#Article 1: Itran n Imucaɣ (495 words)


Tezedmin n imucaɣ d tamusni n Imucaɣ ɣef tzedmin d yetran imi d itran i d-t-nittanren (id t-niheddun) mi ara ad ttinigen deg tniriwin. Ula d Imucaɣ ufan deg igenni igrawen  n yetran yecban zund kra n tugniwin, am akken i t-xedmen si zik iɣerfan niden.

Ursa maior d Ursa minor - Ma d Talamt d awara-nnet (talɣemt d uberhuc-is), nnan-as belli talɣemt agi ism-is d Fakru, tella d talɣemt n sidna Saliḥ. Nɣan-tt yir medden, tuɣal-d d terbaɛt n yetran. Widak tt-yenɣan wwin deɛwessu : beddlen, uɣalen d lḥiwan. Itran n Telɣemt mačči d 7 yetran n Ursa kan : rnan-asen daɣen Arcturus, yegan ixf-is (akkenni i tesɛa iri gezzifen iqewwsen, amzun d iri n telɣemt). Tatrit tamecṭuḥt tama-s tella d aḥeddad yettarǧun timezla n telɣemt i wakken ad yeṣneɛ tarikt s weglim-is (talɣemt, bɣan a tt-zlun ilmend n tmeɣra n Kukayoḍ ara izewǧen d yiwet n yessi-s n yiḍ). Aberhuc n telɣemt la itezzi i tagust, yellan d Itri n Ugafa. Wiyaḍ (Duveyrier 1864, as. 424) qqaren belli Itri n Ugafa d taklit yettaṭṭafen deg ucuddu n uberhuc skud i teẓẓegen yemma-s. Lenkeshem d lamer eṭṭef! kwellefen-as. Imi yefta wegraw a tt-nɣen, taklit tetthilliw ammar a tt-ɛeqlen.

Pleiades - Yessi-s n yiḍ, tadyant-nsent ar ass-a wer t-nessin ara. Nessen kan belli Kukayoḍ la tent-yettabaɛ imi yebɣa ad yaɣ yiwet deg-sent, maca leɛmer ur tent-yaweḍ (atabeɛ n Kukayoḍ d anzi n kel tmaceɣt, qqaren-as i win yewten di rrayeɛ) ; ziɣemma wer nessin anta ara tili d tislit-is. 

Amanar - Ma d Amanar, tidyanin nnant belli yella d izem, d amjahed yekkaten uzzal, ḥedd ur as-yezmir. Ziɣ wer nessin ara ayen iga. Yiwet tedyant yesla Barrère yenna-yas Amanar bezzaf yeffelfel armi d yiwen wass iwet yemma-s lqaɛa. Dɣa yewwi daɛwessu s lḥamu d wegris : afus-is ayeffus (Betelgeuse yejjeɣjeɣen), la yettɣimi deg timess idumen, ma d aḍar azelmaḍ (Rigel, tafat-is d tamellalt) dima deg wegris i tella. Tura lǧetta ines ǧǧan-tt yegganen deg igennni ɛeryan yal yiwen yezmer a tt-iwali.

Aydi ameqqran, Awtul - Ma d ifäräkfärakän, llan kra n imɣad (yemdanen seg iderman wer d lḥerr) iteddun deg uleclac yeqquren, s lemḥadra ammar a ten-ɛeqlent tiɣzalin (ihenkaḍ), maca tiɣzalin slant afedwec-nsen rewlent. Dɣa meṛṛɛen aydi (eidi) a tent-yeṭṭef, maca yezwar-asen Umanar iṣegged-itent. Imir-a rran imɣad s snat izerzeren-nniḍen (ener izerzer d tenert tizerzert) Amanar wer yezmir ad iwali ɛlaxaṭeṛ llan s deffir-es. Aydi (eidi) yettazzal ɣer izerzer, taydit (teidit) ɣer tizerzert.

Tiɣirdemt - Itran agi, ẓran deg-s Abelkoray, ilemẓi yebɣan ad yak°er ettmer n tezdayt. Amma yettuẓer sɣur tiqcicin la iteddun ar tala ad ag°ment. Abelkoray yusa-d ar amkan agi s uɛudiy-is (eyes), yeǧǧ-it s tuffra deg ccama taberkant n webrid n walim.

Amkuẓ n Pegasus - ɛlaḥsab n Casajus (as. 58), igenni isenned af 4 yeɛmuden ḥedd ur iwala (s tmaceqq : tagettewt, deg 4 tiɣemmaṛ, ugafa-ataram, agafa-agmuḍ, anẓul-ataram, anẓul-agmuḍ). Bac ad amnen yemdanen belli 4 yeɛmuden agi la weǧǧeden, yerra Ṛebbi 4 yetran agi deg igenni i tn-yesmektin : tafella (ssqef).




#Article 2: Tutlayt taqbaylit (641 words)


Taqbaylit (tettwasusru-d : /ṯaqḇayliṯ/ neɣ /ṯaqvayliṯ/)  d tutlayt i ttmeslayen Yiqbayliyen n tmurt n Yiqbayliyen, n Lezzayer, n Fṛansa, n Kanada akked wid n tmura-nniḍen n umaḍal. 

Tutlayt taqbaylit tettekki ɣer udrum asnilsan i wumi qqaṛen zik n zik-nni Tabiṛbiṛt ; tuɣal Tamaziɣt ; tura sawalen-asent Tutlayin Timaziɣin. Tawacult tutlayant Tamaziɣt, tettekki ɣer twacult tameqqṛant Tafrasyawit.

Adlis amenzu i d-yeffɣen s Teqbaylit d win yura Adolphe Hanoteau ɣef tuɣac n Ǧerǧer deg useggas n 1867,  deffir-is d Auguste Mouliéras yuran sin n yidlisen ɣef tmucuha n Tmurt n Yiqbayeliyen gar n yiseggasen n 1891, 1893 d 1895, akked Bulifa i yuran adlis ɣef yisefra n Si Muḥend u Mḥend deg useggas n 1904. 

Imir-nni, uran Yifṛansisen kra n yidlisen ɣef tmucuha d yisefra n Yiqbayliyen. Ungal amenzu yettwarun s Teqbaylit d win yura Belɛid At Ɛli deg yiseggasen 1940. 

Adlis i as-yefkan ilugan iṛessan n tjerrumt i Teqbaylit d win yura Mulud n At Mɛemmeṛ. Kamal U Zerrad netta yerna-d ɣef umahil n Dda Lmulud i wakken ad d-iṛessi ugar ilugan n tjerrumt n tutlayt-a. 

Iseggasen-a ineggura ffɣen-d azal n 400 en yidlisen s Teqbaylit, gar ammuden n yisefra, tullisin akked ungalen. 

Taqbaylit ass mi i d-kecmen Yifṛansisen ar tmura Timaziɣin n Tefriqt en Ugafa tella tettwameslay deg yiwet n temnaḍt meqqṛen azal n snat n tikkwal tamnaḍt n Yizwawen (Leqbayel) n wass-a. 

Seg tudrin i d-yezzin i Mila, teṛṛeḍ ar tid n yidurar n Lḥuḍna, idurar n Ṣṭif, idurar n Jijel, Msila d wezray ar tmurt n Leqbayel n wass-a, At Wartilan, At Yeɛla, akked iderma n temnaḍt n Bgayet, n Tubiret akked wid n Tizi Wezzu d Bumerdas.

 

Imir Ifṛansisen ttekkan ɣef lquyyad akked Bacaɣat akken ad qehren ugdud. Kksen-d wakal i wid yellan zedɣen anda yella wakal yelhan i tyerza, kra snegren-t, kra snejlan-t. 

Fkan wakal-nni i Lquyyad. Lquyyad-agi akked Bacaɣat d wid yeɣran taɛṛabt, ifṛansiwen llan lemden taɛrabt akken ad ttemyarun d lquyyad-a, imezdaɣ yeqqimen d aklan deg tmurt-nsen yeqqim-asen-d kan ad ḍefren almi i d-ufan iman-nsen ttun tutlayt-nsen, akken i asen-yeṛuḥ wakal-nsen, ǧǧan iman-nsen tuɣ fell-asen taɛṛabt am akken werǧin mmeslayen-d taqbaylit. Ihi akka i teqqurmeḍ tjumma anda tettwameslay teqbaylit ass-a.

I izemren ad t-iḥudden ɣef wengar d tira akked tayri d wazal ad d-as-fken warraw-is. Ma tenger teqbaylit ad d-negren iqbayliyen, ad d-qqimen imdanen war idles, ad asen-teḍru am tebrikt yettun tikli n tyaziḍt, tin n tsekkurt ur as-tewwiḍ ara. Ttbut ɣef aya, ad d-iɣer kan yiwen amek d-gran wid akken yettun tutlayt-nsen uɣen tutlayt-nniḍen anda yewweḍ wazal-nsen. Win i d-yusan ad ten-yenher am ulli.

Isekkilen n ugemmay swayes nettaru taqbaylit, d wid n tlatint, anagar sin-a : ɣ d ε, i d-yekkan seg tegrigt. Isekkilen yettawin aɛeqqa ddaw-nsen, nettaru yes-sen imesla ufayen, anagar ḥ. Isekkilen yettawin akafu nnig-nsen, nettaru yes-sen izegnaggaɣen imezgiyen n c d j. Isekkilen [o], [p], [v], nettaru yes-sen imesla yezgan deg wawalen imnekcamen n umalu, imesla ur nelli deg unagraw asnislan n teqbaylit. Asekkil u, azal-is d win n tuget n tutlayin n umalu (ou deg tefransist). 

Agemmay atrar n tutlayt taqbaylit ila 35 d asekkil :

Yal imesli(ṣṣut) nettaru-t s yiwen n usekkil, d aḥerfi neɣ d ussid ; anda yebɣu yili deg wawal, talɣa-s yiwet : – Ama deg tazwara n wawal : yezwar, zwir. – Ama deg tlemmast-is : tayri, Lezzayer. – Ama ɣer taggara n wawal : aggay, argaz. 

Imesli ussid yettwaray s usiknew n usekkil : tameṭṭut, tameddurt, tazemmurt, yeṛṛeẓ, izegger, ddu , kker, atg. 

Llant snat n taggayin n tussda : tin n tnumi d tin n tjerrumt : 

Tussda n tnumi : Tussda deg wawal, nettaru-tt akken i nuɣ tanumi nsell-as. Maca tanumi-a temxallaf seg tama ɣer tayeḍ, seg taddart ɣer tayeḍ, tikwal seg umdan ɣer wayeḍ. Tifrat n wugur-a : d asegzawal ara aɣ-d-yemlen anda tella, d wanda ur telli tussda. Tussda-a, tella deg : 

Tussda n tjerrumt : (atan deg tira)




#Article 3: Lwennas Meɛṭub (518 words)


Lwennas Meɛṭub (ilul deg wass n 24 yennayer 1956 di taddart n tewrirt n Mussa) Mi yessiweḍ 9 n isegassen deg waddar-is (lɛemer-is) ixedm-d snitra-s tamezwarut akk-d ccnawi-s imezwura. Tarmit-is tasertayt, tadelsant, akk-d tugna-s tebda s ifukal ger leqbayel akk-d iɛsekriyen n wanabad n Lezzayer deg 1963-1964. Deg 1968 Anabad n Lezzayer yesseɣser-d asertay n useɛreb n Imaziɣen; Meɛtub yeḥbes-d leqraya-ines kra n iseggasen mbeɛd yunag ɣer Fransa.

Lwennas Meɛṭub yebda ccna deg ddunit n uẓawan s talilt n uccenay aqbayli Idir; deg l'album amezwaru-ines Ay, Izem! deg 1978, yiwen si gar 36 deg tuddert-is merra, yella d asmures ameqqran deg tmurt n yiqbayliyen.

Lwennas Meɛṭub ixdem-d abaraz amezwaru-ines deg Yebrir 1980 di lweqt n Tefsut Tamaziɣt imi agdud aqbayli ibed mgal anabad n dreɛ n Lezzayer.
Aẓawan-is d asserwi n Cceɛbi s uẓawan amaziɣ ; idrisen-ines heddren ɣef tamurt n imaziɣen, tilelli, tugdut, tayri, nnfu, timektit, amezruy, lehna, akk-d izerfan n yemdanen; ihedr-ed ɣef ayen yellan, ayen yelhan neɣ yerkan, deg tudert n medden merra.

Deg 1988 imi bdan ccwalat n Tafsut Tamaziɣt, Lwennas Meɛṭub yettwajeh-d xemsa n iberdan s yifasen n tamsetla n unabad n Lezzayer; yeqqim-ed sin iseggassen deg ṣbitar yerna yesɛedda 17 n igzamen ɣef lǧetta-s imi yewt-ed ɣef tiwwura n lmut.

Di lweqt n ttrad n tajmaɛt n tagmat n yinselmen, FIS akk-d GIA, i yebɣan ad kksen tugdut si Lezdayer deg useggas n 1992, ḥekmen fell-as s lmut. Deg wass 25 n Ctember 1994 yettwaxṭef-ed s yifasen n tagmat n yinsleman, maca 15 n wussan seld aya, serrḥen-as-d imi walan belli aḥric meqqren n wegdud aqbayli bdan ttgalan deg-sen ɣef sseba-ines.

Deg 1994 yura-d yiwen n wedlis (taktabt) ɣef tudert-is s tutlayt Tafransist “Rebelle” (Paris: Stock, 1995).

Tamgert n Meɛṭub tedra yiwet n ddurt aqbel anabad n Lezzayer yesɛedda lqanun i menɛen tamaziɣt s imukan n lbaylek; Meɛṭub yella d afernan iǧehden mgal lqanun-agi.

Meɛṭub Lwennas nɣan-t iɛdawen n tudert amedyaz, d acennay ameqqran, d win yefkan udem yelhan i ccna n yiqbayliyen, daɣen d ameɣnas ameqqran n tmaziɣt d tugdut, yefka fell-asent ula d idammen-is; yella mechur deg ddunit merra imi iqerreb-ed aṭas n medden s imeslayen akk-d lecɣal-is.

Deg useggas mbeɛd lmut-is, asunded meqqren iḥebs-d Tizi Wezzu imi ilulufen n lɣaci fɣen-ed ɣef izenqan ad sskan belli ur ttun ara Meɛṭub. L BBC (“tudsa n tifeffaɣt n tmurt n Legliz”) txebber-ed belli aḥric ameqqran n lɣaci lumen anabad n Lezzayer ɣef lmut-is ur qeblen ara tamacahutt n unabad i qqaren belli d tagmat n yinsleman i t-inɣan.

Azal n 20,000 n lɣaci fɣen-ed ɣef izenqan deg useggas wis tlata n temgert-is.

Sin iberdan deg timdinin n Grenoble akk-d Lyon, tamurt n Fransa, ttusemman ɣef Meɛṭub Lwennas. 

Tawacult-is txelq-ed yiwet n tudsa (Tundsa n Mɛṭub Lwennas) iwakken ad seɣlin tafat ɣef ssiba n temgert-is akk-d ad rnun lǧehd-nsen i wid yettnaɣen ɣef izerfan n yemdanen merra. 

Aḥric ameqqran n tudert-is Meɛṭub yella d argaz urmid n izerfan n wegdud aqbayli, tugdut, akk-d tilelli; ɣas akken wid yerkan ttqelliben amek ara t-susmen, imi nɣant, Meɛṭub deg wulawen n wegdud-is mazal yedder.

Aqeddac n Lwennas Meɛṭub tessuddes s 28 iseɣraz (neɣ 34 isunad).

 




#Article 4: Tamurt n Leqbayel (192 words)


Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen tezga-d deg tafriqt n ugafa. Imawlan-is ssawalen-as Tamurt n Idurar neɣ Tamurt kan. Imezdaɣ-is (Iqbayliyen, Igawawen, Imaziɣen n ugafa alemmas) ttmeslayen Taqbaylit, yiwet si ger tutlayin timaziɣin.

Seg zik n zik ittwassnen Leqbayel gar igduden nniḍen n umaḍal. Di tallit taqburt, adrar n Ǧerǧer yella yettwasen ar Irumiyen s yisem n Muns Ferratus (adrar n wuzzal). Ibder-iten Aurelius Victor deg wedlis-is (De Caesaribus 39.22: nationes Quinquegentanae) d Eutropius (Breviarium 9.22: Quinquegentiani).

Numidya : si lqern wis 3 ar lqern 1 qbel lmasiḥ.

Tamurt n Yigawawen ibḍa-tt udabu ɣef 8 n twilaytin : Tizi Wezzu d Bgayet akken ma llant, aḥric ameqran n Tubiret d Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ, aḥric seg Tamsilt, Ǧiǧel, Bumerdas d Sṭif.

Irmad n tamurt n leqbayel d ul n tadamsa n zzayer m' ur nehdir ara ɣef taɣult n lpitrul d lgaz . ladɣa di tizi wezzu d bgayet akud tiɣermin inaragen .

Leqbayel zemren ad illin sawḍen (sa) 7 neɣ 10 (mraw) imelyan. Gar-asen azal n 5 neɣ 6 imelyan di Tmurt, rnu-asen 2 neɣ 3 imelyan di Lezzayer tamaneɣt d temdinin nniḍen, d wazal n 2 imelyan di tmura nniḍen, gar-sen iminigen di Turuft.




#Article 5: Tafriqt Ugafa (132 words)


Tafrikt n Ugafa neɣ Tamazɣa d tamnaḍṭ i d-yezgan deg ugafa n Tefriqt : Deg-s ddeqs n tmura gar-asent Lezzayer, Maṣer, Libya, Lmeṛṛuk, Tunes, Tamuṛiṭanit, Tigzirin Tiknariyin, atg. 

Deg Ugafa n Tefriqt, imezdaɣen inaṣliyen d Imaziɣen, d nutni  i d amur ameqqṛan deg yimezdaɣen n Tmazɣa, xas ma yella aṭas deg-sen ass-a i yettmeslayen taɛrabt neɣ Tafṛansist. Imaziɣen gan-d tilas i wakal d ameqqṛan, yewwet-d seg umda n Isiwan, deg Umalu n Maṣeṛ almi d Targa Zewwaɣen d Muriṭanya, ɣef yiri n ugaraw Atlasi neɣ adrar n watlas. 

Akal n Yimaziɣen, seg wakken meqqeṛ yewweḍ ɣer tlemmast n Tefriqt. D Imuhaɣ neɣ Imucaɣ i d aɣref n Yimaziɣen i ilan akal meqqren akk gar iɣerfan imaziɣen-nniḍen, xas akken ur gtin ara. Akal-nsen d Aneẓruf (Idurar n Tasili, n Ayer di Nijir, atg.).




#Article 6: Tutlayin timaziɣin (265 words)


Tamaziɣt neɣ Tutlayin timaziɣin (s Tifinaɣ: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ), (s tifinaɣ n Imuhaɣ: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗⵜ) d tawacult n tutlayin i ttmeslayen Yimaziɣen di Tmazɣa yeṭṭfen azal ameqran deg Tefriqt Tagafayt. Tamaziɣt d angaz deg tawacult n tutlayin tifrusyawiyin dges tagrawt n tutlayin (neɣ n tentaliyin deg tiẓri n kra n imusnawen) anda ttwalin d akken Tamaziɣt zik nni tella d yiwet n tutlayt yedduklen 

Azal ameqran n wid yettmeslayen Tamaziɣt ass-a ttilin deg tgelda n umeṛṛuk d Lezzayer akken i ttilin daɣan s umdan meẓẓiyen deg Tunes d Libya d Mali d Nniǧer d Miẓran d Muriṭanya d kra n Taliwin n Spanya akken daɣen i llan ugar n 5 n imelyan n imaziɣenyettidiren deg Uruppa d Tamrikt zeddiɣ (mazal) ttmeslayen Tamaziɣt

Addad n Tmaziɣt deg tmura n Tmazɣa yemgarad s unect (ɛla ḥsab) n tmurt, Acku llant tmura id yukzen (id yesteɛṛfen) s Tmaziɣt d tamaddudt (d tunṣibt), llant tmura id yukzen s Tmaziɣt d tutlayt tanamurt akken daɣen i llant tmura yegguman ad akzent s Tmaziɣt: 

Deg wakud dgi trajin imaziɣen n tmura n iden asmedded n tutlayt-a deg tmura-nsen

imusnawen mtawan (mtafaqen) deg usismel n Tmaziɣt s usegder-is s unect (ɛla ḥsab) n usegder arakal: 



#Article 7: Tutlayt taɛrabt (127 words)


Taɛrabt d tutlayt i ttmeslayen aɛraben, Taɛrabt tettekka deg  tutlayin tisamiyin am Taɛebrit neɣ tafiniqit n zik, nettat i d tamezwarut gar-asen, 280 melyun ay ttmeslayen-tt.

D tutlayt tunṣibt deg 27 n tmura (Akk timura taɛrabin, ula deg Israel) u d tutlayt taɣelnawt deg Mali, Senegal, d Somalia. Tutlayt taɛrabt tettwura s ugemmay aɛrab u tesɛa (tli) aṭas n tantalyin, kra seg-sen ttemgarradent, amedya : aɛrab alubnani ur i fehhem ara taɛrabt tamerrukit u vis-versa.

Tira n teɛrabt, deg-s 28 isekkilen yettwarun seg uyefus ɣer uzelmaḍ.

Yezmer a nebḍu (anferaq) ger sin n timedyazin : tamedyazt n weqbel lislam, tamedyazt n deffir lislam , qaren-as s teɛrabt Taǧahilit meɛna-s urtisent, g lawan-nni, aɛraben llan ɛad ur ssinen ara Leqran, f anect-agi, llan ttarun, Ttmeslayen, Ttaznen s tmedyazt.




#Article 8: Tifinaɣ (215 words)


Tifinaɣ, d agemmay nettaf ar imaziɣen s umata, ladɣa imucaɣ i t-iseqdacen ar wass-a. Agemmay-a ibeddel-d aṭaṣ n tikwal si zik ar ass-a; si wayen umi neqqar tira 'talibit' ar tifinaɣ amaynut.

Qqaren d akken aẓar n wawal Tifinaɣ ikka-d si Tifi (tifin), d nneɣ. maca wiyaḍ qqaren, illa deg-s ccek, tamaziɣt n 2500 iseggasen aya, mačči am tcelḥit neɣ taqbaylit n tura.

Seg uḥric wis 4.10 n Tagnut umi neqqar Unicode, isekkilen Tifinaɣ ungalen seg wangal uskil U+2D30 ar U+2D7F. Llan ar tura azal n 55 isekkilen i yungalen deg anagraw Unicode.

Tifinagh d terre n tutlayt tmazight,tetwari s alfis an celwagi negh s celwagi an alfis,negh s nnej an adday negh s adday an nnej,ttarin sis Imazighen, tella di Libya di adrar n Infusen,di Werfella ,di Ghirian,tella di Tunis,ded tella di tmurt n Imucagh,tella di Tcanarit,terra n Tifinagh Tiru ur ttarin ara sis ghas Imucagh,maca Asinag Ageldan n Tussna Tmazight IRCAM,yemanu terre tamaynut seg isekkilen n Tifinagh, isem-nnes Neo-Tifinagh,negh tifinagh Tatrart{tamaynut},
zgemmi n aseggas n 2003 di Tageldant n Lmaghreb di tagherbazin-nnsen ttarin s Tifinagh ketyaw Isekkilen-nnes:

Dis Imessanen mmalun tawalt n Tifinagh tused s Finiq,niten d medden Usuned s Finiqia{tiru Lubnan},maca dis awal widhen , tawalt n Tifinagh tused s Tifi-nnegh {our invention},tifi tused s Yufa{to find.to invent},acku Imazighen wahd-asen Igun Terra-yuh,




#Article 9: Agemmay (138 words)


Agemmay d tagrumma n yisekkilen (lettres) yettuseqdacen i tira n tutlayin, yal asekkil d imesli.

Imira, llan aṭas n yigemmayen, kra ttusemman agemmay aḥeqqani (alatini, sirilik...), u kra ttusemman agemmay n lekdeb neɣ abjed (aɛebri, aɛrab..), Agemmay abjed ɣur-s tirgalin (consonnes) kan, ur yisɛi ara tiɣra(voyelles). 

Agemmay amezwaru yella d abjed, d agemmay Proto-Sinaitic akk d wadi el-ḥul.




#Article 11: Galileo Galilei (128 words)


Galiliyu galili (ilul ass n 15 yebrir 1564 di temdint n Biza (Ṭelyan), yemmut ass n 8 yennayer 1642) 
D amesnallun, d afelsaf yakk d amsengaman Aṭelyan. Bab-as d Finsinzu Galil ma d yemm-as d Julya Di kuzimu Amanti , ila-d (yesεa-d) kraḍ n tarwa akked Marina Jumba war arcal (bla zzwaǧ).Berjinya tettwassen s Tuletmat Mariya tlul-d aseggas n 1600 temmu-t aseggas n 1634 , Finsinzu ilul aseggas n 1606 yemmut aseggas n 1646 d Lifya, syinna tettwassen s tweltmat Arkinǧila, tlul aseggas n 1601 temmut aseggas n 1649. issuzer tiẓri n Nikola Kopernik akken i yesten (idufeε) fell-as s tdusi ,akken id yessentem d akken tiẓri n Aristot ɣef wayen yezzin f umussu d tin izelgen (ur tṣeḥḥa ara). Ay-agi yella-d s usexdem n tamawt akked warramen




#Article 12: Lezzayer (593 words)


 

Lezzayer (azwel unṣib: Tagduda Tazzayrit Tamagdayt Taɣerfant) d tamurt i d-yezgan deg  Tefriqt Ugafa. Tamanaɣt ines d Lezzayer, tiɣremt ugaren tiyaḍ deg umḍan n imezdaɣ. Zgan-d deg tilisa-s seg ugafa ilel agrakal, seg ugafamalu Tunes, seg umalu Libya, seg unẓulamalu Nijir, seg unzulataram Mali ak d Muriṭanya, ma s tama utaram tella tamurt n Lmeṛṛuk.

Lezzayer, i yesɛan tajumma n  , d tamurt tamezwarut deg temɣer deg Tefriqt ak d tmura n illel agrakal.

Lezzayer tewwi-d timunent-ines si tmurt n Fṛansa ass n 5 Yulyu 1962, mbed ṭṭraḍ icudden. Nettat d ameslad n Tdukli n Iɣlanen, Tadukli n Tmura n Tefriqt, d Tamdunt Taɛṛabt.

Deg tmendawt n Lezzayer yersa-d belli tamurt n Lezzayer d tamurt tineslemt, Taɛṛabt d Tamaziɣt, d annect-a i ibennun tinekkit n wegdud Adzayri.

Isem n tmurt n Lezzayer yusa-d seg yisem n tmanaɣt-ines. Dɣa, caḍen isegziyen i fkan i yisem agi. Asegzi amezwaru yeqqared belli Lezzayer yusad seg Alger, isem aɛewwaj arumi n yisem Alguère s tkatalant. Aneggaru agi yeffɣed si teɛrabt Ǧazayer, isem i s-yefka Buluɣin mmis n Ziri (neɣ Dziri), win i d-ixelqen tadinastit tazirit ass-nni mmi yesekka tamdint n Lezzayer deg useggas n 960 f agaluz n temdint taqdimt i yesɛan isem s trumant Icosium. Netta yefka-as isem n Lezzayer at Mezɣenna. Asegzi-niḍen yeqqared belli isem n Lezzayer yettwakksed si teɛrabt الجزائر (al-Djaza'ir), asget n جزيرة (Djazira) neɣ « tigzirt », acku Lezzayer tella am tegzirt: yar uneẓruf d yellel.

Ass mi teɣli Rum, yrnan s-deffiris iwendalen, llan Ibizanten imidusen dacu yeğa i wakken ad ilin aṭas n tigeldiwin timaziɣin timecṭaḥ g Arris daɣen, kra degsent ugin y mir-id ussan inselmen jar 665 d 708, g useggas n 665, iɛraben ẓedmen i tikkelt tamenzut f Tafrikt ugafa armi (tamazɣa) g useggas n 683 yeṭṭef Ɛuqba n nafiɛ aḥelli. 
Cciln azbu n tageldunt Dihya, g aseggas n 708 uɣalen imaziɣen timdefirt maca ɣelben-ten iɛraben, ihi ṭfen tamurt imaziɣen, yǧan ajjed nsen d tutlayt nsen igejdan.

Tufad Fransa imerwasen n Bakri d Bucnaq d sebba f aken ad tekcem ar Lezzayer s usagen n Sidi Freǧ g useggas n 1830

Ass n 31 tuber 1954 llan iserdasen idzayriyen sewjaden (ttheggin) i imenɣi, ggunin (arjan) ass n tatusant n irumiyen imi llan marra deg yiḍ netmaɣra, ttun iman-nsen, maca g idurar iserdasen wten (ssufɣen) tarṣaṣt tamenzut f 00:00, akka i tebda ( tekkmassa) tegrawla n ugdud i yellan ddau uḍar n temharsa (colonisation) n Fransa.

Tewwwi-d azarug -ines ass n 5 yulyu aseggas n 1962, tkecm-itt Fransa di yulyu n 1830 ass mi tella s ddaw n tecḍat n Turk taɛutumanit. Am wakken i s-yenna Ccix Muḥend u Lḥusin:

Tedda Lezzayer abrid yeččur s yisennanen tebda amezruy -ines g wass mi tegred tagrawla n umenzu n wember 1954 deg wedrar n Wawras, ymagred ass n tatusant lɛid (adriz) n irumiyen.
refden-tt irgazen d tlawin am Ɛebban Remḍan, Ḥusin At Ḥmed, kolonel Uɛemran, Mesṭafa U Bulɛid, Muḥemmed Buḍyaf, Ḥasiba Ben Buɛli, Ferḥat Ɛebbas, Xiḍer, cadhen ismawen-nsen d ayen i d-fkan i Lezzayer.

Tamurt n Lezzayer d tamurt tamenzut i meqqren akk ɣef timura n tigrakalin s tajumma ines, d tamurt tis snat i meqqren g timura n umenẓaw n Tafriqt, tesɛa tamurt n Lezzayer g tama n wenẓul amur ameqqran nu unezruf ismis Sehra.
deg ugafa, aṭlas atelli 

Tebḍa tamurt n Lezzayer ɣef 58 n twilayin, yal tawilayt tesɛa agraw aɣerfan f ixf nnes lwali. Yal tawilayt tebḍa ɣef asunen, yal asun yebḍa ɣef tɣiwanin. Tikkelt taneggarut i tetwabḍa dyes tamurt n Lezzayer tella deg useggas n 2019.

Tamendawt n Lezzayer n useggas 1963
tebḍa tamurt ɣef 48 n twilayin:




#Article 13: Ṭawes Ɛemruc (231 words)


Mari-Lwiz ṭawes ɛemruc d tamyarut tamezwarut gar tlawin tizzayriyin daɣen d tacennayt, tecna s taqbaylit.
Tawes tlul di Tunes ass n 4 meɣres 1913, temmut ass n 2 yebrir 1976 di Paris.
Tawes d yelli-s n Belqasem akk d Fadma At Mansur taddart-is d Iɣil ali (Bgayet).

Gar imyura n zik llan atas n yirgazen maca tilawin am wakken ulac; tella yiwet kan : Fatma At Mensur, yemma-s n tawes Marie Louise akked Jean Lmuhub amruc. Fatma At Manṣur amruc d tamettut tamezwarut i d-yuran tudert-is, i d-yennan tarmit-is, ayen tbub d wayen tengez seg wass mi i tlul di Tizi Hibel deg useggas 1883 almi d aseggas 1967 ass mi temmut deg Fransa. Imi baba-s yennker-itt, tudert-is tebda s unegzum ameqqran, tudert n yiberdan d lehmum. Bac akken ur tt-iḥeqqeṛ yiwen, yemma-s tceyyeɛ-itt ɣer ixxamen n igujilen (orphelinats) ɣur yiṛumiyen, ar Yiwaḍiyen dɣa ar Larbɛa n at Yiraten uqbel sbiṭar n At Mengelet anida i telmed tafransist terna tessuden taflest n Mas nneɣ Ɛisa. Dina yakan i tezwej d Belqasem amruc id tt-yewwin ɣer taddart-is, Iɣil ali, uqbel tamurt n Tunes.

Tudert-is akk d umennuɣ, deg tazwara d amennuɣ n tgujilt mgal tasɣart-is tamcumt, zdat umennuɣ n Teqbaylit deg tallit n tesehrest akk d umennuɣ n tmasit di tmurt n yimselmen…Tufa ddwa i tudert deg tira akked yisefra s Teqbaylit maca tella yiwet n tɣawsa ur tt-teǧǧi ara : taqbaylit-is.




#Article 14: Bgayet (1558 words)


Bgayet d tamanaɣt udem-is akk d usagen meqqren n tmurt n leqbayel. S wazal n 1, 000 000 n imezdaɣ (2006) Bgayet d rruḥ (iman) n wegdud aqbayli. Sennig n teglest armi d tura, Bgayet ttmmehreged yakk imdanen i tt-izedɣen neɣ i tt-iqurben.

Amezruy n Bgayet iɛeddad luluf n yiseggasen, deg umezruy atrar, deg tlemmast n leɛmer akked wakud atrat; ayagi merra yennejmaɛ-d tiḥkayin akk d tumgisent ɣef yiwet n temdint i yellan akbab n wasartu n ugdud amaziɣ.

Bgayet; tunzart, d umyi, tahregt, idammen n tudert n ugdud aqbayli, amarrezg-ik kečč i tt-izedɣen!

Bgayet gar lebḥer akk d igenwan, gar ass-a d uzekka, izri akk d imal. Tamurt n Yiṭij i d-t-yexttar-ren di yal zzman. 

Di tazwara Bgayet tella d yiwet n tmurt i yexlan. Amdan iban-d deg Bgayet azal n 5000 n yiseggasen uqbel n lweqt-nneɣ; Homo sapiens (s tutlayt Talaṭinit, lemɛna-s: “amdan amusni” neɣ  amdan n tussna).

Deg wakud n Numidia, Bgayet ur tesɛi ara azzal meqqṛen imi tella tebɛed aṭas ɣef Sirta (tamanaɣt n Numidia).

Ifniqen llan uqbel kullec d agdud amzenzu. Ɣur-sen Bgayet tella d yiwen n umkan anda zemren ad zzenzen lqecc-nsen, ad myibdalen tiɣawsiwin d imezdaɣ n tmurt, akked ubrid yelzzm-asen ad ɛeddin am wakken ad kemmlen ɣer leswaq n tmura-nniḍen, mazal yella armi d tura yiwen n lmersa afniqi deg Azraruḥ (yeqreb ɣer Wedrar Ufarnu).

Seddaw Listiɛmar Arumani, mbeɛd lexsara n Yugurten, Bgayet tettusemma Saldae, tella d yiwet n temdint n tastaɣt n lɛesker n Roma. Saldae tesɛa azal meqqren deg temnaḍt tarumanit n Mureṭanya Caesariensis.

Tilin n Rruman deg Bgayet ur tesɛi lehna imi aḥric ameqqran n Yimaziɣen ugin-ten.

Lameɛna Irumaniyen bnan-d anagrawa n waman iwakken ad awin aman ɣer tmiwa anda i ten-ḥwaǧen yimezdaɣ Irumaniyen n Saldae. Anagrawa-ya yettusemma “aqua ducere” (aqueduc s Tefransist)

Aṭas n lbenyan Arumani i d-mazal ar tura, ur yeɣli ara, am temdint n Timgad.

Saldae tella daɣen d yiwet n temdint deg tmasiḥit i yesɛan ugar n 690 n leǧwameɛ.

Irumaniyen sxedmen-d tasertit n takrit akked n aseɣred, fkan-d tiɣermi tarumanit i wid akk i yesteɛrfen s uɣmar arumani, dɣa mbeɛd leqrun n tilin deg Tefriqt Ugafa, aḥric ameqqran n lɛesker n Roma deg Tefriqt llan d Imaziɣen, imi lxedma deg lɛesker n Roma tella d yiwen n ubrid ɣef tiɣermi tarumanit; ɣef wayagi ma ad nẓer ɣef leqbur n uḥeric ameqqran n lɛesker irumaniyen deg Tefrqit ad naf d ismawen imaziɣen i sɛan.

Iwandalen rran Saldae d tamanaɣt-nsen (429-534) imi d-kecmen deg useggas n 429, Saldae tella d yiwet gar temdinin i yesɛan ccan deg umenkad Arumani ɣef wayagi lexsara-ines tella d yiwet n twaɣit ɣef ugdud Arumani. 

Iwandalen ǧǧan-d aḥric ameqqran n lɛesker deg Saldae imi d asutel n tzermant mgal ayen yeqqimen deg umenkad arumani ay tella.

Di lweqt-nni imezdaɣ n Saldae llan d Ibiẓanṭiyen akked kra n Yimaziɣen kan.

Iwandalen ur dumen ara deg Bgayet imi deg useggas n 534 Ibiẓanṭiyen kecmen ɣer Saldae ssufɣen-d Iwandalen ɣer berra, steɛmren Tafriqt Ugafa.

Amenkad Abiẓanṭi idum-d deg Tefriqt n Ugafa seg 534 armi i yexser amgaru mgal Aɛraben wid-a bdan ṭrad d Listiɛmar n Tefriqt deg wagim wis VIII (wis tmanya) (azal n 642 -705). Ibiẓanṭiyen s tzemmalt-nsen ur tɛettlen ara imi negren isutal n Yiwandalen deg Saldae. Gar tamawt, ladɣa lwandalen xesren ayen sɛan deg Tefriqt, qqimmen deg Bgayet, ɛacen gar Yimaziɣen armi ur uɣalen ur ttwaɛqalen ara merra imi d Imaziɣen tura i yellan. Ayagi merra d ayen i d-yeḍran ɣef Iṛumaniyen akked Ibiẓanṭiyen daɣen; ayagi d lwert aqdim n ugdud amaziɣ ur zmiren ad t-nekren.

Listiɛmar aɛrab d listiɛmar i d-yeǧǧan tikta meqqren akter n wiyaḍ ɣef umezruy n Yimaziɣen. Aɛraben xellfen Ibiẓanṭiyen deg useggas n 705 armi deg uzal n 972. Listiɛmar aɛrab n tmurt n Yimaziɣen d yiwet n twaɣit i d-yellan ɣef Yimaziɣen di tazwara armi rebḥen tilelli-nsen deg wagim wis VIII.

Takrit n Waɛraben ur tzgir ara tirrugza n Yimaziɣen, lameɛna Imaziɣen llan ɛyan imi nnuɣen aṭas n yiseggasen mgal aɛdawen i d asen-d-yezzin di yal tama, daymi xesren amgaru mgal Aɛraben.

Imaziɣen kemmlen aṭas n leqrun mbeɛd amgar-nsen mgal aɛeraben seg umkan ɣer wayeḍ, mgal yiwet n tgeldit taɛrabt ɣer tayeḍ, armi deg yiseggasen n (972–1148) imi yiwet n tgeldit tamziɣt, Iziriyen (972–1148) s timelwi n Ziri mmi-s n Mennad, teṭṭef-d tazmert deg Lezzayer. Tallit-agi tella d yiwet n tallit ur nesɛi lehna imi teččur d imenɣi akked tarkukit, Lqern wiss XI akked 13 walan-d asexdem ameqqran n tutlayt taɛrabt, imi yebda-d deg Lqern wiss XI anbaz amenyut n yiwen n udrum aɛrab i d-yekkan si Maser yettuseman Banu Hilal, daxel n wul n tmurt n Yimaziɣen.

Imi Ifaṭimiyen (yiwet n tgeldit taɛrabt i iḥekmen deg Waɛraben imi steɛmren tamurt n Yimaziɣen) wexxren-d abud-nsen ɣef Maser deg 972, mmi-s n Ziri yettusemman Buluɣin (971-984) yettwakellef-d ɣef Tefriqt Ugafa. Awexxer n tanawt taɛrabt ɣef Maser yeshel-d asnulfu n tgeldit n Yiziriyen seddaw Ḥemmad mmi-s n Buluɣin imi rebḥen-d imaziɣen tanaya-nsen.

Deg 1090 Iḥemmadiyen, aferkaw n Yiziriyen, rran Bgayet d tamanaɣt-nsen; Iḥemmadiyen ḥekmen deg Lezzayer azal n lqern (1008-1152) armi nezfen ɣef ddemma n wanbaz n Banu Hilal. Deg uzal n 1152 Amussu n Tdukli (Lmuwaḥiddin s taɛrabt) ihudd tagelda n Yiḥemmadiyen.

Deg uzal n wagim wiss XII, Mmi-s n Tumert (a*. 1080 - a. 1130), ccix amziɣ n lǧameɛ akked umalway n ddin yesnulfa-d tarbaɛt tamaziɣt n Amussu n Tdukli; Mmi-s n Tumert yura-d aḥric ameqqran n tektabin n ddin s tutlayt tamaziɣt.

Ɛebdelmumen (1094-1163), yiwen seg yinelmaden-is i t-id-ixellfen imi yemmut, yesnulfa-d tagelda n Tdukli deg Tin Mal (tamdint deg tlemmast n tmurt n Merruk).

Tagelda n Tdukli temɣi-d armi teḥkem-d ɣef uḥric ameqqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa; Merruk deg 1146, Lezzayer 1151, deg 1160 ḥekmen-d ɣef uḥric ameqqran n Tmazɣa. Deg 1163 armi d 1199, tikkelt tamezwarut deg umezruy n Tmazɣa, aḥric ameqqran n Yimaziɣen ɛacen seddaw yiwet n tgelda tamaziɣt.

Ugar n 300 n yiseggasen Izeyaniyen, aferkaw n Tgelda n Tdukli, ḥekmen-d ɣef Tmazɣa armi d 1516 imi Iɛetmaniyen kecmen ɣer Lezzayer.

Tagelda n Tdukli, ɣas akken d yiwet n tiddukla tamaziɣt ay tella, si tazwara-ines armi d taggara-ines, ur tesɛi ara leqsed n usellek n ugdud amaziɣ, imi d yiwet n tejmaɛt n ddin ay tella, ɣef wagi asexdem n tutlayt taɛrabt yettnerni deg tmurt n Yimaziɣen imi aḥric ameqqran n Yimaziɣen ttwaɛerben.

Agim wiss XVI yeẓra-d daɣen talalit n Tmurt n yiqbayliyen deg tlemmast n Tefriqt, imi aḥric ameqqran n Tefriqt i yettmuqulen ɣer rrif n lebḥer yella seddaw listiɛmar aɛutmani.

Tanaya n Yiqbayliyen tɛac azal n 300 n yiseggasen armi d taslekt tafransist deg useggas n 1830.

Cwiṭ kan n yineɣmisen i d-nesɛa ɣef tallit-agi n umezruy n ugdud-nneɣ, ur neɛlim ara daɣen asmi tebda, imi ulac ikaramen ɣef wayagi. Ayen yellan mebla ccek, d wayen ixebbren iɣellaten n Yiɛetmaniyen deg tisekla-nsen akked ikaramen-nsen deg lqern 16, Iqbayliyen  ḥerzen-d ɣef tlelli-nsen azal n 300 n yiseggasen.

Yal adrum deg tmura n yiqbayliyen  yesɛa aseqqamu ameqqran n taddart-is i iḥekmen deg-s, yal aseqqamu yesɛa tajmaɛt, di tejmaɛt-agi tella yiwet n tejmaɛct ɛlayen, llan yimalwayen-nsen. Gar-asen, llan yirgazen yettwassnen aṭas deg tmura n Yiqbayliyen  imi llan d irgazen s tirrugza.

Deg 1830 Asqamu Ameqqran n Ugdud aqbayli, i iḥekmen ɣef ugdud aqbayli merra, yessawel-d i ccix Amɣar ad yili d amalway n yiɛsekriyen n Tdukli n Tmurt n Yiqbayliyen  ad ḥarben mgal Fransa u ad iɛas ɣef tlelli-s.

Tirrugza n ccix Amɣar tella sennig tɣerfant-is sɣur agdud-s imi iḥureb almi d tagara ɣef wayen yesɛan ccan; tilelli n tmurt-is akked tin n ugdud-is.

Deg taggara, agdud aqbayli yexesr ɣef ddemma n lqewwa tatrart n Fransa akked lexdeɛ n ugeldun n waɛraben yettusemman Ɛebd Lqader imi d-yefka takbabt-is ɣef Umtawa n Tafna lwaḥid Fransa; ayagi yefka-d lweqt d lǧehd i Fransa ad tkemmel ɣef wayen yeqqimen deg lebɣi n Yiqbayliyen .

Iɛetmaniyen seddaw n timelwi n Xir Ddin d gma-s Ɛarruǧ i d-ixelqen atrar usamer n Lezzayer, bdan aseɣwel n tama-yagi am usutel n Yiflisen n ddunit merra. Taflist-nsen ternu, temɣi-d ɣef lqrun 1600; taflist mgal lbaburat n Lmarikan deg lebḥer-nneɣ ssebba n ṭrad n Teflist Tamezwarut, akked ṭrad n Teflist tis snat, anda mmuten aṭas n yimdanen.

Bgayet deg lweqt-nni ur tesɛi ara aṭas n lɣaci imi aḥric ameqqran n yimezdaɣ-ines llan kra d Imaziɣen akked waṭas n yiflisen d lɛesker iɛetmaniyen s twacult-nsen.

Mbeɛd lexsara n ccix Amɣar, Aḥeddad, akked Faḍma n Sumer, aḥric ameqqran n yinelmaden-nsen ttwanfan ɣer La Nouvelle-Calédonie; ɣef tagara n taslekt n Fransa aṭas n lɣaci i ixesren ixxamen-nsen, akal-nsen, akked lḥerma-nsen.

Ɣef ayagi, azal ameqqran n lebni n Bgayet d Fransa i t-yebnan imi thudd ayen yellan uqbel n taslekt.

Fransa tebna-d lmersa n Bgayet akked tlemmast n temdint.

Fransa teqqim deg Bgayet azal n 100 n yiseggasen armi texser ṭrad deg useggas n 1962.

Imi irumiyen ffɣen, iqbayliyen kecmen ɣer tlemmast n temdint, Bgayet teẓra timeriwt tameqqrant n yimezdaɣ, ussan-agi Bgayet s lmersa-ines tella d yiwet n temdint i imeqqren deg tmurt n Yiqbayliyen .

Tella deg ugafa n twilayt n Bgayet, ɣef  tafsirt agrakal dɣa tettwazger sɣur asif n Summam, taɣiwant n Bgayet tella deg iri n ilel Agrakal deg ugafa d ugmuḍ dɣa tennuled tiɣiwanin n Tuǧa deg ugmuḍ, n Asif n Ɣir deg wenẓul dɣa Buxlifa d Tala Ḥemza deg wenẓul-agmuḍ.

Llant 52 (sumset sin) n tɣiwanin n Bgayet

UL = Uqbel n lweqt-nneɣ

a = azal n

Iseddagen: 

Asmel n temdint n Bgayet 

The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05. 




#Article 15: Tafsut n Yimaziɣen (9662 words)


Ass n 20 ibrir, d amulli n tefsut amaziɣ, amulli n tefsut n tlelli.
D yiwen wass i deg a nesfugel i tikkelt tis 25 tadyant n imaziɣen.
Anwa-t weqbayli ur nesli neɣ ur nessin tafsut n imaziɣen ? Anwa-t umaziɣ im’ ur yiwiḍ yissel? Wa yecfa wa ala akken it-iccenu Abranis deg yiwet si tezlatin-is maca, tura, seg weqrur-nni ameẓyan alma d amɣar-nni acaraf, ssnen akk anamek-is uzemz-a*.
Azekka daɣen, a nemyager akk d yiman-neɣ, akk d weḥric-a axatar deg umezruy azi* n Tferka n ugafa.

Mačči d asfugel iɣ-d-yeggran ass-a, ur ɣ-yeţţak wul i waya acku gran-aɣ-n yiswan wuɣur mazal werɛad nessaweḍ, yeggra-ɣ-n webrid i mazal ur ifuk ara, ggrant-aɣ-n ccfayat ur neḥriz akken iwata...teggra-yaɣ-n tutlayt tamaziɣt i yuɣalen amzun d taǧǧalt. Ggrant-aɣ-n terwiḥin n wid yeţwanɣan di tefsut taberkant. Widak-nni i d-yekkren di 1980 d widak i d-yekkren di 2001 yiwen n yiri nsen. Timesbaniyin-nni i yeḍran di tmurt n leqbayel send iḍelli, iḍelli neɣ ass-a, ţţakent-ed udem n weqbayli i yerɣan af tilelli.
Ayen awk wiɣer id-nessaweḍ ass-a,123 n imeɣrasen i nɣan iserdasen d isultiyen n udabu azzayri aɛrab inselmizri akk d ibuxusen-is, yesban-aɣ-d dakken: ger yiḍelli d wass-a, ulac dacu i ibeddlen fell-aɣ. Imi mazal neqqen arrac nneɣ am yizan, teţwaḥreṣ ugar n yiḍelli. « Aman-nni yeččuren d ḥellejɣar d nutni d nutni, bedlen-asen kan acemmux »
Tafsut n imaziɣen mačči kan akka i ţ-lul-ed ger yiḍ d wass: dayen wiɣer i d-nessaweḍ, dayen awk id-yekkan zdat-es i ţ-id-ismentsen.

Idim mazal tuɣ yeḥma ass mi yeţwakkes usarag n (Dda lmulud) Mulud At Mɛammer af tmedyazt taqburt n yeqbayliyen(asarag-a tuɣ teţţuhega-n i wass n 10 meɣres), yugi-ţ udabu azzayri, teţwakkes kan akka...d amnukal n ugerzu n Tizi-Wezzu s yiman-is i s-ţ-yennan i dda Lmulud.
Si tal tama, di yal adrum, bdan medden ţţarran nnehtat si cayaḍ i sen-iserkeb udabu azzayri, bdan ţţiwzagen waman...aseqqi yemmar-ed akken yerɣa. Meḥyaf-nni i isik Bu-iledyen af yeqbayliyen yezzi-d af bab-is, tefɣ-ed tiɣri n wid yugin ddel d uzaglu. Dɣa tetṭerḍeq af tikkelt, temmar-ed af yiwin yidis.
Krim Belqasem d yiwen seg yiḍan n “El-Moudjahed“ i s-d-itekkan i dda lmulud, s rregmat akk d useglef; ira ad yefk iɣil i wat-is: wid-nni iɣ-d-imedlen tiwwura, wid-nni iţţarrayin af wegdud.
Tamesbanit tamenzut i d-yellan di Tizi-Wezzu d tin n 11 meɣres 1980, tsembiwel addad(liḥala) n timiren. D inelmaden d tinelmadin n  d Iḥesnawen i yetṭfen tuɣḍaṭ-a, ur ẓẓrin ara kan dacu i yellan yegguni-ten …

Aɣaram asdawan n wasif ɛisi, mazal-it ar ass-a i wakken a d-yesmekti wid yeţţun, akken a ten-d-yeḥku af yiḍ-nni n 19 yebrir1980 mi d-mkuben iserdasen s yeqjan. D ahmaj i hemjen deg inelmaden d tnelmadin. Acḥal iwin ar lḥebs, acḥal ɛedmen ger-asen...
A nekk seg wayaki mebla ma neţţu awk imeɣnasen i s-yefkan udem azedgan i wayen i d-yeḍran. Ur ntekk ara kan akka ma yella ur d-nudir irgazen am Ɛebbuṭ, Lunawsi, Mezdad, Saɛdi, Ferḥat Mhenni, Zituni... d yawk arrac imaziɣen i iseblen iman-nsen i wakken tadyant n 20 Yebrir a ţ-aweḍ ar tal taddart di tmurt n Yeqbayliyen.
Aseggas yezzi af waya, si tama n Bgayet iɣ-d-tekka taɣrit n Imaziɣen tikkelt-a...Tafsut n 1981 Ilmeẓyen d telmeẓyin n din ččan aḥlalas n udabu azzayri, awal nsen yiwen: werǧin ad teḥlelli-d tugduţ i yeqbayliyen

Seg wass-nni, Iqbayliyen fkan awal, ggulen dakken tineţţi nsen ur tnegger u s deffir-sen ḍefren-d imaziɣen s umata. Ulayɣer a nesṭuqet awal, d timuggiyin i asenfar nneɣ.
Imal n yeqbayliyen atan di tmurt nsen, iẓuran-nsen ɣzan almi anda yiwen ur yessin…Imal n tutlayt nsen atan ger tarwa-s, atan di tmurt-is, deg urebbi n warraw-is.
Talalit n Amussu Adelsan Amaziɣ s tumert medden ay ţ-muggren, ass-nni i yebda umennuɣ af yidles d tutlayt nneɣ yeţţali yeţnerni almi ass-a, ulac win ur nessin xas ula cwiyya n umezruy nneɣ. Tafat iɣ-d-isiɣ Umussu d ajgagal s wiyes nerfreẓ abrid deg wi’ nteddu, nerfed aqerru nneɣ ar igenwan mebla akukru.
Ula ma xas ass-a, Amussu yebḍa d icḥricen seg mi kkan ikabaren nnig-es, iswi-s amenzu n win n widak icḥemlen ayla nsen, akal nsen...

Azekka d amulli n wass mi d-tefrari tagut af wid iran seg wul tugduţ d yetṭfen deg iẓuran nsen…amennuɣ simmal irennu, agdud simmal yeţţaki.
Ad rnuɣ af wayaki, amennuɣ n imeɣnasen s yimru , tamedyazt d ccna.

Maɛṭub Lwennas seg imezwura i sen-yerran tajmilt i tlawin d yergazen n tefsut imaziɣen, tasfift i d-yessufeɣ kra n wayyuren kann s deffir 20 yebrir anda icennu:

Eḥzen Lwad Ɛisi
Mi yebda imenɣi
Yewweḍ-iten Lɛesker deg Yiḍ
Tuddar slant irkwelli, suwwent ɣer Tizi
Kul abrid a yeţfeggiḍ
Ur telli d tisselbi, nehwaǧ tilleli,
Uqbel aɣ-ḥerren ɣer lhid.
Akken nella zik a nili,
Ma yella imenɣi,
Wi’ mmuten ad yennerni mmi-s.
A wid iḥekmen ayenni, ur nelli d ulli,
Tamurt iban-d lsas-is.
Tamaziɣt ad tennerni

Ferḥat Mhenni, yeccna tafsut imaziɣen:

Nnif d lḥerma dayen yeḍran
Di tefsut n Tizi Wezzu
Llan d ilemẓyen d tlemẓyin
fɣan-d s iberdan.
Nnan-d ala dayen neɛya
Si lbaṭel akk d uzaglu
...

Neɣ ayen yeccna Buǧemɛa Agraw :

Timest n 54 tensa di 62
Teggra-d tirgit deg iɣed-nni
Tuɣal tecɛel di 80
Tetṭef-iţ-id tideţ n lesnin
Ansi i d-isuḍ ubeḥri
D leqbayel i izuggiren
Mazal-aɣ d imaziɣen

Ma ţţuɣ arrac nneɣ yeɣlin,
Nekk mačči d aqbayli

Lwennas d dda Lmulud
Mazal-aɣ d imaziɣen
Ur neţr’uz ur nkennu
Ur nqebbel ara azaglu
Mazal-aɣ…mazal-aɣ d imaziɣen
...

 
 
[Tafsut n 1980 deg Tmurt n Leqbayel d tin ay ikecmen deg umezruy (ttarix) n tmaziɣt d win n Ldzayer akk-n ma tella. Deg wussan-nni, ḍrant aṭas n tɣawsiwin s tghawla, d tid ay yuraren ddurh d ameqqran deg tikli i lmend n wakkaz s tmazight deg tmurt-is. Yelha ma nessawel-d ghef way-n yedhran deg Tefsut-nni akk-n ad nefhem xir tidyanin-a. Adhris-a ay d-nuwey d tukkist (extrait) seg Weghmis n Tedyanin n Tmurt n Leqbayel ay yura Racid Caker deg tallit-nni u yeffeɣ-d deg tesɣunt (revue) n Les Temps Modernes (uṭṭunen 432-433, Yunyu-Ɣuct 1982), akk d tesɣunt Tafsut.]
 
 
Ass n lḥedd, 9 Meɣres 1980 :
Tasdawit n Tizi Wezzu tella tesaa imir-n sin n yiseggasen d wezgen seg wasmi ay tettwaldi yernu yufa-d lḥal yagi tga tlata yisundilen (grèves) imeqranen, aneggaru deg-sen d win ay d-yellan deg gar 17 Tubeṛ d 13 Nwembeṛ 1979. Asunded-nni gan-t ɣef wugur n ugenses idetti (représentation authentique) n yinelmaden sdaxel n tesdawit. Akabar n Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw (FLN) yella la d-yeqqar dakk-n inelmaden ara yesseḥṛasen akk-n ad gen isundilen-a d imesmaziɣen (berbéristes) neɣ d imaṛksiyen imaziɣen (u llan qqaren-asen Bougiots).
 
Seg yimir-n, iselmaden ay llan ttwalin-ten d imarksiyen, llan ur ten-ttaznen ara ɣer Tizi Wezzu, wanag ttaznen-ten ɣer tesdawit n Sṭif. Ma d iselmaden idzayriyen ay yeghran deg Fransa llan ttqaraaen-ten u tikkwal ssagaden-ten. Yagi, deg way-n iaaddan, adtas n tikkal ur jjin ara ad d-ilint tmeskanin tidelsanin (manifestations culturelles) tidelsanin timaziɣin deg Tizi Wezzu. Ur jjin ara At Mengellat neɣ Yidir ad cnun, gedlen tamezgunt (pièce de théâtre) n 2000 n yiseggasen n Ṭradh ay llan tturaren-tt-id s teqbaylit.
 
Kra n wussan uqbel ma yusa-d Mouloud Mammeri ɣer tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu akk-n ad d-yeg asarag-is, sneṭḍen yinelmaden inazalen (affiches) deg yiɣerban akk-n ad d-xebbren ɣef way-a. Anemhal n tesdawit (recteur), ɣas ma yella ur as-yeɛjib ara lḥal, yeqbel ad d-yili usarag-nni imi d aseqqamu (comité) n uɣaram (cité) n Asif Aɛisi ay d-yelhan s tigin n usarag-a yernu aseqqamu-a testeɛṛef yes-s tedbelt (administration). D acu kan, aṭas n yinazalen ay d-yettwasɣersen. Deg yiḍ n wass n lḥedd d letniyen (ɣef ttnac n yiḍ), yeɣra-as-d yiwen i Mouloud Mammeri, yenna-as dakk-n d netta ay d anemhal n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu u yenna-as dakk-n asarag-nni-ines yebṭel. 
 
 
Ass n letniyen 10 Meɣres 1980
Azekka-nni taṣ̣ebḥit, Mouloud Mammeri yesteqsa, u d Mass Arab, anemhal (directeur) n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu s timmad-is ay as-yennan dakk-n maci d netta ay as-d-yeɣran yernu asarag-ines ur yettwamneɛ, ur yettuwexxer. Ɣef tizi n ttnac n wass, Mouloud Mammeri yeqleɛ seg Ldzayer, yedda id-s Salem Caker d yiwen n unehhaṛ iqeddcen deg CRAPE, la tteddun ɣer Tizi Wezzu. Mi uwḍen ɣer Dreɛ Ben Xedda, ɣef jjuj, yeḥbes-iten yiwen n wuggug (barrage) n yibulisen (uggug niḍen yella yegguni-ten deg Buxalfa).
 
Sdeffir ma walan lekwaɣeḍ-is, ibulisen uwyen Mouloud Mammeri ɣer uwali n Tizi Wezzu, u d netta ay as-d-yennan s yimi-s dakk-n asarag-ines (conférence) ɣer yisefra iqdimen n teqbaylit yettwamneɛ imi ay-a yezmer ad d-yawi ccwal, am wakk-n ay as-yenna ad yeffeɣ seg Tizi Wezzu imir-nni kan. Yuɣ lḥal, awali yekcef-d ula d win ay iwekkel akk-n ad as-d-iɣer i Mammeri deg yiḍ-nni u ad as-yini dakk-n asarag-is yettwamneɛ. Wagi d Mass Merabten, d anemhal (directeur) n COUS. Akk-a, Mammeri yeqqel yeẓra dakk-n anemhal n tesdawit ula ay t-yegren deg way-nni. Yuɣ lḥal, anemhal n tesdawit akk d umaru amatu (secrétaire général) qqlen nnan-as i Mammeri dakk-n ay-nni yekka-d nnig n tezmert-nsen. ɣef ṛṛebɛa d wezgen n tmeddit, llan ugar n 1000 n medden ara yettṛajun melmi ara yebdu usarag-nni. Mi ẓran dakk-n yettwamneɛ, bdan la ten-id-ttalin wurfan, yernu ssefran ad gen timlilit i uzekka-nni, 11 Meɣres, ɣef 9 n tṣ̣ebḥit.
 
 
Ass n ttlata 11 Meɣres
Inelmaden gan tameskant-nsen (manifestation) tamezwarut deg yizenqan n Tizi Wezzu. ɣef ttesɛa n tṣ̣ebḥit ay mlalen u gar n 10:15 d 12:15, gar n 500 d 700 n yinelmaden ay yelḥan deg yizenqan n Tizi Wezzu, zzin-d sin iberdan ɣef yizenqan imeqranen n temdint. Tikli teḥbes sdat n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw Aɣerfan (CNP) n FLN, sdat n twilayt u sdat n tesnawit (lycée) n temdint, u llan refden tiḥucay ay deg d-uran Idles amaziɣ : idles aɣerfan, Awali, Aseqqamu aɣelnaw aɣerfan, asarag n Mammeri yettwamneɛ ?, Ḥebset aqmaḍ n yedles. Uran-d daɣen s tefṛensist : Ad yeɣli weqmaḍ (répression), Awali, Aseqqamu aɣelnaw aɣerfan d iqettalen. Ma s tmaziɣt uran-d Tamaziɣt d tameslayt-nneɣ, Ad nerreẓ wala ad neknu, Neɛya deg lbaṭel.
 
Imeẓla (ssrabes) n weqmaḍ (respression) llan ḥedṛen s waṭas dinna : ibulisen, ijadeṛmiyen d yisexsayen (pompiers), d acu kan, ur d-giren ara iman-nsen. Kullec yeḥbes deg temdint yernu medden llan la d-ttḍillin seg ṭṭwaqi n yexxamen. Medden amzun ddan u fkan-asen lḥeqq i yinelmaden-nni, maca ur d-sbanen ara lebɣi-nsen akk-n ad ttekkin neɣ ad ɛawnen inelmaden. D acu, llant kra n temɣarin nnant-asen d arrac ijehlen. Deg tmeddit n wass-nni, mlalen yiselmaden idzayriyen n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu u uran-d aḍris (texte) n yiwet n tsakbabt (pétition), aḍris-nni gan-t d tabṛat yeldin i uneɣlaf (ministre) n usselmed aɛlayan. Deg weḍris-nsen, iselmaden ur qbilen ara imi ay yettwamneɛ usarag (conférence) n umeddakel-nsen deg tesdawit, u sḥeṛsen i wakk-n ad tettuqader lḥeṛma n tesdawit (ur qbilen ara imi ara d-keccmen yibulisen ɣer daxel n tesdawit ...), a m wakk-n ssuttren ad tili tlelli n wawal ladɣa deg way-n yerzan idles d yiles amaziɣ. Tabṛat-nni zemlen-tt (stenyan-tt) ṛebɛin n yiselmaden (ṛebɛa yimuren ɣef xemsa seg yiselmaden idzayriyen yellan qeddcen deg tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu).
 
 
Ass n laṛebɛa 12 Meɣres 1980
Agraw amatu (assemblée générale) n yinelmaden n Tizi Wezzu yura-d yiwet n tebṛat yeldin i Uselway n Tegduda. Tabṛat-nni ssuffɣen-d seg-s luluf n tsukan (copies) u ferqen-tent deg waṭas n yimukan (Ldzayer, Bumerdas, atg.). Tabṛat-a yettwarun s yiles ur nqesseḥ ara aṭas d tin ay deg d-bedren yinelmaden ay-n d-yeqqar werkawal aɣelnaw (charte nationale). Daɣen, inelmaden bedren-d deg tebṛat-nsen akk ay-n yeḍran deg wussan-nni nnan-d dakk-n iles d yedles imaziɣen ttalasen ad ttusnernin, am wakk-n d-ssuttren dakk-n tamaziɣt ad teqqel d iles aɣelnaw wis sin deg tmurt.
 
Deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt, medden yeslan s way-n ara iḍerrun deg Tizi Wezzu, banen-d amzun ur uminen ara, bitt llan kra kra nnan-d dakk-n ay-a d lekdeb akk yernu ur uminen ara ula s Mouloud Mammeri dakk-n yella. D acu kan, llan kra n medden, qlilit, llan bɣan ad gen tameskant (tamesbanit) deg wezniq !
 
 
Ass n lexmis 13 Meɣres 1980
Iselmaden n Usudu n Tussniwin Tudmisin (institut des Sciences économiques) n Ldzayer tamaneɣt) asmi ay ẓran s lexbar, gan tasakbabt (pétition) ay fkan i weɣlif (ministère) akk-n ad d-sseknen dakk-n ur qbilen ara amnaɛ n usarag-nni (conférence) n Mammeri. Aḍris-a zemlen-t (stenyan-t) ṛebɛin n yiselmaden, meḥsub tlata n yimuren ɣef ṛebɛa seg yiselmaden idzayriyen (gar-asen wid iqeddcen deg PAGS [akabar amesdukli (parti communiste)] d wid iqeddcen deg tedbelt (administration)]. Deg webrid, gar Budwaw d Tizi Wezzu, amur ameqran deg yigalisen (tiplakin) akk d tseddariyin (abribus) uran deg-sent s ssbiɣa : Tugdut, Aït Ahmed deg tmurt !, Ḥebset assenger n yedles !, FLN amaynut d afaci, Akk d inmeglayen (opposants). Tira-a uran-tent deg yiḍ n 12 d 13 Meɣres. Medden walan daɣen tira am tigi deg Tizi Wezzu akk d yiberdan yettalin ɣer tuddar deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Adabu yeɛreḍ ad yeffer akk tira-nni s tɣawla s ssbiɣa tamellalt neɣ taweṛdit, deg wass n lexmis, 13 Meɣres. Ass-nni daɣen ay d-yeffeɣ umagrad (article) amezwaru deg lbeṛṛani ɣef way-n ara iḍerrun deg Tizi Wezzu. Wa d amagrad awezlan ay d-yeffɣen deg weɣmis afṛensis n Libération, yeḥka-d ay-n yeḍran s tidet deg wass n 11 Meɣres. (Mebla ccek, d ay-n ay yejjan akk lejnas ad d-rren lwelha-nsen ɣer tedyanin-a !).
 
 
Ass n ljemɛa 14 Meɣres 1980
Medden bdan la ttmeslayen ɣef tira-nni u mxallafen leṛyuy-nsen fell-asen.
 
 
Ass n ssebt 15 Meɣres 1980
Terza yiwet n tfagla (délégation) n yinelmaden i tikkelt tamezwarut ɣer tselwit (présidence) u tejja-n dinna tabṛat yeldin i uselway. D A. Benhabyles ay ten-yemmugren, iban-d yewhem maca ur d-yesban ara taɛdawt-ines. Inelmaden sseknen-as-d amek ay tettwaru tmaziɣt (s tfinaɣ) u yenna-d dakk-n yefka tira-nni i Uselway (?). Deg temlilit-ines tis snat akk d yinelmaden ay d-yesban addud-ines (position).
 
 
Ass n lḥedd 16 Meɣres 1980
Deg Ldzayer, medden la ttmeslayen dakk-n tella yiwet n tewriqt n FFS ay yettwaferqen ɣef yinelmaden deg wussan-nni (yuɣ lḥal, d tin ay d tawriqt tis tlata ara yefreq ukabar-a deg setta n wayyuren ineggura). Tawriqt-a tessawal-d ɣef tedyanin-nni n Tizi Wezzu u tenna-d dakk-n 2000 n yinelmaden ay yettekkan deg tmeskant-nni (tamesbanit) n 11 Meɣres (yili ay-a ur iṣ̣eḥḥa).
 
Deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, ass n lḥedd 16, letniyen 17 d wass n ttlata 18 Meɣres, medden gan timeskanin (timesbaniyin) deg Laṛebɛa n Ayt Yiraten, deg Yiɛeẓẓugen akk d Ɛin Lḥemmam. Deg Laṛebɛa n Ayt Yiraten, medden qqimen la tteddun deg yizenqan tlata n wussan, wa sdeffir wa. Aṭas seg wid yettekkan deg tmeskanin-a d ilmeẓyen (inelmaden n tesnawiyin [lycéens], atg.), akk d kra n yigerdan d tlawin (amur ameqran deg-sent d timɣarin). Ḍrant tɣawsiwin yessewhamen. Deg Larebɛa n At Yiraten, medden kecmen ɣer lkaziṛna u ḥettmen iserdasen (iɛsekṛiyen) ad d-ffɣen seg-s s yiceṭṭiḍen n waddal (sport) (imi ay llan la ttgen addal) i wakk-n ad ttekkin yid-sen deg tmeskant ɣef yiles amaziɣ. Ula d amɣiwan (lmir) ḥettmen-t ad d-yeffeɣ, u ad yezwir i ṣ̣ṣ̣ef u ad d-yini Ad ddren Yimaziɣen.
 
