezaako okwesambaggana buli kamu okuva ku kannaako. Kino kiba kyabuluza mu kaziba singa si kuba nti waliwo empalirizo endala, empalirizo y’obuziizi ey’amaanyi (the strong nuclear force), ebusika n’ebuzza awamu. Omwenkanyonkanyo gw’empalirizo guno gwe gusobozesa aakaziba okubaawo  ate era olw’okuba buli kintu kikolebwa mu buziba, kino kye kisobozesa buli kintu okuba nga kisoboka okubaawo.

Naye ebintu ebisinga tebikolebwa mu kika kya akaziba kimu kyokka wabula obvuziba obw’ebika eby’enjawulo bwegatta nga bweyambisa ekiyitibwa enkwasowazo ez’enkyusabuziba (chemical bonds) okutondekawo ebirimba by’obuziba ebigazi okusingawo,  ebiyitibwa molekyu (molecules).

By’olina okusooka okumanya ku Buziba

Mu essomabuziizi obuziba butwalibwa okuba obutoffaali obuzimba buli nabuzimbe (matter). Obuziba butwalibwa okuba nga bwe “butoffaali” obusookerwako obuzimba buli kintu era nga bwe buzimba ne “obutaffaali” bw’ebiramu. 

Yadde nga mu Luganda omulamwa gw’akaziba  mupya , wabweru wa Afirika si mulamwa mupya. Abafirosoofa abayonaani oba bayite abagereeki ab’edda be baasooka okuvaayo  n’endowooza  y’akasirikitu  akaziba   kyokka baalowoozanga  nti akaziba  bwe butonniinya obutayinza kwabuluzibwamu nate. 




#Article 225: Ebbombo nga Eddagala (227 words)


Ebbombo gubeera muddo nga gutera okusangibwa mu bisaka, ku ttale n'ebifo ebirala ku lukalu. Ebbombo libeera n'ebikoola bigazi era nga liranda era bwe likula obulungi litera okuteekako ekibala ekyekulungirivu. Ekibala ekyo bwe kyengera kibeeera kya kyenvu era kigambibwa okuba nti kiriibwa emisota. Abantu abamu ekibala ekyo bakiyita emmere y’emisota.

Ebbombo lirina ebika bibiri. Waliwo ebbombo eririna ebikoola ebinene ate waliwo n’ebbombo eririna ebikoola ebitono. Eryo eririna ebikoola ebitono liyitibwa, kabombo.

Ebbombo limu ku ddagala egganda eryeyambisibwa okuvumula endwadde enganda singa omuntu abeera takozesezza ddagala lya kizungu. Wabula ebbombo eryo era liriko obulombolombo obulala bwe likozesebwako mu Buganda.
 
Ebbombo eryogerwako wano ng’eddagala mu Buganda ly’eryo eririna ebikoola ebinene.

Ebbombo ddagala nnyo wano mu Buganda. Kikozebwa ku ndwadde zino:

 

Ebbombo ligattibwa wamu n'olweza n'eruteekebwa mu kibbo ky'abalongo era ebombo gwe kugumu Ku muddo omukulu ogukozesebwa mu balongo.
Ebbombo lino liriko ennyimba ez'obuwangwa eziritambulirako okugeza oluyimba lw'abalongo abombo kaali ka baana
Singa omuntu yenna azaala abalongo ne basalawo okubayisa mu mpisa ey'Ekiganda, Ssaalongo emikolo gy'abalongo egisooka agikola yeesibye ebbombo nga akalombolombo.

Waliwo ekiwanuuzibwa nti singa omuntu abeera abaddeko mu kkomera n'avaayo, nga tannakola kintu kyonna alina kusooka kunaaba ku bbombo eriyengebwa wamu n'omwetango olwo ebisiraani byonna by’azze nabyo ewaka ne bimuvaako.

Lirandira ku ttaka era lisangibwa ku ttale. Liba n'ekibala nga kyetoloovu nga kya kyenvu ng'era kiriko obuggwaggwa.

Obusigo buba bumyufu era kiba kimyufu munda.

Kitera okweyasa bwekiba kikaze nnyo.




#Article 226: Obuziba(atoms) (1827 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!Akaziba era oyinza okukiyita atomu naye ojja kukizuula nti okukozesa ekigambo okuva mu luganda olw'ennono, akaziba kijja kukuyamba nnyo okutegeera essomo ly'essomabuziizi okusinga nga wesibye ku kyewole atomu.

By’olina okusooka okumanya ku buziba(atoms). 

Mu essomabuziizi oba ebyobuziizi(Chemistry) obuziba butwalibwa okuba obutoffaali obuzimba buli nabuzimbe (matter). Obuziba butwalibwa okuba nga bwe “butoffaali” obusookerwako obuzimba buli kintu era nga bwe buzimba ne “obutaffaali” bw’ebiramu. 

Yadde nga mu Luganda omulamwa gw’akaziba  mupya , wabweru wa Afirika si mulamwa mupya. Abafirosoofa abayonaani oba bayite abagereeki ab’edda be baasooka okuvaayo  n’endowooza  y’akasirikitu  akaziba   kyokka baalowoozanga  nti akaziba  bwe butonniinya obutayinza kwabuluzibwamu nate. 

Kyokka ku mulembe guno kimanyiddwa nti obuziba busirikitu obuyinza okwabuluzibwamu era buyinza okufulumya “amasoboza”(energy) amayitirivu obungi nga bwabuluziddwamu okuyita mu bituliso by’obuziizi (nuclear explosions) n’engeri endala.  

Ebyafaayo by'akaziba:

Omulamwa gw'akaziba(atomu) ogwasooka gwesigamizibwa ku kugereesa na ndowooza ya kifirosoofa (philosophical thinking) awatali ngezeso zesigamye ku fakikya(facts). Enkula y’obutonniinya yali ya njawulo okusinziira ku buwangwa ,  n’ettabi ly’endowooza (school of thought) era kyalimu okulowooza nti akaziba kaalimu obw’omwoyo (spiritual nature). 

Mu kyasa akya 18, obuziba  lwe bwatandika okutegeerebwa obulungi oluvannyuma lw’okutandikibwawo essomabuziiba ery’omulembe omujja.
 
Ebisonjozo by’akaziba:

(i)	Obuziba obulina omuwendo gw’obukontanyo(protons)  nga gwe gumu n’obuziizi(nucleous) bukola endagakintu(element) ya kika kimu.
(ii)	Enzitoya(mass)  y’akaziba ebazibwa okusinziira ku mugatte gw’obukontanyo(protons) ne nampawengwa (neutrons)ezibulimu.Obusannyalazo tebubalibwa mu kubaza nzitoya kubanga buwewufu nnyo
(iii)	Obuziba bwonna(all atoms) bubaamu amasoboza(energy) mu mbeera y’ekisannyalazo ekya  pozitiivu ne negatiivu. 
(iv)	Obuziba obw’endagakintu  ez’enjawulo buyinza okwegatta okuyita mu kwekwasawaza (bonding) ne zitondekawo molekyo.
(v)	Omuwendo gw’obusannyalazo gwe gusibukako enneyisa y’enkwasowazo (bonding behavior) akaziba.
Ebyo bye bisonjozo by’akaziba(atomu) ebisookerwako.

Obuziba  n’amasoboza :
 
Obuziba buyinza okukozesebwa okufulumya amasoboza(emission of energy) okuyita mu kyabuluzabuziizi (nuclear fission).  Ekyabuluzabuziizi kibaamu  okukutula mu buziizi(nuceus) obutundutundu obutono, ekiviirako okufulumya amasoboza amayitirivu.

Ekyabuluzabuziizi (nuclear fission) kyavumbulwa mu 1938 bannasayansi bwe baakizuula nti bayinza okututondekawo amasoboza agafulumizibwa endagakintu(element) ezimu ezifulumya olubugumu(which emit radiation) olw’okuba zino mmumbulukufu (are radioactive) singa obuziizi bwazo (their nucleus) buba bubumbulukuse. 

Vampawengwa oba vampa (isotope) emu eya yulaniyamu eyinza okubumbulukuka ku kigerageranyo ekiri waggulu (plit at a rapid rate) nga wateereddwao embeera eyetagisa, ekiviirako amasoboza amayitirivu, ekifuula ekitomeggero ky’obuziizi (nuclear reactor) eky’omugaso mu kukola kino. 
Amasoboza agatondekebwa obuziizi bwa yulaniyamu gakozesebwa okufulumya enfuumo y’amazzi (steam), eyetolooza namuziga ne kivaamu amasannyalaze. Amasoboza g’obuziba (atomic energy) gakakasiddwa okuba amayonjo ennyo ate nga si ga buseere ng’amasoboza ag’amafuta aga nakavundira(fossil fuel energy). 

Ebinnyonnyozo by’akaziba:

Nga bwe tumaze okulaba, obuziba(atoms) bwe butoffaali obuzimba endagabuzimbe  oba nabuzimbe(matter) yonna mu bwengula. Essomabuziizi(Chemistry)  liba ssomo erisoma obuzimbe n’ebigenda mu maaso wakati w’akaziba akamu  n’akalala.

N’olwekyo kyetaagisa buli muntu awulira nti ayagala okunyonnyoka Ebyobuziba(Chemistrty) okufuna okunnyonnyoka ebisonjozo n’ebinnyonnyozo by’akaziba. Wansi ka nkulambululire “fakikya” ttaano(five facts) ze wetaaga okutegeera ekigereeso ky’essomabuziizi ekisookerwako: 

(i) Obuzimbe bwa  Akaziba:

Yadde nga obuziba  butwalibwa okuba obutoffaali bw’enabuzimbe obusookerwako kyokka ate nabwo bulina obuzimbe bwabwo. Obutinniinya obukulu obuzimba akaziba  buli busatu:

(a)Obusanyalazo(Electrons)
(b)Obukontanyo oba kikontana oba konta (Protons)
( c) Nampawengwa oba nampa(neutrons)

Lwaki obukontanyo buyitibwa butyo kivudde ku kuba nti ekisannyalazo kyabwo ekya pozitiivu kikontana n’ekisannyalazo ky’obusannyalazo ekya negatiivu.

Obukontanyo ne nampawengwa (nampa) busangibwa mu makkati ga atomu mu kitundu ekiyitibwa nnyukiriyasi (nucleus) ya atomu. Obusannyalazo bw’akaziba bwetoloola (circle) obuziizi (nucleus) okuva mu buwanvo obugere mu kiyitibwa emiyitiro gy’obusannyalazo (orbitals).

(ii) Enzitoya y’akaziba(atomic mass)

Buli kaziba kaba n’enzitoya (mass). Enzitoya egarageranyizibwa n’emiramwa “obuzito” n’endagabuzimbe oba nabuzimbe  (matter). Enzitoya eri mu atomu eyitibwa “enzitoya y’akaziba” (atomic mass). Enzitoya y’akaziba esinziira ku muwendo  gwa busannyalazo, nampawengwa, n’obukontanyo obusangibwa mu kaziba. Obuziizi bw’akaziba(nucleus of the atom) bukwafuwavu(is more dense) nnyo olw’okuba bulina enzitoya(mass) esinga obungi mu kaziizi .Ekyewunyisa, yadde nga mu mbeera eya bulijjo omuwendo gw’obusannyalazo gwenkanankana n’omuwendo gwa  namba y’obukontanyo obusangibwa mu buziizi, obusannyalazo bwa akaziba buli katundu katini nnyo ak’enzitoya ya yakaziba konna okutwalira awamu.

(iii) Obubangirivu bw’akaziba(Volume of the atom) 

Obuziizi bw’akaziba)nucleus of the atom) yadde nga mwe musangibwa enzitoya (mass) esinga, obubangirivu bw’akaziba(volume of the atom) obusinga tebuli mu buziizi kubanga obuziizi butwala kitundu kimu kya kawumbi ak’obubangirivu bw’akaziba  . Obuwanvo wakati w’obusannyalazo bw’akaziba ne n’obuziizi bwa maanyi okuba nti singa tukiraga mu mugerageranyo( in ratio form), obuziizi(nucleus) ekigero ky’omupiira n’ekisaawe buba n’obusannyalazo obugyetoloola (circling it) mayiro ne mayiro okuva w’eri. 

(iv) Ekisannyalazo(Kyagi)

Mu mbeera eya bulijjo, obuziizi (atoms) tebuba  na kisannyalzo . Kino kiva ku kuba nga omuwendo gw’obukontanyo obulina kyagi eya pozitiivu gwenkana n’omuwendo gw’obusannyalazo obulina kyagi eya negatiivu, ekitegeeza nti akaziba kaba kaggumivu(the atom is stable).

Kyokka waliwo embeera eyinza okureetera akaziba okufuna ekisannyalazo(kyagi) ne kafuuka fuuka vatomu=atomu egenze mu mbeera erimu okuva kw’obusannyalazo(ion), okuva mu kaziba akamu okudda mu kalala. Ekisannyalazo (kyagi) ky’akaziba kikyuka kubanga akaziba kaba kayingizza obusannyalazo obupya ekikafuula okuba ne kyagi(ekisannyalazo) eya negatiivu  oba nga efulumizza obusannyalazo okuva mu muyitiro gwabwo, ekikafuula okuba ne kyagi eya pozitiivu. Akaziba  tekaviibwako bukontanyo bwe kalina, so ng’ate kayinza okuviibwako obumu ku bukontanyo oba “obusannyalazo obw’ekiyayaano”(valency electrons).

(v) Okwekwasawaza (Bonding)

Essomo ly’essomabuziba okusinga lyekuusiza ku kwekwasawaza oba enkwasowazo z’obuziba (atomic bonding).  “Enkwasowazo z’obuziba”(atomic bonding)   zibeerawo mu mbeera satu; enkwasowazo ez’ekigabanyo(covalent bonding), enkwasowazo ez’ekivaatiso (ionic bonding), n’enkwasowazo ez’ekyuma(metallic bonding). Enkwasowazo ez’ekigabanyo zibaawo nga obuziba bubiri bwegabanya obusannyalazo bwe bumu ate nga ensikirizo(attraction) wakati w’obuziba yenkana n’ensidiikirizo (repulsion). Mu nkwasowazo ez’ekivaatiso, vatomu(ions) bbiri ezirina kyagi eza kikontana kyokka nga zenkana mu kigero zekwata wamu olw’ensikirizo z’entagenda ey’amasannyalaze (electrostatic attraction). 

Ebisookerwako mu ssomabuziizi  byekuusiza ku kutegeera bisookerwako ku buzimbe bw’akaziba ne kalonda w’obuziba. N’olwekyo kyetaagisa okumanya nti obuziba bukolebwa busannyalazo, bukontanyo, ne nampawengwa. Era olina okukimanya nti okuba nga enzitoya (mass) y’akaziba esangibwa mu buziizi bw’akaziba(nucleus of the atom) yekuusiza ku binnyonnyozo bya bukontanyo(protons) na nampawengwa(neutrons).

Era wetaaga okumanya nti obuziizii, yadde bulina enzitoya nnene , ebugaana obubangirivu(volume) butono nnyo obw’akaziba. Okumanya kino kikuyamba okukuteekateeka okumanya ebibeerawo mu nkwasowazo ez’ekikemiko (chemical bonding).

Obutonniinya bwa Atomu (Subatomic particles)

Obutonniinya bw’akaziba (sub-atomic particles) buba busirikitu nga butini nnyo okusinga akaziba era bwe butundu obuzimba akaziba.

Obutonniinya bw’akaziba bwonna busobola okuba ne kyagi z’amasannyalaze za mirundi esatu: pozitiivu, negatiivu, ne nampawengwa. Obutonniinya bw’akaziba bwonna bulina ekinnyonnyozo eky’awamu ekiyitibwa ekiweweenyuko (spin). Buli katonniinya kya kaziba kawewenyukira ku ekisiisi yako(its axis) mu ngeri y’emu enkulungo  bwe zitebentera ku bisiisi byazo. Ekiwewenyuko(spinning) ky’akatonniinya ka’akaziba kiyinza okuba ekiddannyuma(negatiivu) oba ekiddamaaso(pozitiivu).

(i)Akaziba(atomu)
(ii)Obuziba(atoms)
(iii)Obuziizi(nucleus) 
(iv)Essomabuziba(Chemistry)
(v)Ebyobuziba(Chemistry)
(vi)Enkyusabuziba(Chemical, chemical substance)
(vii)Ekikyusabuziba(Chemical reaction)
(viii)Enkyukakyuka ey'obuziba(Chemical change)
(ix)Enkyukakyuka eyo ku ngulu(Physical change)

Obuzimbe bw’ennabuzimbe(the structure of matter) buva ku buzimbe obwangu okudda ku buzimbe obuzibuwavu (complex) , kubanga obutoffaali(particles) obusinagyo obutini, obutinniinya=obutini ennyo(elementary particles) bwekwasawaza(bond together) okukola obutoffali obuddako obutono, obuziba(atoms) ate na buno ne  bwekwasawaza okukola molekyo eziddako mu butono ate molekyo nezekwasawaza okukola ebipooli (compounds).

Okwekwasawaza kitegeeza kwegatta okugenda mu maaso wakati w’obuziba(atoms) ne kiviirako enkyukakyuuka ez’obuziba(chemical changes) mu nabuzimbe (matter) ez’enjawulo. Ekigenda mu maaso wakati w’akaziba akamu n’akalala kye njise ekikyusabuziba (reaction). 
Lwaki ekikyusabuziba kubanga kino kiba kikolwa ekikomekkereza nga wazzeewo enkyukakyuka ey’obuziba(chemical change .

Ekikyusabuziba ekigenda mu maaso mu wakati w’akaziba akamu n’akalala emu n’endala kivaamu enkyusabuziba (chemicals) ez’enjawulo okuva mu mbeera. 

Ekikyusabuziba n’olwekyo kiviirako ekintu“Okuva mu mbeera” nga kkalwe okutalagga .
Enkyukakyuka ez’obuziba ezijjawo wakati w’akaziba akamu n’akalala kireetawo  endagakintu(element)  ekwatibwako okuva mu mbeera ne kivaamu ekintu(nabuzimbe) kijja. 
Embeera endagakintu mw’ebadde nga ekikyusabuziba tekinnabawwo eba evuddewo.

Bw’oba okyayagala okwefumiitiriza ku kino kye nkugamba kuba “ekifaananyi eky’omulengera” (mental picture)  ku butinniinya  bw’akaziizi.  Waliwo obutinniinya bw’akaziba obusirikitu ennyo Katonda bwe yakozesa okukola ebitundu byako so ng’ate n’akaziba kano nako kasirikitu aketaagisa enzimbulukusa (microscope)okulaba.

Obutiniinya obusatu buno, akakontanyo(proton), nampawengwa(neutron), n’akasannyalazo(electron) obwo bwonsatule ne busengekebwa okukola akaziba ng’ebirimba n’ebirimba by’akaziizi ak’ekika ekimu bye bikola buli ndagakintu(element) okugyawula ku ndagakintu endala zonna. 

Waliwo  endagakintu(elements) 118 ezisobola okusangibwa mu molekyo ze tumanyi. Molekyo entiniko ziyinza okukolera awamu ne zitondekawo molekyo ennene   (macromolecules). Mu butuufu buli ky’olaba kizimbiddwa okuva mu kitono(small) oba ekitini(tiny, minute). 

Bwe tutandika  n’obutinniinya obusirikitu ddala tuyinza okukiraga mu mitendera okuva ku gusembayo wansi okweyongerayo waggulu. Gino gye mitendera gy’obuzimbe bw’enzitoya:

Sabusitansi (Matiiriyo) yonna ey’ekikyusabuziba(reactive substance) eyitibwa enkyusabuziba (pure substance). Sabusitansi zibaamu endagabuzimbe n’ebipooli (elements and compounds).  Kizibu nnyo okwawula ebirungo eby’enjawulo ebikola  enkyusabuziba  awatali kweyambisa “bukodyo bwa kikyusabuziba buzibuwavu” (complex chemical techniques)

Endagakintu (Elements)

Buli kintu kirina endaga ekyawula ku kirala.Endaga eno eyinza obutaba ndabika ya kungulu naye  obuzimbe bw’obuziba bwayo (structure of its atoms) 
Endagakintu eba nkyusabuziba etasobola kwawulibwamu oba okukyusibwa okufuuka nkyusabuziba ndala mu ngeri yonna ey’ekikyusabuziba eya buljjo. Namunigina(unit)  y’endagakintu esingayo obutono k’akaziizi (atom).

Ensonjola  1: Endagakintu ey’ekikemiko( chemical element)

Endagakintu  ye sabusitansi etasobola kwabulibwamu oba okukutulwamu sabusitansi endala ey’enyusabuziba okuyita mu kikyusabuziba(chemical reaction).

Waliwo endagakintu 118 ezimanyiddwa nga ku zino ezisinga ziriwo mu butonde ate ezimu nga zikoleddwa muntu. Endagakintu ze tumanyi ziragibwa mu mweso gw’enkyusabuziba(Chemical table of elements nga buli ndagakintu efundiwaziddwa n’akabonero ak’enkyusabuziba(chemical symbol). 
Ekyama ky’essomabuziba kiri mu buzimbe bwa kaziizi(atom) , naddala okukontana okw’obutonde okuli wakati w’obutinniinya obubiri, akasannyalazo ne kikontana (konta).

Akaziba(atom)

Omulamwa gw’akaziba(atom) nagutuseeko nga nkozesa akakodyo k’okuzimba emiramwa gya sayansi a’okugaziya amakulu(semantic extention).

Akaziba n’olwekyo kyekuusiza ku kigambo eky’oluganda olwa bulijjo “ebuzuba”(a very far away place).

Mu ngeri emu “akaziba kali wala nnyo n’obusobozi bw’eriiso lyaffe eriri obukunya okulaba” kubanga akaziba katoffaali akasirikitu aketaaga “enzimbulukusa ey’obusannyalazo”(electron microscope) okukalaba. 

Amakkati g’akaziba ngayise “buziizi”(nucleus).Mu luganda olwa bulijjo obuziizi kitegeeza ekitundu ky’ekifo ekisembayo okuba ewala.

Akaziba giba migereko(sets) gya butinniinya bwa masannyalaze obuyitibwa kikontana (konta), nampawenwa (nampa), n’obusannyalazo (electrons). Obuziba butini nnyo era tosobola kubulaba okujjako nga weyambisizza ekiyitibwa “enzimbulukusa y’obusannyalazo” (electron microscope). 
Obuziba obumu bulina obukontanyo, nampawengwa, n’obusannyalazo bungi  okusinga obulala ate obulala bulina butono okusinga obulala. Buli kaziba keyisa mu mbeera ya njawulo era ekireetawo okweyisa mu mbeera ey’enjawulo kiva ku muwendo gwa busannyalazo(electrons) ne obukontanyo(protons) obusangibwa mu kaziba ako.

Obuziba obusingayo obwangu buba n’akasannyalazo kamu n’akakontanyo  kamu era ako ke kaziba ka ayidologyeni( kitondekamazzi). Ekirimba ky’akaziba ezikwasiwaziddwa wamu(which is bonded together) kye kikola ggaasi eya ayidologyeni(hydrogen gas).

Obuziba obuzibuwavu(complex atoms) okusingawo buba n’obukontanyo bungiko, nampawengwa nnyingiko, n’obusannyalazo bungiko. 

Ekirimba kyabwo nga bwegasse kye kikola endagakintu(element) endala nga keriyamu, kkopa, okisigyeni, kkalwe, zaabu, makyule, ekikulembero, n’okweyongerayo. Endagakintu gy’ekoma okuba n’obutinniinya obungi, ntegeeza gy’ekoma okuba n’obusannyalazo, nampa ne konta ennyingi, gy’ekoma okuba n’enzitoya ennene (big mass) era gy’ekoma okuba enzito mu ssikirizo ly’Ensi (earth’s gravity).

Ayidologyeni ne keriyamu (helium) mpewufu nnyo era abantu bazikozesa okuzimbulukanya bbaluuni. Zzaabu erimu obukontanyo  79 , nzito nnyo ate ekikulembero (lead) ekirimu konta 82 esingako obuzito, eno y’ensonga lwaki abantu bakozesa ekikulembero okukola obuzito (weights). Endagakintu (element)  oba akaziba ak’obutonde akasingayo obuzito ye Yulaniyamu.
Kubanga obukontanyo buba n’ekisannyalazo(kyagi) ky’amasannyalaze ekya pozitiivu, bugezaako okwesambaggana buli kamu okuva ku kannaako. Kino kiba kyabuluza mu kaziba singa si kuba nti waliwo empalirizo endala, empalirizo y’obuziizi ey’amaanyi (the strong nuclear force), ebusika n’ebuzza awamu. Omwenkanyonkanyo gw’empalirizo guno gwe gusobozesa aakaziba okubaawo  ate era olw’okuba buli kintu kikolebwa mu buziba, kino kye kisobozesa buli kintu okuba nga kisoboka okubaawo.

Naye ebintu ebisinga tebikolebwa mu kika kya akaziba kimu kyokka wabula obvuziba obw’ebika eby’enjawulo bwegatta nga bweyambisa ekiyitibwa enkwasowazo ez’enkyusabuziba (chemical bonds) okutondekawo ebirimba by’obuziba ebigazi okusingawo,  ebiyitibwa molekyu (molecules).

By’olina okusooka okumanya ku Buziba

Mu essomabuziizi obuziba butwalibwa okuba obutoffaali obuzimba buli nabuzimbe (matter). Obuziba butwalibwa okuba nga bwe “butoffaali” obusookerwako obuzimba buli kintu era nga bwe buzimba ne “obutaffaali” bw’ebiramu. 

Yadde nga mu Luganda omulamwa gw’akaziba  mupya , wabweru wa Afirika si mulamwa mupya. Abafirosoofa abayonaani oba bayite abagereeki ab’edda be baasooka okuvaayo  n’endowooza  y’akasirikitu  akaziba   kyokka baalowoozanga  nti akaziba  bwe butonniinya obutayinza kwabuluzibwamu nate. 




#Article 227: Okwekwasawaza (bonding) (118 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga .Okwekwasawaza (Bonding)

Essomo ly’essomabuziba okusinga lyekuusiza ku kwekwasawaza oba enkwasowazo z’obuziba (atomic bonding).  “Enkwasowazo z’obuziba”(atomic bonding)   zibeerawo mu mbeera satu; enkwasowazo ez’ekigabanyo(covalent bonding), enkwasowazo ez’ekivaatiso (ionic bonding), n’enkwasowazo ez’ekyuma(metallic bonding). 

Enkwasowazo ez’ekigabanyo zibaawo nga obuziba bubiri bwegabanya obusannyalazo bwe bumu ate nga ensikirizo(attraction) wakati w’obuziba yenkana n’ensidiikirizo (repulsion). Mu nkwasowazo ez’ekivaatiso, vatomu(ions) bbiri ezirina kyagi eza kikontana kyokka nga zenkana mu kigero zekwata wamu olw’ensikirizo z’entagenda ey’amasannyalaze (electrostatic attraction). 
Ebisookerwako mu ssomabuziizi  byekuusiza ku kutegeera bisookerwako ku buzimbe bw’akaziba ne kalonda w’obuziba. 

N’olwekyo kyetaagisa okumanya nti obuziba bukolebwa busannyalazo, bukontanyo, ne nampawengwa. Era olina okukimanya nti okuba nga enzitoya (mass) y’akaziba esangibwa mu buziizi bw’akaziba(nucleus of the atom) yekuusiza ku binnyonnyozo bya bukontanyo(protons) na nampawengwa(neutrons).




#Article 228: Obusannyalazo(Electrons) (828 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!Obusannyalazo(electrons) bwe busirikitu , obutinniinya(=obutini ennyo),  obusibukako :
(i) Amasannyalaze(electricity) n'
(ii) Ebikyusabuziba(chemical reactions)

Obusannyalazo busengekeddwa butya okwetoloola obuziizi(nucleus)? 

Obuziba bwonna buba bwagala okufuna ensengeka y’obusannyalazo enzigumivu (electron configurations) efaanana eya ggaasi eza nobiriya (noble gases) , ntegeeza ensengeka z’obusannyalazo ezijjuza ebire eby’ebweru. 

Obuziba busobola okukola ensengeka z’obusannyalazo enzigumivu (stable electron configurations) nga ggaasi za nobiriya nga: 

a)	Buviibwako oba okugaba obusannyalazo 
b)	Zegabanya obusannyalazo 
c)Bufuna oba okubba obusannyalazo 

Ensengeka y’obusanyalazo okuba enzigumivu (for a stable configuration), buli kaziba kalina okuba ne “omutendera gw’amasoboza”(energy level) ogwo kungulu nga mujjuvu. Mu ggaasi eza nobiriya kino kiba kitegeeza nti mu kire ekisembayo kungulu mulina okubaamu obusannyalazo munaana okujjako ayidologyeni/Kitondekamazzi erina akasannyalazo kamu. 

Obuziba obulina  obusannyalazo 1, 2 oba  3 mu bire byabwo  ebyo ku ngulu  oba ka tugambe nti mu mitendera gyazo egy’amasoboza egyo ku ngulu  buba buyayaanira okubugaba nga bukwataganye n’obuziba obulina obusannyalazo  5, 6 oba 7 mu mitendera oba ebire byabwo ebyo ku ngulu.
Obuziba obulina  obusannyalazo 4 mu bire byabwo obwo ku ngulu butera obutayaanira kiviibwako busannyalazo bwabwo bwonna yadde okufuna obusannyalzo obulala nga bukwataganye.  

Omaze okukitegeera nti obusannyalazo buba mu kuva buli kaseera. Butebenta mangu ddala okwetoloola obuziizi bw’akaziba .  Obusannyalazo bwe buba butebenta okwetoloola obuziizi busobola okukikola ku buli ludda  kasita buba nti busigadde mu kire kyabwo. Teebereza okutebenta ku buli ludda, buyinza okutebenta nga budda waggulu, nga budda wansi, ku mpuyi, obusanyalazo buyinza okukikola.

Obusannyalzo buba butebentera buli kaseera mu bire by’obuziba (atomic shells) oba “emiyitiro gy’obusannyalazo” (orbitals) era nga buli obuwanvu obugere okuva ku buziizi(nucleus). 

Singa oba kasannyalazo mu muyitiro ogusooka, ntegeeza ekire ekisooka, buli kaseera oba kumpi nnyo n’obuziizi okusinga obusannyalazo obuli mu kire eky’okubiri.

Bntu ki ebikulu by’olina okumanya ku bire/emiyitiro gy’obusannyalazo ?
(a)	Amakkati g’obuziba ge gayitibwa obuziizi(nucleus)
(b)	Obusannyalazo busangibwa mu bifo ebiyitibwa ebire (clouds/shells) oba emiyitiro (orbitals). Ekire oluusi kiyitibwa mutendera gwa masoboza (energy level).
(c)	 Ebire bifo ebyetoolodde obuziizi, amakkati g’akaziba.
(d)	Buli kimu ku bire ebyo kirina erinnya (K, L, M...). 

Ebire biyinza okunnyonnyolwa mu ngeri ez’enjawulo. Ekisooka kwe kubiyita emiyitiro gy’obusannyalazo (orbitals) oba emitendera gy’amasoboza (energy levels). 

Bannassomabuziizi(Chemists)  bakozesa n’ennukuta   K, L, M, N, O, P, ne Q. Ekire K kye kiba kisnga okuliraana obuziizi ate Q kye kiba kisingayo okuba ewala n’obuziizi.
Emitendera gy’amasoboza (energy levels) Bannasomabuziizi (chemists)  bagiraga n’emiwendo egya  n (n values),  eno nga etera okuba namba y’omugalamiro ku mweso gw'endagakintu ogw'enkyusabuziba.

Ennyinnyonnyola endala etunuulira engeri obusannyalazo gye bweyisaamu nga buli munda mu bire. 

Waliwo emisengeko gy’omugendo (patterns of movement) egy’enjawulo.  Bannasomabuziizi bannyonnyodde emisengeko egyo(those patterns)  n’omuwendo gwa l (I value). Emiwendo gya l gikutegeeza muyitiro ki akasannyalazo mwe kasangibwa. Oba olaba ennukuta entono nga s, p, d, f, g, ne h okulaga emiyitiro (suborbitals) egy’enjawulo. 

Ekyokulabirako, akasannyalzo mu atomu ya k-mazzi (H) kaba n’emiwendo atom would n=1 ne  l=0.  Akasannyalazo akamu kaba kasangibwa mu kire.

Bwe weyongerayo okuyiga essomabuziba, oyinza okulaba ennyinnyonnyola eziwandiikiddwa nga 1s1. Keriyamu (He) aba akyali mu kire  K (mu mugalamiro ogusembayo waggulu), naye erina obusannyalzo bubiri. Akasannyalazo akasooka kandibadde 1s1 ate akokubiri kaba 1s2.  Ate litiyamu (Li) ku namba ya atomu 3 n’obusannyalzo busatu?  Eba ennyonnyolwa nga 1s2 2s1. Lwaki? 

Si buli kire n’emiyitiro nti biba n’omuwendo gw’obusannyalazo gwe gumu. Endagakintu ez'enkyusabuziba 18 ezisooka, waliwo ebigoberero ebyangu. Ekire k kibaamu obusannyalzo 2 bwokka. Ekire L kibaamu obusannyalazo 8. Ekire  M  kitera okubaamu  obusannylazo  obutuuka ku 18  buli lwe weyongerayo ku namba za atomu eziri waggulu. Omuwendo gw’obusannyalzo ogusembayo waggulu gw’oyinza okusanga mu kire kyonna guba 32. 

Ebisookerwako ku miyitiro gy’amasoboza emitono egy’obusannyalazo

Twayogeddeko waggulu katono ku miyitiro emitono s, p, d, f, g, ne h. Obusannyalzo kituufu busangibwa mu miyitiro gy’amasoboza   n’ebifo okwetoloola nnyukiriyasi kyokka era busangibwa mu bifo eby’enjawulo munda mw’emiyitiro egyo. Kakensa ayitibwa Schrödinger ye yasooka okuzuula nti obusannyalazo bwonna sib we bumu era tebutebenta mu ngeri y’emu. Ka tutunuulire atomu ya litiyamu mwe twalabye 1s2 2s1. 

Emiwendo egyo ginnyonnyola wa w’oyinza okusanga obusannyalzo bwa litiyamu obusatu. Obubiri buli mu mutendera gw’amasoboza  ate akamu mu muyitiri omutono s. Bwombi buli mu muyitiro omutono s ? Nedda. Omuyitiro omutono s guli mu nkula ya nkulungo (spherical shape) ate omuyitiro p gufaananamu ennamba 8 ate d erina enkula ezisoboka bbiri. Manya nti ennukuta ezo ziraga bifo w’oyinza okusanga obusannyalazo obwo mu mutendera gw’amasoboza (within the energy level) 

Ekyokulabirako ekirala kye kya sirikoni (Si) ku mutendera gwa atomu  14. Olina obusanyalazo 14 obuwandiikibwa mu bulambulukfu nga 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2.  Okirba engeri namba gye zikola omugatte ogwa 14 ?  Omugalamiro ogusooka gulina ekire ekiyinza okubaamu obusannyalzo bibiri. Ekyo kiragibwa mu 1s2. Omugalamiro namba bbiri ogwa taabulo ya erementi gukwatagana n’ekire namba bbiri  ekiyinza okubaamu obusannyalzo 8. Oyinza okulaba obusannyalzo obwo omunaana mu   2s2 ne  2p6. Ekisembayo, tulina ekire oba omugalamiro ogw’okusatu. Olw’okuba emiyitiro emitono giyinza kubaamu busannyalazo bungi, okiraba nti gigabanyiziddwamu nga s ne p.

 Sirikoni alina obusannyalzo buna bwokka mu kire eky’okusatu. Omuyitiro omutono s gubamu bubiri ate obubiri obusigadde busangibwa mu , p. Bw’oyisa agoni (Ar) ku namba ya atomu 18, otandika okusanga omuyitiro omutono ogwa d mu erementi ez’ebyuma ebya kibogwe.




#Article 229: Obukontanyo(Protons) (435 words)


Akakontanyo (Proton) era akayitibwa  mu bumpimpi “konta”   katinniinya(=kasirikitu akatini ennyo) ,ke kamu ku butoffaali obusatu era obuyitibwa obutonniinya  bw'akaziizi (sub atomic particles). Akakontanyo kakontana n'akasannyalazo kubanga ekisannyalazo kyako ekya pozitiivu kiri mu kukontana ne kyagi y'akasnnyalazo eya negatiivu.

Akakontanyo kalina ekisannyalazo(kyagi) ekya pozitiivu  era  kalina “enzitoya y’akaziba”(atomic mass) eya amu 1 (one amu). Obukontanyo bwe bumu ku butinniinya obuzimba akaziba(atomu). Awamu ne nampawengwa (neutrons), busangibwa mu kifo ekikwafuwavu ennyo ekiyitibwa obuziizi(nucleus). 

Omuwendo gw’obukontanyo gwe gusinziirako kika kya nkyusabuziba(chemical) ki ekikolebwa akaziba . Ekinnyonnyozo kino kikulu nnyo era kiweebwa erinnya ery’enjawulo erya “namba y’akaziba” oba “omuwendo gw’akaziba” (atomic number).

Akakontanyo (proton) kaba katinniinya akasirikitu (tiny particle), akatini ennyo okusinga akaziba. Obukontanyo butini nnyo era okusobola okukalaba wetaagisa “enzimbulukusa ey’obusannyalazo” (electron microscope) kyokka  ate kanene nnyo okusinga “akasannyalazo”.
Obukontanyo bwonna mu bwengula bwakolebwa nga okubwatuka okunenne kwa kabaawo. Okusooka tewaaliwo kintu kyonna. Waaliwo masoboza mangi agetadde gokka agatayaayaya wonna mu bwengula mu kikula ky’obupoto (photons =l ight) n’obutoniinya (larger particles) nga “bbosono”(bosons). Bbosono zino ezasooka zaalimu ttani ne ttani z’amasoboza era bungi ku bbwo ne bwekutulamu obukontanyo (protons) n’obukontanyo bwabwo (antiprotons).

Obukontanyo buno obusinga obungi oluvannyuma bwaggwamu amasoboza ne budda mu bbosono nate naye obukontanyo bw’obukontanyo (antipotons) bulabika okuba nga bulina we bwadda era enzitoya yonna mu bwengula eva mu bukontanyo buno obwafikkira.
Obukontanyo bwonna mu bwengula bufaanagavu era nga bwonna busangibwa munda mwa atomu. Atomu ez’enjawulo ziba ne namba z’obukontanyo za njawulo; kino kye kifuula atomu emu okuba keriyamu, endala kaboni, zaabu, kkalwe oba mangeneezi. Kiva ku bukontanyo bumeka atomu bw’erina, si bika bya bukontano.  
Obukontanyo bwe bukola nnyukiriyasi oba ka tugambe amakkati ga atomu. Atomu esingayo obwangu ye ya kitondekamazzi  kuba eno eba ne nyukiriysai erimu  akakontanyo kamu kokka. Kyokka atomu ezisinga zirina obukontanyo obusukka mu kamu ne nampawengwa waakiri emu okubeera n’akakontanyo.
Obukontanyo kyokka ate era bukolebwa obusitinniinya (elementary particles) obusingawo obutini obutalabika obuyitibwa “obukwaki” (quarks). Buli kakontanyo kalina obukwaka busatu, bubiri waggulu ate kamu wansi. Empliriro ya nnyukiriya ey’amaanyi ekwasawaza(bonds) wamu obukwaki . Enzitoya esinga ey’obukwaki eva mu mpalirizo y’obuziizi eya maanyi(strong nuclear force), si kwa bukwaki (quarks).
Olw’okuba akakontanyo kaba n’obukwaki bubiri obuli waggulu n’akakwaki kamu akali wansi, akakontanyo kaba ne kyaagi ya pozitiivu okufaanana ne poola ya magineeti eya pozitiivu.
Ebintu bibiri ebirina kyagi eza pozitiivu byesindikaganya buli kimu okuva awali ekirala, ekitegeeza nti obukontanyo mu atomu buba bwejja buli kamu ku kalala. Bwetaaga nampawengwa okubusikiriza okusigala awamu. Nampawengwa zino ziyamba okukuumira awamu obukontanyo nga zikozesa empalirizo ya nnyukiriya ey’amaanyi. Atomu esingayo obuzito mu butonde ye ya yulaniyamu nga  eno erina obukontanyo 92. Ka kibe nampawengwa yadde empalirizo ya nyukiriya ey’amaanyi teyinza kukuumira wamu bukontanyo businga awo okusukka obutikitiki obutono ddala.




#Article 230: Nampawengwa(neutron) (267 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Nampa oba mu bujjuvu  nampawengwa (neutron) katinniinya ka kaziba akalina  enzitoya eya amu 1 kyokka nga tekalina kyaagi ya masannyalaze yonna oba ka tugambe nti kalina  kyagi ya masannyalaze ya kibogwe. Nampawengwa  wamu n’obukontanyo busabgibwa mu buziizi bw’akaziba(nucleus of the atom). Nampa etera okuba akatoffali akaggumivu(stable particle) kubanga munda mw’obuziizi kayinza okusigala nga tekakyusiddwa okumala ekiseera ekitaliiko kkomo.

Kyokka wayinza okubaawo embeera ezireetera nampawengwa okubumbulukuka embagirawo (spontaneous decay) n’ekutukamu akakontanyo n’akasannyalazo.

Obuziizi bw’akaziba  okujjako obwa “vampawengwa eya ayidologyeni-1” (hydrogen-1 isotope) bulimu nampawengwa. Obuziiz bw’obuzibwa obwa endagakintu ey’enkyusabuziba yonna buyinza okubaamu omuwendo gwa nampa gwa njawulo. Eky’okulabirako, endagakintu eya eya kaboni ekolebwa obuziba bwa  bika bya vampawengwa ebitakka wansi wa bisatu. Obuziizi obw’’ebika ebisatu eby’akaziba bubaamu obukontanyo 6 naye obuziizi obumu bubaamu nampawengwa 6, endala nampawengwa 7 ate endala nampawengwa 8.

Embeera zino eza endagakintu ezibaamu omuwendo gw’obukontanyo gwe gumu naye nga ogwa nampa gwa njawulo ze ziyitibwa “vampawengwa z’endagakintu” (isotopes of an element). 

Nampawengwa (neutron) katiniinya kasirikitu (tiny particle) ng’akakontanyo, akatini okusinga akaziba . Okufaanana n’obukontanyo, nampawengwa ntini nnyo era okuziraba tekisoboka yadde n’enzimbulukusa ey’akasannyalazo (electron microscope), Nampawengwa zonna mu bwengula nfaanagavu ate nga zisangibwa mu kaziba  munda. 

Okufaanana n’obukontanyo, nampa zasooka kukolebwa okuva mu bbosono (bosons), mu biseera by’obwengula ebyasooka oluvannyuma lw’okubwatuka okunene.

Nampawengwa zikolebwa obutiniinya obutalabika obutini okusingawo obuyitibwa obukwaki(quarks). Okufaanana n’obukontanyo, buli nampawengwa ekolebwa obukwaki busatu naye nampa zikolebwa obukwaki bubiri wansi n’akakwaki kamu waggulu.

Empalirizo ey’obuziizi ey’amaanyi (strong nuclear force) ekuumira obukwaki wamu. Enzitoya ya nampawengwa esinga esibuka mu mpalirizo ya nyukiriya ey’amaanyi, si mu bukwaki. Kubanga nampa erina obukwaki bubiri wansi  n’akakwaki kamu waggulu, terina kyagi y’amasannyalaze yonna.




#Article 231: Molekyo(Molecule) (993 words)


Molekyo zitondekabwawo nga obuziba bubiri (two atoms) oba okusingawo bwekozeemu enkwasowazo ez’enkyusabuziba (chemical bonds). 

Si kikulu okuba nti obuziba bwa kika kimu oba bwa njawulo. Okiraba nti molekyo ziyinza okuba ennyangu oba enzibuwavu. Zino wansi byakulabirako bya molekyu eza bulijjo:
a)	Molekyu y’amazzi (H2O)
b)	Molekyu ya naitogyeni (N2)
c)	Molekyu ya Ozoni (O3)
d)	Molekyu ya kalusiyamu-okisayidi (Calcuim oxide) CaO
e)	Molekyu ya ggulukoosi, C6H12O6. Eno molekyo ekwasiwazibwa atomu za kaboni 6, atomu za k-mazzi 12, n’eza okisigyeni 6. Ggulukoosi kiba kisukaali (sugar)
Molekyu ezikolebwa endagakintu(elements) bbiri oba okusingawo ze zikola ekipooli eky’enkyusabuziba (chemical comound). Amazzi, kalusiyamu-okisayidi (calcium oxide),  ne ggulukoosi ze zimu ku molekyo ezikola ebipooli eby’enkyusabuziba. Ebipooli byonna ziba molekyu naye si buli molekyu nti kitooli. Molekyu ya Ozoni (O3) n’aya naitogyeni N2 si bitooli.
Okiraba nti molekyo kiba “kirimba kya buziba”( a cluster of atoms) bbiri oba okusingawo ezikwasiwaziddwa(bonded) n’enkwasowazo oba “enkwaso”(chemical bonds). Molekyo ntini nnyo era yadde nga zzo nneneko ku atomu nazo zetaagisa enzimbulukusa ey’obusannyalzo(electron microscope). Buli kintu ku Nsi ne ku nkulungo endala kikolebwa molekyo era bwe kityo bwe kiri ku lufuufu olusinga mu bwengula. 
Molekyo ezasooka zakolebwa emyaka mitwalo ng’asatu oluvannyuma lw’okubwatuka okunene okwaliwo, emyaka egitasukka buwumbi 15 egiyise.
Ze zaali molekyo ezisingayo obutini nga obuziba bwa ayidologyeni(hydrogen atoms) bbiri zegasse wamu. Ekiseera bwe kyayitawo semufu, okuva mu njuba ezibumbulukuka ne zibwatuka  ne zifulumya mu bwengula ebika bya atomu eby’enjawulo n’ebika bya moolekyo eby’enjawulo, ne bijjawo  ne bibuna wonna mu bwengula 
Kubanga atomu ezisinga mu bwengula zaali za kitondekamazzi, molekyo zino ezisinga  zakwasawaza kitondekamazzi   ne atomu ey’ekika ekirala. N’olwekyo kitondekamazzi yekwasawaza ne okisigyeni okukola molekyo z’amazzi. Kitondekamazzi yekwasawaza ne kaboni okukola kaboni za nakazzi (hydrocarbons), zino nga ze molekyo ezikola ebiramu byonna. Mu butuufu ekitundu eky’ebiramu ekisinga kirimu mazzi.
Ne bwe waali tewannaba kubaawo nkulungo zonna, amazzi ne kaboni za nakazzi zaali zitengejja eyo mu bwengula ku bwazo. Molekyo endala zaakolebwa atomu enzito okusingawo nga sirikoni oba zaabu. Era mu bwengula kaboni za nakazzi ezimu zekwasawaza ne zikola molekyo ennene okusingawo eziyitibwa aminasidi.
Enkulungo bwe zatondekebwawo, ezo ezaali zisinga okuba ewala n’enjuba ng’enkulungo ya Kibuuka (jupitor) n’enkulungo ya Ggulu (Neptune) zaakolebwa okusinga molekyo empewufu nga molekyo z’amazzi ne kaboni za nakazzi. Ensi, eyatondekebwawo emyaka nga obwumbi 4.5 egiyise yali eri kumpi nnyo n’enjuba era ng’ekolebwa okusinga molekyo enzito okusingawo nga kkalwe, sirikoni ne minero endala bye bikola enjazi mu magombe g’ensi. 
Tekinnakakasibwa ngeri ki na ddi amazzi, kaboni eza nakazzi ne aminasidi bwe zajja ku Nsi. Kyokka bwe zatuuka ku Nsi, aminasidi zekung’anya wamu okutondekawo molekyo endala enzibuwavu okusingawo nga ezasooka ku zino zaali asidi za libonyukiraiki  oba libonnyukirayikasidi (ribonucleic acids), ne kuddako ebizimbamubiri(proteins). Molekyo y’ebiramu esingayo obunene leero y’endagabutonde (DNA). Buli molekyo y’endagabutonde erimu atomu za kaboni ezisukka mu buwumbi obubiri gattako atomu ez’ebika ebirala nkuyanja. 
Molekyo zonna zetaaga engeri ey’okukuumira obuziba bwazo  awamu.Engeri ebbiri ezisinga okukuumira obuziba bwa mulokyo awamu zirimu: 

Ku mulembe guno bannasayansi bayinza okukola ebika bya molekyo ebipya mu laabu n’amakolero nga molekyo za pulasitiika. Pulasitiika nazo molekyo molekyo za kaboni za nakazzi. Abantu era bakola molekyo empya ez’okujjanjabisa endwadde.
Tumaze okulaba nti ekiyitibwa erementi mu essomabuzimbe (chemistry), ye matiiriyo ekolebwa akaziba ek’ekika ekimu kyokka yadde nga eyinza okuba atomu essukka mu emu. Ky’olina okumanya kwe kuba nti eba atomu ya kika kimu.

Kyokka ate atomu ez’ebika eby’enjawulo bbiri bwe zekwasawaza (bonding), zikola ekiyitibwa “molekyo” (molecule), kino nga era kiyitibwa kitooli (compound).

Molekyo eyinza okukolebwa atomu ez’ekika ekimu ezisukka mu emu oba atomu ez’ebika eby’enjawulo. Ebyokulabirako:

(i)	Obuziba bubiri obwa ayidologyeni bukola molekyo ya ayidologyeni, H2. Eno molekyo nnyangu.
(ii)	Obuziba bubiri obwa okisigyeni bukola  molekyo ya okisigyeni, O2.  N’eno molekyo nnyangu.
(iii)	Obuziba busatu obwa okisgyeni bukola  molekyu ya Ozoni, “O3”. N’eno molekyu nnyangu.
(iv)	Molekyu y’amazzi H2O, ekolebwa obuziba bwa ayidologyeni bubiri n’akaziba ka   okisigyeni kamu. Eyo molekyo nzibuwavu(complex molecule).
(v)	Molekyu y’omunnyo, Nacl2, ekolebwa akaziba ka sodiyamu kamui nakaziba ka kololiini kamu. Eno nayo molekyu nzibuwavu.

Ki ekitali Molekyo?

Obuziba obwa   namunigina ez’endagakintu teziba molekyo. Akaziba ka  okisigyeni eya namunigina, O, teba molekyo. Kyokka okisigyeni bwe yekwasawaza (bonds) ne okisegyeni nga O2 , O3 oba ne yekwasawaza ku ndagakintu oba akaziba  ak’ekika ekirala, eno eba molekyo.

Molekyo ezasooka ze zaali molekyo ezaali zisingayo obutono.  Obuziba bwa ayidologyeni bubiri  bweekwasawaza wamu. Bwe waayitawo ekiseera, semufu z’enjuba ne zibwatuka ne ziwanda obuziba(atoms) obw’enjawulo ne watondekebwawo molekyu ez’ebika eby’enjawulo ne zitandika okutseyeeya  mu bwengula.

Olw’okuba obuziba obusinga mu bwengula bwali bwa ayidologyeni, molekyu zino ezisinga obungi zaagatta ayidologyeni  ‘akaziba ak’ekika ekirala. Ayidologyeni yeegatta ne okisegyeni okukola molekyo z’amazzi, ayidologyeni yegatta ne kaboni okutondekawo kaboni za nakazzi (hydrocarbons), zino nga ze zizimba buli kiramu.

N’enkulungo bwe zaali tezinnabaawo, obuziba bw’amazzi ne kaboni za nakazzi (hydrocarbons) bwali buseyeeya mu bwengula ku bwazo.Molekyu ezimu zaakolebwa mu buziba  obuzito okusingawo nga sirikoni oba zaabu. Kyokka era mu bwengula kaboni za nakazzi (hydrocarbons) zekwata ne zitondekawo molekyu ennene okusingawo eziyitibwa aminasidi (amino acids). Enkulungo bwe zitondekebwawo,  ezo ezaali ewala okuva awali enjuba zaakolebwa okusinga mu molekyu eziwewuka ng’amazzi ne kaboni za nakazzi(hydrocarbons). 

Ensi eyatondekabwawo emyaka nga obuwumbi 4.5 egiyise, yali kumpi ekolebwa okusinga molekyo enzito nga kkalwe (iron).

Sirikoni mungi ne minero endala nazo zaayingira mu nsi gye zaakola enjazi mu magombe g’ensi. 

Tekinnaba kukakasibwa ddi molekyu z’amazzi, kaboni za nakazzi, ne aminasidi bwe zayingira ku nsi. Kyokka bwe zaatuuka ku nsi aminasidi zeegatta okukola molekyu endala enzibuwavu oba oli awo okusooka asidi za libonyukiraiki (ribonucleic acids) ne kuddako ebizimbamubiri (proteins). Molekyu y’ebiramu esinga obunene y’endagabutonde (DNA). Buli molekyo ya ndagabutonde erina atomu za kaboni buwumbi bubiri munda mwayo, gattako ebika bya atomu ebirala.

Molekyo zonna zetaaga engeri y’okukuumira atomu zazo awamu. Engeri enkulu bbiri ezikuumira atomu za molekyo awamu zirimu:

a)	Enkwasowazo ez’ekigabanyo (covalent bonding). Enkwasowazo ez’ekigabanyo ng’eza kabonibbiri-okisadi n’eya amazzi.
b)	Enkwasowazo ez’ekivaatiso (ionic bonding). Ekika ekinafu nga mu njazi ezisinga obungi.
Ku mulembe guno abantu bakola molekyo empya mu laabu n’amakolero. Ezimu ku molekyo ezisinga obunene abantu ze bakola mulimu molekyo za pulasitiika (plastics) ng’ebidomola bya kasasiro n’obuveera. Pulasitika nazo molekyo za kaboni eza nakkazzi (hydrocarbons). Abantu era bakola molekyo empya ez’eddagala.




#Article 232: Vatomu(ion) (168 words)


Gakuweereddwa Charles Muwanga !! Atomu oba akaziba akasannyalaziddwa kayitibwa vatomu. Akawango akasookeso(prefix) va- kalaga nti waliwo okuva(motion) kw'obusannyalazo(electrons)okuva mu kaziba(atomu) akamu okudda mu kalal .

Ekigireetera okusannyalazibwa (to be charged) kwe kuviibwako oba okwongerebwako akasannyalazo(electron).  Kimanye nti: 

(a) Singa akaziba oba atomu eba n’obukontanyo(protons)   bungi okusinga obusannyalazo kabaamu  ekisannyalazo oba kyagi eya pozitiivu.

(b) Singa atomu eba n’obusannyalazo bungi okusinga obukontanyo, eba kaziba akalimu kyagi oba ekisannyalazo ekya negatiivu.

Vatomu (ion) eba atomu(akaziba) oba ekibinja ky’obuziba nga omuwendo gw’obusannyalazo tegwenkana na muwendo gwa bukontanyo, ekintu ekigireetera okuba ne kyagi eya pozitiivu oba eya negatiivu.

Vatone (anion) eba vatomu erina kyagi eya negatiivu. Ennukuta “n” mu vatone eraga “obwanegatiivu” bwa atomu eno era eba esikirizibwa ekikopu (=ekikondo ekya pozitiivu=anode), eno nga vatomu eba n’ekisannyalazo ekya negatiivu. Vatopo (cation) eba vatomu (ion) eba ne kyagi eya pozitiivu era ng’esikirizibwa ekikone (=ekikondo ekya negatiivu=Cathode).

Singa vatopo (cation) nga sodiyamu eba eragibwa nga   (Na+), kisannyalazo / kyaagi eya ‘+’ egigoberera, eraga nti eba erina akasannyalazo kamu akabulako okusinga omugatte gwa konta gwonna.  




#Article 233: Ekiyayaano (valency) (172 words)


Ekiyayaano kiraga kikolwa kya kuyayaana (to yearn for something) . Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Ekiyayaano mbeera ya kaziba (atomu)   okuyayaanira okuviibwako oba okugaba obusannyalazo(electron)  kasobole okuba akaggumivu (stable).

Mu essomabuziba,   ekiyayaano (valence oba valency) eky’endagakintu(elemnt) kiba kipimo ky’obusobozi bwa atomu emu bw’okwekwasawaza (bonding) ne atomu endala okukola ebitooli eby’ekikemiko (chemical compunds) oba molekyo. 

Omulamwa gw’ekiyayaano gwatekebwawo mu kyasa kya 19 era ne gusobola okunnyonnyola obuzimbe bwa molekyo ez’ebiramu n’ebitali biramu.

Okunoonya ekireetera obuziba(atomu) oba molekyo okwegatta oba okwekwasawaza awamu(bonding together) kwaviirako ebigereeso eby’omulembe guno ebya “enkawasowazo ez’enkyusabuziba” (chemical bonding), omuli  ebizimbo bya  Lewis  (1916), ekigereeso ky’enkwasowazo y’ekiyayaano (valence bond)   (1927), emiyitiro gya molekyo (molecular orbitals) (1928), ekire ky’ekiyayaano, n’ebigereeso  ebirala mu essomabuzime bingi.

Mu bikyusabuziba ebimu (in some reactions), atomu zitomeggana mu ngeri nti emu eviibwako obusannyalazo bw’egabira endala ebuyingiza. Ekikula ekitondekedwawo kiyitibwa vatomu (ions), vatomu eyo eba egabye obusannyalazo eyitibwa atopo (cation), ekitegeeza nti egabye kyagi eya negatiivu ate yo n’esigaza ey pozitiivu ate eyo eba efunye obusannyalzo n’eyitibwa atone (anion), ekitegeeza nti efunye kyagi eya negatiivu mu kuva kw’obusannyalazo okubaddewo.




#Article 234: Ebipooli eby'enkyusabuziba (Chemical compounds) (480 words)


Mu kwogera okw’oluganda ,waliwo : 

(i)“ebipooli eby’enkyusabuziba”Ekipooli kigerageranye 
(ii)Ekipooli ebitali bya nkyusabuziba(nonchemical blends).

Enkyukakyuka ezibaawo mu kipooli eby’enkyusabuziba  ziviira ddala mu buziba bw’ekintu(ata atomic level) era ennukuta “.Ekipooli kino kibaamu  ekwasowazo (chemical bonding) eziviira ddala  mu buziba bwa “atomu ez’enjawulo.

Ekipooli ekeyekikemiko  (chemical compound) , sabusitansi ey’enkyusabuziba ejjawo nga endagakintu(element) bbiri oba okusingawo ez’enjawulo zegasse wamu mu mugerageranyo ogw’ekipimo (fixed ratio). Amazzi (H2O), ekyokulabirako, kipooli kya nkyusabuziba oba ka tugambe nti kipoli ekikyuse obuziba ,  ekikolebwa obuziba(atomu) bwa  ayidologyeni  bubiri ku buli atomu(kaziba) ya okisigyeni emu. Sodiyaamukololayidi (NaCl)  kipooli kya  atomu ya sodium emu ku buli atomu ya kololayidi emu. Ekintu ekikulu ku kitooli kwe kuba nti kiba n’ekibalanguzo eky’ekikemiko (chemical formula), ekinnyonnyola omugerageranyo atomu za buli erementi mwe zekwasiwaliza.

Ekisonjozo 2: Ekipooli

Ekipooli eba sabusitansi ekolebwa endagakintu(elements) ez’enjawulo bbiri oba okusingawo nga zikwasiwaganyiziddwa wamu mu omugerageranyo ogw’enkomeredde (fixed ratio).

Ezimu ku ndagakintu  ezisinga okukyaka mu bulamu  obwa bulijjo mulimu Kitondekamazzi (hydrogen), Kaboni (carbon), Okisijeni, keriyamu (helium), n’endala ze tugenda okulaba.
Molekyo biba birimba bya buziba nga bikwasiwaziddwa wamu(bonded together) mu ngeri y’emu ebigambo bwe biba ebirimba bya nnukuta. Ennukuta K esigala K mu buli kigambo ky’erimu  mu ngeri y’emu atomu ya kaboni (C) bw’esigala nga atomu ya kaboni  mu buli kitoori mw’eba eri.
Endagakintu eza bulijjo ziyinza okuzimba molekyo za njawulo nnyo naye atomu ezikola erementi zino zo zisigala bwe zityo  mu buli ndagakintu, mu buli kitoori. Yadde nga obuziba bulina  enzitoya n’ensengeka za njawulo, zonna zizimbiddwa n’ebitundu bye bimu ebiyitibwa obusannyalazo (electrons), obukontanyo (protons) ne nampawengwa (neutrons) era ebitundu bya atomu bino bye bizimba obwengula nga bwe buli. 

Nga bwe tulabye, ebipooli ziba sabusitansi ez’enkyusabuziba (pure substances), ezikolebwa endagakintu  bbiri oba okusingawo nga endagakintu zino zikwasiwaziddwa okuva mu buziba bwazo, ntegeeza mu nkyusabuziba mu migerageranyo gy’enzitoya emigere (fixed mass ratios). Endagakintu mu kipooli zikwataganyizibwa wamu n’enkwasowazo ez’enkyusabuziba (chemical bonds).
Okusobola okunnyonnyoka obulungi kalonda w’ebipooli  ka tutandike ne molekyo. Molekyo gwe mulamwa ogunnyonnyola atomu ezikwasiganyiziddwa n’enkwasowazo ez’enkyusabuziba (chemical bonds).  

Buli mugattiko gwa atomu gukola molekyo. Ekipooli eba molekyo ekolebwa mu atomu  eza erementi ez’enjawulo. Ebipooli byonna ziba molekyo naye si buli molekyo nti kipooli. Ggaasi ya ayidologyeni (H2) eba molekyo naye si kipooli kubanga ekolebwa  buziba bwa ndagakintu bwa kika kimu kyokka.  Amazzi (H2O) gayinza okuyitibwa molekyo oba ekipooli kubanga gakolebwa obuziba bwa ayidologyeni (H) ne okisigyeni(O). 

Waliwo enkwasowazo z’enkyusabuziba ezikwasawaza awamu obuziba za mirundi egy’enjawulo: Enkwasowazo ez’ekigabanyo n’enkwasowazo ez’ekivaatiso era eziyitibwa enkwaswazo ez’ekiyayayaano eky’amasannyalaze (electrovalent bonds). Atomu ezigabana obusannyalazo mu nkwasowazo z’ekikemiko (in a chemical bond) ziba n’enkwasowazo ez’ekigabanyo (covalent bonds).  Molekyu ya okisigyeni (O2) kya kulabirako kirungi ekya molekyu erina enkwasowazo ez’ekirokeero (covalent bond). Enkwasowazo ez’ekiyayaano eky’obusannyalazo (Ionic bonds) zibaawo nga obusannyalazo bugabiddwa okuva mu atomu emu okudda mu ndala. 

Omunnyo gwo ku mmeeza (NaCl), kyakulabirako eky’ekipooli eky’enkwasowazo ey’ekiyayaano ky’obusannyalazo (ionic bond).  Wakiwo n’enkwasowazo ey’ekika eky’okusatu: enkwasowazo ez’ekyuma (metallic bonds) ezibeerawo wakati wa atomu z’ekyuma. Tugenda kuteeka essira ku nkwasowazo ez’ekivaatiso (ionic bonds) n’enkwasowazo ez’ekigabanyo (covalent bonds).




#Article 235: Omusujja gw'Enkaka (227 words)


Enkaka ndwadde efuula olususu olwa kyenvu, era nga efuula n'amaaso okuba aga kyenvu, nga kiva ku kweyongera kwa kirungo ekya kyenvu ekiva mu kwesengejja kw'omusaayi mu mubiri ekiyitibwa Birilubin. 

Obulwadde buno buleeta ebintu ng'okusiiyibwa olususu, okufuluma obubi obwa kyenvu ennyo, ate n'omusulo nga gwa kyenvu omukwafu.
Era obulwadde buno bukwata nnyo abaana abato nga baakazaalibwa naddala mu wiiki esooka, naye buno tebuba bwa bulabe nnyo eri omwana oyo. Kyokka ekirungo ekyo ekiyitibwa birilubin bwe kyeyongera ennyo mu musaayi gw'omwana oyo okumala ekiseera ekiwerako, kyandimuviirako okufuna obulemu ku bwongo ekiyitibwa kernicterus.

Obungi bw'ekirungo kya birilubin mu musaayi, mu mbeera eya bulijjo tekiyina kusukka milligram emu, kyokka birilubin bw'atuuka wakati wa milligram ebbiri n'essatu mu musaayi, olwo kwe kufuna omusujja guno ogw'enkaka.

Embeera endala eziyinza okupeeruusa olususu ne lufuuka lwa kyenvu kyokka nga si musujja gwa nkaka, mulimu obulwadde obuyitibwa Carotenemia ekireetebwa omuntu okulya emmere ey'ekika ekimu mu bungi ate okumala ebbanga eddene.

Ekirala ekiyinza okuleetawo embeera eyo, lye limu ku ddagala erikozesebwa, gamba nga eriyitibwa Rifampicin erikozesebwa mu kujjanjaba endwadde ng'akafuba.

Mu mawanga agaakula edda enkaka esinga kuleetebwa kuzibikira kwa kakutu akaleeta omubisi ogugonza emmere okuva mu kibumba, akayitibwa (Bile duct), kyokka nga yo mu mawanga agakyakula enkaka esinga kusiigibwa busiigibwa naddala obuwuka obuyitibwa arbovirus obuleetebwa ensiri eyitibwa Aede.

Okuzibikira kw'akakutu kali aka 'bile duct' kitera kuva ku ndwadde nga kookola (cancer) awamu n'obulwadde obukwata akalulwe obuyitibwa 'Pancreatitis'.




#Article 236: Endwadde y'okusiiyibwa amaaso (207 words)


Okusiiyibwa amaaso Conjunctivitis y'endwadde ekwata amaaso omuntu n'afuna okusiiyibwa n'obuzimbu ku kitundu ky'eriiso ekyeru ate ne munda w'obususu obubikka ku liiso.

Endwadde eno efuula eriiso okuba mu langi eya pinka (pink) oba erimyufu. Era eriiso liba liruma, libabuukirira era nga lisiiwa. Eriiso eddwadde liba livaamu amaziga naddala kumakya era wandibaawo n'okuzimba kw'ekitundu ky'eriiso ekyeru.

Kyokka endwadde eno yandikwatako eriiso limu oba gombi. Obulwadde buno busiigibwa buwuka bukasaasaanya ndwadde(viruses and bacterium) era ng'obuwuka buno kyangu nnyo okusaasaana mu bantu. Ate era singa eriiso ligwamu akooya k'ensolo yonna, nakyo kireeta nnyo endwadde eno.
Okunoonyereza ensibuko y'endwadde eno, basinziira ku bubonero obweyolekera ku liiso eddwadde. 

Ezimu ku ngeri z'okweziyizaamu obulwadde buno mwe muli: okunaabanga engalo bulijjo(lunye) naye ng'obujjanjabi businziira ku nsibuko eba ezuuliddwa.

Ebiseera ebimu ng'obulwadde buno buleeteddwa buwuka bwa bacteria, endwadde eno etera okugenda yokka nga tewali ddagala likozeseddwa lyonna. Mu bantu abakulu, endwadde y'okusiiyibwa amaaso etera kuva ku buwuka obuyitibwa viruses ng'ate mu bato, businga kuleetebwa buwuka obwa bacteria ng'obulwadde buno butera kukendeerera mu bbanga lya wiiki ng'emu.

Singa wabaawo embeera nga ey'okuziba amaaso(ng'omuntu takyalaba), okulumwa amaaso okutasalako, okukaluubirirwa ng'atunula mu kitangaala, okufuna amabwa ku maaso, oba ng'omuntu talaga ssuubi lya kuwona lyonna oluvannyuma lw'ebbanga erya wiiki emu, olwo wabeerawo okunoonyereza ku nsibuko y'endwadde eyo era n'obujjanjabi bukyukamu.




#Article 237: Ekirwadde kya Cholera (152 words)


Ekirwadde kya Cholera (Kkolera) abamu bakiyita Ekinyaga. 
Ekinyaga, ekimanyiddwa ennyo nga Kolera (Cholera), kirwadde ekikwata mu byenda nga kireetebwa obuwuka obuyitibwa Bacterium vibrio cholerae.

Ekirwadde kino kigwa bugwi, era kirabikira mu bbanga eriri wakati w'ekitundu ky'olunaku n'ennaku ettaano nga kimaze okukwata omuntu. Ekirwadde kya Cholera kikosa bantu bokka; tekikwata bisolo birala, era omuntu afunye ekirwadde kino n'atajjanjabibwa, omubiri gwe guyinza okuvaamu liita z'amazzi eziri wakati w'ekkumi okutuuka kw'abiri (10-20) mu lunaku lumu! N'ekirala, singa Cholera ajja n'amaanyi ate n'atajjanjabwa ,asobola okutta abalwadde ebitundu ataano ku buli kikumi (50/100).

Ekinyaga mu Uganda kitogomya nnyo abantu. Kisinga kuyiikiriza bantu abali mu bitundu eby'ebibuga. Kyakusaalirwa nga mu bitundu by'ebibuga bya Uganda obukyafu mwe businga obungi. Kiri bwe kityo kubanga abantu bakwata bugi ebisaaniiko era n'empitambi (obubi) bamala gabusuulasuula. Abalala balya ebyokulya ebicaafu n'okunywa amazzi agatali mafumbe. Abamu amazzi baganywa tebamanyi nga banywa ago agatundibwa mu buveera wamu n'obutunda obukamule ng'ababitegese bamala gakozesa mazzi ge basanze. 




#Article 238: Omusujja gwa Typhoid (167 words)


Omusujja gwa Typhoid (era ogumanyiddwa nga omusujja gw'omu byenda) guleetebwa obuwuka obuyitibwa Salmonella Typhi nga bukwata mu byenda ne mu musaayi.Omusujja guno bwe gukukwata otandika okufuna (okulaba) obubonero bwagwo mu bbanga eriri wakati w'ennaku omukaaga n'asatu (6-30 days).

Omuntu bw’afuna omusujja guno nga gwa maanyi okumala ennaku eziwera, anafuwa omubiri, alumizibwa mu lubuto, akaluubirizibwa mu kufuluma era alumizibwa n’omutwe. Wabula, waliwo n’abafuna obutulututtu ku mubiri.
Omusujja gw’omu byenda gukwatira mu kulya era n'okunywa amazzi oba emmere ebiba birina akakwate ku bubi bw'oyo eyakwatibwa edda obulwadde buno. Omusujja guno gukwata bantu bokka, tegukwata kisolo kyonna. 

Obubonero obulala obw’omusujja gw’omu byenda bwe buno.
Mu mbeera ng'omulwadde alina omusujja gw’omu byenda tajjanjabiddwa, obulwadde buno bulina emitendera ena, era nga buli mutendera gumala wiiki ng'emu era, gye gino wammanga:

Okubeera abayonjo. Okusinga ennyo obulwadde buno bukwatira mu byakulya ne mu mazzi agalimu obubi bw’oyo eyakwatibwako obulwadde buno.

Okujjanjaba endwadde eno, eddagala lino wammanga lye limu ku likozesebwa:
Oral rehydration therapy, ekika kya Fluoroquinolone okuli eddagala nga eiprofloxacin n'ebika by'eddagala ebirala bingi.




#Article 239: Ekizibu ky'Okwerabira (115 words)


Dementiakye kizibu ky'obwongo ekimala ekiseera ekiwanvu nga kigenda kinafuya okulowooza n'okujjukira kw'omuntu mu bintu by'akola mu bulamu bwe obwa bulijjo.

Wabula, kino tekikyankalanya ntegeera ya muntu.

Ekizibu kino bakikebera n'okugigezesa nga bakozesa akakodyo k'okubuuza omulwadde ebibuuzo eby'enjawulo ebitegekerwa okugezesa entegeera n'obujjukizi bw'obwongo bwe (mini mental state examination).

Wabula tewali ddagala liwonya ndwadde eno ey'okwerabira, wabula waliwo eryo eritera okukozesebwa okusobola okugikkakkanyaako, gamba ng'eryo eriyitibwa donepezil.

Oyo alabirira omuntu alina ekizibu kino asaanye fune okuyigirizibwa ku ngeri gy'asaanye okumukwatamu era n'okumukuumamu nga bali mu bulamu obwa bulijjo.

Kyokka singa omulwadde akyusa enneeyisaaye n'eba ng'etakyali ya buntu, waliwo eddagala eritera okumuweebwa naye nga terisembebwa kukozesebwa,anti teritera kuleetawo njawulo nnene ate nga lyongera kukendeeza ku bulamu bwa mulwadde.




#Article 240: Kaboni (Carbon) (753 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !! 1.	Kebera akaziba ka Kaboni(the Carbon atom)

Kaboni y’endagakintu(element) esinga okusangibwa ku Nsi mu ttaka, amazzi, ensolo, n’ebimera. 

Kaboni (Carbon) :

Kaboni bwe yegatta n’endagakintu eyitibwa okisigyeni, tufuna ekipooli ky’empewo ekiyitibwa kabboni-bbiri-okisayidi (Carbondioxide). 

Ky’olina okusooka okunnyonnyioka kwe kuba nti Ensolo ziyingiza nabuzimbe eyitibwa omukka gwa okisigyeni ate ne bifulumya omukka ogwa kaboni-biri okisayidi nga kazambi. 

Kyokka Kaboni-bbiri okisayidi ono ensolo gwe zifulumya nga kazambi ate ebimera bbyo gwe biyingiza ate bbyo ne bitufulumiza okisigyeni ffe gwe tuyingiza mu kussa nga omukka ogwa kazambi eri bbyo.

Weetegereze nti mu kussa ffe, ensolo tufulumya kaboni-bbirokisayidi nga omukka ogwa kazambi ogutuvaamu ate ne tuyingiza okisigyeni ng’omukka ,  emibiri gyaffe gye gwetaaka okusobola  enkola z’ekikyusabuziba okugenda mu maaso omubiri gubeere mulamu.

Kimanye nti mu sayansi n’omuntu naye abalibwa mu nsolo, omuntu naye nsolo naye si kisolo.Weetegereze nti mu Luganda:
(a)	Ensolo =all animals including humanbeings 
(b)	Ekisolo= Animals that are not humanbeings.

Ffe bwe tufulumya kaboni-bbirokisayidi ng’omukka ogwa kazambi ate ebimera bbyo ne biba nga byetaaga kuyingiza  C02  ono . Olaba ekibalo ky’obutonde mmwe kyemwagala okutaataganya nga musanyaawo ebibira n’obutasimba miti !!

Waakitegedde  nti Katonda okukakasa nti okisigyeni ensolo gwe zetaga okussa buli kaseera abaawo nga bwe tumwetaaga kwe kumerusa ku nsi  emiti n’ebibira enkuyanja ebiyingiza kaboni-bbirokisayidi gwe tufulumya ate bbyo ne bitufulumiza okisigyeni ffe gwe gwe twetaaga okuyingiza mu mibiri gyaffe ?

Kaakati nno buli abantu lwe mweyongera okuzaala n’okulunda ensolo ennyingi ku nsi olw’obwetaavu bw’ennyama obwetaavu bwa okisigyeni ensolo gwe ziyingiza mu kussa nga gweyongera.  

Kino kitegeeza nti omuntu alina okwongeza ku bungi  bw’emiti  egiri ku  nkulungo y’Ensi naye ekyewuunyisa emiti n’ebibira tubisaanyizzaawo awatali kusimba mirala egingendana n’obungi bw’abantu be tumala gazaala ku Nsi n’ebisolo bye tweyongera okulunda , byonna ebyetaaga okisigyeni okuba ebiramu.

Ng’ojjeeko okuba nti ebimera byetaaga omukka ogulimu kaboni mu kussa kwabyo ,Kaboni alina mugaso ki omulala eri ebiramu ku Nsi ?

Ekibalo kya Katonda era kirimu ennabuzimbe eyitibwa kaboni(C) okuba nga y’etega (traps) oba okuyingiza (to absorb) ebbugumu eryetaagibwa ebiramu ku nkulungo y’Ensi.

Ebbugumu lerisinga obungi  lye tulina ku Nsi liva ku Njuba Muwanga (Our sun) nga lituuka ku nsi ng’olubugumu olw’amayengo ag’ekitangaala , oluyitibwa oluyengo(radiation). Olubugumu olw’amayengo g’ekitangaala oluva kun juba lulimu emitendera musanvu nga egimu ku ggyo girina enziirng’ana ya waggulu nnyo(very high frequence) ekitegeeza nti luba n’amasoboza mayitirivu nnyo era ag’obulabe eri obulabe.

Ekibalo kya Katonda Namugereka ddunda, kye kyakola kwe kukkakkanya olubugumu luno nga terunatuuka ku nsi ne kalonda w’obutonde wa mirundi ebiri:
(a)	Olububi lw’omukka gwa ozooni (O3) olusembayo waggulu olubisse ku nampewo
(b)	Nampewo , eno nga bbulangiti y’omukka ogukola ebirungo by’empewo eyetaagibwa ebiramu. Ekimu ku  bikola ebirungo bya nampewo gwe mukka gwa kaboni-bbirokisayidi(CO2)  nga buli molekyo ya C02  emu ebaamu atomu ya kaboni emu.
(c)	Emigendo gy’amasoboza ag’ebbugumu egiva kun juba bwe gitomera ku safeesi y’Ensi giba  gikola kiddannyuma ne giddayo waggulu mu mwengula ekintu ekyandirese enkulungo y’ensi nga nnyinyogovu nnyo ne waba nga tewasobola kubaawo kiramu kyonna ku nsi. Nabuzimbe  eyitibwa kaboni(C)  ku nsi ne mu Nampewo  y’emu ku kibalo ekisobozesa n’okukuuma  obulamu ku Nsi olw’okuba etega (it traps)  ebbugumu eryekigero eryetaagisa ku Nsi lyonna lireme kuddayo butereevu mu bwengula.

Akabi kava wa ?

 Singa obungi bwa kaboni oba kaboni-bbirokisayidi buyitirira ku nsi ,kino kiviirako nampewo ne safeeesi y’ensi okufuna ebbugumu erisinga kw’eryo ebiramu bye lyetaaga ku Nsi , ekintu ekiviirako olubuguumiriro lw’enkulungo y’Ensi(Global warming) , ekyeya, n’enjala kakutiya mu bitundu ebisinga obunji ku Nsi. Olubuguumiriro lw’ensi era luleeteera ebifo ebifumbekeddemu omuzira okumerenguka ne kiviirako omujjuzo ku semanzinga n’ebizinga awamu n’enkuba empitirivu erimu embuyaga ereeta amataba agasanyaawo ebyalo, amalimiro , ebyobugagga, n’obulamu.

Olubuguumiriro lw’enkulungo y’Ensi Luva ku ki?

Nga bwe tulyabe enkulungo y’Ensi bw’ennyogoga ekiyitiridde kisanyaawoobulamu ku Nsi kyokka era bw’eyokya ekiyitiridde nakyo kireetawo embeera esanyaawo obulamu ku Nsi.

Mu butonde   bw’ensi Katonda yamerusa   entababimera (vegetation), omuli emiddo, emiti, n’ebibira ebirimu obulamu obw’enjawulo (biodiversity) nga bimala bumazi okuyingiza omukka gwa kaboni-bbirokisayidi(CO2) ensolo gwe zifulumya ku Nsi.

Omuntu ow’omulembe guno ky’akoze kwe kutataaganya ensengekera z’obutonde(natural systems) ez’ebiramu ng’akola  ebikolobero bino ku buwangaaliro Katonda bwe yamukolera okwetusaako buli ky’ayagala mu bulamu:

(a)	Okutema n’okukozesa emiti awatali kusimba mirala
(b)	Okuzaala ennyo n’okulunda ensolo ekiyitiridde, bino nga bye bimu ku byongera obungi bwa kabonibbirokisayidi ku Nsi , awatali kusimba miti na bibira kwongera ku bungi bwa nkozeso za kaboni(carbon sinks).
(c)	Amakolero (factories) n’ebitondekero (industries) ebikozesa amafuta ga nakavundira w’ebiramu (fossil fuels) amayitirivu buli lunaku , ne gafulumya kazambi w’omukka ogujjudde kaboni omuyitirivu  asukkulumye ku bwetaavu bw’entababimera nga emiti n’ebibira  okukozesa. Kaboni bw’asukka obungi mu nampewo atega olubugumu lw’enjuba luyitirivu okusinga olwo ebiramu bye lwetaaga ku Nsi, ekintu ekireetawo olubuguumiriro lw’enkulungo y’ensi(Global warming).




#Article 241: Ennetoloola ya Kaboni (the Carbon Cycle) (318 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !! Kebera omulamwa Kaboni(carbon)

Kaboni ye nnabuzimbe(elementi) esangibwa buli wamu mu butonde bw’ensi, mu biramu n’ebitali biramu mwe yetoloolera.  Kaboni asangibwa mu njazi, mu ttaka, mu semayanja oba mu mazzi ne mu buli kiramu. Bino wansi omuntu ow’omulembe guno byalina okumanya okukakasa nti Katonda buli kye yatonda yamala kukibaza era yakozesa ekibalo ekya waggulu , ekitasobola kubawo mu butanwa:
(i)	Kaboni ayingizibwa ebimera okuva mu nampewo. Mu nampewo kaboni aba yetabise mu ggaasi eyitibwa kabwokisaidi   (carbon dioxide ) . Okuyita mu kiyitibwa kitangattika (photosynthesis) , kabwokisaidi asikibwa okuva mu mpewo wakati mu kitangaala ky’omusana okukola emmere y’ebimera okuva mu kaboni (carbon).

(ii)	Kaboni ava mu bimera ate nadda mu nsolo . Okuyita mu kajegere w’emmere (food chains), kaboni aba ali mu bimera adda mu nsolo ezirya ebimera bino. Kyokka ensolo ezirya nsolo zinnaazo nazo ziyingiza kaboni ono okuva mu nsolo ze zirya kubanga ensolo ezo ziba zirya omuddo (ebimera) .
 
(iii)	Kaboni ava mu bimera n’ensolo n’ayingira mu ttaka.  Ebimera n’ensolo bwe bifa, emibiri gyabyo  , emiti, n’ebikoola bivunda nebiteeka kaboni mu ttaka . Ebimu ku bino biziikibwa mairo ne mairo wansi mu ttaka oluvannyuma lw’ekiseera ekiwanvu ennyo  (myaka bukadde na bukadde) ne bifuuka amafuta ga nakavundira(fossil fuels).
(iv)	Kaboni ava mu biramu n’ayingira nampewo.   Buli lw’ofulumya omukka (exhale), oba  ofulumya ggaasi ya kabwokisaidi (KW2) mu nampewo . Ensolo n’ebimera bifulumya kabwokisaidi okuyita mu kifulumya (respiration)
 
(v)	Kaboni era ava mu mafuta ga nakavundira okudda mu nampewo amafuta gano buli lwe gokyebwa. Abantu bwe bookya amafuta ga nakavundira (fossil fuels) mu  makolero, amabibiro g’amasannyalaze, emotoka, loole ne masiini endala , kaboni asinga ayingira nampewo mu bwangu nga ggaasi ya kabwokisaidi . Buli mwaka , obuwumbi bwa ttani za kaboni bufulumizibwa okuyita mu kwokya amafuta ga nakavundira.  Ku bungi bwa kaboni obuyingizibwa  okuva mu mafuta agookyebwa , ekitundu kiyingira mu nampewo ate kaboni asigadde n’amerungukira mu mazzi g’ennyanja. 

(vi)	Kaboni ava mu nampewo n’adda mu ssemayanja . 




#Article 242: Nampewo (the atmosphere) (596 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !! Nampewo kiva mu kugattika ebigambo by’oluganda “Nakazaala w’empewo ez’Obulamu”. 

Emikka egiri mu bwengula nkuyanja naye zi gyonna nti gikola empewo ebezaawo ebiramu. Ku nkulungo y’Ensi kuliko ebirungo by’emikka eby’ekibalo ebikola  “empewo” eyetaagisa okusobozesa obulamu okubaawo.

Bbulangiti y’empewo eno eyebulungudde ensi y’eyitibwa “Nampewo”. Ekitegeeza nti ye nakazaala w’empewo ey’obulamu.

Enkulungo (planets) zonna  zirina namikka(planetary atmospheres)  kyokka namikka w’enkulungo y’Ensi ye wanjawulo . 

Mu nkulungo zonna ezetoloola enjuba Muwanga, enkulungo y’Ensi ye yokka eri mu kifo ekisobozesa  embeera ez’ekibalo , ezisobozesa obulamu. Nampewo ye nakazadde w’empewo (omugattiko gwa ggaasi ezisobozesa  obulamu)   ku Nsi. 

Kino Katonda yakiruka atya ? Ensi yebulunguddwa bbulangiti ya nampewo(the earth’s atmosphere) erimu ebirungo by’emikka ebikola empewo esobozesa obulamu okubaawo. Bbulangiti ya nampewo eno awamu n’olububi lwa ggaasi eyitibwa wozoni oba luyite olububi lwa wozoni (ozone layer)  era bye biziyiza amayengo g’ekitangaala ag’obulabe okuva ku njuba , omuli aga Gama’le n’ago agali waggulu wa kkala eya vayolaobutatutuukako ku  Nsi.

Nampewo kakung’unta ka Ensi akaziiyiza olubugumu (radiation) olw’obulabe eri obulamu obutatuuka butereevu ku nsi. Nampewo ekolebwa omugattiko gwa molekyu za ziggaasi n’ebintu ebirala ebyebulungudde ensi. 

Nampewo okusingira ddala alimu zi ggaasi Nayitulojeni (78.09%) ne wokisigeni (20.95%). Mulimu ne ggaasi endala (other gases) ez’ebipimo ebitono awamu ne bu patike obw’enkalubo obulala ng’enfuufu, munyale (soot), evvu, n’omunnyo okuva mu semayanja.
 Mu ggasi endala mulimu aligoni (Argon gas) 0.93% , ne kaboni-bbiriokisaidi  (cabondioxide) 0.003% , awamu n’amazzi (agali mu kikula ky’enfuumo, amatondo n’obuyinja bw’omuzira) , ebintu  ebiddako okuba mu nampewo. 

Ebirungo (composition / ingredients) bya nampewo bya njawulo okusinziira ku kifo, embeera y’obudde, n’ebintu ebirala bingi ; ekyokulabirako , wayinza okubaawo amazzi mangi mu mpewo oluvannyuma lw’enkuba kirinnyamutikka  oba okuliraana ssemayanja; okubaluka kwa volukano(ekipuluko) nakwo kuyinza okuteeka patike z’enfuufu ennyinji mu nampewo. Okwonoona empewo kuyinza okwongera ziggaasi , enfuufu oba munyale mu nampewo.

Akakungunta k’ensi kano, nampewo, kaba kakwafu (densest) okusingira ddala ku saafeesi y’ensi olwo ne kakendeera  gy’okoma okugenda waggulu kyokka tewali lusalosalo lulambulukufu wakati wa nampewo n’obwengula. 

Essomo lya nampewo (meteorology) liraga nti obulamu ku nsi tebwandisobose awatali bbulangiti eno eya  nampewo.  Katonda wa maanyi !!!

Nampewo mwe mubeera wokisigeni gwe twetaaga okussa ate era ye bbulangiti y’empewo z’obulamu eno ekkakkanya tempulikya ku nkulungo y’Ensi, n’ekkakkanya okukaalaama okubaawo ku nkulungo ezitaliiko nampewo. 

Nampewo era etukuuma ng’eyingiza n’okusaasanya olubugumu (radiation) oluva ku njuba mu kigero ekyetaagisa .
Ku masoboza  ag’enjuba agatuuka ku Ensi, 30% gazzibwaayo mu bwengula olw’ebire ne saafeesi (ku ngulu) y’ensi ekitangaala bye kitomera. Nampewo ayingiza 19% olwo ebitundu 51% ne biyingizibwa Ensi. 

Tetumanya kigenda mu maaso kyokka empewo erina obuzito , ensonga lwaki empewo etuli waggulu etuteekako akanyigirizi. 

Okukontana okuli mu nampewo  kuva ku embeera ey’obunnyogovu n’eyokwookya okujjira mu “olubugumu lw’enjuba” (solar radiation). Okukontana kuno kwe kuvaako embuyaga, kikung’unta, kibuyaga oba omuyaga ogubeera mu nampewo. Okukontana kuno  kuleetebwa mpewo ekunta okuva mu kifo ky’akanyigirizi akali waggulu(awannyogoga) okudda  akanyigirizi gye kali wansi(ewabuguma). 

Akanyigirizi ka nampewo (air pressure) era kava ku buzito bwa molekyu z’empewo eziri waggulu. Gy’okoma okugenda waggulu, molekyu z’empewo zikendeera kubanga ezisinga ziba wansi. N’olwekyo akanyigirizi k’empewo kaba kakendeera gy’okoma  okuva ku ttaka. Empewo ennyogoga n’eyokya bwe zisisinkana, ennyogoga ebugumizibwa ebbugumu eriva ku  njuba,  olwo n’efunvubira okudda waggulu eno ng’enyogoga bwe yenyigira wansi .

Akanyigirizi ka nampewo era kalina akakwate n’essikirizo (gravity). Akanyigirizi ka nampewo bwe buzito obwekkatira ku mpewo eri mu nampewo. 

Okuyita mu mpewo ezitambula ng’embuyaga , nampewo atambuza ebbugumu erisukkulumye okwetoloola Ensi .
 Mu ngeri emu oba endala embuyaga erina ekigendererewa kya Katonda okujja ebbugumu erisukkulumye okuva omusana we guba gukoze  okugumba kw’amaanyikasoboza agasukkulumye  oba okuva mu bitundu by’ensi ebyokya naddala mu tulopika n’amalungu  okudda mu bitundu by’ensi ebinnyogoga naddala ebyo ebiri waggulu  oba ebya latitudde eza waggulu.




#Article 243: Ensengekera ya kitegabbugumu(The greenhouse system) (320 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !! Olw’okutaataganya ekibalo kya Katonda eky’obutonde , Ensi yaffe eri mu nkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’obudde olw’okuba nga obungi bwa kaboni-bbirokisayidi  mu nampewo bweyongera buli olukedde olw’omuntu okutaataganya ensengekera za Katonda(Devine systems). 

Ensengekera ya Kitegabbugumu y’engeri Katonda gye yateekawo ebbugumu eriva ku njuba okutegebwaamu era ne liyingizibwa “ggaasi za kitegabbugumu” (greenhouse gases) ezisangibwa mu nampewo.

 Ssinga tewaaliwo ggaasi za kitegabbugumu, ebbugumu eriva ku njuba lyonna lyandibadde lizzibwaayo mu bwengula, kino   ne kireka Ensi nga nyinyogovu nnyo obutasobozesa bulamu kubeerako. Kyokka ate ebbugumu eritegebwa okusigala mu nampewo w’Ensi bwe liyitirira era kireetawo okwonoona embeera y’obudde omuli n’ebbugumu okuyitirira ennyo ku nsi . Walina kubeerawo  bbugumu  lya kigero eryetaagisa ku Nsi nga Katonda bwe yakiteekateeka oluberyeberye.

Ekirabika okuva mu bifaananyi ebiweerezebwa ebibulungulo (satellites) ebisindikibwa mu bwengula awamu n’okunoonyereza kiraga nti omuzira oguli ku nsi guli mu kumerenguka olw’olubugumu olweyongera bulu olukya , semayanja zeyongera okujjula, n’ensengekera z’embeera z’obudde zigenda zikyuuka. 

Amazzi ageetagibwa ebiramu, omuli n’abantu , gafuuse ga kkekwa , embuyaga , kikung'unta , ne kibuyaga bigenda byeyongera mu maanyi n’enziring'ana. Eddungu likyayinza okweyongera okugaziwa olwo ensi kigizibuwalire okulima emmere egimala. Kino kyetaagisa okukyusa enneeyisa okuziiyiza obungi bwa kaboni-bbiri-okisatyidi mu nampewo.

Ekigendererwa kya Namugereka mu kitegabbugumu

Okufananamu n’ekiyumba ekigerere (greenhouse) omukulizibwa ebimera ,  mu mbeera engere , ggaasi mu nampewo w’ensi zikuumira enkulungo y’Ensi  ku tempulikya ez’ekigero. 

Emigendo gy’enjuba (sun’s rays)  bwe giyingira mu nampewo (earth’s atmosphere) , amasoboza (energy) , gayingizibwa ggaasi za kitegabbugumu. Ekitundu ku masoboza ag’enjuba kyokyesa (kibugumya) ensi oba enkulungo ate ekirala ne kizzibwayo (reflected back) mu nampewo.  

Ggaasi za kitegabbugumu(green house gases) zisobola okukuuma ekigero kyazo okuyita mu nfulumya n’ennyingiza  ey’obutonde okuva mu bintonde ebiri ku nsi , ebiramu n’ebitali  biramu. Eky’okulabirako kwe kuvunda kw’ebiramu (organic decay ) okuvaamu kaboni-bbiri-okisayidi(carbon-dioxide) .  Okukola ku  woyiro ne ggaasi ez’obutonde (natural oir and gas) ,  kitondekawo metani. Ebibira n’emiddo bitondeka nayitulaasi-okisayidi (nitrous oxide).

Abantu bwe batataaganya ensengekera ezenkanyankanya ggaasi eziri ku nsi, nampewo, bulangiti ya ggaasi ezitega ebbugumu, ataataaganyizibwa.




#Article 244: Olubuguumiriro lw'Enkulungo y'Ensi (241 words)


Olubuguumiriro lw’Enkulungo y’ Ensi (Global warming)

Olubuguumiriro  lw’enkulungo y’Ensi (global warming) kwe kulinnya kwa tempulikya okuva ku kigero ekyetaagisa obulamu (average temperature) ku safeesi y’ensi  ne mu semayanja  .Kino kizze kiba bwe kito okuva  mu makkati g’ekyasa ekya 20 olw’okutaataganya ensengekera ez’obutonde(natural systems) . Kino kireetawo “ ekitegabbugumu ekikalaamufu”  (green gas effect). 

Ekirala , ggaasi eyitibwa wozoni mu nampewo ,  ekugira omuntu obutatuukwako lubugumu lwa kabenje lwonna nga olwa Uvi oba ggama-le . Embeera y’ekituli kya woozoni (ozone hole) mu nampewo ne okubuguumirira kw’ensi (Global warming)   ebireetebwawo “okukaalamuka kwa kitegabbugumu” bye bimu ku bizibu ebyolekedde omuntu. 

Woozoni, ggaasi ebikkiridde ku nampewo, esibuka mu kutomeragana kwa kitangaala ekya langi eri emabega w’emmyuufu (Ma-mmyuufu) ne  molekyo za okisigyeni ezirina obiziba oba atomu za wokisigeni ebbiri  ne zaabuluzibwamu mu atomu za okisigyeni eza namunigina. 

Ekyo bwe kiggwa , okisigyeni ow'obuziba   (atomic oxygen) ne yegatta ne okisigyeni  ataabuluziddwaamu okutondekawo Wozoni.  Wozoni ono wa mugaso nnyo mu nampewo kubanga atutangira obutatuukibwako migendo (rays) oba mayengo (waves) ag'akabenje aga U-vi (Ultraviolet) okuva ku njuba. 

Ensengekera y'Ekitegabbugumu   (green house system) evaako okwokya kwa safeesi y’enkulungo (planet) y'Ensi  olw’okuba nga mu  nampewo w’enkulungo mulimu  ggaasi ezitega ne ziyingiza ebbugumu eriba liddayo mu bwengula. 

Zo ggaasi ezitega ebbugumu nga kaboni-bbiri-okisayidi zitega ebbugumu eriba lizzibwayo okuva ku saafeesi y’ensi ne nampewo, ekintu ekiziyiza tempulikya obutakka nnyo kuleeta bunnyogovu bwa kabenje kyokka ggaasi zino bwe zisukkuluma mu napewo ate era kireetera tempulikya okulinnya wonna mu nsi ne kituleetera akabasa k’ebbugumu (olubugumu} erisukkulumye.




#Article 245: Ggaasi ezitega ebbugumu (Greenhouse gases) (342 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !! Ggaasi za kitegabbugumu (Greenhouse gases) ze ggaasi ki ?

Kaboni-bbiri-okisayidi (Carbon dioxide) y’emu ku ggaasi Katonda ze yateekawo okutega ebbugumu (green house gases) mu nampewo.  Awatali kaboni-bbiri-okisayidi  ne ggaasi endala ezitega ebbugumu(green house gases), Ensi yandibadde ya muzira. 

 Kyokka abantu bookezza  amafuta manji nnyo okuba nga kati waliwo kabono-bbiri-okisayidi mungi okusinga eyaliwo emyaka nga kikumi  egiyise. 

Okweyongera kwa gaasi ezitega ebbugumu ly’enjuba nga kabwokisaidi mu nampewo waffe kireetera enkulungo y’Ensi, okweyongera okwokya. 

Ggaasi etega ebbugumu (greenhouse gas)  oba ggaasi ya kitega ye ggaasi mu nampewo  eyingiza n’efulumya olubugumu (radiation) mu kibangiriza ky'ebbugumu erya  ma-emmyufu (thermal infrared ).  Kino kye kivaako okubuguumirira kw’ensi(Global warming / greenhouse effect)  . Ggaasi ezitega ebbugumu enkulu mu nampewo w’Ensi mulimu enfuumo y’amazzi (water vapour), kaboni-bbiri-okisayidi, metani (methane), nayitulaasi-okisayidi ( nitrous oxide) ne wozone (ozone).  

Mu nsengekera y’enjuba Muwanga, namikka (planetary atmospheres) w'enkulungo ezimu alimu ggaasi ezivaako enkulungo ezo okubuguumirira ekiyitiridde .

Ggaasi ezitega ebbugumu lye’njuba  zikola kinene ku tempulikya z’Ensi ; ssinga tezaaliwo, saafeesi y’Ensi  yandibade ng’ennyogoga okusinga bweri kati . 

Okuva omulembe gwa yindasitule lwe gwatandika , okwookya amafuta ga nakavundira kyongezza kabwokisaidi mu nampewo , ekintu ekivaako ebbugumu erisukkulumye obunji okutegwa oba okusigala mu nampewo okusinga kw’eryo eryetaagisa .

Ggaasi za kitegabbugumu (ezitega ebbugumu) ezitali za bwakatonda
Okweyongera kwa Ggaasi ezitega olubugumu okusinga ku kipimo kya Katonda kiraga bujeemu bwa  muntu  kalimagezi.  Okuva  eyo nga mu  makkati ga 1700  ebikolebwa omuntu (human activity) awatali kufa ku buttonde nga  Katonda  bweyabuteekateeka kyongedde obungi bwa kabwokisaidi ne ggaasi endala ezitega ebbugumu. 

Ensibuko za kabwokisaidi ez’obutonde (natural sources of carbon dioxide) bwe zikubisibwamu ebikolebwa omuntu kya bulabe.  Ensibuko ez’obutonde zenkanyizibwa enkozesa ez’obutonde (natural sinks) nga ekitangattisa (photosynthesis) , ebipooli bya  kabwokisaidi (carbondioxide compounds) okuyita mu bimera ne pirankitoni ez’omu mazzi (marine planktons).

Olw’okutaataganya omwenkanonkano guno, olubugumu (warming / radiation) lusuubirwa okukosa ebintu ng’amazzi agakozesebwa ensolo n’ebimera , yindasitule, emmere n’ebyobulamu. Ebikolwa by’omuntu ebisinga okuleetawo ggaasi ezitega olubugumu  mulimu: 

Ebisinga okuyingiza kabwokisaidi ava mu kwokya amafuta ga nakavundira mulimu: 

	Amafuta ag'ekikulukusi (liquid fuels) nga gaasoliini, woyiro, n’ebirala .
	Amafuta ag'enkalubo (solid fuels) nga kkoolo




#Article 246: Ekiyumba ekigerere(the Greenhouse) (374 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !! Ekiyumba ekigerere(Green House).Ekiyumba ekigerere mulamwa oguggwayo nga ekiyumba ekigerere embeera

Omuntu okukola ekiyumba ekigerere kuba kukoppa nampewo(the atmosphere) Katonda mw’ateeka ebirungo ebiwagira ebiramu okuba obulungi . 

Nampewo omugeraageranya n’ekiyumba ekigerere ; ka tugambe ky’ekiyumba ekigerere ekya Katonda omuli embeera ezisobozesa obulamu okubeeramu obulungi. 

Ekiyumba ekigerere (Greenhouse) tekisibuka mu Ssaza ly’e Bugerere wabula kitekebwa mu embeera engerere oba ez’ekigero ekyetaagisa okukuza ekimera.Mu njogera endala ekiyumba kino kigererwa embeera yonna eba yetaagibwa ekirime okukuliramu. 
 
Ekiyumba kino kiba kizimbe ekitera okukolebwa mu kirawuli, oba pulaasitiika, ebimera mwe bikuzibwa mu mbeera engerere. Ekiyumba ekigerere kiyinza okuteekebwa mu mbeera y’obudde eyefaananyirizibwa ey’ekitundu kyonna ku Nsi . 

Ekiyumba kino kisobozesa okugenda mu maaso okulima ekirime yadde embeera y’obudde ekyuuse  oba mu mbeera y’obudde engwiira . 

Ebintu ebikulu biri bina mu nkuza y’ebimera mu kiyumba ekigerere – amazzi, ebbugumu, ekitangaala, n’empewo ebigere. Bino bye byetaagisa okufuna ebirime ebiramu mu kiyumba kino. Ssinga ekimu ku bino kiva mu kipimo ekyetaagisa ,ekirime kiba kikonziba .Kikulu okumanya obubonero bw’okukonziba. 

Bw’oba otandika ekiyumba ekigerere  manya embeera y’obudde gy’oyagala okuyeeyereza (mimic) okusinziira ku birime by’oyagala okukuza.  Kino kyetaagisa ekyuuma ekigera ebbugumu ( thermostatic device.)   kubanga ebirime ebimu byesisiwala nnyo olw’enkyuukakyuuka za tempulikya.   

 Ebugumu lirina okupimibwa okusinziira ku kika n’obwetaavu bw’ekirime. 
Enfuumo y’amazzi eri mu mpewo (humidity) nayo yetaaga okupima mu kigero ekyetaagisa ekirime ky’oyagala okukuza.  Enfuumo y’amazzi mu nampewo yetaaga okuba ey’ekigero yadde mu ttaka. 

Obufukirira (sprinkler systems) n’obunnyogoza biyinza okweyambisibwa okutuuka ku kino
Ekirala ekyetaagisa  kye kitangaala. 

Ekitangaala si kitangaala butangaala nga bw’okiraba kubanga tekyenkanankana. Ekitangaala kirimu endaga ya langi (spectrum of colours) eziyitibwa obuwanvu bw’ejjengo (wave length). Yadde nga tetuyinza kulaba na maaso gaffe agali obukunya buwanvu bwa jjengo buno obw’enjawulo, ebimera biyinza okuketta obuwanvu buno n’obutaffaalikazimbira (cerls). Ebimera ebimu bikula bulungi mu buwanvu bw’amayengo obwenjaawulo. Okumanya obuwanvu bw’amayengo obw’enjawulo kikuyamba okumanya ekitangaala ekisinga obulungi ekyokukozesa mu kiyumba ekigerere.

Ekisembayo y’empewo. Ennyingiza n’enfulumya y’empewo (air circulation) kintu kikulu nnyo. Ebirime ebimu byesisiwala nnyo, yadde ku nkyuukakyuuka mu tempulikya akatono.

Bino byonna nga byenkanyankanyizibbwa , ojja kuba omaze okutandika ekiyumba ekigerere kyokka faayo ku bipimo ne ky’obagisa (frame) ekiyumba kyo ekigerere. Ennaku zino basinga kukozesa bipooli bya aluminiyaamu (aluminium alloys) kubanga obutaba nga mbaawo , tebyetaaga kusiigako langi oba eddagala ly’ebiwuka so ng’ate emitayombwa gino emitono giyamba ekitangaala okuyingira obulungi mu kiyumba.




#Article 247: Obuwangaaliro obw'Obutonde(the natural environment) (101 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !! 

Obuwangaaliro obw’obutonde (the natural environment) kitegeeza ebiramu n’ebitali biramu byonna ebikola obutonde bw’ensi ebiramu mwe biwangaalira. Muno mulimu:

(a)	Namunigina (Nigina) z’entababutonde(Ecological units) , zino nga nsengekera za butonde ezeyawudde ku muntu nga entababimera (vegetation),  obuwuka obusirikitu(microorganisms) , ettaka, enjazi , nampewo(atmosphere), na buli kigenda mu maaso mu butonde ng’enkuba okutonnya oba embuyaga.