Deg yal amkan, medden rẓan jjaj d yigalisen (tiplakin) n lbenyanat n ddula u uran fell-asen isekkilen (lḥuṛuf) n tfinaɣ. Deg Yiɛeẓẓugen, yiwen n ubulis yusa-d ad yennaɣ medden imi ay rẓan yiwen n ugalis n FLN, dɣa smaren fell-as acabcaq n ssbiɣa tazewwaɣt. Imsenza (ttejjaṛ) ɣelqen tiḥuna-nsen maca kra nnan-d dakk-n d medden ay ten-iḥettmen ad ɣelqen.
 
 
Ass n letniyen 17 Meɣres 1980
Daniel Junqua yellan la iqeddec d anemyaru (correspondant) deg weɣmis n Le Monde, yedda ɣer Tizi Wezzu u yebda la yesteqsay inelmaden d yiselmaden. Yeɛreḍ ad yesteqsi daɣen kra n yemḍebbren, maca ur yessaweḍ ara (anemhal n tesdawit [recteur] ulac-it, atg.). Deg wass n 19 Meɣres, yeffeɣ-d umagrad (article) amezwaru deg Le Monde u yeḥka-d ɣef lumuṛ akk-n ḍrant (mebla azeyyed wala assenqes).
 
Deg tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu, inelmaden d yiselmaden la ssawalen ɣef wakk ay-n yeḍran. Llan kra bɣan ad d-sseknen dakk-n ur qbilen ara ad ad d-gren iman-nsen yikabaren (partis) n tenmegla (oppisition) deg temsalt-a u ad ɛerḍen ad sqedcen tidyanin-a deg leṣ̣laḥ-nsen, d acu kan, rran-ten deg rrif yernu jjan ay-n akk-n llan bɣan ad t-gen. Tameddit-nni, Ferhat Mhenni, acennay n terbaɛt Imaziɣen Imula iga abaraz (gala) deg telmessit (foyer) n yinelmaden deg Yiḥesnawen. Ḥedṛen azal n 1000 n yinelmaden, gar-asen anemhal (directeur) n COUS, Merabtene, yellan yeskeṛ yernu llan la smesxiren yes-s yinelmaden. Abaraz-nni yeqqel d timlilit ay yes d-sseknen yinelmaden dakk-n ur qbilen ara aqmaḍ (respression) n ddula. Timlilit-a teqqel mechuṛet imi ay sqerdcen yinelmaden s lejheṛ ɣef kra n temsal tisertiyin (politiques) am tuqqla n Aït Ahmed d Boudiaf. Arezki About yellan iqeddec deg unegmi (laboratoire) n tesdawit, yessawel-d ɣef yiwet n tewriqt ay n FUAA ay d-sɛeddan s ddaw n tewwurt n texxamt-is.
 
 
Ass n ttlata 18 Meɣres 1980
Lexbar n timeskanin (timesbaniyin) ay d-yellan deg Laṛebɛa n Ayt Yiraten, Iɛeẓẓugen d Ɛin Lḥemmam yelfa-d d tidet. Medden qqlen la ttwalin lumuṛ s leḥder (ladɣa irgazen imeqranen), imi ugaden lemmer ad yekker ṭṭrad aɣarim (guerre civile).
 
 
Ass n laṛebɛa 19 Meɣres 1980
Aneɣlaf (lewzir) n usselmed aɛlayan, Bererhi, yemlal i tikkelt tamezwarut akk d Mammeri, u yessutter seg-s ssmaḥ d ameqran s yiles aẓidan am tamemt, maca ur iban ara ɣef wacu. Tikkelt niḍen, yeɣra-as akk-n ad t-yenṣ̣eḥ ur yettekkay ara deg yisaragen (conférences) ay ssefran ad ten-gen yinelmaden deg uɣaram (cité) n tesdawit n teqcicin deg Ben Aknoun, ɣef yedles aɣelnaw. Nnan-asen daɣen akk-a i Mass Labidi akk d Rachid Boudjedra, imi ay ugaden lemmer ad ttekkin deg yisaragen-nni. Mammeri yessutter ssmaḥ s leḥdaqa deg teqcicin ay t-iɛerḍen. Kra n teqcicin n Tdukli Taɣelnawt n Yelmeẓyen Idzayriyen (UNJA) ɛerḍent ad frunt ugur-a, maca ur ssawḍent ara.
 
 
Ass n lexmis 20 Meɣres 1980
Aɣmis n El Moudjahid yessuffeɣ-d yiwet n tebṛat n ucemmet d rregmat yettwaxetmen s yisem n K.B. (mebla ccek d Kamel Belkacem, anemhal n tira [rédacteur en chef] n weɣmis-a). Tabṛat-a tetthem Mammeri (mebla ma tebder-d isem-is) belli d axabit ixeddmen akk d temharsa (colonialisme). Tasɣunt n Révolution Africaine tessuffeɣ-d daɣen tigejdit (éditorial), ur yettwafhem ara d acu ay d-yeqsed maca, deg tgara, iwet-d deg wid ay d-yessekren ccwal deg Tizi Wezzu. Ma d aɣmis n Algérie Actualité yenna-d dakk-n tirzi ay iga Chadli ɣer Ccerq Alemmas d tin ay yessefra ad tt-yeg aṭas ay-a, yernu ccwal yekkren deg tmurt n Leqbayel ur yeqqin ara ɣer tirzi-a. Nnig way-a, Chadli yessefra ad yerzu ɣef Tizi Wezzu deg wass n 15 neɣ 16 Meɣres. ɣef way-a ay gan kra n lecɣal n ucebbeḥ n temdint s tɣawla deg wussan-nni.
 
Deg Dreɛ Lmizan, inelmaden n tesnawiyin (lycées) ɛerḍen ad gen tamsekant (tamesbanit) i tikkelt tamezwarut deg wussan-nni n yimuras (vacances). Ttekkan azal n 200 n yinelmaden deg tmeskant-nni. Deg Tizi Wezzu, inelmaden gan timlilit iweɛṛen ay deg kra ur qbilen ara imi ay d-gren iman-nsen yikabaren n tenmegla (partis d'opposition) am FFS, FUAA d PRS. Kra bedren-d ula d PAGS (akabar amesdukli [parti communiste]) yellan la yesseqdac ma ulac sin wid yellan la d-ssenkaren inelmaden). Deg temlilit-a, inelmaden n Tizi Wezzu fran-tt-id ad ddun ɣer Laṛebɛa n Ayt Yiraten, Iɛeẓẓugen d tmura niḍen u ad ɛerḍen ad ten-qennɛen ur d-ttadren ara ɣer Tizi Wezzu akk-n ad msegrawen dinna. Tameskant-nni ay ɣef llan la ssawalen medden aṭas ay-a (ula deg Ldzayer) yewɛeṛ akk-n ad tt-ḥebsen. Iɣallen n laman llan swejden iman-nsen akk-n ad wten.
 
 
Ass n ssebt 22 Meɣres 1980
Iselmaden n Tizi Wezzu la ssawalen ɣef tririt ara gen i umagrad-nni (article) n ucemmet d rregmat ay d-yeffɣen deg El Moudjahid. Yuɣ lḥal, amagrad-a iḥuza ula d iselmaden n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu. Deg Ldzayer, kra n yiselmaden n tesdawit ɛerḍen ad d-gen tasakbabt (pétition) ara fken i El Moudjahid akk-n ad as-yeḍmen i Mammeri lḥeqq n uwajeb deg weɣmis-a. Ciṭṭaḥ kan ay iqeblen ad zemlen (ad stenyin) tasakbabt-a. Ula d wid iqeddcen deg CRAPE (anda ay yella Mammeri iqeddec d anemhal [directeur]), maci aṭas ay tt-izemlen.
 
 
Ass n letniyen 24 Meɣres 1980
Iselmaden n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu ur msefhamen ara ɣef lecɣal ara gen. Tabṛat yeldin ay uran i uneɣlaf (lewzir) werɛad ur tt-uzinen ara. Deg Usudu n Tussniwin Tudmisin (Institut des Sciences Economiques) deg Tizi Wezzu, anemhal Arab yessebded-d taseqqamut taslemdant (commission pédagogique). Iselmaden ssuttren deg tedbelt (administration) ad asen-tefru ugur n ussuffeɣ n tsukan (polycopies) uqbel n 29 Meɣres. Ma ur yefri ara wugur-a, ad gen asunded (grève).
 
 
Ass n ttlata 25 Meɣres 1980
Asudu n Tussniwin Tudmisin (Insitut des Sciences Economiques) n Ldzayer yebda-d asunded (grève) n tlata n wussan imi aseqqamu (comité) n usudu-nsen ur testeɛṛef ara yes-s tesdawit.
 
Aneɣlaf (ministre) n Usselɣu (information), Mehri, yemlal d Mammeri u yessutter seg-s ssmaḥ s leḥdaqa imi ur yezmir ara ad t-yejj ad d-yessuffeɣ tiririt-ines deg weɣmis n El Moudjahed. Mammeri ur yebɣi ara ad ikemmel asseḥṛes-ines ɣef El Moudjahed, dɣa yeɛred ad yessutter ad d-yessuffeɣ tiririt-ines deg Algérie-Actualité. Gar way-a d way-n niḍen, anemhal n Unadi ussnan (rechercher scientifique) n weɣlif (ministère), Mass Benbouzid, akk d kra n medden n ONRS, nnan-d dakk-n ad qeblen lemmer ad d-gen amkan i usselmed n tmaziɣt deg tesdawit u ad d-gen afurk (branche) n unadi deg wenrar-a. Aṭas n tsakbabin (pétitions) n wurfan n medden ara d-yettawḍen ɣer udabu.
 
 

Gan tameskant (tamesbanit) niḍen deg Tizi Wezzu, ay deg ttekkan azal n 1000 n yinelmaden. Ibulisen ur d-giren ara iman-nsen.
 
 

Deg Fṛansa, Aït Menguellet yeɣra-d kra n yisefra deg tewwurt n Pantin. Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan (droits) idelsanen iger-d tiɣri akk-n ad msegrawen medden deg tsusmi sdat n tmahelt (ambassade) n Ldzayer deg Fṛansa.
 
 

Inelmaden gan timlilit deg Yiḥesnawen (Tizi Wezzu) u fran-tt-id ad ṭṭfen u ad qqimen deg tzeqqa (salle) n assukken (reprographie) n tesdawit u gren-d tiɣri akk-n ad gen tameskant (tamesbanit) deg wass n 7 Yebrir deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt.
 
 

Lɛecṛa n tṣ̣ebḥit. Ldzayer tamaneɣt, deg Tsenbert (place) n Umezwaru n Mayyu. 500 n yinelmaden d yiselmaden ay yemsegrawen akk-n ad d-ssuttren dakk-n idles amaziɣ yettalas ad yili. Tiḥucay ay refden yura-d deg-sent Idles aɣerfan (culture populaire), Tilelli n wawal, tamaziɣt ur telli ara d iles adzayri ?, tugdut tadelsant (démocratie culturelle). Wid yettekkan deg tmeskant-a (tamesbanit) bdan la d-cennun imseɣret (nnacid) n yemjuhad Min jibalina (Seg yidurar-nneɣ ay d-tuli taɣect n tlelli). Ibulisen bdan la kkaten medden akk-n kan d-tebda tikli. Wten wid yettekkan u qemḍen-ten mebla ṛṛeḥma. Azal n 200 ay ssulin deg yifurguten s tiyta n tdebbuzin. Gar wid yettekkan, llan aṭas ay yettwajerḥen, gar-asen xemsa ɣlin deg lkuma. Yiwen seg wid yettekkan wten-t s tdebbuzin alama ay yemmut. Deg tesdawit n Ldzayer, inelmaden deɣren (bbuṭin) akk-n ad gen asunded (grève). Tasdawit n Tizi Wezzu tga asunded daɣen yernu ṭṭfen-tt yinelmaden, deg-s ara ttɣimin, deg-s ara gganen.
 
ɣef leḥdac d wezgen n tṣ̣ebḥit, deg tesdawit talemmast n Ldzayer, inelmaden gan timlilit akk-n ad mciwṛen ɣef tikliwin niḍen ara gen sdat n teɣsart talemmast n yibulisen (commissariat central) akk-n ad sbegnen dakk-n ur qbilen ara aqmaḍ (répression).
 
ɣef tlata n tmeddit, Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen (Comité de défense des droits culturels) yessegrew-d azal n 1000 n yemdanen deg tsusmi sdat n tmahelt (ambassade) n Ldzayer deg Fṛansa. Wid igan amsegraw-a llan bɣan ad as-fken yiwen n ussumer (motion) i wenmahal (ambassadeur). D acu kan , aneggaru-a yegguma ad ten-yemmager u yenna-d dakk-n wigi ur llin d Idzayriyen. Aseqqamu yura-d yiwet n tebṛat yeldin i uselway (ṛṛayes) u iga-d tasakbabt (pétition) ara sseddun d tebṛat-nni.
 
Tameddit : Inelmaden n Tizi Wezzu gan timlilit ay deg ay tt-id-fran ad gen asunded amatu (grève générale) mebla tilisa, u ad qqimen ṭṭfen tasdawit.
 
 
Ass n 8 Yebrir 1980
Deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt, ugar n 1000 n yinelmaden ay d-yeffɣen ad ttekkin deg tmeskant (tamesbanit) u la ttberriḥen Ad yeɣli weqmaḍ (répression), Ibulisen d iqettalen, Brum-asen-d i wid yettwaṭṭfen, Idles aɣerfan (culture populaire) adzayri. Llan daɣen la d-cennun imesɣerten (nnacidat) n tmurt. Ibulisen dehhmen-ten s ljehd ɣer daxel n tesdawit. Tameskant-a teqqim ugar n snat n tsaɛtin. Amur ameqran deg wid yettwaṭṭfen bran-asen-d.
 
Deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, d luluf n yifellaḥen seg Ɛin Lḥemmam d Laṛebɛa n Ayt Yiraten ay iɛerḍen ad ttekkin deg yiwet n tikli ay gan deg Tizi Wezzu. Igen (armée) yergel-asen iberdan u iḥettem-iten ad qqlen ɣer tuddar-nsen. Amur ameqran deg wid yettwaṭṭfen iḍelli-nni bran-asen-d. Inelmaden n Bumerdas gan asunded (grève). Inelmaden d yiqeddacen n tesdawit talemmast n Ldzayer gan-d assumer (motion) n uɛiwen n yinelmaden n Tizi Wezzu. Nnig way-a, gan-d daɣen anaru (bureau) ara yesseddun lecɣal n tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt.
 
 

Amussu (mouvement) yebda la yettimɣur deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Ilmeẓyen n Yiwaḍiyen, Ayt Yanni, Ljemɛa n Ssarij, Delles, Buṛj Mnayel, Sidi Ɛic, atg. gan timeskanin (timesbaniyin) akk-n ad d-ssuttren ad as-yettunefk lḥeqq i yedles amaziɣ ad yili. Ass-nni deg Sidi Ɛic, yettwamneɛ ubaraz (gala) n Ferhat n Imaziɣen Imula. Ibulisen ṭṭfen Ferhat.
 
 
Seg 9 ar 15 Yebrir 1980
Deg tuddar n Tmurt n Leqbayel, gan-d iseqquma n uqareɛ d uɛiwen n yinelmaden igan asunded (grève).
 
 

Akabar n Terni Weslelli Aɣelnaw (FLN) iga tameskant (tamesbanit) mgal n tin ay gan yinelmaden deg Tizi Wezzu.
 
 

Mouloud Mammeri yuzen tiririt-ines i weɣmis n El Moudjahid ay d-yessuffɣen amagrad-nni (article) n ucemmet Wid yettafken timsirin (dduṛus). El Moudjahid yegguma ad d-yessuffeɣ tiririt n Mammeri. D aɣmis n Le Matin ay tt-id-yessuffɣen. Inelmaden gan-as-d tisukan (copies) s Roneo u ferqen-tt ɣef medden ama deg Ldzayer, ama deg Fṛansa.
 
 

Aneɣlaf (lewzir) n usselmed aɛlayan yemlal d yiwet n terbaɛt n yiselmaden n Tizi Wezzu. Inelmaden n tesnawit (lycée) n Amirouche, deg Tizi Wezzu, bdan-d asunded (grève) u ṭṭfen tasnawit-nni. Iqeddacen n sbiṭar n Tizi Wezzu uznen assumer (motion) n uɛiwen i yinelmaden igan asunded akk d tebṛat yeldin i uselway (ṛṛayes) Chadli ay deg ay as-ssuttren ad yeḥbes weqmaḍ (répression). Yiwet n tewriqt yettwaferqen ɣef medden (u nnan-d dakk-n n FFS) tger-d tiɣri akk-n ad gen medden asunded amatu (grève générale) deg wass n 16 Yebrir. 
 
 

Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen deg Ldzayer (Comité de la défense des droits culturels en Algérie) iger-d tiɣri akk-n ad gen tikli deg wass n 26 Yebrir sdat n tmahelt (ambassade) n Ldzayer deg Fṛansa u deg wass n Umezwaru n Mayyu seg wezniq n Filles du Clavaire alama d Bastille. Sbiṭar n Tizi Wezzu ṭṭfen-t yiqeddacen.
 
 

Medden gan asunded (grève) ikemlen deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Acennay Ferhat Mhenni n terbaɛt n Imaziɣen Imula yettwaker deg Dar El Beida [deg ccerq n Ldzayer tamaneɣt] ɣef tizi n jjuj d wezgen n tmeddit. Aneɣlaf (lewzir) n usselmed aɛlayan iɛeyyen-asen i yinelmaden n Tizi Wezzu akk-n ad qqlen ɣer tɣuri deg wass 19 Yebrir. Tameddit-nni, mlalen yiqeddacen n Sonelec, Sonelgaz, Sonitex, Casoral, sbiṭar n Tizi Wezzu akk d yiselmaden n yinelmaden akk-n ad d-sseknen dakk-n ur qbilen ara aqmaḍ (répression) n ddula u sbedden-d aseqqamu aɣerfan (comité populaire) i usseddu n lecɣal.
 
 

Iminigen msegrawen sdat n tmahelt (ambassade) n Ldzayer deg Ottawa yernu gan tikli tazamalt (symbolique) sdat n wemni (parlement) akanadi.
 
 

ɣef lweḥda n tṣ̣ebḥit : tebda-d temhelt (opération) n Mizrana. Iɣallen n weqmaḍ (répression) kecmen ɣer wakk imukan ay ṭṭfen yinelmaden d yiqeddacen (tasdawit, sbiṭar, lluzinat). Inelmaden yellan ṭṭsen bdan-ten s tiyta nitni mazal-iten deg wusu. Wid ara irewwlen bran-d fell-asen iḍan. Inelmaden la d-ttneggizen seg lbaṭimat n uɣaram (cité) n tesdawit mebla ma lsan iceṭṭiḍen-nsen. Iselmaden ttwarefden seg yexxamen-nsen. Akk iqeddacen n sbiṭar ttwaṭṭfen, u uwyen-d deg wemkan-nsen imejjayen (iṭbiben) n lɛeskeṛ. La ittezzi wawal dakk-n mmuten 32 n medden u d timeyyatin ay ijerḥen. Imezdaɣen n Tizi Wezzu gan asunded amatu (grève générale). Medden ur d-jjin ula d yiwen n ugalis (taplakt) yuran s taɛṛabt deg yizenqan. Tamurt n Leqbayel tegzem ɣef ddunit. Yettwamneɛ unekcum ɣer-s ladɣa ɣef yineɣmasen (imesjeṛnanen).
 
 

 
 

Asunded amatu (grève générale) yuweḍ ɣer wass-ines wis tlata. Mazal la regglen iberdan deg Tizi Wezzu. Imeskanen (manifestants) la tteddun deg temdint s tḥucay akk-n ad d-ssuttren ad asen-d-brun i wid yettwaṭṭfen u ad ḥebsen aqmaḍ (répression). Imeskanen refden daɣen tiḥucay ay deg d-uran Imaziɣen. Ibulisen (tamunin tiɣelnawin n tɣellist, CNS) mmɣen ɣef yiselmaden seg sdeffir. Llan-d yimenɣin imeqranen deg wakk imukan n Tizi Wezzu gar yibulisen d yimeskanen. Imesdurar qqlen-d ɣer temdint yernu ula d nitni bdan la regglen iberdan. Sxerben inura (lbiruwat) n APS, SAA, axxam n tinḍi, anaru (lbiru) n ukabar n FLN, asensu (hôtel) n Balwa akk d tzeqqa n ssinima Mondial. Iqeddacen n sbiṭar n Mustapha Bacha, deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt, bdan-d ula d nitni asunded akk-n ad msegman d Tmurt n Leqbayel.
 
 

Ass wis ṛebɛa n ussunded amatu (grève générale). Ibulisen la ttaṭṭafen medden s waṭas u deg yal amkan. Imeskanen (manifestants) ay d-yusan seg Tegzirt nnuɣen akk d yiɣallen n weqmaḍ (répression) deg unekcum n temdint n Tizi Wezzu. Yella-d daɣen yimenɣi d ameqran deg Dreɛ Ben Xedda.
 
 

Tebda la d-tteqqel lehna cwiṭ, cwiṭ. Tiḥuna n tuccit bdant la leddint tameddit n wass-nni. Llan-d yimenɣiyen d imeqranen gar yimeskanen (manifestants) (deg Yiwaḍiyen, Laṛebɛa n Ayt Yiraten d Ɛin Lḥemmam) d yiɣallen n weqmaḍ. Igniren (galeries) imaynuten hudden seg lketṛa n sselɛa.
 
 

Iɣallen n weqmaḍ ṭṭfen akk tamdint n Tizi Wezzu. Tilibizyu n Ldzayer tṣ̣ewwer-d imukan yettwasxerben. ɣef lxemsa n tmeddit, anmahal (ambassadeur) n Ldzayer deg Fṛansa yemlal d weɣlif (ministère) n tɣawsiwin n beṛṛa deg Quai d'Orsay. ɣef lxemsa u xemsin n ddqayeq, anebdad (préfet) n yibulisen n Paris yenna-as i Useqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen deg Ldzayer dakk-n tikli-nni ay ssefran ad tt-gen i uzekka-nni tettwamneɛ.
 
 

Anebdad (préfet) yemneɛ tikli-nni, d acu kan, ɣas ma yella Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen deg Ldzayer llan zemren ad t-ttehmen, yessɣer aqerru u iger-d tiɣri deg weɣmis (ajeṛnan) d ṛṛadyu akk-n ad d-asen ttekkin medden deg tikli-nni. 500 n yemdanen ay yettekkan. 400 seg-sen ṭṭfen-ten yibulisen u uwyen-ten ɣer Vincennes anda ay ten-qellben, weṣ̣ṣ̣fen-ten yernu gan-asen tisenta (fiches). Tadukli (Amicale) n Yidzayriyen deg Fṛansa tessegrew-d 200 n yemdanen akk-n ad smentsen (provoquer) wid ara yettekkin deg tikli-nni, usan-d deg lkiṛan ɣer Paris yernu llan ttuxellaṣ̣en s wass. 
 
 

Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen deg Ldzayer yessefra ad yeg tikli tasusamt deg wass n 1 Mayyu, d acu kan, anebdad n Paris yemneɛ tikli-nni imi ay tezmer ad d-teglu s ccwal.
 
 

Matoub Lounes iga abaraz (gala) deg Olympia (deg Paris). Medden gan ddqiqa n tsusmi akk-n ad msegman d umussu aɣerfan (mouvement populaire) deg Ldzayer.
 
 

Tasdawit n Ldzayer tga asunded (grève).
 
 

El Moudjahid yessuffeɣ-d umuɣ (liste) n 24 n yimeḥbas u yenna-d dakk-n wigi ad ɛeddin deg ccṛeɛ n laman n ddula deg Lemdeyya.
 
 

Deg Tizi Wezzu gan asunded amatu (grève générale), medden akk ttekkan deg-s (ala igniren [galeries] imaynuten n Ldzayer. 
 
 

Deg Ldzayer gan tameskant (manifestation) mgal n weqmaḍ (répression).
 
 

Inelmaden gan timlilit deg tesdawit talemmast n Ldzayer, maca mmɣen fell-asen wid ay yessexdam udabu.
 
 

Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen deg Ldzayer yessuffeɣ-d Tabṛat yeldin i Chadli sdeffir ma yessegrew-d 3522 n tekbabin (signatures).
 
 

Aseqqamu agraɣlan n uɛiwen n teɣtas n weqmaḍ deg Ldzayer (Comité international de soutien aux victimes de la répression en Algérie) yessuffeɣ-d tasakbabt-ines (pétition). Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen deg Ldzayer sbedden-t-id s tidet u yessegrew-d 140 n tekbabin (signatures) sɣur yemdanen yettwassnen deg tesdawiyin d tẓuri (art).
 
 

ɣef jjuj n tmeddit, Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen deg Ldzayer (CDDCA) akk d Useqqamu agraɣlan mgal aqmaḍ (répression) gan timlilit sdat n Taggazt n Leqdic (Bourse de travail) deg Paris. Gar yiberriḥen (slogans) ay d-nnan medden : Ḥebsem aqmaḍ, Brum-asen-d i yimeḥbas akk mebla ccuruṭ, ilsawen iɣerfanen (populaires) (taɛṛabt n Ldzayer d tmaziɣt d ilsawen iɣelnawen. Akk tuddsiwin (organisations) d yemdanen idzayriyen d yefṛensisen yettwassnen ttwaɛerḍen-d ɣer temlilit-a. Ttekkan deg-s akk wid ay yesteɛṛfen s yimenzayen-a (principes). CDDCA, ASEP, UNEF, LCR, FEN, FO, OCI, FFS. Ma Djamel Allam akk d terbaɛt n Djurdjura gguman ad ttekkin deg temlilit-a. Ferhat d Aït Menguellet llan ttwaṭṭfen deg Ldzayer.
 
 

Deg Tizi Wezzu, medden gan ass n webdad i lmend n yimeḥbas. ɣef tmanya n tmeddit, Tanegga n Tɣamsa Tadzayrit (APS) tenna-d dakk-n 24-nni n yimeḥbas n Berrouaghia ad asen-fken tilelli takudant (liberté provisoire) i uzekka-nni.
 
 

Teqleɛ yiwet n terbaɛt, deg-s aṭas n tkeṛwas, seg Tizi Wezzu, akk-n ad d-awyen imeḥbas-nni umi d-bran. Wigi, mi ten-id-ssawḍen ɣer Tizi Wezzu, gan-asen tameɣra.
 
 
Umuɣ n 24-nni n yimeḥbas n Berrouaghia :
 
 

 
 
Racid Caker yemmut deg wass n 5 Ɣuct 1980 deg yiwet n twaɣit n webrid ay deg mmuten ula d tameṭṭut-is, memmi-s d yemma-s. Yella d aselmad amalal (assistant) n tdamsa (économie) deg tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu. Yettekka deg umussu (mouvement) n Tefsut n 1980 deg umazday (collectif) mgal n weqmaḍ (anti-répression) deg tesdawit.

Tiɣbula:  

Tasuqilt sɣur Omar MOUFFOK

 

 
Uqbel, tamsalt n tmaziɣt tella tenkeṛ-itt ddula yernu imassanen (savants) llan qqnen fell-as allen, neɣ ur ttwalin-tt d tamsalt ur nesɛi azal meɣɣren, d tin yeqqnen s afulkluṛ. D acu kan, asmi ay d-ḍrant tedyanin n 1980, tamsalt-a deg yiwen webrid kan tban-d u yegget fell-as wawal.
 
Timeskanin (timesbaniyin) akk d yimenɣiyen ay d-yellan gar medden d yiɣallen n ddula deg wakk timiwa n Tmurt n Leqbayel akk d Ldzayer tamaneɣt gar Meɣres n 1980 d Mayyu n 1981 sseknen-d dakk-n wid yessutturen tamaziɣt ur llin d aggagen (intellectuels) imeɛzulen, wanag d ay-n yerzan u bɣan-tt akk wid yessawalen tamaziɣt deg Ldzayer.
 

 
Iḍrisen n llsas (textes fondamentaux) n tmurt d nitni sskanayen-d s lejheṛ dakk-n d ddula kan ay yettalasen ad teṭṭef asselɣu (information) u ad t-tesseddu s yiles ay as-yehwan. Tiɣawsiwin banent ugar mi ara nɣer tizzwariyin (préambules) ay d-uran i tmenḍawin (constitutions), d tid-nni umi qqaren irkawalen iɣelnawen (chartes nationales).
 
D acu kan, seg wasmi ay tɛedda Tefsut n 1980, lejyal n yelmeẓyen bdan la d-sskanayen dakk-n ugin ineḍfaren-nni (dogmes) ay yettwaḥettmen fell-asen.
 
D ljil s lekmal-is n yelmeẓyen, d imezdaɣen akk n Tmurt n Leqbayel ay d-yekkren u ssuttren asteɛṛef s yiles amaziɣ d u ad asen-tettunefk tlelli n wawal.
 
D tadyant yesɛan iẓuran lqayit
 
Assutter n tmaziɣt yesɛa iẓuran ijehden deg wegdud, d ay-n ara idumen yernu ur yezmir ad yettussusem. Amnaɛ n usarag (conférence) n Mouloud Mammeri deg wass n 10 Meɣres 1980 d ifeṭṭiwej ay d-yessaɣen urfan yellan ffren seg zik-nni. Yagi, deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, medden llan wwan u rran urfan-nsen ɣer daxel seg tezwara n yiseggasen n 1970. 
 
Tasdawit n Tizi Wezzu, yettwaldin deg 1979, tejbed-d aṭas n waggagen, teqqel d amkan anda ay ttemlilin akk wid yeɣran deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Ay-a yurar dduṛ deg ussenker n tmeskanin-nni (timesbaniyin). Maca ɣas ma yella d tasdawit n Tizi Wezzu ay yeqqimen acḥal n ledwaṛ la tessedday deg tmeskanin-nni, ay-n ay d-yesnekren medden ur yeqqin ara kan ɣer temsal taggagin (intellectuelles). Amur ameqran deg yimezdaɣen n Tmurt n Leqbayel ḥulfan dakk-n terza-ten temsalt n ussutter n tmaziɣt yernu ttekkan deg tedyanin-nni. Yuɣ lḥal, seg wasmi ay tuwey Ldzayer azarug-is (indépendance), ula d yiwen wass ur d-llint tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) timeqranin am tid ay d-yellan deg wussan-nni n tefsut. Ama deg Tizi Wezzu, ama deg Bgayet, d ledwaṛ ay qqimen medden la ttgen timeskanin (timesbaniyin). Ula deg temdinin timecṭuḥin, ffɣen-d medden akk-n ad d-sseknen dakk-n ur qbilen ara tikli n ddula (Ɛin Lḥemmam, Laṛebɛa n Ayt Yiraten, Dreɛ Lmizan, Buɣni, Iɛeẓẓugen, Amiẓur, Sidi Ɛic, Aqbu, atg.), ula deg tuddar.
 
ɣas ma yella kra n yimanayen (observateurs) ifṛensisen nnan dakk-n ala deg Tizi Wezzu d tama-ines ay d-llant tedyanin, Tamurt n Leqbayel akk tewlawel, s tmeqrant, s tmecṭuḥt. Bitt, tikkwal, kra seg yimenɣiyen ay d-yellan deg tmecṭuḥt (Bgayet d yeɣzer n Ṣṣ̣umam) ugaren wid ay d-yellan deg Tizi Wezzu. Aqmaḍ (répression) ur yezgil ula d yiwet n tama. Tubiret d Bgayet, ɣas ma llan kra ay yettwalin dakk-n txuṣ̣ṣ̣ timmuzɣa-nsent, uɣent tiytiwin ijehden ugar n tid ay tuɣ Tizi Wezzu. Akk-n yebɣu yili, ɣas ma yella kulci yebda-d seg Tizi Wezzu, ddula ur twit ara medden deg-s akk-n ay ten-twet anda niḍen yernu seg 1980 d asawen, teqqel tettḥadar tamdint-a d tmura ay d-iqerben ɣer-s. 
 
Tamsalt n tmaziɣt dindin kan tefreq u tennul aṭas n tmiwa n tmurt n Ldzayer. Yernu d ilmeẓyen s umata ay tt-yettnaɣen fell-as, dɣa d ay-n ay aɣ-yejjan ad d-nini dakk-n amussu-a (mouvement) d win ara idumen u ad yesɛu azal meɣɣren deg uzekka n tmurt. Ddula teɛreḍ ad tesseddu awal dakk-n wid ay d-yesnekren tamsalt n tmaziɣt d kra n yemdanen ur nemɛin, ur nesɛi azal yernu jjmen tallit n Fṛansa, maca ay-a ur yelli d tidet, wanag wid yennuɣen ɣef temsalt n tmaziɣt ggten u meẓẓiyit.
 
Amur ameqran deg wid irefden tamsalt-a dima llan sɛan s ddaw n 25 n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-nsen. Wid yerɣan fell-as aṭas, amur meɣɣren deg-sen d inelmaden n tesnawit (lycée), yernu ur ttɛeddin ara i ɛecrin n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ. Akk-a ay yella lḥal ama deg tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) n 1980, ama deg wakk tid ay tent-id-iḍefren. Akk-a daɣen ay yella lḥal deg tmeskanin-nni ay d-yellan deg Nwembeṛ n 1985 : ixxamen n ccṛeɛ n Tmurt n Leqbayel ḥekmen s lḥebs ɣef wazal n meyya n yelmeẓyen ɣef ljal n ccwal ay snekren deg yiberdan, akk-n ma llan d inelmaden n tesnawit (lycée). Ljil-a n yelmeẓyen d Ldzayer ay ten-yesseɣren akk yernu ur ssinen ara Fṛansa ... ɣas ma yella nga-as dakk-n wid ay d-yesnekren timeskanin-a (timesbaniyin) d imdanen yeɣran s tefṛensist yernu ahat jjmen kra n zzman iɛeddan, amek ara d-nessefhem dakk-n ilmeẓyen n Tmurt n Leqbayel ay tessɣer ddula n Ldzayer ad ddun d wid yebɣan ad rren Ldzayer ɣer deffir ?
 
Yuɣ lḥal, tasertit-nni (politique) n usseɛṛeb ur tessaweḍ ara ad d-teqleɛ ay-n ay d-yeqqimen seg temsalt n tmaziɣt seg Tmurt n Leqbayel wanag d assejhed ay tt-tessejhed. Takti (lfekra) n tmaziɣt tuɣ akk timiwa n Tmurt n Leqbayel deg lweqt ay deg ddula tella tugi-tt u la tt-tettḥaṛab seg lqaɛa. D ti ay d tiɣawsiwin ay wuɣur yessefk ad d-rren lwelha-nsen wid yesseddayen lumuṛ n ddula.
 
Amussu (mouvement) n tmaziɣt ur yelli ara daɣen yezmer ad yettwarnu, imi ay d-yenker deg yiwet n tallit ay t-iɛawnen ɣef way-nni, d tallit ay deg ikabaren (partis) uffiren (gar-asen FFS n Aït Ahmed d kra n trebbaɛ timecṭuḥin n uzelmaḍ) gren-d iman-nsen, d acu kan, medden maci d ikabaren-nni ay ḍefren wanag ay-n ay ten-yessewlawlen yugar ay-a.
Yuɣ lḥal, ikabaren n tenmegla (opposition) deg Ldzayer qqimen d uffiren alama ay d tagara n 1988, yernu ula d yiwen wass ur ssawḍen ad rṣ̣un iman-nsen deg wegdud u ad yaɣ uẓar-nsen deg-s u ad idum, yernu ula d yiwen wass ur gin kra n tigawt (action) ara idumen akk-n ad qablen tasertit (politique) n ddula.
 
Akk iɣallen isertiyen (politiques) ay temneɛ ddula llan d uffiren, ur zmiren ara ad gen kra ara d-yawin lfayda ibanen, ur llin ara sɛan isenfaren (projects) ibanen, llan ttwaqemḍen (réprimer) dima neɣ sya ɣer da, dɣa ula d yiwet seg trebbaɛ-a ur tessaweḍ ad d-tban, ad tif tiyaḍ neɣ ad temneɛ seg uqareɛ d weqmaḍ (répression) n yibulisen.
 
Amussu (mouvement) adelsan amaziɣ yefhem seg tazwara dakk-n ur yessefk ara ad d-yeɣli deg snat n tfexxtin : tamezwaurt, ur yessefk ara ad yeqqel d uffir, tis snat, ur yessefk ara ad yeqqim s ddaw tecḍaḍt n yikabaren (partis). Dɣa, wid ay t-id-yesnekren deg yiseggasen n 1980, ssawlen-d s lejheṛ, ẓran-ten medden. Yuɣ lḥal, mi ara nwali ɣer ussirem-nsen, ɣer tmuɣliwin d uxemmem-nsen, ad nẓer dakk-n wid yennuɣen ɣef tmaziɣt glan-d s ubeddel ameqran deg tmurt n Ldzayer, snekren-d tagrawla (révolution) n tidet : medden qqlen zemren ad ssiwlen s lejheṛ, deg webrid, yernu yettwakcef-d weqmaḍ-nni (répression) ay tqemmeḍ ddula n Ldzayer s kra n win ara d-yessiwlen. D ay-a ay yejjan ad d-yekker yiwen n ljil n yimeɣnasen (militants) ur nettagad, d wid iwejden ad nnaɣen akk d weqmaḍ n ddula u ad bedden ɣef wawal-nsen alama d ṭṭerf. Zik, akk-n ad tessens urfan n medden, ddula tella tettaṭṭaf wid ay d-yessenkaren timeskanin (timesbaniyin) neɣ tḥebbes medden yettekkan deg trebbaɛ ur nelli, neɣ deg trebbaɛ, seg wasmi ay tent-id-sbedden llan yagi deg-sent yemdanen iqeddcen d yiɣallen n laman, maca, asmi ay d-yekker ljil-a amaynut n yelmeẓyen, tiɣawsiwin qqlent ur la tteddunt ara am wakk-a. Tiɛeqqayin n tmaziɣt ɣlint u mɣint-d deg yal tama, d ay-n ay d-yesnekren aṭas n medden, mi tensa tmes da, ad d-tekker anda niḍen. Yeqqel yimenɣi iban, yettili-d s lejheṛ, d imenɣi s ljehd n yiɣil ay yekksen tugdi akk d tsusmi seg wulawen n medden. Yekkes lweḥc-nni izedɣen medden zik-nni, deg tallit n Boumediene, asmi ay llan ttxemmimen dakk-n iɣallen n ddula llan deg yal amkan. 
 
D acu kan, yessefk daɣen ad nẓer dakk-n deg 1980, ddula n Ldzayer tella la tettbeddil : tamettant (lmut) n Boumediene tessewlawel akk ddula d werkad ay tella terked-it zik-nni, yernu adabu (autorité) n Chadli Bendjedid ur yejhid ara akk. D ay-a ay yejjan ddula amzun temmehmeh, ur teẓri ara d acu n tikli ara d-tawi akk d tmeskanin-nni (timesbaniyin) n 1980, ladɣa imi ula d yiwen wass ur d-llint tedyanin timeqranin am tid-nni yernu tella ddula ur tebni ara fell-asent ad d-ilint. Tlata n wayyuren ay teqqim ddula ɛerqent-as, tikkelt ad tesseqdec iɣil (dɣa tiyita ijehden akk d tin n 20 Yebrir, asmi ay mmɣen yibulisen ɣef tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu), tikkelt, tɛerreḍ ad tessens times, am wasmi ay d-bran i 24-nni n warrac ay d-yesnekren ccwal sdeffir ma ɛeddan deg ccṛeɛ n laman n ddula). Taggara, ddula tefren ad teqbel tamsalt n tmaziɣt, ad tt-teddem u ad d-telhu id-s akk-n ad tezmer ad tt-teḥkem, yili uqbel tella teffeɣ-as akk afus. D acu kan, deg tallit-nni n ukukru n ddula, wid ay d-yesnekren amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ ssawḍen ad d-sseknen dakk-n tamsalt n tmaziɣt tesɛa iẓuran lqayen deg wegdud : medden gan sin n yisudiden imuta (grèves générales), llant-d aṭas n tmeskanin, llan-d aṭas n yimenɣiyen u qqlen yimenɣiyen-nni weɛṛen u meɣɣrit ugar sdeffir n 20 Yebrir. Seg wasmi ay tuwey Ldzayer azarug-ines (indépendance), d tikkelt tamezwarut ay deg ara d-kkren yimezdaɣen n yiwet n tama s lekmal-is u ssawḍen ad bedden acḥal n ledwaṛ deg wudem n ddula.
 
S way-a, d imeɣnasen (militants) n yedles, amur ameqran deg-sen meẓẓiyit, yernu deg tallit-nni tella texḍa-ten tsertit (politique) neɣ akk-n kan ay bdan keccmen deg-s, ssawḍen ad gen ay-n ur igi ula d yiwen n ukabar aserti (parti politique) n menwala ar imir-n : bedden s lejheṛ deg wudem n ddula yernu idum webdad-nsen alama ay ḥettmen ddula ad testeɛṛef s temsalt-nsen yernu ad tessenqes seg teqseḥ n weqmaḍ-ines (répression).
 

 

 

 
Amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ, asmi ay d-yeṭṭerḍeq, yelfa-d d ameqran, xelḍen deg-s akk medden yernu ur iṣ̣eggem ara aṣ̣eggem ay ijehden, dɣa d tasdawit ay yuraren dduṛ deg usseqɛed d usseddu n lecɣal n umussu-nni.
 
ɣef way-a, maci deg lbaṭel ara tɛerreḍ ddula n Ldzayer ad tessenqes seg ljehd n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu (imi ur tezmir ara ad tt-tekkes) : akk isenfaren (projets) n wesnerni n tesdawit-a llan ttuwexxaren, sneqsen seg-s inelmaden alama ay d ay-n kan, ttwakksen seg-s yinurar n usselmed s lekmal-nsen yernu iban dakk-n ddula tebɣa ad terr tasdawit-a d tarbaɛt kan n yiɣerbazen (llakulat) n yisuda (insituts) n usselmed aɛlayan, ay deg ur ttilin ara waṭas n yinelmaden u ad ifsusen i weḥkam.
 
Tafsut n 1980 tessken-d daɣen dakk-n tella-d tdukli gar waggagen imeɣnasen (intellectuels militants) d wegdud deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Ay-a yesskanay-d ay-n gant trebbaɛ deg lɣerba seg 1965 alama ay d imir-n d ay-n yeddan d way-n yebɣa wegdud, yernu leqdic-nsen yegla-d s lateṛ d ameqran deg tmetti (société) n Tmurt n Leqbayel.
 
Werjin yewlawel wegdud deg Tmurt n Leqbayel u deg Ldzayer akk akk-n yewlawel asmi ay sdukklen waggagen (intellectuels) iɣallen-nsen akk d wegdud, u d ay-a ay yejjan amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ ad d-iban s lejheṛ u ad yimɣur akk-n ad yaɣ akk Tamurt n Leqbayel akk d Ldzayer tamaneɣt u ad yeqqim akk-n ugar n useggas (seg 10 Meɣres 1980 ar 19 Meɣres 1981).
 

 
Deg yiseggasen ay d-iḍefren tafsut n 1980, nezmer ad nger tamawt dakk-n amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ yekka ɣef snat n talliyin yemgerraden (yemxallafen). Talliyin-a mgerradent ama deg tegnit ay deg d-llant, ama deg tsudist-nsent (stratégie).
 
Tallit n Meɣres 1980 ar Ctembeṛ 1981, nezmer ad as-nsemmi tallit yeḥman, d tin ay deg yella waṭas n leqdic akk d tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) timeqranin deg webrid (ama deg Tmurt n Leqbayel neɣ deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt), timliliyin, inejmuyaɛ yemgerraden, timsirin (dduṛus) n tmaziɣt (ama deg Ldzayer neɣ deg Tmurt). Yuɣ lḥal, imir-n, wid ay d-yesnekren u sseddan amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ dindin kan ukin dakk-n timsal n tmagit (identité) tamaziɣt d tid wuɣur d-rran medden lwelha-nsen yernu aṭas n medden ay yewlawlen fell-asent. Akukru n ddula akk d beddu n weskasi (débat) ɣef yedles deg tmurt n Ldzayer d ay-n ay yejjan imeɣnasen (militants) ad faṛsen tagnit u ad sdumen lḥeṛs ɣef ddula. Yuɣ lḥal, imeɣnasen ssarmen ad teg ddula kra n tɣawsa ibanen i tmaziɣt, ad teldi tiwwura u lxerṣ̣um ad teqbel ad tettusselmed tmaziɣt u ad yili unadi fell-as deg tesdawiyin n Tizi Wezzu akk d Ldzayer tamaneɣt. D ay-a ay yes d-yewɛed uneɣlaf (lewzir) n usselmed aɛlayan n tallit-nni, A. Bererhi.
 
D acu kan, dindin kan teqqel ddula ɣer weqmaḍ-ines. Tebda la tferren wid ara teṭṭef u ad ten-tawey ɣer lḥebs (maci d imeɣnasen n menwala) i wakk-n ad tesseɛreq tikli i umussu (mouvement) amaziɣ.
 
Asmi ay ifuk useqqamu alemmas n FLN askasi-ines (débat) ɣef yedles aɣelnaw ay d-yellan gar Yunyu d Yunyuz n 1981, iga-d timeɣtusin (résolutions) ɣef yedles, dɣa tebda tikli n ddula la d-tettban. Ddula tɛawed yefren ad tkemmel deg timuɣliwin-ines tiquranin imi askasi-a yefra-tt-id dakk-n tamagit (identité) tadzayrit d taɛṛabt-tineslemt. Llan kra n yemdanen seg wid yettekkan deg weskasi-nni, nnan-d dakk-n mazal zemrent ad ilint lemcawṛat ɣef temsalt-a (ɣas ma yella timuɣliwin n yemdanen-a llant beɛdent s waṭas ɣef tid n yimeɣnasen [militants] imaziɣen), d acu kan, d wid yettnaɣen ɣef tesnakta (idéologie) taɛṛabt ay yernan deg weskasi-a. Yagi, aṭas n yiseggasen seg wasmi ay bdan yemsaɛṛaben (arabistes) d yemsaɛṛaben-isenselmen (arabo-islamistes) la keccmen u la ttaṭṭafen akk tisuda (institutions) n tesnakta n ddula, ladɣa deg yedles, deg usselmed u deg ukabar (parti) n FLN.
 
Imeɣnasen (militants) n tmaziɣt ɛerḍen tikkelt taneggarut ad ḥeṛsen ddula swadda, dɣa gren-d tiɣri i medden, deg wass n 26 Ctembeṛ, akk-n ad gen asunded amatu (grève générale) u ad ɣanzun (boycotter) aɣerbaz (llakul), d acu kan, tikkelt-nni, medden ur ten-ḍfiren ara akk-n yessefk acku, mebla ccek, ur yeffiɣ ara fell-asen way-nni deg tegnit-nni. Dɣa, iban-asen-d i yimeɣnasen n tmaziɣt dakk-n ulac d acu ara asen-d-tefk ddula, wanag taneggarut-a la tqeddec akk-n ad yeqqim kullec akk-n yella zik, bitt, tebda la tqeddec akk-n ad tessejhed asseɛṛeb. Ay-a iban-d deg tuqqla (rentrée) ɣer tesdawit deg 1981, imi ay teɛzem ddula ad tesseɛṛeb akk ifurkawen (branches) n tussniwin talsanin (sciences humaines) deg tesdawit. Dɣa iban dakk-n ddula tebɣa d nettat kan ara iḥekmen tasnakta (idéologie) sdaxel n tesdawit.
 
Seg yimir-nni, imeɣnasen (militants) n tmaziɣt ɛawden ṣ̣eggmen iman-nsen akk-n ad d-awin tikli ara idumen, yernu d ay-n kan ara yeffɣen fell-asen. Dɣa bdan la d-ssuffuɣen tisufaɣ (publications), ɣas sɛint ara ttesriḥ, maca ddula ur tgi acemma akk-n ad teḥbes afraq-nsent, yernu tisufaɣ-a llant d ttawil ay yes sseddan yimeɣnasen isalan (lexbarat) ilelliyen akk d weskasi-nsen (débat) ɣef tekta (lfekrat) deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Daɣen, sbedden-d yimeɣnasen tirebbaɛ n leqdic ɣef yinurar yerzan iles d yedles : dɣa bdant trebbaɛ-a la qeddcent ɣef usseqɛed n yiles amaziɣ (la d-bennun awalen itekniyen [techniques]), u ssawḍen ad d-ssuffɣen iqeddicen yemmuzzgen (spécialisés), werjin ttwagan-d uqbel deg tmaziɣt, am Tmawalt n Tusnakt (Léxique de mathématiques). Daɣen, bdan yimeɣnasen la ttgen timsirin (dduṛus) i usselmed n (tira) tmaziɣt s tuffra. S way-a, qqlen yimeɣnasen ur la ttnadin ara ad asen-d-tefk ddula kra, wanag llan la qeddcen yal ass akk-n ad d-bnun amussu (mouvement) ijehden ugar yernu d win ur nezmir ad yens : d idles amaziɣ ay izemren i yiman-is yernu yettuwehha ɣer yimal (avenir). D ay-a ay yejjan imeɣnasen ad d-sbedden tasɣunt (revue) Tafsut, ay yettwagan i lmend n tezrawin d weskasi (études et débats). Tafsut teqqel d ttawil ay deg aggagen (intellectuels) imaziɣen qqlen la d-ttarun ay-n ttxemmimen ɣef temsal n yedles.
 
Daɣen, yella mazal la d-yettili wembaddel gar waggagen (intellectuels) d wegdud deg Tmurt n Leqbayel; llant aṭas n tegnatin ay deg ttemlilin am yibarazen (galas) d leqdicat ay d-yettilin ladɣa deg tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu. Yuɣ lḥal, deg yiseggasen ay d-iḍefren tafsut n 1980, tkemmel teddert tdukli-nni yellan gar waggagen d yegdud, u ay-a yettban-d s tmeskanin-nni (timesbaniyin) ay d-yellan deg yiseggasen n 1980, u ay deg tikkwal llan-d yimenɣiyen meɣɣren gar yelmeẓyen d yibulisen deg wakk timiwa n Tmurt n Leqbayel. ɣef umedya (lemtel), asmi ay ttwaṭṭfen sebɛa n yimeɣnasen (militants) n tmaziɣt deg Fuṛaṛ n 1985, dindin kan kkren-d akk medden n Tmurt n Leqbayel (llant-d tmeskanin deg Tizi Wezzu, deg Bgayet, deg Yiɛeẓẓugen, ...). Deg umezwaru n Nwembeṛ, ttwaṭṭfen medden deg temsalt-nni n Temɣunt tadzayrit n yizerfan n wemdan (Ligue algérienne des droits de l'homme), yili tamɣunt-a llan la ttekkan deg-s yimeɣnasen n tmaziɣt s waṭas. D ay-n ay yessekren ccwal d ameqran u deg tgara, ixxamen n ccṛeɛ n tmiwa ay deg tekker ḥekmen-d lḥebs i wazal n meyya n medden ɣef ljal n ccwal.
 
Seg 1980 [ɣer 1990], nezmer ad d-nini dakk-n azal n 300 n medden ay yettucaṛɛen yernu yettwaḥkem fell-asen lḥebs ɣef ljal n yimenɣi ɣef tmaziɣt ama deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, ama deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt (attekki deg tmeskanin [timesbaniyin], afraq n tewriqin, attekki deg leqdicat d lecɣal yeqqnen ɣer ussutter n tmaziɣt). Ma d wid ay yettwaṭṭfen sakk-in bran-asen-d mebla ma ɛeddan deg ccṛeɛ, wid yettwaṭṭfen deg yexxamen n yibulisen, wid yettwaḥebsen tallit ɣezzifen mebla ssebba, wid ay d-ɣerrqen seg yiɣerbazen (llakulat), wid umi kksen ipaspuṛen-nsen u menɛen-ten ad ffɣen seg tmurt, wigi akk ur nezmir ad ten-id-neḥseb : tiɣawsiwin-a llant ḍerrunt-d yal ass, qqlent d tarutint ay nnummen akk yimeɣnasen (militants) n tmaziɣt. Dɣa, ay-a akk yessnakay-aɣ-d amek ay tefka temsalt n tmaziɣt iẓuran deg wegdud deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, medden qqlen sskanayen-d s lejheṛ tamagit-nsen (identité) tamaziɣt deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. ɣas ma tessukk ddula acḥal n yiseggasen n lḥeṛs d weqmaḍ ɣef wegdud, maca ay-a ur yessaweḍ ara ad yeqḍeɛ ay-n izedɣen deg wulawen n medden. Ccwal yekkren deg 1985-1986 deg Tmurt n Leqbayel yella d win iweɛṛen ugar n win n 1980, u yessken-d dakk-n medden ukin-d deg tama-a, yernu amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ yessaweḍ ad d-yessuffeɣ urfan n medden ɣer lejheṛ u qqlen medden, ama deg tmurt n Ldzayer, ama deg umaḍal (ddunit) slan s temsalt-a n tmaziɣt u ttḍafaren-tt.

Lejnas steɛṛfen s ljehd n umussu* amaziɣ

D ay-n ibanen dakk-n amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ ɛawnen-t-id s waṭas yiminigen (iɣriben) imaziɣen. Iminigen-a yekkan acḥal n yiseggasen deg lbeṛṛani yernu sɛan ttejṛiba deg temsal n tsertit, d nitni ay iɛawnen amussu ay yekkren deg tmurt n Leqbayel akk-n ad yemmager u ad yeṣ̣ber i weqmaḍ (répression) n ddula. Amussu amaziɣ yeqqel yesɛa ineṭṭaqen (porte-paroles) deg lɣerba, d wid ay yellan la ttxebbiren lejnas ɣef way-n la iḍerrun deg Tmurt n Leqbayel : seg 1980 d asawen, teqqel tɣamsa (presse) la d-tessawaḍ isalan (lexbarat) n way-n iḍerrun deg Tmurt n Leqbayel ugar n zik. D ay-a ay yejjan ddula ur tesseqdac ara aqmaḍ (répression) ameqran deg Tmurt n Leqbayel u tuwey-d tikli ay deg tḥuder imezdaɣen n tama-a. D ay-a daɣen ay yejjan medden ad qqlen ad ttarun neɣ ad ssawalen mebla akukru, mebla ma sneqsen ay-n ay ugaden ur as-iɛejjeb ara i ddula, u d ay-a ay d-ikecfen aqmaḍ n ddula, u teqqel tneggarut-a ur tezmir ara ad teqmeḍ medden s tsusmi, ur isell yiwen, am zik-nni. Azal n ɛecrin n yiseggasen ay teqqim ddula, yinabaḍen-ines (lḥukumat) yemxallafen, la tqemmeḍ, la tettakel ɣef yizerfan (lḥuquq) d tellyin, u tuweḍ alama ay d asseqdec n uɛetteb d tmenɣiwt ! Akk-n ad tefk lḥeqq i yiman-is u ad teg lecɣal-a akk, ddula tettḥaṛab akk wid ay d-yekkren ɣer-s s yisem n Tegrawla (Révolution) yessuffɣen Fṛansa u s yisem n yimenɣi mgal (contre) n temnukda (imprérialisme). Deg tallit-nni, llan medden yettwakren, ttwaṭṭfen mebla lqanun, ttuɛettben mebla ma yewlawel yiwen u mebla ma faqent trebbaɛ tibeṛṛaniyin yettnaɣen ɣef yizerfan (lḥuquq) n wemdan u ad d-lhunt s temsal-a.

Seg 1980 d asawen, ttuwehhant akk teftilin ɣef Ldzayer, ladɣa ɣef Tmurt n Leqbayel : ay-n yebɣu teg-it ddula akk-n ad teḥbes tikli n yisalan (lexbarat), ur tessaweḍ ara, medden akk ẓran. Seg yimir-n, ddula teqqel teẓra dakk-n ur tezmir ara ad tkemmel aqmaḍ (répression) s tuffra.

Deg lweqt ay deg llant la d-ḍerrunt tedyanin deg tmurt, deg lɣerba, imeɣnasen bdan-d leqdic n wesḥulfu (sensibilisation) d ussaki n medden, alama ay yeqqel umussu (mouvement) amaziɣ la d-ijebbed u la yettqenniɛ Idzayriyen yellan deg lɣerba ugar n Tdukli n Yidzayriyen deg Tuṛuft (Amicale des Algériens en Europe), yellan, deg tidet, d tarbaɛt itebɛen ɣer FLN deg lbeṛṛani.

Daɣen, deg tallit-nni, bdan wid yessawalen tamaziɣt deg lɣerba s timmad-nsen la d-ttarun idlisen ussnanen (scientifiques) ɣef tmaziɣt, dɣa d ay-a ay yekkan ibeṛṛaniyen ad d-rren ugar lwelha-nsen ɣer way-n iḍerrun deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Asmi ay bdan Yimazɣanen (Maghrébins) la d-lehhun nitni s timmad-nsen s tezrawin (études) ɣef tmaziɣt, tebda la tettebɛad takti-nni (lfekra) dakk-n d timura « listiɛmeṛ » ara ijebbden lexyuḍ. Ay-n d-ttinin neɣ ttarun-t-id yimassanen-a (savants) imazɣanen d ay-n zemren ad t-amnen medden, d nitni ara d-yessawalen ɣef yiman-nsen, maci d wiyaḍ ara d-ineṭṭqen deg umur-nsen. Imi ay d-lhan id-s yimazɣanen (maghrébins) n tmura yemgerraden n Tefriqt n Ugafa, tebda « tmesmaziɣt » (berbérisme) la tetteqqel d amussu (mouvement) n uxemmem iḥuzan akk tama-a, ur yeqqim ara kan deg yiwet n tmurt.

 
Timmuzɣa* akk d tugdut

ɣas ma yella imussa isnaktanen (mouvement idéologiques) deg tmura n Tmazɣa (Maghreb) mgerraden, maca tella yiwet n tɣawsa ay ten-yesdukklen : Tamazɣa d taɛṛabt yernu s kra n leqdic ara yettwagan ɣef yedles, yessefk ad yeqqim kan deg tlisa-a. Ma d timmuzɣa (amazighité), ya tettwankeṛ maḍi, ya tettwaḥqer alama ay d ay-n kan. Win yessawalen tamaziɣt, imi ay yettwankeṛ am wakk-a, ur yessefk ara ad newhem mi ara t-nwali yettsuɣu-d : « Ala ! Lliɣ yernu mazal bɣiɣ ad iliɣ azekka ! ». D ay-n ibanen ad d-yini ay-a, d lḥeqq-is.

D ay-n ibanen dakk-n ankaṛ akk d tririt-agi deg rrif d ay-n ara iḍurren Amaziɣ s timmad-is, maca ay-a yezmer ad yili daɣen d amihi (danger) i tmetti (société) s lekmal-is, imi, mi ara tessers ddula tilisa am tigi i yedles, ad teqqel tmuɣli n yedles d tamuɣli tuḥṛist, d tin ur nettaẓ ɣer sdat, d tin ur nqebbel wiyaḍ, d tin wesdukkel n bessif n wakk medden s ddaw n yiwet n tecḍaḍt, d tin ay deg ay-n ur tebɣi ara ddula ad t-tekkes, ɣas yella deg yedles, u d tin ay deg ttin ledwaṛ gar ddula d wegdud : deg lweqt ay deg idles d agdud ay t-id-yettgen, ad teqqel d ddula d nettat ara t-id-yettgen i wegdud. Skud ur werɛad ur steɛṛfen ara yimezdaɣen n Tmazɣa (Maghreb) s wakk ay-n yellan deg tgemmi-nsen (patrimoine), werjin ad d-ffɣen seg ḍḍeɛfan d tiggunẓit tadelsant (sous-développement culturel). Ur yezmir ad d-yili wesnulfu wala tudert tadelsant n tidet mi ara tqeddec ddula akk-n ad ttun medden amezruy (ttarix) d yedles-nsen, mi ara d-tḥettem fell-asen (u ɣef yiman-is) lḥeqq d umezruy n tkellax, mi ara tbennu azekka n tmetti (société) ɣef tmucuha werjin nelli deg lweqt ay deg tejja ay-n yellan.

Ḍḍeɛfan ay yeḍɛef yedles deg tmura n Tmazɣa (Maghreb) u ladɣa deg Ldzayer d ay-n ay d-yurew wemnaɛ ay ttwamenɛent waṭas n tɣawsiwin seg seg wasmi ay uwyent tmura-a izurag-nsent (indépendances) : tamaziɣt teqqel deg rrif, maca daɣen, tettuḥaṛeb tefṛensist yellan, ama nebɣa neɣ negguma, d ttawil yuɣen aẓar deg Tmazɣa u d yiwen seg yilsawen igan leqran i yedles d ccfawat-nneɣ. Ay-a yerra idles n tmura n Tmazɣa d igellil, yernu qrib ulac akk tudert taggagt (intellectuelle) deg yimukan ay teṭṭef ddula. Axemmem yeddren, idles yeqqnen ɣer tidet ttafen kan iman-nsen beṛṛa i tsuda (institutions) n ddula, ttilin-d kan deg yimukan idergen i wallen n ddula, ladɣa deg lbeṛṛani. Yagi, maci deg lbaṭel ara naf dakk-n amur ameqran deg way-n d-itteffɣen deg yedles d tudert taggagt (intellectuelle), itteffeɣ-d s tmaziɣt neɣ s tefṛensist. Ay-a ur yebɣi ara ad d-yini dakk-n taɛṛabt ur tezmir ara ad tesseddu idles amuddir, wanag ssebba nettat iles-a, deg tegnit ay deg nella, ata-n gar yifassen n d wid yeṭṭfen tasertit (politique) d tesnakta (idéologie) n ddula.

Akk Imazɣanen (Maghrébins), ama d wid yessawalen s tmaziɣt neɣ d wid yessawalen s taɛṛabt, ala d rrbeḥ kan ara rebḥen lemmer ad ḥesben timmuzɣa d aḥric seg wayla-nsen. Asmi ara mṣ̣alaḥen Yimazɣanen wagar-asen u ad qeblen tikkersit (complexité) d tenḍa (diversité) n tmagit (identité) d yedles-nsen, ass-nni, tezmer ad teqqel Tmazɣa d tamurt n wesnulfu d unnerni. Tukci n wazal i tmaziɣt d ay-n ara yesqeɛden assaɣen (relations) gar uɣerman (citoyen) d ddula ay t-iḥekmen. Amussu (mouvement) n tmaziɣt d win ay d-yeglan yid-s s ussutter n tuggta (pluralisme), n weqbal n wiyaḍ, n tenḍa (diversité) akk d tlelli (liberté), ama d tin n wemdan, ama d tin n terbaɛt. Amussu-a yugi ad ttuḥettmen medden ad ddren s ddaw n yiwet kan n tecḍaḍt, tin ara tḥettem fell-asen ddula u d tin ay izemren ad tɣurr kra akk-n ad sbedden leḥkem amesbaṭli. Tabṛat n umussu-a tban, ladɣa deg Tmurt n Leqbayel : maci d ddula ara d-yesnulfun neɣ ara d-yebnun « idles » i wegdud, yernu ay-nni ur yelli d idles wanag d timucuha tunṣ̣ibin (officielles) ara qebleɣ mebla ma nniɣ-d acemma. S yisem-iw d aɣerman ilelli, ttalaseɣ ad d-iniɣ d acu ay lliɣ, d acu ay bɣiɣ ad qqleɣ u ad bnuɣ ay-a. Tamagit-inu (identité), idles-inu ur llin ara, akk-n ay d-yenna Kateb Yacine, d akaram (dossier) n lekwaɣeḍ ay d-tga ddula, d win ay tettbeddil akk-n ay as-yehwa, ma d nekk ad qebleɣ ay-n s tsusmi. Idles d ay-n ay d-tesnulfuy yal ass tmetti (société) tilellit.

ɣef way-a, amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ ur yelli d win ay yes bɣan Yimaziɣen ad ɣelqen ɣef yiman-nsen, d amussu uḥṛis yerzan kan kra n wegdud, neɣ d taɣelnaẓri (nationalisme) tamaynut am tid-n akk yekkan : wanag, assutter amaziɣ d win ay d-yuwyen taɣawsa tamaynut, d tin ay yugaren iɛeddan i tlisa n tmaziɣt-nni s timmad-is, d assirem i lebni n tmetti (société) ay deg tella tenḍa (diversité), ay deg medden mṣ̣alaḥen wagar-asen yernu maci d amnaɛ, aḥqar d wenkaṛ ara yesseddayen tiɣawsiwin n tmurt. Ad tili tlelli tadelsant (culturelle) d tlelli i yiles amaziɣ, maca daɣen ad tili tlelli i wakk medden, acku wid yessawalen tamaziɣt fehmen dakk-n ur zmiren ara ad ttwaḍemnen yizerfan-nsen (lḥuquq) s tidet u ad dumen deg yiwet tmetti (société) ala ma yella d aɣerman (citoyen) ara yeṭṭfen leḥkem yernu amdan ur itteqqel ara ittedder u itteddu akk-n ay as-yehwa i ddula neɣ i kra n terbaɛt yerran leḥkem d ayla-s.

Yettwakkes-d seg « Imazighen ass-a », n Salem Chaker (tiẓrigin Bouchène, Ldzayer, 1990).

Tasuqilt sɣur Omar MOUFFOK

Sɣur Amnay

Amezruy n Tefsut n Yimaziɣen yessuqqel-it-id Omar MOUFFOK - Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen, 




#Article 16: Crif Xeddam (446 words)


Ilul-d Crif Xeddam deg ayyur n Yennayer 2877 (Aseggas imaziɣen) i d-yuzgan d 1927 MTSƐ, deg Taddart N At Bumesɛud (Imsuḥal) , yeǧǧa-yaɣ ass n 12 di Yennayer 2962 (Aseggas imaziɣen) i d-yuzgan d ass n 23 Janvier 2012 MTSƐ. 

Imawlan-is d imrabḍen yernu aɣerbaz ibaɛd ɣef wexxam, ihi yuzen-it baba-s ɣer tmaɛmaṛt (tareḥmanit) n At Bujlil. Lamaɛna ur iɛaṭl ara deg-s imi yeṭṭef abrid ɣer Lezzayer tamaneɣt ad inadi ɣef uxeddim, syin yunag ar Fransa deg 1947 am netta am ilmeẓyen di lweqt-nni.

Di l'Paris yezga ixeddem di lluzin maca yeqqar daɣen azawan, solfej d ccna. Isbed tarbaɛt n ccna deg 1954. Mi d yewwi iman-is, yejmaɛ iṣurdiyen yessufɣed aḍebsi-ines amezwaru (seg ljib-is) deg 1955 yelli-s n tmurt-iw laɛnaya n temɛict-iw. Din din tekcem taɣect n uccenay-a deg ulawen n leqbayel. Anfaras Pathé Marconi isla yis. Yules-as asufeɣ n uḍebsi amezwaru yerna wiyaḍ am yelli-s lfamiliya akk d inni d ma tḥemelḍ iyi.

Icna-d Crif Xeddam ɣef tmurt d tudert n yal ass n Iqbayliyen, ɣef lɣeṛba d tayri amedya Nadya, ǧeṛǧiṛa, lemri, a leḥbab, ɛacen, zzman, Bgayet telha.
Mi d-yuɣal si Fransa ikcemn ɣer wexxam n ṛadyu anda yexdem nnig 20 iseggasen. Tella ɣures nnuba yettwasnen aṭas, iɣenayen uzekka ansi fɣen aṭas icennayen n teqbaylit am Lunis At Mengellat i d-yecnan zdat-s ma truḍ deg useggas 1967.

Yerna yessufeɣ tizlatin niḍen am lukan id tettuɣal temẓi akk d tenna-yi yemma anda itcekkir tilawin. Yura daɣen i Nwaṛa yecna yides tizlatin am nemfaraq ur nxemmem akk d ula d nek yewɛaṛ ad ttuɣ.

Crif Xeddam si ger imezwura i d-iskecmen lɛud (Asɣaṛ) d upyano ar ccna n teqbaylit lamaɛna bnadem m’ara isel i tezlatin-is ittḥulfu s rruḥ n teqbaylit tedder deg-sent.
Tesufeɣ Taseɛdit Yasin adlis s tefransist ma tebɣam ad teɣrem ɣef tmeddurt-is : Cherif Kheddam ou l’amour de l’art, Crif Xeddam neɣ tayri n tẓuṛi ɣer tizrigin La Decouverte/Awal, Paris deg 1995.