(b)	Kalonda w’obutonde(Physical or natural phenomena ) nga enkyukakyuka y’embeera z’obudde mu  bitundu (Climate), empewo n ‘embuyaga , amasoboza (energy) , oluyengo (radiation),  ekisannyalazo kya’amasannyalaze , n’empalirizo za magineeti

Omuntu yeyambisa tekinologiya okulongoosereza obuwangaaliro bw’obutonde ng’azimba amayumba, enguudo, n’ebibuga, awamu n’amalimiro (farms) kw’alimira n’okulundira eby’okulya.




#Article 248: Namunigina z'entababutonde(Ecological units) (1122 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga ! Namunigina (Nigina) z’entababutonde(Ecological units) , z'ensengekera z'obutonde (natural systems) ezeyawudde ku muntu nga entababimera (vegetation),  obuwuka obusirikitu(microorganisms) , ettaka, enjazi , nampewo(atmosphere), na buli kigenda mu maaso mu butonde ng’enkuba okutonnya oba embuyaga.

Entababimera (Biomes)

(i)	Ettale(Grasslands)

Ebisonjozo by’ettale

(a)Ettale libaamu emiti gya lumaggamagga naye nga lubunye omuddo nga ebiteete n’ebika ebirala

(b)Olusaalu luba lukalukalu , ekintu ekiziiyiza emiti emingi okukuliramu

(c) Buli semazinga alina ettale okujjako antakitiika

(d) Ettale libaamu obulamu  bw’ensolo obw’enjawulo omuli ebinyonyi,luyonsa(mammals)  ezirya omuddo, lugirigimba(reptiles),ebiwuka , ne lulyansolo(predetors) ez’enjawulo.

(ii)	Eddungu(Deserts)

(iii)	Ebibira by’Obusekkati(Tropical forests)

Ebiwangaaliro bino bisangibwa kumpi ne yikweta.Waliwo ebibira by’Obusekkati bwa mirundi ebiri : 

Ebibira eby’enkuba etonnya okumalako omwaka(rainforests) ; n’ebyo eby’enkuba etonnya ebiseera ebimu(Seasonal forests).Byombi bifuna enkuba eri waggulu wa fuuti 8.5 buli mwaka.
Ebibira eby’obusekkati birimu ebiramu bingi ddala okusinga n’ebisangibwa mu biwangaaliro ebisigaddewo byonna nga obigasse wamu.

(iv)	Ebibira ebyolubogwe(temperate forest)

Ebibira ebyolubogwe biba bya “kiragala atasalako”  (evergreen) oba  lusuulabikoola(deciduous) .Ebibira ebya lusuulabikoola bisuula ebikoola byonna mu biseera ebya winta. 
Ebibira ebyolubogwe  biwangaalioramu ebiramu bingi naye tebituka ku bungi bwa bibira bya busekkati.

(v)	Ebibira eby’omusoggo(Coniferous Forest)

Ebibira eby’omusoggo bibaamu emiti egisingayo obugumu ebya “kiragala atasalako” (evergreen) , ebigumira embeera y’obudde enkaalaamufu.Bisinmga kusangibwa mu kikulungo kya bukiikakkono(northern hemisphere).

Musangibwamu ebikula bingi omuli luyonsa(mammals),  ensolo ezitalina nkizi  n’ebinyonyi. 

(vi)	Ebiwangaaliro ebyo mu Nsozi(Mountain habitats)

Ebiwangaaliro ebyo mu nsozi byawukana okuva wansi ku nsozi okutuuka waggulu ku ntikko y’ensozi tempulikya gye ziri wansi ddala era nga wannyogovu nnyo. Okisigyeni  wa kkekwa ate nga omusana guba mukalaaamufu. Ebiseera by’obudde bwe bikyuka  obulamu bw’ensolo nabwo buba bukyusa obusangiro . 
(vii)	Obufundikiro bw’ensi(Polar regions)

Obufundikiro bw’ensi bye bifo ebisingayo obunnyogovu ku nsi.Akitiiaka ey’obukiikakkono ekutte oluzira olw’ekibogwe kyokka yetooloddwa ettaka erikutte oluzira nga terisoboka kulimirwamu.Obufundikiro obwa bukiikaddyo, antakitiika, bujjudde oluzira ate nga bwebulunguddwa semayanja ezirimu amayengo amakyankalamu. Mu akaittika ensolo entonoezigumira embeera yayo zibeera ku lukalu kyokka ate mu antakitiika obulamu obuliyo butono ddala ate nga buno busangibwa ku nkomerero oluzira we lukwataganiora ne semayanja.

(viii)	Ebiwangaaliro byo mu mazzi amanywefu(Freshwater habitats)

Amazzi amanywefu gasangibwa mu semazinga zonna kujjako ku antakitiika.Ebiwangaaliro by’Amazzi amanywefu birimu ennyanja, emigga, ensaalu (marshes), entobazi (wetlands) n’ebitoogo. Ennetolola y’okufumuuka kw’amazzi ga semayanja, enkuba, n’omuzira y’ewa ebiwangaaliro bino ensibuko y’amazzi amanywefu (freshwater). 

Amazzi amanywefu biwangaaliro bya nsolo ez’enjawulo nga ebyennyanja, luyonsa, lugirigimba (reptiles) , n’ebinyonyi .

Luno wansi lusaalu olukuuma obutonde bw’ennyanja . emigga oba emyala olutasaana kusaanyizibwawo.
(ix)	Ebiwangaaliro byo mu Semayanja ne Waluyanja (Ocean and Sea habitats)
Semayanja by’ebiwangaaliro by’ebiramu ebisinga okubaamu ensolo ku Nsi. Obulamu bw’ensolo mu semayanja busangibwa mu buwanvu opbw’enjawuo. Ku safeesi y’amazzi, wansiko ne wansi ddala eyo nga mayiro musanvu wansi wa safeesi. 

(x)	Ebimeruko byo mu semayanja(Coral Reefs)
Ebimerukro byo mu semayanja (Coral reefs) biwangaaliro bya byennyanja n’ensolo endala ezo mu mazzi.  Ebimeruko bisinga kusangibwa mu busekkati (tropics).         Ebimeruko byetaaga ebbugumu n’ekitangaala okukula , ensonga lwaki bisangibwa mu mazzi agatali wansi nnyo kyokka nga bibaamu ebiramu ntoko.

(xi)	Embalama za semayanja(Coasts)

Embalama za semayanja(Coasts) biwangaaliro bya bikula bingi eby’ensolo.Embalama za semayanja , ka zibe za lwazi oba lusenyu biwangaaaliro bya nsolo za ku lukalu n’ezo mu mazzi  .
Ensolo ezimu ezibeera mu nnyanja zikyalira olukalu okubiika amagi .Ensolo ezimu ezo ku mbalama ziyinza okubeerawo wansi w’amazzi oba wabweru w’amazzi . Ebyannyanja nkuyanja, lugirigimba, lubbira , ebinyonyi , n’ensolo ezitalina nkizi  ziwangaalira ku mbalama za semayanja gye bisanga emmere yabyo. 

(xii)	Ebiwangaaliro byo mu Bibuga n’Amalimiro(Urban Areas and Farms)

Ebibuga n’obubuga awanu n’amalimiro (farms) biwangaaliro bya nsolo za waka n’endala ng’emmese, enkwa, envunza, ebiku, eminya, nabbubi, ensiringanyi, enwera, ensiri, n’endala eziyinza ebyagala ebifo awasangibwa abantu.

Obuwangaaliro n’Obudde (Environment and Weather)

Obudde y’embeera ya nampewo eya buli lunaku (Weather is the daily conditions of the atmosphere) Embeera ey’ekigeranyo (Climate) ky’ekigero ky’embeera z’obudde (average weather conditions) ku kifo kyonna okumala ekiseera ekiwanvu. Omwaka guba n’ebiseera by’obudde bibiri, ekiseera eky’enkuba n’ekiseera eky’omusana.

Omugaso gw’okusoma enkyukakyuka y’obudde (Weather changes).

Obuzibu obureetebwawo enkyukakyuka z’obudde (weather changes)

Empewo nga ekitundu ky’obudde (weather)

Ebinnyonnyozo by’empewo. Empewo ennyonnyolwa nga

Omugaso gw’empewo 

Obuvune bw’embuyaga (strong wind)

	Enjuba y’ensibuko y’ekitangaala n’ebbugumu. 

	Ekaza engoye n’emmere enkalu.

	Ebimera bigyeyambisa okukola emmere yabyo.

	Amasannyalaze ag’enjuba. 

Obuvune bw’enjuba

	Okowokya okuyitiridee kukaza amazzi.

	Okwojkya okuyitiridde kukazaabirime.

	Ekitangaalaky’enjua kkiyinza okwonoona amaaso. 

Ebimera byetaaga ekitangaala

	Olw’ekitangattisa (photosynthesis). 

	Ebimera byetaaga ekitangaala okukula ngabyesimbye bulungi. 

Enkuba etondekawo etya? 

Ku lunaku olwokya, enjuba eyokya semazzi(water bodies) , okwokya ne kuviirako enfuumo y’amazzi(watervapour) okufumuuka ng’edda waggulu eri nampewo(atmosphere). Bw’etuuka eyo waggulu n’ekwata okufuuka ebire by’enkuba ebitondowala okufuuka enkuba etonnya ku Nsi.

Ki ekikola ebire (clouds)?

Ebire bikolebwa ensengekera (system) y’okufumuuka kw’amazzi (evaporation) n’ekitondowalo (condensation). Mu mpewo mubaamu omuwendo gw’enfuumo y’amazzi (water vapour), gw’otasobola kulaba na maaso go agali obukunya. Amazzi mu ssefuliya bwe geesera gatandika okufumuuka (evaporate), ekitegeeza nti gafuuka omukka gw’amazzi ogwokya (steam) era ne guyingira mu nampewo.

Singa oddira olusaniya n’oluteka waggulu ku ssefuliya efumbirwamu amazzi agaeesera, omukka gw’amazzi (steam) oba enfuumo (vapour), enfuumo y’amazi eno etondowala (condenses) ne gufuuka amazzi nate. Engeri okufumuuka kw’amazzi (evaporation) n’ekitondowalo (condensation) gye bigenda mu maaso kye wetaaga okumanya engeri ebire gye bikolebwamu.

Nampewo (atmosphere) ye bbulangiti eyebulunghudde ensierimu ebirungo ebikola empewo gye tussah. Nampewo ono asinga okubuguma ku safeesi y’ensi. Gy’okoma okudda waggulu okuva ku safeesi y’ensi obunnyogovu gye bukoma okweyongera. Kino kireetera enfuumo (vapour) okutondowala (okuvaamu amatondo) okufuuka obutondo bw’amazzi oba omuzira obutono,

Engeri ebire gye bikwatibwako ku buwangaaliro (our environment) bwaffe

  Kino kipimankuba (Rain gauge)

Ekipimankuba (rain gauge) ky’ekikozesebwa okupima enkuba nga epimibwa mu miriliita. Oluusi enkuba eyinza okupimibwa mu sentimiita oba yinsi.  

Omugaso gw’enkuba eri ettaka, ensolo n’ebimera.

	Esobozesa ebimera okukula obulungi 

	Gakozesebwa awaka abantu n’ensolo naddala okufumba, okwoza. Okunaaba n’okuywebwa olw’obwetaavu bw’omubiri.

Kyokka enkuba eyitiridde eyonoona ebirime n’okutuusa obuvune ku nsolo.

Ebiramu ebisangibwa mu buwangaaliro (living things found in our environment)  
Buli kiramu kya mugaso nnyo mu buwangaaliro bw’obutonde kubanga emmere y’ebiramu biba biramu nga ensolo oba ebimera.

Ensolo (animals) 

Ebiramu bye bintu ebirina obulamu (life) . Ebiramu birimu;
Ebiwuka (Insects), Ensolo (animals), Ebinyonyi (birds), Ebyenyanja (fish), ebyewalula, n’ebirala.

Embu z’Ensolo (Classes of Animals)

Ebibuuka – ebinyonyi (birds), Obuwundo (bats) ebiwuika (insects)
Ebyo mu mazzi – Goonya (crocodiles), enfudu (tortoise), ebyenyanja (fish)
Ku lukalu – embuzi (goats), ente (Cows), Enkoko (chicken), Endiga (sheep), emplogoma (lions).

Ensolo ez’awaka n’ezo mu nsiko

Ensolo z’awaka (Domestic animals) – nsolo ezirundibwa awaka

Obumyu (rabbits), Ente (Cows), Embuzi (goats), Embizzi (pigs), enkoko (chickens), Sekkokko (turkeys), and embaata (ducks).

Ente (Cows)

Embuzi (Goats)

Enkoko (hens)

Obumyu (rabbits)

Endiga (Sheep)

Embizzi (Pigs)

	Embwa (Dog)
Kapa (Cat)

Ensolo ezo mu nsiko (Wild animals) – nsolo ezisangibwa mu nsiko 

Ensolo ezo mu nsiko (wild animals) zirimu;

Engo (leopard), emmondo (cheetah), emplogoma (Lions), Enkula (rhinos), n’endala

Monkey (Enkima) 

	Mpologoma (Lion)

	Engo (Tiger)
Enjovu (elephant)

Ebisonjozo by’ebiramu 
Ebisonjozo by’ebiramu kitegeeza ebintu bye tusinziirako okusonjola ebiramu okubwawula ku bitali biramu. Ebisonjola ebiramu birimu okuba nti :

 
Ebisonjozo by’ensolo (Characteristics of animals)

Ensolo zisonjolwa okusinziira ku:




#Article 249: Entababutonde (733 words)


Entababutonde (Ecology)

Etymologically, the Luganda concept entabagutonde connotes “interaction”, interactions between animate and inanimate as well as between animate to animate components of nature on Earth.

Entababutonde(ecology)kiraga enkolagana  oba akakwate akaliwo wakati w’obutonde obw’ebiramu n’ebutonde obw’ebitali biramu ebiramu mwe biwangaalira (Obuwangaaliro bw’ebiramu).

Entababutonde ssomo erisoma ensengekera z’entababutonde(Ecological system).

Ensi erimu obuwangaaliro bungi ddala.Ekyawukananya obuwangaaliro buno bwonna obw’enjawulo mulimu :

(a)Obwoki(Tempulikya)

(b) Obunnyogovu

( c  )Ekitangaala

Buli kiwangaaliro kiwangaaliramu obulamu obw’enjawulo okusinziira ku bwetaavu bwabwo ate nga ebiramu bino byonna bibeerawo buli kimu ku kirala.

Entababutonde kye ki ? 

Emiramwa gy’Obuwangaaliro, entababutonde (ecosystem) n’entababiramu (biome) gibuzaabuza. Gyawukana gitya? 

Entababutonde era kyeragirawo nti kikwata ku butonde bwonna, ebiramu n’ebitali biramu ng’amazzi ,ettaka, enjazi , ne nampewo(the atmosphere) .

Entababutonde ziyinza okuba entono nga omwala oba ennene nga ebibira . Ky’olina okumanya nti entababutonde kikwata ku kibinja kyonna eky’ebiramu n’ebitali biramu ekikolagana buli kimu n’ekirala . Ekyo nakyo kibalo kya butonde , buli kiriwo okuba nga kya mugaso okubezaawo buli kiramu , okuviira ddala kun juba etuwa omusana, ettaka n’enjazi, amazzi , ne nampewo (atmosphere) omuli ebirungo by’omukka ebikola empewo ey’obulamu . 

Ate era kimanye nti nga ebitali biramu ebyo bwe birina omugaso eri ebiramu kyokka ate era buli kiramu kya mugaso eri ebiramu ebirala.  Ekyo ky’ekibalo kya katonda abakafiiri kye bayita ekibalo ky’obutonde . 

Ebibira  nsengekera ya ntababutonde omuwangaalira ebiramu eby’ebikula eby’enjawulo entoko, ebimera n’ensolo omuli n’obulamu obusirikitu.
 

Olw’okuba entababutonde kyekuusiza ku biramu eby’enjawulo byonna , “bannantababutonde”(ecologists)  banoonyereza ku buli kiramu , okuviira ddala ku bulamu obusirikitu nga obwa bbakitiiriya , okutuuka ku kakwate akaliwo wakati w’obutonde obutali bulamu n’obutonde obulamu obwa buli kika.

Entababutonde ng’essomo ne bannantabatonde ng’abakugu balina omugaso gwa maanyi nnyo, naddala mu kukuuma   obuwangaaliro, omuli:

Ensengekera z’entababutonde(Ecological systems)  zirimu:

(a)	Entababutonde eza semazzi .Zino zirimu:

(b)	Entababutonde eza nalukalu .Muno mulimu ebibira, ensaalu , n’ettale, eddungu, embalama z’ennyanja , semayanja n’emigga

Emitendera gy’enteekateeka y’Entababutonde (Levels of ecological organization)

Kati ka tutandike nga tulaga emitendera gy’enteekateeka y’ebiramu ku Nsi nga tuva waggulu okukka wansi: 

(a)	Ekyebulungulo ky’Obulamu (Biosphere sphere)

(b)	Entababiramu(biome)

(c)	Entababutonde(ecosystem)

(d)	Entababuvo(community )

(e)	Entababibinja(population) 

(f)	Ekitonde ekiramu( organism) 

(g)	Ensengekera y’ekitundu ky’ekiramu (organ system)

(h)	Ekitundu ky’ekitramu(organ)

(i)	Emiwuula(tissues)

(j)	Akataffaali k\’ekiramu(cell)

(k)	Molekyo(molecules)

(l)	Obuziba(atoms)

Emitendera gy’enteekateeka y’ensengeka y’entababutonde             ( levels of ecological organization)

Emitendera etaano ege, teekateeka y’entababutonde girimu: 

(i)	Ekikula(Species)

(ii)	Entababibinja(Population)

(iii)	Entababuvo(Communities)

(iv)      Entababutonde 

(iv)	Ekyebulungulo ky’Obulamu(Biosphere)

Ettabi ly’entababutonde (ecoloby) erisembayo obutono ky’ekikula(species) .Ekibinja ky’ebikula kirimu :

Bamemba b’ekiramu okubalibwa nga ab’ekikula ekimu bateekwa okuba nga basobola okwezalamu

Entababuvo(Communities) kyekuusiza ku busangiro ( location) , si kikula .Entababuvo (communities) zirimu ebibinja by’ebiramu eby’enjawulo naye nga birina obusangiro obw’awamu .Eky’okulabirako ebibira bisangibwamu entababuvo ey’ebinyonyi, ebimera, bbakitiriya n’emiti .
Entababutonde (Ecosystems) gwe mutendera oguddirira ogw’ekyebulungulo ky’ebiramu(biosphere)  mu nsengeka .Entababutonde zirimu:

Ebyebulungulo by’ebiramu (biospheres) bye bitundu by’enkulungo y’ensi ebiwangaaliramu ebiramu .Ebitundu by’enkulungo y’ensi ebisinga byebulungulo bya biramu nga muno mulimu semayanja awamu ne nampewo(the atmoshpher) . 

Enjawulo wakati w’ekyebulungulo ky’ebiramu n’entababuvo

Mu ntababutonde , entababuvo kikwata ku kibinja ky’ekikula ekibeera awamu nga kitabagana n’obuwangaaliro mu kifo ekigere. Ekyebulungulo ky’ebiramu ( biosphere ) kikwata mugatte gw’ensengekera z’entababutonde wonna we zikoma ku Nsi .

Entababuvo ez’obutonde( natural communities)  mu ntababutonde zikyuka okuyita mu  enziring’ana  (succession) ,ekiinza okutwaliramu obuwanvu bw’ebiseera  obuli wakati w’emyaka emitono okutuuka mu mya ebikumi . 

Mu kyebulungulo ky’ebiramu , omugatte gw’ebiramu ku Nsi bibadde bikolagana okumala emyaka bukadde . 

Entababutonde zegabanyizzaamu entababiramu(biomes) ezisangibwa mu bitundu by’ensi ebigere .Eby’okulabirako by’entababiramu zino mulimu :

Buli kitundu kya Nsi kirimu obulamu obw’engeri emu oba endala ne mu bifo ebyalowoozebwanga nti temusobola kusengebwamu kiramu kyonna. Entababiramu eziri oba eziriraanye yikweta  zirimu entababibinja by’ebikula by’ ebimera n’ensolo ebisingayo obungi.

Enjawulo wakati w’entababiramu n’entuumo z’ebiramu

Entuumo y’ebiramu (Biomass),  gwe mugatte gw’enzitoya y’ebiramu byonna wamu ebisangibwa mu mutendera gw’omutendera gw’entababutonde.   Entababiramu mu mitendera gy’entababutonde ze ziddirira ….mu ekyebulunulo ky’ebiramu .

Enjawulo wakati w’entababiramu n’ekiwangaaliro

Ekiwangaaliro kyesonjodde nnyo okusinga entababiramu .
Ekiwagaaliro kikwata ku buwangaaliro ousangibwa mu kitundu ekimu ate entababiramu ne kikwata ku ntababutonde  ey’omutendera gw’enkulungo y’ensi.
Ka tusooke tusonjole emiramwa gino ebiri bwe tuti:

(i)	Ekiwangaaliro( habitat ) kikwata ku “buwangaaliro bwa butonde” obw’ekimera oba ensolo oba ekifo ekirimu embeera entuufu  okukuliramu ensolo oba ekimera. 

(ii)	Entababiramu( biome ) ennyonnyola entababuvo z’ensi enkulu ez’ebiramu. Entababiramu zisengekeddwa okusinziira ku entababimera esinga okusangibwa mu kifo olw’okugmira embeera eri mu kifo ekyo.

N’olwekyo ,ekiwangaaliro kikwata ku buwangaaliro bw’ekikula mu kifo  ate entababiramu  kikwata ku buwangaaliro bw’enkungo(global environment) okutwalira awmu.

Oyinza okweyambisa maapu y’ensi okuzuula entababiramu mw’obeera.

Sooka weekenneenye entababiramu mw’obeera n’ebiwangaaliro(habitats) ebigirimu . Webuuuze:




#Article 250: Ebiwangaaliro (Habitats) (250 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga ! Noonya ne ekiwangaaliro(Habitat)!

Ebiwangaaliro(habitats)

Mu entababutonde (ecology) , mulimu  entababiramu(biomes), bino nga biba bibinja bya biramu ebigumira embeera eri mu kitundu ekimu , ekirimu obuwangaaliro obw’enjawulo   ku bitundu ebirala.Ekiwangaaliro kiba kitundu ku entababiramu(Biome) .

Ekiwangaaliro kye ki?

Omulamwa gw’ekiwangaaliro gwefaananyiriza omulamwa gw’obuwangaaliro naye ekituufu kiri nti yadde emiramwa gino girina akakwate wabula amakulu gabyo gawukana  , ensonga lwaki ogusooka gutandika n’akawango akasookeso(prefix)            “ eki---“ ate oguddako gutandika n’akawango akasookeso “obu…”.

Ekiwangaaliro nkizimbye okuva mu bigambo by’oluganda “ekifo ebiramu mwe biwangaalira”.Ekiwangaaliro mu bungi biba “ebiwangaaliro”(habitats).

Obuwangaaliro nkizimbye okuva mu bigambo by’oluganda “obutonde bw’ensi mwe tuwangaalira”. Obuwangaaliro mu bungi kisigala “obuwangaaliro”. Kiwedde !!
 

Ekigambo ky’olungereza habitat  ekitegeeza ekiwangaaliro kiva mu kya  Lulattini  okugumba (to be home to ).  Eky’olungereza  habitat  kitegeeza ekifo ekikula(species) we kibeera oba we kiwangaalira.  

Ekiwangaaliro n’olwekyo kisonjolwa nga ekifo eky’obutonde oba  “obuwangaaliro”(environment)  ebimera, ensolo , n’ebiramu ebirala we bibeera .

Ebiwangaaliro bisinziira ku byetaago bya bibinja bya biramu (populations) .Buli kibinja kya kiramu  kiba n’ekiwangaaliro kyakyo okusinziira ku bwetaavu bwakyo obw’obulamu .Singa ekiwangaaliro kikyuka ne kiba nga tekikyalimu mbeera ekikula gye kyetaaga okubaawo , kiba kirina okukyuka n’embeera oba ne kisenguka .

Ebikula(species) eby’enjawulo biyinza okusenga mu kiwangaaliro kye kimu .Eky’okulabrako mu nnyanja mubeeramu ebyennyanja, emisota, goonya, ebinyonyi ebimu, luyonsa ezimu nga lukwata, n’ebiramu ebirala ndulundu. Mu bibira era namwo osangamu ebikula eby’enjawulo.
 
Biwansolo (fauna) ebisangibwa mu buli ntababiramu (biome), bikwatagana n’ensobozeso z’ebitali biramu(abiotic factors) n’ekyo ekiva mu ntuumo y’ebiramu(biomass) okuva mu ntababimera(vegatation)  esingayo mu kitundu kinna kimu. Entababiramu (biomes)  ziri mu biti bibiri :




#Article 251: Entababimira (vegetation) (257 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga! Weetegerez enjawulo wakati w'entababutonde, entababiramu , n'entababimira !

Ebibira, entobazi ,ensaalu, ettali, eddungu mwonna musangibwamu entababimera (Vegetation/flora, plant habitat)'
  
Entababimera kitegeeza omugatte gw’ebimera byonna ebiri mu kitundu ekimu oba ka tugambe entababuvo ey’ebimera  (plant community). Buno buba buvo obw’awamu kubanga ebimera bino bisangibwa mu kitundu kye kimu mu butonde bwabyo obw’enjawulo.

Ebimera kye kimu ku bikola “ensengekera y’ebiramu” (ecosystem). Ensengekera y’ebiramu erimu wammera (flora) ne wansolo (fauna). Ebimera bye bisibukamu “amasoboza” (energy) gonna ag’ensengekera y’ebiramu kubanga bbyo birina obusobozi okufuna amasoboza butereevu okuva mu kitangaala ly’enjuba. Amasoboza agano okuva kunjuba bigakozesa okukola emmere yabyo.

Ebisonjozo by’ebimera (Characteristics of plants)

	Ebimera bimeruka 	(germinate)
	Ebimera bikula		(grow)
	Ebimera bifa		 (they die)
	Ebimera byezaalusa	(Plants reproduce).

Ebiwangaaliro by’Ebimera (Habitats of plants)	

Ebimera bimera mu ttaka, entobazi, mu mazzi, ebyaziyazi, ne mu nnimiro (gardens).

Ebitundu by’ekimera ekimulisa (flowering plant)

Ebimera eby’ebimuli (Flowering plants) by’ebimera ebimulisa (they bear flowers). Ebimera bibeerako ebitundu bino:

Emirandira (Roots), ekiruli (stem), ebikoola (leaves), ebimuli (flowers), n’ensigo (seeds). Ku kimera kino bino ebitundu biyitibwa bitya .

Emigaso gy’ebimera ebimulisa 

Ebimera ebimulisa (flowering plants) tubijjako:
(i)	Emmere (Food), 
(ii)	Eddagala (Medicine), 
(iii)	Amasoboza (energy) nga ebyaffuta (fuel) n’enku.
(iv)	Bikendeeza emisinde gy’embuyaga( they are wind breakers)
(v)	Biziiyiza ekikuluggusattaka (soil erosion)
(vi)	Embaawo(timber)
(vii)	Biwangaaliro (habitats) bya nsolo za mu nsiko 

Emigaso gy’ebitundu by’eminera eby’ebimuli 

(a)	Emirandira egimu nga muwogo oba lumonde gitereka emmere y’ekimera, okunywereza ekimera mu ttaka, awamu n’okutambuza emmere (transport food).

(b)	Ekiruli (stem) ky’ebimera nga ebikajjo kitereka emmere y’ekimera, kimerukako amatabi g’ebimuli awamu n’okutambuza emmere eyetaagisa ekimera kyonna.




#Article 252: Entababimera(Biomes) (1089 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !! Entababimera (Biomes)

(i)	Ettale(Grasslands)

Ebisonjozo by’ettale
(a)Ettale libaamu emiti gya lumaggamagga naye nga lubunye omuddo nga ebiteete n’ebika ebirala
(b)Olusaalu luba lukalukalu , ekintu ekiziiyiza emiti emingi okukuliramu
(c) Buli semazinga alina ettale okujjako antakitiika
(d) Ettale libaamu obulamu  bw’ensolo obw’enjawulo omuli ebinyonyi,luyonsa(mammals)  ezirya omuddo, lugirigimba(reptiles),ebiwuka , ne lulyansolo(predetors) ez’enjawulo.

(ii)	Eddungu(Deserts)

(iii)	Ebibira by’Obusekkati(Tropical forests)

Ebiwangaaliro bino bisangibwa kumpi ne yikweta.Waliwo ebibira by’Obusekkati bwa mirundi ebiri : Ebibira eby’enkuba etonnya okumalako omwaka(rainforests) ; n’ebyo eby’enkuba etonnya ebiseera ebimu(Seasonal forests).Byombi bifuna enkuba eri waggulu wa fuuti 8.5 buli mwaka.
Ebibira eby’obusekkati birimu ebiramu bingi ddala okusinga n’ebisangibwa mu biwangaaliro ebisigaddewo byonna nga obigasse wamu.

(iv)	Ebibira ebyolubogwe(temperate forest)

Ebibira ebyolubogwe biba bya “kiragala atasalako”  (evergreen) oba  lusuulabikoola(deciduous) .Ebibira ebya lusuulabikoola bisuula ebikoola byonna mu biseera ebya winta. 
Ebibira ebyolubogwe  biwangaalioramu ebiramu bingi naye tebituka ku bungi bwa bibira bya busekkati.

(v)	Ebibira eby’omusoggo(Coniferous Forest)

Ebibira eby’omusoggo bibaamu emiti egisingayo obugumu ebya “kiragala atasalako” (evergreen) , ebigumira embeera y’obudde enkaalaamufu.Bisinmga kusangibwa mu kikulungo kya bukiikakkono(northern hemisphere).
Musangibwamu ebikula bingi omuli luyonsa(mammals),  ensolo ezitalina nkizi  n’ebinyonyi. 

(vi)	Ebiwangaaliro ebyo mu Nsozi(Mounatain habitats)

Ebiwangaaliro ebyo mu nsozi byawukana okuva wansi ku nsozi okutuuka waggulu ku ntikko y’ensozi tempulikya gye ziri wansi ddala era nga wannyogovu nnyo. Okisigyeni  wa kkekwa ate nga omusana guba mukalaaamufu. Ebiseera by’obudde bwe bikyuka  obulamu bw’ensolo nabwo buba bukyusa obusangiro . 

(vii)	Obufundikiro bw’ensi(Polar regions)

Obufundikiro bw’ensi bye bifo ebisingayo obunnyogovu ku nsi.Akitiiaka ey’obukiikakkono ekutte oluzira olw’ekibogwe kyokka yetooloddwa ettaka erikutte oluzira nga terisoboka kulimirwamu.Obufundikiro obwa bukiikaddyo, antakitiika, bujjudde oluzira ate nga bwebulunguddwa semayanja ezirimu amayengo amakyankalamu. Mu akaittika ensolo entonoezigumira embeera yayo zibeera ku lukalu kyokka ate mu antakitiika obulamu obuliyo butono ddala ate nga buno busangibwa ku nkomerero oluzira we lukwataganiora ne semayanja.

(viii)	Ebiwangaaliro byo mu mazzi amanywefu (Freshwater habitatas)

Amazzi amanywefu gasangibwa mu semazinga zonna kujjako ku antakitiika.Ebiwangaaliro by’Amazzi amanywefu birimu ennyanja, emigga, ensaalu (marshes), entobazi (wetlands) n’ebitoogo. Ennetolola y’okufumuuka kw’amazzi ga semayanja, enkuba, n’omuzira y’ewa ebiwangaaliro bino ensibuko y’amazzi amanywefu (freshwater). 
Amazzi amanywefu biwangaaliro bya nsolo ez’enjawulo nga ebyennyanja, luyonsa, lugirigimba (reptiles) , n’ebinyonyi .

Luno wansi lusaalu olukuuma obutonde bw’ennyanja . emigga oba emyala olutasaana kusaanyizibwawo.

(ix)	Ebiwangaaliro byo mu Semayanja ne Waluyanja (Ocean and Sea habitats)

Semayanja by’ebiwangaaliro by’ebiramu ebisinga okubaamu ensolo ku Nsi. Obulamu bw’ensolo mu semayanja busangibwa mu buwanvu opbw’enjawuo. Ku safeesi y’amazzi, wansiko ne wansi ddala eyo nga mayiro musanvu wansi wa safeesi. 

(x)	Ebimeruko byo mu semayanja(Coral Reefs)

Ebimerukro byo mu semayanja (Coral reefs) biwangaaliro bya byennyanja n’ensolo endala ezo mu mazzi.  Ebimeruko bisinga kusangibwa mu busekkati (tropics).         Ebimeruko byetaaga ebbugumu n’ekitangaala okukula , ensonga lwaki bisangibwa mu mazzi agatali wansi nnyo kyokka nga bibaamu ebiramu ntoko.

(xi)	Embalama za semayanja(Coasts)

Embalama za semayanja(Coasts) biwangaaliro bya bikula bingi eby’ensolo.Embalama za semayanja , ka zibe za lwazi oba lusenyu biwangaaaliro bya nsolo za ku lukalu n’ezo mu mazzi  .
Ensolo ezimu ezibeera mu nnyanja zikyalira olukalu okubiika amagi .Ensolo ezimu ezo ku mbalama ziyinza okubeerawo wansi w’amazzi oba wabweru w’amazzi . Ebyannyanja nkuyanja, lugirigimba, lubbira , ebinyonyi , n’ensolo ezitalina nkizi  ziwangaalira ku mbalama za semayanja gye bisanga emmere yabyo. 

(xii)	Ebiwangaaliro byo mu Bibuga n’Amalimiro(Urban Areas and Farms)

Ebibuga n’obubuga awanu n’amalimiro (farms) biwangaaliro bya nsolo za waka n’endala ng’emmese, enkwa, envunza, ebiku, eminya, nabbubi, ensiringanyi, enwera, ensiri, n’endala eziyinza ebyagala ebifo awasangibwa abantu.
Obuwangaaliro n’Obudde (Environment and Weather)

Obudde y’embeera ya nampewo eya buli lunaku (Weather is the daily conditions of the atmosphere) Embeera ey’ekigeranyo (Climate) ky’ekigero ky’embeera z’obudde (average weather conditions) ku kifo kyonna okumala ekiseera ekiwanvu. Omwaka guba n’ebiseera by’obudde bibiri, ekiseera eky’enkuba n’ekiseera eky’omusana.

Omugaso gw’okusoma enkyukakyuka y’obudde (Weather changes).

Obuzibu obureetebwawo enkyukakyuka z’obudde (weather changes)

Empewo nga ekitundu ky’obudde (weather)

Ebinnyonnyozo by’empewo. Empewo ennyonnyolwa nga

Omugaso gw’empewo 

Obuvune bw’embuyaga (strong wind)

	Enjuba y’ensibuko y’ekitangaala n’ebbugumu. 
	Ekaza engoye n’emmere enkalu.
	Ebimera bigyeyambisa okukola emmere yabyo.
	Amasannyalaze ag’enjuba. 

Obuvune bw’enjuba
	Okowokya okuyitiridee kukaza amazzi.
	Okwojkya okuyitiridde kukazaabirime.
	Ekitangaalaky’enjua kkiyinza okwonoona amaaso. 

Ebimera byetaaga ekitangaala
	Olw’ekitangattisa (photosynthesis). 
	Ebimera byetaaga ekitangaala okukula ngabyesimbye bulungi. 

Enkuba etondekawo etya? 

Ku lunaku olwokya, enjuba eyokya semazzi(water bodies) , okwokya ne kuviirako enfuumo y’amazzi(watervapour) okufumuuka ng’edda waggulu eri nampewo(atmosphere). Bw’etuuka eyo waggulu n’ekwata okufuuka ebire by’enkuba ebitondowala okufuuka enkuba etonnya ku Nsi.

Ki ekikola ebire (clouds)?

Ebire bikolebwa ensengekera (system) y’okufumuuka kw’amazzi (evaporation) n’ekitondowalo (condensation). Mu mpewo mubaamu omuwendo gw’enfuumo y’amazzi (water vapour), gw’otasobola kulaba na maaso go agali obukunya. Amazzi mu ssefuliya bwe geesera gatandika okufumuuka (evaporate), ekitegeeza nti gafuuka omukka gw’amazzi ogwokya (steam) era ne guyingira mu nampewo.

Singa oddira olusaniya n’oluteka waggulu ku ssefuliya efumbirwamu amazzi agaeesera, omukka gw’amazzi (steam) oba enfuumo (vapour), enfuumo y’amazi eno etondowala (condenses) ne gufuuka amazzi nate. Engeri okufumuuka kw’amazzi (evaporation) n’ekitondowalo (condensation) gye bigenda mu maaso kye wetaaga okumanya engeri ebire gye bikolebwamu.

Nampewo (atmosphere) ye bbulangiti eyebulunghudde ensierimu ebirungo ebikola empewo gye tussah. Nampewo ono asinga okubuguma ku safeesi y’ensi. Gy’okoma okudda waggulu okuva ku safeesi y’ensi obunnyogovu gye bukoma okweyongera. Kino kireetera enfuumo (vapour) okutondowala (okuvaamu amatondo) okufuuka obutondo bw’amazzi oba omuzira obutono, 
Engeri ebire gye bikwatibwako ku buwangaaliro (our environment) bwaffe

  Ekipimankuba (Rain gauge)

Ekipimankuba (rain gauge) ky’ekikozesebwa okupima enkuba nga epimibwa mu miriliita. Oluusi enkuba eyinza okupimibwa mu sentimiita oba yinsi.  

Omugaso gw’enkuba eri ettaka, ensolo n’ebimera.
	Esobozesa ebimera okukula obulungi 
	Gakozesebwa awaka abantu n’ensolo naddala okufumba, okwoza. Okunaaba n’okuywebwa olw’obwetaavu bw’omubiri.

Kyokka enkuba eyitiridde eyonoona ebirime n’okutuusa obuvune ku nsolo.

Ebiramu ebisangibwa mu buwangaaliro (living things found in our environment)  
Buli kiramu kya mugaso nnyo mu buwangaaliro bw’obutonde kubanga emmere y’ebiramu biba biramu nga ensolo oba ebimera.

Ensolo (animals) 

Ebiramu bye bintu ebirina obulamu (life) . Ebiramu birimu;
Ebiwuka (Insects), Ensolo (animals), Ebinyonyi (birds), Ebyenyanja (fish), ebyewalula, n’ebirala.

Embu z’Ensolo (Classes of Animals)

Ebibuuka – ebinyonyi (birds), Obuwundo (bats) ebiwuika (insects)
Ebyo mu mazzi – Goonya (crocodiles), enfudu (tortoise), ebyenyanja (fish)
Ku lukalu – embuzi (goats), ente (Cows), Enkoko (chicken), Endiga (sheep), emplogoma (lions).

Ensolo ez’awaka n’ezo mu nsiko

Ensolo z’awaka (Domestic animals) – nsolo ezirundibwa awaka

Obumyu (rabbits), Ente (Cows), Embuzi (goats), Embizzi (pigs), enkoko (chickens), Sekkokko (turkeys), and embaata (ducks).

Ente (Cows)

Embuzi (Goats)

Enkoko (hens)

Obumyu (rabbits)

Endiga (Sheep)

Embizzi (Pigs)

	Embwa (Dog)
Kapa (Cat)

Ensolo ezo mu nsiko (Wild animals) – nsolo ezisangibwa mu nsiko 

Ensolo ezo mu nsiko (wild animals) zirimu;

Engo (leopard), emmondo (cheetah), emplogoma (Lions), Enkula (rhinos), n’endala

Monkey (Enkima) 

	Mpologoma (Lion)

	Engo (Tiger)
Enjovu (elephant)

Ebisonjozo by’ebiramu 

Ebisonjozo by’ebiramu kitegeeza ebintu bye tusinziirako okusonjola ebiramu okubwawula ku bitali biramu. Ebisonjola ebiramu birimu okuba nti :

 
Ebisonjozo by’ensolo (Characteristics of animals)
Ensolo zisonjolwa okusinziira ku:




#Article 253: Lwaki Tukuuma Obuwangaaliro bwaffe(Why we should Protetct our Emvironment) (644 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga! : Bye tuganyulwa mu kukuuma obuwangaaliro obw’Obutonde

 (i) Obuwangaaliro bwe bukola Ebiwangaaliro byaffe (the Environment makes our Habitats)

Kkiriza oba gaana “obuwangaaliro obw’obutoonde” (the natural environment)  bwe tulabye wagulu ebiramu byonna mwe bisanga ebiwagaaliro byabyo.

Obuwangaaliro n’Ekiwangaaliro biwulikika ng’emiramwa gye gimu naye gyawukanamu mu makulu. Obuwangaaliro mulamwa oguva mu bigambo by’oluganda “obutonde bw’ensi mwe tuwangaalira”, ekitegeeza obutonde bw’ensi mwe tubeera.

Waliwo akatwate akatasattulurwa wakati w’emiramwa obuwangaaliro (environment) n’ekiwangaaliro (habitat). Bino by’ebiwangaaliro by’ebiramu, ntegeeza ebifo ebiramu eby’enjawulo mwe bibeera okusinziira ku byetaago byabyo eby’obutonde.

(a)	Olukalu. Bwe twogera ku biwangaaliro byo ku lukalu(dryland) tutegeeza:

(b)	Semazzi . Bwe twogera ku semazzi tutegeeza :

Obuwangaaliro bw’ensolo ezo mu nsiko

Ensolo eziwangaalira mu bibira ne ku miti:

Ensolo eziwangaalira mu ttale n’ensaalo	
Muno mulimu ensolo enkambwe nga:

Ensolo eziwangaalira mu Semazzi

Ensolo eziwangaalira mu Ntobazi

Ensolo eziwangaalira mu ddungu
Muno mulimu ensolo ezigumiora embeera ey’amazzi amatono ez’enjawulo

Ebiwangaaliro by’ensolo z’awaka
(Habitats of domestic animals) 

Ensolo zo mu Nsiko (Wild animal)
Ensolo ezo mu nsiko zisangibwa mu bibira ne mu ttale ate endala zesimira obunnya mu ttaka (burrowing). Ensolo ezisima obuwangaaliro bwazo mu ttaka (burrow) nga emmese (rats), obumyu (rabbits), squirrels (kaamugye), n’endala.

Ebinyonyi n’Ebiwuka (Birds and insects)
Waliwo ebinyonyi bya’waka nga enkoko, sekkokko, embaata n’ebirara.

Ebiwuka (Insects)

Ebiwuka birimu enkuyege, ensanafu, enkuyege, enjuki, kalalankoma, n’ebiwojjolo.   
Ebisonjozo by’ebiwuka:

Ebiwangaaliro (Habitats) by’ebiwuka birimu: 
Kasasiro (rubbish pits), ebiswa (anthills), mu ttaka, n’ebimera 

Endabirira y’ebiwuka, ebinyonyi n’ebisolo 
Enjuki bazikolera ekiyitibwa omuzinga (bee hive)
Okusimba emiti oba ebimera egy’ebimuli okuva omubisi gw’ebiwuka (nectar)
Ebiwuka byetaaga awali amazi ag’okunywa 
Ebiwuka byagala ebiwoomerea (sweet things) 

Endabirira y’ensolo n’ebinyonyi by’awaka 
	Okulaba nga bifuna  eby’okulya 
	Okubijanjaba nga birwadde 
	Okulabirira eiwangaalira byabyo (their habitats).
	Okukuuma amagi n’ebito byabyo 
	Okulongoosa ebiwangaaliro byazo buli lunaku.
	Kuuma ebitabo (Keeping records) by’ebinyoni n’ebis.
Endabirira y’ebinyonyi n’ensolo ezo mu nsiko 
	Obutasanyaawo biwangaaliro byabyo ng’emiti n’ebimera okuyita mu kwokya ensiko n’okutema emiti n’entobazi
	Obutabisanyaawo nga tubiyigga olw’ennyama yabyo. Tulunde ebisolo eby’okulya.
	Okulaba nga ebisolo ebiri mu makuumiro g’ebisoro (protected areas) bifuna eby’okulya, obukuumi, n’obujanjabi

 (ii) Entababimera  mwe muva emmere y’Ebiramu(Vegattaion is Food for animals)

Ensolo ezitalina bwa kalimagezi ziyigga emmere yazo mu ntababimera n’ensolo endala  eziriwo mu butonde.

Entababimera omuntu mwe yajja emmere ey’enjawulo ey’okulya kyokka omuntu obutaba nga nsolo ndala tanoonyereza bya kulya mu nsiko wabula yasalaopw okulima n’okulunda ebyokulya bye .

Ebirime bimera ebikuzibwa olw’emmere, ebyaffuta (fuel), okujanjabisa (medicine), ebiwuzi, oba okukozesebwa mu makolero (raw materials).
Ebirime (crops) bikuzibwa (are cultivated) ne bikungulwa nga bikuze okubikozesa nga emmere oba okutundibwa.  Ebimera mwe tujja   ebirime nga bino:

Lumonde (potatoe), muwogo (cassava), kasooli (maize), amayuuni (yams), ebijanjaalo (beans), apo (apples), ebinyeebwa (ground nuts), emiyembe (mangoes), jackfruit (ffene), n’ebirala ndulundu.

	
Ennima y’ebirime (Crop growing practices):

(a) Okuteekateeka ettaka (Clearing of land) okuyita mu:

(b) Okusiga (Planting). Kino kikolebwa okuyita mu:

Okulabirira ebimera (Caring for plants):
Okulabirira ebimera oba ebirime kyetaagisa ebikozesebwa mu nnimiro (garden tools) nga enkumbi, enso (slashers), ejjambiya (pangas), najjolo, n’ebirala ebikozesebwa.

Okulabirira kikolebwa nga:

Okumeruka (germination)

Okumera (Germination) y’engeri ekimera gye kikulamu okuva mu nsigo okufuuka ekimera. Okumeruka kw’ekimera kuyita mu mitendera nga gino egy’ekijanjaalo:	

Embeera ezetaagisa okumerusa ensigo 
(Conditions for seed germination);

 (iii) Obuwangaaliro mwe tujja ebyobugagga ebyetaagisa mu kutondeka   (to produce) bye twetaaga

Ebikolebwamu ebintu bye twetaaga mu bulamu mulimu: 

(a)	Ebyobugagga ebiva mu bimera:

Ebyo biyinza okutundibwa, okuliibwa, okuzannyisibwa, n’okuyiga.
Omwana ayinza okuyigirizibwa okukola 

Ate era tuyinza okuddamu ne tukozesa buto ebitondeko ebikaddiye (old products) ne tukola kando, ebyokuzannyisa ebya pulasitiika, ensawo, n’ebirala. 

(b)	Ebyobugagga ebiva mu ttaka

(iv) Obuwangaaliro bw’obutonde mwe tujja Amasoboza (Energy)	

Amasoboza (Energy) bwe busobozi okukola omulimu.Amasoboza kiva mu kugattika (blending) ebigambo by’oluganda “amaanyi agasobozesa” okukola omulimu. 

Ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’obutonde zirimu:

Ensibuko z’amasoboza ezikolebwa omuntu (artificial sources) 

Engeri z’okukekkereza amasoboza (saving energy)

Okukekkereza amasoboza tuyinza okukozesa:

Omugaso gw’okukekkereza amasoboza (saving energy)
i.	Obutadibuuda (wastage)
ii.	Okulokola ebisale
Obuvune obuyinza okuva mu nkozesa y’amasoboza (energy use)

Okwewala obubenje bw’amasoboza (avoiding dangers of energy use).




#Article 254: Obulamu obw'Enjawulo (Biodiversity) (241 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !! Kino ky' ekibalo Katonda kye yateekawo okusobozesa obulamu ku nkulungo y’Ensi yaffe.Okusooka obulamu bwetaaga bino wansi:

(i)	Ekitangaala eky’ekigero

(ii)	Obulamu obw’enjawulo(Biodiversity)

(iii)	Nabuzimbe eya Kaboni n’ebbugumu ery’ekigero

(iv)	Amazzi

(v)	Ebirungo by’emikka ebikola empewo ey’obulamu

Okukuuma obuwangaaliro bwaffe n’olwekyo kiba kitwetaagisa okukuuma omutindo gw’obutonde ogwa bino wansi:

(a)	Ebiramu eby’enjawulo ebiri ku Nsi, ebimera, ensolo, n’obulamu obusirikitu obusinga obungi.

(b)	Kaboni n’ekigero ky’ebbugumu ekyetaagisa ku Nsi.

(c)	Amazzi agali ku Nsi

(d)	Empewo esangibwa mu Nampewo ku  Nsi.

Ekiwangaaliro mulamwa gwe Mulamwa Muwanga gwe yazimbye okuva mu bigambo by’Oluganda “obutonde bw’Ensi mwe tuwangaalira”. Abamu mujja kulowooza nti netumiikiriza okuzimba emiramwa gye tulina mu luganda naye ekituufu kiri nti nze nga omunoonyereza bwe nzuula obwetaavu obw’okukola ennongoosereza mu bigambo bye tukozesa sisobola kukikwatibwa nsonyi wabula ngenda mu maaso butereevu n’enkola ennongoosereza.

Mu lulimi lwonna omulamwa ogujjibwayo ekigambo ekimu guba mwangu okutegeera , okujjukira n’okunnyonnyola okusinga ogwo ogujjibwayo ebigambo ebibiri oba okusingawo. Tubadde tukozesa ebigambo “obutonde bw’ensi”(nature of the earth) okuvvuunula  “environment”. Obuzibo bubadde bujja nga twetaaga okuvvuunula:

Tekikola makulu kugamba nti “obutonde bw’ensi obw’obutonde”(the natural environment) kubanga environment kiraga mbeera eyinza okuba ey’obonde oba etali ya butonde.

Okuddira ebigambo “obnutonde bw’ensi mwe tuwangaalira” n’embijjamu omulamwa gw’obuwangaaliro kigenderedde kujjawo kubuzaabuzibwa okwo era kati osobola okuvvuunula “the natural environment        ” butereevu n’akagambululo “obuwangaaliro bw’obutonde”. 

Kigonze nnyo , kati mu kifo ky’okugamba obutonde bw’Ensi okozesa kigambo kimu “obuwangaaliro” era n’okinnyonnyola ensibuko y’akyo nga ekiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “obutonde bw’ensi mwe tuwangaalira.




#Article 255: Tekinologiya w'Abaganda Abedda(Technology used by the ancient Baganda) (1163 words)


Okusinziira ku munoonyereza ,Charles Muwanga , abanganda ab'edda ng'abaddugavu abalala ku Semazinga wa Afirika baalinawo ekyekuusiza ku  tekinologiya , engeri ebintu gye bikolebwamu oba entondeka y'ebintu okugonza obulamu bwabwe.

Entondeka   (Tekinologiya) kitegeeza engeri ebintu gye bitondekebwawo . Buli lwe twogera ku ntondeka y’ekintu tulina okwogera ne ku nkozesa yakyo.

Abazungu we bajjira wano waaliwo entondeka (engeri z’okukola ebintu) nga:

(i)	Entondeka y’ebyentambula ku mazzi 	(water transport technology)
(ii)	Entondeka y’ebikozesebwa 	(Tools making  technology)

Baabajjanga amaato, ebivuga, n’eng’oma, amadinda, entogooli, endingidi, endere, n’ebirala. Ebigambo eby’emiramwa ebyetaagisa okunnyonnyola engeri amaato gye gatondekebwa.

Kino kirimu okuweesa amafumu, obwambe, obusaale, enkumbi, ebiso, n’ebirala ebyakozesebwanga omuddugavu ow’ebiseera ebyo ng’abaweesa beyambisa ekiyitibwa entondeka y’ebyuma (metal technology).

Entondeka y’ebyuma kitegeeza engeri ebyuma gye bisaanuusibwamu ne bikukuluta okubyawula mu masengere okusobola okuweesebwamu ebikozesebwa eby’enjawulo.

Emiramwa egyetaagisa okunnyonnyoka entondeka y’ebyuma engeri ebyuma gye byakolebwanga n’okukozesebwamu mu bantu ab’edda wano mu Buganda girimu emiramwa gino: 

Ekikumbagano (friction) kivaamu okubugumirira okweyongera olwo empumbu y’ekiti ekikalu ekisebbuka n’efuuka ensasi zino bwe zigira ku busubi obukulu ng’omuliro gukoleera

Essasa libaamu:

(i)	Ekyoto.

(ii)	Enkero (omizindaalo) gw’ebbumba oguyingira mu Kyoto.

(iii)	Emivubo. Gino gibaako amaliba naddala ag’endiga n’emirundi. Emirundi buba buti obukwasibwako omufukusi

(iv)	 Oluyijja. Lino liba jjinja eggumu ennyo eriyitibwa entaago

(v)	Entabiro. Kino kiba kinnya kya mazzi.

(vi)	Ekikimeemeeto kino kiba kyeyo kya byayi

(vii)	Ebiti omuwangibwa obwambe.

(viii)	Ekiti eky’enduli ekikomererwako obwambe nga babuwanga.

(ix)	Emisinga. Ebyuma ebiwedde okusaanuusibwa n’okukulusibwa mu misinga mwe baweesa ebintu

(x)	Ennyondo empuulo. Eno eba nene ate nga nguumu, ekolebwa mu kyuma ekya sitiiru (Steal).

(xi)	Ennyondo kimutwalo. Eno y’esingayo obunene era ebaako amatama n’akawompo nga nayo ekolebwa mu kkalwe olugumu (sitiiru).

(xii)	Obuyondao obutono obusengejja. Buno bujja ebinuga mu biweesebwa. Buyitibwa “engulubi”, “ezinaga” (ennazi) oba “emigolozo”.

Okuweesa kukolebwa kutya?

Ekyoto kitekebwamu obusubi n’obuku wansi wakyo okukolerezaako omuliro. Waggulu wassibwako Amanda.

Mu Kyoto muba muyingizaddwamu enkero n’envubo. Omuliro nga gumaze okufukutibwa ne gutaba mungi, omuwweesi assako ekyuma ky’aweesa ng’eno omuntu omulala bw’afukuta.

Omuweesi aweesa obwambe, enkumbi, amafumu, obusale, obumwenu, ennyondo n’ebintu ebirala. Emirundi egimu annyika ekimeemeeto mu ntabiro n’avubiriza byaweesa oba n’avubiriza Amanda.

Abazungu we bajjira ki ekyali kibula mu kuweesa kwaffe?

Abazungu we bajjira wano tetwalina miramwa gya sayansi mirambulukufu gyekuusiza ku ssomabuzimbe(Physics):

(a)	Okuva (motion)

(b)	Empalirizo (force)

(c)	Amasoboza (energy)

Kubanga sayansi ne tekinologiya birina olulimi olwabyo olwetaagisa mu kulaakulanya okunoonyereza ku ntondeka y’ebikole, kylai kyetaagisa okuba n’emiramwa egyo okusobola okumanya engeri ebintu gye bivaamu mu kifo, ensibuko y’okuva n’ensibuko y’empalirizo.

Eyo eyinza okuba nga y’ensonga lwaki twali tetunnavumbula “nnyanguyirizi zisookerwako” nga:

(i)	Namuziga ez’ebikono (wheel and axle). Okuvumbula namuziga n’ekikono kyayamba nnyo omuzungu okutondeka ebikozesebwa eby’enjawulo nga obukolero n’entambula. Awatali tekinologiya wa namuziga n’ekikonmo waali tewasobola kubaawo kiyitibwa biwanganagano oba ebiwanga (gears) ate nga bino byetaagisa nnyomu tekinologiya yenna.

(ii)	Ensikiso (pulley). Ennyanguyirizi ez’emitendera egiddako gyonna era gyataagisa nnyuo ensikiso (pulley) nga bw’oziraba bwe zikozesebwa mu bitondekamaanyi (engines) eby’enjawulo.
Omuganda omuweesa ow’omulembe guno ky’alina okumanya nti tekinoplogiya (entondeka) owa buli kika ava mu nnyanguyirizi ezisookerwako omukaaga nga ze zino:

(a)	Enjuziso oba ensaziso (wedge). 

Eno y’ennyanguyirizi (machine) esookerwako eyasookera ddala mu lubu lw’omuntu nga omuntu agikozesa okusala ennyama, okutema emiti, okwelwanako, n’okulima, okusooka ng’akozesa mayinja n’azzaako ebyuma nga kkalwe. Ku mulundi guno ensaziso zikozesebwa mu ngeri nnyingi okugonza emirimu n’okuzimba ennyanguyirizi ez’enjawulo ez’emitendera egiddako.

(b)	Ensuubo (lever).

Ensuubo eba “ennyanguyirizi ey’esuuba”(swinging machine).Muno mulimu olusuubo(lever) n’ ekyesuubo ky’abaana kwe bewuubira mu kuzannya. Ojja kukyewuunya okumanya nti ennyondo nga ebadde ekozesebwa okusika omusumaali mu muti eba nsuubo, ensoaanukuzo y’ekkyupa ya bbiya nayo eba nsuubo era n’ennyanguyirizi nnyingi endala z’ojja okusanga nga zirimu ensuubo.

(c)	Ensikiso (Pulley). 

Ensikiso ebaako namuziga n’olugwa oba olukoba omuntu kwa’asiba akizito ate ku luuyi olulala n’asika okusobola okukiwanika waggulu. Ensikiso nayo nnaynguyirizi eyetaagisa ennyo mu kuzimba ennyanguyirizi ez’emitendera egya waggulu.

(d)	Ekitendero ekyewunzifu (inclined plane). 

Eno nayo nnyanguyirizi esookerwako eyeyambisibwa naddala okuwalula ebinizito okubyambusa waggulu oba okubissa wansi. Eddaala oba amadaala kya kulabirako kya nnyanguyirizi esookerwako.Ennyonyi bw’aba esitula oba ng’ekka egoberera kitendero eky’ewunzifu mu kifo ky’okukikola mu busimba.

(e)	Namuziga n’ekikono (Wheel and axle). Abazungu wa bajjira wano tetwalina nnyanguyirizi eno so ng’ate eno gwe musingi gw’ennyanguyirizi zonna. 

Tewaaliwo kumanya kwa buzimbe bwa kintu okutuuka mu buziba(at atomic level).

Okuteekawo endowooza y’ebuziba n’obuziizi gwe musingi ogusoose okuteekawo endowooza y’obubuzimbe bw’ekimette (matter). Mu luganda bwe twogera ku obuziba bw’ekintu tuba tutegeeza ekitundu ekiri munda mwakyo mu makkati eyo ewala okuva ku ngulu kwakyo ate obuziizi ky’ekitundu ky’ebuziba ekisembayo munda.

Mu sayansi ow’essomabuzimbe, obuziba (atomu) bwe butoffaali obuzimba ekimette. Bwe kaba akamu tukayita kaziba (atomu emu). Lwaki tukitwala nti obuziba bwe butaffaali obuzimba ekimette kwe kuba nti akaziba tosobola kukalaba na liiso liri bukunya.

Obuziizi (nnyukiriyaasi) ky’ekitundu ky’ebuziba ekisembayo munda. Akataffaali akazimba ekimette (the building block of matter) kayitibwa 

Endagakintu ez'Ekikyusabuziba (Chemical elements)

Mu luganda olwa sayansi olw’omulembe guno tufunye endowooza n’enjogera ey’ekuusiza ku:

Obuzimbe bw’akaziba ka ayidologyeni

Akaziba (atomu) kaba n’obuzimbe bwe buti:

(a)	Ekire omusangibwa akasannyalazo

(b)	Obuziizi omusangibwa obutonniinya obubiori, akakonta ne nampa

Ng’abazungu tebannaba kujja wano buli kintu kyatunuulirwanga nga kungulu nga amaaso bwe gakitulaga. Tewaaliwo ndowooza nti ekintu kikolebwa mu kimette era tewaliwo ndowooza nti waliwo obutoffaali obusirikitu obuzimba buli kintu.

Waaliwo ebigambo ebyali biraga nti waliwo obutoffaali oba obutaffaali, emiramwa gino nga gyalimu:

Kyokka tekimanyiddwa ddala oba akasirikitu, akatini, n’akatono byatwalibwanga okuba ebintu ebitayinza kulabibwa na liiso liri bukunya.

 
Ka kibe nga bwe kyali oba n’edda, amakulu g’ebigambo gano oluvannyuma gaagaziwa ne gazingiramu okuba nti akasirikitu, akatono, n’akatini era bitegeeza ekyo ekiriwo naye nga tekisobola kulabibwa na liiso liri bukunya.

Ekituufu kiri nti tewaaliwo kumanya “buzimbe bwa kimette” (structure of matter) era okujjako okumanya nti kino kimera, ttaka, omusenyu, kimera, mazzi oba mpewo, tewaaliwo kumanya kutuuka mu buzimbe bw’obuziba (atomic structure) bwa kintu kyonna. Kino kitegeeza nti tewaaliwo sayansi wa matiiriyo (material science)

Tewaaliwo ndowooza nambulukufu ku masoboza na mpalirizo

Abaganda ab’edda okutuuka ejjo ly’abalamu kaweefube ono ow’okuzimba emiramwa gya sayansi lw’atandiseewo, baali tebalina ndowooza ya mpalirizo na amasoboza (energy), ensonga lwaki buli kintu eky’ekuusibza ku mbavu (effort) bakinnyonnyozanga mulamwa gwa “maanyi” (power).

Eky’okulabirako baakolanga ebintu okunsinzira ku ngerekera z’obuntu (human instincts), awatali kulowooza ku kuba nti buli ekikolebwa kiva mu “masoboza” (energy) era awatali masoboza tewayinza kubaawo mpalirizo (force) yadde amaanyi.

Basaatulanga ebintu ng’amayinja nga basindika oba okujja ensolo ng’embuzi mu kifo nga basika omugwa awamu n’okunyoola ebintu ebimu nga tebamanyi nti kino kiyitibwa mpalirizo (forces) evaako okuva (motion).

Kati no ffe abaganda abakati tumanyi nti ekintu kyonna “okuva” mukifo kyetaagisa empalirizo. Empalirizo yonna ebaamu okusika, okusindika n’okunyooleza.

Abaganda abedda baali bamanyi nti amaanyi gava mu kulya naye nga tebamanyi nti amaanyi gano gaba masoboza (energy). Baakuma nga omuliro ne bafumba emmere oba okusaanuusa kkalwe naye nga tebamanyi nti gano masoboza ga bwoki (heat energy). 

Ekiro baakoleezanga omuliro okufuna ekitangala ate enjuba bw’egolooba nga bukedde nga bafuna ekitangala ky/enjuba kyoka nga tebamanyi nti gano “masoboza ga kitangala” (light energy) era agayamba ebimera okukola emere yabyo ate nga ffee ebimera bye tulya ne tufuna amaasoboza ag’emmere “food energy”.

Bakolanga emirimu (work) naye nga tebafuddeyo nti okukola kuba kuteeka mpalirizo ku kintu okukijja mu kiffo. Mu ngeri endala okukola kuba kuteeka masoboza ku kintu ne kiviirako empalirizo ekijja mu kifo.




#Article 256: Ekitondekamaanyi (Engine) (944 words)


Okusinziira ku Charles Muwanga , ekitondekamaanyi (Engine)kiva mu bigambo by'oluganda bibiri:

(a)Okutondeka(to produce, to create)

(b)Amaanyi(Power)

Mu luganda olwa sayansi, ekikolwa eky’okutondeka kifundiwazo ky’ekigambululo “okutonda ebikoleka”. Ekikolwa eky’okutonda kya Katonda yekka era ye yekka asobola okutonda ebintu nga obwengula oba obulamu. 

Omuntu ky’akola kwe kukozesa eby’obugagga eby’ensibo Katonda bye yatonda okukola ebikozesebwa nga ennyanguyirizi n’ebyamaguzi eby’enjawulo, ekiyitibwa okutonda ebikoleka oba “okutondeka” (to produce, to manufacture).

Singa oli akugamba mu Lungereza nti ‘the engine of our economy is agriculture”, kino oba okivvuunula otya mu Luganda? Osobola okukivvuunula nti “ekitondekamaanyi ky’ebyenfuna yaffe by’ebyamalimiro”.

Ekitondekamaanyi (engine) oba ekitondekamaanyi eky'amasannyalaze (motor), eba nnyanguyirizi (machine) ekozesebwa okukyusa amasoboza (energy) okugafuula “omugendo’ (movement). Amasoboza gayinza okubeera mu mbeera yonna. Amasoboza agasinga okukozesebwa mu bitondekamaanyi galimu amasannyalaze, ag’ekika eky'enkyusabuziba  nga petulooli oba ddizero, oba okwokya (heat). Kemiko bw’eba ekozeseddwa okutondeka amasoboza, eyitibwa mafuta (fuel).

Enjawulo wakati w’ekitondekamaanyi (engine) n’ekitondekamaanyi eky'amasannyalaze (motor) eri mu kuba nti ekitondekamaanyi kitondeka “amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo” (mechanical energy) okuva mu bwoki (heat) so nga ate “ekitondekamaanyi eky'amasannyalaze” (motor) kitondekawo amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo okuva mu bika by’amasoboza ebirala ng’amasannyalaze. 

Ebitondekamaanyi byennyini biba bitondekamaanyi eby’omukka gw’amazi (steam) n’kitondekamaanyi eky’entabamuliro ey’omunda (internal combustion engine) kyokka ensoboza (motor) zennyini zirimu ensoboza ey’amasannyalaze (electric motor) n’ensoboza etambuzibwa amazzi (hydraulic motor).

Ku mulembe guno ekitondekamazzi kinnyonnyola ennyanguyirizi nga ebitondekamaanyi eby’omukka gw’amazi (steam engine), n’ebitondekamaanyi eby’entabamuliro eyo munda (internal combustion engines), ebyokya oba ka tugambe nti bikozesa amafuta okuikola emirimu egy’ekitambuzo (mechanical work) nga giteeka empalirizo ey’omugendo omugolokofu (torque) eyitibwa “ekisukuma” (thrust). 

Eky’okulabirako ky’ebitondekamaanyi ebikola empalirizo ey’omugendo (torque) mulimu ebitondekamaanyi ebya bulijjo ebya gasoliini ne ne dizero n’ebibongolo eby’empujjo (turboshafts). Eky’okulabirako ky’ebitondekamaanyi ebitondeka ekisukuma (thrust) mulimu ebiwujjo eby’empujjo (turbofans) n’ebizungirizi (rockets).

Ekitondekamaanyi(engine) y'ennyanguyirizi(machine) ekozesa amasoboza ag’amafuta okutambuza   ebitundu byayo. Kino  kigeraageranye n'ekitondekamaanyi eky'amasannyalaze(morta) . Mota  ekozesa maanyikasoboza  agatali ga mafuta ,  naddala ag’amasannyalaze okutambuza  ebitundu byayo. 

 Motoka ziba n'ebitondekamaanyi ebyakira ku mafuta  oba ku masannyalaze. Ekitondekamaanyi kye kikola amasoboza ag’etaagisa okusobozesa motoka okuva mu kifo n’etambula . Ebitondekamaanyi  ebitonoko bitera okuba n’amaanyi matonoko olw’okuba nga bifulumya amasoboza(energy) matonoko .Ekitondekamaanyi kikola amasimbula(torque) , amaanyi agajja emmotoka mu kifo w’ebadde eyimiridde ate n’ekola amaanyi g’endogoyi(horse power) , amaanyi agakozesebwa emotoka ng’eri mu mugendo. 

Ekigendererwa ky'ekitondekamaanyi ky’emotoka kwe kukola amasoboza(energy) agasobola okutambuza emotoka.Engeri esingayo obwangu okutambuza emotoka ng’okozesa amafuta nga gasoliini(gasoline) kwe kwokya amafuta gano gennyini agali munda mw'ekitondekamaanyi . N’olwekyo ekitondekamaanyi ky’emotoka ,  “ekitondekamaanyi  ekitabira munda ”( internal combustion engine ) kubanga  entabamuliro( combustion) agenda mu maaso munda mwa kitondekamaanyi .Osaana okimanye nti:

  

Ebitondekamaanyi eby’Enkunu (Piston engines).

Muno amafuta gokyebwa wansi mu ntobo y’ekisituliro (tray) era omukka gw’amazzi gukolebwa mu kibugumizo (boiler) ebiteeka empalirizo ku kibongolo (crankshaft) ne kireetera namuziga nayo okwetoloola ekiviirako emotoka okutambula.

Ebitondekamaanyi ebyasooka byakozesanga obwoki (heat) obwavanga wabweru w’ekitondekamaanyi ne byokyesa ggaasi ku kanyigirizi aka waggulu (high pressure) Bino byalinga bitondekamaanyi bya mikka gwa mazzi (steam) era ebitondekamaanyi ne biyiotibwa bitondekamaanyi bya mukka (Steam engines). 

Omukka gw’amazzi ogwokya gwawerezebwanga mu luseke okuyingira ekitondkamaanyi okusobola okuteeka empalirizo ku nkunu (pistons) okuleetawo okuva. Ebitondekamaanyi bino byakozesebwanga mu makolero amakadde, amaato n’emmeeri. Manya nti omukka gw’amazi agookya ye steam ate enfuuma eva mu kufumuuka kw’omukka guno ye vapour).

Ebitundu by’ekitondekamaanyi ebisookerwako.

Entabiro y’ekitondekamaanyi y’enkinu (cylinder)s, enkunu (piston) mwe zebongera okuva wansi okudda waggulu munda mw’enkinu. 

Walwo ebitondekamaanyi bya njawulo. Waliwo ekitondeka maanyi eky’enkinu emu one cylinder engine nga mu nyanguyiriza ezisaawa omuddo. Emotoka ezisinga zirina enkiinu ezisukka mu emu, ezimu enkulunnya, mukaaga, n’endala enkinu munaana.

Mu kitondekamaanyi eky’enkimu ennyingi (multi-cylinder engine) enkulu zisengekeddwa mu emuku ngeri esatu; lunyiriri (in a line) mu nkula eya – V, n’okugalamivu (horizontal).Bino by’ebitundu by’ekitondeka maanyi.
	

(i)	Ekikubansasi oba Ekikoleezo ky’ensasi (spark plug)

(ii)	Obwebunizo (valves)

Obweburizo obubuyimiriza n’okufulumya bweggala mu kaseera aketaagisa okuyingiriza empewo n’amafuta n’okufulumya omukka ogwa kazambi. Manya nti obwebarizo bwombi bweggala mu kinyigurrizo ky’empewo n’amafuta mu kikalwa eky’entabamuliro/ nattabulamuliro okusobola okulaba nga ekisenge ky’entabamuliiro kyonna kiggude.

(iii)	Enkunu  (Piston)

Wali olabye ekinu ekiganda bwe kifaanana? Kiba nga mukebe omwetoloovu nga entobo ebbiri ezigendagana nnetoloovu. Enkula ey’ekinu n’olwekyo mu bufunze kifuuka enkinu, kino nga kilaga enkula ey’ekinu ng’ogitunuulidde okuva munda oba enkunu, enkula ey’ekinu ng’ojitunuulidde okuva ku ngulu kwayo.

Enkunu kintu ekyakula ng’ensamu ekozesebwa mu kukomaga naye nga yo ya kyuma. Enkunu yebonga ng’edda wansi ne waggulu munda mw’enkinu (inside the cylinder). Ekyebongolo nkalubo ya kyuma ey’enkumu (cylindrical method) eyeboonya ny’edda wansi ne waggula munda mw’enkinu (cylinder).

(iv)	Obukugiro  by’enkunu  (piston rings)

Akakugiro k’enkunu (piston rings) kakola okusiba wakati w’ebisenge by’enkinu n’enkunu). Obukugiro (rings) bulina ebigendererwa bibiri.

a)	Okukugira oba okuziiyiza ekintabuli ky’amafuta n’empewo mu kisenge ky’entabamuliro (combustion chamber) obutawaguza kutonnya mu kiterekero kya woyiro (ekiteroyiro=sump) ng’ekikkatiro n’entabamuliro bigenda mumaaso.

b)	Okukuumira woyiro mu kiteroyiro (sump) obutatonnya mu kisenge ky’entabamuliro (combustion chamber) kuba woyiro awo aba ajja kwokyebwa afe ttayo.
Emookoka ezisinga ezokya woyiro ziba n’ ebitodekamaanyi (egine) ebikaddiye era ng’obukugiro tebukyaziyiza bulungi woyiro butatonnya.

(v)	Akakono (connecting rod)

(vi)	Ebyebongozo engeri gye bikolamu (How cam shafts work)

Omanyi nti waliwo obwebunizo (valves), obuyingiza ekintabuli ky’empewo n’amafuta n’okufulumya kazambi w’amafuta agoogokeddwa okuva mu kitondekamaanyi.
Ekyebongozo kyeyambisa obukukunavu obuyitibwa “engozo” (cams) obwesindika ku bwebunizo okubuggula nga ekyebongozo bwe kyebonga (rotate up and down), seppulingi ku bwebunizo ze zizza obwebindu (engozo) mu mbeera yabwo ey’okubunira.

(vii)	Ekyebongolo (crankshaft)

Ekyebongolo kiva mu kikolwa kya kwebonga kwa nkunu ng’eva wansi n’edda waggulu mu nkinu era ekyebongolo kino kikyusa omugendo gw’enkinu ogwa wansi ne waggulu ne gufuuka omugendo ogwetoloola. 

(viii)	Ekiteroyiro (Sump).

Bwe njogera ku kiteroyiro (sump) mba ntegeeza ekitereka oyiro. Ekiteroyiro kyebulungudde ekyebolongodlo era mu ntobo yakyo mukungaaniramu woyiro ow’ekigero. 
Obuzimbe n’enkola y’ekitondekamaanyi (Structure and principle of engine).

Waliwo ebitondekamaanyi bya ngeri nyingi omuli:

a)	Ekitondekamaanyi eky’omukka gw’amazi.

b)	Ekitondekamaanyi eky’empewo eyokya.

c)	Ekitodenkamaanyi ekyasisa ensasi (spark ignition engine).

d)	Empujjo ez’omukka ogwokya (steam turbine).

e)	Ekitondekamaanyi ekikokeezebwa ekinyigirizo (compression ignition engine).

f)	Empujjo eya ggasi (gas turbine).

g)	 Ekitodenkamaanyi eky’ekizungirizi (rocket engine




#Article 257: Ensengekera z'Omubiri(Body Systems) (728 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !

Omubiri gw’omuntu oba ensolo endala yonna gubaamu obutaffaali obulina emirimu egy’enjawulo, emiwuula(tissues), n’ebitundu by’omubiri ebikolaganira awamu  okukola emirimu egy’enjawulo. Ensengekera zino zikwataganyiza wamu okukuuma omubiri gwo nga mulamu. 

Omubiri gwo gulimu ensengekera(systems) ez’enjawulo nga  ensengekera ey’enda( endocrine), ensengekera ey’obusimu(nervous), ensengekera ey’emufumbi n’ebisitukiro(musculoskeletal), ensengekera ey’ebifulumiro(urogenital), ensengekera eya kifulumya kazambi(respiratory), ensengekera ey’ennetoloola y’omusaayi(circulatory), ensengekera ey’okugumya omubiri(immune) , n’ensengekera ey’ekikamula biriisa (digestive systems)
ekiramu okubaawo.

 Ensenkekera y’ensengeka eziyinga okuba enzibuwavu mu mubiri era y’enkulaakulana esembayo waggulu okuva ku butaffaali okudda ku miwuula(tissues) okuyita ku bitundu by’omubiri eby’enjawulo okutuuka ku nsengekera.Ensengekera mu ssomabiramu kiba kibinja kya bitundu bya kiramu(organs) ebikolagana okusobozesa 

Ensengekera zikola zokka awamu n’ensengekera zinne waazo   okusobozesa omubiri gwo okukuuma embeera ey’ekibalo (homeostasis). “Embeera ey’ekibalo”(Homeostasis) kyekuusiza ku mbeeera y’omubiri gwo munda ekusobozesa awamu n’obutaffaali bwo okubeera omulamu  .

Yadde nga buli sengekera ya mubiri gwo yetaagisa okukukuuma nga oli mulamu , ensengekera y’obusimu(nervous system) y’esingayo okuba ey’omugaso. Amaaso go n’obwongo k=mu kaseera kano biri mu kusoma binyukuto bino  era bijjukira ibubaka bunobwonna ku nsengekera. Bw’okirowoozaako , era oba weyambisa ensengekera y’emifumbi(muscular system) ekuyamba okutambuza amaaso go n’okukuumira omutwe gwo waggulu  .

Ebitundu by’omubiri (organs) bitundu ku buli nsengekera.

 Omutimwa gwo gubalibwa nga ekitundu ky’omubiri (organ) so ng’ate era kitundu kya nsengekera  eyetolooza omusaayi mu mubiri (circulatory system). Ebitundu by’omubiri (organs) biyinza okukolagana n’ensengekera ez’enjawulo  ez’omubiri gwo. Ebitundu by’omubiri eby’enjawulo bingi birina obutaffaali n’emiwuula egikola emirimu egy’enjawulo. Amawuggwe ( kidneys) si bitundubutundu bya nsengekera ya kifulumya kazambi(excretory system); era zirina ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebikola mu nsengekera y’endokula  (endocrine system). 

Okutwalira awamu ensengekera z’omubiri enkulu ziri bwe ziti :

Ensengekera ey’ekikugiro

Ensengekera ey’ekikugiro (integumentary system)  ebikkirira n’eziiyiza  ekintu  kyonna okuva mu mbeera ey’ebweru okutuusa obuvunde ku mubiri n naddala ng’ekugira obuwuka obusikriktu obuleeta endwadde  n’embeera z’obudde enkaalamufu nga obunnyogovu oba ebbugumu.

 Ensengekera eno erimu olususu lwo, enviiri, enjala, n’obuvuluzi bw’entuuyo (sweat glands). Olususu lwo, enviiri n’enjala bya kukugira ate obuvuluzi obw’entuuyo bbwo  ne buba bwa kukkakkkanya tempulikya ya mubiri  n’okuyamba okufulumya  ebituuyano(waste excretion). Ng’ojjeeko ekyo enkettanyo(receptors) mu lususu lwo ziwa obubaka ku ki ekikkoonyeko , ebbugumu, obunnyogovu n’obulumi.

Ensengekera y’amasitukiro(skeletal system)

Ensengekera y’emifumbi n’ebisitukiro (musculoskeletal System) ebaamu amagumba, katulaagi (cartilage), ligamenti n’emifumbi. Ensengekera y’’ebisitukiro (skeletal system) y’ekola enkula y’omuntu oba ensolo era n’esobozesa ensolo okutambula ekyeyagalire. Nga ojjeeko okukugira ebitundu by’omubiri ebyo munda, amagumba go gayamba nga ebikwatiro by’emifumbi gyo, okutondeka obutaffaali bw’omusaayi n’okutereka kalusiyamu na fosiforaasi. 

Ensengekera y’obusimu (Nervous system).

Ensengekera eno ekung’anya n’okukola ku bubakla okuva mu sensa okuyita mu busimu (nerves) n’obwongo era n’egamba emifumbi okwesika (contract) okuisobola okuleetawo ebikolwa eby’omubiri.
Ensengekera y’obusimu ebaamu obwongo, emiraatira gy’obubaka obaomuyitiro gw’obubaka(spinal cord), amaswanso g’obusimu(nerves) ne sensa  z’omubiri ettano ng’amaaso, amatu. Olususu, olulimi . 

Ensengekera eno eyingiza , ewereza  n’okulungamya obubaka okuva mu mubiri munda ne wabweru  w’omubiri . Obwongo bwo n’emiraatira gy’obubaka(spinal code)  bye bikola ensengekera y’obusumu eyo mu makkati, so ng’ate  ensengekera y’obusimu ey’amabbali ebaamu ebitundu bya sensa byonna n’obusimu bwonna obugatta emiraatira gy’obusimu ku bitundu by’omubiri byonna  .

Ensengekera y’ekitambuzamusaayi

Ensengekera y’ekitambuzamusaayi(the circulatory system) etambuza matiiriryo mu mubiri gwo era ensengekera eno erimu omutima, omusaayi, n’emisuwa.  consists of cardiovascular and lymphatic divisions. Ekisanjabavo (lymphatic part) ekuuma omwenkanynkanyo gw’obuuvuluzi bw’ensanjabavu (lymph glands)

Okutwalira awau ensengekera y’ekitambuzamusaayi ebunyisa omusaayi okwetoloola omubiri gwo okuyita mu mutima , Atari ne veyini  okuweereza okisigyeni n’ebiriisa mu bitundu by’omubiri n’obutaffaali n’okujja ebizambi(waste) mu mitundi eby’enjawulo.

Ensengekera y’obuvuluzi(Endocrine system) 

Ensengekera y’entomeggano (the endocrine system) erimu obutimbagano bw’obuvuluzi (network of glands) , obuvulula ebikemuluzi(hormones) obuyamba mu mirimu gy’omubiri egy’enjawulo okukwanaganya ebikolebwa mu mubiri eby’enjawulo. .Ensengekera eno ekwanaganya okukula, mutereezabulamu(metabolism) , n’enkulaakulana y’embeera y’ekikazi oba ekisajja .Ensengekera y’entomeggano erimu  pancreas, testes ne ovaries n’buvulizi ako mu mutwe( the pituitary), adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid and pineal glands.

Ensengekera y’entomeggano esobozesa empuliziganya ez’ekikemiko mu mubiri okuyita mu bikemuluzi(using hormones).

Ensengekera y’emifumbi (Muscular system). 

Ensengekera y’emifumbi esobozesa omubiri okutambula ng’ekozesa emifumbi(muscles). 
Ensengekera y’ekikyusaganyampewo(Respiratory System).

Ensengekera  ey’ekikamulabiriisa (Digestive System)

Ensengekera ey’ekikamula biriisa(the digestive system) erimu omumwa oba akamwa, omuyitiro gwa esofaggasi(esophagus),olubuto  n’ebyenda.  Ebitundu by’omubiri bino bikusobozesa okuyingiza n’okukamula ebiriisa(to digest)  mu mmere n’okuyingiza ebiriisa bino mu mubiri .Obuvuluzi bw’amalusu(salivary glands) ., ekibumba (liver), akawago(gallbladder n’akataago(pancreas) byanguyiriza bino okubaawo nga bifulumya emibisi egiyamba okukamula mu nsengekera y’ekikamulabiriisa(into your digestive system).

Ensengekera  ey’ekizaazi(Reproductive system).

Ensengekera ey’ekizaazi (the urogenital system or reproductive system))  erimu ebitundu by’omubiri ebizaala ebito  n’okufuyisa omusulo. Ebisawo by’enkwaso (testes), amagi g’ekikazi(ovaries)  n’obuzimbe obubyekuusizaako byebisobozesa okuzaala okubaawo. Mu kitundu eky’omusulo (urinaryapart), your kidneys, akawago(bladder) n’obuyitiro((ducts) bwabwo bisobozesa okufulumya amazzi agatetaagibwa mu mubiri omuli n’ago agalimu kazambi .

Ensengekera ey’ekiremesandwadde (Immune System)




#Article 259: Essomabibuuka (727 words)


Essomabibuuka (Aeronautics) wandikikyusizza otya mu Luganda awatali kubikkulirwa Katonda kwe yawadde Charles Muwanga!!!

Sooka omanye empalirizo ezibeera ku buli kintu ekibuuka mu bbanga, ka kibe kinyonyi oba nnyanguyirizi ya nnyonyi.Amasitula kitegeeza “amasoboza agasitula” , amasukuma, amasoboza agasukuma” , essikirizo=ensikirizo ennene(garvity).

Sooka webuuze nti ki ekisobozesa ebinyonyi okubuuka? Ebinyonyi 	bibuuka kubanga:

(i)	Biwewufu mu buzito
(ii)	Birina embavu(strength)
(iii)	Brina obuzimbe bw’omubiri obuzibuwavu(complex)	, okuli ebiwawaatiro bye bikozesa okutondeka amasitula(lift) n’amasukuma(thrust) ate era ebiwawaatiro bino ne bisobozesa ebinyonyi okuseyeeya obulungi mu bbanga nga byetengeredde bulungi (to mainatain control).
Abantu lwaki tetusobola kubuuka?

Omuntu kagezimunyu kwe kutoondeka ennyanguyirizi (machines)	 okutwanguyiza ekyo kye tusanga obuzibu okukola, okubuuka.  

Ebikiolebwa amasitula n’ensukuma biva mu buwawaatiro by’ennyonyi ate ekitondeka maanyi (engine) ne kikola amasukuma (thrust) oba repulsion (repulsion). 
Omuntu asobola   okubuukabuuka naye tasobola kukola omugendo gwa kibuuka (flight)  awatali biwawaatiro oba ennyanguyirizi  eya kitondekamaanyi(engine).

Ennyonyi ebuuka  etya? Empalirizo Z’Ebibuuka ebiramu ze zisangibwa mu bibuuka ebitondekewo omuntu , ekikolera ku bitondekamaaanyi(engines)

Sooka webuuze nti ki ekisobozesa “bbaluuni y’empewo eyokya” okuseyeeya mu bbanga? Bbaluuni ez’emewo eyokya zisobola okubuuka mu bwengula olw’ekitengejjeso (buoyancy).Ekitengejjeso eba maplirizo esindika waggulu empewo eba ankwafuwavu okusunga bbaluuni gy’egiteekako.
Okiraba nti bbaluuni okusobola okuseyeeya mu bbanga obuzito bwayo ne ggaasi eri munda bulina okuba wansi w’obuzito bw’empewo ey’obubangirivu bwe bumu(equal volume) obw’empewo eyetoloodde bbaluuni eno, ekiviirako bbaluuni okusituka ng’edda waggulu.

Ekitengejjeso kye ki ?

Ebikulukusi ne ggaasi zonna wakati mu mpalirizo ey’essikirizo (gravitational force) biteeka ku kintu ekibinnyikiddwamu empalirizo esukuma waggulu(upward force) eyitibwa ekitengejjeso(buoyancy). 

Singa ggasi oba ekikulukusi kiba kikwafuwavu okusinga (is more dense than )  ekintu ekyo  , ekitengejjeso (buoyancy) kikiviirako okutengejja(to float). Ekiti kya muwogo ekikalu kitengejja ku mazzi agalina obubangirivu (volume) bwe bumu obw’amazi naye tekitengejja mu mpewo kubanga kikwafuwavu okusinga obubanghirivu bwe bumu obw’empewo.

Empalirizo z’ebibuuka

Okimanyi nti ennyonyi bw’eba mu mugendo gwayo mu bbanga eba mu katuubagiro kennyini  wakati w’empalirizo ez’enjawulo ? 

Ennyonyi okuyimuka okuva wansi , embavu y’amasukuma(thrust) galina okusinga embavu y’amagugubiro(drug) ate amasitula(lift) galina okusinga obuzito(essikirizo ly’ensi). Okusigala mu mugendo (to mainatyian flught) , amasitula galina okwenkanankana obuzito ate amasukuma galina okwenkanankana amagububiro. Mu kukka wansi , amasukuma galina okuba amatono okusinga amagugubiro ate amasitula galina okuba matono okusinga obuzito.

Okubuuka mu bbanga kyetaagisa okwanganga empalirizo y’essikirizo ly’ensi kubanga essikirizo liri buli wamu, tosobola kulyebalama. Empewo kintu ekiriwo era ekirna obuzito ky’olina okusaababalamu era nga empewo eviirako empalirizo  za kibuuka bbiri  , amasutula n’amagugubiro.

Bw’osoma okuva kw’empewo okwetoloola ekintu kikusobozesa okupima empalirizo z’amasitula . empalirizo esobozesa ennyonnyi okulinnya essikirizo ku nfeete n’amagugubiro, nga gano masoboza aagagugubira ennyonyi g’eyitamu ng’eri mu mugendo okuyita mu nampewo.
Buli kintu ekiseyeeysa mu mpewo omuli ebinyonyi, ennyonyi,namunkanga, n’ebizungirizi  kyekuusiza ku  kalonda w’ebibuuka (aerodynanics).

Waliwo akakwate wakati wa “amasukuma “ ne “ensukuma” (ekisukuma).  Amasukuma (thrust)  kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “amasoboza agasukuma”  (the  energy that  is required to push something forward) ate ensukuma(propulsion) kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “ empalirizo esukuma” (the force that is required to push something forward).

Okuseyeeya mu bwengula tekyetaagisa masitula gokka wabula n’amasukuma.Amasukuma ge gawa embavu esindika mu maaso n’okwang’anga amagugubiro. Ensengekera y’ekisukuma (propulsion system) kiba kitondekamaanyi (engine) ekifulumya amasukuma (thrust) okusindika ekintu nga ennyonyi oba ekizungirizi mu maaso.

Ennyanguyirizi ezibuuka ze ziwaga ( to power) ebibuuka ebisinga. Ebitondekamaanyi eby’okunu(piston engines) , ebitondekamaanyi eby’ekisukuma(jet engine) , n’ebitondekamaanyi eby’ebizungirizi byonna bigoberera ekintu kye kimu okutondeka  amasukuma.Kino kibeerawo nga :

(i)	Ekitondekamaanyi kitabula amafuta ne okisigyeni oba ekiwokiso (oxidizer) ekirala mu mukwesese gw’entabamuliro (combustion chamber).
(ii)	Ekinatabuli kikoleezebwa
(iii)	Ekinatabuli ekiri mu kwaka kivaamu ggaasi ezookya okuzimbulukuka
(iv)	Bbaasi ezizimbulukuka zitondeka amasukuma butereevu oba zikozesebwa okuindika ankunu oba empujjo (turbine).

Ebitondekamaanyi bikola bitya amasukuma oba ensukuma ?

Etteeka lya Newon ery’Okusatu ery’okuva lye litera okukozesebwa okunnyonnyola  ensibuko y’amasukuma kyokka etteeka lino linnyonnyola masukuma gya gakola , si nsibuko ya masukuma. Obutonde buteeka empalirizo eya  kalonda wa kibuuka(aerodynamic force)  okuyita mu kanyigirizi n’ekinyigirizo. Akanyigirizi(pressure) y’ensibuko y’amasukuma esookerwako etondekebwawo ekisukumiso(propeller), ekitondekamaanyi eky’ekisukuma(jet engine), oba ekitondekamaanyi eky’ekizungirizi.

Ekitondekamaanyi eky’enkunu tekisobola kukola masukuma ku bwakyo.Kikiba kiwa  ekisukumiso ekitebenta  ne kivaako okufullumya amasukuma nga kitondekawo enjawuzo ey’akanyigirizi wakat w’emabega ne mumaaso g’ekisukumiso(propeller), ekiviirako emaplirizo esukuma mu maaso.
Ensukuma(jets)  oba ebizungirizi zitondeka amasitula nga zirinnyisa  akanyigirizi  mu kitondekamaanyi munda.

Akanyigirizi kano akarinnyise mu kitondekamaanyi ky’ensukuma oba ekizungirizi kateeka empalirizo esingako ku  bwolekero obudda mu maaso okusinga obw’emabega.
Okusinziira ku teeka lya Newton ery’okusatu ,  ggaasi  za kazambi (exaust gases) ezifulumizibwa ekisukumiso(propeller), ensukuma oba ekizungirizi ziba zituusibwako empalirizo eya kikontana era eyenkanankana amasukuma g’ekitondekamaanyi.N’olwekyo ekifulumyakazambi kiva ku masukuma.

Empalirizo ennya ez’ebibuuka

Emaplirizo ennya ezibeera ku bibuuka zirimu:




#Article 260: Ekigereeso kya Charles Muwanga eky'Enzimba y'Emiramwa gya Sayansi egy'Oluganda(Charles Muwanga's Theory of Terminology) (7801 words)


Omunoonyereza Charles Muwanga ,asoosoe okuwandiika engeri ennambulukufu Oluganda gye luyinza okuzimba emiramwa gya sayansi n'ekibalangulo(okubala).

 “Ekigereeso  kya Charles Muwanga Ku Nzimba y’Emiramwa gya Sayansi Mu Luganda” gwe musingi gw’enzimba y’ebigambo bye twetaaga okuyivuwaza Oluganda. Omugereesi w’ekigereeso kino Mw. Muwanga Charles,amaze emyaka egisukka mu kkumi (10) nga mu biseera bye eby’eggandaalo anoonyereza ku nzimba y’ebigambo ebya Sayansi n’ekibalangulo (mathematics) ebisobola okuyamba okuyivuwaza olulimi Oluganda. Okuzimba ebigambo eby’omulamwa (terminography), akikola ng’ekyokunyumirwa mu ggandaalo lye.

Muwanga agamba nti ye ebigambo by'azimbye si by'ebyenkomeredde kubanga akkiriza nti waliwo abalala abagenda okuzimbira ku musingi gw'asimye oba oli awo  okulongoosereza ku  miramwa gino n'okuzimba emipya egyetaagibwa okugaggawaza oluganda.Muwanga  agereesa ku :

I. Ekigereeso ky’Olulimi nga Ensengekera(The Theory of  Language as a System)

Ekigereeso kye ki?	

Ekigereeso(Theory) okigerageranya n’omugereeso. Mu sessomo ly’ekibalangalo, tukozesa kigambo “omugereeso” okutegeeza “ekigereeso” nga bwe kiba kiragibwa mu sayansi.

Ekigereeso kifundiwazo ky’ekinnamakulu ‘”ekigambululo eky’okugereesa” oba “ekigambululo ekirimu okugereesa”. Ekigereeso kiba kigambululo (statement) kuba kibaamu okulambika n’okulambulula ensonga.

Ekigambululo mulamwa oguva mu kikolwa eky’okugamba. Mu butuufu “ekigambululo” kiva mu kinnamakulu “ekigambo ekirambulula ensonga”.  Ebigambo byonna ebikozsebwa okulambulula ensonga bye bikola omulamwa gw’ekigambululo. 

Ebintu by’ogamba omuntu omulala biyinza okugambululwa mu buwandiike ne bikozesebwa mu ngeri emu oba endala nga mu kuwa obujulizi mu kooti.

Ekigambululo kiwa okunnyonnyola mu ngeri emu oba endala.  Tuyinza okwogera ku bigambululo eby’enjawulo nga:

	Ekigambululo ky’ebyensimbi 	(Financial Statement)
	Ekigambululo kya Poliisi		(Police Statement)
	Ekigambululo eky’okwolesebwa 	(Vision Statement)
	Ekigambululo ky’omupango 		(Strategic Statement)
	Ekigambululo ky’ekigendererwa 	(Statement of purpose)
	Ekigambululo ky’ekituukirizo 	(Mission Statement)

Amakulu g’emiramwa gino gasibuka mu kigambo ky’oluganda “okugereesa” ekitegeeza okuteebereza (to guess) oba ‘endowooza y’omuntu (opinion).

Ekigereeso (scientific theory) kigoberero ekyawamu (common rule) ekigezaako okunnyonnyola “kalonda w’obutonde” (natural phenopmena) alabika okuba nga  takwatagana (disconnected). Kalonda ono ziba fakikya (facts) eziragibwa n’omulamwa ogumu. 

N’olwekyo ekigereeso kyoleka okumanya okwa waggulu ku bwengula kubanga tekinnyonnyola kitundu kya nsi ya butonde kimu nga kiri kyokka ku bwakyo naye kiteeka wamu ebyo ebiriwo ebirabika (fakikya), ebiyinza okuba nga tebikwatagana wansi wa kigoberero kimu ekifaanagavu.

Fakikya (Facts), buba butundutundu bwa bubaka  obukwata ku nsi  ezitera okuva mu ngezeso ezekebejjeddwa. N’olwekyo fakikya ez’enjawulo ennyingi zinnyonnyolwa mu kigereeso kimu. Okusobola okutuuka ku kigereeso, wetaaga okusooka okukung’anya fakikya (collect facts), okuzekenneenya nga bwe wekebejja kalonda (data, phenomena) ow’enjawulo. 

Mu sayansi, etteeka lya njawulo ku kigereeso yadde nga oluusi ekigambo etteeka kikozesebwa okutegeeza ekigereeso kyokka etteeka kiba kigereeso ekiba kigezeseddwa enfunda eziwera okutuuka okukakasibwa nga etteeka lya sayansi. 

Ensengekera kye ki? 

Buli lulimi luba n’enteekateeka eyemalirira. Enteekateeka eno era eyitibwa nsengeka eyemalirira. Mu bufunze bwakyo, ensengeka eyemalirira kivaamu omulamwa gwa “ensengekera” (system).

Omulamwa gw’ensengekera guvudde mu kugandawaza omulamwa gw’olulattini systēma, nagwo oguva mu gw’olugereeki systēma, ekivvuunulwa “system” mu Lungereza. Mu nimi zonna, ensengekera kisonjolwa mu ngeri ennyangu nga ekiramba ekizimbibwa ebitundu eby’enjawulo. 

Ensengekera era kiyinza okusonjolwa nga obuzimbe obuteeketeeke olw’ekigendererwa nga bulimu ebituundu ebikwanagavu (interrelated) ate nga buli kitundu kye kibezaawo ekirala.

Omulamwa gw’ensengekera era gwekuusiza ku mugereko gw’ebigoberero ogufuga obuzimbe n’enneeyisa y’ensengekera eno.

Buli lw’oyogera okozesa ebitundu eby’enjogeza (parts of speech) okusobola okulaba nga by’oyogera bitegeerekeka.

Ensengekera ziba n’ebisonjozo omuli okuba nti:

	Ensengekera eba n’obuzimbe, obulimu ebitundu ebikwanagavu obutereevu buli kimu n’ekirala.
	Ensengekera eba n’ekigendererwa
	Ensengekera  ebaamu ensengekera eza wansi (subsystems) ,gino nga gy’emitendera egy’enjawulo
	Obuzimbe bw’ensengekera buyinza okuzimbululwamu (decomposed) ebitundu n’emitendera egy’enjawulo.

Ekigereeso ky’olulimi ng’ensengekera n’olwekyo kikulaga nti buli lulimi luba n’enteekateeka eyemalirira mu nsengeka yalwo, enjatula y’ebigambo, ebitundu by’enjogeza, n’amakulu g’emiramwa, okunokoolayo ebimui.

Ekigereeso kino tekitwaliramu kalonda wa nsengekera ya lulimi luganda lwonna wabula essira tulitadde ku “kigereeso kya nzimba ya bigambo ebipya mu luganda” (the teory of construction of new luganda words).

Ekigereeso kino ye kawefube asoose ow’okuteekawo omutindo ogwetaagisa okulaba nga oluganda lugaggawala mu “bigambo eby’emiramwa” ebyetaagisa okukulaakulanya obuyivuwavu.

Okukulaakulanya olulimi si kintu ekituukibwako embagirawo, wabula kintu ekigenda mu maaso empola okumala ekiseera ekiwanvu, tulina okuba n’entandikwa kubanga omwana bw’atasimbula kigere ekisooka tatambula.

Ekkubo eriyitibwamu okukulaakulanya olulimi, naddala mu miramwa egya sayansi ne sessomo ly’Ekibalangulo, zzibuwavu (it is complicated, complex) ddala era nga lirimu emiziziko mingi. Kino kitegeeza nti ku mulembe guno ogw’abayivu tusaanye okuteekawo enteekateeka ennung’amu ey’okukulaakulanya olulumi lwaffe nga tuzimba emiramwa egyetaagisa okukulaakulanya endowooza y’abantu baffe mu magezi aga sayansi ne tekinologiya. Ojja ku kiraba nti mu nteekateeka eno y’okuzimba emiramwa emijja, ebigambo ebimu biba bigattibwa ku ebyo ebibaddewo ate wesanga nga ebirala bisuuliddwa bbali ate ebirala ne bitekebwaako amakulu amajja. 

Okuzimba ebigambo ebipya mu lulimi lwonna kibaamu okugatta ebigambo ebijja kw’ebyo ebibaddewo, okukyusa oba okwongera ku makulu g’ebigambo ebimu ebikadde ebibaddewo, awamu n’okufiisa ebirala. 

Wano oba okiraba nti okukulaakulanya olulimi si kintu ekikolebwa awatali nteekateeka nung’amu naye kyetaagisa endowooza n’omutindo ebirambulukufu. Ekiwandiiko kino kikulaga omutindo oba ebigoberero ebyetaagisa omuzimbi w’ebigambo (terminologist) yenna oba omunoonyerezi alina enteekateeka okutondekawo emiramwa egy’enjawulo, okukulaakulanya olulimi lwe oluzaaliranwa. 

Okusobola okuyivuwaza (intellectualization) ennimi zaffe ez’abaddugavu ng’omusingi ogwa sayansi ne tekinologiya, kyetaagisa okuzimba “enzitoya y’okumanya” (abody of knowledge), naddala mu sayansi ez’ensibo n’ekibalangulo (the natural sciences and mathematics).

Okutondeka emiramwa (concept formation) kye kimu ku biraga enkulaakulana y’omuntu ow’obuwangwa. Olulimi gye lukoma okuba olugagga mu bigambo ebijjayo emiramwa egy’enjawulo, gye lukoma okufuula abantu abalwogera abanyukufu, abatangaavu, oba abayivu obulungi. 

Eky’okulabirako omulamwa gwa yinginiyologiya ngwewoze okuva mu “engineering” ogw’olungereza ate ogwa eratekinologia (tekinologia wa erakitooni) ne ngwewola okuva mu “erectronics” ogw’olungereza nga bajajja ffe bwe beewola motoka okuva mu “motorcar”, yingini okuva mu engine, ne galagi okuva mu garage, eby’olungereza.

Mu bigambo ebiyiiye, oyinza okusangamu “enzitoya” (mass) kye njiiyizza okuva mu kigambo ky’oluganda obuzito; eng’enda (verocity)  okuva mu ky’oluganda okugenda, ensika (gravity) okuva mu kinnamakulu “empaliririzo esikira mu nzitoya”, n’amasoboza (energy) ekiva mu kinnamakulu  “amaanyi agasobozesa..”.

Awo okiraba nti emiramwa oyinza okugitondeka okuyita mu kugiyiiya, okwewola n’okugandawaza egyo emigwiira gye tuba tutabadde nagyo mu luganda. Endagabigambo eno egenda kukulambululira amakubo g’oyinza okuyitamu okugandawza emiramwa gya sayansi egiri mu nimi engwira naddala olungereza, olungereza, olugereeki, n’olulattini.

II.Omutindo Ogwetaagisa Okugandawaza Emiramwa emigwira

Bwe tuba nga tuli bakukulaakulanya olulimi lwaffe mu sayansi ne tekinologiya nga tuzimba ebigambo ebyetisse amakulu ag’emiramwa gye tutalina mu luganda, tulina okutambuliza omulimu guno ku bigoberero bino byonna:

(i)	Sooka kunoonyereza na kwekenneenya miramwa gya lungereza egyetaagisa okugandawaza mu buli sessomo na buli ssomo.

Mu kunoonyereza ku miramwa gya sayani n’ekibalangalo egyetaagisa okuzimba mu lulimi oluganda, tandikira ku ssomo erimu eriri wansi wa   sessomo (discipline, field of study) nga essomabiramu (biology), essomabutonde (physics), essomabuzimbe (chemistry, study of structure of matter) oba  ekibalangalo (mathematics), olyoke ononyeemu emiramwa emikulu mu ssomo eryo, osome ku buli  mulamwa nga bwe wekenneenya ebigambo ebyetaaaga okugandawaza. Eky’okulabirako, mu “essomabutonde” (Physics), oyinza okutunuulira emitwe egy’enjawulo nga fiziikisi wa nyukiriya (nuclear physics), essomabuzimbe bwa atomu (atomic chemistry) ate mu kibalangalo (mathematics) oyinza okutunuulira amasomo nga omugereeso gwa namba (number theory), namayingo (polynomials), oba mufunza (exponentiation).

(ii)	Wekenneenye  buli mulamwa omugwira gw’oyagala okugandawaza nga: 

(a)	Onoonya ensibuko y’amakulu gagwo nga bweri mu lulimi olugwiira okumanya ebigambo ebyagattibwa okuzimba omulamwa guno.Gerageranya amakulu g’ensibuko yagwo n’enkozesa yagwo eriwo kati. 