Gar tizlatin is timeqqṛanin kteṛ n tiyed, tella yiwet i ugaren tiyed nniḍen, d Bgayet, id yefka tajmilt i Bgayet

Yiwet seg tezlatin-ines :

Am wakken yebbwi-k naddam 
Lxiṛ i d tefka tmurt-ik 
Din i k yetṛaǧu wexxam 
Ṛuḥ a gma lli-d allen-ik 
A ttwaliḍ ansi ɛaddan 

Tenniḍ ad beddleɣ amḍiq 
Win teǧǧiḍ deg wemḍiq-ik 
Wi ɛzizen teǧǧiḍt di ṭṭiq 
Tettuḍ lhedṛa n jeddi-k 
Uki-d ma telliḍ d uḥdiq 
Qbel ad yekfu weɛwin-ik

Ur yenfiɛ wayen i k yexḍan 
Muqel kra ɣer deffir 
Tesɛid widak i d yeǧǧan 
Ur d tefruriḍ deg cekkir 
Mmekt id rriḥa imawlan 
Mebla ma tkerseḍ anyir

Ger tiṭ ɣer wayen d ǧǧan 
Lateṛ nnsen ḥader a t tnekṛeḍ 
Mačči d ayen i yetfakkan 
Ahat kecc ur teɛlimeḍ 
Ur k tsemmiḥen iɣerban 
S twenza-k syen i d teffɣeḍ




#Article 17: Ccix Lḥasnawi (321 words)


Ccix Lḥasnawi, s yisem-is unṣib Si Muḥ n Aɛmar u Muḥ, ilul ass n 23 Yulyu 1910, di Taɛzibt n Lɛeṛc Iḥesnawen di tama n At Dwala. Yettwassen s yisem Ccix Lḥesnawi imi laṣel ines n Iḥesnawen, di lekwaɣeḍ yers s yisem n Muḥemed Xelwat. Asmi i yesɛa sin iseggasen di laɛmeṛ-is temmut yemma-s, akken kra iseggasen yerna baba-s. Am tizya-s akw di lawan-ni, yekcem ar temɛemmaṛt akken ad iɣer leqwran. Ur yeqqim ara aṭṭas di taddart-is, asmi yesɛa 14 iseggasen iṛuḥ ar Tizi Wezzu, dinna icennu di leqhawi, ur iɛeṭṭel ara di Tizi wezzu ikemmel abrid-is ar Lezzayer tamaneɣt. Dinna di Lezzayer yemlal-d kra inaẓuren imeqranen am Ccix Musṭafa Nadur akw d Ccix Mḥamed Lɛanqa.

Deg useggas n 1935 Ccix Lḥesnawi yessufeɣ-ed tasfift-is tamenzut anda i yecna ɣef lɣerba akw d wuguren n tmurt imiren, tizlitt-nni Maison Blanche di tesfift-agi i deg tella. Yeqqim sin iseggasen di Lezzayer dɣa di 1937 iṛuḥ ar Franṣa anda i d-yessufeɣ tisfifin nniḍen. Di Franṣa Ccix Lḥesnawi yettwassen aṭṭas ger yeɣriben i yellan din. Aṭṭas n yeɣriben i t-iḥemlen imi icennu ɣef wayen i ten-iḥuzan, lɣerba m lemḥan. Ccix Lḥesnawi yecna diɣen ɣef tmeṭṭut n tmurt d wuguren i d-tettmaggar di lawan-nni. Xas akken tizlatin n Ccix Lḥasnawi wezzilit maca d tid igerzen aṭṭas, nezmer ad d-nini belli ibeddel-as udem i cna n caɛbi neɣ yewwi-d amaynut i ṣṣenf-agi n cna. Asmi i tebda tegrawla di tmurt, di 1954, yeḥbes cna. Mi i tfuk di 1962 yeqqel ar cna, yerna 6 iseggasen dɣa yegzem-tt di ṛṛay-is belli ad yeḥbes cna i lebda. Ccix Lḥasnawi yexdem 46 n tezlatin, 29 s Teqbaylit, 17 s Dderǧǧa (taɛrabt n Lzzayer).

Deg iseggasen n 70 ibeddel tamurt; abrid-agi iṛuḥ ɣer Tegzirt n La Reunion. Di tegzirt-agi ikemmel tudert-is armi d asmi i yemmut ass n 6 Yulyu 2002. Xas akken Ccix Lḥasnawi yeǧǧa-yaɣ, tizlatin-is mazal-iten ttwasnent di yal tama n tmurt.

Imeslayen agi yecna-ten Ccix Lḥasnawi deg 1935.




#Article 18: Niels Bohr (215 words)


Niels Bohr d amussnagamaw (physicien) adanmarki, ittwassen ɣef leqdic-is di tussnagama tanaɛurt (nucléaire) d ubelkim (atome).

Ilul di Copenhague, tamaneɣt n tmurt n Danmark. Baba-s d afiziulug (physiologue). Niels Bohr, ikcem ɣer yesnidi (laboratoire) n Rutherford (iqdec yid-s) di Manchester.

Deg usseggwas 1911, Bohr ikfa almud ines di tesdawit n Copenhague, yeffeɣ-d s Doctorat.

Deg usseggwas 1922, Bohr yuɣ arraz Nobel ɣef tiẓiri ɣef temṣukt (structure) tabelkamit (La théorie de Bohr sur la structure atomique). Tiẓri d-iffɣen gar usseggwas 1913 d usseggwas 1914.
Bohr, iḍfer leqdic I d-yeǧǧa Rutherford (1871-1937), I d-innan abelkim yebna ɣef yiɣes I ɣef tezzin iliktrunen.

Tiẓri n Bohr, d aseɣwen n tiẓri takantikt d tiẓri n Planck (assaɣ gar lqedd n ukantum (quantum) d usnagar n uzenzar) : abelkim ur yesɛi ara azenzar alikrumagniti, anagar ma illa aliktrun ibeddel aswir akanti. Lebbni-ya idegger ar sdat s waṭas tussnagama n ubelkim s wayen akw is d-ewwi d amaynut.

Deg usseggwas n 1916, Bohr iqdec d asalmad amussnagamaw di tesdawit n Copenhague. Deg usseggwas 1920, yuɣal d anemhal n Institut de physique théorique di tesdawit.

Deg ttrad amaḍal wis-sin, Bohr irwel ar Marikan, ikki di leqdic n lbumba tabelkamit, Projet Manhattan deg Los Alamos di New Mexico.

Mi ikfa ttrad, Bohr yuɣal d azamul mgal ttrad abelkami : Abelkim I Talzit ().




#Article 19: Amedeo Avogadro (103 words)


Amedeo Avogadro d amussnagamaw, amussakura aṭelyani, I d-yefkan turda ttwassnen s yisem alugen n Avogadro.

Ilul di Turin, di tazwara yeɣra akken ad d-yeffeɣ d abuga?u. Maca netta ittwet (Yettwalleh) ɣef tussnakt d tussagama.

Seg usseggwas n 1820, yuɣ amḍiq d aselmad n tussnagama di tesdawit n Turin. Iqdec ɣef trisiti d tferkiwin n uḥluli, ittwassen ɣef leqdic-is I d-yewwi daɣen ɣef lgaz.

Deg usseggwas 1911, Avogadro ifka-d alugen-a: sin wabelɣen n lgaz, yemsawan s tezɣelt d tuẓẓma), ɣur-sen yiwen wazal n molécules.
Ilmend-is ifkan isem amḍan n Avogadro N = 6,023 . 1023, d amḍan n les molécules yellan deg tmulett (mole).




#Article 20: Isaac Newton (301 words)


D amussnak (mathématicien), d amusnagamaw (physicien) aglizi, Isaac Newton d yiwen seg wid iqqimen deg umezruy i lebda, acku tiliwa n tussna i d-yeǧǧa ur ttɣarayent ara. Newton gar wid i d-isnulfan asiḍen (calcul), yufa-d tifeɣt n tiddit n tafat (optique).Ɣef umussu (amimeḍ), Newton isnulfa-d kraḍ ilugan, seg tid I d-iffeɣen alugen n uselmem anmeɣrad (gravitation universelle).

Newton sir Isaac ilul ass n 25 dujember 1642 di temdint Woolsthorpe (tamurt n Legliz), mi zrin sin wagguren ɣef tmettant n baba-s. Yemma-s Hannah teǧǧa-t i jidda-s ad t-id-tessker.

Newton ikfa taɣuri-ines tamezwarut di Trinity College n Grantham. Deg useggas 1661 ikcem ɣer tesdawit n Cambridge ikemmel taɣuri armi d aseggas 1665 ansa i d-iffeɣ s turagt (licence), aseggas-a i d-teḍra temsalt n tteteffaḥt is-d ildin allen ɣef ujebbud n tfekkiwin (attraction des corps).

Deg useggas 1667 Newton yuɣal d imekki di tesdawit Cambridge. Deg useggas 1666 isnulfa-d asiḍen (calcul). Deg useggas 1669 yuɣ amḍiq d aselmad n tusnakt di tesdawit n Cambridge.
Newton yerra aṭas lmendad-is ar tiddit n tafat, deg useggas 1672 Newton yeɛreḍ ad d-yaf tifeɣt n ini (couleur) n tafat, inna-d: “Tafat d asmlili n iẓenẓaren n ini”.

Deg useggas 1686 isnulfa-d tilḥi (dynamique) s lsas n kraḍ ilugan n umussu:

Newton, iqqen timzizzelt (accéleration) n tfekka ɣer tezmert i tt-yeɛnan:
F=ma

F : tazmert (N)
m : tazsit n tfekka (kg)
a: timzizzelt m/s2

Ma illa tafekka 1 tedemmir tafekka nniḍen 2 s tezmert f1,2, ihi, tafekka tis-snat tettara-d I tfekka 1 tazmert f2,1:
f1/2+f2/1=0

Newton iddem-d ilugan-a iseqdec-iten ɣer wid n Kepler, sway i d-yufa:
kra n tfekka illan di tallunt (espace) neɣ deg umḍal, tettaɣ-itt tazmert i wumi semman aselmem (gravité).
Yura daɣen Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica deg useggas n 1687. Ilmend n wayen iqdec d wayen i d-ifka, isem-is yuɣ aferdis (unité) n tezmert (N).




#Article 21: Thomas Edison (216 words)


Thomas Edison d aseɣnaw (inventeur) amarikani. Ilul di Milan (Ohio) ass n 11 Furar 1847, immut ass n 18 Tuber 1931 di West Orange (New Jersey), yeɣra 03 wayyuren kan deg uɣerbaz. Tuɣ fell-as 12 isseggwasen di ticett-is, assmi illa iznuzu iɣmisen, mi ittxemmim ɣef tmacinin timikanikiyin d trisiti.

Deg usseggwas n 1862, isbedd aɣmis amuqran Trunk Herald, i d-iteffɣen yal amalas (smana). Edison, assmi id-issukkes yiwen uqcic gar ifassen n laxart, tella-d ɣur-es tissas d udem ar medden macci drus.
Ladɣa Edison, deg wakud I deg istufa ittara lemdad-is ar tussna n imiren u ilmed Tiligraf s yiman-is. Aseɣnew-ines amezwaru d télégraphe duplex.

Deg usseggwas n 1876, aseɣnew-ines inza s waṭas, Edison issas-ed idrimen s wid I d-ibna isnidi-ines (laboratoire). Edison, isnulfa-d daɣen microphone. Deg usseggwas 1877, Edison ikfa afunugraf ittaṭṭafen imesli. Sakin, sin issegwassen d assawen, isnulfa-d taftilt (tampult) n trisiti. Deg usseggwas 1882, tekcem tafat ɣer ixxamen di New York I tikkelt tamenzut u flalin izenqa ines.
Deg usseggwas 1887, Edison issemɣwer isnidi-ines u dɣa iqqim di West Orange di New Jersey. Deg usseggwas 1888, isnulfa-d Kinétoscope, tamacint tamezwarut n tugniwin ittembewwilen, dɣa din iẓẓa I tikkelt tamenzut ayen yuɣalen kra issegwassen syin d isura, d tiliẓritt neɣ d ssalima akw ya.
Edison ɣur-es azal n 1000 (tawinast) d aseɣnew neɣ ugar, gar-asen:




#Article 22: Muḥend Ulḥaǧ (245 words)


Muḥend Ulḥaǧ, isem unṣib Akli Meqqran, ilul deg useggas 1911 deg taddart n Buzgan, tama Iɛeẓẓugen. Yella d amaɣnas deg UDMA n Feṛḥat Ɛebbas, send ad d-yuɣal ar taddart-is, deg iḍrayen nni n 8 deg mayu 1945. Yuɣal ɣer twuri-ines n umesnaz. 

Deg useggas n 1955, yekcem deg tegrawla. Yewwi yid-s arraw-is, deg sin yid-sen. Imi yella d amdan ilan tigzi yufraren, yerna-yas tabɣest, fkan-as asellun n aṣpira. Aseggas i yezrin kan, imi s-yefka Ɛmiruc tamnaṭ tis kraḍ(III) s usellun n sulyuṭna.

Yuɣal d Kumandda deg useggas n 1957. Yuɣal d amɛiwen n umeqran n temnaṭ tis III. Ticki iba Ɛmiruc, ticki ulac-it, d Muḥend Ulḥaǧ i yettuɣalen deg umḍiq-is. Muḥend Ulḥaǧ ad yeqqim d netta i d ameqran aneggaru n temnaṭ tis III, seg useggas n 1958 ar 1962. Tadyant n « Opération  Jumelles » ɣef tuyat-is i d-tres. Ḥuzan-t s teṛsast deg umeẓẓuɣ. Tenɣes tmesliwt-ines s waṭas. Dɣa d adeddic nni d-teǧǧa terṣaṣt-nni i s-yuɣalen meqqer almi yemmut deg useggas 1972.

Ad yeqqim daɣen d win yellan yumen s tmurt n lezzayer. Deg 1963, yuki d akken mgaraden wazalen-is akk d wid n Benbella d terbaɛt-is. Ijebd-ed iman-is seg udabu imi wid t-iṭṭfen, udabu-ya, ugin ad seddun tamurt s tugdut. Tugdut-nni yeṭṭed uqbayli deg izir n tyemmatt. Maca gar tayri n Lezzayer akk d tayri n tugdut, ar zdat yefren lezzayer. Wid yeṭṭfen adabu, nutni, fernen iɛebbaḍ-nsen. Ufan-as abrid s tayri n Tmurt.. Dɣa s ta s wayes i ɣ-rran taberda ar ass-a.




#Article 23: Imenɣi n Yugurten (1653 words)


Yugurten d yiwan ugellid n Numidya di tallit n 113 ar mi d 104 uqbel Ɛisa. Di lawan-nni, Yugurten yeɛreḍ ad yesdakel imaziɣen akken ad ssufɣen Aṛumi. Xas ur yessaweḍ ara ɣer lebɣi-s, lamaɛna Yugurten yettwassen deg umezruy s imenɣi-ines zdat wudem n Ṛṛum. Imenɣi-yagi i d-yellan jar Yugurten akw d Ṛṛum yekka 6 isegwasen maca ur d-yegli yara s tlelli. Weqbel ad d-nawi awal ɣef imenɣi-yagi ilaq ad nehḍer ɣef ayen i yeḍran di Tmazɣa weqbel ad yuɣal Yugurten d agellid.

Di 146 (w.s.ɛ.) , Qarṭaj, tamdint n Hanibal, yesɣeḍl-itt Ṛṛum s lemɛawna n Massnsen. Tadukli-yaggi ger Ṛṛum akw d Massnsen yeqqim ar mi d ass mi i yemmut. Arraw n Massnsen, Masibsen, Mastanabal akw d Gulusa, qqlen d igelliden ɣef tmurt. Zrin kra n isegwasen yemmut Mastanabal akw d Gulusa, yeqqim-ed ḥaca Masibsa d agellid. Mastanabal imi yemmut yesɛa-d sin igerdan, Yugurten akw d Guda. Masibsa yesker-ed igerdan n gma-s am zun akken d arraw-is, iga-yasen s leqṛaṛ yerna yesɣer-iten. Masibsa igelled 30 isegwasen, yesɛa-d sin igerdan, Aderbal akw d Hemsal. Di lawan-is, Masibsa ikemmel tidukla i d-yebda Massnsen ger Imaziɣen akw d Iṛumyen. Masibsa iteddu di lebɣi n Ṛṛum acku imir nni ulac win izemren ad d-yerfed afus-is zdat n Ṛṛum.

Yugurten yella yeqfez d izumal, yugar akw tizya-s; yesdukel tiḥeṛci akw d leǧhada. Yella d amnay ifazen ayen din, yernu iteddu ɣer ṣyada. Aṭṭas n wid iḥemmlen Yugurten acku yettcabi ɣer Massnsen di tezmart akw d tḥeṛci. Deg tazwara, Masibsa yefraḥ s mmi-s n gma-s, ass mi iḥulfa belli ur yeǧhid ara, ikcem-it weɣbel n warraw-is acku mazal-iten meẓẓiyit yerna Yugurten ma ikemmel akka yezmer ad yuɣal d agellid. Masibsa yebɣa d arraw-is ar a t-id-ixelfen. D accu ar a yexdem akken ad yekkes Yugurten deg webrid n warraw-is ? Ihi yefka-t ɣer imenɣi, yessarem dinn-a ad yemmet Yugurten, ad d-yeqqim wemkan-is i warraw-is. Di 134 (w.s.ɛ.) Yugurten iruḥ ɣer Sbenyul akken ad iɛiwen Ṛṛum deg imenɣi-nsen. Mačči akken yessarem Masibsa i teffeɣ, Yugurten yeqqel-asen d izem i yeɛdawen-is. Iṛumyen setɛerfen fell-as, cekren-t akken ma llan. Ihi Yugurten ibeggen-ed iman-is d argaz. Yerna di Sbunyul yefhem akw amek i teddunt temsal.

Ass mi i yemmut Masibsen deg useggwas n 118 (w.s.ɛ.) arraw-is nnejmaɛen akw d Yugurten akken ad feṛqen tamurt maca ur ssawḍen ara ad msefhamen, ihi fkan ttiɛud ad mlilen tikelt nniḍen. Yugurten si tazwara yenwa d netta ar a yuɣalen d agellid acku yeɣleb arraw n Masibsen di leɛmeṛ, yerna lɛeṣker akw ḥemlen-t. Ihi weqbel ad yemlil wis ssin iberdan akw d warraw n Masibsa, yekker yenɣa Hemsal di yiwet n temdint imi qqaren Tirmida. Ayen i yexdem akka Yugurten yefreq agdud ɣef sin, yiwen wamur yedda d Uderbal wayeḍ yedda d Yugurten. Aneggaru-yaggi yettkel yedda yid-es lɛeṣker yerna yesɛa tamusni d wid i ḥekmen di Ṛṛum; yettak-asen tijɛal akken ur ttɛawanen ara Aderbal. Akken kan yebda imenɣi ger sin watmaten-aggi, Aderbal iwala belli ur yezmir ara ad iqabel lɛeṣker n Yugurten; ihi yerwel ɣer Ṛṛum yedda di leɛnaya-nsen. Aderbal imi yewweḍ ɣer Ṛṛum icetka ɣef Yugurten acku imiren Tamazɣa mazal-itt ddaw uzalgu n Ṛṛum. Ihi tekcem-ed Ṛṛum ger sin watmaten-agi, tefṛeq-asen tamurt. Yugurten niqal yeqbel faṛuq-agi, lamaɛna akken kan ɛeddan 4 isegwasen iɛawed ṛṛay-is, yebɣa tamellalt, tasekkurt! Ihi yekker s imenɣi akken ad yawi ula d amur n Aderbal. Aneggaru-yagi yessawel i Ṛṛum akken a t-menɛen. Abrid-aggi Yugurten ibgges-ed, yugi ad yerr aḍar. Yugurten yezzi-yas-ed s lɛeṣker i temdint n Sirṭa, anda i yella Uderbal. Di temdint-agi n Sirṭa qwan Iṛumyen ixeddmen tǧaṛa. Aderbal yeẓra ur yezmir ara ad iqabel Yugurten, ihi yeffeɣ-ed ɣer-es akken ad isellem iman-is mebla imenɣi. Yugurten yussa-d akken ad yawi uqerru n Aderbal, ihi yenɣa-t din din. Ikemmel yenɣa akw Iṛumyen i yellan di Sirṭa. S yaggi ɣer d asawen, ulac tuɣalin ɣer deffir.Yugurten yesdukel amur-is akw d win n Aderbal, yeqqel d netta i d agellid. Ṛṛum ur yesṭaɛref ara s Yugurten d agellid acku ur syaɛǧib ara wayen yexdem Yugurten, labaɛda imi yenɣa Iṛumyen-nni di Sirṭa. Yugurten ihegga iman-is; imiren win i kecmen deg imenɣi akw d Ṛṛum am win yettnaɣen d win i t-yernan acku di lawan-nni, Ṛṛum ulac win is-izemren.

Asegwas amenzu deg imenɣi-agi ger Yugurten akw d Ṛṛum, Yugurten yettak tijɛal i wid i ḥekmen lɛeṣker n Ṛṛum akken ur ttnaɣen ara yid-es. Yugurten iḥeccem Ṛṛum, acku yuɣ irgazen-is s tejɛal. Di 109 (w.s.ɛ.) Ṛṛum terna tceyyeɛ lɛeṣker nniḍen ɣer Tmazɣa, abrid-agi ssawḍen ad ṭfen Bgayet maca ur kcimen ɣer temnaḍin nniḍen. Yugurten mazal-it ibed ɣef ifadden-is, yessen tamurt am ufus-is; s tḥeṛci yeɣleb aɛdaw-is. Di tegrest n 108 (w.s.ɛ.) imezdaɣ n Bgayet ṭṭfen-ed yiwen wazen n Yugurten anda isen-d-yenna: “ Nɣet-tten, nɣet-tten akken ma llan”. Ihi imezdaɣen n Bgayet uɣen awal n Yugurten kkren nɣan akw Iṛumyen i yellan di Bgayet. Yugurten yebɣa ad d-yesker amnafaq di Tmazɣa zdat n Ṛṛum. Aṭas imezdaɣ n Tmazɣa i yeddan yid-es, ama s tin n lxir neɣ s tin n tmara. Lɛeṣker n Ṛṛum yerra urfan-is ɣef imezdaɣ, anda yewweḍ ad yexdem axeṣṣar deg-sen. Di temdint n Tala, lɛeṣker-agi n Ṛṛum yezzi-yas-ed 40 wussan, imezdaɣ n temdint-aggi akken walan ulac tarewla, ṭfen-d akw cci-nsen (dheb akw d lfeṭṭa) gren-t ɣer yiwen wexxam, kecmen ɣer wexxam-nni, fkan-as times akken nitni d axel-is, qeblen a ten-tečč tmes ula ad uɣalen d aklan.

Ass mi yewweḍ lɛeṣker n Ṛṛum ɣer tama n wadda n Tmazɣa, Yugurten yesdukel-ed ɣur-es aḍeggal-is Bukus, agellid n Muriṭanya. Di 108 (w.s.ɛ.), Yugurten yesla belli d yiwen wergaz imi qqaren Marius i yeqwlen ɣef uqerru n lɛeṣker n Ṛṛum i yellan di Tmazɣa. Xas akken yeqwa lɛeṣker di Tmazɣa, Marius yeḍleb si Ṛṛum akken as-d-rnun lɛeṣker. Marius ikemmel ayen i yebdan yid-ak iɛeddan, s kra n win i yeddan d Yugurten yenɣa-t ama d argaz neɣ d tameṭṭut, yerẓa uzegzaw s uquṛan. Ass mi ifukk unebdu n 107 (w.s.ɛ.) Marius yessaweḍ ad yeṭṭef yiwet n temdint imi qqaren Gafṣa; yecɛel deg-s times; yenɣa akw irgazen, ma d lxalat akw d igerdan yeznez-iten d aklan. Tasa n Marius teqqur, smaḥ ɣur-es ur yelli.

Yugurten yeḍleb si Bukus akken ad iheggi iman-is ɣer imenɣi acku yebɣa ad iqabel Marius udem ɣer wudem. Di tegrest n 106, imenɣi yebda ger Yugurten akw d Marius; di tazwara yugar-it Yugurten xas akken yeqwa lɛeṣker n Marius. Akken 6 wussan qlen s imenɣi tikelt nniḍen maca abrid-agi yugar-it Marius. Yugurten xas akken yečča tiyita lamaɛna ur yegzim ara assirem, yeɛzem ad ikemmel imenɣi. Si tama nniḍen, Bukus yeffeɣ-it ussirem, yebɣa ad iḥbes imenɣi; yebɣa ad yemcawaṛ d Ṛṛum. Iṛumyen d anect-agi kan i ttṛajun, si tazwara bɣan ad mcawaṛen d yemdukal n Yugurten akken a t-id-ṭṭfen d amuddur. Bukus yenna-yas i Yugurten belli yettemcawaṛ akw d Ṛṛum akken ad ḥebsen imenɣi. Yugurten yeqbel aḥbas imenɣi maca yefka-yasen ccuṛuṭ-ines. Ṛṛum akw d Bukus uddin-as-tt, ṭfen-t. Deg usegwas n 105 (w.s.ɛ.), Yugurten yettwaṭṭef ger ifassen n Marius s txudɛa. Ṛṛum tefka-yas i Bukus amur n Yugurten, yeqqel d netta i d agellid.

Marius yeqqel ɣer Ṛṛum yewwi yid-es Yugurten d ameḥbus. Imi yewweḍ ɣer temdint n Ṛṛum, sersen-as lqec n ugellid i Yugurten akken a t-seknen akw i lɣaci. Imezdaɣ n Ṛṛum akken ma llan wehmen imi i walan Yugurten d ameḥbus. Yugurten yeqqim di lḥebbs 6 wussan yemmut si fad akw d laẓ.

I-d-irran adris a deg usmel d Hakim Abdat.

Sɣur Salluste

Snat n tghawsisin i-d-iyi ssawd’en ad arugh ghef imenghi yed’ran ger wegdudi ar’umi akk d Yugurten, agellid n Imazighen.

Tamezwarut : imenghi agi yusa-d is’aab, degs rrbeÌ degs axess’ar’. Tis snat : d tikelt tamezwarut i d-yerfed yiwen afus-is ad yerr i wjujru n win yettekkan yezmer.

Qbel ad bdugh ameslay ad gregh tamawt gher wayen yed’ran weqbel imenghi agi ger Rr’um d Yugurten. Deg menghi afniqi wis sin (deuxième geurre punique) ger Rr’um d Hanibal, Ir’umyen ughen tighrit qerr’ih’et. Agellid Imazighen, Masensen, yella yedda d Rr’um, yennugh akken ilaq, ibeggen-ed iman-is maçi d yiwen ubrid.

Asmi teghli Kart’aj, yekker Rr’um yefka-yas i Masensen kra n temdint d kra n tmurt i d-ih’ella s ufus-is. Dgha Masensen iqqim d ah’bib ameqran n Rr’um. Maca asmi yemmut teghli tmurt-is.

Syen ar zdat d mmis n Massensen, Masibsen (Mécipsa), i d-yegwran ala netta i d agellid segmi mmuten watmaten-is Mastanabal akw d Gulusa.

Masibsen isâa-d sin warrac, Aderbal akw d Hemsal ; yerna issker-ed Yugurten, mmis n gma-s Mastanabal. Asmi yewwed’ d ilemz’i, Yugurten yesdukkel ldjehd, zzin d lefhama yufraren.

Ur yerri ara iman-is gher zzhu d ighimi. Yed’fer’ amedya n wegdud-is : yella d amnay izaden, yettemzazzal netta d tezyiwin-is. Xas akken yif-iten, h’emmlen-t akw. Rnu yetts’eggid atas : ad yewwet izem d amezwaru, maca d netta i d aneggaru ara izuxxen.

Deg tazwara, Masibsen yefr’eh’ s mmi-s n gma-s. Ighil ad yecbeh’ yess.Yughal mi ywala netta wesser, arraw-is mezz’iyit, ikecm-it weghbel, imi Yugurten la ittalli wazal-is. Tughal temsalt agi n Yugurten tezdegh aqerruy-is. Ad yeg aghbel tamara : tamezwarut imdanen h’emlen temgher, ulac ara djjen i wakken ad awd’en gher-s ; tis snat agerruj n Masibsen maçi d yiwen ara ised’maa. Taneggarut yugad ma yengha Yugurten ad as-d-tas merrighet imi agdud amazigh ih’emmel Yugurten at’as.

Asmi i s d-iban lh’al ur yezmir ara ad yekkes Yugurten ama s tin n yighil ama s tin ntih’erci, yegwra-yas-d kan a t-yefk s imenghi. Ahat dinna Yugurten ad yemmet ; sakin ad frunt tlufa n Masibsen.

Dgha tettunefk-as tegnit deg menghi n Numance di tmurt n S’benyul anda yettnagh Rr’um. Masibsen iceggeâ imnayen d iterrsaen ad âiwnen Rr’um, yesbedd-ed Yugurten d aqerru ghef Imazighen I teddun gher tmurt n S’benyul.

Yessarem deg wul-is ur d yettughal ara Yugurten. Maca, maçi akken i tt-yundi i t tett’ef. Yugurten yefhem lâeqleyya n P. Scipion (Général romain) i yellan d aqerru ghef lâesker’ n Rr’um, yerna yefhem tili n yeâdawen. Yughal d netta i d adebbuz n Numance ; h’emmlen-t ula d lâesker’ n Rr’um imi yessdukkel tirrugza akw d trusi n leâqel.

Ad’ris agi ittwakkes-d di :
Bulletin d’études Berbères, n° 12, 1977, Université Paris VIII, 




#Article 24: Muḥemmed Benḥanafi (At Ṭaher) (205 words)


Muḥamed Benḥanafi neɣ Muḥamed At Ṭaher, d anaẓur muqren deg umezruy n yedles aqbayli. Ilul deg 1927 di taddart Sidi Atmane di tama n Larbɛa n At Wasif.

Illa iznuzu lkettan di temnaṭ n Tihert. Di tegrawla n uwenbir 1954, illa d lkumisar di tama tis snat di Tihert. Asmi tebbwi tmurt azarug, ikcem-ed Muḥamed Benḥanafi ar tɣiwant n Lezzayer netta d twacult-is, u yebda ixedem di radyu tis snat. Ibda s nuba isefra umi isema leqlam ajedid, imiren ixdem nuba i warrac umi isema tibḥirin d ijejigen u-d-waman isemaden ig sefraḥen arrac imecṭuḥen. Aṭas n warrac i ɛdan ar ifassen-is, i yuɣalen d inazuren n tezlit taqbaylit am  Ḥabib Mulud d Nwara. Illa daɣen ixdem di tedwilt n icenayen uzekka anda ɛedan inazuren am : Malika Dumran, Lwennas Meɛṭub, Ǧamal Fraḥi,Saɛid At Judi, Dalil Umar, Malḥa, Anisa, Cabḥa. S 1963 asmi ibda ar radyu, iḥbes kan si 1993 ar 2001, lamaɛna yuɣal-ed s yiwet n tedwilt, isem-is ɣaf yir lkanun. 

Yura aṭas isefra i inazuren meqqren am Ǧamal Cir, Yidir, Meǧahed Ḥamid, Arezqi Buzid, Atmani, Ṭawes, Qasi Abǧawi, Yasin Babasi, Malḥa, Cabḥa, Wrida, Fella, Lǧida Sɣira, Zahya, Mulud Ḥabib, Crif Xeddam, Muḥamed Bensliman, tarbaɛt n Faḍma n Sumer.

Yemmut ass n 4 Meɣres 2012




#Article 25: Abranis (208 words)


Abranis d tarbaɛt n 'rock' aqbayli i d-ilulen di 1967 i yuɣalen mucaɛen di talit n iseggasen n 70/80, ama di tmazɣa, ama di Franṣa, ama deg umaḍal s umata. D sin n yergazen i yellan s deffir n tlalit n Abranis: Karim ar tgiṭart, s yisem-is unṣib SID Muḥend Tahar, d Camy Lbaz, win yellan ar tuddsa, s yisem-is unṣib Cemini Abdelqader. Deg 1973, rnan-d ɣur-sen Arezqi Barrudi ar la batterie, d Hacmi Bellali ar la basse. Ger tezlatin-nsen i yeswasnen : Linda, M'liyi Kan, Tizizwa, Abehri. Tarbaɛt n Abranis tuɣal tebḍa deg 1995.

Abranis d timidrant(concept),maci d agraw ameslugen(standard) i isebken ɣef kra n yemdanen. D timidrant timezgi,(constante) yettnernin,i d-yufranen mačči kan deg ugafa n tefriqt maca deg tmura umaḍal akk –it. Adlis n ureɣ d inigi ɣef ayen i d-uran fell-as di site officiel ama si lmerruk neɣ  lkanada, si Lurup, si Californie neɣ si Japon. 

Abranis d timidrant, d azawan, d tawila(style), d tarbaєt, ini-d madi d tamrist(entreprise) yessedduy win i tt-id yesbedden s wudem unṣib deg useggas 1976 . D acennay,d ameskar,d amedyaz di terbaєt d win iwimi qqaren KARIM ABRANIS isem-is Sid Mohand Tahar. Ad tafem tameddurt-is d tebdert iɣeyyaden-is(musiciens) id yettekin di tmacahutt n ibranisen di  site officiel n taggayt www.abranis.com.




#Article 26: Mulud Mɛemmri (463 words)


Mulud Mɛemmri, neɣ Mulud At Mɛemmer, d amaru, d amdan yefkan azal ameqqran i yedles d tutlayt Tamaziɣt, d netta d amezwaru iy yeslemden Tamaziɣt di tseddawit n Lezzayer.

Dda Lmulud ilul ass 28 duǧember 1917 di Tewrirt Mimun deg Ayt Yanni di Tizi Wezzu. Yemmut ass 25 n furar 1989 di Ɛin n Defla deg webrid n tuɣalin-is si Merruk.

Mulud At Mɛammer yelmed, imi yella d ameẓyan, deg uɣerbaz n taddart-is. Deg 1928 yemsafer-d ɣer Lmerruk ɣef texxamt n unat-is deg Rbaṭ. Rebɛa n yiseggasen mbeɛd yuɣal-d ɣer Lezzayer ad ikemmel almad-ines deg uɣerbaz iwumi qqaren “Bugeaud” di temdint n Lezzayer; kra n yiseggasen mbeɛd, imi ikemmel-d almad-is, yeǧǧa-d aneggaru-agi ɣef yewwin aɣerbaz nniḍen iwumi qqaren “Louis-le-Grand” di temdint n Paris i wakken ad yuɣal d aselmad.

Deg 1939 ikcem-d ɣef tzemmalt, asmi Ttrad n Ddunit II tebda-d, lameɛna yettwaserreḥ-d deg Tuber 1940: Lmulud Mɛemmri ikcem-d ɣef uɣiwen n tisekwla n uɣerbaz n temdint Lezzayer. 

Deg 1942, mbeɛd agwad n Lmarikan ɣef Tafriqt n ugafa, Mɛemmri yettnuda ɣef tzemmalt i tikkelt tis snat; yezra igran n yimenɣi n Ṭṭelyan, Fransa, akked Lalman.

Di taggara n ttrad, 1945, yessewjed-d, deg Paris, ɣef tmenyugart n yiselmaden; mbeɛd ayagi yuɣal-d ɣer Lezzayer deg Ctember 1947.  Yesselmad deg Lemdiya akked Ben-ɛaknun yerna yura-d adlis-is amezwaru, Tawrirt yettwattun (La Colline oubliée) deg 1952.Lameɛna s ddaw n tiggermemt n temɛict deg Lezzayer yeǧǧa-d tamdint n Lezzayer deg 1957.

Seg 1957 armi 1962, Mulud At Mɛammer iɛac deg Lmerruk.

Deg 1962, armi terbeḥ azarug-ines, Mulud At Mɛammer ikcem-d ɣer Lezzayer. Seg 1965 armi 1972, yesselmed Tamaziɣt deg tesdawit n temdint n Lezzayer s ddaw n uferkaw n umezruy n yigduden; ayagi mbeɛd tagdelt n yislemaden n tmaziɣt deg 1962 ɣef ddemma n unabad n Lezzayer. 

Mulud At Mɛammer yesselmed tamziɣt s ddaw tamagazt i iḥersen n tmsulta n sser n unabad n Lezzayer.

Deg 1969 Mɛemmri yesdukkel iḍrisen n umedyaz aqbayli Si Muḥend. 1969 armi 1980 yella d anemhal n yiferkawen n idelsen n yemdanen,  amezruy atrar, akked  amezruy n yigduden.

Deg 1980, mbeɛd tagdelt n usarag-is deg Tizi Uzzu ɣef tamedyazt taqdimt n wegdud aqbayli, bdan ccwal n Tafsut Tamaziɣt.

Mulud At Mɛammer yemmut deg wass n 26 di Furar 1989, lameɛna aḥric ameqran n medden sɛan ccek belli anabad Aɛrab n Lezzayer i t-yenɣan deg tmeddit-nni; ayagi merra d ayen i izemren ad d-ssefhem s tidet, akken ilaq, amxix-agi.

Mulud At Mɛammer yeǧǧa later d tikta meqren akter n uḥric ameqran n yimalwayen ayen llan deg umezruy n wegdud aqbayli; akter n Masensen, akter n Yugurten, akter n Lkahina, Mɛemmri yebda-d abrid i yettawin ɣer umneɛ n rruḥ n wegdud aqbayli, agdud-nneɣ.

Tabṛatt i Muḥend Azwaw ff tmusni

Asarag = conference

idlesen n yemdanen = Anthropologie

amezruy n igduden = Ethnologie 

amezruy atrar = Histoire moderne




#Article 27: Tizi Wezzu (583 words)


Tizi Wezzu d tamdint deg usammer acerqi n Tamurt n leqbayel. Tikwal sawalen-as medden Tamnaṭṭ n Tizi Wezzu am wakken ad xedmen tamezla ɣef tamaneɣt-is Tamdint n Tizi Wezzu.

Tizi Wezzu d awal id yussan deg tejeǧǧigt azezzu, anda ass agi llant kra n tuddar is yessawalen Tizi Uzezzu, d'acu tugett n imezdaɣ tmurt n leqbayel ssawalen as Tizi Wezzu. Ass-a deg lkaɣedḍ nettarutt Tizi Wezzu s teqbaylit , Tizi ouzou s tefransist.

Tizi Wezzu  tezga azal n 70 km ɣef rrif n yilel agrakal (lebher) akk-d wazal n 60 km seg Bgayet; ɣef tlisa-s ad nef seg usammer Tubiret (80 km), ɣef wegmuɣ Bgayet, Bumerdas ɣef utaram. 

S Tajumma n azal n 2.958 km2 tawilayet n Tizi Wezzu tella yiwet seg timnaḍin i meqren deg tmurt n leqbayel. Aḥric ameqran n waman ttassen seg idurar n Ǧerǧer uqbel n ucercer-nsen ɣef wasif n Sbaɛu; llan deg-s watas n tifrawin am uggug n Teqṣebt (160 imelyaren n m3). 

Tizi Wezzu tesɛa azal n 1.222.334 n imezdaɣ (leḥṣab n 2005) s tajumma n 2958 km²; ɣef wagi tella yiwet n temnatt yesɛan azal meqqren deg Tefriqt ugafa. 

Tamdint n Tezi Wezzu d tamaneɣt n temnatt i tella; 120 000 n imezdaɣ i ɣur-es (tesɛa). 

Timdinin timeqranin n twilayt n Tizi Wezzu: 

Llant 67 (seddist sa) n tiɣiwanin deg twilayt n Tizi Wezzu

Ad naf aṭas n yegmamen di Tizi Wezzu, maca llan kra deg-sen i yettwasnen s aṭas.

Seg taglest Tizi Wezzu tella daymen tettwazdeɣ s imaziɣen am isbeggen yisemis, imi deg tutlayt n leqbayel Tizi Wezzu d asemlili i d tella, deg yiwen ufus tizi, deg wayeḍ azzu; ini n uwraɣ (ddheb)akk-d ccbaḥa i dehcen n tizi, yiwet n tama ɣef tayeḍ, tazmert agi i ixelqen ayen icebḥen Tizi Wezzu. 

Ulac ayen i d-iqqimen seg umezruy atrar n Tizi Wezzu, anagar kra n lebni (usali) deg ukud n Irumaniyen. Deg ukud atrar ad nef yiwen wemkan i yesɛan kra n texxamin seg lweqt n Iturkiyen; amkan agi yefka-d talalit i wmarci n Samass (sebt) akk-d yiwet temdint (teɣremt) tamectuht, tella ar tura yiwet n temdint deg At Yiraten (azal n 25 km seg Tizi) i ttwabnan deg 1850 deg ukud n Taslekt Tafransist; tamdint agi tuɣal-ed teɣremt n Tizi Wezzu n tura. 

Tadamsa n Tizi Wezzu tettwaḥkem s tlata n igzumen ixelqen idrimen merra n tamnaṭṭ: 

Idurar n Ǧerǧer akked leǧwahi-nsen llan d aɣbalu n tmerrit ameqran deg tamnaṭṭ n Tizi Wezzu imi yal aseggas ilulufen n lɣaci temsafren ɣur-es iwakken ad sɛeddin lweqt n ustaɛfu-nsen; Taddart n Tala n Yilef d imukan i iɛejben aṭas n lɣaci deg lweqt n Skii. 

Imukan n taɣedweft: 
Ixerban n Rruman: Tigzirt (Iomnium), Taqṣebt (Rusupisir), Aẓeffun (Rosazu). Rrif n lebḥer (taftist) d ayen i ijebbden daɣen aṭas n medden di tamurt merra.

Tella yiwet temguri tamectuḥt deg Tizi Wezzu lameɛna ur tesɛi ara tazmart meqqren ad teqneɛ aḥwaǧ n lɣaci ines.

Wigi d timetti meqqren deg Tizi Wezzu: 

Tafellaḥt (ager) mazal tella d agzum ameqran deg tudert n imezdaɣ n Tizi Wezzu am afares n zzit n uzemmur, tabexsist, tizurin atg.

Tizi Wezzu d amkan anda tella yiwet tesdawit i meqqren deg tmurt, tasdawit n Lmulud at Maɛemer; 28,305 n inelmaden. 

Aḥric ameqran n imezdaɣ n Tizi Wezzu ttmeslayen s Tamaziɣt (tutlayt n wegdud) akk-d tafransist (tutlayt tis snat). 

Ddabex uḍar d addal amezwaru deg tmurt n imaziɣen akken daɣen i yella deg Tizi Wezzu imi Aneɣlam n ddabex n Tizi Wezzu, Jeunesse Sportive de Kabylie neɣ JSK, d yiwen n wesrir yettwasnen deg Tefriqt merra.




#Article 28: The Wind That Shakes the Barley (asaru) (1212 words)


The Wind That Shakes the Barley (Aḍu-nni ihuzzen tumẓin) d asaru wis 26 n Ubritani Ken Loach. Asaru-yagi issali deg wazal umahil-is, issali-t s igenni netta s timad-is. The wind that shakes the barley yewwi arraz n wuraɣ di tfaska n isura n Cannes 2006. Aṭas ahat iwehmen, ibaten s warraz agi amenzu maca yuklal-it usaru yagi xas akken issew tagwnitt s takriḍ, s imerẓi d idammen.

Tadyant teḍra di 1920 di tmurt n Irland mi tekfa turart n Hockey gar kra n imeddukal. Uraren, ḍsan, teddun ad kecmen s axxam mi id-iɣli fell-asen igenni. Ilaq ad nenni uqbel ad nekcem ar iɣuraf n tedyant d akken Irlandiyen fernen azarug di tefranin n dujember 1918. Syin, London terra yasen awal imiren imiren. Tuzen isardasen d igwlafen ar Iralnda akken ad tt-id err ar ubrid, akken ad teǧǧ ddaw uḍar-is imi tessekna-tt yagi.

Ihi d isardasen agi I yesserwin tagwnitt I ilmeẓyen-nni itturaren Hockey. ɣlin-d fell-asen amzun illa kra n win inɣan. Iseqsiyen s rregmat d ucennef. Tiyita, asfuti deg-sen d ucemmet deg uẓar nsen. Ula d ictiḍen ksen asen-ten ɣef tgarbuzin nsen. Ksen fell-asen sser. Ur asen ǧǧin acemmek !

Ameẓyan akw deg-sen, 17 d assegwass di ticett-is, mi testeqsan amek is iqqaren inna yasen-d isem-is s tirlundit, s tmeslayt-is. Isardasen igliziyen tugi a tent sseblaɛ tmurt imiren. Ggulen deg-s ad yinni isem-is s teglizit, netta igguma. Izga iqqar-d issem-is s tmeslayt-is. Ayagi ismaktay aɣ-d kra n tlufa ddren kra n Iqbayliyen deg issegwassen-nni I deg ihuz waḍu usammar idurar n tmurt nneɣ. Aṭas deg-sen ara ifriwsen mi ara walin deg ilemẓi, zzuɣren-t isardasen zdat imeddukal-is, zdat yemma-s tamɣart, skecmen-t ar yiwen udaynin ar tama n uxxam-is. Dinna qnent ar tasara, kkaten deg-s alami iselqef. Uragen imṭawen d idamen ɣef udem-is.

Akka I ibda usaru n Ken Loach. Akka daɣen ifɣen s adrar imezdaɣ n temnaṭ-agi di tmurt n Irlanda. Loach, s tezwart am tagi, isken-d amek tettwaḥres tegwnitt ɣef Irlundiyen irefden abeckiḍ deg issegwasen n 1920. Injar-d abrid I tiṭ d wallaɣ iḍefren asaru akken ad gzun d akken Irlandiyen macci d irebraben. D tilawin d yeragazen d-ifɣen ɣef izerfan nsen, d agdud yugen ddel, yugin kennu, yugin azaglu.
 

Maca xas akken, llan imiren kra n Irlundiyen yugin ad refden amennuɣ s ubeckiḍ (am Iqbayliyen n yiḍelli d wassa !). Yiwen seg-sen d Damien, d amejjay, d-issalin tassadawit melmi-kan, yugi ad innaɣ. Irra ad iruḥ ar London ad ixdem di sbiṭar. Kra ɛerḍen imeddukkal-is ad iqqim ad innaɣ ar tama nsen « imi netta iɣra » ulac ! Izga ittargu tudart nniḍen di London u yuɣ abrid-is ar lagar ad iṭṭef tamacint.

Dinna, mi d-tewweḍ tmacint, iḥder I tikkelt tis snat I wamek ttbargizen Igliziyen di tmurt-is. Tamezwarut d ameddakel nni ines inɣan zdat wallen-is u tagi, tikkelt tis-snat, d issardasen nni imcumen diɣen I ikkarcen yiwen umɣar u sexnunsen-t, ssexmemin-t di lqaɛa. Ur as ǧǧin s yimi ur as ǧǧin s tyita.

Imiren, Damien igza d akken uffal ur ittara ara uzzal. Xas netta d amejjay u ibɣa ad isseḥlu imdanen, tamara terra-t ad ten iseqraḥ. Dɣa irna ar tama n gma-s Teddy akken ad d-yerr I tmurt-is ayen is kksen.

Aḍu nni ihhuzen irden d asaru ɣef umezruy macci d asaru n umezruy. D tamacahutt n wid ittanaɣen ɣef teɣdemt d izarfan nsen. Si tazwara ar tagara, asaru yagi immuceh-d tawaɣit ddren imeɣnasen n Irland, d wamek ugaden, amek ttwacergen gara sen, amek ddren tamettant d tdukli. Kra n isuyas deg usaru yagi ur asent izmir ara leɛqel n umdan : sergagayent, ssefriwisent, sruyent, qqurent, qqariḥit.

Ayen walaɣ deg usaru yagi ihi d irgazen igren irebbi I tegrawla. D tialawin, xas di tili I beddent, maca ayen xedment ulac tagrawla ara t-yagwin, ulac tagrawla akw-ya ma ulac-itent.

Walaɣ diɣen iḥerkiyen, igumiyen, wid ifren iddarin ar tt-rres tegwnitt. Walaɣ diɣen kra, msakit ahat, d nniyyat u tecca-ten tqemmuct si tugdi u ssawḍen almi zenzen atmaten nsen xas akken ur tebɣin. Wallaɣ agdud illuẓ, yuḍen, iqarḥ-it usemmiḍ. Wallaɣ at-ci, imarkantiyen: azgen seg-sen xemten ur bɣin ara a tt-beddel, llan diɣen wiayaḍ seg sen ittaken idrimen akken ad tili tegrawla. Lḥasun d tirect, d atemmu akken nessen talsa.

Illa diɣen uzekka ibḍan imeddukal n yiḍelli. Llan wid innumen abeckiḍ almi ur zmiren ara ad t-sarsen. Illa diɣen ttrad mgal acengu yuɣalen gar watmaten. Llant tegwnatin anda yiwen « ilaq » ad ineɣ acengu. Ad t-inaɣ s imeṭṭi imi illa d ameddakul-is n yiḍelli. Di tiddet, ula d assa d ameddakkul, d takti n umennuɣ, d alugen n ttrad kan I ten ibḍan.

Asaru n Ken Loach iccur d tigwnatin am ti, d tidyanin n talsa di tizi n leḥris neɣ d tin n talwit. U anect-a I ikka s nnig isura nniḍen n ttrad I deg iṭarḍiq ukarṭuc di tazwara ar tagara. S tigzi yagi is id-iskar Loach asaru ines is yif wiyaḍ. Igza d akken ttrad d tadyant talsant u s talsa kan I izmer yiwen ad isken udem-is n tidett I wumi ḍlan wiyiḍ ambuxen imenɣi di baṭel

Yerna, ass-a, anda-t umgired gar urebrab d win yugin azaglu imi I sin redfen abeckiḍ ? Ula d Irlundiyen d-isken Ken Loach ar kra d irgazen ittnaɣen ɣef teɣdemt ar wiyaḍ d irebraben I yessefk ad ttwarzen. Timuɣliwin agi d tid seg ur izmir ad issukkes umennuɣ : ɣef tlelli id-illa neɣ ɣef useknu.

Di tlemmast n usaru, isenta Damien tamezyant-is ɣef yiwen uqrur, Chris, I ten izenzen. Chris illa idda yid-sen, innuɣ ar tama nsen maca ewwi-t uɣrum ar wanida ur inwi ara ad yaweḍ. Send ad itekki Damien amejjay ɣef znad inna yas : “ssarameɣ tuklal tmurt nneɣ amennuɣ-a nerfed fell-as”. Damien inɣa Chris. Akka I d illugan n ttrad, amdan isfeḍ gar wallen-is gma-s ma izga yas-d deg ubrid. Acku win irefden abeckiḍ, mi ara d-yerr ar gar wallen-is taɣawsa umennuɣ ittdarɣil. Ittwali kan ayen ilaq-en ad t yeg akken ad issiweɣ ar iswi umennuɣ-is, itettu ayen nniḍen u tikwal itecceḍ. Taluft n iswi deg umennuɣ tettmili macci drus n wuguren, acku akken ad yaweḍ ar iswi, win ittnaɣen, issefk ad iɛfes ɣef ul-is, ad ittu gma-s u ma ilaq ad t inaɣ ad t inaɣ. U di tegwnatin am tida, amdan ur essin ara tilisa-s, ur iẓri ara anda ilaq ad iḥbes anda ilaq ad iberrez. Ittwali acengu di myal win yugin as yaɣ awal, deg win yugin ad yaɣ tamuɣli-s. Akka I teḍra d Teddy d Damien, sin watmaten, ṭḍen yiwet n tebbuct, nnuɣen akken, lluẓen akken, ttwarzen akken. U yiwen wass, ihuz-d waḍu umeslay gar IRA d London, Teddy inna « IH », Damien inna « UHU ». Amenzu iḥbes, wis sin ikemmel. U ewweḍ-d wass I deg d-gwra tudart n Damien gar ifassen n Teddy. Damien ilaq ad irfed ifassen-is u ad izenz imeddakul-is neɣ ad immet. Teddy, gma-s, d aḥellel deg-s acku macci kan ur ibɣi ara ad t-ineɣ iẓra d acuḍ, iẓra ulamek ara tt ixdem. Maca taluft tessaweḍ anida ur tesɛi tuɣalin ar deffir.

Yiwen wass, di tefrara, issufeɣ-d Teddy Damien ar ufrag u inɣa-t. Inɣa-t acku iɣil tessaweḍ tmurt-is ad teḥbes amennuɣ, iɣil ewweḍ iswi-s. Maca dacu-t yeswi di ttrad ɣef tlelli? D tilelli? D tamuɣli? D tikti?

Win iwalan asaru yagi ngagun yixfawen n wallaɣ-is. Ad yili yusa yas-d am lemri sdat wudem.

Asaru igarzen I wid ara t iwalin!




#Article 29: Averroès (125 words)


Averroès, d isem alatini n Abul-Walid Muḥemmed ibn Rucd, n 'Cordoue', neɣ Abu lwalid Muḥemmed ibn Aḥmed ibn Muḥemmed ibn Aḥmed ibn Aḥmed ibn Rucd, s taɛrabt ( أبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن محمد بن احمد بن احمد بن رشد ). D amusnaw n ddin, n izerfan, n tusnakt, d afelsafi, d amejjay, di tidmi XII.

Averroès, laṣel-is d amaziɣ si mennaṭ n Merruk,  ilul di 1126 di Kurdu di tmurt n Spenyul, imut di 10 dujenbir 1198 di Merrakec, tamurt n Merruk.

Tiktiwin ines af ayen yura ufilusuf agriki 'Aristut', ttuseqlent ar tlatinit deg 1230. Isemlal tafilusufit taristukratit akw tneslemt. D netta iskecmen idles agriki d weɛrab ar umaḍal umalu.

Amseḍru isura amaṣri Yusef Cahin ixdem asaru fell-as deg 1997, isem-is 'Le destin'.




#Article 30: Ibn Xeldun (109 words)


Ibn Xeldun, neɣ Abou Zeid Abd ar-Rahman ibn Mohammed ibn Khaled al-Hadhrami, s taɛrabt أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون, d argaz n umezruy, n tusna n tmetti, d afiluzuf. Ilul di 27 mayu 1332 di Tunes, yemmut di 19 meɣres 1406 di Qahira.

Ibn Xeldun yuɣ-d aẓar si yiwet n twacult tamuqrant n Yamen, i yunagen ar tmurt n Wendlus di Spenyul si tidmi VIII. Isyin ruḥen ar tmurt n Tunes. Yura aṭas ɣef igduden Aɛraben, Imaziɣen, di Bersiyen. Adlis-is i yettwasnen d 'Muqaddima' anda i d-yeḥka aṭas ɣef umezruy imaziɣen.

Gabriel Martinez-Gros 'Ibn Khaldûn et les sept vies de l'Islam'édition Sindbad Acte Sud,2006 (ISBN 2-7427-6114-4)




#Article 31: Tutlayt yettwaggzen s ungar (134 words)


Tutlayt yellan deg umihi d tutlayt iy teddun akken ad tenger deg yimal yudsen i waṭas n isragen (ɣef waṭas ssebbat). Aṭas n tutlayin ayen ara ttaǧǧan yimawlan-nsent, u sseqdacen deg wemkan-nsent tutlayin nniḍen, tid ay yettuseqdacen s waṭas di tmiwa neɣ di tmura i deg ttidiren, am teglizit deg Yiwunak Yedduklan (USA) neɣ taspenyulit di Miksik. Ma ur nbeddel ara lumur yellan ass-a, tutlayin-agi yellan deg umihi ur tent-id-yettaf ara lqern-agi ara d-iteddun. 

Aṭas n tutlayin nniḍen ay uɣalen ur a tent-lemmden yigerdan wala leǧyal ijdiden n yimeqranen, dɣa asmi ara yemmet yemsiwel-nsent aneggaru, tutlayin-agi ad negrent. Yuɣ lḥal, aṭas n tutlayin umi d-yeqqim ala kan yiwen wemdan ay tent-yettmeslayen, yernu asmi ara yemmet wemdan-agi, ula d tutlayt-nni ad tettusemma temmut, dɣa ur d-mazal ad yili win ara tt-yemmeslayen wala win ara tt-yissinen.




#Article 32: Amgaru aɣarim n Spenyul (209 words)


Amgaru aɣarim n Spenyul d amgaru i deg nnuɣen wid yebɣan ad rren Spenyul d tigduda d wid yebɣan ad teqqim tgeldit si 1936 ɣer 1939. 

Sakin, seg useggas-nni d asawen, d Franco ay yernan wid yebɣan tigduda u d netta ay yuɣalen d aqerru n leḥkem di Spenyul.

Di 1947, Franco yerra-d tageldit ɣer Spenyul, d acu kan, ula d yiwen ur yettalas ad yili d agellid ala kan ma yuɣal Franco ur yezmir ara ad yeḥkem neɣ yeɛzem ad yeǧǧ lehkem i ugellid.

Di tallit-nni akk n leḥkem-is, Spenyul tuɣal d tamurt i deg ttwagedlen (interdit) yikabaren isertiyen akk d tdukliwin, yernu ala kan d taspenyulit ay d tutlayt yesɛan aẓayer (statut) di tmurt-a. Imawlan n tutlayin nniḍen akk n Spenyul (tabaskit, takatalant, tagalisit, atg.) llan ttnaɣen akken zemren akken ad sɛun izerfan-nsen idelsanen. 

Dɣa yiwet si tmiwa ay yenṭerren aṭas akk si lbaṭel n Franco d tama n Tmurt n Yibaskiyen i deg ay d-tennulfa terbaɛt timselleḥt n ETA, ay yebdan imenɣi i lmend n uzarug (indépendance) n Yibaskiyen. Franco yemmut di 1975, u temmut yid-s tallit-nni n lbaṭel ameqqran. 

Seg wass-n d asawen, tennefsusi ccedda i deg llant ttidirent tutlayin timeddursa (minoritaires) di Spenyul, u ttunefken-asent akk yiẓuyar (statuts) di tmiwa i deg ay tent-ttmeslayen. 




#Article 33: Internet (101 words)


Internet, D azeṭṭa n tesleɣselkimt.
Internet d azeṭṭa, ilul-d seg uzeṭṭa Arpanet, i d-yeffɣen deg yiseggasen 1960, i usekker n temselta n Marikan. Deg yiseggasen 1970, Arpanet, yekcem ɣer tsesdawiyin ; almi yuɣ amḍiq-is, deg useggas 1990, Internet.
Internet, di tazwara, yemmud-d anagar i tegmi yimussnawen. Deg useggas 1991, yeffeɣ-d World Wide Web, agrudem , yessawḍen azeṭṭa ad d-yeldi
i yal amdan di ddunit.
Assa yal amdan yezmer ad yaweḍ ɣer yisefka, tugniwin ...atg. Internet, yuɣ azal meqqer di tnezzut.
Deg useggas 1995, azṭṭa-ayi, yeqqen azal n sin yimelyunen yiselkimen d qrib n 30 imelyunen n yemdanen deg 45 n tmura




#Article 34: Tutlayt n usihel (404 words)


Tutlayin n usihel (S teglizit: Programming language) d tagrawt n imenziden uettwarun s daw n ticki n ilugan n tutlayt n usihel, sakin imenziden-a ttekken-d s kra n tukkiyin alamma tettuselkem deg uselkim

ma yili wugur gar n ifassen-nneɣ, tewwi-yas-d awarzem i tifrat-is. Awarzem d awalen (n tefransist, tegnizit ..) i yesseqdac wussnan i tifrat n wugur, maca aselkim ɣur-s awalen-is imaẓlayen, agraw-nsen d tutlayt n usihel (imeslayen iy gezzu uselkim), wid ara d-isnedhen aselkim (d azrar n wanaden) i tifrat. Gar tutlayin-a:

Awal-a d asewzel (FORmula TRANslation), tisuqqelt n tenfalit, acku awalen-is sehlen i useqdec n tusnakt (mathématique). Amezwaru i d-yuran fell-as d RUTISHAUSER, deg useggas 1952, maca ur d-yeffiɣ ara i leqdic almi d useggas 1955, s ɣur JOHN BACKUS. Tameslayt-a telha nezzeh i yinekmaden ussananen n tesdawit.

D asewzel (Beginner's All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). Yeffeɣ-d deg useggas 1965. D tameslayt i d-yemmugen i wid urɛad ssnen nezzeh timeslayin n usihel, acku awalen n umeslay yettwaqdacen deg BASIC sehlen, ferzen. Yelha nezzeh i yinelmaden n tesnawit (aswir amenzu). S kra n wawalen, anelmad yezmer ad yektil: tajumma (surface), ableɣ (volume), azikit (périmètre).atg, neɣ ad ad d-yefru tigdiwin (équations).

Teffeɣ-d ger useggas 1967 d 1971 sɣur Niklaus Wirth. Yefka-yas isem-ayi ilemen-d umussnaw ameqqran BLAISE PASCAL (1623-1662). Tameslay PASCAL tettwassen aṭas seg wasmi i d-teffeɣ i lɣaci tameslayt n Turbo pascal deg useggas 1984, sɣur Borland International, imi wwḍen azal n umeliyun i yettuzenzen seg-s.
PASCAL daɣen yemmug-d i tusnakt, yelha nezzeh i yinelmaden ussananen n tesdawit.

D tameslayt i d-ilulen deg useggas 1972, sɣur umussnaw DENNIS RITCHIE. Deg tazwara, timeslayin-a mmugent-d i useqdec n uselkim ( ileḥḥun s UNIX); maca, deg useggas 1989, yuɣ abrid n useqdec s wahil, yuɣal am wid neẓra yakan.

_ er taggara n yiseggasen 70, amussnaw WAYNE RATLIFF ( iqeddec di NASA), isnulfa-d timeslayen i useqdec n taffa n isefka (base de données), i wumi isemma VULCAN.
Syin akkin, GEORGE TATE d HAL LASHLEE, gren-d afus, rnan sqewmen-t, armi d useggas 1981, yuɣal isem-is dbase (data base).

Awalen-a zemren ad ilin, d wid n tegnizit mmden, neɣ d asewzel n wawalen n tegnizit.

Wayi d ahil, s tmeslayin i neẓra, sendahen aselkim i wakken ad d-yaru ɣef ugdil (Ecran), awal (AZUL):

 Ahil amenzu
 WRITE(*,*)'AZUL'
 END 10 CLS

 20 REM Ahil amenzu
 30 PRINT  AZUL 
 40 END Program azul

 Begin
 {ahil amenzu}
 WRITE('AZUL');
 END. MAIN()
 {

 /*Ahil amenzu */
 PRINTF('AZUL')
 } CLEAR

 *Ahil amenzu*
 ? ' AZUL'
 END




#Article 35: Imuhaɣ (243 words)


Imuhaɣ d agdud amaziɣ yettidiren deg Uneẓruf n Tafriqt. Akal-nsen d Aneẓruf (Idurar n Tasili, n Ayer di Nijir, atg.). 

Yernu imi ay zgan teddun ɣef udar, ttreggizen (teddun) nutni d lmal-nsen (iɣersiwen-nsen d ileɣman) seg wemkan ɣer wayeḍ, wwḍen ɣer waṭas n tmiwa di Tefriqt. Imuhaɣ xulḍen aṭas n yegduden ifriqiyen ay ten-id-iqerben neɣ yellan ɣer tama-nsen, nitni fkan-asen daɣ-nni wwin-d aṭas seg-sen. Ass-a, nezmer ad naf Imuhaɣ di Nijir d Mali, am akken nezmer ad naf kra n trebbaɛ-nsen neɣ n waggayen di Ččad, Burkina Faso akk d Nijirya. 

Deg wenḍul n Uneẓruf (Nijir akk d Mali), aṭas n yegduden ifriqiyen ay yettidiren ɣer tama n Yimuhaɣ, nezmer ad d-nebder seg-sen Ibambaraten, Ifulanen akk d Yisarakuliyen. Kra seg yegduden-agi kessen lmal am Yimuhaɣ, di lweqt i deg wiyaḍ xeddmen tafellaḥt neɣ akal. Tuɣ (yella), wakal n wenẓul n Uneẓruf kkan (uɣent) deg-s isaffen, d aya ay t-yerran d agilal, amakken (meḥsub) yelha (igarrez) i tfellaḥt. 

Awal Amuhaɣ deg asuf, Imuhaɣ deg asget neɣ daɣen Kel Tamacaq ad yaf aẓar-is deg awal Amaziɣ, Imaziɣen deg asget. D aɣdebbu n imuhaɣ i yeǧǧan ad yeḍru cwiṭ n usnifel ger wawalen agi, maca di tilawt d yiwen. 

Isem n tutlayt Tamacaq yekkad seg Tamaziɣt.

Di timiḍi wis 19, akal n Imuhaɣ yebḍa gar timweyawin, tal yiwen yeḥkem fell-as yiwen Umenukal (Amenukal), akked kra n yemɣramen imeqqranen seg tal teqbilt. Gar-asen ad naf: 

Imeqranen i yelan (yesɛan) azamul n Amenukal (Ameqran) llan :

(Ɛumar Muffek)




#Article 36: Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa (471 words)


Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa (s teɛrabt عبد العزيز بوتفليقة, s trumit Abd El-Aziz Bouteflika) yella d aselway n Lezzayer seg 1999 ar 2019, ilul ass 2 meɣres 1937 di tmurt n Merruk. 
 

Baba-s n Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa, Aḥmed Butefliqa illul di Tlemsan di 1891 u yemmut ass n 1 dujenbir 1958. Illa meẓẓiy mi yunag ar tmurt n Merruk ar tɣiwant n Wejda. Aḥmed Butefliqa yuɣ-es snat tlawin: Belqayed Rabiɛa d Ɣezlawi Mansuriya, i yellan d yemma-s n Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa. Tella tesɛa yiwen n Ḥemmam di Wejda. 

Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa illa d amenzu ger kuẓ (4) wayetma-s sɣur yemma-s. Wigi d Ɛebdelɣani (1940), Musṭafa (1953), Laṭifa (1955), Ɛabderraḥim (1956), d Saɛid Butefliqa (1958). Lameɛna yesɛa daɣen kraḍ (3) yessetma-s sɣur baba-s, ar tmeṭṭut tis snat Belqayed Rabiɛa. Tiki d Faṭima (1934), Yamina (1938), d Ɛica (1941).

Di ɣucṭ 1990, yezwej i tikkelt tamezwarut akk d Amal Triki, yelli-s n Yaḥya Triki, i yellan yiwen u 'diplomate' aqbur di tmurt n Maṣer. Amal Triki tettidir di 'Paris', ur tesɛa ara derya akk d Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa.

Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa yeɣra di tesnawit Abdelmumen di Wejda alama d aseggas aneggaru n 'Baccalauréat' di 1956. Isyin ikcem ar ALN di Wejda ɣas akken urǧin yerfed sslaḥ di Dzayer neɣ innuɣ mgal i franṣiyen imnekcam. 

Asmi ifra traḍ, tewwi-d tmurt asarug-is, Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa  ikcem-d si tlisa n Merruk u yuɣal d aneɣlaf n ilmezyen d waddal deg udabu n Amed Ben Bella. Asmi i yezzi udabu ar tama n Hewwari Bumedyen di 19 Yunyu 1965, yuɣal Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa d aneɣlaf n temsal n berra alama d lmut n Hewwari Bumedyen di 1978.

Isyin Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa yesɛeda azal n 20 iseggasen d iminig deg kra n tmura am Swis, Franṣa d Tageldunt n Waɛraben Iduklen anda ixdem ar ugellid-is Ccix Zayed Ben Sulṭan Al Nahyan n imiren. Lameɛna yettruḥu yettuɣal ger timura yagi d Dzayer, la yettraju ass melmi ara d-yuɣal ar udabu. 

Di 22 dujenbir 1981 Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa iɛedda di ccreɛ af takarḍa n tedrimt, azal n 6 imelyaren n suntim, asmi yella d aneɣlaf n Huwwari Bumedyen ger 1965-1978. D aselway Cadli Benjdid i t-ismenɛen imi ur isɛda ara lḥebs. D Senusi d Bujakji i yellan xedmen yid-es i kruḥen d asfel n temsalt agi n takarḍa n tedrimt, imi d nitni i sɛeddan lḥebs di Lezzayer tamanaɣt.

Yuli d aselway tikkelt tamezwarut di 15 ybrir 1999. Llan i iqqraen belli s lemɛiwna n iserdasen (lɛesker) n Dzayer. I wannecta imrecḥin nniḍen i sddis (6) deg-sen am Ḥusin At Aḥmed, jebdent iman-nsent di tefrant n tselwit n 1999. 

G tasgagt-agi teḍra tafsut Taberkant n 2001, iǧadarmiyen nɣan 126 imdanen g tmurt n leqbayel.