(b) Wekenneenye enjatula y’ekigambo mu lulimi olugwira n’enjatula ekkirizibwa mu luganda. Eky’okulabirako ekigambo “philosophy” kirimu ennyukuta “ph” ezikola enjatula “f”. Kino okukyewola n’okukigandawaza kyatulibwa era ne kiwandiikibwa nga “firosofa” oba “firosoofa” okugondera enjatula ey’oluganda. Mu luganda tetuwandiika yadde okwatula “ph” ob “phy”.

(c) Wekenneenye amateeka g’ensengeka y’ebigambo mu luganda. Eky’okulabirako singa oba ozimba omulamwa omujja nga endagaludda (compass) okuva mu bigambo oludda + endaga, tosobola ku kiyita “oluddandaga” kubanga mu luganda ensengeka eno eba tekola makulu. Kirina kuba “endagaludda”.

(iii)	Soosowaza ensibuko z’ebigambo ezo munda mu lulimi oluzaaliranwa. 

Mu kuzimba emiramwa kiba kirungi okutandika nga okozesa “ensibuko ezo munda (internal sources). Soosowaza ebigambo ebiriwo mu lulimi bwoti: 

(a)	Soosowaza okuzimba ebigambo ebipya okuva mu bigambo by’oluganda ebiriwo. Nonyaayo ebigambo by’oluganda ebirina amakulu agali okumpi  n’ebigambo ebigwira by’oyagala okugandawza nga ekigambo ky’oluganda “okugendana” ekiyinza okuba nga kyekisingayo okuba n’amakulu g’omulamwa gw’olungereza  “being proportional” oba ekigambo ky’oluganda “kifuulanngenge” ekiyinza okuba nga kye kisingayo okuba n’amakulu agali okumpi n’omulamwa gwa “inverse”.

	
(b)	Wa okusoosowaza okw’okubiri ebigambo ebiva mu nnimi eziriraanye ennyo olulimi lwo nga olunyakitara, olusoga, oluswayiri. Bw’oba tofunye mu zino olwo oyinza okunoonya mu luddako okuba okumpi nga Luo. Ennimi eziri ewala ennyo n’olulimi lwo z’oba osembyayo okunonyaamu ebigambo eby’oggandawaza. Kye ntegeeza kwe kuba nti ennimi ez’ebunaayira ezitalina kakwate na nimi zaffe ez’ekifirika z’olina okusembayo mu kunoonya ebigambo eby’okuzimba emiramwa emijja. Muno mulimu Olungereza, Olugereeki, Olulattini, Oluwarabu, Oluchina, Olujapani n’endala. Kyokka mu kwewola ebigambo laba nga osoosowaza bigambo ebiri mu lungereza kuba luno lwe lulimi olugwira okuva ebunaayira lwe tusunga okumanya wano mu Uganda, ozzeeko olugereeki n’olulattini kuba ebigambo eby’emiramwa gya sayansi mingi egy’olungereza nga ensibuko yagyo eri mu nnimi zino.

 (iv) 	Buli mulamwa omukulu guzimbireko emiramwa egyetaagisa.  

Eky’okulabirako, bw’ozimba omulamwa “emikutule” (fraction) gwokka, tekiyamba nnyo kuba osigala toyinza kubalanguza mweyoleko (expression) gwa mikutule egirimu okugatta oba okwawuza. Ky’olina okukola kwe kuzimba emiramwa gyonna wansi wagwo    egyetaagisa nga: 

 (iv) Okugaggawaza omulamwa n’ebigambo eby’enajwulo ebigusonjola.

 Bwe kiba kisoboka buli mulamwa gube n’ebigambo ebisobola okukozesebwa mu kugusonjola. Okulaba nga ebigambo ebizimbibwa abantu ab’enjawulo ku mulamwa ogumu nga biriraaniganye mu makulu biteekebwa wamu okuyamba okusonjola n’okunnyonnyola omulamwa ogwo n’ebigambo eby’enjawulo.

Nkakasa nti singa abantu ab’enjawulo obagamba okugandawaza omulamwa ogumu okuva mu lulimi nga olungereza, oyinza okufuna ebigambo eby’enjawulo .Ekijja okukwewuunyisa, ebisinga ku bbyo bijja kuba nga birina amakulu agaliraaniganye ennyo.

Eky’okulabirako mu kawefube wange ono, nnali njagala okugandawaza omulamwa gwa sayansi ogwa “reflection”. Kye nakola kwe ku kukozesa abaana bange babiri awaka, ne mbagamba buli omu afune ekigambo ekigandawaza omulamwa guno ogwa “reflection”. Nze nnasooka, ne mbagamba nti nze nkiyise “kifaanaganyo”, Kalungi Christiano ye naleeta ekikye,”ekifaananyo”, Nabbowa Christiana ye n’akiyita “ekifaananyi”.

Bwe twamala kwe kwekenneenya emiramwa gyonna gy’onsatule, oluvannyuma  ne tukizuula nti kumpi gyonna girimu omulamwa gwe gumu, ekitegeeza nti buli omu yali mutuufu mu ngeri emu oba endala.

Kye nva mbagamba nti olw’okuba ebigambo bino kumpi bifaanagana, byonna tubikozese kuba buli kimu kiba kiyamba okusonjola ekirala. Oli bw’akubuuza nti ekifaanaganyo kye ki, kikwanguyira okumuddamu nti kiba “kifaananyo”kya kintu oba  nti kiba “kifaananyi”  kya kintu.

Twagenda okukkakkana nga buli omu ekigambo ky’aleese kifunye kye kikwataganyizibwa nakyo eky’olungereza mu makulu bwe kiti:

Mu butuufu ekifaananganyo (refletion) mu ngeri ennyangu era oyinza okukiyita ekifaananyo (image) oba ekifaananyi (picture), kyokka mu nnyinyonnyola eya sayansi, emiramwa gino buli gumu waliwo we gwawukanira ku mulala oba we gukozesebwa okunnyonnyola omulala.

Wano oba okiraba nti singa abantu ab’enjawulo baleeta ebigambo eby’enjawulo ku mulamwa ogumu oguli mu lungereza, ebitundu 80%, emiramwa gyabwe jijja kuba nga buli gumu gusobola okweyambisibwa okusonjola omulala.

Eno ye nsonga lwaki okugaggawaza oluganda kiba kyetaagisa enkola ey’okuteeka awamu ebigambo eby’enjawulo naye nga birimu omulamwa kumpi gwe gumu, omusomi y’aba asalawo kigambo ki ky’aba okukozesa ku mulamwa ogwo.

Ebigambo ebirala bye ndowooza ebisobola okukozesebwa nga eby’omulamwa ogumu era buli kimu ne kiyamba okusonjola ekirala birimu:

Tolowooza nti mu bigambo okutolontoka, otebentuka, okufumuuka, okuweweenyuka mulimu ebiyinza okukwataganyizibwa n’ebyo ebyolungereza, eno n’eba entandikwa y’okufuula oluganda olulimi olwa sayansi? Ate ekigambo ky’olungereza “mathematics” n’ekyoluganda “ekibalangulo”? Tebirinawe bifaananira mu makulu? Anti   ekibalangulo kyalinga kiwagaliro kya byuma ate “mathematics” nakyo kiwagaliro kya bwongo; ntegeeza ly’essomo eriwagala obwongo.

 Ate ekigambo “omubalanguzi”? Kibade n’amakulu ag’omugaso mu luganda? Lwaki tetukiteeka mu ttuluba lye limu n’ekigambo “ekibalangulo” (mathematics), “omubalanguzi” n’abeera “mathematician” ate okubalanguza oba okubalangula ne kiba “to calculate” ate  “okubaza” ne kiba “to solve” nga “okusonjola “ bwe kiyinza okuba “to simplify” ate “okulambulula” ne kiba “to factor a number” ate “ennambuluzo” n’eba “factors of a number”?

(v) Bwe kiba kisoboka, zimba ebigambo ebipya nga obyesigamya miramwa, si bigambo. “Omulamwa” (concept) gwetikka amakulu agaawula ekigambo ekimu ku kirala nga gwawula amakulu g’ekigambo ekimu n’ekirala. Eky’okulabirako ekigambo “okubala” kirmu emiramwa ebiri. Omulamwa ogusoka gulimu amakulu ag’okusengeka namba okuva ku ziro, okudda ku emu okweyongerayo ate omulamwa ogw’okubiri guli mu sessomo lyonna n’obuzibuwavu bwalyo. Bwekiba kisoboka kyandibadde kirungi emiramwa gino ebiri gyawulibwemu okuyita mu kugiwa ebigambo eby’enjawulo. Kye nkoze kwe kwawula sessomo nga ndiwa erinnya mu mulamwa omupya ogw’ekibalangalo oba ekibalangulo oba ekibalo.

 Eky’okulabirako ekirala,  ekigambo “energy” mu luganda  olwa bulijjo oba okivvuunula “amaanyi” kyokka ekigambo kino “amaanyi” kibadde  kikozesebwa mu luganda olwa bulijjo okutegeeza okugattika emiramwa  gy’olungereza “power”, “force”, ”gravity”, ne “energy” mu kiseera kye kimu. Okusobola okuzimba ebigambo nga tubyesigamya miramwa,  tugandawazza  emiramwa gy’olungereza gino esatu, nga tukozesa emiramwa egyebjawulo “empalirizo” okutegeeza “force”, “amaanyi” okutegeeza “power”, “amasoboza” okutegeeza “energy” n’ensika (=empalirizo esikira mu nzitoya) okutegeeza “gravity”.

Omulamwa gw’Enjuba Muwanga” gutondekeddwawo okwawula ‘enjuba yaffe” ku njuba obutabalika eziri mu bwengula, omuganda z’ayita emmunyenye. Munnyenye nazo njuba naye olw’okuba ziri wala nnyo okuva we tuli zirabika nga obuntu obutono ennyo ate okumunyenya kiva mu kweweta kwa kitangaala nga kiyingira nampewo (atmosphere) yaffe. Ekigambo “nampewo” kitegeeza “atmosphere of the earth” okukyawula ku mulamwa gwa “namikka” ekitegeeza “other planetary atmospheres”. Nampewo mugattiko gwa ggaasi ezikola ebirungo ebikola empewo y’obulamu. Emiramwa emirala   gye miramwa “okutonda” (the act of creation by God) n’okutondeka (=okutonda ebikoreka, the act of creation by man, to produce).

 (vi) Okugoberera Amateeka g’Olulimi

Tewerabira kugoberera mateeka na bigoberero eby’olulimi lw’ozimabmu ebigambo ebipya. Buli lulimi luba n’amateeka agalufuga mu butonde bwalwo. Toyinza kuleeta mateeka gafuga mpandiika oba enjatula ey’ebigambo by’Olungereza oba Oluchina n’oyagala okugakozesa butereevu mu luganda n’oba ng’otegeerekeka aboogezi b’olulimi luno. 

Waliwo amateeka agafuga enkozesa y’olulimi Oluganda.  Mu mateeka gano, okusinziira ku Kakensa Livingstone Walusimbi, (Bukedde ku Sande 17/06/2014), mulimu:

a)	Okuba nti empeereza eya “I” ne “U” tezitandika kigambo kyonna mu luganda. “I” we yandibadde teekawo “Y” ate “U” we yandibadde oteekewo “W”. Ebyokulabirako bw’ogandawaza “internet” kifuuka “yintaneeti” ate “integer” ne kifuuka “yintegya”.

b)	Empeerezebwa ezitafaanagana teziwandiikibwa mu kifo kimu. Ebyokulabirako: ekyaenkya, ekyaemisana, ebyaovu, ekyaennyanja, ebyaeru, oba omuala. Kino kinnyambye nnyo okuzimba emiramwa nga: 

	nakyenkanyaenjuyi ekifuuka “nakyenkanyanjuyi (equation);
	ekyenkanyaempuyi ekifuuka “ekyenkanyampuyi (symmetery);
	empuyiennyingi ekifuuka “mpuyinnyingi” (polygons);
	mpuyiettaano ekifuuka mpuyittaano (pentagon);
	 nnyingoemu ekifuuka “nnyingemu” (monomial)

c)	Empeerezi ezifaanagana bwe ziddiring’ana, bino bye birina okubaawo: 

	

III. Enzimba y’Emiramwa Emipya

Ekitundu ky’ekigereeso kino ekisoose kitaddewo omutindo ogwetaagisa okugandawaza ebigambo ebigwira. Kati ate ka twekenneenye engeri ez’enjawulo ze tuyinza okugoberera okuzimba emiramwa emijja. Engeri zino zirimu:


Oyinza okutondekawo emiramwa emipya nga weyambisa akakodyo ak’okugaziya amakulu g’ebigambo ebiriwo mu Luganda. Ekyokulabirako:

(a)	Ekigambo ky’oluganda ekya bulijjo “okusonjola” kivvuunulwa nga “to define” kyokka kati tukyewozo mu sessomo ly’ekibalangala ne tugaziyizza amakulu gakyo okutegeeza “to simplify a mathematical expression”.

(b) 	Ekigambo ekya bulijjo “mufunza” (tightening or shortening) amakulu gaakyo gagaziye okutegeeza “exponentiation, essomo mu sessomo ly’ekibalangulo. Omufunzo guba omweyoleko (expression) bn, ogulimu namba bbiri, ekikolo (base) b, n’akafunza (the power) n nga mu   23

(c) 	Ennyingo (joint). Bw’oba wali olabye ennyingo eziba mu kikajjo, oba otegeera mangu lwaki nsobodde okugaziya amakulu g’omulamwa gw’ennyingo ngukozese mu kibalo okutegeeza “a mathematical term” nga 1, 5, 2a, 5ab, n’okweyongerayo. Kati nno tuyinza okwogera ku ‘ennyingo ezikwatagana” (like terms) n’ennyingo ezitakwatagana (unlike terms), “namayingi” (Polynomials), “nnyingemu” (monomial), nnyingobbiri (binomial), ne: nnyingosatu” (trinomial).

(d)     Ekigambo eky’oluganda olwa bulijjo “okulambulula” (to explain in detail) nakyo kigaziye mu makulu ng’ekyewolo mu kibalo okutegeeza “okulambulula namba” (mathematical factorization of numbers) era kino kivuddko emiramwa emirala nga “ennambuluzo” (factors), “namba enambulukufu” (copmposite numbers), “namba ezitali nambulukufu” (prime numbers), n’omulamwa gwa “Nambuluzo Eyawamu Esingayo” (NESI = GCF).

(e) 	Okugendana (to be almost equal in strength or magnitude),   kigaziye mu makulu okutegeeza   “to be proportional “.Kati nno oyinza n’okwogera ku ebintu ebigendana (things that are proportional). Okuva mu kigambo kino tufunye omulamwa gwa “layini ezigendagana” oba “enkoloboze ezigendagana” (parallel lines). Wetegereze ebigambo bino nti empandiika yabyo ya njawulo; ekimu kiri “okugendana”(to be proportional) ate eky’okubiri kiri “okugendagana” (to be palallel).

(f) Okuva mu kigambo okugoba ensonga tufuna omulamwa “mugobansonga “(state of dialogue or discussion, discourse). Nkizudde nti kino kiri kumpi nnyo mu makulu n’ekyolungereza “dialectics”. N’olwekyo omulamwa gwa “dialectics” omugandawaze guba “mugobansonga” nga kuno kuba kugaziya makulu ate, omugobansonga (dialectician) aba muntu alina enneeyisa eya mugobansonga.  “Endowooza eya mugobansonga” oba “Okulowooza okwa mugobansonga” (dialectic thinking) kikwata ku kugoba nsonga mu birowoozo byo oba nga okubaganya ebirowoozo oba nga wekenneenya embeera oba obutonde. Omugobansonga anoonya obumu bw’ebintu eby’enjawulo ate n’anoonya enjawulo eri wakati w’ebikontana oba ebitafaanagana n’alyooka atuuka ku kusalawo ekituufu.

(g)     “Ekipooli” mu luganda olwa bulijjo kitegeza “enswa ensekule ba ebinyeebwa ebisekule” naye kati omulamwa guno gugaziye mu makulu ne gweyambisibwa okutegeeza “chemical compound”. Tuyinza okwogera ku: ekipooli kya kemiko	oba ekipooli eky’ekikemiko (chemical compound).

(h) 	Okupanga (to assemble things) nakyo kigaziye mu makulu kati oyinza okukikozesa okutegeeza “to strategize” ate “omupango” (to plot doing something) oyinza okukikozesa okutegeeza “strategy”.

(i)	Okuva mu mulamwa gw’ebigobererwa (things to follow), tulina omulamwa gwa “ebigoberero” (mathematical rules, principles).

(j)	Okuva mu mulamwa “gw’okuluubirira” (to strive for) tufuna omulamwa gwa “ebiruubirirwa (goals)” ne “ebiruubiriro” (objectives); ate okuva mu mulamwa gw’ okugenderera (to aim at) tufuna omulamwa gw’ “ebigendererwa” (aims). N’olwekyo mu luganda olw’omulembe omutebi ebigendererwa, ebiruubirirwa, n’ebiruubirirwa, tebikyategeeza ekintu kye kimu nga bwe kibadde wabula kati buli kimu kirina ensonjola eyakyo.

(k) “Ekifuulannenge ne ensulike (kasulike).” Ekigambo “ekifuulannenge kigazye mu makulu kati era kiyinza okuvvuunulwa nga “the inverse”. Ate ensulike oba kasulike ne kivvuunulwa “recipricol”.

Olulimi oluyivuwavu (=oluyivu ekiwanvu =intellectual language) lulina okuba n’emiramwa egya “reciprocal” ne “inverse”. Emmiramwa gino ebiri nagyo gitondekeddwawo nga tweyambisa akakodyo ka sayansi w’ennimi (lingustics) ak’okugaziya amakulu g’ebigambo ebiriwo (semantic extension). Ekigambo “ensulike” (upside-down) kigaziye mu makulu kati era kitegeeze omulamwa gw’ekibalo ogwa “reciprocal”. Kasulike ya 2 eri ½ ate eya ¾ eri 4/3. 

Nga bwe tulabye waggulu, ekigambo “Kifuulannenge” (the other way round) kati era kirimu omulamwa gw’ekibalo ogwa “inverse”. Nga tukigatta n’ebigambo ebirala, tufuna emiramwa gy’ekibalo emigandawaze 

a)	“Omukwataganyo ogwa kifuulannenge” ekitegeeza “inverse function.
b)	Kifuulannenge ow’Omugereko” ekitegeeza “the inverse of a set”.
c)	“Omugendaganyo ogwa kifuulannenge” ekitegeeza “inverse proportion”
Nga tukozesa akakodyo ak’okugatta ebigambo tufune omulamwa omupya era tuyinza okugoberera ensengeka zino: 

a)	Okugatta ekikolwa ne serinnya. Ekyokulabirako   nakongezabwangu (catalyst) okuva mu kikolwa “okwongeza  (to increase) + obwangu (efficiency)
b)	Okugatta nakongezalinnya n’ekikolwa nga “enda + kintu “ekivaamu omulamwa gwa “endakintu” (capacity); endya + ennungi = endyennungi (diet).
c)	Okugatta  serinnya ku serinnya nga 
Atomu + bbomu →bbomu y’atomu (atomic bomb)
Nnyukiriya +bbomu →bbomu ya nnyukiriya (nuclear bomb)

d)	Ekigattiko ky’ekikolwa n’akayungirizi (verb-preposition compound): okwabuluza + mu → okwabuluzaamu (fission, breakup, break into); fission

    e) Okugatta Nakongezalinnya n’erinnya nga:

	

f) Okugatta ekikolwa n’erinnya: 

         g)   Okugatta serinnya n’ekikolwa: 

        h)   Okugatta ekikolwa n’ekikolwa

Olwokuba layini ezigendagana tezisobola kusisinkana oba okusalagana kitwalibwa okuba nga buli emu yegaana endala olwo ne zeyongerayo mu entakoma awatali kusisinkana (nga buli emu egaana okusisinkana endala).

Mu luganda erinnya oba serinnya,  okutandika n’ennyukuta “Ss…” oba “S…” kiba kiraga  obukulu oba “obusukkulumu” bw’omuntu oba ekigambo ekyogerwako.
Mu kigereeso kyange kino, singa osanga erinnya nga litandika na “Ss” ekitegeeza nti litandika na “s bbiri”, okimanyirawo nti eryo linnya lya muntu omusajja. Eky’okulabirako:

Ate emiramwa gino wansi nagyo olw’okuba giraga ebitiibwa by’abebitiibwa abaami nagyo tugiwandiika na “Ss” ng’amannya gennyini ago waggulu:

Amannya ago waggulu gagerageranye na gano wansi:	

Sabasajja: kiraga nti ono y’asukkulumye ku basajja bonna, seddume ate kyo kiraga nti   eno nsolo nsajja. 

Mu buwangwa bwaffe singa wabaawo abantu babiri, Ssennyonjo ne Nannyonjo, ne bakugamba olondeko omu agenda okukwetikkirako ensawo z’obuwunga, omanyirawo nti kubano omusajja ye Ssennyonjo era n’olwekyo y’alina amaanyi agasukkulumye ku g’a Nannyonjo, omukazi, agasobola okusitula ebizito. 

Kyokka mu kigereeso kyange kino, ggyo emiramwa egitandika ne: S”eya namunigina (eri emu) giba giraga obusukkulumu bw’ebintu ebitali Bantu nga gino wansi seddume, segwanga, n’emirala.

Obutaba nga “Sseggwanga” (Stateseman), “segwanga” eba nkoko nsajja.

Sessomo (discipline)

Omulamwa guno gwe gumu ku bigambo by’oluganda ebitandika ne “se-“. “Se” kiraga obusukkulumu bwa sessmo lino kubanga lirimu amasomo mangi ag’enjawulo agali wansi wa lyo.
Sessomo n’olwekyo kitegeeza “essomo eggazi” (discipline, field of study) nga lino ebiseera ebisinga   libaamu amasomo ag’enjawulo wansi walyo. Mu miramwa emirala egitali mannya ga Bantu naye nga gitandika n’ennyukuta “s” emu yokka mulimu:

Manya nti senkuluze (encyclopeadia) kiba kitabo kinene okusinga enkuluze (dictionary) era senkuluze erambulula emiramwa okusinga enkuluze.
Bw’osanga erinnya eritandika ne “Na…” oyo aba muwala oba mukyala kubanga. Mu butonde omukyala atera okuba n’amaanyi matono okusinga omusajja yadde nga mu busobozii oba fakalita z’omulengera (mental faculties) bagendana.

Mu kigereeso kino “Naggwanga “kitegeeza Stateswoman. Oyinza okugamba nti Margret Thatcher yali Naggwanga mu Bungereza.

Mu kigereeso kino, “Ebitundu by’Enjogeza kivvuunulwa “parts of speech: Nga okyusa enjogeza oyinza okufuula ekigambo ekiri mu kitundu ky’enjogeza ekimu okuba mu kitundu ky’enjogeza ekirala. Eky’okulabirako ye serinnya “okutunga” (tailoring, tailoring course) ekifuuka ekikolwa “ky’okutunga “(to sew, to stitch). Okuvumbula (to discover) kikyusibwa okufuuka serinnyya erimu omulamwa gw’ “okuvumbula (discovery). Okubala (to conut), mu luganda olwa bulijjo, oyinza okukikyusa mu njogeza ne kikozesebwa n’amakulu aga “okubala (mathematics).

Manya nti mu kigereso kino, okubala (mathematics) nkiyise ekabalangala oba ekibalangulo (a discipline that sharpens the mind). 

Tuyinza okwogera ku kukyusa enjogeza okulala nga tulaba okukyusa ebigambo okuva mu serinnya okufuuka ekikolwa (Noun to verb Conversion) nga: 

Okutomeggana (to react chemically). Kino kikolwa ekikyusibwa mu makulu okufuuka serinnya “okutomeggana” (chemical reaction). 

Okukyusa enjogeza kiynza okubamu okukyusa nakongezalinnya okukifuula erinnya nga:

Ekyokulabirako ekirungi eky’okuzimba emiramwa emijja nga tusalira ebigambo mulimu omulamwa gw’entabaganya” (society) ekiva mu mulamwa gw’ “entabaganyabantu” (human society) oba “ekibalo” (maths) ekiva mu mulamwa gw’“ekibalangulo” (mathematics). Ebigambo ebirala ebitondekebwawo okuyita mu kusalira ebigambo mulimu “okubaza” okuva mu “okubalangula” (to calculate) oba okubalanguza (to solve).

Nga tweyambisa akakodyo ak’okusala ku bigambo, ekigambo ekipya kitondekebwawo okuva ku mulamwa oguliwo awatali kukyusa makulu ga mulamwa guno. Okusalira ebigambo (clipping) kiyinza okukolebwa mu ngeri nnya;

(a) Okusalira ekivannyuma (back-cutting). Kino kibaawo nga  ekigambo kijjiddwako (kisaliddwako) ekitundu ku nkomerero yakyo nga ekigambo  “entabaganya” okuva mu “entabaganyabantu” (human society) oba “entakyuka” okuva mu “entakyukakyuka” (mathematical constant). Okusalira ekivannyuma era nkikozesezza okufundiwaza emiramwa gya sayansi nga “nampa” okuva mu kigambo   nampawengwa (neutron). Nkoze okugereesa ku nsibuiko y’omulamwa gwa “musisi” (earthquake) nga nteebereza nti okusooka kyali  “musisiwazansi”, ekysalibwa okufuuka “musisi”, ekitegeeza  “earthquake”  mu  Luganda.

	 Waliwo n’ekigambo “Omugeranyo” (quostient) kye nzigye mu   “omugerageranyo” (ratio) oba “ekigeranyo” (average) kye nzigye   mu  “ekigerageranyo” (rate).

(b) Okusalira kw’amakkati (Middle cutting). Okusalira mu makkati kitegeeza okulekawo ekitundu ky’ekigambo ekiri mu makkati .Eky’okulabirako gwe mulamwa gwa sayansi “kikontana” ekisaliddwako okuleka amakkati gokka ne kifuuka “konta” (protone).

(c) Okusalira okw’ekisookeso (Fore cutting). Kuno kuba kusalako ntandikwa ya kigambo nga mu “akongezallinya”   from “nakongezalinnya” (adjective) or “akongezakikolwa“from “nakongezakikolwa”(adverb);  ebujje  from ebbujjenyi ; in 

(d) Okusalira okuzibuwavu (Complex cutting).  Okusalira ebigambo okuzibuwavu kitegeeza okujja ebitundu eby’enjawulo okuva mu bigambo eby’enjawulo nga “ekkamuso” okuva mu “endaga ya kkala za Musoke” (rainbow).

Kuno kujja miramwa mipya mu kigambo oba ebigambo ebibaddewo nga tugatta “akawango” (affix) ku kikolo. Obuwango bubaamu obuwango obusookeso (prefixes) n’obuwango obuvannyuma (suffix). Buno wansi bwe bumu ku buwango obusobola okukozesebwa mu luganda okujja emiramwa emipya mu bikadde ebibaddewo: 

(a) Obuwango obusookeso (prefix):

Akawango kano kalaga nti waliwo okudda emabega oba mu maaso. Eky’okulabirako: “ekiddannyuma” (negative, reverse), “ekiddamaaso” (positive). Wano tusobole okwogera ku “namba za kiddannyuma” okutegeeza “namba za negatiivu”(negative numbers) oba “namba za kiddamaaso” okutegeeza “namba za pozitiivu”(positive numbers).

Akawango gano kategeeza “awatali..”. Eky’okulabirako

		

Akawango kano kategeeza “enneeyisa eya..”  Ekyokulabirako: 

Akawango kano nako kekuusiza ku makulu “ekikolwa ekya… “oba “embeera eya..”. Eky’okulabirako:

Akawango kano kategeeza “okuba…”. Eky’okulabirako:

Akawango kano kalaga oba kategeeza “ekikolwa kya…”. Ebyokulabirako:

a.	Namba ennambulukufu    	composite numbers
b.	Namba ezerambulula	  	composite numbers
c.	Namba ezitali nambulukufu	prime number
d.	Namba eziterambulula		prime numbers

Amaweto agagendagana		corresponding angles
Okugendana kifuulannenge		inverse proportionality
Omugendanyo				proportion
Emigendanyo				proportions

Emiramwa gwa kikontana (opposite) oba “ebintu ebya kikontana” (things that are opposite) giva mu kigambo ky’oluganda “okukontana” (to contradict, to be the opposite of, to be contrary to). Other derivations from the word “okukontana” include:
	Obumu bw’ebikontana	the unity of opposites

Omulamwa gwa “enkyukakyuka ez’ebuziba” (chemical change) gujjiddwa mu kigambo “ebuziba” /”obuziba” (the innermost part, the farthest part, the core). When compounded with the word “enkyukakyuka” (change) we get a new concept in chemistry: “enkyukakyuka ez’ebuziba (chemical change”). The opposite is “enkyukakyuka eyo kungulu” (physical change).

 “Omu….“

Mu kibalangala akawango kano kalaga nti omulamwa guno gwekuusiza ku omuwendo (number, value) oba omweyoleko ogw’ekibalo (namba) y’ekibalo. Omuwendo (number/value). Eky’okulabirako:

Kyokka manya nti:

		
Omulamwa gwa “omukunukirizo” (estimation) guva mu kikolwa “okukunuukiriza” (to aim at, to reach out for, estimation).

Ate omulamwa gw’ekibalo   “okuzingako” (to round off a number) ne guva  mu kikolwa  “okuzinga” (to fold) .

Omulamwa gw’ekibalo “omutonnyezo” oba “omutonnyeze” (decimal) guva mu “akatonnyeze” (point).

Omulamwa gw’ “omugendo” (movement, motion, ray) guva mu kikolwa “okugenda” (to move, to go). Emiramwa emirala egiva mu mulamwa guno mulimu:

Omugendo gw’ekitangaala		light ray
Omugendo gw’amasannyalaze	current
Omugendo gw’amaanyikasoboza 	a ray of energy

Ekigambo omugendo (movement) kyekuusiza ku mulamwa gw’okuva” (motion).

Omulamwa gw’ “omukwanaganyo” (mathematical relation), guva mu kigambo “okukwanaganya” (to relate things, to cordinate things) nga kino nakyo kiva mu kigambo “okukwana” (to make friendship).

Omulamwa “omukwataganyo” (mathematical function) guva mu kigambo “okukwataganya” (to link, to connect). Mu kibalangulo, “emikwataganyo” (functions) nagyo giba “mikwanaganyo” (relations) naye omukwanaganyo guyinza obutaba mukwataganyo.Ne mu ntabaganya buli muntu ayinza okukwanagana n’omulala kyokka ne balemererwa okukwatagana olw’ensonga emu oba endala. Mu ngeri endala mu bufumbo obw’ekikirisitu, omwami omu n’omukyala omu be bakwatagana. Singa omwami oba omukyala aba aganzizza omukwano ogusukka mu gumu wano tewabaawo kukwatagana yadde nga okukwanagana kutwalibwa okuba nga kubaddewo.  Mu sessomo ly’ekibalo, omukwataganyo (function) gubeerawo nga buli namba mu muyingizo (ekisiisi ya x) ekwataganye ne namba y’omufulumyo (ekisiisi ya y) emu yokka. Bwe kitaba ekyo guba mukwanaganyo (relation).

Emiramwa “omugereko” (set) ne “emigereko gy’ekibalangulo” (mathematical sets) giva mu kigambo ky’oluganda “okugereka” (to arrange in groups).

Omulamwa gw’ekibalangulo “Namayingo” (polynomials) kiva mu kigambo ky’oluganda “ennyingo” (joint, term). Emiramwa emirala egiva mu kigambo ennyingo mulimu: 

Okiraba nti emiramwa egyo gigatta ebigambo bibiri n’olwekyo bino “bigambo bigatte” (blended words).

Omulamwa gw’ekibalo “omuganyulo” (interest) guva mu kigambo “okuganyula”(to benefit, to be useful to). Emiramwa emirala egiva mu kigambo kino mulimu: 
Omuganyulo omwangu		simple interest
Omuganyulo omuzibuwavu	compound interest
Okubaza omuganyulo		calculating interest
Omuganyulo gwa banka		bank interest

Omulamwa gw’ekibalo “omukendeezo” guva mu kigambo”okukendeeza” (to reduce).

Emiramwa Ekigereeso (scientific theorem), “omugereeso” (mathematical theory) ne “eggereeso” (theorem) giva mu kigambo “okugereesa”(to theorise, to make guesses). Okuva mu bigambo bino tufuna emiramwa nga: 

 “Essoma…..”

Kano kayinza okukozesebwa nga akawango akasookeso akategeeza “essomo lya..”  oba “sayansi wa…” .
Akawango “Essoma….”   kirimu omulamwa gw’eky’olungereza  “study of…..” oba   “field of study ”. Akawango akasookeso  kano “ essoma....“ kategeeza  “essomo lya…”  era kakola amakulu ge gamu n’akawango akavannyuma  “logiya” oba “logia”. Obuwango bono bwombi “essoma…“ ne “...logia” bugattibwa ku kigambo ekirala okuvaamu omulamwa gw’ essomo oba sessomo(field of study oba a  discipline). Ebyokulabirako:


 “En-“

Akawango kano kalaga “ngeri ya kukolamu kintu” oba “embeera ekintu gye kibaamu”. Eky’okulabirako: 

Kyokka manya nti enzitoya kitegeeza ekireetewo   obuzito (mass) ate enzitoyo kitegeeza ekibeera ne enzitoya (matter).Bino byombi bijjibwa mu kikolwa “okuzitoya” (to give weight to something, to make something heavy).

Akawango    ‘eki…” kalaga amakulu aga “ekikube ekya…” (Drawing of) oba “ekibalo kya….”. Ekigambo ekitandika ne “eki…” kiraga “ekikube (drawing), ekigambo (word), oba ekintu kyonna “ekitali muntu”   oba ekibalo.
Eby’okulabirako:

(a) “Ekigerageranyo “(rate) kiva mu kinnamakulu “ekibalo ekigerageranya”. Kino kigerageranyizibwa n’omulamwa gwa: “Omugerageranyo” ekiva mu kinnamakulu “omuwendo ogugerageranya”.

(b)” Ekikwataganyo” (coordinate) kiva mu kinnamakulu “ekikube ekikwataganya”. Kino kigerageranyizibwa n’omulamwa gw’omukwataganyo (mathematical function).

(c) “Ekikwanaganya” (mapping diagram) kiva mu kinnamakulu “ekikube ky’omukwanaganyo”. Kino kigerageranyizibwa n’omulamwa gw’omukwanaganyo (mathematical relation).

(d) Ekikyusaganyo (mathematical transformation) kiva mu kinnamakulu “ekikube ekyekyusaganya”. Ebikyusaganyo (transformations) birimu:

Ebyo byonna bikube (drawings), ensonga lwaki bitandika n’akawango “eki…”. Bino wansi bigambo, ensonga lwaki bitandika ne “eki…”

Manya: 

 eki… ne omu…. tubikozesezza mu miramwa gya omugerageranyo (ratio) n’ekigerageranyo (rate) lwa kwagala kwawula miramwa gino egirinaaniganye ennyo mu makulu naye nga gyawukana mu kubaza mu ngeri etegeerekeka. Ate omugeranyo (quostient) n’ekigeranyo (average) nabyo bikozeseddwa lwa kigenderera kya kwawula mu miramwa gino egirimu okugerageranya gyonna. Gerageranya:

 Enfundiwazo oba ennyimpawazo			(abbreviation)
 Ekifundiwazo oba ekiyimpowazo			(acronym)

Emiramwa nga NESI (Nambuluzo Eyaamu Esingayo) ne ESE (Enkubise Eyawamu Esembayo) bifundiwazo (acronyms) kubanga giyinza okwatulwa ng’ebigambo mu luganda so ng’ate BBC si kifundiwazo kuba tekisobola kusomebwa nga kigambo wabula buli nnyukuta eyatulwa ku bwayo. NESI gigerageranye ne GCF ate ESI ne LCM mu kibalangalo.

Ekifundiwazo oba ekiyimpowazo eba nyimpwazo eyatulwa nga ekigambo so ng’ate ennyimpowazo oba enfundiwazo ziba nnyukuta za bigambo ebifunze kyokka zo tezatulwa nga bigambo wabuila nga nyukuta za waliifu. Eky’okulabirako O.A.U nfundiwazo ate ECOWAS kyo kifundiwazo kuba kyatulwa nga kigambo.

Emiramwa gy’ekibalangulo “omugerageranyo” (ratio) ne “ekigerageranyo” (rate) zivudde mu kikolwa ky’oluganda “okugerageranya (to compare). Osaana okimanye nti emiramwa gy’olungereza “ratio” ne “rate” gyombi gyekuusiza ku kugerageranya okw’ekibalo (mathematical comparisons).

 “Omu……..”

Ebigambo ebitandika ne “omu..” biba biraga nti ekyogerwako aba “omuntu” (human being), “omuwendo” (number value), oba omweyoreko ogwa namba (an mathematical expression that uses numbers).

Serinnya nnyingi ez’etisse amakulu ag’ekibalo zijjibwa mu bikolwa okuyita mu buwango “omu…. Omu… kiggwayo: “omuwendo ogwa…” Zino zirimu:

Kyokka waliwo embeera ez’ebbalirirwe omweyoleko ogw’omuwendo we gutandikira ne “eki..” mu kifo kya “omu…” nga  mu mulamwa gw ‘ekigeranyo (average)

 “Enny…” ne “enf….”

Omulamwa mu luganda “ennyimpowavo” ogutandika ne “enny…” guba guggwayo “ennyukuta ennyimpawaze ate omulamwa omulala enfundiwazo oguba guggwayo “ennyukuta enfundiwaze” gwe mulamwa gw’ennyimpowavo. N’olwekyo:

Wano we tujja omulamwa “omukwataganyo” (mathematical function). Omukwataganyo guba mukwanaganyo naye si buli mukwanaganyo nti guba mukwataganyo.

 “…..wo” 

Akawango kano “kakkaatiriza” ku kukola oba okuteekawo ekintu ekitabaddewo. Ekyokulabirako “okutondawo” (to create), okutondekawo (to produce, to create), okubajjawo (to put in place a piece of furniture) or Okulimawo (to put in place a garden of)

Akawango akavannyuma kano okagerageranya n’akawango akasoookeso “essoma -”bwombi obutegeeza “essomo lya .. “ Eky’okulabirako tekinologiya

 kitegeeza “okufuuka. Eky’okulabirako “Okutondowala” mu sayansi kitegeeza “okufuuka amatondo g’amazzi” (to condense, condensation).

Emiramwa gino gyekuusiza ku bintu ebiri mu kuva oba mu mugendo. Nga tweyambisa akakodyo ak’okugaziya amakulu g’ebigambo ebibaddewo mu luganda, tulina ebigambo bino ebya sayansi w’okuva (science of motion) bye tutuuseeko nga tujja  serinnya mu kikolwa. Ka ntandikire ku bigambo emisinde n’embiro yadde nga bino byonna bibaddewo mu Luganda: 

(a) Emisinde (speed)

Kino kigambo ekibaddewo mu luganda naye kati kimanye nti kirimu omulamwa ogwa sayansi, “embiro”.

(b)	Entolontoka oba Eng’enda (velocity)

Guno nagwo mulamwa oguva mu kigambo ekibaddewo mu luganda  naye kati nga tukozesa akakodyo ak’okugaziya amakulu g’ebigambo ebibaddewo “entolontoka” oba “eng’enda” (the way something is moving)  kivvuunulwa mu mulamwa gwa sayansi,  “velocity” .

(c) Okutebentesa/okutebenta	(to accelerate)

Okutebenta, omulamwa ogubadde gukozesebwa mu kiti ekimu n’okudduka (to run), emisinde (speed), oba okutolontoka (running in a certain way), n’okufubutuka (taking off) oba okuweweenyuka (running at a terrifc speed), kati kivvuunulwa nga “okutebentesa (to accelerate) oba “okutebenta (to accelerate). 

 (d)Entebenta (acceleration)

Eno serinnya okuva mu kikolwa “okutebenta”. Entebenta kivvuunulwa nga “acceleration”.

(e)Okutebentuka (momentum, running at a speed that makes it very difficult to stop at once).
Mu kutandika kuba kifubutuka kyokka mu kaseera ak’okuyimiriza emisinde kifuuka kutebentuka. Ku kigambo “okutebenta” (to accelerate) ogattako akawango akavannyuma “-uka” to the root “okutebenta”, okufuna omulamwa gw’okutebentuka, ekitegeeza embeera ey’okudduka ennyo ne kiba nti ng’asazeewo okuyimirira oba ojja kusanga obuzibu nga era bw’otegendereza okyayinza n’okutalantuka n’ogwa.

(f) Entebentuka	oba okutebentuka (Deceleration))

(g) Okutolontoka(Momentum) .

(VI) Enzirukanya y’ekitongole (Management), Entondeka y’enkola n(Policy making) Okuteekateeka (“planning”)

Enzirukanya y’ekitongole oba okuddukanya ekitongole kirimu okutondeka enkola (to create policies) 

Omulamwa gw’okuddukanya emirimu oba ekitongole(management) gubaddewo mu luganda kyokka omulamwa gw’okutondekawo (okuteekawo) enkola (policy making) guno gutondekeddwawo nga tugatta ebigambo bibiri,   ekikolwa eky’ “okutondeka (to create) ne serinnya   “enkola” (policies). Bino bwe tubigatta ne tufuna  omulamwa ogw’okutondeka enkola  ( to create policies”for an organisation/to manage an organisation).

Okutondeka enkola mubaamu okuteekateeka oba okukola enteekateeka, okukola embalirira, okunoonyereza, okukolera awamu, okwebuuza, okukwanaganya, okukolagana, okubaga enteekateeka, okunokoolayo ebimu

Enzirukanya y’kitongole (management)kirimu okutondeka enkola ( creation of policies) era  serinnya  “ekitondekankola” kiyinza okuvvuunulwa nga “policymaking ”. 
Okutuukiriza enkola (to adimister)
Okutuukiriza enkola (administartion)  kiri
mu Okuteekamunkola  (to implement policies) ebyo ebiba bisaliddwawo abaddukanya ekitongole oba abatondesi b’enkola (policy makers).

Omulamwa guno gwekuusiza ku kutuukiriza enkola eziba zieekeddwawo oba eziba zibagiddwa “bannakitondekankola”(managers). Mu ngeri endala okukanya ekitongole kyekuusiza ku kutuukiriza nkola kyokka era mu kutuukiriza enkola oba okuddukanya ekitongole mubaamu okutetennkanya, okuteekateeka, okwebuuza ku balala, okukola embalirira, okukolera awamu(team work), okukwanaganya (coordination), okukwasisa empisa n’ebiragiro, okukolagana.  

Ekiteekamunkola (policy implementation)  era ky’ekiyitibwa ekituukirizankola (adimistration) ate  abateekamunkola (policy implementers)  era ne bayitibwa abatuukirizankola (adiministartors).

Abantu abaddukanya ekitongole be bayitibwa abatondesi b’enkola (adiminstators)  era ekikolwa eky’okuddukanya ekitongole ne kiyitibwa ekiteeka mu nkola. Omutondesi w’enkola (Policy Maker)
Abatondekankola (policy makers) be bakulembeze abateekawo enkola ez’okugoberera.

Omutuukiriza w’enkola	(administrator)

Abatuukiriza b’enkola be  bateeka mu nkola ebyo ebisalibwawo abaddukanya ekitongoole 
Munisitule y’Ebyenjigiriza y’etondekawo enkoa z’ekitongole ky’ebyenjigiriza  kyonna mu ggwanga ate abakulembeze b’amasomero ne batuukiriza enkola ezo nga bateeka mu nkola ebyo ebisaliddwawo abaddukanya ekitongole.

Omupango 	(strategy)

Omulamwa guno guvudde mu kugaziya makulu ga kigambo ekibaddewo (eky’oluganda “okupanga” n’omupango eky’Oluswayiri).

Omulamwa guno guva mu kikolwa “okupanga” (“to put together, to assemble different parts )  kati nno  amakulu gagaziye  okupanga  kiyinza okuvvuunulwa “to strategise, to plan”. 

a)	Okuteekateeka okw’omupango (strategic planning)
Omulamwa guno guzimbibwa ebigambo bibiri ,ekikolwa “okuteekateeka”(to plan, to prepare) ne serinnya “omupango”(strategy)

b)	Enteekateeka ez’omupango (strategic plans)
Guno omulamwa gwe gumu n’omulamwa “okuteekateeka okw’omupango“ okujjako nti wano tugatta serinnya bbiri, serinya ‘enteekateeka ne seerinnya omupango ne tufuna enteekateeka ez’omupango (startegic plans).

c)	Kitondekankola ow’omupango	(strategic management)
Omulamwa gwa “kitondekankola ow ’omupango”(strategic management) mulamwa: ogweyambisibwa ennyo mu nteekateeka ez’ebitongole.

d)	Enteekateeka ez’ebitongole (corporate plans)
(a)	Omulamwa guno guva mu serinnya bbiri, enteekateeka (plans) n’ebitongole” (corporations). 

e)	Okuteekateeka  okw’ebitongole (corporate planning)
Omulamwa guno gugatta ekikolwa eky“okuteekateeka” ne serinnya ebitongole”.

f)	 Enteekateeka ya kawefube	(project plan)

g)	Enteekateeka ya kawefube (project plan)

Kino kiva mu gugatta serinnya bbiri ”enteekateeka” (plan) ane “kawefube” (project).  
Omulamwa gw’ “Okuteekateeka kawefube” (project planning) gwo guva mu kugatta ebigambo bibiri, ekikolwa “okuteekateeka (to plan) ne serinnya “kawefube” (project, initiative).
(h) Kawefube ow’okwekulakulanya (Developemnt Project)
Guno omulamwa nagwo gugatta ebigambo bibiri, ”okwekulakulanya” (development) ne “kawefube” (project).

(i) Ekigendererwa (aim), ekiruubirirwa (goal), n’ekiruubiriro (objective).
Enteekateek yonna ekolebwa eteeka okulung’amya emiramwa egyo esatu  mu bulambulukufu. 
Ekiruubirirwa (goal) n’’ekiruubiriro (objective)  miramwa egiva mu kikolwa eky’okuluubirira ate ekigendererwa (aim) kyo kiva mu kikolwa “okugenderera”.  Ekigendererwa kiba wala okusinga ekiruubirirwa n’ekiruubiriro. Ekiruubiriro kye kiba kisinga okuba  nga kisonjoddwa bulungi ate ekigendererwa ne kisembayo okusonjolwa.

(j) Ebiruubiriro eby’omupango (strategic objectives)

Waliwo n’omulamwa gw’ebiruubiriro eby’omupango (startegic) oguva mu bigambo bibiri “ebiruubiriro” (objectives) and “n’omupango” (strategy).

 (k)Ekigambululo Eky’Okwolesebwa (vision statement)

Buli mupango(strategy) gulina okutandika n’okwolesebwa (vision) okulagibwa mu kigambululo eky’okwolesebwa (Vision Statement) awamu n’ekigambululo eky’ebyokukola (mission statements. Omulamwa gw’ “ekigambululo” gujjibwa mu kikolwa “okugamba” (to say, to state). Omulamwa, “ekigambululo ky’okwolesebwa” gugatta serinnya bbiri, ekigambululo(statement) n’ “okwolesebwa”(vision).

(l)Ekigambululo ky’ebyokukola (mission statement)

Okusobola okutuukiriza okwolesebwa wateeka okubaawo “ekigambululo ky’ebyokukola” (mission statement), omulamwa oguva mu kugatta ebigambo bibiri “ekigambululo (statement) ne ebyokukola (functions, tasks).

Emiramwa gy’Entabaganya

a)	Entabaganya (Society)

	Omulamwa guno mu bujjuvu guba”entabaganyabantu”, ekitegeeza gugatta ebigambo bibiri “entabaganya” + “abantu”. Kyokka bwe tugukomola entabaganyabantu (human society) kisigala “entabaganya (society).

b) Ebyobufuna (ekonomie politique”)

Ebigambo “ebyenfuna” (economics) n “ebyobufuzi” (politics) tubigatta ne tufuna omulamwa omujja “ebyobufuna”.

c) Ebyafaayo by’entondeka y’ebikole (the history of production).

Mu luganda olw’obuyivuwavu kyetaagisa okuba n’omulamwa ku ‘ebyafaay by’entondeka y’ebikole” (the history of production of commodities). Omulamwa guno gukozesebwa nnyo mu ssomo ly’ebyobufuna (political economy). Ebyafaayo by’entondeka y’ebikole byafaayo bya sayansi ne tekinologiya.

d) Omusingi gw’Ebyenfuna (economic base)

Nga obadde okuba emunyeenyeso mu “byobufuna by’entabaganya” (the political economy of society) mu luganda olina okuba nga oli munnyonnyofu ku mulamwa gw’omusingi gw’ebyenfuna” (the economic base) mu ntabaganya.  Omulamwa guno guvudde mu kugatta ebigambo bibiri “omusingi” (literary meaning the foundation referring to “the base”) n’ ebyenfuna (economics).

e)	Sebasitula w’entabaganya (the superstructure of society). 

Mu nnyumba yeffe eyedda, ensiisira, wakati yabangamu “empagi luwanga” (sebuzimbe) eyawaniriranga ekizimbe ky’ensissira ekya waggulu. Empagi luwaga eno era eyinza okuyitibwa “Sebaitula” kubanga yesitukirako obuzmbe bw’ensiisira. Ne mu ntabaganya tweyambisa emiramwa gino egya “sebasitula” oba “sebuzimbe” ekivvuunulwa “superstructure”.
Mu ntabaganya sebasitula oba sebuzimbe kikwata ku bitongole ebiteenyigira butereevu mu ntondeka ya bikole naye nga biyamba okuteekawo embaeera eyetaagisa Okutondeka eby’amaguzi. Eky’okulabirako ebitongole ebikuumadembe, ebitongole eby’amateeka, eddiini, n’ebyobuwangwa. Bino bye bisitukirako eggwanga mu byenfuna.

f) Empalirizo za mugobansonga (dialectical forces)

Kino kigatta emiramwa ebiri “empalirizo” (forces) ne “mugobansonga” (dialectics). 

g) Okukontana	(contradiction)

Kino kiringa kusika mugwa muolw’embeera z’ebyenfuna n’ebyobufuzi eziri ku mbiranye mu ntabaganya gamba okukontana wakati w’abaavu n’abagagga, abafuzi n’abantu be bakulembera.

h)Empalirizo z’entondeka y’ebikole  ( forces of production)
Omulamwa guno gugatta ebigambo, “empaliriza (forces) an’entondeka y’obikole” (production of wealth).
i) Ayidologiya y’entabaganya (the ideology of society)

Omulamwa “ayidologiya” gwewolebwa okuva mu ky’olungereza “ideology”. Kino kitegeeza “endowooza ey’awamu” (common thinking) ku mbeera oba ku kintu nga eggwanga. Bwe tugatta ebigambo “aydologiya” n“entabaganya” (society)	tuba tuzimbye omulamwa gwa  “ayidologiya y’entabaganya”(the ideology of society).

j)  Emikwanaganyo gy’ebeynfuna 	(economic relations)
 “Emikwanaganyo gy’ebyenfuna”, kyekuusiza ku nkolagana z’ebyenfuna (“economic relations)”. Oba “enkolagana ez’entabaganyi” (social relations), n “enkolagana z’entondeka y’ebikole” (production relations). Emiramwa gino   gitegeeza kye kimu.

Enfundiwazi z’enki? Ziba nnyukuta.

Enfundiwazo mu bufunze bwazo zisigala nga nnyukuta kyokka zaatulwa mu bulambulukufu bwazo nga ekigambo bwe kiri oba nga ennyukuta kinneemu.

Enfundiwazo (abbreviation) kiggwayo “ennyukuta ezifunza ebigambo” oba ennyukuta z’ebigambo ebifundiwaze, nga enfundiwazo za namunigina z’ebipimo oba erementi za kemiko eziri mu taabulo yekikemiko (periodic table).

Enfundiwazo ziwandiika ebigambo mu bufunze naye tezaatulwa nga kigambo wabula zaatulwa nga ennyukuta kinneemu oba buli emu n’eyatulwa ng’ekigambo mw’eva kimalibwayo kyonna. Eky’okulabirako Mw. Kyatulwa Mwami, Muky. Kyatulwa Mukyala, m kyatulwa miita, km kyatulwa kiromiita. Laba “Taabulo y’Ensengeka y’ Ebyobugagga eby’Ensibo”. (Periodic table)
Zino wansi nfundiwazo za Nsengekera ya Namunigina z’Amawanga ez’Ebipimo (International systems of units):



Ezo ze zimu ku namunigina ezisookerwako. Ate waliwo namunigina ezibbulwa (derived units) nga zino nazo zifunzibwa nga wano:


Mu luganda oluyivuwavu, taabulo y’ensengeka ya erementi ey’oluganda nayo ejja kuba ya nfundiwazo kumpi nga ey’olungereza bw’eri kubanga ezisinga ku erementi zino zigenda kwewolebwa zigandawazibwe butereevu okuva mu lungereza oba oluyonaani n’olulattini. Zino ze nfundiwazo za erementi eza kemiko ez’olungereza. Enfundiwazo za erementi ez’oluganda ezisinga zijja kusigalabwe zityo olw’okuba zigenda kwewolebwa butereevu mu luganda.

Taabulo y’ensengeka ya erementi za kemiko eng’andawaze, olw’okwewala okukalubya okuyiga mu luganda, yewoze enfundiwzo ez’olungereza nga bwe ziri mu ngeri y’emu bwe yewoze amannya ga erementi agasinga obungi nga bwe gali mu lungereza ne gagandawazibwa. 

Obutaba nga “enfundiwazo” (abbreviations), ekifundiwazo yadde nga ziba nnyukuta enfundiwaze, kyatulwa nga kigambo ekyetongodde.

Ekifundiwazo (acronyms) kitegeeza “ekigambo ekyatulwa mu bufunze bwako”. Okufundiwaza (acronymizing) nako kakodyo ka kuzimba bigambo .Ekigambo y’olungereza “acronym” nakyo kifundiwazo. Kirambululwa nga: “a Common Representation of Names You Must shorten”. Kigambibwa nti n’ekigambo ky’olungereza “news” nakyo kifundiwazo kya bigambo   “north” ekirina enfundiwazo “n”, “east” ekirina enfundiwazo “e”, “west” ekirina enfundiwazo  “w”  ne “south” ekirina enfundiwazo  “s”. 

Oluganda ensangi zino lukozesa nnyo ebifundiwazo eby’olungereza AIDS, TASO, UNESCO, n’ebirala ebikozesebwa n’abatali banyukufu. Waliwo n’ekifundiwazo nga MAU MAU eky’oluswayiri ekilambululwa nga “Mzungu Ayende Ulaya Mwafrika Apate Uhuru”.

Ebifundiwazo (acronyms) bye nzimbye bye tuyinza okukozesa mu magezi ag’ekiyivuwavu mulimu:

(i) NESI. Kino mu bulambulukufu bwakyo kiba: Nambuluzo Eyawamu Esingayo. Kye kimu ne “GCF” (Greatest Common Factor) eky’olungereza. Kiva mu kulambulula (to factor) ne “nambuluzo” (a factor).
(ii) EESE oba ESE.Kino mu bulambulukufu bwakyo kiba: Enkubise Eyawamu Esembayo. Kye kimu ne “LCM” (Lowest Common Multiple).  “Enkubisa” ye “coefficient” ate “enkubise” n’eba “multiple” (ekitondeko=product).
(iii) MOFIRI kifundiwazo kya bigambo “Mwoyo gwa Africa”. (Pan Africanist)
 Awo oba okiraba nti ekifundiwazo kiyinza okuva mu: 
(a) Nnyukuta kinneemu nga mu kigambo NESI oba
(b) Ebitundu by’ebigambo nga mu kigambo EKKAMUSO” (Endaga ya Kkala za Musoke) = Rainbow Spectrum 

Ekinnalinnya (epynom) kitegeeza “ekigambo ekibbuddwa mu linnya ly’omuntu.  Omulamwa gw’oluganda “kkala za Musoke” (rainbow colours), nakyo kinalinnya ekibbulwa mu kagezimunyu wa Buganda ow’edda eyali ayitibwa Musoke ono nga yali munoonyerezi ku nsibuko ya kkala zino ezeyoleka nga ekitangaala kitomedde amatondo g’amazzi mu bwengula ku eppeto eggere.

Ennaku zino waavumbulwayo “mukwaya mosquito” ekika ky’ensiri ekyavumbulwa Dr. Mukwaya. Emiramwa nga nyererism, Maoisim, Leninism, Oboteism, Musevenism, “omulembe omutebi, omulembe omuteesa nagyo gikozesebwa nga binnalinnya. Mu butuufu emiramwa gya sayansi mingi binnalinnya kubanga gibbulwa mu  mannya ga bakakensa ab’enjawulo. 

Mu binnalinnya era mulimu amannya g’enkulungo z’enjuba n’enjuba (munnyenye) ez’enjawulo ziyinza okuweebwa amannya g’abantu ababa balina kye bazizuddeko oba abantu abayitimufu mu ggwanga nga bakagezimunyu. 

Ku mulembe guno omutebi ogw’okukulaakulanya oluganda mu magezi aga sayansi, kyetaagisa okutuuma seng’endo ez’enjawulo amannya agalina ensibuko eza wano, muno nga mwe muli n’enkulungo z’enjuba yaffe gye njise enjuba muwanga.

Wano wansi mu ttaabulo ka ngezeeko okukulaga nga bwe tuyinza okugandawaza ensegekera y’enjuba Muwanga (our sun) nga tweyambisa ebinnalinnya.

Ekifo okuva ku Njuba	Enkulungo 	Ensibuko yelinnya ery’Oluganda

Enjuba yaffe engulungo y’ensi yaffe mw’esangibwa njiyise “Enjuba Muwanga”, kubanga kitundu ku mpagi ewaniria enkulungo zayo zonna mu bwengula okuseyeeya nga zigyebulungula mu mugendo ogw’entakoma. Eno n’olwekyo njuba Muwanga kuba etwalibwa okuba nga y’ewanga buli nkulungo yayo mu kkubo lyayo mw’etambulira olw’amaanyi musikirampuyibbiri (opposing forces). Muno mulirmu amaanyimusikira ku makkati (centrepetal force) n’amaanyikyewaggula ku makkati (centrefugal force). Okukontana wakati w’amaanyi gano abiri kwe kuvaako enkulungo okusigala nga buli emu eseyeeya yetoloola enjuba mu kkubo lyayo awatali maanyimusikira mu njuba amasukkulumu ennyo kuzisika ne zebbika mu njuba munda. 

Muwanga yali omu ku bakakensa ba Buganda ab’edda. Osaana okimanye nti balubaale baali Bantu abaali bakagezimunyu mu bintu eby’enjawulo mu biseera byabwe eby’obulamu. Edda kagezimunyu nga bw’afa abantu nga omuzimu gwe baguyita lubaale kubanga baalowoozanga nti gusigala gukyalina obusobozi okukola ebintu eby’amagezi omugenzi kagezimunyu bye yakolanga nga akyali mulamu. Balubaale ba Buganda obagerageranya n’abagereeki bakakensa abedda nga Pluto, Socratese, n’abalala. Singa bano baali wano nabo bandiyitiddwa balubaale naye bbo abagereeki essira baliteeka ku byamagezi abantu bano bye baakola mu biseera byabwe eby’obulamu. 

Lwaki ffe tetwasobola kukola kino lwa butamanya kuwandiika era ebintu ebyamagezi balubaale baffe bye baakola ne tusigala kubibajjuukirirako nga tusamira busamizi. Kati kino kye kiseera ggwe nange okutegeeza abaana n’abazzukulu nti bano baali Bantu abaganda abaali basekalowooleza ab’amaanyi mu biseera byabwe eby’obulamu. Kale naffe tukulaakulanye obwasekalowooleza (great thinking) mu ntabaganya yaffe eriwo kati.

Nga tweyambisa binnalinnya ebigandawze tuyinza okusonjola emiramwa gy’amannya g’enjuba Muwanga bwe tuti:

Enjuba Muwanga
Eno y’enjuba omusangibwa enkulungo ezo omwenda zonna nga ziseyeeya zigyebulungudde mu mugendo omwebulungirivu ogutakoma.

Okugattika kakodyo ka kuzimba miramwa nga ebitundu by’ebigambo bibiri oba okusingawo bigattikibwa (are blended) okukola omulamwa omupya  Eky’okulabirako:

(ensengeka eyemalirira)	Ensengeka + okwemalirira	Self sustaining arrangement	system
Obuwanvo	Obuwanvu+Olugendo	Length of    journey	distance
Obuzibuwavu	Obuzibu+obuwanvu	Deep-rooted  difficulty	Complication, complex 
Ekirinnya	Ekigambo +erinnya	Word formed from names of people	Epynom
Okutomegana	Atomu+ okwefuusaganya	Action  between one atom and another	Chemical reaction

Okwewola ekigambo kitegeeza okukozesa butereevu ebigambo okuva mu nnimi endala. Kye tukola kwe kugandawaza enjatula yabyo okugondera amateeka g’enjogeza y’olulimi olwewola. Ebigambo bino byewole:

 (i)Ebigambo ebyewole ebyekuusiza ku nkula ennebulungirivu(Circular shapes)

(ii) Ebigambo ebyewole ebyekuusiza ku sensa z’omubiri (“the senses” of the body). 

(iii)Ebigambo ebyewole ebyekuusiza ku “ekisiisi” (axis

(iv) Ebigambo ebyewole ebyekuusiza ku masomo

Okuyiiyiriza (to coin) kitegeeza kutondekawo kigambo mu butanwa awatali ku kizimba mu ngeri ndala oba mu nteekateeka yonna. 

Mu butuufu tewali kigambo kipya kizimbibwa nga tewali kuyiiyiriza lwa kuba nti okukomekkereza kuba kwesigamye enyinyonnyola etegeerekeka. 

Ebigambo bino wansi nga wakabisomamu oyinza okulowooza nti si biyiiyirize ? 

Bw’onomalira okusoma ekitabo kino ojja kuba okirabye nti ebimu ku miramwa egyo gitondekeddwawo okuyita mu kuyiiyiriza naye mingi mizimbe okusinziira ku nteekateeka ey’omutindo mu ngeri ez’enjawulo.




#Article 261: Obwongo n'Omulengera(The Brain and the Mind) (3331 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !!Obwongo n’Omulengera(the Brain and the Mind)

Okuyiiya omulamwa gw’Omulengera kibadde kintu kya byafaayo (the mind).Omulengera kiva mu kinnamakulu “omwoyo ogulengeza omuntu mu kumanya okwekusifu”. Omulengera guno gulina akakwate akatasattululwa n’obwongo omulengera guno mwe gusibuka. Omwoyo guno ogukulengeza mu bintu ebyekusifu toyinza kugulaba nga bw’olaba obwongo naye ekituuf kiri nti buli muntu kalimagezi alimu obusobozi bw’omulengera.

Obunyukufu gwe musingi gw’okukulaakulanya obwakalimagezi.  Obwakalimagezi (intelligence) bbwo busibuka wa? Kitundu ki ku mubiri ekifuga obwakalimagezi? Okuddamu ekibuuzo kino wetaaga okunnyonnyoka sayansi w’obwongo.

Ekisookerwako mu bunyukufu kwe kumanya nti obutafaanan na nsolo ndala, obwongo bw’omuntu bulimu obwakalimagezi obutereke obwetaaga okukulaakulanya okuva mu buto. Obusobozi bw’obwongo bweyorekera mu mulengera (the mind). 

(i) Obwongo kye ki?

Eno ye matiiriyo ya nyuloni (neurons), obutaffaalikazimbabusimu oba obutaffaalikazimbabwongo, esangibwa mu mutwe, omuli sayansi w’ebirowoozo n’okukwanaganya buli kigenda mu maaso mu mubiri. Buli ekiva mu bwongo eky’obwakalimagezi kifulumuzibwa mulengera (the mind) atalabika. Obwongo bulimu ebitundu 40%) nga bya matiiriyo eya kivuuvu (gray matter) ate ebitundu 60% nga matiiriyo enjeru. Busangibwa wakati mu kawanga munda, akabukuuma obutatuukibwako buvune kuba obwongo kintu kya kwegendereza nnyo. 

Obwongo buzimbibwa obutaffaali obw’enjawulo obuyitibwa nyuloni (neurons) era nga bwe bumu obuzimba obusimu bw’emibiri gyaffe bwonna. Obwongo, ekintu eky’okwegendereza ennyo bukuumibwa amagumba g’akawanga amagumu ennyo.  

Obwongo bw’omuntu bulina ensengekera ya waggulu etusobozesa okulowooza, okutambula, okusenserwa (to feer), okulaba, okuwulira, okuwunyiriza n’okulega. Obwongo bwe bufuga omubiri gwonna kuba bufuna obubaka (information), ne bwekenneenya obubaka obwo, bwe butaputa okutegeeza mulengera wo (your mind) okukumanyisa kye butapuse, ate era ne butereka obubaka obwo bwennyini okukusobozesa okujjukira (memery) nga wayiseewo ekiseera.

Obwongo bufulumya sigino z’amasannyalaze (electrical signals), ezikolera wamu n’okutomeggana kwa kemiko (chemical reactions), okusobozesa ebitundu by’omubiri okukolagana (okuwuliziganya). Obusimu (nerves) bwe busindika sigino zino wonna mu mubiri. Okutwalira awamu, emigaso gy’obwongo mulimu:

Buli ekikwata ku Nsi oba ekigenda mu maaso mu Nsi kikettebwa sensa zaffe ettaano ne kiweerezebwa obusimu eri obwongo, olwo obwongo ne bukola okutaputa obubaka obujjidde mu busimu buno ne tusobola okulaba, okuwulira, okuwunyiriza, okulega, n’okusenserwa (to feel),  byonna wamu ekiyitibwa okusegeera(sense perception). Ennukuta “s” mu kigambo kusegeera ekiikirira ekigambo sensa (any of the five senses of the body).

Okusegeera kye kisooka olwo omuntu n’afuna okutegeera. Bw’olinnya ku kintu ekisongovu ne kikufumita sensa yo ey’okusenserwa (sense of feeling) n’ekusegeeza nti waliwo ekikufumise naye okutegeera ki ekikufumise olina okukozesa sensa ey’okulaba n’omanya oba libadde liggwa oba kuuma akasongovu.

Obwongo bwe bukola ku bubaka buno obujjira mu busimu, ne tusobola okutegeera obubaka buno nga ebifaananyi, amaloboozi, n’ebirala. Obwongo bukozesa busimu okutegeeza omubiri ki eky’okukola, eky’okulabirako, obwongo butegeeza emifumbi (muscles) okwesika oba omutima gwo okukubira okumu. 

(ii) Obuzimbe  bw’Obwongo

Mu mutwe gw’omuntu, obwongo bulimu ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebirina emigaso egy’e njawulo. Obwongo kye kitundu ky’omubiri (organ) ekisinga okuba eky’amaanyi yadde nga kitono ng’okigerageranyizza n’ebitundu ebirala mu mubiri . Bw’obukwatamu (texture) bulinga ebizigo (Jelly). 

Obwongo bulimu ebitundu ebikulu bisatu; Mulowooza (cerebrum), Mukwanaganya (cerebellum) n’Omutunsi gw’obwongo (brain stem) oguliko medulla wabulongota n’emiraatira gy’obusimu. Mulowooza ate era n’agabanyizibwaamu ebiwayi (kemisifiiya) ebifuga ebikolwa ebigereke mu mubiri.

Kemisifiiya: Ebitundu eby’enjawulo ebikola mulowooza. Kemisifiiya za mulowooza era ziyitibwa ebiroobe (lobes).

Saaganda – ebiwuzi bw’obusimu (nerve fibres) ebigatta kemisifiiya ya mulowooza eya kkono n’eya ddyo. 

Kemisifiiya eyo mu maaso eya “mulowooza”– Ekitundu kya mulowooza kino kirimu ebitundu by’akawompo ne mu maaso ebya buli kemisifiiya ya mulowooza. Kye kifuga okukozesa obwongo (okugoba ensonga, okwefumiitiriza, okwekenneenya, okusengeka ebirowoozo), embeera z’obuntu (emotions), n’ okusalawo.  Kemisifiiya eyo mu maaso era eyitibwa ekiroobe ekyo mu maaso (front lobe).
Kemisifiiya eyo mu nkoona eya Mulowooza - Kino kye kitundu emabega wa buli kemisifiiya ya mulowooza omuli ekifundikwa ky’okulaba n’obusobozi bw’okusoma ebiwandiike. Kiri mu nkoona era kiyitibwa kiroobe ekyo mu nkoona (occipital Lobe) ekya mulowooza.

Kemisifiiya eyo mu makkati eya mulowooza. Kino kye kitundu kya kemisifiiya za mulowooza ekiri wakati wa kemisifiiya eyo mu maaso n’eyo mu nkoona. Kye kikola ku sensa ettaano ez’omubiri okutaputa kye zikesse oba ka tukiyite okusegeera (sense perception). Kino era kiyitibwa ekiroobe ekyo mu makkati (Parietal Lobe).

Kemisifiiya eya wansi  eya mulowooza (Temporal Lobe of the Cerebrum) Kino kye kitundu ekiri wansi wa kemisifiiya za mulowooza  omusibuka  okuwulira n’okujjukira. Biri mu mabbali (enjuyi) ga mutwe. 

Medula wabulongota (Medulla Oblongata) - kye kitundu ekya wansi eky’omutunsi gw’obwongo ekiri waggulu w’emiraatira gy’obusimu (spinal code).

Akavuluzi k’okubwongo (Pituitary Gland) - Kano kavuluzi (gland) akavulula ebikemuluzi (hormones) akekutte ku ntobo y’obwongo wakati wa ponda ne saaganda.

Ponda (Pons) – Kino kitundu kya mutunsi gwa bwongo (brain stem) ekikwataganya kemisifiiya za mulowooza era ne mukwanaganya. Eri waggulu wa medula wobulongota.
Emiraatira gy’obusimu (Spinal Cord). Kino kisaaganda ekikwafu eky’ebiwuzi bw’obusimu (nerve fibres) ekiva ku ntobo y’obwongo okutuuka ku bitundu by’amakudde   okuyita mu nkizi oba ebikoggo (vertebrae) ebizimba enkizi.

 (iii) Mulengera kye ki? 

Okutondeka emiramwa (concepts formation) kye kimu ku bikolwa bya mulengera. Mulengera (the mind) n’obwongo (the brain) bigeraageranye ku tooki n’ekitangaala ekigivaamu. Tooki ey’ekyuuma oba pulasitiika bwe bwongo (brain) obulabika. Ekitangaala ekigivaamu ye mulengera (the mind) atalabika. Singa tooki tebaawo tewayinza kubaawo kitangaala mu ngeri y’emu mulengera bw’atabaawo awatali bwongo.

Mulengera (the mind) kintu ekizibu okutegeera kubanga si kintu ekiriwo ekirabika wabula obusobozi bwakyo buva mu bwongo. Obwongo (brain) bulimu obusobozi obutereke era obusobozi buno bweyolekera mu kitalabika ekiyitibwa mulengera. 

Ensibuko y’ekigambo “mulengera” eri mu busobozi bwa “kujjukira” na kulowooza; oli nga bw’akugamba nti “jjukira” aba akulengeza emabega ate bw’akugamba okwekebejja, okwekenneenya n’okwefumiitiriza ku ky’olaba aba akulengeza ekikuli mu maaso mu ngeri esengeka eborowoozo.
Mu kwogera okwa bulijjo mulengera kitwalibwa nga “ebirowoozo (thought) oba emboozi ey’ekimpowooze gye wenyumiza wekka okuva mu bwongo bwo. Ekirowoozo, ekifaananyi ekitondekebwawo mulengera okuva mu bwongo, kiyinza okuba ekintu ekirabikako, ekyo ekiriwo nga mulengera bw’akiraba oba ekifaananyi ekigereese mu mulengera (mental abstract).

Buli lunaku ebirowoozo ebiyita mu bwongo bwaffe nkuyanja naye waliwo ebimu ebisigalamu olw’okuba mulengera wo abiteekako essira. Bw’oba olina gw’onyiigidde ennyo ojja kusigala nga wetisse ekinyiizo oba okunyiiga okwo mu mulengera wo. Okusigala nga wetisse okunyiiga okwo kijja kusikiriza ebikolwa nga okuboggola, okwekandula, enge, empiiga, effutwa, oba okumulumba n’omukolako obulabe. Ekiyinza okuziiyiza kino, essira kuliteeka ku bintu ebirala naddala okutendereza Katonda  nga omusinza n’omutendereza, okunyumyako, okusaaga, okukola dduyiro, n’ebirala.

Ate bw’olowooza ku kubuuka mu bbanga ng’ekinyonyi era ekifaananyi kino mulengera ky’akuba mu bwongo bwo. Singa kino oba okiremezzaako ebirowoozo, ojja kutandika okuyiiya ebiwawaatiro bisobole okukusobozesa okubuuka; eyo y’ensibuko ya tekinologia oba ngeri gy’oyinza okutondekawo ekintu mulengera wo ky’ataddeko essira.

Mulengera wo tayinza kuteeka ssira ku bintu ebimu ebigenda mu maaso mu buttonde mu lulimi lwo oluzaaliranwa nga tolina miramwa gyabyo mu mulengera wo oyo. Buli kigambo kiba n’amakulu ag’omunda ge kyetisse, ntegeeza nti kibaamu omulamwa, ogukyawula ku bigambo ebirala. Okusobola okwawula ekikolwa ekimu ku birala oteekwa okumanya oba okutondekawo omulamwa ogwawula ekikolwa ekyo ku bikolwa ebirala.

Mu kibalangulo, mulimu emiramwa gy’ekibalangulo (mathematical concepts)  nga  eppeto/amaweto (angle/angles), ekkuve (curve), ekikuvve (curvature), akaaki (arc), ekkaaki (arch), omugendo(ray),  layini, olukoloboze oba olunyiriri, nga buli gumu gwetisse amakulu agawukana ku mulala. 

Mu sayansi mulimu emiramwa nga ekitangattisa (photosynthesis), amaanyimusikira mu njuba (sun’s gravity), empaliriza (force), amaanyikasoboza (energy), n’ amaanyimusikira ku nsi” (earth’s gravity), emiramwa eginnyonnyola enneyisa ya kalonda w’obutonde (natural phenomena). 

Bw’otondekawo omulamwa gw’amaanyimusikira (gravity) kiba kyanguyiza abantu aboogera olulimi oluganda okumanya lwaki ekintu bw’okikanyuga waggulu kidda wansi. Mu ngeri y’emu bw’otondekawo omulamwa gw’amaanyikasoboza kikusobozesa okumanyisa abantu nti  buli kintu ekigenda mu maaso mu buttonde ne mu bulamu bwaffe kiyimiriddewo ku maanyikasoboza agataggwawo agakisobozesa okubaawo oba okufuna enkyukakyuka.

Okusobola okukulaakulanya obunyukufu, obuyivu, obukugu, n’amaanyi ga nakitondeka (production forces) mu ntabaganya yaffe okutwalira awamu, wateekwa okubaawo kawefube okwewola, okugandawaza oba okutondekawo emiramwa egyetisse amakulu aga sayansi, ekibalangulo ne firosoofa okutandika n’emiramwa egyekuusiza ku  bwongo n’ebigenda mu maaso mu bwongo nga :  

Enkozesa y’Obwongo oba Omulengera.

Ensolo endala zirina obwongo obukola naye tezirina busobozi kukozesa bwongo buno. Mu nsolo zonna, omuntu y’alina obusobozi obwa waggulu kukozesa obwongo bwe olw’okuba nga alina obwakalimagezi (intelligence). Bw’oba omuntu atafaayo kukozesa bwongo bwo, oba weyisa nga kisolo, si nga muntu.

Kikulu nnyo okuyigiriza omwana okukozesa obwongo okutandika n’okwebuuza ku buli kintu okusobola okumuyamba okukola n’okwogera ebintu eby’ekitegeevu mu bantu banne. Singa aba yenyigidde mu amasomo agekebejja obutonde (empirical sciences), kino era kimuyamba okufuuka munnasayansi, omuvumbuzi oba omuyiiya.

Ng’amaze okuyiga okwebuuza ebibuuzo eby’ekifirosoofa (philosophical questions) ku buttonde na buli kintu ekigenda mu maaso, omwana yetaaga okumanya engeri y’okutuuka ku kumanya n’okulaga ky’avumbudde oba ky’ayize. Kino kikolebwa okuyita mu:

Engeri zino zirina ekigendererwa kimu: okutendeka asomesebwa okukozesa obwongo ng’asengeka ebirowoozo mu bwetengerevu (ng’asinziira ku fakikya (facts) oba obukakafu obulabika, okuyita mu kulambika oba okulambulula ensonga.

a)	 Okulowooza. Okulowooza nkola ya mulengera (mental process), ekikolwa n’obusobozi obw’okutondeka ebirowoozo (formation of thoughts). Okufaanana n’ensolo endala, omuntu yenna alowooza ku buli kintu ky’asegeera ne sensa ze ettaano. Buli muntu alowooza ku bintu, ebisolo, abantu, ebifo, enkula, na buli kintu kyonna awatali nsonga lwaki akola kino. Kino akikola ng’ enneeyisa engerekere (instinctive behaviour) awatali kukyefumiitirizako.

Wano omuntu atondeka ekirowoozo (forms/creates/produces thoughts) awatali fakikya (facts) oba bukakafu. Kino kitegeeza nti mu mbeera emu, okulowooza kikolwa ekyetaagisa omuntu okutondeka ekirowoozo ku mbeera eriwo nga bw’eri awatali kugyefumiitirizaako.

Guno gwe mutendera ogusooka ogwetaagisa buli muntu yenna okusoobola okukozesa fakalita (obusobozi bwe) ze endala ez’enkozesa y’obwongo.  Okulowooza kuno n’ebikolwa ebigerekere (instinctive acts) oba okumanya okwembagirawo (intuition) tekiri mu bantu bokka wabula kuli ne mu nsolo ezitalina bwakalimagezi (magezi ga mutendera gwa waggulu). Ziraba ekintu ne zikirowozaako nga bwe kiri kyokka zzo zikoma awo tezeeyongerayo kwefumiitiriza oba kukyefumiitirizaako yadde okwongera okukinoonyerezaako ne sensa endala.

Buli muntu asobola okulowooza naye abantu abamu bakoma ku kulowooza kuno, tebeyongerayo kwefumiitiriza,   balowooza bulowooza awatali kwefumiitiriza.  Bakkiririza mu fakikya (facts) oba ebiriwo awatali ku byekebejja na kwekenneenya. Fakikya zino oba ebiriwo nga bw’aba abisegedde ye abitwala ng’amazima era tafaayo kubyekebejja na kubyekenneenya.

b)	Okwefumiitiriza (Critical thinking). Kuno kuli mu Bantu bokka. Kulimu bino wammanga “

Mu butuufu omuntu alowooza obulowooza ku kintu kyasegedde ne sensa ze kyokka n’ateyongerayo kukyekebejja oba okukyekenneenya era n’atakyefumiitirizaako aba ng’ekisolo obusolo. 
Okwefumiitiriza kwetaagisa nnyo mu bulamu bw’omuntu owa bulijjo oba obulamu obwa bulijjo mu ntabaganya kyokka ate kye kifuula abantu abamu okuba bakakensa abakozesa “enkola ya sayansi” (scientific method) n’okuteekawo tekinologia ow’omugaso ennyo mu kutondeka ebyettunzi.
Okwefumiitiriza (critical thinking) kitegeeza kulowooza ku kulowooza. Kino kitegeeza nti okwefumiitiriza kulowooza okuyingira mu buziba bw’ekintu oba embeera nga tonnasalawo oba nga tonnakola kintu kyonna.  

Okwefumiitiriza bwe kweyunirwa, mulengera (the mind) awa ekyagaanya enjuyi zonna nga tannawa ndowooza. Omuntu eyefumiitiriza yekenneenya omulamwa ne kalonda yenna ku mulamwa oba embeera. 
Omuntu eyefumiitririza aba yebuuza nga tanakola yadde okwogera ekintu kyona. Omwefumiitiriza yebuuza ku mulengera we nga akozesa obubuuza (interrogatives): ani, kiki, wa, kitya, atya, ne ddi mu mbeera yonna. 

Okwefumiitiriza kyetaagisa okwebuuza, okwekebejja n’okwekenneenya, n’ebiseera biwanvuko okusinga okulowooza obulowooza.  Omuntu atali mwefumiitiriza nga omuteeredde ebitereke bya sente bisatu awo, ekitono, ekinenene, n’ekinene ddala  n’omugamba alondeko,  ayinza okutwala ekisinga obunene nga alowooza nti kye kirimu ensimbi ennyingi okusinga ebirala. Omuntu omwefumiitiriza asooka kwagala kusumululako alabe ekiri munda kubanga yebuuza nti ye abaaye sente ze zirimu? Ye ezirimu za miwendo minene oba mitono.

 Omuntu omw’efumiitiriza bw’asoma ekitabo ka tugambe ekya “ Zinunula Omunaku”, abikkula ekitabo, n’asoma emiko egisooka, n’asoma ku muwandiisi, n’alyooka asalawo oba asome ekitabo kino kyonna.

Abantu abeefumiitirza batera obuteesiba ku ndowooza emu oba ku kintu kuba baba bakimanyi nti wayinza okubeerawo engeri oba ekkubo eddala. Batera  okuba abannyonnyofu era abatabuukira kintu kyonna kumala gasalawo mangu . Abefumiitiriza tebakola yadde okwogera ekintu nga tebasobola kuwa nsonga ekibakozesezza.

Okwefumiitiriza kitegeeza, obusobozi bw’abalowooza okuba nga bafuga okulowooza kwabwe oba endowooza zaabwe era ne balowooza ku kye balowoozako.  Omuntu akozesa obwongo nga yefumiitiriza:

c)	Okulambulula ebirowoozo

Omulamwa gw’okulambulula gukozesebwa mu ngeri ssatu:

(i)	Mu kwogera okwa bulijjo okulambulula kuba kunnyonnyola ekintu nga bw’okiwulidde, nga bw’okisomye, oba nga bw’okitegedde nga kinnyonnyolwa. 

(ii)	Mu sayansi ez’ensibo “okulambulula tekinologia” oba “yinginiyologia alambulula tekinologia” mulamwa oguli mu matendekero ga yinginiyologia n’amakolero mu mawanga agavuganya mu nkulaakulana. Omulamwa gw’okulambulula tekinologia (reverse engineering) gugwata ku kukoppa tekinologia ekitongole oba eggwanga ery’ebweru gwe lyeyambisa okuyiiya, okubaga n’okuzimba masiini oba ekyuma kyonna. Wano okiraba nti ekigambo kulambulula kitegeeza kukoppulula.

(iii)	Mu sessomo ly’ekibalangulo (mathematics) ekigambo “kulambulula” kyeyambisibwa okukola omulamwa gw’okulambulula namba (factorization of numbers) awamu n’okulaga namba ennambulukufu oba namba ezerambulula (composite numbers) ne namba ezitali nambulukufu oba eziterambulula (prime numbers).

	   Okutwalira awamu okulambulula okigeraageranya n’ekigambo okulambika era okukitegeera obulungi wekenneenye ebigambo okusiba n’okusumulula, okutugga n’okutaggulula, okutondeka n’okukoppulula.

  	   Okukoppulula ekintu si ggwe oba wakiyiisa n’okitondeka naye oyita mu okwekenneenya, n’okyekebejja wakati mu kwefumiitiriza okutuuka okulaga obumanyirivu bw’ofunye ku kintu ekyo. Kino kirimu okukozesa obwongo nga onnyonnyola ekkubo eriwedde okukubibwa okuva gye likoma okutuuka we litandikira. Kino kitegeeza nti tewabaddewo kwevumbulira naye olaga nti onnyonnyose ekintu omulala kye yavumbula era n’okiraga bulungi nga omuvumbuzi wakyo bwe yakituukako. 

Engeri y’okusomesa obunyukufu ng’olambulula ensonga nayo eyigiriza naddala mu magezi ag’okukoppa oba okukoppulula ekintu ekikoleddwa omuntu omulala kyokka singa ekozesebwa yokka tewa muntu kyagaanya kwezuulira oba kwevumbulira. Okusomesa obunyukufu ng’olambulula ensonga kiyinza okukozesebwa mu bakulu kubanga bbo baba bakulaakulanye mu kutegeera amangu ekyo ekibannyonnyoddwa era ebimu baba babifunyeemu obumanyirivu.
 
Entabaganya zaffe ezikyetaaga okukulaakulana mu tekinologia wa yindasitule zetaaga nnyo abakugu mu yinginiyologia abasobola okukozesa  yinginiyologia ow’okulambulula tekinologia (reverse engineering) okukoppa tekinologia ensi endala gwe zikozesa okutondekawo ebikole eby’enjawulo mu yindasitule, eby’entambula, n’amatabi ga yindasitule ge twetaaga okukulaakulanya eby’enfuna byaffe.

Mu Nsi eya sayansi, yinginiyologia ow’okulambulula tekinologia (reverse engineering) akola kinene okukulaakulanya amawanga era obuwangwa oba amawanga agatateekawo nkola yakukoppa tekinologia w’ensi endala gasigalira mabega . Kino kyetaagisa nnyo okwekebejja, okwekenneenya, n’okwefumiitiriza.

Singa ettendekero lya yinginiyologia terisobola kufuna biwandiiko bikwata ku kyuma oba masiini yonna liba lirina kulambulula tekinlologia wakyo. Ekyokulabirako, eky’okukola kwe kusomesa abayizi “yinginiyologia ono alambulula tekinologia” w’ekyuma kyonna kye baagala okukoppa, bakyusemu bakole ekyabwe. Kino mu lungereza kye bayita “reverse engineering: 

Omuntu omukujjukujju oba ekitongole  nga ekitendeka  yinginiyologia   kiyinza okwagala okulambulula tekinologia eyakozesebwa okukola, ka tugambe, ekkolero lya motoka, obusimu bwo mu ngalo,  leedio, tulakita, oba erya sukaali,  olw’ensonga ez’enjawulo nga okwagala obwagazi okuyiga, okutondeka ekitondeke eky’efaananyirizaako ekyo ekyekebejjebwa,  oba okwagala obwagazi entabaganya ye  nayo esajjakule era yetengerere  mu sayansi, tekinologia, ne yindasitule.

Yinginologia alambulula tekinologia (reverse engineering) yatandika okukozesebwa mu biseera bya sematalo ll, nga ensi ezaali mu lutalo buli emu etaddewo ekitongole kya yiginiyologia okukoppa tekinologia okuva ku byuma ebyali biwambiddwa okuva ku mulabe.

Wano baalambululanga tekinologia w’ ebyokulwanyisa na buli kyuma kyonna kye baabanga bawambye mu lutalo okusobola okulaba nga bwe kikola n’engeri ensi eyo bw’eyinza okukitondekawo ku bwayo n’okulongoosa mu tekinologia wakyo omulabe gwe yakozesa nga akitondeka. 

Ku mulembe guno amatendekero oba ebitongole bya sayansi mu mawanga agalina enteekateeka ennambulukufu mu kutondeka ebikole, biteekawo obukiiko bw’abakugu obukessi “okulambulula tekinologia” (to reverse engineer) w’ebyuma bya kampuni oba amawanga amalala. Kino kye kiyambye amawanga ne ebitongole okuteekawo tekinologia owabyo, kasita baba nga tebakubisaamu ebyo byennyini ebifaana ne bye baba bakoppye wabula bo ne bakozesa tekinologia ono okukola ebyuma ebibagiddwa mu ngeri eyawukana ku by’ekitongole kye bakesseeko tekinologia ono.

Kyokka eggwanga oba ekitongole kiyinza n’okusaba olukusa okuva mu kitongole ekikwatibwako mu ggwanga eddala awatali kubbirira ne kiweebwa olukusa olutongole okulambulula tekinologia w’ekyuma (masiini) ekyo. Naye kino oluusi kibaamu emisoso mingi n’okufulumya ensimbi. Amawanga gatera nnyo okwettanira okuketta n’okukoppa tekinologia awatali lukusa kyokka ne gabaga ekyuma ekitafaanana na kiri kye babbyemu tekinologia. 

d)	Okulambika ebirowoozo

		Okulambika ensonga oba Okukozesa obwongo ng’olambika ebirowoozo (inductive reasoning) kilinga kutema kkubo awatali kkubo kubanga otandika tolina ky’omanyi wabula n’okozesa okwekebejja, okwekenneenya, n’okwefumiitiriza okutuuka ku kipya. 

Olw’okuba “Ekipimo ky’Obwakalimagezi”/Ekyo (IQ) mu bantu si kye kimu, abamu  banguyirwa okuyiga nga balambululirwa ensonga ate abo abalina obwongo obwoogi bbo  ne  banguyirwa okuyiga nga bayambibwa okulambika ensonga 

Engeri y’okusomesa oba okuyiga ng’olambika ensonga kiringa kutema kkubo awatali kkubo okutuuka ku kigendererwa (okuzuula ekituufu). Mu kutema ekkubo awatali kkubo mulimu okutuuka ku busozi n’ebikko ate awo n’okyusaamu okufuna aw’okuyita awatuufu ate nga buli w’otema ogenda olambawo (olambikawo). Okusomesa okulambika ensonga kiyamba nnyo mu baana abato okukulaakulanya enkozesa z’obwongo bwabwe naddala okwefumiitiriza n’okwetuukira ku kituufu ku bwabwe.
Okulambika ebirowoozo kitegeeza kwetemera mpenda zituuka ku kumanya ekituufu kwekyo kyononyerezaako, ng’okozesa obwongo mu kifo ky’omuntu omulala okukubuulira ye ky’amanyi. 

Ekituufu kiri nti abato basinga kuganyulwa mu kubayamba okulambika ensonga, omuli okubayigiriza okwezuulira ekituufu mu kifo ky’okubagamba obugambi nti kino oba kiri kye kituufu kubanga obwongo bwabwe buba bukyaalina obusobozi bwa maanyi. 

 Mu yinginiyologia kyetaagisa okusoma n’onnyonnyoka amateeka ga sayansi ez’ensibo (natural sciences).

Obutafaanana na kulambulula, okulambika kikolwa kya kuvumbula (okukwekula) na kukozesa mateeka ga sayansi okuyiiya tekinologia omupya nga ogenda olambika buli mutendera gwoyitamu mu tekinologia oyo gw’oyiiya.

(e) Okulowooza okw’okusegeera (concrete thinking) n’okulowooza okw’okugereesa (abstract thinking).

Waliwo abantu abalowooza ku kintu nga bwe bakisegedde ne sensa zaabwe ettano kyokka ne batagenda mu maaso kukigereesako (to abstract, theorise, think critically about it). 
Ekigambo kugereesa kiwulikika nga eky’olubalaato naye ekituufu kiri nti tewali muntu atefumiitiriza ayinza okugereesa era n’atondekawo omugereeso (theory) ogw’engeri yonna. 

Abantu abefumiitiriza balowooza mu ngeri ya kugereesa (in abstract terms) ate abo abateefumiitiriza bakoma ku kulowooza nga ekintu bwe bakisegeera (thinking in concrete terms).  Okulowooza okw’okusegeera (concrete thinking) kitegeeza kulowooleza kumpi oba ku ngulu so nga okulowooza okw’okugereesa (abstract thinking) kuba kulowooza ku kintu okutuuka mu buziba bwakyo nga webuuza, ne wekebejja, ne wekenneenya era n’okyefumiitirizaako. 

Okulowooza okusegeere kukoma ku emu oba ebbiri ku sensa zo ettaano kye zikulaze kungulu; tekugenda mu buziba bwakyo. Kyokka okulowooza okugereesa kuyingira munda mu kintu.
Omuntu alina endowooza ey’okusegeera atunuulira essinzizo nga ekizimbe obuzimbe naye oyo alina endowooza ey’okugereesa atunuulira essinzizo nga ekifo ekiraga obutonde bw’omuntu kalimagezi alaba Sabagezi, Namugereka, Katonda mu kibalo ne sayansi ali emabega w’obutonde n’obwengula.
Katonda oyo ali emabega wa sayansi n’ekibalangulo ekiri emabega w’obutonde agereesebwa okuba ow’ekyewuunyo, asaanidde okutenderezebwa mu kifo eky’enjawulo ekiyitibwa essinzizo. 

Kino kitegeeza nti okulowooza okukoma ku kusegeera, kukoma kw’ekyo ky’olabako n’amaaso go, ky’owunyiriza ne enyindo zo, ekisensera olususu lwo nga okikutteko, ky’owulira n’amatu go; ezo ze fakikya (facts). Yadde nga okulowooza okusegeera nakwo kulimu enkola za mulegera, kukoma ku fakikya eziba zisegeddwa sensa.

Okulowooza okugereesa (abstract thinking) kwetaagisa okukozesa obwongo oba mulengera wo okusobola okufuna amakulu amakusike agali mu fakikya z’osegedde ne sensa zo. Abasegeevu (concrete thinkers) bafuna ekifaananyi kimu mu kintu ekiri awamu ate abalowooza abagereefu (abstract thinkers) balina ebifaananyi bya njawulo ebiri emabega w’ekintu ekiri awamu. 
Okulowooza okugereesa kwekuusuza ku kutegeera amakulu ag’enjawulo agali mu kintu. Okulowooza okugereesa bwe kuba nga kwekuusiza ku birowoozo, okulowooza okusegeevu kwekuusiza ku kulaba ne fakikya.

Waliwo emiramwa egy’ebiriwo, ebintu ebisegeerwa (concrete objects) ne sensa ettaano ate ne wabaawo emiramwa egy’okugereesa (abstract concepts).

Ebirowoozo eby’okugereesa kwa mulengera (abstract ideas of the mind) bye birowoozo ebiteekusiza ku kintu ekiriwo era ekirowoozo ekigereese  kiba kizibu okukuba ekifaananyi kyakyo ku lupapula  oba okukirowoozaako. 

Ebimera, ensolo, ennyumba, enjazi n’ettaka bintu by’oyinza okukwatako era bino biba birowoozo ebisegeere (concrete ideas), naye waliwo ebirowoozo by’otayinza kukwatako nga omukwano, demokulasiya, obugumiikiriza, obuvumu, oba obwesimbu. Bino biba birowoozo ebigereese (abstracts). Okugereesa kikwaata kikwata ku kutaputa ekyo ekiriwo ekirabika (fakikya). Oyinza okugamba nti Mw. Mulungi alina omukwaano; kuno kuba kugereesa kuba omukwaano gwe teguliiko bukakafu era toyinza kukuba kifaananyi kyagwo okirage abalala nga bwe gufaanana.

Ebirowoozo ebisegeere (concrete ideas) bbyo, obutaba nga ebigereese, byesigamye ku bukakafu oba fakikya nga bw’oba ozisegedde ne sensa zo ettaano ng’olaba n’amaaso go, owulira ne nnyindo zo, olega n’olulimi lwo, n’osenserwa ng’okutte ku kintu. Okwo kwe kusegeera kwa sensa (sense perception). Okusegeera kwa sensa kwe kukutuusa  ku kutegeera.

 Omulamwa kiba kirowoozo ekitondekebwawo mulengera kwekyo ekiriwo ekirabika, ky’osegedde ne sensa zo/ekirowoozo ekisegeere (concrete idea) oba ekirowoozo ekigereese (absatract idea) naye nga kyeyolekera mu kigambo ekyogerebwa oba ekiwandiike. Mu ngeri endala, tuyinza okugamb nti omulamwa ky’ekigambo ekirimu amakulu ekisobola okulambululwa okuyita mu kukisonjola oba okukinnyonnyola, awatali kufaayo oba amakulu gano gesigamye ku kirowoozo ekisegeere ne sensa oba ekigereese obugereesi nga demokulasia, mwoyo gwa gwanga oba obulumgi. 

Mulengera wo(your mind) okusobola okunokoolayo n’okukukulengeza  mu  miramwa  emijja, wetaaga okuteeka essira(okwesibirira) ku butonde oba ekintu okutuuka ku:

(i)	Okuvumbula.  Okuvumbula kutandika na kwekebejja obutonde (observing nature) oba ekintu kyonna ne sensa zo ettaano, osobole okusegeera, n’okutegeera, nga wekenneenya n’okwefumiitiriza kw’ekyo ky’osegedde ne ky’otegedde. Gino gyonna mitendera gya kumanya.

(ii)	Ebyokulabirako. Eby’okulabirako nabyo biyamba mulengera wo okukumanyisa emiramwa emipya. 

(iii)	Okuwulira oba okusoma ebigambo. Buli lw’owulira oba lw’osoma ebigambo ebyenjawulo nakyo kikuyamba okutuuka ku miramwa emipya. 

 (f) Ebirowoozo ebisengeke 

Okusengeka ebirowoozo (logic) kuba kusengeka nsonga n’ozirambika oba n’ozirambulula mu ngeri ekwatagana era etegeerekeka. Okukozesa obwongo nga olambika oba nga olambulula ensonga byombi byeyambisa ebirowoozo ebisengeke (logic).

Waliwo akakwaate akatasattululwa wakati w‘obwakalimagezi n’ebirowoozo ebisengeke (logic). Mu butuufu “ekipimo ky’obwakalimagezi” (EkyO) kisinziira ku ngeri omuntu gy’alaga obusobozi bw’alina okusengeka ebirowoozo bye nga alambulula oba ng’alambika ensonga ez’enjawulo.
Ssessomo ly’ekibalangulo (mathematics discipline) liyamba nnyo okukulaakulanya obusobozi bw’okusengeka ebirowoozo. Omuntu atalina busobozi bwa kusengeka na kukwataganya birowoozo tasobola kubeera mubalanguzi (mathematician). 




#Article 262: Ebyobufuna (831 words)


Okusinziira ku Charles Muwanga,  Ebyobufuna kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda bibiri ebyobufuzi (politics) ne “ebyenfuna” (economy). 

Mu butuufu, ebyobufuna Muwanga akizimbye okugandawaza omulamwa gw’olugereeki (oluyonaani) “ekonomie politique”, omungereza ky’ayita “political economy”. 

Okusooka “ebyobufuna” kyategeezanga “essomo ly’entondeka y’ebyamaguzi”, entambuza, n’enkozesa yabyo. Bannabyabufuna (Political economists) beyambisa essomo lino okunoonyereza ku nkola n’ensibuko y’obugagga bw’amawanga. 

Kyokka era omulamwa gw’ebyobufuna gunokoolayo ebizibu n’ebyetaago by’entabaganya, amateeka g’obutonde agafuga enkulaakulana y’entabaganya, awamu n’emitendera enkulaakulana y’entabaganya y’Ensi gy’eyiseemu okutuuka w’eri mu bitundu eby’enjawulo, naddala mu Bulaaya, Amerika, ne Azia.

Ate era omulamwa gwa “ebyobufuna”, abayizi, abayivu, n’abayivuwavu bagweyambisa okwekenneenya embeera z’ebyobufuzi n’ebyenfuna ezivuga (ezifuga) emiramwa egy’enjawulo nga:
(a)	Ebyobufuna by’entalo (the political economy of war)
(b)	Ebyobufuna by’enkuuma y’obutonde bw’ensi (the political economy of environmental protection)
(c)	Ebyobufuna bya Sayansi ne Tekinologiya (the political economy of science and technology).
(d)	Ebyobufuna by’enkulaakulanya y’Olulimi (The political economy of language development) N’emiramwa emirala mingi.

Ebyobufuna byanjulira omuyizi oba omuntu yenna ebizibu oba ebyetaago by’omuntu ebisookerwako. Munnabyabufuna yenna ateekwa okumanya nti ebizibu bino era bye byetaago by’omuntu ebisookerwako. Ebyetaago by’omuntu ebisookerwako biri: 

i)	Emmere
ii)	Okwambala
iii)	awokusiisira(Shelter)
iv)	Obujanjabi
v)	Obukuumi oba eby’okwerinda

Omuntu okusobola okwejjako ebizibu ebyo, alina okuba n’omwoyo gw’eggwanga ate nga mukakaalukanyi asobola okukola ennongoosereza mu by’obugagga eby’ensibo n’okufuga obutonde ng’akola mirimu (labour). Emirimu gino gikorebwa mu ngeri bbiri:

i)	Engeri eya Sayansi: Ntegeeza okukozesa omulengera (the mind) gwe oba obwango bwe okukola n’okulongoosereza ebimuyamba nga yeyambisa “enkola ya sayansi” (the scientific method).
ii)	Engeri ya Tekinologiya: Okuyiiya n’okutondekawo ebikozesebwa mu kukola emirimu n’ebintu eby’enjawulo. 

Singa abantu bagenda mu maaso nga bakola ebyo waggulu ekivaamu eba nkulaakulana mu ntabaganya.

Okusobola okutegeera obulungi entabaganyabantu (society) kyetaagisa okumanya nti waliwo amateeka agafuga enkulaakulana y’entabaganya zonna.

Okutegeera amateeka ago kikusobozesa okunnyonnyoka engeri entabaganya ezikulaakulanye gye zizze zikulaakulana okuva ku mutendera oba omulembe ogumu okudda ku mulala. Wetaaga okusooka okumanya nti enkulaakulana y’entabaganya tejja mu butanwa yadde nga ekkubo mw’eyita si ggolokofu bulungi. Kyokka waliwo amateeka agavuga oba agafuga enkulaakulana y’entabaganya. 

Okusobola okunnyonnyoka enkulaakulana y’ebyobufuna mu Nsi, omuntu ow’omulembe alina okunnyonnyoka amasomo gano aga bakakensa ab’enjawulo ku mbeera z’ebyenfuna n’ebyobufuzi (ebyobufuna):


Okusobola “okukkakkanya obwetaavu” (defeating necessity) oba okwetusaako ebyetaago bye, omuntu akola ku butonde n’ekivaamu kuba kutondeka bikole. Okusobola okukkakkanya obwetaavu kyetaagisa okukola emirimu. Okufunvubira kwonna okukolebwa kye kiyitibwa “ekkubo ly’etondeka y’ebikole” (the production process).

Wakati mu kkubo ery’okutendeka ebikole, emirimu egikolebwa omuntu (man’s labour) y’empaliriizo esookerwako (the primary force) egattika “emirimu omuntu gy’okola” n’ebikolebwako emirimu” (objects of labour) nga yeyambisa “ebikozesebwa” (tools) by’akola (atondekawo) ng’agondera etteeka erigamba nti “ebyafaayo by’entondeka y’ebikole byafaayo bya sayansi na tekinologiya”. 
Omuntu omuyivuwavu ow’omulembe guno waliwo emiramwa gye yetaaga okweyambisa okwekenneenya entabaganya okusobola okukuba empenda ez’okwekulaakulanya n’okukulaakulanya entabaganya oba entabaganyo ye. Muno mulimu emiramwa nga: 

N’emirala

Amateeka agafuga enkulaakulana y’entabaganya

(i) Ettaka ly’okugondera obwetaavu erisooka:Etteeka ly’okugondera obwetaavu erisooka (1st law of necessary conformity).

Eky’okulabirako, singa oba okozesa abakozi ku faamu yo ng’ekikozesebwa y’enkumbi maanyi ga mikono, bw’oleeta masiini egonza ennima nga tulakita enkolagana oba engeri gy’okwanaganya emirimu mu bakozi bo eba ekyuka olw’ensonga emu aba endala.

Ebitongole nga bino biyamba okuteekawo empisa oba okuteekawo enkola nga amateeka, eby’enjigiriza, eby’okwerinda, okukwasisa amateeka, okukuuma emirembe, okutaawuluza enkaayana oba obutategeeragana, nobutebenkevu era bibeeramu eddiini, ebyobuwangwa, okunokoolayo ebimu. Bino byonna wamu bye bikola sebuzimbe (sebasitula) w’entabaganya.

(ii) Ettteka ly’okugondera obwetaavu ery’okubiri:“Bwe wabaawo enkyukakyuka mu musingi gw’ebyenfuna, sebuzimbe (sebasitula) nayo ekyuka ng’egondera obwetaavu”.

Eky’okulabirako, buli sayansi ne tekinologiya lwe bifuuka ensibuko y’amagezi, okuvumbula n’okuyiiya, eddini ezitambuliza abagoberezi mu “sikimanyinkitye” (superstitution)  nga okusinza bukatonda obungi, okusinza obutonde na buli kintu ekiziiyiza okutegeera zigenda ziddirira ate ezo ezikkiririza mu Katenda omu avunaaanyizibwa ku bwengula bwonna na buli kitonde ekibulimu, Katonda ensibuko ya sayansi, nga zijjawo.

Omusingi gw’ebyenfuna.

Empagi luwaga ey’ensiisira eva wansi mu musingi (ekinnya) omuwanvu obulungi okusobola okuba ennywevu obulungi. Mu ngeri y’emu, omusingi gw’ebyenfuna (economic base) ogugerageranya n’omusingi guno oguggumiza empagi luwaga mu ttaka. Mu byobufuna, omusingi gusinziira ku mpalirizo z’entondeka y’ebikole n’enkolagana (emikwanaganyo) gy’ebyanfuna.

Sebasitula (Sebuzimbe)	

Ensiisira, ennyumba ya Buganda eyedda yabangako empagi luwaga mu makkati ng’esimbiddwa n’eggumira bulungi mu ttaka (mu musingi). Empagi luwaga eno nga y’ebeera sebuzimbe y’ensiisira kubanga yeyetikkanga obuzimbe bw’ekizimbe (ensiisira) kyokka era yayitibwanga sebasitula kubanga y’ewanirira obuzito bw’ennyumba bwonna. Kyokka empagi eno, sebasitula (oba sebuzimbe) nayo erina ekijiggumiza, guno gwe musingi (ekinnya) mw’esimbibwa.
 




#Article 263: Entondeka y'Ebikole (Production) (648 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !!! Entondeka y’ebikole (Production)

Obutafaanana na nzirugaze, ebyamaguzi (commodities), ebikole oba ebitondeko (products) tebyetondeka byokka, wabula omuntu alina okubitondekawo okuyita mu kukola emirimu emitondesi (productive work). Omuntu bw’asimba omuyembe, kasooli oba ebitooke oba n’alunda ebisolo awaka oba ku ddundiro lye, aba takoze bukozi kyokka wabula aba atondeseewo ekikole.Enzirugaze yetondeka yokka ku muti naye eby’ettunzi oba ebyetaago by’omuntu birina okutondekebwawo omuntu.
Mu kwogela okwa bulijjo, ekigambo “kukola” (to work) kikozesebwa mu ngeri etajjaaayo bulunji mulamwa gwa “kutondekawo bikole” kubanga tekyawula kikolwa kya kukola mirimu mirala n’ekikolwa eky’okukola emirimu egyokutondekawo ebikole oba ebyamaguzi.

Eky’okulabirako, n’omuntu akola ogwa yaaya oba omusirikale akuuma bbanka ng’ayimirira awo olunaku lwonna n’emmundu ye, omuvuzi ne kondakita wa taxi oba omutunzi wa lumonde n’ebikole ebirala ebiwedde naye aba mu kikolwa kya kukola kyokka aba teyenyigidde butereevu mu kutondawo kikole oba kitondeko.

Omulamwa gw’oluganda ogw’okutondeka gujjayo amakulu ag’okwenyigira obutereevu mu kukola n’okufulumya ebikole, ebikolebwa, ebitondeko, ebyamaguzi oba ebyettunzi. Singa tewabeerawo batondesi ba bikole, ntegeeza abenyigira obutereevu mu kukola ebyamaguzi, n’emirimu emirala tegibaaawo oba giba mitono nnyo ate era ssinga tewabaawo bakozi abateenyigira butereevu mu kukola ebikole, ebitondekeddwawo tebisobola kuba na mugaso kubanga biba tebisobola kutuuka ku baakubikozesa (consumers).

 Ekigambo “kutondeka” (okutonda ebikoleka) kyekuusiza ku kutonda kyokka olw’obwetaavu bw’okwawula ekikolwa ekya Katonda n’eky’omuntu obuntu, emiramwa gino gyawuliddwa; ekikolwa ekya Katonda ne kiba kutonda ate ekikolwa eky’omuntu obuntu ne kiba kutondeka (kutonda ebikoleka). Tosobola kugamba nti bannassayansi batonze “ekyuma kalimagezi” wabula ogamba nti bannasayansi batondesewo ekyuma kalimagezi, okwawula ekikolwa ekikolebwa Katonda yekka n’ekikolwa ekikolebwa omuntu ng’akozesa obutonde Katonda bwe yatonda.

Katonda yekka y’ayinza okutonda ebiramu n’ebitali biramu. Omuntu ky’ayinza okukola “okufuga obutonde” (to tame nature) Katonda bwe yamuteekamu okusobola okubujjamu bye yetaaga kwe kutondeka ebikole ng’abijja mu butonde bwa katonda bwe yamuwa awatali kumusasuza nusu.

Okutuuka ku kutondeka ebyamaguzi, omuntu akola emirimu ng’akozesa obwongo (brain) oba omulengera (the mind) gwe okuyita mu sayansi ne tekinologiya. Mu byobufuna, okutondeka kitegeeza omuntu okuteekawo ekintu ekitabaddewo okuyita mu kukola ku butonde obw’enjawulo.Katonda y’atonda ebyobugagga obw’ensibo ate omuntu n’atondekawo ebikole okuva mu by’obugagga eby’ensibobino.

 Emiramwa egyetaagisaokunnyonnyola “entondekay’ebikole”

Njagala osooke okumanya enjawulo wakati w’emiramwa gino ebiri:

(a)	Ensobozeso z’entondeka y’ebikole (Factors of Production). Ensobozeso bye bintu ebisobozesa entondeka y’ebyamaguzi okubeerawo. Ensobozeso mulimu: 

	Ettaka (Land)

	Ebisigo (Capital)

	Abakozi (Labour)

(b)	Empalirizo z’entondeka y’ebikole (Forces of production). Empalirizo ky’ekyo ekiwaliriza ensobozeso okukwanaganyizibwa ne zivaaamu ebikole. Empalirizo mulimu:

	Sayansi ne tekinologiya

	Obukulembeze obulambulukufu

	Enkwanaganya y’ebyenfuna oba emikwanaganyo gy’ebyenfuna

Okutondeka kyetaagisa omuntu okukola emirimu ng’akozesa ebikola oba ebikozesebwa (tools) by’aweesa okumwanguyiza emirimu egitondeka ebikole ebirala eby’enjawulo. “Masiini” (ennyanguyirizo oba ekyanguyirizo), kye kikozesebwa ekyanguya oba ekigonza mu mirimu nga omuntu atondeka ebikole oba ebitondeko eby’enjawulo. 

Okutwalira awamu, mu byobufuna, “okutondeka” (to produce) kikwata ku ngeri y’okukolamu ebyettunzi oba ebikole okuyita mu:

Okutondeka ebyobugagga kyetaagisa okukulaakulanya “sebasitula” oba “sebuzimbe” (superstructure). Sebuzimbe  kibaamu  ebitongole ebiteenyigira butereevu mu ntondeka ya byabugagga nga naye biteekawo embeera ezisobozesa entondeka y’obugagga okugenda mu maaso. Mu sebasitula oba sebuzimbe mubaamu ebitongole:
 

Ebyafaayo by’enkulaakulana y’olubu lw’omuntu byafaayo bya ntondeka (kukola) ya bikole okusobola okukkusa ebyetaago bye. Ekigendererwa ky’enkola z’obukulembeze kwe kutema empenda ez’okulongoosa embeera z’ebyenfuna n’ebyetaago by’omuntu, okukkusa ebyetaago bye.

Nga bwe tumaze okulaba, “okutondeka ebikole” kikwata ku ngeri omuntu atetenkanya obutonde okukola ebikole, okusobola okukkusa obwetaavu bwe. Okukola obugagga, omuntu ayita mu kutondeka ebyettunzi n’ateekawo emigaso (value creation) mu bintu eby’enjawulo ebisangibwa mu mbeera yaabyo ey’obutonde.

Okuteeka omugaso mu kintu kyetaagisa okutondeka, okukyusa oba okulongoosereza ekintu oba okukitwala mu kifo oba ebifo wekyetaagibwa (awali akatale kakyo) ne aw’okukikuumira (okukitereka) okutuuka mu kiseera we kibeera nga kyetaagibwa. 

Ebyafaayo by’enkulaakulana y’omuntu ali mu ntabaganya, byafaayo bya nkulaakulana ya sayansi ne tekinologia ekintu ekitumbula omuntindo n’obungi bw’ebyamaguzi ebitondekebwawo. 
Ensibuko y’ekigambo (etymology) tekinologiya eri mu kya lugereeki “technologia”, ekitegeeza engeri y’okukola ekikole oba essomo ly’entondeka y’ebitondeko.

Tekinologiya kye kintu ekimu ekisobozesa omuntu okufuga obutonde (to tame nature) ng’akozesa obwongo n’avumbula amateeka ga sayansi ameekusifu, ekimusobozesezza okutondeka ebyetaago by’obulamu bwe okuva mu bugagga obuli mu mbeera y’obutonde, ebiyitibwa ebyobugagga eby’ensibo (natural resources) eby’enjawulo. 




#Article 264: Entabaganya (Society) (523 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !!

Omulamwa gw’oluganda ogw’entabaganyabantu (human society) era ekiyitibwa entabaganya(society) guva mu kikolwa eky’okutabagana oba okutabaganya. 

Mu byobufuna (political economy), ekitabaganya abantu eba mbeera y’abantu ey’ebyetaago eby’awamu (common needs). Ebyetaago eby’awamu bino era by’ebizibu by’entabaganya. N’olwekyo entabaganya eba “embeera ey’obwetaavu obw’awamu” oba “embeera ey’ebyetaago eby’awamu”.

Entabaganya ziyinza okuba entabaganyo (entabaganya entono) ez’enjawulo, omuli ebibinja by’abantu ababeera mu mbeera y’emu mu kifo eky’awamu ate nga bali mu mbeera erimu ebizibu eby’awamu n’ekigendererwa eky’okukola ku bizibu ebyo okusobola okulongoosa obulamu bwabwe.

Okusobola okutegeera obulungi akakwate akali wakati w’entabaganya (society) n’entondeka y’ebikole (production) wetaaga okusooka okumanya “obuzimbe bw’entondeka y’ebikole” (the structure of a mode of production).

Ka tutandike n’ekyokulabirako eky’obuzimbe bw’ensiisira. Ensiisira eserekebwa naye munda erimu obuzimbe obuwanirirwa empagi luwaga esimbibwa mu makkati gaayo.Singa oddira empagi luwaga eno n’ogisimira ekinnya (omusingi) omw’okugisimba wansi nga kifunda (narrow) oba nga kimpi ensiisira eno eba teyinza kuggumira bulungi era gy’okoma okujiteekako emiti n’essubi erinji waggulu gy’ekoma okwagala okutendewererwa n’okuba yegeyege.

Okusobola okuggumiza ensiisira eno obulungi olina okugiwa omusingi omugazi esobole okuba n’obuggumivu obuwanirira ebikozesebwa okugiggumizaako essubi. N’entabaganya erimu okutondeka ebyettunzi yefaananyirizaako ensiisira eggumizibwa empagi luwaga eno era gye tuyita sebuzimbe oba sebasitula. 

Empagi luwaga eno olw’okuba y’ewanirira obuzimbe obuli waggulu w’omusingi kw’etudde era etwalibwa okuba “sebuzimbe” (semaanyi w’obuzimbe), ewa ekizimbe amaanyi (obuggumivu) gakyo. Sebuzimbe oba empagi luwaga eno era eyitibwa “sebasitula” (semaanyi okusitulirwa obuzimbe bw’ensiisira). Singa omusingi, sebuzimbe mw’etudde guba mufunda, nayo eba nnafu oba yegeyege.

Mu ngeri y’emu entabaganya eba n’ekyefaananyirizaako empagi luwaga eyitibwa “sebuzimbe” oba “sebasitula” (superstructure). Mu ntabaganya singa omusingi gw’ebyenfuna guba mufunda ne sebasitula oba sebuzimbe.

Amateeka agafuga enkulaakulana y’entabaganya

(i) Ettaka ly’okugondera obwetaavu erisooka:Etteeka ly’okugondera obwetaavu erisooka (1st law of necessary conformity).

Empalirizo z’entondeka y’ebikolebwe bwe zikyuka, emikwanaganyo gy’entodeka z’ebikole giba girina okugondera obwetaaavu”. “Okugondera obwetaavu” kivvuubula nga “conform to necessity”. 
Eky’okulabirako, singa oba okozesa abakozi ku faamu yo ng’ekikozesebwa y’enkumbi maanyi ga mikono, bw’oleeta masiini egonza ennima nga tulakita enkolagana oba engeri gy’okwanaganya emirimu mu bakozi bo eba ekyuka olw’ensonga emu aba endala.

Ebitongole nga bino biyamba okuteekawo empisa oba okuteekawo enkola nga amateeka, eby’enjigiriza, eby’okwerinda, okukwasisa amateeka, okukuuma emirembe, okutaawuluza enkaayana oba obutategeeragana, nobutebenkevu era bibeeramu eddiini, ebyobuwangwa, okunokoolayo ebimu. Bino byonna wamu bye bikola sebuzimbe (sebasitula) w’entabaganya.

(ii) Ettteka ly’okugondera obwetaavu ery’okubiri :“Bwe wabaawo enkyukakyuka mu musingi gw’ebyenfuna, sebuzimbe (sebasitula) nayo ekyuka ng’egondera obwetaavu”.

 Eky’okulabirako, buli sayansi ne tekinologiya lwe bifuuka ensibuko y’amagezi, okuvumbula n’okuyiiya, eddini ezitambuliza abagoberezi mu “sikimanyinkitye” (superstitution)  nga okusinza bukatonda obungi, okusinza obutonde na buli kintu ekiziiyiza okutegeera zigenda ziddirira ate ezo ezikkiririza mu Katenda omu avunaaanyizibwa ku bwengula bwonna na buli kitonde ekibulimu, Katonda ensibuko ya sayansi, nga zijjawo.

Omusingi gw’ebyenfuna.

Empagi luwaga ey’ensiisira eva wansi mu musingi (ekinnya) omuwanvu obulungi okusobola okuba ennywevu obulungi. Mu ngeri y’emu, omusingi gw’ebyenfuna (economic base) ogugerageranya n’omusingi guno oguggumiza empagi luwaga mu ttaka. Mu byobufuna, omusingi gusinziira ku mpalirizo z’entondeka y’ebikole n’enkolagana (emikwanaganyo) gy’ebyanfuna.

 Sebasitula (Sebuzimbe)	

Ensiisira, ennyumba ya Buganda eyedda yabangako empagi luwaga mu makkati ng’esimbiddwa n’eggumira bulungi mu ttaka (mu musingi). Empagi luwaga eno nga y’ebeera sebuzimbe y’ensiisira kubanga yeyetikkanga obuzimbe bw’ekizimbe (ensiisira) kyokka era yayitibwanga sebasitula kubanga y’ewanirira obuzito bw’ennyumba bwonna. Kyokka empagi eno, sebasitula (oba sebuzimbe) nayo erina ekijiggumiza, guno gwe musingi (ekinnya) mw’esimbibwa. 




#Article 265: Eggobansonga (Dialectics) (459 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !! Obugobansonga kitegeeza ky'ekimu n'eggobansonga . Obugobansonga kiraga enneeyisa ey'okugabensonga (okunoonya amazima oba ekituufu ) . Eggobansonga(Dialectics) kiva mu bigambo bya Luganda essomo erigoba ensonga.Eggobansonga kwe kukontana okutwala entabaganya mu Maaso.Mu kukubaganya ebirowoozo okugoba ensonga kitegeeza:

   (a) Okunoonya okumanya

   (b) Okunoonya amazima

   (c)Okunoonya    ekituufu

   (d)Okunoonya enjawulo eri mu bifaanagavu n’obumu bw’ebyawukanu

   (e)Okunoonya obumu bw’ebikontana

   (f) Okwekebejja ensonga okuva ku buli ludda oba okuva ku nsonda ez’enjawulo

Eggobansonga(dialectics) n’olwekyo ssomo erikwata ku nsonga ezo waggulu.

(ii) Omugobansonga(Dialectician)

Toyinza kunnyonnyoka mulamwa gwa “ntabaganyabantu”( society) nga tofunye kutegeera  mulamwa gwa ggobansonga (akakwate ak’ensonga akali ku buli kintu n’ekirala mu butonde). Eggobansonga (dialectics) kikwata ku bumu bwa kukontana okuli mu butonde ne mu ntabaganya, ekikuumira buli kintu awamu. 

Ekibeezaawo buli kimu kukontana wakati wakyo n’ekirala oba munda mwakyo mwennyini. Emboozi teyinza kuba nnyuvu singa abateesa baba n’endowooza emu nga tewali aleetayo kirowoozo kya njawukana.

Amateeka g’obutonde agafuga obwengula gonna “mateeka ga “ggobansonga” (laws of dialectics), mw’olabira obumu bw’ebikontana obw’ekyewuunyo, obwengula na buli ekibulimu kwe buyimilidde. 

 Okukontana okuli mu bwengula kwe kukuuma buli kimu okulabika mu nsengeka ey’ekibalo mwe kiri mu ngeri y’emu okukontana okuba mu ntabaganyabantu bwe kuvuga enkulaakulana zonna eziba mu ntabaganya.

Tewali kugenda mu maaso awatali kukontana. Okukontana kuno kwe kukwataganya buli kintu n’ekirala mu nsengekera y’obutonde (in the natural system). 

Okusinziira ku ndowooza y'eggobansonga(dialectical thinking) , buli kintu kirina akakwate n’ekirala ne bwe biba nga mu nkula birabika okuba nga bya njawulo. 

Eno y’ensonga lwaki “omugobansonga” (dialectician) atuuka ku kumanya okutuufu (ensonga) ng’anoonya enjawulo wakati w’ebifaanagana ate n’atuuka ku kumanya obumu bw’ebitafaanagana oba ebikontana ng’anoonya obumu bwayo. N’olwekyo okumanya kuva mu kunoonya na kuzuula bumu bwa bikontana n’enjawulo eri wakati w’ebifanagana. 

Mu kumanya enneeyisa n’enkula y’entabaganya, ky’osooka okumanya kwe kuba nti tewali kitaliiko kukontana era ssinga tewaaliwo kukontana tewandibaddewo nkulaakulana yonna mu ntabaganya ne mu bwengula bwonna okutwalira awamu.  

Okukontana kwe kuleetawo okutambula kwa buli kintu. Omuntu okusobola okutambula obulungi nga adda mu maaso walina okubaawo okukontana wakati w’emikono n’amagulu ge. 

Gezaako otandike okutambula n’okugulu kwo okwa kkono olabe oba omukono gwo ogwa kkono tegudde mabega nga gulinga oguwakanya okugulu okugenze mu maaso. Buli lw’okuba oluta ng’odda mu maaso omukono oguli ku ludda lw’okugulu okugenze mu maaso nga gudda emabega. Okwo sikukontana okukutwala mu maaso?

Mugobansonga (okukontana) mu mbeera y’ebyenfuna kwe kukontana okuviirako enkyukakyuka ez’omuggundu mu mbeera y’entabaganya ey’ebyenfuna mu byafaayo era kino kintu kya byafaayo.  

N’olwekyo enkyukakyuka mu byobufuzi nakyo kintu kya byafaayo mu ngeri y’emu enkyukakyuka mu byenfuna bwe kiri ekintu eky’ebyafaayo kubanga okukontana mu mbeera ezibaddewo kwe kuvaako enkyukakyuka zino.

(i)	Omusingi gw’ebyenfuna (Economic base)

(ii)	Sebasitula oba sebuzimbe (Superstructure)

Waliwo “akakwate ak’ensonga” era akayitibwa “akakwate akatasattululwa” (dialectical relationship) wakati w’Omusingi gw’Ebyenfuna ne Sebasitula; buli sebasitula lw’akyuka nga n’omusingi gw’ebyenfuna gukyuka okukondera obwetaavu ate era kino kiri bwe kityo buli musingi gwa byanfuna lwe gukyuka.




#Article 266: Emikwanaganyo gy'entondeka y'ebikole(Production relations) (101 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !! Emikwanaganyo gy’entondeka y’ebikole (Production relations)

Omukwanaganyo kiva mu kikolwa kya kukwanaganya ate ffe ne tukikozesa mu ssomo ly’ebyobufuna.
 Omuntu w’entabaganyo eyasooka yali yemalirira mu bye yakolanga; yali yenyumiriza mu bibala by’entuuyo ze (emirimu gye). Kyoka mu ntabaganya ey’ensangi zino waliwo nnyo obutali bwetengerevu mu mitendera gy’okutondeka ebikole era tewali yemalira n’aba ng’atuuka okumaliriza by’atondeka nga tayambiddwako bakozi balala.

Kino kye kiyitibwa “enkolagana z’ebyenfuna” oba “emikwanaganyo gy’ebyenfuna” (economic relations) oba “emikwanaganyo gy’entondeka z’ebikole”(productions relations). Ekigambo “mukwanaganyo” ekiva mu kikolwa ky’okukwanaganya (to coordinate), nakyo ekyekuusiza ku kukolagana. 

Emikwanaganyo gino giba gya kusika mugwa (antagonistic relations) oba gya mukwano (friendly relations).




#Article 267: Ekikula(species) (191 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !!

Ekikula oba Sipiisa. Weetegereze ekikula(species) teba nkula(shape, form, charachter).

Ekikula ye sipiisa(species) y’ekiramu. Mu essomabiramu(biologia) , ekikula(sitegeeza “nkula”) y’emu ku namunigina (units)omusengekebwa ebiramu  mu nsengeka y’ebiramu             ( taxonomic rank.) . Sipiisa oba Ekikula kisonjolwa nga ekibinja ky’ebiramu ebisobola okwegatta n’okwezaalamu  ebito byakyo.

Kyokk ne mu sipiisa oba buli kikula mubaamu . ebikula ebya wansi(ubspecies). Ebikula ebirabika okuba n’obujajja obumu biteekebwa mu kiti kimu ekiyitibwa ekika(genus).Buli kikula kisobola okuba mu kika kimu kyokka era kino kiyinza okukakasibwa ne DNA yabyo oba endabika endala. Mu bimera okufaanagana mu ndabika y’ebimuli kikusobozesa okumanya ebimera eby’ekika ekimu. 
Ku nsi kuliko ebitonde ebiramu bingi  ebisengekeddwa mu kiyitibwa spiisa oba ebikula eby’enjawulo. Ekikula kiyinza okuba sipiisa y’ekiramu kyonna omuli  ensolo, ekimera, bakitiriya, n’ebirala.

Twandirowoozezza nti buli kibinja kya kiramu ekirina ekikula  ekimu era nga kyezaalamu kyokka, tekisobola kuzaala mu kirala, kye kiyitibwa sipiisa oba ekikula (spieces) kyokka sipiisa emu eyinza okubaamu ebika eby’enjawulo ebitasobola kwezalamu. 

Omuntu naye nsolo (animal) kyokka si “kisolo”(uninterligent animal); ensolo etalina bwakalimagezi(interligence) nga bwa muntu eyitibwa  kisolo . Si buli kikula nti nsolo; ebikula ebimu bimera.

Ekikula kiba kigazi okusinga ekika .Kino kitegeeza nti ekikula ekimu kiyinza okubaamu ebika bingi:




#Article 268: Ensengekera z'entabaganyi(Social systems) (2044 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !!  Ensengekera z’Entabaganya (Social systems)

Ensengekera kiggwayo “ensengeka eyemalirira” (a self sustaining arrangement).  “Abamakisi” balambulula ebika by’entabaganya okusinziira ku byafaayo era bagamba enkulaakulana y’entabaganya kintu kya byafaayo olw’okuba embeera z’ebyenfuna ezibaddewo ze zireetawo enkyukakyuka. Ebyafaayo by’entabaganya bizze byeyolekera mu mitendera gino:

Ensengekera y’entabaganya (social system) esinziira ku mugattiko gwa musingi gw’ebyenfuna ne sebuzimbe (sebasitula). Okwekebejja entabaganyabantu kuzudde ensengekera z’entabaganya mukaaga nga bwe nziraze waggulu.

 Entabaganyo Eyasooka (The Early Community)

Eno era eyitibwa entabaganya y’ababisi. Mu nsengekera eno, omuntu eyasooka yali atandika butandisi okubeera mu ntabaganya erina obuzimbe. Abantu babeeranga mu bulamu obwangu nga bakozesa ebikozesebwa by’ababisi olw’okuba omutindo gwa sayansi ne tekinologiya gwali wansi nnyo.
Entabaganya teyaliimu mitendera gya bukulembeze mirambulukufu ate era nga tewali asukkulunmye ku mulala mu byanfuna.

Ebitondekeso (means of production) nga ettaka byalinga bya bwannanyini bya wamu ate nga era kirabika waaliwo omwenkanonkano wakati w’abakazi n’abasajja, ekitegeeza nti emikwanaganyo gy’entodeka y’ebikole tegyali gya kusika mugwa, buli omu yenyumirizanga mu bibala byantuuyo ze.
Entabaganyo (= entabaganya entono) zaagenda zigaziwa era okusengulukuka ne kutandika olw’obwetaavu bw’okunoonya obulamu obulungi okusingawo.

Mu kunoonya awansigako okuba awalungi, kyesangibwa nga wabaluseewo okulwanagana wakati w’ekibinja ekimu n’ekirala. Eno ye yali entandikwa y’obuddu nga ebika oba ebibinja ebiwanguddwa bifuulibwa abaddu b’abo abawangudde.

Abaddu baakolanga emirimu emisukkulumu , ekintu ekyavirako okutondeka amakungula amasukkulumu. Ensukkulumo (surplus), bannannyini baddu gye beefunzanga awatali kwenyigira butereevu mu kutondeka bikole. Eno ye yali entandikwa y’enjawukana z’ebyenfuna mu ntabaganya.

Eno yeyolekera nyo mu Buyonaani n’Abarooma.Ensegekera eno yabangamu abantu abaabeelangawo ku ntuuyo z’abaddu; bano nga be abamaasita. Kino kyasobozesa abamaasita okwemalira ku kukozesa obwongo ne bafuuka ba sekalowooleza (thinkers) oba abayiiya abaweesi.

Okusobola okwekuumira mu mbeera eno erimu obunyunyunsi, abamaasita baalina okuteekawo ekiyitibwa “eggwanga eryotongovu” (state) eririna sebuzimbe eyesigamye ku bitongole ebyobuwaze.
Kyokka ky’olina okumanya kwe kuba nti ensengekera (system) eno yalimu omutindo gwa tekinologiya wa wansi naye nga wa mutindo gwa wagguluko okusinga oyo eyaliwo mu ntabaganyo ey’ababisi kubanga ebikozesebwa bikulakulanyiziddwako katono okusingako.

Enkolagana (emikwanaganyo) z’etondeka z’ebikole za kusika mugwa kubanga omuntu atandise okunyigiriza muntu munne ng’afuula emirimu gye eky’obwannannyini. Eno ye yali entandikwa y’obwanannyini obw’omuntu kinnoomu.

Kyokka sikimanyitye (supersitititions) akyali mungi ddala olw’okuba nga omutindo gwa sayansi guli wansi ddala.

Empagi z’ensengekera eno baali baddu abataalina kye baganyulwa. Abafuzi beeyambisanga baddu okufuga obutonde (to tame nature) olw’okuganyula bbo bokka.

Yadde nga ensegekera eno yasaanyaawo omwekanonkano . Yatandikawo entondeka y’ebikole mu bungi n’okutuuka ku mpalirizo z’okutondeka ebikole.

Ku nkomerero y’ensegekera eno entabagannyo zaali zigaziyidde ddala ate nga te zikyatayaaya nnyo, ekitegeeza nti zaali zigumbye wamu okusingawo bwe kyali.

Kino kyaviirako obaduumizi b’entalo mu bika okwenyweeza wakati mu sikimanyikitye n’okwenyweza mu by’ekijaasi. Okunyigirizibwa okuva mu baddu kwaleetawo enkyukakyuka ezaleetawo entabagenya y’abamataka.

Entabaganya y’Abamataka

Mu nsengekera eno wajjawo Kabaka omwetongovu (sovereign King) ng’awagirwa ab’amataka n’abaduumizi b’entalo, awamu abaakolanga ekiyitibwa Gavumenti.

Mu mulembe gw’obuddu, ebibinja by’abaddu byatandika okuwakanya obunyunyunsi bw’abafuzi. Kino kyaviirako abaddu okufuulibwa “abaserafu” (serfs). Abaserafu yadde era tebaalina ddembe lijjuva naye baaweebwa enkizo ku nkozesa y’ekisukkulumo eky’amakungula ebisigaddewo ne babiwaayo eri bannanyini mataka.

Oluusi abaserafu baaweebwanga ekyagaanya okukozesa obwongo bwabwe, ekyabasobozesa okukulaakulanya sayansi, kino ne kireetawo “abayiiya” (artisans).

Sayansi ne tekinologiya byeyongera okukulaakulan kubanga amakumbi (plough) gaali gakozesebwa mu bitundu bya bulaaya ebisinga.

Emikwanaganyo gy’entondeka y’ebikole gyali gya kusika mugwa wakati wa kiraasi eya balandiroodi (Abamataka) ate abaserafu nga be ab’ebibanja.

Sebuzimbe (superstructure) atandika okweyolerakera ddala omuli ne gavumenti ennambulukufu, eyesigamizza amaanyi gaayo mu sikimanyinkitye (superstitions) n’ebyekijaasi. 

Ebisale ku bayiiya (artisans) n’abalusi b’ensero (craftsmen) byagerekebwanga abaloodi ab’amataka.
Abayiiya bwebagendanga okutunda ebikole byabwe nga bayita mu mataka g’abaloodi era wano ne basasula emisolo.

Omulembe gw’abamataka gwalimu nnyo okwejalabya mu kiraasi enfuzi ne bannaddiini, ekintu ekyaviirako ensengekera y’entabaganyi empya eya “sitakange”.

Sitakange yeyubula okuva mu nsengekera y’abamataka kyokka yo ereetebwa kiraasi y’abayiiya abaweesi (artisans) efuuka ekifundikwa kya basitakange n’abamerekenti (merechants). Okubinika emisolo n’envujjo mu b’amataka kyafuula enkolagana z’ebyenfuna okuba eza kawereege.

N’olwekyo abateeka amaanyi mu nsengekera ya sitakange baali bayiiya abaweesi n’abamerekanti abaakulemberamu okuwakanya ba nobiriya b’omulembe gw’abataka. Eky’okulabirako z’enkyukakyuka ezaali mu Bufaransa mu 1789.

Okugotaanya okwakolebwa abafuzi b’Amatwale basitakange mu Uganda 

Abazungu webajjira mu Buganda, ebyenfuna yaffe byali ku musinji gwa byabulimi, okuweesa okutonotono okwa tekinologiya owa wansi, n’okulunda, okusuubulagana okutonotono okwa mpa nkuwe naye tetwalina baavu lunkupe na bawejjere ng’abaliwo kati. 

Okusooka bajja nga balambuzi, ne bazzaako eddiini, n’ekyasembayo kwezza teritoliya nga bakozesa amaanyi g’emundu etaali mu Afirika. Wano mu Buganda we baateeka ekifundikwa kya Uganda basooka kuwang’angusa Kabaka Mwanga ne bassaako mutabani we omulangira Daudi Chwa nga wa myaka esatu kino ne kibasobozesa okukakaatika ku Baganda endagaano ya 1900. 

Endagaano eno yeyajjawo obwetwaaze bwa’abantu ba Uganda(si bwa Buganda yokka) mu byobufuzi n’ebyenfuna kubanga ettaka Kabaka lye yali akuuma olwa buli Muganda lyagabanyagabanyizibwamu, ate Kabaka nagaanibwa okuba n’ejje erikuuma ensi ye awamu n’okusolooza emisolo emikulu egiyimirizaawo eggwanga eryetongodde.Wano we baasinziira okukakaatika obufuzi bwabwe ku bitundu bya Uganda ebirala kyokka mu kukola kino ne bagenda nga basiga ensigo ey’okweyawulayawulamu n’obukyayi. 
Mundagaano ya 1900, okusinziira ku article 15 ettaka eriweza mailo 1500 ery’ebibira ne mairo eziri wakati wa 8,000 – 9.000 byaweebwa Kabaka wa Bungereza ate mairo nga 8,000 ne ligabanyizibwa ku lw’empaka mu Kabaka, abakungu be, ab’amasaza, abamagombolola, n’amadiini ag’enjawulo agaaliwo mu kiseera ekyo. 

Ebbanga Buganda ne Uganda okutwalira awamu gyeyamala ng’eri mu bufuzi bwa Bungereza ebintu bingi ebyakolebwa obufuzi bw’amatwale okudobonkanya ebyenfuna n’ebyobufuzi bwaffe mu lungereza kyewandiyise “the distortions of colonialism”. Muno mwalimu:

a)	Okuzimba omusinga gw’ebyenfuna omufunda (narrow economic base). Abangereza baaleka omusingi gw’ebyenfuna omufunda ennyo.
b)	Okwawulayawula mu Bantu, Okutambuliza eggwanga mu nkola ezawulayawula mu Bantu okusinziira ku buwangwa n’amadiini. 
c)	Okudibaga obwannannyini n’enkozesa yettaka 
d)	Okuteeka okwemanyamanya, emputtu, n’obutagambwako mu bakulembeze abaddugavu.
e)	Obusosoze mu mawanga n’amadiini
f)	Okkozesa obubi obuyinza, okudiibuuda, obulyake, obuli bw’enguzi, n’obunyunyunsi. 
g)	Enkwe (intrigue and formation of cliques). 
h)	Embeera y’ebyenfuna n’ebyobufuzi esiga obukyayi mu batali Baganda ku Baganda oba eri ba Nilotics eri Bantu people. 

Mu butuufu okudibaga kw’abufuzi bw’amatwale kweyorekera mu byenfuna, eby’obufuzi, n’eby’obuwangwa byaffe obw’omulembe guno. 

Mu byenfuna Afirika okutwalira awamu yafuuka omusiri omunene omwokujja ebirime ebyetaagisa okuriikiriza yindasitule mu mawanga amagagga e Bulaaya. Ku ludda olw’ebyofuzi abangereza batukakaatikako enkola z’ebyobufuzi okuva e Bulaaya ezaali zitagya mu mbeera oba enkulaakulana y’abantu ba afirika. 

Mu byobuwangwa tebaatukakatikako bukakaatisi lulimi lwabwe kyokka, naye baaleeta wano empisa zaabwe nnyingi ezaali zikontana n’obuwangwa bwaffe. 

Olw’ensonga ezo waggulu obutafaanana nga bwe kiri ku semazinga endala Afirika mu kifo ky’okugenda mu maaso ezze eddirira buddirizi olw’obunyunyuunsi obwa sitakange obwasigwa wano. 	

Ebyenfuna ebya sitakange byaleetawo enkolagana eza kawereege mu ntabaganya yaffe, naddala okutandika n’omwaka ogwa 1900 abafuzi b’amatwale we baddira ettaka mu Buganda ne balifuula ely’obwa nnanyini, ekintu ekyateekawo kiraasi z’ebyenfuna ez’enjawulo omwali: 

(a)	Abamataka
(b)	Abebibanja
(c)	Obuwangwa obw’enjawulo
(d)	Abakozi n’abakozesa
(e)	Abaddugavu n’abeeru

Kiraasi ezo tezaalibadde mbi nga zitandikidde ku musingi ogw’obwaseruganda, okutegeeragana, n’obwenkanya. Naye zakakatikibwa ku ntabaganya yaffe nga tewali kutegeeeragana, mu ngeri ey’obujoozi, ekintu ekyaaviirako emikwanaganyo gy’ebyenfuna egy’esigamye ku busosoze n’okusika omugwa mu mawanga n’amadiini.

Okujja kw’omuzungu okwajja n’ebyenfuna ebya ssente (monetary economy) kwaleetawo kiraasi ya “Bapulolitaliya” obutafaanana nga ba pizante ababeerawo nga balimabulimi ku ttaka, Bapulolitaliya obulamu bwabwe tebuli ku kukozesa ttaka lyoka wabula bakolerera mpeera nga bakozesa ekyobugagga kyokka kyebalina, “obukozi bw’emirimu” mu bitongole ebyenjawulo oba mu makolero agaleetebwa abazungu. 

Obutafaanana na Pulolitaliya abasasulwa empeera (wage), waliwo Kiraasi ya Salalitaaliya abasasulwa omusaala (salary), oluusi konseputa ya Pulolitaaliya eweebwa amakulu gegamu n’eya Salalitaliya. 

Enkolagana z’ebyenfuna ziyinza okuba wakati w’abakozi n’abakozesa naye nga teziriimu ntataaganya yonna singa ziba tezesiganye ku busosoze mu mawanga na ddiini. Zino ziba nkolagana za mukwano. Kyokka bwe zibaamu entataaganya ezesigamye ku busosoze mu mawanga n’amadiini kiba kibi eri entabaganya. 

Osaana okimanye nti okukontana okubeerawo wakati w’abakozi n’abakozesa, abagagga n’abaavu kuyinza obutabaamu ntataaganya yonna. Okukontana kuno kubaamu okuba nti abakozi balimu emitendera era emitendera egimu gifuna emisaala gya waggulu ate emirala gya wansi okusinziira kubuvunaanyizibwa n’obukugu buli omu bw’alina mu kukola. Kyokka singa wabaawo okuwa abantu abamu enkizo okusinziira ku buwangwa, obuzaale n’ amadiini ate nga mulimu n’ obunyunyunsi, obwanakyemalira n’obukenuzi enkolagana ziba ntataaganyi (antagonistic) kuba ziba zitataaganya embeera y’abantu mu ntabaganya.

Wano mu Uganda embeera eno yaleetawo kiraasi ya babbujwazi. Okusooka mu bulaaya Bujwazzi yabeeranga muweesa (artisan) oba mukozi wa byamikono (craftsman) ng’ali wakati wa Pizanti ne Landiroodi (Bannanyini mataka).

Oluvannyuma Bujwazzi kyagaziwa okutegeeza abo abali mu “nfuna eya kibogwe” (middle class) abafuuka Bassitakange (Bakapitoola). Ennaku zino ekigambo kino era kikozesebwa okutegeeza enneeyisa eyekuusiza ku kwagala ennyo ebintu (materialism) n’enneeyisa yabannaggagga etafa ku bantu balala abali obubi. 

Yadde nga Bujwazzi kikozesebwa okutegeeza abasuubuzi, Abamerekanti (merchants) abasuubulira amagoba nga bakozesa n’abalala mu ngeri ey’obunyunyunsi, ku mulembe guno naddala mu Afirika kikwatira ddala ku ngeri kiraasi ebeera mu buyinza gy’eyinza okwezza obugagga bw’eggwanga mu ngeri ey’obunyunyunsi mu ngeri ye’mu abafuzi b’amatwale gyebanyunyuntamu omuddugavu. 

Yadde ng’abaminsani okuva ebulaaya baakola kinene okutandikawo enkola y’ebyenjigiriza ey’omulembe bannaabwe abafuzi b’amatwale tebaafaayo kubayambako kuzimba musingi gwa byanjigiriza mulambulukufu okusobozesa enkulaakulanya ya tekinologiya okuzimbira ku kuweesa okwekinansi kwebasangawo. Batuleetera masiini n’ebyuma ebyetagisa okukulakulanya ebyenfuna awatali kutumbula masomo gakola byuma bino wano. 

Nga Adamu Semiti bw’agamba nti ensibuko y’obugagga bw’amawanga kwe kukola bikola (bwa) okuyita mu kukola emirimu okiraba bulungi nti amawanga agalina obusobozi obukulaakulanye (ntegeeza ago agakulaakulanye mu sayansi, tekinologiya, n’obukulembeze) gegasinga okukola ebintu ebyamagezi ebingi ate byamutindo gwa waggulu. 

Kyokka wano abafuzi b’amatwale okusinga bettanira kutendeka bannansi mu masomo ga bukulembeze babayambe okufuga baddugavu bannaabwe n’okubakunga okulima ebirime ebyali byetaagibwa mu makolero e Bulaaya. 

Okujja kwabanyunyunsi abagwira okuva e Bulaaya ne Buwarabu kwakola kinene okujja omuganda oba omufirika omuddugavu okutwalira awamu ku bwetwaaze bwe yalina mu byenfuna n’ebyobufuzi naye ate kyakyusa kinene ebyobufuna by’omuddugavu gamba ng’okuleetawo enkola ya banka obusuubuzi obutambulira enkozesa ya ssente, okugaziya obusuubuzi okutuuka emitala w’amawandiike amakolero ag’omulembe n’ebirara. 

Obwetwaze n’ebyenfuna byali biyimiriddewo nnyo ku ttaka eryakuumibwanga Kabaka ku lw’abantu bonna okutandika n’endagaano ya 1900, obufuzi bw’amatwale bwaleetawo obunyunyunsi (exploitation) era bwafufuggaza enkulakulanya y’obusobozi (Productive Forces) bwa Buganda kubanga ettaka lyajjibwa ku bantu abasing obunji ate ne tekinologiya eyaliwo ng’okuweesa byonna nebidobonkanyizibwa. 
Tewaatekebwaawo nkola nnambulukufu kukulaakulanya “busobozi” bwa mawanga gaffe ekyaviirako okuba nga ebyanfuna byaffe bizze byeyongera bweyongezi okuyimirirawo ku byenfuna by’ensi ezaatufuganga amatwale. 

Okusobola okukulaakulana mu byenfuna wateekwa okubaawo “okukulanya obusobozi” mu mawanga gaffe aga Afirika kino kivaako obweetaavu obwamaanyi okuteeka essira mukukulaakulanya obusobozi mu Sayansi, Tekiologiya, n’obukulembeze obutambulira ku demokulasiya mu ggwanga n’ebitongole ebiririmu. 

Emitendera gy’entandikwa ya Sitakenge mu bulaaya

Sitakange yakulaakulana okuyita mu mitendera egy’enjawulo okusobola okutuusa omuntu mu nkulakulana kyokka ate waliwo we yatuuka n’adibonkanya enkulaakulana y’omuntu ng’abo abakugu mu sayansi ne tekinologiya beesigaliza bokka ebyo bye batuseeko. Gino gy’emitendera mwazze ayita:

i)	Bannamukwakkula (Okwefunza ebyobugagga)

Kino kyaliwo ku ntandikwa ya sitakange mu kyasa ekya 15. Mu mutendera gwa sitakange guno mwalimu obwanamukwakkula (primitive acculation of wealth), ng’amawanga gakirimaanyi mu tekinologiya gakwakkula buli kya bugagga eky’ensibo kye gasangayo mu bulaaya. Okwefunza ebyobugagga mwalimu enneyisa ezitaali za buntu nga okukozesa abakadde n’abakyala ab’embuto awamu n’abaaana abato mu makolero n’amayikuuliro g’ebyobugagga eby’omuttaka.  Ekikulu kyali magoba na byabugagga awatali kufa ku ddembe lya buntu.

ii)	Sitakange ow’Amakolero (Yindasitule)

Guno gwali mutendera gwa masiini (ennyanguyirizo) okufulumya eby’amaguzi ebingi ne masiini okwatandika mu kiseera kino mu kyasa ekya 17 ne 18. Okutondeka ebyamaguzi okwa masiini kwaddirira ebikozesebwa eb’emikono okudda ku masiini ezeevugisibwa.

Omutendera guno gwali gwa kuvuganya era mu kiseera kino omuntu yatuuka wala mu kuvumbula n’okuyiiya. Oluvannyuma wajjawo abawozi b’ensimbi okuyamba basitakange abaali mu kuvuganya. Abamakolero abawozi ba sente baatandika okuba n’eddoboozi eddene mu bizineensi z’amakolero era nga basobola n’okwezza bizinensi singa abo basitakange ababa batandiseewo bizinensi eyo baba baggwereddemu ddala. Nga bayita mu kuwola ensimbi okw’engeri eyo basitakange basobola okwezza bizinensi entono. Kino kyaleetawo sitakange omupya owa “ebisigo byensimbi ebya obwa namunigina”.

iii)	Ebisigo by’ensimbi ebya obwanamungina (Okwefunza ebisigo byensimbi)

Sitakange eno ajjawo nga kampuni kibunamawanga (multinationals) zefunza bizinensi wabweru w’amawanga gazo okumaamira akatale k’ensi yonna n’ebyobuggaga eby’ensibo. Eky’okulabirako Esso, Shell, Coca-cola n’ebirala”.

Ebitongole ebyo era biwagirwa mu by’ensimbi ebitongole ebiwola ensimbi eby’ensi yonna nga Barclays Bank, Standard Bank, I.M.F, World Bank, n’ebirala. 

Sitakange oyo waggula y’ali mu Nsi kati kyokka takyayamba muntu kukulaakulana wabula essira aliteeka ku magoba yadde nga ensibuko y’amagoba teyamba lubu lwa muntu okutwalira awamu.

Mu sitakange mubaamu abakozi bangi abataba na bwannannyini ku kintu kyonna kubanga “abakapitoola” abatono ennyo be balina obwa nnannyini ku bitondekeso (means of production). Kino, n’okuba nti “abakapitoola” (Basitakange) bafa ku magobamangi kireetera abakozi abatondesi b’ebikole (producers) oba eby’obugagga n’ekisukkulumo (surplus) okuva mu mbeera.

Nga beeyongera okutangaazibwa n’okukulaakulana mu sayansi, abakozi nga begattiddwako ababundabunda n’abatalina mirimu bakizuula nti ebyenfuna n’amagoba g’abakapitoola (capitalist) biri mu mikono gyabwe. Ekivaamu begugunga ne b’eddiza ebitondekeso ne banunula ebibala by’entuuyo zabwe. Kino kye kyali mu Russia mu 1917, mu China mu 1945, n’amawanga amala aga Nannakalyakani.
Ebirooto bya Nakalyakani.




#Article 269: Omusingi gw'Ebyenfuna(The Economic Base) (359 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !!  Omusingi gw’ebyenfuna.

Empagi luwaga ey’ensiisira eva wansi mu musingi (ekinnya) omuwanvu obulungi okusobola okuba ennywevu obulungi. Mu ngeri y’emu, omusingi gw’ebyenfuna (economic base) ogugerageranya n’omusingi guno oguggumiza empagi luwaga mu ttaka.

 Mu byobufuna, omusingi gusinziira ku mpalirizo z’entondeka y’ebikole n’enkolagana (emikwanaganyo) z’ebyanfuna.

Ekimu ku bintu ebikulu mu somo ly’ebyobufuna kwe kumanya nti ebyabyafaayo by’entondeka y’ebikole (the history of production) n’enkulaakulana y’entabaganya, byafaayo bya nkulaakulana mu sayansi ne tekinologiya. 

Enkulaakulana mu sayansi ne tekinologiya etambulira wamu n’okuyivuwaza ennimi enzaaliranwa ng’abantu abazaaliranwa bazimba ebigambo bya sayansi, ekibalangulo, ne tekinologiya mu nnimi zabwe. 

Okubuzaabuza okwakolebwa abafuzi b’amatwale ky’ekimu ekyalemesa abantu abazaaliranwa okukulaakulanya ennimi zaabwe mu sayansi ne tekinologiya ne kireka omusingi gw’ebyenfuna nga mufunda era nga singa tewabaawo kikolebwa gujja kusigala nga mufunda.

Okusobola okujjawo okudibonkanya okwakolebwa abafuzi b’amatwale kitwetaagisa:

i)	Okuba abannyonnyofu mu byobufuna by’entabaganya, okutandika n’ebyafaayo by’enkulaakulana y’entabaganya ezikulaakulanye ng’obigerageranyizza n’ezaffewano mu Afrika.

ii)	Okuzimbulula omusingi gw’ebyenfuna omufunda (narrow economic base). Abangereza baaleka omusingi gw’ebyefuna omufunda ennyo ogwesigamye ku masomo aga sayansi agagubya obugubya obusobozi bwaffe awamu n’okulima n’amakolero agatalina musingi mu kutendekebwa kwaffe wano.

iii)	Okwewala ebikolwa n’enkola ezawulayawula mu bantu, Buganda, Uganda, ne Afirika okutwalira awamu. Okutambuliza eggwanga mu nkola ezawulayawula mu bantu okusinziira ku buwangwa n’amadiini kirina okwewalibwa. Kino kirimu okuwa enkizo abantu ab’obuwangwa obumu n’okudibaga eby’enfuna by’obuwangwa obulala.

iv)	Okwewala enkwe, okukozesa obubi obuyinza, okudiibuuda, obulyake, obuli bw’enguzi, n’obunyunyunsi.

v)	Okwewala embeera z’ebyenfuna n’ebyofunfuzi ez’obukyayi mu bantu ab’enjawulo mu ggwanga.

vi)	Okwenyigira ennyo mu by’obulimi ebiri ku mutindo gw’obusuubuzi mu kifo ky’abo abalina ettaka okulitunda bbo ne bagenda mu “dayasipola” (ebweru wa Uganda) ate abalala ne bagulamu ebya eby’okwejalabya ng’emotoka, bodaboda, n’okukola embaga ez’okweraga.

vii)	Obuteesiba ku kulima kwokka ng’ekyobuwangwa wabula okukola buli kalimu akaleeta ssente gamba ng’okulunda. Abantu baffe balina endowooza ey’emabega egamba nti okulunda tekuli mu buwangwa bwa bwaffe, ensonga lwaki abantu abalunda babayiseeko kuba bbo balunda ate ne balima nga bakozesa nakavundira ava mu busa bw’ensolo ze balunda okujimusa ettaka. Ensolo zino zirya muddobuddo gwetulina wano mu bungi.

viii)	Okuteekawo enkolagana ennungi mu byenfuna, ebyobufuzi n’ebyobuwangwa mu mawanga agali mu Uganda ne Afrika okutwalira awamu.

ix)	Abaganda Okwagala obwakabaka bwaffe ng’ekifundikwa ky’ebyobuwangwa n’empisa zaffe. Obwakabaka y’enkulungo ya Sebasitula wa Buganda.




#Article 270: Ebyobufuna bya Buganda eyedda(the Political economy of precolonial Uganda) (3192 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !  Ebyobufuna bya Uganda

Ng’abafuzi b’amatwale tebannaba kujja, entabaganya z’abantu ab’enjawulo kati abakola eggwanga eryetongovu, Uganda, zaali zirina obukulembeze obw’engeri emu oba endala, naddala mu bitundu ebyalimu abafuzi ab’ensikirano nga obwakabaka, obugaabe n’obukama. 

Mu butuufu entabaganya ez’enjawulo mu bukiikaddyo zaalimu obwakabaka, obugabe oba obukama ate endala naddala mu bukiikakkono nga nabo balina obukulembeze obw’engeri omu oba endala yadde nga buno tebwali ku mutindo nga obwo obwaliwo mu bukiikaddyo.

Yadde ng’abantu, okusinga baali “bannimayakulya” (subsistence farmers), waaliwo okyefaanayirizaako yindisitule oba obukolero mu bwakabaka obw’enjawulo. Eky’okulabirako mu Buganda mwabangamu okusaanuusa kkalwe naddala mu Kyaggwe era baakolanga obwambe, enkumbi, n’ebyokulwanyisa ng’amafumu. Abaganda era baalinga babumbi awamu n’okubajja amaato ge baakozesanga ku nnyanja n’emigga egiri mu Buganda.

Olw’okuba nga e Toro waaliyo kkopa, abatooro baali bafuuse abasaanuusi ba kkopa. Abanyoro baalina kkalwe (iron) era nabo baasaanusanga kkalwe ne bakola amafumu n’enkumbi. Abanyoro era baabumbanga n’okutunda omunnyo ebweru.

Abasoga baali bazimbi b’amaato era nga batunda agamu ku maato agakozesebwanga ku nnyenja Nalubaale ne kyoga.

Waaliwo okuwanyisaganya obutereevu wakati w’abaweesi, abalimi, n’abalaalo. Olw’okuba buli kitundi kyali kirina eky’enjawulo kye kikola, obusuubuzi bwali bweyongedde era nga bwali bumaze ebikumi n’ebikumi by’emyaka nga bugenda mu maaso wakati w’entabaganya ez’enjawulo. 

Ebintu ebyavanga mu Buganda okutundibwa ebweru byalimu embugo, ebyennyanja ebikalu okuva mu nnyanja Nalubale, Wamala n’emigga ate, omunyo okuva mu nyanja Katwe kyali kya tunzi kuva Toro. Bunyoro yatundanga mafumu, bwambe na nkumbi. Mu Ankole, bawanyisanga amata, ennyama, amaliba n’omuzigo n’entabaganya z’abalimi okufuna amafumu. 

Era waaliwo okusuubula wakati w’entabaganya z’olubalama lwa Semayanja ya Buyindi n’entabaganya ezo munda, naddala mu masanga ge’enjovu ng’abaddugavu bawanyisaganya n’abawalabu engoye.
Abafuzi b’amatwale we bajjira wano, entabaganya za Afrika ey’abaddugavu eziwerako, omuli n’ezimu ku za Uganda nga Bunyoro, Ankole, ne Buganda, zaali zirina ebyobufuna ebirambulukufu. Wansi mu 4.1 njagala okulambulula ebyobufuna by’entabaganya emu, eya Buganda eyedda, okulaga ekifaananyi ekyali mu bitundu bya Afrika eby’enjawulo.

EKY’OKULABIRAKO: EBOBUFUNA BYA BUGANDA EYEDDA 

Okuva edda n’edda nga ebyobufuna by’abantu ba Uganda nga byesigamye ku bya bulimi na bulunzi, okusuubulagana okutono, okuweesa, ku nkolagana mu mawanga agaliraaniganye mu ngeri emu oba endala.

Ebyobufuna by’abantu ba Uganda ng’abafuzi b’amatwale tebannaba kujja wano, okubitegeera obulungi olina okusooka okunnyonnyoka ebyobufuzi bwa Buganda, ekyali ekifundikwa ky’eggwanga Uganda okuva mu ntandikwa.

Mu kunnyonnyola ebyobufuna bya Buganda ka nsooke na kunnyonnyola erinnya ly’eggwanga, “Buganda” nzizeeko ensibuko y’abantu abayitibwa abaganda.Ky’olina okusooka okumanya kwe kuba nti abaganda bali mu kibinja ky’abantu abayitibwa “Bantu”. Ebyafaayo bikakasa nti abantu bano abayitibwa Bantu mu ntandikwa baava mu bibira bya Kongo (DRC). 

Olulimi lwa Bantu lwe lumu naye buli kabinja akaava e Kongo oluvannyuma lw’ekiseera ekiwanvu ekiri eyo mu myaka nkumi na nkumi, kaafuna enjatula n’ebigambo ebimu eby’enjawulo olw’embeera ez’enjawulo ezaasangibwa eyo buli kabinja gye kaagumba. Eno y’ensoga lwaki Buganda eyedda teyakulirirzanga nnyo njawukana z’erina n’abantu abagyetoolodde nga abanyakitala, abagisu n’abalala kubanga yakizuula nti mu lulimi ffena twesanga mu kibinja kye kimu nga buli kabinja kawuliziganya n’akalala mu kwogera.

Oluvannyuma lw’emyaka mingi nga bagumbulukuse okuva mu bibira by’e Kongo, abantu abaasenga wano okukola Buganda bateeberezebwa kuba nga baali mu bibinja bisatu: ekibinja ekyasooka ekyayingirira e Ssese kye kya bannansangawawo abayitibwanga “abalasangeye.

Bano bateeberezebwa okuba nga bayingira mu bizinga by’e Ssese emyaka mingi nga tebanajja ku lukalu lwa Buganda era be baasooka okusenga wano. Ate ekibinja ekyaddako kye ky’abo abajja ne Kabaka Kintu, n`ekyekusatu be bajja ne Kimera okuva e Bunyoro.

Ensibuko y`erinnya Buganda nzibu nnyo okutegeera ng`ensibuko y`abantu abaganda bweri. Okusooka, okutuuka Ssekabaka Kintu bwe yafuuka Kabaka, kigambibwa nti Buganda yali eyitibwa “Muwawa”. Muwawa lyali ggwanga ttono, omwali amasaza, Mawokota, Busiro Kyaddondo n`ebizinga bya Ssese. (Soma munno wa January 1915 empula 6-8 nga kizito Tobi awandiika ku “Ensi Muwawa Buganda”.   

Waaliwo amasomo ga njawulo ku nsibuko y`erinnya Buganda.Okusinziira ku ssomo erimu, omu ku bafuzi ba Buganda eyasembayo okufugira mu bizinga bya ssese yali ayitibwa Buganda. Bwe yava e Ssese olubiri lwe yaluteeka Lunnyo emabega wa Poliisi y’Entebe. Obutafaanana na muganda we Bemba Musota eyamuddira mu bigere, Buganda yali mufuzi wa dembe eyafuga eggwanga “Muwawa” mu ddembe. 

Muganda wabwe omulala Kintu eyaliwo yaddukira ebweru wa Muwawa n’akola ejje eryatta omubi Bbemba Musota abantu ne basalwo eggwanga ne Balibbula mu Sekabaka wabwe Buganda eyali Kabaka ow’eddembe, ne lifuuka Buganda, eggwanga eryeddembe ate abantu bbo ne beeyita Abaganda abantu ab’eddembe.

Abalala bagamba nti yali Kabaka Mukama eyakyusa Muwawa ng’amaze okuzaala omwana we Buganda n’addira erinnya lya mutabani we n’aliwa n’eggwanga. Mukama yali azaala Kato Kintu, Bemba, Kintu ne Buganda. Omulongo wa Kintu omulala y’avaamu abakama ba Bunyoro.

Kyokka ate waliwo essomo erigamba nti erinnya Buganda lyava mu kitundu ekiyitibwa Ganda Kimera we yateeka olubiri lwe ng’akomyewo okuva e Bunyoro.

Ate essomo eddala ligamba nti ku njegoyego z’ennyanja Nalubaale mu bitundu bya Nnyanza ku mbalama waliyo ekintundu kye bayita “Bugando”. Kigambibwa, wano abantu abasenga wano we baafumbekera okumala ebbanga eddene nga tebannaba kugenda mu bizinga bya e Ssese. Kiteeberezebwa nti erinnya Buganda lirina ensibuko yalyo mu kitundu kino ekiri mu Victoria Nnyanza, ng’erinnya ly’ekifo abantu bano abalasangeye we baasooka okubeera. 

Ate ddyo essomo eddala ligamba nti ekigambo Buganda kiva mu kigambo “omuganda”, ekitegeeza ebintu ebiggattidwa awamu nga tekisoboka kubigattulula olw’okuba nga Buganda yakolebwa abantu ab’obuwangwa obwali obw’enjawulo abeegatta awamu okukola Obuganda, bonna awamu ne bayitibwa Baganda, n’obuwangwa bwabwe ne bufuuka bumu, obw’abaganda.

Kyokka abaganda banji balowooza nti abantu abajja ne Kintu n’abo abajja ne Kimera, bonna Balasangeye abaali basasanye mu bitundu olw’ensonga emu oba endala nga kuno kwali kudda ku butaka.
Mu butuufu Buganda ekolebwa abantu ab’enjawulo, omuli Bannakyaggwe, Abasese, Abakooki, Abawokota, Abavuma, Bannabugerere, Bannagomba, Bannabutambala n’abalala bonna wamu abayitibwa Abaganda nga boogera olulimi oluganda mu buwangwa bwa Buganda mu bukulembeze bwa Kabaka waabwe.

Ate era Buganda nsi ya ddembe “ate” abaganda bantu ab’eddembe okujjako nga waliwo abatabadde awo ne balaga obumu bwabwe; anti tuli Buganda

Nga tweyambisa emiramwa gye tumaze okulaba waggulu tuyinza okukuba ttooki mu byobufuna bya Buganda eyedda.  Abazungu we bajjira wano Buganda yalina omusingi gw’ebyenfuna ne sebasitula (economic base and superstructure) ebirambulukufu obulungi. 

Mu “sebasitula” oba “sebuzimbe” mwalimu obukulembeze obulambulukufu obulungi nga ku ntikko waliyo Kabaka ate nga waliwo ebitongole ebikuumaddembe, eby’amateeka ne kooti, eddiini eya Katonda ow’obwanamunigina, n’ebyobuwangwa.

Omusingi gw’ebyenfuna gwali tegwesigamye nnyo ku tekinologiya wa mulembe nga aliwo kati naye era abaganda baalina tekinologiya ow’omulembe ogwo gwebeyambisanga okukola ebikozesebwa mu kulima n’okuweesa enkumbi, obwambe, n’ebyokulwanyisa awamu n’okukomaga embugo omwakolebwanga ebyambalo. 

Sijja kwerabira nti waaliwo n’okusuubulagana n’amawanga agatwetoolodde nga bwe tugenda okulaba wano wansi.

Emikwanaganyo gy’Entabaganya oba enkolagana mu ntabaganya (social relations) mulamwa oguva mu kikolwa eky’okukwanaganya era oyinza okukiyita “enkolagana z’entabaganya, emikwanaganyo gy’entabaganya, emikwanaganyo gy’ebyenfuna (enkolagana z’ebyenfuna). 

Enkolagana z’ebyenfuna (emikwanaganyo gy’ebyenfuna) giyinza okubaamu okutataaganya era gino giyitibwa “emikwanaganyo emitataaganya” (antagonistic relations) era ekiyitibwa enkolagana entataaganya (antagonistic relations).

Emikwanaganyo oba enkolagana z’ebyenfuna bwe zitabaamu kutataaganya ziyitibwa enkolagana ezitali ntataaganya (unantagonistic relations) oba enkolagana ez’omukwano (friendly relations).

Enkolagana z’ebyenfuna ziyinza okuba wakati w’abakozi n’abakozesa naye nga teziriimu ntataaganya yonna. Zino ziba nkolagana za mukwano. Kyokka bwe zibaamu entataaganya kiba kibi eri entabaganya. 

Okukontana okubeerawo wakati w’abakozi n’abakozesa, abagagga n’abaavu kuyinza obutabaamu ntataaganya yonna. Mu kukontana kuno entabaganya ebaamu emitendera era emitendera egimu giba n’enkizo mu byenfuna oluusi okusinziira ku bukugu oli bw’alina oba obuvunaanyizibwa bw’alina mu nsi ey’emirimu. Kyokka singa wabaawo obunyunyunsi, obwanakyemarila n’obukenuzi enkolagana ziba ntataaganyi (antagonistic).

Ng’abafuzi b’amatwale bassitakange okuva ebulaaya tebannajja wano, waaliwo kiraasi bbiri:

(a)	Kiraasi z’abafuzi. Bano tebeetabanga butereevu mu kukola bya bugagga naye nga be batondesi b’enkola ezikuuma emirembe n’obutebenkevu n’embeera omukolebwa emirimu egyabeezangawo eggwanga.

(b)	Kiraasi ya Bannansi (bano baalimu abalimi ,abalunzi, abaweesa, n’oluvannyuma abasuubuzi) 
Tewaaliwo muntu yalina nkizo mu byanfuna kubanga ettaka, ensobozeso y’ebyenfuna enkulu, lyali lya bantu bonna abaakolerangako nga balima n’okulunda buli omu okusobola okuliisa ab’enju ye ate era n’okuweereza amakula eri Kabaka n’abaami be, awataali nkola ya misolo gya kusasula nsimbi mu gavumenti.

Obuddu tebwaliwo kubanga abakozi abaakolanga mu lubiri lwa kabaka n’eza baami be basasulwanga mu ngeri emu oba endala nga okufuna ku misolo (ebirime n’ensolo ezirundibwa) egyawebwangayo ng’amakula. 

Kino kitegeeza nti enkolagana z’entabaganya (social relations) tezaali za kaasammeeme era tewaaliwo bunyunyunsi nga bwe kyafuuka ng’abazungu bamaze okujja.

           (The Superstructure of ancient Buganda)

Okusobola okukola ebyobugagga, walina okubeerawo ebitongole ebiteetaagisa kwenyigira butereevu mu kutondeka bya bugagga naye nga biyamba engeri oby’obugagga gye bikolebwamu okutambula obulungi. Ebitongole bino obigerageranya n’empagi luwaga ebeera mu makkati g’ensiisira, ennyumba yaffe ey’eyedda, era gy’oyinza okuyita sebuzimbe oba sebasitula olw’okuba y’ewanirira obuzimbe bw’ensiisira oba y’esitukirako ensiisira.

Ebitongole ng’ebyo biyamba mu nneeyisa oba mu kukwaanaganya embeera obugagga gye bukolebwamu, ekyokulabirako enkola y’obufuzi, ebitongole by’amateeka, eby’enjigiriza, ebyokwerinda, enkolagana z’amawanga, eby’obuwangwa, enzikiriza z’eddiini, n’ebirala.  Bino bye bikola sebasitula w’entabaganya kubanga bye bisitula eggwanga mu byenfuna n’ebyobufuzi.

Sebasitula w’eggwanga n’olwekyo yeyolekera mu nkola z’ebyobufuzi, ebyenjigiriza, obuwangwa, n’eddini oba enzikiriza.

Empagi luwaga (sebuzimbe/sebasitula) ya Buganda ey’edda yalimu bino wansi:

(i)	Enkola y’ebyobufuzi / obukulembeze eya Buganda

Wano mu Buganda, omuwandiisi Walabyeki Magomba mu katabo ke “Omuganda Owedda”, annyonnyola nti nga Kato Kintu tannaleeta Bwakabaka mu Buganda, waaliwo abakulembeze abaaliwo nga bano balabika baali bafugira eggwanga mu nkola ey’abakulu b’ebika ebyali mu Buganda ng’ekyayitibwa “Muwawa” (Abanyoro bagiyitanga Muhwahwa).

Mu nkola eno abakulu b’ebika beerondangamu Ssentebe omu. Ssentebe w’ebika byonna nafuuka omukulembeze w’eggwanga lyonna. Obukulembeze buno bwali bunafu nyo olwokuba nti Ssentebe ono teyalina buyinza bujjuvu ku bakulu b’ebika baatwala okutuuka Kato Kintu bwe yaleetawo obwakabaka n’ateekawo obufuzi obwalina Gavumenti eyawakati ennyweevu.

N’olwekyo obukulembeze bwa Baganda bwatandikira mu bakulu ba bika abeerondagamu Ssentebe eyafuganga okumala ekiseera ekigere at entebe n’agikwasa omukulu w’ekika omulala mu bukulembeze obwetoololeranga mu Bakulu b’ebika 

Mu katabo ke “Buganda n’Obwakabaka”, Professor J.C. Ssekamwa akulaga ebintu ebimu ebikola sebasitula (sebuzimbe) mu byobufuna bwa Buganda, yadde nga takozesa kigambo “byabufuna” kyennyini, ng’annyonnyola ebyobufuzi n’ebyenfuna ya Buganda ey’edda.

Okusinziira ku kunnyonnyola kwa Kakensa J.C. Sekamwa, sebasitula y’entabaganya ya Buganda yali yeyorekera mu nfuga ey’obwakabaka eyatandikibwawo Ssekabaka Kato Kintu nga eyo mu mwaka gwa 1314 oluvannyuima lw’okulwana olutalo olwawamba obukulembeze obunafu obwaliwo. Nga bwetunaalaba mu maaso, waaliwo akakwate akatasattululwa wakati w’obwakabaka n’enkulaakulanya y’obusobozi mu nkola y’ebyenfuna eyebiseera ebyo. 

Okuva olubereberye, Kabaka Kintu ng’amaze okwezza obuyinza, abakulu b’ebika teyabajjaawo wabula yabaleka balabirire eby’obuwangwa bwa Buganda okusobola okunyweza enfuga y’eggwanga. Kabaka Kintu yasalawo okubeera omukulu w’ebika byonna era n’ayitibwa Ssabataka, na guno gujwa Kabaka ye Sabataka wa Buganda. 

Buli kika kyalina emirimu emitongole mu bwakabaka, ekintu ekyayamba ennyo okukulaakulanya obusobozi mu Buganda ebiseera ebyo. 

Ng’ojjeko obukulembeze bw’ebika obutaali bwa byabufuzi, Obwakabaka bwatambuliranga ku nfuga ya bitundu, mu lungereza eyitibwa “local government” ng’erimu emitendera gino:

Mu Bitongole bya Gavumenti ebirala mwalingamu

Obukulembeze bw’ebika:

(ii) Ebyokwerinda mu Buganda eyedda

Abazungu we bajjira wano Buganda yalina ejje eryokuttaka, eryokumazzi, n’abasirikale aba Poliisi abaali eyo mu nkumi n’enkumi. 

Nga tutunulira obufuna bwa Buganda ebw’ebyasa ebyayita tetuyinza kubuusa maaso bukulu bwa ntalo ezaakolebwanga Bakabaka ba Buganda ku mawanga ageetooloddewo okutandika n’ekyasa eky’ekkumi n’omusanvu okuva 1601. Entalo zayamba nnyo okugaziyiya teritoliya ya Buganda n’okwongera ku bungi bw’abantu okuyita mu kunyaga abakazi. Mubutuufu ente teyali nnyo nsolo ya Baganda ng’embuzi, enkoko n’endiga naye okulunda ente kwajjawo oluvanyuma lw’okufuna ze bawambanga mu ntalo. 
Entalo zino, ng’ojjeeko abakazi n’obugagga bw’ensolo obwafunibwanga zaayamba nnyo okugaziya Buganda eyali enfunda, ngekolebwa amasaza agatawera kkumi. 

(iii) Ebyenjigiriza mu Buganda eyedda

Enkola y’ebyenjigiriza kitundu ku Sebasitula era efugwa omusini gw’ebyenfuna (economic base).
Mu “Piizanti Ekonome” ya Buganda ey’ebiseera ebyedda, abaana baafunanga okutendekebwa mu bintu ebyenjawulo ebyemirimu egyali gyetagibwa mu biseera ebyo okugatta ku masomo g’empisa mu mitendera gino. 

a)	Okutendeka Okusooka. Kuno kwe kwalinga okusoma kwa “primary” okuliwo kati. Okusoma kuno kwalinga mu maka ng’essira baliteeka ku kuyigiriza baana obukugu mu mirimu egy’enjawulo ng’omwana akola eno bw’ayiga (home apprenticeship) okutuuka lw’abangulwa. Abalenzi bayigirizibwanga okubumba, okuluka eby’emikono, okuyigga, okusaanuusa ebyuuma, n’ebirala, ng’akola ne taata we n’abasajja abakulu abalala mu kitundu. Abawala nabo bayigirizibwanga emirimu egyekikyala nga bakola ne bamaama baabwe oba n’abakyala abalala abakulu mu kitundu. Mu kutendeka kuno mwalingamu n’emizannyo egy’enjawulo awamu n’okuyimba. Okuzina, n’okukuba ebivuga ng’engoma n’endingidi. 

Amasomo ag’obuyivuwavu (academic studies) gasomesebwanga akawungeezi nga buzibye ng’abakulu basomesa abato engero, ebisoko, ebyafaayo by’ensi yaabwe, okuyimba, okubala, ebikwata ku kika n’enju mwe bava: emizannyo, n’okutendekebwa mu by’entalo. 

Mu mizannyo mwalingamu omweso, okuvuga amaato n’emirala. 
b)	Okutendeka Okwomutendera Ogwokubiri. Kuno kwe kwali nga okusoma kwa siniya. Kuno kwalinga mu bisaakaate by’abaami ba Kabaka. Abaana abatwalidwa eno bayiganga okuweereza abagenyi okuteekateeka n’okukubiriza enkiiko, okuteesa n’okukubaganya ebirowoozo; okusala emisango, obukulembeze, okukunganya emisolo, n’ebirala.
 
c)	Okutendeka Okwomutendera Ogwawagulu. Kuno kwe kwali nga okusoma Settendekero. Kuno kwalinga mu lubiri lwa Kabaka. Abaami ba Kabaka baawerezanga abaana okuva mu bisaakaate byabwe abasukkulumye ku bannaabwe mu kubanguka mu lubiri lwa Kabaka. Abo abakugukanga nga baweebwa ebifo ebyamaanyi mu Gavumenti ya Kabaka.

Okutendeka n’okubangula kwe ndaze waggulu kwayamba kinene okukulaakulanya empalirizo z’entondeka y’ebikole(Forces of Production) bwa Buganda obwebiseera ebyo, omwalinga okutendeka abaana mu kulima, okuweesa, okukola ebyambalo, okulunda, okusuubulagana, okulwana entalo, n’ebirala.

(vi)	Eddiini n’obuwangwa mu Byobufuna bwa Buganda

Abantu abaasooka babeeranga wamu mu Buwangwa bwabwe era abantu okubeera awamu mu buwangwa bwabwe ye yali engeri y’okukolagana eyasooka.

Omuntu w’obuwangwa teyalina ngabanya ya maanyi mu mirimu ate nga ne tekinologiya gwe yakozesanga yali wa wansi nnyo ekyaviirako okuba nti ebikolebwa byali bitono era nga n’omutindo gwabyo gwa wansi.

Tosobola kulaga mu bujjuvu byabufuna bwa Buganda nga tolaze kakwaate akaaliwo wakati w’ebyobufuzi, ebyanfuna n’eby’obuwangwa mu Buganda eyedda. Ebintu ebikulu mu byobuwangwa bwa Buganda mwalimu bino:


Mu butuufu kizibu nnyo okwawula ebyobuwangwa ku by’obufuzi kubanga ebintu ebiri mu lusa lw’ebyobuwangwa ng’enzikiriza oba eddini birina akakwate n’ebyobufuzi. Empisa ez’ennono n’obulombolombo obugendera ku mikolo ng’okwabya ennyimbe, okwalula abalongo, okugunjula abaana, obufumbo n’ebyokwerinda byonna kwe kwali kutambulira ebyobufuzi era ng’omuntu alina ebimu ku bisanyizo ebyo waggulu y’alondebwa mu bifo ebyobuvunaanyizibwa mu mu kulembeze bw’eggwanga.
Era mu nju, ekika oba eggwanga mwe mwali ekyefananyirizaako enkola ya yinsuwa y’obulamu eyasookawo kubanga omuntu bwe yalwaalanga oba ng’afudde nga ebenju, ekika oba eggwanga lye bamulabirira mu bulwadde ne mu kufa mu kukungubaga era nga ne bamulekwa nga balabirirwa ab’eng’anda okutuuka lwe bakula.

(v) Ebyokwerinda

Enkola y’ebyokwerinda eyasooka nga tewanabaawo kyefanayirizako Gavumenti yali eyimiriddewo ku nju omuntu mwazalibwa, ekika oba eggwanga lye era enkola ey’okuwoolera eggwanga ye yali enkola ey’okubonereza abo abazizza emisango ng’obutemu, okukwata abakazi oba okunyaga. Kino kyaziyizanga abantu okuzza emisango olwokutya okuviirako okuwoolera eggwanga.Naye abazungu we bajjira wano nga waliwo enkola y’amateeka erimu okuwozesa abazzi bw’emisango. Ekitegeeza nti okuwoolera eggwanga yali tekyali nkola ya buntu mu Buganda.

Ebintu byagenda bikulaakulana era abazungu okujja mu Buganda nga waliwo enkola za gavumenti ennambulukufu, eky’okulabirako mu by’okwerinda bya Buganda nga waliwo ejje ly’eggwanga ery’etongodde eryo ku ttaka n’eryo ku mazzi.

Akakwate wakati w’enzikiriza n’ebyobufuzi

Mu sebasitula wa Buganda ey’edda mwalimu enzikiriza eya Katonda omu kyokka oluvanyuma ne wajjawo okukkiririza n’okusinza balubaale, bakagezimunyu abaafa. Abaganda abamu baatandika okutabulatabula ennyo Katonda ne Balubaale bano. Mu butuufu abazungu we bajjira wano nga Katonda alina Ebiggwa bisatu byokka e Kyaggwe so nga ebiggwa bya balubaale byaali bingi nnyo mu Buganda yonna.

Abaganda abedda bakkirizanga nti omuntu akolebwa omwoyo n’omubiri era abazadde Katonda b’akozesa mu kutondebwa kw’omwana. Omuntu bw’afa afuukamu “muzimu” (spirit) ogusigala nga gukolangana n’abantu ab’oluganda abalamu era omuzimu ogwo guba n’ebyetaago nga ebyokunywa, ebbugumu ly’omuliro kyokka ssi mmere.

Okusinziira ku Muganda owedda, obulamu bw’omuntu ku nsi bwe businziirako omuzimu kye gunaabeera, omuntu eyali omulungi mu balamu ng’omuzimu gwe gubeera gwa ddembe.

Bakagezimunyu ne Bassekalowooleza mu Buganda eyedda

Bano be bantu abaali bakagezimunyu (genius persons/philosophers) mu bulamu bwabwe. Balubaale baali bantu abaafa kyokka nga bwe baali bakyali balamu baalina ebitone n’obusobozi ebitali bya bulijjo mu bintu eby’enjawulo.

Olw’obutamanya, abaganda abamu baalowozanga nti balubaale basobola okulabika ng’abantu oba mu bintuntu ebitiisa, ebiyitibwa “amageege” era baalowoozanga nti balubaale bwe beeyolekera mu nsolo, ebinyonyi, oba emisota bayitibwa “misambwa”. Naye ensi bw’egenze ekulaakulana mu magezi agawaggulu ne mu firosofa(okwebuuza ku buli kintu) okutya n’endowooza eno bigenze bifa kuba tebiriiko bukakafu.

Abagezigezi b’ebika

Buli kika kyasuubirwanga okuba ne kagezimunyu wakyo eyayatibwanga “Lubaale w’ekika” ng’amaze okufa. Omu ku Bagezigezi b’ebika abamanyidwa ennyo mwalimu Kisolo Ssebyoto eyali akulira ekika ky’engonge mu biseera bya ebyomulamu era nga yeyali Katikkiro wa Kabaka Kintu. Kigambibwa nti olw’okuba yafa mu ngeri etaategeerekeka ne Kabaka Kintu, ab’ekika kye kwe ku mufuula lubaale. Omulala yali Muwanga (ono si y’omu n’o w’eggwanga okuva e Ssese).

Abagezi b’ Eggwanga

Bano obutafaana na Bakagezimunyu ba Bika, baali Baduumizi ba Bakagezimunyu ba Kabaka mu bintu eby’enjawulo ng’okuteekateeka n’okulwana entalo, Okulagula (devination) oba okutabulaba eddagala lya Kabaka n’okukukola ku nsonga enkakali ez’eggwanga n’eza Kabaka ng’omuntu. Baali butereevu wansi wa Kabaka eyabagabiranga obwami n’obukungu okulabirira enzimba y’ebiggwa n’okumukolera Sadaaka.

Bakagezimunyu bano baasibuka Ssese ne bajja ku lukalu lwa Buganda ku mulembe gwa Kabaka Nakibinge eyali anyigiriziddwa ennyo mu ntalo ne Bunyoro. Bwe baafa ne bafuulibwa balubaale olw’obusobozi bwe baalina obusukkulumye mu biseera byabwe eby’obulamu.

Kirabika Bukulu ye yali omufirisoofa oba kagezimunyu wa Buganda eyasooka.  Bakagezimunyu b’eggwanga bano abasooka Bukulu ne mukazi we Wada baaberanga Ssese ne batendeka bakagezimunyu abalala Wanga ne Musisi. Wanga n’atendeka kagezimunyu Muwanga ate Musisi n’atendeka Wamala, Kitinda ne Wannema.

Wannema n’awasa Nagaddya n’atendeka Kagezimunyu Mukasa ne Kyobe Kibuuka. Mukasa bweyakula, n’awasa Nanziri n’atendeka bakagezimunyu nende, Mirimu, Musoke ne Kirabire.

Abaganda abedda tebaasinzanga Bakagezimunyu bano yadde nga babatenderezanga olw’amagezi gaabwe gebayolekanga mu biseera byabwe eby’obalamu.  Okubatendereza kuno (veneration) kwe kwabayisa ba balubaale. Tebaabasinzanga kubanga abaganda baali basinza Katonda omu owo mu Ggulu e Mukono. Okukkiririza mu Katonda omu kyayamba Abaganda okukkiriza amangu Obukirisitaayo n’obusiraamu, eddiini okuva mu Bulaaya ne mu Buwarabu nazo ezikkiririza mu Katonda omu ow’obwanamunigina.

.

Ku ntandikwa y’omulamwa guno nkikutegeerezawo nti okukulaakulanya Ssebasitula kiyamba okugaziya omusingi gw’ebyefuna ate nagwo ne guyamba Sebasitula okukulaakulana.

 Okusobola okugaziya omusingi gw’ebyefuna kyetagisa okukulakulanya obusobozi bwaffe nga tuteekawo enkola ennambulukufu okukulakulanya Sayansi, tekinologiya, n’obukulembeze.
Waliwo akakwate akatasattululwa wakati wa Sebasitula n’Omusingi gw’ebyenfuna. Buli Ssebasitula lw’akyuka n’Omusingi gw’Ebyenfuna gukyuka era buli Omusingi gw’ebyenfuna lwe gukyuka ne Ssebasitula akyuka.

Omusingi gw’ebyenfuna mu Buganda eyedda gweyolekeranga mu bino:

Obusobozi buno era bweyoresezanga mu mirimu gy’ebyemikolo (Craft) mu biseera ebyo. Muno mwalimu okuluka ensero, ebyagi omuterekwa emmere enkalu, okukola ebibumbe, okubajja, okukola ebyokulwanyisa, ensimbi ebita n’edeku.

Okukola ensero (basketry) kye kimu ku bintu omuganda owedda bye yakugukamu mu byakozesa awaka n’okwerinda – nga bakola ebisaakate n’emmuli, okusereka ennyumba mu ngeri ey’okuluka n’engabo.
Abakyala be bakolanga enkomera/ebisaakate, ebyagi, okubaga emmuli, okusereka, okukola obutego n’ebisero by’omunnimiro. Abakyala era be bakolanga ebbibbo n’obusero obutono obutereka emmere entonotono, emikeeka, ebibikka ku nsuwa.

Okubumba (pottery) nga bakozesa ebbumba kwalimu okukola ensuwa/ensumbi (water pots). Ebibya (bowls) entamu (cooking pot) n’emindi (smoking pipes) ezitoneddwa mu langi enzirugavu, enjeru, n’emyufu.

Ebyakozesebwanga okusala n’okuwaata ebyokulya (Cutlery) nabyo, byakolebwanga mu byuma. Mwalimu embazzi, enkumbi, amalobo, amafumu, ennyondo, n’ebikozesebwa mukusamira. 
Mu kubajja mwalimu obutebe obutonetone, ebikozesebwa eby’omuti ng’oluseke, ekiwujjo, ebyanzi by’amata, ebikuba embugo (fumigator foe barcloths) amaato, ebivuga by’abayimbi, ng’engoma n’endingidi (membra phones). 

Ebyokulwanyisa byakolebwanga okuva mubyuma n’emiti. Muno mwalimu amafumu, obusaale, engabo, n’embukuuli (sticks for clubbing to death).

Obusobozi bwa Buganda obulala bweyolekera mubigambo ebyakikugu mu kukuba ebifananyi nga okutona, okusiiga, kuwawula, kwola, kuwunda, kukuba kifananyi. 

Okutona mulungereza to stain, to dye, to apply colour on something, kwakolebwanga ku mbugo era nga luno baluyita olubugo olutone. 

Okuwunda mulungereza to decorate, to embellish or give fine finish kwakolebwanga mu lubiri lwa Kabaka ku bintu ebyakozesebwanga Kabaka oba mu lungereza biyite King’s objects, insignia, utensils, n’ebirala. Gano ge gayitibwanga “Amakula ga Kabaka” (The King’s Ornamental work). 
Okuwoola mulungereza “engraving” oba “sculpture”, ku bibajje ku mbaawo oba ku mayinja. 
Okusiiga mulungereza “to paint”, okusiiga enkintu mu langi ennungi. 




#Article 271: Endagamuwendo (digits) (306 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !!Endagamuwendo(Digits) kye ki? Zino wansi z'endagamuwendo gwa namba:

Endagamuwendo 1	 ,  2	,3	,4	,5	,6	,7	,8	, 9

Mu namba 2,357 , bbiri ndagamuwendo gwa nkumu, satu ndagamuwendo gwa bikumi, taano ndagamuwendo gwa makumi ate musanvu eraga muwendo gwa namunigina(units) eziyitibwa ensusuuba(ones). 

Mu namba 509 , taano ndagamuwendo gwa bikumi, zeero nkuumakifo(placeholder), ekuuma kifo kya makumi ate mwenda nsusuuba.

Mu mugereeso gwa namba(number theory),  endagamuwendo ke “akatoffaali akazimba namba” (a digit is the building block of a number)akalaga omwendo  gwa  buli ndagamuwendo(digit) mu namba .

Nga namba bwe buli obutoffaali obuzimba sessomo ly’ekibalangulo, obutaffaali obuzimba namba ze endagamuweno (digits). Namba ziri buli wamu mu kibalangulo era ziyinza okusengekebwa mu biti oba emitendera egy’enjawulo, ebisonjozo n’ebinnyonnyozo eby’enjawulo.

Endagamuwendo  ze tukozesa kati ziyitibwa “Namba za Kiyindi-Kiwarabu” (Hindu-Arabic Numerals) era zifaanana bwe ziti: 

Zino oyinza okuzikozesa ku bwazo okubala okutuuka ku mwenda. Okubala kkumi oba okweyongerayo, tuba tutandika n’omusimbalaala omulala, omusimbalala  ogwa “amakumi”, olwo ne tuwandiika amakumi ameka ge tulina, ne tuddirira namunigina meka.

Namba “13 “etegeeza erimu ekkumi limu ne namunigina(ensusuuba) 3Kino era kiyinza okuwandiikibwa nga  (1 × 10) + (3 × 1). 
Ekyokulabirako:75 kitegeeza amakumi musanvu ne namunigina 5 oba(7 × 10) + (5 × 1)

Bwe tuba n’emiramwa egisukka mu 99, tuba tutandika omusumbalala omulala. Wano twetaaga okulaga  ebikumi bimeka, amakumi ameka ne namunigina meka.
Mu namba  194  tuba tulina ekikumi kimu, amakumi mwenda, ne namunigina nnya. Kino era tuyinza okukiwandiika nga (1 × 100) + (9 × 10) + (4 × 1). 
Mu namba  735  oba okiraba nti mulimu ebikumi 7, amakumi 3 ne namunigina 5,era ekiyinza okulagibwa nga  (7×100 )+ (3×10 )+ (5×1).

Okutwalira awamu buli lw’oyagala okulaga namba esingako obunene, tuba tugattako omusimbalala gumu (one column) ku kkono  era ne tumanya nti kino kitegeeza emirundi 10 okusingako omusimbalala oguli ku ddyo. Kati okiraba nti wetuteeka digito wa mugaso nnyo.




#Article 272: Zeero (Ziro) (134 words)


Gakuwebwa Muwanga !! Zeero

Zeero eba nkuumakifo(placeholder). Endowooza ya zeero(0), yadde nga kati buli muntu aginnyonnyoka bulungi, yalwawo okukozesebwa abantu ab’edda. Kyokka oluvannyuma abantu abagezigezi baatandika okwebuuza  nti bwe waba tewali kya kubala, ekyo okibaza otya?  Eky’okulabirako bwe bakuwa ebisawo bibiri ekimu nga kirimu sente ate ekirala nga kikalu, temuli sente, ekyo omutali sente n’emu okiraga otya mu buwandiike obwa obubonero  oba mu njogera ey’ekibalangulo (mathematically speaking)?

Abantu bwe baali bakatandika okuwandiika namba ennene nga 60 baasanga obuzibu okulaga enjawulo wakati wa  6 ne 60 kubanga awatali kabonero ka kubala aka ziro mukaaga ne nkaaga bilabika nga bye bimu mu mpaandiika. 

Ababalanguzi (mathematicians) kye baakola kwe kuteekawo “enkuumakifo” (placeholder),  akabonero  ak’enjawulo okulaga nti “mu kifo ekyo tewali ndagamuwendo ”(digit) yonna.

N’olwekyo namba 909 etegeeza :ebikumi mwenda(lwenda), tewali muwendo gwa makumi  ate waliwo ensusuuba mwenda




#Article 273: Namba za Kibazo(cardinal numbers) (202 words)


Ennamba za Kibazo

Namba ya Kibazo (Cardinal number)  era ye namba ebala (counting number) , ebala obungi (quantity) era ye namba eraga ebintu bimeka ebiri awo oba ebiri omwo. Eky’okulabirako ekugamba nti kimu, bibiri, bisatu, bina, bitaano, kuminakimu, kikumi ,kimumimwabiri, n'okweyongerayo.

Mu kubala, tuyinza okukozesa namba  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ,10, 11, 12,… nokweyongerayo. Abantu babadde bakozesa namba okubala enkumi n’enkumi z’emyaka egiyise era okubala kintu kya buttonde. Omuntu ayinza okwogera ku byalina ng’agamba nti alina abaana kumi na bataano, n’eddundiro eririko embuzi abiri mu nnya, abakyaala munaana, n’okweyongerayo. Namba za kibazo (namba ezibala) ze namba ezikozesebwa okubala ng’ezo waggulu: era namba zino zibadde zikozesebwa abantu ova emabega emyaka nkumu.

Namba ya kibazo  n’olwekyo ekugamba “emirundi emeka”  kyokka  era zino ziyitibwa “namba za ndagabungi” (quantitative numbers,) kubanga ziraga obungi oba omuwendo. Omuntu bw’aba  alaga ebintu by’agenda okugula mu katale akozesa namba za ndagabungi   bw’ati”:

	Enkoko 5

	Amatooke 10

	Kiro z’omukyeere 3

	Kiro za sukaali 6

	Embuzi   1

N’omusomesa nga ayigiriza omwana okubala akozesa namba za kibazo bw’ati:

zeero			0
emu 			1
bbiri			2
ssatu			3 , n’okweyongerayo

Namba ya kibazo teba ya “mukutulo/mutunduwazo (fraction) yadde “omutonnyeze/omukumito” (decimal). Eba namba nzijuvu (whole number).




#Article 274: Namba ez'endagakifo(Ordinal Numbers) (124 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Namba za Ndagakifo ziba namba ezisengeka mu bifo(ordinal numbers)

Namba endagakifo oba edding’anya (Ordinal Number) ye namba erondobamu okusinziira ku kifo ekintu mwe kisengekeddwa mu lunyiriri(ist)  bweti “. 1ka, 2li, 3tu, 4na, 5no, 6ga, 7vu, 8na, 9da, 10mi, 11mu,  n’okweyongerayo. Namba za ndagakifo bwe ziba zoogera ku kintu  ng’ojjeko  1 eyatulwa ekisooka, eziddako zaatulwa  na “kya”……oba “ekyo….”

okugeza kya kubiri  oba eky’okubiri (2li) kyokka bwe ziba ziraga kifo kya muntu zitandika na “wa….”.eky’okulabirako wa kubiri, wa kusatu, wa kuna, n’okweyongerayo. Ate olunaku luba lwa kusooka, lwa kubiri...

Ekyokulabirako: 

(a)Mu kkala za musoke“. Kkala eya bbululu ekwata ekifo kya mukaaga.
 
(b)Omwana yakoze bulungi; yabadde wa  8na   mu kibiina kyonna. 

(c)Ku lusooka ' wajja kubaawo okuwandiisa abaana ku ssomero lya  Twekembe Kindergarten. 




#Article 275: Namba enzijuvu ne Kibalirampuyibbiri(Whole numbers and integers) (343 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!Namba enzijuvu ne Yintengya

Omugereeso gwa namba” (number theory) era gulimu:

(a) Namba enzijuvu (whole numbers):     0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, .....

Kati ka tugatte zeero ku namba za kibazo(counting numbers) tukole omusengeko omupya ogwa namba.  Wano we wava erinnya eppya erya namba eziyitibwa “ Namba Enzijuvu”(Whole Numbers)  ezikola omusengeko (set) bwe guti : {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...n’okweyongerayo}. 

Ebyafaayo by’ekibalangulo byafaayo bya babalunguzi kwebuuza bibuuzo n’okunoonya ansa zabyo. Ekibuuzo ekimu eky’okwebuuza  kiri: “singa odda oludda olumu oyinza okudda ne ku lwa kikontana (opposite way)?” 

Omubalanguzi ayinza okubala ekiddamaaso (forwards)  bwati: 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6 ... naye kiri kitya ng’abala  ekiddannyuma (backwards) bwati : …6,5, 4,3,2,2,0  ? Kati wano omubalanguzi ayinza okubala ekiddamaaso n’ekiddannyuma mu entakoma nga bw’ayagadde.  

Naye namba ddala eba etya eya kiddannyuma? Kino kibaawo nga namba eri wansi wa ziro.

 Eky’okulabirkao mu kupima tempulikya   oyinza okusonjola digiri zeero eza Selisiyaasi (zero degrees Celsius (0° C) ekisonjolwa nga entikko amazzi we gakwatira kyokka singa amazzi geyongera okunnyogoga ennyo okuva ku tempulikya eya zeero Selisiyaasi,  tuba tukiraga nga tempulikya eza negatiivu. 

Oyinza n’okwogera ku magoba aga negatiivu (negative profits) kubanga singa osuubula ebijanjaalo bya mitwalo kumi obitunde ofunemu amagoba, kyokka olw’okuba minzaani yo efunye obuzibu nga ebala bubi(bingi okusinga ku kituufu) n’omaliriza okutunda ng’okunganyizzaawo emitwalo musanvu wano oba mu magoba ga negatiivu kubanga ku sente ze wasize kweyawuddeko emitwalo  esatu, ekitegeeza nti mu kifo ky’okukola amagoba yafiiliddwa bufiilwa emitwalo esatu ku sente ze yasigamu.Namba za kirumirampuyibbiri/Namba Yintegya (Integers) :...., -5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7, ....

Singa namba eza kiddannyuma(negative) tuziteeka wamu ne namba enzijuvu (whole numbers), tufuna omugereko gwa namba empya(new set of numbers) eziyitibwa kibalirampuyibbiri (integers). Kibalirampuyibbiri ziba zisengekeddwa bwe ziti:  {...,-5,-4 -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,4,5,….}

Kibalirampuyibbiri zirimu ne zeero, namba za kibazo, ne namba za kibazo eza kiddannyuma(the negative of the counting numbers), kin one kikola endaga ya namba eyeyongerayo  mu ntakoma (indefinitely) ku buli ludda nga mu layini ya namba eno:

Kibalirampuyibbiri(Integers) ze namba ezitali nkutulemu  kyokka nga zirimu eza kiddannyuma n’eza kiddamaaso  awamu ne zeero. Kibalirampuyibbiri zikolebwamu omugereko (set) ku lukoloboze lwa  namba (number line) .




#Article 276: Namba eza Kigaanira(Odd numbers) (144 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Namba za kigaanira (Odd numbers).Kigaanira kiggwayo, kigaaniremu. Bw'okisalira(clipping) n'osigaza kigaanira(odd).

Obutaba nga namba za kyegabanya, namba za kigaanira (odd numbers) bw'ozigabizaamu bbiri ofuna enfissi (remainder), ekiziyisa kigaaniremu(odd numbers).

 Enamba za kigaanira ziba zikomekkereza n’enfissi omuli endagamuwendo (digits) zino: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31…….Zino zonna namba za kyegabanya. 

Ebisonjozo bya namba eza kigaanira n’eza kyegabanya 

(a)Okugatta:




#Article 277: Namba ez'Omugerageranyo(Rational NUmbers) (254 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!Namba Ezomugerageranyo (Rational Numbers)   nga 5/1, 1/2, 1.75, -97/3... 

Namba ez'omugerageranyo  (rational number) ye namba yonna eyinza okuwandiikibwa ng’ekitundu /omugerageranyo (ratio) gwa kibalirampuyibbiri ebbiri mu ngeri ey’okugerageranya. Kino kitegeeza nti namba enzijuvu eba ya kitundu  bwe tuba tuyinza okugiwandiika ng’enkutulemu (fraction) nga kinnawaggulu (numerator) ne kinnawansi (denominator) zombi kibalirampuyibbiri (integers). 

Mu mugereeso gwa namba, ekigambo “namba eyomugerageranyo” kiva mu kigambo  omugerageranyo (ratio) kubanga namba eyomugerageranyo (rational numbers) ze zisobola okuwandiikibwa nga emigerageranyo(in the ratio form)  a/b, nga a ne b namba kibalirampuyibbiri(integers). 
kibalirampuyibbiri eba ya mugerageranyo (rational numba) kubanga eyinza okuwandiikibwa ng’enkutulemu bw’eti  n/1. Ekyokulabirako 1 = 1/1 , 2 = 2/1, 3=, 3/1 n’okweyongerayo. Kyokka namba nga 1/2, 1/3, ¼, 64444288/968463, ne -1/8 nazo za mugerageranyo  kubanga nkutulemu ezirina kinawaggulu ne kinnawansi nga kibalirampuyibbiri.

N’olwekyo omugereko (set) gwa namba ez'emigerageranyo (rational numbers) gwonna guba gwefaananyirizaako bwe guti:   (5/9, -7, 2.15, -103/13, n’endala.
Namba yonna eyinza okuwandiikibwa nga omukutule eyitibwa ya mugerageranyo(Rational Number). Kino kitegeeza singa x ne y ze namba kibalirampuyibbiri (integers), kitegeeza    x/y namba ya mugerageranyo. 

Eky’okulabirako: singa x ye 7 ate nga y ye 2, kitegeeza  x/y = 7/2 = 3.5 nga namba mugerageranyo. Embaranguza eno w’etakolera wokka nga y eri ziro kubanga okugabanya ne zeero tekirina nsonjola.

Manya: Mu  namba z’emigerageranyo : x/y : x ne y ziba namba za kibalirampuyibbiri,  naye y teyinza kuba zeero. N’olwekyo  kimu kya kibiri (½)  eba namba za mugerageranyo ne 2 nayo ya mugerageranyo  kubanga oyinza okugiwandiika nga 2/1. Okutwalira awamu namba z’emigerageranyo zirimu:



#Article 278: Namba ezitali za mugerageranyo(Irrational numbers) (141 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!  Namba ezitali ntuduwavu (Irrational Numbers)   

Namba ezitali za mugerageranyou (Irrational numbers) ze namba eziyinza okuwandikibwa ng’emitonnyeze (decimals) naye zombi nga  mikutuleo (fractions). 

Omulandira gwa kyebiriga (square root) ogwa 2 si gwa mugerageranyo  kubanga tegusobola kuwandiikibwa nga kitundu (ratio) kya kibalirampuyibbiri  2. 

Mu butuufu waliwo namba endala nyingi ezitali za mugerageranyo. Emu ku zzo ye Pi (π).Namba endala ezitali za mugerageranyo  mulimu omulandira gwa kyebiriga ogwa 3, ogwa 5, pi ,ne  e,.; Pi = 3.14159... ate   E = 2.71828.... 

Paayi (Pi) eba namba etali ya mugerageranyo  kubanga tesobola kulagibwa nga kitundu oba nkutulemu (fraction) eya kibalirampuyibbiri  ebbiri; terina muwendo gwa mutonnyeze mugere( it has no exact decimal equivalent). Kino kye kimu n’omulandira gwa kyekubisa gwa 2 ogutasobola kuwandiikibwa nga mikutulo. 

	Namba ezitali ezitali mugerageranyo za mugaso kubanga zetaagibwa:

	Okuzuula disitansi y’ebisittalo (diagonal distance) ebisaza mu kyebiriga.




#Article 279: Namba enzibuwavu(Complex numbers) (170 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!Namba enzibuwavu (Complex Numbers)

Singa oteeka wamu namba zennyini ne namba ez’omuteeberezo(imaginaery ), ofuna   eyitibwa namba enzibuwavu (Complex Number). Eky’okulabirako:  

Namba enzibuwavu  ebaako ekitundu kya  namba yennyini n’ekya  namba ey’omuteeberezo e naye nga buli kitundu kiyinza okuba zeero.

N’olwekyo namba kennyini eyinza okuba namba enzibuwavu  n’ekitundu kyennyini ekya 0. 7i eba namba enzibuwavu  kubanga   yenkanankana  0 + 7i.

N’olwekyo namba enzibuwavu  ebaamu namba kennyini ne namba ey’omuteeberezo n’emigattiko gyazo gyonna.

 Eky’okulabirako:  laga omulandira gwa kyebiriga ogwa -9?

Eky’okuddamu: = √(9 × -1) = √(9) × √(-1) = 3 × √(-1) = 3i 

Kino si kikulu! Omurandira gwa kyebiriga ogwa -9 guba mulandira gwa kyebiriga ogwa +9 nga okubisizzaamu emirundi i.

Okutwalira awamu:

kasita tuba nga akanyukuta ka “i”  ako akatono tukataddewo okutujjukiza nti tukyetaaga okukubisaamu ne  √-1  tuba tusigala ku mulamwa.

Nga tweyambisa akanyukuta  i, era tusobola okutuuka ku  mulamwa omupya. 
Eky’okulabirako: Balanguza  x2 = -1

Singa tuba tukozesa namba kennyini tewali kye tusobola kukolawo, kyokk kati okubaako kye tukolawo. 

Ansa eri  x = √-1 = i




#Article 280: Omuwendo gw'ekifo(Place Value) (428 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !!Omuwendo gw’Ekifo mu Namba (Place Value in a number)

Mu kibalangulo bwe twogera ku muwendo gw’ekifo tuba tutegeeza omuwendo gw’ekifo mu namba. Mu namba buli kifo kirina omuwendo(value). Waliwo ebintu bitaano ebyetaagisa okutegeera omulamwa gw’omuwendo gw’ekifo.

(i ) Okuyiga buli namba bw’eyitibwa  awamu, engeri gye zidding’ana  n’engeri gye zikozesebwa okubala obungi, n’okukozesa namba mu ngeri ez’enjawulo mu bulamu obwa bulijjo  mu kwogera, okusoma n’okuwandiika. 

Omuzadde alina okulaba nga omwana ayiga okubala ebintu  n’okutegeera  bimeka oba meka  buli linnya lya namba kye litegeeza. Abazadde n’abasomsa wano balina okulaba ng’abaana bafuna okwegezaamu ekimala nga babala namba okusooka nga bakoma ku 10 bwe bamala ne beyongerayo okumanya nti namba eziri mu kkumi zonna zirina ennyingo “kumi”, eziri mu abiri zonna zirina ennyingo “abiri”, n’okweyongerayo awatali kusooka kwebuuza lwaki kiri kityo. 

(ii)Okukozesa namba okugatta n’okwawuza mu bulamu obwa bulijjo. Okugatta n’okwawuza ebisookerwako omwana abiyigira mu bulamu obwa bulijjo nga azannya n’ebintu ebiri mu bungi okutandika n’ebifaanagana.  Kyetaagisa nnyo abaana okufuna  okwegezaamu okunnyonnyoka engeri y’okugattamu emigogo gya namba za digito emu ku  emu  awamu n’okwawuza.

(iii) Obubondo bwa namba (group numbers). Muno mulimu okubala ebintu mu bubondo n’okumanyiira okubalira mu bubondo (practice with groupings), nga okubala ebintu mu misengeko egya ttaano ttaano awatali kuddingana buddinganyi  7, 14, 21, n’okweyongerayo. Muno mulimu n’okusobola okusoma n’okuwandiika  ebintu mu bubondo  awatali miramwa gya muwendo gwa kifo naye lwa kuba wayiga okuwandiika namba. Wegezeemu n’obubondo (ebibinja) bwa namba nga obubondo obwa  2, obwa 3,  obwa 5, oba obwa 10. 

 (iv) Okukozesa obwongo ng’okozesa namba ng’ogoberera emitendera emisengeke (logical steps). Ensengekera ya namba gye tukozesa  esinziira  ku kumi kubanga ekozesa obubonero kumi bwokka obuyitibwa digito (digits). Nga tukozesa obubonero buno ekkumi tuyinza okuwandiika namba yonna.  

Endagamuwendo ekkumi 

Endagamuwendo(digits) ze tukozesa kati ziyitibwa “Namba za Kiyindi-Kiwarabu” (Hindu-Arabic Numerals) era zifaanana bwe zti: 

Zino oyinza okuzikozesa ku bwazo okubala okutuuka ku mwenda. Okubala kkumi oba okweyongerayo, tuba tutandika n’omusimbalaala omulala, omusimbalala  ogwa “amakumi”, olwo ne tuwandiika amakumi ameka ge tulina, ne tuddirira namunigina meka.

Namba “13 “etegeeza erimu ekkumi limu ne namunigina(ensusuuba) 3Kino era kiyinza okuwandiikibwa nga  (1 × 10) + (3 × 1). 
Ekyokulabirako:75 kitegeeza amakumi musanvu ne namunigina 5 oba(7 × 10) + (5 × 1)

Bwe tuba n’emiramwa egisukka mu 99, tuba tutandika omusumbalala omulala. Wano twetaaga okulaga  ebikumi bimeka, amakumi ameka ne namunigina meka.
Mu namba  194  tuba tulina ekikumi kimu, amakumi mwenda, ne namunigina nnya. Kino era tuyinza okukiwandiika nga (1 × 100) + (9 × 10) + (4 × 1). 
Mu namba  735  oba okiraba nti mulimu ebikumi 7, amakumi 3 ne namunigina 5,era ekiyinza okulagibwa nga  (7×100 )+ (3×10 )+ (5×1).