Di 8 yebrir 2004, tuɣal daɣen d tasellawt i tikkelt nniḍen  s wazal n 85% n leṣwat ɣas ulamma llan 6 imrecḥin, gar-asen Saɛid Seɛdi. Llan i iqqraen belli dima s lemɛiwna n iserdasen d servisat ibaḍniwen,




#Article 37: Ḥusin Nat Ḥmed (308 words)


Ḥusin Ayt Ḥmed yella d aselway n Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen (FFS). 

Ilul deg Awussu 1926 deg temdint n Micli deg Tamurt n leqbayel deg 1947 yella d amaslad akk-d yewin n imalwayen imezwura n Organisation spéciale (OS), yiwet n tarbaɛt tunt'ilt i iqedcen ɣef uzarug n Lezzayer.

Ayt Aḥmed yella d yiwen ger n tesɛa imalwayen imezwura i-d-isbedden Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw (FLN) deg 1954; taneggarut-agi tebda-d tagrawala n sebɛa n isegassen mgal Fransa; deg Tuber 1956, imi yeţwattef netta akk d rebɛa n imalwayen nniḍen imi llan deg usafag yeţţeddun ɣer Tunes, Fransa teḥkem fell-as s lḥebs. At Aḥmed yeqqim deg lḥebs armi 1962.

Mbeɛd azarug n Lezzayer deg 05 Yulyu 1962 At Aḥmed yekker-d mgal anabad n dreɛ n Ben Bella i d-ikecmen ɣef Lezzayer netta akked Bumedyen, am anbaz ajdid, s iɛsekriyen n FLN i yellan deg Tunes ttrajun tufɣa n Fransa.
Deg Tuber 1962 Ben-Bella iḥkem fell-as s lmut lameɛna yesmeḥ-as kra n wussan mbeɛd.

Deg Ibrir 1966 yerwel ɣer Fransa anda yexleq-d deg 1970 Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen . Mbeɛd tasellulit n wenbad n Lezzayer deg 1980 seddaw Benjedid, Ayt Aḥmed ikcem-d ɣer Lezzayer; aɣawas n At Aḥmed yella di tazwara tadukli n Ledayer seddaw yewit n taferfant mgal FLN akk-d amussu n l “FIS”, yewit n tajmaɛt n tagmat n yinsleman i bɣan ad hermen tugdut deg Lezdayer, lamɛna yemxallaf-d ɣef Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut (RCD) n duktur Saɛid Saɛdi imi aneggaru-agi ihedder-d s lɛinani ɣef izerfan n wegdud amaziɣ ɣas akken i sin llan d Leqbayel.

Ibrir 1999, Ait Ahmed ikecem-d am d amankad deg tafrant n teselwit, lameɛna imi arac ameqran n lɣaci ẓran belli takennatt i tella, ijebd-d tanekda-ines, netta akk d xemsa n imalwayen nniḍen azal n 16 n teswiɛin uqbel n tagara n tefrant;  deg April 15, Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa weḥd-s kan i d-yeqqim deg tazla ɣef teselwit.




#Article 38: Saɛid Seɛdi (245 words)


Saɛid Saɛdi, d duktur akk-d aselway n Wegraw i Yedles d Tugdut (RCD), ilul-d deg 26 ctamber 1947 deg taddart n Aɣrib, deg leǧwahi n temdint n ɛzazga. Netta i d-xelqen tuddsa tamezwarut n izerfan n yimdanen deg Lezzayer; anabad n Lezzayer iḥekm-ed fell-as s lḥebs ɣef irmad isertayen-is uqbel n tasellulit n Lezzayer.

Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut (RCD) yemxallaf-ed ɣef Tirni n Iɣallen Inemlayen (FFS) n Ait Aḥmed imi iherder-ed s lɛinani ɣef izerfan n wegdud amaziɣ, ɣas akken i sin llan d iqbayliyen si izuran akk-d akbal n tdukla-nsen deg tamurt n iqbayliyen i g-yettekan, iban-ed daɣen am yewin n ukabar n tanmegla s tammaɣt taquran mgal atsekki n l “FIS”, yewit n tajmaɛt n tagmat n yinsleman yebɣan ad hermen tugdut deg Lezdayer, deg tudert tasertit n tmurt.

Ibrir 1999, Saɛid Saɛdi, am Ait Ahmed, ikeccem-ed am amankad deg tafrant n teselwit, lameɛna imi arac ameqran n lɣaci ẓran belli takennatt i tella, ijebd-ed tanekda-ines, netta akk-d xemsa n imalwayen niḍen azal n 16 n teswiɛin uqbel n tagara n tefrant; deg April 15, Abdelaziz Boutefliqa weḥdes kan i d-yeqqim deg tazla ɣef teselwit.

Deg ussan-agi Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut (RCD), Tirni n Iɣallen Inemlayen (FFS), akk-d Amussu i Tmanit n Tmurt (MAK) n Ferḥat Mehenni, akabar asertay iban-ed di tefsut taberkant (d amussu ikkaten s webrid n talwit akken ad isiwed ar timanit n tmurt n leqbayel), llan tlata n ikabaren isertiyen i sɛan ccan deg Tamurt n yiqbayliyen.




#Article 39: Leqran (1155 words)


Awal n Leqran yekka-d si tutlayt taɛrabt (القرآن), anamek-ins taɣuri. D adlis (taktabt) uɣris (iqedsen) n wajjed (ajjed=ddin) n Tineslemt Islam. Ɣur yemselmen, Leqran d awal n Rebbi. Leqran yella d adlis amezwaru s tutlayt taɛrabt. Di lislam llan idlisen nniḍen uɣrisen, am : Tawrat n wasar Musa, Zabur n wasar Dawud, Inǧil s wasar Ɛisa, akw d tira n wasar Brahim. 

Ɣur yenselmen Leqran i yesemlalen awalen n Rebbi i d-iṣaweḍ i talsa isar (nbi) Muḥemmed (محمد) s yeḥricen sɣur anejlus Ǧibril s webrid n tatlayt (oral). Anecta yakw i d-rad di 23 isegasen. Llan wiyad qqaren-as daɣen Lkitab (adlis), neɣ Ddikr (asektu : rappel). Lislam am tmasiḥit i ttwaḥseb n ajjed ameɣradan (universel). Inna Ibn Xaldun : « Leqran d ameslay n Rebbi, yettwars-ed ar wisar Muḥamed u yura deg isebtaren n wedlis ». 

Leqran ibḍa af 114 ixfawen. Sesmelen s unnusru af tesɣunt n tuɣzi n sent anagar tamezwarut i g-ttuseman: Taneldit neɣ Tullya (Lfattiḥa). Ixfawen bḍan ayen umi qqaren el-ayat, s teqbaylit anzaten (tiṣurtin : preuves). Dɣa i s-yin i d yekka wawal Ayatulah. Llan 6219 n inzaten (tṣurtin).

Deg akud n wisar Muḥamed, ḥekkun-d belli inzaten n Leqran llan ttwarun di yal tɣawsa n yimiren : tiferkiwin n tazdayt, iɣsan lqayen n ileɣwman, igelman, iẓra, atg. Imdanen yumnen s Rebbi, llan lemden-ten deg ulawen-nsen, ama s iḥricen neɣ aken s ummid-is (s lekmal-is). Mi yemmut wisar Muḥamed, wid yellan cfun i yinzaten aken ma llan, ur d-qimen ara s waṭas. Dɣa tusa-d tikti useggrew neɣ usemlili-nsent, lamaɛna ilad umgarad neɣ anka (divergence) af wamek ad yili anecta ger imezdaɣ n tallit-nni di Mekka. Aṭas umgarad yella-d af tasunḍa tasnimirant (ordre chronologique) n twafɣa n yenzaten. Ti tagara imeqq°ranen frantt i waken asemlili n inzaten ad yilli si tṣurett tamuqwrant ar tmecṭuḥ anagar tamezwaru ilaq ad tili, tin isɛan isem Tallya, neɣ Lfattiḥa, am waken d tazwert n Leqran. Anecta msefhamen fell-as taqa imḍebren, ɣas aken llan kra ffɣen-t mgal n turda (ṛṛay) agi, imi ɣursen d tawafɣa mgal n asnimiran aken i t-yebɣa Rebbi. 
 
Mgal ixf Amellay (Erraḥman), yakw ixfawen n Leqran nniḍen beddunt tawinest agi : Bism Allah Erraḥman Erraḥim, neɣ s Tmaziɣt : « S yisem n Rebbi Amellay Anmallay ». Leqran ibḍa af sin iḥricen imeqq°ranen : inzanen i d-yeffɣen di tɣiwant Mekka, d wid i d-yeffɣen di tɣiwant Madina. Inzanen n Mekka, d timecṭah, ffɣent-ed uqbel Inig (Hiǧra) n wisar Muḥammed si Mekka ar Madina. Ma d tidak n Madina, d timeqqranin, ffɣent-ed mbeɛd Inig-is.

Tisuqeltin (tasuqelt:traduction) n Leqran ar tmazight, ibda-d si tallit-nni n tgelda n Barɣwata. Tagelda-yagi tuɣ azar di tama n Tamesna (tura d taɣiwant n Rabaṭ n tmurt n Maruk). Win id isbed-en tagelda agi d Saleḥ At Tarif, d yuday n Maruk i ikecmen ar tneslemt. Tigelda i yellan imiren, am Idrisiyen, At Zirid, Imrabṭen, Imewḥiden, ḥesben Ibarɣawaten d imeslab, imi llan seqdacen yiwen n Islam imgarad af win i llan anda nniḍen, ladɣa di tmura n waɛraben deg usamar.

Qqaren, Ibarɣawaten iṭef-en si tidmi VII ar tidmi XI, sɛan Leqran-nsen i yuran s Tmaziɣt, t-zalan sin iberdan deg wass, uzzumu n Remḍan nsen wezzil yal ass. Daɣen qqaren sɛan yiwen n wisar (nbi) d Amaziɣ, d Saleḥ At Tarif, u ɣur-sen d netta i d anegaru deg umaḍal, mačči d Muḥammed. Ilmend n waya ffɣen-t-ed tigelda nni id nudder, mgal Ibarɣawaten, u sekren trad mgal nsen, armi iɣlin deg ifassen n Imewḥiden deg usegwas 1149. Amek id yella waya : di tagara n tallit agi n Ibarɣawaten, yusa-d yiwen n Ṭaleb d Asufi (Tasnakta Tasufit) umi qaren Lmahdi Muḥamed At Tumert, ilul ger 1079 d 1081, i yeɣra-n cwiṭ di tmurt n Andaluzi, d netta i yefkan taɣiwant n Marakec i yImewḥiden. Asmi immut deg 1130, anelmad ines Abdelmumin, i yemlal di Bgayet taqbaylit, d netta i d-isbeden s wudem unṣib tagelda n-Imewḥiden, i iseɣlin Ibarɣawaten. Qqaren belli Imewḥiden serɣen yak° ayen yuran Ibarɣawaten, ula d Leqran s Tmaziɣt. Lamaɛna Lmahdi At tumert, i snuqel-d Leqran ar Tmaziɣt aken nniden. Anecta i lla-d s isekkilen n Taɛrabt, tamrirt (later:trace) ines ur iban anda yedda.

Agdud Amaziɣ yerǧa armi d 1998, d amek id yella yiwen unnaruḍ, neɣ tamezzuyt sɣur umnadi aqbayli n tasnawalt (Linguistique), Kamal Naït-Zerrad, af . Lamaɛna mačči yak°, sin nni kan iḥricen ineggura n Leqran, azal n 49 inzaten: Tullya d tidak  i yellan d timecṭaḥ i d-yezgan di taggara n Leqran, i snen i yis ittẓallan yemselmen s umata. Anecta isemlil-it-id Kamal Nayet Zerrad deg yiwen n wedlis, umi isemma Amawal amasɣan n tmaziɣt : asuqel n sin yeḥricen ineggura n weqran, s tefranṣiṣt : Lexique religieux berbère et néologie : un essai de traduction partielle du Coran. Adlis-a isɛan 347 isebtaren, effɣ-ed sɣur: 'Centre d'Etudes Camito-Semitique' ak° d 'Association Culturelle berbère en Italie'. Deg umdeya, attan tanzatt n Lfattiḥa, umi isemma Taneldit :

Aseggas umbeɛd, di 1999, yiwen uselmad umezruy Acelḥi n Ayt Baɛemran yudsen Sus di yiwet n tasnawit (Lycée) di tɣiwant n Anfa (Casablanca), di tmurt n Murakuc, Juhadi Elḥusin yga  s 114 ixfawen-is, ar tutlayt Tamaziɣt seld mraw (10) iseggasen n leqdic ilmend n wannecta. Yura-t s-isekkilen n taɛrabt, aken i d-yenna, anecta ixedm-it i waken a t-yefhem yal Amaziɣ n Merruk mi ara t-iɣer.  

Di tmurt n Lezzayer, ass n 30 yunyu 2006, aɣmis Aɣmis Lmuǧahid yura belli taneɣleft iwezzla n ajjed atan yessufeɣ-d asuqel amaddu (complet) n Leqran, sɣur Ḥaǧ Muḥend Ṭeyyeb, Aselway usqamu ussin n tmezgidat (leǧwama) n temnaṭ (twilayat) n Tizi Wezzu. Anecta ad ifeɣ ar tizrigin (Imprimerie) n ugelid n tmurt n Tgelda Tasɛduit, di Riyaḍ. Seld n waya, yuffad lḥal, ffɣend kra yexfawen (13 Ḥizb) n Leqran s taqbaylit as tizrigin agi dɣa n ugellid Fahd Ben Abdel Aziz Al-Sawud.

Asuqel n Leqran di tizrigin n ugellid Fahd s dsaw n taswett n tneɣleft iwezzla n wejjed n tmurt n Lezzayer, ila-d s isekkilen n taɛrabt. Daɣen amur ameqqran n wawalen llan s taɛrabt, acu kan s umesli d tamṣukt taǧerrumit (structure grammaticale) n teqbaylit. Anza n Lfattiḥa, anagar isem-is iqqimen s taɛrabt, ula ṭaqa n wawalen-is s taɛrabt, ɣas ulamma tamawalt (vocabulaire) n taqbaylit, neɣ n tamaziɣt tezmer. Atan amek i yella useqel n Lfattiḥa :

Amedya wayeḍ, d anza, umi qaren s teɛrabt El-ixlaṣ, asnuquel ar taqbaylit, mačči d win : Qul Huwa Llahu Aḥed. Yernu am Lfattiḥa, imesla-s d taɛrabt. A tnan : 
 

Ma nezra, kra n ismal n uzeṭṭa n Internet, a naf kra n inzaten s Tmaziɣt, ladɣa wi d-ixedmen imaziɣen n Merruk. Amedya d tasuqelt n wanza El-ixlaṣ, imu semman Amuzzu. Atan wamek i t-tnuqlen imaziɣen n Sus, s tmaziɣt taqurant :

Asdawi d umedyaz Ramḍan At Manṣur, i yellan daɣen d aselmad n Takrura yesuqel Leqran at tutlayt taqbaylit seld kraḍ (3) iseggasen d uzgen uqedec degs. Issufeɣ-it-id ar tizrigin 'Zyriab' n umyaru yettwasnen Yusef Nasib. Adlis deg-s 491 isebtaren, u yura s sin inagrawen isekkilen : Tifinaɣ akked Talatint. Adlis a iffɣ-d s uḍebsi n CD-Rom.

Seg usmel: 




#Article 40: Aflu (291 words)


Aflu (Aflou) d yiwet n temdint tuzga-d deg twilayt n Leɣwaṭ deg tlemmast n tmurt n Dzayer. Aflu tezga-d deg Yegnan Yulin, deg tama-nni umi qqaren Adrar n ɛemmur. Tama agi llan deg-s yizuɣar ay deg d-imegghi wewri (lḥelfa) yernu d akal yelhan i tkessawt n wakraren. 

Imezdaɣen n tama agi asenti-nsen d amaziɣ, yernu sɛan yiwet n trakna yettwassnen, llun-is d azewwaɣ yernu yettwarqem s rrqem n Yimaziɣen. D yiwet deg trakniwin yettwareqmen s rrqem amaziɣ amsari yernu ixxamen merra sɛan-tt deg tama-nni. D acu kan, imezdaɣen n Waflu ur ten-mazal ara ssawalen tamaziɣt, maca iban dakk-n maci aṭas ay-a seg wasmi ay ttusɛerben. 

Isem n Aflu ad yili yekka-d seg yiwen wawal amaziɣ ay d-mazal la t-sseqdacen deg tcawit. Ɣur Yicawiyen, aflu anamek-is d lxir, d lbaraka, d aṭṭuqqet n lxir neɣ d timmerkantit. Mi ara d-tiniḍ s tcawit flan-nni yesɛa aflu, anamek-is yesɛa lxir, yefka-yas Rebbi lxir, d amerkanti. Dɣa icebba-yi Rebbi dakk-n tama n Aflu semman-as akk-a imi ay yella deg-s lxir. 

Xseɣ (bɣiɣ) kan ad d-greɣ tamawt dakk-n tama n Yegnan Iɛlayanen deg Lezzayer zraren-tt (influencer) yidurar n Wewras, anamek-is, yettban-iyi-d dakk-n idurar n Wewras ɣas beɛden ɣef Yegnan Iɛlayanen n tlemmast n tmurt-nneɣ, maca tiɣawsiwin n Wewras ttawḍent alamma d timiwa-ya. 

Greɣ tamawt dakk-n iceṭṭiḍen iqdimen n tilawin n Yegnan Iɛlayanen ttemcabin ɣer wid n tilawin ticawiyin, yernu ula d isɣunen n Yicawiyen ttemcabin ɣer wid n wayt Yegnan Iâlayanen. Ɣef umedya (lemtel), deg tama n Djelfa, tella yiwet n tama qqaren-as idurar n Wayt Nayel (djebel Ouled Naïl), yernu idurar-a ttwassnen s yiceṭṭiḍen d yesɣunen n tilawin-nsen. Tilawin-nsen ḥemmlent ad lsent aṭas n yesɣunen, ssekrafent acebbub-nsent u ttlusunt yiwen umendil ad as-tiniḍ d aɛmam nnig yiqerray-nsent, dɣa walaɣ dakk-n ula ɣer Tcawiyin xeddmen akk-a. 




#Article 41: Adlis (292 words)


Adlis d taffa n isebtar n lkaɣeḍ rqiqen yuran jemɛen s uxiḍi neɣ asenteḍ s llesqa, ssyin akin, a ten-ɣumen s lkaɣeḍ zuren. S imeslayen nniḍen, adlis d allus s tugta n tira n weḍris akken ad taweḍ tussna d tmussni ɣur yal amdan anda yebɣa yili, tallit yebɣa yedder-itt. Adlis daɣen mačči d aḥraz kan n yeḍrisen, d taɣawsa tafessast nezmer a tt-nawi deg ufus-nneɣ, s anda nebɣa ad nruḥ yis-s akken a tt-nɣer . idlisen ma ggten, nḥerrez-iten di temkarḍit n wexxam neɣ tin yebnan I yemdanen s umata meqqret ɣef tmezwarut .

Zdat ad yesnulfu wemdan isekkilen akken ad yaru tutlayt-is, yessuneɣ tiktiwin-is ɣef weẓru, amedya n yeslaḍen n Tasili deg uneẓruf n Tefriqt ugafa umi neqqar Tiniri. Akka I d-yebda umezruy n isalalen n tira akken ad yessenfali wemdan tiktiwin-is wa a ten-yeḥrez. Seg weslaḍ n weẓru ɣer win n ideqqi, akal-nni isi nettmahal afexxar, iɣerfan, yal yiwen amek d-yesnulfa asalel I tira-s.Si tallit ɣer tayeḍ asalel yemhez d tɣermiwin ; mačči d yiwen I yeqdec wemdan I tira, islaḍen n weẓru d wid udeqqi, tancirt, lkettan…

Iferɛunen sqedcen papyrus, d yiwen yemɣi teddzen.ssyin akin, iɣerfan nniḍen snulfan-d adlis amezwaru yesɛan isebtar n weglim n iɣersiwen umi fkan isem n parchemin. Ayen yura s tegrigit ugellid amaziɣ Yuba II yewweḍ-aɣ-d deg yedlisen n weglim n iɣersiwen…maca tagrawla n wedlis teḍra-d d wesnulfu n lkaɣeḍ di tazwara di tmurt n Ccin, ssyin akkin d tamacint n Mass Gutenberg di Lalman.d isekkilen yettembiwilen I d-yurwen adlis atrar I nesɛa tura.

Adlis amaziɣ s tutlayin tiberraniyin yetbɛa amhaz d-yeḍran deg wemḍal. Ma d win yuran srid s tmaziɣt tatrart ilul-d deg iseggasen 1980.Ungal Askuti, Faffa, Iḍ d wass d wiyaḍ ldin abrid I tutlayt d weɣref amaziɣ I lebni n tɣerma-s.




#Article 42: Ibaskiyen (266 words)


Ibaskiyen d imezdaɣen n Tmurt n Yibaskiyen, d yiwet n tama ay d-yuzgan ɣef yiri n yilel (lebḥer), ger n Fransa akk d Spenyul akk d yidurar n Pyrénées utrimen (iɣerbiyen). D nitni ay d imezdaɣ iqdimen akk n tmiwa-yagi yernu ttmeslayen yiwet n tutlayt, tabaskit, seg wakken d taqdimt, ar ass-a werɛad d-ufin yimassanen d acu n tutlayt nniḍen ay tt-icuban neɣ d acu n twacult n tutlayin i ɣer ara tt-qqnen. Tamurt n Yibaskiyen ass-a tebḍa ɣef sin yeḥricen. Yiwen weḥric, win n ugafa (nord), d Fransa ay t-iḥekmen u yuzga-d ugezdu  n Pyrénées-Atlantiques, ma d aḥric nniḍen, win n wenẓul , d Spenyul ay t-iḥekmen yernu yebḍa ɣef snat n tmiwa (timettiyin timaniyin) : tin n Tmurt n Yibaskiyen, tamaneɣt-is d Vitoria, akk d tin n Navarra u tamaneɣt-is qqaren-as Pamplona. D acu kan, Ibaskiyen ara yessuturen acḥal d iseggasen aya ad awin azarug-nsen , ttwalin tamu rt-nsen d yiwet-is, agdud-nsen yeddukel, yernu smenyafayen ad semmin i yiman-nsen Euskaldunak u ad semmin i tmurt-nsen Euskadi, ma d tutlayt-nsen, qqaren-as Euskara.

Di Spenyul llan azal n 2.600.000 n Yibaskiyen di lweqt i deg di Fpansa llan kan 250.000. Azal n 700.000 n Yibaskiyen ay yettmeslayen tabaskit di Spenyul, di lweqt i deg di Fransa, 400.00 kan ay tt-yettmeslayen.

Ibaskiyen sɛan yiwet n tɣerma d taqdimt aṭas yernu mazal-itt tedder ar ass-a, u sɛan yiwet n tsekla tatlayt  d tamerkantit maci d kra, cennun-tt-id kra akken n yimedyazen umi qqaren id bertsolari. Ibaskiyen mazal diɣ ṭṭfen deg waṭas n wansayen, gar-asen takessawt n wakraren deg wedrar, addal n takurt tabaskit akk d wadag n yiceṭṭiḍen.




#Article 43: Tirlandit (574 words)


Tirlandit neɣ tagaelit (Gaeilge [ˈɡeːlʲɟə] Gaylxa s Tirlandit), d nettat ay d tutlayt taneṣlit n qrib merra imezdaɣen n tegzirt n Irland, xas ma yella ala kan 26 % n Yirlandiyen ara tt-yettmeslayen mliḥ ass-a. Anabaḍ n Irland yerr-tt d nettat ay d tutlayt tunṣibt (officielle), maca xas yebɣa tirlandit ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt tawḥidt i yes ara tleḥḥu tmurt sya ar sdat, mazal taglizit tesɛa azal meqqren aṭas, ama ɣur wegdud Irlandi ay tt-yettmeslayen kull ass, ama ɣur n udabu n tmurt-agi.

Irland d yiwet si tegzirin timeqqranin akk deg umaḍal, imi ay tesɛa 84.000 km2 (n yikilumitren imkuẓen). D acu kan, xas agdud aneṣli n tegzirt-a yiwen-ines, Irland tebḍa ass-a ɣef sin yeḥricen : Irland n Ugafa, ay teḥkem Briṭanya Tameqqrant akk d Tegduda n Irland, ay yewwin azarug-nnes di 1921, u tesɛa ass-a 70.000 km2 yernu zedɣen-tt 3.700.000 n yimezdaɣen. Maca seg wasmi ay d-tlul tegduda tirlandit (yewwin aḥric meqqren si tegzirt), ara ssuturen Yirlandiyen n ugafa ad teffeɣ Briṭanya Tameqqrant seg wakal-nsen u ad ttwaqqnen ula d nitni ɣer Irland tilellit.

Tirlandit d yiwet si tutlayin tiqburin akk di Turuft (Europe) u tekcem di terbaɛt n tutlayin tiseltin (celtiques) ay yellan d aḥric si twacult n tutlayin tihendurufiyin (indo-européennes). Dɣa xas ma yella tirlandit d tutlayt tahendurufit am teglizit neɣ tafrensist, ur tent-čuba ara aṭas, wanag čuba tutlayin ugar tutlayin tiseltin ay tt-iqerben, am Tikusit (écossais), Tamankst (ay ttmeslayen di tegzirt n Man), Tagalit (gallois/welsh) akk d tebriṭunit (breton) ay ttmeslayen di tama n Bretagne, di Fransa.

D timiwa i deg d-mazal medden ttmeslayen mliḥ tirlandit yernu d tin ay d tutlayt-nsen tamezwarut di tudert-nsen n kullas. Tuget deg yemḍiqen n Gaeltacht uzgan-d deg Wetram (lɣerb) n Irland akk d kra n tegzirin tutrimin. Aḥric meqqren seg yikuntiyen (comtés) n Donegal, Mayo, Galway, Kerry akk d Cork kecmen di tmiwa n Gaeltacht yernu azal n 80.000 n yemdanen ara yilin zedɣen di tmiwa-ya. Tuget deg yimezdaɣen-agi ttidiren s tfellaḥt neɣ s tkessawt, yernu aṭas n wansayen (traditions) irlandiyen iqburen ay d-mazal ddren ɣur-sen am uẓawan amensay (musique traditionnelle) akk d tutlayt tirlandit taqburt. 
 
Timiwa n Gaeltacht sɛan ddur' meqqren aṭas deg wesnerni n tutlayt tirlandit di Irland. Akken ad yesnerni udabu timiwa-yagi u ad tent-yerr leɛɛbent ddur' di tdamsa n tmurt, yesbedd-d tanegga n Udaras na Gaeltachta. Tanegga-yagi tettekkay deg wesnerni n tme! r rayt (tourisme) tadelsant di tmiwa n Gaeltacht, dɣa aṭas n medden ay d-irezzun ɣef tmiwa-ya akken ad issinen tutlayt d wansayen ineṣliyen irlandiyen, am wakken diɣ ara ẓren ccbaḥa n tmurt-agi, d ayen d-issekcamen idrimen imeqqranen i tmiwa-ya. Am wakken diɣ ay tessebɣas (encourager) tnegga n Udaras na Gaeltachta tikebbaniyin akken ad sseqdacent tirlandit di leqdic. Llant aṭas n tkebbaniyin ara yesseftayen (investir) idrimen-nsent di tmiwa n Gaeltacht, u anect-a d ayen inefɛen s waṭas tadamsa tirlandit.

Si tama nniḍen, imezdaɣen n tmiwa n Gaeltacht ssawaḍen taɣect-nsen ɣer wakk timiwa nniḍen n Irland, imi ay sɛan yiwet n rr'adyu mechur'en, Raidio na Gaeltachta yettmeslayen s tirlandit, yernu ttaken-as-d tameẓẓuɣt waṭas n medden, am wakken diɣ ara tleɛɛeb tilibizyu n tutlayt tirlandit , TG4, ddur' meqqren deg uselḥu n tutlayt-agi di tmurt merr'a. 

Assider n tutlayt tirlandit maci ala kan d idles irlandi ay yenfeɛ, wanag yewwi-d lfayda meqqren i tdamsa (économie) n tegduda tirlandit. D anect-n umi ifaq udabu n tmurt-agi, u s waya ay nezmer ad d-nini d akken tirlandit yettr'aǧu-tt lxir meqqren ɣer sdat, imi ay tettekkay di lebni n tmurt-is.




#Article 44: Tisṭunit (1518 words)


Tisṭunit d nettat ay d tutlayt tunṣibt n tegduda n Isṭunya yernu llan wazal 1.500.000 n yemdanen ay tt-yettmeslayen di tmurt-a (95% seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt) d wazal n 60.000 n yemdanen nniḍen ay yettidiren di lɣerba, gar-asen 20.000 deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (USA) d 14.500 di Kanada. Tisṭunit tesɛa diɣ wid ay tt-yettmeslayen di Litṭunya akk d Rusya, ladɣa di temdint n Saint Petersburg, di Finland, di Sswid, di Tgeldit Yedduklen (Royaume-Uni) akk d Ustṛalya.

 
Tutlayt tisṭunit d yiwet si tutlayin tuṛaliyin. Tawacult n tutlayin tuṛaliyin d tin yebḍan ɣef wacḥal n yifurka, yiwen deg-sent d win umi qqaren tutlayin tifinubaltiyin, yernu deg-s ay tella tisṭunit. Yiwet si tutlayin ay tt-icuban aṭas d tutlayt tafinlandit ay ttmeslayen di Finland, yernu tella diɣ yiwet n tutlayt, tamjaṛit (hongrois) ay ttmeslayen di Tuṛuft tagmuḍant (tacerqit), teqreb ɣer tisṭunit imi ula d nettat tettekka di twacult n tutlayin tuṛaliyin. Yuɣ lḥal, llan kra ay iɣilen d akken imi ay tettuneḥsab Isṭunya d yiwet si tmura tibaltiyin (d tamurt ay d-yuzgan rrif n yilel -lebḥeṛ- Abalti), dɣa ula d tutlayt-is tetbeɛ ɣer twacult n tutlayin tibaltiyin, am tlitwanit akk d tlitṭunit (siked utṭun wis 3 n Tebrat n Yimedyazen), d acu kan, xas Isṭunya teqreb ɣer Litwanya akk d Litṭunya, tutlayt-is ur tcuba tid n tmura-yagi wanag teqreb ugar ɣer tfinlandit. Yuɣ lḥal, seg wakken tettemcabi tisṭunit ɣer tfinlandit alammi ula d wid ay tent-yettmeslayen zemren ad msefhamen wagar-asen, yernu snat-agi n tutlayin cerkent azal n 83.5 % seg umawal-nsen. Tutlayin nniḍen yettemcabin aṭas ɣer tisṭunit d tid ay itebɛen, am nettat, s afurk n tutlayin tifinubaltiyin am tkaṛilit (ay ttmeslayen wazal n 10.000 n yemdanen deg Ugafa utrim -nord-ouest- n Rusya), akk d kra n tutlayin ayen yellan ɣef yiri n nnger am tingrit, talivunit akk d tvultit, yernu seg wakken yeshel wemsefham ger n tutlayin-agi alammi ay llan ula d kra n yimassanen ay tent-yettwalin d tintalyin n yiwet kan n tutlayt. 
 

 
Tisṭunit tebḍa ɣef snat n tentalyin (dialecte) timeqqranin, tisṭunit n Ugafa (nord, neɣ tin umi qqaren tisṭunit n Talinn, tamaneɣt), akk d tisṭunit n Wenẓul (sud, neɣ diɣ tin umi qqaren tisṭunit n Tartu), am wakken yal yiwet si tentalyin-agi tesɛɛa tiduntalyin-is (sous-dialectes), nezmer ad d-nebder seg-sent tiduntalyin timulgiyin ay ttmeslayen deg wenẓul utrim (sud-ouest) akk d tduntalyin n Voru Setu ay ttmeslayen deg wenẓul agmuḍan (sud-est). Ma d tisṭunit n ugafa, nezmer diɣ ad tt-nebḍu d tiduntalyin u ad d-nebder seg-sent : taduntala n tegzirin, d tisṭunit ay ttmeslayen di tegzirin n Saaremaa akk d Hiiumaa, ay d-yuzgan deg utaram n Isṭunya, deg yilel Abalti; taduntala n yiri n lebḥeṛ n ugafa-agmuḍan ay icuban mliḥ tafinlandit; takodaveret ay ttmeslayen di tmiwa n Kodavere akk d Maarja Magdaleena, akk d tduntala tutrimt (taɣerbit) ay ttmeslayen deg yiwen n weḥric meqqren di tmurt, yekka-d ɣef tmiwa n Laanemaa, ɣef ugafa n Parnumaa akk d utaram n Harjumaa. Xas ma yella anect-agi akk n tentalyin ay tesɛa tisṭunit, maca yezmer ad d-yili wemsefham s tentalyin-agi merṛa ger n wid ay yettmeslayen tisṭunit. 
 
Tutlayt tizeɣt (standard) akk d tsekla ay tesseqdac ass-a Isṭunya d tin ay d-yekkan si tentala n tisṭunit n ugafa, d acu kan, tisṭunit n wenẓul tesɛa diɣ ula d nettat tasekla tatlayt (littérature orale), d tamedyazt, ay yesɛan ma cwiṭ, 350 n yiseggasen seg wasmi ay d-tennulfa. 
 

 
Tikkelt tamenzut i deg ay tekcem tisṭunit s annar n tira, d imassanen almaniyen ay tt-yuran, dɣa taɣdirawt (orthographe) ay sqedcen wigi i lmend n tira-s d tin ay iqerben ɣer teɣdirawt n talmanit u ɣef wanect-a ay d-yeqqim wedriz (lateṛ) n tira talmaniyin di tid n tisṭunit alammi d talemmast n lqern wis 19. Si 1850 d asawen ay bdan Yisṭuniyen a snernayen taɣdirawt-nsen akken ad tt-rren d tizeɣt (standard), dɣa bdan tekksen s kra n wayen yellan d aberṛani di tirawt-nsen (écriture) u ttaran-d deg wemkan-is isekkilen ara ten-yedǧen ad d-neṭqen tutlayt-nsen akken tt-id-netṭqen di laṣel, maci akken tt-id-inetṭeq uberṛani. Agemmay ay tesseqdac ass-a tisṭunit yesɛa 17 n tergalin (consonnes) akk d 9 n teɣra (voyelles). 
 

 
Ass-a, tuɣal tisṭunit tizeɣt d nettat ay d tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen yernu ay yettwaqeblen deg yeswiren (niveaux) merṛa n tmetti. D acu kan, asmi ay tella Isṭunya s ddaw n udabu asuvyati, d tarusit ay yellan d tutlayt tamenṣabt tawḥidt yernu ɛerḍen Yisuvyatiyen ad mḥun tisṭunit akk d yedles isṭuni si tmurt-a, maca ayen ɛerḍen ad t-xedmen ur d-yewwi ara abaɣur meqqren, imi ay kemmlen medden ttmeslayen tisṭunit yernu lemmden-tt di tmiwa merṛa n tegduda, yernu igerdan ay d-ilulen si jjwaǧ n Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen llan ula d nitni lemmden tisṭunit. Di 1990, yessebded-d unabaḍ isṭuni Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt i lmend n weḥraz akk d ussebɣes (encouragement) n usseqdec n tutlayt tisṭunit. Ass-a, xas ma yella tarusit mazal tesɛa azal-is di tmurt-a yernu nezmer ad d-nini tettusemma d tutlayt tamenṣabt tis snat, tisṭunit attan a tettuselmad yernu tettuseqdac deg yiɣerbazen yernu win yebɣan ad yuɣal d aɣarim (citoyen) isṭuni tewwi-d fell-as ad yissin tutlayt-a. Deg ugafa agmuḍan (nord-est) n tmurt, anda yettidir umur ameqqran akk deg Yirusiyen n Isṭunya, mazal llan yiɣerbazen irusiyen, d acu kan, maci d ahucal (obligatoire) ɣef medden ad sseɣren igerdan-nsen deg-sen.
Tisṭunit ay ttmeslayen yiminigen Isṭuniyen di lɣerba --d tisṭunit ay llan ttmeslayen-tt yeɣriben iṛuḥen ɣer Marikan di tallit n Wemgaru Amaḍlan (guerre mondiale) wis sin-- temxallaf citṭ ɣef tisṭunit tizeɣt yettuseqdacen ass-a di tmurt, maca mazal wid yettmeslayen tisṭunit di lɣerba zemren ad fehmen wid ay tt-yettmeslayen di tmurt. D acu kan, ilaq kan ad d-nger tamawt d akken kra seg wayen ay d-uran yeɣriben s tisṭunit yemxallaf ɣef wayen d-ttarun ass-a wid yellan di tmurt, imi tutlayt ay llan ttarun-tt zik di lɣerba amzun iɛedda-tt zzman ass-a, mi akka ay snernan Yisṭuniyen tutlayt-nsen di tmurt-nsen. 
 

 
Ar ass-a werɛad ur ẓrin ara yimassanen melmi ay d-frurint tutlayin tifinubaltiyin (gar-asent tisṭunit) seg tutlayt tajaddit ay tent-id-yefkan, d acu kan, ass-a sɛan kra n yisallen ɣef temlilti ay mlalent tutlayin-a akk d tutlayin nniḍen deg umezruy. Ifinubaltiyen bdan ttemlilin d yegduden ijirmaniyen (lejdud n Walmaniyen n wass-a) si lqern amenzu n Sidna Aisa, yernu anect-a yedǧa aṭas n wawalen ijirmaniyen ad d-kecmen tutlayt-nsen u ad d-qqimen ar ass-a di tisṭunit. Sakin, di lqern wis sebɛa n Sidna Aisa, bdan diɣ ttemlilin Yifinubaltiyen akk d Yeslaviyen (lejdud n Yirusiyen n wass-a) yernu seg yimir-n ay bdan keccmen-ten-id diɣ wawalen islaviyen. Alammi d 1520 ay d-uran Yisṭuniyen iḍrisen-nsen imenza s tisṭunit, d win umi semman Ddeɛwat n Kullamaa, yernu di tezwara n lqern wis sbeɛṭac, bdant a d-teffɣent tjerṛumin (grammaires) timezwura n tisṭunit. Xas ma yella anẓul n Isṭunya yesɛa yiwet n tsekla n yisefra d tanesbaɣurt (tameṛkantit) maci d kra, tasekla-ya ur tt-urin ara alammi d talemmast n lqern wis tseɛṭac. 
 
Di tazwara n lqern wis tseɛṭac akk d tlemmast-is ay tebda diɣ a d-tettlal tutlayt tisṭunit tatrart (moderne) di tira, imi tallit-a tella-d d tin i deg thenna tmurt yernu tebda a d-tettlal tɣelnaẓrit (nationalisme) deg wulawen n Yisṭuniyen. Tiddukla Tisṭunit n Wid Yeɣran, ay d-sbedden di 1838, tessuffeɣ-d aṭas n yedlisen akk d tsufiɣin (publications) nniḍen, gar-asen(t) Kalevipoeg, d yiwet n telkensit (collection) n yedlisen n yisefra iɣerfanen (populaires) ay d-yeffɣen ger n 1857 d 1861. Di tallit-nni daɣen ay d-ffɣen yeɣmisen imenza n tutlayt tisṭunit, nezmer ad d-nebder gar-asen Perno Postimees, ay d-yeffɣen ger n yiseggasen n 1857 d 1863, akk d Tartu Postimees ay d-yeffɣen si 1864 alammi d 1880. 
 
Yuɣ lḥal di tallit-nni, d Rusya ay yellan teḥkem Isṭunya yernu ahat d leqdic-nni ay bdan xeddmen-t Yisṭuniyen imir-n akken ad d-ssidren tutlayt-nsen ay yedǧan Irusiyen ad rren tarusit d tutlayt tamenṣabt (officielle) n usselmed di Isṭunya. D acu kan, ur tɛetṭel ara tennulfa-d terbaɛt nniḍen n yimura isṭuniyen, di tezwara n lqern wis ɛecrin, d tin umi semman Noor Eesti neɣ tarbaɛt n Isṭunya Tilemẓit, yernu kemmlen leqdic i lmend n wesnerni akk d usseǧhed n tutlayt-nsen taseklant (littéraire). Dɣa uɣalen yimura isṭuniyen tekksen s kra n wayen yellan d arusi neɣ d almani si tutlayt-nsen u ttnadin ad d-ssidren deg-s ayen yellan d-yekkan si tisṭunit taneṣlit, am wakken ay rran tasekla tafinlandit akk d tin n Tuṛuft n Wetram (lɣerb) d tiliwa i seg ay d-ttagment tikta-nsen (idées). Imura-yagi yecban Johannes Aavik, snernan mliḥ tamawalt (léxique) n tutlayt tisṭunit, dɣa skeflen-d awalen isṭuniyen ineṣliyen ay d-mazal ddren di tentalyin (dialectes) yemxallafen n tmurt, reḍlen-d diɣ awalen si tfinlandit ay icuban mliḥ tisṭunit, am wakken ay d-snulfan iẓuran imaynuten i seg zemren ad d-ssuddmen awalen. Di 1920, asmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance) amenzu, tegra-yas-d tegnit n liser i tutlayt tisṭunit, d acu kan, di 1940, asmi ay d-kecmen Yisuvatiyen tamurt, qedcen yineggura-yagi ɣef wamek ara mḥun tisṭunit u ad d-ḥettmen deg wemkan-is tutlayt tarusit ay ttwalin imir-n d nettat kan ara yesduklen akk igduden isuvyatiyen. Teqqim tegnit-agi alammi d 1990, asmi ay tuɣal tisṭunit i tikkelt nniḍen d tutlayt taɣelnawt di tmurt-is. Ass-a, mbeɛd ɛecṛa n yiseggasen n wussisen (efforts), tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt ay tfehhem tuget deg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya, yernu yis-s ay tesselḥay tmurt-agi tamecṭuḥt tiɣawsiwin-is. 
 

 
Wagi d yiwen n usefru si tsekla tisṭunit, tura-t-id Lydia Koidula (1843-1886), d yiwet n tmedyazt n tmurt-a. Tasuqilt sɣur Winna, si Luxembourg.




#Article 45: Yugerten (563 words)


Yugerten neɣ Yugurten (Jugurtha s tlaṭinit) yella d agellid n Numidya seg ussegwas 113 armi d 104 send n Ɛisa.

Armi tgeldit n jeddi-s Masnsen , aḥric ameqran n imezdaɣen n Numidia llan ttɛicin s tafellaḥt, s wayagi ttemxallafen ɣef Imaziɣen-nniḍen ur nettissin ara taflaḥt imi ɛacen s tameksa in lmal. Masnsen ixelq-ed yiwet n tagelda (tajumma-s azal n Lezzayer n tura) akk-d yuɣal-ed d amdakkel n Roma deg 206 UL (uqbel n lweqt-nneɣ). Mbaɛd ma yemmut, yettwaxellf-ed s mmi-s Misipsa. Yugerten yella d aɣerfan gar lɣaci n tmurt-is, akter anagar n Misipsa, ɣef wagi aneggaru agi iceggeɛ Yugerten ɣef Hispania (isem i fkan Irumaniyen i Spanya deg lweqt-nni). 

Misipsa ikcem-it weɣbal imi ma ikemmel akka yezmer ad yuɣal d agellid mbeɛd lmut-is; deg lewqam n Misipsa d arraw-is ara a t-id-ixlefen.

Misipsa ur yesɛi zhar imi taɣerfant n Yugurten ternu akter ayen tella asmi yella deg tmurt; deg Hispania Yugerten, d amnay ifazen tizya-s, yerbeḥ lmeḥibba n kra n yemdanen yesɛan ccan deg Roma. Deg asutel n Numantia iqeddc-ed s lǧehd lwahid Gaius Marius anda yeẓra agufsu n Irumaniyen. Qqaren belli yenna-d ɣef Roma belli tella yiwet n “Temdint yerkan, i qqurben ɣef aɣelluy-ines, ara ula d yiwen a-ţ-yeɣ.”

Imi yemut deg 118 Misipsa, igelled azal n 30 iseggasen, yettwaxlef s sin warraw-is Aderbal akw d Hiemsal. Hiemsal akk-d Yugerten imeren kan bdan imenɣi-nsen; Yugurten yenɣa Hiemsal ayagi yebda daɣen yella ssiba n ttrad n Aderbal mgal Yugurten. Imi iwala belli ur yezmir ara ad iqabel Yugurten s lɛasker ines Aderbal yerwel ɣer Roma. 

Imawalyen n Roma, ahat s ssiba n ugufsu-nsen neɣ s ţideţ bɣan ad fakken s uɣiwel amlasay agi, kecemen garassen, ferqen tamurt ɣef sin; Yugerten igelled ɣef utrim n tamurt, Aderbal ɣef ccerq. (iseggassen mbeɛ tazniwt n Roma teberreh belli tama n Yugerten tella axir n tama n Aderbal, teccur s lekyasa, lemeɛna is sin llan s drus n lɣaci akk-d drus n lerzaq)

Deg 112 Yugurten yerna ttrad ines mgal Aderbal, lameɛna deg tikkelt agi yesker-ed urrif n Roma ɣef yiman-is axaṭer yenɣa kra n Irumiyen i llan ttɛwanen Aderbal. Mbeɛd kra n imenɣi mgal Roma, Yugurten isselm-ed yiman-is lameɛna yerbeḥ aglam meqqren; annect agi ibedd ccek ameqran deg lweqt-nni, s tikkelt tajdidt, mgal ugufsu n imawalyen n Roma akkd Yugurten.

Useqqamu ameqran n Roma, s timelwi n aɛdaw-is Gaius Memmius, illuɛad ɣef amenzad adigan n lɛesker-is deg Tafriqt n ugafa ad yuɣal ɣer Roma i wakken ad iɛeddi di ccreɛ. Jugurten daɣen yemsaffar-ed ɣef Roma anda lɛeqliya tamekridt ines tban-ed ɣef lɣaci merra.

Imenɣi kkren-ed gar Numidia akk-d Amenkud Arumani; aneggaru agi icegɛ-ed aṭas n lɛesker ɣef Tafriqt n ugafa seddaw timelwi n l consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus. 

Imenɣi mgal Yugurten dumen kra n iseggasen mbla lexsara tameqrant n Yugurten; ɣef wagi Useqqamu ameqran n Roma yextar Marius, aɛeskri n Metellus, ad yelli d lconsul amaynut deg Tafriqt ad ikemmel ttrad agi.

Marius yella d aɛdaw iwaɛren aṭas imi yenɣa ayen yella deg webrid-is. Marius icegɛ-ed amarag-is Lucius Cornelius Sulla ɣer Bukus I, agellid n Mauretania', s talilt n Bukus i-t-ixedɛen Yugurten yettwaṭṭef ger iffasen n Sula. 

Yugurten yeqqim deg Lḥebs n Tullianum, deg temdint n Roma, 6 wussan armi yemut si fad akk-d d laz.

Amezruy n imenɣi n Yugerten llan deg yiwen n tektabt s tutlayt Talatinit iwumi qqaren “De Bello Iugurthino” imenɣi n Yugerten.

 

tazniwt = propagande

aglam = privilege 

Amenzad = commandant 




#Article 46: Aurelius Victor (216 words)


Sextus Aurelius Victor (a. 320-a. 390) yella d anmezray akk-d asertay n umenkud Aromani.

Aurelius Victor yella ameskar n yewit n tektabt iţusemman Amezruy n Roma seg lweqt n Augustus (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) armi n Iulianus (Flavius Claudius Iulianus) (360), yeţwaktab azal n 361. Iulianus yefkaya-s asehru imi yerat d anebdad (praefectus) n Pannonia Secunda. 

Aurelius Victor izmer ad yelli amdan nni i g-yellan d lconsul deg 369 lwahid d mmi-s Valentinianus I (Flavius Valentinianus), akk-d d anebdad n temdint n Roma (389).

Inmezrayen umnen belli Sextus Aurelius Vector yura-d rebɛa n tira ɣef umezruy atrar:

Tira agi, am akken yura iwsawen, ţwarunt ddaw azwel n Historia Romana (Amezruy n Roma), lameɛna tira tis rebɛa d allus n tira tis tlata i tella. 

Tira tis sin teţwaru, ɣef tikelt tamezwarut, deg Napoli azal n 1472, ɣef ssifa n rebɛa n isuned, seddaw n lisem n Plinius Ilemzi (Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus) mačči am tira tis rebɛa i teţwaru deg Strasbourg deg 1505. 

Tazrigt tamezwarut merra si ger n tira agi tella n Andreas Schottus (8 n isuned, Antwerp, 1579); mebla ma neţţu daɣen tazrigt tartar n De Caesaribus n Pierre Dufraigne (Collection Budé, 1975).

Adris agi Ikker-ed seg yewin n wedris n l “Encyclopædia Britannica” asuned wis tmenya; tira i yellan deg ugzum n lbaylek.




#Article 47: Nikola Kopernik (272 words)


Nikola Kopernik d amussnayyur, aẓar-is d apuluni. Ittwassen s teẓri I d-iqqaren : iṭij d areggag (ur ittmimiḍ ara) di tlemmast n umeɣrad (univers). Amaḍal itezzi ɣef yiman-is abrid i wass, deg usseggwas ɣef iṭij (système hélicocentrique).

Kupernik ilul ass n 19 di furar 1473 di temdint n Torun di tmurt n Pulunya, gar twacult n imzenza d yinawuren (fonctionnaires). Xal-is Lukas Watzelrude imended ɣef tɣuri ines. Deg usseggwas n 1491, Kupernik ikcem ɣer tesdawit n Krakubi, syin akkin iruḥ ar tmurt Ṭelyan ad iɣer tussna n tijjit d wezref di Padu (tasdawit anda isɣer, kra n 100 issegwassen d asawen, umussnaw ameqqwran Galili). 
Deg usseggwas n 1497, yuɣ timsirin ɣef wezref di tesdawit n Bologne, din i yezdi taxxamt d usalmad amussnak Dominico Maria Novara (1454-1504). Kupernik, ilha-d s trakalt (géographie) d tussnayyurt (astronomie).
Deg usseggwas 1500, ifka isaragen ɣef tussnayyurt di Rome.
Deg usseggwas 1503, Kupernik ikfa Duktura-ines n uzref, di Ferrare.

Seg usseggwas 1503 ar usseggwas 1510, Kupernik illa ɣer xal-is di Plogne. Gar usseggwas 1507 d usseggwas 1515, ikfa adlis ɣef tussnayyurt De Hypothesibus Motuum Coelestium a se Commentariolus.
Deg usseggwas 1512, Kupernik ittekka di tesmilt I teknawt (comission de réforme) n uszemz. Deg usseggwas 1517, yura-d adlis ɣef isurdiyen, ibda lsas n udlis-is De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium I ikfa deg usseggwas 1530.

Zzat tegrawla takupernikit, imussnawen la d-qqaren: amaḍal ur ittmimiḍ ara. Tiknurin (planètes) illan tezzint I umaḍal.
Anagraw akuperniki (système de Copernic) ibedd ɣef:

S waya, Kupernik isebrurez-ed amek illa wass d yiḍ.
Maca, ayen i d-inna, di lqern XVI, d kra kan imussnawen I t)irefden; I t-yumnen; tugett ugin ayen I d-yenna; ayen id- yufa.




#Article 48: Taseɛdit Yasin (261 words)


Taseɛdit Yasin (Tassadit Yacine) d tamusnamdant (anthropologue) tazayrit seg Tmurt n Leqbayel, teqdec aṭas ɣef yedles akk d tsekla tamaziɣt u temɛawan d waṭas n imdanen iqedcen ɣef tmaziɣt. Taseɛdit tejmeɛ-d aṭas n yeḍrisen n tsekla timawit tamaziɣt n Tmurt n Leqbayel am akken tezrew (étudier) u tesleḍ (analyser) iḍrisen niḍen. Tessuffeɣ aṭas n yedlisen ama ɣef tsekla tamaziɣt neɣ ɣef tmetti n Yimaziɣen. Deg yedlisen-is, tessuqul-d (tesṭerjim-d) iḍrisen imaziɣen ɣer tefransist.

Taseɛdit Yasin tlul-d s yisem n Taseɛdit Titouh. Deg 1985, tesbedd-d akk d Lmulud Mɛemri, tasɣunt n Awal. Tasɣunt-a d alug n tezrawin (cahier d'études) ay d-yelhan d tmetti d tutlayt n Yimaziɣen.

Taseɛdit tesɛedda dduktura-yines deg tesdawit n Paris 3, deg 1992. Asentel d dduktura-yines tsemma-yas : Productions culturelles et agents de production en Kabylie. Anthropologie de la culture dans les groupes kabyles du XVI° au XX° siècle (Asfares adelsan d yimeggiyen n wesfares deg Tmurt n Leqbayel; tasnamdant n yedles n trebbaɛ tiqbayliyin ger leqrun wis XVI d wis XX).

Maca uqbel ma tesɛedda dduktura-yines, tella tebda la d-tessuffuɣ idlisen. Yiwen seg yedlisen-is, Lounis Aït Menguellet chante, d Kateb Yacine s timmad-is ay  as-d-yuran tazzwart, yernu d tazwart-agi ay d adris aneggaru akk ay d-yura Kateb, deg Ctember n 1989, aggur uqbel ma yemmut. 

Ass-a, Taseɛdit la tqeddec d taselmadt deg Uɣerbaz n Tezrawin tiɛɛlayanin n  tussniwin timettiyin (Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales - EHESS deg Paris).

Wagi d umuɣ n yedlisen akk ay ssawḍeɣ ad ten-id-afeɣ yines :

Adlis-a yeffeɣ-d deg Ldzayer deg 1990, ɣer teẓrigin n Bouchène.

Tiẓrigin La Decouverte/Awal, Paris ISBN 2707124192.




#Article 49: Mulud Ferɛun (572 words)


Mulud Ferɛun, Lmulud At Caɛban, d amyaru aqbayli. Illul ass 8 meɣres 1913 di Tizi Hibel di temnaṭ n Tizi Wezzu. Yemmut ass n 15 meɣres 1962 di Lebyar tama n Lezzayer tamanaɣt. I t-inɣan d amussu n O.A.S.

Tadiwennit d Mulud Ferɛun

Teffeɣ deg l'Effort Algerien n 27 furar 1953 yesteqsa-t Maurice Monnoyer.

Yerra-tt ar teqbaylit Amor Rekis 

S lferḥ ameqran ad awen nehdu tadiwennit d Mulud Ferɛun ara isufɣen ungal-ines wis sin, Akal d Idammen ɣer tizrigin Le Seuil. Adlis-a, i d-yettwacekkren aṭas, war ccek ad isɛu azal ameqran imi yettmeslay ɣef lɣerba n iqbayliyen ar Fransa.

Ulayɣar nniɣ-awen srid i qebleɣ. Azgen n tsaɛtt mbaɛd, win ara yeqqimen ɣur-i mmis igellil, yekcem ɣer lbiru-inu. yiwen ufus yerfed lemḍela wayeḍ aqrab n uglim. 

Yessers ayen ibub. Yeẓẓel afus-is yexmes yid-i s leḥmala. 
Mulud Ferɛun yettban amzun d imsetḥi maca mi d yuki kan s teflest neɣ laman ad yelli iman-is, yettmeslay, yettqesiṛ awen d iban ulac argaz lɛali am netta. 
Netta yettmeslay-d nek taɛwadɣ-as tamuɣli s tuffra. Deffir tismaqalin tettreqriq deg taṭucin-is tafat n tudert. Yessers sin ifasen iberkanen sufella lbiru . Icetiḍen i yelsa ḥman , aqerruy-is yeǧǧa-t ɛaryan , tamgarṭ-is tettban i-yid am akken tekcem deg tuyat-is seg ubalṭu aqehwani i yelsa.Udem yennecraḥ ɣas anyir tkerz-it ddunit. Acebbub d ulwiɣ, aberkan am claɣem-is i cebḥen imi-s m’ ara yecmumeḥ.

Siwlaɣ-d ɣef ungal-inek amezwaru. 

Ungal a d ameddurman* , neɣ akka ? 

Yernad d akken ilul deg Tizi-Hibel taɣiwant n Larbɛa n at Iraten deg tama n Igawawen. Deg twacult tagellilt.

I baba-k d acu yella ixeddem ? 

Nezmer ad ninni d akken baba-k yeṛwa laɛtab akken ak n irebbi. Deg acḥal yid-wen i tellam ? 

Deg Mmis n igellil, turiḍ s ubrid n ungal temẓi-inek d leqraya-k. Tewḍed ar iswi-k s iɣalen-ik. Aṭas i tɛajb-iyi tabɣest-ik…. 

Melmi id tuɣaleḍ d aselmad ? 

Assa aqlik-id d anemhal n uɣerbaz n warrac n Larbɛa nat Iraten …. 

Aɣerbaz n 300 inelmaden s timeɣri tanemmadut*, tferḥeḍ ? 

Tzewǧeḍ ? 

Newweḍ ɣer w Akal d idammen. Mulud Ferɛun yessereḥ deg meslay….nettḥulfu d akken adlis yecreḍ aṭas n wayyuren n tensuft. Adlis mazal yedder deg-s, ɣas akken atan yakan deg Paris. 

Amek ik d t ussa tikti n ungal-a amaynut ? 

Ungal n Aɛmeṛ d Marie .

ɣef acu yettmeslay ungal akal d idammen ? 

Mulud Ferɛun ur d yerra awal din din. Yebda yetturar mebla ma ifaq s inziz (llastik )yufa sufella lbiru , mi t yeḍleq yeddem akeryun . Yeḍeqr iman-is ar deffir ikemmel : 

Ayɣer snat n talliyin ? 

Siwlaɣ-d kra fell-as

Ameslay nneɣ ikemmel, Mulud Ferɛun yettara ɣef akk isteqsiyen-iw.

Yella kra tetthegiḍ ? 

Ad yilli ukemmel i Mmis igellil ? 

Melmi tettaruḍ ? 

Mi tettaruḍ tetabaɛḍ aɣawas (leblan)? -Zeggireɣ s tira n tikta s umata.Mi ttaruɣ i ttqeɛideɣ taqsiṭ.S umata ẓriɣ anda tedduɣ maca mi ttaruɣ ttasen-t tikta d tegnatin ur nwiɣ. 

Amek i tettwaliḍ udmawen n ungal-ik ? 

Nettkemil ameslay,mass Ferɛun yenna yid d akken ad yewwet tarzeft ar Paris deg ussan n ustaɛfu n tfaska ( Paques) ilmend n tuffɣa n udlis Akal d Iddamen.Le Seuil, war ccek as d ggen tameɣra (ad nfaṛes tagnit ad nesmekti d akken tizrigin-a uɣen izerfan n udlis Mmis igellil). 

Anwi idlisen i tḥemleḍ ? 

Mulud Ferɛun d amusnaw s tidett u d amyaru mu zeddig wul. Ẓṛiɣ itri-s at yessiweḍ ɣer lebɛed, Akken yebɣu yili, tiɣṛi-s seg tid mu ilaq a nsel !

tawwuri: leqdic, axeddim.

yettwakkes seg www.imyura.net. 




#Article 50: Carl Gustav Jung (102 words)


Carl Gustav Jung, d amsekliseḍ, d amusnaw n Tiklisent n tmurt n Swis. Yura aṭas n idlisen af Tiklisent s tutlayt talmanit. Ilul ass n le 26 yulyu 1875 di 'Kesswil', taɣiwant tamecṭuḥt n Swis. Imut ass 6 yunyu 1961 di 'Küsnacht' di Swis.

Mi yeɣra deg uɣerbaz n 'Bâle', i kemel taɣuri n tmejjayt d tiklisent. Di 1907, imlal d umusnaw n tiklisent Sigmund Freud, i tyugaren s 19 isegasen. D timlilit i bedlen amecwar-is di tusna n tiklisent. Di 1912, ur mesfhamen ara af kra n tɣawsiwin n tiklisent n Freud.

Di 1920, iruḥ ar tafriqt ugafa ilmend unadi ines.




#Article 51: Leonardo Fibonacci (144 words)


D amussnak (mathématicien) aṭelyani, Leonardo Fibonacci, neɣ Leonardo Pisano (Leonardo n Pise), ilul di temdint n Pise tamdint n tnezzut (commerce). Mi yewweḍ 20 n yiseggasen di ticett-is iḍfer baba-s ɣer tafriqt ugafa (ar Bgayet) din i yeɣra anagraw n usmiden ihendiyen d usmiden inselmanen. Mi d-yuɣal ɣer Turuft (Europe), deg useggas 1202, yessuffeɣ-d adlis Liber abaci, deg-s i d-immal asmiden anselman d wulac (0).

Fibonacci yura ɣef tiẓri n yemḍanen d tnezzeggit (géométrie), yettwassen daɣen s umazrar (suite) n tlalit n iwtal:

U1=0 ; U2=0 ; Un=Un-1 + Un-2 n2 (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...).

Amazrar-agi isnulfa t-id asmi is d-sutren kra n imɣiden ɣef tnerni n iwtal-nsen. Ran ad walin acḥal n iwtal ar a d-yeǧ myal awtul illan ɣur-sen. Dɣa netta, imi i issen i tusnakt tikli issal-id amazrar yeṭfen ism-is ar ass-a : amazrar n Fibonacci.




#Article 52: Leonardo da Vinci (194 words)


D anaẓur alsawi (artiste humaniste), aflurunti (Ṭelyan), d amekla (peintre), d asreqqat (sculpteur), d amasdag (architecte), d ajenyur u d amassan.
Leonardo da Vinci d Aṭuskani (agafa n Ṭelyan), ilul ass n 15 di yebrir 1452 di temdint Vinci zdat n Firenze. Ar usegg°as 1466 ikcem d anelmad (garzone akken i sen-qqaren di Ṭelyan) ad d-ilmed takult d usreqqet deg usak°en (atelier) n Andrea del Verrocchio (1435-1488). Seg usegg°as 1478 Léonard de Vinci yuɣal d anaẓur ilelli.

Deg usegg°as 1482 Leonardo da Vinci ikcem d ajenyur n Ludovic Sforza, amḍebber (duc) n Milano.
Deg usegg°as 1502 iqdec d ajenyur i César Borgia amḍebber n Romagne. Yuɣal ar Milan deg usegg°as 1506. Deg usegg°as 1507 iṭṭef amḍiq d amekla n Louis XII n Fransa izedɣen imiren di Milano.

Seg usegg°as 1514 ar usegg°as 1516 idder di Rome s ddaw ijufar n Ubab (pape) Léon X, izdeɣ di teɣremt (palais) Belvedère di le Vatican, din iqqdec tussna.

Deg usegg°as 1516 Leonardo da Vinci iwweḍ ar Fransa d aqeddac n François I. Asegg°as-ines aneggaru idder-it di teɣremt n Clos-Lucé, zdat n Amboise anda immut ass n 2 di magu 1519.

Gar tiktulin n Léonard de Vinci llant:




#Article 53: Bernardo Atxaga (458 words)


Bernardo Atxaga, isem-is n tidett Joseba Irazu, yernu ilul-d di 1951 di temdint n Asteasu, di temnaḍt n Guipuzcoa, di Tmurt n Yibaskiyen n wenẓul, di Spenyul. Atxaga ay yeɣran tussniwin tudmisin (sciences économiques) di tesdawit, yeqdec azal n ḥdac wagguren di tbanka di temdint n San Sebastian. Sakin, yuɣal ɣer tesdawit akken ad iɣer tasnagayt u seg yimir-n ay yekcem s amḍal n tira akken ad yuɣal d yiwen seg yimura imeqqranen n tutlayt tabaskit akk d tespenyulit. 

Adlis amezwaru ay d-yessuffeɣ d ammud n yisefra umi isemma Ziutateak (timdinin), yura-t di 1976, yernu sin n yiseggasen sakin, yerna yessuffeɣ-d ammud nniḍen n yisefra, Etiopia, d win i yes ay ibeddel si lqaɛa tamedyazt tabaskit u yerbeḥ-d fell-as arraz n wezɣan (prix de la critique) aspenyuli. Ikemmel dɣa seg yimir-n yettaru, u di ɛecrin n yiseggasen-nni ay d-iḍefren, yessuffeɣ-d ugar n ɛecrin n yedlisen n tsekla i yigerdan akk d yelmeẓyen, am wakken ay yura imsuyas i waṭas n tesgilin n rr'adyu akk d tceqfatin n umezgun. Atxaga yesɛa diɣ assaɣ iǧehden akk d uẓawan abaski imi ay yura acḥal n tezlatin s tutlayt-is.

D acu kan, tamelt-yines tameqqrant deg wemḍal n tsekla yekseb-itt-id s wungalen-is i yes ay yuɣal yettwassen akk deg wemḍal ladɣa imi ay ten-id-ssuqlen ɣer waṭas n tutlayin. Ungal amenzu ay yura, Bi anai (Sin watmaten) yerbeḥ-d yis-s Atxaga arraz n wezɣan i tikkelt tis snat di 1985. Rebɛa n yiseggasen sakin, di 1988, yessuffeɣ-d Atxaga ungal-is ay ifazen akk, Obabakoak (at Obaba), d win i ɣef d-yerbeḥ Arraz Aɣelnaw n Tsekla (Primio Nacional de Literatura) n Spenyul u yella-d d amaru abaski amenzu ara d-irebḥen arraz-agi, am wakken ay d-yerbeḥ diɣ fell-as arraz n wedlis abaski, Euskadi, akk d warraz n wezɣan aspenyuli i tikkelt tis tlata. 

Obabakoak nzan seg-s 30.000 n wudmawen. Si ger yedlisen nniḍen ay yettwassnen ay d-yessuffeɣ Atxaga, nezmer ad d-nebder Tamurt n Yibaskiyen akk d Yedles neɣ mi ara d-yaki yinisi, Anẓad ay d-yemɣin deg yiles akk d yiwen n wedlis i yigerdan isem-is Shola akk d yilfan. Si melmi kan, yerna yessuffeɣ-d daɣen sin yedlisen s wazal-nsen, Argaz awḥid akk d Igenwan-nni. 

Tirawt n Bernardo Atxaga d tin i deg texleḍ tsekla tamaynut n wass-a akk d tsekla tamsilawt ay d-yettmeslayen ɣef tɣawsiwin akken llant di tudert, ama lhant, ama d iri-tent. Deg wungalen-is, Atxaga yettban-d seg wid yekkaten ɣef ugama yernu udmawen d wid ay d-yeddem seg wegdud abaski ara yettqabalen lehmum n tmetti n tallit-agi-nneɣ. Yuɣ lḥal, werǧin yenwi Atxaga d akken ad d-yaweḍ wass i deg ara yuɣal yisem-is mechur' am wass-a, yernu kra ttxemmimen, qqaren-as d akken Bernardo Atxaga yessaweḍ ad as-d-yerr ttar' i tutlayt tabaskit, ay yettwaḥeqren acḥal, imi ass-a tewweḍ Madrid alammi ay testeɛr'ef s yiwen n umara d Abaski. 




#Article 54: Mixayel Aleksandrubicc Bakunin (609 words)


Mixayel Aleksandrubicc Bakunin (s trusit Михаил Александрович Бакунин), imi qqaren tikwal Michel Bakounine, illul ass 30 di mayu 1814 di Primuxino, di tmurt n Rrus, imut ass amenzu di yulyu usseggass n 1876 di Bern, tamurt n Sswis d afilusuf awernaḍ (anarchiste). Acḥal d asseggas d Pierre-Joseph Proudhon illa-d d tala-s n tikta.

Ass-mi idder di Mosku d Saint-Petersburg illa issuqul-d imarayen ilamniyen am Hegel d Fichte ar trusit. Di 1842, yusa ar tmurt n Lalman u si imi iwweḍ imlal n ilmeẓyen inelmayen n tmurt n llalmen di Berlin. Syin, idda ar Fransa anda imlal d Proudhon d George Sand u issen-d daɣen imnejla n tmurt Polonya.
Si Paris, iruḥ ar tmurt n Swiss anda izdaɣ kra iseggasen u anda ikki u igar tamawt ama s tiga am tikti d ṭaqa n imussuten inelmayen.

Ass-mi akka I illa izdeɣ di tmurt n Swiss, anabaḍ n tmurt-a ira a t-isqarqer ar tmurt-is, tamurt n Russ. Bakunin yugi. U tigin-a ines tessassa as-d tukwsa n wayen isɛa, ama d axxam ama d ayen nniḍen. Di 1848, di tuɣalin-ines ar Paris, yura kra n wawalen d imsarɣiyen mgal tamurt n Rrus u dgha anect-a iwwi yas-d tufɣa si tmurt n Fransa, ittwaqerqer-d seg-s.

Amussu agrawliw n 1848 ifka yas abrid s wayes ikcem ar gar kra n trebbuɛa ifetlen arway d tektiwin ɣef tugdut. Ikki deg umennuɣ n Dresde n 1849 u dinna dɣa I ittwarez, “taɣdemt” teddem fell-as tamgart, u ittwarez “ar laxart”. Fkan-t, neɣ rran-t, s ifassen ttwaqnen, I udabu n tmurt n Rrus, win izemmemen fell-as tawwurt n tazult u I t-yuznen, kra issegwassen s yin, ar lka n usemmar n Siberya deg useggas n 1855.