#Article 281: St. Anthonys Secondary School Kayunga (212 words)


St Anthony's secondary school kayunga, somero lya siniya, nga lisangibwa mu disitulikiti ye Masaka. Liri Ku luguudo oluva mu nyendo okudda e Ssembabule. Ze kilo metres nga bbiri okuva mu nyendo.

Essomero lino liri mu ggombolola ye Mukungwe mu muluka gwe Kalagala era nga lisangibwa Ku kyalo Kayunga nga kino kye kiri Ku nsalo ya Masaka ne Kalungu.

Essomero liri Ku musingi gwa kelezia katolika era nga lyatandikibwawo baminsani nga era omusaale mu kulitandikawo ye omungenzi Pere Wasswa Anthony ng'ono ye yawaayo ettaka okutudde essomero lino.

Wabula liyambibwako gavumenti ya Uganda era nga Lori mu nkola eya bonna basome eya siniya.

Essomero erisomesa abayizi abobuwala ko n'abobulenzi era nga lirina amadaala gombiriri. Kwekugamba eddaala erya 'O' ate n'eddaala erya 'A'. Nga lisomesa amasomo gebya sayansi ate nago agebyemikono.

Mu kiseera kino liwereza ddala abayii abali eyo mu lukumi. Era nga omukulu w'ssomero mu kiseera kino ye Omwami Byuma Lubega .omumyukawe ye Ssentongo James
 
Era nga akola n'basomesa abali eyo mu ataano.

       EMPITA Y'ABAYIZI
Omwaka oguwedde 2018 twafuna 1st grades 20 nd 2nd grades 46 ne 3rd 46 awamu ne 4th entonotono

Kino nno kituukiriza bulungi ekirooto kyessomero ekyokubeera nga yensibuko y'obugu mu byensoma.

Era essomero lino liruubirila okuba nga lisobola bulungi okufulumya omuntu azimbiddwa obulungi mu byensoma, emyeyo,ebitone,ate nobukugu mu mirimo gyemikono.




#Article 282: Obuwakatirwa (856 words)


Mu lupapula luno, OBUWAKATIRWA,obwogerwako mu Lungereza nga verb extensions. Obuwakatrirwa, era ng'ekigambo bwe kiri, bwe butundutundu bw'ebigambo obwongerwa ku komerero y'ebikolwa okugaziya amakulu gaakyo.

Buli kawakatirwa akayungibwa ku kikolo ky’ekikolwa kalina amakulu ag’enjawulo ge kawa. Mu Luganda tulina obuwakatirwa mwenda (9) era tugenda kubwogerako wammanga kamu ku kamu.

 
Prepositional verb form

Bwe tuba tuwandiika akawakatiwa kano ku kikolwa tuyungako akatundu ku nkomerero y’ekigambo era akatundu ke tuyungako kali -era oba -ira,  nga ke kakola ng’akawakatirwa akalazi.


Amateeka agafuga ennyunga y’akawakatirwa akalazi
Gali abiri:

Double preposition verb form

Bwe tuba tuwandiika ekikolwa ekirimu akawakatirwa kano, ku kikolo tuyungako -erera oba –irira. 
Eby’okulabirako:

Amateeka agafuga empandiika y’akawakatirwa akaddingana:

 
Causative verb form

Buli lwe tuwandiika ekikolwa ekirimu akawakatirwa ka kanaaluzaala, ku kikolo tuyungako enyingo zino; -za, -sa, -isa, -esa ne –ya.

Eby’okulabirako:

Kanaaluzaala bw'ekozesebwa mu kikolwa esobola okuwa amakulu ga mirundi esatu’, okugeza:
Amakulu agasooka gayinza okulaga omuntu aleetera ekikolwa ekyo okukolebwa era y’ensonga lwaki tukayita kanaaluzaala. 
Eby’okulabirako

ii)	Amakulu agookubiri gaba galaga ekintu ekikozesebwa mu kukola ekikolwa ekiba kikolebwa.

Eby’okulabirako

iii)	Kaba kalaga ensonga lwaki ekikolwa kikolebwa, okugea:

Amateeka agafuga empandiika y’akawakatirwa kano.

Eby’okulabirako:

Ekikolwa Kanaaluzaala 


Eby’okulabirako

Capable verb form

Akawakatirwa kano tukawandiika nga tulaga nti ekikolwa kisoboka okukolebwa oyo aba ayagala okukikola. Bwe tuba tuwandiika akawakatirwa kano ku nkomerero y’ekigambo tuteekayo ennyingo zino; -ika, -eka, -ezeka oba –izika.

Eby’okulabirako
Ekikolwa 	Akawakatirwa akasoboka


Eby’okulabirako mu mboozi

Weetegereze: ate singa tuba tukozesa akawakatirwa akasoboka ak’ennyingo –izika ne –ezeka ku kikolo ky’ekikolwa tukayungako bwe tuti:
Ekikolwa 	Akasoboka (-izika ne –ezeka)
Wonya 	Wonyezeka 
Nyumya	Nyumizika
Noonya 	Noonyezeka 

Eby’okulabirako: 

Amateeka agafuga enkozesa y’akawakatirwa akasoboka.
Bwe tuba tuyunga akawakatirwa akasoboka ku kikolwa ennukuta esemba ku kikolo tusooka kugiggyawo ne tulyoka tuyungako akawakatirwa.
Eby’okulabirako:
Som(a) = eka – someka 

Passive verb forms

Bulijjo bwe tuba twagala okuwandiika sentensi naye nga essira tuliteeka ku kikolwa, sentensi eyo, tugiteeka mu kyesirikidde passive form. Wabula ekitundu ekikyuka kiba kikolwa. Ekikolwa tukiteeka mu kyesirikidde nga tuggyawo ennukuta eya “a” esemba ku kikolwa olwo ne tuyungako ennyingo zino; -ibwa, -ebwa, -ibbwa, -iddwa, -wa, -ebbwa.

Eby’okulabirako:

Eby’okulabirako

Bulijjo ennyingo esemba ku kikolwa bw'eba n’empeerezi a, i oba u tuyungako akawakatirwa –ibwa, wabula ebiseera ebisinga ebigambo ebirina ensirifu ebbiri naye nga birina empeerezi emu “nnannyingo emu” bitera kuyungibwako kawakatirwa “-ibwa”.
Eby’okulabirako 
Ekikolwa 	Kyesirikidde 
Bba	bbibwa
Ggya	Ggyibwa
Tta	Ttibwa

Naye ate Nnannyingo emu bw'eba n’ensirifu emu ebiseera ebisinga eba n’akawakatirwa “-ebwa”
Okugeza;
Wa----weebwa
Ta-----teebwa 
Sa-----seebwa

 
Singa kyesirikidde eba ewandiikibwa mu kiseera ekyayise naye nga tekiussa ssaawa abiri mu nnya (24) emabega ekikolwa ekiba kiwandiikibwa tukiyungako –eddwa, -bbwa oba –ebbwa.

Eby’okulabirako:

Wandiika sentensi ttaano nga zirimu Nnakamwantette ozizze mu kyesirikidde.

Reversive verb form

Akawakatirwa akajjuluzi kakozesebwa nga kalaga ekikolwa ekikoleddwa kyetaaga okujjulula kidde nga bwekibadde nga tekinnakolebwa. 

Ekikolwa ekirimu akawakatirwa akajjuluzi ku nkomerero yaakyo kayungibwako ennyingo –ulula, -ula, oba –ukuka, era bwe tuba tuyunga ku kikolwa akamu ku buwakatirwa obwo ennukuta “a” esemba ku kikolwa eggyibwawo olwo ne tulyoka tuyungako akawakatirwa. 

Eby’okulabirako:


Waliwo ebigambo aboogezi n’abawandiisi bye bakozesa mu bukyamu nga bataddeko akawakatirwa akajjuluzi nga bitegeeza ekintu kirala nnyo gamba nga: 
Ddaabiriza            ddaabulula
Tamiira               tamiirukuka
Nyaga                 nyagulula

Ebigambo ebyo bisaana okwegendereza.

Wabula waliwo ebikolwa ebirala ebikyuka nga twetaaga kifuulannenge waabyo “opposite” olwo nno ne bikola akawakatirwa akajjuluzi. 
Eby’okulabirako
Siba          sumulula
Tugga         taggulula
Saaniika      jjula

Repeative verb form

Ng’erinnya bwe lyogera, akawakatirwa kano kalaga okudding’ana kw’ekikolwa. Mu mboozi ekikolwa kye nnyini kye tuddamu okuwandiika.
Eby’okulabirako:


Ebyokulabirako mu mboozi

Amakulu g’akawakatirwa kano ng’oggyeeko ag’okudding’ana ekikolwa gali nti, omuntuakola ekikolwa ekyo amala geekolers era tekinyirira bulungi.

Reciprocal verb form

Akawakatirwa kano kawandiikibwa okulaga nti waliwo liiso ku liiso wakati w’abantu babiri oba abasukka ababiri nga buli omu akola munne ekintu kye kimu. Buli lwe tuba tuwandiika ekikolwa ekirimu okukolagana ku kikolwa tuyungako akawakatirwa -ŋŋana oba –gana ku nkomerero yaakyo.


Wabula ebikolwa ebirina ennyingo esukka mu emu naye nga bisembyayo ennyingo “ga” ebyo byo tubiyungako akawakatirwa -ŋŋana.

Eby’okulabirako
Laga                 lagaŋŋana
Loga                 logaŋŋana

Reflective verb form
Akawakatirwa kano kakyuka ku bulala kubanga ko kayungibwa mu kikolw amunda ate era kalagibwa na nnukuta mpeerezi “ee”. Buli lwe kawaniikibwa kaba kalaga nti ekikolwa omuntub akikola akyekolako ye kennyini.

Wabula nolumu akawakatirwa kano mu mpandiika kayinza obutalaga nnukuta ezo zombie empeerezi bnaye era munda mu njatula zibaamunaye olw’amateeka agafuga empandiika y’Oluganda entongole ennukuta emu evaawo.

Bino wammanga bye bimu ku bigambo ebirimu akawakatirwa akeekolako:

 
Wabula ebigambo ebirala bisobola okubaamu akawakatirwa kano “akeekolako” naye nga empeerezi ebbiri tezikozeseddwa ne tukozesa empeerezi emu nga bino;




#Article 283: Ekigerageranyo (Rate) (318 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !! Ekigerageranyo (Rate)

Omulamwa gw “ekigerageranyo” guggwayo “ekibalo ekigerageranya namunigina bbiri ez’enjawulo”.
Kino mu bufunze kye kiba “ekigerageranyo”. 

Omulamwa gw’ekigerageranyo  gwawule ku mulamwa gwa ekigeranyo (quostient). Bwe twogera ku “Ekigeranyo ky’Obwakalimagezi” era “Ekikyitibwa Ekigeranyo ky’Obugezi” oba “Ekipimo ky’Obwakalimagezi” (EkkyO) tuba twogera ku “Intelligence Quostient” (IQ).

Ekigerageranyo guba mugerageranyo ogugerageranya ebika bya namba  bibiri ebirina namunigina ez’enjawulo  nga “kiromiita buli ssaawa” oba “siringi 6,000 buli kiro”.

Namunigina y’ebisale (= unit price) kiba kigerageranyo ekigerageranya ebisale by’ekyettunzi ne namunigina y’ekipimo(unit of measure) ey’ekyettunzi kino.

Ekigerageranyo kya kiromiita oba mailo buli ssaawa kiwa obuwanvo (=obuwanvu bw’olugendo)  obutambuddwa buli namunigina  ya kiseera (per unit of time). Ebikunizo ebikozesa ekika ky’ekigerageranyo nga kino,  biyinza okubazibwa okuyita mu kweyambisa omugendaganyo (proportion), oba ekibalanguzo(formula).

Ekikunizo: Nga bagenda e Mumbasa  okuwummulako mu motoka, Kavuma ne Mukyala we batambula  kiromiita 700  ku kiromiita 70 buli ssaawa. Olugendo lwabatwalira kiseera ki.? Ekigerageranyo (rate)  kika kya mugerageranyo eky’omugaso ennyo ekikozesebwa mu bikunizo ebya bulijjo bingi ddala nga okugula ebintu mu maduuka n’obutale, okutambula, n’okumira eddagala. Mu butuufu buli kikolebwa  kibaamu ekyefaananyirizibwako ekigerageranyo. Buli lw’oyogera ku mailo buli ssaawa oba fuuti buli sikonda oba kiromiita buli dakiika oba sente buli kipimo  oba oli ku mulamwa gwa kigerageranyo (=ekibalo ekigerageranya namunigina bbiri ez’enjawulo).

N’okukuba kw’omutima gw’omuntu   buli dakiika  kiyitibwa kigerageranyo kya mutima (heart rate). Bw’obuuza omunoonyi w’omulimu  ogw’okukuba amatafaali nti “ekigerageranyo kyo kiri kitya , oba obuuza sente meka buli kiseera ekigere  z’ayagala okusasulwa 

Akagambo buli (per) ke kakulaga nti  eky’ogerwako kikwata ku kigerageranyo. Namunigina y’ebisale (Unit price) kiba kigerageranyo ekigerageranya omuwendo oba ebisale ku namunigina y’ekipimo (unit of measure) emu. Eky’okulabirako, singa  emikyungwa giba gitundibwa siringi 1,200 buli daziini. Namunigina y’ebisale eba 1,200 gabizaamu emikyungwa 12 n’ofuna siringi  kikumi buli mukyungwa. 

Ekigambo “buli” kiyinza okusikizibwa akabonero /  mu bukunizo , ekitegeeza siringi 100 buli mukyungwa kiyinza okuwandiikibwa ngasiringi 100/mukyungwa. Mu butuufu mu nsi ey’obusuubuzi, omuguzi n’omutunzi bombi betaaga okuba abannyonnyofu mu bigeraageranyo (rates) okusobola okulaba nga tewali afiirizibwa. 




#Article 284: Omugerageranyo(Ratio) (1363 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !!Omugerageranyo (Ratio).

Ka tutandike n’ekikunizo kino okuva mu kalondomusengeke ow’obungi bw’abantu mu Uganda:
Singa otegeezeddwa nti abakazi mu Uganda bali obukadde 18 ate  ng’abasajja bali obukadde 15 . Zuula  omugerageranyo gw’abakazi ku basajja mu Uganda? Ekyo tekiba kibalo kya kugerageranyo(Mathematics involving  comparisons)?

Omugerageranyo kiraga akakwate akali wakati wa namba ebbiri oba  emiwendo  ebiri, ekintu ekiragibwa nga namba enkutulemu(omukutule).

  x                   		  Ensooko (antecedent )	
  --   
  y                  		Engoberezi (consequent)

Ennyingo z’omugerageranyo  ziyitibwa ensooko (namba esookerwako) n’engoberezi(namba egigoberera). Ensooko ye “kinnawaggulu” (numerator) ate engoberezi ye “kinnawansi” (denominator). “Omugerageranyo” kiggwayo “omuwendo ogugerageranya”.

Eky’okulabirako. 

Omugerageranyo gw’abayizi abawala ku balenzi guli 30 ku buli   balenzi 15 . Omugerageranyo gw’abawala mu kibinja ky’abayizi guli bawala 30 ku buli balenzi 15. 

Omugerageranyo gw’abawala gulaga bawala bameka abaliwo nga obagerageranyizza ku balenzi. Kino era kiyinza okulagibwa ku mugatte gw’abantu (abayizi) bonna abali mu kibinja (30+15= 45). Kino kitegeeza, ku buli bayizi 3, omu aba mulenzi.

Jukira nti emiramwa “omugerageranyo” ne  “namba ey’omugerageranyo”  gya njawulo.Mu mugerageranyo  x ne y ziyinza okuba emitonnyeze(decimals). Singa x/y eba namba ya mugerageranyo, x ne y ziba ntegere nga  y≠0. 

Emigerageranyo gyeyongera okukozesebwa mu sessomo ly’ekibalo bul olukedde era girina ebintu bingi gye bigonza mu kubalangula ebikunizo n’obukunizo bw’ekibalo. Wano njagala okukutuusa ku kutegeera engeri y’okwang’anga ebikunizo ebirimu emigerageranyo.

Awo okiraba nti mu sessomo ly’ekibalangulo tweyambisa migerageranyo (ratios) okukola okugerageranya wakati w’ebintu ebibiri oba okusingawo. Bwe tulaga emigerageranyo mu bigambo tukozesa akagambo “ku” ne tugamba omugerageranyo ogw’ekintu ekimu ku kirala. Eky’okulabirako tuyinza okwogera ku omugerageranyo gw’abakazi ku basajja mu Uganda. 

Kyokka waliwo engeri endala ez’okukola okugerageranya nga tukozesa emigerageranyo egy’enkanankana(equal ratios).Okuzuula omugerageranyo ogwenkanankana, oyinza okukubisaamu oba okugabiza buli nnyingo mu mugerageranyo  ne namba y’emu (naye si ziro). Eky’okulabirako,singa tugabiza enyingo zombi  mu mugerageranyo  5:10 ne namba bbiri, tufuna omugerageranyo ogwenkanankana 1:2. Okiraba nti emigerageranyo gino gyombi gikiikirira omugerageranyo gwe gumu? Emigerageranyo emirala egyenkanankana:  15:30 = 30:60 = 60:120

Ekikunizo : 2:8 , 3:6 , ne 6:18 migerageranyo egy’enkanankanana ?

Kimanye nti era oyinza okukozesa emitonnyeze (decimals) n’omukumi(%) okugerageranya emiwendo. 
Omugerageranyo gusonjolwa nga  “ekikolwa oba omweyoreko ogugerageranya namba  bbiri nga gweyambisa okugabiza. Okugabiza kuno kutera kuwandiikibwa nga mukutule (fraction).Mu bikunizo bino ekiruubiriro kwe kulaga nti  emigerageranyo gyoleka akakwate oba  enkwanaganya   ya namba emu ku namba endala.

 Ekibalo ky’omugerageranyo tekiraga namunigina (units) kuba ziba ze zimu. Singa oba n’ente 6 ate nga muliranwa alina ente 12, omugeranyo gw’ente zo ku zize guba 4/6, ky’osonjola okufuuka 1/2 oba 1:2.

Eky’okulabirako ekirala kwe kuba nti oli mu kibiina omuli abawala n’abalenzi. Singa mu kibiisa mubaamu abawala 45  n’abalenzi 15 ,oyinza okugamba nti omugerageranyo gw’abalenzi ku bawala guli  15/45 oba n’okiwandiika nga 15 ku 45  oba 15:45 . 

a)	Omugerageranyo gw’abawala ku muwendo gw’abayizi bonna mu           kibiina :45/60

b)	Omugerageranyo gw’abaana bonna mu kibiina ku bawala : 60/45

c)	Omugerageranyo gw’abaana bonna mu kibiina ku balenzi : 60/15

Wano oteekwa okuba nga okirabye nti ensengeka kikulu nnyo nga nga osonjola omugerageranyo. Namba eya “kinnawansi” ne “kinnawaggulu” erina okuba nga y’eyo egobererea ensonjola.
Eky’okulabirako. Oyinza okugamba nti omugerageranyo gw’abayizi abawala ku balenzi guli 30 ku buli balenzi 15. Omugerageranyo gw’abawala mu kibinja ky’abayizi guli bawala 30 ku buli balenzi 15. 

Omugerageranyo gw’abawala gulaga bawala bameka abaliwo nga obagerageranyizza ku balenzi. Kino era kiyinza okulagibwa ku mugatte gw’abantu(abayizi) bonna abali mu kibinja (30+15= 45). Eky’okulabirako, ku buli bayizi 3, omu aba mulenzi.

Jjukira nti emiramwa “omugerageranyo” ne “namba ey’omugerageranyo”  gya njawulo .Mu mugerageranyo  x ne y ziyinza okuba emitonnyeze(decimals). Singa x/y eba namba ya mugerageranyo(rational number), x ne y ziba ntegere nga  y≠0 . 

Omugerageranyo(Ratio) mulamwa gwa njawulo ku mugeranyo(average)!!

Omugerageranyo kiva mu bigambo omuwendo omugerageranye n'omulala mu namunigina y'emu(in the same unit). “Omugerageranyo”  mulamwa oguva mu kugerageranya namba ebbiri  .Omugerageranyo  guyinza okuwandiikibwa mu ngeri ez’enjawulo nga   3/5 oba 3:5.

Ka tutandike n’ekikunizo kino okuva mu kalondomusengeke ow’obungi bw’abantu mu Uganda:
Singa otegeezeddwa nti abakazi mu Uganda bali obukadde 18 ate  ng’abasajja bali obukadde 15 . Zuula  omugerageranyo gw’abakazi ku basajja mu Uganda?

Ekyo tekiba kibalo kya kugerageranyo(Mathematics involving  comparisons)?

Omugerageranyo kiraga akakwate akali wakati wa namba ebbiri oba  emiwendo  ebiri, ekintu ekiragibwa nga namba enkutulemu(omukutule).

Eky’okulabirako. Omugerageranyo gw’abayizi abawala ku balenzi guli 30 ku buli   balenzi 15 . Omugerageranyo gw’abawala mu kibinja ky’abayizi guli bawala 30 ku buli balenzi 15. 
Omugerageranyo gw’abawala gulaga bawala bameka abaliwo nga obagerageranyizza ku balenzi. Kino era kiyinza okulagibwa ku mugatte gw’abantu (abayizi) bonna abali mu kibinja (30+15= 45). Kino kitegeeza, ku buli bayizi 3, omu aba mulenzi.

Jukira nti emiramwa “omugerageranyo” ne  “namba ey’omugerageranyo”  gya njawulo.Mu mugerageranyo  x ne y ziyinza okuba emitonnyeze(decimals). Singa x/y eba namba ya mugerageranyo, x ne y ziba ntegere nga  y≠0. 

Emigerageranyo gyeyongera okukozesebwa mu sessomo ly’ekibalo bul olukedde era girina ebintu bingi gye bigonza mu kubalangula ebikunizo n’obukunizo bw’ekibalo. Wano njagala okukutuusa ku kutegeera engeri y’okwang’anga ebikunizo ebirimu emigerageranyo.

Awo okiraba nti mu sessomo ly’ekibalangulo tweyambisa migerageranyo (ratios) okukola okugerageranya wakati w’ebintu ebibiri oba okusingawo. Bwe tulaga emigerageranyo mu bigambo tukozesa akagambo “ku” ne tugamba omugerageranyo ogw’ekintu ekimu ku kirala. Eky’okulabirako tuyinza okwogera ku omugerageranyo gw’abakazi ku basajja mu Uganda. 

Kyokka waliwo engeri endala ez’okukola okugerageranya nga tukozesa emigerageranyo egy’enkanankana(equal ratios).Okuzuula omugerageranyo ogwenkanankana, oyinza okukubisaamu oba okugabiza buli nnyingo mu mugerageranyo  ne namba y’emu (naye si ziro). Eky’okulabirako,singa tugabiza enyingo zombi  mu mugerageranyo  5:10 ne namba bbiri, tufuna omugerageranyo ogwenkanankana 1:2. Okiraba nti emigerageranyo gino gyombi gikiikirira omugerageranyo gwe gumu? Emigerageranyo emirala egyenkanankana:  15:30 = 30:60 = 60:120
Ekikunizo :2:8 , 3:6 , ne 6:18 migerageranyo egy’enkanankanana ?

Kimanye nti era oyinza okukozesa emitonnyeze(decimals) n’omukumi(%) okugerageranya emiwendo. 

Omugerageranyo gusonjolwa nga  “ekikolwa oba omweyoreko ogugerageranya namba  bbiri nga gweyambisa okugabiza. Okugabiza kuno kutera kuwandiikibwa nga mukutule (fraction).Mu bikunizo bino ekiruubiriro kwe kulaga nti  emigerageranyo gyoleka akakwate oba  enkwanaganya   ya namba emu ku namba endala.

 Ekibalo ky’omugerageranyo tekiraga namunigina (units) kuba ziba ze zimu. Singa oba n’ente 6 ate nga muliranwa alina ente 12, omugeranyo gw’ente zo ku zize guba 4/6, ky’osonjola okufuuka 1/2 oba 1:2.

Eky’okulabirako ekirala kwe kuba nti oli mu kibiina omuli abawala n’abalenzi. Singa mu kibiisa mubaamu abawala 45  n’abalenzi 15 ,oyinza okugamba nti omugerageranyo gw’abalenzi ku bawala guli  15/45 oba n’okiwandiika nga 15 ku 45  oba 15:45 . 

a)	Omugerageranyo gw’abawala ku muwendo gw’abayizi bonna mu           kibiina :45/60
b)	Omugerageranyo gw’abaana bonna mu kibiina ku bawala : 60/45
c)	Omugerageranyo gw’abaana bonna mu kibiina ku balenzi : 60/15

Wano oteekwa okuba nga okirabye nti ensengeka kikulu nnyo nga nga osonjola omugerageranyo. Namba eya “kinnawansi” ne “kinnawaggulu” erina okuba nga y’eyo egobererea ensonjola.
Eky’okulabirako. Oyinza okugamba ntiOmugerageranyo gw’abayizi abawala ku balenzi guli 30 ku buli balenzi 15. Omugerageranyo gw’abawala mu kibinja ky’abayizi guli bawala 30 ku buli balenzi 15. 

Omugerageranyo gw’abawala gulaga bawala bameka abaliwo nga obagerageranyizza ku balenzi. Kino era kiyinza okulagibwa ku mugatte gw’abantu(abayizi) bonna abali mu kibinja (30+15= 45). Eky’okulabirako, ku buli bayizi 3, omu aba mulenzi.

Jjukira nti emiramwa “omugerageranyo” ne “namba ey’omugerageranyo”  gya njawulo .Mu mugerageranyo  x ne y ziyinza okuba emitonnyeze(decimals). Singa x/y eba namba ya mugerageranyo(rational number), x ne y ziba ntegere nga  y≠0 . 

Njawulo ki eri wakati w’ekigerageranyo, ekigeranyo, n’omugerageranyo, n’omugeranyo? 

Ekigerageranyo kiba kipimo  ku “ buli”namunigina (per every unit). Eky’okulabirako oyinza okugamba nti buli namunigina ya biseera kompyuta yange etikkula kalonda wa kirobayiti 150  oba oyinza okwogera ku siringi 500 buli mulengo oba km 30 buli ssaawa. Akagambo kano “buli” kakulu nyo okukumanyisa nti ekikunizo ky’oliko kikwata ku kigerageranyo. 

Obutaba nga migerageranyo(ratios), mu kibalo ky’ebigerageranyo(rates) namunigina ziba za njawulo. Eky’okulabirako mu km 30 buli ssaawa,  waliwo namunigina bbiri ez’obuwanvu bw’olugendo(obuwanvo), kiromiita, n’eza ebiseera, essaawa. Omulamwa gwa “ekigerageranyo” guggwayo “ekibalo ekigerageranya namunigina bbiri ez’enjawulo”. Kino mu bufunze kye kiba ekigerageranyo.

Ekigerageranyo guba mugerageranyo ogugerageranya ebika bya namba  bibiri ebirina namunigina ez’enjawulo  nga “kiromiita buli ssaawa” oba “siringi 6,000 buli kiro”.

Namunigina y’ebisale(=unit price) kiba kigerageranyo ekigerageranya ebisale by’ekyettunzi ne namunigina y’ekipimo(unit of measure) ey’ekyettunzi kino.

Ekigerageranyo kya kiromiita oba mailo buli ssaawa kiwa obuwanvo(=obuwanvu bw’olugendo)  olutambuddwa buli namunigina ya kiseera(per unit of time). Ebikunizo ebikozesa ekika ky’ekigerageranyo nga kino,  biyinza okubazibwa okuyita mu kweyambisa omugendaganyo(proportion), oba ekibalanguzo(formula).

Ekiikunizo: Nga bagenda e Mumbasa  okuwummulako mu motoka, Kavuma ne Mukyala we baatambula  kiromiita 700  ku kiromiita 70 buli ssaawa. Olugendo lwabatwalira kiseera ki.?

Ekigerageranyo(rate)  kika kya mugerageranyo eky’omugaso ennyo ekikozesebwa mu bikunizo ebya bulijjo bingi ddala nga okugula ebintu mu maduuka n’obutale, okutambula, n’okumira eddagala. Mu butuufu buli kikolebwa kibaamu ekyefaananyirizibwako ekigerageranyo. 




#Article 285: Emigendanyo(Proportions) (352 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !!Emigendanyo oba emigendaganyo (Proportions)

Omugendanyo (proportion) ly’erinnya lye tuwa ekigambululo ekigamba nti emigerageranyo ebiri gyenkanankana.Emigerageranyo ebiri bwe giba gyenkanankana mu ngeri emu oba endala giba  gigendana ( proportional).Kino kino kye kivaamu omulamwa gw’omugendanyo (proportion) era kiyinza okuwandiikibwa mu ngeri bbiri:

 
oba, 

Emigerageranyo ebiri bwe giba gyenkanankana , ebitondeko byagyo ebisalagana biba nabyo byenkanankana.Kino kitegeeza, omugendanyo, a:b = c:d  gwenkana
a x d = b x c       

Ebikunizo bino bijja kukuyamba okunokoolayo emigendaganyo nga obadde oweereddwa emigerageranyo ebiri:

Gikola omugendaganyo? 

Osobola okulaga oba nga emigerageranyo ebiri gyenkanankana nga okubisaamu osalaganya ebitondeko byagyo,Singa ebitondeko by;ekisalaganya(cross products) biba byenkanankana, awo giba gikola omugendaganyo. 

Jjukira nti ekitondeko eky’ekisalaganyo(a cross product) okifuna nga okubisa kinnawaggulu eky’omukutule ogunu ne kinnawansi wky’omukutule omulala.

Ebitondeko eky’ekisalaganyo  ekya 3/5 ne  6/7 biri

Eky’okulabirako ekirala: Emigerageranyo  10/16 ne  5/8 gikola emigendaganyo? 

Kirabe era nti  10/16 ne  5/8 mikutule egyenkanankana. 

Okutwalira awamu , singa emikutule ebiri gyenkanankana , giba gikola omugendanyo
Ekigambululo kyonna oba nakyenkanyanjuyi egamba nti emigerageranyo ebiri gyenkanankana kiyitibwa mugendanyo (proportion).  Ekintu ekikulu okujjukira nga obalanguza emigerageranyo egyenkanankana(emigendanyo) kiragibwa wano bwe kiti: 

x      m                  ekitondeko kya x ne n   kye ekisooko

y       n		 ekitondeko kya  m ne y kye kifundikiro 

N’olwekyo omugendanyo guba mwenkanyo gwa migerageranyo ebiri nga “okubisaamu ekisalaganya”(cross multiplication). Mu mugendanyo, ekitondeko(product) ky’ekisooko kyenkanankana n’ekitondeko ky’ekifundikiro mu “kukubisamu okw’ekisalaganya”( cross multiplication). 

x.n = m.y  .   Eky’okulabirako , wano wansi mu

					18= 18   

Ebikunizo by’Emigendanyo egigendana obutereevu (Directly Proportional Problems)
Ekikunizo tekitera kukutegeeza nti ebirimu “bigendana butereevu”(are directly proportional)  wabula kikuwa emiwendo gy’ebintu bibiri  ebikwatagana ne kikusaba olowooze ku muwendo gw’ekintu ekimu singa omuwendo gw’ekirala guba gukyuse.

Ebikunizo by’emigendanyo bitera okufaanana bwe biti:

 
Singa a  olwo  b  oba  singa x olwo y.Singa singa  x efuulibwa a , olwo omuwendo gwa y gunaaba ki ? 

Singa ebitabo bibiri biri ku siringi 1,500, osobola kugula ebitabo bimeka ne siringi 12,000?
Ky’osookerako kwe kukyusa ekikunizo okukijja mu bigambo okukiraga nga:
Singa  x olwo x. Singa  xefuulibwa a  olwo omuwendo gwa  y gunaaba ki ? 

 

Ekyokulabirako.Lowooza ku kigambululo:

Singa ebitabo bibiri bigula siringi 1,500, bitabo bimeka by’ogula ne siringi 12,000 ? Singa siringi 1,500 olwo ebitabo bibiri. Singa siringi 12,000 olwo ebitabo?




#Article 286: Nakasigirwa (308 words)


Nakasigirwa kitegeeza akagambo oba akayingo akayimirirawo ku lw’erinnya mu mboozi/sentensi. Nakasigirwa zirina ebika ebiwerako era nga mwe muli bino wammanga.

Zino ze nakasigirwa ezikozesebwa mu kifo ky’amannya ag’abantu. Mu zino mulimu nakasigirwa za bika bibiri: 
i)	Ezeemala 
ii)	eziteemala

Ka tuzirabire mu mweso guno wammanga. Omweso ogusooka gulaga nakasigirwa ez'obuntu ezeemala.

Omweso oguddako gulaga nakasigirwa ez'obuntu eziteemala.

Nakasigirwa ezeemala: zino zisobola okuyimirirawo ku bwazo ne ziwa amakulu agategeerekeka.
Nakasigirwa eziteemala: zino zimala kuyungibwako kigambo kirala ne ziryoka ziwa amakulu. Era nga bw'olabye mu mweso ogwokubiri waggulu, nakasigirwa eziteemala, ziwandiikibwa nga ziragirwa nti buwango obuyungibwa ku ntandikwa y'ekigambo (prefixes).

Zino ze nakasigirwa eziraga ebbanga eririwo wakati w’omuntu ayogera, ekyo ky'ayogerako wamu n’oyo gw’akigamba. Nakasigirwa zino ziragibwa n’obuyingo busatu: 

Ekifo awali ekyogerwako 	Akayingo

Zino zo zibeera zibuuza era nga sentensi mwe zibeera zikomekkerezebwa n’akabonero akabuuza (?); ne mu zino mulimu ezo ezeemala n’eziteemala.

Ezeemala: 

Zino ziyitibwa zityo olw’ensonga nti zisobola okuyimirirawo ku bwazo ne ziwa amakulu agategeerekeka nga tezigattiddwa ku bigambo birala. Okugeza:

 

Zino ziyitibwa zityo olw’ensonga nti ziba zirina kusooka kugattibwako kigambo oba kayingo kalala okusobola okuwa amakulu agategeerekeka. Okugeza: 

Zino ziraga obwannannyini omuntu bw’aba nabwo ku kintu oba omuntu. Zeeyolekera mu muntu asooka, owookubiri n’owookusatu, mu bumu ne mu bungi.

Zino ziteekawo oluganda wakati w’erinnya ekkozi oba erikolebwako mu mboozi. Zino zikyukakyuka n’ennyingo y’olubu erinnya mwe liba liri. 
Eby’okulabirako:

i)Enkozi (‘a’, ‘o’ , ‘e’) 

ii)Ezikolebwako 
Zino kuliko: ( bye, ke, kye, ze, lye, be, ge)

Zino nazo zireetawo oluganda wakatiw’erinnya n’ebigambo ebirala ebikozeseddwa mu mboozi. Nakasiba zimalawo okubuusabuusa mu mboozi. Mu zino mulimu: ( bye, ke, kye, ze, lye, be, ge,…….)

Eby’okulabirako 

Zino zongera amaanyi ku mukozi/akolebwako gwe ziba ziddiridde mu mboozi. Nazo zokyukakyuka okusinxiira ku lubu lw’erinnya eriba liri mu mboozi. 

Eby’okulabirako

Zino ziraga era n’okussa essira ku linnya eriba mu mboozi. Ziragibwa n’obuyingo bubiri –nna, ne –kka. Buno bwe bugattibwa ku nnakasigirwa okusobola okuwa amakulu.

Eby’okulabirako;




#Article 287: Bawala ba Maria, Bannabikira bwanda (188 words)


Bawala ba Maria, Bannabikira Bwanda kyekibiina kyenkola enkatooliki ekya banaddiini abakyala abakulembeze, bamemba bakyo abalayiira okwagala Katonda, abasisitta banabwe, ababulazza bonna abaali mubwetaavu mu nsi wona. Kino kyekibiina kyabakyala ekinnansi ekyasookawo okwetoolola mu maserengetta g'eddungu Sahara era kyatandikibwawo  nga 3 Omwezi Gwekuminebbiri mu mwaka 1910 mu bukumi bwa Bikira Maria. Kati kisasanidde mu Dioceses 16 mu East Africa, era mu Convent 75 zonna awamu. Kyasookera mu Busumba bwa Masaka, Villamaria, Bwanda.

Bannabikira Bwanda babullira enjiiri eri abantu bakatonda bonna mu Uganda. Okusomesa abaana katekisimu, Okusoma abato mu masomero agasookeramu n'agawaggulu, okuweereza n'okulabirira abalwadde mu malwariro, n'okubabuddabudda mu Mwoyo gw'obuzadde bwa Maama Bikiira Maria. 

Okukiriza okubeerawo kwa Katonda mubulamu bwabwe bwonna nga Bikira Maria nyiina Yezu mu mbeera ze zonna, okuleeka Okwagala kwa Katonda mu buwulizze, obukakamu, obumanyirivu mu byembeera ne nkyukanyuka. 

Yezu gwetwakiriza, mu ngeri nyingi yee Yezu aba mubwetavu. N'olyeko tube abatukilwako bulujjo eri abaali mu bwetaavu mu bukuggu, mukwano, eri abalwadde, abaana abato naddala abaali mu bulabirizi bwaffe, okukyalira abakadde mu byalo n'okuweeleza mu malwaliro. 

Mu kutuukiriza ebitusubirwamu, tuli bulindara era betegeefu okudukirira abaali mu bwetaavu, okumalawo ebizibu byabwe mu ngeri zonna ezisobooka okusinzira kubwetavu bwabwe.




#Article 288: Nakongezalinnya (268 words)


Abawandiisi ab’enjawulo bakozesa ennyinyonnyola ez’enjawulo okuddamu ekibuuzo: Nakongezalinnya kye ki?, wabula nga bonna bafundikira nga wadde bakozesezza ebigambo eby’enjawulo naye ng’amakulu gasigadde ge gamu. Noolwekyo ekimiimo Nakongezalinnya tusobola okukinnyonnyola nga Ekigambo ekyongera okunnyonnyola oba ekyongera amakulu ku linnya eribeera likozeseddwa mu mboozi/sentensi. 

Nakongeza linnya mu mboozi ziddirira linnya lye zibeera zongerako amakulu. Okugeza;

Waliwo Nakongezalinnya nga zirina zinnaazo bwe zikontana nga mwe muli zino wammanga:

   

Zino ze Nakongezalinnya zi kaasangwawo oba ez’obutonde ezitalina nsibuko kuva mu za bigambo birala. Okugeza:

      

Kino kye kika kya Nakongezalinnya ezizaalukanyizibwa okuva mu bikolwa. Mu zzo mulimu zino wammanga:

Zino ze Nakongezalinnya eziraga ekifo erinnya kye likwata. Okugeza:

Nakongezalinnya Ez’emiwendo/obungi:

Nakongezalinnya Ez’obukulu
Zino ze Nakongezalinnya eziraga/ezinnyonnyola obuwangaazi bw’erinnya. Okugeza:

Zino ziyamba okumanya ebifa ku linnya okugeza:

Weetegereze bino:

Singa Nakongezalinnya ekyusa ekifo mu mboozi n’amakulu gaayo gakyuka okuva ku kubeera nga eyongera amakulu ku linnya olwo n’efuuka ekintu ekirala.  Okugeza: 
Singa Nakongezalinnya –wanvu etandika emboozi olwo eba efuuse erinnya ku bwayo nga mu mboozi eno wammanga: 
a)Omusajja omuwanvu tayagalika. 
    Omuwanvu tayagalika.

Mu mboozi ezo waggulu, emboozi esooka egamba nti omusajja nga muwanvu si mwangu kwagala, ekiraga nti –wanvu nakongezalinnya eyongera amakulu ku linnya. Wabula emboozi ey’okubiri eraga nti Muwanvu linnya lya muntu naye ng’omuntu oyo tayagalika.

b)Abawala abalungi batuuse.
Abalungi ndagala nnamu.

Nakongezalinnya zisobola okubeera nga zisukka mu emu mu mboozi. Singa zibeera nga zikozeseddwa mu mboozi, zigattibwa n’obugambo obuyunzi. Okugeza ku ky’okulabirako kino wammanga:

Singa emboozi ebeeramu ebigambo ebisukka mu kimu nga byongera amakulu ku linnya eriri mu mboozi eyo, olwo ebigambo ebyo bifuuka empeekera Nakongezalinnya. Okugeza;

Ebyo ebigambo ebisaziddwako waggulu bye tuyita empeekera Nakongezalinnya  ate ekigambo ekimu ekibinnyonnyola kye tuyita Nakongezalinnya.




#Article 289: Ekigobansonga(Variation math) (5482 words)


Ennyanjula y'Ekigobansonga   (Introduction to variation Math Concepts)

Ekigobansonga (Dialectics)kiva mu kugattika(blending) bigambo eby'enjawulo bwe tuti:

(a) Ekibalangulo ky’eggobansonga oba 

(b) Ekibalangulo eky’omugobansonga oba 

(c) ekibalangulo ekirimu okugoba ensonga ky’ekiyitibwa ekigobansonga(variation mathematics).

Weetegereze :

Ekikobansonga n'olwekyo , mulamwa oguva mu bigambo by’oluganda:

Ekigobansonga kiraga nti waliwo ensonga ey’ekibalo lwaki embeera emu bw’ekyuka  nga n’embeera endala nga nayo ekyuka.Ekyokulbirako:

(i)	Waliwo ensonga lwaki bw’oyongeza emisinde ng’ebiseera bikendeera ate bw’okendeeza emisinde nga ebiseera  byeyongera

(ii)	Waliwo ensonga lwaki bw’oyongeza omuwendo gw’abakozi obunenen bw’omulimu buba bweyongera  oba bw’oyongeza omuwendo gw’abakozi ebiseera omulimu bye gumala nga bikendeera,

Nsonga ki ?

Ensonga lwaki embeera emu bw’ekyuka nga n’embeera endala ekyuka y’eno:

		“embeera zigendana”

Embeeraa zigendana mu ngeri bbiri.Embeera :

(a)	zigendana butereevu oba

(b)	Embeera zigendana kifuulannenge

Emikutule oba emigerageranyo egigendana (proportions ) , mu Luganda giyitibwa:

     (a)   Emigendano

     (b)   Emigendaganyo

     (c)   Emyenkanyonkano

Egyo migendano kubanga gigendana .Lwaki gigendana  ? Kubanga yadde ogumu gulabika okuba omunenen ku mulala naye singa gyombi giba gisonjoddwa tukizoola okugabika ng’omunenne n’omutono mu utuufu gye gimu, giri ½

Weetegereze :


Ekibalangulo ky’eggobansonga oba ekibalangulo eky’omugobansonga oba ekibalangulo ekirimu okugoba ensonga ky’ekiyitibwa ekigobansonga(variation mathematics).Ekikobansonga mulamwa oguva mu bigambo by’oluganda:

Ekigobansonga kiraga nti waliwo ensonga ey’ekibalo lwaki embeera emu bw’ekyuka  nga n’embeera endala nga nayo ekyuka.Ekyokulbirako:

(i)	Waliwo ensonga lwaki bw’oyongeza emisinde ng’ebiseera bikendeera ate bw’okendeeza emisinde nga ebiseera  byeyongera

(ii)	Waliwo ensonga lwaki bw’oyongeza omuwendo gw’abakozi obunenen bw’omulimu buba bweyongera  oba bw’oyongeza omuwendo gw’abakozi ebiseera omulimu bye gumala nga bikendeera,

Nsonga ki ?
Ensonga lwaki embeera emu bw’ekyuka nga n’embeera endala ekyuka y’eno:

		“embeera zigendana”

Embeeraa zigendana mu ngeri bbiri.Embeera :


Emikutule oba emigerageranyo egigendana “proportions “ , mu Luganda giyitibwa:



Egyo migendano kubanga gigendana .Lwaki gigendana  ? Kubanga yadde ogumu gulabika okuba omunenen ku mulala naye singa gyombi giba gisonjoddwa tukizoola okugabika ng’omunenne n’omutono mu utuufu gye gimu, giri ½

Manya: ekigeranyo=average kyokka omugeranyo=quotient.

Ky’olina okusooka okumanya kwe kuba ntiemiramwa egyo gyonna gyekuusiza ku kugerageranya. 

(i)Omugerageranyo (Ratio).

Ka tutandike n’ekikunizo kino okuva mu kalondomusengeke ow’obungi bw’abantu mu Uganda:
Singa otegeezeddwa nti abakazi mu Uganda bali obukadde 18 ate  ng’abasajja bali obukadde 15 . Zuula  omugerageranyo gw’abakazi ku basajja mu Uganda?

Ekyo tekiba kibalo kya kugerageranyo(Mathematics involving  comparisons)?
Omugerageranyo kiraga akakwate akali wakati wa namba ebbiri oba  emiwendo  ebiri, ekintu ekiragibwa nga namba enkutulemu(omukutule).

  x                   		  Ensooko (antecedent )	
  --   
  y                  		Engoberezi (consequent)

Ennyingo z’omugerageranyo  ziyitibwa ensooko (namba esookerwako) n’engoberezi(namba egigoberera). Ensooko ye “kinnawaggulu” (numerator) ate engoberezi ye “kinnawansi” (denominator). “Omugerageranyo” kiggwayo “omuwendo ogugerageranya”.
Eky’okulabirako. Omugerageranyo gw’abayizi abawala ku balenzi guli 30 ku buli   balenzi 15 . Omugerageranyo gw’abawala mu kibinja ky’abayizi guli bawala 30 ku buli balenzi 15. 

Omugerageranyo gw’abawala gulaga bawala bameka abaliwo nga obagerageranyizza ku balenzi. Kino era kiyinza okulagibwa ku mugatte gw’abantu (abayizi) bonna abali mu kibinja (30+15= 45). Kino kitegeeza, ku buli bayizi 3, omu aba mulenzi.
Jukira nti emiramwa “omugerageranyo” ne  “namba ey’omugerageranyo”  gya njawulo.Mu mugerageranyo  x ne y ziyinza okuba emitonnyeze(decimals). Singa x/y eba namba ya mugerageranyo, x ne y ziba ntegere nga  y≠0. 

Emigerageranyo gyeyongera okukozesebwa mu sessomo ly’ekibalo bul olukedde era girina ebintu bingi gye bigonza mu kubalangula ebikunizo n’obukunizo bw’ekibalo. Wano njagala okukutuusa ku kutegeera engeri y’okwang’anga ebikunizo ebirimu emigerageranyo.

Awo okiraba nti mu sessomo ly’ekibalangulo tweyambisa migerageranyo (ratios) okukola okugerageranya wakati w’ebintu ebibiri oba okusingawo. Bwe tulaga emigerageranyo mu bigambo tukozesa akagambo “ku” ne tugamba omugerageranyo ogw’ekintu ekimu ku kirala. Eky’okulabirako tuyinza okwogera ku omugerageranyo gw’abakazi ku basajja mu Uganda.

 
Kyokka waliwo engeri endala ez’okukola okugerageranya nga tukozesa emigerageranyo egy’enkanankana(equal ratios).Okuzuula omugerageranyo ogwenkanankana, oyinza okukubisaamu oba okugabiza buli nnyingo mu mugerageranyo  ne namba y’emu (naye si ziro). Eky’okulabirako,singa tugabiza enyingo zombi  mu mugerageranyo  5:10 ne namba bbiri, tufuna omugerageranyo ogwenkanankana 1:2. Okiraba nti emigerageranyo gino gyombi gikiikirira omugerageranyo gwe gumu? Emigerageranyo emirala egyenkanankana:  15:30 = 30:60 = 60:120

Ekikunizo : 2:8 , 3:6 , ne 6:18 migerageranyo egy’enkanankanana ?

Kimanye nti era oyinza okukozesa emitonnyeze (decimals) n’omukumi(%) okugerageranya emiwendo. 

Omugerageranyo gusonjolwa nga  “ekikolwa oba omweyoreko ogugerageranya namba  bbiri nga gweyambisa okugabiza. Okugabiza kuno kutera kuwandiikibwa nga mukutule (fraction).Mu bikunizo bino ekiruubiriro kwe kulaga nti  emigerageranyo gyoleka akakwate oba  enkwanaganya   ya namba emu ku namba endala.

 Ekibalo ky’omugerageranyo tekiraga namunigina (units) kuba ziba ze zimu. Singa oba n’ente 6 ate nga muliranwa alina ente 12, omugeranyo gw’ente zo ku zize guba 4/6, ky’osonjola okufuuka 1/2 oba 1:2.

Eky’okulabirako ekirala kwe kuba nti oli mu kibiina omuli abawala n’abalenzi. Singa mu kibiisa mubaamu abawala 45  n’abalenzi 15 ,oyinza okugamba nti omugerageranyo gw’abalenzi ku bawala guli  15/45 oba n’okiwandiika nga 15 ku 45  oba 15:45 . 

a)	Omugerageranyo gw’abawala ku muwendo gw’abayizi bonna mu           kibiina :45/60

b)	Omugerageranyo gw’abaana bonna mu kibiina ku bawala : 60/45

c)	Omugerageranyo gw’abaana bonna mu kibiina ku balenzi : 60/15

Wano oteekwa okuba nga okirabye nti ensengeka kikulu nnyo nga nga osonjola omugerageranyo. Namba eya “kinnawansi” ne “kinnawaggulu” erina okuba nga y’eyo egobererea ensonjola.

Eky’okulabirako. Oyinza okugamba nti omugerageranyo gw’abayizi abawala ku balenzi guli 30 ku buli balenzi 15. Omugerageranyo gw’abawala mu kibinja ky’abayizi guli bawala 30 ku buli balenzi 15. 

Omugerageranyo gw’abawala gulaga bawala bameka abaliwo nga obagerageranyizza ku balenzi. Kino era kiyinza okulagibwa ku mugatte gw’abantu(abayizi) bonna abali mu kibinja (30+15= 45). Eky’okulabirako, ku buli bayizi 3, omu aba mulenzi.
Jjukira nti emiramwa “omugerageranyo” ne “namba ey’omugerageranyo”  gya njawulo .Mu mugerageranyo  x ne y ziyinza okuba emitonnyeze(decimals). Singa x/y eba namba ya mugerageranyo(rational number), x ne y ziba ntegere nga  y≠0 . 

(ii) Ekigerageranyo (Rate)

Omulamwa gw “ekigerageranyo” guggwayo “ekibalo ekigerageranya namunigina bbiri ez’enjawulo”. Kino mu bufunze kye kiba “ekigerageranyo”. Omulamwa gw’ekigerageranyo  gwawule ku mulamwa gw’ekigeranyo (quostient). Bwe twogera ku “Ekigeranyo ky’Obwakalimagezi” era “Ekikyitibwa Ekigeranyo ky’Obugezi” oba “Ekipimo ky’Obwakalimagezi” (EkkyO) tuba twogera ku “Intelligence Quostient” (IQ).

Ekigerageranyo guba mugerageranyo ogugerageranya ebika bya namba  bibiri ebirina namunigina ez’enjawulo  nga “kiromiita buli ssaawa” oba “siringi 6,000 buli kiro”.

Namunigina y’ebisale (= unit price) kiba kigerageranyo ekigerageranya ebisale by’ekyettunzi ne namunigina y’ekipimo(unit of measure) ey’ekyettunzi kino.

Ekigerageranyo kya kiromiita oba mailo buli ssaawa kiwa obuwanvo (=obuwanvu bw’olugendo)  obutambuddwa buli namunigina  ya kiseera (per unit of time). Ebikunizo ebikozesa ekika ky’ekigerageranyo nga kino,  biyinza okubazibwa okuyita mu kweyambisa omugendaganyo (proportion), oba ekibalanguzo(formula).

Ekikunizo: Nga bagenda e Mumbasa  okuwummulako mu motoka, Kavuma ne Mukyala we batambula  kiromiita 700  ku kiromiita 70 buli ssaawa. Olugendo lwabatwalira kiseera ki.? Ekigerageranyo (rate)  kika kya mugerageranyo eky’omugaso ennyo ekikozesebwa mu bikunizo ebya bulijjo bingi ddala nga okugula ebintu mu maduuka n’obutale, okutambula, n’okumira eddagala. Mu butuufu buli kikolebwa  kibaamu ekyefaananyirizibwako ekigerageranyo. Buli lw’oyogera ku mailo buli ssaawa oba fuuti buli sikonda oba kiromiita buli dakiika oba sente buli kipimo  oba oli ku mulamwa gwa kigerageranyo (=ekibalo ekigerageranya namunigina bbiri ez’enjawulo).

N’okukuba kw’omutima gw’omuntu   buli dakiika  kiyitibwa kigerageranyo kya mutima (heart rate). Bw’obuuza omunoonyi w’omulimu  ogw’okukuba
 
amatafaali nti “ekigerageranyo kyo kiri kitya , oba obuuza sente meka buli kiseera ekigere  z’ayagala okusasulwa 
Akagambo buli (per) ke kakulaga nti  eky’ogerwako kikwata ku kigerageranyo. Namunigina y’ebisale (Unit price) kiba kigerageranyo ekigerageranya omuwendo oba ebisale ku namunigina y’ekipimo (unit of measure) emu. Eky’okulabirako, singa  emikyungwa giba gitundibwa siringi 1,200 buli daziini. Namunigina y’ebisale eba 1,200 gabizaamu emikyungwa 12 n’ofuna siringi  kikumi buli mukyungwa. 

Ekigambo “buli” kiyinza okusikizibwa akabonero /  mu bukunizo , ekitegeeza siringi 100 buli mukyungwa kiyinza okuwandiikibwa ngasiringi 100/mukyungwa. Mu butuufu mu nsi ey’obusuubuzi, omuguzi n’omutunzi bombi betaaga okuba abannyonnyofu mu bigeraageranyo (rates) okusobola okulaba nga tewali afiirizibwa. Ebikunizo by’obulaamu obwa bulijjo bingi bibaamu ebigerageranyo bya emisinde, ebikozesa obuwanvu n’ebiseera. Era tuyinza okubalanguza ebikunizo bino nga tukozesa emigendaganyo(proportions) n’ebitondeko by’ekisalaganyo(cross products).

 
Kyokka kyangu okusingawo nga okozesezza fomyula. 

(a) Ekigerageranyo” kyenkanana obuwanvo gabizaamu ebiseera oba  kg. = b/bs. 
Ekigerageranyo(ky’emisinde) =Obuwanvo (Kinnawaggulu=Nominator)
Ebiseera (Kinnawansi=Denominator)
Manya nti ekigerageranyo kiba kiraga “misinde” (speed). Emisinde kitegeeza  mbiro.	

(b) Obuwanvo(distance) bwenkana kigerageranyo(misinde) kubisaamu ebiseera
    Obuwanvo= kigerageranyo x ebiseera

(c) Ebiseera (time) byenkana buwanvo gabizaamu ekigerageranyo (emisinde)

Ekigerageranyo ky’Ebiseera=	Obuwanvo  (Numerator)
				Ekigerageranyao (Denominator)

Mu butuufu fomyula zino  ziva butereevu mu  “kibalanguzo kya mugendaganyo”(proportion calculation). Kakati  oluta lumu  lukukoleddwa, ky’olina okukola kwe kuyiga fomyula eno ogikozese.

Oyinza okuwandiika fomyula eno mu ngeri endala bbiri, okubalanguriza obuwanvo (b =ekg.b). 

Singa ovuze pikipiki yo okumala essaawa 3, obuwanvo (=obuwanvu bw’olugendo) lwa kiromiita 36 . Balanguza emisinde gyo.
Kozesa ekibalanguzo : ekigerageranyo ky’emisinde = obuwanvo gabizaamu ebiseera .Ekigerageranyo kyo kiri km 36 gabizaamu essaawa 3: 

Ekigerageranyo ky’emisinde = km36 ÷ saawa 3 = km 10 buli ssaawa

Kati ka tugambe nti wavuze digi yo ku kigerageranyo kya kiromiita 20  buli ssawa okumala essaawa 5. Oba otambudde kiromiita meka ?Wano kozesa ekibalanguzo ky’obuwanvo.

                = km 20 buli saawa × saawa 5 = km 40 

Ekiddako ovuga  km 36 nga otambula ku kigerageranyo kya km 6 buli ssaawa. Wamaze biseera ki ? 

Ebiseera = obuwanvo ÷ emisinde(ekigerageranyo)
  = km 36 ÷ km 6 buli ssaawa = ssaawa 6

Kakati nyinza ntya okumanya oba nga ebigerageranyo (rates) bye bimu oba nedda?

Ky’okola kwe kuddira emigergeranyo (ratios) n’ogifuula emikutule olwo n’ozifunira kinnawansi ey’awamu (common/same denominator) nga ozuula KESE (kinnawansi ey’awamu esembayo). Ekisembayo kyusa kinnawaggulu eky’oklabirako   2:3 yenkana  5:8? 2:3=2/3 5:8=5/8 EESE eya  8 ne  3 eba  24. Kinnawansi kiba. Binnawansi biba  24 ne 24. Binnawaggulu biba  16 ne  15. N’olwekyo emikutulo emipya giba 16/24 ne 15/24, ekitegeeza nti emigerageranyo si gye gimu.

(i)	enkuba y’omutima eya 135 buli dakiika 3
ansa :  Omugerageranyo  = 135:3  =  45:1
             Ekigerageranyo  = 135/3      =  45 buli dakiika     
(ii)	Siringi  1,500 buli bibiriiti 5
(iii)	Siringi  450,000 buli myezi esatu

(i)	Obuwanvo , ku misinde egiri ku kigerageranyo kya km 30 buli ssaawa  5
(ii)	Ekigerageranyo(emisinde) mu mailo buli saawa singa olugendo olwa mailo 2500 luba lumaze esaawa 5
(iii)	Ebiseera mu ssaawa singa olugendo lwa mailo 720 lutambulibwa ku misinde(ku kigerageranyo) gya mailo 180 buli ssaawa

Ekigerageranyo kiba kipimo  ku “ buli”namunigina (per every unit). Eky’okulabirako oyinza okugamba nti buli namunigina ya biseera kompyuta yange etikkula kalonda wa kirobayiti 150  oba oyinza okwogera ku siringi 500 buli mulengo oba km 30 buli ssaawa. Akagambo kano “buli” kakulu nyo okukumanyisa nti ekikunizo ky’oliko kikwata ku kigerageranyo. 

Obutaba nga migerageranyo(ratios), mu kibalo ky’ebigerageranyo(rates) namunigina ziba za njawulo. Eky’okulabirako mu km 30 buli ssaawa,  waliwo namunigina bbiri ez’obuwanvu bw’olugendo(obuwanvo), kiromiita, n’eza ebiseera, essaawa. Omulamwa gwa “ekigerageranyo” guggwayo “ekibalo ekigerageranya namunigina bbiri ez’enjawulo”. Kino mu bufunze kye kiba ekigerageranyo.
Ekigerageranyo guba mugerageranyo ogugerageranya ebika bya namba  bibiri ebirina namunigina ez’enjawulo  nga “kiromiita buli ssaawa” oba “siringi 6,000 buli kiro”.

Namunigina y’ebisale(=unit price) kiba kigerageranyo ekigerageranya ebisale by’ekyettunzi ne namunigina y’ekipimo(unit of measure) ey’ekyettunzi kino.

Ekigerageranyo kya kiromiita oba mailo buli ssaawa kiwa obuwanvo(=obuwanvu bw’olugendo)  olutambuddwa buli namunigina ya kiseera(per unit of time). Ebikunizo ebikozesa ekika ky’ekigerageranyo nga kino,  biyinza okubazibwa okuyita mu kweyambisa omugendaganyo(proportion), oba ekibalanguzo(formula).

Ekiikunizo: Nga bagenda e Mumbasa  okuwummulako mu motoka, Kavuma ne Mukyala we baatambula  kiromiita 700  ku kiromiita 70 buli ssaawa. Olugendo lwabatwalira kiseera ki.?

Ekigerageranyo(rate)  kika kya mugerageranyo eky’omugaso ennyo ekikozesebwa mu bikunizo ebya bulijjo bingi ddala nga okugula ebintu mu maduuka n’obutale, okutambula, n’okumira eddagala. Mu butuufu buli kikolebwa kibaamu ekyefaananyirizibwako ekigerageranyo. 

Buli lw’oyogera ku mailo buli ssaawa oba fuuti buli sikonda oba kiromiita buli dakiika oba sente buli kipimo  oba oli ku mulamwa gwa kigerageranyo (=ekibalo ekigerageranya namunigina bbiri ez’enjawulo).

(i)	Enkuba y’omutima eya 135 buli dakiika 3

ansa :  Omugerageranyo  = 135:3  =  45:1

     Ekigerageranyo  = 135/3   =  45 buli dakiika     

(ii)	Siringi  1,500 buli bibiriiti 5

(iii)	Siringi  450,000 buli myezi esatu

(i)	Obuwanvo singa ku misinde egiri ku kigerageranyo kya km 30 buli ssaawa buli saawa 5

(ii)	Ekigerageranyo(emisinde) mu mailo buli saawa singa olugendo olwa mailo 2500 luba lumaze esaawa 5

(iii)	Ebiseera mu ssaawa singa olugendo lwa mailo 720 lutambulibwa ku misinde(ku kigerageranyo) gya mailo 180 buli ssaawa
Bwe tulaga emigerageranyo mu bigambo tukozesa akagambo “ku” ne tugamba omugerageranyo ogw’ekintu ekimu ku kirala. Eky’okulabirako tuyinza okwogera ku omugerageranyo gw’abakazi ku basajja mu Uganda. 

Kyokka waliwo engeri endala ez’okukola okugerageranya nga tukozesa emigerageranyo egy’enkanankana(equal ratios).Okuzuula omugerageranyo ogwenkanankana, oyinza okukubisaamu oba okugabiza buli nnyingo mu mugerageranyo  ne namba y’emu (naye si ziro). Eky’okulabirako ,singa tugabiza enyingo zombi mu mugerageranyo 5:10 ne namba bbiri, tufuna omugerageranyo ogwenkanankana, 1:2.  Okiraba nti emigerageranyo gino gyombi gikiikirira omugeranyo gwe gumu? Emigerageranyo emirala egyenkanankana:  15:30 = 30:60 = 60:120

Ekikunizo:2:8 , 3:6 , ne   6:18 migerageranyo egy’enkanankanana?Kimanye nti era oyinza okukozesa emitonnyeze (decimals) n’ekikumiko) (%) okugerageranya endagabungi. 

Ebyokulabirako: 

Omugerageranyo, 8  ku  6 (oba r 8: 6 oba  8/6  ), gukutegeeza nti   abayizi  	49x 8/9+ 6  = be bagwa ebigezo  . Ntegeeza 8/14    be baagwa. \kino era  oyinza okukiwandiika nga  ( 814 )(49)  =  ( 4/7)(49 )=  28 be baagwa.

Omugerageranyo guno  gukutegeeza nti  buli nsolo 18/18+7 okubiseemu 6000 ziba ngo. Kino era kiragibwa nga   18/23  ku nsoslo zino ziba ngo. N’olwekyo engo ziri  ( 18/25 )(600) = 390 ziba ngo.

Okutwalira  awamu , obukunizo bw’emigerageranyo bwetaagisa okunokoolayo emigerageranyo oba okujisonjola. Eky’okulabirako: 

Kino kikwetaagisa okuwandiika omugerageranyo nga omutunduwazo omukendeeze(a reduced fraction):
.15/75 = 3/15= 3/5
Omutunduwazo omusonjole gwe guba omweyoreko (expression) gw’omugerageranyo  nkula ey’omutunduwazo(in fractional form). Manya nti namunigina(units)  za sente eza “naira mu mutunduwazo  z’eriddewo(cancelled) kubanga kubanga  namunigina eza “naira” zibadde ze zimu ku miwendo gyombi.

 Etteeka: Singa emiwendo gyombi giba ne namunigina y’emu, waba tewasigalawo namunigina yonna mu mukendewazo(reduced form).   
 

Ebigerageranyo n’ebigerageranyo ebya Namunigina 

Ekigerageranyo kya namunigina (unit rate) kiba n’ekinnawansi ekya 1. Ekigerageranyo kya namunigina era kiyitibwa namunigina y’omugeragerany (unit ratio).Bino byombi bitegeeza kye kimu 
Omugerageranyo gwonna guyinza okuzzibwa mu namunigina y’omugerageranyo  okuyita mu kugabiza kinnawaggulu ne kinnawansi.

Ekyokulabirako  1:Mu somero mulimu abawala 6 ku buli balezi 3 .	 

Laga omugerageranyo gw’abawala ku balenzi nga namunigina y’ekigerageranyo(unit rate)? (abawala ku buli mulenzi )
	Laga omugerageranyo gw’abalenzi ku  bawala nga namunigina y’ekigerageranyo ( unit rate)? (abalenzi ku buli muwala)

Ekyokulabirako 2: Daziini y’ebikwaso eri ku siringi  2,400.
  
(i) Wa omuwendo gwa buli kikwaso .

(ii) Wa omugerageranyo gw’ebikwaso ku miwendo nga namunigina y’omugerageranyo.

E1: Wandiika omugerageranyo guno nga namunigina y’ekigerageranyo(unit rate), ekitegeeza  km buli saawa : km 256  mu saawa 8.
km 32 : saawa 1 kubanga  256÷8=32

E2: Wandiika namunigina y’ekigerageranyo (omuwendo buli kirogulaamu) mu mugerageranyo gwa  siringi 15,000 buli   kirogulamu  5.
E3: Ekidomola kya langi ekya liita 20 kiri ku 60,000= .Zuula namunigina y’omuwendo(namunigina y’ekigerageranyo) eya buli liita ya langi.
Wano omusomi aba agerageranya endagabungi bbiri(two quantities) nga akozesa emigerageranyo egiwandiikiddwa mu bigambo nga:

Wano omuyizi ayiga okulaga emigerageranyo egy’ekitundu ekimu ku kirala n’emigerageranyo egigerageranya ebintu bibiri eby’enjawulo.

Enjawulo wakati w’omugerageranyo n’ekigerageranyo

Omugerageranyo = omuwendo omugerageranye n’omulala

Ekigerageranyo = ekipimo ekimu ng’okigerageranyizza ku kirala.

Mu masomo g’ekibalangulo, ensengeka ya kalonda, n’ebyobusuubuzi toyinza kwewala kusanga miramwa nga “ekigerageranyo”  ne “omugerageranyo”. Yadde nga byombi bikwata ku kakwate akali wakati w’ebintu ebibiri oba okusingawo, bya njawulo nnyo buli kimu okuva ku kirala.

 Ekigerageranyo” kuba gugerageranya okukolebwa wakati w’ebipimo bibiri ebirina namunigina ez’enjawulo. Kiraga ekiseera ekimalibwa okumaliriza oba okumalayo ekintu nga obuwanvu bw’olugendo(obuwanvo)  buli namunigina ya biseera(unit time) nga km 70 buli ssaawa). Kino kyekigerageranyo ky’emisinde. 

Ekigerageranyo kiyinza okuba:

(i)	Ekipimo buli namunigina ya biseera (measuring per unit time)

(ii)	Ekipimo buli namunigina ya nzitoya(measuring per unit mass)

(iii)	Ekipimo buli namunigina ya buwanvu( measurement per unit  length). 

(iv)	Ekipimo buli namunigina y’ekintu ekirala kyonna

Ekigambo “buli”(per) kye kikozesebwa okugabiza(oba okugerageranya) ebipimo ebibiri  ebikozesebwa okubalanguza ekigerageranyo(rate).Ebigerageranyo(ebigeranyo) bitera okukozesebwa mu essomabuzimbe (physics), essomabuziba (chemistry), ekinonoozo(engineering), awamu ne mu busuubuzi n’ebyensimbi.
 
Omugerageranyo(ratio) ku luuyi olulala, kisonjolwa nga akakwate akaliwo wakati wa namba, ekigero, endagabungi, oba ebipimo by’ebintu bibiri oba okusingawo ebifaanagana. Kiragibwa nga omugerageranyo gw’ekintu ekimu ku kintu ekirala. Kiba kugerageranya namba bbiri ezirina namunigina ze zimu. 

Omugerageranyo guyinza okukozesebwa ku Bantu, ebintu oba namunigina(units). Eky’okulabirako oyinza okugamba nti okello alina obutunda mukaaga ate Mugisha alina obutunda kumi na munaana.Omugerageranyo gw’obutunda bw’Okello ku bwa Mugisha gulagibwa nga 3:18 ob busatu ku kumi na munaana oba 1:3 nga gusonjoddwa oba 1/3 .
  
Manya: Ekigerageranyo kyekusiza ku ndagabungi y’ebintu bibiri ate ggwo omugerageranyo ne gwekuusiza ku kakwata akali  wakati w’ebintu eby’enjawulo. Ate era ekigerageranyo kyekuusiza ku nkyukakyuka mu bipimo oba namunigina (units) so ng’ate oomugerageranyo gwekuusiza ku njawulo eri wakati w’ebintu.

Eky’okulabirako: Namukasa alina kabalagala ttaano era yewaana nti ayinza okuzirya zonna mu dakiika emu yokka.Ate Namugenyi  alina kabalagala munaana naye awera nti ayinza okuzirya zonna mu dakiika emu yokka. Ekigeranyo Namukasa ky’alirako kabalagala ze kiba kabalagala 5/dakiika ate ekigerageranyo kya Namugenyi kiri   kabalagala 8/dakiika.Omugeranyo(=Omugerageranyo) wakati wa kabalagala za namukasa n’eza namugenyi kiri  5:8

Emigerageranyo (ratios)giri buli wamu. Ekigero(scale) ku maapu(endaga y’ensi), emiwendo gy’ebigulwa, okweyongera kw’obungi bw’abantu, obungi bw’abantu, ebirungo mu buli kintu awaka ne mumakolero biba mu migerageranyo(ratios) oba ebigerageranyo (rates). Mu butuufu mu ngeri endala ekigerageranyo kiba kigeranyo (average) buli namunigina ya lipimo ate era buli mugerageranyo guba mugeranyo(quostient) ogw’ebintu ebibiri.

Ekigerageranyo kikwata ku nziring’ana ekintu  nga kibeerawo ate omugerageranyo(omugeranyo) kikwata ku kugerageranya akakwate wakati w’ekipimo, namba oba obungi bw’ebintu bibiri oba okusingawo. Ekigerageranyo kuba kugeraranya ebipimo bibiri ebirina namunigina ez’enjwulo so ng’ate omugergeranyo kiba kugerageranya  ekintu ekimu ku kirala, ebirina namunigina y’emu. Ekigeranyo kiraga endagabungi ey’ebintu bibiri  byokka ate omugeranyo ne gulaga endagabungi ez’ebintu eby’enjawulo.  Omugeranyo gulaga enjawulo wakati w’ebintu ate ekigeranyo ne kiraga enkyukakyuka mu bipimo oba namunigina zabyo. 

(i) Okyusa otya ekigerageranyo okukizza mu namunigina y’ekigerageranyo.

Bw’oyogera ku misinde gya Motoka, otera okwogera ku kinti mu km oba mailo buli ssaawa. Ekyokulabirako, ogamba nti navuze km 50 buli ssaawa. Totera kugamba km 200 buli ssawa 4. Lowooza ku geri gy’okyusaamu ekigerageranyo nga km 200 buli saawa 4 okukizza mu namunigina y’ekigerageranyo eya km 50 buli ssawa.

Ekigerageranyo(rate)	Ekigerageranyo ekya Namunigina (Unit rate)
Km                       200	   Km       50

Ssaawa    3	   Ssaawa   1
	
	

(2) Njawulo ki eri wakati w’ekigergeranyo n’ekigerageranyo  ekya namunigina ?

Omutima okukuba emirundi  150 buli ddakiika 3,  ekyo kiba kigerageranyo naye bwe tugamba nti omutima gukuba emirundi 50 buli dakiika(emu) ekyo kye kiyitibwa “ekigerageranyo ekya namunigina”. Eky’okulabiirako ekirala bw’ogamba nti wavuze motoka ku misinde gya mailo 180 buli ssawa satu ekyo kiba kigerageranyo naye bw’ogamba nti wavuze motoka ku misinde gya mailo 60 buli ssaawa ekyo kuba kigeranyo ekya namunigina. 

Ozuula otya “emigegeranyo egy’ekyenkanyo”(equivalent Ratios)  nga okola taabulo?

Sukaali mu kg	1	?	3	?	5	6	?	8	9
Ebisale mu siringi	?	4,000	6,000	8,000	?	12,000	14,000	16,000	18,000

Okozesa otya taabulo y’emigeranyo egy’ekyenkanyo okulagula omuwendo ?

Emisengeko(patterns) giri buli wamu.Olina okuyiga okukozesa emisengeko mu taabulo okuddamu ebikunizo.

Wandiika emigerageranyo okuva mu taabulo

Ekika	Ggoolo
Ngeye	8
Musu	5
Lugave	7
Mamba	12
Kkobe	6
Nkebuka	14
Omugatte 52

	Okuva mu taabulo y’emipiira gy’ebika eyo waggulu laga

(i)	Omugerageranyo gwa ggoolo z’engeye ku Mbamba

(ii)	Omugerageranyo gwa ggoolo z’enkebuka ku z’ekkobe

(iii)	Omugerageranyo gwa ggoolo za lugave, omusu, n’engeye 

Omugendanyo (proportion) ly’erinnya lye tuwa ekigambululo ekigamba nti emigerageranyo ebiri gyenkanankana.Emigerageranyo ebiri bwe giba gyenkanankana mu ngeri emu oba endala giba  gigendana ( proportional).Kino kino kye kivaamu omulamwa gw’omugendanyo (proportion) era kiyinza okuwandiikibwa mu ngeri bbiri:

 
oba, 

Emigerageranyo ebiri bwe giba gyenkanankana , ebitondeko byagyo ebisalagana biba nabyo byenkanankana.Kino kitegeeza, omugendanyo, a:b = c:d  gwenkana
a x d = b x c       

Ebikunizo bino bijja kukuyamba okunokoolayo emigendaganyo nga obadde oweereddwa emigerageranyo ebiri:

Gikola omugendaganyo? 

Osobola okulaga oba nga emigerageranyo ebiri gyenkanankana nga okubisaamu osalaganya ebitondeko byagyo,Singa ebitondeko by;ekisalaganya(cross products) biba byenkanankana, awo giba gikola omugendaganyo. 
Jjukira nti ekitondeko eky’ekisalaganyo(a cross product) okifuna nga okubisa kinnawaggulu eky’omukutule ogunu ne kinnawansi wky’omukutule omulala.

Ebitondeko eky’ekisalaganyo  ekya 3/5 ne  6/7 biri

Eky’okulabirako ekirala: Emigerageranyo  10/16 ne  5/8 gikola emigendaganyo? 

Kirabe era nti  10/16 ne  5/8 mikutule egyenkanankana. 

Okutwalira awamu , singa emikutule ebiri gyenkanankana , giba gikola omugendanyo
Ekigambululo kyonna oba nakyenkanyanjuyi egamba nti emigerageranyo ebiri gyenkanankana kiyitibwa mugendanyo (proportion).  Ekintu ekikulu okujjukira nga obalanguza emigerageranyo egyenkanankana(emigendanyo) kiragibwa wano bwe kiti: 

x      m                  ekitondeko kya x ne n   kye ekisooko

y       n		 ekitondeko kya  m ne y kye kifundikiro 

N’olwekyo omugendanyo guba mwenkanyo gwa migerageranyo ebiri nga “okubisaamu ekisalaganya”(cross multiplication). Mu mugendanyo, ekitondeko(product) ky’ekisooko kyenkanankana n’ekitondeko ky’ekifundikiro mu “kukubisamu okw’ekisalaganya”( cross multiplication). 

           x.n = m.y  .  

Eky’okulabirako , wano wansi mu

					           18= 18   

Ebikunizo by’Emigendanyo egigendana obutereevu (Directly Proportional Problems)

Ekikunizo tekitera kukutegeeza nti ebirimu “bigendana butereevu”(are directly proportional)  wabula kikuwa emiwendo gy’ebintu bibiri  ebikwatagana ne kikusaba olowooze ku muwendo gw’ekintu ekimu singa omuwendo gw’ekirala guba gukyuse.
Ebikunizo by’emigendanyo bitera okufaanana bwe biti: 

Singa a  olwo  b  oba  singa x olwo y.Singa singa  x efuulibwa a , olwo omuwendo gwa y gunaaba ki ? 

Ekyokulabirako.

Singa ebitabo bibiri biri ku siringi 1,500, osobola kugula ebitabo bimeka ne siringi 12,000?

Ky’osookerako kwe kukyusa ekikunizo okukijja mu bigambo okukiraga nga:

Singa  x olwo x. Singa  xefuulibwa a  olwo omuwendo gwa  y gunaaba ki ? 

Kino kiyinza okulagibwa nga: 
 
Ekyokulabirako,  lowooza ku kigambululo:

Singa ebitabo bibiri bigula siringi 1,500, bitabo bimeka by’ogula ne siringi 12,000 ? Singa siringi 1,500 olwo ebitabo bibiri.

 Singa siringi 12,000 olwo ebitabo?

Wandiika akakwate ak’omugendaganyo:

                                   1,500
Ekyokulabirako :Emondo yadduka miita 150 mu sikonda 30.Kyagitwalira kiseera ki okudduka miita 100 ? 

Ekisooka: Lowooza ku bigambo by’ekikunizo kino nga: 

Singa 150 ziba 30 .Kati bwe ziba 100 ziba meka? 

Ekiddako : Wandiika akakwate ak’omugendaganyo.

                                  150
Ansa : Kya mutwalira sikonda 20 

Ekyokulabirako 2 : Singa 3/5  ebya tanka y’amazzi bijjula mu dakiika 3, kiba kyetaagisa eddakiika meka okujjuza tanka yonna ?

Ekisooka: Lowooza ku bigambo ebiri mu kikunizo nga: 

Singa 3/5  ziba dakiika 3. Olwo tanka 1 ejjulira mu dakiika meka ? (Tanka yonna eba 5/5  = 1) 

Ekiddako : Wandiika akakwate ak’omugendaganyo(Write the proportional relationship):

Tanka 1                         1      x 3    =  dakiika  5
			  3/5
Ansa: Kyatwala dakiika 5 

Ekyokulabirako 3:Motoka etambula mailo 150 mu saawa  5.  Musaawa 7 en’eba etambudde buwanvo ki ? 

Ekisooka:  Lowooza ku bigambo ebiri mu kikunizo kino nga:

Singa dakiika 5 ziba mailo 150. Mu dakiika 7 buba buwanvo ki ? 

Ekyokubiri: Wandiika akakwate k’omugendaganyo:

Ansa : Mu dakika 7 aba atambudde mailo 210 

Emirundi mingi abaana bayiga okubalanguza ebikunizo bw’emigendanyo ( nga bejjukanya emitendera), naye mu kabanga mpawa kaaga baba berabidde nga okusoma kuwedde.  Bayinza okuba nga basigala bajjukiramu katono okukubisa okw’ekisalaganyo (cross multiplying),  ne bakoma awo. Abaana bano bayinza batya okuyambibwa okuyiga ne batereka kye bayize mu bwongo awatali kubyerabira? Bayigirize emiramwa gy’ekibalangulo mu bulamu obwa bulijjo.

Emigendano n’emigerageranyo mu bulamu obwa bulijjo. 

Bw’oba nga wali oyogeddeko oba olowoozezzaako oba asomyeko nti motoka eri ku misinde gya yiriri mailo 95 buli ssaawa oba ne webuuza ekiseera ekyetaagisa okuva mu kibuga ekimu okudda mu kirala ku misinde  gino oba giri oba nga wali olabyeko emiwendo gy’ebintu nga silingi 2,500 buli kilo, 3,500= buli kilo, 1000= buli kikopo n’ebirala.  Wali ofuddeyo okubala sente meka z’ofuna buli lunaku nga osinziira ku musaala gwo ogwa buli mwezi. Wano wonna oba weyambisa migerageranyo (ratios) , ebigegerageranyo (rates), n’emigendano (proportions). 

Emigendano kikwata ku ki?

Kozesa ekikunizo: 

Singa ebigirikaani 3 eby’ekintu biri ku sente bwe ziti, ebidomola 7 biba ku sente meka? Kifaananyi ki ky’ofuna mu kubalanguza akakunizo kano? 

Oba , singa pikipiki etambula olugendo bwe luti mu saawa 5, eba egenda buwanvu ki mu ssaawa 1, 2, 3, oba essaawa 6  ? Mu bukunizo bw’omugendanyo (in proportion problems ) oba ofuna “ebintu bibiri” ebikyuka mu kigerageranyo kye kimu (same rate). Ekyokulabirako , olina siringi ne kirogulaamu nga “ebintu ebibiri”. Siringi ne kirogulaamu obimanyi okubeera mu mbeera emu, ekyokulabirako nti kirogulaamu z’ennyama 3 ziri ku siringi 30,000=, kati nga omanyiiko siringi oba kirogulaamu mu buli mbeera ne bakubuuza ebulawo. Eky’okulabirako bakubuuzizza nti kirogulaamu 3 ziba ku sente meka. Omanyi nti ziri kirogulkaamu 3 ne bakubuuza siringi meka awamu.  

Oyinza okukola taabulo okusengeka kalonda(obubaka) ono.
Eky’okulabirako  ekisooka	Eky’okulabirako ekiddako
			

	
Mu by’okulabirako bino byombi waliwo ebintu bibiri ebikyuuka mu kigerageranyo kye kimu (at the same rate). Wombi olina namba 4 (bbiri za mbeera emu ate bbiri za mbeera endala) naye owereddwako ssatu n’obuzibwa ey’okuna. Kati oba obalanguza otya obukunizo nga buno ?

Waliwo engeri za njawulo okubalanguza akakunizo kano:

  

Kye njagala okukulaga wano kwe kuba nti mu kubalanguza obukunizo nga obwo waggulu oyinza obuteetaagisa kujjukira nga bwe bawandiika nakyenkanyannjuyi za mugendanyo (proportion equation) ojibalanguze naye oyinza okubalanguza akakunizo nga olowoozabulowooza mu kwefumiitiriza nga weyambisa amagezi aga bulijjo. 

Eno y’engeri esingayo obulungi okusomesa abaana. Laba ng’abaana bategeera endowooza esookerwako mu bukunizo okulaba nga batuuka ku kibazo(solution) awatali kuyita mu nakyenkanyanjuyi. Kyokka oluvannyuma oyinza okubayisa mu kakodyo ka nakyenkanyanjuyi olw’obwetaavu bw’okujjuliriza kye bayize.  

Endowooza esookerwako emu mu kubalanguza obukunizo bw’emigendanyo kwe kulowooza ki kye kyandibadde ku emu(1) oba namunigina endala ennyangu olwo n’olyoka okubisaamu okufuna ekikubuuziddwa. Eky’okulabirako, singa motoka egenda mailo 210 mu saawa 3, eba etambudde buwanvu ki mu saawa 5. Balanguza  wa w’eba etuuse mu ssaawa emu, olyoke okubiseemu 5.

Oba, singa mita 1 eya waya y’amasannyalaze egula silingi 2,000= ate mita 0.5 zigula sente meka. Wano gabizaamu omuwendo gwa sente  ne mita 0.5. 

Engeri y’okusomesaamu emigendanyo 

Oyinza okukozesa taabulo  nga zino wansi okusobola okuyigiriza abaana okukozesa obwongo nga babalanguza emigendanyo : 


	 	 	 	 	 	 
Ky’okola kwe kubaga taabulo nga ezo eziwera nga otandika ne namba annyangu abayizi basobole okumanyiira okuddamu taabulo z’emigendanyo. Buli taabulo giteeke mu mbeera y’ebibeerawo mu balmu bwennyini obwa bulijjo.

Kati bagambe bajjuze mu taabulo eziwerako nga emisonga (emiwendo egy’ensonga=the givens) giri mu makkati.
 	 	 	 	 	 	 
Wano oba osuubira omuyizi okulaba amangu sente meka buli ssaawa alyoke azuule  ebisale ebirala.

Okiraba nti tetuwadde nsonjola ya mulamwa gwonna ogw’omugerageranyo (ratio), ekigerageranyo (rate) yadde omugendanyo (proportion)? Kino kigendereddwa butabuzaabuza muyizi. Ebiseera ebimu tewetaaga kusooka kuyigiriza muyizi ensonjola ya miramwa  ku ntandikwa.

Omugerageranyo (Ratio ) kisonjolwa nga “ebintu ebibiri(namba oba oba endagabunji) nga bigerageranyiziddwa buli kimu n’ekirala . Eky’okulabirako  “siringi lukumi buli kiro” guba mugerageranyo. Oba Kiromiita 60 buli ssaawa” nagwo mugerageranyo oba abakyala ku baami”, abawala ku balezi, ebigambo 10 buli sikonda oba emiyembe emyengevu ku miyembe emibisi”, nagyo mugerageranyo. 
Awo oba okiraba nti emigerageranyo kitegeeza kugerageranya namba  ebbiri oba emiwendo  (quantities) egy’enjawulo. 
Omulamwa omulala ogwefaananyirizako omugerageranyo gwe mulamwa gwa“ ekigerageranyo” (rate).  Ekigerageranyo kisonjolwa nga omugerageranyo omuli emiwendo  ebiri egirina namunigina ez’enjawulo(different units). Abantu abamu baawulamu ne bagamba nti ebintu bibiri mu mugerageranyo birina okuba ne namunigina y’emu(same unit); abalala tebaawulamu ne bagamba nti siringi 4000= buli liita nagwo guba mugerageranyo naye ekituufu kino kiba kigerageranyo.  

Omugendanyo (Proportion) gubaawo nga olina emigerageranyo ebiri egigendereddwa okuba nga gyenkanankana .Eky’okulabirako . Siringi 4,000= buli liita kyenkana  siringi kanaana buli liita bbiri oba badokita 6 buli Bantu 1,000 kyenkanankana  ne badokita  18 buli Bantu, 3000. 


Kyokka kino okuba akakunizo k’ekibalangulo, emu ku nmaba zino ennya erina okuba nga teweereddwa n’efuuka  ennoonyezebwa x. era eyitibwa enkyuso.

Emigerageranyo n’emigendano gikozesebwa nnyo mu bugazi mu kibalo, eky’okulabirako  mu kubalanguza  ennambuluzo ey’awamu esembayo (LCM) eya namba ez’enjawulo eziba zikuweereddwa

Okutwalira awamu , Okusomesa emigendanyo,

(a)	Sooka osonjole omuramwa gw’omugerageranyo (ratio) era olage abayizi engeri essatu  gye bayinza okulagamu emigerageranyo mu buwandiike nga olaga engeri  zino essatu nga bwe  zikwanaganyizibwa(how they relate) , ka tugambe; km 35 buli liita za dizero 7 nga tukikwanaganya nga 35:7; ekitegeeza namba ya kiromiita ezitambulwa: liita z’amafuta ezikozesebwa oba omugerageranyo gwa kiromiita ogutambulibwa ku mafuta agakozesebwa.

(b)	Kolawo okulaga okw’obuliwo. Eky’okulabirako oyinza okulaga omugerageranyo gw’ebifaananyi by’embuzi ku bifaananyi by’endiga mu ngeri essatu ezo zonna. Abayizi bwe baba bannyonnyose bulungi ky’obalaze funayo omuyizi omu  kwomu  okusengeka ebifaananyi bino mu ngeri endala okusobozea omuyizi omulala okukiraga mu ngeri zino zonna essatu. 

(c)	Sonjola omugendanyo(proportion), nga olaga abayizi engeri z’okuwandiikamu omugerageranyo  nga: 
 
 Oba  3/6 = 6/12, 

Kkaatiriza nti emigerageranyo egiri ku njuyi zombie ez’akalaga k’okwenkanankana (sign) mitunduwazo/mikutule egyenkanankana. N’olwekyo emigerageranyo bwe giba nga gyenkanankana kitegeeza nti gigendana oba gya mugendaganyo (are proportional). 

Omukwanaganyo (the relationship) wakati w’enjuyi ebbiri ez’omugendaganyo guba gwa kwekubisaamu (multiplicative). Emigendaganyo n’olwekyo girina akakwate akatasattululwa n’okukubisaamu emirundi.Kino genda mu maaso okukiraga abayizi bannyonnyoke omulamwa.

(d)	Oyinza okukuba taabulo eraga emigerageranyo oba emigendaganyo egy’enjawulo.

(e)	Abayizi bajjireyo emboozi ey’ekikunizo (story problem): Lagaga nti emikwanaganyo egy’emigendaganyo (proportional relationships) gibaamu okukubisaamu oba okugabizaamu.

(f)	Gamba abayizi okutaabulula kalonda okuva mu taabulo okumuteeka mu mugogo gwa ebisiisi (axes) by’ebikwataganyo, bakube layini ekwataganya buli punkuti (katonnyeze).Giraafu eba layini engolokofu eyita mu nsibuko(origin). Emigendaganyo egy’emikwanaganyo(proportional relationships) gye givaamu gulaafu eya layini engolokofu eyita mu nsibuko(origin). 

(g)	Tondekawo (Create) ebikunizo(problems ) ebirala okwongera okuggumiza omulamwa. Tandika nga oteekamu ebikunizo ebirabika nga ebikwataganyo  by’emigendanyo (proportional relationships), kyokka nga tebiri.

Ebigobererwa mu kusonjola omulamwa

a)	Okusonjola omulamwa. Okusobola okubaza akakunizo k’omugendanyo, emiwendo ebiri  egiba gigenda okugerageranyizibwa girina okumanyibwa; oyinza okugiyita  X ne Y oba A ne B.

b)	Manya muwendoi ki ogugenda okugabanyizibwamu. Omuwendo oguba gugabanyizibwamu gwe gutera okubeera sooka “ku” oba “buli” mu kibuuzo era  guno guba gugabanyizibwamu namba eri ku ddyo wa “ku: Eky’okulabirako  mu kiromiita buli liita, omugatte gwa kiromiita guba gugabanyizibwamu amafuta agakozeseddwa. 

c)	Yoleka(laga) omuwendo (quantity) nga  namba.Okusobola okubalanguza omugendanyo,namba zikozesebwa era ne zigabanyizibwamu okufuna alizaati. 

d)	Kola ku kugabizaamu. Ka tugambe waliwo emiyembe 100 n’emikyungwa 10.Omugendaganyo guba Mikyungwa/Miyembe = 100/10 = 10, ekitegeeza  mikyungwa 10 buli muyembe, ntegeeza ku buli miyembe 10 kuliko omukyungwa gumu.

e)	Kozesa emigendanyo nga bwe kyetaagisa. 

Emigendano Egigendana Kifuulannenge

(Inversely Proportional ProblemsEbikunizo eby’emigendanyo egya kifuulannnege bifaanagana n’ebikunizo eby’emigendanyo egigendana obutereevu ( directly proportional problems) naye enjawulo eri mu kuba nti  x bw’erinnya ate yo  y nga ekka  ate y bw’erinnya ate yo x nga ekka – guno gwe mukwanaganyo ogw ’omugendanyo okugendana  ekifuulannenge  (inverse proportion relationship). 

Eky’okulabirako ekisinga okweyoreka mu bulamu obwa bulijjo eky’omugendanyo ogugendana kifuulannenge  kyandibadde  “ abakozi gye bakoma okuba abanji  gye kikoma okutwala ekiseera ekitono okumaliriza omulimu”.

Wano era akakodyo kali mu kukyusa kikunizo kya mugendanyo okulabika nga: 

Singa   x olwo  y. Singa  x efuulibwa  a,  y eba muwendo ki ? 

N’olyoka omukwanaganyo ogw’omugendanyo ogugendaga kifuulannenge (wegendereze embeera ya “kifuulannenge”): 
 
Ekyokulabirako :  Kyetaagisa abasajja 8 n’essaawa 12 okulima ekkubo lya bulungi bwansi .Kimala essaawa meka abasajja  14 okukola omulimu gwe gumu mu kigerageranyo(rate) kye kimu ?

Ekisooka : Lowooza ku bigambo ebiri mu kikunizo kino nga: 

Singa abasajja baba 8 bamala essaawa 12.Bwe baba 14 bamala essaawa meka ? 

Ekiddako: Wandiika omukwanaganyogw’omugendanyo  ogwa kifuulannenge (write out the inverse relationship): 
Ansa : batwaala essaawa eziwera: 

Omulamwa gwa omugendanyo ogwa kifuulannenge (inverse proportionality) guyinza okugerageranyizibwa n’ogw’omugendanyo  omutereevu (direct proportionality). 

Emiwendo ebiri(two quantities)ebiri giba gigendana kifuulannenge singa ogumu  gwekubisibwamu oba okugabizibwamu namba yonna endala egabizibwamu oba ekubisibwamu namba y’emu. 
 
Okukwataganyizibwa kuno era kulagibwa nga:

y ∝ x−1

Ggulaafu y’enkiise bbiri ezigendana ekifuulannenge eyitibwa kayipabola(hyperbola).

Emisinde n’ebiseera bigendana kifuulannnege  kubanga buli emisinde lwe gyeyongera, ebiseera ebyetaagisa okutuuka  nga bikendeera.

Twala enkyuso(enkiise) bbiri ezigambibwa okuba nga zigendana kifuulannenge . Singa enkyuuso(enkiise) endala zonna ziba mu ntakyuka, omuwendo ogw’enkomeredde(magnitude / absolute value) ogw’enkyuuso emu egendana ekifuulannenge  guba gukka wansi buli enkyuso endala lwe yeyongera ,kyokka  ekitondeko kyazo  kiba kijja kukka wansi singa enkeyuso endala edda waggulu  kyokka  ekitondeko kya gyo, eno nga y’entakyuka ey’omugendanyo (constant of proportionality)  kyo kiba ky kimu.
Okutwalira awamu enkiise  bbiri ziba za mugendaganyo gwa kifuulannenge(are inversely proportional ) , oba okwawukana kifuulannenge (varying inversely) oba guba mukugendana kifuulannenge n’enkyuso x, singa wabaawo entakyuka k etali ya ziro(non-zero constant k ), okuba nti 
 
Entakyuka etuukibwako nga okubisaamu enkyuso eya x eya nansangwawo  n’enkyuso eya y.
Eky’okulabirako, ebiseera ebyetaagisa okumalako olugendo biba kigendana kifuulannenge n’emisinde  okutambulirwa ate era ebiseera   ebyetaagisa  okutikka ttipa y’omusenyu  biba bigendana kifuulannenge ne namaba y’abantu abagutikka. 
Ggulaafu y’ebintu bibiri ebyawukana kifuulannenge ku mutendera gw’Ekikwataganyo kya Kateesiya (Cartesian coordinate plane) ekola “kayipabola (hyperbola). Omutondeko gw’emiwendo gya   x ne  y  egya buli punkuti(katonnyeze) ku ekkuvve  guba gwenkana entakyuka ey’omugendanyo (k), ntegeeza omungereza ky’ayita “constant of proportionality” (k). Olw’okuba ku x ne y tekuli yenkana ziro, ggulaafu tegenda kuyita ku ekisiisi zino. 

Abazimbi basatu bazimba ekisenge mu ssaawa 12 . Kitwala ssaawa meka  abazimbi 6okukola omulimu gwe gumu?
Mu ky’okulabirako kino , omuwendo gw’abakozi n’ebiseera bigendana kifuulannenge kubanga namba y’abazimbi bw’ekka wansi ebiseera nga byeyongera  ate namba y’abantu bw’erinnya,ebiseera nga bikka. 

Goberera emitendera  gino okumaliriza ekigambululo ky’omugendaganyo gwa kifuulannenge (inverse proportionality word problem):

	Wandiika omugerageranyo nga weekuusiza ku kintu kimu, namba y’abakozi oba ekiseera . 

	Wandiika wansi omugerageranyo n’ekintu eky’okubiri, namba y’abakozi oba ekiseera.

Abakozi          Ssaawa

	Sulika ogumu ku migerageranyo 

	Kubisamu ekisalaganya (Cross-multiply), gabiza obalanguze (nga bwe kikolebwa ku migendanyo egigendana obutereevu).
 
Ekikunizo : Kitwala essaawa 13  payipu efuuwa amazzi ku kigerageranyo (rate) ekya liita 25 buli dakiika okujjuza ttanka.Kitwala kiseera ki singa enfuuwa yayo eba ekendezeddwa okudda ku llita 15 buli ddakiika?

Wano, enfuuwa y’amazzi n’ebiseera bigendana kifuulannege kubanga okufuuwa bwe kukendeera,ebiseera byeyongera ate okufuuwa bwe kweyongera ebiseera bikendeera. 

Genda mu maaso okubalanguza ekikunizo kino !!!!




#Article 290: Omugereeso gw'Enamba(Number Theory) (10845 words)


Omugereeso gwa Namba
(Number Theory)
(Introducing an Educationist 
To Number Theory in Luganda)
Bya Charles Muwanga 
Email:akiinitiative@ymail.com

Omugereeso gwa Namba

(i)	Sessomo mu Luganda (the discipline in Luganda)

Ebigambo biri bisatu nga byonna birimu omulamwa gwe gumu ogwa sessomo lino. 

(ii)	Amatabi g’ekibalangulo ky’abato ag’etaagisa.

(a)	Omugereeso gwa namba (number theory). Omugereeso gw’ennamba gukwanjulira ennamba ez’enjawulo nga eza kyegabanya (even numbers) oba eza kigaanira (odd numbers). Omugereso gw’ennamba gwe gusobozesa ekibalirizo

(b)	Ekibalirizo			(arithmetic)

Ekibalirizo kyogeza nnamba. Omuntu yenna akola okubalirira okw’amangu agatta, ayawuza, akubisa emirundi, oba okwawuza ng’akozesa ennamba, Eno y’ensonga ettabi lino liyitibwa ekibalirizo (arithmetic).

(c)	Aligebbula 			(algebra)

Obutaba nga kibalirizo, algebra ayogeza byombi ennamba n’ennukuta. Eky’okulabirako 2+y =5

(d)	Omukutule = Omuwendo omukutulemu (Fraction)

(e)	Omutonnyeze=omuwendo ogw’akatonnyeze (decimal number). Yadde nga oyinza okukiyita “disimoolo”, “omutonnyeze” kya Luganda nnyo okusinga “disimoolo”.

(f)	 Essomankula			(geometry). 

	Lino ssomo lya nkula za kibalo (study of mathematical shapes) era eriyitibwa essomampimo. Essomapimo ssolo lya mpimo (dimensions) za nkula za kibalo.

(iii)	Emiramwa egyetaagisa Omusomesa okunnyonnyola omuyizi eky’okukola mu kubala:

o	Ennamba oba namba		(number)

(iv)	Emiramwa emirala gye wetaaga

Abamu bagamba nti tetwetaagisa kwewola kigambo “number” kubanga mu luganda kiba “muwendo. Bano beerimbye!! Bw’oba oyagala okugamba “place value” okyogera otya mu Luganda? “Muwendo gw’ekifo” kubanga omuwendo mu luganda kye kitegeeza “value”, obuzito bw’ennamba. Omuwendo n’olwekyo kitegeeza “buzito bwa namba oba buzito bwa digito ez’enjawulo ezikola ennamba”.
Obutalemerako nnyo era number oyinza okukiyita “omuwendo” okusinziiira ku mbeera gy’okikozesezaamu.

Nga omuzadde oba omusomesa, olina okubeera waggulu w’omuto gw’oyigiriza mu kumanya emiramwa egyetaagisa. Mu lungereza omuzadde oba omusomesa aba munnyonnyofu mu miramwa egyetaagisa nga solve, calculate. Simplify, mathematics, math, omubalanguzi, formula, operations, variable, units, n’ebirala.

Okusobola okuyamba omuto wo mu luganda n’olungereza kikwetaagisa ggwe nga omuzadde oba omusomesa okumanya emiramwa gino mu luganda n’olungerza okwewala okusikattira n’okunanaagira nga obadde oyamba okuteekateeka omwana wo mu kubala okwabasooka. 

Essomeso 2 :Omugereeso gwa Namba

Omugereeso gw’ennamba (Number theory) kitundu kinene ku ttabi ly’ekibalangulo eriyitibwa ekibalirizo (arithmetic).
Omugereeso kye ki ?

Omugereeso (theory) kyekuusiza ku kikolwa  ky’oluganda “okugereesa”, kyokka kiva mu kugattika ebigambo by’oluganda “omubalanguzio by’agereesa”(What a mathematician theorises)  . 

Endagamuwendo ziri kkumi era zino bwe butaffaali obuzimba namba endala zonna, enntono ennyo ez’emikutule (fractions) oba emitonnyeze (decimals), entono eziri mu nsusuuba, n’ennene ennyo eziri mu butabalika.

Endagamuwendo  kye ki? 

Digito          0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8				9
				
				
Obutoffaali obuzimba sessomo ly’ekibalangulo, obutaffaali obuzimba namba ze ndagamuwendo(digits). Namba ziri buli wamu mu kibalangulo era ziyinza okusengekebwa mu biti oba emitendera egy’enjawulo, ebisonjozo n’ebinnyonnyozo eby’enjawulo.

 
. “Ekibalangulo” for Mathematics

According to the Enkuluze y’Oluganda ey’Ennono (Lugnda Cultural Dictionary) , ekibalangulo is an archaic Luganda word associated with sharpening(metallic weapons). So the etymological meaning of ekibalangulo is rooted in the act of “sharpening” . Today the mathematics is considered to be the subject that sharpens the mind. In fact, a student who performs well in mathematics finds other disciplines of study easy because his mind is sharpened.

Ekibalangulo (mathematics) in short form is “ ekibalo” or okubala for “math”. The good thing we have in the mathematical word “ekibalangulo” over other suggested words is that from the same concept we are able, with ease, to form other necessary concepts that refer to mathematical calculations. These include: 

a)	Okubaza  			 (to solve, to  strategise)

b)	 Ekibazo			 ( solution to a math problem)

c)	 Okubalangula		 ( to calculate)

d)	Okubalanguza		 (to calculate)

e)	Ekibalanguzo		 (formula)

f)	Obubalanguzo		 (mathematical operations)

g)	Omubalanguzi 		(mathematician)

You can note the advantage we get by refering to mathematics as ekibalangulo from which we derive several; other required concepts for any discourse in mathematics. Any way in short you can still call it okubala or ekibalo in ordinary language.

Ekibalirizo(Arithetic)

Obutafaanana nga aligebbula ayogeza byombi , namba n’ennyukuta, ekibalirizo(arithmetic) kyogeza namba na nambiso byokka. Ekibalirizo (arithmetic) kyetaagisa okuwa namba amannya n’obubonero. Amannya ga namba enzijuvu mu luganda gali “emu, bbiri, satu, nnya, ttaano, mukaaga, n’okweyongerayo. Amannya gano gayitibwa mannya agabala oba namba za kibazo (namba ezibala). 

 Obubonero bwa digito ekkumi ezizimba buli namba, omuli:  0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9  buyitibwa “nambiso”(numerals) kyokka mu kubwatuukiriza tuziyita “namba”. Ekibaririzo (arithmetic) kikozesa bubonero okubala. Kyetaagisa okuwa obubonero buno amannya. Erinnya ly’akabonero akabala liyitibwa “namba”. 

Amannya g’obubonero buno  mu luganda gali : “zero, emu, bbiri, satu, nnya, ttaano, mukaaga, n’okweyongerayo mu entakoma. Ezo ze namba ez’enjawulo. Amannya gano gayitibwa mannya agabala oba namba za kibazo (namba ezibala). 

Obubonero obukiikirira namba bulagibwa nga:  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7” n’okweyongerayo mu ntakoma. Obubonero buno buyitibwa nambiso (numerals). Waliwo ne nambiso z’ekirooma” (Roman numerals) nga  I,II,III,IV n’okweyongerayo. 'Okiraba nti mu nambiso z’ekirooma temuli kabonero ka zeero.

Zeero(0) nayo etwalibwa okuba namba enzijuvu.Erina ekinnyonnyozo(property) nti  singa egattibwako namba yonna endala, namba eyo tekyuka. Ekyokulabirako  5+0 = 5.
Omuntu atandika  sessomo ly’ekibalangulo alina kusookera ku kuyiga:
o	Okubala, okusoma, n’okuwandiika namba enzijuvu okutandika n’ezisooka ekkumi, n’azzaako ekikumi, nadda   ku lukumi,n’okweyongerayo. 

o	Okunokoolayo omuwendo gw’ekifo(place value) buli digito ya namba  mweri.
o	Waliwo akakwate akali wakati wa namba, obungi, n’omuwendo gw’ekifo mu namba enzijuvu okutuuka ku lukumi.
o	Waliwo enkozesa y’omulamwa gw’ensuusuuba n’amakumi mu nsengekera ya namba ey’omuwendo gw’ekifo. 
o	Bw’ova awo n’oyiga omuwendo gw’ekifo buli digito w’eri okutuuka ku mutwaalo.
o	Okuva awo alina okumanya omuwendo gw’ekifo ogwa namba enzijuvu awamu n’ogw’emitonnyeze (decimals) egirina ebifo by’emitonnyeze (decimals places) ebibiri awamu n’engeri namba enzijuvu n’ebigana  gye zikwataganamu n’emikutule (fractions).
o	Bw’ova kw’ekyo aba alina okuyiga okusoma n’okuwandiika namba enzijuvu eziri mu bukadde. 
o	 Okusengeka n’okugeraageranya namba enzijuvu n’emitonnyeze okutuuuka ku bifo by’emitonyeze bibiri. 
o	Okuzingirako namba (rounding off numbers) enzijuvu ku kumi, ku kikumi, lukumi, mutwalo, kakadde, kawumbi okutuuka ku butabalika (the nearest ten, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, or hundred thousand). 
o	Okusengeka ennamba (0rdering numbers)
o	Enziringanya y’ennamba (Number sequencing)

Okuyiga bino kisobozesa omuntu atandika ekibalangulo okugenda mu maaso:

(i)	Okuyiga okubala obungi bw’ebintu.
(ii)	Okuyiga okugatta n’okwawuza.Kino balina okukikola n’okwegezaaamu kungi okutuuka nga buli muwendo bagukuba budinda. 
(iii)	Okwegezaamu n’okubala mu bibinja n’enkubiso z’ebibinja (multiples of groups). Eky’okulabirako okubala ebintu ne 5, 10, 15, n’okweyongerayo 
(iv)	Okubalanguza okuyita mu kukozesa emisimbalaala (columns) naddala ng’oyagala okugatta oba okwawuza namba ennene ezirina digito eziwera.Wano tulina okukozesa obumanyirivu bw’emiwendo gy’ekifo kya buli digito. Ojja kukizuula nti bwe twogera obwogezi namba tubuuka emiwendo gy’ebifo (place values) ebiba bitakiikiriddwa namba, gamba, mu namba nga 4, 006; eno esomwa nga  enkumi nnya mu lukaaga. Bwe tuwandiika awatali digito ekifo tukiteekamu ziro (0).
Essomeso 3: Ennamba n’ennambiso 
               (Numbers  Numeracy)

Sooka omanye bino

(a)	Ekikolwa eky’okubala (counting) kyetaagisa obubonero n’amannya gabwo.

(b)	Namba ly’erinnya ly’obubonero obukozesebwa okubala mu ttabi ly’ekibalangulo eriyitibwa “ekibaririzo” (arithmetic). Obubonero buyitibwa “nambiso’ (numerals).

(c)	“Namba” ye namunigina(unit) omubalanguzi gye yeyambisa ng’akola okubalangula kwe okwa buli kika mu sessomo ly’ekibalangulo.

There are two words crucial for grasping the basic concepts in number theory:

(i)	The symbols are called numerals  e.g  0, 12, 2, 3,…
(ii)	The names  of the numerals are the numbers   like zero, one ,  two, three, …

We have borrowed the two concepts , that is , adopted and adapted  them to Luganda phnology and orthography”   as  ennamba , the name for number and ennambiso , the symbol for numeral. 
The Luganda word “omuwendo” refers to the value in a number or ennambiso  or a digit  . Users should be careful because “omuwendo” in most cases refers to “a value” as distinct from number. Ennambiso (numeral) is a symbol but a number is the name of  a  symbol .  The building blocks of numbers are the digits(figures) , called digito in Luganda . 

Values and numbers are almost synonyms but the value depends on the place of a particular digit in a number. This means that the digits have different values depending in the places where they are found in a number. In Luganda , we can talk of “omuwendo gw’ekifo” ,  to mean place value in a number . 

In fact , every topic  in  the mathematical field  of study can be referred to as   “omugereeso”. For example we can talk of “omugereeso gw’essomampimo” to mean the “theory of geometry” or  “omugereeso gw’emigereko” to refer to “set theory).

Omugereeso gwa namba (number theory) gutandika na kuyiga namba, obutaffaali obuzimba omugereeso gwa namba ne sessomo ly’ekibalangulo lyonna okutwalira awamu.
Namba kye ki?

Namba kintu ekibalanguzo ekikozesebwa okubala, okulaga, n’okupima. Ensonjola ya namba etwaliramu namba nga ziro, namba eza kiddannyuma (namba za negatiivu) , namba ez’omugerarenyo(rational number), namba ezitali za mugerageranyo, ne namba enzibuwavu, okunokoolay ezimu . 

Omulamwa “namba” ke kataffaali akasookelwako mu kuyiga okwa sayansi n’ekibalangulo kyokka ekibuuzo “namba kye ki?” tekyasobola kuddibwamu okutuuka mu 1884 A.D. Gottlob Fregé [1], eyavumbula okusengeka ensonga z’ekibalangulo(mathematical logic) kyokka ansa ye teyamanyibwa mu nsi okutuuka omungereza omubalanguzi era omukugui w’ensengeka y’ebirowoozo Bertrand Russell, eyagezaako okunnyonyola buli ekigenda mu maaso mu kibalangulo ng’akyesigamya ku mulamwa gw’emigereko(sets), n’atuuka okuttuukiriza omulamwa gwa “namba”. 

Omulamwa gwa namba gwekuusiza ku mulamwa gw’omugereko (set).Omugereko taminologiya eringa taminologiya ya “punkuti(akatonnyeze) mu essomampimo kubanga omulamwa guno si musonjole. Mu ngeri y’emu omugereko gunyonyolwa biteeberezo(axioms) bya mugereeso gwa migereko . Mu ngeri etali ntongole omugereko gusonjolwa nga  ekikung’anyo ky’ebintu ebigere era ebyeyawudde eby’ekikakkyonna kwe tusobola okusalirawo oba ekintu ekimu oba ekirala memba yagwo. 

Kino kitegeeza nti okulaga omugereko. Olina okulaga ebintu byonna ebigirimu, ebiyitibwa bammemba nga nga olaga buli memba  mu kikung’anyo oba nga onnyonnyola bamemba ki abalimu.

Njawulo ki eri wakati w’endagamuwendo( digit) ne Namba?

Endagamuwendo(digit) ke “akataffaali akazimba namba” (the building block of a number).

Digito	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Ziro	
Namba 1	*
Namba 2	**
Namba 7	*******
Namba 15	***************
Namba 10	**********
Nmba 5	*****
Namba 20	*******************
Namba 25	************************
Namba 30	*****************************
Namba 34	*********************************
Namba 29	****************************
Namba 18	*******************

Nga namba bwe buli obutffaali obuzimba sessomo ly’ekibalangulo, obutaffaali obuzimba namba ze ndagamuwendo (digits). Namba ziri buli wamu mu kibalangulo era ziyinza okusengekebwa mu biti oba emitendera egy’enjawulo, ebisonjozo n’ebinnyonnyozo eby’ejawulo.

Omugereeso gwa namba gutandika n’ebintu kkumi era gino gy’emiramwa omuzadde n’omusomesa yenna gy’asookerako mu kutendeka omwana nga muto .Digito ziri kkumi era zino bwe butaffaali obuzimba namba endala zonna, entonno eziri mu nsusuuba n’ennene ennyo eziri mu butabalika.

Endagamuwendo  ekkumi ezizimba buli namba:  0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.

Okunokoolayo omuwendo gw’ekifo buli ndagamuwendo  mweri.

Akakwate akali wakati wa namba , obungi,n’omuwendo gw’ekifo mu namba enzijuvu okutuuka ku lukumi. 

Enkozesa y’omulamwa gw’ensuusuuba n’amakumi mu nsengekera ya namba ey’omuwendo gw’ekifo. 

Bw’ava awo n’ayiga omuwendo gw’ekifo buli digito weeri okutuuka ku mutwaalo.
Okuva awo alina okumanya omuwendo gw’ekifo ogwa namba enzijuvu awamu n’ogwa emitonnyeze (decimals) egirina ebifo by’emikumito/emitonnyeze (decimals places) ebibiri awamu n’engero namba enzijuvu n’emikumito gye gikwataganamu n’emikutule/namba enkutulemu/emitunduwazo (fractions).
Bw’ava kw’ekyo aba alina okuyiga okusoma n’okuwandiika namba enzijuvu eziri mu bukadde. 

Okusengeka n’okugeraageranya namba enzijuvu n’emitonnyeze okutuuuka ku bifo by’emitonyeze bibiri. 

(ii)  Okuyiga okugatta n’okwawuza .Kino balina okukikola n’okwegezaaamu kungi okutuuka nga buli muwendo bagukuba budinda. 

Okwegezaamu n’okubala mu bibinja n’enkubiso z’ebibinja(multiples of groups). Ekyo’kulabirako okubala ebintu n’ 5, 10, 15. n’okweyongerayo . okubalanguza okuyita mu kukozesa obusimbalaala(columns) naddala ng’oyagala okugatta oba okwawuza  namba ennene ezirina digito eziwera.Wano tulina okukozesa obumanyirivu bw’emiwendo gy’ekifo kya buli digito. Ojja kukizuula nti bwe twogera obwogezi namba tubuuka emiwendo gy’ebifo(place values) ebiba bitakiikiriddwa namba ,gamba, mu namba nga 4,006 ; eno esomwa nga  enkumi nnya mu lukaaga. Bwe tuwandiika awatali digito ekifo tukiteekamu ziro(0).

Ebyafaayo bya sessomo ly’ekibalangulo bitandika na byafaayo bya namba na kubala okukozesa namba okusinziira ku buwangwa obw’obulabufu nga Bugereeki, Abarooma, Bukyayina , Buyindi , Bulaaya n’ebitundu ebimu mu afirika ey’abaddugavu. 

Abagezigezi ababalanguzi batandika okwebuuza ku:

Ebibuuzo nga bino byaleetawo obutakkaanya mu babalanguzi era abo abaatandikanga okubuuza ebibuuzo ebyo ne basekererwa nga abamu babayita bagwi ba ddalu oba bbulwabikolwa kyokka ne bivaamu okutuuka ku kituufu. Baatandika okukuba empawa n’okukola ebigambululo (statements) nga:

Entandikwa y’ekibalangulo mu kuyiga kubala .Okubala kuba kusoma na kuwandiika namba enzijuvu:
i.	Okuva ku ziro okutuuka ku kumi 

ii.	Okuva ku kumi okutuuka ku kikumi

iii.	Okuva ku kikumi okutuuka ku lukumi

Ebyafaayo bya sessomo ly’ekibalangulo bitandika na byafaayo bya namba na kubala okukozesa namba okusinziira ku buwangwa obw’obulabufu ngamu  Bagereeki, Abarooma, Bukyayina, Buyindi, Bulaaya n’ebitundu ebimu mu afirika ey’abaddugavu. 
Abagezigezi ababalanguzi abasooka, basooka okwebuuza ku:
	Ki ekibeerawo nga omuntu abala kiddanyuma okuyita mu zeero?
	Buwanvo” (disitansi) ki obuliwo okuyita  mu nsittalo  ya kyebiriga? 
	Emikutule (emiwendo emikutuleremu) bwe giba namba, giyinza okugattibwa, okwawulibwa, okugabizibwamu oba okukubisibwamu? 
Ebibuuzo nga bino byaleetawo obutakkaanya mu babalanguzi abasooka era abo abatandikanga okubuuza ebibuuzo ebyo ne basekererwa ng’abamu babayita bagwi ba ddalu oba bambulwabikolwa kyokka ne bivaamu okutuuka ku kituufu. Baatandika okukuba empawa n’okukola ebigambululo(statements)  nga:
	Namba za pozitiivu zivaako namba za negatiivu?
	Kyebiriga zivaako emirandira gya kyebiriga?
Okubala Namba n’Omuwendo gw’Ekifo

Okubala ppaka ku kkumi:

Emu	Bbiri	Satu	Nnya	Ttaano	Mukaaga	Musanvu	Munaana	Mwenda	kkumi

Okubala ng’obusaamu 

	“Okubala ng’obusaamu” (Skip Counting) kitegeeza okubala ne namaba etali 1. Okuyiga okubala ng’obusaamu kikuyamba:
	Okubala ebintu ebingi amangu
	Okuyiga okukubisaamu (emirundi)

Okubala ng’obusaamu 2 okola bw’oti: 

Okubala ng’obusaamu 10

Okubala ng’obusaamu 5 

 Okubala ng’obusaamu 3

 
Okubala ng’obusaamu 4 

Okusengeka namba (Ordering Numbers)

Okuteeka namba mu nsengeka tandikira ku esembayo obutono okutuuka ku esingayo obunene. Kino kye kiyitibwa ensengeka elinnya; nga oli bw’alinnya olusozi.
 	Eky’okulabirako: Teeka  15, 6, 7 and 9 mu nsengeka erinnya:
Ansa : 6, 7, 9, 15 	

Olumu oyinza okwagala namba zikole ekya kikontana nga zitandikira ku esinagyo obunenene okutuuka ku esembayo obutono; kino kiyitibwa nsengeka ekka; nga bwokka wansi w’olusozi.

 	Ekyokulabirako e:  Teeka  15, 6, 7 and 9 mu nsengeka ekka.
Ansa: 15, 9, 7, 6 	

Omuwendo gw’Ekifo mu Namba (Place Value in a number)

Mu kibalangulo bwe twogera ku muwendo gw’ekifo tuba tutegeeza omuwendo gw’ekifo mu namba. Mu namba buli kifo kirina omuwendo(value). Waliwo ebintu bitaano ebyetaagisa okutegeera omulamwa gw’omuwendo gw’ekifo.

(i ) Okuyiga buli namba bw’eyitibwa  awamu, engeri gye zidding’ana  n’engeri gye zikozesebwa okubala obungi, n’okukozesa namba mu ngeri ez’enjawulo mu bulamu obwa bulijjo  mu kwogera, okusoma n’okuwandiika. Omuzadde alina okulaba nga omwana ayiga okubala ebintu  n’okutegeera  bimeka oba meka  buli linnya lya namba kye litegeeza. Abazadde n’abasomsa wano balina okulaba ng’abaana bafuna okwegezaamu ekimala nga babala namba okusooka nga bakoma ku 10 bwe bamala ne beyongerayo okumanya nti namba eziri mu kkumi zonna zirina ennyingo “kumi”, eziri mu abiri zonna zirina ennyingo “abiri”, n’okweyongerayo awatali kusooka kwebuuza lwaki kiri kityo. 

(ii)Okukozesa namba okugatta n’okwawuza mu bulamu obwa bulijjo. Okugatta n’okwawuza ebisookerwako omwana abiyigira mu bulamu obwa bulijjo nga azannya n’ebintu ebiri mu bungi okutandika n’ebifaanagana.  Kyetaagisa nnyo abaana okufuna  okwegezaamu okunnyonnyoka engeri y’okugattamu emigogo gya namba za digito emu ku  emu  awamu n’okwawuza.

(iii) Obubondo bwa namba (group numbers). Muno mulimu okubala ebintu mu bubondo n’okumanyiira okubalira mu bubondo (practice with groupings), nga okubala ebintu mu misengeko egya ttaano ttaano awatali kuddingana buddinganyi  7, 14, 21, n’okweyongerayo. Muno mulimu n’okusobola okusoma n’okuwandiika  ebintu mu bubondo  awatali miramwa gya muwendo gwa kifo naye lwa kuba wayiga okuwandiika namba. Wegezeemu n’obubondo (ebibinja) bwa namba nga obubondo obwa  2, obwa 3,  obwa 5, oba obwa 10. 

 (iv) Okukozesa obwongo ng’okozesa namba ng’ogoberera emitendera emisengeke (logical steps). Ensengekera ya namba gye tukozesa  esinziira  ku kumi kubanga ekozesa obubonero kumi bwokka obuyitibwa digito (digits). Nga tukozesa obubonero buno ekkumi tuyinza okuwandiika namba yonna.  

Endagamuwendo ekkumi 

Endagamuwendo(digits) ze tukozesa kati ziyitibwa “Namba za Kiyindi-Kiwarabu” (Hindu-Arabic Numerals) era zifaanana bwe zti: 

Zino oyinza okuzikozesa ku bwazo okubala okutuuka ku mwenda. Okubala kkumi oba okweyongerayo, tuba tutandika n’omusimbalaala omulala, omusimbalala  ogwa “amakumi”, olwo ne tuwandiika amakumi ameka ge tulina, ne tuddirira namunigina meka.

Namba “13 “etegeeza erimu ekkumi limu ne namunigina(ensusuuba) 3Kino era kiyinza okuwandiikibwa nga  (1 × 10) + (3 × 1). 
Ekyokulabirako:75 kitegeeza amakumi musanvu ne namunigina 5 oba(7 × 10) + (5 × 1)

Bwe tuba n’emiramwa egisukka mu 99, tuba tutandika omusumbalala omulala. Wano twetaaga okulaga  ebikumi bimeka, amakumi ameka ne namunigina meka.
Mu namba  194  tuba tulina ekikumi kimu, amakumi mwenda, ne namunigina nnya. Kino era tuyinza okukiwandiika nga (1 × 100) + (9 × 10) + (4 × 1). 
Mu namba  735  oba okiraba nti mulimu ebikumi 7, amakumi 3 ne namunigina 5,era ekiyinza okulagibwa nga  (7×100 )+ (3×10 )+ (5×1).

Okutwalira awamu buli lw’oyagala okulaga namba esingako obunene, tuba tugattako omusimbalala gumu (one column) ku kkono  era ne tumanya nti kino kitegeeza emirundi 10 okusingako omusimbalala oguli ku ddyo. Kati okiraba nti wetuteeka digito wa mugaso nnyo.

Kiba kitya nga tulina ekkumi limu awatali namunigina  yonna? Tulaga nti tetulina namunigina nga tuteeka  ziro mu kifo ekyo. 
Makumi 	namunigina

Mu namba  10, tulina okuteekamu ziro awatali ekyo kumi(10) eba erabika nga emu(1).

Tukozesa ekintu kye kimu okulaga  amakumi, ebikumi, enkumi, emitwalo, obukadde, obuwumbi, obutabalika  awatali namba   yonna eteekebwawo.
Eky’okulabirako 506 kitegeeza ebikumi bitaano, amakumi ziro, ne namunigina 6.

Amannya ga buli musimbalaala
Gano ge mannya ga buli musimbalaala (column): 
Bukadde	Mitwalo	Nkumi	Bikumi	Makumi	Namunigina/nsusuuba

Eky’okulabirako :
Mu taabulo y’omuwendo gwa ekifo eno wansi wandiika namba emitawo kumi na munaana, mu enkumi ssatu mu bina mu ataano mu mukaga.

Emitwalo 	Nkumi 	bikumi	makumi	namunigina

Manya omutwalo = enkumi kkumi
Emitwalo kkumi =   enkumi kikumi
Emitwalo kumi na munaana = enkumi kikumi mu kinaana

Namba 11,327 

Awo oba okiraba nti mu “mugereeso gwa namba”, buli kifo kirina omuwendo gwe kikiikirira. 
Ekikunizo: 

Bala emipiira mu buli mugalamiro owandiike ennamba entuufu mu kabokisi ku kkono. 



(iii)Omuwendo gw’ekifo (Place value): Embaza Mapeesa (Abacus)  
Wano ziro “nkuumabusangiro” (Posotion holder)

Ebikunizo: 1. Wandiika ennamba wansi w’embaza mapeesa zino:

Essomeso 4: Emisengeko n’Enziring’anya y’ennamba
           (Patterns and Sequencing of Numbers)

Omwana ayiga okubala namba ensengeke mu ngeri ez’enjawulo , omuli :

Endowooza y’omuwendo gw’ekifo gwe mutima gw’ensengekera ya namba (number system). Akabonero akalaga ekyangaala ke kasookerwaako era kayitibwa ziro(0). Ziro ekuuma ekifo ky’omuwendo omugere, singa waba tewali digito yonna egenda mu kifo ekyo.
(i)	Ekyokulabirako namba 1000 mu bigambo etegeeza olukumi lumu, tewali bikumi, tewali nkumi ate tewali nsuusuuba (ones). Singa tewaaliwo kabonero ka “ahaa” oba “tewali kintu kyonna” (ziro) , ensengekera ya namba eno teyandisobodde kukozesebwa mu kubaza . 

Ensonjola ya namba etwaliramu ebika by’ennamba eby’enjawulo nga bye bino mu Luganda  : 

Namba eza kyegabanya ne Kigaanira: (Even and Odd Numbers)

Ennamba	Kigaanira oba Kyegabanya

Namba zisonjolwa okusinziira ku bika byazo. Ekika kya namba ekisooka ky’ekika kye watandikirako okuyiga; ntegeeza namba ez’ensibo era eziyitibwa ez’obutonde oba namba ezibala (eza kibazo)  ezifaanana bwe ziti:

Ekika kya namba ekiddirira namba ezibala oba namba ez’ensibo ze namba  enzijivu, zino nga ze namba ez’ensibo oba ezibala  nga ziriko ne ziro:

Bw’ova ku namba enzijuvu odda ku namba eziyitibwa entegere, kino nga kiva mu kya lungereza “entegers”. Entegere zirimu zero, namba ez’ensibo ne namba eza kiddannyuma (eza negatiivu):

Bw’ova ku yintegya, odda ku namba ez’omugerageranyo (rational), oba namba enkutulemu (omukutulo)  ezitwalibwa nga omugabizo gw’entegere  (divisions  of integers). Mu ngeri endala namba enkutulemu etondekebwawo nga ogabiza namba entegere emu n’endala.

Okiraba nti buli kika kya namba ekiddako kiba kirimu ekika oba ebika ebiba bisooka waggulu. Enzijuvu (the wholes)  ziba ez’ensibo nga zirimu ziro. Jjukira nti oyinza okufuula entegere okuba namba enkutulemu nga oteeka 1 wansi wayo. Eky’okulabirako entegere 7 era eri mu nkula eya namba enkutulemu 7/1).  

Bw’omala okuyiga ku namba enkutulemu (emikutule), oba oddirirra ekisonjolo ekirala ekya namba: zino ze namba ezitasobola kuwandiikibwa nga nkutulemu. Jjukira nti namba enkutulemu era z’oyinza okuyita ez’omugerageranyo ziyinza okuwandiikibwa  nga ez’enkomerero (terminating)  oba emitonnyeze egy’eddingana (repeating decimals nga  0.5, 0.76, oba 0.333333....). Ku luuyi olulala, namba zonna eziyinza okuwandiikibwa nga emitonnyeze egitedding’ana (non-repeating), oba egitekomya (non-terminating) ziyitibwa zitali za mugerageranyo (rrationals). Eky’okulabirako gwe mulandira gwa kyebiriga ogwa 2 oba namba eya paayi (“3.14159okuva mu essomampima. 

Namba ez’omugerageranyo n’ezitali bika bya namba eby’enjawulo.
Bw’oteeka awamu ebika bino ebibiri ebya namba ez’emigerageranyo n’ezitali  ofuna namba kennyini (“real” number). Okujjako nga onnyonnyose namba ez’omugombagano(complex numbers ), namba ezirimu  “i”  nga  4 – 3i),  buli namba gye wali olabye ebadde namba kennyini. Lwaki ziyitibwa namba kennyini ? Waliwo ezitali  namba zennyini? Kin kituufu,zino ze ziyitibwa ez’omuteeberezo (“imaginary” numbers); ze zikola namba ez’omugombagano era kino  ennukuta   “i”  ky’etegeeza.

Ekibuuzo ekisinga okubuuzibwa ku bika bya namba kiwulikika nga “namba yennyini ya mugerageranyo oba namba etali ya mugerageranyo namba kennyini  obe si emu ku byombi? Okujjako nga omanyi  ebikwata ku bintu eby’omugombagano, buli kintu kye wali okoze mu kibalo kikozesezza namba kennyini. Mu butuufu okujjako nga namba erimu “i”, eba namba yennyini. Mu nnyanjula y’ebika bya namba ka tutandike ne ziro bwe tuti:

(i)Ziro

Eno eba nkuumakifo. Endowooza ya ziro(0), yadde nga kati buli muntu aginnyonnyoka bulungi, yalwawo okukozesebwa abantu ab’edda. Kyokka oluvannyuma abantu abagezigezi baatandika okwebuuza  nti bwe waba tewali kya kubala, ekyo okibaza otya?  Eky’okulabirako bwe bakuwa ebisawo bibiri ekimu nga kirimu sente ate ekirala nga kikalu, temuli sente, ekyo omutali sente n’emu okiraga otya mu buwandiike obwa obubonero  oba mu njogera ey’ekibalangulo (mathematically speaking)?

Abantu bwe baali bakatandika okuwandiika namba ennene nga 60 baasanga obuzibu okulaga enjawulo wakati wa  6 ne 60 kubanga awatali kabonero ka kubala aka ziro mukaaga ne nkaaga bilabika nga bye bimu mu mpaandiika. 
Ababalanguzi (mathematicians) kye baakola kwe kuteekawo “enkuumakifo” (placeholder),  akabonero  ak’enjawulo okulaga nti “mu kifo ekyo tewali digito” yonna.

Endowooza ya ziro(zero) wano we yatandikira  era oluvannyuma ababalanguzi ne batandika okujibalira mu namba era kati oyinza okulowooza mu ngeri egamba nti nabadde ne yiika z’ettaka 75 ne ntundako yiika 75, kati nina yiika ziro, ekitegeeza nti kati sirina yiika n’emu. 

 (ii) Ennamba za Kibazo

Namba ya Kibazo (Cardinal number/counting number) y’ebala obungi (quantity) era ye namba eraga ebintu bimeka ebiri awo oba ebiri omwo. Eky’okulabirako ekugamba nti kimu, bibiri, bisatu, bina, bitaano, kuminakimu, kikumi kimumimwabiri, nokweyongerayo.

Mu kubala, tuyinza okukozesa namba  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ,10, 11, 12,… nokweyongerayo. Abantu babadde bakozesa namba okubala enkumi n’enkumi z’emyaka egiyise era okubala kintu kya buttonde. Omuntu ayinza okwogera ku byalina ng’agamba nti alina abaana kumi na bataano, n’eddundiro eririko embuzi abiri mu nnya, abakyaala munaana, n’okweyongerayo. Namba za kibazo (namba ezibala) ze namba ezikozesebwa okubala ng’ezo waggulu: era namba zino zibadde zikozesebwa abantu ova emabega emyaka nkumu.

Namba ya kibazo  n’olwekyo ekugamba “emirundi emeka”  kyokka  era zino ziyitibwa “namba za ndagabungi” (counting numbers,) kubanga ziraga obungi. Omuntu bw’aba  alaga ebintu by’agenda okugula mu katale akozesa namba za ndagabungi   bw’ati”:


Namba ya kibazo teba ya “mukutulo/mutunduwazo (fraction) yadde “omutonnyeze/omukumito” (decimal). Eba namba nzijuvu (whole number).

(iii) Namba za Ndagakifo (ezisengeka)

	Namba endagakifo oba edding’anya (Ordinal Number) ye namba erondobamu okusinziira ku kifo ekintu mwe kisengekeddwa mu lunyiriri(ist)  bweti “. 1ka, 2li, 3tu, 4na, 5no, 6ga, 7vu, 8na, 9da, 10mi, 11mu,  n’okweyongerayo. Namba za ndagakifo bwe ziba zoogera ku kintu  ng’ojjeko  1 eyatulwa ekisooka, eziddako zaatulwa  na “kya”……oba “ekyo….”.okugeza kya kubiri  oba eky’okubiri (2li) kyokka bwe ziba ziraga kifo kya muntu zitandika na “wa….”.eky’okulabirako wa kubiri, wa kusatu, wa kuna, n’okweyongerayo. Ate olunaku luba lwa kusooka, lwa kubiri

Ekyokulabirako: 

Mu kkala za musoke“. Kkala eya bbululu ekwata ekifo kya 6ga. 
Omwana yakoze bulungi; yabadde wa  8na   mu kibiina kyonna. 
Ku lusooka (1ka) wajja kubaawo okuwandiisa abaana ku ssomero lya  Twekembe Kindergarten. N’olwekyo namba za endagakifo zikugamba ensengeka oba ekifo ky’ekintu ekiri mu musengeko (set).

(iv) Namba z’endagalinnya

(v) Namba enzijuvu ne Yintengya

Omugereeso gwa namba” (number theory) era gulimu:
(a) Namba enzijuvu (whole numbers):     0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, .....
Kati ka tugatte ziro ku namba za kibazo(counting numbers) tukole omusengeko omupya ogwa namba.  Wano we wava erinnya eppya erya namba eziyitibwa “ Namba Enzijuvu”(Whole Numbers)  ezikola omusengeko (set) bwe guti : {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...n’okweyongerayo}. Eno wanso ye layini ya namba enzijuvu:

 

Namba eza Negatiivu

Ebyafaayo by’ekibalangulo byafaayo bya babalunguzi kwebuuza bibuuzo n’okunoonya ansa zabyo. Ekibuuzo ekimu eky’okwebuuza  kiri: “singa odda oludda olumu oyinza okudda mu lwa kikontana (opposite way)?” 

Omubalanguzi ayinza okubala ekiddamaaso (forwards)  bwati: 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6 ... naye kiri kitya ng’abala  ekiddannyuma (backwards) bwati : …6,5, 4,3,2,2,0  ? 

 

Eky’okuddamu kiri nti aba abalira mu namba za negatiivu (negative numbers).
 

Kati wano omubalanguzi ayinza okubala ekiddamaaso n’ekiddannyuma mu entakoma nga bw’ayagadde.  Naye namba ddala eba etya eya negatiivu? Kino kibaawo nga namba eri wansi wa ziro. Eky’okulabirkao mu kupima tempulikya   oyinza okusonjola digiri ziro eza Selisiyaasi (zero degrees Celsius (0° C) ekisonjolwa ng punkuti (point) amazzi we gakwatira kyokka singa amazzi geyongera okunnyogoga ennyo okuva ku tempulikya eya ziro Selisiyaasi,  tuba tukiraga nga tempulikya eza negatiivu. 

Oyinza n’okwogera ku magoba aga negatiivu (negative profits) kubanga singa osuubula ebijanjaalo bya mitwalo kumi obitunde ofunemu amagoba, kyokka olw’okuba minzaani yo efunye obuzibu nga ebala bubi(bingi okusinga ku kituufu) n’omaliriza okutunda ng’okunganyizzaawo emitwalo musanvu wano oba mu magoba ga negatiivu kubanga ku sente ze wasize kweyawuddeko emitwalo  esatu, ekitegeeza nti mu kifo ky’okukola amagoba yafiiliddwa bufiilwa emitwalo esatu ku sente ze yasigamu.Namba za kirumirampuyibbiri/Namba Yintegya (Integers) :...., -5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7, ....
Singa namba eza negatiivu tuziteeka wamu ne namba enzijuvu (whole numbers), tufuna omusengeko gwa namba empya(new set of numbers) eziyitibwa entegere (integers). Yintegya ziba zisengekeddwa bwe ziti:  {...,-5,-4 -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,4,5,….}

Yintegya zirimu ne ziro, namba za kibazo, ne namba za kibazo eza negatiivu(the negative of the counting numbers), kin one kikola endaga ya namba eyeyongerayo  mu ntakoma (indefinitely) ku buli ludda nga mu layini ya namba eno:

 

Yintegya (Integers) ze namba ezitali nkutulemu  kyokka nga zirimu eza negatiivu n’eza pozitiivu  awamu ne ziro. Yintegya zikolebwamu omusengeko (set) ku layini ya namba (number line) bw’eti: 

Mu layini ya yintegya, ziro(0) teba pozitiivu yadde negatiivu. Kyokka namba nga 1/3, 5/7, 0.009. 1.1, 7.7 oba 8.0009922 si yintegya  kubanga nkutulemu 

(vi) Namba ez’ensibo
Waliwo n’eziyitibwa Namba ez’Ensibo oba namba ez’obutonde (natural Numbers). Omulamwa gwa namba ez’ensibo gutegeeza:
Namba eza kibazo: {1, 2, 3, 4,5,6,7,8 ,……..} 
Oba namba enzijuvu:  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5,...} Wano oba okilaba nti wakyaliwo okukuba empawa ku kuba nti ziro nayo namba ya “nsibo” oba nedda. 

(vii) Namba za Kyegabanya (Even numbers)

Namba za kyegabanya (Even numbers) zisobola okugabanyizibwamu emirundi ebiri awatali nsuusuuba/nfikko (remainder). Enamba za kigabanya zikomekkereza ne digito eya, 0,2,4,6,8 oba 10. N’olwekyo namba 0,2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 namba za kigabanya.

(vii) Namba za kigaanira (Odd numbers).

Obutaba nga namba za kyegabanya, namba za kigaanira (odd numbers) tezisobola kugabanyizibwamu mu bwenkanya bibinja bibiri awatali kufikkiza/nfikkira (remainder). Enamba za kigaanira ziba zikomekkereza n’enfikkizo omuli digito (digits) zino: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31…….Zino zonna namba za kigabanya. 

Ebisonjozo bya namba eza kigaanira n’eza kyegabanya 


Singa oba n’omukyungwa gumu ng’oyagala ogugabane kyenkanye n’omuntu omulala (ow’okubiri) oba olina okugusalamu ebitundu bibiri ebyenkanankana. Wano oba otondeseewo namba ey’ekika ekirala kubanga oba nga adidde namba 1 n’ogigabanyamu namba endala 2 okufuna ekiyitibwa kimukyakubiri (1/2).
Kye kimu ekyandiibaddewo singa obadde olina emiyembe mukaaga (6) nga oyagala ogigabanyize kyenkanyi mu  ombi basatu (3). Buli omu aba afuna   ebitundu mukaaga bya kusatu ekitegeeza mukaaga ebigabizemu ssatu ekiwandiikibwa nga   6/3) buli omu ky’afuna.Ekika kya namba kino kye kiyitibwa omukutule (fraction) oba emikutule (fractions).

(ix) Namba entunduwavu (Rational Numbers)   nga 5/1, 1/2, 1.75, -97/3... Namba entunduwavu (rational number) ye namba yonna eyinza okuwandiikibwa ng’ekitundu /omugerageranyo (ratio) gw’entegere ebbiri mu ngeri ey’okugerageranya. Kino kitegeeza nti namba enzijuvu eba ya kitundu  bwe tuba tuyinza okugiwandiika ng’enkutulemu (fraction) nga kinnawaggulu (numerator) ne kinnawansi (denominator) zombi ntegere (integers). 

Mu sayansi wa namba, ekigambo “namba entunduwaze” kiva mu kigambo “kitundu kya namba” oba omugerageranyo (ratio) kubanga namba entunduwaze (rational numbers) ze zisobola okuwandiikibwa mu butunduwavu(in the ratio form)  a/b, nga a ne b namba ntegere(integers). 

N’olwekyo omugereko (set) gwa namba entunduwaze (rational numbers) gwonna guba gwefaananyirizaako bwe guti:   (5/9, -7, 2.15, -103/13, n’endala.
Namba yonna eyinza okuwandiikibwa nga omukutule eyitibwa Namba ntunduwaze(Rational Number). Kino kitegeeza singa x ne y ze namba entegere (integers), kitegeeza    x/y namba ntunduwaze. 

Eky’okulabirako: singa x ye 7 ate nga y ye 2, kitegeeza  x/y = 7/2 = 3.5 nga namba entunduwaze. Embaranguza eno w’etakolera wokka nga y eri ziro kubanga okugabanya ne ziro tekirina nsonjola.
Manya: Mu  namba z’entunduwaze : x/y : x ne y ziba namba ntegere,  naye y teyinza kuba ziro. N’olwekyo  kimu kya kibiri (½)  eba namba ntunduwaze  ne 2 nayo ntunduwaze kubanga oyinza okugiwandiika nga 2/1. Okutwalira awamu namba z’emigerageranyo zirimu:

	Yintegya  zonna 

	Emikutule  gyonna 

Waliwo namba ezitali ntunduwaze  (numbers that are not rational number). Zino tuziyita namba ezitali  ntunduwavu (Irrational).

 (x) Namba ezitali ntuduwavu (Irrational Numbers)   

Namba ezitali ntunduwavu (Irrational numbers) ze namba eziyinza okuwandikibwa ng’emikumito (decimals) naye zombie nga  za mikutulo (fractions). 
Omulandira gwa kyebiriga (square root) ogwa 2 si mutunduwavu  kubanga tegusobola kuwandiikibwa nga kitundu (ratio) kya yintegya 2. 
Mu butuufu waliwo namba endala nyingi ezitali ntunduwavu. Emu ku zzo ye Pi (π).Namba endala ezitali ntunduwavu  mulimu omulandira gwa kyebiriga ogwa 3, ogwa 5, pi ,ne  e,.; Pi = 3.14159... ate   E = 2.71828.... 

Paayi (Pi) eba namba etali ntunduwavu kubanga tesobola kulagibwa nga kitundu oba nkutulemu (fraction) eya yintegya  ebbiri; terina muwendo gwa mutonnyeze mugere( it has no exact decimal equivalent). Kino kye kimu n’omulandira gwa kyekubisa gwa 2 ogutasobola kuwandiikibwa nga mukutulo. 

	Namba ezitali ezitali ntunduwavu za mugaso kubanga zetaagibwa:
	Okuzuula disitansi y’ebisittalo (diagonal distance) ebisaza mu kyebiriga.
	Okubalanguza emibalanguzo (calculations) egy’enjawulo egy’ebikulungirivu n’ebyebulungirivu (nga tukozesa   π).

 (xi) Namba Zennyini 

Namba Zennyini (Real Numbers) zirimu:
	Namba entunduwavu  ne  
	Namba ezitali ntunduwavu 
	Mu namba zennyini x : x  eyinza okuba entunduwavu  oba etali  ntunduwavu. Namba kennyini ye namba ze tutera okukozesa eza pozitiivu oba negatiivu, ennene oba entono, enzijuvu oba ez’emikutule oba ez’emitonnyeze  nga 1, 15.82, -0.1, 3/4, n’okweyongerayo…
Ziyitibwa namba zennyini kubanga si za muteeberezo (not Imaginary)

(xii) Namba Ez’omuteeberezo (Imaginary Numbers).

Eno ye namba yonna nga yebirigiddwa (when squared) ekivaamu kiba mu negatiivu.Singa webiriza namba kennyini yonna oba ofuna eya pozitiivu oba ziro.Eky’okulabirako : 2×2=4, ne  (-2)×(-2) nakyo kivaamu =4. 

Kakati tuyinza tutya okwebiriza namba yonna ne tufuna negatiivu? Bwe tukuba ekifaananyi nti tuyinza, tuba tuyinza era kivaamu nti namba nga eyo erabika nga etasoboka, erina emigaso era yeyambisibwa okubaza obukunizo bwennyini. 
Namunigina ya namba eyomuteeberezo ye  √(-1) (omurandira gwa kyebiriga ogwa kyawuza 1(minus one) era akabonero kayo ke   i,  oba  j. Namba z’omoteeberezo  nga yebiriziddwa (squared) etuwa ekivaamu nga kiri mu negatiivu.

 (xiii) Namba enzibuwavu (Complex Numbers)

Singa oteeka wamu namba kennyini ne namba ez’omuteeberezo(imaginaery )ofuna   eyitibwa namba enzibuwavu (Complex Number). Eky’okulabirako:  

Namba ey’enzibuwavu  ebaako ekitundu kya  namba kennyini n’ekya  namba ey’omuteeberezo e naye ga buli kitundu kiyinza okuba ziro.
N’olwekyo namba kennyini eyinza okuba namba enzibuwavu  n’ekitundu kyennyini ekya 0. 7i eba namba enzibuwavu  kubanga   yenkanankana  0 + 7i.
N’olwekyo namba enzibuwavu  ebaamu namba kennyini ne namba ey’omuteeberezo n’emigattiko gyazo gyonna.

 Eky’okulabirako:  laga omulandira gwa kyebiriga ogwa -9?
Eky’okuddamu: = √(9 × -1) = √(9) × √(-1) = 3 × √(-1) = 3i 
Kino si kikulu! Omurandira gwa kyebiriga ogwa -9 guba mulandira gwa kyebiriga ogwa +9 nga okubisizzaamu emirundi i.
Okutwalira awamu:

kasita tuba nga akanyukuta ka “i”  ako akatono tukataddewo okutujjukiza nti tukyetaaga okukubisaamu ne  √-1  tuba tusigala ku mulamwa.
Nga tweyambisa akanyukuta  i, era tusobola okutuuka ku  mulamwa omupya. 
Eky’okulabirako: Balanguza  x2 = -1
Singa tuba tukozesa namba kennyini tewali kye tusobola kukolawo, kyokk kati okubaako kye tukolawo. 
Ansa eri  x = √-1 = i 

Namba ez’ensibo (Namba ez’obutonde)
Namba ez’obutonde era eziyitibwa namba ez’nsibo ze zisinga okuba ez’omugaso era ze zino ze namba zetusinga okukozesesa mu bulamu obwa bulijjo mu kibalangulo. Namba ez’ensibo zikiikiridddwa akabonero ‘N’.
N = {1,2,3,….}
 

Namba ez’obutonde  era ziyitibwa namba ezibala(counting numbers) kubanga ze zeyambisibwa okubala ebintu. 

Namba enzijuvu (Whole Numbers )
Namba 0, 1, 3,3, 4 … ze ziyitibwa namba enzijuvu.  Ennyukuta  ' W'  y’eraga omugereko gw’ekkung’aanyo lya namba enzijuvu lyonna.Tulaba  nti   W= {0, 1, 2…} 
 
Okiraba nti namba ez’obutonde zonna ate era namba nzijuvu naye 0 si namba ya butonde. 

Mu namba enzijuvu temubaamu namba nkutulemu oba emikutule are temuli mitonnyeze yadde namba eza negatiivu. 

Namba  0, 1, -1, 2, -2 … ziba yintegya  nga ku zino,  1, 2, 3, … ziba za pozitiivu    ate -1, -2, -3,… yintegya za negatiivu. Yintegya ziragibwa na  ‘ Z '.

 
Yintegya  zezibalirwamu ziro yadde emitonnyeze  oba emikutule. 
Ebinnyonnyozo bya namba 
Ekinnyonnyozo ekya empanyisabifo (Commutative Property)
Okugatta n’okukubisaamu  mibalanguzo egirina ebisonjozo eby’empanyisabifo. 
Mu kugatta : a + b = b + a
Kino kitegeeza nti mu kugatta empanyidabifo tekyusa alizaati(ansa).
Ate era mu kukubisaamu: a * b = b * a

Kino kiraga nti ne mu kukubisaamu empanyisabifo tekyusa alizaati.

Ekinnyonnyozo eby’enkwanaganya (Associative property)
Ate era okugatta n’okukubisaamu birina ebinnyonnyozo eby’enkwanaganya (associative properties).
Okugatta: a + ( b + c) = (a + b) + c
Kino kitegeeza nti mukugatta okukwanaganya namba emu n’endala tekikyusa alizaati
Okukubisaamu : x* (y *z) = (x * y) * z
Kino nakyo kiraga nti mu kukubisaamu okukwanaganya namba emu n’endala tekikyusa alizaati.
Ekinnyonnyozo ekya Kibunyisa (Distributive property)
Ekinnyonnyozo ekya kibunyisa kisonjola akakwate akali wakati w’okugatta n’okukubisaamu. Kikkiriza okukubisaaamu okubuna wonna  ku buli namba ey’okugattibwa. 
Okukubisaamu: a(b + c) = ab + ac
Kino kitegeeza nti okubunyisa okukubisaamu ku buli namba tekikyusa alizaati.
Namba eza kigaanira ne namba eza Kyegabanya 
Ensengekera ya namba enzijuvu eri mu biti bibiri, namba eza kyegabanya (even numbers) ne namba eza kigaanira (odd numbers). 
Singa yintegya eba egabizibwamu 2 (oba nga yintegya nkubise ya  2), namba eno eba namba ya kyegabanya olwo namba ezisigadde ne ziba za kigaanira (namba ezitasobola kugabizibwamu bbiri awatali kuleka nfikkizo). Okutwalira awamu, namba ezikomekkereza ne 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 zitwalibwa okuba namba za kyegabanya.
Eky’okulabirako 16, 34, 792, 58   ate mu namba eza kigaanira mulimu 17, 21, 101, 133, 3. 

Ziro eba namba ya kyegabanya kubanga etuukiriza ebigoberero bya namba za kyegabanya. Ziro eba yintegya ate nga nkubise ya 2.

Ensulike oba namba eya kasulike (Inverse and reciprocal)

Omulamwa ogw’ensulike  oba namba ya kasulike y’ennamba   guva mu kusulika mukutule. Ensulike ya namba  kivvuunulwa nnga the reciprocal of  a number.

Buli namba enzijuvu etegeeza kino 1 = 1/1, 2 = 2/1, 3 = 3/1 . Ensulike  ya 1 oba 1/1   esigala  1 oba 1/1, ensulike  ya 2 oba 2/1 eri ½ ate eya 3 oba 3/1 eba 1/3.

Namba 1/x, ekubisidwamu x  ewa enkubise (product) 1, era eyitibwa nsulike (a reciprocal). 

Mu  kibalangulo ensulike (reciprocal) eya namba  x (x/1), eragibwa nga  1/x oba  x−1.

Ensulike  ey’omukutulo (fraction) x/y eba  y/x.  Ekyokulabirako, ensulike  (reciprocal) ya 7 eba 1/7), ate ensulike  ya   0.25  n’ebeera  1/0.25 (1gabanyaamu 0.25) =  4. 

Namba eya Kifuulannenge (Inverse number)

Namba eya kifuulannenge (inverse number) oba ensulike (reciprocal number) eya namba etali ziro oba enzibuwavu (complex number) eyinza okulagibwa ne  a-1  .

(a)Namba bbiri ziba namba za kifuulannenge buli emu ku yinnaayo singa ekitondeko kyazo kiba kikola 1.

(b)Singa  a (≠0)  eba eweereddwa  nga bc, kitegeeza nti namba ya kifuulannenge yayo eba bc-1 =cb.

(c)Okutwalira awamu, bw’oyogera ku kintu  ekya kifuulannenge ,  kitgeeeza: Okuzza ku ntandikwa oba okuzza ekintu awasooka 

Mu sessomo ly’ekibalangalo , twogera ne  ku mukwataganyo ogwa kifuulannenge (inverse function) oba namba eza kifuulannenge (inverse numbers). Ekifuulannenge kaba kakwate akalimu enkyuso bbiri  nga bwe wabaawo okulinnyisa enkyuso emu kiviirako okukendeera (okukka) kw’enkyuso endala. Eky’okulabirako volima ya ggaasi eri mu muugerageranyo ogwa kifuulannenge ku kanyigirizi ka.

Bwe ziba erementi za kikung’anyo (set elements)  kifuulannenge ow’engattiso ekya erementi  x  kiba  -x, ate ekifuulannge ky’enkubiso ekya erementi eya x eba 1/x

Mu kibalangalo, ekifuulannenge kitegeeza ekintu ekya kikontana (opposite) nga mu nziring’ana  ey’ekiddannyuma. Kifuulannenge kitegeeza omugogo gwa erementi (a, b) nga ekivaamu eba erementi eyefaanayiriza nga: ( b,a )

Kasulike gwe muwendo oguba gulagiddwa ekifuulannengemu ngeri ey’okusulika.Kino era kiyitibwa kifuulannenge ey’enkubiso (multiplicative inverse)

Kiddannyuma (negatiivu) ogwe muwendo oguba gulagiddwa mu negatiivu.Kino era kiyitibwa kifuulannenge ey’omugattiso (additive inverse). Mu migendaganyo (in proportions) kifuulannenge abaamu ennyingo nga emu bw’erinnyisibwa kiviirako endala okukka wansi.

Kifuulannenge era kitegeeza “Engattiso eya kifuulannenge” (additive inverse), ekitegeeza omugogo gwa namba nga omugatte gwazo  guba ziro. Eky’okulabirako engattiso eya kifuulannenge eya -345 eri 345 kubanga 

Enkubiso eya kifuulannenge kitegeeza kasulike oba omugogo gwa namba ogumu nga ekitondeko kyazo kivaami 1. Ekyokulabirako kasulike ya 5/7 eri 7/5  era bw’okubisa mu namba zino ( 5/7 x 7/5  ) ofunaa 1 kubanga 5/7 x 7/5  = 1.

Kikontana y’ekintu (opposite)k’ akakwate akaba wakati w’ebikontana nu sayansi ez’entabaganya akayitibwa embeera eya mugobansonga (dialectics). Laba ebintu bya  kikontana bino.


Okugabiza mu Ziro

Mu mazima okugabiza mu ziro  tekirina busonjole 
Ekyokulabirako: singa bakugamba okugabanya ebitabo kumi mu kuraasi etariimu bayizi, kino kisobok? Tekisoboka.Tosobola kugabanya mu baana ziro mu ngeri y’emu tosobola kugabiza na ziro. Singa ogabiza 10 ne 2 ofuna 5   kubanga   5 x 2  ofuna   10 Naye 10 singa ogezaako okugabiza 10 ne ziro oba tolina ky’amakulu ky’oyuukako kubanga 0 emirundi kumi tekirina nsonjola yonna  

Bw’okubisa mu 0 ofuna 0  

Awo oba okiraba nti okugabiza ne ziro tekisoboka. Ebibalo nga 1/0  ne 0/0, 0 ×(1/0)= 0
tebiriiyo mu ngeri y’emu ebibalo nga: 0×1 = 0, 0×2 = 0, 0x 3=0, n’okweyongerayo bwe bitaliiyo.

Ebyo byonna tusobola kubisonjola.Okutwalira  awamu okugabiza oba okukubisa mu ziro tekikola makulu. Waliwo enjawulo wakati w’emilamwa kifuulannenge ne kasulike? Kifuulannenge (inverse)  ne kasulike (reciprocal)  miramwa egikozesebwa ennyo mu sessomo ly’ekibalangulo. 

Kasulike eba nkubiso eyakifuulannenge (multiplicative inverse) eya namba, ekiragibwa nga  1/a oba 1/n.ekisonjolwa nga namba  singa eba ekubisiddwamu namba yennyini evaamu ekitondeko ky’emu  (1). Singa   olina namba yennyini ky’okola kugabiza mu namba en one 1 olwo ofune kifuulannnenge yayo.Kifuulannenge yayo eno y’eba eyitibwa “kasulike (reciprocal)

Kyokka yadde emiramwa gino gikwataganye nnyo ddala, waliwonenjawulo wakati wa kifuulannnenge ne kasulike ze tugenda okwekenneenya. Bwe guba mukutule, okutuuka ku kasulike yagwo kiba kyangu kubanga kye wetaaga okukola kwe kukyusaganya kinnawansi ne kinnawaggulu.  Omulamwa gwa kasulike guyamba nnyo mu sessomo ly’ekibalangulo kubanga gugonza ebikunizo by’ekibalo bingi ddala. Eky’okulabirako: 

Nga ojjeeko enkubiso eza kifuulannnge(multiplicative inverses) nga bwe tulabye waggulu, waliwo n’engattiso eza kifuulannenge(additive inverses) ezetaaga okugattibwa ku namba ebaddewo okufuna omugatte ogwa ziro(si 1  nga bwe kiri mu nkubiso eya kifuulannenge). N’olwekyo namba bw’eba p, engattiso yayo eya kifuulannenge eba  –p  ne kiba nti  p+ (-p) = 0.  

Omukwataganyo ogwa kasulike (reciprocal function) guba nga “kayipabola (hyperbola). Ggulaafu ya kayipabola eba  y = 1/x.  Osaana okimanyi nti kifuulannenge eyinza okuba ey’omukwataganyo gwonna, kasita eba nga ekola ekyo kubanga gulaafu okuba eya kifuulannenge, erina okutuukiriza engezeso ya layini ey’omugalamiro (the horizontal line test). Etera okulagibwa nga f^-1(x). Omukwataganyo ogwa kifuulannenge ggwo gudda ku ludda olw’omukwataganyo ogwa   kikontana  f(x).`1

(i) Ekifuulannenge ky’okugatta kiba kwawuza 

Okugatta kukutwala mu maaso ate okwawuza kukuzza ku luda olwa kikontana, emabega gy’ova. Ekyokulabirako: 30 + 5 = 35   kiyinza okuzzibwa ennyuma ne  35 - 5 = 20 (okudda  we twatandikidde). Ekyokulabiako 35-5 = 30  nagwo guyinza okuzzibwa ennyuma nga tugatta 30+ 5 =35 (okudda ku kyasoose).

(ii) Kifuulannenge y’okukubisa kuba kugabiza 

Okukubisaamu kuyinza okulambululwa (okuzzibwayo oba okusumululwa) okuyita mu kugabizaamu.Eky’okulabirako:5x7 = 35  kino kiyinza okuzzibwa emabega okuyita mu kugabizaamu bwoti: 35/7 = 5 oba 25/5 = 7.

N’olwekyo okugabiza kusumululwa na kukubisaamu.
Eky’okulabirako: 15 / 3 = 5  kiyinza okuzzibwa obuto  nga tukubisa  5 × 3 = 15
Naye si na ziro  kubanga tekisoboka kugabiza na 0. ekyokulabirako: 2,438 × 0 = 0 kino tekisobola kuzzibwayo na  0/0 =. Kisoboka? 
 Kasulike (Reciprocal).

Mu ngeri ennyangi kino kiragibwa nga: 1/namba  oba emu gabizaaamu namba
Singa namba eba 13  eba kye kimu ne 13/.Kasulike yayo n’eba  1/13

N’olwekyo okufuna kasulike ya yintegya  oba namba enzijuvu ky’okola kwe kugabiza namba eyo ne 1, ekifaanana n’okusulika oba okuvuunika namba eyo nga kinnawansi yayo etwalibwa okuba 1. Eky’okulabirako kasulike ya  3  eri  1/3  (kimu kya kusatu).  Laba wano mu taabulo:

Namba	Nga omukutule	Kasulike

Jjukira nti  buli namba enzijuvu  eba ya mugerageranyo (rational / fractional). Awo okiraba nti kiringa kusulika oba kuvuunika namba ey’omukutule, kinnawansi ne kidda waggulu ate kinnawaggulu ne kidda wansi. 
Namba	Kasulike oba ensulike yayo

Mu mikutule gyennyini (egitali namba enzijuvu), omukutule gwonna gusulike, ekitundu ekibadde wansi kidde waggulu ate ekibadde waggulu ne kidda wansi. Ekyo ky’ekiyitibwa kasulike. Eky’okulabirako .  Kasulike oba ensulike  ya    5/7  eba  7/5

Okwekyusaganya (flipping/swapping)

Singa onoonya ensulike  ya kasulike oba odda we watandikidde.Eky’okulabirako:
	Ensulike ya 6 eba   1/6 
	Ensulike ya of 1/6  eba 6  4 (ezzeeyo ku 6) 

Jjukira nti “kasirike” oba “ensulike” kyekuusiza ku kya lulattini “reciprocus” ekitegeeza okuddayo (returning) okwefaananyiriza okugenda ku ssomero ate n’oddayo eka olwegggulo. 

Manya: 
	Buli namba erina kasulike okujjako ziro kubanga 1/0 tekirina nsonjola.
	Bw’okubisa namba n’ensulike  yayo oba ofuna 1 
	Okufuna kasulike w’omukutule, kyusaganya kinnawaggulu ne kinnawansi.
	Okuzuula kasulike y’omukutule  ogw’omugattiko, olina kusooka ku gufuula mukutule ogutatuukiridde, olyoke ogukyusaganye.

Ebyokulabirako: 

Mu butuufu kino kikulaga engeri y’okusonjolamu kasulike  nga ogamba nti: Kasulike kitegeeza namba gy’okubisaamu omuwendo okufuna 1. 
Olw’okuba kirimu okukubisa mu namba, kiyitibwa kifuulannenge oba enkubiso eya kifuulannenge (Multiplicative Inverse).

Omukutule	Kasulike(Ensulike) yayo

 
Kasulike y’Omukutule ogw’Omugattiko 

Singa obuuzibwa kasulike ya: 5 1/2 ?, ky’okola:

(i). Gufuule omukutule ogutatuukiridde: 5 1/2 = 11/2
(ii) Gusulike oba gufuulennenge: 2/11
Ansa eri: 2/11

Okukubisa omukutule ne kasulike yagwo 

Kino kye kiyitibwa enkubiso eya kifuulannenge (multiplicatyive inverse). Bw’okol enkubiso eya kifuulannenge, kiba kitgeeza nti buli lw’okubisa omukutule ne kasulike yagwo ofuna 1.
Eby’okulabirako:

Omugendaganyo ogwa kifuulannenge (Inverse Proportion)

Abasajja 20 bazimba ennyumba mu naku 6. Omuwendo gwabwe  bwe gulinnyisibwa okutuuka ku basajja 30 batwala ennaku 4 okuzimba ennyumba y’emu.Singa omuwendo gw’abasajja guba 40 bamala ennaku 2 okuzimba ennyumba eno.

Namba y’abasajja	Ennaku

Oba okiraba nti namba y’abasajja bwe yeyongera, ebiseera ebitwalibwa okuzimba ennyumba nga bikendeera mu mugerageranyo gwe gumu (in the same ratio).

Mu ngeri endala, singa okwongeza obungi obumu kivaako okukka mu bungi obulala, tugamba nti eobungi buno bwombi bulina akakwate aka kifuuannenge.

Okwongera okutangaaza, singa emiwendo ebiri  x ne y giba mu mugendaganyo ogwa kifuulannenge (in inverse proportion), kitegeeza ekitondeko kyagyo kiba mu ntakyuka (constant). Kino kitegeza nti: xy=c, nga c= entakyuka.

Mu ky’okulabirako waggulu tulaba nti: 
 20 x 6 = 120

Kiraga nti buli kitondeko kiri mu ntakyuka oba kye kimu.
N’olwekyo bwe tuba nga tubalanguza emiwendo (quantities) ezikwatagana  kifuulannenge, tusobola okukozesa ekigoberero kino: 


Essomeso 6: Emisimba = Emisingi gya Namba 
(Number bases)

Namba zirina ensengeka mwe zisimbira(in which they are rooted). Ensengeka zino ze ziyitibwa “emisimba” .Omusimba kiggwayo:”omusingi gwa namba”. Emisimba (Emisingi gya namba) egya bulijjo girina amannya ag’enjawulo kyokka emisingi gya namba egisinga okukozesebwa mulimu:
(a)Omusingi gwa namba ogwa kumi(number base ten) . Guno gukozesebwa ennyo abantu mu bulamu obwa bulijjo
(b)Omusingi gwa namba ogwa bbiri   (number base two), 
(c)Omusingi ogwa kumi n’omukaaga (hexadecimal) n’omunakkumi.
 Omunabbiri n’omusingi ogwa kumi n’omukaaga gisinga kweyambisibwa mu sayansi wa kompyuta.

Omusingi gwa namba (omusimba) eba “nsengekera ya namba” (number system) esimbira mu digito ez’enjawulo.

N’okweyongerayo. Omusingi gwa namba ogwa bbiri gusimbira mu digito bbiri (0 ne 1), omusingi gwa namba ogwa satu  gusimbra mu digito satu (0,1, ne 2), omusingi gwa namba ogwa nnya gusimbira mu digito nnya (0,1,2 ne 3) ate omusingi gwa namba ogwa kumi gusimbira mu digito kumi (0.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. ne 9).

Mui bufunze “omusungi gwa namba” ka nguyite “omusiimba”, Buli musingi gwa namba kw’egyo gyendaze waggulu era guyinza okuwandiikibwa mu bufunze nga wano wansi:

Emisingi gya Namba(Number Systems or number bases)	Mu bufunze	English short form

Emisingi gya namba okuva ku gw’ekkumi n’ogumu okweyongera waggulu oyinza okugisoma nga si mifunze bwoti:

Nga omusomesa oba omuzadde laba nga onnyonnoyoka bino:
	Mu nsengekera y’omuwendo gw’ekifo, buli musimbalaala (column) gubaamu digito ezikiikirira obufunza bwa namba ey’ekikolo obw’omudding’anwa. 
	Mu nsengekera y’omunekkuni, ekikolo (ensingi) kiba 10. 
	Namba meka ezikozesebwa mu Nsengekera ya Namba? Ensengekera ya namba ey’omunekkumi (omusingi gwa namba ogwa kkumi) gwe tukozesa buli lunaku guzimbirwa “obutaffaali”  buno kkumi  {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} ekintu ekiguyisa omusingi ogwa -10. 
	Digito ez’omunebbiri zisobola kuba 0 oba 1, ekiziyisa omunebbiri (omusingi ogwa-2).
Yadde nga tusobola okuba n’emisingi gya namba (emisiimba) egy’enjawulo mingi, wano essira tugenda kulissa ku misiimba esatu egisinga okukozesebwa mu bulamu ne mu sayansi. Emisingi gya namba gino esatu gye:

(i)	Omusimba ogwa kkumi (Omusingi gwa namba ogwa kkumi)
(ii)	Omusimba ogwa bbiri (Omusingi gwa namba ogwa bbiri)
(iii)	Omusimba ogwa kumi na mukaaga.
Mu lufuutifuuti, omunnakkumi gwe guyitibwa “base 10” ate omunabbiri ne guba   “binary base”. Omusingi gwa namba ogwa 16 gwe guyitibwa “hexadecimal”
Omusingi gwa namba ogwa kumi.
Guno gusimbiora mu digito kumi.
	Mu nsengekera y’omuwendo gw’ekifo, buli musimbalaala (column) gubaamu digito ezikiikirira obufunza bwa namba ey’ekikolo obw’omudding’anwa. 
	Mu nsengekera y’omunakkuni, ekikolo (ensingi) kiba 10. 
	Namba meka ezikozesebwa mu Nsengekera ya Namba? Ensengekera ya namba ey’omunakkumi (omusingi gwa namba ogwa kkumi) gwe tukozesa buli lunaku guzimbirwa “obutaffaali”  buno kkumi  {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} ekintu ekiguyisa omusingi ogwa 10. 
	Digito ez’omsingi gwa namba ogwa bbiri zisobola kuba 0 oba 1, ekiziyisa omunebbiri (omusingi ogwa-2).
Mu kibalangulo ekikolo , enfunzo , entobo oba omusimba  ye namba ya digito ez’enjawulo ensengekera y’okubala gy’ekozesa okukiikirira namba. Eky’okulabirako, omusingi gwa namba ogusinga okukozesebwa ensangi zino y’ensengekera ey’omunekkumi (decimal system). Ensengekera eno ekozesa digito kumi, okuva ku 0 okutuuka ku 9. Digito eyinza okuba namba yonna eri waggulu wa ziro(singa eba ziro kitegeeza tewali digito yonna).
Oluusi okulaga nti namba eri mu musingi gwa namba ogw’enjawulo n’omusimba ogwa kumi , omusingi gwa namba mw’eri gulagibwa  wansi wayo ku ddyo nga mutono okusinga namba yagwo. Eky’okulabirako  kitegeeza  23 mu musingi gwa namba ogwa  8 (kino nga kiba  19 mu musingi gwa namba ogwa 10). Kirowoozebwa nti omunakkumi gwalondebwa okukozesebwa mu bulamu obwa bulijjo kubanga omuntu aba n’engalo kkumi. 

Emisingi gya Namba(Number Systems or number bases)	Mu bufunze	English short form

Londako ansa entuufu okuva mu bino: decimal base, nonary base, octol base, binary base, terrnary base, septenary base, quaternary base, quinary base.


Londa ku bino wansi: sexadecimal, unenary, duodecimal, hexadecimal, vigesimal 

Ekibazo: Ekikulu kwe kumanya namba okusinziira ku bika bya zo nga oziwulidde.Eky’okulabirako oli bw’ayogera ku “yintegya”, olina okumanya nti taminologiya eno ekwata ku namba eza kibazo, kiddannyuma(negatiivu) zazo  ne ziro oba ka tugambe namba eza negatiivu n’eza pozitiivu.
(i)   0.25
Guno mutonnyeze ogwekomya (terminating decimal), n’olwekyo eyinza okuwandiikibwa nga omukutule: 25/100 = 1/4.  Olw’okuba omukutule guno tegukendezebwa kukola namba enzijuvu, namba eno si yintegya yadde okuba namba y’ensibo. Okiraba nti buli kintu ky’ekyo kyennyini. Eno namba ey’omuugerageranyo ate nga namba yennyini.  
(ii) 3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993….
Eno oteekwa okuba nga omaze okulaba nti paayi(pi), yadde nga eriko ebifo by’emitonnyeze bingi okusinga by’otera okukozesa oba okulaba. Ekikulu kiri nti omutonnyeze guno tegweddingana (it does mugerageranyo. N’olwekyo paayi eba namba etali ya mugerageranyo kyokka nga namba yennyini. 
(iii) 3.1415926535
Kino kyefaananyirizako ne paayi (pii)  kyokka si paayi kubanga guno mutonnyeze ogw’omukunuukirizo omuzingeko(rounded decimal approximation). Olwokouba omukunuukirizo guno  gwekomya(terminates), namba eno ya mugerageranyo obutafaanana na pi etali ya mugerageranyo. Namba eno ya mugerageranyo ate nga namba yennyini.
(iv) 30
Kyeyorekerawo eno namba ya kibazo. Kino kitegeeza era namba nzijuvu ate era nga yintegya. Okusinziira ku musomesa ky’ayagala okukkaatiriza, era eno eyinza okulagibwa nga ey’omugerageranyo kubanga mu butuufu eno namba ya mugeraageranyo. Kyeyolekerawo nti era namba yennyini. Eno namba ya buttonde (ya nsibo), nzijuvu, yintegya, ya mugerageranyo ate nga namba yennyini. 
(v)7/9
Guno mukutule (namba enkutulemu) ate era namba yennyini n’olwekyo ya mugerageranyo. 
(vi) 4 2/5
Eno era eyinza okuwandiikibwa nga  22/5, kino nga kye kimu ne kyetuvaako waggulu.N’olwekyo eno namba ya mugerageranyo ate nga namba yennyini. 
(vii) Omurandira gwa kyebiriga ogwa 256
Ky’oyinza okusooka okulowooza kiyinza okuba nti namba eno si ya mugerageranyo kubanga murandira gwa kyebiriga kyokka wetegereze olabe nti omurandira gwa kyebiriga guno gusonjoka nga: 256 = 16, eno nga yintegya. N’olwekyo namba eno yintegya, ya mugerageranyo ate nga namba yennyini. 
 (viii)  – 81/9
Guno mukutule kyokka laba nti gusonjoddwa okutuuka ku –3, n’olwekyo eno era eyinza okutwalibwa nga yintegya. Namba eno yintegya, ya mugerageranyo ate nga namba yennyini.




#Article 291: Luganda mathwords formed by semantic extension(okugaziya amakulu) (221 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga! Math words formed by Semantic Extension 

The following Luganda math words are formed by extending the meaning of existing Luganda words which have intrinsic connotations to  the  corresponding English concepts :




#Article 292: Luganda mathwords formed by Clipping (116 words)


Gakuweebwa Muwanga !!! Math Concepts formed by Clipping

Very significant Luganda math words formed by clipping are the concepts of a “nigi’’ and Nigina , the Luganda word for a “unit” of measurement. It can also refer to “ensusuuba” (units in place values). 

The math word “Namunigina ” , formed by semantic extension is now the Luganda word for unit ,By Clipping we derive :





#Article 293: Obuwango Obusookeso(Prefixes) (1056 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Obuwango Obusookeso (Prefixes)


Note that omugezior omuntu omugezi translates“a wise person” and “kalimagezi” is translated“intelligent man”. Amagezi translates “wisdom”but “obwakalimagezi“translates “the practice of intelligence (intelligence). 

Generally, the various  concepts associaated with  the word  “amagezi” (wisdom) are :

a)	Obwakalimagezi (intelligence). “Obwakalimagezi” is a compound word whose root is “amagezi” (wisdom). This root is combined with a prefix “obwa…”(practice of) to produce the concept of  “obwakalimagezi”(intelligence).

b)	Omuntu-kalimagezi (intelligent man). Omuntu-kalimagezi is a hyphanated  compound of two words, “omuntu”(man, human being) and “kalimagezii (intelligent person). You can also just say “kalimagezi “to mean  “intelligent man”.

c)	Koma-sapiyensa (Homo sapiens). It is a loan-word borrowed from the english “homo sapiens”. (wise man).Koma-sapiyensa can also be translated  “Omuntu kalimagezi”

d)	Ensolo kalimagezi (intelligent animal ). This is a concept of two seperated compound words, ensolo (animal) and kalimagezi (intelligent being, a genius). The synonyms are “omuntu kalimagezi” (intelligent man) or “kalimagezi” (intelligent  man) or omuntu omugezi (wise man).

e)	Omulengera (the human  “mind). This concept is formed by blending  of the words “omwoyo ogukulengeza” (the spirit that illuminates) to get“omulengera”(the soul of foresight, the spirit  that foresees). “Omulengera” (the mind) is a faculty of the brain that brings about critical thinking, analysis, knwowing, understanding and discovery, among others.

f)	Nnyoloni (neuron). This is a loan-word from the english word “neurons”. Nnyoloni (neurons) are simply the building blocks of the brain. The Luganda word “nnyoloni” is pronounced starting with “nnyo..sound and not “nyu..sound” which sounds like “new”. The neurons are determinants of human intelligence and the functioning of “omulengera”(the human mind). The synonym for “nnyoloni”(neuron) is “Obutaffaalikazimbabwongo”(the building blocks of the brain) which is a compoud word made of three words, obutaffaali (cells), obuzimba (to build), and the brain (obwongo). Obutaffaalikazimbabwongo are the neurons.
			
g)	Ekipimo ky’Obwakalimagezi (EkkyO). The Luganda concept for“Intelligence Quostient” (IQ) is “Ekipimo ky’Obwakalimagezi” abreviated as “EkkyO”. It is a coumpound of seperated words “ekipimo (measure), kya (of) and obwakalimagezi (intelligence).

h)	Okukozesa obwongo (reasoning). “Okukozesa obwongo”(reasoning) is formed from two words “okukozesa(to make use of) and “obwongo”(the brain). The synonyms for okukozesa obwongo would be “okusengeka ebirowoozo (logic). The process of “okukozesa obwongo”(reasoning) includes okulowooza (thinking), okwefumiitiriza (critical thinking), okwekenneenya or okulambulula (analysis), okukuba-ekifaaananyo (imagination), okujjukira (memorisation), okusengeka ensonga (logic), n’okugoba ensonga (dialectical thinking) which is also called “okulowooza okwa mugobansonga”(dialectical thinking). 

i)	Okulambika ebirowoozo (inductive reasoning). “Okulambika ebirowoozo” (inductive reasoning) is a concept  formed by semantic expansion. Ordinarily it means “to argue by showing sense” of your argument.

The concept of obunyukufu or obunukufu (literacy) has been derived from the Luganda word “ennyukuta” or “ennukuta” (Luganda for “letter”). More words have been derived from the new concept of “obunyukufu/obunukufu”. These include:




#Article 294: Obuwango Obuvannyuma(suffixes) (941 words)


#Article 295: Okubala (Counting) (989 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! “Okubala” (to count)  kuba kusengeka namba ezibala (counting numbers), zino nga ze namba enzijuvu (whole numbers) oba namba kennyini (real  numbers) nga 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,………okweyongerayo ewatali kkomo(into infinity)nga oyatula .

Ebyafaayo bya sessomo ly’ekibalangulo bitandika na byafaayo bya namba na kubala okukozesa namba okusinziira ku buwangwa obw’obulabufu ngamu  Bagereeki, Abarooma, Bukyayina, Buyindi, Bulaaya n’ebitundu ebimu mu afirika ey’abaddugavu. 

Okubala kutandika na kuyiga kusengka namba (arranging numbers or Ordering Numbers)okuva kw'esembayo omuwendo omutono okweyongerayo mu maaso mu nziringana erinnya(ascending order)

Okuteeka namba mu nziring'anya erinnya, tandikira ku esembayo obutono okutuuka ku esingayo obunene.

Entandikwa y’ekibalangulo eri mu kuyiga kubala .Okubala kuba kusoma na kuwandiika namba enzijuvu:

i.	Okuva ku ziro okutuuka ku kumi 

ii.	Okuva ku kumi okutuuka ku kikumi

iii.	Okuva ku kikumi okutuuka ku lukumi

Ebyafaayo bya sessomo ly’ekibalangulo bitandika na byafaayo bya namba na kubala okukozesa namba okusinziira ku buwangwa obw’obulabufu ngamu  Bagereeki, Abarooma, Bukyayina, Buyindi, Bulaaya n’ebitundu ebimu mu afirika ey’abaddugavu. 

Abagezigezi ababalanguzi abasooka, basooka okwebuuza ku:

	Ki ekibeerawo nga omuntu abala kiddanyuma okuyita mu zeero?
	Buwanvo” (disitansi) ki obuliwo okuyita  munsittalo  ya kyebiriga? 
	Emikutule (emiwendo emikutuleremu) bwe giba namba, giyinza okugattibwa, okwawulibwa, okugabizibwamu oba okukubisibwamu? 

Ebibuuzo nga bino byaleetawo obutakkaanya mu babalanguzi abasooka era abo abatandikanga okubuuza ebibuuzo ebyo ne basekererwa ng’abamu babayita bagwi ba ddalu oba bambulwabikolwa kyokka ne bivaamu okutuuka ku kituufu. Baatandika okukuba empawa n’okukola ebigambululo(statements)  nga:

	Namba za pozitiivu zivaako namba za negatiivu?
	Kyebiriga zivaako emirandira gya kyebiriga?

Okubala Namba n’Omuwendo gw’Ekifo

Okubala ppaka ku kkumi:

Emu	Bbiri	Satu	Nnya	Ttaano	Mukaaga	Musanvu	Munaana	Mwenda	kkumi

Okubala ng’obusaamu 

	“Okubala ng’obusaamu” (Skip Counting) kitegeeza okubala ne namaba etali 1. Okuyiga okubala ng’obusaamu kikuyamba:

	Okubala ebintu ebingi amangu
	Okuyiga okukubisaamu (emirundi)

Okubala ng’obusaamu 2 okola bw’oti: 

Okubala ng’obusaamu 10

Okubala ng’obusaamu 5 

 Okubala ng’obusaamu 3

 
Okubala ng’obusaamu 4 

Okusengeka namba (Ordering Numbers)

Okuteeka namba mu nsengeka, tandikira ku esembayo obutono okutuuka ku esingayo obunene. Kino kye kiyitibwa ensengeka elinnya; nga oli bw’alinnya olusozi.

 	Eky’okulabirako: Teeka  15, 6, 7 and 9 mu nsengeka erinnya:
Ansa : 6, 7, 9, 15 	

Olumu oyinza okwagala namba zikole ekya kikontana nga zitandikira ku esinagyo obunenene okutuuka ku esembayo obutono; kino kiyitibwa nsengeka ekka; nga bwokka wansi w’olusozi.

 	Ekyokulabirako e:  Teeka  15, 6, 7 and 9 mu nsengeka ekka.
Ansa: 15, 9, 7, 6 	

Omuwendo gw’Ekifo mu Namba (Place Value in a number)

Mu kibalangulo bwe twogera ku muwendo gw’ekifo tuba tutegeeza omuwendo gw’ekifo mu namba. Mu namba buli kifo kirina omuwendo(value). Waliwo ebintu bitaano ebyetaagisa okutegeera omulamwa gw’omuwendo gw’ekifo.

(i ) Okuyiga buli namba bw’eyitibwa  awamu, engeri gye zidding’ana  n’engeri gye zikozesebwa okubala obungi, n’okukozesa namba mu ngeri ez’enjawulo mu bulamu obwa bulijjo  mu kwogera, okusoma n’okuwandiika. Omuzadde alina okulaba nga omwana ayiga okubala ebintu  n’okutegeera  bimeka oba meka  buli linnya lya namba kye litegeeza. Abazadde n’abasomsa wano balina okulaba ng’abaana bafuna okwegezaamu ekimala nga babala namba okusooka nga bakoma ku 10 bwe bamala ne beyongerayo okumanya nti namba eziri mu kkumi zonna zirina ennyingo “kumi”, eziri mu abiri zonna zirina ennyingo “abiri”, n’okweyongerayo awatali kusooka kwebuuza lwaki kiri kityo. 

(ii)Okukozesa namba okugatta n’okwawuza mu bulamu obwa bulijjo. Okugatta n’okwawuza ebisookerwako omwana abiyigira mu bulamu obwa bulijjo nga azannya n’ebintu ebiri mu bungi okutandika n’ebifaanagana.  Kyetaagisa nnyo abaana okufuna  okwegezaamu okunnyonnyoka engeri y’okugattamu emigogo gya namba za digito emu ku  emu  awamu n’okwawuza.

(iii) Obubondo bwa namba (group numbers). Muno mulimu okubala ebintu mu bubondo n’okumanyiira okubalira mu bubondo (practice with groupings), nga okubala ebintu mu misengeko egya ttaano ttaano awatali kuddingana buddinganyi  7, 14, 21, n’okweyongerayo. Muno mulimu n’okusobola okusoma n’okuwandiika  ebintu mu bubondo  awatali miramwa gya muwendo gwa kifo naye lwa kuba wayiga okuwandiika namba. Wegezeemu n’obubondo (ebibinja) bwa namba nga obubondo obwa  2, obwa 3,  obwa 5, oba obwa 10. 

(iv) Okukozesa obwongo ng’okozesa namba ng’ogoberera emitendera emisengeke (logical steps). Ensengekera ya namba gye tukozesa  esinziira  ku kumi kubanga ekozesa obubonero kumi bwokka obuyitibwa digito (digits). Nga tukozesa obubonero buno ekkumi tuyinza okuwandiika namba yonna.  

Endagamuwendo ekkumi 

Endagamuwendo(digits) ze tukozesa kati ziyitibwa “Namba za Kiyindi-Kiwarabu” (Hindu-Arabic Numerals) era zifaanana bwe zti: 

Zino oyinza okuzikozesa ku bwazo okubala okutuuka ku mwenda. Okubala kkumi oba okweyongerayo, tuba tutandika n’omusimbalaala omulala, omusimbalala  ogwa “amakumi”, olwo ne tuwandiika amakumi ameka ge tulina, ne tuddirira namunigina meka.

Namba “13 “etegeeza erimu ekkumi limu ne namunigina(ensusuuba) 3Kino era kiyinza okuwandiikibwa nga  (1 × 10) + (3 × 1). 
Ekyokulabirako:75 kitegeeza amakumi musanvu ne namunigina 5 oba(7 × 10) + (5 × 1)

Bwe tuba n’emiramwa egisukka mu 99, tuba tutandika omusumbalala omulala. Wano twetaaga okulaga  ebikumi bimeka, amakumi ameka ne namunigina meka.
Mu namba  194  tuba tulina ekikumi kimu, amakumi mwenda, ne namunigina nnya. Kino era tuyinza okukiwandiika nga (1 × 100) + (9 × 10) + (4 × 1). 
Mu namba  735  oba okiraba nti mulimu ebikumi 7, amakumi 3 ne namunigina 5,era ekiyinza okulagibwa nga  (7×100 )+ (3×10 )+ (5×1).

Okutwalira awamu buli lw’oyagala okulaga namba esingako obunene, tuba tugattako omusimbalala gumu (one column) ku kkono  era ne tumanya nti kino kitegeeza emirundi 10 okusingako omusimbalala oguli ku ddyo. Kati okiraba nti wetuteeka digito wa mugaso nnyo.

Kiba kitya nga tulina ekkumi limu awatali namunigina  yonna? Tulaga nti tetulina namunigina nga tuteeka  ziro mu kifo ekyo. 
Makumi 	namunigina

Mu namba  10, tulina okuteekamu ziro awatali ekyo kumi(10) eba erabika nga emu(1).

Tukozesa ekintu kye kimu okulaga  amakumi, ebikumi, enkumi, emitwalo, obukadde, obuwumbi, obutabalika  awatali namba   yonna eteekebwawo.
Eky’okulabirako 506 kitegeeza ebikumi bitaano, amakumi ziro, ne namunigina 6.

Amannya ga buli musimbalaala
Gano ge mannya ga buli musimbalaala (column): 
Bukadde	Mitwalo	Nkumi	Bikumi	Makumi	Namunigina/nsusuuba

Eky’okulabirako :
Mu taabulo y’omuwendo gwa ekifo eno wansi wandiika namba emitawo kumi na munaana, mu enkumi ssatu mu bina mu ataano mu mukaga.

Emitwalo 	Nkumi 	bikumi	makumi	namunigina

Manya omutwalo = enkumi kkumi
Emitwalo kkumi =   enkumi kikumi
Emitwalo kumi na munaana = enkumi kikumi mu kinaana

Namba 11,327 

Awo oba okiraba nti mu “mugereeso gwa namba”, buli kifo kirina omuwendo gwe kikiikirira.




#Article 296: Emisimba(Number Bases) (248 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Laba Wikipidia Emisingi gya Namba !

Emisimba =Emisingi gya Namba 
(Number bases)

Namba zirina ensengeka mwe zisimbira(in which they are rooted).Ensengeka zino ze ziyitibwa “emisimba” .Omusimba kiggwayo:”omusingi gwa namba”. Emisimba (Emisingi gya namba) egya bulijjo girina amannya ag’enjawulo kyokka emisingi gya namba egisinga okukozesebwa mulimu:

(a)Omusingi gwa namba ogwa kumi(number base ten) .Guno gukozesebwa ennyo abantu mu bulamu obwa bulijjo

(b)Omusingi gwa namba ogwa bbiri   (number base two), 

(c)Omusingi ogwa kumi n’omukaaga (hexadecimal) n’omunakkumi.

 Omunabbiri n’omusingi ogwa kumi n’omukaaga gisinga kweyambisibwa mu sayansi wa kompyuta.

Omusingi gwa namba (omusimba) eba “nsengekera ya namba” (number system) esimbira mu digito ez’enjawulo.  Weetegereze:

	Emisingi gya namba=Omusimba(number bases)

	Omusingi gwa namba  ogwa bbiri=Omusimba ogwa bbiri(number base two)

	Omusingi gwa namba ogwa Satu=Omusimba ogwa Satu	(base three)

	Omusingi gwa namba ogwa nnya=Omusimba ogwa nnya	(base four)

	Omusingi gwa namba ogwa taano=Omusimba ogwa ttaano(base five)

	Omusingi gwa ogwa mukaaga=Omusimba ogwa mukaaga	(base six)

	Omusingi gwa namba ogwa musanvu=Omusimba ogwa Musanvu(base seven)

	Omusingi gwa namba ogwa munaana=Omusimba ogwa munaana(base eight)

	Omusingi gwa namba ogwa mwenda=Omusmba ogwa mwenda(base nine)

	Omusingi gwa namba ogwa kkumi=omusimba ogwa kumi(base ten)

Weetegereze :

 (i) Omusingi gwa namba ogwa bbiri gusimbira mu digito bbiri (0 ne 1), 

(ii) omusingi gwa namba ogwa satu  gusimbra mu digito satu (0,1, ne 2), 

(iii) omusingi gwa namba ogwa nnya gusimbira mu digito nnya (0,1,2 ne 3) ate 

(iv) omusingi gwa namba ogwa kumi gusimbira mu digito kumi (0.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. ne 9).




#Article 297: Ensekkati(median) (477 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! 

    (Median)

Ensekkati ye namba esangibwa mu makkati g'om,ugereko gwa kalonda(in the middle of a set of data) asengekeddwa mu nziring'an y'enambiso(arranged in numerical order)

Bw’oba osengeka omusengeko gw’emiwendo mu enziring’ana eyambuka (ascending order), ensekkati (=ennamba ey’amakkati) ye namba eba mu makkati. Singa wabaawo emiwendo ebiri egikola amakkati, ky’okola kwe kubaza omugeranyo gyagyo.

Ekikunizo 1:  tuzuula ensakkati 3, 9, 5, 7 , 5, ne  2. 

Ekibazo: Okusooka osengeka namba zino mu enziring’anya eyambuka: 

         2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9 

Ekiddako saza ku “enamba y’amakkati”:

        2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9 

Eno y’ensekkati (median), eri 5.

Ekikunizo 2: Zuula ensekkati ya zino: 

	1, 3, 3, 7, 5, 7, 9, 9

Namba ezo waggulu zisengekeddwa mu nziringanya eyambuka ,n’olwekyo tolina kufaayo ku nsengeka yazo.Wetegereze nti  mu  musengeko gwa  namba guno,  ennya n’ettano ze namba ezikola amakkati:

   1, 3 , 3 , 7 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 9

Ky’okola kwe kubaza omugeranyo (omuwendo ogw’ekigero=average) ogwa namba zino ebbiri okusobola okufuna ensekkati. 

   7+5 /2= 12/2 = 6 

   Ensekkati eri 6.

Ensekkati y’omugereko oba olukalala lwa namba eba namba eri mu makkati singa namba ziba zisengekeddwa mu nziring’ana eyambuka. Singa wabaawo omuwendo gwa namba ogwa kyegabanya (even number), ensekati kiba kigero (mean)  kya namba ebbiri  ezo mu makkati.  

Ekikunizo 3: singa ebibiina omusanvu ebya Sango P7 School buli kimu kirimu omuwendo gw’abayizi nga bwe nkiraze bwenti: 60, 70, 45, 50, 63, 65, ne 67.  Zuula omuwendo ogw’ ensekkati mu baana abali mu buli kibiina kya Ssango P7 School.

Ekibazo: Ky’okola sengeka emiwendo nga bwegidding’ana okuva ku gusembayo obutono okutuuka ku gusingayo obunene oba okuva ku gusingayo obunene okutuuka ku gusingayo obutono. 

 Okuva ku kisingayo obunene okudda sansi ku kisembayo obutono ky’ekiyitibwa “enziring’ana ekka”(descending order) ate okuva ku kisembayo wansi okutuuka ku kisingayo waggulu kye kiyitibwa “enziring’ana eyambuka”(ascending order).

Awo okiraba nti ensekkati eba 63

Okimanyi nti ensekkati ky’ekigeranyo ekisinga okukozesebwa okulaga ebisale   by’ebyettunzi ebiri ku katale? Ensekkati eyamba kubanga eriraanye amakkati amatuufu.
Kyokka mu kubaza ensekkati  y’abaana abali mu bibiina bya Sango P7 School , singa wabaddewo omuwendo gw’ebibiina ogwa kyegabanya nga  , 60, 70, 50 ,63 , 65, ne  67  kitegeeza wandibaddewo namba eziri mu makkati bbiri, 63 ne 65 :

Wano okutuuka ku nsekkati obaza ekigeranyo (quotient) kya namba zino ebbiri eziri mu makkati bwoti:
			63+65
		          2	

			= 128	
		           2	
			= 64

Nga wabaddewo ebibiina mukaaga mu kifo ky’omusanvu, ensekkati eba  kigero kya 63 ne 67   ekikuwa ensekkati eya 64, namba eri mu makakti gennyini aga 63 ne 65, namba ebbiri eziri mu makkati.

Kyokka singa okozesa ekibalo eky’ekigero (omugeranyo=annual average) eky’omwaka okubaza ennyingiza y’omwaka (annual income) ey’abatuuze b’e Nabbingo nga muno mulimu abagagga ba binnyonkondo abatonotono ate ng’abasinga ennyingiza yabwe ey’omwaka eri wansi nnyo, abagagga bano ababale obubazi bayinza okukukuwubisa n’olowooza nti omugeranyo gw’omwaka (annual average) ey’abatuuze eri waggulu kyokka nga mu butuufu abantu abasinga obungi mu kitundu beeyaguza luggyo olw’obwavu.




#Article 298: Ensinga (Mode) (192 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!  Ensinga (Mode)

Mu lukalala lw’emiwendo, ensinga (mode) eba namba esinga okweyoleka .Singa namba bbiri ze zisinga okweyoleka, kitegeeza olina ensinga bbiri. Kino kiyitibwa nansingabbiri  (bimodal).

Ekikunizo : Zuula  ensinga ya namba zino : 85 ,  33, 67 ,  33,  81 ,   102 ,  33 34 . 

Mu nziringanya ya namba zino, okiraba nti 33 yeyoleka emirundi esatu .

	85 ,  33, 67 ,  33,  81 ,  102 ,  33 ,  34

N’olwekyo, ensinga, omuwendo oba ennamba esingayo okweyoleka eri 52.

N’olwekyo, ensinga y’omugereko gw’ennamba gwe guba omuwendo oba  ennamba esinga okweyoleka, ntegeeza esinga okulabika  emirundi emingi. 

Ekyokulabirako: Mu somero lya Team primary school, e Mpala, buli kibiina kirimu namba y’abaana bweti:  

Laga omuwendo ogw’ensinga .

Ekibazo: Bwe wekenneenya kalonda oyo waggulu okiraba nti ebibiina ebirimu abaana 45 be bisinga obungi. Ekitegeeza ensinga eri 45 :

Singa era wabaddewo ebibiina bisatu ebirina 26 , kalonda yandibadde nansingabbiri(bimodal)  nga 26  ne 45  zombi nsiga za  mugereko gwa miwendo gino:

Kyokka era kiba kisoboka okuba nga waliwo namba y’ebibiina ebirimu emiwendo ebyenkanankana .Ekibinja kino te kiba na nsinga kubanga tewali muwenda gwa baana mu kibiina gweyoreka mirungi mingi kusinga mulala .




#Article 299: Enjawuzo(range) (159 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Enjawuzo (Range)

Omwawuzo oba Enjawuzo (range) eraga emiwendo engeri gye giriraaniganye mu mugereko gwa kalonda. Okuzuula enjawuzo, kola okwawuza wakati w’omuwendo ogusingayo n’ogusembayo mu omugereko gwa kalonda (in a set of data).  Yawula omuwendo ogusembayo okuva ku muwendo ogusingayo mu mugereko. Ka tulabe kino nga bwe kikola:

Zuula enjawuzo y’emyaka mu bazannyi b’omupiira ku kyalo Lyamutundwe, singa oba oweereddwa emyaka buli muzannyi gy’alina bwe giti 23, 48, 44, 20, 39, 34, 35, 25, 28, 32, ne 37

Si kikulu oba omugereko guno ogusenkeka buto nga wano oba nedda: 

Enjawuzo ey’emyaka gy’abazannyi bano eba emyaka 48 – 20 = emyaka 28. 

Ekikunizo: Kati zuula enjawuzo y’omugereko gw’emyaka gy’abakadde bano abali ku kyalo 

Mbizzinnya: {82, 60, 72, 77, 81, 80, 61}.

Ekibazo: Zuula omuwendo ogusembayo (the smallest) n’ogusingayo (the largest) mu mugereko guno. Okutuuka ku njawuzo yawula omuwendo ogusingayo obunene n’ogusembayo obutono.  

Wano giba 82 ne 60. Enjawulo ya 82   ne  60 eri  82-60 = 22 .




#Article 300: Omugeranyo=Ekigero (Average=mean) (382 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Omugeranyo =Ekigero(Average =Mean)!

Omugeranyo gulaga kigero (mean) ky’ekibinja oba ekigero ky’omugereko gwa namba (set of numbers). Omugeranyo gwe mulamwa gw’osanga nga gukozesebwa buli lunaku; omugeranyo gw’abaana mu buli kibiina mu ssomero, omugeranyo gw’obubonero bw’abayizi ku lipoota emalako olusoma, omugeranyo gw’emisinde (average speed), omugeranyo gw’ennyingiza y’abakozi mu ggwanga, n’okweyongerayo.

Singa kiba kikwetaagisa okuzuula omugeranyo (omuwendo ogw’ekigero =mean/average) ky’omugereko ge’emiwendo ate ng’omugereko guno gwesudde amabanga ge gamu nga 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, omugeranyo   ye namba eba mu makkati mu mugereko guno kubanga waliwo omuwendo ogwa kigaanira ogwa entonnyeze za kalonda (data items). Mu ky’okulabirako kino, omugeranyo (omuwendo ogw’ekigero)   guba 8.

Singa wabaawo omuwendo gwa kyegabanya ogw’entonnyeze za kalonda, wabaawo namba bbiri ez’amakkati: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, ne 24. Wano, omugeranyo kiba “kigero” (mean)  kya namba ebbiri ez’amakkati. 12+16 = 28 ne 28 gabizaamu 2 n’ofuna 14.

Omugeranyo kifundiwazo kya ‘omuwendo ogw’ekigero omugerageranye”. Ekigeranyo (quostient) kifundiwazo kya “ekigero eky’omugerageranyo”. Manya nti ekigerageranyo kivvuunulwa “rate”. 
Omugeranyo (average) ogw’omugereko gwa namba (set of numbers) guba mugatte gwa namba nga ogabizzaamu namba (omuwendo)  ya   namba  ezo .

Omugeranyo (average)=   Omugatte gw’emiwendo/ 
			     Namba y’emiwendo	

Okutuuka ku kigero ky’ebintu ogatta emiwendo gyonna n’olyoka ogabiza ne namba y’emiwendo. Ka tugezeeko ekikunizo:

Ekikunizo 1 : Zuula omugeranyo gw’omugereko guno: {15 , 12 , 17 , 21 , 13 , 19,10,22 }

Ekibazo: gatta namba omunaana eziri mu mugereko guno: 15 + 12 + 17 + 21 + 13 + 19+10+22 = 139.
Kati gabiza 139 ne 8, namba y’emiwendo egiri mu mugereko: 139 ÷ 8 = 17

N’olwekyo ekigero ky’omugereko kiri 17.

Ekikunizo 2: Tempulikya mu digiri eza faneti mu wiiki esooka ey’omwezi ogw’omukaaga ziri bwe ziti: 73, 66, 54, 77, 85, 74, ne, 70. Zuula   tempulikya ey’ekigero eya wiiki eno:
Gatta wamu tempulikya zonna omusanvu:   73+ 66 + 54 +77 + 85 + 74 + 70. = 499; 499 gabizaamu 7, namba y’ennaku ezipimidwako 499 ÷ 7 = 71 . N’olwekyo tempulikya eya kibogwe mu wiiki eno yali 71º falaneti (Fahrenheit)  

Ekikunizo 3: Buli kibiina okuva ku Kibiina ekisooka (K1) okutuuka ku kibiina eky’omusanvu(K7) mu Buwama Junior School   kirimu abaana bwe bati :

K1	K2	K3	K4	K5	K6	K7

Zuula omugeranyo ogw’abaana abali mu buli kibiina mu Buwama Junior school .
Omugeranyo= Omugatte gw’emiwendo/ 
	    Namba y’emiwendo	

		= 30+35+28+25+33+31+20
			   7	
Omugeranyo= 202
	     7	




#Article 301: Okubuzibwabuzibwa mu langi (227 words)


 
Okubuzabuzibwa mu langi osobola okuyita, okukendeera kwa amanyi agasobola okulaba langi n’okugyawula era nga kino kiyinza okuleeta obuzibu obw’enjawulo mu byenjigiriza okugeza ng’okugwa ebigezo nga kino kiva ku buzaabuza langi emu n’endala. Mu ngeri y’emu, omuntu asobola okukaluubirirwa okwawula ebibala wamu n’okwetegereza ebitaala by’oku luguudo.

Ebisinga okuleetawo okubuzaabuzibwa mu langi y’enkula y’obusimu obuli mu mmunyeenye y’eriiso. Abasajja be basinga okuba n’okubuzabuzibwa mu langi okusinga abakyala nga bwe kigambibwa nti X chromosome ze ziteera okuvaako obulwadde buno nga era okubuzabuzibwa mu langi oluusi kuyinza ovaamu okwonooneka kw’amaaso oba obwongo n’ebirala.

Teri dagala lya kubuzabuzibwa mu langi. Bwe kiba nti omusomesa y’alabye omuyizi ng’alina ekizibu kino, aweebwa amagezi okukyusa  obukodyo bw’okusomesa asobole okukendeeza ku buzibu bw’okutegeera langi eri omuyizi. Gaalubindi ez’enjawulo zisobola okuyamba omuntu abuzibwabuzibwa mu kwawula langi emmyufu ku kiraggala ng’ali mu kasana. Waliwo ne Apps ez’oku masimu (mobile apps) eziyinza okuyamba omuntu okwawula langi.

Okubuzabuzibwa mu langi emmyufu n’eyakiragala kungi nnyo mu bantu. Langi ezo zigobererwa bbulu ne kyenvu. Oluusi abantu abamu bazibira ddala amaaso nga omuntu tasobola kwawula langi. Okwawula langi emmyufu ku yakiragala kutawaanya abasajja abawera ebitundu 8% ate bo abakyala bali ebitundu 0.5% mu bukiikaddyo bwa Bulaaya. Omuntu bw’akula, obusobozi bw’okwawula langi bukendeera mu bukadde. Bwe kityo okubuzaabuzibwa mu langi kufiiriza abantu bangi emirimu mu nsi ez’enjawulo okugeza nga okuvuga ennyonyi, eggaali y’omukka n’okuweereza mu magye. Kiteeberezebwa nti n’abasiizi b’ebifaananyi bangi babuzibwabuzibwa mu langi.




#Article 302: Okubeera olubuto (351 words)


Okubeera olubuto, kye kiseera omwana oba abaana we bakulira mu lubuto lw’omukyala. Omukazi asobola okubeera olubuto nga lwa balongo oba n’okusingawo. Omukazi asobola okubeera olubuto nga yeegasse n’omusajja oba ng’ateereddwamu nkwaso za musajja mu kukozesa amagezi g’ekinnassaayansi. Olubuto lutera okumala wiiki nga 40 okuva ku kiseera omukazi we yasembera okugenda mu nsonga. Ebbanga eryo libalibwa okutuusa omukazi ng’azadde. Omwana bw’amala okutondebwa munda, ekitonde ekyo kiyitibwa ‘embryo’’ mu Lungereza. Ekigambo ekyo kikozebwa mu wiiki ezisooka omunaana. Wiiki bwe zisukka omunaana olwo ate tukozesa ekigambo, ‘fetus’’ okutuusa mu kiseera omukyala ng’asumulukuse. 

Obubonero okulabirwa omukazi ali olubuto bwe buno: okulekera awo okugenda mu nsonga, amabeere okuzimba, kaamunguluze n’okusesema, okulumwa ennyo enjala, n’okwagala okufuka okw’okumukumu. Omuntu asobola okukakasa oba ng’ali lubuto ng’akebeddwa.

Ekiseera ky’okubeera olubuto kigabanyizibwamu ebitundu bisatu. Ekitundu ekisooka kiva ku wiiki emu okutuuka ku wiiki kkumi na bbiri era kizingiramu n’ekiseera omukazi w’afunira olubuto. Okufuna olubuto kugobererwa eggi okutambulira mu nseke ne ligenda mu nnabaana ne mu kitanyi. Ekiseera kino ekisooka kibeera kya bulabe kubanga omuntu bw’aba wa kuvaamu lubuto, wano we kitera okubeererawo. Ekitundu ekyokusatu kitandikira ku wiiki 13 okutuuka ku wiiki 28. Mu kiseera kino, omukyala asobola okuwulira omwana nga yeekyusa oba ng’azannyazannya munda. Omwana bw’asussa wiiki 28 abeera asobola okulabiririrwa ku nsi n’amagezi g’ekisawo ag’ekikugu obulungi. Ekitundu ekyokusatu kiva ku wiiki 28 okutuka ku wiiki 40.

Omukyala bw’alabirirwa obulungi, kigasa nnyo omwana ali munda. Okulabirirwa okwo kuzingiramu okulya emmere erimu folic acid awerako, okwewala ebidagaladagala n’omwenge, okukola dduyiro, okwekebeza omusaayi, wamu n’okukeberebwa omubiri buli luvannyuma lwa bbanga eggere.

Omukyala ng’ali lubuto atera okufuna obuzibu nga entunnunsi eza waggulu, sukaali ow’ekiseera ekyo ng’ali lubuto, omusaayi omutono, n’okubeera ne kaamunguluze omungi wamu n’okusesema. Waliwo n’obubonero obulala bungi.

Omukyala atera kuzaala ng’olubuto lumaze wiiki 37 okutuuka ku 41. Olubuto oluzaalibwa amangu lutera kujjira ku wiiki eya 37 ne 38 ate olutuukidde ddala ekiseera kyalwo luba lwa wiiki 39 ne 10. So ng’ate olukereye lusobola okuweza wiikki 41. Abaana abazaaliddwa ng’ekiseera tekinnatuuka batera okufuna obuzibu ku bwongo. Abasawo bawa amagezi nti si kirungi kuleetera mukazi kuzaala ng’olubuto terunnaweza wiiki 39. Kino kizingiramu n’okulongoosebwa; kulina kulindako wiiki 39 okuggyako nga waliwo ensonga endala ez’ekisawo ezitaganya.




#Article 303: Okugenda mu nsonga (236 words)


Okugenda mu nsonga, abaamu kye bayita omwezi oba ensonga z’abakyala, kwe kuvaamu omusaayi okuva munda mu nnabaana okuyita mu bukyala. 

Obubonero obusinga mu bakyala olw’okwekoona akagere bwe buno wammanga: okuzimba amabeere, okulumizibwa mu ndira, okulumizibwa akagongogongo, okuba omukoowu, okwetamwa buli kimu n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’obuntu. 

Omukyala asooka okwekoona akagere ng’ali wakati w’emyaka 12 ne 15 naye ng’abamu batandika mangu ku myaka munaana. Ekiseera ekituufu omuntu w’aba alina okulwalira okuva ku kiseera ekyasooka okutuusa ku luddako waba wayina okuyitawo ennaku 21 ku 45 mu bakyala abato. Ate ennaku 21 ku 31 mu bakyala abakulu. Okulwala kukoma omukyala atuuse mu kiseera ky’okukoma okuzaala. Kino kitera kubaawo wakati w’emyaka 45 na 55. Okuvaamu omusaayi kutera okumala ennaku 2 ku 7.

Enkyukakyuka etera okubaaawo mu ndwala y’omuntu,  ebaawo oluvannyuma lwa hormones okweyongera oba okukendeera. Kino kiviirako nnabaana okuzimbibwa mu ngeri y’okwetegekera okukuza omwana mu lubuto era ng’eggi ly’etaagisa mu kufuna olubuto. Eggi liteebwa ku lunnaku lwa 14 era nga ebisenge bya nnabaana biba birina okuwa omwana ali mu lubuto eky’okulya, singa omukyala tafuna lubuto ebisenge bya nnabaana ebiba bizimbiddwa okuliisa omwana biba birina okuyiiya, ekimanyiddwa nga okwekoona akagere.

Wayinza obaawo ebizibu eby’enjawulo olw’okukwala. Omuntu bw’atalwala nga wamyaka 15 oba mu nnaku 90, bw’afuna olubuto talwala era taddamu kulwala okutuusa ng’amaze okuyonsa. Ebizibu ebirala ebyekuusa ku kulwala mulimu; okulumizibwa ng’omuntu ali munsonga ze n’okuvaamu omusaayi okutali kwa bulijjo. Okugenda mu nsonga kubaawo ne mu bisolo ebirala okugeza obuwundo , amazike n’enkima.




#Article 304: Okukoma okuzaala (237 words)


Ekiseera omukyala bw’aba nga takyalwala oba nga takyagenda mu nsonga ky’ekiseera omukyala w’abeerera nga takyasobola kuzaala baana. Kino kibaawo oluvannyuma lw’omwaka okuggwaako ng’omukyala tagenze mu nsonga. Kino kibaawo wakati wa myaka 45 kwa 55 era nga kibaawo mu bakyala bokka.

Ekiseera eky’okukoma okulwala nga tekinnabaawo, omukyala atandika okulwala nga bw’abuka mu ennaku ezimu. Omuntu anaateera okutuuka mu kiseera ky’obutalwala afuna okumyansa, okwokyerera mu lubuto, era nga kino kisobola okutwala butikittiki 30 okutuka ku dakiika kkumi. Bwekityo omuntu oyo (anaateera okukoma okuzaala) atuuyanirira wamu n’okukankana. Oluvannyuma lw’omwaka oba emyaka ebiri, okumyansa kulekera awo, olwo obubonero obulala ng’obukalu  mu bukyala, obutafuna tulo, n’okukyuka embeera butandika.