Deg useggas n 1861, deg yiwen n ttriḥ i s-fkan I kra n wussan irwel ar tmurt n Japon, d Iwunak Idduklen u tagara ar tmurt n Lingliz. S yin idder akw tudart-is di Turuft, ladɣa di tmurt n Sswis. Di 1869 issali yiwet n tdukli tasertant: Tadukli Tanemlayt n Tugdut. Maca ugin as I tdukli agi ines anekcum ar tmenzut n Tagraɣlant Inemahalen (Internationale des travailleurs), nnan as tadukli inek ulac deg-s tirrebbuɛa tigraɣlayin. Dɣa assegwass nni, tebḍa Tdukli ya u wid illan ttekkin akw deg-s ddan ar Tagraɣlant Inemahalen iman nsen, myal yiwen ansi I ikka.

Di 1870 isseker-d ahetrwel d ummennuɣ di Lyon, maca ur issaweḍ sani n kra. Maca xas ilul-d din immut din umenniɣ-a, izga, kra iseggasen s yin, d amedya di Tɣiwant n Paris. Karl Marx d Friedrich Engles ufan as anamek diɣen: tasnaraft n tigellel.

Deg useggas n 1872 Bakunin essufɣen-t seg ukabar amarksiẓri di temlilit n la Haye imi imgaraden di tamuɣli netta d Marx. Marx inna ilaq uwanek anemlay ar isseddun timsal ar tuksa uwanek s wadda, ma d Bakunin ur iwala ara I wacu awanek akken ad tili tuksa ...uwanek-a.

Xas akken Bakunin, si zik, ittwali di Marx tigzi ɣef sin iḍaren, maca yufa-t tikwal ittzuxu u imiren id-inna d akken abrid n Marks ar Tesnaraft ar yawwi wid iddan deg-s u ma s yis-s urǧin ad tili tegrawla tanemlayt.
Bakunin iceḍ daɣen imi iwwet di Marks ɣef iẓuran-is udayen u Marks inna daɣen ɣef Bakunin belli ittargu deg iḍ deg ass u ɣef anect-a Bakunin inna-d : d tidett!

Iffeɣ Bakunin seg wannar umennuɣ di Luganu deg useggas n 1873 u immut di Bern ass n 1 di yunyu 1876. Issal-id u eǧǧa-d amussu agraɣlan awernaẓri.
Tawernatt macci kan d arway, di tazwara d ameggel n tikta, d amennuɣ ɣef izerfan, d tugin n tesnaraft uwanak ɣef wudem n tugdut.

Asirem d tektiwin n Bakunin fɣent-ed deg udlis-is Ilu d Uwanek. Fell-as netta tura Madeleine Grawitz Bakunin di teẓririgin Calamin-Levy 2000.




#Article 55: Muḥemmed Cafiq (530 words)


Muḥemmed Cafiq (s tifinaɣ : ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵇ) d yiwen umyaru, d amnadi, d azamul n tmaziɣt di tmurt n Merruk. Illa d anemhal usinag ageldan n yedles amaziɣ (IRCAM) alama d 2002.

Ilul Muḥemmed Cafiq ass n 17 ɣ wayyur n Cutanbir ɣ useggwas n 1926 ɣ tmazirt n Ayt Sadden, illan ɣ tseggiwin n Fas. Mad yad iɣwêra ɣ temdint n Aẓru (Merruk), ɣ tinmel nnes ittussan s Lkulij n Uzêru, idêfr tiɣêri ayelliɣ yumêz turagt ɣ umezruy d udiplum yâden ɣ tussna n usegmi. Mayad ad as irzêmen iɣarasen ad yeg yan ɣ imasayen n tsertit n usegmi ɣ Merruk. Zeɣ lliɣ teffaɣ Fransa, ikka kigan d twuriwin ɣ iger n usigmi : zeɣ lliɣ ten ikka ar itekka f tɣêri izwaren ɣ kigan n tmedinin n Merrok, ar amezza n umaru n tneɣlaft n usselmed ɣ tezwuri n iseggwasen 1970, ar anedad n Tinmel tageldant. Mekli daɣ isseɣwera taàrabt, tafransist, amezruy, tussna n usegmi. Iggi n uya, yega Muhammad Cafiq ameslay ɣ Tkadimit n Tgeldit n Merrok. Tigariwin ad, yega t ugellid d unebdad n Ircam ittuskaren tigariwin ɣ Rbât.

Muhammad Cafiq yega ɣ imezwura lli ifrken s udem imennawen n tmagit tadelsant n Merruk. Zeɣ tizwuri n iseggwasen 60 ɣ tasut ad izrin, ad immaɣ af d ittuyassan s udem ad izzemzêlin Merrok nger timizar yâden. Kigan d tɣarasin as immaɣ ad is imel i inamuren mas d ur iqqan ad ttun tizrigin llif ttuska tmagit n Merrok, sellawent akw uggug amaziɣ. Mkan af yara ɣ tseɣunt n Afaq yan mennaw imagraden f wammak idran n umarg n tammaɣt f tmazirt lli nnan imaziɣen iseggwasen llid tekcem Fransa. Maca yan ur t yiwi ɣ uzemz an ɣ zun d awal ad. Mdden urta d ffuɣen ɣ tnaniwin llis izdâ umussu anamur asiwel nnes. Tamaziɣt tega agdal s ur isnem yan. Mkan af daɣ iswangem ad yasi imis n Lislam imennawen, lislam ur iqqen f ixef nnes. Asɣan ad ismanen imerrukiyen, yiɣi ad ibedd mnid n usiwel issimɣuren s yan udem issiwiden uggug aàrab neɣ akw azûr aàrab, illulen ɣ imula n umussu anasiriy ɣ Miser, d Lbaàt ɣ Surya d Làiraq. Mqqar d uyan, imerrukiyen sul qqent wallen nnesen f tuggt n uggugen llif ttuska tɣesa nnesen.

ɣ yan uzemz lliɣ isat usiwel n izerfan ufgan ar d ikcem tamazirt, saten mdden ar sawalen f izerf n twisi ɣ tudert tasertant, ɣ tudert tadelsant, ssaten imaziɣen ar sawalen awd nettni s izerf nnesen ɣ wawal, s izerf nnesen ɣ iɣerm. ɣin aɣ d tugga twuri izgan n Muhammad Cafiq af ad yawes ɣ tnekra n wawal d idels amaziɣ. Mad yad yara yan udlis iggezzulen f umezruy imaziɣen, adlis izdâren ad issimmim i imaziɣen awal n umezruy isreg asen ad daɣ ccen ifrawen ɣ tasɣart n wawal illan ɣ Dren, issufeɣ d amawal taàrabt tamaziɣt, d yan udlis ɣef tejrrumt tamaziɣt, yawes d yat trabut n imaziɣen ɣ usufeɣ n tseɣunt Tifawt ifkan atig igguten i tirra s tmaziɣt.

Ameskan amaziɣ ad yegan yan ɣ idêrisen igguran yara Muhammad Cafiq. Ira gis, ɣ tferka n ayelli mu ttinin asmutti adimukratiy, ad yesmun imaziɣen af ad inin amnad nnesen ɣ tizi yad n tudert tsertant n Merok.




#Article 56: Musa (342 words)


Musa (s tɛebrit: מֹשֶׁה Moce Mošé, s teɛrabt: موسى, Mūsā), d mmi-s n Ɛamran akked Yukibed. D ameskar, d amdan amenzawi deg idles n laɛqed aqbur. S uwehi n Rebbi, d netta i yuran ayen umi qqaren s tefranṣiṣt Pentateuque. D 5 n yedlisen imezwura n laɛqed aqbur (Genèse, Exode, Lévitique, livre des Nombres, Deutéronome), anda id iḥka tudert-is, amezruy n lejdud-is, d win n At israil. 

Asmi i d-ilul, yemma-s tuga-d agellid Ferɛun ad a ttineɣ akken i yurga ilaq ad ineɣ yal llufan aɛibrani i d-ilulen imiren asmi i d-ilul Musa. Tuɣal d tegrit ar waman n Nil, s wanda i t-idekkes yelli-s n ugellid-a. Dɣa tenna-k, MSYTHW neɣ Mecitihu, anamek ines Kkes-aɣ-t-id seg waman. Syen i d-yekka yisem MSH, neɣ Musa. 

Daɣen llan wid iqqaren belli, isem n Musa, yekka-d si tutlayt i hedren imiren imaṣriyen, seg awal MS, anamek-is Yekka-d, neɣ Yefrurex-d.
Llan daɣen wid iqqaren, awal-a yekka-d si tmaziɣt Mmi-s, imi neẓra Tamazɣa ur tebɛid ara af tmurt n Maṣer.

Musa yuɣal yetturebba-d seg teɣremt n ugellid Ferɛun. Asmi yuɣal meqqer, iwala amek nezfen, uḍenen, qṛeḥen wid yellan d atmaten-is deg idammen, war ma yeẓra. Wid yellan di ɛibraniyen, d iqeddacen n ugellid Ferɛun. Dɣa yiwen n wass iwala yiwen umaṣri la yekkat yiwen wergaz aɛibrani, yenɣa-t u yenṭel-it. Asmi yelḥa wawal af wannecta, dɣa yerwel si tmurt n Maṣer ar tmurt n Medyen. Yewweḍ ar yiwen wanu iḥud kra n tameksiwin n Medyen mgal kra n yergazen imeksawen. Dɣa tiḥdayin-a ar tenṭ s axxam n babat-nsent, i yellan meqq°er di Medyen. Isem-is nettaf-it ihi di Madyan Jethro (יתרו) neɣ Réuel (רעואל). Ilmend n wayen yexdem, yefka-yas yelli-s Séphora (צפורה) ad yezweǧ yid-s. 

S uwehi n Yakuc, iseggasen mbaɛd, yuɣal-ed ar tmurt n Maṣer i wakken ad yefk tilelli i wegdud Aɛibrani, i yellan s ddaw uzaglu n ugellid Ferɛun. I wakken a ten-isuffeɣ seg Maṣer ar tmurt n Kanɛan. Yuzen-as-d Yakuc mraw (10) iludan, ak° d tagruma n ilugan ak° d iṣuḍaf n wejjed, timetti, d wučči. Annecta yak° illa-d deg wayen umi isemm-a Tura (Torah).




#Article 57: Yuba I (117 words)


Yuba I (v. 85 - 46) d agellid aneggaru n Numidya usammar di tallit n -60 armi d -46. d mmi-s n Hiempsal II agellid n Numidya.
deg ṭṛad yekkren ger Julius Caesar akk d Pompeius ɣef udabu, netta yefren Pompeius yedda yid-s acku yezṛa d akken ma yeṭṭef-itt Caesar a-tt-iseḥṛes ɣef Tmazgha.
asmi i tt-yewwi Caesar, Yuba medlent-d fella-s tewwura, ula d wid-is unefn-as, akken ur iɣelli ara ger ifassen n Caesar, ibegs-d ad ineɣ iman-is, u ayagi s umenuɣ netta d umeddakkel-is aRumi Petreius, msenɣen, d Petreius i yemmuten d amezwaru, Yuba netta i t-inɣan d aqqeddac-is.
S tmettant n Yuba I, d tallit n igelliden irbiben ara yebdun, amedya dɣa d mmi-s Yuba II.




#Article 58: Tafsut Taberkant (625 words)


Tafsut taberkant (s Tifinaɣ: ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏⵜ) d isem yettwafken i tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) tisertayin d tɣewwaɣin i d-yellan di Tmurt n Iqbayliyen gar n yebrir 2001 d yebrir 2002, iɣallen n tɣellist d temsulta Tizzayriyin mmugrent timeskanin-a s udelqem d usataɣ amjur s usexdem n tiblalin n tidet d igazen imsettrawen ayen i d-yeglan s tmekkast (lmut) n gar n 126 d 128 n ilemẓiyen d ugar n 5000 yeffudin (yettujerḥen)

Ass n 20 yebrir deg yal aseggas yettili-d d amulli n tefsut n imaziɣen, D ass anda aɣref Aqbayli yesfuggul s tesmektayt n tefsut n imaziɣen d tefsut taberkant
Timeskanin-a d tid i d-ilfan s usrag (i d-iḍran s ssebba) n ussinef d ussemwen adelsan seg wass mi i d-tewwi Lezzayer timunent-is deg useggas n 1962, ɣas akken tisekkirin tufrinin n userɣen (aɛeṛṛeb) i d-yessers udabu seld n timunent gar n 1962 d 1980 d wid yettwakksen seld n Tefsut n 80
Awal n Tefsut Taberkant d aseɣzef akudan i yinelfuyen n Tefsut n 80, anda ineɣmasen n tmetti iɣermanen (aladɣa Iqbayliyen) ssawṭen ad bedden mgal tagdalt id-issires udabu azzayri mgal n yidles Amaziɣ d wayen yeffɣen yakk i tmagit Taserɣint-Tineslemt akken i yurmen (i ɛerḍen) ad ssersen tigejda n tugdut

Ass n 18 yebrir 2001, Masinisa Germah asnawan ilemẓi, yettwanɣa s uzayaḍ n tmeẓyant taymanit sɣur imestulen deg usutel n tamsetla  n At Dwala. Tadyant agi i kecmen deg umazrar n timeskanin ticenguyin mgal timeḍrit sɣur tidusiyin n tasunḍa attili d aferdis n ussenker tanekra Taqbaylit. Timeskanin nfufdent deg Tmurt n Iqbayliyen yakk maca imusnawen tetsawelen ar urusan iwakken ur d yettili ara ucaf n idammen. 

Ass n 21 yebrir 2001 deg umenni n 11 n tnezzagt, tamsetla n Amiẓur tessebded (tsseḥbes) 3 ibalmuden i teddun ar usarir n tɣiwant s iselmaden nsen n uddal akk d yimddukal-nsen. Isali yexdem tuzzya n ugezdu dɣa iselmaden kkeren iwakken tikli am ttagi ur yessefk ara ad ttili tikelt nniḍen.  

Ass n 22 yebrir 2001, yella-d amsegraw di Amizur sakkin usiwel n unmalu n iselmaden n twilayt nni. Llan kra n imyaṭṭafen war takruzi. Iṭ n wass-nni, aneɣlaf n ugensi yedmen isalan n ulɣu yettwerren d azayez sɣur anzad n tamsetla taɣelnawt ɣef lmut n Masinisa Germah, yesseɣret (ɣef Masinisa) «d arneggay n 26 iseggwasen». Sakkin taseɣrut agi, taɣemsa tessuffeɣed aɣmis n tlalit n Masinisa i tesbegnen deg tilawt d asnawan n 18 iseggwasen.

Ass n 23 yebrir 2001, igensasen n iselmaden n akkw iɣsuren n Umizur i yemsegrawen ass n warim 22 deg CEM, 600/200 sawelen-d deg isem n CETA ar yiwen umsegraw acacfal di Amizur ass n 23 yebrir 2001. Deg tiremt yedukklen, igiman n iɣermanen ddan-d ɣer tamnaṭ agi 

Lwennas Meɛṭub seg imezwura i sen-yerran tajmilt i tlawin d yergazen n tefsut imaziɣen, tasfift i d-yessufeɣ kra n wayyuren kann s deffir 20 yebrir anda icennu:

eḥzen lwed ɛisi
Mi yebda imenɣi
Yewweḍ-iten lɛesker deg yiḍ
Tuddar slant irkwelli, suwwent ɣer Tizi
Kul abrid a yeţfeggiḍ.
Ur telli d tisselbi, nehwaǧ tilelli,
Uqbel aɣ-ḥerren ɣer lhid.
Akken nella zik a nili,
Ma yella imenɣi,
W’ immuten ad yennerni mmi-s.
A wid iḥekmen ayenni, ur nelli d ulli,
Tamurt iban-d lsas-is.
Tamaziɣt ad tennerni
...

Ferḥat Mhenni yeccna tafsut n imaziɣen:

Nnif d lḥerma d ayen yeḍran
Di tefsut n Tizi-Wezzu
Llan d ilemẓyen d tlemẓyin
ffɣen-d s iberdan.
Nnan-d ala dayen neɛya
Si lbaṭel akk d uzaglu
...

Neɣ ayen yeccna Buǧemɛa Agraw :

Timest n 54 tensa di 62
Teggra-d tirgit deg iɣed-nni
Tuɣal tecɛel di 80
Teṭṭef-itt-id tidet n lesnin
Ansi i d-isuḍ ubeḥri
D leqbayel i izuggiren
Mazal-aɣ d imaziɣen
...
Ma ttuɣ arrac nneɣ yeɣlin,
Nek mačči d aqbayli

Lwennas d dda Lmulud
Mazal-aɣ d imaziɣen
Ur nettruz' ur nkennu
Ur nqebbel ara azaglu
Mazal-aɣ ... mazal-aɣ d imaziɣen
...




#Article 59: Takurdit (1407 words)


Takurdit d isem ay ssexdamen i snat n tutlayin yettemcabin mliḥ, ttmeslayen-tent wazal n 13 n yimelyunen n yemdanen di tama-nni n Asya umi qqaren Kurdistan. Tamenzut d tutlayt takurmanjit (neɣ takurdit n ugafa), ma d tis snat d tutlayt tasuranit (neɣ takurdit n wenẓul), ay ttmeslayen wazal n 2.800.000 n yemdaben du Lɛiraq akk d 3.000.000 n yemdanen di Iran.

Takurmanjit, tin ay ttmeslayen waṭas n medden, ad tt-naf dɣa s waṭas di ¨Tturk, anda ay llan 4 n yimelyunen n medden ay tt-yettmeslayen, deg ugafa n Lɛiraq, di Surya tt-ttmeslayen 500.000 n medden, di Arminya (100.000 n yemsiwlen) akk d di Iran (100.000). Llan diɣ wid yettmeslayen takurdit takurmanjit di Jurjya akk d Azerbijan, maca ur neẓri ara acḥal, am wakken ay llant diɣ trebbaɛ timecṭaḥ n Yikurdiyen ay izedɣen di tmura tiberr'aniyen (azal n 70.000 s ujemmal), ladɣa di Lubnan akk d Turuft, deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (USA) akk d Kanada.

Wid yettmeslayen takurdit tasuranit wwḍen ɣer 6 n yimelyunen s ujemmal, ma d wid yettmeslayen takurdit takurmanjit wwḍen ɣer wazal n 7 n yimelyunen, xas ma yella llan kra ay d-yeqqaren d akken wwḍen alammi d 20 n yimelyunen. Yuɣ lḥal, maci merr'a Ikurdiyen yellan ass-a d wid ay yessnen ad mmeslayen tutlayt-nsen imi tamsertit (assimilation) tessaweḍ aṭas seg-sen ad ǧǧen takurdit, yernu llan ula d imdanen yettmeslayen tutlayin nniḍen, am tguranit neɣ tadimlit (d tutlayin tihendurufiyin ay yettemcabin wagar-asent, maca mgerradent ɣef tkurdit), yernu ḥesben iman-nsen d Ikurdiyen, d aya ay yettaran tikwal leḥsabat weɛren. 

Takurdit d tutlayt tahendurufit,tettekka deg ufurk n tutlayin tiraniyin , yernu yiwet si ger n tutlayin ay tt-icuban s waṭas d tafarsit ay yellan d tutlayt taɣelnawt n Iran, akk d tabalucit, tutlayt n Balucistan.

Tutlayt takurdit tettemxallaf ɣef leḥsab n tmiwa i deg tt-ttmeslayen. Imesnilsiyen (linguistes) ttwalin, s umata, d akken tasuranit akk d takurmanjit d tutlayin, yal yiwet i yiman-is, dɣa di lweqt i deg ttemcabint mliḥ deg umawal, sɛnt aṭas n wemgerrad (lxilaf) di tajerrumt-nsent, yernu tikwal, yewɛer' ɣef wid ay tent-yettmeslayen ad msefhamen wagar-asen. Ma d wiyaḍ, ttwalin-tent d snat kan n tantalyin n yiwet n tutlayt. Am tsuranit, am tkurmanjit, di snat yid-sent sɛant tiduntalyin (sous-dialectes) ay ttmeslayen di tmiwa-nsent. Tantala n temdint n Sulaimaniya, di Lɛiraq tuɣal d tutlayt tizeɣt (standard) n tsekla n Yikurdiyen n tmurt-a, di lweqt i deg di Iran, d tantala takurdit n Mukri (d yiwet si tentalyin n tsuranit) ay yuɣalen d tutlayt n tsekla, yernu maci aṭas ay temxallaf ɣef tin n Sulaimaniya. Si tama nniḍen, ula di lɣerba atni Yikurdiyen a d-sbeddayen tutlayt tizeɣt tamaynut, ladɣa s leqdic-nsen di rradyu.

Di lweqt i deg Ikurdiyen n Lɛiraq, Iran akk d Surya sseqdacen agemmay aɛrab ay yettubeddlen akken ad arun tutlayt-nsen, Ikurdiyen n Tturk d agemmay alatini ay sseqdacen. Di Arminya akk d tegdudyin yellan zik s ddaw n udabu asuvyati, d agemmay asirili (arusi) ay sseqdacen Yikurdiyen, ma yella zik-nni, uqbel n 1946, Ikurdiyen n tmiwa-ya llan sseqdacen agemmay alatini, ay d-mazal ar ass-a sseqdacen-t kra.

seg useggas n 1919 ay tesɛa tutlayt takurdit aẓayer amens'ab (statut officiel) n tutlayt taẓiyant (langue régionale), yernu d nettat ay d tutlayt n usselmed deg yiɣerbazen n udabu di Kurdistan aɛiraqi. Ihi Lɛiraq ad tili tesɛa lxers'um yiwen n weɣmis s tutlayt takurdit akk d yiwen n wexxam n teẓrigin (éditions) ay d-yessuffuɣen idlisen s tutlayt-a. D tantala takurdit n Sulaimaniya ay rran Yikurdiyen n Lɛiraq d tutlayt-nsen n tsekla, yernu ɛerḍen ad tezzizedgen seg wawalen-nni n taɛrabt ay yeṭṭuqqten deg-s.

di 1938 ay tettwagdel tkurdit yernu s kra n win ara tt-yemmeslayen di berr'a yezmer ad ixelles' tafgurt (amende). Di tallit-a taberkant ay sɛeddan Yikurdiyen, tutlayt-nsen tesr'uḥ aṭas seg wennar-is, aṭas n Yikurdiyen ay yuɣalen d isnutlayen (bilingues), yernu ciṭṭaḥ kan maḍi seg-sen ay ilemden ad ɣren u ad arun tutlayt-nsen. Di 1961, asmi ay d-tesbedd Tturk tamenḍawt (constitution) tamaynut, bdant a d-teffɣent tsufaɣ (publications) tikurdiyin, tikwal s snat n tutlayin, maca aṭas deg-sent ay yettwagedlen akken kan d-ffɣent. Yernu si 1967 alammi d taggara n yiseggasen n 1980, adabu aturki ikemmel kan yettzeggid di ccedda ɣef tkurdit yernu yesbedd-d aṭas n yisuḍaf (leqwanin) i yes ara sen-yerr takmamt i Yikurdiyen, ur ttmeslayen, ur ttarun tutlayt-nsen. D acu kan, di 1991, yekkes unabaḍ aturki agdal-nni-yines ɣef tkurdit, yernu xas ur d-qqimen ara aṭas n Yikurdiyen ay yettmeslayen takurdit di Tturk , maca ttwalin d akken tutlayt-nsen d aḥric yesɛan azal meqqren di tnettit-nsen.

Ma Ikurdiyen n Arminya, aṭas n leqdicat ay d-uran s tkurdit takurmanjit di tallit tasuvyatit.

Llan deg wemḍal wazal n 25 n yimelyunen n Yikurdiyen. Ger n 40 akk d 50% seg-sen ttidiren di Tturk, 25% seg-sen ttidiren di Iran, 20 % di Lɛiraq, llan diɣ di Surya, di tmura n wenẓul n Quqaz akk d Lubnan. Tuget tameqqrant deg Yikurdiyen d inselmen isunniyen, d acu kan, llan gar-asen diɣ kra n yiciɛiyen, n yiyazidiyen akk d yimasiḥiyen. Si lqern wis 10 d asawen, bdan Yikurdiyen a d-sbeddayan tigeldiyin (royaumes) tinselmin tisunniyin, gar-asent tageldit tayyubit (ayyubides) ay d-yesbedd Salaḥ Ddin (Saladin), d tin yennuɣen mgal n Yenmudag (Croisés) ger n tgara n lqern wis 12 d lqern wis 13. Di 1920, weɛdent tmura tutrimin (tiɣerbiyin) Ikurdiyen, s wemtawa (traité) n Sèvres d akken ad ten-ɛiwnent akken ad d-sbedden tamurt timziregt (indépendante) i1 yiman-nsen, d acu kan, di 1923, ttwaxedɛen Yikurdiyen deg wemtawa n Lausanne, yernu ur ten-id-is'ag' wacemma si tmurt-nsen. D aya ay ten-yeǧǧan ad bdun imenɣi mgal n ddewla ! n Mustafa Kamel Ataturk, di lweqt i deg Tturk tefka-yasen tiyitiwin iǧehden, yernu tenfa aṭas seg-sen seg wakal-nsen. Di 1945-1946, sbedden-d Yikurdiyen n Lɛiraq akk d Iran di Mahabad Tigduda tamagdayt takurdit ay yellan s ddaw n leɛnaya tasuvyatit, d acu kan, dindin kan sseɣlin-tt Yiɛiraqiyen akk d Yir'aniyen s lemɛawna n Briṭanya Tameqqrant. Imenɣi i lmend b uzarug ikemmel ladɣa di Lɛiraq, anda ay d-yessker Barazani imenɣi mgal n udabu alemmas ger n 1961 d 1970. Di 1974, tettunefk-as tfulmant (autonomie) i tama n Kurdistan aɛiraqi, yernu tuɣal Sulaimaniya d tamaneɣt-is. Deg wemgaru n Ir'an akk d Lɛiraq (1980-1988), yal yiwet si tmura-ya teɛreḍ ad tesseqdec Ikurdiyen n tmurt-nni nniḍen di les'laḥ-is. Di 1988, tanekra n Yikurdiyen di Lɛiraq tessaweḍ adabu aɛiraqi ad asen-yefk tiyita ur nesɛi tamtilt, imi ay yesseqdec imrigen ikruranen (chimiques) mgal-nsen. Ma di 1991, akken kan iɛedda wemgaru n Wekriẓ (guerre du Golfe), yewwet diɣ udabu aɛiraqi Ikurdiyen n tmurt-is, dɣa tger! - d iman-is tmetti tagraɣlant (communauté internationale) akken ad tḥudd fell-asen. Ikurdiyen n Lɛiraq assawḍen ad ṭṭfen aḥric meqqren seg tmiwa-nsen yernu sbedden-d di tmurt-nsen, di 1992, yiwet n ddewla takurdit. Ma di Tturk, yettak udabu tiytiwin iǧehden mgal n Yikurdiyen ay d-yebdan imenɣi imselleḥ ara yesselḥay Ukabar n Yiqeddacen n Kurdistan neɣ PKK. Di 1999, yettwaṭṭef uɣella (imḍebber) n PKK, maca anect-a ur d-yerri ara lehna ɣer tmurt. Yuɣ lḥal, Tturk attan a tettwali iman-is terra-tt tmara ad asen-tefk izerfan-nsen i Yikurdiyen, ladɣa imi ara tessaram ad tekcem ɣer Tadukli Turufit (Union Européenne).

Di 1934, ɛerḍen Yikurdiyen n Arminya ad rren takurdit takurmanjit d nettat ay d tutlayt ara yesduklen akk Ikurdiyen, maca ur ssawḍen ara. Llan diɣ yesdawanen (universitaires) ay iɛerḍen ad kksen imgerraden (lxilafat) yellan ger n tkurmanjit akk d tsuranit i lmend n wesdukel-nsent, maca ula d nitni ur ssawḍen ara. Yuɣ lḥal, takurdit takurmanjit tesɛa tasekla yuran d taqburt, tebda-d si tgara n lqern wis 16 akk d wis 17, u teḥbes di lqern wis 18 d wis 19, yernu d tin ay d-ssidren Yikurdiyen n Surya akk d wid yellan di Turuft, di tallit i deg tella Surya s ddaw n leɛnaya n Fransa. D Ikurdiyen n Surya ay d-issuffɣen aɣlis akurdi amenzu, s tkurdit takurmanjit, di 1932, sakin, ḍefrent-t-id aṭas n tsufaɣ (publicaitons) nniḍen ay d-yeffɣen di lɣerba.

Ma di Lɛiraq, d tamedyazt (poésie) takurdit n lqern wis 18, ay yuran s tentala n Suleymaniya ay ileɛben ddur' deg usebded n tutlayt takurdit tizeɣt di tmurt-a. Di tazwara n yiseggasen n 1920, bdan a d-teffɣen yeɣlisen s tkurdit di Suleymaniya, ma di 1931, yesteɛr'ef udabu aɛiraqi s tkurdit tasuranit, yernu bdan a tt-sselmaden deg yiɣerbazen imenza, d ayen yeǧǧan tutlayt-a ad tennerni mliḥ di Lɛiraq, u ad taf iman-is.

Yuɣ lḥal, yemxallaf wamek tella tkurdit si tmurt ɣer tayeḍ. Di lweqt i deg nezmer ad d-nini d akken tutlayt-a yegra-yas-d liser di Lɛiraq akk d Iran, di Tturk, i deg yettidir wazal n wezgen seg Yikurdiyen, mazal takurdit tettidir deg wuguren meqqren, yernu attan a tteddu akken ad tenger.




#Article 60: Tutlayt taɛebrit (128 words)


Tutlayt Taɛebrit (, Abdar s Tehibṛut tamzikt: ɛiḇriṯ, S Tehibṛut tamaynut : iḇɣit) d tutlayt i ttmeslayen Israyliyen, tutlayt-a tettekka deg twacult tutlayin tisamiyin am Tserɣint neɣ Tmehrit.

Nettat d tutlayt n wedlis n Wudayen, Tawrat. Mi d-keccmen Ibabyluniyen deg Jerusalem, taramit tuɣal yiwet seg tutlayin n wat Israyil. Ass mi d-keccmen at Ruman, Udayen ruḥen s lɣerba, u tutlayt nsen temmut akk...

Di tallit n sionism g turuft, imussnawen udayen ssidiren tutlayt-nsen, tura tuɣal-d d tutlayt tunṣibt n tmurt n wudayen akk d taɛrabt deg Israyel.

Yettuseqdac agemmay aɛebri di tira n tɛebrit. Deg-s llan 22 n usekkilen. Nettat d agemmay abjed am agemmay aɛrab neɣ agemmay alibi (Tifinaɣ n zik). I Isekkilen-is d asusru n zik, asusru n ddin, d asusru n tura deg teɛbrit tisrayilt.




#Article 61: Takirgizit (816 words)


Tutlayt takirgizit d nettat ay d tutlayt taɣelnawt n Kirgizistan, yernu ttmeslayen-tt wazal n 2 n yimelyunen n medden, Ikirgizen. Di tmura ay d-iqerben Kirgizistan llan diɣ waṭas n wid ay tt-yettmeslayen. Di lweqt i deg llan 150.000 n medden ay tt-yettmeslayen di Ccinwa, ladɣa di tama tafulmant (autonome) n Sinkiang-Uyiɣur, llant diɣ waṭas n trebbaɛ timecṭaḥ n Yikirgiziyen ay tt-yettmeslayen deg wetram (lɣerb) n Mungulya, di Kazaxestan, di Tajikistan akk d Uzbikistan. Nezmer diɣ ad naf kra di Afɣanistan, di ṭṭerk akk d Pakistan.

Takirgizit d yiwet si tutlayin n twacult taṭerkit, dɣa tutlayin ay tt-icuban ṭṭuqqtent u nezmer ad d-nebder gar-asent taṭerkit, tazerit (n Azerbijan), tatatart (n Tatarestan, di Rusya), tawigurt (ay ttmeslayen di Ccinwa), tuzbikit n Uzbikistan akk d waṭas n tiyaḍ, d acu kan, tutlayt i ɣer tettemcabi aṭas, d takazaxit ay ttmeslayen s umata di Kazaxestan. Tawacult n tutlayin tiṭerkiyin d tawacult meqqren i deg llant waṭas n tutlayin n Asya, yernu ttekkant deg-s ula d tutlayt tamungulit, u llan wid ay yesqeben ula d takurit akk d tjapunit ɣer twacut-a.

Takirgizit tesɛa snat n tentalyin timeqqranin, tin n ugafa (nord) akk d tin n wenẓul (sud). Takirgizit tizeɣt (standard) d tin ay d-yufraren si tentala n ugafa, yernu llan deg-s waṭas n wawalen ay d-yekkan si tmungulit akk d tkazaxit, di lweqt i deg tantala n wenẓul, ad naf deg-s aṭas n wawalen ay d-yekkan si tuzbikit akk d tutlayin tir'aniyin am tfarsit (perse) akk d ttaǧikit.

Xas tesseqdec tutlayt takirgizit agemmay aɛr'ab i tallit ɣezzifen deg umezruy, maca alammi d tallit tasuvyatit ay yettwaxdem leqdic i lmend n ussizeɣ (standardisation) n tutlayt-agi akken ad tuɣal ad tettuseqdac, ɣer tama n trusit, deg uselḥu n lumur' timenṣabin n Tegduda Tasuvyatit n Kirgizistan. Ass-a, takirgizit lemmden-tt warrac alamma d aswir n tesnawit (lycée). Ma di tesdawit, asselmed yettili-d ama s trusit neɣ s tkirgizit, ɣef leḥsab n yinurar n tmusni. Di 1926, ala kan 5% seg yimezdaɣen n Kirgizistan ay yellan ssnen ad ɣren u ad arun di lweqt i deg 67% seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt d wid yettmeslayen takirgizit, ma di 1970, wwḍen wid yessnen ad ɣren ɣer 100%, di lweqt i deg wid yettmeslayen takirgizit neqsen-d ɣer 44% di tallit-nni. Anect-a yeḍra-d imi nnernan yemdanen n yegduden nniḍen ay d-yettasen ɣer Kirgizistan, dɣa nnig n Yirusiyen ay yebdan zeddɣen tamurt-a si lqern wis 19, asmi teɣli s dd! a w n leḥkem arusi, rnan usan-d aṭas n yemdanen nniḍen di tallit tasuvyatit, yernu merr'a igduden-agi d tarusit ay llan sseqdacen-tt wagar-asen. D acu kan, seg wasmi ay tewwi Kirgizistan azarug-is di 1991, ar ass-a, bdan ttanqasen Yirusiyen si Kirgizistan. Mbeɛd ma llan 22% seg yimezdaɣen n Kirgizistan d Irusiyen di 1990, wwḍen di 2001 ɣer 15%, maca tazrirt-nsen (influence) mazal teǧhed, yernu tutlayt-nsen d yiwet si tutlayin iǧehden akk di tmurt. 

Uqbel ma teḍra-d Tegrawla Tarusit n 1917, tella tkirgizit ur tesɛi ula d yiwen n weɣmis. Ma di 1983, tuɣal tkirgizit tesɛa 61 n yeɣmisen akk d 16 n tesɣunin, am wakken ay d-ffɣen 513 n yedlisen s tkirgizit deg useggas-nni. Kirgizistan tesɛa diɣ tiregwa n rr'adyu akk d tilibizyu yettmeslayen s tkirgizit.

Di lqern wis 8 ay d-tettwabder tkirgizit i tikkelt tamenzut deg umezruy, deg yiwet n tirawt (inscription) yuran s ṭṭerkit taqburt di Asya Talemmast. Di tallit-nni, llan lejdud n Yikirgiziyen ttidiren di tama taɛlayant n wasif n Yenisey, deg ugafa n Mungulya, d yiwet n tama ay d-yuzgan ass-a di Sibirya, yernu tira tiṭerkiyin tiqburin ay d-ufan deg wemkan-nni qqaren-d yimassanen d akken d nitni ay tent-yedǧan.

Asmi ay smeɣren Yimunguliyen amenkud-nsen (Empire) yernu kecmen ɣer waṭas n tmura ay rẓan neɣ rwin-tent, rewlen Yikirgiziyen s anẓul, ɣer tama n yidurar n Tien Shan, d tama i deg d-tuzga ass-a Kirgizistan. D acu kab, ula d tamurt-a ur temniɛɛ ara seg yegduden iṭerkiyen akk d Yimunguliyen ay tt-id-ikecmen acḥal d abrid yernu srewlen aḥric seg Yikirgiziyen ɣer Turkestan (Sinkiang ay teḥkem Ccinwa ass-a). Xas ma yella di tlemmast n lqern wis 18, tella Kirgizistan d aḥric itebɛen s yisem ɣer Ccinwa, maca tamurt-a tella tesɛa tilelli meqqren. Mbeɛd ma tesɛedda Kirgizistan tallit wezzilen s ddaw n leḥkem n yegduden iṭerkiyen n Asya Talemmast, teɣli ger n yifassen n Umenkud Arusi, d ayen ay yeddkan kra n yemsiwlen n tkirgizit ad rewlen ɣer Afɣanistan akk d yidurar n Pamir. Assebded n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yegla-d s ccwal meqqren imi ay refden Yikirgiziyen leslaḥ akken ad nnaɣen ɣef tlelli-nsen, d acu kan, iɣil ay sxedmen Yirusiyen mgal-nsen yessaweḍ aṭas n Yikirgiziyen ad rewlen ɣer Ccinwa. Di 1919, tuɣal Kirgizistan d aḥric si tegduda tanemlayt (socialiste) tasuvyatit n Turkman, sakin, di 1936, tuɣal d tagduda i yiman-is, d yiwet si xmesṭac-nni n tegdudyin n Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Deg wass n 31 ɣect n 1991, tuɣal Kirgizistan d tamurt timziregt, u tuɣal d tamaslaḍt (membre) di Tmetti n Yiwunak Imzirgen (Communauté des Etats Indépendants) ay d-yettusbedden mbeɛd ma teɣli Tdukli Tasuvyatit. 




#Article 62: Talitwanit (815 words)


Talitwanit ttmeslayen-tt ass-a 3 n yimelyunen n medden di Litwanya (98 % seg yimezdaɣen n Tegduda Talitwanit), ma nerna-yas-d i wemḍan-agi anect yettmeslayen talitwanit berr'a i Litwanya, ad d-naf d akken 3,5 n yimelyunen n yemdanen ara yettmeslayen talitwanit deg wemḍal. Si ger n 800.000 n Yilitwaniyen ay yettidiren di lberr'ani, aḥric ameqqran deg-sen yettidir deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (650.000), maca diɣ nezmer ad naf aṭas n Yilitwaniyen di Pulunya (anda 70.000 n yemdanen ay yettmeslayen talitwanit), di Brizil (40.000), di Ter'jentint (35.000), di Kanada (14.725), di Briṭanya Tameqqrant (12.000), akk d Uruguay (10.000) (Grimes 1992). D acu kan, akken d-iger tamawt Zinkuvicius deg wedlis-is, maci Ilitwaniyen merr'a ay izedɣen di lberr'ani ssnen tutlayt-nsen.

Deg wennar n tesnilsit (linguistique), qqaren-d d akken d talitwanit i deg ay d-qqimen waṭas akk n yedrizen (traces) si tutlayt tahendur'ufit (indo-européen) taqdimt, tin i seg d-yeffeɣ umur meqqren si tutlayin n Tur'uft n wass-a. Qqiment-d di tlitwanit aṭas n tɣawsiwin n tjerr'umt taqburt ay sr'uḥent tutlayin tihendur'ifiyin nniḍen. D acu kan, am tutlayin merr'a n twacult tahendur'ufit, ula d talitwanit tbeddel akk d lweqt. Talɣa (forme) taqburt akk n tlitwanit yettwassnen, qqaren-as talitwanit taqburt, yiwen ur a tt-yettmeslay ass-a.

Talitwanit tekcem di twacult tameqqrant n tutlayin tihendur'ufiyin (indo-européenne), am tefr'ensist, taneglizit akk d weḥric meqqren si ttulayin n Tur'uft (Europe). D acu kan, talitwanit ur čuba ara aṭas tafr'ensist neɣ taneglizit am akken čuba tutlayin ay d-iqerben ɣur-s, tid wukud tecrek aẓar iqerben. Tawacult n tutlayin tihendur'ufiyin tebḍa d ifurka, dɣa talitwanit tekcem deg ufurk n tutlayin tibaltiyin, di lweqt i deg taneglizit akk d talmanit, ɣef umedya, kecment deg ufurk n tutlayin tijirmaniyin. Afurk n tutlayin tibaltiyin yebḍa ɣef snat n tegrawin (tirebbaɛ) : tutlayin tibaltiyin tigmuḍanin (ticerqiyin) i deg tella tlitwanit akk d tliṭṭunit (letton, d tutlayt icuban mliḥ taliwanit u ttmeslayen-tt di Liṭṭunya), akk d terbaɛt n tutlayin tibaltiyin tutrimin (tiɣerbiyin) i deg tella teprusit taqburt, d tutlayt ay inegren di tizi n 1700, u qqimen-d seg-s ala kan kra n yedrizen (traces) yuran. Ihi, t utlayt i ɣer teqreb kter' tlitwanit d taliṭṭunit. Yuɣ lḥal, tutlayin-agi di snat ugarent akk tutlayin tihendur'ufiyin deg wanect i d-yeqqimen deg-sent d idrizen iqburen di tejr'utin (cas) n thendur'ifit taqburt.

Talitwanit tella tesɛa aṭas n tentalyin, d acu kan, llant kra deg-sen ay yedduklen akk d tiyaḍ, u uɣalent d yiwet kan n tentala. Ma d imesilsiyen (linguistes), msefhamen s umata akken ad bḍun talitwanit ɣef snat n tentalyin timeqqranin. Tamenzut, d tin umi qqaren aukshtaichiai neɣ tukctaytit, neɣ Talitwanit n Ufella. Ma d tis snat d tin umi qqaren zemachiai negh tasamugtit neɣ Talitwanit n Wadda. Yiwen n umassan, Grimes (deg wedlis-is n 1992), yerna-d tantala tis tlata, tadzukit, ay yeḥseb d yiwet si tentalyin timeqqranin n tlitwanit, di lweqt i deg tuget deg n yimassanen qqaren-d d akken tadzukit d tanḍa kan (variante) n tukctaytit. Tutlayt talitwanit tatrat ay tesseqdac tmurt ass-a tekka-d seg yiwet n tduntala (sous-dialecte) n tukctaytit (talitwanit n ufella) ay ttmeslayen deg wenẓul (sud) n Litwanya, d acu kan, iḍrisen iqburen akk n tlitwanit uran s tlitwanit n wadda.

Talitwanit tesseqdac agemmay alatini ay yettubeddlen ciṭṭaḥ. Akken ad d-sbanen iɣdebba (accents) n tutlayt talitwanit, Ilitwaniyen sseqdacen izmal n ussemgirred (signes diacritiques). Yuɣ lḥal, tesseqdec tlitwanit yiwen n lweqt agemmay asirili (arusi) si 1864 alammi d 1905, d acu kan, yuɣal-itt-id ugemmay alatini imi d netta kan ay isehlen i tira-yines.

Ass-a, talitwanit tesɛa aẓayer (statut) n tutlayt tamenṣabt di Litwanya, yernu tettuseqac deg yinurar merr'a n leqdic akk d tudert n yal ass. Seg wasmi ay d-yebda lqern wis 20 ara tettuseqdac tlitwanit deg uɣerbaz.

Ger n 1920 d 1940 (di tallit n uzarug amenzu n tmurt), tesbedd-d Litwanya anagraw (système) ikemlen n usselmed ara yesseqdacen talitwanit d tutlayt n usselmed seg uɣerbaz amenzu alamma d tasdawit. Yuɣ lḥal, agdud alitwani d win iḥemmlen ad iɣer aṭas s tutlayt-is. Di tallit i deg tewwi Litwanya azarug-is amenzu, ugar n 7100 n yedlisen ay d-yeffɣen s tlitwanit, yernu ass-a aṭas n tɣawsiwin yuran ara d-iteffɣen s tlitwanit, gar-asent iḍrisen ussnanen (textes scientifiques) d wakniyen (techniques) akk d yeɣmisen d tesɣunin (revues). Di 1990, ffɣen-d di Litwanya 240 n yeɣmisen s 4,5 n yimelyunen n wudmawen (exemplaires) akk d 43 n tesɣunin s 2,6 n yimelyunen n wudmawen.

Llant diɣ tregwa n rr'adyu akk d tilibizyu s tlitanit. Kra n wahilen (programmes) ay d-tgen i yiberr'aniyen, ttmeslayen s teglizit.

Mi akka ara d-yettqerrib uzemz (date) n unekcum n Litwanya ɣer Tdukli Tur'ufit (Union Européenne), talitwanit ur tettɣimi ara kan d tutlayt taɣelnawt n yiwet kan n tmurt wanag ad tuɣal d yiwet si tutlayin timenṣabin n Tur'uft u ad d-taf iman-is s waya tga aḥurif ɣer sdat akken ad tuɣal d tutlayt tagraɣlant. Xas ma yella lqern wis 20 yeǧǧa-d leǧruḥ di tutlayt-a yernu qrib yegli yis-s akken ad tuɣal si tutlayin yemmuten, lqern wis 21 yeldi-d tiwwura timaynutin ɣef tutlayt-a akken ad tennerni ɣer sdat. 




#Article 63: Taluksemburgit (920 words)


Tutlayt taluksemburgit d nettat ay d tutlayt taɣelnawt n Luxembourg seg wass n 24 Fur'ar' 1984, yernu ttmeslayen-tt di tmiwa merr'a n tmurt-agi tamecṭuḥt am wakken ay tt-ttmeslayen di tmiwa n Fransa akk d Biljik ay iqerben ɣer Luxembourg.
 
Taluksemburgit tefruri-d si tutlayt tajirmanit di lqern wis 4 n Sidna Aisa (germanique, d tutlayt taqburt n Lalman i seg ay d-tefruri ula d talmanit), tutlayt n Luxembourg tuɣal isker ay temgerrad (temxallaf) ɣef tutlayt-nni tajaddiwt ay tt-id-yefkan, alammi ay tuɣal ass-a, aṭas n Walmaniyen ur fessus ara fell-asen ad tt-fehmen ma yella slan-as. Win yettmeslayen talmanit yezmer ad yeɛqel awal-a neɣ awal-adi, neɣ yezmer ad yefhem amek tebna kra n tefyirt (phrase) s tluksemburgit -akken ay yezmer Walmani n kra n tama ad yefhem tantala (dialecte) talmanit n kra n tama nniḍen- d acu kan, tikwal win yettmeslayen talmanit tikwal iweḥḥel-d d kra n wawalen akk d tefyirin ur nelli d tijirmaniyin yernu sseqdacen-tent di tluksemburgit, dɣa d anect-nni ay sen-yesseɛraqen ad fehmen tutlayt-a akken ilaq lḥal, ala kan ma lemden-tt si swadda.

 
Di Luxembourg, tutlayt-a d nettat ay ttmeslayen qrib akk imezdaɣen n tmurt, dɣa tesɛa din azal n 290.000 n yemsiwlen (locuteurs). D acu kan, llan diɣ di Luxembourg wazal n 110.000 n yiberr'aniyen ay izedɣen yernu qeddcen di tmurt-a yernu yal ass keccmen-d wazal n 65.000 n yemdanen nniḍen si Fr'ansa akk d Biljik akken ad qedcen di Luxembourg yernu tuget meqqren deg-sen ur ttmeslayen taluksemburgit, ur tt-fehhmen, d acu kan, anabaḍ n Luxembourg yesselmad tutlayt-a ama i yimeqqranen ay izedɣen di tmurt-a neɣ i warraw n wigi asmi ara kecmen s aɣerbaz aɣelnaw. Di Fr'ansa, anda ay ttmeslayen taluksemburgit di tmiwa n Thionville akk d Diddenuewen, di Lorraine, xas ma yella ulac addun (recensement) ɣef wacḥal ay tt-yettmeslayen ad ilin wazal n 30 neɣ n 40.000 n yemdanen ay tt-yesseqdacen di tmiwa-ya. Ma di Biljik, anda ay ttmeslayen taluksemburgit di tama n Arlon neɣ Areler Land, ad ilin wazal n 25.000 n yemdanen ay tt-yessnen.

 
Di Luxembourg, xas ma yella taluksemburgit tesɛa amkan n tutlayt taɣelnawt, anabaḍ n Luxembourg d tafr'ensist kan ay yesseqdac di tira n yisuḍaf (leqwanin), d acu kan, anect-a ur d as-yekkis ara i tluksemburgit ad tettuseqdac deg yinurar merr'a yerzan tadbelt (administration) akk d teɣdemt (justice), yernu iqeddacen ay iqeddcen deg yinurar-agi tewwi-d fell-asen merr'a ad issinen ad ɣren u ad arun u ad mmeslayen taluksemburgit. Ma di Biljik, yessebded-d Useqqamu n Tmetti Tafr'ensiswalt n Biljik (Conseil de la Communauté Francophone) yiwen n usaḍuf di 1990 i lmend n weḥraz akk d wesnerni n tutlayin tiẓiyanin (régionales), dɣa seg yimir-n ay d-sbedden Aseqqamu n Tutlayin Tiẓiyanin akken ad d-yelhu d wuguren merr'a yeqqnen ɣer tutlayin-a, yernu taluksemburgit d yiwet si tutlayin i yes d-yelha useqqamu-yagi. Ma di Fr'ansa, ulac akk d acu n uẓayer (statut) ay tesɛa tutlayt taluksemburgit.
 

 
Di Luxembourg, d taluksemburgit ay d tutlayt n usselmed deg yelmaten n yigerdan (jardins ḍenfants), ma deg uɣerbaz amenzu, xas ma yella aḥric meqqren seg uselmed yettili-d s talmanit, ttilint diɣ kra n tnegwa (matières) ay sselmanden s tluksemburgit. Di tesnawit (lycée), iḥebbes welmad n tluksemburgit yernu tutlayt-a tettuseqdac kan di kra n temsirin tisensanin (cours pratiques). Ma di tesdawit, taluksemburgit ur tettuselmad, ur tettuseqdac d tutlayt n usselmed, ala kan deg wannanen (stages) n wid ara yuɣalen d iselmaden deg yelmaten n yigerdan neɣ deg yiɣerbazen imenza neɣ diɣ wid yeqqaren ɣef tsekla taluksemburgit. Yuɣ lḥal, taluksemburgit sselmaden-tt diɣ i yimeqqranen, ama i yiqeddacen iberr'aniyen akk d i yiminigen neɣ i yiqeddacen iluskemburgiyen ay ixuṣṣen di tutlayt-a. Di tmurt n Biljik, tutlayt tamenṣabt n usselmed d tafr'ensist, d acu kan, aṭas seg wid yettmeslayen taluksemburgit di tmurt-a a yessuturen ad tekcem tutlayt-nsen s aɣerbaz, yernu deg yiwen n welma n yigerdan n tama-ya, atni a ttaɛraḍen yiwen n wahil (programme) n usselmed s tutlayt taluksemburgit. Aṭas n yimeqqranen ibiljikiyen ara yettnadin diɣ ad lemden taluksemburgit, ladɣa wid ara iqeddcen di Luxembourg, d acu kan, asselmed-nsen yettemlili-d uguren imi tikwal d iselmaden ay d-ilehhun yid-sen d wid ur neẓwir ara aṭas di tluksemburgit. Ma di Fr'ansa, tutlayt taluksemburgit qrib tɣab akk seg wahilen n usselmed n tmiwa i deg ay tt-ttmeslayen. Tutlayt-a sselmaden-tt kan deg yiwen n uɣerbaz alemmas yernu s tin kan n tarmit (expérimentalement), yernu imḍebbren n yiɣerbazen n tmiwa-ya fkan ugar n wazal i uselmed n talmanit. D acu kan, simmal ara ttnernin yimeqqranen ara ilemmden taluksemburgit ula di Fr'ansa, imi aṭas deg wigi d wid diɣ ay ixeddmen di Luxembourg (azal n 31.000 n yemdanen di 1997).
 

 
(*)médias
 
Di Luxembourg, tella yiwet n terga taɣelnawt, RTL Letzebuerg, tettmeslay ala kan s tluksemburgit, tesskan-d ahilen yemgerraden (ir'upur'ṭajen, tisgilin, isallen, atg.) yernu tesɛa tasɣent (ddur') s wazal-is deg wesnerni n tutlayt taluksemburgit ama di tmurt-a, ama berr'a i tlisa, imi ay nezmer ad naf tagra-yagi ula deg ugensa (satellite). Llant diɣ tregwa n rr'adyu ay yettmeslayen s kra ara yekk wass s tluksemburgit. Xas ma yella amur meqqren seg yeɣmisen s talmanit ay d-iteffeɣ yernu ulac iɣmisen n tluksemburgit ay d-iteffɣen yal ass neɣ yal ddur't, iɣmisen n tutlayt talmanit akk d tefr'ensist sseddayen-d imagraden s tluksemburgit. D acu kan, llant diɣ kra n tesɣunin ay d-iteffɣen ala kan s tluksemburgit yernu sya ɣer da ad d-yeffeɣ diɣ wedlis amaynut s tutlayt-a.
 
Taluksemburgit d tutlayt mecṭuḥen s waṭas ger n tutlayin ay s-d-yezzin, d acu kan, tessaweḍ ad d-tekkes amkan-is di tdamsa (économie) imi ass-a, aṭas n yiberr'aniyen ara tt-ilemmden, yernu attan a tneǧǧer' abrid-is cwiṭ, cwiṭ akken ula d nettat ad tuɣal d tutlayt n yedles, am tutlayin nniḍen.




#Article 64: Yidir (534 words)


Yidir (25 tuber 1949 - 2 mayyu 2020), (isem-is n tidet: Ḥamid Ceryat) d acennay Aqbayli ilulen deg useggas n 1949 deg taddart n At Laḥsen (tama n At Yenni) di tmurt n Yiqbayliyen, Yeɣra taɣul n tesnakalt acku iɣil ad yexdem deg n usufeɣ d tmguri n upitrul maca yufa-d iman-is deg wannar n ccna. Deg useggas n 1973 yebda aberid-is s ugacur imi yella d imeddzi n yiwet n tnaẓurt n ccna deg umaṭaf n Teqbaylit. Icna-d imiren tizlit-is yettwasen deg umadal A Baba-inub. 

Kra iseggasen seld 1973, isufeɣ-d angul-is (CD) amenzu, anda llant tuɣac izuznen mannect n tsuta: A baba-Inu ba, Isefra, Ssendu, Azger, Muqleɣ, Zwitt rwitt, Cfiɣ, Azwaw, Tagrawla, Ers-d a yiṭes, Tiḍri n wegdud akw d Tamacahutt n tsekkurt. Deg useggas n 1979, isufeɣ-d aḍebsi-ines wis sin : A yarrac Nneɣ. Yeqqim azal n mraw kuz (14) iseggasen d amek i d-yerna aḍebsi wis krad, azwel-is : Inegmar neɣ Iṣeggaḍen n Tafat (Les Chasseurs de lumière) deg 1993. Maca deg 1986, yexdem yiwen n leqdic igerzen, imi isnejmaɛ-d kra n warrac imecṭaḥ di Franṣa, yessufɣ-d yid-sen yiwen uḍebsi i yeqqimen deg umezruy n ccna aqbayli , am uḍebsi n  baba-inu ba. Aḍebsi isemma-yas: Taɣribt-iw akw d tarbaɛt n warrac Tiddukla. 

Deg 1999, Yidir isekles aḍebsi-ines wis kuz, iwumi isemma:  Timugat (Identités), anda i ittekka ucennay Aqbayli Brahim Izri d unazur afranṣiw 'Maxime Le Forestier' d wiyaḍ am  'Manu Chao', 'Dan Ar Braz', Gnawa, d Zebda.

Deg useggas n 2002, isufɣ-d yiwen uḍebsi : sin igwemaḍ, yiwet n targit (Deux rives un rêve), ma di 2005, isufɣ-d aḍebsi: ger tazeqqa d wakal (Entre scène et Terre). Deg uneggaru agi iḥka-d yakw s tugniwin amecwar-is n ccna, di yal tazeqqa anda yecna, di kra n tmura..
yernad g asegwass n 2007 aḍebsi  Fransa n tirmiwin (la France des couleurs)

Deg uzawan n Yidir, aṭas n wallalen i iseqdac , ɣas ulamma Tajewwaqt tesɛa azal meqqren i izaden af wiyaḍ (imi Yidir yettureba-d ar yiqbayliyen). Mi yella mecṭuh, ula  d netta yekkat-itt akken iwata, yuɣ lḥal d tinna i d allal amenzu s wiyes i yebda yetturar aẓawan. Aẓawan i yeggar Yidir a naf deg-s imesla n ugambar (tagiṭart), tajewaqt d dderbuka. Imesla n tuɣac-is s teqbaylit, maca inumak-nsent d ameɣradan (n ddunit akk).  

Isental n tuɣac n Yidir mgaraden, icennu af yinig -lɣerba- (ad d-nuɣal, wi' bɣyn, aɣrib), tameɣra (zwitt rwitt, azwaw, aya lxir inu, yelha wurar), cfata, aktay (cfiɣ, at zik, tagrawala), timucuha (baba-inu iba, tamacahutt n tsekkurt)... atg. 

Tawila n uzawan n Yidir d icewwiqen i d-yesmektayen akal n lejdud, i-ɣ-d-iḥekkun af umezruy n yiqbayliyen  akk d Tamazɣa s umata. Tuɣac n yidir ttakken-t sseglilizent ṣsura n win/tin i sent-isellen; senkarent-d tamdanit (tujjma)deg wulawen. Ddeqs n tezlatin n Yidir iwumi ɛawden inaẓuren, mačči kan icennayen n Tmazɣa maca ula d iwerdanen. Ladɣa taɣuct-nni « Baba-inu ba» ɛawden-as ugar n 17 icennayen seg yal  tama deg umaḍal.

De uḍebsi-ya n DVD, att-afem tudert d umecwar n Yidir di ccna, llant deg-s tugniwin d isura n tmeɣriwin, di yal tizeɣwiwin(tizeɣwa) anda i yecna, di yal tmura.

Deg wass n 2 mayyu 2020 ɣef 21:30 deg usganfu n Bichat-Claude-Bernard i d-yezgan di Paris yemmut Yidir deg waddar (leɛmeṛ) n 70 n iseggasen




#Article 65: Ǧamal Ɛellam (113 words)


Ǧamal Ɛellam d acennay aqbayli, ger imezwura i cnan s uẓawan atrar. Ilul deg 1947 di Bgayet, yemmut ass n 15 cṭember 2018 di Paris. Ilmed aẓawan deg uɣerbaz uẓawan n Bgayet. Deg 1970 iruḥ ar tɣiwant n 'Marseille', imiren izger ar 'Paris' di Fransa. Deg 1974, ixdem di Radyu 'France Inter' akw d 'Claude Villers'. Dɣa d netta i t-iskecmen ar wexxam n idebṣiyen 'Escargots' (win id isufɣen idebṣiyen n inazuren mucaɛen am 'François Béranger' d 'Gilles Vigneault'). Yuɣal Jamal Ɛellam yufrared asmi i d-isufeɣ tuɣac timezwura ines: Arjut, mara d-yuɣal, atg.

Ǧamal Ɛellam yurar di kra isura am : Prends dix mille balles et casse-toi, La plage des enfants perdus, atg.




#Article 66: Sliman Ɛazem (1044 words)


Sliman Ɛazem d amedyaz, anaẓur, agerutlay d ameskar n ccna aqbayli (taqbaylit). Ilul ass n 19 ctamber 1918 di taddart Agni n Yeɣran, i d-yezgan di lɛerc n At sedqa, di tama Iwadiyen. Mi ara nmuqel af ayen yecna Sliman Ɛazem u amek yecna, yella cbih aṭas ar tmedyazt n Si Muḥend u Mḥend, amedyaz aqbayli n tidmi wis XIX. Ur neɣleḍ ara ma nenna-d: Sliman Ɛazem yella i tidmi wis XX ayen yella Si Muḥ u Mḥand i tidmi wis XIX. Ur nettu ara belli Sliman Ɛazem yudred Si Muḥ u Mḥand d acḥal n tikkal di kra tezlatin-ines.

Sliman Ɛazem yemmut berra n tmurt-is d twacult-is n tmurt ass n 28 yennayer 1983 di 'Moissac' di Fransa. Ass-nni d Radyu Beur, Radyu Tamaziɣt akk d tilizri n Fransa : Antenne 2, i d-yefkan lexbar n tmettant n Sliman Ɛazem. Ass n 30 yennayer, ussan-d aṭas n lɣaci si yal tama n Fransa i wakken ad awzen fell-as. Tawacult-is yakk tella teḥḍer: ama d tameṭṭut-is 'Lucienne' umi qaren Malika (temmut deg useggas n 1995), ama d atmaten-is d warraw-nsen yakk, ama d weltma-s Wardiya i d-yussan si Lezzayer. Azekka nni, ass n 31 Yennayer, i yenṭel.

Sliman Ɛazem ɣur-s 2 tyesmatin: Ḥejila d Wardiya (temmut deg 2006), akk d 3 n watmaten: Bujma, Wali (yemmut deg 2002), akk d Ali (yemmut deg 2005). Imawlan-nsen isem-nsen: Lamara d Yamina.

 
Yiwen ur s-yenna acku Sliman Ɛazem, mi yella d agrud, ad yefeɣ d anaẓur ifazen n ccna aqbayli. Illa d mmis umekraz (ufellaḥ), deg uɣerbaz ur ifaz ara aṭas. Aqerruy-is iweha sanda nniḍen u yella d win i ḥemlen timucuha n 'La Fontaine'. Dɣa d anecta
ijjan later deg umecwar-ines n taẓuri d ccna, imi di tizlatin-ines isexdam aṭas iseɣwan (lḥiwan).

Sliman Ɛazem yeffeɣ tadart-is bezzaf d ameẓyan. yella di leɛmer-is 11 isseggasen asmi iruḥ ar Lezzayer tamanaɣt i waken ad yexdem si Rrumyen di tama n Sṭawali, af yiri n ill agrakal. Asmi yewweḍ 19 isseggasen izger ill agi ar Fransa, ar tɣiwant n Lleɣwi (Longwy) anda yebda ixeddem deg yiwet n Luzin, uqbel ad isɛedi lɛesker-is, u ad yettekki di trad-nni umi qqaren 'Issoudun'. Deg 1940, iffeɣ-ed si lɛesker, u iruḥ ar Paris anda ixdem daxel uderbuz 'Métro RATP' (akken yeqqar di yiwet ger tizlatin-ines). Sin iseggasen umbeɛad, wint lɛesker n Lalman ar Rhénanie di tama umalu n Lalman, alama d tilelli n Fransa deg 1945. Kra iseggasen akin, iṭef yiwet n lqahwa din di 'Paris', anda illa icennu iy iminigen. 

Taɣuct tamezwarut ines d A Muḥ a Muḥ isufeɣ-itt-id af iminigen (iɣriben). D tazlit id yeldin abrid i wazal n 50 iseggasen n ccna iwenɛen.

Asmi i tewwi Lezzayer azarug ines deg useggas n 1962, Sliman Ɛazem ikat aṭas ɣef udabu (leḥkum) azzayri. I waya illa megdul di Rrayu n teqbaylit ger iseggasen n 1967 ar 1988. Dɣa asmi imut deg 1983, yemḍel di Franṣa, imi ur tejjan ad yilli wanecta di tmurt-is.

Aṭas inaẓuren n ccna n teqbaylit iy aran tajmilt i Sliman Ɛazem. Gar-asen Lwennas Meɛṭub mačči kan di yiwet n taɣuct.

Sliman Ɛazem illa d win ikaten aṭas s inumak (lmeɛnat), imi d win i d-isenṭaqen iseɣwan (lḥiwan) di tezlatin ines: izem, uccen, amqerqer, azger, aɣyul, asardun, ayaziḍ, amcic, aqjun, taweṭṭuft, inissi, awtul, ... atg. I waya umi kra iɣmisen d ineɣmasen n Fransa semman-as i Sliman Ɛazem : 'Jean de la Fontaine Kabyle'. 

Deg umedya tagi d yiwet n tmacahutt um'isemma : Ccra n lḥiwan (Parodie de justice animale).

Nezmer ad nini belli Sliman Ɛazem, ulac ɣef wacu ur icna ara. Yal aḥric n tmeddurt n imdanen ur tijja, ladɣa iɣeblan i d-ttmagaren di ddunit. Icna ɣef unekcam afranṣi (Ffeɣ ay ajrad tamurt-iw), af uzarug n tmurt (Iḍehr-ed wagur, itebɛ-it-id yitri), tafsut imaziɣen (ɣef teqbaylit yuli wass), tajjadit (Lejdud, A Taqbaylit a Tigejdit), tayri (nekk akk d kem), aɛebbuḍ, idrimen, tazmert, lbaṭel, lmut, tagmatt, lɣwerba, ddunit, 'carte de résidence', atg. Dayen ijjan lɣaci qqaren-d : ur d-ijja Sliman ayen a d-nini, imi kulci inna-t-id.

Sliman Ɛazem illa d anagi n umadal ixeṣren, ur iban s anda i t-teddu, aken yeqqar deg umeslayen-is: Ilah ɣaleb, Kulci yeqleb, Zzman tura yexxerweḍ, atg. Tuɣac n Sliman Ɛazem d tugniwin n temetti
i d-isnuqul. Di tezlatin ines, yehder af zik d tura. Ar Sliman Ɛazem, zik tella nniya, nnif d tagmatt, ma d tura d aɛebbuḍ, d idrimen, d leḥsed, atg. Anecta yakk icnat s imeslayen iḥerfiyen: a ḥafid a settar, lqern 14, ṣaḥa di lweqt aɣeddar, atg. 

Ulama deg akud (lweqt) ines, llan aṭas inazuren n ccna n teqbaylit i yecnan af lemḥayen n lɣwerba, lameɛna ar waṭas n leqbayel Sliman Ɛazem illa d win i t-ticnan ugar, imi lɣwerba tejreḥ ul-is nezzeh. Asmekti-s af tmurt n leqbayel dima yella di tezlatin ines, am : D aɣrib d aberrani, Ay afrux ifirelles, a tamurt-iw aɛzizen, atg.

Sliman Ɛazem, ɣas aken icna af leɛwayed, u illa yessarem akken leqbayel ad ṭfen deg-sen, lameɛna tamuɣli ines ar umadal atrar tella muqret. Illa d win i yettwalin acu ara yedrun ar zdat. Yesɛa isefra n necraḥa d utihi af tsartit tagreɣlant, am di tezlatin n: Amek ara nili ṣuṣṭa, Terwi tebberwi, atg. 

Daɣen Sliman Ɛazem iṣehḍar-ed aṭas iseɣwan di tezlatin ines, ladɣa ma yebɣa ad iwet deg isertiyen i ṭṭfen adabu n tmurt. Ger tuɣac agi, nezmer ad nader kra am: baba ɣayu, taqṣit umqerqer, tlata yeqjan, Ufiɣ-d tasekkurt teḥzen, azger yeɛqel gma-s, atg.

Sliman Ɛazem, ulac af wacu ur icna ara. Yal aḥric n ddunit ur tijja. Icna ɣef unekcam afranṣi (Ffeɣ ay ajrad tamurt-iw), ɣef uzarug n tmurt (Iḍehr-ed wagur), tafsut imaziɣen n 80 (ɣef teqbaylit yuli was), tajjadit (Lejdud, A Taqbaylit a Tigejdit), tayri (nek ak d kem), lɣwerba (D aɣwrib d aberrani), dunit (ṣaḥa di lweqt aɣedar, Ilah ɣaleb, Kulci yeqleb, Zzman tura yexxerweḍ, Amek ara nili ṣuṣṭa, Terwi tebberwi), tamurt n leqbayel (Ay afrux ifilelles, a tamurt-iw aɛzizen), aɛebuḍ, idrimen, lmut, nnif, tagmatt, 'carte de résidence', atg. Dayen ijjan lɣaci qqaren-d : ur d-ijja Sliman ayen ad nini, imi kulci inna-t-id. Daɣen Sliman Ɛazem i ṣehḍar-ed aṭas iseɣwan di tezlatin ines am: baba ɣayu, taqṣit umqerqer, tlata yeqjan, Ufiɣ-d tasekkurt teḥzen, azger yaaqel gma-s, atg. Atnan imeslayen n kra n tuɣac s Sliman Ɛazem.

Tamdint n Paris (asun wis 14) tefka isem n Sliman Ɛazem i yiwwen n usarag.