Ekiseera ky’obutalwala (okukoma okuzaala) nkyukakyuka ya butonde, era nga kisoboola okubaawo amangu mu bakyala abafuuwa taaba. Ebimu ku bintu ebireetawo enkyukakyuka mu biseera by’obutalwaala: okulongosebwa nnabaana yenna n’aggyibwamu oba okukalirirwa. Ekiseera ky’obutalwala kibaawo oluvannyuma lwa hormones okukendeera mu muntu. Obulwadde buno bumanyika, oluvannyuma olw’okupima omutendeera gwa hormones nga bayiita mu musaayi oba mu musulo. Kino kyekuusa ku mbeera ebeerawo nga omukyala atandika okulwala.

Obumu ku bubonero obulaga ekiseera ky’obutalwala busobola okujjanjajabibwa oluvanyuma lw’okufuna okumyasa. Ebintu bino wammanga bye birina okwewalibwa okugeza; okwewala okufuuwa taaba, okunywa omwenge n’okukozesa ebiragalalagala. Wabula ate okwebaka mu kisenge ekirina akawewo akalungi n’okukozesa ebiwujjo kisobola okuyamba. Obumu kubujanjabi mulimu menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), clonidine, gabapentin, oba selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors obusobola okuyamba; okukola dduyiro nakwo kusobola okuyamba mu kwebaka. Wabula abasawo balagira omuntu afuna obubonero bw’obutalwala okufuna obujjanjabi bwa MHT.




#Article 305: Omusujja gw'ensiri (247 words)


Omusujja gw'ensiri guluma abantu n’ebisolo ebimu, era nga gusasanyizibwa nsiri. Omusujja guno guleetawo obubonero obw’enjawulo ku muntu aba agulwadde, okugeza; okwokyerera, okutintima, obukowu, okusesema n’okulumwa omutwe. Obubonero obwo, buteera okubaawo mu nnaku kkumi ku kkuminnataano oluvannyuma lw’omuntu okulumibwa ensiri erina akawuka k’omusujja. Omuntu yenna eyali alwadde ku musujja gw’ensiri bw’addamu n’agulwala obubonero bw’afuna buba busaamusaamu ku buli obw’asooka.

Ebiseera ebisinga omusujja guno gusasanyizibwa ensiri eyitibwa Anopheles. Ensiri eno bw’ekuluma ekussaamu obusagwa mu musaayi obuva mu malusu g’ensiri, awo obuwuka ne butambula mu mubiri ne bugenda ku kibumba gye buzaalira. Ebiseera ebisinga omusujja gw’ensiri gukeberebwa na bitangaaza musaayi okugeza nga  blood films, oba antigen.

Ebimu ku bikolebwa okwaŋŋanga obulwadde buno okusobola okwewala okulumwa ensiri, mulimu: okukozesa obutimba bw’ensiiri ne dduumu, oba okukola ebiziyiza okubaawo kw’ensiri mu kifo okugeza nga, okufuuyira ebiwuka, okuggyawo amazzi agalegamye n’okusaawa ensiko eba yeetoolodde abantu we babeera. Waliwo obujjanjabi obw’enjawulo okuziyiza omusujja gw’ensiri, okugeza abato omusawo abalagira okumira sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine so nga ate obujjanjabi bw’omusujja obusinga okulagirwa mulimu; antimalarial medications nga artemisinin. Omuntu era asobola okwejjanjabisa mefloquine, lumefantrine oba sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Quinine ne doxycycline bisobola okozesebwa singa “artemisinin” aba taliiwo. 

Obulwadde bw’omusajja businga kusasanyizibwa mu bintundu eby’etoolodwa equator olw’ebibiira ebibaamu ebiwuka eby’enjawulo okugeza nga mu Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, ne mu Latin America. Ekitongole ekivunaayizibwa ku by’obulamu mu nsi yonna (WHO) kiteebereza, nti mu mwaka gwa 2012, abantu abawera obukadde 207 be baali balwadde Omusujja gw’ensiiri. Bwe kityo ekirwadde kino kyateeberezebwa okuba nga kyatta abantu abali wakati wa 473,000 ne 789,000, nga n’abasinga baali baana mu Afirika.




#Article 306: Kokeyini (203 words)


Kokeyini Cocaine kiragalalagala eky'amaanyi ekikyusaamu ku ntegeera n'amaanyi g'oyo aba akikozesezza okumala akaseera. Cocaine ono basinga kumunuusa bunuusa, okumumira nga bw'onaamira empeke, ssaako okumwekuba mu misuwa nga bakozesa akayiso. Era kyandiviiramu omuntu okukyusa mu ndaba y'ebintu, n'abiraba mu ngeri ya kifuulannenge, wamu n'okukyamuukirira.

Mu bubonero obulabwako mulimu omutima okutujjira okumukumu, okutuuyana wamu n'okugejja emmunye z'amaaso. Era singa omuntu akozesa eddagala lino mu bungi kyandiviirako emisinde gy'entambula y'omusaayi okweyongera oba ebbugumu ly'omubiri okweyongerera ddala.

Cocaine ono atandikirawo okukukwata era alwa ku mutwe gw'omuntu okumala ebbanga lya ddakiika eziri wakati w'ettaano n'ekyenda (5-90). Omuntu akozesa cocaine kyangu kya kumuviiramu ettamiiro, n'aba ng'amuyoya buli kiseera era ne kimubeerera kizibu okumuvaako.
Okukozesa cocaine kyandiviirako omuntu okufuna ebirwadde ng'eky'omusaayi okulemererwa okutuuka ku bwongo (stroke), okufa kw'obutaffaali bw'omubiri, okulwala amawuggwe eri abo abafuuweeta omufuuweete, okufuna ebirwadde by'omusaayi ssaako okufa okw'ekikutuko okujjawo olw'okusirika kw'omutima okw'embagirawo.

Omuntu buli lw'atwala ekiseera ekiwanvu ng'akozesa cocaine, ayongera okukyuka mu mbeera ze eza bulijjo, era n'okuwulira ng'omubiri gwe munafunafu buli kiseera. 

Cocaine akolebwa mu bikoola by'ekimera ekiyitibwa 'Coca plant' ekirimibwa ennyo mu ggwanga lya South Afrika, era likwata kyakubiri mu bidagaladagala ebisinga okukukusibwa n'okukozesebwa nga tebiri mu mateeka. Kyokka era kigambibwa nti cocaine akozesebwa abantu abali wakati w'obukadde ekkumi n'obuna n'abiri mwakamu mu nsi yonna.




#Article 307: Eddagala erigema omusujja gw’Omu byenda (244 words)


Eddagala erigema omusujja gw'omu byeda, ly'eryo eriziyiza omuntu okukwatibwa omusujja gw'omu byenda Eddagala lino lirimu ebika bibiri era ng'ekisooka kye kiyitibwa Ty21a nga lino likozesebwa mu ngeri ya kulitonnyoza mu kamwa, ate ng'eddala liyitibwa Vicapsular polysaccharide vaccine nga lyo balikuba mu mubiri nga bakozesa kayiso, era ng'eddagala lino lyombi likola okuva ku bitundu makumi asatu ku buli kikumi okutuuka ku bitundu kinaana ku buli kikumi(30-80%) okumala ebbanga lya myaka ng'esatu.

Ekitongole ekikulira n'okulondoola ebyobulamu munsi yonna ekiyitibwa World Health Organisation kikubiriza abantu bulijjo okugemesanga abaana bonna naddala abo abali mu bitundu ebirimu abalwadde b'omusujja gw'omu byenda. Kitegeezebwa nti abo bonna ababa boolekedde okukwatibwa omusujja guno baba basaanye okugemesebwa.

Ng'oggyeeko okugema abo abali mu katyabaga k'okukwatibwa omusujja guno, era okugemebwa kyandiyambako n'okutangira okubalukawo kw'omusujja guno mu kitundu.

Waliwo ddoozi ezitera okukkirizibwa okwongerezebwa ku ddagala eryo erigema omusujja gwa Typhoid okumalira ddala ebbanga lya myaka nga musanvu okusinziira ku mbeera eba eriwo. Eddagala lino eryeyambisibwa okugema Typhoid ennaku zino si lya mutawaana ku muntu, era ddungi ng'oggyeeko obumulumulu obutonotono, gamba nga obulumi obubaawo ng'omuntu akubiddwa akayiso. Era eddagala erikubibwa mu kayiso teririna buzibu bwonna eri abo abalwadde ba mukenenya/siriimu era n'eryo ery'omu kamwa likyayinza okukozesebwa eri abalwadde ba mukenenya kasita kiba nti siriimu tannalaga bubonero bwe. 

Naye tewali bukakafu bwa nkukunala ku butuufu bw'okukozesa eddagala lino erigema Typhoid ery'okutonnyeza mu kamwa naddala ku bakyala abalina embuto.

Eddagala eryo waggulu liri ku lukalala lw'ekitogole ekya WHO, ng'eddagala ery'omugaso ennyo erisaanye okuba nalyo mu nteekateeka z'ebyobulamu eza bulijjo.




#Article 308: Endwadde ya scurvy (218 words)


Scurvy ndwadde ekwata omuntu olw'obutaba na kirungo kya 'vitamin c' mu mubiri.

Obubonero obusookera ddala nga scurvy akutte omuntu, kuliko okunafuwa kw'omubiri, okweranga kw'enviiri, ssaako okuzimba emikono n'amagulu. Omulwadde bw'atajjanjabibwa mangu, yeeyongera okufuna obubonero buno wammanga: okulwala ebibuno, okuvaamu omusaayi mu lususu n'ebirala.
Kyokka endwadde ya scurvy bw'esajjuka(bwe yeeyongerera ddala), omulwadde afuna amabwa agatawona, afuna enkyukakyuka mu ntegeera ye, nga n'enkomerero kwe kufa olw'endwadde eyo oba olw'okuvaamu omusaayi omungi. Endwadde ya scurvy nga bwe twagambye ejja lwa bbula lya kirungo kya vitamin c mu mubiri, kyokka kitwalayo ku myezi egiwera nga ekirungo kya vitamin c tekimala, naye nga scurvy tannalaga bubonero bwe.
Endwadde eno etera kweyolekera mu bantu abatabufu b'emitwe(abalina ekikyamu ku bwongo), abo abalya ekika ky'emmere ekimu nga tebakyusaako, abanywi b'omwenge, ssaako abakadde ababeera bokka.

Abantu n'ebisolo ebimu biba byetaaga okubeera n'ekirungo kya 'vitamin c' okusobola okukuuma ekirungo ekirala ekiyitibwa collagen ekisinga okubeeramu proteins. Okujjanjaba endwadde eno kwesigamizibwa ku bubonero obulabwako, okuteeka omulwadde mu kifaananyi(x-ray), ssaako engeri omulwadde gy'agenda ng'awonamu oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obujjanjabi.Obujjanjabi bubaamu ebyo ebirimu ekirungo kya 'vitamin c', era ng'obubonero bw'okuwona butandika okweyoleka mu bbanga lya nnaku ntonotono, era omulwadde n'awonera ddala mu wiiki ntonotono.
Ebimu ku bivaamu ekirungo kya 'Vitamin C' kuliko ebibala eby'emiti egiteekako ebimuli(citrus fruits) gamba nga enniimu, emicungwa n'ebirala. Mu birala ebijjanjaba scurvy mulimu ebivaavava (vegetables) ng'ennyaanya, wamu n'emmere nga lumonde.




#Article 309: Enkola ez'ekizaalaggumba (227 words)


Enkola z'Ekizaalaggumba
z'enkola era n'ebikozesebwa okuziyiza omukazi okufuna olubuto. Okukozesa enkola z'ekizaalaggumba ez'enjawulo kye kiyitibwa entegeka y'ezzadde.

Kyokka obuwangwa obumu butwala enkola zino ez'ekizaalaggumba okuba embi era eziteetaagisa, nga businziira ku bintu ng'okukontana n'empisa, ebyobufuzi era n'ebyenzikiriza. 

Enkola ezisinga okukolera ddala mu nkola zonna ez'ekizaalaggumba kwe kuli ey'okukomya omuntu okuzaala, ng'eno ebeeramu okukutula obuseke obufulumya enkwaso z'omusajja era n'okukutula enseke z'abakyala. Mu ndala mulimu obuweta obuteekebwa mu bakazi okuziyiza embuto, obuweke obumiribwa wamu n'empiso ezikubibwa abakyala ne zibaziyiza okuzaala.

Mu nkola endala ezitatuukiridde nnyo kwe kuli okukozesa obupiira bu kalimpitawa (kondomu), enkola ey'omukazi okubala obulungi ennakuze (okumanya lw'ayinza okufuna olubuto na ddi lw'atayinza kulufuna), okukozesa eddagala omukazi lye yeesiiga ne litta enkwaso z'omusajja, okwo gattako n'enkola ey'omusajja okumalira ebbali (withdraw  method).

Newankubadde kikolera ddala, singa omuntu bamukomya (nga bakutula enseke eziyitamu enkwaso oba amagi) omuntu aba takyayinza kuddamu kuzaala obulamu bwe bwonna, naye ziri enkola endala aba asobola okuziwummuzaamu n'addamu n'azaala.

Okwegatta okutayina buzibu(safe sex) gamba ng'okukozesa obupiira era kiyamba n'okwewala okukwatibwa endwadde z'ekikaba gamba nga Siriimu (Mukenenya). Wabula waliwo n'enkola endala eziyiza abakazi okukuza embuto ze bateetegekedde, nga waliwo eddagala ly'akozesa ne lisaanyaawo olubuto oluba oluba lutandise okutondebwawo mu bbanga eritasukka ssaawa nsanvu mu ttaano.

N'ekirala abantu abamu bakitwala nti okwekuuma (obuteegatta na muntu yenna) kyokka kimala okukugira abatiini okufuna embuto, naye si kye kyokka, kisaanye kiwerekerweko okusomesebwa ku nkola ez'ekizaalaggumba okwewala okufuna embuto ze bateetegekedde.




#Article 310: Kookolo w'amawuggwe (233 words)


Kookolo w'amawuggwe kwe kubaawo kw'obutaffali bwa kookolo w'amawuggwe agenda ng'ameruka era ng'asaasaana ebitundu by'amawuggwe byonna, era nga singa kiba tekijjanjabiddwa mu budde, kookolo ono ayinza okugenda ng'alya era n'okusaasaanira mu bitundu by'omubiri ebirala ebiriraanye amawuggwe ng'ayita mu nkola eyitibwa Metastasis.

Kookolo ow'ekika kino asinga kweyolekera mu bubonero ng'okukolola ennyo (nga mwe muli n'okukolola ebitole by'omusaayi), okukogga, okukaluubirizibwa ng'ossa, okwo ssaako okulumizibwa mu kifuba. Okufuuweeta/okunywa sigala oba taaba okumala ekiseera ekiwanvu kye kisinga okuleeta kookolo ono ow'amawuggwe era nga kutwala ebitundu  kinaana mu bitaano ku buli kikumi(85%) kyokka ng'ate bo abantu abakwatibwa kookolo ono okuva ku bitundu kkumi okutuuka ku kkumi nabitaano ku buli kikumi(10-15%) baba tebanywangako ku sigala oba taaba.
Embeera eno okubaawo kitera kuva ku bintu eby'enjawulo okuli ebintu ng'okuyingiza omukka ogw'obulabe ennyo eri obulamu bw'omuntu gamba ng'ogufuumuuka mu makolero, okussa/okusika omukka gwa sigala okuva kw'oyo afuuweeta sigala n'ebirala.

Obulwadde buno busobola okuzuulwa nga bayita mu kukuba ekifaananyi ekikubibwa mu kifuba (ekisule) okusobola okulaba endwadde eyo. Naye ng'okukebera n'okuzuula endwadde eno eya kookolo w'amawuggwe kukolebwa mu nkola eyitibwa 'Biopsy' nga y'enneekebejja ebeeramu okukebera ebitundu by'omubiri n'ebirala ng'omusaayi okuzuula endwadde ebeera eri mu mubiri oba ekyo ekiba kigireese.

Tuyinza okwetangira kookolo ono nga twewala ebintu ng'okufuuweeta/okufuuwa sigala awamu n'okusika omukka/empewo embi eri obulamu bwaffe. Kyokka obujjanjabi bwa kookolo ono businziira ku bintu ng'ekika kye, omutendera kwaba atuuse mu kulya amawuggwe ssaako embeera y'omulwadde oyo okutwaliza ewamu, naye nga kookolo ono ebiseera ebisinga tawona!




#Article 311: Kookolo w'Ekibumba (247 words)


Kookolo w'ekibumba y'oyo akwata ekibumba. Kyokka kookolo atandikira mu bitundu by'omubiri ebirala oluvannyuma n'akwata ekibumba alabikalabika nnyo okusinga oyo atandikira mu kibumba mwennyini.

Obumu ku bubonero bwa kookolo w'ekibumba mulimu okufuna obulumi mu kabutobuto ak'oluuyi lwa ddyo (mu kitundu ky'olubuto ekiri wansi w'embiriizi eky'oku mukono ogwa ddyo). Mu bubonero obulala kuliko okuzimba olubuto, olubuto okufuuka olwa kyenvuyenvu, okukyankalanamu ku mutwe okutonotono, okukogga era n'okunafuwa kw'omubiri.

Ekisinga okuleeta kookolo ono ow'ekibumba, kye kibumba okumala ebbanga nga kirwadde ate ne kitafuna bujjanjabi eyitibwa Cirrhosis atera okuleetebwa omusujja gw'ekibumba oguyitibwa Hepatitis B ne C nga n'ekirala kwe kunywa ennyo omwenge.
Ebirala ebiviirako kookolo ono kwe kufuna okirungo ekiyitibwa 'aflatoxin' ekitera okuva mu mmere esimibwa mu ttaka, era kookolo ono ayinza okuva ku njoka ezikwata ekibumba eziyitibwa Liver flukes.

Ebika bya kookolo w'ekibumba ebitera ennyo okukwata abantu kwe kuli ayitibwa 'Hepatocellular carcinoma' atwala ebitundu kinaana ku buli kikumi(80%) ku balwala kookolo ono, ekirala kye kiyitibwa 'Cholangiocarcinoma' ng'ono ye kookolo w'ekibumba atandikira mu kakutu akatambuza omubisi ogugonza emmere mu lubuto nga guva mu kibumba, n'ebirala.

Okuzuula kookolo w'ekibumba kuyinza okuyita mu kukebera omusaayi, ssaako okukozesa ebyuma ebikuba ne biraga ekiri munda y'omuntu okulaba ebirimu.

Engeri z'okwewalamu kookolo ono kuliko okwegemesa omusujja ge'ekibumba oguyitibwa 'Hepatitis B oba C', ssaako okwekebeza okulaba oba oyina kookolo ono naddala ku abo abalina endwadde z'ekibumba endala.

Mu nzijanjaba za kookolo ono ez'enjawulo okuli okulongoosa ekibumba ekyo ekiba kirwadde, enzijanjaba ey'okukalirira omulwadde okusobola okutta obutaffaali obulimu kookolo ono ow'ekibumba, okuggyiramu ddala ekibumba ne bateekamu ekirala, n'enzijanjaba endala nnyingi.




#Article 312: Mukenenya (183 words)


Omuntu nga yaakakwatibwa akawuka akaleeta obulwadde bwa Mukenenya, tasooka kulagirawo bubonero bwa muntu alina bulwadde buno nga okulwaalalwaala. Wabula akawuka kano bwe kagenda kakula mu mubiri katandika okutaataagannya enkola y'omubiri ekiviirako omuntu okufuna obulawadde nga akafuba wamu n'endwadde endala ezitatera kukwata muntu nga omubiri gukola bulungi.

Obulwadde bwa mukenenya omuntu asobola okubufuna Singa yeegatta nga takozesezza kapiira, omusaayi okwegatta, okuyita mu bintu ebisala wamu n'omukazi okukasiiga omwana nga azaalibwa. 

Obulwadde buno busobola okutangirwa ng'abantu bakozesa obupiira, obutagabanagabana bintu bisala ng'egirita wamu n'abasajja okujjumbira okukomolebwa. Mu baana abazaalibwa, akawuka kano kayinza okukendeezebwa nga bakozesa Aniretrovial treatnex.
Tewali eddagala oba kugema kukolebwa okuwonyeza ddala obulawadde bwa mukenenya era singa omuntu abufuna, obuwangaazi bwe butera kuba bwa myaka kkumi na gumu.

Mu 2014, abantu obukadde 36.9 baali balina obulwadde bwa mukenenya ekyaviirako abantu akakadde 1.2 okufa era nga bano abasinga baali ku lukalu lw'Afrika.

Kigambibwa nti obulwadde buno bwatandikira mu buvanjuba bwa Afirika ey'omu masekati ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ky'ekkumi n'omwenda wamu ne ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ky'amakumi abiri.

Mukenenya yasooka kuzuulibwa kitongole kya Center for disease control and prevention (CDC) ekisangibwa mu America mu mwaka gwa 1981.




#Article 313: Eddagala ly'Okulumwa Omutwe (327 words)


Ng’oggyeeko okubeera ng’okunywa amazzi kya nkizo nnyo mu kutangira okulumwa omutwe, bajjajjaffe baalina eddagala ery’enjawulo ery’ekinnansi lye baakozesanga okuvumula omutwe oguluma. Erimu ku lye baazuula lye lino wammanga:

Akakumirizi kamera awaka naddala mu luggya ne mu mimwaanyi bwe giba nga we giri. Kabeera n’obukoola nga butono era nga tekatera kuwanvuwa nnyo mu bbanga nga zino enjeyo endala. 
Singa omuntu abeera ng’alumwa omutwe, aweebwa amagezi okufuna awali ekikolo ky’Akakumiririzi, ng’alina n’amazzi ge mu bbaafu nnazzikuno eyabanga ekkalaayi. Ng’amaze okubifuna akutama oba okufukamira ku kikolo ekyo n’atandika okuyengera akakumirizi kano mu mazzi g’alina oluvannyuma nga kamaze okunogamu n’aganaaba mu mutwe.

Oluvannyuma lw’okunaaba olagirwa okuvaawo n’ebbaafu yo otambule ogende, wabula ng’amazzi gonna olina okuba ng’ogamazeemu (bwe gaba gasigaddemu gayiwe ku kikolo otwale ebbafu yo). Tosiimuula mutwe guleke gukale gwokka. Wummulamu okumala ekiseera era nga mu luvannyuma lwa ddakiika ttaano ku kkumi osuubirwa okuba ng’oteredde. 

Luno lumera ku ttale nga lubeera n’obuti obutonotono nga busobola okuwanvuwa okutuuka ku ffuuti nga nnya okwambuka waggulu. Ebikoola byalwo bibeera bitonotono nga bw’olaba ebya kamunye wabula nga byo bibeera bisondowavumu (bisongoolerevu). 
Langi y’ebikoola byalwo ebeera ya kiragala omusiiwuukirivu kungulu kwabyo ate emabega yo waba wasiiwuufu ddala nga waba wafaanagana n’obuti bw’alwo. Bw’olukwatako owulira nga lugumu era nga kino osobola n’okukiraba ng’olutunuulidde butunuulizi. 
Olukandwa luno ddagala kkulu nnyo mu kuvumula endwadde y’omutwe. Luno olunogako ebikoola, n’obiyengera mu mazzi n’onaaba mu mutwe gwonna ne gunnyikira bulungi.

Oluvannyuma oweebwa amagezi okufunamu akaseera owummulemu era ng’oluvannyuma ojja kufuna obuweerero. 

	
Kano kabeera kaddo akamera ennyo ku mabbali g’empya era ng’erinya lyako lyava ku mpunya gye kawunyamu. Kamera nga kampi era nga kalina obukoola obutono okwenkana n’akagalo k’omwana omuto era nga buwanvuyirivu. Ku mabbali gaabwo (margin) si butereevu kufaananako bikoola birala ng’ekya ffene. 

Ono omulwadde alumwa omutwe amunoga n’ayengera mu mazzi n’anaaba mu mutwe. 
Kawunyira ono era yakozesebwanga singa omuntu yalowoozebwanga okuba ng’aliko ekizimu ekimutembye ku mutwe, nga bamuyenga ne bassa omulwadde ku nnyindo n’okumumusiiga mu kyenyi. Kyawaanuuzibwa nti singa kino kikolebwa olwo nga ekimuliko kijja kwogera oba okumwamuka mu bwangu.




#Article 314: Ebiseera (277 words)


Mu Luganda tulina ebiseera ebikulu mukaaga omukolerwa ebikolwa eby’enjawulo. Buli kiseera kirina akabonero kaakyo akakyoleka. Kakabonero ako tukayita akawango (affix).

Ekiseera kino tukikozesa bwe tuba nga twogera ku kikolwa ekibaddewo oluvannyuma lw’essaawa mukaaga emabega nga kimaze okubaawo. Ekikolwa ekirimu ekiseera kino kiragibwa n’akabonero aka –e ku nkomerero yaakyo.
Eby’okulabirako:

Mu ngeri yeemu, ekikolwa ekiyambi –badde kyeymbisibwa nnyo singa tuwandiika emboozi erimu ekikolwa ekiri mu kiseera ekyakayita. Okugeza;

Ekiseera ekiriwo (present continuous) n’ekieera ekyabulijjo (present simple) mu Luganda bizibu okwawula mu mpandiika naye omuntu bw’abeera anyumya emboozi kiba kyangu okwawula ekiseera mw’aba ayogerera. 
Mu biseera bino byombi temuli buwango bubiraga era ekikolwa kisigala mu mbeera yaakyo nga tekikyusiddwamu.
Eby’okulabirako: 

Tukozesa ekiseera ekijja bwe tuba nga tulaga nti ekikolwa kigenda kukolebwa mu bbanga eriri wakati w’essaawa omukaaga n’abiri mu ennya.  Bwe tuba tuwandiika sentensi erimu ekiseera ekinajja, mu kikolwa twongeramu ennyingo eraga ekiseera ekyo –naa- era akawango ako tukawandiika oluvannyuma lw’okwandiika nakasigirwa enkozi. 
Eby’okulabirako;

Ekiseera kino oluusi tuyinza okukiraga nga tweyambisa ekikolwa ekiyambi jja nga tukyeyambisa oluvannyuma lw’okuwandiika nakasigirwa enkozi era nga ekikolwa ekiyambi “jja” kyekiyimirirawo mu kifo awandibadde akabonero k’ekiseera –naa-. 
Eby’okulabirako: 

Singa omuntu ayagala okwogera ku kikolwa ekiribaawo oluvannyuma lw’essaawa abiri mu nnya n’okweyongerayo akozesa ekiseera ekirijja era ekiseera kino kiragibwa n’akayingo ka -li- kawandiikibwa oluvannyuma lw’okuwandiika nakasigirwa enkozi.
Eby’okulabirako:

Ekiseera kino kyo tekirina kikolwa kiyambi. 

Kino kibeerawo mu bbanga eriri wakati w’essaawa omukaaga n’ekkumi n’ebbiri okuva ekikolwa we kyakoleddwa. Ekiseera kino kigatta ebintu bibiri, ekiseera ekyayita, kye tulaga n’akawango –a- ate n’ekiyise kye tulaga n’akawango –e-. Awo nno, akawango akalaga ekiseera kino ke kano, -a-e. Okugeza; 
Asoma ____yasomye

Kino kibeerawo okusukka essaawa abirimu nnya okweyongerayo okuva ekikolwa lwe kyakolebwa era nga kiragibwa n’akabonero aka -a-. Okugeza;




#Article 315: EMPEEKERA NNAKONGEZAKIKOLWA (248 words)


EMPEEKERA NNAKONGEZAKIKOLWA Adverbial Clauses

Clause bibeera bigambo ebiba biwandiikiddwa nga biri wamu era nga mulimu ekikolwa, naye tebimalaayo bulungi makulu. Mu Luganda tulina clauses ezimanyiddwa obulungi era ze zino era nga ziri mu biti bitaano. 

Adverbial clause of reason

Empeekera eno buli lw’ekozesebwa eba ewa ensonga enkulu eyavaako ekikolwa ekiba kiri mu “clause” okukolebwa oba ekikolwa ekyo okubaawo. Mu bufunze eba eddamu ekibuuzo “LWAKI”.
Eby’okulabirako:

 Omukyala yanoba kubanga yakoowa emiggo.

 Abaana tebakyasoma kubanga ebisale by’essomero birinnye nnyo.

Omusomesa takyajja kubanga omusaala afuna mutono

Ebitundu ebisaziddwako mu mboozi ezo waggulu bye tuyita empeekera nakongezakikolwa ez’ensonga.

Adverbial clause of time

Empeekera eno bw’ekozesebwa eba eraga ekikolwa ekikulu mu sentensi wekyakolerwa era empeekera eno eba edda mu kibuuzo “ddi?”.
Eby’okulabirako:

Yatuuka ku ssomero ng’abaana bayingira.

Baatubikra omufu ng’obudde busasaana.

Mugerwa yatuuka e Nateete ku ssomero nga Kyagaba yaakadda eka.

 Adverbial clause of manner

Empeekera eno ekozesebwa okulaga engeri ekikolwa ekikulu gye gyakolebwamu oba gye kikolebwamu era eba edda mu kibuuzo “tya?”.

Eby’okulabirako:

Namusoke atambula nga yenna yeerinnyako.

Namukasa adduka ng’atunuulira akabina ke.

Musisi alya ng’atalumwa njala.

Taata atema oluku ng’atalina maanyi.

Adverbial clause of place

Empeekera eno ekozesebwa okulaga ekifo ekikolwa we kiba kikolerwa oba we kyakolerwa era eba eddamu ekibuuzo “wa?”.

Eby’okulabirako:

 

Adverbial clause of condition

Empeekera eno efaananako ne sentensi eziri mu mbeera eyakakwakkulizo (conditional mood).
Empeekera eno eba etulaga ekintu ekirina okusooka okubaawo n’ekirala kiryoke kibeewo. Ekyo ekirina okusooka okubaawo kye tuyita akakwakkulizo.

Eby’okulabirako:

Ebiseera ebimu empeekera nakongezakikolwa zitabulwatabulwa ne nakongezakikolwa “adverbs”. Wabula omuntu abeera alina kutegeera bino;




#Article 316: Ensaalu (426 words)


Ensaalu era ezimanyiddwa nga Entobazi tuzingiramu ebidibba, emigga, ebiibira, enyanja,era nga bino byamugaso nnyo. Abantu abasinga beyunye nnyo entobazi olw’emigaso emingi zebiyina era nga abantu abamu bakozesa entobazi zino kubanga basobola okujjamu ebintu ebisoobola okuzimba, ebintu ebisoobola okukozesebwa mu kuluka nga enjulu eziruka ebibbo, ensansa eziruka emikeeka, ebitoogo ebiruka ebiwempe, n’ebintu ebirala bingi ebiyinza okukolebwa mu bintu ebisangibwa mu’ntobazi. Ebiibira nabyo emirundi egisinga tuyinza okubitwalira mu’ntobazi kubanga emigga egisinga n’enzizzi bitandiikira mu biibira. Ebiibira bino biyina emigaso mingi okugeeza tujjamu emmere, biyamba okuyonja empeewo, bituteerekera ebisolo byaffe, tujjamu ebintu ebikozesebwa mu ‘makolero g’ebibajje. Ate mu m’igga namwo tusangamu ebyenyanja n’ebisolo ebirala ebisangibwa mu mazzi. Mu 1986, abakkugu balambiika nti embeera y’emigga n’ebiibira yali ekosebbwa nnyo era nga emirimu tegigenda bulungi, era n’obutonde bw’ensi bwaali tebufiibwako nakamu. Mu kiseera ekyo wabagibwawo amateeka agakugira abantu obutayoonona butonde bw’nsi mu 1995, gamba nga okuzimba mu ‘ntobazi n’okulima mu’ntobazi. Amateeka gano gabagibwa okusoboola okukendeeza okwongera okwonoona obutonde era gagenderela okuteekawo enkola obutonde bw’esi gye bwaali bulina okukuumibwa okusoobola okuyamba abantu abensangi ezo, abensangi zino okuzikozesa mu nnkulakulana ate era ne mubiseera eby’omumaa nabo okuzisanga n’ekibasobozesa okuzikozesa obulungi {Sustainable Development} Amateeka gano gagendererwa kwongera ku migaso gy’obutonde nga mwotwalidde n’entobazi. 

 Emigaso gino giyinza okwawulibwamu mu bitti bibbiri: Ejateekebwawo obutonde {ecological} N’Abantu gy’ebafunnyemu omugaso {social – economical} Entobazi ziyamba amazzi okubeera awamu era kiyamba ebimera okufunna amazzi. Entobazi ziyamba ettaka obutakulukuta naddala nga waliwo emiti. Emiti gino giyamba okukwata ettaka eryalikulukuse. Entobazi zikuuma ebimera n’ebisolo ebisangibwamu mu mbeera ennungi. Mu ntobazi tufunamu ebitoogo eby’eyambisibwa mu kuluka ebintu by’emikono nga okuluka emikeeka, ebibbo, tufuna enjulu era n’emiti egiyinza okukozesebwa mu kuzimba. Mu ntobazi tufunamu ebyenyanja ebituyamba okutuzamu amanyi. Ebisolo ebisinga bitwalibwa ku ntobazi nebisobola okufuna eky’okuzza eri omumwa naddala mu budde obw’ekkyeeya. Entobazi zituwa amazzi agatuyambako mu makolero , mu birime era n’ebisolo. Abalambuzi bajja nnyo okulaba entobazi zino era nebasasula ssente okusoboola okuzilaba, kino kiyamba nnyo eggwanga okulakkulanna. Newankubadde entobazi zirina emigaso mingi, naye ate era n’ebizibu ebisangibwamu biyitirivu. Abantu abasinga tebamanyi mugaso gwa ntobazi era bazonoona nga bazijjawo n’ebazimbamu amayumba n’okulima emmere, ekiretedde entobazi azisinga okusanawo, kino kitureteddwa ensonga y’obwaavu n’obufunda bw’ettaka. Ebigendererwa bya Gavumenti ku’mateeka agafuga obutonde bw’ensi. Gavumenti ya {Uganda} eteeka bino mu kukola: Okunyweezza amateeka agaakolebwa okusobola okukuuma obutonde era n’okukozesa obutonde okusoboola okuberawo kati ne jebulijja. Okubonerezza abantu abasangibwa nga bonoona obutonde okusobola okumalawo abazi be misango. Okukuuma emigaso gy’entobazi. Okukuuma obulamu bw’ebintu ebisangibwa mu ntobazi nga ensolo n’ebimera. Gavumenti ekiriza emirimu egitasanyawo butonde bw’ansi, gamba okufuna amazzi aganywebwa, okuvuuba mu nvuba ennungi n’okulunda. Era ekubirizza abantu n’ebitonole ebya nnakyewa okwongera okwogera ennyo n’okusasannya ku migaso gy’entobazi.




#Article 317: Okukola ebyoto (414 words)


Ebyo byona obisambira wamu. Ettakka ly’ekiiswa ebitundu 90 ku buli 100 , obukalaayi 5; tabulamu obusa ebitundu 10 ku buli 100 , akakalaayi 1. Nabino bisambirwa wamu. Ebbumba lyoka ebitundu 100 ku buli 100, ekalaayi 6. Bino byebyeyambisibwa okusiba amataffaali n’okubikka ekyoto kino kyonna. N’oluvannyuma nga kikaze siigako olufuufu n’obusa – okukyetoolooza kyonna. ENKOLA Sooka otereeze bulungi ekifo w’ogenda okuzimba ekyoto kino waleme kubaawo kaserengeto konna. Ng’ogenda okukola ekyoto kino ddira ettaka, enkulukuku, n’obusa obigatte wamu, singa oba tosobodde kufuna nkulukuku, gatta ettaka erya bulijjo n’ettaka ly’ekiswa naye ate enkulukuku tekola bulungi nga togasseemu kirala. Olina okufuba okulaba ng’ofuna enkulukuku kubanga y’ekola enkwasi. Ebbumba bw’oba olirina lyo lyemalirira nga togasseemu kirala. Ssamba obudongo bujje bulungi bumalewo ennaku 2 olyoke obukozese. Osobola okukozesa obungi bw’amataffaali gonna g’oba olina , okusinziira ku bungi bw’abantu b’olina mu maka go, kubanga bwe babeera abangi olina okuzimba ekyoto kinene, bwe babeera abatono era olina kuzimba kitono n’amataffaali gaba matono, katugeze singa oba olina abantu nga mukaaga oyinza okweyambisa amataffaali nga 30 naye nga agamu ga bitundu, waliwo awagenda amalamba n’agebitundu. Oyinza okuzimba eky’ebyoto bibiri oba bisatu okusinziira ku bungi oba obutono bw’ebintu by’ofumba, weesalirawo ekikumala. Ekyoto kirina okutunula awava empewo entonotono, tokitunuza wava mpewo nnyingi kubanga omuliro tegutereera wamu. Tetuteekawo kituli kiyisa mukka kubanga ebbugumu tuba tulifiirwa ate nga bwe libeeramu lituyamba okujjiisa amangu ebintu byetufumba n’enku okugenda entono. Bw’oba osala ebyoto, ekisooka kirina okuba ekinene okusinga ebirala kubanga ky’ekifumba emmere engumu ng’ebijanjaalo, n’emmere endala. Ebyoto ebitono by’ebifumba ebintu ebinafunafu nga amazzi, enva ezanguwa n’ebirala. Bwomaliriza okusiba amataffaali kubako akadongo kyonna kibunire oluvannyuma lw’ennaku ssatu maalako olufuufu ng’otaddemu obusa. Oba olufuufu lwokka okukilabirira obulungi; singa wabaawo awavudde akadongo kiddabirize. Ekigendererwa mu kino kukekkereza nku olw’ensonga nti ofumba ebintu bingi omulundi gumu ku nku za mulundi gumu mu kiseera kye kimu. Kikekkereza n’obudde olw’ensonga nti tolwa mu ffumbiro ng’ofumba nga ku ky’amasiga agaffe aga bulijjo ositulako kino ozzako kirala. ` EBIRUNGI EBIRI MU KUKOZESA EKY OTO KINO: Kikekkereza enku, wakiri ebitundu 30 ku buli 100. Kikuuma ebbugumu. Kikeendeeza ku mulimo nga obutaseeseleza buli kiseera. Si kyangu kusengula. Essefuliya teziteruka. Sikyangu mwana kujja siinga oba omutumye okuseesaamu. Tekyonoona mpewo zetoloddewo n’okuddugaza ebikozsebwa mu ffumbiro. Obudde butono bw’omala ng’ofumba.

 Omuwendo gw’amataffaali kisinziira ku bunene bwmasigago bweweetaaga. Obugazi bw’amasiga- 75cm, obukiika-75cm, obugulumivu -27 cm kino kisinziira ku bunene bw’amasiga geweetaaga. Omulyango gw’ossaamu enku – 9 inchi Obugazi bw’ebyoto ebisatu (1) 9” = 23 cm , (2) 8” = 20 cm, (3) 7” = 17 cm Obugazi bw’ebyoto businziira ku bunene bw’amasiga go geweetaaga. 




#Article 318: Okwefumiitiriza(Critical thinking) (2271 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!!Okwebuuza n’Okwefumiitiriza (Critical thinking)

Okwefumiitiriza (Critical thinking) kuli mu bantu bokka. Kulimu bino wammanga:

Mu butuufu omuntu alowooza obulowooza ku kintu ky’asegedde ne sensa ze kyokka n’ateyongerayo kukyekebejja oba okukyekenneenya era n’atakyefumiitirizaako aba ng’ekisolo obusolo. 

Okwefumiitiriza kwetaagisa nnyo mu bulamu bw’omuntu obwa bulijjo oba mu ntabaganya kyokka ate kye kifuula abantu abamu okuba bakakensa abakozesa “enkola ya sayansi” (scientific method) oba bassekalowooleza n’okuteekawo tekinologia ow’omugaso ennyo mu kutondeka ebyettunzi.

Okwefumiitiriza (critical thinking) kitegeeza “kulowooza ku kulowooza”. Kino kitegeeza nti okwefumiitiriza kulowooza okuyingira mu buziba bw’ekintu oba embeera  nga tonnasalawo oba  nga tonnakola  kintu kyonna. 
 
Okwefumiitiriza bwe kweyunirwa, omulengera (the mind) guwa ekyagaanya enjuyi zonna nga tannawa ndowooza. Omuntu eyefumiitiriza yekenneenya omulamwa ne kalonda yenna ku mulamwa oba embeera eba eriwo.

Omuntu eyefumiitririza aba yebuuza nga tanakola yadde okwogera ekintu kyona. Omwefumiitiriza yebuuza ku mulengera we nga akozesa obubuuza (interrogatives): ani, kiki, wa, kitya, atya, ne ddi mu mbeera yonna. 

Okwefumiitiriza kyetaagisa okwebuuza, okwekebejja n’okwekenneenya, n’ebiseera biwanvuko okusinga okulowooza obulowooza. Omuntu atali mwefumiitiriza nga omuteeredde ebitereke bya sente bisatu awo, ekitono, ekinenene, n’ekinene ddala  n’omugamba alondeko,  ayinza okutwala ekisinga obunene nga alowooza nti kye kirimu ensimbi ennyingi okusinga ebirala. Omuntu omwefumiitiriza asooka kwagala kusumululako alabe ekiri munda kubanga yebuuza nti ye abaaye sente ze zirimu? Ye ezirimu za miwendo minene oba mitono.

 Omuntu omw’efumiitiriza bw’asoma ekitabo ka tugambe ekya “Zinunula Omunaku”, asooka n’asoma emiko egisooka, n’asoma ku muwandiisi, n’alyooka asalawo oba asome ekitabo kino kyonna.

Abantu abeefumiitirza batera obuteesiba ku ndowooza emu oba ku kintu kimu kuba baba bakimanyi nti wayinza okubeerawo engeri oba ekkubo eddala. Batera okuba abannyonnyofu era abatabuukira kintu kyonna kumala gasalawo mangu. 

Okwefumiitiriza kitegeeza, obusobozi bw’abalowooza okuba nga bafuga okulowooza kwabwe oba endowooza zaabwe era ne balowooza ku kye balowoozako.  Omuntu akozesa obwongo nga yefumiitiriza:

Tosobola kukola bya bugunjufu nga teweebuuza mu bulamu bwo. Buli ky’oba ogenda okukola ne buli ky’oba ogenda okwogera sooka okyefumiitirizeeko oleme kukola nsobi. Ebirowoozo byonna ebyesigamye  ku kwebuuza mu ngeri ey’okutuuka ku kumanya ekituufu kuba kulowooza kwa kifirosooofa(philosophical thinking) .

 Okulowooza kw’ekifirosoofa oba endowooza y’ekifirosoofa  era kiba “kulowooza kwa mugobansonga “ oba “endowwoza ya mugobansonga” kubanga kirimu okunoonya  akakwate akali wakati w’ekintu(ensonga) ekimu(emu) n’ekirala(endala) oba   okunoonya enjawulo eriwo mu bifaanagana n’obumu bw’ebitafaanagana. 

Tewali ntabaganya eyinza kwebala nti abantu abagirimu bagunjufu nga tebeebuuza ku buli kye baba bagenda okukola oba okwogera  okwefaananyiriza  n’“endowooza y’ekifirosoofa” awamu n’endowooza ya mugobansonga(dialectical thinking) , erimu okunoonya enjawulo wakati w’ebifaanagana ,  n’obumu w’ebyawukana  okuyita mu kwekenneenya ekintu ku njuyi zonna , kungulu ne mu buziba bwakyo.

(1) Okwebuuza kye ki ?

 Obugunjufu butandika olunaku lw’oyiga okwebuuza .Okwebuuza   kiva ku  “nnyonta ya  kuyiga” oba ennyonta y’okumanya . 

Obugunjufu burimu okwebuuza ebibuuzo eby’enjawulo   oba okugereesa  (to  theorise) ku buli kiriwo mu butonde , awamu n’ebigenda mu maaso mu bulamu bw’omuntu n’entabaganya(society) oba entabaganyo(community). 

Nga sayansi tannabaawo , firosofa ye yali akozesebwa okugezaako okunnyonnyola ebibuuzo ebyali bibobbya omuntu omutwe mu ngeri ey’okuteebereza , n’okukozesa obwongo awatali kunoonya nkakaso(experiment). 

Okwebuuza okw’okunoonya okumanya,  ky’ekisumuluzo ky’oyo atali munnasayansi ky’akozesa okutandika  okutangaazibwa ku bintu eby’enjawulo ,  era okwebuuza kwe kumuyamba okwewala okukola ensobi oba okwewala okukola ebikyamu mu bulamu bwe , n’okwetusaako ebyetaago by’obulamu bwe nga atandikira ku  bibuuzo by’ekifirosoofa(phirosophical  questions). 
Ekimu ku byawula omuntu n’ensolo endala bwe obwakalimagezi. Omuntu kalimagezi (intelligent man) yebuuza ku buli kintu mu bulamu era takola kintu yadde okwogera ekintu nga teyebuuzizza ku mulengera we(his mind) .Omuntu atandika na  kwebuuza ku : 

a)	Ki eky’okulowozaako 

b)	Engeri  ki  ey’okukiriwozaako 

N’ekisembayo engeri gy’oyinza okuyamba abalala okumanya ki eky’okulowozaako n’engeri ey’okukirowozaako nga betengeredde.

Endowooza y’ekifirosoofa (phirosophical thinking),  kitegeeza kukubaganya birowoozo mu mulengera wo ku bibuuzo ebikulu  mu bulamu obwa bulijjo ne ku butonde.

Ebibuuzo omuntu yenna   by’alina okwebuuza mu kimpowooze

Omwana wo muyigirize  okwebuuza ku nsengeka y’ebirowoozo, obutonde, empisa, obulungi ,  n’obulamu obw’omwoyo era omuyambe okumanya engeri gy’ayinza okubirowozaako nga asengeka ebirowoozo bye mu ngeri etegeerekeka.

(vi) Ebibuuzo ku kubaawo kw’obutonde n’obwengula okutwalira awamu 

Wano omuntu yenna  okwawukana  n’ensolo endala, atandika okwebuuza ku:

 (ii) ) Ebibuuzo ku bulamu obusukkulumye ku bw’omuntu

Wano webuuza  oba nga waliyo obulamu obw’omwoyo obusukkulumye ku butonde obulabika.  Era  webuuza ku nsibuko y’obwengula.  

	Mu butonde mulimu ekikulaga nti waliwo kagezimunyu asukkulumye ku bw’omuntu ali emabega wabwo  ? 

	Obutonde bulina kye bukulaga eky’obwa kalimagezi obusukkulumye ku bw’omuntu ? 

	Wayinza okubaawo ensengeka y’ebintu ey’ekibalangulo ekya waggulu ng’eri mu bwengula oba mu mibiri gy’ebiramu awatali kagezimunyu azikola ?

(i)	Ebibuuzo ku butonde.

 Okwebuuza  ku butonde  kye kimu ku bifuula omuntu ensolo ya sayansi kubanga  sayansi naye atandika na kwebuuza ku butonde oba emiramwa gy’obutonde , nga omugendo(movement/ray) ,  okuva (motion),amaanyimusikira ku Nsi(gravity),  amaanyikasoboza(energy), empaliriza(force) , ekintu (matter) , n’ebirala. Bino bye bimu ku bibuuzo buli muntu mugunjufu by’alina okwebuuza ku butonde kubanga buli muntu, ne bwaba si kakensa, nsolo ya sayansi. Nga tonnaba kwebalira mu bagunjufu, sooka weebuuze oba nga otera okwebuuzizza ebibuzo bino mu bulamu mu kimpowooze mu mulengera wo ?

a.	Obwengula busengekeddwa butya?

b.	Ensi kwe tuli, mu buttonde, yo eriwo etya? Mpagi ki egiwaniridde mu obwengula?

c.	Obutonde bulina enteekateeka kwe buyimiridde?

d.	Kiki ekiri emabega w’ensengekera z’obutonde (natural systems)?

e.	Obutonde n’obwengula birina akakwate? Obutonde era kitegeeza buli ekiriwo mu bwengula  , omuli nabire(nabular clouds), golomola(galaxies), senkulungo(enjuba  oba emmunyenye) , enkulungo(planets),  n’emyeezi , awamu n’ensengekera z’ebiramu n’ebitali biramu  (eza atomu ne molekyu) ,  byonna ebisangibwa  mu bwengula yonna gye biri ?

f.	Ensengekera ya sengendo eziri mu bwengula erimu ki?

g.	.Obutonde bulimu emitendera gy’ebiramu emeka era mitendera ki?

h.	Ki ekikola obuzimbe bwa buli kintu ekiriwo nga empewo, kakulukusi n’enkalubo (ebyekutte oba solido)?

i.	Olowooza lwaki obutonde buli mu nsengeka ey’ekibalangulo ekya waggulu? Kyajja buzzi kyokka oba waliwo sabagezi asukkulumye ku bagezi eyatonda obwengula buno?

j.	Waliwo ekirwo mu buttoned ekitali kya mugaso ku bulamu? Lwaki kyetaagisa okukuuma obutonde bw’Ensi ?

(ii)	 Ebibuuzo ku Mpisa.

(a)	Empisa kye ki ?

(b)	Kakwate ki akali wakati w’empisa n’obugunjufu?

(c)	Omuntu yeyisa atya mu bantu banne?

(d)	Omwavu w’empisa yeyisa atya ?

(e)	Omuntu ow’empiisa yeyisa atya ?

(f)	Omwana atendekebwa  atya mu  mpisa?

(g)	Omwana ow’empisa yeyisa atya?

(h)	Omwana atamanyi kukola mirimu, okwaniriza abagenyi, alina emputu, abambirabambira abantu, ate n’oyo atalina kwekengera,  abalibwa mu  ba  mpisa?

(i)	Kirungi omuzadde okumanyiiza omwana obutagambwako ,obutawabulwa , n’obutawuliriza balala , okumuleetera  okwemanyamanya?

(j)	Omuntu atasobola kufuga mbeera ze za buntu ng’obusungu oba obunyiivu, okwagala, n’okwegomba, abalibwa mu bagunjufu? 

(k)	Ate omuntu eyefaako yekka, atalina mutima musaasizi n’oyo atasonyiwa baba bagunjufu?

(l)	Omuntu akola oba ayogera ebiyinza okujja omuntu oba abantu abalala mu mbeera ez’obuntu aba mugunjufu?

(m)	Omwana asomesebwa atya empisa ezo mu bantu?

(n)	Njawulo ki eri wakati w’okugamba ku mwana n’okumukyunya?

(o)	Okuboggolera omwana buli kaseera nakyo kibalibwa mu kutendeka mpisa?

(p)	Njawulo ki eri wakati w’okubonereza n’okutulugunya omwana?

(q)	Okuba ow’empisa kimala okukufuula omugunjufu?

(iv)  Ebibuuzo ku kumanya?

(a) Okumanya (knowledge) kye ki?

(b)Omuntu atuuka atya ku kumanya?

.	ng’atunula n’alaba n’amaaso ge?

.	ng’akwatako?

.	ng’alegako?

.	Nga awuliriza?

.	Oba ng’ogattika byonna ?

(c) Njawulo ki eri wakati w’okusegeera(sense perception)  ,okutegeera(understanding) , n’okumanya(knowing).

(d)Omanya otya nti omanyi?

(e) Omuzadde oyamba otya omwana okuyiga okutuuka ku kumanya okwetengerevu?

  (f) Njawulo ki eri wakati w’okulambika n’okulambulula ensonga.

(v) Ebibuuzo ku bulungi.

(i)	Ebibuuzo ku ensengeka y’ebirowoozo (logic). 

Wano omuntu alina okwebuuza:

Njawulo ki eri wakati wa ssamwassamwa , njwanjwa, okutolobboka, okwogera entotto , n’okugoba ensonga okuyita mu ndowooza eya  mugobansonga ?

Okuyigiriza abaana okwefumiitiriza

a)	Bayambe okukulakulanya “enkola ya sokolaatoosi”(the socratic method) ey’okwebuuza .Sokolaatoosi yayatiikirira nnyo olw’okukozesa okwefumitiriza okuyita mu kwebuuza (questioning) .  Mu buttonde bwabwe  abato bebuuza ku buli kye balaba, n’olwekyo kibaddize nga nawe ababuuza.

b)	Sikiriza abaana okubuuza ebibuuzo oba okwebuuza. Singa obaddeko ky’ogamba omwana n’olaba nga okunnyonnyola kwo tekukola makulu egy’ali, musikirize okulaga okuwakanya kwe. Okwebuuza oba okubuuza yentandikwa y’okwefumiitiriza.

c)	Yamba abato  okwekenneenya ekintu oba  omulamwa okuva ku njuyi ez’enjawulo  . Singa abaana bakozesa amakubo ga njawulo kyokka ne batuuka ku kituufu kye kimu  bafuuka basekalowooleza bennyini. 

d)	Basikirize okutangaaza amukulu g’ebigambo bye baba bakozesa.  Kiba kirungi abaana okuteeka ebirowoozo mu bigambo ebyabwe awatali kukyusa makulu nga baawula omulamwa ogumu ku mulala. Eky’okulabirako okwawula omulamwa ogw’okulowooza n’okwefumitiriza.

e)	Yogera ku kyekubira, okuzuukusa endowooza zaabwe kinnomu,  okusinziira ku mbeera zabwe ez’obuntu. 

f)	Okwefumitiriza kw’omwana tokusiba ku bisomesebwa mu masomero byokka .Basikirize okukozesa obwongo nga bakubaganya ebirowoozo  butonde, empisa, obulungi , okuba n’okumanya. 

g)	Abato abatannagenda ku somero basikirize okutandika okuwandiika  nga batandika n’okukuba ebofaananyi n’okuwandiika nyukuta za waliifu oba namba okuva ku emu okutuuka ku kumi.  Okuwandiika nga bakuba obufaananyi kuyamba abaana okutangaaza bye baba bannyonnyola oba bye baba balowozaako.

h)	Wewale okukaka endowooza zo oba ez’abalala mu baana. Kino kitegeeza nti bwe tugamba abaana okukola ebintu mu ngeri emu, tulina okubawa ensonga naye bwe baba balina endowooza endala, tusooke tubawulirize. 

i)	Bawe ekyaganya okwekebejja ekintu n’okukyekennenya balyoke bawunzike. Omwana bwabuuza “lwaki”? muddemu “ggwe olowooza lwaki----?

j)	Bayambe okugerageranya n’okutuuka ku bumu obuli mu miramwa oba ebintu ebifaanagana n’enjawulo eri mu miramwa oba ebintu ebifaanagana. Eky’okulabirako mu kugerageranya ennanansi n’omukyungwa, bagambe okunyonnyola engeri zonna gye bifanagana n’engeri zonna gye byawukana. Mu ngeri y’emu oyinza okubanyumiza engero bbiri n’obagamba bazigerageranye. 

k)	Basomere obugero obumpimpi obasikirize okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku  ky’obasomedde mu bigambo byabwe byennyini. Kino kibawa obusobozi okufunza ebirowoozo ebikulu mu kinnyonnyolo mu kifo ky’okudda mu bibuuzo ebirimu ne fakikya. Buuza ebibuuzo ebitalina ansa butereevu mu kinnyonnyolo. Kino kibayambe okuwunzika okusinziira ku kutegeera kwabwe. Gamba abaana okulaga nga ekinnyonnyolo ekyo bwe kikwataganamu n’obulamu bwabwe. 

l)	Bawe ekinnyonnyolo [story ] ekitawa mpunzika , obaganbe bagimalinize nga buli omu bw’alowooza .

Waliwo ebintu bingi ebiyinza okukolebwa mu maka okusitimusa obusobozi bw’omuto  mu sayansi n’okukola  enkakaso za sayansi.  Gino gye gimu ku miramwa  oba ebibuuzo omuzadde omugunjufu gy’alina okumanya nti girimu sayansi ayinza okulagibwa abato mu ngeri emu oba  endala.

i) Okutengejjesa ebintu ebiwewuka ku mazzi

ii)	Ki ekivaako

a)	Ebintu okugwa wansi? Amaanyi agasikira mu nsi oba wansi.
b)	Omuzira oba ayisi okumerenguka
c)	Abantu okulwala. Ek’okulabirako obugyama, ensiri , okwonoona obutonde bw;ensi , n’ebirala
d)	Amazzi okufumuka

iii)	Embeera z’ekintu , omuli :

           a) Kakulukusi.  Eky’okulabirako amazzi.

b) Enkalubo.  Ekyokulabirako , Ejjinja, Kalaamu, ddole

c) Ggaasi . Ekyokulabirako  omukka

    iv)  Mubuuze ku nkula(shapes)  ez’enjawulo ez’ebizanyisibwa bye

    v)   Ebisolo eby’enjawulo, ebibuuka ,  ebyewalula, emigaso gyabyo n’obuvune.

    vi) Emiddo, emiti, n’ebimera , eby’enjawulo by’alabako buli lunaku. Mubuuze emigaso  gyabyo.
   vii) Mubuuze ku biramu n’ebitali biramu by’alabako.

   viii) Mubuze ku njawulo wakati w’ebiramu n’ebitali biramu nga okukua, okulya.

   ix) Ebyetaago by’obulamu: Amazzi, emmere empewo enungi, emiti, ebibira, ebisolo 
       n’ebirala.

   x) Obwengula, ki ky’alaba mu bwengula ?Enjuba, omwezi emunyenye.

   xi) Okubala namba oba ebintu okuva ku emu okutuuka ku kumi. Eky’okulabirako  omuyembe  1.,2,3,4,….10

  xii) Okugeregenya . Ebyokulabirako :

  xiii) Kkala ezimwetoolodde.  Omuddo gwa kkala ki? Olubaale lwa kkala ki? Eby’okuzannyisa bye bya kkala ki?

  xiv) Okuloowoza. Ku muntu n’ensolo ki ekisinga okulowooza? Lwaki?

   xv) Munda mw’ekiramu ne munda mw’ekitali kiramu mwawukana mutya?

   xvi) Ebintu ebitala bilamu tebikula.  Bifuna bitya enkyukakyuka? Eky’okulabirako   
         Ekikopo kyatika ettaka likulugguka, enjazi zikunkumuka oba zikutukakutuka
      ,  olugoye  luyurika, ddola  ekutuka.

   xvii) Ensigo n’ebimera.

   xviii) Ensolo n’obuto bwazo

 Ebirala:

Omwana omusomesa otya Sayansi?

a)	Obwongo bw’abaana abatanatuuka kugenda ku somero tebusobola kuteeka birowoozo ku muntu asomesa mu ngeri ey’okwogera okuwanvu kuba baba tebannasobola kutuula na kuwuliriza nga batudde  awo nti bakuwuliriza okumala ekiseera nga oyogera gye bali.

b)	Musomese okukola ebya sayansi kyokka kola okunnyonnyola kutono naye nga osinga kumuleka neyekwatiramu ekyo ky’olonzeewo yekebejje.

c)	Zimbira kwekyo omwana wo ky’osuubira nti alina ky’akimanyiiko.  Bw’oyagala ayige ku kintu ekipya ennyo gyali , azibuwalirwa nnyo. Abaana bano basobolera  ddala okutondeka (okuzimba) emiramwa  ku bintu eby’enjawulo mu mbeera gye balimu.

d)	Sikiriza omwana wo okuyiga , naddala mu by’okuyiga by’olaba nga abirinamu ekitone oba obusobozi obwenjawulo. Bino abiyigamu mu bwangu awatli kusanga buzibu.  Omwana wo ayinza okuba nga yeyunira nnyo emiddo, ebisolo , n’ebiwuka, ebidduka oba amayinja , enjazi,  okutabula kkala .Tokuliriza kuba nti yeddugaza oba “alina eddalu” naye muyambe okbyebuzaako mu ngeri ez’enjawulo nga okumanya emigaso gya byo , obuvune nga mu buwuka ebiruma oba eby’obutwa.

e)	Laba nga tayiga ku bintu mu ngeri eri waggulu wa myaka gye. Singa aba yebuuza ku kitangaala, oyinza okumutunuza mu nsibuka z’ekitangaala nga okuva mu njuba, omuliro oba ettala awatali kugenda mu kalonda wa sayansi wa kitangaala owa waggulu.

f)	Buli mulamwa gw’osomesa omwana wo togubikkirira wabula gwogere gy’ali nga bwe guli awatali kugenda mu maaso gumusonjolera, wabula munnyonnyole ebimu ebigukwatako mu ngeri ennyangu . Emiramwa nga ogw’amaanyimusira (gravity),  ekitangattisa (photosynthesis),  empaliriza (force) , oba amaanyikasoboza (energy), gimwatulirwe nga bwe giri  awatali kutya . Ojja kwewuunya nga atandise okugikozesa mu njogera ye eya bulijjo.

g)	Omuzadde mu maka amagunjufu asaana okubaamu n’ebikozesebwa mu sayansi ebyangu nga ebirawuli ebizimbulusa , omulengerera wala,  kusa endabirwamu eraga ebifanaanaganyo (reflections) ebimyanso, minzaani, n’ebirala.

h)	Okwebuusa n’okukola ebisinziiro (hypothesis).  Baanasayansi basinziira ku bisinziiro okunnyonnyola obutonde mu nsi. Beebuuza ki ekiyinza okubaawo singa ebisinziiro byabwe biba bituufu okugezesa ebisinziiro bino gwe mulamwa gwe’enkola eya sayansi. Emyekebejjo gya sayansi (Scienfic activities) egimu gisobozesa abato okwenoonyeza okumanaya awatali kufa ku mitendera gya nkola ya sayansi kyokka oluusi abato banyumirwa kalonda w’enkola ya sayansi,  n’olwekya kyetaagisa okulaga abato emiramwa gya.

i.	Okwekejja 

ii.	Okukola ekiteeberezo (ekisinziiro)

iii.	Okukola engezeso oba enkakaso

Enkakaso z’abato Awaka

Enkakaso z’abato ziyimba okubatunuza mu miramwa gy’okwekebejja oba ekyekebejjo , okulagula oba ekiragulo,  n’engesezo (testing)

Ekigendererwa ky’enkakaso zino kwe kutunuza abato mu  “enkola ya sayansi” nga okulaga nti “ekintu” kiyinza okukyusa embeera zaakyo .   Kino kitegeeza nti amazzi gayinza okuba kakulukusi,  enkalubo , oba ggaasi (enfuumo).

Wano oyinza okukozesa “ebitole oba kyesatuza za  ayiisi” n’oziwa abaana bazizannyise ebweeru n’ekigendarerwa eky’okubasobozesa okuzuula  ekibaawo ku bwabwe nga tolina ky’obannyonnyodde nawe oyinza okuzanya naba kyokka nga teweyisa nga  nga musomesa wabula ng’omu ku bbo.  Abaana bayinza okugezaako okutabula,  okuyiwa okupanga,  oba okuzimba okukubaganya, n’okusiiga nga bakozesa kyesetuza za ayisi zino okulaba emikululo egisigala emabega.

Ebibuuzo by’oyinza okubabuuza:

a)	Ki ekireetera ayisi okuremereguka?
b)	Ki ekibeerawo ku buli kyokola ne kyesatuza za ayisi zino?




#Article 319: Empisa ez'Obuntu(Morals) (5048 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Empisa ez’Obuntu (bulamu)

Okuyigiriza abaana empisa kitandikira ku nneeyisa ya muzadde oba omukuza .Ebika by’abazadde oba abakuza abasangibwa mu entabaganyabantu(human scociety) ey’akakyo kano bya mirundi esatu. Waliwo :

(a)	Omuzadde oba Omukuza omwekkiriranyi(Permissive parent). 

Omuzadde ono yeesuulirayo gwa naggamba mu nkuza y’omwana era tatendeka mwaana kuba “mulowooza omugobansonga” (dialectical thinker) kubanga aleka omwana okukola buli ky’ayagala nga bw’ayagala awatali kumukomako, kumulaga, kumuwabula, na kumubuulirira yadde okumuyigiriza engeri y’okwetuukira ku kituufu enneetengerevu. Omukuza ono talaga mwana nsonga lwaki enneeyisa emu tesaanidde. Omwaana ono akula mubambaavu era nga by’asanga by’akola oba by’ayogera, awatali kusengejjamu.

(b)	Omuzadde oba Omukuza  Nakyemalira (Authoritarian  Parent). 

Ono naye tatendeka mwama kuba mulowooza omugobansonga olw’okuba  ye kyasalawo  tekiwakanyizibwa era tekiddibwaamu ne bwe kiba nga kikyaamu. Ebiseera ebisinga teyebuuza yadde okuwuliriza abalala  era takkiriza mwana kuwa nsonga ze  ku kintu kyonna. 

Omwana akuliziddwa mu mbeera eno akula atya okusalawo ku lulwe era aba tasobola kukozesa bwongo bwe nga yetengeredde ,olw’okuba  obwongo buba bwalemesebwa okukulaakulana mu busobozi obwo nga muto.Omukuza ono era tayawula kiyitibwa kutulugunya na kubonereza mwana ate era talowooza nti okwogeza obukambwe obusukkulumye buli bbanga nakyo kikolwa kya kutulugunya , ekiyinza okwonoona embeera z’omwana ez’obuntu n’akula nga  yetya oba munyiikaavu. 

(c)	Omuzadde omugobansonga(Authoritative or dialectical  Parent). 

Omuzadde omgugobansonga y'oyo agoba ensonga mu nkuza y'omwana . Omuzadde omugobansonga tabab mwekkiriranyi ate era takola bukambwe na kutulugunya mu nkuza ya mwana. Buli ky'akola agezaako okulaba nga annyonnyola omwana lwaki kigasa omwana era  awuliriza omwana okubaako ky'agamba oba okuwa ensonga ze nga tannakola kusalawo ku kintu kyonna , yadde okubonereza omwana oyo awatali kumala ku manya lwaki omwana akoze ensobi.

Omuzadde omugobansoga tabonereza mwana mu busungu yadde mu ngeri ey'okumutulugunya. 

Ekintu ekikulu ekisinga okuba eky’ebbeeyi ku muzadde omugobansonga kwe kuba ng’amanyi  nti ebintu ebikola obulamu biri bisatu : 

Omukuza ono aba akimanyi nti okugunjula omwana kulina okugoberera ebintu ebisatu ebyo.  

Omukuza ono ayigiriza bulungi omwana, awatali kumutulugunya :

Omuzadde oba omukuza ono aba atendeka omwana okukozesa obwongo nga yetengeredde okusobola okusalawo ekituufu era ekisaanidde. Buli ky’akola ekikwata ku mwana, amuwa ensonga ezitegeerekeka lwaki  akikoze ate era n’omwaana n’amuwa ekyagaanya okuwa ensonga ze yadde zawukana n’ezize ,olwo n’alyoka asalawo eky’okukola ekisaanidde. Omukuza ono buli kintu akyekenneenya okuva ku nsonda ez’enjawulo n’alyooka asalawo. Ensonda emu y’endowooza ye , ensonda endala y’endowooza y’omwana(ey’abalala) , ensonda ey’okusatu y’embeera ebaawo. Buli kintu ekikolebwa kiba kirina kuva mu kukubaganya birowoozo wakati w’abantu ababiri oba okusingawo. Omuntu omu si y’asalawo yekka ate era okusalawo kulina kuva ku kwekenneenya mbeera nga bw’eyimiridde oba ensonga ez’enjawulo eziriwo.

Omwana yetaaga okutendekebwa okulaba nga buli ky’asegeera akyekenneenya okuva ku njuyi zonna asobole okukitegeera. Okusegeera  (sense perception) kiri waggulu wa kutunula; okusegeera  kitegeeza okukozesa emu ke sensa (senses) zo ettaano nga amaaso agalaba , ennyindo ey’okuwunyiriza , olulimi  olw’okulega(taste), olususu olw’okukwatako(touch) ,n’amatu agawulira(hearing). Okusobola okutegeera ekyo ky’osegedde , kiteekeko sensa  zo ezisigadde ennya .Ekiddirira okusegeera kuba kutegeera.

Amasomero, amatendekero n’abakuza b’abaana bonna ,okutwalira awamu,  balina okuyigiriza omwana engeri y’okulowoozaamu egoba ensonga(enoonya amazima /ekituufu) ng’anoonya enjawulo eri mu bintu ebifaanagana ate n’anoonya obumu bw’ebintu ebitafaanagana, asobole okwawula ekibi n’ekirungi, omulabe n’owomukwano, ekikyamu n’ekituufu , n’okuvumbula ekibalo  ne sayansi ali mu butonde..

Omwana atendekebwa okuva mu buto okuba omugobansoga kimwanguyira okweyunira “enkola eya sayansi”(the scientific method) okunoonyereza ku buttonde oba embeera mu ntabaganya.

Omuzadde omwekkiriranyi (permissive parent) n’omuzadde nakyemalira (ataddibwamu) tebateekawo mbeera ekuza baana nga bagunjufu . Omuzadde omugobansonga yekka y’asobola okukuza omwana nga teyemotyamotya, wa mpisa ate nga mukujjukujju. Omwana atendekebwa omukuza omugobansonga buli kintu akyekenneenya ku njuyi zonna, kungulu n’ebuziba,  mu kwefumiitiriza era tamala gakola kintu nga takyefumitirizzaako oba okwebuuza ki ekinaakivaamu.

Okuyigiriza omwana empisa kintu kikulu nnyo mu nkuza y’omwana  . kyokka abazadde bangi olw’okuba bakulidde mu mulembe ogusuuliridde enkuza yaffe ey’ennono , tebamanyi ngeri ya kuyigiriza baana mpisa. Abazadde abamu abasomyeko naddala abo abalina ku ssente , balowooza nti ensimbi ze balina zimala okufuula abaana baabwe ab’obuvunaanyizibwa nga bakuze. 
Tutera n’okuwulira abazadde abamu nga boogera  nti :nze nabonaabona, siyinza kukkiriza mwana wange kubonaabona”. Abazadde nga bano balowooza, okuyigiriza omwana okukola , naddala emirimu gy’obulimi n’obulunzi,  n’okukola emirimu gy’awaka nga okwoza engoye , ebibya, okusaawa olujja, okweera n’okusiimuula enju oba okuwaata , okusaniika emmere n’okugabula abagenyi,  kuba kumubonyabonya. Nedda si bwe kiri !! Mu butuufu abaana ab’omulembe guno abamu  tebamanyi na kwaniriza bagenyi !

Okuyigiriza empisa y’engeri ey’okuyamba abaana okuyiga enneeyisa eyetaagisa  n’okutuuka ku kusalawo okwetaagisa . Okutendeka omwana mu mpisa kimuyamba okufuga embeera ze ez’obuntu, obukkakamu, okufa ku balala n’okutegeeragana nabo.   

Okuyita mu kuyigiriza empisa okutuufu , abaana bayiga engeri y’okweyisaamu awaka ,  mu  ntabaganyo, n’entabaganya  omuli obulombolombo , ennono, obukwakkulizo, amateeka  n’ebiragiro ebirina okugobererwa.

Okuyigiriza omwana empisa kitandika  ddi ?

Okuyigiriza omwana empisa kikolebwa okuva mu buto bwe , anti baalugera nti : “akaakyaama amamera !” Okuyigiriza omwana empisa kutandika nga muwere nga omusitula, n’omuyimbira, n’omusekeramu, n’okumunywegera. 

Oluusi osanga omuzadde ng’aboggolera n’omwana omuwere, ng’alowooza nti tekimukosa , gamba okumuboggolera nti : “totukaabirira !”oba webake mangu  ! mu kifo ky’okukozesa ebigambo ebiseeneekerevu nga “sirikawo baby!” oba obuyimba obwebasa abwere.

Abazadde abamu balowooreza mu  kuyigiriza mwana  empisa nga bamaze kulaba bubonero bwa mpisa mbi nga akuze amaze n’okuwaganyala. Omwana wo tayigirawo ki ky’asaanidde kukola . Olina okukimusomesa n’okumulaga engeri gy’alina okukolamu ebintu okutandika n’okumulaga omukwano n’okufiibwaako nga yakazaalibwa .

Okusinzira ku kwekennenya okuzze kukolebwa abantu ab’enjawulo ku baana, omwana waatuukira ku myaka omukaaga egitandikikirwako okusoma mu “pulayimale” okuva lw’azaalibwa ayita mu nkyukakyuka satu. 

Kino kitegeeza okuyigiriza omwana empisa kulina okugoberera enkyukakyuka zino essatu nga tanntwalibwa ku ssomero (singa tuba tukitutte nti atandika okusoma ku myaka mukaaga) .Ebkyukakyuka zino essatu wano katuziyite mitendera gy’enkyukakyuka omwana gy’ayitamu  ng’akula okutuuka ku myaka omukaaga nga tali ku somero naye ali na bazadde n’abantu abalala ababeera mu maka mw’aba akuzibwa. Gino gy’emitendera okuva nga yakazaalibwa:

a) Ebbujjenyi (ebujje eggenyi):  

Okuva omwana lw’azallibwa okutuuka ku myezi 24 myaka ebiri omwana ka tumuyite “ebbujjenyi” ekiteggeeza “ebbujje eggenyi ku nsi.” Omutendera guno guba gwa kunoonya “bwesigwa” eri abantu oba omuntu ali n’ebbujje lino. Singa omuzadde alema okulaga obwesigwa eri ebbujjenyi lye omwana ayinze okukula n’aba nga tasobola kukola mikwano oba okuba n’enkolagana eziwangaala mu bulamu bwe obwo mu maaso.Okusiga okwesiga  wakati w’omwana n’omuzadde we kitandika amangu ddala nga ya kazaalibwa okuyita mu  mwaka ogusooka ng’azaaliddwa.

Omuzadde yenna oba omukuza omugunjufu alina okumanya nti ekikolwa eky’okusiga empisa ey’obwesigwa   mu mwana “ebbujjanyi” kibeerawo okuyita mu kumunywegera, okumwogerera ebigambo ebiseeneekerevu wakati mu  mukwano ,  okumusekeramu  oba okumumwenyeza ,  okumuyimbira obuyimba obuseenekerevu, n’okumubudabuda ,  omuli okumufaako nga waliwo ekimukyankalanyizza nga okumuyonsa oba okumuwa amata nga enjala mu biseera ebigere,  okumunaazako olubugumubugumu,  okumukyusa engoye mu biseera ebigere oba amangu nga yeyonoonye n’okumuwa obujjanjabi mu obwetaagisa  mu bwangu ng’alwadde.

Okufiibwako n’omukwano ebimuweebwa abazadde oba abakuza  ng’akyali bbujjenyi kye kisiga embeera ey’obwesigwa n’okwagala mu bulamu bwe kyokka kino tekiva ku bazadde bokka wabula n’abantu abalala nga ab’emikwano, ob’oluganda abalala nga bajjajja, bakkojja, bassenga bakizibwe, baliranwa , aboluganda abako n’abemikwano.

 Abaana baba n’engerekera y’okujjukira (instinct of memmory) engeri gye baayisibwa nga bakyali mabujje n’omukwano oba obutafiibwako obwaliwo mu buto bwabwe. Omwana bw’ayisbwa obubi nga muto kiyinza okweyorekera mu buyisayisa obubi n’embeera enkyankalamu ng’akuze n’afuuka ekyambika eri abazadde n’entabaganyabantu mw’ali yonna kuba aba muzibi okukkakanya ebirowoozo olw’embeera embi  gye yayitamu nga muto.

b) Ebbujjeze (Ebujje erikuze) . 

Omuto ebbujjeze , ekitegeeza ebbujje erikuze atandikira ku myaka 2 okutuuka ku myaka 4 era wano omuto ayigira ku bazadde be empisa ez’enju mwali n’empisa ez’etabaganyo , n’obusobozi okukulakulanya okwekenneenya n’okwefumiitiriza omwana bw’azaalibwa nabwo nga omuntu.
Mu mutendera gw’ebbujjeze omuzadde ayanguyirwa okusomesa omwana ebikolwa nga okuwuliriza n’okugondera abakulu awatali nnyo buzibu. Ekintu omwana ky’asooka okuyiga wano y’enjawulo wakati w’ekibi n’ekirungi.

Ebbujjeze liyinza okuyigirizibwa aba okukulakulana mu mpisa ezisookerwako okuyita mu kumukungiriza n’okumukangavuulamu ekitonotono awatali kumuboggolera nnyo. Eky’okulabirako ebbujjezi bwe liba lizannyira ku swiki y’amasanyalaze oba nga likoleeza ebipapula ku sigiri , oyinza okuliboggoleramu katono ol’olumu nti : Kale vva ku muliro mangu .  Gujja kukwokya! Oba vva ku masanyalaze gajja kukuba!” . Bwe liddamu okukikola oyinza  okulikubamu akayi ku bugalo . Wano oba ayiga nti ebikolewa ebimu bibi oba bya bulabe kyokka bw’akola ekirungi mukungirize nga omwebaza omuzzemu amanyi okukola ebirungi .

c)	Omutoola(yetoola) . Ku myaka 3 okutuuka ku 5 ,  omuto aba yetoolatoola nga ayagala okukwata ku kino na kiri , ensonga lwaki mmuyise mutoola (eyetoolatoola) . Wano era olina okulaba engeri gy’osigamu empisa ennungi , n’okumulaga ekibi nga omukangavvula oba katugambe ng’omuboggoleramu ekisaanidde olw’olumu naye bw’akola ekirungi nga okuyimba akayimba mukungirize nga omulaga nti ayimbye bulungi kino kimulaga nti ky’akoze kirungi.

Omwana ono ajja kutandika okwewala ekyo ekimugaaniddwa kuba aba afunye okumanya nti  kibi oba nga  yewala kubonerezebwa ate atandika okukola ebirungi  oluusi okufuna okusiimibwa  n’okukungirizibwa okuva eri omuntu omukulu oba omuzaddewe.

Bw’oba osize ensigo ey’obwesigwa mu mwana ng’akyali bbujjenyi olw’okuba aba akwesiga era nga taba mu kutya ng’akulabyeko , atandika okukubuuza kino na kiri kuba engerekera y’obuntu(human instinct) emusikiriza okunoonya okumanya . naye singa omukyunya n’okumuboggolera buli kasobi k’akola aba akutya ng’akulabyeko era ne kyeyandiyagadde okukubuuza akyesonyiwa mu buto bwe.
Abato mu mutendera gw’omutoola yadde betoola baba bakyataaga okubalaga  ekibi n’ekilungi basobole okukulakulanya obusobozi bwabwe okwawula ekibi ku kirungi , kibayambe okukola okusalawo okutuufu ku lwabwe mu biseera ebyo mu maaso n’ebiriwo. Wano tandika okukozesa obugero n’emizannyo okubatunuza mu mpisa ey’okukozesa obwongo eky’okulabirako obugero lwa “wakayiima omugezi” oba obukunizo obw’enjawulo.Edda abazadde mu maka amaganda nga batuuza abaana akawungeezi ne babanyumiza engero , ebisoko , n’ebikwate awamu n’okubayimbiramu obuyimba obuyigiriza naye kati kino abazadde abasinga tebakyakikola.

Okuyita mu bugero, obuyimba, ebisoko n’ebikokyo , abaana omuli n’abatoola batandika  okutunuzibwa  mu mpagi z’enneyisa ez’obuntu nga obwesigwa , obuvumu, okwagala, okuyamba, okusiima, okusonyiwa , okwekuuma ,okwewa ekitiibwa n’okuyamba  abalala .

d)	Omutooto (yetoolatoola) . Guno  gwe mutendera ogumuyingiza mu myaka 6 .  

Omutooto kiggwayo nti “omutendera gw’okwetoolatoola” . Okwetoolatoola kirimu okwagala okukwata ku kino na kiri mu ngeri ey’okwagala okuyiga oba okunoonyereza. Okwetoola n’okwetoolatoola kuyinza n’okubaamu okwonoona ebintu eby’omugaso n’okukwata ku by’obulabe nga eby’obutwa, ebissi, n’olwekyo ebintu ng’ebyo bisibire wala ate omwana omuwe eby’okuzannyisa ebiyigiriza ebiwera okusobola okukulakulanya engerekera y’obuntu ey’okunoonyereza.

Abazadde abamu baboggolera abaana abetoola oba abetoolatoola  nga babayita balala ob anti baddalu ekintu ekinafuya n’okukonzibya engerekera y’abaana baffe okunoonyereza n’okweyunira enkola eya sayansi(the scientific method). Abazadde oba abantu abakulu bangi omwana w’abaako ky’amubuuza , balowooza abamalira biseera oluusi ne bamuboggolera mu kifo ky’okubaako kye bamuddamu. Kino kye kimu ku bikonzibya obwakalimagezi mu baana aba afirika ne bakula nga sibakujjukujju ate nga beetya oba batya okubuuza kye batamanye neb we baba batandise okusoma.

Okumanya eby’obuwangwa n’ebyafaayo byaffe.

Omuntu atamanyi gy’ava tayinza kumanya gy’alaga ate era omuntu atamanyi buwangwa bwe tayinza kub na kwetegeera kutuufu. Okumanya eby’obuwangwa kye kimu ku bifuula omuntu omugunjufu nga ogasseeko ebirala bye tugenda okulaba mu katabo kano kyokka essira terisaanye kulimalira ku kino kyokka mu kuyigiriza abaana obugunjufu mu nsi ey’akakyo kano.

Obutayigiriza baana ba ggwanga bya buwangwa bya ggwanga lyabwe , yadde nga obayigirizza ebintu ebirala byonna ebyetaagisa mu bulamu , kibaleka bagunjufu ba kibogwe. Mukuyigiriza abaana obuwangwa bwabwe kyetaagisa n’okunokoolayo obuwangwa  obulala obufaananamu n’obwabwe n’okubalaga we bwawukanira kino kibasobozese okuwa abantu b’obuwangwa obulala ekitiibwa ng’abantu nabo abalina obuwangwa bwabwe  n’obutatiisibwatiisibwa bye bakola na neeyisa yabwe nga obadde obakyalidde oba nga bakukyalidde mu nsi eno ey’okutabagana.

Wano mu buganda bwe twogera ku buwangwa bwaffe tuba tutegeeza :

(i)	Obulombolombo bw’ekiganda. Obulombolombo ge mateeka agafuga eby’obuwangwa n’ebyo omuntumulamu by’ateekwa okukola.Eby’obuwangwa birimu engeri ebintu oba ebikolwa eby’obuntu eby’enjawulo gye bikolebwamu. Wano omwana alina okuyigirizibwa :

	Bulombolombo ki obugendera ku mikolo gy’ekiganda nga okwanjula , embaga, okukungubaga oba okuziika, okwabya olumbe, okwalula abaana, okwalula abalongo , amatikkira ga Kabaka, okukyaza Kabaka, okukyalira Kabaka, okusinza Katonda , njawulo ki eri wakati w’okusamira n’okusinza oba wakati w’ebyobuwangwa n’okusamira.Omuntu asaanidde amanye obulombolombo buno  asobole okwerobozaamu obutagoberere obwo obutali bwa kitegeevu ku mulembe guno ogw’obutangaavu. Eky’okulabirako edda nga semaka bamala ennaku ana nga tebannaba kumuziika. Wano okiraba nti baali nga balinda ba luganda abako n’abemikwano okuva ebuule n’ebweeya okutuuka ate nga tewaaliwo ntambula za mulembe nga ziriwo kati. Tewali nsonga lwaki tugoberera akalombololmbo kano.

	Bulombolombo ki mu kukola ebyo waggulu obusaanye okudibizibwa olw’ebizuuliddwa mu sayansi n’enkulaakulana ey’omulembe ?

(ii)	Empisa .Empisa z’engeri ennungi omuntu gy’alina okweyisaamu mu banne. Wano kyetaagisa omuntu okumanya enjawulo wakati w’omuntu n’ensolo endala asobole okwewala okweyisa nga ekisolo eri Bantu banne.

(iii)	Ennono oba ensibuko y’empisa n’obulombolombo bwaffe awamu n’ebintu ebyakolebwanga edda nga tebinnakyuka.

(iv)	Emizizo.  Emizizo ky’ekintu ekizira okukola era gugenderako ekibonerezo kubanga buli kintu kya muzizo kigenderako ekiyinza okukutuukako singa oba okikoze. Eky’okulabirako omwana omuwala okulinnya omuti , okusekerera omuntu,n’ebirala.

(v)	Okumanya obutonde n’okubukuuma. Omuzadde oba omukuza yenna alina okukuliza omwana mu mbeera emuyigiriza ekifo ky’Ensi yaffe mu bwengula n’emigaso gy’ obutonde bw’Ensi obw’enjawulo nga  ekitangaala ekiva ku njuba(emmunyenye), emigga, ennyanja, entobazi, emyala, enzizi, ensozi, ebiwonko, ebibira, ettaka. 

Abaganda ab’edda okusobola okukuuma obutonde bw’ensi beyambisanga emizizo n’ebitiisatiisa nga okugamba nti omuti guno oba guli gwa musambwa tegutemebwa oba ekibira ekyo tebakitemamu miti. Kati ffe abaliwo mu mulembe gw’obuyivu tuyinza n’okulimbulula ebirimbo ebyo naye ne tugenda mu maaso n’ekyobuwangwa eky’okukuuma obutonde bwensi nga tukozesa ebyobugagga omuli n’ebibira mu ngeri eteri ya kyeyonoonero.

(vi)	Okumanya n’Okusinza Katonda. Ng’abuazungu tebannaba kujja wano twalina eddiini ey’ekiganda ekkiririza mu Katonda ow’obwanaminigina era nga nkakasa katonda ono y’omu n’owabazungu lwa kuba buli buwangwa bumuwa erinnya lya njaulo. Eddiini eno teyali ya kusamira yadde okuwongera emyoyo gy’ekizikiza. Omuganda owedda yakkirizanga nti Katonda gy’ali era y’ali emabega w’obwengula bwonna obuluke mu nduka ey’ekibalo ne sayansi ebya waggulu ddala.Yadde waliwo abasamirira emyoyo emirara abaganda bangi basinzanga Katonda ow’obwanamunigina(monolithic God).

Omuzadde oba omukuza okusobola okutuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa bwe okugunjula omwana alina okubeera omugunjufu.

Ebyobuwangwa kye kimu kubyawula omuntu ku nsolo endala kubanga kino kikolwa kya bwakalimagezi.Kyokka nabyo biyinza okwetaagisa okutambulira ku mbeera eba eriwo.Eky’okulabirako, ku mulembe guno kyetaagisa okuyigiriza abaana baffe emisoso n’empisa ez’ekijjulo ekyo ku mmeeza kyokka ate ne tutasuulirira kubayigiriza misoso na mpisa za kijjulo ekyaffe ekiganda.

Okumanya n’okwewala ebikolwa eby’Empisa Ensiwuufu

Bwe twogera ku mpisa embi tuba tutegeeza:

(i)	Obutayagala oba obutamanya kukola mirimu n’okwagala ebirungi by’otakoleredde

(ii)	Obutafuga mbeera zo za buntu.(zirambuluddwa mu maaso)

(ii) Okuba n’Obuyisayisa nga:

 (iii) Emputtu, obutagambwako, n’obutawuliriza.

Waliwo abazadde abakuza abaana baabwe nga tebagambwako. Abazadde bano batera kuba abazadde abekkiriranyi (permissive parents), tebawabula mwana era tebagumiikiriza muntu mulala kugamba ku mwana yadde akoze ensobi.

Ekiva mu kino omwana akula alina emputtu nga ne bw’omugamba okukola oba obutakola kintu takyusaamu. Obutayagala kugambwako n’emputtu nazo njuyi bbiri ez’ekinoso kye kimu.

Okukuza omwana  nga tawabulwa yadde okugambibwako(okuwabula tekitegeeza kumukyunya oba kumuboggolera mu bukambwe) mu ngeri etali ya buwaze oba etali ya kuboggola si kirungi n’akatono kubanga ne bw’aba afunye omulimu oba nga afumbiddwa oba awasizza aba muzibu nnyo okuwabula oba okugambako kubanga kino akitwalirawo nga ekya ekivve, okumuyisaaamu amaaso era ne kimuleetra okwetya n’okutabagana obulunyi   n’abo b’abeera nabo. Bw’aba afuuse omukulembeze abeera nakyemalira.

Omuzadde oba omukuza alina okulaga omwana nti okuwabulwa n’okugambibwako kintu kirungi omuntu mw’ayinza okuyita okumanya ekituufu oba okulongoosa mu by’akola ku lw’obulungi bwe. Kino kitegeeza nti okutendeka omwana okwagala okuwabulwa , kuba kumuyigiriza kuwuliriza.

Kyokka waliwo abo oba oyo ayinza okwefuula nti akuwabula  naye nga ebigendererwa bye bya kukuwabya. Omuntu oyo aba mulabe wo . Omulabe wo  omumanya otya ? Aba mujerezijerezi ate bw’ayogera takuwa kyagaanya nawe kubaako ky’oyogera era aba muvuvubi mu ngeri ey’okuwa abalala ekifaananyi nti gwe tolina ky’amagezi ky’oyinza kwogera . Ekituufu kiri nti buli muntu asaana okuweebwa ekyagaanya yennyonnyoleko oba awe endowooza ye alyoke awabulwe  nga kirabika nti ddala awabye. 

Omukuza w’omwana yenna asaana amanye enjawulo wakati w’okuwabula n’okukyunya. Oyo akyunya munne buli bbanga aba amwogerera ebigambo ebimulaga nti talina kumanya, taliyiga , musiru, yamutamwa, eno nga mw’atadde n’okumujerega mu ngeri emu oba endala ate nga eno tamuwuliriza.

Kino kikolebwa nnyo bakazi bajja ku baana be batazaala naye oluusi n’abakyala abamu bakikola ku baana be bazaala bennyini, naddala nga basowaganye ne babba babwe,  ekiruyi ne bakimalira ku baana oba omwana , naddala oyo asinga okufaanana ne kitaawe mu ndabika, nga bwe babalaamiriza nga bwe batajja kubaamu magezi nga bakitaabwe.

Ennaku zino osanga omuzadde nga alaamiriza omwana we n’ebigambo nga bino: “nja kkukonkona ettwe kyaana ggwe”, “ontamye gwana ggwe” , “nja kkufuntula nkumalemu emputtu” . Eno si nkuza nnungi.

Omuzadde nga ono aba atulugunya mwana,  yadde ye aba   alowooza nti amugunjula. Era kino oluusi okiraba nga omuzadde abonereza omwana mu busungu n’amukuba buli wamu n’omuggo mu mugongo, ku mutwe nga eno bw’asamba .

Omuzadde omugunjufu yewala okubonereza omwana mu busungu. Bw’oba osunguwadde nnyo sooka otambuleko okkakkane olyoke omubonereze  mu mbonereza ey’ekigero nga tokikola mu busungu. Ababonereza abaana mu busungu batera okukomekkereza nga bali ku poliisi n’amakomera kubanga bayita we balina okukoma ne batuusa obuvune oba okutta abaana babwe  ebiseera ebisinga nga tebakigenderedde.

(iv) Okuwemula n’okumokkoola 

Abaana bayiga ebintu bingi okuva mu baana bannabwe , naddala abo abava mu maka agataliimu bakuza bagunjufu , agalimu abazadde abagwenyufu. Okusooka omwana buli kigambo ky’awulidde banne nga boogera  naye bw’akimokkoola  oba bw’akikubawo , bambi nga tamanyi nti kya buwemu. 

Omuzadde oba omukuza yenna nga abadde awulidde omwana ayogera ebigambo bino , tomuboggolera oba okumukayukira , wabula mubuuze ani gwe yabiwuliriddeko era bw’aba amukubuulidde oba nedda , mutegeeze nti ebigambo ebyo tebiyisibwa mu kamwa , bya buwemu, era abaana ab’empisa embi be babyogera.

Abaana abato bayanguwa nnyo okumanya ekibi era ne bakivaako, singa baba nga babuuliriddwa nga bakyaali bato. Kyokka bw’otabagaana kumokkoola bigambo bya buwemu nga bakyaali bato, we bavubukira kiyinza okuba ekizibu okubajjamu obuwemu; n’obugwenyufu ,  anti akaakyama amamera.
Waliwo ebintu ebyangu okwogera eri abaana kyokka ebintu ebikwatagana n’okwegadanda, omuli obuliisamaanyi, olumu biyinza okuzibuwalira abazadde. Ebigambo nga ebyo  bikozesebwa mu misomo gya sayansi n’okusomesa endwadde  z’ekikaba kyokka nga tebikozesebwa mu kwogera kwa bulijjo
. 
Nga sinaba kweyongerayo njagala okukkatiriza nti nga omuzadde oba omukuza omugobansonga , omwana muyigirize okubikka ku bigambo ebiyinza okuba ebyobuwemu nga kibadde kimwetaagisa okubikozesa ,  aleme kumokkoola bigambo omuntu mulamu by’atayisa mu kamwa mu njogera eya bulijjo. Bino wansi bye bimu ku bigambo ebiyinza okubikka ku bigambo ebinene, ebizibu okwogera mu bantu mu bulamu obwa bulijjo:

  (a) Ebitundu by’ekyaama omuto muyigirize okubiyita:

   (b) Okugenda mu toyireeti (Kabuyonjo) muyigirize okukozesa ebigambo:

 (c) Okutawaaza omwana omuto  oyinza okumutandisa n’okukiyita; 

 (d) Bbi muyigirize okumuyita:

 (e) Ekikolwa eky’okwegadanda wakati w’ekisajja n’ekikazi , nga kibadde kyetaagisa , gamba nga omwana akubuuzizza sseggwanga  eba erinnyira  enseera ky’eba ekola  , mugambe nti kino kikolwa kya  “kwegatta” era oyinza n’okumugamba nti ebisolo bwe byegatta  ne bizaala , singa aba akubuuzizza omwana gy’ava. Mugambe abaana abato tebakkirizibwa kwegatta. Kikolwa kya bikulu byokka. Wano nno oba omuyigiriza sayansi awatali kumuwemula.Kyokka mutegeeze nti Katonda ye mutonzi wa buli kintu era y’asobozesa ekito okuzaalibwa nga ekikazi n’ekisajja  ebikulu byegasse.

(e) Obutuuliro oyinza okumuyigiriza okukiyita:

Manya :Ebigambo  byennyini eby’oluganda ebitegeeza ebintu ebyo waggulu biwaawaza amatu era omwana omuto singa tomuteerawo kibibikkako ye ajja kulowooza nti  bye bisaanidde okwogera mu bantu  . Mutendeke okukozesa  ebyo ,  bw’anatuuka mu masomo ga sayansi aga waggulu ajja kuyiga ebituufu byennyini (ebitayisika mu kamwa) naye ng’amaze okukitegeera nti tebyogerebwa mu Bantu oba tebiyisibwa mu kamwa.

Otendeka otya omwana Empisa ? 

Ky’olina okusooka okumanya nti ggwe wennyini olina okuyigiriza omwana. Omwana bw’oba tomuyigirizza mpisa akula tamanyi si lwakuba nti   bwe buzaale bwe naye lwa kuba tomuyigirizanga ngeri ya kweyisaamu mu bintu n’embeera ez’enjawulo.

Okwesuulirayo ogwa nnaggamba mu kutendeka omwana kuba kwetimawa ggwe wennyini kubanga empisa tezijja kujja zokka mu mwana wo  .1  Obukodyo obw’okuyigiriza omwana empisa bunji ddala naye  obumu ku bbwo mulimu :

 

   Tusobola tutya okuteeka empisa obulungi mu baana ? 

	Tewekkirirranya . Laga bulungi  ekikomo n’ebiragiro ,  nga  we kyetaagisa okugamba nedda , eba nedda ate we kyetaagisa okugamba ye eba ye kyokka nga owa ensonga ezitegeerekeka.

	Ebiragiro n’okuwabula birina kukolebwa mu kulaga obuvunanyizibwa kyokka mu kukkaatiriza  mu bukkakkamu ,  awatali kuboggola ,   okusinziira ku myaka gy’omwana. Omwana ali wansi w’emyaka ekkumi osobola okumugamba : Tosalanga kkubo nga oli wekka  .Omutiini oyinza okumugamba nti   wegenderezanga ng’osala ekkubo ; tunula kukkono otunule ku ddyo  ate era otunule ku ddyo , bwe waba tewali kidduka kijja olyoke osale . 

	Laga obuyinza we kisaanidde nga okozesa ebigambo ebyetaagisa  era oyigirize abaana bo okuteeka amaaso ku muntu awamu n’okukkaatiriza okuba abauliriza abalangi . Oyinza okugamba omwana : Teweemanyiiza kwogera nga oboggola  ! oba Toboggolera banno !! !Ki ku bino ekisingako okutuuka ku  kigendererwa ? Oyinza okuba nga omugaana kwemanyiiza kuboggola kyokka nga nawe omugambye oboggola.

	Okulaga omwana okusiima  kwo ng’akoze ekirungi n’okumuwabula ng’akoze ekitali kya buntubulamu , okusinziira ku myaka gye. Wewale okubonereza omwana ku buli kasobi k’aba akoze ate era wewale okumuboggolera , okujjako nga ddala kyetaagisa. 

	Omwana muyigirize nti buli ekikolebwa kirina ekikivaamu  nti era kyetaagisa okukola okusalawo okulungi obutejjusa .

	Bayigirize empisa ennungi nga ggwe wennyini weyisa bulungi. Musabe oba mwebaze Katonda ng’enju.

Okwewala Okukyojjanya omwana (child abuse)

Okukyojjanya omwana (child abuse)   kuba kumutulugunya (torture) , olumu ne kimuviirako n’okufa.  Okukyojjanya omwana kitegeeza ekikolwa kyonna ekiteeka obulamu bwe mu katyabaga oba okukosa obulamu bwe obw’omubiri,  omwoyo n’obwongo(mulengera).Okukyojjanya omwana kulimu :

a)	Okukyojjanya omubiri (Physical Abuse )-. Kino kitegeeza obuvune bwonna  obutuusibwa ku mubiri nga tebuvudde ku butanwa. 

b)	Okumukabawaza(Sexual Abuse). Kino kitegeeza ekikolwa eky’obukaba kyonna ekituusibwa ku mwana , mu bikolwa oba mu bigambo, omuli okumukwata, okumweyambulira,  okumuwemula oba okumukwatirira.  

c)	Okumulagajajjalira . Kino kitegeeza obutawa mwana byetaago bye bya bulamu(physical needs).
d)	Okukyojjanya embeera z’obuntu(Emotional Abuse). Kino kitegeeza enneeyisa  oba ekikolwa kyonna , ekikosa enkulaakulana y’omwana eya mulengera  n’entabagana mu bantu banne. e - 

 Engeri y’okutereeza omwana alimu embazuulu 

Okuteeka empisa mu mwana ow’embazuulu kyetaagisa obumalirivu wakati mu kumukulaga okwagala. Mu butuufu bw’oba olina abaana kkumi na bataano oba abaana basatu buli omu sooka omanye embeera ze olyoke olabe gy’omwang’nga okumutendeka mu mpisa , wakati mu kwagala . Waliwo oli nga mu buzaale bwe ava mangu mu mbeera ate omulala nga mukkakkamu oba musirise ate omulala nga wa mbazuulu. Ky’olina okukola:

	Kwe kumanya ekintu  buli mwana wo ky’asinga okutekako essira mu bulamu bwe

	. Omwana ow’embazuulu buli lw’omuboggolera , okumukuba oba okumukangavvula tekirina 
kye kimukyusaako okutuuka nga ozudde ky’asinga okwettanira .Ayinza okuba nga ayagala nyo okulaba omupiira ku TV . Bw’oba oyagala okumujjamu ettumba , TV gisibire mu kisenge kyo okumala ekiseera ekigere , okutuusa ng’akoze ky’oyagala okumutereeza. 

	Eri buli mwana wo yogera mu bukkakkamu  . Tomukayukira oba okumuboggolera.

	Twala ebiseera oyogere nabo nga obayigiriza  mu ki ky’obasuubiramu. Tebamanyi okutuuka nga obayigirizza. Edda bassenga baabuliringa abaana abawala ate bataata abato oba abakulu ne babuulirira abalenze naye kati abantu bonoonefu, n’awe wennyini taata w’omwana wo omulenzi oba omuwala wenyigre mu kumubuulirra okuba omweteefuteefu mu buli mbeera  ,omuli okweteekerateekera n’obufumbo . Bintu bingi by’oyinza okubuulirira omwana wo ku bufumbo   ebiteetagisa kuwemula yadde ekigambo ekimu , ng’abamu  bwe balowooza.Eky’okulabirako empisa, okwekuuma ababi, okwekwasa Katonda , okukola , n’obutazaala baana omuntu b’otetegekedde bye bimu ku bintu omuzadde yenna by’ayinza okubuulirira abaana be.

Okusiga Empagi ez’Obutabaganyi mu baana

Abazadde oba abakuza balina okwewala ebintu ebiziiyiza omwana okukulaakulanya obutonde bwe obw’obutabaganyi ne bantu banne.  Okusobola okufuula omwana omutabaganyi omuzadde oba omukuza yenna erina okusiga empisa zino wammanga mu baana be: 

(i) Obujagujagu 

Obujagujagu mugatte gwa maanyi ga mubiri , obukyamufu, obubuguumirivu, n’okutegeera okwembagirawo (intuition).

Amaanyi mu mubiri gakusobozesa okukola emirimu gyo egyabulijjo ate obusobozi bwa mulengera (mental skills) bukuyamba okukola ku bizibu by’osanga mu bulamu.

Obujagujagu bweyolekerawo mu bato n’abavubuka kyokka okukaddiwa kukendeeza obujagujagu..

Yadde nga obujagujagu buyinza okuba obuzaale , omuzadde , oba omukuza ayinza okuteeka omwana we mu mbeera emufuula(emuyigiriza ) omujagujagu ng’amubuulirira n’okumulaga engeri ebintu gye birina okukolebwamu n’okweyisaamu mu mbeera ez’enjawulo , ekyokulabirako okumuyigiriza okwetuma,okukola emirimu  egy’enjawulo, okwaniriza n’okugabula abagenyi, okukubiriza enkiiko, okunokoolayo ebitono.

(ii) Okwekakasa oba okwekkiririzaamu

Sitegeeza kwematira .Omuntu eyekkiririzamu y’oyo atemotyamotya. Okwekkiririzaamu,, okwekakasa , okukkaatiriza byeyolekerawo mu muntu abirina.

Okwekakasa ki kyoli , ki ky’osobola okukola ,  ne ki ky’oyogera kitegeeza bw’etegefu n’obumalirivu okwang’anga obukunizo obukuweereddwa oba ebibuuzo eby’enjawulo ku mulamwa. Omuntu ey’ekakasa aleetera abalala okumukkiririzaamu.  Okwekakasa oba okwekkiririzamu si kwematira kyokka oluusi bwe kuyitirira kuvamu okwematira, okwemanyamanya n’obutagambwako. 

Okwekkiririzaamu lwe luta olusooka okwekulaakulunya kyokka kikweetagisa okuba nga wekakasa ekyo ky’omanyi ate ng’osobola okukozesa okumanya okwo okukola eby’amagezi.

Okwekakasa oba okwekirizaamu kutandika na kutendeka mwana kunoonya kumanya nga asoma oba n’omubuulira oba n’okumulaga ebintu eby’enjawulo asobole okufuna obumanyirivu, tekijja buzzi ku bwakyo. Omuntu okwemotyamotya kiva mu kuba na kumanya kutono lwa butafaayo kunoonya kumanya ng’asoma ebitabo oba ebiwandiike ku miramwa egy’enjawulo, akola okunoonyereza ku buttonde oba ne yebuuza ku balala.

N’olwekyo omuzadde laba nga omwana wo omuteeka mu mbeera ekulaakulanya ebyo by’amanyi nga olumu ogenda naye mu bifo  ebyenjawulo omuli eby’okuyiga  ne  mu Bantu b’ayinza okuyigirako ebintu eby’enjawulo.

(iii) Okulaga Obumativu

Omuntu atamatira  taba mutabagnyi mulungi kuba buli bbanga aba yerumaruma nga alaga nti tamatidde abo abalala kye basobodde okumukolera . Okuyigiriza omwana okumatira , okufaanana n’okumuyigiriza okusiima kitandika na kumwebaza nga alina ky’akoze n’akimaliriza yadde nga takikoze bulungi nga bwe wandyagadde ate era n’omuyigiriza okwebaza ekiba kimukoleddwa.

Omwana olina okumuyigiriza okumatira.Waliwo abantu abamu ng’ebirowoozo byabwe babiteeka ku buzibu oba ebizibu ebibatuusiddwako ne beerabira nti waliwo n’ebirungi bingi ebibakoleddwa abalala. Omuntu nga oyo  omukolera ekintu n’atasiima ng’alowooza nti omukoledde kitono era alwawo okumatira ebimukolerwa abalala oba n’ebyo by’aba yekoledde ku lulwe.

Obutamatira balala bye bakukolera y’emu ku mbeera z’obuntu embi. Okulaga obumativu kitegeeza kusiima, kwebaza n’okuddiza, yadde akatono, anti omuganda agamba nti “akatono kazira mu liiso”. Bw’otamatira bikukoleddwa ne byewekoledde togenda ku bimatira.

(i)	Obwesigwa

Tewali muntu ayagala kutabagana na muntu atalina bwesigwa oba atesigika. Obutabaganyi buzimbira ku bwesigwa mu bantu abakolagana mu ngeri emu oba endala. 

Obugunjufu kikwata ku kumanya buvune obuyinza okuleetawo embeera etali ya bwesigwa oba okumanya engeri gy’okwataganyaamu embeera eno nga ebaddewo.
Obwesigwa bwetaagisa nnyo mu kukuuma emikwano n’enkolagana eza buli kika. Obwisigwa kitegeeza okwekakasa nti omuntu gw’okolagana naye mwesigwa oba yesigika oba ali ekyo ky’alaga (integrity).

Obwesigwa bukula buli bantu lwe beeyongera okumanyagana n’abalala .Obwesigwa buva mu nneeyisa eyesigika erimu obwenkanya, amazima, okufa ku balala, n’ebirala.

(ii)	Okusiima

Nga bwe kiri ku kumatira , okusiima kiyamba nnyo okunyweeza enkolagana mu bantu. Kino kitegeeza nti obutabaganyi bwetaaga okulaga okusiima ekyo ekikukoleddwa . Obugunjufu kikwata ku kumanya buvune obujjawo nga omuntu akuwadde oba akukoledde ekintu eky’omugaso n’otasiima oba n’otalaga kusiima. Okusiima kuba kulaga nti osanyukidde ekikukoleddwa . Okusiima kiwa abo oba oyo gw’okiraze amaanyi okwongera okukola obulungi.

Singa ekintu ky’otaddeko ebirowoozo byo okukikola kikakasibwa okuba nga kikoleddwa bulungi ,  oyo akikoze afuna essanyu n’obumativu era ne kimuwa amaanyi okugenda mu maaso n’okukola  ebirala ebisingako n’awo.  Okusiima era kyetaagisa ng’omuntu abadde alina ky’akukoledde mu ngeri ey’okukuyamba.  Okusiima n’okumatira njuyi bbiri ez’ekinusu ekimu.

(iii)	Essuubi 

Omuntu atalina ssuubi mu bulamu takolaganika naye . Obugunjufu era kikwata ku kumanya buvune obuyinza okuva mu kuggwamu essuubi oba obutaba na ssuubi mu bulamu. Essuubi eba mbeera ya buntu ejjawo endowooza embi ebaddewo mu bulamu bwo. Essubi kuba kulowooza nti ekiruubiriro kyo kigenda kutuukirira. Omuntu alina essuubi y’aba n’obusobozi okubaako ky’akola okulaba ng’atuuka ku kiruubirirwa kye.

Essuubi  liva ku kuba nga waliwo obubonero obukakasa nti ekiruubiriro ogenda ku kituukako. Omuntu atalina ssuubi kizibu nnyo okuzimba n’okukumakuma banne era takolaganika naye.

(ix) Obusaasizi n’Obuyambi

Okuba n’omutima ogusaasira n’oguyamba abalala nga bali mu bwetaavu kikwetaagisa okuoonya engeri ez’enjawulo ez’okuyambamu abantu mu bizibu eby’enjawulo ebibaawo mu bulamu. Kino kye kimu ku bikufuula omutabaganyi omulungi kubanga oba weyunirwa abalala. Ebimu ku  bintu ebyetaagisa buli muntu okumanya, kwe kujjanjaba n’okubudaabuda abali mu mbeera ey’obulwadde obw’ebirowoozo oba obw’omubiri , omuli n’abagenda okufa.

Ebiseera ebisinga omuntu gw’olabirira bw’aba ng’alina obulwadde obutawona aba ayagala kufiira waka. Oba omulabiridde waka oba mu ddwaliro , waliwo omuntu  omugunjufu by’alina okumanya okusobola okulaba nga omuntu we afa musanyufu n’okukkakkanya obulumi. 

Omuntu agunjuse alina okubaako ky’amanyi ku bulamu obw’okulwala n’okufiirwa oba okufa,  kireme kumuzibuwalira  nga kibaddewo. Si kyangu kulabirira muntu afa oba agenda okufa. Atali mutendeke aba ayagala okuyamba naye alowooza nti ayinza okwogera oba okukola ekintu  ekinaayongera okwennyisa okuyi kyokka bw’oba nga ofunye okubangulwa osobola okukola enjawulo mu bulamu bwe obusembayo . Olina okumanya nti:

    (a) Omuntu  abeera mu mbeera ey’okufa aba n’ebyetaago bye bimu n’ebibyo . Kino kitegeeza yetaaga okwagalibwa, okufiibwako, ava mu mbeera ez’obuntu, anyiiga, yetaaga okuzzibwamu amaanyi, okuwona, n’okusinza Katonda.

Omuntu ali mu mbeera ey’okufa ayinza okweraliikirira nti agenda kusuulibwa awo awatali kufiibwako olw’okuba obulwadde bumusazeeko obulamu obwa bulijjo era aba mu kutya okuba nga omubiri gwe gugenda kufuuka yegeyege  mu bulumi obutagambika era akungubagira obulamu nga alaba bumugendako. Ayinza okweraliikirira olw’abo b’agenda okuleka emabega naddala  b’abadde alabirira nga abaana be bazaala oba abantu be abalala . Kino kimutuusa ku kwogera ku bulamu bw’ayiseemu. Wano olina okumanya nti yetaaga okufiibwaako n’okuwulirizibwa.

 (b) Omulwadde omuyi   yetaaga okulagibwa omukwano okusinga   okuweebwa obujjanjabi bwokka .
 Omulwadde ali mu mbeera ey’okufa  yetaaga okulagibwa omukwano   mu kifo ky’essira okuliteeka ku bulwadde obw’omubiri bwokka .   Batera okuva amangu mu mbeera zabwe ez’obuntu nga okunyiiga, okunakuwala, okwesisiwala, n’okutya. Embeera zaabwe zino za buntu ddala era zetaaga okulaga nti zifiibwaako nga kino kitandika na kubalaga mukwano.

Okumukwatako kiyamba okumukkakkanya era abantu banji ababeera mu mbeera ey’okufa bakkakkana ng’ababalabirira babakwatako  ku ngalo  oba ku mukono oba ne babanywegera. 

 (c ) Ggwe ajjanjaba kkakkanya embeera zo ez’obuntu 

Yadde kyetaagisa okubalaga nti babadde n’ekifo kya njawulo mu bulamu bwo , kyokka ate bwe wennyika ennyo kiba kyongera okubakola obubi.  Balage okwagala naye ate fuga embeera zo ez’okunakuwala, ennyiike, n’okweralikirira zireme kuvaayo nnyo ate kino kyongere okumukosa ebirowoozo.

   (d) Wefeeko

Okulabirira omuntu atagenda kuwona  si kyangu era kyangu okwemalira ku muntu ono ate ggwe n’otefaako . Gy’okoma okwefaako gy’okoma n’okubeera omwetegefu okuwa omulwadde wo obujjanjabi obwetaagisa. 

(e) Manya obubonero obulaga nti omuntu wo  ali mu mbeera ya kufa :

Kyokka omuyi (omuntu afa) atera okusigala nga akyategeera nti waliwo abantu mu kisenge n’okuwuliriza nga mwogera gy’ali ppaka lw’akutuka. N’olwekyo okumwogerera mu ngeri ennungi kimuwa amaanyi yadde nga tolowooza nti akuwulira. 

Laba nga wabeerawo omuntu ku lusegere lw’oyo afa kuba aba akyawulira kyokka wewale okukaaba n’emiranga asobole okukutuka mu mbeera etali ya kawereege . Ab’enganda n’abemikawano  okubeera omuntu wabwe ku lusegere ng’ataawa bakikole mu  mpalo obutakoowa.
Kyokka manya nti si buli muntu nti ayita mu bubonero buno bwonna. Okufa kuyinza n’okujja embagirawo oba  okuba okw’ekikutuko.

(x) Okwewala Sikimanyinkitye (superstitutions)

Omuntu alowooleza mu sikimanyinkitye aba muzibu nnyo okukolagana naye kubanga buli kintu ekimuyitiriddeko okutegeera mu magezi ge akijuliza nsi ya myoyo egisukkulumye ku bw’omuntu.Obugunjufu kitegeeza kuba waggulu wa ndowooza ya sikimanyinkitye (superstitution). Mu ntabaganya ezikyali emabega mu nkola ya sayansi, buli kintu ekizibu okutegeera kitwalibwa okubaamu emyoyo egisukkulumye ku bw’omuntu (supernatural spirits) era ne kisamirirwa mu ngeri ey’okukitiitiibwa. Ezimu ku nneeyisa eza sikimanyinkitye abantu abateyunira nkola ya sayansi ze beyunira mulimu:

Obugunjufu kitegeeza kubeera waggulu wa sikimanyinkitye osobole okulaba sayansi mu bintu ebisinga ebigenda mu maaso  mu buttonde era mu kifo ky’okubisamirira okozese  akalombolombo ka sayansi okubinoonyerezaako , okufuna sayansi ali emabega wabyo.

Omuzadde oba omukuza yenna alina okutegeeza abaana ekituufu nti bye bayita lubaale baali bantu naye nga bakagezimunyu era be bassekalowooleza ba Buganda ab’edda ate ng’abasinga bakozesanga kalombolombo ka sayansi akalimu enkola ya sayansi ey’ekebejja ,  ne yekenneenya wakati mu kwefumiitiriza okutuuka ku kuvumbula ekituufu. Tewali muntu afa n’asigala nga akyayinza okuyamba abalamu. Buli muntu alina kwerwanako yekka nga mulamu so si kulowooleza mu bajjajja be abaafa.




#Article 320: Okutendeka Obukulembeze mu Baana baffe (Inculcating Leareship in Children) (4668 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!Okusiga Ensigo ey’ Obukulembeze mu Baana(Inculcating Leadership in children)!Sooka okimanye nti Obukulembeze obulungi mu baana butandika na:

(i) Obuntubulamu

(ii) Okumanya ebiyinza okujja bantu banno mu mbeera zaabwe ez'obuntu

(iii)Okumanya okulamuza abagenyi

(iv)Okumanya okukubiriza enkiiko

(v) Okumanya Okwaniriza n'okutuuza abagenyi

(vi)Okumanya okugabula abagenyi

(v) Okumanya ebyokwerinda

Obukulembeze butandikira mu maka n’olwekyo okuyigiriza obukulembeze okusooka kutandikira mu nju , mu maka omuntu mw’azaalibwa.Mu bulamu buli muntu alina okubeerako omukulembeze nga obukulembeze buno buli omu abuyingira nga yetongodde n’akola amaka  omuli ezzadde.

Mu kugunjula omwana mulimu ekigendererwa eky’okumutendeka obukulembeze. Enju esonjolwa nga  “namunigina y’entabaganya esingayo obutono”  (the smallest unit of socity). Olw’okuba enju ye namunigina y’entabaganyo esookerwako ate nga y’esingayo obutono, era etwalibwa nga namunigina y’ebyobufuzi esookerwako oba esingayo obutono ate era nga ye namunigina y’obukulembeze esookerwako era nga yesingayo obutono.

Okutendeka obukulembeze kitandikira mu maka agalimu abakulembeze(abazadde)  abagunjufu. “Namunigina ey’obukulembeze” (leadership unit) oba “namunigina y’ebyobufuzi” (political unit) esookerwako wansi y’enju. Okufaanana n’obukulembeze obulala bwonna ,  enju (family) eyinza okubaamu obukulembeze obwanakyemalira (dictatorial), obw’okwekkiriranya(permissive), oba obwa mugobansonga.

Okutendeka  obukulembeze kitandika na kuyigiriza baana mu maka :

a.	Okugondera n’okuwa ekitiibwa abakulu mu maka. 

Abaana betaaga okugondera abazadde kyokka n’abazadde ne baba nga bawuliriza abaana nga balina ensonga ezibaluma. Kino kiba kiteekateeka abaana okumanya nti  mu bukulembeze bwonna , abali wansi betaaga okugondera abakulembeze ababali waggulu mu mitendera gy’obukulembeze gyonna, ebintu bisobole okutambula obulungi. Mu maka abaana balina okugondera abazadde kuba abazadde basuubirwa okuba nga kye bakola kigenderera kugunjula baana bano. Kino kiteekateeka abaana okumanya nti mu bukulembeze bwonna abali wansi balina okugondera abakulembeze, ka bube bukulembeze bwa kitongole, kibiina, oba bwa ggwanga.

b.	Obuvunaanyizibwa obw’awamu. 

Obuvunaanyizibwa obwa wamu (collective responsibirity) wakati w’abazadde bombi omukyala n’omwami bwe buyigiriza abaana omutima ogw’okukolera wamu. Obuvunanyizibwa obw’awamu mu maka bwenyigirwamu abaana ng’abazadde babayigiriza okukolera awamu emirimu awaka nga okwoza engoye , amasowaani , okwera n’okusiimuula enyumba, okusaawa olujja n’okulima oba okulabiria ebisolo by’awaka , kino oluusi kikolebwa mu mpalo . Obuvunanyizibwa obw’awamu era bweyoreka nga abazadde bombi balaga nti  bakwatibwako kyenkanyi mu nkuza y’abaana  mu buli kigenda mu maaso awaka .Omwana singa atulugunyizibwa omuzadde omu omulala tasobola kwejjako musango okujjako ng’alaze nti alina ky’akozewo okuziiyiza muzadde munne okutulugunya omwana oyo . Mu bukulembeze bwonna obuvunaanyizibwa obw’awamu  bwetaagisa nnyo era kino nakyo kitandikira mu maka agalimu obuvunaanyizibwa obw’awamu wakati w’abazadde bombi  okutuuka ku baana.

c.	Okuweereza abalala. 

Omuzaddeomugunjufu alina okulaga omwana nti omukulembeze aba muweereza wa bantu  era yetaaga ebiseera ebimu okuba nga yenyigira mu  mirimu  egya bonna, si kutuula wali nga abalala bakola.Waliwo abazadde , naddala  abazadde abasajja abeeteekamu olukungu ne babeerawo kuddumira buduumizi baana okukola naddala okulima naye nga bbo tebenyigiddemu yadde omulundi ogumu. Kino kirowoozesa abato nti nabob we nakula nga barekera awo okukola emirimu egy’okukuluusana nga okulima. N’abakulembeze b’ebitundu oba ab’ebitongole oluusi basaanye okwenyigira mu mirimu  egy’awamu nga bulungi bwansi , okugogola enzizi, okuzimbira abakadde n’emmombozze amayumba awatali kuwaayo buwi nsimbi, kino kiyambe okuba eky’okulabirako eri abakulemberwa , naddala abavubuka .
.
d.	Obwetoowaze . 

 Mu maka omuzadde bw’aba akoze ensobi oba ekitali kya bwenkanya,  yadde ku baana ,  asaana okutegeera ensobi era ne yetonda. Kino kiyamba okumanyisa omwana obukulu bw’okutegeera n’okukkiriza ensobi ze, ekintu ekimutendeka okuba omukulembeze eyemenya n’akkiriza ensobi ze eri abalala mu kifo ky’okukalambira ku kintu munda naye ky’amanyi nti kikyamu.

e.	Okumanya okukubiriza enkiiko. 

Kino kibaawo mu nkiiko ez’enju, ez’ekika, ez’okukyalo oba ez’okuteekateeka emikolo nga embaga oba ennyimbe. Abaana abazadde tebasaanye kubaleka  mabega  kubanga zino enkiiko nabo mwe bayigira okuteesa n’okukubiriza enkiiko.

f.	Okuteekateeka emikolo . Muno mulimu emikolo nga obubaga , embaga, ennyimbe, okuziika , ebivvulu , n’emirala.

g.	Okumanya ebikolwa ebigotaanya enkulaakulana nga obwannanfuusi , obutagambwako, n’okwemanyamanya.

Mu katabo kano ka nambulule emiramwa esatu egisembyeyo mu byetaagisa okumanya mu kukulembera abantu. 

I. Okukubiriza Enkiiko.  

Omuvubuka agunjuse ateekwa okuba ng’ayise  mu mbeera emuyamba okuyiga okukubiriza enkiiko. Omuzadde omugunjufu yandibadde atwala abaana be mu nkiiko z’olujja, ez’enju oba enkiiko ezibeerawo ku kyalo bafune obumanyirivu  . 

  (i) 	 Engeri y’okukubirizaamu olukiiko.

Omwana ky’olina okusooka okumulaga kwe kuba nti buli lukiiko lulina okuba n’omukubiriza n’omuwandiisi. Omukubiriza w’olukiiko alina okusisinkana n’omuwandiisi walwo okukkaanya ku “agyenda” (eby’okutesaako) nga olukiiko terunatuuka.  Memba yenna waddembe okuwaayo omulamwa guteekebwe ku agyenda era omuwandiisi alina okulaga ddi okuwaayo kw’emiramwa egy’okutesaako lwe kukoma nga olukiiko terunnaba kutuula.  Ebyokutesaako ebisingayo obukulu bye birina okuteekebwa waggulu ku agyenda okwewala okuleka nga tebiteeseddwako  singa obudde  buba tebumaze ku  nkomerero.  Ebikulembera olutuula lw’olukiiko omukubiriza(Sentebe) by’alina okumanya mulimu: 

a)	Okwogeramu n’omuwandiisi wo. Kakasa okuva eri omuwandiisi w’olukiko nti buli kintu ekyetaagisa we  kiri .

b)	Okwekenneenya emiramwa egyateesebwako. Kebera n’obwegendereza ebbago ly’emiramwa egyateesebwako (minutes) ezikuweereddwa omuwandiisi era okole okukyusa kwonna okwetaagisa.

c)	Ebiruubirirwa n’ebiruubiriro. Sentebe/Omukubiriza w’olukiiko omulungi alina okulaba nga olukiiko lutuuka ku biruubirirwa  n’ebiruubiriro byalwo . Era alina okulaba nga ’ayambako mu kunnyonnyola we kyetaagisa, n’awabula, n’okuzzaaamu olukiiko amaanyi.

d)	Okukuuma ebiseera. Tandika olukiiko ku kiseera ekirage.  Okukolera ku biseera kiba kiwa ekitiibwa abo abazze amangu ku kiseeera ekyasalibwawo okutuukirako n’okulaga abatuuka ekikeerezi nti okujjanga ekikeerezi tekigumiikirizibwa . Buli lw’otandika nga obudde obulagaane  buyiseeeko n’olinda abatuuka ekikeerezi oba obongera kyagaanya okujjanga nga obudde buyise. 

e)	Entandikwa y’olukiiko:

(i) Okweyanjula. 

Nga olukiiko lutandika, omukubiriza alina okukola bino:  Weyanjule era olamuse bonna wamu . Luno bwe luba nga lwe lukiiko olusoose oba olwa buli mwaka saba bamemba buli omu yeyanjule  kubanga wayinza okubaawo bamemba abapya      abatakumanyi oba abatamanyi bamemba bannabwe.Laba nga buli omu mukyamufu bulunji.

(ii) Okuyita mu byokutesaako (agyenda).

Yita mu egyenda yonna mangumangu. Mu kukola kino laba nga bamemba bonna bagiyingiza mu bwongo bwabwe mu kaseeera kano. Kino kiwa bamemba obusobozi okutegeera emiramwa gyonna egiri mu agyenda  n’okusaba okukyusaamu we kyetaagisa .

(iii) Ebyatuukibwako. 

Yita mu byatuukibwako emabega nga bw’okulisa bamemba awasaaanidde. 

(iv) Okusonjola emiramwa. 

Ku buli  ntandikwa ya buli mulamwa oguli mu agyenda , kola okusonjola ( okunnyonnyola omulamwa mu bumpimpi) . Kino kiyamba okulaba nga buli omu agutegeera bulungi   , kisobozese buli omu okugutesaako. Nnyonnyola okusalawo okwetaagisa, obubaka oba ani aweereddwa obuvunaanyizibwa okukola ku nsonga eziteesebbwako. 

(v) Jukiza abalina obuvunaanyizibwa bwe baweebwa okwanja  we batuuse. 

Jjukiza bamemba  abalina kyebaasabibwa okuteekateeka obasabe babisome nga olukiiko lutandika kubanga bw’otokola kino , omulundi omulala  bw’onobagamba okubisomera olukiiko bajja kulowooza nti tebikyetaagisa . 

(vi)Okwewala okulandagga. 

Laba nga olukiiko lugoberera enkola ewuliriza buli omu mu kiseeera ekyetaagisa. Okuteesa okuwanvu kwetaagisa okufunza ebirowoozo ebikulu awatali kuva ku mulamwa  na kudda mu bitali mu agyenda.

(vii) Okugonza mu miramwa emijja.

 Laba nga bamemba bonna bategeera enjogera empya yonna eba ekozesebwa. Tolowooza nti buli omu ategeera kyenkanyi.

(viii) Okulonda abokutuukiriza ebikkaanyiziddwako.

 Laba nga ebikulu byonna bikkaanyizibwako era ne walondebwawo abantu kinnoomu abaweebwa obuvunaanyizibwa okubikolako mu kiseeera ekigere basobole okutegeeza olukiiko ki kyebatuseeeko. 

(ix)Okujuliza emiramwa emikulu egiba gizze .

 Laba nga emiramwa egitakkanyiziddwako  oba egitali ku agyenda naye nga gy’ogeddwako mu lukiiko gijulizibwa okuteesebwako okuddako 

Omukubiriza w’olukiiko (Ssentebe) omulungi yetaagisa ki?

a)	Alina okuba ng’ategeera bulungi ensonga n’emiramwa egiri mu ddiiro era n’awuliriza bulungi buli kiteeso kya buli muteesa. 

b)	Okuba n’obusobozi okulaba nga abateesa tebalandagga kuva ku nsonga eri  mu ddiiro, okuziiyiza abo abadda mu biwedde okuteesebwako . 

c)	Okulaba nga buli memba wa lukiiiko afuna ekyagaanya kye kimu n’abalala okuteesa n’okukkaatiriza ensonga awatali kumuvuvuba .

d)	Okutwala buli kirowoozo kya muteesa(memba) nga ekirimu ensonga(ekikulu)  awatali kyekubira.

e)	Obuteekubira lubege.

f)	Okuba n’obusobozi okuwandiika wansi ebiteeso ebiba bikoleddwa mu lukiiko yadde nga omuwandiisi kino y’akikola mu butongole.
 
g)	Omukubiriza alina okulaba nga buli memba awaayo ebirowoozo ebiyamba awatali kuva ku mulamwa na kumala gawakana muwawa.

h)	 Omukubiriza alina okuwumbawumba n’otangaaza mu ngeri etegeerekeka emiramwa egirabika nga gibaddeko okukuba empawa .

i)	Alina okulaba nga ebiruubirirwa by’olukiiko bituukibwako mu kiseera ekigere era ebisalibwawo ne bitegeezebwa buli muntu alina okumanya. Ebiseera eby’okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku buli mulamwa oguli mu agyenda birina okusalibwawo okusinziira ku bukulu bw’omulamwa.

j)	Omukubiriza w’olukiiko alina okukozesa enneeyisa ye n’enjogezamubiri(body language) okukubiriza olukiiko obulungi  era aleme kwekkiriranya. Omukubiriza kyokka alina okwegendereza obutaleetawo kakyankalano ,  naddala nga avuvuba abogezi  abamu  mu ngeri eya kyekubira.

k)	Ekisinga okulaga obumanyirivu oba obutendeke kwe kuteesa okujjayo ebirowoozo eby’enjawulo awatali kulumba muntu yenna.Kino kiba kitegeeza nti omukubiriza w’olukiiko alina okulaba nga olukiiko luteesa ku miramwa oba ebirowoozo ,  so si   nneeyisa ya muntu kinnomu .

l)	Abateesa okusobola okubajjamu ebirowoozo eby’omugaso, olina okulaga buli omu nti oli  mwenkanya  ,   ateekubira era awuliriza buli omu  . Olukiiko lufuna amaanyi agava mu kukwatira awamu awatali buli omu kwagala bwagazi kuteesa mu ngeri ey’okuvuganya.

m)	Nga omukubiriza w’olukiiko , olina okumanya nti abantu bonna abalulimu bamanyi enzirukanya yalwo ,  baleme kutiisibwatiisibwa bukwakkulizo olukiiko kwe lutambulira , ekintu ekiyinza okuleetawo emiwaatwa mu kwenyigira mu lukiiko obulungi .Abantu abatamanyi ki kigenda mu maaso kiyinza okubazibuwalira okuteesa obulungi  oba okwogera mu bannabwe . Omukubiriza wano  alina okuvaayo okugonza mu miramwa buli omu agitegeere bulungi ate awe buli omu ekyagaanya okuteeesa .

II. Okuteekateeka Emikolo

(a) Obwetaavu bw’okukola Enteekateeka

Buli kintu kyonna ekikolebwa omuntu kalimagezi(alina amagezi),  kyetaaga okuteekateeka nga tekinnaba kubaawo . Enteekateeka yonna ebaamu enkwanaganya y’  abantu,  ebintu, n’ensimbi .Okuteekateeka emikolo  kitandika na:

  Okuteekateeka  kiyamba :

 Ebintu ebikulu mu kuteekateeka emikolo:

(i)	Okunokolayo emirimu: Nokoolayo emirimu eginaakolebwa okusinziira ku nteekateeka ezibaddewo. 

Okuteekawo ebitongole: 

 Okunokoolayo emirimu nga kuwedde,   emirimu egigwa mu kiti ekimu giteekebwa mu kitongole kye kimu.  Eky’okulabirako ekitongole eky’okufumba mwe mubeera okuwaata, enku, okukima amazzi, n’ebirala . Ate ekitongole eky’okwaniriza abagenyi (protocol) mwe mubeera  okutuuza abagenyi ,  okufukirira abagenyi n’okugabula kyokka okugabula nakwo kulina okubaako akukwanaganya naye nga ali wansi wa kitongole ekyaniriza abagenyi n’okubatuuza.

(ii)	Okukwanaganya ebitongole:  Ebitongole bwe bimala okuteekebwawo, okukwataganya oba okukwanaganya ebitongole bino kye kiddako, ebitongole bino bisobole okukola mu ngeri ekwatagana. 

(iii)	Okugabanya emirimu: 

Ekiddako kwe kugabanya emirimu mu bantu ab’enjawulo, omuli okusonjola obuyinza bwa buli mukulembeze wa kitongole  n’obuvunaanyizibwa okusinziira ku busobozi bwabwe  okulaba nga buli kimu kitambula bulungi. 

(iv)	Okusonjola obuvunaanyizibwa :

  Buli mukulembeze wa kitongole na buli muntu alina okumanya ani gw’ajjako ebiragiro era ani amulinako obuvunaanyizibwa.

 (b)  Okulamusa  Abagenyi

Ku mulembe guno ,  waliwo abaana abakula  nga tebamanyi kwaniriza bagenyi. Okwaniriza abagenyi kyetaagisa okwawula okulamusa n’okubuuza nti mwasuze mutya oba musiibyweyo mutya. Omuzadde omugunjufu alina okuyigiriza abaana be okwaniriza abagennyi awaka  ne ku mikolo nga okwanjula. Omwana alina okumanyisibwa  enjawulo wakati w’okulamusa n’okubuuza. Singa oli akugamba:

	Wasuze otyanno ? mwasuze mutya ?

	Osiibye otyanno ? Musiibyeyo mutya

	Tusanyuse okukulaba ?  N’akuwa (n’akulaga) aw’okutuula .Bw’amala  n’atandika “eradde……”
Njawulo ki eri mu kubuuza okw’emirundi esatu gino ? Njawulo  ki eri wakati w’okubuuza n’okulamusa ? Ddi wekyetagisiza okulamusa ….?

(c) Okugabula abagenyi

 Empisa ezigobererwa mu kugabula abagenyi gwe mutindo ogugobererwa  mu ngeri    y’okugabulamu abagenyi eby’okulya awaka oba ku mikolo. Ennaku zino baagonzaamu kubanga ebintu bya ssente , waliwo n’okusimba olunyiriri lwa “bbufe”.

  Wetaagisa okubaawo okubangula abaana okuva nga bato mu ngeri y’okugabulamu    abagenyi enteeketeeke. Okukwanaganya engabula kiyamba nnyo mu  nteekateeka y’emikolo , ka gibe gya bbufe oba nedda,  okulaba nga abo abagabula  tebalina gwe balekayo tebagabattuka na kusuula masowani oba okutomeregana ate nga  bwe wabaawo abagabulwa abaluvu tebatabulatabula ngabula. 
Okugoberera enteekateeka kiyamba okumatiza abagenyi n’okubalaga okusiima kw’oyo aba abayise ku mukulo.

Nga abantu bagabulwa kiba kyetaagisa okutandika n’omugenyi omukulu, n’ozzaako abakyala n’abaana , abaami, n’okusembayo ye  nnannyinimu , akyazizza . 

Mu ngeri endala  bwe waba nga tewali mugenyi mukulu , abagabuzi bayinza okusalawo okutandika n’abakyala n’abaami abasingayo obukulu, abaana, abakyaala abalala, okudda wansi ku bavubuka. Ekigaana okutandika n’abaana abato obutereeevu kwe kubayigiriza obugumiikiriza n’okulindirira. 
Oluusi abateesiteesi bayinza okusalawo okuva okumu awatali kubuusa muntu mmere. Kino nakyo kirina bingi bye kiyamba.

Emmere n’ebyokunywa bitera kugabulwa okuva ku kkono olwo okufuluma ne kuba ku ddyo  naye era kino kiyinza okukolebwa  mu ngeri endala okuva ku ddyo okudda ku kkono.
  
Empisa ez’Ebijjulo eby’obuwangwa obw’enjawulo

Eddiiro kitegeeza ekisenge omuliibwa emmere awaka oba mu kitongole ekirala kyonna. Waabangawo ebijjuro eby’emikolo gy’ekinnansi nga embaga n’ okwabya ennyimbe ate era ne wabaawo ebijjulo ebitongole mu bisaakate by’abaami nga bakyazizza Kabaka oba abaami ba Kabaka mu butongole.
Ebijjuro ebitingole n’ebyemikolo gy’ekinnansi  byonna byalina engabula ennambulukufu okusobola okulaba nga buli muntu atuukibwako eby’okulya mu bukulu bwe .

Ku mulembe guno  era waliwo n’ebijjulo mu maka , ku mikolo oba ebitongole  eby’njawulo  .  Ebijjulo ebitambula n’omulembe omujja naddala ebijjulo ebitongole (formal meals), ebisinga nga bigabirwa ku mmeeza ey’eddiiro (dining table) birina empisa oba nneeyisa ebigenderako:

Ebijjulo bya mirundi  ebiri . Waliwo :

(i)	ekijjulo eky’okutuula wansi

(ii)	Ekijjulo ekyo ku mmeeza.

Obutafaanana kijjulo kizungu ekikwatirwa  waggulu ku mmeeza , ekijjulo ekiganda kyalinga kya kutuula wansi ku lwaliiro.

I. Ekijjulo Ekiganda:

Emmere esaanikibwa mu muwumbo gwe basiba mu ndagala mu kibbo. Mu kibbo basooka kwaliriramu ebyayi bibiri nga bya kasaalaba olwo ne balyoka bateekamu olulagala omwokusiba emmere. Nga tebannaba kusiba mmere eno n’ebyayi bino, kungulu kw’emmere bateekako  obulagala obusalemu obuyitibwa “obuwuuwo”. Emmere bw’eba ya kunyiga, ng’etuuse okunyiga obuwuuwo basooka kubujjako ate bwe bamala okuginyiga ne babuzzaako ne baddamu ne basaaniika okujizza ku muliro eboobere. Obuwuuwo buno bwe bukozesebwa okubega nga emmere ejjuddwa.

Emmere ejjulirwa mu fumbiro n’ereetebwa mu ddiro  nga eteekebwa  ku kiyitibwa olwaliiro  oba olujjuliro. Olwaliiro lukolebwa akawempe k’emmere akakolebwa mu bitoogo n’zimu ku  ndagala  eziba zasaanise emmere  ezaalirirwa ku kawempe k’emmere wakati mu ddiiro. 

Ekijjulo kino ekiganda kibeera wansi ku lwaliiro; si ku mmeeza. Wansi wasookawo akawempe akaluke obulunji mu bitoogo .Kuno kwe kuteekebwa olwaliiro olw’endagala eziba zisaaniise emmere . Bwe gaba amatooke guba muwumbo gwa matooke amanyige ate bw’eba emmere endala nga lumonde, muwogo, endaggu, kyetutumula , n’endala nayo ebeera mu muwumbo ogutali munyige. 

Okufanana n’emmeeza enzungu, ekijjulo ky’olwaliiro nakyo kibaako amateeka agakifuga , omuli :

	Abato obuterumaruma oba okwogera nga balya
	Okutuula obulungi nga tebayigulizza yadde okusimba olukono.
	Okulya awatali kuswankula yadde okwanguyiriza. Omuntu alina okugaaya emmere mpolampola esobole okukolebwako obulungi mu lubuto nga ekutusekutuse bulungi.

	Okwebaza Katonda  mu kutandika okulya
	Okufumbya.Kino kitegeeza kwebaza afumbye emmere nga omalirizza okulya.
	Obutaleka balala ku lujjuliro nga omaze okulya.

Nga bwe tulabye ,  ekijjulo ekiganda tugenda kulaba n’empisa ezigendera ku bijjulo eby’obuwangwa obw’enjawulo naddala obw’abazungu obw’ekijjulo ekyo ku mmeeza naye katusookere ku nteekateeka ya mmeeza enzungu.

Ekijjulo Ekizungu eky’Emmeeza

Ku mulembe guno bwe twogera ku kijjulo  tutegeeza eky’ekinnansi n’ekyo eky’enkola  ey’ekizungu eyo  ku meeza.

Empisa  z’ekijjulo  kyo ku mmeeza tetuyinza  kuzeewala bwe tuba nga tuli ba kutendeka baana baffe okuba nga buli wamu bagyaawo  n’okubafuula abatabanganyi obulungi. Ebijjulo byo ku mmeeza tubitunuulira mu  nteekateeka  z’emmeeza y’ekijjulo satu :

(iii)	Enteekateeka y’emmeeza ey’ekijjulo  esookerwako

(iv)	Enteekateeka  y’emmeeza ey’ekijjulo entongole

(v)	Entekteeka  y’emmeeza ey’ekijjulo etali ntongole.

Nga bwekyetaagisa okusomesa abaana empisa ez’ekijjulo kyaffe ekiganda ekikwatirwa ku lwaliiro ng’abantu batudde wansi, kyetaagisa nnyo mu Nsi ey’akakyo kano era okubayigiriza empisa ezigendera ku kijjuliro ekizungu ekyo ku mmeeza baleme okwetya nga bali mu mbeera ey’ekijjulo kino ekizungu .

Enteekateeka  y’emmeeza ey’ekijjulo (ekizungu) , kintu ekyetaagisa  ennyo okuyigiriza abaana okuva nga bato mu bulamu obwa bulijjo bwe kiba kisobose oba   mu luwummula kubanga amasomero gaffe agasinga mu Uganda kino tegakiteekako ssira so nga ate getaagisa . 
 
Omuzadde omuganda ow’omulembe guno kimukakatako okusomesa abaana be empisa ezigendera ku kijjuliro ekyaffe eky’obuwangwa kyokka olw’okuba omulembe guno gwa kutambula na kubeera mu mbeera ey’empisa ez’abazungu ezikola mu butongole mu bijjulo by’amakampuni , obubaga  , ne ku bugenyi mu nsi z’abazungu , kino kyongera okuyamba abaana obuteetya n’obutatiisibwatiisibwa kalonda gwe baba basanze ku mmeeza y’ekijjulo ekizungu.

Okuteekateeka emmeeza y’ekijjulo kyetaagisa nnyo okumanyiiza abaana baffe basobole obutemotyamotya n’okubeera abakujjukujju  wakati mu kuteekateeka emikolo n’okugabula abagenyi awatali kwetya. 

Kyokka okuyigiriza kuno  olina kukukola mu mitendera okusinziira ku myaka gy’omwana era olina okumanya ki omwana ky’asobola okukolako okusinziira ku myaka gye. Omwana ow’emyaka etaano aba asobola okuteekateeka napukini, wuuma, n’ebijiiko. 

Olina okumanya nti mu kuteekateeka emmeeza ebigobererwa kumpi bye bimu naye bikyukamu katono okusinziira ku buwangwa bw’abazungu obw’enjawulo naddala mu bulaaya.

Bw’oba nga oli mweteefuteefu okuyigiriza abaana bo okutekateeka mmeeza, kyetaagisa ggwe osooke okikole okubalaga bwe bagiteekateeka . Yogerera buli kintu nga bw’oba okisengeka ku mmeeza. Bw’omala bagambe bakole ky’obadde okola nga bw’obowabula era nga bw’obebaza ku buli kye balaga nga bakitegedde bulungi.
 
Empisa ez’ekijjulo ky’emmeeza

Okukung’aana awamu ku kijjulo kalombolombo ka lubu lwa muntu akakadde ennyo. Akalombolombo kano kakwetaagisa okubaako empisa z’ogoberera nga oli ku kijjulo n’abalala , awaka, mu kitundiro ky’emmere, ku bugenyi, oba ku  mukolo gwonna  . Kino kiyamba okufuula ekijjulo ekinyuvu singa buli muntu akiriko aba agoberedde empisa ez’obuntu bulamu , okusinziira ku bulombolombo obukkaanyizibwako okuba  obusaanidde mu ntabaganya.

Okuteekateeka emmeeze okusookerwako. 

Kirungi okumanya ebigobererwa okuteekateeka emmeeza y’ekijjulo kyokka olw’okuba amaka n’amasomero gaffe agasinga kino tegakiteekako ssira , bantu bangi tebamanyi ngeri ki kino gye kikolebwamu. By’olina okusooka okwebuuza  mulimu:

(i)	Emmeeza etukula ? Longoosa emmeeza nga okozesa  eddagala oba ekisimuula ekiyonjo okusinziira ku matiiriyo y’emmeeza yo. Laba nga ojja ku mmeeza buli kintu ekiyinza okukukunala mu kitambaala  ekyalirirddwa   ku mmeeza.  

(ii)	Emmeeza eriko ekitambaala.?Yalirira  ekitambaala ku mmeza. Ekitambaala kirina okweyala obutereevu ku mmeeza nga kikka kyenkanyi ku buli luuyi olw’emmeeza

(iii)	Bintu ki bye wetaaga mu kuteekateeka emmeeza y’ekijjulo ? Ebintu bye wetaaga mubeeramu :

(iv)	Amasowaani n’amagiraasi biteekebwa wa mu buli kifo ? Teeka amasowaani n’amagiraasi butereevu mu buli kifo buli kimu we kirina okubeera . Essowaani y’emmere giteeke butereevu mu maaso g’ekifo wennyini . Esowaani y’omugaati eteekebwa waggulu ku kkono w’essowaani y’emmere ate giraasi z’ebyokunywa ne ziteekebwa waggulu ku ddyo w’essowaani y’emmere.

(v)	Ebyuma biteekebwa wa ? Ebyuma,  ntegeeza  wuuma, obwambe, n’ebijiiko  butereevu buli kimu we kirina okubeera. Wuuma eteekebwa ku kkono  w’essowaani y’emmere ; akambe n’bigiiko biteekebwa ku ddyo w’essowaani y’emmere . Akaso,  oludda oluliko obwogi  lwe lutunula mu sowaani ; akaso ka bbata kateeke ku sowaani y’omugaati nga okakiseeko , nga awasala tewatunudde mu sowaani ya mmere.

(vi)	Ate napukiini ? Napukini gizingemu. Oyinza okugiteeka ku ssowaani y’emmere oba ku ddyo wa wuuma.

(vii)	Oyinza okutona ku mmeeza y’ekijjulo ?. Oyinza okutonatona ekisaanidde kyokka tofuutiika nnyo kubanga olina okuleka amabanga agamala okubeeramu ebibya omugabirwa eby’okulya.
(viii)	Ntuula ki esanidde ku mmeeza ey’ekijjulo ? Kya bugunjufu okuteeka  obukokola  ku mmeeza yadde   okugogola amaanyo  nga oli ku mmeeza ? 

Okuteeka mu nkola enteekateeka y’emmeeza

a)	Tandika nga oteeka esowaani y’emmere mu maaso ga buli kifo ekiri ku mmeeza. Essowaani y’emmere erina kuba mu makkati gennyini  aga buli kifo era nga eri yinsi nga emu okuva ku lubalama lw’emmeeza.

b)	Teeka wuuma y’emmere ku kkono  w’essowaani y’emmere nga akaso k’emmere kali butereevu ku ddyo w’essowaani y’emmere. Singa ekijjulo kijja kubaako supu,teeka  ekijiiko kya supu ku ddyo w’akambe k’emmere. Wuuma za saladi zo ziteekebwa ku kkono wa wuuma y’emmere.

c)	Giraasi z’amazzi ziteekemu  amazzi ebitundu bisatu-bya-kuna ebya giraasi. Bw’omala giraasi zino oziteeke  waggulu w’akaso  k’emmere mu buli kifo. Bw’oba onogaba ekyokunywa ekirala nga soda oba viini(wine), giraasi zino zisigala nkalu okutuuka abagenyi bonna nga bamaze okutuula era zirina kuteekebwa ku ddyo wa giraasi z’amazzi.

d)	Amasowani g’emigaati gateeke waggulu wa wuuma mu buli kifo ku mukono ogwa kkono w’essowaani y’emmere. Yadde nga essowaani y’omugaati si ya tteeka ku buli kijjulo , yetaagisa era abagenyi bayinza okujikozesa mu  ngeri emu oba endala singa eba w’eri. Akambe ka bbata kayinza okuteekebwa ku ngulu kw’esowaani y’omugaati

e)	Ekisembayo , ku nteekateeka y’emmeeza yo gattako napukiini nga ezingidwamu ekitundu kimu kya kubiri okukola enkula  eya kyesimba(rectangle)  oba eya mawetasatu(triangle) era napukiini eno eyinza okuteekebwa bulungi ku ngulu kwa sowaani ey’emmere. 

f)	Bw’oba nga otandise okukozesa ekiriisa (sirverware,) tokizza ku meeza w’okisanze naye.
 
g)	Bw’oba omaze okulya galamiza akambe ko ne wuuma wamu ku sowaani nga obugalobwa wuuma butunudde waggulu. Laba nga obiteekako bulungi bireme kugwa nga omuweereza  abijja ku mmeeza. 
Tandika okulya nga buli omu ku mmeeza amaze okugabulwa . Mu maka agamu lindako  si kuba nga omukyaza ayagala musooke musabire ekijjulo. Wewombeekeko nga ekijjulo kiri mu kusabirwa.  

Enkozesa ya  Napukiini

Napukiini si ya kusangula ntuuyo oba ennyindo  yadde okusiimuula essowaani, emmeeza,  oba ebiriisa ebirala! Gyalirire ku laapu(ebisambi) ogireke awo. Singa oba ova ku mmeeza, gizingeko ogiteeke ku  ludda olwa kkono olw’essowaani yo .
 
Enkozesa ya naapukini ku mikolo ya kwegendereza nnyo. Erina kusiimula ku mimwa gyokka kyokka terina kulaga kuddugala mu kukola kino. Kino kiba kiraga nti emimwa gyo gibadde migyama . Olina okukimanya nti ekimu ku biigendererwa  y’enneeyisa ku lujjuliro oba emeeza y’emmere kwe kukuuma obuyonjo.

a)	Okusooka. Amangu ddala nga wa katuula, jja naapukiini okuva w’ojisanze mu kifo kyo , gyanjuluze, ojiteeke ku laapu yo( waggulu ku bisambi byo). Singa naapukini yo egwa  wansi  ku mukolo omutongole  ennyo, togirondawo naye  temya ku omu kwabo abagabula akufunire endala. 

b)	Nga omalirizza okulya.  Bw’oba ova ku mmeza nga omaze okulya, teeka naapukini okuliraana essowaani yo. Togivungavunga mu ngeri yonna. Naapukini era terina kulekebwa mu ntebe .

Nga omalirizza okulya, teeka wansi ku sowaani y’emmere akambe ne wuuma nga bikoze akasaalaba okulaga nti omaze okulya. Buli lw’omala okukozesa ekiriisa kyona , tokizza ku meeza we wakisanze naye kiteeke ku sowaani yo ey’emmere oba mu kibya.
 

Teeka ebiriisa (utensils)  byo byonna wansi  ku sowaani yo olyoke onywe eky’okunywa kyo. Singa omuntu asaba okubbongesa amagiraasi , bbongesa(toast). 

Saba emmere ekuweerezebwe mu kifo ky’okukunuukiriza ekibywa mweri . Singa ekibya kiba  kiyisibwa okuva ku muntu omu  okudda ku mulala , tokwakkula mmere kuva mu kibya kino naye linda okutuuka nga oli amaze ,  olyoke osabe emmere okukuweerezebwa . 

Gaaya emmere yo nga omumwa gwo ogubisseeko  okukuyamba obutaswankula era toyogera nga emmere ekuli mu kamwa ate era  teeka ekitiibwa mu banno abali ku kijjulo.Tokwaata mu masowaani gaabwe kugajjamu mmere. 

Ebirala by’olina okumanya  

Ekisookerwako kwe kumanya buli kikozesebwa ku mmeeza ey’ekijjuro n’engeri gye kikozesebwamu . Abantu banji nnyo baba n’okutya nti bajja kubuzaabuzibwa ebikozesebwa mu kulya ebiba bibateereddwa mu maaso ku mmeeza ey’ekijjulo . Mubutuufu mu bifo eby’omulembe bakuteeka mu maaso ebikozsebwa okulwa  eby’enjawulo , kino ne kiba nga kiyinza okukubuzaabuza ku ki ekyokukozesa .

Empisa ennungi ekwetaagisa okukitwala nti omugabuzi engeri gy’asengesemu ebikozesebwa ku mmeza y’ekijjulo eba eraga buli kikozesebwa kye kirina okukola. Mu bazungu ekijjulo  kiyinza okubeeramu emitendera egiyitibwa  “courses“ . Buli mutendera bwe guggwa nga baleetayo eky’okulya ekirala era n’ebikozesebwa by’omutendera guno nga bijjibwawo nga ate bakuleetera ebikozesebwa eby’omutendera oguddako.

Olumu ojja kusanga mu maaso go essowaani nga ku ludda olumu wateereddwawo  obujiraasi bw’ebyokunywa  . Essowaani eno  eyitibwa “essowaani eweereza”( service plate, ) kyokka eno teba ya kuliirako. Ejjibwawo nga eby’okulya eby’omutendera ogusooka bituuse ku mmeeza oba  si ekyo ekibya (dish) kiba kituuzibwa ku ngulu kwayo 

(i)	Enjagazakulya (appetizer). Enjagazakulya eba mmere oba eky’okunywa ekisitimula (stimulant) okwagala okulya (apetayiti)  era  egabulwa nga  okugabula kutandika .Wano okozesa ka wuuma akatono akaweteddwa  mu jjiiko ya supu . Wano we wokka etteeka ly’okuteeka wuuma  ku kkono w’essowaani we litakolera .

(ii)	Supu. Manyirawo nti ekijiiko  ky’olaba ku mutendera guno kiba kya supu yekka .
 
(iii)	Saladi. Wano oyinza okukozesa akaso  oba olugalo olunene ku wuuma okusobola okusala mu saladi ennene nga tokozesezza kaso.

(iv)	Ekyenyanja.  Okulya ekyennyanja, wabaawo akaso ne wuuma. Wuuma ey’ekyenyanja etera kuba nnyimpiko okusinga eyo ey’ennyama.

(v)	Nnyama y’ente. Wuuma n’akaso  ebiba wakati biba bya kukozesebwa ku mutendera gwa nnyama.

(vi)	Desaati. Desaati kiba kya kulya oba eky’okunywa ekigabibwa nga okulya kuwedde. Muno mulimu : keeki, bisikwiiti, ekibala, oba ayisikuliimu. Desaati kiba kintu ekiwomerera. 

Ebikozesebwa ebikomekkereza amasala era bireetebwa wamu ne desaati.Bwe kiba kyayi oba kaawa akagiiko ka kyayi kabaako era kateekebwa ku kasoosi. Bwe kiba ekirala ne wuuma eyinza okubeerako.

Enteekateeka ya Emmeeza ey’Emitendera (Courses)

Engeri gy’oteekateeka emmeeza

Nga bwe tulabye, singa oba olina omukolo ogw’enjawulo wetaaga okuteekateeka emmeeza . Oyinza okwagala okugabula abagenyi bo mu mitendera(couses) egy’enjawulo.

   Ebimu ku bifuula omukolo omunyuvu mubaamu enteekateeka y’emmeeza . Osengeka otya emmeeza okusobola okusanyusa abagenyi bo ?  Olina okugoberera obukwakkulizo  bw’enteekateeka y’emmeeza  naddala ng’ekijjulo kirimu emitendera  egy’enjawulo osobole okwewala okujjuza emmeeza .

Nga bw’okola ku kijjulo ekitali kya mititendera era na wano :

a)	Yalirira olugoye ku mmeeza naddala olwa kkala enjeru 

b)	Kung’aanya ebiriisa(cutlery) ebimala abantu abali mu nteekateeka yo.

c)	Entebe eziri ku mmeeza zisengeke bulungi okulaba nga zonna ozawudde kyenkanyi  buli emu okuva ku ndala.

d)	Zinga naapukiini oziteeke mu makkati g’essowaani z’ekijjulo.

e)	Teeka obwambe ku mukono kw’essowaani ogwa ddyo .  Ekitundu ky’akambe ekyogi   kye kirina okutunula eri essowaani . Obwambe buyinza okuba obusatu eby’okulya bwe bibaamu emitendera(courses) egy’enjawulo.

f)	Wuuma ziteeke ku mukono ogwa kkono . Oyinza okuteekawo wuuma ssatu , emu ya mutendera ogusooka, emu ya mutendera ogw’okubiri, n’endala ya mutendera gwa saladi.

g)	Ebijiiko bya supu biteeke ku ddyo w’obwambe . Akajiiko ka desaati ke kabeera  ku mutwe gw’essowaani.

Amagiraasi gasengeke nga bwe galina okukozesebwa waggulu w’obwambe nga ggiraasi ey’amazzi y’esooka ku kkono , n’ozzaako eya viini eya kasaayi(red wine) , eviini enjeru,  n’osembyayo giraasi eza kyampeeni.

h)	Ebyuma by’okozesa ku mmeeza bisinziira ku mitendera  gy’ebyokulya (courses)  ebiba bigabulwa . Singa omanya nti oli wakugabula emitendera  2-3, olina okuteekateeka , ebiriisa ebimala obulungi okusinziira ku muwendo gw’abantu b’oba oyise.  Singa emitendera gisukka mu esatu , ojja kuba wetaaga okuleeta ebiriisa ebijja buli lw’oleeta omutendera omulala nga omutendera ogusookera ddala guvuddewo. 

i)	Ojja kwetaaga wakati w’ejjiraasi 2-4 : emu ya mazzi, emu oba bbiri za viini ,ate nga emu nga ya  “kyampeeni “ oba  viini ya desaati. Eggiraasi ezetaagibwa :

	Giraasi y’amazzi 
	Giraasi ya viini enjeru 
	Giraasi ya viini eya kasaayi 

j)	Ebiriisa (cutlery)  bisengekebwa okusinziira ku nkozesa yabyo  bwe biti : 

Okuteekateeka kiyamba nkozesa ya kalonda ow’enjawulo. Kalonda(detair) ono  bw’asengekebwa obulungi n’ekijjulo kitambula bulungi . 

Okuyigiriza  enteekateeka ey’abasooka(abato) nga myaka 4-5
 
 
Okozesa otya akaso, wuuma, n’ejjiiko?

Ebigobererwa mu kukozesa akaso, wuuma, n’ejjiiko bigenderera okulaba nga omuntu tafuna kubuzaabuzibwa  na kwetya mu nkozesa yabyo. Ekikulu kwe  kumanya enkwata y’ebikozesebwa (utensirs) mu kulya. 

a)	Enkwaata y’ebikozesebwa mu kulya. Ejjiiko ne wuuma bikwatibwa mu  ppeto (angle) eriri wakati w’obugalamivu (horizontally) n’obwesimbu(vertically).

b)	Enkola ya matenkane . Okusooka buli kyuma ekikozesebwa mu kulya kya kwatibwanga mu mukono gwa ddyo , olw’okuba abantu abasinga gwe bakozesa. Kino kireetawo obuzibu nga omuntu alina okusala mu mmere yetaaga akambe ne wuuma , naddala okusala ennyama okusobola okujjamu ekifi ekyangu okugayibwa mu kamwa. Kino nga kibaddewo, wuuma ekwatibwa mu mukono gwa kkono enyigire ekifi ky’ennyama wansi ku ssowaani okusobozesa omukono ogwa ddyo ogulimu akambe okusala mu nnyama eno. Nga ekitundu oba ekifi ekisobola okugaayibwa kisaliddwa , olwo omuli ateeka akambe wansi ku ssowaani olwo n’azza wuuma mu mukono ogwa ddyo okusobola okukozesebwa okuteeka ennyama esaliddwa mu kamwa. Kino kye kiytibwa matenkane (zig-zag style).

c)	Ekingereza oba kinnabulaaya. Ekingereza oba kinnabulaaya (Continental,) y’engeri y’okukozesa akaso ne wuuma mu ngeri ennyangu ekozesebwa ennyo ebulaaya ne mu Amerika. Wano wuuma ebeerera ddala mu mukono gwa kkono era n’ekozesebwa okulya. Kino kitegeeza bwe kiba kyetaagisa okusala ennyama tewetaagisa kukyuusa by’okozesa kubanga wuuma eba eri ku ludda lwa kkono ate nga akaso kali mu ddyo, ekintu ekyetaagisa okusala obulungi eky’okulya.

Empisa ezo ku Kijjulo ky’Emmeeza

Ebimu ku bizibu okusalawo nga obadde olya mulimu:

 
Tekirabika bulungi nga ggwe wekka ku mmeeza ali mu kulya. 

Okumanya Ebikolwa ebigootaanya enkulaakulana mu Ntabaganya (bantu).

Mu “ebyofuna” waliwo ekiyitibwa obutabuzitabuzi . Ebikolwa ebitabulatabula obumu n’enkulaakulana mu ntabaganya buli muntu  alina okubimanyaako oba okubiketta oba okubyekengera era abeeko ky’akola okulaba nga tebigenda mu maaso kuleeta butabuzitabuzi na kuziiyiza   nkulaakulana . Tosobola kugamba nti oli mugunjufu nga wenyigira mu bikolwa ebigootanya enkulaakulana  y’entabaganya yo. 

Omukuza yenna, okuva ku muzadde, omusomesa, okudda ku bakulembeze ab’ennono oba ab’ebyobuwangwa, alina okutendeka omwana oba abaana b’eggwanga okusobola okuketta n’okulwanyisa ebikolwa ebigootanya emirembe n’enkulaakulana y’entabaganyabantu (society).  Ebikolwa ebigootaanya enkulaakulana mu ntabaganya byeyorekera  mu:- 

a)	Kwetundako obutunzi ettaka mu kifo ky’okulikozesa  nga tutondeka eby’ebyettunzi.
 
b)	Butayawula kibi na kirungi, omulabe n’omukwano, omuwabuzi n’omuwakanyi, okuvuganya n’okukolagana. 

c)	Kusosola mu buwangwa oba mu mawanga amadiini n’embeera y’obuzaale.. Obutayagala buwangwa na ggwanga lyo oba okukola ebikolwa ebikyayisa eggwanga lyo eri abo ab’amawanga amalala ggwe osobole okuganza gye bali olw’ ekigendererwa eky’ebyanfuna. 

d)	Okwagala ennyo okwejalabya n’obulamu obw’okudiibuda. 

e)	Enkwe. 

f)	Enge  

g)	Empiiga. 

h)	Obutafaayo oba okwesuulirayo ogwa nnaggamba ku byaliwo, ebiriwo, oba ebinajja.

i)	Obwannakyemalira, okwemanya, emputtu, n’obutayagala kuwabulwa oba kugambwako.

j)	Obutayagala  kuyigirizibwa 

k)	Okusosola oba okukuma enjawukana mu bantu

l)	Okusiga obukyayi

m)	Okunoonya okuganza ng’oyita mu kulimba, okuwereba enziro  eno nga bw’ovuvuba abalala .

n)	Okutondawo obubondo obusekeetera abalala .

o)	Obwannanfuusi .

p)	Obujja n’entondo.

q)	Obutagambwako, emputtu n’okwemanyamanya.

r)	Okwagala okukuumira abalala emabega.

Okwang’anga ebikolwa ebitaataganya enkulaakulana 

Okusobola okwewala obikolwa eby’obutabuzitabuzi ebitaataganya(ebigootaanya) enkulaakulana,  kyetaagisa okuteekawo enkola omw’okuyita okujja endowooza enkyamu mu bantu ababuzaabuziddwa .Enkola zino ze zireeta enkyuukakyuuka ez’omuggundu   Muno mulimu:

(i) Enkola z’ebyobufuzi

Nga wabaddewo enneeyisa egootaanya empisa, amateeka, n’ebiragiro mu nzirukanya oba enkola y’emirimu mu maka ,entabaganyi, entabaganya oba ggwanga , omuzadde,  munnabyabufuzi oba omukulembe yenna asaanye okusooka yettanire nnyo “okubuulirira” ng’atuula n’oyo aba akoze ensobi oba aba yenyigidde mu kikolwa kyona ekyokugootaanya n’amunnyonnyola ensobi ye ng’ayita mu:

 (ii) Enkola eza Nakiteekamunkola

Singa enkola ezigonjoola obuzibu ez’ebyobufuzi ziba zigaanye , omukulembeze wano aba takyalina kya kukola okujjako okukozesa enkola eza nakituukirizankola(administrative methods of  work) :

o	Okutwala mu kooti oba mu kakiiko akakwasisa empisa.




#Article 321: Okwekuuma (Personal Security) (4504 words)


Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Okwekuuma n’okuziiyiza obuzzi bw’Emisango

Si kya bugunjufu omuntu okwekuumira mu butamanya. Wano mu Uganda , abantu banji beekuumira mu butamanya kubaga bangi si basomi ba bitabo era ate nga ensigo eno eviira ddala mu maka mwe bakulira omutali yadde etterekero ly’ebitabo ettono. 

Abaana abakula nga balina etterekero ly’ebitabo awaka era ne bakula nga balaba maama ne taata, yadde nga baamala okusoma mu matendekero,   naye nga bajjuumbira okusoma ebitabo eby’enjawulo awaka mu biseera byabwe eby’eggandaalo batera nabo okuba abasomi.

Ebimu ku bitabo ebirina okubeera mu kisenge ky’abagenyi mu maka amagunjufu mulina okubaamu:

Omuntu yenna omugunjufu alina okumanya nti obutamanya kiyinza okukusibisa kubanga ojja kukola ebintu bingi by’otamanyi nti bikontana n’amateeka nga tomanyi nti obutamanya mateeka tekikujjaako musango gw’ozizza mu butamanya bwo. Kino kisibuka  mu njogera y’abalooma ab’edda eyali egamba nti: “Ignorantia juris non excusat” ekivvuunulwa nti obutamanya mateeka tekikujjaako musango.

Omuntu ow’omulembe guno n’olwebyo alina okuba ng’amanyi etteeka. Kino kyava mu bakakensa mu by’amateeka n’obuzzi bw’emisango okukizuula   nti  omuntu ayinza okuzza omusango akagenderere  bw’atuuka mu kkooti ne yekwasa nti  yazzizza omusango ogwo olw’obutamanya nti kye yakoze kimenya mateeka.

Mu butuufu omuntu nga oyagala okumanya oba amaka mw’okyadde magunjufu, tofa nnyo ku bulungi na nsimbi zakozesebwa kuzimba nnyumba naye sooka otuuke mu kisenge ky’abagenyi olabe oba mulimu etterekero ly’ebitabo bw’omala osabe okugendako emmanju mu kabuyonjo okakase oba ddala amaka ago galina kabuyonjo ate nga nnyonnjo. 

Mu butuufu obugunjufu obutandikira mu maka butendeka omwana okwekuuma embeera zonna ez’obulabe awaka, mu kkubo, ku masomero n’amatendekero ne ku mirimu k’ebe nnimiro , busuubuzi, makolero, oba wofiisi okutandika n’okwekuuma obutujju obw’omulembe guno.

Okwekuuma Obutujju

Okwewala Bbomu

Bbomu kintu eky’obulabe ku bulamu bw’omuntu. Abatujju bayinza okutega bbomu mu ngeri ez’enjawulo omuli:

Zino zinyinza okuba mu:

a)	Makeesi, ensawo, obuveera, ebikapu n’ebisawosawo ebirala byonna.

b)	Ebirabo oba obulabolabo.

c)	Ebiganda by’ebimuli

d)	Bbaasa oba ebitereke

e)	Motoka oba ebidduka ebisimbidwa mu kifo kyonna nga tezimanyiddwako bizikwatako.

f)	Eby’amasannyalaze nga lediyo,  amaawa, amasimu ago mu ngalo, kamera, TV, n’ebirala.

g)	Ekintu kyonna ky’olabako waya eziringiza oba ezitategerekeka nga zisibiddwako.

h)	Kasasiro n’ebidomola oba  ebipipa bya kasasiro.

Ebyo waggulu nga obadde obirabye, kola bino:

a)	Nannyini kintu bw’aba mu kitundu we kiri ,  mujjukize  okufa ku bintu bye aleme kumala gabireka awo.

b)	Nannyini kintu ekyekengerwa bw’aba talma w’ayinza kulabibwa (kusangibwa) oba nga tamanyiddwa kola bino:

i.	Tokwata yadde okuseetula ekintu kyonna nga okyekengedde.

ii.	Tegeeza abalala abaliwo ku kintu kye wekengedde.

iii.	 Vva mu kifo ekyo mangu ddala

iv.	Laba nga obeera miita ezisukka 200 (bibiri) okuva awali ekintu oba ebintu   bye wekengedde .

v.	Kubira Poliisei essimu .Omuntu yenna omugunjufu arina okuba ne namba za Poliisi  y’ekitundu ez’ebijja bitalaze.

vi.	Toddayo ewali ekintu kyewekengedde yadde nga olina kyewerabiddeyo.

vii.	Wewale okuyimirira okumpi n’ebifo awali amafuta, serinda za ggaasi, ebirawuli , egiraasi oba wansi wa waya z’amasanyalaze kubanga bino bikola akabenje ak’omutendera ogw’okubiri nga bbomu ebadde etulise.

viii.	Jjako ebyempuliziganya byonna ebya eratekinologiya (electronics) oba eby’amasanyalaze nga leediyo ezitambuza amaloboozi oba amasimu.

a)	Ebinnyonnyozo 

Ebbaluwa oba ekitereke ekikuleetera okwekengera kiyinza okuba :  

i). Nga kizito, kyekubidde olubege era nga tekitudde mu kyenkenyi.

ii)  Kiriko waya ne bbaatule ezirinza oba ezirabika okuba  nga  
    ziragaya.

iii)  Okulabikamu obutuli obutono.

iv).  Okuvaamu  okuwunya okwenjawulo

v)  Ne sitampu za poosita ennyingi okusingawo ku za bulijjo.

vi) Nga teziriiko  ndagiriro(address) yo’yo aba aweerezza ekitereke.

vii) N’endagiriro enyukutiddwa obubi (badly  spelt)

viii) N’akabonero ka poosita ebbaluwa oba ekitereke gye kivaakatali bulijjo .

b)	Eky’okukola nga ozudde ekitereke oba bbaasa  gyewekengera:

Wabula: 

Nga ofunye essimu ekutegeeza nti waliwo bbomu:

a)	Sigala nga oli mukkakkamu ogezeeko okumanya oyo akubye nga:

b)	Oyo akubye essimu muleke amalirize obubaka bwe awatali kumujja ku mulamwa era ogezeeko okuwandiika obubaka bwe mu bigambo by’akozesezza era olage n’ekiseera w’akukubidde essimu.

c)	Gezaako okusaba omukubi w’essimu okuddamu obubaka, omuteeke mu mbeera ey’emboozi.

d)	Mubuuze ebibuuzo bino:

e)	Singa eba erabise weyategeddwa, gitwale nga ekintu ekyekengerwa.

Ebidduka biyinza okukozesebwa abatujju okuyingiza bbomu mu kifo we baagala okukola obutujju. Ekidduka ekya buli kika kiyinza okukozesebwa.

Nga bbomu ebwatuse (etulise) :

i)	Vva mangu mu kifo nga bwe kisoboka singa abe osobola.

ii)	Tobaako ky’olonda kuva mu kifo ekirumbiddwa okujjako ekyo kye wazze nakyo.

iii)	Toddayo mu kifo ekirumbiddwa yadde nga olina kyewerabidde.

iv)	Bw’oba osobola, kubiriza abantu abalala baamuke mangu ekifo kino.

v)	Kubira mangu Poliisi . Nga omuntu omulabufu olina okuba n’amasimu gonna agayinz okukuyamba nga waliwo ebigwa tebirze naddala aga poliisi.

vi)	Wesuule obuwanvu bwa miita ezitakka wansi wa 200 okuva ku kifo ekirumbiddwa.

vii)	Omuntu yenna mu kifo kino ayinza okusalako ekifo kino obutakkiriza muntu yenna kukiyingiramu okutuuka nga poliisi ezze

viii)	 Nga Poliis etuuse , gondera poliisi  ng’abakugu mu by’okerinda awatali kufa ku bitiibwa byo

ix)	Ebidduka birina okukyusibwa okuyita mu makubo amalala.

x)	Bw’oba olina ekintu kyonna ky’omanyi ku bulumbaganyi buno ,  tegeeza Poliisi buli kyomanyi oba ky’olabye.

xi)	Singa oba oyagala okuyamba abatuusiddwako obuvune, wateekwa okubaawo enteekateeka z’ebyokwerinda ez’enjawulo z’olina okugoberera. Sooka webuuze ku b’ebyokwerinda abaliwo.

xii)	Bw’oba tolina mulimu mu kifo kino, tambula oveewo kubanga okusigalawo kwo kuyinza okukuleetera obuzibu obulala oba okufa kubanga wayinza okubaawo bbomu endala ezitegeddwa okumpi.

xiii)	 Wemanyiize:

a)	Okwekebejja ekifo w’okolera nga 
wakayingira okulaba oba webaddewo okuyingirawo mu ngeri emenya amateeka oba ey’obulabe.

b)	Tokkiriza balongoosa n’abakola emirimu emirala awaka oba mu nnyumba yo  oba  mu woofisi  yo awatali muntu gwe wesiga abaliko.

c)	Kuuma ebifo byonna awka wo , mu nnyumba yo, ne wokolera nga biri mu nteekateeka ennungi , kino kiba kikuyamba okulaba amangu ekintu kyonna ekitasaanidde ekiyinza n’okuba bbomu.

Enkolagana ezebyokwerinda mu Ntabaganyo

Enkolagana ez’ebyokwerinda mu ntabaganyo zigenderera okufuula entabaganya zaffe ez’emirembe. Enkolagana zino zibaamu abakulembeze b’ebyalo, emiruka, eggombolola, okutuukira ddala ku distulikiti era enkolagana zino ziri wakati w’obukulembeze bw’abantu obw’emitendera egy’enjawulo, ebitongole ebya nakyewa, amasomero n’amatendekero, awamu n’amasinzizo nga bakolaganira wamu n’abaabyokwerinda,  naddala Poliisi.

Obukuumi mu ntababuvo yo

Obukuumi mu ntababuvo (community safety) butandikira ku buli muntu kinnomu okufa ku bukuumi bw’obulamu bwe gy’abeera gy’akolera ne gy’akyakalira.

Okulembewaza(Policing)

Obukuumi mu ntabaganyo bwetaagisa kawefube ow’enjawulo nga “Okulembewaza Emiriraano” (Neighbourhood Policing) oba Okulembewaza Entabaganyo (Community Policing).
 
Okulembawaza  kw’emiriraano

Okulembewaza kiva mu kigambo “mirembe”. Okulembewaza n’olwekyo kitegeeza okukuuma emirembe munda mu ggwanga. Kino kikolebwa abalembawaza(Police officers)

Ekigendererwa okulembewaza kw’emiriraano kiri mu bwetaavu bwa buli muntu kinnomu okwekuuma obuzzi bwe’emisango, ebintu bye, wamu n’okukendeeza embeera ey’okutya mu ntabaganye ye olw’obuzzi bw’emisango nga:

a)	Alongoosa obukuumi mu maka ge

b)	Ayongera obusobozi bwe okwekengera ebiyitayita oba abayitayita mu kitundu.

c)	Azimba omwoyo gw’entabaganyo(community spirit)

d)	Alongoosa embeera mw’ali
e)	Ng’alongoosa enkolagana ye ne Poliisi  awamu n’abakulira eby’okwerinda ab’ebitongole eby’enjawulo.

Buli Kabondo  ka miriraano ketaagisa okuteekawo omuntu omu akwanaganya eby’okwerinda mu kitundu kye . Omukwanaganya w’eby’okwerinda mu kaabondo k’emiriraano akola nga olutindo wakati w’entabagabyo ne polisi y’ekitundu kyokka yadde nga ono w’ali buli muntu mu ntabaganya akwatibwako kyenkanyi okuketta obuzzi bwemisango. 

Mu kutondikawo obubundo bwa ebyokwerinda mu bariraanwa kiteekwa okumanyibwa nti buli ntabaganyo eba n’ebizibu ebyoyo ebiyinza okuba nga byawukana n’ebyentabaganyo endala, ekintu ekyetaagisa obutabuusibwa maaso mu kukola enteekateeka z’okwekuuma mu bubondo bw\emiriraano egy’enjawulo. 

Ebikulu okumanya mu nteekateeka z’okwokuuma mu miriraano kwe kwaba nti buli muntu mu kabondo;

a)	Bw’aba  wa kutambula, emisana oba ekiro akola enteekateeka omuli okutegeeza abantu be, ab’emikwano, n’abaliranwa ddi ne wa gy’agenda era ne ani gwagenda naye bwe kiba kisoboka na ddi lw’akomawo. 

b)	Gezaako okulaba nga obaako okuwerekera buli lw’otambulako. Wemanyiize obutamala agatambula nga tolina muntu wo gw’otegeezezza wa n’ani gw’oli naye.

c)	Ekiro oba emisana , wewale okuyita mu bifo eby’ebbali  ,ebisegyuusi , n’ebifulukwa nga oli wekka. Mu tawuni oba ebibuga kozesa enguudo eziriko amataala nga obudde kiro.
 
d)	Wemanyiize okubuuza oba okukebera ku banno nga oyitirayo  oba okuba essimu. 

e)	Wemannyiize okukubira banno b’obadde nabo oba gy’ova  nti otuuse bulungi nga ozzeyo  awaka wo. 

f)	Wemanyiize okuba ne namba za  ab’ebyokwerinda ,  naddala eza Polisi mu ssimu yo.
 
g)	Wemanyiize okuloopera polisi w’osanze obugyagalalo,  n’obuzzi bw’emisango obutonotono nga okunyakula ensawo, okusumulula motoka oba ebidduka,  n’ebiduula ebitwalitra amateeka mu ngalo. 

By’olina okwebuuza oba nga awaka wo wakuwa obukuumi 
Okusobola okumanya aba awaka wo si wangu kumenya na kuyingirirwa; webuuze ku;
 
i)    Enzigi.  Enzigi zonna awaka wo ng’umu era ziriko amakufulu oba eminyolo emigumu?
ii) Wabweru w’ennyumba .  Wabweru w’enyumba wazibuwalira omuzzi w’emisango okuyingirawo n’okwekweeka?

iii) Amadirisa: Amadirisa gonna awaka wo magumu?

iv) Eby’emigaso: Ebintu byonna eby’omugaso biri wanywevu,  webitalabikira yadde okutuukibwako amangu ? 

Ekikukusa-  n’Ekibuzabantu 

Waliwo abantu ababuzibwawo ne bataddayo kulabika nga bakyali balamu ate ne wabaawo abo abakukusibwa nga balimbibwa okutwalibwa okukola emirimu egy’empeera oba omusaala kyokka ne bakomekkereza nga bafuuliddwa baddu, bafuuliddwa bagabuzi ba kaboozi oba okuwalirizibwa okwegadanga ku buwaze wakati mu kutiisibwatiisibwa okutuusibwako obuvune. 

Waliwo ebintu bingi kw’oyinza okwekengera nti  omuntu oyo ayinza okuba nga akukusiddwa mu maka ,  ku faamu , ekkolero , oba mu bifo omulengerwa omukwano, aba mu makubo.

Obubonero obulaga nti omuwala akozesebwa lwa buwaze. 

a)	Omutiini ng’ali  n’omukwano omusajja nga mukulu ennyo ku ye. 

b)	Omusajja ono aba amufugiriza 

c)	Akwatibwa kubutambi obulaga ebifaananyi bye nga yerigomba ne mukwano gwe ono oluusi ne mikwano gya mukwano gwe ono ow’obuwaze. 

d)	Amukyusakyusa okuva mu kifo ekimu okudda mu kirala. 
Ku nguudo 

a)	Ebinuubule, ebiwundu oba ebifumito.

b)	Okutya abakulu naddala abakuumi b’eddembe. 

c)	Nga waliwo omuntu omu omukulu alabika okuba nga ye mukuumi w’ekibinja ky’abato. 

d)	Ekibinja ky’abasabirizi abato oba abakulu batwalibwa mu bifo eby’enjawulo buli lunaku kyokka ekiro baddayo mu kifo kimu mwe basula. 

e)	Mu ntambula ey’olukale batambula nga kibinja.

f)	Oluusi mu kutambula wesannga nga; 

Ku faamu oba mu kkolero 

a)	Omuntu alabika si musanyufu 

b)	Akozesa ebikola ebitatuukana na mutindo 

c)	N’engoye z’ayambadde tezikwatagana na mulimu gw’aliko.

d)	Tebagya mu ntabaganyo mwe bali 

e)	Tafuna lunaku lwa kuwummula. 

f)	Talina biwandiiko bimwogerako. Biyinza okuba nga biri mu mikono gya muntu mulala oba oyo abakozesa obumbula. 

Abakola awaka 

a)	Omukozi tatera kukkirizibwa kufulumako wabweru wa nnyumba ,okkujjako nga amukozesa ali    naye

b)	Atulugunyizibwa, atuntuzubwa , tasasulwa

c)	Talina kifo kisuufu wa kusula . Asula ku sementi oba mu ntebe .

d)	Taliisibwa bulungi oba alya bifikidde.

Obutayigiriza baana kwekuuma okufaanana nga obutabawa   bukuumi si kya bugunjufu.

 Omuntu ayawula atya omukwano omulungi n’omubi ? Mutegeeze nti si buli amusekera oba ayogera gy’ali n’eggonjebwa nti wa mukwano. Oluusi aba mulabe wo nga yefudde omulungi. Naye  yogera naye bulungi kyokka tomwewa nnyo omale okumuyiga obulungi.

Okumanya enjawulo wakati w’Okutulugunya n’Okubonereza

Sooka okumanye nti omulabe asooka eri omwaba oba abaana be ye ggwe wennyini naddala nga toyawula kubonereza na kutulugunya . Waliwo abazadde abalina omutima ogw’ensolo oba ogw’ekitemutemu kyokka ne wabaawo abo abatagulina naye nga obuzibu bwabwe butayawula kikolwa kya kubonereza na kyakutulugunya.

Sooka omanye nti abantu abasobola okutulugunya omwana, omuli n’okumukabawaza muyinza n’okubaamu ab’oluganda nga kitaawe omugwenyufu, bba wa maama we, munnaddiini oba omusomesa we omugwenyufu.,  n’abantu be wandiyise ab’ebitiibwa oba abo abalala abamubeera ku lusegere. 
Si kyabugunjufu ennaku zino omuzadde omukyala okunoba olw’empisa envundu eza mwami we z’amanyi obulungi kyokka n’aleka abaana be n’omusajja ono .  Bw’oba onoba wandibadde onoba n’abaana bo naddala abawala oba n’osigala mu ddya nabo, tomanya kitaabwe ayinza okufuna omwoyo  omugwenyufu oba ogw’ekisolo..

Okutwalira awamu, okusobola okugunjula omwana obulungi , omuzadde olina okunnyonnyoka ki kye kitegeeza okutulugunya omwana( oba omuntu yenna ). Mu kutulugunya omwana mulimu:

a)	Obutamufaako n’okumusuulirira . Muno mulimu obutawa mwana byetaago bya bulamu nga emmere, engoye, obujjanjabi, omukwano(okwagala) ,okumusomesa mu masomero n’amatendekekro, n’obukuumi  eri embeera yonna ey’obulabe.

b)	Okutulugunya okw’omubiri. Obuvune obw’omubiri (physical  abuse)  kiva ku kubonereza n’oyita we wandikomye oba okubonereza okw’obukambwe. Buli kubonereza kulina kuba na kigendererwa kya kugunjula so si kutulugunya .Okutulugunya mu linnya lw’okugunjula olumu kiva ku muzadde butamanya kufuga mbeera ze za buntu ( emotions) nga okunyiiga, okwennyika, obujja mu bakazibajja, obukyaayi nga omusajja akyawaganye ne maama w’abana be ate n’afuna omukyaala omulala ,  n’okwagala okusanyusa omukyala oyo omupya ayinza okuba nga tayagala baana b’asanze mu maka. N’okwekatankira omwenge ekiyitiridde n’ebiragalalagala nga enjaga biremesa omuzadde okufuga embeera ze ez’obuntu, ne kimuleetera okukola ebintu ebitulugunya abantu be.
Obuvune obw’omubiri buyinza okweyorekera mu binuubule, okumenyebwa amagumba, okwokebwa , omuliro , oba amazzi agookya. 

c)	Okutulugunya embeera z’obuntu.  Obutaba nga kutulugunya kwa mubiri, kiyinza okuba ekizibu okumanya nti omwana  ali mu kutulugunyizibwa mu mbeera ze ez’obuntu(okutulugunyizibwa okw’ebirowoozo). Singa omwana atulugunyizibwa mu mbeera ze ez’obuntu akula yetya, tammuka, tayogera bulungi mu bantu, era nga si mutabaganyi , oluusi n’okubeera omukambwe ekiyitiridde.
Embeera z’obuntu mu mwana zitulugunyizibwa singa buli kaseera aba akyunyibwa, avumwa, ajeregebwa, asosolebwa, tafiibwako,aswazibwa mu banne, agugumbulwa  mu kifo ky’okuwabulwa oba okulagirirwa eky’okukola, oba buli bbanga n’aba nga ageraageranyizibwa  ne banne mu ngeri egenderera okumulaga nti talina ky’asobola  , asobole okuggwamu amaanyi okubaako kye yenyigiramu .

N’okusuubira ekiyitiridde mu mwana,  naddala mu misomo, emizannyo , n’ebirala nakyo kimujja mu mbeera n’abeera nga buli bbanga ali ku bunkenke olw’okutya okulemererwa.

d)	Okukabawaza . Okutulugunya omwana nga omukabawaza mulimu okumuwemula, okumufungula, okumukwatirira, okumulaga obusajja, n’okumukaka omukwano oba okumukwata. Oluusi kino kiyinza n’okukolebwa ab’eng’anda oba abantu be  ab’okulusegere .
Okuziiyiza obuzzi bw’emisango kye ki?

Omuntu yenna okweyita omugunjufu ateekwa okuba ng’alina okumanya engeri y’okwekuumamu obuzzi bw’emisango n’okumanya engeri gy’ayinza okuyamba okuziiyiza obuzzi bw’emisango n’obutujju. Okuziiyiza obuzzi bw’emisango  nakwo kutandikira mu maka agalimu abakulu oba abazadde abagunjufu.

Entabaganyo (communities) okwenyigira mu kawefube ez’okukunga omuntu kinnoomu okuziiyiza obuzzi bw’emisango kiyamba kinene okusinga okujjanjaba abo ababa batuusiddwako obuvune oba okufiirwa ebintu byabwe mu buzzi bw’emisango.

Okuziiyiza obuzzi bw’emisango kyetaagisa okukunga abaana, abavubuka na buli muntu mu ntabaganyo(communities)  okwenyigira mu kuziiyiza obuzzi bw’emisango. Okuziyiza obuzzi bw’emisango kyetaagisa okukwatira awamu n’enkolagana wakati wa poliisi n’entabaganyo(community) okulaba nga wabaawo ekikolebwa nga emisango teginnazzibwa, giziyizibwe.

Olw’okuba namunigina y’entabaganya (smallest unit of society) esookerwako y’enju (family), okuziiyiza obuzzi bw’emisango kwetaagisa kutandikira mu maka.Kyokka amaka gano gateekwa okuba n’abazadde abagunjule (ababangule) obulungi mu bintu bw’okwerinda obuzzi bw’emisango.  Enteekateeka z’okuziiyiza obuzzi bw’emisango ziba zikendeeza obuzzi bw’emisango, ne zisitimula  obumanyirivu bw’omuntu kinnoomu n’entabaganya , okutwalira awamu mu kulemesa obuzzi bw’emisango, nga ekolaganira wamu n’abebyokwerinda.

Yadde nga ebitongole ebirwayisa obuzzi bw’emisango bye bivunaanyizibwa ku kino , buli muntu mugunjufu alina okukwatira wamu nabyo okuziiyiza obuzzi bw’emisango buno.

Okwekuuma kw’omuntu kinnoomu

Omuntu omugunjufu ow’omulembe guno ateekwa okuba ng’atendekeddwa mu by’okwerinda okuva nga muto asobole okwekengera embeera eziyinza okuba ez’obulabe n’okwewala ebikolwa ebimenya amateeka n’ebiragiro.

Ensi gy’ekoma okukulaakulana , n’obumenyi bw’amateeka gye bukoma okweyongera . Buli kaseera abazzi b’emisango baba bapanga okukola obulumbaganyi ku balala  kino  ne  kireetawo obwetaavu bw’okwekuuma , okuviira ddala ku buli muntu kinnoomu .

Buli muntu alina okukimanya nti alina ekitundu ky’obwongo ekimusendasenda okuba  omumenyi w’amateeka” (criminal mind)   ekiyinza okumuleetera okwagala okukola ebintu ebimu   kifuulannenge(inversery) mu ngeri etali ya buntu. Ekitundu ky’obwongo ekisikiriza omuntu okukola ebintu kifuulannenge  tekiriimu busaasizi yadde okuteeka nannyini bwongo  mu kifaananyi ky’omuntu omulala okumanya ennaku n’obulumi bw’oyo alumbiddwa .

Waliwo obuzzi bw’emisango obw’okukozesa eryanyi (violent crimes)  nga okukwata abakazi olw’empaka  , obuliisamaanyi mu bakyayigang’ana , n’okutigirira olw’empaka( sexual assault). Bino bibeerawo mu bato ,  abakulu, n’abakadde , omuli abaana, abavubuka , abakulu n’abantu ab’obuvunaanyizibwa mu ggwanga ,  kyokka abasinga okulumbibwa baba bakazi .Okukwata abawala oba abakazi okusinga kuva ku kwagala kwekkusa naye olumu  liba fujjo  na kigendererwa kya kumenya mateeka.Omuntu yenna alina okumanya embeera eyinza okumuteeka mu katyabaga ng’ako oba eyinza okuteeka abaana be mukatyabaga ng’ako era n’abayigiriza okwekuuma buli we babeera.

Waliwo obwakkondo, ekitegeeza  okubbisa eryanyi, omuli n’okubbisa ebissi  n’okubba emmotoka n’ebissi . Emisango gino nagyo givaako okutuusa obuvune  obw’amaanyi nga kkondo ajjawo okugugubira kw’oyo gw’aguddeko oba  okumutemula akagenderere naddala okusanyaawo obujulizi  .

 “Ekimenyamayumba” kisinga kuva ku kwagala bintu  nga sente kyokka kuyinza okufuuka “ekimenyamayumba ekyobulabe” ( aggravated burglary)  singa  mu kiseera ekyo mu nyumba mubaamu omuntu oba abantu.

Kino kiri bwe kityo kubanga omuntu amenya n’ayingira mu nyumba okubba nga mulimu abantu ayinza okubatusaako obuvune mu kwerwanako.  Waliwo n’ekizindamaka(home invasion) naddala nga kikolebwa ng’abantu bo mu nju eyo mwebali   basobole okuntuntuzibwa  mu ngeri zonna oba okutemulwa. 

Emisango gy’ekikwatabakazi(rape) girimu okukwata olw’empaka n’ekikwatabato(defilement). Okusinziira ku mateeka  ,omwana omuwala ali wansi w’emyaka 18 talina busobozi kukkiriza kugenda mu kikolwa kya mukwano era  omusajja oba omulenzi bweyegadanga naye yadde nga bamaze kukkaanya , etteeka likitwala okuba  nga amukutte  lwa mpaka.

Wano we wali obwetaavu bw’omuzadde omugunjufu okuyigiriza omwana we okwekuuma obuzzi bw’emisango mu buli mbeera. Kintu kikulu okumanya nti obuzzi bw’emisango n’obubenje  biyinza okubeerawo  ekiseera kyonna ,  osobole okubaako ky’okola okubiziiyiza . Okumanya engeri gy’oyinza okuziiyiza obuzzi bw’emisango kyetaagisa nnyo mu bulamu bwa buli muntu, mu buli maka, buli kifo, na mu buli ntabaganyo oba entabaganyabantu.

Omugunjufu aba omwetegefu mu buli mbeera , nawe :

 

Omugunjufu aba mwetegefu eri obuzzi bw’emisango ng’ali awaka we , nawe  :

 
Omugunjufu yekengera buli   akonkona ku lujji 

Kibaddewo emirundi egiwera abantu abali awaka naddala abaana oba abakozi okutugumbulwa abantu abazze ng’abagenyi nga abakulu tebaliiwo. N’olwekyo:

Omugunjufu yekengera  n’ amasimu agamukubirwa

Omuntu omugunjufu ng’ova  awaka :

Obugunjufu bunoonya okumanya 

N’obutamanya nabwo bwongereza ku mbeera ey’obulabe eri omuntu era ne kikendeeza obusobozi bw’omuntu okwekuuma obuzzi bw’emisango, obubenje , n’ebijja tebiraze. 

Si kikolwa kya bugunjufu okwekuumira mu butamanya. Ennaku zino abantu abamu  tebafayo kunoonya kumanya era tebaagala kusoma bitabo bya njawulo  awatali kigendererwa kya kuyita bigezo. 

Muno mulimu n’abo abaatikkiirwa amadiguli abalekera awo okunoonya okumanya nga bavudde mu lwokaano lw’okuvuganya okw’ebigezo mu masomero n’amatendekero. Beerabira nti okumanya omuntu kw’afuna nga tali mu kuvuganya kwa kuyita bigezo kwe kumukuumira mu bayivu era n’abeera omuyivu omujjuvu kuba buli ky’asoma aba akyefummitirizaako mu ngeri ey’okuvumbula .Okwewala obutamanya: 

Kawefube w’Abaliraanwa 

  Ng’olumbiddwa

Okuyamba omwana akabawaziddwa

Okutulugunya abaana kitera okukolebwa abantu abatali bazadde be bennyini , omuli muka kitaabwe, naye oluusi kiyinza n’okukolebwa abazadde be bennyini, maama oba taata , naddala nga waliwo embeera ey’okwennyika, obukyayi oba obugwenyufu .

Okumanya engeri gy’oyinza okufugamu embeera zo ez’obuntu kiyamba okwewala  ekitulugunyabaana(chird abuse).

Nga omuzadde, olina okubeera  omuntu ow’obuvunaanyizibwa, omwana bw’akugamba nti yatulugunyiziddwa, engeri gy’okitwaalamu ya mugaso nnyo okumukkakkanya. Ky’okola kwe :

Okwekuuma emikwano emibi

Omwana, naddala omuwala omugunjufu ,  alina okwawula wakati w’ekiyitibwa omwami we’omuntu , muganzi we , n’oyo ayogereza. Omuzadde alina omwana omutiini oba omuvubuka alina okumubuulirira enjawulo eri mu mikwano egy’ebika ebisatu ebyo  nga bw’amukuutirira:

Okwekuuma mu Loofi
Abantu bagenda mu loogi lwa nsonga za njawulo; abamu kuba kutambula safaali, abalala nga obudde bubakeereyeeko gya baba balaze ate nga tebaagala kutambula kiro ate abalala ziba nsonga za mukwano ne baganzi babwe. 
Omuntu yenna omugunjufu alina okwekuuma mu kifo w’ogenze okusula oba okuwummulako. Mu butuufu bangi batuukiddwako obuvune n’okufiirwa obulamu mu loogi ne wooteeri .Eky’okukola:
	Kakasa nti loogi eno oba wooteri erina obukuumi , nnyonjo, ate nga erina ekkufulu n’obukondo obusibira munda.
	Abafere batera okwokyesaamu ebisumuluzo bya loogi n’ekigendererwa eky’okuggulawo nga oli yebase ,  bamubbe oba okutuusa obuvune ku bulamu bwe. Yadde nga oluggi luliko omunyolo laba nga munda mulimu obukondo obulala obusibawo oyo  aba ayagala okuggulawo n’ekisumuluzo ereme kusobola kukola kino.
	Ekisumuluzo kireke mu munyolo nga omaze okusibawo. Kino kijja kukuyamba okuzuukuka nga omubi (omubbi oba omutemu) akikiitana n’omunyolo okuguggula nga asindikamu ekisumuluzo ekikyo.
	Tosula na muntu gw’otekakasa mu loogi; lwaki weewa omusajja akwogereza oba omukazi gw’okyayogereza okutuuka awo. 
	Bamalaaya bangi baba batemutemu era tekimulobera kukutta atwale by’olina nga ensimbi z’akulabye nazo oba z’akusuubira okuba nazo.Wewale bamalaaya nga bw’osobola .Kyokka era mu ngeri y’emu abasajja abamu abagula bamalaaya ababa batemutemu era nabo basaana kwewala.
	Laba nga woteeri oba loogi mw’osula erina ekitabo omuwandiikwa ebikwata ku bagigendamu n’okukakasa  ndagamuntu zabwe. 
	Wekengere gw’oyingira naye singa aba tayagala kwewandiisa oba okuwaayo ebimukwatako byonna mu kitabo oba n’akola okulimba ku mannya ge.
	Bw’oba ogula eky’okulya nga kipusi laba nga ofunirako lisiiti eyinza okuyamba abanoonyereza singa emmere eyo ebaamu obutwa.
Okwekuuma ettamiiro n’ebitamiiza ebirala

Okwekuuma obutwa mu bitundiro by’emmere
Wano omuntu wewale obutwa n’ebikolwa eby’effujjo bwoti:
	Toliira mmere mu kitundiro kya mmere kye kimu buli lunaku naddala okuliraana w’okolera oba w’omanyiddwa.
	Toleka kya kunywa mu kyupa oba egiraasi ate n’okomawo n’okinywa. Bw’okomawo kiyiwe oba bagambe bakijjewo bakuwe ekirala.
	Bw’olaba okuyombagana oba okwagala okulwanagana mu kifo ekya lukale nga ebbaala, fuluma awo oveewo kubanga awali abatamiivu tewabula mbale na bikolwa bya butemu.
	Ebbaala kifo kya kwewummuzaamu. Bw’eba ezzeemu abantu abatabulatabula emirembe , giveemu mangu .
	Wewale emboozi ez’ebyobufuzi n’amadiini kuba nabyo bitabula abantu  abamu.
 Okwekuuma omuliro

Okwekuuma mu Ntanbula ey’Olukale 

Omuvuzi w’ebidduka ebya Lukale

Mu  lifuti 

Okwewala Okwemakula n’Ebissi

Abaana balina okumanyisibwa nti emmundu oba ebissi si bya kuzannyisa kuba bya kabenje era biyinza okubatuusako  obuvune  n’okubatta  era bya bulabe ku buli muntu .  

Abaana bayigirize nti ku mulembe guno ogw’obutujju(terrorism) , buli kitereke, ekisawo, essimu, leediyo, TV, bukompyuta, oba ekintu kyonna kiyinza okuba oba okubaamu bbomu. Bayigirize nti bwe balaba oba bwe basanga emmundu oba ekitereke, ekisawo oba ekyuma, yadde kiringa eky’okuzannyisa, kye balina okukola :

a)	Butakwata ku kintu kyonna ekiringa ebyo bye ndaze waggulu. 
b)	Bave mangu mu kifo awali ekintu kye bekengedde
c)	Bategeeze mangu omuntu omukulu omwesigwa nga omuzadde, omukuza,                                              omusomesa , owa LC oba poliisi,  ekintu kye bekengedde okuba ekissi . 

Omuntu omugunjufu alina okwewala ebissi ebitali mu mateka oba ebyo ebiyiza okuba bbomu. Abaana bangi battiddwa bbomu  lwa kumala galonda n’okuzannyisa buli kye basanze . Ate era kyetaagisa okutegeeza abaana bo nti tekikkirizibwa kuba na mundu yadde amasasi nga tolina kiwandiiko kikuwa lukusa lwa gavumenti ne layisinsi eya buli mwaka. Okuba n’ekintu ekyekusiza ku mundu oba emmundu yennyini kikusibya . 

Entereka y’emmundu ng’obadde ogirina mu mateeka buvunaanyizibwa bwa buli muntu mukulu, oyo agirina n’oyo atajirina alina okulaba nti oyo agirina agikozesa bulungi ng’amateeka bwe galagira ate nga era agitereka bulungi , omuntu omulala watayinza kujijja , k’abe mwana kujijjayo kujizannyisa. 

Bw’oba olina olukusa oluwandiike okuva mu wofiisi y’Omuduuumizi wa Poliisi mu ggwanga  , olina okumanya amateeka agafuga enkozesa yayo oleme kukontana na mateeka ga ggwanga ate era olina okumanya ebifo mw’otakkirizibwa kugenda na mundu eyo.

Tekikklizibwa kuba na mundu mu kompawundi ya ssomero , ebifo eby’olukale nga ebisaawe byemizannyo , ebisaawe by’omupiira , amasinzizo , oba ebifo bya katemba  , mu bbaala , oba  wofiisi za gavumenti  .

Mu ngeri y’emu tekikkirizibwa kuba na mundu yadde ofunye olukusa okuva mu gavumenti mu kifo kyonna awali omukulembeze w’eggwanga oba abakulembeze abalala abakulu mu ggwanga. Kino bw’okikola yadde nga tolina kigendererwa kya kutuusa buvune ku mukulembeze wa ggwanga oba ozzizza gwa naggomola.

  Era tokkirizibwa kuba na mundu nga tomanyi kugikozesa, kugipangulula na kugipanga kuba oyinza okukola akabenje. Olina okulaba nti ofuna okutendekebwa wofiisi ya poliisi gye kikwatako nga tonnaweebwa bbaluwa ekukkiriza kuba nayo.

Singa omuntu omulala afuna obuvune olw’obulagajjavu bwo ne mundu yo oba ojja kuvunaanibwa emisango egya naggomola.
 
 (vi). Okwekuuma ne Motoka yo eya buyonjo

Obutagula kintu nga tokikakasizza bwa Nnannyini

Okwekuuma mu kyuma ekiwanda sente (ATM) 

Okwekuuma Eddiini ez’Ekimpatiira
Ku mulembe guno eddiini ez’ekimpatiira ziyitiridde nnyo nga nnyingi ku zino zisima omusingi oguzza abantu emabega mu nkulaakulana .Zino zirimu eddiini ez’abasamize n’ezo ezerimbise mu ddiini ezikkiririza mu bwanamunigina bwa Katonda .
Ekigambo “ddiini ya kimpatiira” kitegeeza enzikiriza eziyimiriddewo ku bulimba obw’okusamirira emyoyo egy’enjawulo mu kifo ky’okusinza Katonda mu bwannamunigina bwe. Njagala okukutegeeza nti eddiini y’abaganda ey’ennono yali esamirira n’okusinza Katonda owa namunigina era Essinzizo lye ekkulu lyali mu Ggulu emukono .
Olw’okuba Eddiini y’abaganda ey’ennono yali yesigamye ku Katonda owa namunigina , abazungu we bajja wano n’eddiini ezisinza Katonda owa namunigina(monolithic religions),  abaganda baayanguyirwa nnyo okuzeeyunira kubanga eddiini yabwe na zino zaali ku mulamwa gwe gumu ; si mizimu na misambwa ng’abasamize ab’omulembe guno bwe babijweteka.
Obugunjufu kitegeeza kumanya nti eddiini y’abaganda ey’ennno yali esinza Katonda owa naminigina okufaanana n’eddiini ezaleetebwa abazungu era tewali kukontana wakati w’eddiini endala ezikkiririza mu Katonda owa namunigina n’eddiini y’abaganda ey’ennono.Okukontana kuli wakati w’eddiini ezikkirirza mu Katonda owa namunigina n’ezo ezikkirriza mu bukatonda obungi, omuli n’ezo ezisinza obutonde n’emyoyo egiri wansi Wa Katonda. 
Yadde nga kimanyiddwa nti waliyo emyoyo egisukkulumye ku bw’omuntu  egiri wansi wa katonda mingi, si kya bugunjufu muntu kukuririza myoyo gino omuli emizimu gy’abaafa , emisambwa , n’amageege. Obugunjufu kitegeeza kweyunira Katonda owa Namunigina afuga era eyatonda n’emyoyo gino abamu gye batiitiibya okusinga katonda Namugereka ddunda.

Edda mu Buganda essabo lye lyali essinzizo oba essabo lya Katonda owa namunigina , Namugereka ,Ddunda ,Ebimu ku byakolebwanga mu Ssabo lya Katonda mwalingamu okumusamirira mu ngeri ey’okumusaba emikisa , okumusinza, okumugulumiza n’okumutendereza.
Okusamira kyalinga kikolwa kya kukoowoola Katonda ajje mu bulamu bw’abamusinza oba abamusamirira. Okusamirira lubaale n’emizimu gy’abaafa kintu ekyajja oluvannyuma ne kibuzaabuza omulamwa gw’okusamirira n’okusinza Katonda mu Baganda .Abamu ku baganda ab’edda abakatinko baagattika Katonda ne balubaale(emyoyo gya bakagezimunyu abaafa) awamu n’emyoyo emirala egisukkulumye ku bw’omuntu era oluvannyuma abantu bano abaakola okubuzabuza,  bassa eddaala lya Katonda naye ne bamubalira mu balubaale(bakagezimunyu abaafa) nga bagamba nti emisambwa be bamalayika ba Katonda, ekintu ekitali kituufu n’akatono mu ddiini y’abaganda nga bwe yali.Omusambwa musambvwa ne bamalayika bamalayika. Omusambwa guba gwa ntiisa ate nga bamalayika tebaba ba ntiisa. Bamalayika bali waggulu wa misambwa n’emizimu era katonda yabawa  obuyinza ku misambwa n’emizimu.
Obusamize buyimiriddewo ku kulowooza nti:
	Buli kintu mu bwengula kyeyolekeramu Katonda era kiyinza okusinzibwa.  Ekituufu kiri nti ekibalangulo ne sayansi ayimirizzaawo obwengula bukakafu nti Katonda w’obwengula ali omu yekka.
	 Emizimu , emisambwa , Balubaale, n’emyoyo egy’enjawulo nagyo girimu oba Katonda. Kino kitegeeza nti   Katonda yeragira mu bukatonda obw’enjawulo omuli emizimu n’emisambwa, n’amageege(ebisolo n’ebimera). Sayansi atuukiddwako mu bwengula akakasizza nti obwengula bwonna buli wamu   era obumu bw’obwengula bwe bukakafu nti eyabutonda ali omu. 
Obusamize bukontana katonda era bukontana  ne sayansi avumbuddwa mu bwengula akakasa nti obwengula bwonna n’obutonde obubulimu, kintu ekiruke n’ekibalangulo awamu ne sayansi  owa waggulu alaga  obumu  bw’obwengula bwonna ; kino kikakasa nti omubumbi ali omu yekka era tewali n’omu amwenkana.
Okusamira okw’obulimba gy’emisengeko gy’empisa egyekuusiza mu nzikiriza ezigamba nti buli kimu Katonda (pantheism) era buli ekirina kye kikola mu butonde nakyo Katonda. Okusamira   okuliwo kati tekuliimu kigendererwa kya kusinza Katonda owa namunigina era kweyolekera mu :
o	Bukodyo bwa kukyangakyanga mazima okusobola okufuna obubaka obw ‘ekyama. Obufuusa oba okukozesa emyoyo okufuna amaanyi; okusamira, okuloga oba eddogo byonna biri wansi wa mmandwa. 
o	Okulagula :   Kuno kuba kumanyisa bubaka bukusike  ku biseera ebyayita, ebiriwo kati, oba ebyo mu maaso  nga omusamize akozesa amaanyi ag’emyoyo egitali  ga Katonda. 
o	Okukwatagana n’emyoyo (spiritism) nga emizimu, emisambwa, amagegege, abaafa, oba abali emagombe. Kino abakkirirza mu Katonda ow’obwanamunigina tebakikola kubanga bakimanyi nti Katonda wa bujja.
o	Okukozesa ebiragalalagala eby’obulabe ku bulamu (narcotic drugs). Bino biyamba emmandwa okuleetawo ekirabampewo (hallucinations) mu bagoberezi oba abasamize okusobola okubalaga nti ddala balina kye balaba mu nsi ey’emyoyo.  Abanoonyereza bakizudde nti ekirabampewo n’okusegeera ebintu ekifuulannenge(illusion) kiva ku kukyankalana kwa mutereezabulamu (metabolic disfunction).
o	Kusamirira mu nzikiza ng’enziji  n’amadirisa biggale ate nga temuli mataala,  mukutte ekizikiza. Anti emyoyo gye basamirira gya kizikiza.
o	Okusaddaaka abantu naddala abaana abato.
o	Okuloosa omuntu emyoyo egy’ekizikiza mu kikula ky’amageege (ebisolo) oba omuntu alinga ekintuntu oba omuntu ow’entiisa.Katonda  ne bamalayika be teyeyorekera  mu ntiisa yadde ebikulekule  . Ky’ayagadde  akikulaga butereevyu  mu bitiibwa bye n’obutuukirivu bwe awatali  kutiisatiisa yadde okutulugunya .
Okugunjula abaana kyetaagisa okubajja mu ndowooza ey’okusamirira ebitali Katonda  nga balowooza nti lwe banaafuna bye betaaga mu bulamu nga okuyita ebigezo, okufuna emirimu, okuwona endwadde , ezzadde n’obugagga.. Ensibuko y’ebyetaago by’omuntu eri mu kukola,   okukozesa obwongo, okwefumiitiriza, n’okweyunira enkala ya sayansi okuzuula n’okuvumbula tekinologiya asobola okugonza obulamu bwaffe nga tukozesa obwakalimagezi Katonda bwe yatuwa ng’abantu okutondekawo eby’amaguzi , so si kusamirira myoyo gya kizikiza na kugiwongera.  
Ebimu ebiraga amaka agatali magunjufu bulungi kwe kusamira mu kifo ky’okusinza Katonda w’ebutonda n’okukozesa obwongo okukola ku byetaago byago nga okwetusaako ebyetaago ebya bulijjo, okusomesa n’okukulaakulanya abaana mu magezi ag’obukugu obw’enjawulo, awamu n’okuteeka empisa z’obuntu mu baana abato.
Omugunjufu talaba kukontana wakati wa ddiini y’abaganda ey’ennono esinza Katonda owa naminigina n’eddiini engwira ezisinza Katonda owa namunigina . Okusinza Katonda ali mu mannya ag’abazungu  . omugunjufu takirabamu buzibu bwonna ku by’obuwangwa byaffe ; Abasoga bamuyita Kibumba, abanyakitara Ruhanga, abaluo Lubanga, abazungu Yesu , n’abalala balina amannya ge   bamuyita mu buwangwa bwabwe. 




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