#Article 67: Galma (275 words)


Galma (Guelma) d yiwet n temdint u d yiwet n twilayt ay d-yuzgan deg wegmuḍ (ccerq) Ldzayer, deg wegmuḍ n Qsenṭina.

Deg tallit n Ṛṛuman, tamdint-agi llan qqaren-as Kalama, u ulac ccek dakk-n Galma yeqqim-d seg tallit-nni. Yuɣ lḥal, llan aṭas n yismawen n yimukan d temdinin d iqdimen ugar n wanect ay nezmer ad t-nxayel, yernu deg tmurt n Ldzayer, mazal kra n yimukan sɛan ismawen-nni ay llan sɛan-ten deg tallit n Ṛṛuman. ɣef umedya, Lemdeyya (Médéa) yekka-d seg yisem n Lambadia (d isem n temdint-a deg tallit n Ṛṛuman.

D acu kan, aṭas seg yismawen n yimukan, n tewsitin (leɛṛac) d yemdanen imaziɣen n zzman n Ṛṛuman, llan ssezlagen-asen ismawen-nsen ama deg wenṭaq, ama deg tira, dɣa d ay-n ay yettarran anadi n laṣ̣el n yismawen-agi yewɛeṛ alamma ay d ay-n kan. Yuɣ lḥal, imi anagraw asnisli (système phonologique) amazi-nni ay yes nettzuxxu, asmi ay yura ɣef tesnamurt (géographie) n tmurt-nneɣ, yessezleg akk ismawen-nni n yimukan d yisafen d yiɣerman (tuddar d temdinin), alamma ay yeqqel, ass-a, d awezɣi ad neɛqel ismawen-nni ma nebɣa ad nnadi deg wennar. Deg wanect-a ara d-iban acḥal yecmet mi ara yettaru wegdud s tutlayt yellan d tabeṛṛanit fell-as, imi ula d ismawen n wegdud-is, ad ten-yeccmat akk-n ay ten-yeccmet ubeṛṛani.

Ma d isem n Galma, yettban-iyi-d dakk-n ad yili yekka-d seg uẓar GLM neɣ GLMM ay d-yefkan isem Agelmim. Yuɣ lḥal, nemmeslay-d ussan-agi iɛeddan ɣef yisem-agi u nenna-d dakk-n llan aṭas n yimukan deg tmurt-nneɣ ay yesɛan isem-agi u yezmer lḥal ad tili Galma tewwi-d isem-is seg wawal-agi. Agelmim qqaren-as s tmaheɣt agelmam. Wagi d amkan ameqran ay deg gellen waman, ur ttazzalen ara deg-s am wasif.




#Article 68: At Yenni (lɛerc) (246 words)


At Yanni d isem n yiwet n tewsit (lɛerc) yettwassnen deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Yella daɣen d isem n yiwet n temdint d tamezyant tuzga-d deg yidurar n ǧerǧer, deg twilayt n Tizi Wezzu.

Isem n At Yanni anamek-is arraw n Yanni. Yanni d isem n ujaddiw ay seg d-ṣubben yimezwura yefkan isem-nsen i tewsit-a (lɛerc). Isem-agi, ɣef leḥsab n Mohand Akli Haddadou, yekka-d seg wemyag ani, anamek-is muqel neɣ wali. Amyag-a n tmaziɣt taqdimt mazal la yettuseqdac deg tmaheɣt n Uhaggar. Seqdacent daɣend id kra n tmiwa n tmurt leqbayel am Iwaḍiyen. Amedya : ad yili yiwen ur yeẓri ara sani iruḥ walbaɛḍ, m' ara s-inin. Ad yini : ah, ttaniɣ anida yerra! meḥsub lliɣ ttnadiɣ, neɣ seqsayeɣ iman-iw anida yedda. 

Deg lɛerc n'At Weɣlis daɣen sseqdacen awal agi n ani,  ittani y as aqerru is ma llant tilkin, anamek is ittnadi deg weqerru is ma llant telkin. annay = anadi n telkin (puces) deg temnaṭṭ agi. 

Seg-s ay d-yessuddem Dda Lmulud awal annay (observation) akk d amanay (observateur).

Daɣen, deg tmaheɣt akk d tmaziɣt taqburt, ani anamek-is ali ɣef uɣersiw, rkeb ɣef uɣersiw, seg wemyag-a ay d-yekka wawal amnay (anamek-is win yettanin, win irekkben ɣef uɣersiw, ɣef wegmar-aɛewdiw). Amyag a yettwasen ɣer icelḥiyen i seqdacen sni meḥsub rkeb aaudiw neɣ amerkub s umata. Da a nger tamawt dakken ula di teqbaylit amyag-a mazal it yedder. Amedya: sni tisegnit, meḥsub sɛeddid lxiḍ di tsegnit, serkeb lxiḍ. Sya ar da at tafeḍ daɣen tamɣart tesna asaɣur.




#Article 69: Larebɛa Nat Yiraten (960 words)


Larebɛa n Ayt Yiraten (Larbaa Nath Irathen) d yiwet n temdint meqqren deg twilayt n Tizi Wezzu (Lezzayer), tuzga-d deg yiwet n tama d tamedrart n Tmurt n Leqbayel, u zedɣen-tt azal n 30.000 yimezdaɣen. Larebɛa n At Yiraten tella d ssuq meqqren deg Tmurt n Leqbayel n zik, u d nettat ay d tamdint tameqqrant akk deg wakal n teqbilt n At Yiraten.

Zik tella kan d amkan n ssuq, ulac deg-s yexxamen siwa taddart tamecṭuḥt, isem-is d Icerɛiwen, anda ilul-ed Si Muḥend u Mḥend. Asmi kecmen Irumyen Tamurt n Leqbayel deg useggas 1857, hezmen taddart-agi, bnan deg wemkan-is lburǧ umi semman Fort Napoléon. 
 

Taɣiwant n Larebɛa n At Yiraten tella deg Alemmas-Agmuḍ n Twilayt n Tizi Wezzu.

Taɣiwant n Larebɛa n At Yiraten tessuddes s 25 tudrin n tixxutert tameskilt :

Semman-as Larebɛa acku ssuq ines deg wass n larebɛa ay d-yettili. Llant aṭas n tmiwa, ama deg Tmurt n Leqbayel neɣ deg Lezzayer s umata, sɛant ismawen n wussan, u aya yessebgan-d ass ay deg d-yettili ssuq deg tama-nni.
 
Ɣef umedya :

 

At Yiraten d isem n teqbilt (confédération) izedɣen tama-yagi. Taqbilt-agi llan deg-s aṭas n leɛrac, gar-asen At Umalu, At Usammar akk d At Ɛkerma.  
 
At Yiraten d isem n teqbilt izedɣen tama-yagi. Taqbilt-agi llan deg-s aṭas n leɛrac, gar-asen Ayt Umalu, Ayt Usammar akk d Ayt Ɛkerma.
 
Isem n At Yiraten anamek-is arraw n Iraten. Iraten ad yili d isem n ujaddiw n teqbilt-agi u d isem amaziɣ aqdim. ɣef leḥsab n Salem Caker, ismawen imaziɣen kkan-d ɣef tallyin (zzmanat) yemgerraden, yal tallit d wamek ay llan Yimaziɣen la bennun ismawen-nsen deg-s. Deg Wegles (Antiquité), amur ameqran deg yismawen imaziɣen llan ttwabnayen s wesdukkel n sin wawalen. ɣef umedya, Masensen (Massinissa) yettwabna s mass (aqerru, imḍebber) + nsen, deg lweqt ay deg Yugurten yettwabna s yugur (yugar) + ten (iten), anamek-is yugar-iten. Dɣa ula d isem n Iraten ad yili yettwabna s sin wawalen. ɣef leḥsab n Chaker (Manuel de Linguistique Berbère, tome I, Bouchene 1990), isem Iraten ad yili yekka-d seg ira (iḥemmel) + ten (iten), meḥsub iḥemmel-iten, u yenna-d dakk-n anamek n yisem-a netta dakk-n win umi t-fkan iḥemmel n Yakucen (dieux) n Imaziɣen iqdimen, ɣas ma yella ay-a yella deg-s ccek.
 
Yessefk ad d-nger tamawt dakk-n llan waṭas n yismawen imaziɣen iqdimen ay yettwabnan s wudem-a : amyag + amqim awṣ̣il asemmad usrid (pronom affixe complément d'objet direct). Yugurten d yiwen deg-sen, maca diɣ nezmer ad d-nernu wiyaḍ : Yeften ad yili yekka-d seg Yif + ten, anamek-is yif-iten (meḥsub yif iɛɛdawen-is akk d yiḥessaden). Ma d Yernaten, d isem amaziɣ niḍen, yekka-d seg yerna + ten (anamek-is : yerna-ten, meḥsub yerna iɛdawen-is akk d yiḥessaden). D acu kan, deg way-n yerzan Iraten, ur cikkeɣ ara dakk-n anamek n yisem-a yeɛna illwen (dieux) wanag ad yili yeɛna tawacult d waytmaten n win umi fkan isem-a. ɣef way-a, ttxemmimeɣ dakk-n Imaziɣen iqdimen, mi ara as-semmin i mmi-tsen Iraten, qesden-d ira neɣ iḥemmel aytmaten-is, wigad-is, tawacult-is (yemma-s d baba-s), maci d illwen ay iḥemmel, ɣas ma yella tagi tettɣimi-d d tamuɣli-yinu tudmawant.
 
Yagi, i wakk-n ad d-nemmeslay s ttbut ɣef way-a akk, yessefk ad nissin u ad nefhem, neɣ meqqar ad nesɛu takti (lfekra) ɣef wamek ay llan la ttxemmimen Yimaziɣen iqdimen d wamek ay llan la ttwalin ddunit.
 
Nezmer kan ad d-nini dakk-n, ɣef leḥsab n yismawen-nsen iqdimen, Imaziɣen n zik llan la ttidiren tudert iweɛren, deg yiwet n twennaḍt ay deg qwan yimihiten (dangers), ama d wid n twennaḍt neɣ d wid ay d-ttxayalen medden (iḥeckulen, lerwaḥ, atg.). Nnig way-a, zik, ɣas medden ddren deg tmurt-nsen, deg wakal-nsen, ttgen tafellaḥt u kessen lmal, maca, akk-n yebɣu yili, llan rwan lḥif. Imenɣi n Umaziɣ aqdim yella-d mgal n ugama ay deg yella yettidir am wakk-n ay d-yella diɣ mgal yeɛdawen-is, ama d wid n tmurt-is (imenɣi ger tewsiyin-tribus), neɣ ger-as d yiberraniyen (Ifiniqiyen, rruman, Iwendaliyen, atg.). ɣef way-a, yella yewɛer ɣef tyemmat tamaziɣt ad tessider igerdan-is neɣ ad ten-id-tessker. Ar ass-a, mazal deg kra n tmiwa n Tmazɣa imukan anda ara ttmettaten waṭas llufanat. Zik, dderya tesɛa azal meqqren aṭas, win ur tt-nseɛɛu ara yettagad ad yemmet d amengur, yernu ma yella tameṭṭut ur tesɛi ara dderya tezmer ad tebru neɣ ad d-ternu fell-as takna. Akk-n ay s-yeqqar wanzi : Win ur ten-nesɛi yugad nnger, win ay ten-yesɛan yerwa aḥebber. Asmi ara d-yesɛu walbaɛḍ mmi-s, ad yemdez (ad yefreḥ) yis-s yernu ad gen yimawlan-is akk ay-n umi zemren i wakk-n ad t-ḥudden ɣef ccer ay izemren ad t-iḥaz, yernu tikkwal, ttaken-as isem ay yes ara ssirmen ad yerbeḥ, d isem ara yilin d asfillet i lxir. 
 
Zik, deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, llant aṭas n tilawin umi ttmettaten llufanat, dɣa mi ara d-tesɛu aqcic, ad as-tsemmi Yidir i wakk-n ur yettmettat ara. Yidir anamek-is ad yidir, dɣa yettili-d yisem-agi d assirem i wakk-n llufan-nni ad yidir u ad tiɣzif tudert-is. Akk-a daɣen, mi ara d-ilal weqcic ɣer Yimaziɣen n zik, llan ttaken-as isem ay yes ara sfillten i wakk-n ad yidir, am wakk-n diɣ, tikkwal, ttaken-as isem ay yes ara yemneɛ i yimihiten n tudert n yimir-n. Imaziɣen n zik ttagaden ama seg tiṭ d yiḥeckulen (ay d-ittekken seg yiḥessaden), ama seg yeɛdawen. ɣef way-a ara naf llan ttaken i yigerdan-sen ismawen am Yugurten (yugar-iten, meḥsub iɛdawen-is) neɣ Yeften d Yernaten.     
 
Yessefk kan ad d-nger tamawt dakk-n Imaziɣen n zik llan ttaken ismawen ara yesrewlen diɣ tamattant (lmut) ɣef mmi-tsen. ɣef umedya, tameṭṭut umi ttmettaten yigerdan, zik, deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, tettsemmi-yas i mmi-s Akli i wakk-n ad t-tɣanfu tmattant, ur t-tettawi ara imi ay as-fkan isem-agi. Yessefk ad nẓer dakk-n aklan, zik-nni, llan ssexdamen-ten deg kra n tmiwa timaziɣin u llan ḥeqren-ten medden, ttɣanfun-ten yernu ur ten-ttnasaben, dɣa llan la ttwalin dakk-n lemmer ad as-fken i mmi-tsen isem n Akli, tamattant ad asen-t-teǧǧ.




#Article 70: Awerǧeǧǧi (295 words)


warẓigen neɣ Awerǧeǧǧi (Assaɣ ussnan: Cicadidae) d tawacult n ibureɣsen yettsuɣun deg unebdu. Yemgarad wamek i s-qqaren s Teqbaylit. 

Aburɣes-a yettidir deg yal tama d twennaṭ n umadal anagar tamiwin n tizgelt tagafant d Antraktika. Maca yettili s tuget deg tamiwin tiɣurarin am tniriwin. Warẓigen yebṭa ɣer snat n telmas s unect n wallus n tudert-is, warẓigen amseggas i yettidiren gar n sin alamma d 5 n iseggasen ma d talmest tis snat d warẓigen anallus yettidiren gar n 13 alamma d 17 n iseggasen, dɣa talmest-a tettidir tuget n tudert-is s ddaw n wakal alamma tewweṭ 13 neɣ 17 n iseggasen deg waddar-is (lɛemṛ-is) anda i d-tteffɣen ɣef yiwet n tikkelt yirna s waṭas. Ayyen yettaken tagʷnit i yiɣersiwen niden i wakken ad ččen deg-sent

Warẓigen d aburɣes alemmas n ubleɣ, ila ger n 2 alamma 5 cm, Tafekka-ines d tazurant yerna teččur d anẓaden. Akken ila 4 n wafriwen, sin deg-sen meqqer-it (d wid n ufella) ma d sin niden meẓẓiy-it (wid n wadda). Afriwen-is d ifrawanen ayen yettaǧǧan iẓuran-nsen ad binen

Tawtemt n warẓigen tettarew timellalin-is deg yimɣan akk d yifurkawen yekkawen neɣ yeqquren. Tezmer ad tessers ger n 200 alamma 300 n tmellalin deg yiwet n tikkelt. Timellalin-a ttefrurxent-d ger n wayyur n Ctember d Tuber, mi ara d-taweḍ tsemhuyt n umwan . Akken kan ara d-tefrurex twekka n uwerǧeǧǧi, ad tekcem ɣer wakal w ad teffer din. Tawekka ayi tezmer ad tidir alamma d 4 n yiseggasen ddaw wakal 

Warẓigen iban-ed daɣen deg kra n tmucuha. Amedya, amauru arumi La Fontaine yessker-d yiwet n ungal ɣef uwerǧeǧǧi akk d tweṭṭuft. Deg ungal-a, awerǧeǧǧi yeqqim icennu s teɣzi n unebdu, deg wakud anda taweṭṭuft tqeddec i wakken ad teg tamaguzt (lɛewla) i tegrest. Ungal-a yettwassen deg Tmaziɣt. Deg tmurt n Yiqbayliyen.




#Article 71: Tuǧa (350 words)


Tuǧa neɣ Toudja d yiwet n temdint d tamecṭuḥt, tezga-d deg twilayt n Bgayet, zedɣen-tt azal n 10.000 n yimezdaɣ. Tamdint-a tezga-d deg umkan ɛlayen (Adrar n Weɣbalu, 1317 M) maca, teqreb ɣer lebḥeṛ am wakken teqreb ɣer Leqṣ̣er akked Bgayet. Imezdaɣ n Tuǧa (Ittuǧen) ttmeslayen yiwet n teqbaylit yettemcabin ɣer tin n Wayt Leqṣ̣er (deg ccerq) akked Wayt Ksila (deg lɣerb), yernu ufiɣ-d deg teqbaylit-nsen aṭas n wawalen ur nessin ara deg tuddar-nneɣ n Tizi Wezzu. 
 
Isem n Tuǧa ad yili yekka-d seg wawal tuga. Tuga d leḥcic ay d-imeɣɣin deg lqaɛa, tetten-t lmal. Qqaren-as yiwen n wanzi : yufa uɣyul amrar, yufa umger tuga. Dɣa nezmer ad as-neqqar tuga i leḥcic. D acu kan, ma tṣ̣eḥḥa tmuɣli-inu deg wayen yerzan isem n temdint-a, nezmer ad nxemmem dakken tuǧa ad yili d talɣa taznatit n tuga. Akken i d-nenna, tintalyin tiznatiyin (am tcawit d temẓabit) ttbeddilen deg-sent kra n yimesliyen (leṣ̣wat), dɣa [g] n teqbaylit yettuɣal d [j] deg tentalyin tiznatiyin, u nezmer ad nxemmem dakken yettuɣal d [ǧ] deg kra n tegnatin. Dɣa yezmer lḥal ad yili yisem n Tuǧa yekka-d seg kra n tentala taznatit taqdimt i iɛeddan ɣef Tmurt n Leqbayel. 
 
Yuɣ lḥal, ɣas ma yella taqbaylit mačči d tantala taznatit, maca nezmer ad naf deg-s kra n wawalen i as-d-yekkan seg tmaziɣt taznatit. ɣef umedya, iccer, ticcert akk d yiccew kkan-d merra seg tmaziɣt taznatit. D acu kan, icebba-yi Ṛebbi dakken yewɛer ad nẓer melmi i d-kecmen wawalen-a ɣer teqbaylit. Tiqbilin tiznatiyin llant, deg lasel-nsent, d tiqbilin n yimeksawen ay yebdan la ttinigent deg tagara n tallit n Rruman seg Tunes ɣer lɣerb n Tmazɣa. Tagelda tamaziɣt tamezwarut deg tallit n Lislam d Iznatiyen ay tt-id-yesbedden deg tama n Taheṛt, yernu Imẓubay n Tɣerdayt d arraw n Yiznatiyen-a. Deg Tallit Talemmast, tiqbilin tiznatiyin n lɣerb n Tmazɣa llant la ttnaɣent d teqbilin timaziɣin n ccerq, ladɣa deg tallit n uwanak (ddewla) n Yiḥemmadiyen. 
 
Mebla ccek, aṭas n Yiznatiyen i iɛeddan ɣef Tmurt n Leqbayel u ǧǧan-d deg-s lateṛ deg tutlayt. Ahat isem n Tuǧa d later-nniḍen ay d-ǧǧan Yiznatiyen deg wakal n Tmurt n Leqbayel.




#Article 72: Ilemẓiyen inaddalen n leqbayel (443 words)


JSK, d Tazegzilt n wawalen n tefranṣi'st Jeunesse Sportive de Kabylie, neɣ Ilemẓiyen inaddalen n leqbayel d taɣlamt n tcirets uḍar i-d-ilulen deg 1946 di Tizi Wezzu. Di tallit n trad ger 1954 ar 1962, JSK ur turar ara di tilɣuɣa i yellan di tallit-nni irumiyen. Mi tebbwi tmurt azarug, tuɣal-d s urar, acku tella tetturar deg weḥric n ugemmir akw d kra taɣlamtin am: WA Boufarik, ASO Chlef, USM Maison-Carrée, OM Ruisseau, atg. Ger imurar n imiren, nezmer ad nebder kra : Terzi, Zeɣdud, Xalfi, Ḥawcin, atg.

JSK tuli-d ar weḥric wis II n tilɣuɣa taɣelnawt deg 1967-1968 akw d imurar Quli, Kufi, Karamani, Wahabi, Deriǧ, atg, s usleɣmay : Ali Benfeda, amyurar n taɣlamt taqburt n FLN. Ur teɛṬil ara, asegas nniḍen tuli-d ɣer weḥric amezwaru deg 1968-1969. Deg 1969-1970, turar s usleɣmay afranṣis 'Jean Lemaître'. Ma di 1970-1971 s usleɣmay Abdereḥaman Bubeker, i yeṭfen amkan n Abdelaziz Bentifur, i yemuten di yiwet n laksida n tkarust.

Seg useggas nni JSK tuɣal d ttin ifazen, imi tewi 11 n tilɣuɣin, 4 teqbucin n Lezzayer, snat n teqbucin n tilɣuɣa n tefriqt, yiwet n teqbuct n teqbucin n tefriqt, tqbbuct tunigt n tefriqt, akw d 3 n teqbucin n CAF ta deffir ta(deg 2000, 2001, 2002).

Ger imyurar i yefkan afud muqren i taɣlamt n JSK, llan: Arezqi Kufi, Dris Quli, Muḥend Crif Hanaci, Racid Dali, Kamal Awis, Abdella ǧebbar, Mehdi Serbaḥ, Kamal Tahir, Mulud Ibud, Bacir Dwadi, Maḥfud Bukadum, Abderrezaq Ḥarb , Salem Amri, Mukrane Baylec, Arezqi Meɣrisi, Salaḥ Larbes, Murad Amara , Abdelhamid Sadmi, Racid Adɣiɣ, Ɛli Fergani, ǧamal Menad, Ḥakim Medan, Mestafa Anan, Ḥusin Amrus, Rabaḥ Mengelti, Racid Baris, Ali Benlaḥsèn, Maḥyeddin Meftaḥ, Umar Ḥamened, Naser Bwic, Musa Sayib, Aziz Benḥamlat, Brahim Zafur, Farid ɣazi, Lyes Baḥbuḥ, atg.

Aṭas isleɣmayen i selḥan taɣlamt n JSK, garasen : 'Popescu , Bazyl Marian, Peter Matiga , Lenner' , Taḥar Belḥaǧ (Aqbur n taɣlamt Le Havre), Belqasem Aluc (Aqbur n taɣlamt-AS St Etienne), Hasen Hamuten (Aqbur n taɣlamt MC Alger d France Olympique di 1948), Abdelaziz Bentifur (Aqbur n taɣlamt OGC Nice d taɣlamt taqburt n FLN), Abderaḥman Bubeker (Aqbur n taɣlamt AS Monaco d taɣlamt taqburt n FLN), Amar Rouai (Aqbur n taɣlamt Angers d taɣlamt taqburt n FLN), Mokrane Oualiken (Aqbur n taɣlamt Nîmes d taɣlamt taqburt n FLN ), Mahyeddin Xalef, 'Stéfan Zywotko', Nur Benzekri, Nureddin Saɛdi, ǧafar Haruni, Brahim Ramdani, Kamal Mwasa, Azeddin Ait.Djoudi, musa sayib atg.

Taqbuct n ilɣuɣen n tefriqt (2 tikwal)         

Taqbuct tunnigt n tefriqt (yiwen webrid)  

Taqbuct n teqbucin n tefriqt (yiwen webrid)   

Taqbuct n CAF (3 iberdan)  

Taqbuct n Lezzayer (5 tikwal)          

Tilɣuɣa n Lezzayer (14 iberdan)  

Taqbuct tunnigt n Lezzayer (yiwen webrid) 




#Article 73: Zineddin Lyazid Zidan (1783 words)


Zineddin Lyazid Zidan, qqaren-as daɣen Zizu, d amarir n takurt uḍar n Franṣa i d-ifrurxen si yiwet n twacult tadzayrit taqbaylit i yellan d iminigen (iɣriben). Ilul ass n 23 yunyu 1972 di La Castellane i d-yezgan di tɣiwant n Marseille ddaw n Franṣa af yiri n ilel agrakal. 

Zidan yuɣ Véronique Lentisco, yesɛa yid-s 4 n yuqrar: Enzo, Luca, Théo d Elyaz. 

Imuzzag (spécialistes) n waddal, qqaren-d Zineddin Zidan illa ger imurar ifazen nezzeh di yal akud, netta d Pelé Diego Maradona d Michel Platini. D anaddal amezwaru iḥemlen ifranṣiyen deg useggas n 2006. Kraḍ (3) iberdan i ttuferen d amarir lemxiyer amezwaru n umaḍal sɣur tiddukla tagreɣlant n takurt uḍar (FIFA) deg iseggasen 1998, 2000, d 2003. Daɣen yewwi Takurt Ureɣ (ballon d'or) deg 1998.
Aɣmis 'France-Football' iferni-t snat n tikkwal d amarir wis sin ifazen ger imurar n Fransa di yal akud.

Deg uswir agraɣlan, iban-ed s tarenawt d taɣlamt (tarbaɛt) n Fransa s teqbuct umaḍal n 1998, akk d tilɣuɣa n umenzaw n Turuft (Championnat d'Europe) di 2000. Deg 2003 iḥbes urar akk d tarbaɛt n Fransa. Aseggas seld (2004) yuɣal-ed, lamaɛna ass n 25 ibrir 2006 inna-d mi ara tekfu tiluɣa umaḍal n 2006, ad yeḥbes s wudem unṣib. Dayen i d-yellan, mi tekfa kan tagara n tiluɣa agi, yeṭṭef deg awal-is. Dɣa di tagara-agi, temlal tarbaɛt n Fransa d ttin n Ṭelyan, i yekfan s wayen i yettwasen Zidan ugar: tiyita uqarru mgal afna (adversaire) aṭelyani Marco Materazzi. Dayen iǧan anefray a s-yefk takarḍit tazegg°aɣt. Anecta mačči dayen ur t-iǧan ara ad yawi azwel n umarir ifazen deg umaḍal sɣur FIFA. 

 
 
Zineddin Zidan, ilul di 'Marseille' u yettureba di 'La Castellane', imawlan-is Smaɛil d Malika, ussan-d si tmurt n leqbayel, si taddart Agemmun At Sliman id yezgan di Bgayet.

Zineddin Zidan izmel turagt tamezwarut ines deg 1982 ar taɣlamt n 'US Saint-Henri' ur ibaden ara si 
'La Castellane'. Imiren yuɣal ar taɣlamt 'SO Septèmes-les-Vallons' anida yurar alama d 14 isegwasen di laɛmer-is. Di tagar n 1986 yebda urar akw d 'AS Cannes' sanda i-t-ibbwi Mas 'Jean Varraud'. Deg 1987, ikcem ar wamas uselmed n 'Cannes' s ddaw laɛnaya n umyurar aqbur 'Guy Lacombe'. Illa izdeɣ ar yiwet n twacult 'les Elineau'.Asmi isɛa 16 isegwasen, asleɣmay 'Jean Fernandez' iskecmit ar weḥric n usadar (professionnel). Ass n 20 mayu (semyur) 1989 ibda urar deg weḥric amezwaru n tiluɣa n Fransa, mgal 'FC Nantes', anda tturaren 'Marcel Desailly' d 'Didier Deschamps' deg akud nni. Deg 1991 igga iswi ines amezwaru mgal daɣen 'FC Nantes'. Aselway n taɣlamt agi, Mas 'Alain Pedretti', ifka-yas takarust 'Peugeot 205' ttazegaɣt ilmend n yiswi agi, imi yahdit s waya asmi a yeg iswi ines amezwaru. Taɣlamt n 'FC Cannes' tekcem di teqbuct n Urub (UEFA), dɣa ibda a yetturar deg aswir agreɣlan. Lamaana asegwas nni id yernan, 'FC Cannes' t ṣub ar weswir wis 2. Dayen yeǧǧan Zidan ad iruh ar taɣlamt n 'Bordeaux' deg unebdu n 1992.

 
Deg 1992 i skecmit uselaɣmay Rolland Courbis ar taɣlamt n 'Girondins de Bordeaux' anda yuɣal yetturar ak° d sin imurar i yuɣalen ar zdat d imeddakil-is di taɣlamt n Franṣa. Wigi d Christophe Dugarry d Bixente Lizarazu. Deg useggas ines amezwaru ar Bordeaux, Zidan iga mraw (10) iswiyen.
Deg 1996 yurar tagara n teqbuct n UEFA mgal taɣlamt n 'Bayern Munich' anda xeṣren 'Les Girondins de Bordeaux' snat n tikwal: 0-2 d 1-3, ɣas ulama yufad lḥal sufɣen taɣlamt n 'Milan AC' deg tafquẓt n tagara (1/4 de final). Di teqbuct agi dɣa, wid iḥemlen takurt uḍar, ufan di Zidan d Anaẓur neṣeḥ ay san imal igerzen. 

Qqaren belli uqbel ad ikcem Zidan ar taɣlamt n Franṣa, aselaɣmay n taɣlamt n Lezzayer n imiren Abdelḥamid Kermali ur tiqbil ara, imi aken id yenna: aqcic n 'la Castellane', ur ittazal ara mliḥ.
Ass n 17 ɣuct 1994 ikcem i tikelt tamezwarut ar taɣlamt n Franṣa mgal n taɣlamt n tigduda n Ček. Ikcem di dqiqa 63 anda yufad lḥal Franṣa texṣer s sin ar wulac (2-0). Imi id ikecem Zidan, iga sin iswiyen, ɣas aken qrib asegwas aken ad yuɣal d amsaddu (titulaire). Armi d 1995, ilmend isfalen n 'Euro 1996', i yerra weslaɣmay 'Aimé Jacquet' Zidan d amarir amenzawi (meneur de jeu). 

Deg 1996, mi tekfa tagara n teqbuct n UEFA anda xeṣren 'les Girondins de Bordeaux', Zidan i zmel akw d taɣlamt imucaɛen Juventus n Turin i yellan d taɣlamt n umarir aqbur Michel Platini. Anecta illa-d s suma n 35 ifad n Frankiten. Yuɣal ihi yetturar akw d Didier Deschamps s ddaw uselaɣmay

Marcello Lippi. Taqbuct n 'Euro 96' ur tɛedda ara akken i wulen i Zidan imi yuffad lḥal yeɛya deg useggas nni yezrin ak° d 'les Girondins de Bordeaux'. Yernu ixdem yiwet n laksida uqbel taqbuct agi. 

Aseggas amezwaru ar Juventus iweɛr-as, send akin yuɣal ifaz nezzeh. Aṭas i tittwalin ad iruḥ ar zdat s waṭas. Akw d Juventus yebbwi aṭas n yizwal: snat n teqbucin n 'scudetti' deg 1997 akw d 1998, yiwet n teqbuct 'Super' n Ṭelyan deg 1997, yiwet n teqbuct 'Super' n Turuft deg 1996, akw d yiwet n teqbuct 'intercontinentale' deg 1996. Lamaɛna ur yerbiḥ ara tiluɣa n Champion League snat n tikwal (1997 akw d 1998).Ahat taki ger tisebiwin i t-yeǧǧan ad iruḥ ar taɣlamt n 'Real Madrid'.

Deg yulyu 2001, taɣlamt n 'Real Madrid' tewed ad tezmel Zidan s suma n 77 ifad n 'Euros', dayen ur nella ara uqbel deg umezruy n takurt uḍar. Isegasen imezwura n Madrid, yewi azwel n tiluɣa n Sbenyul akw d tiluɣa n 'Champion League' ines tamezwarut. Dɣa si tmurt n Sbenyul iga Zidan iswiyen ines icebḥen nezzeh di tuddert-is n umarir. 

I tikelt tamezwarut, seg mi yella d amarir, yerza Zidan ar tmurt n imawlan-is akd d lejdud-is
di Dujanbir 2006. Din yemlal di mdebren n tmurt u iruh ar Taddart Agemune At Sliman, anda imezdaɣ-is qublen-t-id s lferḥ amuqran. Fi tarza yagi anazur n cna Yidir idda yides.

Iṭṭuqet wawal af tirza n Zidan ar tmurt n lejdud-is ama di tilizriwat, radyuwat, iɣmisen akw d ismal n uzeṭa n Internet. Ama
di tmura n tefriqt ugafa (Tamazɣa), ama di Franṣa, ama deg waṭas n tmura umaḍal. Ar leqbayel, llan wid iferḥen s tirza
ines, akken llan wid ur nefriḥ, imi qaren belli tella degs tsertit neɣ ayen umi neqqar s tutlayt tafranṣiṣt 'la récupération'. Deg umedya atnan sin imagraden iwen tferneɣ: amezwaru seg uɣmis Izuran, deg wuṭun wis 14 ines, wis sin seg wesmel n tsekla imyura.net.

Zinedine Zidane yerza-d ɣer tmurt n lejdud-is, iẓur kra n temnaḍin n Lezzayer ɣef teɣzi n 5 wussan. S laɛraḍa n uselway n Tigduda. Izzayriyen s tuget deg-sen, amur ameqqran d ilmeẓyen, ttmeslayen deg ussan-agi iɛeddan ḥala ɣef tirza n mmis n Teqbaylit, Zizu... 

D acu yella-n d amaynut mi ara d-yass yiwen ad izuṛ tamurt anda lulen imawlan-is ? D ayen ur ilaq maḍi ad yili wawal fell-as, acku d azref n yal amdan yellan beṛṛa n tmurt-is neɣ n tmurt n lejdud-is.
 
S tidet, maca wagi mačči d menwala, d yiwen uzamul n ddabex n ddunit meṛṛa. ɣef aya i d-yella qal u qal ɣef tirza-agi. 
 
Tamawt tamenzut : Zizu yezmer ad d-yas ad izuṛ Lezzayer d taddart Agemmun s wudeM niḍen mačči alamma inced-it-id uselway n Lezzayer. Acku, ɣas akken Zidane yenna-d deg temlilit-is sdat ineɣmasen “nekk d anadal, ur d-ceɣleɣ ara di tsertit”, maca Zizu ahat ur yeḥṣi ara wid t-id-inecden d tasertit i tafellaḥt-nsen, mačči d addal iten-iceɣben... 
 
Tamawt tis snat : Mi testeqsan ineɣmasen ɣef amek yettwali tamsalt n tmaziɣt di tmurt, yerra-yas-d “ ur d-usiɣ ara ad meslayeɣ ɣef tsertit”... 
 
Tamawt tis krad : Yiwen umdan yecban Zidane, yettwassen deg umaḍal meṛṛa, yesɛa tadrimt, aṭas n wayen i yezmer ad t-yexdem i warraw n tmurt-is (tamnaḍt n Leqbayel), maca... 

Tamawt tis kuẓ : taddart n Ugemmun tfeǧǧeǧ, walan-tt imḍebren ɣef teɣzi n kra n wussan. Simmal ara ad yass Zizu, tirza n teswiɛt, syin yekfa ṭṭbel, yefra wurar, iɣublan n Ugemmun ad uɣalen akken llan. Yiwen n yimḍeber ur yettuɣal ad iwali taddart n ... Zizu. 
 
Nesla aṭas n yilmeẓyen i ɣ-d-yennan acimi Zidane ur d-yenni yiwen wawal ass mi ḍrant tedyanin n Tefsut taberkant, ass mi ɣlin yilmeẓyen. Ula d ibeṛṛaniyen fkan-d tamuɣli-nsen, lḥan deg yiberdan n Fransa ɣer yidis n temnaḍt n Leqbayel (s yisem n izerfan n umdan), wanag netta yiwen ur t-iwala... di tegnitt-nni. 
 
Amdan aɣerfan, ḥemlen meṛṛa meddden, ama d afennan, anaddal, asertan, bɣan ad twalin lɣaci deg teswiɛin iwulmen... 
 
Tettili-d tuccḍa mi ara yiwen ur yefhim ara kra n temsal deg unnar n tsertit. Neyya yellan ɣer Zidane ulac-itt ɣer udabu-nneɣ. Acku seg wass-mi yella di leḥkem, netta ixeddem di tikkerkas... 
 
Ma yecceḍ Zidane di tirza-ines, acimi yiwen ur s-imli ayen yeffren ? Ulamma yewwi-d yid-s yiwen ucennay yessnen timsal yecban tigi. Wagi d Yidir... ahat iɛemmed di tuccḍa neɣ icceḍ ula d netta ? 

Imi deqs n tmeslayt d-illan ɣef umyurar Zidan ussan-a, a d-nernu ula d nekni tin nneɣ s tayi nneɣ. Imi ula d nettat d-tinzert issefk ad iḥadd wumdan s wayen umi yezmer.

Ihi d-tidett, tisusaf mači d-aman kan, rregmat mači d-awal kan.

Aya ahat dayen i d-yugem umyurar „Zidane“ seg idles n imawlan-is. ɣef aya i yefka d-asfel taqbuct n umaḍal n tcirett uḍar, yefka tt d-asfel i tinzert.

Aḍra tura ma d-tidett tinzert mači d-awal kan. Amedyaz iqqaṛ: „tinzert d-ayla“ Ayla n weqbayli d-tutlayt n imawlan-is, d-idles n imawlan-is, win seg d-suddmen ttṛebya, asegmi nni s wayes t ssegman armi meqqeṛ.

Aselway n udabu imsehres n lezzayer, Bouteflika, iɛreḍ it-id. Yyaɣ a-k-id-ɛerḍeɣ ar wexxam-ik. Tayi d-tajḍiṭ !!!! Aselway n udabu ireggmen akk tiyimmatin tiqbayliyin seg wass mi tefra ar ass-a. Nɣan, ɛeyyben, ṛzan…atg Zidan, ma yella, iger ar ɣur-sen, d acmat ad icmet iman-is. Ma yebɣa ad iqqim d-aziḍan ar wayla-s deg umezruy, ad iṛuḥ ar tmurt-is war ma iger irebbi i wid ɣ ireggmen, i wid ireggmen imawlan-is, ireggmen imawlan n imawlan-is.

Iqbayliyen tewwi ten tinzert fkan afud i Zidan. Tura kan i jbiɣ ar yiwen unmager iṛumaniyen illan reggmen deg umyurar aqbayli, qqaṛen as “akka i d-aɛṛaben, d-tiyiti kan i ssnen !” Imi i sen nniɣ dacu-t Zidan, d-acu-t idles ines, d-acu teswa tinzert ar ɣur-s. Seg mi d-nniɣ aya, akken ma llan wid d-irnan iznan deffir-i ttḥaddan amyurar aqbayli, ttḥaddan iqbaylien. Aya d-amedya dakken Zidan nusr-it, nḥwaǧ-it, diɣen yuḥwaǧ-aɣ.

Aqbayli yuḥwaǧ gma-s.

Tura a t nṛaju deg ugwni n truggza, deg ugwni n tinzert nni i t iwwin ad iḥadd tezdeg n yemma-s d weltma-s. Tura iqqim-d ad iḥadd yemma-s, ur ittak ara afus i wid tt ireggmen seg zik akken reggmen akk tiyimmatin nneɣ.

Atan ihi ɣur-wen usaru n tdiwennit iga Zidan i canal +, anda i s inna i uneɣmas nni : rregmat mači d-awal kan !!




#Article 74: Lunis At Mengellat (703 words)


Lewnis At Mengellat, d amedyaz, d acennay i yellan yiwen seg inaẓuren imeẓẓwa ugar (plus populaires) n yiqbayliyen. Ilul ass n 17 yennayer 1950, deg taddart n Iɣil n wamas ufella n tmurt n Leqbayel ar tama n Micli. Yesɛa sdis warrac gar-asen yiwen d anaẓur n ccna : ǧeɛfer AT MANGELLAT.

D aneggaru ger setta wayetma-s -tlata n tullas d sin warrac- yesɛedda temẓi ines qeṣṣiḥet di taddart-is and yeɣra yiwen useggas ar asmi serɣen irumiyen aɣerbaz anda yella yeqqar. Tawacult-is llan di imzenza di Wehran anda sɛan tiḥuna.  Mi yekfa trad mgal Franṣa deg 1962, Lewnis At Mengellat iruḥ ar Lezzayer tamanaɣt akked watmaten-is Smaɛil d Aḥmed. Din yekcem ar uɣerbaz wis amezwaru (primaire) di Champs de Manœuvres. Din yeɣra tizrawt uwizi (Études collégiales) azal n 3 iseggasen, s wanda id yeffeɣ s usileɣ (formation) n wayen umi neqqar s tefranṣiṣt Ébéniste. Deg useggas aneggaru Lewnis At Mengellat yeǧǧa leqraya-s imi yemmut gma-s ameqqran di yiwet n laksida n tkerrust, d netta yella iɛgcit seg wasmi iruḥen imawlan-is ar Wehran.

Asmi yeqqar, yella iḥemel tasekla, d yiwen uselmad d amusegmi (pédagogue) id a t-tiḥemmlen. Dɣa yuɣal ixeddem weḥd-s isefra. I wakken ad yečč aɣrum-is, yella ixeddem di yiwet tneɣlaft di Lezzayer, uqbel ad yeḍfer abrid n ccna.

Yebda i tikkelt tamezwarut ccna deg 1967. Ur iɛṭel ara iǧat lukan mačči d imedukal i s dizzin i wakken ad as beddlen tikti. D Wehhab i yellan si twacult-is i t-yewwin ar yiwet n tedwilt, iɣennayen uzekka, n umaṭaf wis II n Rradyu n Lezzayer, i iselḥay unaẓur n ccna Crif Xeddam. Yecna-d taɣuct-is tamezwarut Ma trud ula d nekk kter i yexdem asmi yesɛa 16 n yiseggasen. 

Deg 1968, netta d kra n yimeddukal, xedmen yiwet n tarbaɛt umi semman Imaziɣen. Llan accenun di tmeɣriwin yakk di tmurt n leqbayel, ladɣa di tasaft. Deg 1970, tarbaɛt agi tuɣal texsi, Lewnis AT MANGELLAT yuɣal-d ar taddart-is Iɣil n wamas, yezweǧ, yexedem  d amaray di 'Kasma' n temnaṭ ines. Kra n wayyuren kan, iruḥ seddaw isenǧaq, ar lɛesker di Blida yesɛedda 6 wayyuren, ma di Qsenṭina, 18 wayyuren.

I tikkelt tamezwarut d Wehhab, i s-ittilin, i t-iɛawnen ad isekles 4 n tezlatin deg useggas 1969, gar-asent tizlit Ma truḍ ula d nek kter. Anecta ilad ar umazrag Yeḥya Lhadi, di Wehran, yellan d yiwet n tmusni n Wehhab. Asmi yella di lɛasker, anaẓur n ccna Kamal Ḥemmadi i yellan d ameddakel-is, ixedm-as tanalt (contact) d kra imazragen. Ma d ittruḥu s turagt (permission) di taggara umalas, Kamal Ḥemmadi i ttaǧǧas yiwen u 'Studio' n unaẓur ameqran Meḥbub Bati i wakken ad isekles. Uqbel ad yeṭṭef tamacint ar Qsinṭina i wakken ad yuɣal ar lɛesker, i ttaǧǧa-yas tasfift i Kamal Ḥemmadi i wakken ad iqeleb af imazragen.   

Dɣa yiwen deg imazragen i weṣat i wakken ad yaweḍ taɣuct n Awḥid Yusef: Ih a Muḥend a Madam Servi Latay. Lameɛna amedyaz Lewnis At mengellat, g-imiren ittwali ar lembɛiad. D ayen yellan, imi simi bdan kan iseggasen n 1970, yuɣal Lewnis AT MANGELLAT yettwasen mebla ma yeẓra, ladɣa s tuɣac 'A Lwiza', 'Ma selbeɣ' i g-sekles netta yella di lɛasker.

Seg iseggasen akin, yuɣal Lewnis at Mengellat d azamul meqqren i yal aqbayli, ladɣa wid iḥemmlen ccna n tayri, n ddunit, d tsartit. Seg iseggasen n 1980, yebda aḥric wayeḍ deg umecwar-is n ccna, imi yeffeɣ si tuɣac n tayri ar t-id n tanegmit n tamagit (la revendication identitaire), annecta iban-d ugar si tamrawt (décennie) ar zdat.  

Iɛedda i tikkelt tamezwarut di tazeqqa 'Olympia' di 'Paris' deg useggas n 1978. Isyin anda iɛedda, ama di tazeqqa n 'Zénith' di 'Paris' deg 1985, ama di Lezzayer tamanaɣt, Tizi Wezzu, Bgayet, atg, yeččur d imeshaniyen. Anaẓur Lewnis AT MANGELLAT yecna aṭas iseggasen s yiwen n alal kan: tagiṭart neɣ amundul. Armi 30 iseggasen mbaɛd, yebda isekcam alalen nniḍen, ladɣa tajewaqt akked klavyi.

Ar unemzel (unanimité) n waṭas n tsuta n wid iḥemmlen Lewnis at Mengellat, yella d win iqedcen ameslay akken ur llan aṭas am netta. I sexdam awal, ittak-as anamek d wazal, iqqar-d ayen yellan, d wayen ur nelli, d ayen ara yelin. Segmi Lewnis at Mengellat qarren-as medden d amussnaw, daɣen d amesnagay yiwen (philosophe unique) ar iqbayliyen. Lewnis at Mengellat isekles ugar n 200 n tezlatin.




#Article 75: Tafrikt (2102 words)


Taferka neɣ Tafriqt neɣ Tafrikt d amenẓaw ameqran wis sin yakk deg umadal, ama deg tjumma neɣ deg wemdan n imezdaɣ seld n Asya. Tajumma-ines tessawaṭ  alamma d 30.2 n imelyan n ikilumitren (11.7 mil², neɣ ayen yegdan 6% seg tjumma n tegnit neɣ 20,4% seg tjumma n wakal.), Tajumma ayi tegber tigzirin i d-izgan zdat-s. S unect n usteg n 2016, Taferka zedɣent wazal n 1,2 n imelyaren n yimdanen (ayen yegdan 14,8% seg yimezdaɣ n umadal zedɣen deg 61 n tmura d temnaṭin.

Ittales-d Taferka yilel agrakal seg ugafa, d targa n Swiz yakked yilel azeggaɣ seg ugafa asemran, ma swg usamer d unẓul asemran ittales-itt-id ugaraw ahendi, d ugaraw anaṭlas seg utaram. Taferka tegber seg 54 n tmura, gar-asent tigzirt n Madagaskar d waṭas n tegzirin am Kumur.
Imusnawen n tesnakalt ttwalin Taferka (aladɣa Taferka tasemrant) d aẓaṛ amezwar ansa i d-yekka ufgan yerna s-yina i d-tebda tseklut n telsanin, anda i d-ufan tidefrin timzikin yakk i ttemcabin i wemdan, gar-asent tid-ak yettuɣalen ɣer 7 n imelyan n iseggasen yezrin am Sahelanthropus tchadensis d Australopithecus d Homo erectus d Homo ergaster yakk d tedfrin timzikin yakk n ufgan yettuɣalen ɣer 200.000 n iseggasen i d-ittusnirmen di tmurt n Ityupya.

Asebges ittekk-d seg tlemmast n Tferka, dɣa deg-s aṭas n tamiwin tinazwayin yemgaraden.

Igduden n Tefrikt ṭṭuqten (ggten) macci d kra, seg Yimaziɣen ɣer Yimaṣriyen n wass-a, arraw n Yimaṣriyen iqburen, ɣer Yinubiyen d Yityupiyen, ɣer Yiwulufen d Yizuluten. Ulac amkan ur neɣmir (neccur) ara di Tefrikt. Qrib yal tamurt tesɛa timerwin (dizaines) n yegduden, merra sɛan tutlayin-nsen, ansayen d yidelsan-nsen d waṭas n tɣawsiwin nniḍen ara yelmed fell-asen umaḍal neɣ igduden-is merra.

Deg Ugafa n Tefrikt, imezdaɣen ineṣliyen d Imaziɣen, d nitni ay d amur ameqran deg yimezdaɣen n Tmazɣa, xas ma yella aṭas deg-sen ass-a la ttmeslayen taɛrabt neɣ/ akk d Tefransist. Imaziɣen egan-d tilas i wakal d ameqran, yewwet seg wemda n Siwa, deg Utaram (lɣerb) n Maṣer alamma alamma d Targa Zewwaɣen d Muritanya, ɣef yiri n ugaraw Aṭlasi. Yuɣ lḥal, d Imaziɣen ay d agdud n Tefrikt awḥid ay d-iḥerren anect-agi n wakal, imi amur ameqran deg yegduden ifriqiyen nniḍen, tikwal sɛan kan akal d amecṭuḥ, tikwal bitt, cerken-t akk d yegduden nniḍen. Imaziɣen ttumḍanen d agdud n yiri (race) amellal, xas ma yella nettaf gar-asen aṭas n yimibriken d yiberkanen. Aṭas n Yimaziɣen ay d-mazal la ttmeslayen tamaziɣt, yernu deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, aṭas n trebbaɛ timaziɣin ay d-yennulfan i wakken ad wwtent u ad ḥerzent tutlayt-nsent. Xas ma yella tantalyin (dialectes) ay ttmeslayen Yimaziɣen mxallafent si tama ɣer tayeḍ, maca kkant-d akk seg yiwen n uẓar, seg yiwet n tutlayt, yernu yeshel ɣef waṭas n trebbaɛ timaziɣin ad msefhament wagar-asent s tutlayt-nsent, xas ma yella mxallafent tentalyin-nsent. Imaziɣen mazal ṭṭfen deg waṭas n wansayen (lɛaddat), ladɣa wid yettidiren di Merruk akk d Uneɣruf (Sahara), d acu kan, ass-a, aṭas n wansayen imaziɣen ay yellan ɣef (af) yiri n nnger, la ten-ttağğan medden yernu ur d asen-ttgen ara azal d leqder. Nnig waya, ula d tutlayt tamaziɣt la tettuɣal ɣer deffir deg waṭas n tmiwa n Tmazɣa, medden la tt-ttağğan, ilmeẓyen ur a ttlemmden ara, dɣa yessefk ad yettwaxdem kra n leqdic s uɣiwel i lmend n ussukkes n tutlayt di tmiwa-ya.

Akal n Yimaziɣen, seg wakken meqqer aramma ay yewweḍ ɣer wul n Tefrikt. D Imuhaɣ neɣ Imucaɣ ay d tarbaɛt n Yimaziɣen ay yesɛan akal meqqren akk, xas akken ur ṭṭuqqten ara. Akal-nsen d Aneẓruf (Idurar n Tasili, n Ayer di Niger, atg.), yernu imi ay zgan leḥḥun, ttruḥun nitni d lmal-nsen seg wemkan ɣer wayeḍ, wwḍen ɣer waṭas n tmiwa di Tefrikt. Imuhaɣ xulḍen aṭas n yegduden ifriqiyen ay ten-id-iqerben, nitni fkan-asen u wwin-d aṭas seg-sen. Ass-a, nezmer ad naf Imuhaɣ di Niger d Mali, am wakken ay nezmer ad naf kra n trebbaɛ-nsen di Čad, Burkina Faso akk d Nigeria. Deg wenẓul n Uneẓruf (Niger akk d Mali), aṭas n yegduden ifriqiyen ay yettidiren ɣer tama n Yimuhaɣ, nezmer ad d-nebder seg-sen Ibambaraten, Ifularen akk d Yisarakuliyen. Kra seg yegduden-agi kessen lmal am Yimuhaɣ, di lweqt i deg wiyaḍ xeddmen tafellaḥt. Yuɣ lḥal, akal n wenẓul n Uneẓruf ɛeddan deg-s yisafen, d aya ay t-yerran d agilal, meḥsub yelha i tfellaḥt. Nnig waya, isafen n tama-yagi ldin diɣ iberdan i waṭas n yegduden i wakken ad xeddmen tanezzawt (ttjara), ad znuzun u ad ttaɣen d yegduden merra ay ten-id-iqerben. Idyulaten n Burkina Faso, Côte ḍIvoire akk d Senegal d yiwen seg yegduden n Tefrikt Taɣerbit ay yettwassnen s tnezzawt.

Di lɣerb, igduden ay yettidiren ɣef yiri n Ugaraw Aṭlasi lhan-d s waṭas d ṣṣyada n yiselman. Imuriṭaniyen (laṣel-nsen d Imaziɣen) d yegduden n yiri n lebḥer n Senegal ttwassnen s ṣṣyada. Di Tefrikt Taɣerbit llant waṭas n tmura yesɛan tiẓegwa timeqranin. D acu kan, tiẓegwa n Tefrikt ɛemrent. Zik, igduden ay izedɣen tiẓegwa-yagi llan la ttidiren s ṣṣyada n yiɣersiwen d tukksa n wayen ay d-yettak wakal. Ass-a, aṭas deg yegduden-agi ay yeǧǧan aya. Di tmiwa-yagi diɣ, igduden Ifriqiyen sbedden-d aṭas n tgeldiyin (royaumes), yernu asmi ay bdan la d-ttawḍen Wurufiyen ɣer Tefrikt, di lqern wis 15, aṭas si tgeldiyin-agi ay yellan la xeddment tanezzawt (ttjara) d Wurufiyen. Tageldit n ɣana (ay d-sbedden Wacantiyen) tella tettwassen s ddheb-yines, yernu aṭas n tgeldiyin tifriqiyin n tama-yagi ay yellan la znuzuyent aklan (ay d-ttaṭṭafent si tmiwa nniḍen) i Wurufiyen i wakken ad ten-awin ad ten-sxedmen di Marikan. Yuɣ lḥal, amur ameqran deg yiberkanen yellan ass-a di Marikan laṣel-nsen si Tefrikt Taɣerbit.

Di Tefrikt Tacerqit, llan waṭas n yegduden ay yettmeslayen tutlayin tisamiyin d tutlayin tikuciyin. Tutlayin tisamiyin d tawacult n tutlayin i deg nezmer ad naf taɛrabt d tutlayin yettemcabin ɣur-s, am tɛebrit (hébreu) neɣ tafiniqit n zik. D acu kan, menɣir taɛrabt (ay ttmeslayen di tmura am Ssudan, Ǧibuti d Iritirya), tutlayin tisamiyin n Tefrikt nezmer ad d-nebder seg-sent tamharit d ttigrinyat (ttmeslayen-tent di Ityupya d Iritirya). Igduden n tmiwa-yagi, xas d iberkanen (neɣ d imibriken), maca ḍebɛen, imi lejdud-nsen, di laṣel, llan d imellalen ay ixelḍen d iberkanen. Igduden-agi daɣen lhan-d d tfellaḥt akk d tkessawt, yemxallaf wacu xeddmen ɣef leḥsab n wakal i deg ttidiren. Wid yettmeslayen tutlayin tikuciyin ttidiren di tama tameṭṭarfut n Tefrikt tacerqit, tama-nni umi qqaren Iccew n Tefrikt, u ad naf gar-asen Iṣumaliyen, ay d-yelhan ladɣa s tkessawt n wakraren.

Di Tefrikt Talemmast akk d ccerq n Tefrikt Tasebgast (équatoriale), llan yizaɣaren d imeqranen yernu d izegzawen. Imezdaɣen n tmiwa-ya lhan-d d tkessawt n yezgaren. Agdud yettwassnen s tkessawt-agi d Imasayen n Kenya d Tanzanya. Imasayen ttwassnen s lqedd-nsen aɛlayan d uceṭṭiḍ-nni azewwaɣ ay settwen, itteṣṣer-iten si tgecrar alamma d idmaren. Aṭas n Yimasayen ay d-mazal la ttidiren tudert-nni n zik, teddun d yezgaren-nsen deg yizaɣaren-nni anda ay d-mazal la ttidiren waṭas n yiɣersiwen iweḥciyen. Maca Imasayen uɣen tanumi d yiɣersiwen-agi, yernu ula d izmawen ttagaden-ten, ur ttqerriben ara ɣer lmal-nsen.

Kenya akk d Tanzanya sɛant akal igerrzen i tfellaḥt, yernu amur ameqran seg yegduden n tmiwa-yagi ttidiren seg wayen ay d-yettak wakal. Ikikuyuten d yiwen wegdud n Kenya, zik llan sɛan aṭas n wakal, ḥerren-t-id s yiɣil-nsen, yernu llan sɛan ddewla teǧhed. Asmi ay d-wwḍen Yebriṭaniyen ɣer Kenya, di tgara n lqern wis 19, kksen-asen akal-nsen, ama i nitni, ama i yegduden nniḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, igduden-agi, arraw n wakal, gguman ad ssusmen u gan ṭṭrad meqqren i wakken ad ssuffɣen imsehres (colonisateur) si tmurt-nsen. Igduden yettidiren ɣef yiri n Ugaraw Ahendi (océan Indien), si tama-nsen, čudd tudert-nsen ɣer lebḥer (am wid-nni Tefrikt Taɣerbit), maca nnig waya, igduden-agi ttwassnen s ttjara-nsen taqdimt akk d Waɛraben. Amur ameqran deg yimezdaɣen n tefsirin (côtes) n Tefrikt Tacerqit d Inselmen, yernu ttmeslayen yiwet n tutlayt umi qqaren taswaḥilit, yis-s ay ttemsefhamen ula akk d yegduden ifriqiyen nniḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, taswaḥilit d tutlayt taɣelnawt di Kenya akk d Tanzanya, yernu nezmer ad d-nini dakken tuɣal d tutlayt tagraɣlant i yes ttemsefhamen waṭas n yegduden di Tefrikt Tacerqit d Tefrikt Tasebgast (équatoriale).

Ul n Tefrikt Tasebgast yella zik yeččur d tiẓegwa. Timiwa-yagi ttwassnent s Yefɣulen. Wigi d imezdaɣen ineṣliyen n tmiwa-yagi. Xas ma yella zik, tamurt-nsen meqqret (tiẓegwa n Tefrikt Talemmast, Zaïre, Kamirun, atg.), ass-a, ciṭṭaḥ kan maḍi ay d-yeqqimen deg-sen, imi aṭas n lumur ay ten-icewwlen. Ifɣulen d imecṭaḥ, ur ttimɣuren ara. Imeqranen deg-sen sɛɛan azal n lmitra d wezgen di teɣzi. Maci d aḍḍan ay uḍnen, wanag akka kan ay tga ccetla-nsen. Zik, medden llan ttewḥacen-ten imi ay d imeẓyanen yernu ttidiren kan di tẓegwa, anda ay ttṣeggiden ayen tetten. Ass-a, idles-nsen atan la inegger yernu yessefk ad d-rren medden lwelha-nsen ɣur-sen. 

Amur ameqran deg yegduden n tegzirt n Madagaskar ṣubben-d seg Yindunisiyen. Xas ma yella Indunisya d tamurt ibeɛden ɣef Tefrikt, maca, di lqern wis 4 mbeɛd n Ɛisa, wwḍen-d kra n yemdanen si Indunisya ɣer tegzirt-agi tameqrant, u tneṣṣlen dinna alamma ay d asmi ay ten-id-ufan Waɛraben u uɣalen la xeddmen yid-sen tanezzawt (ttjara). Imalgaciyen ay izedɣen deg yidurar n tegzirt-agi mazal ttemcabin s waṭas di ṣṣifa ɣer Yindunisiyen, yernu tutlayt tamalgacit si twacult n tutlayin tustruniziyin ay ttmeslayen di Asya, am tindunisit.

Di Tefrikt tanẓulant (australe), llan waṭas n yegduden, nezmer ad ten-nebḍu ɣef snat n trebbaɛ timeqranin. Llan yegduden iqdimen n tama-ya, ur ṭṭuqqten ara, kra deg-sen qrib ad negren, ttidiren di lɣerb n Tefrikt n Wenẓul (Afrique du Sud), Namibya d Botswana. Timiwa i deg ttidiren yegduden-agi d aneẓruf (ṣṣeḥra), kkawent, qrib ur d-imeqqi deg-sent wacemma. Mazal kra seg yegduden-agi la ttidiren tudert n zik, ttṣeggiden-d neɣ ttekksen-d ayen ara ččen seg wayen ay d-yettak wakal. Igduden-agi qqaren-asen Ibucmanen. Isem-agi yekka-d si teglizit „Bushmen“ (San), meḥsub „imdanen n lexla“, maca Ibucmanen bḍan ɣef wacḥal n yegduden d teqbilin, yal agdud yesɛan tutlayt-is.

Llan diɣ yegduden yettmeslayen tutlayin tibantutin, gar-asen, nezmer ad d-nebder Izuluten. Asmi ay d-wwḍen Wurufiyen (européens) ɣer tmiwa-yagi, naqal ṭṭfen kan ciṭṭ n wakal ɣef yiri n ill (sea). D acu kan, asmi ay bdan la keccmen ɣer daxel n tmurt, bdan la ttnaɣen d Yefriqiyen u gan deg-sen lbaṭel d ameqran. Asmi ay tewwi Tefrikt n Wenẓul azarug-yines (indépendance), lḥukuma tamellalt n tmurt-agi tesbedd-d leqwanin i yes tebɣa ad tebḍu ger n Yiberkanen d Yimellalen. Igduden iberkanen qqlen ttwaɛɛezlen ɣer tmiwa anda akal diri-t, yernu ttalasen kan ad d-kecmen ɣer tmiwa n yimellalen i wakken ad xedmen. Asmi ay s-d-bran i Nelson Mandela si lḥebs di 1990, yernu yuɣal d aselway aberkan amezwaru n Tefrikt n Wenẓul, ifuk lbaṭel-nni ay iɛezlen iberkanen. Maca imellalen n Tefrikt n Wenẓul cewwlen ugar (aṭas) igduden iberkanen n tmurt-agi deg yiseggasen-nni n lbaṭel d wayen n diri, yernu later n ccwal-agi mazal-it ar ass-a.

Ass-a, mi ara d-nini Tafrikt, amur ameqran di medden fehhmen-tt (gezun-tt) d timura-nni ay d-yuzgan deg wenẓul (south) n Uneɛruf (Sahara), tid-nni anda ay ttidiren yiberkanen, am Niger, Mali akk d Nigeria. Imezdaɣen n Tefrikt n Ugafa neɣ Tamazɣa ruḥen amzun ttsetḍin ad d-inin dakken ula d nitni d Ifriqiyen, acku nitni d imellalen. D acu kan, llant kra n tɣawsiwin s wazal-nsen, yessefk ad asent-nger tamawt deg weḍris-agi.

Tamenzut, Tafrikt d amenẓaw (continent) anda ay mlalen yimellalen d yiberkanen, ulac akk tilisa gar-asen. Akken ay s-yeqqar yiwen n Urumi : “Di Tefrikt ulac iberkanen”, ira ad yini, din medden akk d imdanen, ulac aberkan d umellal. Nezmer ad naf iberkanen di Ldzayer, deg Wenẓul n Tunes d Libya d Merruk. Nnig waya, llan aṭas seg yiberkanen-agi d Imaziɣen, mazal ar ass-a ssawalen tamaziɣt (Tamaceɣt). Anect-a yesskan-d dakken si zîk, yella yiel (jjwağ ger n Yimaziɣen d yegduden iberkanen ay d-ufan di tmiwa n Uneɛruf Ameqran (Sahara), asmi ay bdan lejdud-nneɣ la d-ttawḍen ɣer Tefrikt. Niger akk d Mali, xas ma yella ssnen-tent medden dakken d “timura n yiberkanen“, maca yessefk ad ɣren dakken llan deg-sent ula d imellalen (Imaziɣen Imuriyen, Aɛraben, atg.).

Tis snat, deg Wegles (Antiquité), d tamurt n Yimaziɣen iw-umi llan ssawalen yegduden n (ill) agrakal “Tafrikt”, yernu d Imaziɣen iw-umi egan isem (eganassag) “Ifrikiyen”. Yagi, isem n Tefrikt s timmad-is yekka-d si tmaziɣt. Anect-a ad t-tafem deg usebter ay d-yettmeslayen ɣef yisem n Tefrikt.

Tis krad, dɣa tagi d tanqiḍt yesɛan azal meqqren, Tamazɣa d amur si Tefrikt. Timura n Lezzayer, Merruk, Libya, Tunes d Muritanya merra d timura n Tefrikt, am wakken Fransa d Lalman d Briṭanya Tameqrant d timura n Turuft. A win yufan, Ifriqiyen merra, ama d wid n Ugafa neɣ d wid n tmura n wenẓul, yessefk ad tezzin iman-nsen ttidiren deg yiwen n umenẓaw, deg yiwen n wakal, yernu, lemmer di yelli wamek, ad myussanen ukk ad mekken afus xir n wakken llan tura, akken myussanen u ttemɛawanen Wurufiyen wagar-asen ass-a. Anect-a yezmer ad as-ibeddel udem i Tefrikt ukk ad tt-iɛiwen ugar i wakken ad d-teffeɣ seg wuguren i deg tettidir ass-a.




#Article 76: Singapur (994 words)


Singapur, ay yellan d tamurt tamecṭuḥt ay d-yuzgan di Asya n wenẓul agmuḍan (sud-est), d tamurt i deg ttidiren waṭas n yegduden, u ttmeslayen deg-s aṭas n tutlayin. Anabaḍ (gouvernement) n tmurt-agi yesbedd-d tasertit (politique) i yes ara yerr taglizit d tutlayt i yes tteddu tmurt, am wakken ara tttwaḥerzent tutlayin nniḍen, tid umi semman n yegduden, akken yis-sent ara lemden yelmeẓyen idelsan d wansayen-nsen. D acu kan, tagnit deg wennar tewɛer' ugar n wakken i tt-yettmuqul unabaḍ. Yuɣ lḥal, xas anabaḍ asingapuri iqeddec ɣef wamek ara yeḥrez tutlayin n yegduden-is, maca maci merr'a tutlayin ay ssawalen di Singapur ttwaḥerzent, yernu kra seg Yisingapuriyen ttawḍen bitt alamma sr'uḥen tutlayt d yedles-nsen ɣef idra n tsertit-agi. 

Yuɣ lḥal, di tmurt am Singapur, i deg ṭṭuqqten yegduden, adennit (labudd) ad tili tutlayt, xas d taberr'anit, ara fehhmen merr'a yegduden-is yernu yis-s ay tez! m er ad d-tili teywalt (communication) wagar-asen. D acu kan, si tama nniḍen, tasertit n Singapur akken ad teḥrez tutlayin n yegduden-is ur telli d tin iɛedlen ger n tutlayin merr'a n tmurt-a. Di lweqt i deg Icinwaten a xeddmen ayen umi zemren akken ula d nitni ad sɛun tutlayt-nsen teǧhed di tmurt-a (xas ma yella atni a ttsemmiḥen di tentalyin-nsen tineṣliyin), igduden nniḍen n Singapur, i sen-d-yeqqimen kan ad qeblen tasertit-agi n unabaḍ ara iteddun akken ad temḥu aṭas n tutlayin si tmurt-a. Amagrad-agi yettqeddimaɣ-d amek ay llant tutlayin di tmurt n Singapur, amek ara ixeddem unabaḍ akken ad yessemsawi lumur di tmurt i deg ṭṭuqtent tutlayin am ta, d wamek ara yekkat akken ad ilin Yisingapuriyen d wid ara yissinen tutlayin i yes ara nefɛen tamurt-nsen. D acu kan, si tama nniḍen, nezmer diɣ ad naf deg-s tagnit iṣeɛben i deg ttidirent tutlayin timecṭaḥ sdat n tutlayin umi meqqer ccan, di tmurt-a, i deg taglizit d nettat ay d tutlayt tagraɣlant yekksen akk cciɛa i tiyaḍ, ma d Tacinwat d nettat diɣ ay d tutlayt n tuget deg yimezdaɣen n tmurt. Afud igerrzen

Xas ma yella amezruy n Singapur d aqdim aṭas, ayen yesɛan azal meqqren akk deg-s netta d asmi ay yewweḍ ɣur-s Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles deg waggur n Yennayer n 1819. Mi akken ay yewweḍ Raffles ɣer tegzirt-agi, yufa-n deg-s yiwet n taddart tamecṭuḥt n 150 n yimezdaɣen dɣa yuɣ tigizrt-agi ɣef yiwen n ukerwa n yilel (maître de la mer) isem-is Abdul Rahman yernu yerra-tt d ayla n Tkebbanit Tabriṭanit n Lhend Tagmuḍant (Tacerqit). Dindin kan tuɣal Singapur d asagen (port) irebḥen. Di 1826, tuɣal Singapur d aḥric si Thersin n Yekriẓen (Colonies des Détroits), am nettat am Penang d Malacca [di Malizya]. Ma di 1867, tuɣal Singapur, akk d Thersin-nni n Yekriẓen d Tahrest seg Uqacuc Abriṭani.

Iminigen n Ccinwa, n Lhend, n Malizya akk d tegzirin n Indunisya llan-d si ger n yimezwura ay d-yewwḍen ɣer Singapur, akken kan d-sbedden asagen-ines. Leḥkem abriṭani akk d tewwura yeldin ɣef tnezzawt (commerce) di Singapur d ayen ay yeǧǧan aṭas n medden ad d-inigen ɣur-s si Ccinwa. Aṭas seg Yicinwaten-nni ay d-yewwḍen ɣer din d wid yellan ttwalasen ṭṭlaba dɣa llan ssexdamen-ten di tmurt-a. Ma d iminigen Ihendiyen, bdan ttasen-d ɣer din seg wasmi ay d-yewwi Raffles kra seg-sen deg yiserdasen-is. Imi ay zemren ad xedmen di Singapur di inawaren (fonctionnaires) n unabaḍ, d imestekniyen (techniciens), d iselmaden neɣ d imzenza (commerçants), aṭas n Yihendiyen ay d-yinigen ɣer din si Penang, Lhend akk d Sri Lanka. Di 1823, tuɣal Singapur d amḍiq i ɣer d-ttawin imeḥbas, dɣa uɣalen ttusexdamen yimeḥbas ihendiyen di lebni n yizudaɣ (bɛtiments), n yiberdan akk d tqenṭyar.

Uqbel n 1860, imezdaɣen n Singapur llan ḥessben-ten s uqerru, yernu d tamsulta (police) ay d-ilehhun d wanect-a. Di 1860, yettwaxdem wuddun (recensement) amenṣab amenzu, yernu ufan-d d akken llan imir-n 80.792 n yemdanen di tmurt-a. Zik-nni, ala kan d Imaliziyen ay yellan zedɣen di Singapur, d acu kan, ur ɛeṭṭlen ara uɣalen Yicinwaten d nitni ay yeṭṭuqqten dinna.

Di 1824, llan 10.683 n yimezdaɣen di Singapur, gar-asen 60 % d Imaliziyen, 31 % d Icinwaten akk d 7 % d Ihendiyen. Ma di 1830, uɣalen Yicinwaten d nitni ay yeṭṭuqqten akk ger n yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a, yernu mazal-iten ara ass-a d nitni ay tigti (majorité). Di 1867, wwḍen Yicinwaten ɣer 65 % (55.000) seg yimezdaɣen n Singapur, yernu anect ay yellan a d-yettaweḍ d iminigen icinwaten yettnadin leqdic yella yettbeddil seg useggas ɣer wayeḍ. ɣef umedya, di 1880, wwḍen-d 50.000 n yiminigen si Ccinwa, di lweqt i deg di 1912, wwḍen-d 250.000. Ihokkienen (Hokkien), Iteochewen (Teochew), Ikanṭuniyen akk d Yihakkaten si trebbaɛ timeqqranin akk ay yellan ttawḍent-d si Ccinwa. Seg wasmi ay d-yebda yinig ɣer Singapur, d Ihokkienen akk d Yiteochewen ay yeṭṭfen tanezzawt (commerce), ma d Ikanṭuniyen qeddcen s umata di tfellaḥt, maca kra deg-sen qeddcen diɣ di yineḍ (artisanat), bennun ixxamen n wesɣar, ttxiḍin neɣ qeddcen d iḥeddaden.

(*colonialisme)

D asnulfu n yiɣerruba ay iteddun s yiraggen akk d tullya n terga n Suez di 1869 ay yeǧǧan tadamsa n Sigapur ad tennerni. Tuɣal Asya n Wenẓul agmuḍan (sud-est) d tama yettwassnen s ussuffeɣ (exportation) n kawaču akk d uhellun (étain), yernu tuɣal Singapur d yiwen seg yisugan imeqqranen akk deg wemḍal. Di 1921, bnan Yebriṭaniyen di tmurt-a yiwen n wabuḍ awlal (base navale) meqqren, d win ay ṭṭfen Yijapuniyen deg Wemgaru Amaḍlan (Guerre mondiale) wis sin asmi ay ttf'en Singapur si Fur'ar' n 1942 alamma d Ctember' n 1945.

Di 1946, tuɣal Singapur d tahrest i yiman-is di Tqacuct Tabriṭanit, asmi ay ttwakksent Thersin n Yekriẓen. Di 1959, tettunefk-as tfulmant (autonomie) i Singapur xas ma yella Briṭanya tella mazal-itt d nettat ay d-yelhan d laman akk d lumur' n berr'a n tmurt-a. Ma di 1963, tekcem Singapur ɣer Tfidir'alit n Malizya, am nettat am tmiwa n Malaya, Sabah d Sarawak. D acu kan, di ɣect n 1965, temsebḍa-d Singapur ɣef Malizya yernu tuɣal d tigduda timziregt (indépendante) i yiman-is. Xas ma yella ass n uzarug n Singapur d ass n 9 ɣect 1965, kemmlen yiserdasen Ibriṭaniyen ttilin dinna alammi d taggara n 1971.




#Article 77: Salem Zinya (477 words)


Salem Zinya, d amyaru n unegalen, d amedyaz daɣen, ilul ass n 26 deg Ctambeṛ 1962 deg taddart n Friḥa. Adrum iwezniɛen yersen Salem Zinya, aẓar-is seg Iflisen. Wwḍen-d ar uzaɣaṛ n Freḥa taggara n wagim (siecle) wis mraw-tza (19). 
Iɣerbazen anda t rran ad-iɣeṛ s tutlayin nniḍen d win n taddart-is akk d Llisi n Iɛezzugen. Dɣa iffɣ-d seg Llisi iɛezzugen deg useggas nni n 80 (tameṭ), aseggas i deg azwaw ikker a-d-isseɣṛes izerfan-is. Iffeɣ-d war ma issuli almad-is, war ma yewwi-d l-BAK. Ikayaḍen (les examens) ines akk d wid n imdukal-is deg llisi iɛezzugen d wid n wamek a-d-ssuksen izerfan n tutlayt agi s wayes nettaru.

Tigzi tella maca ddel n taɛrabt yugi-t. Isnerna taɣuṛi s tuzna n tebṛatin deg Uɣerbaz Universalis (Liaj, Biljik). Iffɣ-ed seg ulmad d-anaɣmas taggara useggas n 1981 (tameṭ d yiwen). Wwin-t ar lɛeskkeṛ deg useggas n 1984 (tameṭ d kkuẓ) ifuk-ed deg 1986. 
Kra yekka umennuɣ ɣef tmaziɣt, Zenia ikka deg-s, ulac dacu izgel. Izdi tazmart-is d-tiyad. Maca netta ifka azal afellay i wmahil adelsan. Deg temlilit n Umussu Adelsan Amaziɣ (MCB) n Yuliu 1989, d netta I d-amyaru n ṛṛabun n tesmilt (commission) tis kraḍ (3), “Idles d usnefli n tẓuri”. Zenia iffeɣ seg tesmilin n Umussu Adelsan Amaziɣ deg useggas n 1994, immi ikker hendawal gar snat n tdukliwin n MCB (Amussu Adelsan Amaziɣ) illan imir nni, tismilin (commissions) akk d tenmiregt (coordination).n MCB.

Gar 1990 akk d 1995, Zenia ixdem d-anaɣmas deg uɣmis nni « Tamurt » isbedd akken Talawanu. Illa ittḍebbir ɣef uḥric nni n tmaziɣt. D netta yellan isseɣtay idrisen i-d-ittwaznen.

Deg useggas n 1998, issufɣ-ed Tasɣunt « IẒURAN », tasɣunt iga i lmend n usnefli n tsekla tamaziɣt.

Tagi t-tadyant n yiwen weqcic, d aqbayli. Asmi yella d ilemẓi immuger yiwet teqcict yebɣa at-tyaɣ nnan-as :

Asmi i d immed inuda f tlelli n tmurt, inuda f iz'uran-is yufa ulac. Ihi yebda yekka-t uzal ama di 1980 ama di 1982 mi d fɣen atmaten inselmen. Ikcem leḥbus yečča aɛekkaz almi yemmut.

Iɣil d Wefru d tadyant n Lezzayer yettwacergen ɣef sin iberdan : abrid n tatrara d izerfan n umdan, i ɣef ttnaɣen Uzwaw d Titem, d ubrid n tineslemt d tiɛuṛṛebt i ɣef ulin s adrar Muḥ emmed d Ɛuqba.

Tanekra d yimenɣi n Uzwaw d Titem, ɣef izerfan d tmettit nnsen, teglayasen-d s lada i ten-yessawḍen ɣer tizi n tmettant. Azwaw refdent iterrasen n Jiniral Anezmar, yessen-d lihana d tukksa n sser uqbel ad s-d-brun. Titem d Tmekyust ddment-ten iremmaɣen-inselmen (irebraben).

ɣer tama n tmeddurt-a n demmaṛ d lmerta, tammeddurt tawfayant n Jiniral Anezmar d wid-is, id-yessikiden s ufella yir tudert n ugdud igan s idammen, imeṭṭawen d tmettant, ɣer taggara ad s-d-gwrin yir ussan, ad yesleb, ɣer deqqal ad yerwel.

Muḥemmed, yesnefken ultma-s, Tamekyust, i Ɛuqba, tenɣa Titem deg udrar, taggara ula d netta tečča-t nndama deg wayen iga, yenɣa iman-is.




#Article 78: Irland (125 words)


Irland (Éire s tutlayt tirlandit, neɣ Ireland s teglizit), d yiwet ger tigzirin tibritaniyin, tezgad deg umalu n Britanya tameqqrant, ger Ugaraw Aṭlasi d Ilel n Irland. Azar n wawal Irland ikad seg wawal irlandi Ériu neɣ Éire (d isem n tyakuct n zik, unti n Yakuc neɣ Rebbi) ak° d wawal agirmani land (akal).

Irland tebḍa af snat n tigduda: tigduda n Irland, i yellan d tamurt tillelit, akked Irland n ugafa, i mazal ger ifasen n Tigelda Iduklen n Briṭanya Tameqqrant d Irland n Ugafa.

Tigzirt n Irland tesɛa azal n 6 n imelyunen imezdaɣ, af le.fsan n 2006. Gar-asen 4,2 imelyunen n tigduda n Irland (1,6 imelyunen di tmanaɣt Dublin), d 1,7 imelyunen n Irland n ugafa (600 000 di tmanaɣt Belfast)




#Article 79: Isṭunya (4063 words)


Isṭunya (Eesti Vabariik s tutlayt tistunit), d yiwet n tmurt n umenẓaw Urub. Tezgad si tama usamar n ill n Baltik, ddaw n tmurt n Finlund, ttama n Gulf n Finlund, ar ugafa n tmurt n Lituni, ar umalu n tmurt n Russ.

Tamurt n Isṭuni, d tmura n Lituni d Litwani, ttusemant timura n baltik.

Isṭuni tetteka di tidukla n Urup seg umezwaru n mayu 2004, u tesekcem aṣurdi n Euro seg umenzu Yennayer 2008. Tekcem ar Temsisa Taṭlasit (OTAN) ass 29 meɣres 2004.

 

Amagrad ay d awen-d-newwi ass-a d win ay d-yettmeslayen ɣef tutlayt tisṭunit, d tutlayt taɣelnawt n tmurt n Isṭunya. Tamurt-a ay d-yuzgan di Tuṛuft n Ugafa (Europe du Nord), teqreb ɣer Rusya yernu tella d yiwet si tegdudyin tiqburin n Tdukli Tasuvyatit (Union soviétique), am Litwanya akk d Kirgizistan i ɣef ay d-newwi awal yagi. Iṣtunya d yiwet si tmura tibaltiyin, meḥsub d tamurt ay d-yuzgan ɣef yilel Abalti (mer baltique), yernu am nettat, am Litwanya akk d Litṭunya, tekcem-itent Tdukli Tasivyatit di 1940, u terra-tent tamara d aḥric si tmurt-agi tameqqrant, alammi d 1991, asmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance). Di tallit-nni n lbaṭel ɣezzifen ay tesɛedda Isṭunya, tuɣal tisṭunit, tutlayt n yimawlan n tmurt, d tutlayt ur nesɛi azal sdat n tutlayt tarusit ay d-tḥettem fell-asen Musku. Yuɣ lḥal, Irusiyen, xas ulamma ttqadaren igduden yellan ttidiren di Tdukli Tasuvyatit, llan ttwalin iman-nsen d nitni ay ten-yifen merṛa, d idles-nsen ay yernan win n tdersiyin nniḍen (minorités) yernu d tutlayt-nsen ay ilaqen ad tt-lemden akk yegduden isuvyatiyen nniḍen. S wanect-a, Irusiyen yettidiren di Isṭunya werǧin walan iman-nsen terra-ten tmara ad lemden tutlayt tisṭunit, wanag ttwalin d akken d imawlan n tmurt ay d-tewwi ad lemden tutlayt-nsen. Yuɣal bab n yiger d akli. D acu kan, ddunit ttetti, tettemtetti, idewweṛ-d zzman i deg d as-d-yuɣal uzarug-is i Isṭunya, yernu yuɣal-as-d wemkan-is i tutlayt tisṭunit. Ass-a, mi akka ay d-teffeɣ Isṭunya seg ujeɣlal-nni i deg tella zik-nni, tezzi udem-is ɣer Tuṛuft tutrimt (taɣerbit) akken ad tesnerni tadamsa-yines, dɣa anect-a yedǧa-tt ad tesnerni ula d tutlayt-is, tutlayt tisṭunit i yes tteddu tmurt, akken ad tqabel Isṭunya tallit n wass-a. D anect-a ay ibeddlen zzman ɣef Yirusiyen yettidiren di Isṭunya. Assemɣer ay ssemɣaren iman-nsen ɣef tisṭunit tura yexsi, tarusit-nni-nsen ay llan ttwalin-tt tif tisṭunit tuɣal ur teswi ara di tegduda-yagi tamaynut, dɣa tewwi-d fell-asen ass-a, ma bɣan ad ttekkin ula d nitni di tmurt-a, ur ten-yettara ara zzman di rrif, tewwi-d fell-asen ad lemden tisṭunit, d tin kan ara d asen-yessifessen tudert di tmurt-a n yimawlan-is. D acu kan, akken diɣ ad tettwaqbel Isṭunya di terbaɛt-agi n tmura n Tuṛuft wukud tebɣa ad tettekki, tewwi-d fell-as ula d nettat ad tqader izerfan n wemdan d yizerfan n tutlayin ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-is, dɣa amagrad-agi ad aɣ-yedǧ ad nẓer amek ay tqeddec Isṭunya akken ad as-d-terr azal-is i tutlayt taɣelnawt n tmurt, d wamek ara tqeddec diɣ akken ad teɛdel ger n tutlayin nniḍen merṛa ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-a. Afud igerrzen.

 
Ger n yiseggasen n 1940 d 1991, d Tadukli Tasuvyatit ay yetṭfen Isṭunya, ala kan ger n yiseggasen 1941 d 1944, asmi ay d-kecmen Yinaziyen n Lalman ɣer tmurt-a. D acu kan, asmi ay tebda thezzel (affaiblir) Tdukli Tasuvyatit, yebda leḥkem yettbeddil afus di tmura ay teḥkem tneggarut-agi, yernu tisertiyin tisuvyatiyin n peristroika* akk d glasnost* snernant ifadden i yegduden isuvyatiyen akken ad ssutren ugar n tlelli. Dɣa yessaweḍ wanect-a ɣer ɣellu n Tdukli Tasuvyatit di 1991 yernu yuɣal-as-d uzarug-is (indépedance) i Isṭunya i deg ay beddlent tzemmar iḥekmen tamurt. 
 
[*Perestroika : D tasertit ay d-yessebded uselway asuvyati, Mixail Gorbatcev, akken ad yeg tisemmeskal (réformes) i udabu asuvyati, i tdamsa n tmurt akken ad nnernint, yernu diɣ i lmend n ubeddel n wamek ttxemmimen Yisuvyatiyen akken ad zemren ad snernin tamurt-nsen. 
 
Glasnost : d tasertit n tallit n perestroika ay d-yessebded diɣ Gorbatcev akken ad yerr yis-s kra n wayen xeddmen yemḍebbren isuvyatiyen d afrawan (transparent), yezmer ad t-iẓer wegdud.]. 
 
Yuɣ lḥal, abeddel ameqqran am wa [ay d-yeɣlin deg yiwet kan n teswiɛt], yella yewɛeṛ ɣef Isṭunya ad taɣ yid-s tanumi. Dɣa abeddel-agi yemxallaf wamek ay iḥuza imezdaɣen n Isṭunya akken mxallafent tmiwa (tamaneɣt n tmurt Talinn akk d Ugafa agmuḍan -nord-est n tmurt) d wakken mxallafen diɣ yinurar n leqdic di tmurt (ɣef umedya : tibankiwin -banques- ma nquren-itent ɣer leqdic deg yemɣizen -mines), yernu yemxallaf diɣ wamek ay iḥuza ubeddel-agi igduden yemxallafen yettidiren di Isṭunta, am Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen. Di ɛecṛa n yiseggasen-agi ineggura, tisnaddanin (statistiques) n yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya beddlent aṭas u yennerna citṭ wanect ay yellan n Yisṭuniyen di tmurt-nsen [ugar n wanect ay nnernan yegduden nniḍen yettidiren di Isṭunya]. D acu kan, addun (recensement) n useggas n 2000 yesskan-d d akken igduden merṛa n Isṭunya neqsen ɣef wakken llan zik-nni. Dɣa mbeɛd tella Isṭunya tesɛa 1.565.000 n yimezdaɣen, tuɣal deg useggas n 2000 tesɛɛa kan 1.361.000 n yimezdaɣen, yernu wid ur nelli ara d Isṭuniyen di tmurt-a neqsen-d ɣer 459.000 n yemdanen (32,1 % seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt). Ma d Irusiyen n Isṭunya neqsen s 25 %. Tuɣ, ayen akk yessawḍen s anect-a, netta d addukel n ssebbat yemxallafen, gar-asent tuffɣa n waṭas n yimezdaɣen ɣer lberṛani, anqas ay neqsen wid ay d-yettlalen akk d unnerni d wanqas n yegduden yemxallafen yettidiren di tmurt-a. 
 
D acu kan, ayen igan amgerrad-agi (lxilaf) ger yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a d tutlayt tayemmat, maci d ayen nniḍen, imi tutlayt d nettat ay yettaken azal i wemdan di Isṭinya n wass-a. Dɣa d tutlayt ay d-yellan d abrid i seg ay d-tewwi ɣef wemdan ad iɛeddi akken ad yaweḍ ɣer rrbeḥ u ad yesɛu azal di tmetti, yernu d tin ay yettaldin tiwwura i wemdan akken ad yili d win ara yafen iman-is ama seg yidis n uxeddim, ama seg yidis n tedrimt. Di tallit tasuvyatit, yeqdec udabu akken ad yerr tarusit d nettat kan ay d tutlayt i yes tlehḥu tmurt, dɣa ass-a, mi akka ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is, anect-a yexleq-d uguren i wid yessnen kan tutlayt tarusit. Nnig waya, yeḍfer diɣ udabu arusi yiwet n tsertit n usselmed ay yesseqdec kan di Isṭunya, d tin n usseqdec n trusit akk d tisṭunit d tutlayin n usselmed, d acu kan, yal yiwet deg-sen qqaren-tt kan deg yiɣerbazen-is, dɣa d anect-nni diɣ ay yessawḍen ad d-yexleq snat n trebbaɛ yeɣran, d acu kan, ur zmirent ara ad msefhament wagar-asent imi ur ttmeslayent yiwet n tutlayt, ur sɛint yiwen n yedles. Dɣa d anect-nni ay yessawḍen ad tuɣal tmetti tisṭunit akken tella ass-a am wakken ay d-llant diɣ waṭas n ssebbat nniḍen ay yesmeɣren amgerrad ger n snat-agi n trebbaɛ : 
 
Timiwa i deg tettidir yal tarbaɛt : Wid yettmeslayen tarusit, tudet deg-sen d arraw n wid ay d-yunagen ɣer Isṭunya si tmiwa nniḍen n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yernu amur meqqren deg-sen di temdinin ay ttidiren neɣ di tmiwa n Ugafa agmuḍan (nord-est) n Isṭunya. Aṭas seg-sen ay yettidiren di Tallinn [tamaneɣt n tmurt] akk d tmiwa ay d-yezzin fell-as (Harjumaa), u llant tirebbaɛ nniḍen timecṭaḥ seg wid yettmeslayen tarusit, ttidiren di tmiwa nniḍen, d acu kan, 90% seg-sen di temdinin ay zedɣen yernu anect-a yennerna seg wasmi ay ffɣen yiserdasen Isuvyatiyen (sakin Irusiyen) si Isṭunya. 
 
Inurar n leqdic i deg txeddem yal tarbaɛt : di tallit n perestroika, Irusiyen n Isṭunya llan qeddcen di tkebbaniyin yettaɣen, znuzuyent, llan ssekcamen-d u ssuffuɣen sselɛa si Isṭunya, am wakken ay llan qeddcen di tkebbaniyin tisuvyatiyin tiqburin ay yuɣalen ur a d-ssekcament ara aṭas imir-n. Nnig waya, llan Yirusiyen-agi diɣ mazal-iten tteklen ɣef leɛnaya n unabaḍ (gouvernement) n Musku, xas ulamma aneggaru-ya ur d-iqqim wara wayen ay yella yezmer ad asen-t-yeg akken ad ten-iɛiwen asmi tebda tettbeddil tegnit yernu tella tteddu Tdukli Tasuvyatit akken ad teɣli. Anect-a yessehzel (affaiblir) mliḥ tanezzawt-nsen (commerce) akk d Rusya, yernu ayen akken d-xeddmen teɣli yis-s ula di Isṭunya, ur yezmir ad yenz am zik di tmurt-a i ɣer d-tekcem tdamsa tamaynut, d anect-nni ay tessawḍen Irusiyen n Isṭunya ad uɣalen di rrif seg yidis n tdamsa u ad ttwaɛezlen di tmurt-a. Nnig waya, yiwet si ssebbat meqqren ay yessawḍen diɣ Irusiyen ad ɣlin di Isṭunya nettat d lqella n tmusni n tutlayt tisṭunit ɣur-sen, dɣa d anect-nni ay sen-ireglen abrid akken ad znuzuyen u ad ttaɣen akk d Yisṭuniyen, am wakken diɣ lqella n tmusni-nsen di tutlayin tiberṛaniyin tkemmel-asen, imi anect-a yerra-ten ur zmiren ad sseftin (investir) idrimen di lberṛani, ur tezmir ad ten-id-tṣaḥ tallalt taberṛanit. Dɣa yuɣal win yebɣan ad t-id-iṣaḥ leqdic, tewwi-d fell-as ad yissin mliḥ tutlayin nniḍen menɣir tarusit. 
 

Tasertit n tutlayin ay d-tewwi Isṭunya di ɛecṛa n yiseggasen-agi ineggura nezmer ad tt-nebḍu ɣef tlata n talliyin, ɣef leḥsab n wemxallef ay mxallafen yeswiyen (buts) imeqqranen n Isṭunya di yal tallit. Tallit tamenzut tebda-d di tgara n yiseggasen n 1980 akk d tezwara n yiseggasen n 1990, asmi ay d-xelqent tsertiyin n glasnost akk d perestroika tagnit i deg ara d as-d-yuɣal uzarug-is i Isṭunya di 1991. Tallit tis snat tebda-d asmi ay yefren wegdud isṭuni tamenḍawt (constition) tamaynut n tmurt-is di 1992, dɣa ayen ay d-yeddan di tmenḍawt-a (lebni n tmurt, aḥraz n yizerfan n wemdan, atg.) d ayen ay d-icerḍen ɣef Isṭunya ad d-tessebded tasertit n tutlayin d tamaynut yernu telha. Yuɣ lḥal, simmal yettaǧhad uzarug (souverainenté) n Isṭunya, simmal tqeddec deg yinurar n tugdut, n tdamsa, n tedrimt akk d laman akken ad tekcem ɣer terbaɛt n tmura tutrimin (tiɣerbiyin) u ad taf iman-is gar-asent. Di tgara n yiseggasen n 1990, d anect-a dɣa ay yuɣalen d iswi ameqqran n Isṭunya ay yedǧan timsal nniḍen n tmetti ur nesɛi ara azal meqqren, yernu abeddel-agi meqqren di tɣawsiwin n tmurt d ayen ara d aɣ-yedǧen ad d-nini d akken yeldi-yas tawwurt i yiwet n tallit d tamaynut di tsertit n tutlayin n Isṭunya, d tin ay d tallit tis tlata. 
 
Tinwit (amendement) n tmenḍawt ay yerran tutlayt tisṭunit d tutlayt taɣelnawt di Isṭunya d tin ay d-sbedden deg wass n 6 Dujembeṛ 1988, di tallit i deg mazal Isṭunya d tigdida di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Ma deg wass n 18 Yennayer 1989, tlata n yiseggasen uqbel ma tewwi azarug-is, yessebded-d usuvyat ameqqran n Isṭunya yiwen n usaḍuf (lqanun) amaynut ɣef tutlayin, d asaḍuf ay d-yellan kan si leɛḍil, akken ad tesɛeddi yis-s Isṭunya tallit n ubeddel. Xas ulamma di tallit-nni n unnefsusi wid yebɣan ad tawi tmurt-nsen azarug fuṛsen tagnit rran tisṭunit d nettat ay d tutlayt tamenṣabt tawḥidt di Isṭunya, iswi n wanect-a di tidet netta d asnerni n wazal n tutlayt tisṭunit akken ad tuɣal am nettat am trusit di tegduda-yagi yellan tettidir ussan-is ineggura di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Dɣa yecreḍ-d usaḍuf-nni amaynut d akken kra n yiqeddacen iqeddcen di kra n yinurar tewwi-d fell-asen ad issinen mliḥ ama d tisṭunit, ama d tarusit, u ma yessen yiwen 800 kan n wawalen, anect-a yezmer ad t-iqam akken ad tt-isellek. Yuɣ lḥal, mi iga unabaḍ isṭuni aya, yella yessaram ad yefru ugur-nni i deg tarbaɛt yeɣran s tisṭunit ur tezmir ara ad temsefham d tin yeɣran s trusit yernu akken ad yessiweḍ leqdic-agi s iswi-yines, yefka unabaḍ (gouvernement) isṭuni ṛebɛa n yiseggasen i yiman-is i deg yessefra ad yesselḥu tamurt am wakka, s snat n tutlayin alamma d 1 Fuṛar 1993, d acu kan, ikemmel iqeddec unabaḍ s usaḍuf-agi alammi d 1995, asmi ay yefren asaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin. 
Imi di tallit-agi tamenzut, ayen iceɣben Isṭuniyen netta d aẓayer (staut) n tisṭunit di tmurt-is sdat n tutlayt tarusit ay iǧehden, timsal yeqqnen s asnerni n tutlayt tisṭunit akk d usselmed-ines llan twalin-tent imir-n ur sɛint azal meqqren. Asadu'f n 1989 yesseǧhed-as amkan-is i tisṭunit ay yettusemman d tutlayt tamenṣabt n ddewla, nnig waya, rnan Yisṭuniyen gan-d isuḍaf imecṭaḥ nniḍen s idis n usaḍuf-a ameqqran akken ad rnun ad ḥerzen amkan n tutlayt-nsen u ad tt-rren d nettat ay d tutlayt yernan akk tutlayin nniḍen n Isṭunya, ladɣa tarusit. Asaḍuf n 1989 yedǧa diɣ ad d-nnulfun ttawilat n teɣwalt (communications) yesseqdacen tisṭunit, akken ad yedǧ Isṭuniyen ad ttemselɣun 
(communiquer) s tutlayt-nsen. 
 
D acu kan, asaḍuf-agi yefka-yas izerfan-is diɣ i yal aterras (individu) di tmurt, ladɣa i wid ur nettmeslay ara tisṭunit, dɣa uɣalen wigi ttalasen ur sseqdacen ara tisṭunit akk d ddewla yernu zemren ad d-xedmen lekwaɣeḍ-nsen s trusit. Amagrad wis 3 n usaḍuf-agi yeqqar-d d akken (t)aterras(t) ur nettmeslay ara tisṭunit yettalas/tettalas ad yesselḥu/tesselḥu lumuṛ-is s trusit di tsuda (institutions) n ddewla akk d unabaḍ, akk d tsuda, tikebbaniyin d tuddsiwin (organisations) n Tegduda Tanemlayt Tasuvyatit n Isṭunya. Asaḍuf-agi yedǧa diɣ ula d asselmed s tutlayt tarusit ad ikemmel, dɣa nezmer ad d-nini d akken asaḍuf-a yeḥrez tarusit u yefka-yas tamkant i yiman-is di tmurt n Isṭunya, d acu kan, yesselha diɣ s waṭas amkan n tutlayt tisṭunit. 
 
Yella-d diɣ di tallit-nni usaḍuf i lmend n weḥraz n tdersiyin (minorités) nniḍen, dɣa d anect-nni ara tent-yedǧen ad sɛunt iɣerbazen s tutlayinnsent. Asadu'f-agi yedǧa diɣ ad d-ilin wahilen (programmes) n rṛadyu d tilibizyu s tutlayin n tdersiyin timecṭaḥ n Isṭunya u ad d-ilint ula d tisuda akk d trebbaɛ tidelsanin ara iqedcen i lmend n weḥraz n yedles n yegduden-agi. Asadu'f-agi d win ay d-yewwin abaɣur (lfayda) meqqren i yegduden nniḍen imecṭaḥ nniḍen n Isṭunya, menɣir Irusiyen, imi igduden-a werǧin sɛin izerfan idelsanen di tallit tasuvyatit. Asaḍuf-agi ihi yedǧa tidersiyin timecṭaḥ (ad ɛiwdent) ad ldint iɣerbazen akk d tdusa-nsent, yernu i tikkelt tamenzut deg umezruy, yesteɛṛef unabaḍ isṭuni s tdersiyin timecṭaḥ nniḍen akken ay yesteɛṛef s Yirusiyen, dɣa yeɛdel ger n yegduden merṛa yettidiren di tmurt-is yernu yefka-yasen llsas ibedden ɣef usaḍuf (lqanun) akken ad snernin iman-nsen (ɣef umedya uɣalen merṛa ttalasen ad sseɣren igerdan-nsen s tutlayin-nsen). 
 
Uɣalen ihi Yirusiyen ttalasen kan ad sqedcen tutlayt-nsen deg wayen ḥwaǧen, am nitni am yegduden nniḍen di Isṭunya, yernu anect-a yekkes seg wallaɣen n medden tikta-nni n tesnakta (idéologie) ay yettwalin d akken d tarusit ay ilaqen ad tili d tutlayt i yes ara ttemsefhamen yegduden wagar-asen neɣ diɣ, takti-nni ay yettwalin d akken tidersiyin nniḍen tewwi-d ad ttmeslayent dǧent akk tutlayin-nsent akken ad ttmeslayent tarusit, d tikta i yes yella iqeddec zik unabaḍ asuvyati. D acu kan, xas tenqes tezmert n trusit di Isṭunya, mazal sɛan Yirusiyen di tmurt-a izerfan i yes ifen tidersiyin nniḍen di tmurt-a. 
Yuɣ lḥal, lemmer ad nuɣal ɣer tidet, asaḍuf n tutlayin n 1989 ur d-igli ara s ubeddel ameqqran di tegnit i deg llant tutlayin uqbel n yimir-n, wanag yedǧa tagnit akken tella u yeḍmen-asen kan i yegduden n tmurt ad lemmden tutlayin-nsen deg uɣerbaz, am wakken ara tesɛu tisṭunit aẓayer ɛlayen ɣer Yisṭuniyen u ad tesɛu trusit aẓayer ɛlayen ɣer Yirusiyen. Asadu'f n tutlayin n 1989 yefka-yas i tisṭunit aẓayer n tutlayt taɣelnawt, d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu d tin i yes ara yettmeslay weḥric meqqren di tmetti, xas ulamma nettat deg wennar, yerra-tt umezruy d tutlayt tameddarsut (minoritaires) di tmurt-is, imi di tilawt (en réalité). Dɣa xas tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt taɣelnawt, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt ay izerɛen mliḥ di tmurt, maci d nettat ay fehhmen akk medden : di lweqt i deg amur meqqren seg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya zemren ad tt-sellken s trusit, ala kan amur amecṭuḥ seg yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya ur nelli ara d Isṭuniyen ay yessnen tisṭunit akken ilaq. 
 
Dɣa assebded n usaḍuf-agi yeldi-d tiwwura akken ad beddlent tzemmar n tmurt ifassen, u ad d-yeglu wanect-a s tlalit n tedɣert (élite) tamaynut di Isṭunya. Nnig waya, imi ulac aṭas n tɣawsiwin ay ibeddlen ɣef wid yettmeslayen tarusit di tmurt-a (imi tamusni n tisṭunit tettwacreḍ-d kan seg weḥric amecṭuḥ seg-sen), tkemmel lqella n wemsefham ger n Yisṭuniyen akk d Yirusiyen, yernu anect-a yegla-d s wuguren nniḍen ay yeldin tiwwura i tmura tiberṛaniyin akken ad d-grent iman-nsent di tɣawsiwin n tidaxliyin n Isṭunya. Imi ahilen (programmes) n unabaḍ n yimir-n ssulin kan leḥsabat-nsen ɣer lqerb di lweqt i deg dǧan timsal i ɣef ilaq ad ssalin leḥsabat ɣer lbeɛd, am usselmed akk d unekcum n tmurt di trebbaɛ tigraɣlanin, tḥulfa Isṭunya d akken tewwi-d fell-as, di tegnit-agi n wuguren ay d-ilulen, ad teg aḥurif nniḍen yifen amenzu-nni akken ad tesselhu tagnit n tutlayin di Isṭunya. 
 
Akken ad tessiweḍ Isṭunya s iswiyen-yines deg wayen yerzan asaḍuf-nni n tutlayin, tessebded-d acḥal n tsuda di tedbelt (administration). Akken ad d-yelhu unabaḍ d usselmed n tisṭunit i Yirusiyen imeqqranen yettidiren di Isṭunya, yessebded-d, s yiwen n usaḍuf deg wass n 13 Meɣres 1989, yiwen n useqqamu d uslig (spécial) umi isemma Ammas n Tutlayt Tisṭunit. Ma deg wass n 31 Meɣres 1989, terna tessebded-d Isṭunya Aseqqamu n Weḥraz n Tutlayt. Asmi ay d-yelfa d akken aseqqamu-ya ur d-yewwi ara abaɣur (lfayda) deg wayen yerzan asnas (application) n usaḍuf-nni n tutlayin, yessebded-d unabaḍ deg wass n 23 Nwembeṛ 1990, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt, i lmend n waya. Yuɣal Useqqamu-yagi d udus (organisme) ameqqran akk di tmurt ay d-yelhan d tɣawsiwin n tutlayt di Isṭunya, dɣa yelha-d s umata d temsal n usseqdec n tutlayt tisṭunit di Isṭunya akk d usselmed-ines s yisem-is d tutlayt tayemmat neɣ d tutlayt tis snat i yimezdaɣen n Isṭunya, am wakken diɣ ay yettɛawan Useqqamu n Tutlayt Taɣelnawt tutlayin timeddursa nniḍen u yelha-d d wasnas n yisuḍaf ay tent-yerzan. Iswiyen imeqqranen n Useqqamu-yagi nitni d assebded n tsertiyin n tutlayt akk d yiɣawasen (plans) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt, u yekcem deg waya weḍfar n wesnas n Usaḍuf n Tutlayin, asselhu n tarrayin (méthodes) n usselmed, aḍfar leqdicat yeqqnen ɣer tmawalt (léxique) d yismawen usligen (noms propres) akk d yeḍfar n leqdicat yeqqnen ɣer tesnilsit tamettit (sociolinguiste). D acu kan, di 1997, yuɣal Useqqamu-yagi d udus kan yettqaraɛen ma yella iteddu mliḥ leqdic ɣef tutlayt neɣ ala.
 
Di Yulyu n 1993, yessebded-d uselway n Isṭunya Lennart Meri ayen umi isemma Tadabut Timdewweṛt n Uselway (Table Ronde Présidentielle), d agraw ameɣlal (permanent) i deg ay d-ttemlilin yigensasen (représentants) n tdersiyin n tmurt d wid ur nesɛi ara taɣlent (nationalité) tisṭunit akk d yimaslaḍen n wemni (membres du parlement) n Isṭunya i lmend n wembaddel n leṛyuy akk d ussenqes n teɛdawt ger n trebbaɛ tisertiyin yemxallafen n yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a. 
 
Tiɣawsiwin yelhan akk d tid n d iri i yes d-yegla usaḍuf n tutlayin amezwaru d tid ay yuɣalen ttwaḍfarent s lqerb. Asmi ay walan Yisṭuniyen d akken tallit n uɛeddi si tegnit ɣer tayeḍ deg wayen yerzan tutlayin tfuk, yernu assebded n tmenḍawt tisṭunit tamaynut di 1992 yecreḍ-d ad tbeddel tegnit n tutlayin di Isṭunya, ɛezmen ihi Yisṭuniyen ad d-sbedden asaḍuf n tutlayin amaynut ara d-yemyezgen d tallit-agi ay d-ikecmen. I lmend n waya, ɛawden ssulin Yisṭuniyen leḥsabat-nsen deg wayen yerzan amek ara ssemyezwaren iswiyen-nsen deg wayen yerzan tasertit-nsen n tutlayin, dɣa imi iswi n Isṭunya n yimir-n netta d lebni n tmurt i uzekka, fernen yemḍebbren ad as-fken i tmurt yiwet kan n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaɣen-is, d tin i yes ara tebnu tmurt, dɣa rran tisṭunit d tutlayt tamenzut i wid yettmeslayen tisṭunit yernu d tutlauyt tis snat i wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara. Imi ay tuɣal tisṭunit d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tin n Yisṭuniyen ay d-yekkren yis-s, tewwi-d ad sqeɛden tutlayt-a, ad as-gen ilugan yernu ad tt-rren d tutlayt tizeɣt (standard) akken ad tezmer ad tuɣal d tutlayt i yes ara tlehḥu ddewla. Nnig waya, tewwi-d diɣ ɣef ddewla ad tqabel yiwet n tegnit iṣeɛben i deg ay tebɣa ad tesnerni tutlayt tisṭunit akken ad tt-terr d tutlayt ara fehhmen akk yimezdaɣen n tmurt, ula d wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara (ladɣa Irusiyen), dɣa tewwi-d ad txemmem Isṭunya ɣef wamek ara d asen-tesselmed tutlayt tisṭunit i yineggura-ya, ladɣa imi ay izemren ad ḥulfun d akken almad n tutlayt tisṭunit s yisem-is d tutlayt-nsen tis snat, d taɛkemt kan ara d asen-d-yernu. 
 
Annar wis sin yesɛan azal meqqren i ɣef d-tewwi ad xemmem i usebded n usaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin netta d win n yeqqnen ɣer tsertit n usselmed n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan almad-nsent akk d usseqdec-nsent di kra n yinurar n leqdic (takkast -douane-, iqeddicen yeqqnen ɣer tmerrayt -tourisme-, atg.). Dɣa ma mazal Isṭunya ur teẓwir ara deg yinurar-agi, ur tettazmar ara ad tekcem u ad taf iman-is di trebbaɛ tigraɣlanin n laman (am Temsisa Taṭlasit -OTAN) neɣ tirebbaɛ tudmisin (économiques) am Tdukli Tuṛufit (Union Européenne), dɣa ilaq ɣef tmurt-a ad teẓwer akken ad d-tessewjed iman-is akken ilaq deg yinurar n tmerrayt akk d tnezzawt (commerce) tagraɣlant. 
 
Ma d annar wis tlata, d win yeqqnen s assebded n weḥkim (contrôle, régulation) deg wayen yerzan assaɣen (ralations) n tezmert yellan ger n tutlayin timeddursa akk d usselmed-nsent. Dɣa llan sin n leqdicat ay ilaqen ad ttwaxedmen deg wennar-agi : tukksa n unagraw (système) ay d-yettwaweṛten si tallit tasuvyatit, win i deg ala kan d tarusit ay yettusexdamen i lmend n usselḥu n tmurt yernu igduden nniḍen tewwi-d fell-asen ad dǧen akk tutlayin-nsen akken ad ddmen tarusit, ladɣa imi anagraw-agi yuɣal ass-a d ssebba i unulfu n yemgerraden (conflits) ger n trebbaɛ [ɣef umedya, wid yessnen ala kan tarusit, atni ass-a ttwaɛezlen, yernu beɛden ɣef wakk inurar imaynuten n leqdic di Isṭunya], am wakken ay ilaq ad d-yexleq unabaḍ tagnit i deg tidersiyin timecṭaḥ nniḍen, meḥsub wid ur nelli d Iṣtuniyen wala d Irusiyen, ad zemrent ula d nitenti ad ḥerzent tutlayin akk d yidelsan-nsent. Dɣa deg wayen yerzan anect-a, acḥal d abrid ay tɛawen ddewla tirebbaɛ-agi s yedrimen akken ad gen aṭas n yiqeddicen idelsanen neɣ ɣef tutlayin-nsen. D acu kan, tamsalt-nni tamenzut ay d-nebder, tin yerzan Irusiyen akk d leqdic n unabaḍ akken ad asen-yessiɣ tanumi d tegnit-agi tamaynut d ayen yeḥwaǧen tazmert tasertit tameqqrant akk d tallalt (lemɛawna) taberṛanit. 
 
Ihi ɣef llsas n yeswiyen-agi akk ay d-yessebded unabaḍ isṭuni tasertit-is tamaynut n tutlayin i deg llan wugar n 70 n yisuḍaf, ama d wid ay d-yeddan di tmenḍawt neɣ d isuḍaf akk d warraten (actes) nniḍen imecṭaḥ ay d-iḍefren sakin. Yuɣ lḥal, llsas ameqqran n yisuḍaf n Isṭunya netta d tamenḍawt (constitution) yernu taneggarut-agi tettwafren deg wass n 28 Yunyu 1992 u tebda tqeddec tmurt yis-s deg wass n 3 Yulyu 1992. Tamenḍawt-a tesdukel ama d ansay (tradition) n yisuḍaf isṭuniyen n wasmi ay tewwi Isṭunya azarug-is (indépendance) amenzu [ger n 1920 d 1940], ama d isuḍaf ay d-tewwi ad ten-id-ternu tmurt ɣef idra n ubeddel n tegnit tagraɣlant. Tamenḍawt-agi teqqar-d d akken Isṭunya d Awanek-aɣlan (Etat-nation) yernu d Awanek (ddewla) yedduklen seg yidis n tsertit (Amagrad 2), akka i wakken ur ttazmaren ara yegduden n tmurt-agi ad d-gen timiwa tifulmanin (autonomes) i yiman-nsen. 
Dɣa ayen tessefra ad t-teg Isṭunya i lmend n lebni n tmurt s tsertit-agi-yines tamaynut n tutlayin, meḥsub assebded n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaɣen n tmurt akk d wethelli di tutlayin timeddursa nniḍen d ayen diɣ ay d-tebder ula d tamenḍawt n tmurt, yernu nezmer ad ten-id-nessegzel am wakka :
 

 
Yuɣ lḥal, nezmer ad d-nini d akken isuḍaf yerzan tutlayt zgan ttbeddilen di Isṭunya yernu d tiɣawsiwin tisertiyin n daxel n tmurt akk d lḥeṛs ara d-sseḥṛasent tmura tiberṛaniyin ay yedǧan abeddel-agi ad d-yili. Dɣa, xas ma yella tamenḍawt di 1992 ay tt-id-sbedden, maca asaḍuf amaynut n tutlayin ur t-id-sbedden ara alammi d 1995. Tuɣ, isuḍaf n tutlayt akk d tiqqermi (citoyenneté) n 1995 ldint tiwwura i werkad n tmetti akk d lebni n tmurt iǧehden, yernu isuḍaf-agi ur smenyafen ula d yiwen n wegdud ɣef wayeḍ di Isṭunya wanag ttusqedcen kan d allal i lmend n wesdukel n yimezdaɣen merṛa n tmurt. Qrib yal amdan yettidiren s wudem n usaḍuf (légalement) di Isṭunya yettalas ad yessuter u ad t-id-tṣaḥ teɣlent (nationalité) tisṭunit, akken yebɣu yili laṣel-is yernu anect-a akk yesskan-d d akken abeddel n tmetti tisṭunit d win ara tt-yettawin deg webrid n tugdut, n tullya akk d uqader n yizefan n wemdan. 
 
D acu kan, tutlayt tisṭunit n wass-a yedǧa-tt zzman ɣer deffir deg wayen yerzan taknussna (technologie). Timacinin n tsuqilt (machines de traduction) akk d wahilen n weɛqal n wawal melmi kan ay d-yebda unadi fell-asen akken ad ten-id-xedmen, iseɣẓanen (logiciels) s tisṭunit mazal-iten qlilit yernu ayen ay d-yeffɣen yagi deg wennar-a qlil kan anda ay yettuseqdac yernu ilaq ad d-nini d akken d anabaḍ ur d anabaḍ ay yessawḍen ɣer tegnit-agi umi ay werǧin yefka azal i temsalt-a. D acu kan, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Tisṭunit yessebded-d asenfar (projet) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt tisṭunit deg useggas n 2001, u yekcem leqdic-agi di leqdicat n Useggas Uṛufi n Tutlayin, dɣa atan yekkat Useqqamu ass-a akken ad d-yessaki medden akk d trebbaɛ ay terza temsalt ɣef tḍullit (nécéssité) n tifin n tifrat i lexṣaṣ n ttawil atrar (moderne) s tutlayt tisṭunit akk d wayen ilaqen ad yettwaxdem i lmend n wesnerni n tisṭunit deg wennar-agi.




#Article 80: Kamirun (7449 words)


Tigduda n Kamirun, d yiwet n tmurt i d-yezgan di tefriqt talemmast ger Nijirya, Ččad, Tigduda n tefriqt tammast, Gabun, Gini n Ikwatur, d Gulf n Gini.

Yiwen n weḥric n wakal n kamirun yella s ddaw leɛnaya n udabu abriṭani (Isem-is Kamruns), ma d wayeḍ yella s ddaw ifrensiyen (i yewwin azarug-is deg umenzu n Yennayer 1960). Sin-agi yemḍiqen mlalen deg 1961 i wakken ad tlul Tigduda tafidiralit n Kamirun. Deg 20 mayyu 1972, tuɣal isem-is Tigduda idduklen n Kamirun. Ma di 1984, tamurt teṭṭef isem unṣib n Tigduda n Kamirun.

 

Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt taɣerbit, yernu am nettat am tmura nniḍen n tama-ya, tesɛa aṭas n yegduden d waṭas n tutlayin. Kamirun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt i deg ttwahdaṛent aṭas n tutlayin (ugar n 200), maca d ayen yessewhamen ma nenna-d dakken ar ass-a, ula d yiwet si tutlayin tifriqiyin n Kamirun ur tuɣal d tutlayt taɣelnawt. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Kamirun yesteɛṛif kan s tefṛensist d teglizit (imi tamurt-agi tettusteɛmeṛ sɣur Legliz d Fṛansa), d nitenti umi tefka azal, xas ma yella yettili-d diɣ umenniɣ ger n snat-agi n tutlayin di tmurt-a. Maca, xas ma yella tutlayin tiɣelnawin n Kamirun tṭuqqtent, qqiment merṛa di rrif, yernu aya maci d ayen yelhan i wegdud. Imi imḍebbren n tmurt ttmeslayen u qeddcen kan s tutlayt taberṛanit, amur ameqran deg Yikamruniyen ḍhan-d amzun ttwaɛezlen di tmurt-nsen, ur fehhmen d acu ara ttmeslayen wid yellan nnig-nsen, yernu unjug-agi (obstacle) n tutlayt yergel-asen abrid i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a i wakken ad ttekkin di tsertit (politique) n tmurt-nsen. Maci ala d Kamirun ay yellan di tegnit-agi, wannag llant aṭas n tmura nniḍen di Tefriqt ara yettidiren akka : tadɣert (élite) tesɛa tutlayt-is, d tin i yes tezmer ad teḥkem tamurt s yiles ay tfehhem nettat, iles n umesbaṭli aqdim, di lweqt i deg agdud yellan s ddaw-atsen ttmeslayen-as kan s yiles-is asmi ara t-ḥwiǧen ad yedɣer (ad yebbuṭi). Xas ma yella Cameroun d tamurt yewwin azarug-is , asmi ay tt-ffɣent Fṛansa d Legliz, ur d-dǧint ara amkan-nsent d ilem, wanag imḍebbren n tmurt, xas d arraw n tmurt, qqnen allen-nsen ɣef yilsawen n tmurt-nsen.

Tigduda n Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt (i deg ggtent tutlayin), i deg llant azal n 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt, yiwet n tutlayt n teywalt (communication - d tapidgint n teglizit) akk d snat n tutlayin tunṣibit , taglizit d tefṛensist. Snat-agi n tutlayin tunṣibit tewṛet-itent-id Cameroun si tallit-nni n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), asmi Briṭanya d Fṛansa bḍant akal n tmurt-agi wagar-asen ger n tgara n Tṭrad n Umaḍal amezwaru d wasmi ay tewwi tmurt azarug-is . 
Atṭuqqet n tutlayin di Cameroun maci d ayen yessishilen taywalt (communication) ger yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a; dɣa skud Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tutlayt n teywalt ara yettwafhamen deg tmiwa n tmurt merṛa, amsefham mazal ad yeqqim yewɛeṛ ger Yikamruniyen. Nnig waya, xas ma yella tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin tunṣibin di snat di Cameroun, snat-agi n tutlayin ur ɛdilent ara deg wamek ay ttuseqdacent neɣ ttuselmadent, yernu aya iḍurr tasertit n tesnutlayt ay yebɣa ad yelḥu yis-s udabu n Cameroun. Yuɣ lḥal, tasertit n tutlayt di tmurt-a mazal-itt terwi yernu mazal ur d-banen ara yeswan-is : tasertit-agi ur tefki ara akk azal i tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt i wakken ad ten-tesnerni, yernu ur tessaweḍ ara ad terr tamurt n Cameroun d tin ay ilehḥun s snat n tutlayin tunṣibin akken yessefk lḥal. Dɣa, tasertit-nni tunṣibt i yes tebɣa naqal Cameroun ad tesdukel tamurt, ass-a tuɣal d ssebba n yemgerraden d wemsefraq aserti. Taluft n tutlayin di Cameroun d taqdimt yernu nezmer ad naf iẓuran-is di tallit n tehrest (listiɛmaṛ), tallit i deg ay d-yella wemgerrad ger tedbelt n tehrest d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires). Ass-a, taluft n Cameroun deg wayen yerzan tutlayin netta d amek ara tefru ugur-agi n utṭuqqet n tutlayin u ad tefru ugur n tutlayt taɣelnawt di lweqt i deg ara tkemmel ad tesselḥay tamurt s wudem amellil (efficacement) s snat tutlayt tunṣibin u ad teg akk ayen yessefken i wakken ad tesserbeḥ aya. 

ɣef leḥsab n CIA Fact Book, di Yulyu 2001, Cameroun tella tesɛa 15.803.220 n yimezdaɣen. Tajumma n Cameroun tewweḍ ɣer 475.442 km², yernu tesɛa tilisa akk d Nigeria deg utaram (lɣerb), akk d Tcad deg ugafa-acerqi , akk d Tegduda n Tefriqt Talemmast di ccerq, akk d Ginya Tasebgast, Gabon d Congo deg wenẓul (sud). Cameroun tesɛa 10 tmiwa tideblanin (administratives), gar-asent snat ttmeslayent s teglizit, ma di tmanya-nni nniḍen, d tafṛensist ay yettwahdaṛen. 

Di 1472, asmi ay yewweḍ yemsilel (navigateur) apuṛtugali Fernando Po ɣer temda (bassin) n Biafra, yekcem s uɣerrabu-yines ɣer wasif n Wouri ay d-yuzgan ɣef yiri n lebḥeṛ. Po yewhem mi ay iwala dakken llan yiqayemrunen (crevettes) deg wasif-nni, dɣa d aya ay t-yedǧan ad as-isemmi i wasif-agi Rio dos Camarões (asif n yiqayemrunen). Dɣa d wa ay d isem ay fkan i tmurt-nni merṛa. Asmi ay d-usan Walmaniyen akken ad tṭfen tamurt-a, semman-as Kamerun. Igliziyen, asmi ay d-wwḍen, semman-as Cameroon, ma d Ifṛensisen llan qqaren-as Cameroun. Di 1884, tekcem Lalman ɣer Cameroun, u yebda-d leḥkem almani ɣef tmurt-a asmi ay stenyan Walmaniyen amtawa (leɛqed) ger tmurt-nsen d Yedoualaten (yiwen seg yegduden n Cameroun) di Yulyu n 1884, dɣa seg yimir-nni ay tuɣal Cameroun d tanemzuɣt (protectorat) talmanit. Maca asmi ay texṣer Lalman Ttṛad n Umaḍal amezwaru (di 1916), Fṛansa d Briṭanya bḍant Cameroun wagar-asent. Naqal llant ḥekment tamurt-a s ddaw n lewkala n Temɣunt n Yeɣlanen (Société des Nations), sakkin, d Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yedduklen (ONU) ay ikemmlen twekkel Fṛansa d Briṭanya i wakken ad kemmlent ad tṭfent Cameroun. Briṭanya ṣaḥent-tt-id snat n tesfifin n wakal, llan deg-sent azal n 90.000 km² yernu uzgant-d ɣef tlisa n Nigeria. Tasfift-nni n wakal ay d-yuzgan deg ugafa (nord) llan qqaren-as Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Ugafa (British Northert Cameroons), ma d tin n wenẓul qqaren-as Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul (Southern British Cameroons). D Fṛansa umi d-iṣaḥ umur ameqran si Cameroun yernu tefka-yas i umur-agi leḥkem-is i yiman-is, wanag Briṭanya, si Lagos, di Nigeria, ay tella la tesselḥay lumuṛ n wakalen-is di Cameroun. 
 
Cameroun tafṛensist tewwi azarug-is (indépendance) deg umenzu n Yennayer, 1960. Sakkin, di Fuṛaṛ n 1960, imezdaɣen n Cameroun Tabriṭanit n Wenẓul deɣren (bbuṭin) i wakken ad sduklen tamurt-nsen akk d Cameroun ay teffeɣ Fṛansa. Tadukli-yagi terna teǧhed ugar deg umenzu n Tubeṛ 1961, asmi ay yettusdukel akk wakal n Cameroun, u tga-d tmurt-agi tafidiṛalit i deg llant snat n tmura, Cameroun Taɣerbit d Cameroun Tacerqit. Tafidiṛalit-agi teqqim alamma ay d 20 Magu 1972, asmi ay yerra adabu ddewla-yagi d tin yedduklen ugar, s wesnulfu n 7 temnaḍin . Sakkin, di 1984, aselway yessuffeɣ-d tanaḍt (décret) i deg d-rnant tlata temnaḍint timaynutin ɣer sebɛa-nni yellan naqal, u tuɣal Cameroun tesɛa ɛecṛa temnaḍin. 

Deg wennar n uselmed, Cameroun tettḍafar sin yinagrawen (systèmes) : anagraw n uselmed s tutlayt taglizit ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw aneglusaksi (anglo-saxon), akk d unagraw n uselmed s tutlayt tafṛensist ay yettwabnan ɣef leḥsab n unagraw afṛensis. Dɣa llan yiɣerbazen yesselmaden s wahil (programme) aglizi am wakken ay llan wid yesselmaden s wahil afṛensis, d acu kan, di tesdawit (université), inelmaden qqaren s snat tutlayin, s teglizit akk d tefṛensist. ɣef leḥsab n tesnaddanin (statistiques) n 1995, 63.4 % n Yikamruniyen ay yessnen ad ɣren, 75 % n yergazen d 52,01 % n tilawin.
   

Akken ay d-nenna sufella-yagi, Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt i deg llant 247 n tutlayin tineṣliyin, snat tutlayin tunṣibin akk d yiwet n tpidgint n teglizit ay ttmeslayen di Cameroun. 
[Tapidgint d tutlayt ur nelli ara d taneṣlit di tmurt, tikwal tettili d axaluḍ n snat neɣ n waṭas n tutlayin, sseqdacen-tt medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden i wakken ad msefhamen yis-s. Tapidgint n Cameroun d taglizit ixelḍen d tutlayin nniḍen]. 

Xas ma yella adeg n internet n Ethnologue yeqqar-d dakken llant 279 n tutlayin di Cameroun, kra yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) am Wolf nnan-d dakken aya ur iṣehḥa ara, imi ay llant kra n tentalyin (dialectes) ay yettwaḥesben d tutlayin, yili nitenti d tintalyin kan n kra n tutlayt. Ger tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, llant ṛebɛa tutlayin qrib ad negrent, tigi d tutlayt tadulit (duli), tageyt (gey), tanagumit (nagumi) akk d tyenit (yeni). Tutlayin-agi akk ttmeslayen-tent deg ugafa (nord) n tmurt. Adeg n Ethnologue yenna-d di 1996, dakken 14 n tutlayin nniḍen n Cameroun ay inegren yagi. Di Tefriqt, llant ṛebɛa n twaculin timeqranin n tutlayin, tlata deg-sent nezmer ad tent-naf di Cameroun, imi di tmurt-a nezmer ad naf tutlayin n twacult tafrusyawit (afro-asiatique), tutlayin n twacult taniluṣeḥṛawit (nilo-saharienne) akk d tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit (nilo-kordofanienne). 
Tutlayin n twacult tanijirukuṛdufanit d nitenti ay yetṭuqqten di Cameroun, di lweqt i deg ulac akk kra n tutlayt n twacult taxuysant (khoisan) di tmurt-a. Tutlayin tineṣliyin ay fehhmen waṭas n medden nitenti d tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tewondot (ewondo), tabasaat (basaa), tadwualat (duala), tahausat (hausa), tawandalat (wandala), takanurit (kanuri), taɛṛabt tacuwat (choa), tapidgint n teglizit akk d tefṛensist. D acu kan, tlata kan tutlayin si ger tigi ay yettwahdaṛen yernu ttwafhament ugar tiyaḍ di tmiwa timeqranin di Cameroun, d tid ay sseqdacen medden di tmiwa-ya i wakken ad msefhamen wagar-asen : deg ugafa (nord) amur ameqran di medden yettmeslay neɣ ifehhem tafulfuldet, di lweqt i deg tapidgint n teglizit tettuseqdac di lɣerb, ma d tafṛensist tettuseqdac deg timiwa ay d-yeqqimen di tmurt. D acu kan, ulac leḥyuḍ yebḍan ger yal tutlayt d tayeḍ, yernu merṛa tutlayin-agi nezmer ad naf imdanen ay tent-yessnen di merṛa timiwa n tmurt. Tafulfuldet ttmeslayen-tt yernu tettwafham di tama n ugafa (nord) anda ay tella tama n Adamawa akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa ubɛid, dɣa, akal i deg tettuseqdac tfulfuldet yewweḍ ɣer 162.107 km² neɣ 34,8 % seg wakal n Cameroun. 

Azal n 3 yimelyunen n medden ay yettmeslayen tafulfuldet, xas ma yella amur ameqran di medden-agi d almad ay tt-lemden, maci d nettat ay d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat. Wid yesɛan tafulfuldet d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat (Ifulfuldeyen) ur ttɛeddin ara i 350.000, maca tutlayt-nsen si zik ay tesɛa azal. Di lqern wis 17, tafulfuldet tettuseqdec d tutlayt i wezraɛ n Lislam deg ugafa (nord) n Cameroun. Tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun sseqdacen-tt aṭas n medden maci ala di tmiwa ay teḥkem zik Briṭanya (timnaḍin n Ugafa Utrim d Wenẓul Utrim), wanag ula di tmiwa n yiri n lebḥeṛ akk d lɣerb n Cameroun. Ass-a, nezmer ad nḥulfu i tezrirt (influence) n tpidgint-agi ula di temnaḍin i deg sseqdacen tafṛensist. Dɣa ass-a, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ur teqqim ara d tutlayt n teywalt (communication) ala kan ger Yikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit, wanag attan la tettimɣur, la tteffeɣ ɣef tlisa-s n zik-nni u tezmer, yiwwas, ad tuɣal d tutlayt n teywalt taɣelnawt (nationale). Ama di temdinin neɣ di tmurt, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tuɣal la tettuseqdac di teklizin (églises) am wakken tettuseqdac di leswaq, deg yinegsaren (parking) n tkeṛwas, di teɣsarin (gares) n tmacinin, deg wezniq neɣ di tegnatin nniḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, tutlayt-agi ur nelli n yiwen nuɣal nezmer ad tt-naf anda ma nedda di tudert timettit-tudmist (socio-économique) n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, yernu si tallit n Lalman ay tebda tpidgint-agi la tetturar dduṛ-agi. 

Ma yella d tafṛensist, alamma ay d asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance) ay tuɣal tesɛa dduṛ meqqren di teywalt (communication), imi seg yimir-n d asawen, bdan Yikamruniyen la lemmden s waṭas tutlayt-a. Dɣa, menɣir tlata-nni n temnaḍin (provinces) n ugafa anda d tafulfuldet ay d tutlayt n teywalt akk d snat-nni n temnaḍin i deg ssawalen (tapidgint n) taglizit, d tafṛensist ay yetturaren dduṛ meqqren di teywalt di xemsa-nni n temnaḍin nniḍen ay d-yegran di Cameroun. S waya, tennulfa-d yiwet n tefṛensist d taɣerfant (populaire), sseqdacen-tt Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden wagar-asen, ladɣa di temdinin d tmiwa iqerben ɣer temdint. Nnig waya, Ikamruniyen merṛa, ama d wid yesseqdacen taglizit, tafṛensist neɣ tafulfuldet, ttemsefhamen merṛa wagar-asen s tefṛensist, u tettɣimi-d tutlayt-a d nettat ay d tutlayt n wemsefham tameqrant akk di tmurt. Snat-nni n tutlayin tunṣibin n Cameroun, taglizit d tefṛensist, kecemnt-d s amezruy n tmurt-a di 1916, asmi ay tettwarna Lalman u tettwabḍa Cameroun ger Fṛansa d Briṭanya. Inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten nudan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef yimezdaɣen n tmurt-agi, ladɣa deg yinurar n uselmed akk d tedbelt (administration). D aya ay yessawḍen snat-agi n tutlayin ad fkent aẓar di Cameroun di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), yernu asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), uɣalent ǧehdent ugar. Asmi ay teddukel Cameroun, di 1961, taglizit d tefṛensist uɣalent d snat n tutlayin tunṣibin n tmurt-a imi Cameroun tefren ad tesselḥu tamurt s tesnutlayt (bilinguisme). 

Yessefk ad d-nini dakken uqbel ma kecmen-d yinehrasen (colonisateurs) ɣer Cameroun, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-a ssawḍent ad sɛunt azal d ameqran. Tutlayt tabamunt (bamun) tella d yiwet si tutlayin-agi, yernu d sselṭan Njoya (yiwen ugellid ineslem n Cameroun) ay tt-yesqeɛɛden i wakken ad tuɣal d tutlayt n uselmed, uqbel ma wwḍen-d yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen. Tutlayt tafulfuldet daɣen tella tesɛa azal meqqren imi di lqern wis 17, d ta ay d tutlayt ay yettusqedcen i wezraɛɛ n Lislam di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa (nord). 

Di tallit n tsehrest (listiɛmaṛ), timura tinehrasin gant ifadden i wakken d tutlayin-nsent ara yettuseqdacen. Xas ma yella tadbelt talmanit di Cameroun tga ifadden i wakken d talmanit ara yettusqedcen di tmurt-a, imseɣdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen d yimarikaniyen iprisbitiriyen smenyafen ad sqedcen tutlayin tineṣliyin n yimezdaɣen n Cameroun, am tbasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tadualat (duala), tewondot (ewondo) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) i wakken ad slemden medden u ad ten-id-sxedmen ɣer ddin amasiḥi. Xas ma yella almaniyen ur ldin ara aṭas n yiɣerbazen di Cameroun, maca ɛerḍen ad ḥettmen ɣef yiɣerbazen ad sseqdacen talmanit, u ḥeṛsen imseɣdaden i wakken ad gen aya. D acu kan, imseɣdaden llan tṭfen aṭas n yiɣerbazen yernu d nitni ay yellan ḥekmen deg uselmed di tallit talmanit, di Cameroun. 

Xas llan Walmaniyen bɣan ad ḥettmen tutlayt-nsen ɣef Yikamruniyen, ineggura-yagi kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin wagar-asen mebla uguren. Asmi ay texṣer Lalman tamurt n Cameroun, inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten wwin-d yid-sen tasertit (politique) n tutlayin nniḍen. Ibriṭaniyen ḥekmen Cameroun s webrid arusrid (indirectement), u d lḥekkam ineṣliyen n tmurt i yes tella Briṭanya la tesselḥay tamurt, dɣa, nezmer ad d-nini dakken di tegnit am ta, qrib yettuḥettem ɣef Yikamruniyen ad issinen u ad sqedcen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Maca deg weḥric-nni ay teḥkem Fṛansa, Ifṛensisen llan bɣan ad ssertin (assimiler) Ikamruniyen, meḥsub ad asen-mḥun laṣel-nsen, tamagit-nsen (identité) u ad ten-rren d Ifṛensisen. D aya ay yedǧan Fṛansa ur tqebbel ara aseqdec n tutlayin tineṣliyin. Di tmiwa yellan s ddaw n leɛnaya tabriṭanit, kra n tutlayin tineṣliyin am tbafutt (bafut), tadualat (duala) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) llant la ttuseqdacent lwaḥid akk d teglizit deg uselmed. Yuɣ lḥal, Ibriṭaniyen dǧan timsal n uselmed ger yifassen n trebbaɛ n ddin akk d wusligen (privés), di lweqt i deg adabu afṛensis d netta ay d-yelhan s timmad-is s wakk timsal n uselmed n Yefriqiyen yellan s ddaw leḥkem-is. Di tmiwa ay teḥkem Fṛansa, dima llan yemgerraden (conflits) ger yemseɣdaden (missionnaires) d udabu afṛensis, imi imseɣdaden kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin tineṣliyin i lmend n uselmed d usexdem n medden ɣer tmasiḥit. D aya ay yedǧan adabu afṛensis ad yeg ussisen (efforts) i wakken ad yesnerni tafṛensist di Cameroun di lweqt i deg yerra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif. Di 1917, tadbelt (administration) tafṛensist tuɣal la tettak tallalt (lemɛawna) n yedrimen i yiɣerbazen yesseqdacen tafṛensist d tutlayt n uselmed. Sakkin, deg umenzu n Tubeṛ akk d 28 Dujembeṛ 1920, yeffeɣ-d usaḍuf i wakken ad ttwaɣelqen yiɣerbazen yellan sselmaden s tutlayin tineṣliyin di Cameroun, ad yeɣleq 47 yiɣerbazen ay yeldi ugellid Njoya di tama n Yibamunen, anda tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabamunt. Ma di 1922, Fṛansa teɣleq 1800 yiɣerbazen n yemseɣdaden iprisbitiriyen imarikaniyen i deg tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabulut (bulu). Tkemmel Fṛansa la tɣelleq deg yiɣerbazen, alamma ay d asmi ay d-teqqim tefṛensist d tutlayt tawḥidt n uselmed di Cameroun. D acu kan, xas texdem Fṛansa akk aya, tutlayin tineṣliyin kemmlent la ttuseqdacent deg usexdem n medden ɣer ddin amasiḥi d teywalt (communication) ger medden. Dɣa, di lweqt i deg tutlayt tunṣibt (officielle) tella d tutlayt n teywalt tunṣibt, tutlayin tineṣliyin d nitenti ay yellan d tutlayin n teywalt ɣer wegdud ama di teklizt (église), deg leswaq, neɣ di tmeɣriwin tidelsanin, deg wexxam d wanda nniḍen. Maca tisertiyin (politiques) n tutlayt ay sqedcent Lalman, Briṭanya akk d Fṛansa ur dǧint ara ad tili kra n tutlayt taneṣlit ara yesɛun azal meqqren ugar n tiyaḍ, u ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt taɣelnawt asmi ara tawi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance). 

Asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is, d tafṛensist ay yuɣalen d tutlayt-is tunṣibt (officielle) di tama yessawalen tafṛensist, di lweqt i deg taglizit tuɣal d tutlayt tunṣibt n tama yessawalen taglizit. Asmi ay teddukel tmurt deg umenzu n Tubeṛ, 1961, tagduda tafidiṛalit ay d-ilulen imir-n tuɣal tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin. Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura tifriqiyin nniḍen, tesmenyaf d tutlayin tirawsanin (neutres) ay tesmenyaf ad tent-terr d tutlayin tunṣibin, imi taglizit akk d tefṛensist ur llint ara d tutlayin tineṣliyin n kra n wegdud yettidiren di Cameroun, yernu adabu akamruni iga aya i wakken ur d-ttilin ara wuguren ger yegduden, yernu ur yettṣerrif ara diɣ udabu idrimen i wakken ad yesnerni tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. S waya ay nezmer ad nefhem ayɣer ay yerra udabu tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif u yesmenyaf tutlayin n yinehrasen (colonisateurs) iqburen. Kra waggagen (intellectuels) ikamruniyen am Fonlon (di 1963), ur kukran ara ad d-ssumren (proposer) dakken yessefk ad rren aselmed n yigerdan d asnutlay (bilingue) seg yiseggasen imezwura n uɣerbaz, imi di tallit-nni ay ttilin yigerdan mazal-iten leqqaqit i wakken ad lemden tutlayin timaynutin. 
Ma d tutlayin tineṣliyin, nezmer ad d-nini dakken ur sɛin ara akk amkan deg yiseggasen imezwura n uzarug (indépendance) n Cameroun. Maca, xas ma yella anabaḍ yessusem, llant aṭas n trebbaɛ ay iqedcen mebla aḥbas i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin, u gar-asent nezmer ad d-nebder PROPELCA (Programme de Recherche Opérationnelle pour l'Enseignement des Langues au Cameroun), ara iqeddcen si 1977 ɣef temsal yerzan aselmed s tutlayin tiyemmatin di Cameroun. Maca llant daɣen trebbaɛ n SIL-Cameroun, Tiddukla Takamrunit n Tsuqilt n Wedlis d Uselmed n Tɣuri (CABTAL) akk d Tiddukla Taɣelnawt n Tseqquma n Tutlayt Tikamruniyin (National Association of Cameroonian Language Committees (NACALCO). Di 1979, yettwaxdem leqdic igerrzen i lmend n usizeɣ (standardisation) n tirawt n tutlayin tikamruniyin yernu aya yettekka mliḥ deg wesnerni n tutlayin-agi. Tamenḍawt n 18 Yennayer 1996 teḍmen akemmel n tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme) d wesnerni n tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) n Cameroun, yernu aya yusa-d kan d akemmel i leqdic-nni ay d-bdant trebbaɛ-agi iqedcen ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu tamenḍawt-agi d ayen ara yedǧen Cameroun ad teg leqrar ama i tutlayin-is tunṣibin, ama i tutlayin-is tineṣliyin ay yellan merṛa d aḥric si tgemmi (patrimoine) tadelsant n tmurt-agi. Di 1998, yella-d diɣ ubeddel d ameqran ɣef tutlayin n Cameroun imi amni (parlement) akamruni yesɛedda yiwen usenfar n usaḍuf (projet de loi) ay yefkan azal i uselmed n tutlayin tiɣelnawin, dɣa d asenfar-agi ay yuɣalen d asaḍuf 98/004 n 14 Yebrir 1998 ay d-iga uselway i lmend n uselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt. Xas ma yella Aɣlif (ministère) n Uselmed aɣelnaw werɛad ur d-igi ara aɣawas (plan) i wakken ad yexdem s usaḍuf-agi deg wennar, ulac ccek dakken asmi ay d-tga Cameroun asaḍuf-agi, tebda-d tikli tamaynut i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin-is tiɣelnawin. D acu kan, mi ara nwali mliḥ ɣer wayen d-yeqqar usaḍuf-agi d tegnit i deg tella Cameroun, nezmer ad nesteqsi iman-nneɣ ma yella dɣa d tidet Cameroun tezmer ad d-tesseḍru ayen teɛzem ad t-texdem neɣ asaḍuf-agi ad yeqqim kan di lkaɣeḍ (am tmenḍawt n 1996), ad yettṛaju melmi ara t-id-sseḍrun deg wennar. Yuɣ lḥal llan yagi kra ara yettwalin dakken anabaḍ (lḥukuma) ur ixeddem ara ayen d-yenna. Xas ma yella asaḍuf-agi d ussis (lmeǧhud) i wakken ad teg ddewla ayen yessefken i tutlayin tiɣelnawin, maca aɛetṭel n ddewla i wakken ad texdem s usaḍuf-a yesbanay-d dakken imḍebbren xedmen-d asaḍuf-agi uqbel lawan-is neɣ ur xemmen ara akken yessefk i wakken ad t-id-gen. Akka ay s-teḍra diɣ i tmenḍawt-nni n 1996. Dɣa, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin-agi, mazal werɛad ur tefri ara yiwet n temsalt : lemmer ad kecment tutayin tiɣelnawin s aɣerbaz, inelmaden ad tent-lemden d tinegwa (matières) neɣ ad lemmden yis-sent kullec ? Asaḍuf akamruni yenna-d dakken inelmaden ad lemmden tutlayin-agi d tinegwa, d acu kan, lemmer ad ttusqedcent tutlayin tiɣelnawin d ttawil i uselmed, aṭas n Yikamruniyen ara ilemden tutlayin-nsen tiyemmatin, yernu aya ad yessishel aselmed n tɣuri i waṭas n yimezdaɣen n tmurt. Lemmer ad ttuslemdent tutlayin-agi d tinegwa kan, mazal llan wuguren nniḍen ay yessefk ad ten-yefru unabaḍ akamruni. Yuɣ lḥal, ma iḥelles-d unabaḍ ad yesseḍru ayen d-yenna usaḍuf n 1998, yessefk ad ixemmem ɣef yeswiren (niveaux) n yinelmaden umi ara yesselmed tutlayin tineṣliyin, d wacḥal n tsaɛtin ara lemmden yinelmaden tutlayin-agi di dduṛt, am wakken ay yessefk ad ssersen tiwtilin (ccuruṭ) ay yessefken ad ilin deg yiselmaden ara yeslemden tutlayin-agi, imi aselmed n tutlayin tineṣliyin s wudem iṣehḥan ur yessefk ara ad yettunefk kan i menwala, yernu yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad yessɣer iselmaden imaynuten u ad asen-yeg ifadden, am wakken ara d-yessebded timṣukyin (structures) ara d-yelhun d useḍru n tsertit-agi (politique) u yessefk diɣ ɣef unabaḍ ad d-yefk idrimen ara yettusqedcen i wakken ad ttwaxedmen akk lecɣal-agi s wudem iṣehḥan. 

S umata, tagnit n tutlayin di Cameroun ur txulef ara tin n umur ameqran di tmura n wenẓul (sud) n Sṣeḥra : d timura i deg llant aṭas n tutlayin; tutlayt n unehras (colonisateur) aqbur d nettat ay d tutlayt tunṣibt; anabaḍ (lḥukuma) terra tutlayin tineṣliyin di rrif; mazal timura-yagi sɛan assaɣen (liens) iǧehden akk d tmura ay tent-yeshersen (ay tent-yesteɛmṛen) zik-nni; yernu llan wuguren ger yegduden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden (yemxallafen) di tmura-ya. 
Tasnutlayt tunṣibt d uselmed asnutlay
Akken d-nenna sufella-yagi, tasnutlayt (bilinguisme) d nettat ay d tasertit (politique) tunṣibt (officielle) ay i ɣef tebna Cameroun tasertit-is n tutlayin. Amagrad 1, taṣeddart 3 n tmenḍawt (constitution) n 18 Yennayer 1996 yesban-d mliḥ aya : Tutlayin tunṣibin n Tegduda n Cameroun d taglizit d tefṛensist, tutlayin-agi di snat sɛɛant yiwen uẓayer (statut). Awanak (ddewla) yessefk ad yeḍmen asnerni n tesnutlayt di merṛa timiwa akk d yinurar merṛa n tmurt, am wakken yessefk diɣ ad yeḥrez u ad yesnerni tutlayin tiɣelnawin. Xas ma yella timenḍawin iɛeddan n Cameroun, seg wasmi ay tewwi tmurt-agi azarug, mmeslayent-d ɣef tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt, ar ass-a, werɛad ur tban ara tsertit-agi deg wennar. Xas ma yella tamenḍawt teqqar-d dakken tafṛensist akk d teglizit sɛant yiwen uẓayer, meḥsub ɛedlent di Cameroun, d tafṛensist ay yernan taglizit deg yinurar n tedbelt (administration), aselmed d ttawilat n teywalt (communication). Yuɣ lḥal, nezmer ad d-nini mebla akukru dakken tafṛensist s yisem-is d tutlayt, d idles neɣ d tasertit, teǧhed deg wakk inurar n tmurt. Tafṛensist terna taglizit imi tamezwarut-agi ttmeslayen-tt u fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden, wid yessawalen tafṛensist si zik ay tṭfen imukan iɛlayanen n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu Cameroun ur tesɛi ara tasetit n tutlayin ara iḍemnen s tidet izerfan (lḥuquq) n tutlayin tidersanin (minoritaires). Nnig waya, tasertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt tesnulfa-d bedḍu ger wid yettmeslayen taglizit d wid yettmeslayen tafṛensist di Cameroun, yernu deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, nger tamawt dakken aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer wuguren imeqranen ay izemren ad bḍun tamurt. Dɣa, xas ma yella tasertit n tesnutlayt tettwaxdem-d i wakken ad tesdukel tamurt, tasertit-agi tezmer daɣen ad tili d ssebba n wuguren neɣ n bedḍu n tmurt. Imi d tafṛensist ay iǧehden deg yinurar merṛa, uɣalen wid yessawalen taglizit la ttḥulfun i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren, u la ttwalin dakken taglizit-nni-nsen d ssiman ay ten-yesduklen, msegman wagar-asen u ttḥulfun dakken sɛan tamagit (identité) ay ten-icerken. Wid yessawalen taglizit dima ttasmen ɣef tmiwa i deg ttidiren di Cameroun. Dɣa, asmi ay d-ffɣent ddiɛayat deg yiseggasen n 90 dakken anabaḍ ad d-yesnulfu timnaḍin (provinces) timaynutin i yes ara yesdukel timnaḍin yessawalen taglizit akk d temnaḍin yessawalen tafṛensist ay ten-id-iqerben i wakken ad d-gent timnaḍin tifulmanin (autonomes), imezdaɣen n temnaḍin yessawalen taglizit ugin aya yernu nnuɣen i wakken ur d-yettili ara rṛay-agi. Wid yessawalen taglizit walan dakken aya d aɣawas (plan) ay d-ihegga udabu i wakken ad yarez timiwa yessawalen taglizit ɣer tmiwa yessawalen tafṛensist, dɣa s waya, zemren ad sṛuḥen tutlayt taglizit d yedles-nsen. Imi ay d-tewḥel Cameroun di tallit-nni di tegnit iweɛṛen am tin, bdan yemḍebbren ikamruniyen la ttemcawaṛen i wakken ad d-xedmen tamenḍawt tamaynut, deg wayen umi semman askasi ameqran (grand débat). Wid yessawalen taglizit, s umata, smenyafen ad teqqim tmurt n Cameroun dima s ɛecṛa temnaḍin-yines, mebla ma beddlent tlisa-nsent, u ma yella anabaḍ la yettxemmim ad yefk tafulmant (autonomie) i kra n temnaḍin, wid yessawalen taglizit smenyafen ad yefk kan tafulmant i wakk timnaḍin n tmurt u ad yerr Cameroun d tamurt tafidiṛalit. 

I wakken ad tesnerni Cameroun tasertit n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme), tebda la tesselmad s snat tutlayin si 1961. Yella yessefk ihi ɣef tmurt ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin deg uselmed, ladɣa deg weswir (niveau) n tesdawit. Cameroun tesɛa setta n tesdawiyin n uwanak (ddewla), ṛebɛa deg-sent sseqdacent tafṛensist d teglizit d tutlayin n uselmed. Di tesdawit takamrunit, wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit ttɣimin idis s idis deg yimukan anda ay qqaren, lemmden akken. Ma d aselmad yesseqdac tutlayt tunṣibt ay yessen xir i wakken ad yesselmed timsirin-is (dduṛus) di lweqt i deg inelmaden ttaddamen tinqiḍin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan, yernu asmi ara d-awḍen yikayaden (examens), zemren ad ten-sɛeddin s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan diɣ, ama s teglizit neɣ s tefṛensist. D acu kan, aseqdec n snat tutlayin di tesdawit takamrunit d ayen ay d-yeglan s waṭas n wuguren. 
Tamenzut, amur ameqran di temsirin s tefṛensist ay yettwaxdam, imi amur ameqran deg yiselmaden seg wid yessawalen tafṛensist, yernu inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ten-yeɛǧib ara waya u ttḥulfun dakken la yettɛeddi meḥyaf fell-asen. ɣef leḥsab n tezrawin (études) ay iga Tambi (1973) d Njeck (1992), di tasdawit n Yaoundé, 80% si temsirin yettwaxdam s tefṛensist di lweqt i deg ala kan 20% n temsirin ara yettwaxdamen s teglizit. D aya ay yedǧan inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ferṛḥen ara s tsertit tunṣibt n tesnutlayt di tmurt-nsen. Ugur nniḍen ay d-yesnulfa uselmed asnutlay netta d tukci n tenqiḍin deg yikayaden (examens), imi inelmaden yessawalen taglizit qqaren-d dakken iselmaden ur d asen-ttaken ara tinqiḍin yelhan. Di Cameroun, anelmad yezmer ad yesɛeddi akayad-is ama s tefṛensist neɣ s teglizit, maca aṭas seg wid yessawalen taglizit, mi ur rebbḥen ara di tezrawin-nsen, d iselmaden-nsen ay sseḍlamen, u qqaren-d dakken iselmaden yessawalen tafṛensist, imi ur ẓwiren ara di teglizit, ur fehhmen ara akken yessefk ayen d-uran yinelmaden-nsen yessawalen taglizit. Dɣa aya d yiwet si ssebbat ay yedǧan ikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit d wid yessawalen tafṛensist ur ttemsefhamen ara yernu yal tarbaɛt tettcikki di tayeḍ. Ma d taluft tis tlata ay d-tesnulfa tsertit-agi n tesnutlayt teqqen s aselmed n tutlayt tunṣibt tis snat i yinelmaden. Yuɣ lḥal, i wakken inelmaden ikamruniyen ad afen iman-nsen di tmurt-nsen u ad ilin wejden i wakken ad ɣren akken yessefk, adabu yesselmad tafṛensist i yinelmaden yessawalen taglizit, am wakken yesselmad taglizit i yinelmaden yessawalen tafṛensist. D acu kan, aselmed-agi n uheggi ur yettwaxdem akken yessefk, adabu ur yefki ara ttawilat yessefken i waya, yernu inelmaden ur sɛin ara lebɣi iǧehden i wakken ad lemden tutlayt-nsen tunṣibt tis snat. Anect-a maci d ayen ittgen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken ad nadin ɣren mliḥ. Yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tesselhu aselmed n uheggi ay tteg i yinelmaden, am wakken ara teqdec i wakken ad tesselhu aswir (niveau) n tmusni n yiselmaden di tutlayin tunṣibin. Aya ad yedǧ inelmaden ad sɛun laman xir n zik deg yiselmaden-nsen, yernu wid yessawalen taglizit ur ttḥulfun ara i yiman-nsen ttwaḥeqren. 

Yessefk diɣ ad d-nger tamawt dakken imi Cameroun tesɛa snat tutlayin tunṣibin, aya yedǧa tamurt-agi ad tesɛu sin yinagrawen (systèmes) n uselmed yemgerraden, yernu ula d aya yesnulfa-d uguren yeḥwaǧen tifratin. Deg unagraw n uselmed afṛensis, taglizit d tanga (matière) yettuḥettmen ɣef wakk inelmaden seg wasmi ara d-bdun almad alamma d asmi ara faken almad-nsen alemmas. D acu kan, deg unagraw n uselmed aglizi, yessefk ɣef akk inelmaden ad lemden tafṛensist seg useggas-nsen amenzu n welmad alamma d asmi ara awḍen s aswir n GCE. Dɣa, anelmad yessawalen tafṛensist yernu yeɣra s unagraw afṛensist yewjed ad yelmed di tesdawit s tefṛensist xir n unelmad yessawalen taglizit u yeɣra s unagraw aglizi. Nnig waya, tukci n tenqiḍin temxallaf ger unagraw aglizi d unagraw afṛensis, yernu anect-a d ugur meqqren deg uselmed. Anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw aglizi yettextiri tamezzugt (spécialité) asmi ara yextir tinegwa (matières) i deg yeẓwer, yernu d tinegwa-nni kan ara yesɛeddi asmi ara yesɛeddi akayad n GCE (lbak), di lweqt i deg anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw afṛensis yettuḥettem fell-as ad iɣer akk tinegwa yernu ur irebbeḥ ara alamma yewwi-d talemmast (moyenne) deg wakk tinegwa ay yeqqar. Nnig waya, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, d anagraw n welmad afṛensis ay yifen anagraw n welmad aglizi. Deg unagraw afṛensis, inelmaden yeqqaren deg uɣerbaz alemmas lemmden taspenyulit d talmanit, di lweqt i deg anagraw aglizi ur yesselmad ara i yinelmaden-is tutlayin-agi, dɣa wid yessawalen tafṛensist ifen wid yessawalen taglizit di tmusni n tutlayin tiberṛaniyin, yernu aya yezmer ad yedǧ inelmaden yeɣran s teglizit ad ḥulfun dakken ttwaḥeqren. Yuɣ lḥal, xas ma yella Cameroun la tesselḥay tamurt s tsertit n tesnutlayt, tamurt-a werɛad ur tesɛi ara tasertit n useqɛed n tutlayt ara tt-yedǧen ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin akken yessefk. Adabu ur a ixeddem acemma i wakken ad iẓer ma yella ayen ixeddem ɣef tutlayt yewwi-d kra n lfayda neɣ ala. Xas ma yella taglizit akk d tefṛensist simmal la irennu uzal-nsent di Cameroun u la ttuɣalent d tutlayin n wemsefham ger Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen aṭas n tutlayin yemgerraden, adabu ur a itteg acemma i wakken ad yesnerni snat-agi n tutlayin. Lemmer d lebɣi, adabu yessefk ad yeqdec ɣef useqɛed d usizeɣ n teglizit akk d tefṛensist n Cameroun, d acu kan, ar ass-a mazal adabu yesxasṣ ttawil i wanect-a. Tamurt ur tezmir ara ad tesnerni tutlayin-is tunṣibin mebla ma tga aya. 
Amkan n tutlayin tineṣliyin 

Di tmurt n Cameroun, adabu yesseqdac kan tutlayin tunṣibin di lweqt i deg tutlayin tineṣliyin ala d agdud ay tent-yesseqdacen, citṭaḥ kan deg-sent ay yettwarun, yernu ddrent kan deg yilsawen n medden ay tent-yesseqdacen wagar-asen ama di tmurt neɣ deg yexxamen. Di temsalt-agi, Bitja'a Kody yenna-d : tutlayin tiɣelnawin (tineṣliyin) ddrent kan deg yimawen n medden, la tent-sseqdacen kan sdaxel n twacult. Adabu ur yettnadi ara akk ad tent-yesseqdec ala kan di lḥemlat n tefranin (lbuṭ) anda kra ttmeslayen s tutlayin tiɣelnawin i wakken ad qennɛen medden. Ula d yiwet si tutlayin tiɣelnawin ur tettuseqdac di tedbelt (administration) neɣ di tɣemsa (presse), wala deg udellel neɣ di tilibizyu taɣelnawt, wala deg yiɣerbazen n ddewla neɣ di lḥemlat n uselmed n tɣuri ay ixeddem udabu.
Ass-a, tutlayin-agi atenti la teddunt i wakken ad negrent, ladɣa di temdinin anda ay uɣalen yelmeẓyen la sseqdacen ugar tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles). Bitja'a Kody (2001) yenna-d dakken ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tezrawt (étude) yettwaxedmen di temdint n Yaoundé, 32% seg yelmeẓyen yesɛan ger 10 d 17 yiseggasen di leɛmeṛ-nsen ur ssinen ara ad ssiwlen ula d yiwet si tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun. D tafṛensist ay d tutlayt-nsen tawḥidt i yes ttemsefhamen akk d wiyaḍ. Bitja'a Kody yenna-d dakken ilmeẓyen yellan di liḥala-yagi mazal ad rnun di lǧil ara d-iteddun, imi Ikamruniyen ur nessin ara tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt ur zemmren ara ad slemden tutlayin-agi i yigerdan-nsen. Yuɣ lḥal, d Ikamruniyen s timmad-nsen ara ineqqen tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. 
Di lweqt i deg timenḍawin (constitutions) tiqdimin n Cameroun (1961, 1972, 1984) ur d-nnint acemma ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin n Cameroun, tin n 1996 tefka azal i wesnerni-nsent, yernu aya d abeddel ameqran deg wennar n tsertit n tutlayin di Cameroun. Nnig waya, awanak (ddewla) itteg ifadden i medden (usligen - privés) i wakken ad qedcen i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin tineṣliyin. ɣef waya, tirebbaɛ tusligin (privées) gant isenfaren (projets) n uneɛruḍ n uselmed akk d unadi ɣef tutlayin tineṣliyin yernu adabu, xas ma yella ur a d-yettak ara afus n lemɛawna, yeqbel iqeddicen-agi s tsusmi. Iqeddicen ay xeddment trebbaɛ am SIL-Cameroon, CABTAL akk d NACALCO d ayen igerrzen iteddun deg webrid yelhan : tirebbaɛ-agi la qeddcent i wakken ad ssizɣent (standardiser) tutlayin tineṣliyin u ad tent-slemden, am wakken ara ttgent leqdicat n unadi fell-asent u qeddcent i wakken ad tent-ttmeslayen medden yernu ur neggrent ara. D acu kan, nesḥissif imi tutlayin tineṣliyin mazal-itent ɣabent deg uɣerbaz n uwanak (ddewla), xas ma yella, ɣef leḥsab n wakken ay d-yeqqar Chumbow (1996), aseqdec n tutlayin tiyemmatin seg yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed yetturar dduṛ meqqren deg wesnerni n tḥeṛci n wegrud. 

Xas ma yella kra n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra sseqdacent tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uselmed di tlata yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed, Cameroun tesseqdac tutlayin-is tunṣibin (tafṛensist d teglizit) deg wakk iswiren (niveaux) n welmad, seg wasmi ara d-bdun warrac almad-nsen alamma d asmi ara awḍen ɣer tesdawit. D aya ay yedǧan medden ad ḥemmlen tutlayin tunṣibin u ad sɛunt azal ɣur-sen di lweqt i deg ḥeqren tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt-nsen. Maca taḥeqranit-agi n tutlayin tineṣliyin maci ala di Cameroun ay yella, yernu Adegbija (2000) yeqqar-d : Yuɣ lḥal, deg waṭas n tmura ay yellan zik d tihersin (colonies) n Fṛansa d Portugal, tutlayin tineṣliyin ur ttwaqbalent, ur ttuselmadent deg uɣerbaz ula deg yiseggasen imezwura n welmad. Imi timura-yagi d tigellilin taswiɛt-a, ur bɣint ara ad gent ussisen (lmeǧhudat) i wakken ad beddent i tutlayin-nsent tineṣliyin, nnig waya, imawlan ttnadin i wakken igerdan-nsen ad lemden tutlayin tuṛufiyin (européennes) ɣef zik lḥal. Ttejṛiba tesban-d dakken amur ameqran deg yimawlan di Cameroun ur qbilen ara ad lemden yigerdan-nasen tutlayin tineṣliyin deg uɣerbaz. Aṭas n yimawlan ay yettaznen igerdan-nsen ɣer walmaten n yigerdan (jardins ḍenfants) akken kan ara awḍen tlata yiseggasen i wakken ad lemden taglizit neɣ tafṛensist. D ayen ibanen dakken imawlan ara yefken arraw-nsen i wakken ad lemden tutlayt tunṣibt ur begɣun ara ad lemden warraw-nsen tutlayin tineṣliyin asmi ara kecmen s aɣerbaz. Dɣa, tagnit-agi maci d nettat ara iɛiwnen tutlayin tineṣliyin ad kecment s aɣerbaz akamruni. Almaten n yigerdan sseqdacen tarrayin (méthodes) n uselmed tibriṭaniyin, timarikaniyin neɣ tifṛensisin. D tikli-yagi ay yedǧan timura n Tefriqt taɣerbit ay testeɛmeṛ Fṛansa zik-nni, ad qqiment dima qqnent idles-nsen ɣer Fṛansa, yernu d aya ay d-yezgan d unjug (obstacle) i wakken ur ttnernint ara tutlayin tineṣliyin di tmura-nsent. 
D acu kan, xas ma yella tebɣa Cameroun ad tessekcem tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz, taswiɛt-a, ur tezmir ara ad teg aya, acku ameṣruf (budget) ay yefka udabu n tmurt-a i uselmed mecṭuh mliḥ, yernu ur yettadǧa ara agrud akamruni ad yesɛu ula cwiṭ seg wayen yeḥwaǧ d ttawil i wakken ad yelmed, nnig waya, lexṣaṣ n yedrimen yesxasṣ ula d tasnarrayt (méthodologie) n uselmed akk d usekcem n yiselmaden imaynuten. Seg wakken xusṣen yedrimen di Cameroun alamma ay yeqqim unabaḍ (lḥukuma) ɛecṛa yiseggasen ur yezmir ara ad d-yessekcem iselmaden imaynuten s aɣerbaz amenzu (primaire), yernu alamma ay d melmi kan ay tekfa taluft-agi. Dɣa, di tallit-nni, aṭas n tneɣra (classes) ay yeqqimen mebla aselmad yernu amur ameqran deg yigerdan ur ɣrin ara aṭas neɣ ur ufin ara win ara ten-yesseɣren. Ma yella tadamsa (économie) n tmurt ur tezmir ara i uɣerbaz, amek ay ara tezmer i usekcem n tutlayin tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz amenzu ? Yuɣ lḥal, asekcem n tutlayin s tineṣliyin s aɣerbaz maci d awezɣi neɣ d ayen iweɛṛen aṭas ɣef udabu akamruni, maca ugur atan deg wanect ara d-yesqam waya, ladɣa ma neẓra dakken aṭas seg yiselmaden n yiɣerbazen ikamruniyen la ttuxellaṣen s yedrimen n lemɛawna n Tbanka Tamaḍlant (Banque Mondiale). Imi adabu la yesseqac kan taglizit akk d tefṛensist deg uselmed, yernu yettmeslay d wegdud ala s tutlayin-agi, aṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin tineṣliyin qqimen di rrif, ur zmiren ara ad ttekkin neɣ ad d-inin rṛay-nsen di temsal yesɛan azal di tmurt-nsen, yernu s waya, ur ttazmaren ara ad ttekkin deg wesnerni n tmurt-nsen. Aṭas deg-sen ur ẓrin d acu yellan di tmenḍawt (constitution) wala deg usaḍuf (lqanun) n uɛaqeb n tmurt-nsen d yisuḍaf ay yesselḥayen tudert-nsen. Dɣa, aselḥu n lumuṛ n uwanak (ddewla) d ayen yellan ger yifassen kan n tedɣert (élite), yernu xas ma yella adabu yessefra ad yesselmed taɣuri i yimeqranen, ar ass-a werɛad ur yebdi ara aya. Yuɣ lḥal, Tadaǧeu (1975) yenna-d dakken lemmer adabu ad yesselḥu tamurt s tlata tutlayin, taglizit, tafṛensist d tutlayin tineṣliyin, ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad ttwalemdent deg uɣerbaz u ad ttusqedcent deg yinurar merṛa, aya yezmer ad d-yawi abaɣur (lfayda) meqqren i Yikamruniyen. Ma d nekni si tama-nneɣ, nettwali dakken yelha lemmer tutlayin-agi tineṣliyin ad tent-skecmen deg s aɣerbaz amenzu : tabasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tewondot (ewondo), tadualat (duala), tafe'fe't (fe'fe'), tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tamungakat (mungaka) akk d tpidgint n teglizit. Tabasaat ad tt-sqedcen wid ay tt-yessawalen di tama n yiri n lebḥeṛ n Cameroun akk d temnaḍin (provinces) n tlemmast n tmurt; tabulut akk d tewondot ad tent-sqedcen di tlemmast, deg wenẓul (sud) akk d temnaḍin ticerqiyin; tadualat ad tt-sqedcen wid Yedualaten akk d kra n yegduden n terbaɛt tasawat (sawa) am Yibakweriyen (Bakweri) akk d Yibakossiyen (Bakossi) di temnaḍin n wenẓul aɣerbi, d Yemboten (Mbo) yettidiren di temnaḍt n Yiri n Lebḥeṛ; tafe'fe't ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍt taɣerbit; tafulfuldet ad tt-sqedcen di tlata-nni n temnaḍin n ugafa; tamungakat ad tt-sqedcen deg Temnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi u di tgara, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ad tt-sqedcen di temnaḍin anda ay ttmeslayen taglizit.

Seg wasmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), afran n tutlayt taɣelnawt (tutlayt neɣ tutlayin tineṣliyin i yes ara sselḥun tamurt) yella-yas d ugur. Xas ma yella adabu yefren ad yewwet nneḥ ɣef temsalt-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad yefren kra n tutlayt/tutlayin, u ad yedǧ tiyaḍ, aya ad d-yexleq uguren ger yegduden yemgerraden n Cameroun yernu ad ihudd tadukli n tmurt, kra n waggagen (intellectuels) imeqranen, imuzzag (spécialistes) n uselmed d yimesnilsiyen (linguistes) lhan-d mliḥ akk d temsalt-agi yernu nudan ad as-d-afen tifrat. Ngijol (1964) yessumer-d (proposer) ad tesɛu tmurt n Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt i lmend n teywalt, n uselmed n tɣuri akk d uselmed deg uɣerbaz d wesnerni n tmagit (idendité) tadelsant n tmurt. Ma d Ba Njock (1966), si tama-s, yessumer-d dakken adabu ad yebḍu tamurt d timiwa ɣef leḥsab n tutlayin, yal yiwet ad tesɛu tutlayt-is i yiman-is. Xas ma yella takti-yagi (lfekra) telha, tifrat am ta tezmer ad d-tesnulfu uguren di kra n tmiwa anda ur tban ara d acu-tt tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen deg-sen s waṭas. Ahat, Ba Njock akk d wid yeddan d tmuɣli-s mmeslayen-d ɣef takti-yagi imi ay walan dakken deg yiseggasen n settin, yebda udabu la yesselmad setta si tutlayin tineṣliyin n tmurt di tesdawit tafidiṛalit, d acu kan, adabu akamruni yeḥbes aselmed-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad d-neṭqen Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin nniḍen u ad d-ssutren ad tent-sselmaden ula d nitenti. Nnig waya, i wakken ad yefru udabu tamsalt n wanta ay d tutlayt yifen tayeḍ, imḍebbren nnan-d tutlayin tineṣliyin merṛa n Cameroun d tutlayin tiɣelnawin, ɛedlent akk yernu ulac amgerrad (lxilaf) gar-asent. Di temlilit n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Temsal Tidelsanin ay d-yellan di Yaoundé seg 18 ɣer 22 Dujembeṛ 1974, yeɛzem udabu ad asent-yessawal i tutlayin tineṣliyin tutlayin tiɣelnawin. D acu kan, di lweqt i deg anabaḍ (lḥukuma) yella yeḥwaǧ ad yesɛu tabɣest (lkuṛaj) i wakken ad yefren anti ay d tutlayin tiɣelnawin i yes ara yesselḥu tamurt, netta yessanef i temsalt-a, u yefren ad yeɛdel ger wakk tutlayin mebla ma yefra ugur. Maca xas ma yella adabu ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefru aya, llant di Cameroun ɛecṛa n rṛadyuwat taẓiyanin (régionales), yal tamnaḍt tesɛa tin-is, yernu ttwaxedment-d i wakken ad ttmeslayen s tutlayin ay ttmeslayen aṭas di temnaḍin-nsent. Lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayt-is taneṣlit yemxallaf si temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Di temnaḍt n Ugafa Ubɛid (Extrême-Nord), rṛadyu n temnaḍt tettak 27.36% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin, ma d tamnaḍt n Ugafa Aɣerbi, rṛadyu-yines yellan di Bamenda tettak kan 4,17% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tineṣliyin. Yuɣ lḥal, yella wemgerrad d ameqran di lweqt ay tettak yal rṛadyu i tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken yal rṛadyu d nettat ay yettḍebbiren deg wanect ara tefk d lweqt i tutlayin-agi. Amur ameqran di teywalt (communication) yettwaxdam s teglizit d tefṛensist, ama di rṛadyu neɣ di tilibizyu n Cameroun, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen n Cameroun rran-ten di rrif imi ur sen-ttmeslayen ara s tutlayin-nsen, di lweqt i deg Ikamruniyen-agi, lemmer ad asen-mmeslayen s tutlayin ay fehhmen, zemren ad nefɛen tamurt-nsen ugar. 
Ula d Todd (1983) tettwali dakken yelha lemmer ad tefren Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taɣelnawt. ɣef leḥsab-is nettat, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren imi tutlayt-a tesɛa tamṣuka (structure) iqerben ɣer tin n tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu d nettat kan ay d tutlayt tawḥidt di Cameroun ur nesɛi ara agdud neɣ taqbilt ay tt-yettmeslayen d tutlayt-is taneṣlit, ur tesɛi tama ibanen anda ay tt-ttmeslayen wala ddyana yeqqnen ɣur-s, am wakken ur telli ara d tutlayt ay d-iḥettem kra n unabaḍ (lḥukuma) n yinehrasen (colonisateurs). S waya, wid yetṭfen talemmast ttwalin dakken tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d tutlayt ay izemren ad tesdukel mliḥ Ikamruniyen imi ur telli d tutlayt n yiwen. 

Llan wid ur neddi ara rṛay-agi, qqaren-d dakken tapidgint teqreb ɣer teglizit yernu amur ameqran di tmawalt-is (léxique) d awalen ay d-yekkan si teglizit.D acu kan, imi tutlayt-agi ttmeslayen-tt u ttemsefhamen yis-s waṭas n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden, yelha ma yella tettuseqdec d tutlayt n uselmed, u teqqar-d Todd (1983) dakken lemmer ad tuɣal tpidgintd tutlayt n uselmed, aya ur d-yesqamay ara aṭas i unabaḍ (lḥukuma) akamruni. Tutlayt-agi fehhmen-tt waṭas n medden deg waṭas n tmiwa n tmurt, yernu ttemsefhamen yis-s Yikamruniyen ula akk d yinaragen-nsen (lǧiran) ifriqiyen, yernu xas ma yella qlil kan anda ay tettili tutlayt-agi d tutlayt tayemmat n wegrud, tikwal, llan aṭas n yigerdan n Cameroun ay s-isellen i tutlayt-a tettuseqdac seg wasmi ara ilin d imecṭaḥ. Aṭas aya seg wasmi ara tetturar tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun dduṛ n usiweḍ n yedles akamruni, yernu tezmer ad tettuseqdec mebla uguren deg wemni (parlement) neɣ di lemcawṛat n tedrimt. 
Imi ay tettwaḥseb tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d yiwet si tutlayin n tmurt-a, tezmer ad turar dduṛ n tutlayt taɣelnawt mebla uguren. Nnig waya, aseqɛed d usizeɣ-yines (standardisation) ur s-d-yesqamay ara akk aṭas i udabu imi ay yella yagi wayen yuran s tutlayt-a. Maca xas ma yella tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad d-awi ibuɣar (lfaydat) imeqranen i tmurt, adadu, taswiɛt-a, mazal yegguma ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad tettuseqdec. 

Xas ma yella tasertit (politique) n Cameroun terked u tezmer tmurt ad d-telhu d wuguren n tutlayt, yettban-aɣ-d dakken aya maci si temsal timeqranin ay iceɣben adabu. Yuɣ lḥal, Cameroun, am waṭas n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Sṣeḥra, ur tettwali ara dakken timsal n tutlayt zwarent. Dɣa, skud ulac uguren akk d tsertit n tutlayt i yes la tlehḥu tmurt ass-a, fiḥel ma yexdem udabu acemma nniḍen i wakken ad yefru uguren ay d-mazal ɛellqen. Xas ma yella imesnilsiyen (linguistes) d yimassanen ay d-yerran lwelha-nsen ɣer temsalt n tutlayin tineṣliyin la d-ttmeslayen u la d-ssumuren (proposer) iberdan ara yefrun ugur-agi, adabu akamruni yettban-aɣ-d dakken yefṛeḥ s tegnit i deg tella tmurt ass-a deg wennar n tutlayin. Yuɣ lḥal, ayen ara ixeddem udabu, la t-ixeddem kan i teswiɛt mebla ma iwala ɣer lbeɛd. 

I wakken ad teg Cameroun tasetit n tutlayt yelhan, yessefk fell-as ad tesselmed igerdan s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat deg yiseggasen-nsen imezwura n welmad, sakkin, ad asen-tesselmed tutlayin tunṣibin (officielles - taglizit akk d tefṛensist). Maca, i wakken ad terbeḥ tsertit-agi, yessefk ad tettwaxdem ɣef leḥsab n ttawil yellan, u cwiṭ, cwiṭ kan, ladɣa di tmiwa n tmurt, berṛa i temdinin, anda igerdan ssnen kan tutlayin-nsen tineṣliyin. Dɣa, tutlayin tineṣliyin n yal tama ad ttusqedcent i uselmed u tent-snernin deg yeswiren (niveaux) yemgerraden. Yernu, mi ara tennerni kra n tutlayt, tezmer ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt n uselmed n temnaḍt merṛa. Anabaḍ (lḥukuma), iseqquma aẓiyanen (régionaux), yiseqquma n tutlayt d yemdanen iqeddcen ɣef tutlayt yessefk ad gen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken maci ala d taglizit d tefṛensist wanag ula d tutlayin tineṣliyin, yernu yessefk ad yettwaxdem waya deg wakk timiwa n tmurt. 
Maca taswiɛt-a, tamsalt n tutlayt mazal werɛad tefri di tmurt n Cameroun anda amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen ur neɣri ara ttwaɛezlen imi ur ssinen tafṛensist wala taglizit. Nnig waya, imi igerdan ur a lemmden ara s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat, aṭas n yigerdan ur a nrebbeḥ ara di tezrawin-nsen (leqraya), acku seɛɛun uguren akk d teglizit d tefṛensist, u di tgara, xas ma yella adabu yebɣa ad yesselḥu tamurt s snat tutlayin tunṣibin u yebɣa ad yeɛdel gar-asent, ur yessaweḍ ara, yernu yessefk ad yefru uguren yerzan aya imi ay yella wemgerrad (conflit) ger wid yessawalen tafṛensist d wid yessawalen taglizit, yernu aya yezmer ad yessiweḍ ɣer bedḍu n tmurt. ɣef waya, yessefk ɣef Cameroun ad tɛawed tamuɣli deg tikli ay d-tewwi di tsertit-is n tutlayin u ad teg ayen yessefken s tidet i wakken ad ten-tefru.

Njeck, Alice Forsab (1992): Official Bilingualism in the University of Yaounde : Some Educational and Social Issues. Mémoire de Maîtrise, Université de Yaoundé. 




#Article 81: Litwanya (148 words)


Litwanya d yiwet si tmura yellan zik d aḥric si Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Uqbel ma yekcem ɣer tdukli-yagi, tewwi azarug-is di 1920, d acu kan, Isuvyatiyen ṭṭfen tamurt-a xas ur yebɣi wegdud-is di 1940, u ḥettmen-tt ad tili d aḥric seg wemḍal amezdukli (monde communiste) alammi d 1990, asmi ay tt-id-tuɣal tlelli-yines i tikkelt tis snat. Tuzga-d Litwanya ɣef yiri n yilel Abalti (mer Baltique), yernu nettat d yiwet si tlata-nni n tmura tibaltiyin (pays baltes), ɣer tama Liṭṭunya akk d Isṭunya, wukud tecrek aṭas n tɣawsiwin, ama deg yedles neɣ deg umezruy. Litwanya tesɛa tilisa akk d Liṭṭunya deg ugafa (nord), akk d Byilurusya deg wegmuḍ (ccerq), akk d yilel Abalti deg wetram u tḥudd-itt-id Pulunya akk d wasun (territoire) arusi n Kaliningrad seg wetram akk d wenẓul (sud). Tamaneɣt-is isem-is Vilnius, ma d Klaipeda, ay d-yuzgan deg wetram (lɣerb) d yiwet si temdinin timeqqranin akk n tmurt-a. 




#Article 82: Luxembourg (494 words)


Luxembourg d yiwet n tmurt tamecṭuḥt ay d-yuzgan ger tlisa, ger yiberdan. Sufella d Biljik ay tt-id-ilessen, swadda d Fransa, ma seg wegmuḍ (ccerq) d Lalman. Akal-agi amecṭuḥ ay d-iweḥlen ger n yimeqqranen, xas ur yewwiḍ ara wezgen n umelyun n medden ay t-izedɣen, ass-a nefren ad awen-d-nawi fell-as awal, acku tikwal, aṭas ara d-nelmed si tɣawsiwin timecṭaḥ. Naɣ yeqqar-as wanzi ɣur-neɣ Izem yeḥwaǧ s aɣerda. 

Luxembourg, d tamurt i ɣef ur nsel ara aṭas n tɣawsiwin, d acu kan, aɣlan-agi (nation) amecṭuḥ yesɛa tutlayt-is i yiman-is, d tin umi qqaren taluksemburgit, ur telli d tantala (dialecte) n tefr'ensist wala d talɣa tadigant (forme locale) n talmanit, wanag d tutlayt i yiman-is, d tin ay d iles aneṣli n yimezdaɣen n tmurt-agi yernu yis-s ay ttidiren di tudert-nsen n yal ass. D ayen ibanen ma nenna-yawen-d d akken imezdaɣen n Luxembourg, 

Iluksemburgiyen, d agdud yesɛan nnif ɣef wazalen-is (valeurs), ɣef tnettit-is (identité) akk d tutlayt-is. Dɣa xas ma yella idles afr'ensis yeǧhed, yeffeɣ i tlisa n Fr'ansa alammi ay yewweḍ ass-a s idurar n Ǧerǧer akk d tmura n Tefriqt, xas ma yella tutlayt talmanit tewweḍ ɣer ṭṭerf n wemḍal, anda ma nedda nezmer ad naf wid yettmeslayen yis-s neɣ ay tt-ilemmden, di Luxembourg, ayen yellan d aberr'ani iban, ma d ayen yellan n tmurt d netta ay yesɛan azal meqqren, ur t-rrin di rrif am wiyaḍ, wanag refden-t d asawen akken ad yagar akk ayen d-ikecmen si berr'a. Di Luxembourg, yal taɣawsa tesɛa amkan-is, yal yiwen yesɛa ccɣel-is. Iberr'aniyen keccmen-d ssbeḥ ad qedcen, tameddit, yal yiwen ad yuɣal s axxam-is neɣ ɣer tmurt-is, ma d tutlayin tiberraniyin ay d-ikecmen ɣer Luxembourg akken kecment ɣer tmura nniḍen, sseqdacen-tent Yiluksemburgiyen di leṣlaḥ-nsen, rran-tent d taklatin-nsen deg wexxam-nsen, yal yiwet fkan-as ccɣel-is, d acu kan, mi ara d-taweḍ tizi n tidet, mi ara terzu temsalt asselḥu n tɣawsiwin n tmurt, asselmed n yigerdan akk d usseqdec n tutlayt di tudert-nsen, Iluksemburgiyen d tin-nsen kan ay sseqdacen, xas ssnen mliḥ tafrensist akk d talmanit. Tutlayt taluksemburgit ay yellan d yiwet si tutlayin tiɣelnawin timecṭaḥ akk deg wemḍal, yerfed-itt unabaḍ (gouvernement) aluksemburgi d asawen akken ad tili d tutlayt tamenṣabt (officielle) tamenzut di tmurt, yuɣ lḥal, tamurt-agi tamecṭuḥt, teẓra d akken imi ay d tamecṭuḥt, lǧiran-is zemren ad as-uɣalen d icenga-yines, zemren ad tt-ttcen s tefses. ɣef wanect-a ay terra tutlayt-is, xas akken d tamecṭuḥt d tutlayt n tmurt yernu d yiwen seg yizumal meqqren n tfernant (patrie) taluksemburgit. Anect-a yesskan-d tikkelt nniḍen d akken tutlayt ur telli d awal kan, wanag d tigejdit meqqren di tnettit (identité) n tmura akk d yegduden. D acu kan, nnig waya, tutlayt taluksemburgit yerfed-itt ula d agdud-is deg wul-is, imi ay yuki d akken d nettat ay d tarwiḥt n tmurt-is, dɣa yefka-yas tamkant ɛlayen, xas ad naf aṭas n Yiluksemburgiyen iqeddcen s tefrensist neɣ qqaren aɣmis-nsen s talmanit, iles ay sseqdacen wagar-asen ur d asen-yeɛriq ara, zzux-nsen d tutlayt-nsen, werɛad ur lmiden ara ad zuxxen s wayen ur nelli nsen. 




#Article 83: Tasmanya (182 words)


Tasmanya d yiwet n tegzirt talemmast, tuzga-d deg wenẓul agmuḍan (sud-est) n Usṭralya. 

Tasmanya d yiwet n tegzirt ay yugaren kan s cwiṭṭ Virginia Taɣerbit [di Marikan, imi Tasmanya tesɛa 67.000 km2] yernu tebɛed 240 km ɣef yiri n lebḥer n wenẓul agmuḍan (sud-est) n Usṭralya. Imezdaɣen ineṣliyen n tegzirt-a d iberkanen ay d-yusan ɣer din asmi ay d-mazal Tasmanya yeqqen-itt wakal akk d Ustralya, meḥsub werɛad tuɣal d tigzirt.

Iberkanen ineṣliyen n Tasmanya llan sɛan acebbub akerčeččay yernu llan deg-sen wid yesɛan aglim d aberkan d wid yesɛan aglim d aqehwi imalen ɣer tezweɣ. Llan d iwezlanen ciṭṭaḥ yernu d ikenderracen (sɛan ciṭṭ n tassemt di tfekka, wwin-d iman-nsen). D nitni ay d imezdaɣen imenza akk n Tasmanya, yernu ma cwiṭ, sɛan 35000 n yiseggasen aya! kka seg wasmi ay bdan yimezwura-nsen a d-wwḍen ɣer din. Asmi iɛedda zzman, yuli lebḥer yernu iɣumm tiqenṭert-nni n wakal ay yeqqnen Tasmanya ɣer Ustralya, dɣa seg yimir-n ay qqimen yimezdaɣen n Tasmanya ttwaɛezlen ɣef wemḍal azal n 10.000 n yiseggasen, yernu werǧin yelli wegdud ay yeddren i yiman-is anect-agi akk deg umezruy n yemdanen.




#Article 84: Iɛekkuren (799 words)


Iɛekkuren (Yakourene s tefṛensist) d yiwet n temdint d tamecṭuḥt tuzga-d deg twilayt n Tizi Wezzu (Dzayer), u d taɣiwant iqerben ɣer Iɛeẓẓugen (Azazga). Taɣiwant n Iɛekkuren zedɣen-tt azal n 11.000 n yimezdaɣ 

Isem n Iɛɛekkuren yekka-d seg aɛekkur. Deg teqbaylit, aɛekkur d taɛrurt, d ay-n ay d-irefden seg kra n tɣawsa, iga-d aɛrur, icuff-d, ur yeɛdil ara. Mi ara d-tiniḍ usu-nni iga akk d iɛekren, anamek-is dakk-n usu-nni ur yeɛdil ara, ur yessi ara mliḥ, ur yemsawi ara. Neqqar-d daɣen aɛekkur i wunjug , meḥsub ay-n ara d as-ireglen i walbaɛḍ abrid, ur t-yettaǧǧa ara ad yeg ay-n yebɣa, ur yettaǧǧa ara ad yaweḍ s ay-n yessaram. Mi ara s-nini : leflani yessen kan ad d-yeg iɛekren i wakk-n ur nxeddem ara ccɣel-nneɣ, anamek-is dakk-n icewwel-aneɣ, dima itteg-aɣ-d uguren i wakk-n ur aɣ-yettaǧǧa ara ad nfak ccɣel-nneɣ. 

Gret tamawt dakk-n awal aɛekkur deg Yiwaḍiyen, mi ara yeqqel d asget qqaren-t-id iɛekren (s [k] aggaɣ), deg lweqt ay deg isem n temdint-agi qqaren-t-id Iɛekkuren, maca awal iɛekren ad yili kan d talɣa tadigant n iɛekkuren. 
 
Ihi, Iɛekkuren ad ilin fkan-as isem-a imi ahat akal n din yella yesɛa iɛekren neɣ iɛruren. Yessefk kan ad d-greɣ tamawt dakk-n awal aɛɛrur yesɛa aṭas n yinumak deg teqbaylit. Aɛrur netta d azagur, d aḥric n deffir n tfekka n wemdan . Maca neqqar-d diɣ aɛrur i wemkan ay d-irefden ciṭṭaḥ ɣef tmurt, ur yelli d luḍa wala d adrar. D win daɣen umi nezmer ad nini aɛekkur. 
 
Awal-a ad yili yekka-d, ahat (?) seg uẓar KR ay d-yefkan amyag kker, u ahat fkan-as i uɛekkur isem-agi acku yekker-d, yerfed-d ɣef tmurt, ur iris ara, ur yemsawi ara. 
 
Yella yiwen wemyag sseqdacen-t diɣ deg teqbaylit, u yekka-d seg uẓar n uɛekkur. Neqqar : ssemɛukkeṛ (s [ṛ] ufay). Mi ara d-nini leflani la as-yessemɛukkuṛ awal i walbaɛḍ anamek-is la as-tent-yesseɛraq, maci d ay-n ara s-yeqqar winna ara s-d-yettarra umezwaru-nni. Mi ara d ak-iniɣ kra, sakk-in kečč ad iyi-d-terreḍ akk-n niḍen u s wurfan, maci d ay-n ay ɣef d ak-d-mmeslayeɣ ay d iyi-d-terriḍ u tfehmeḍ lumuṛ akk-n yeɛwej, ad ak-iniɣ : ur d iyi-ssemɛukkuṛ ara awal, maci d ay-n ay ɣef la k-d-ttmeslayeɣ ara d iyi-d-tettarraḍ. ɣef umedya lemmer ad as-yini weqcic i yemma-s : Ttuɣ aqrab-iw deg uɣerbaz, dɣa nettat ad as-tini : Ya ? Ihi ukren-ak-t ? Ihi tefkiḍ-t i warrac ?, dagi nezmer ad d-nini dakk-n yemma-s la d as-tessemɛukkuṛ awal i mmi-s-nni, ur t-teǧǧi ara ad d-yessefhem, maci d ay-n ay ɣef la s-yettmeslay ara d as-d-tettarra.

Isem n Iɛɛekkuren yekka-d seg aɛekkur. Deg teqbaylit, aɛekkur d taɛrurt, d ay-n ay d-irefden seg kra n tɣawsa, iga-d aɛrur, icuff-d, ur yeɛdil ara. Mi ara d-tiniḍ usu-nni iga akk d iɛekren, anamek-is dakk-n usu-nni ur yeɛdil ara, ur yessi ara mliḥ, ur yemsawi ara. Neqqar-d daɣen aɛekkur i wunjug , meḥsub ay-n ara d as-ireglen i walbaɛḍ abrid, ur t-yettaǧǧa ara ad yeg ay-n yebɣa, ur yettaǧǧa ara ad yaweḍ s ay-n yessaram. Mi ara s-nini : leflani yessen kan ad d-yeg iɛekren i wakk-n ur nxeddem ara ccɣel-nneɣ, anamek-is dakk-n icewwel-aneɣ, dima itteg-aɣ-d uguren i wakk-n ur aɣ-yettaǧǧa ara ad nfak ccɣel-nneɣ. 

Gret tamawt dakk-n awal aɛekkur deg Yiwaḍiyen, mi ara yeqqel d asget qqaren-t-id iɛekren (s [k] aggaɣ), deg lweqt ay deg isem n temdint-agi qqaren-t-id Iɛekkuren, maca awal iɛekren ad yili kan d talɣa tadigant n iɛekkuren. 
 
Ihi, Iɛekkuren ad ilin fkan-as isem-a imi ahat akal n din yella yesɛa iɛekren neɣ iɛruren. Yessefk kan ad d-greɣ tamawt dakk-n awal aɛɛrur yesɛa aṭas n yinumak deg teqbaylit. Aɛrur netta d azagur, d aḥric n deffir n tfekka n wemdan . Maca neqqar-d diɣ aɛrur i wemkan ay d-irefden ciṭṭaḥ ɣef tmurt, ur yelli d luḍa wala d adrar. D win daɣen umi nezmer ad nini aɛekkur. 
 
Awal-a ad yili yekka-d, ahat (?) seg uẓar KR ay d-yefkan amyag kker, u ahat fkan-as i uɛekkur isem-agi acku yekker-d, yerfed-d ɣef tmurt, ur iris ara, ur yemsawi ara. 
 
Yella yiwen wemyag sseqdacen-t diɣ deg teqbaylit, u yekka-d seg uẓar n uɛekkur. Neqqar : ssemɛukkeṛ (s [ṛ] ufay). Mi ara d-nini leflani la as-yessemɛukkuṛ awal i walbaɛḍ anamek-is la as-tent-yesseɛraq, maci d ay-n ara s-yeqqar winna ara s-d-yettarra umezwaru-nni. Mi ara d ak-iniɣ kra, sakk-in kečč ad iyi-d-terreḍ akk-n niḍen u s wurfan, maci d ay-n ay ɣef d ak-d-mmeslayeɣ ay d iyi-d-terriḍ u tfehmeḍ lumuṛ akk-n yeɛwej, ad ak-iniɣ : ur d iyi-ssemɛukkuṛ ara awal, maci d ay-n ay ɣef la k-d-ttmeslayeɣ ara d iyi-d-tettarraḍ. ɣef umedya lemmer ad as-yini weqcic i yemma-s : Ttuɣ aqrab-iw deg uɣerbaz, dɣa nettat ad as-tini : Ya ? Ihi ukren-ak-t ? Ihi tefkiḍ-t i warrac ?, dagi nezmer ad d-nini dakk-n yemma-s la d as-tessemɛukkuṛ awal i mmi-s-nni, ur t-teǧǧi ara ad d-yessefhem, maci d ay-n ay ɣef la s-yettmeslay ara d as-d-tettarra.




#Article 85: Tibergent (208 words)


Llan aṭas n yimukan deg Ldzayer umi qqaren Tibergent. Deg twilayt n Mila (deg ccerq n tmurt-nneɣ), ger Ǧiǧel d Sṭif, tella yiwet n temdint d tamecṭuḥt qqaren-as Tibergent. Daɣen, tella yiwet n taddart deg tama n Ḥemmam Melwan , deg Waṭlas Ablidi, qqaren-as Tibergent. 
 
Deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, awal tibergent anamek-is d aɛecciw imdewwer, iseqqef s wedles (d yiwen yemɣi ttseqqifen yis-s ixxamen n zik akk d yiâecciwen). Aâecciw d axxam-nni yebnan s wesɣar u yesleɣ s wakal, tteffren deg-s medden amâic i lmal (iɣersiwen : izgaren, iɣyal, akraren, tiɣeḍḍen), ma d tibergent d aâecciw meqqren ciṭṭaṭ u yemgerrad (yemxallaf) ɣef uâecciw n menwala imi ay d imdewwer. Ur ẓriɣ ara ma yella deg teqbaylit n Ḥemmam Melwan (ay d-mazal la tt-ttmeslayen ar ass-a), tibergent qesden-d yis-s ay-n ay d-nesqed nekni, yernu bɣiɣ diɣ ad ẓreɣ ma sseqdacen awal-agi deg tentalyin timerrukiyin. 
 
ɣer Yimuhaɣ, awal tabergent anamek-is d aqiḍun yettwaxedmen s weglim ay deg yella ucebbub. Yuɣ lḥal, Imuhaɣ ttgen iqiḍunen-nsen s weglim, yernu, s umata, aglim-nni yedbeɣ u ttekksen-as acebbub (cceɛr), maca aglim ay yes ttgen tabergent-agi ur as-kkisen acebbub. Imuhaɣ ttsemmin daɣen isem n Intabergent. Isem-agi yekka-d seg In (win), rnu-yas tabergent, anamek-is bu tbergent. Isem-a d aklan n Yimuhaɣ ay yellan ttsemmin-t s waṭas.




#Article 86: Ifnayen Ilmaten (106 words)


Ilmaten d yiwet n temdint d tamecṭuḥt tuzga-d deg twilayt n Bgayet, deg tama n Yefnayen. Tama n Yelmaten tettwassen s ufexxar-is aqdim, u din ay d-ilul ucennay ǧamal Ɛellam deg 1947.
 
Isem n Ilmaten d asget (pluriel) n alma.
 
Zik daɣen, ula d Boudouaou (yiwet n temdint tuzga-d ger Ldzayer d Bumerdas) qqaren-as Alma.
 
Muḥend U Ssaɛid Bulifa (Boulifa), deg yiwet n tmawalt n tmaziɣt, yessuqqel-d alma s wawal afrensis jardin. Dɣa ula d nekni nessumer-d deg tmawalt-nneɣ n tmaziɣt tatrart (moderne) ad d-neqqar alma azayez (jardin public), alma n yiɣersiwen (jardin zoologique), alma n yemɣan (jardin botanique) akk d welma n yigerdan (jardin d'enfants). 




#Article 87: At Ɛisa Uyeḥya (2516 words)


Awal-a d awal ɣef taddart At Ɛisa Uyeḥya, neɣ ahat d awal ɣef tudrin akk n tmurt-nneɣ imi yiwen n sent akk, rɣant akw, kif kif-itent akk deg wayen ctaqqent.

Taddart n At Ɛisa tezga-d di tɣiwant (di lɛarc) At Yellilten, ar usammar n Micli. Am tṭaqa di tudrin n tmurt, ɣef usegrarab i t-ṛessa. U tsenned ar Uzsru n Bibras d-yezgan ɣef ulzelmaḍis (wallit lafuṭu).

S nnig taddart d adrar u ayla-s isawweḍ tilisa-s ar Uzsru n Dhur s wanida d-yebda acercer wasif n Tmuqit imi ssawalen di taddart Asif n Buciker. Ar tama tazelmadt n taddart, seddaw wezsru n Bibras, yella wasif nniḍen imi qqaren Asif n Tegzirt. Maca aneggaru ya yettɣar deg unebdu imi aman-is bḍan ten At Yegfilen d At Tfilkut (snat n tudrin n Lɛarc). 
At Yegfilen sswayen tibḥirin s wayen d-yegran seg iteyyuten d iqadusen At Tfilkut.

At Tfilkut, imi seg Uɣbalu-nsen (Aɣbalu d taferka n Tfilkut d-yezgan sennig win At Yegfilen) id-bdan tikli waman, wwin ten ar taddart nsen imi ta ur tesɛi ara aman.

Ma d aman n wasif n Buciker, bḍan ten At Ɛisa d At Ɛdella (taddart n nniḍen n Lɛarc), timti d-yeqqim kra seg sen si targa, iteddu cwiṭ inezsizs deg wasif-a d-yellan ar tama tayeffust n taddart.

Ass-a, taddart At Ɛisa taqburt teqqim d tilemt, anagar n kra n yexxamen yezgan ttwazedɣen. At Taddart akw udren-d ar …lluḍa, cwiṭ uzaɣar yellan anda yella wexxam n tɣiwant. Ar ijufar n uxxam-a, yettwabnan deg wakal At Ɛisa, i bnan At Taddart ixxamen nsen imaynuten, yerna stexridtin nsen akw iten ssalin.

Taddart At Ɛisa zedɣen-tt assa, ahat, kra n 2500 d ixef. ɣef akken zsriɣ ulac kra n « les statistiques » akken a nwali acḥal n yergazen d ttlawin, acḥal imecṭaḥ d imeqwṛanen, acḥal n yelmezsyen d yemɣaṛen, atg. Wid isteqsaɣ di taddart ɣef anect-a, nnan iyi : « Ula d kečč ziɣeeeen ! Aaa ! war nestufi ara i tigi ! »
Maca, xas akka lluxan acemma wid n wassa, seg imezdaɣ-is n yiḍ-li ufraren-d yergazen isent isnen i tirrugza d tinzar tikli. Mačči d yiwen mačči d sin, ama d irgazen ama d tilawin, i yefkan aqerruy-is ɣef tlelli di ttraḍ n 54-62. Ma d ttraḍ n 63-65 id-yeskar Ukabar Iɣalen Inemlayen (FFS) mgal adabu aɛrab-ineslemzsri, yemmut deg-s Mass At Yiddir. Tuɣ imiren ulac anwa ar a irefden abeckiḍ, irgazen akw tquc iten Fṛansa.

Imi tira urǧin nessen as tikli s wazwawen, taddart At Ɛisa ur turi ara ɣef umezruy-is. Myal yiwen dacu i yeshetrif ɣef yeḍ-li n taddart. Maca anda yemlal wawal d gma-s, akka i d-wwin tadyant :
Zik taddart At Ɛisa, qqaren as Taddart Ufella. U tezga-d deg yiwen wayla imi neqqar Tala Tasemmadt (acḥal semḍit waman-is deg unebdu !) u Tala Tasemmadadt attan mtwal taddart At Aɛdella.
Maca taddart-a Ufella ur tetḍif ara aṭas, ur teddir ara aṭas mi tenger. Ayen i tt-is negren ttawin aɣ t-id yemɣaren d tadyant akken aɣ d-smektayen « d yiḍelli nneɣ ». U attan ihi amek tella tadyant-a :

Di taddart Ufella tella-d talwit. Imezdaɣ n taddart akw ddren am atmaten, am yiwen u myal yiwen ilha d yiman-is, d uɣrum-is d twacult-is.

Infel ussegwass ɣef gma-s, almi d yiwen wass tufrar-d di taddart yiwet n teqcict « tugar iṭij di tḥuski », tecbeḥ alami d ulamek. Mi tmed kra, ilmezsyen n taddart akkw teččur asen tiṭ, rran-tt akken ma llan. Seg sen, wa yezga yettargu, wa tuɣit yesxaṛxuṛ !
Ihi tilemzsit-a « fkan-tt » imawlan-is i yiwen ilmezsi n taddart, maca nettat ul-is yella yeddem-it wayeḍ, izedɣ-it wayeḍ xas akken s tufra.

Ass-mi tedda d tislit (ɣur-s yurag wanza u ar ilmezsyen yurag imetṭi), ɣilen At Taddart tefra tadyant-is u ad tili am nettat am tlawin nniḍen yelhan d yexxamen nsent « war ma rrant-d tiqaqacin n wul ar ger wallen nsent », xarttum i kra issegwassen.
Yejbed ihi wakud ma d-yejbed, ssennan wussan ɣef wiyiḍ almi d yiwen wass i deg d-tella tmeɣra di taddart. U am akken tella si zik, myal tameddit n wass n tmeɣra s wurar-is. U deg wurar n wassen, ssekrent tt-id tlawin n taddart ad tecḍaḥ tugi. As-mi tt-ḥarsent, tekker u tenna-d awal d-yegwran ar ass-a u yettwasnen aṭas di taddart : « ɣur-wat cḍaḥ-iw isɛa ixeclawen ! »

Maca xas akken tewwet iten-id s wawal, yiwen di taddart ur yerri lmend-is ar uɛeggen-a. Netta ul icaḍen iceffu ! Ihi, acettiḍ ɣef wammas, tuder-d ar tɣarɣart u tebda aneqneq s taɣma, s tayett, s tiṭ. Simmal tulawin kkatent afus, simmal nettat tettaf iman-is di tɣarɣart. Simmal tettḥulfu i tmuɣli n yergazen fell-as, simmal tettezzi iman-is am wemrar.

Mi tella tcetṭaḥ, ilmezsyen n taddart akw uɣalen am imcac deg imirɣan, zzin-d i tɣarɣart sexcen. U kan akka yekker umennuɣ di taddart, wa yekkat deg wa u ssawḍen-tt almi d timegraḍ. Msenɣan almi msengaren, maca tadyant ur d-nni ara amek. Tenna-d kan wid d-yegwran jedlen adeg i taddart u ussan-d ar nnig taddart n wass-a, ar Tala Lbuṛ.

Di Tala Lbuṛ diɣen tukwi-d targazt deg uterras u yekker cwal. Xedmen akka yemɣaren mi zsṛan sani tetteddu tegwnitt, mɣen ar Uzaɣar (n Llexmis) ad walin imrabḍen akken asen d-afen tifrat, abrid ar ad yerren talwit di taddart d tigzi deg wallaɣen. Ččuren iqiḍunen, ssennan iɣwyal, ṭfen ibardan nsen ar « sidi ».

Ihi, mi wwḍen, mlalen-d Imrabḍen Uzsaɣar, mmuccahen asen tadyant n taddart yellan « ɣef yiri n ngar wis sin ». Imrabḍen, di tmusni nsen yezsḍan ɣef nneyya n Umsedrar, ufan asen-d tifrat, abrid u nnan asen-d :

Mi d-uɣalen imɣaṛen ar taddart zsṛan dacu isen-d yeqqimen ad txedmen akken ad selken taddart nsen « seg yimi n yizem ». Smarkin akraren, unfen asen mwaten almi yeɣli yiwen seg sen, u yeɣli anda akka ibed ass-a Lǧama ilem n taddart (i ɣef yenneqneq, yebɛuzsel udebsi n Uparabul).

Buciker d aɛessas n taddart. Myal assegwass, deg wagur n ɣuct, yettili-d usensi deg-s. U ass n tmeɣra yagi iɣ d-ǧǧan imezwura, di tmezgida n Buciker ulac ansi ar a tekkeḍ di medden. « Ula ma yella win d-iḍelqen i tmellalt seg igenni, ur tettruzsuy ara ! », s wawalen-a ittzuxun Irgazen d tlawin At Ɛisa m’ ar a yekfu usensi.

Maca, ma yella tameɣra ya tessefsis awal gar medden, tessaɣay taḍsa ɣef wudmawen, tettekkes aɣilif ɣef wid yennuɣnan, tettak asirem i wid d-irezfen as ḥedṛen, tessassay-d diɣen tadrimt i taddart. Aḥetṭuf iṣurdiyen id-yettawi wegraw n yemɣaṛen ideɛun i wid mi fessus wul (wid yettakken lwaɛda) s wurawen n usirem, d tudert ɣwuzifen, d uɣṛum afessas, amellal, diɣen s wayen akw yettmenni umdan i yiman-is d warraw-is. Si tama nniḍen, imɣaṛen daɛun diɣen i win yebɣan ad yawi « ttwab » d tumert si Buciker akken ur t-id yettaweḍ ara wayen n diri : a war teččeḍ aɣrum asemmaḍ, a war tedduḍ ḥafi,…

S « yedrimen-a n Buciker » d wayen d-bedzren At Taddart, tadamsa n At Ɛisa tufa iman-is u tugdi n tegwnatin n ddiq urǧin tella-d di taddart-a.

Yella diɣen usensi nniḍen di taddart At Ɛisa, maca wagi d amecṭuḥ, i « At Taddart kan » u yettili-d kra n smanat seld win n Buciker di tmezgida n Wannar Abextit.
Zik, u tikwal ula d ttura, di tmezgida yagi n Wannar Abextit i d-ttili tmeɣṛa n Anzsar timti a tebdu tettiwriɣ tmurt neɣ m’ ar a yeffad wakal tiqit n waman.

U iɛessasen-agi merra, At Taddart ur ten tettun ara kra ar a yekk ussegwass, aggali s Buciker deg At Ɛisa yugar win s Ṛebbi. Win terra tmara ad iggal, yesmenyif ad iḥnet s Ṛebbi wala ad iḥnet s Buciker. Tanḍelt daɣen deg-s i tettili imi timeqbeṛt n taddart attan deffir tmezgida, u akka ar tura, ur d-yelli ara win izemren ad yeddu ar din deg iḍ (ala win terra tmara). At Taddart akw ttagaden annar-a izsekwan deg uḍellis. U mačči d yiwet macci d sant n tmucuha i nesla ɣef wid iwalan neɣ imlalen iwkilen deg iḍ dinna. Kra tban asen-d tafat tetteddu am umdan, kra d « Taqqufett At Laxart », kra d « Mzizel Izsekwan », kra d « Buberrak » u llan akw ya kra imeslab yegganen din d-inagen d akken wallan …Buciker s timad-is. Xarttum di taddart, terretwi tsekla n…tugdi, win ibɣan ad inadi …

Tineggura-ya, imi At Taddart akw udren-d ɣar « luḍa », ula d igrawen n taddart (Inejmuɛa) d iɛeggalen-is (Tṭemman) di tmezgida n Buciker id-ttellin. Akka At Taddart ur ttalin ara ar Taddart taqburt, « ar winhin hah ».

Ihi, aṭas n tlufa n taddart At Ɛisa i iqnen ar Buciker « ucbiḥ » akken qqarent temɣaṛin. Yiwet ur d-ttili ma ulac-it…akka i tella tudert di Taddart-a.

Mi kreɣ ad refdeɣ awal ɣef tudert n zik di taddart At Ɛisa, ur ufiɣ ara awal ar a isendhen abrid n tudert, neɣ tamḥiqt, deg uzirig n wakud neɣ deg ubrid-is.
Nudaɣ deg idlisen, deg imawalen, deg uzsetṭa n Internet, farsaɣ di tenfaliyin nneɣ am akken farsen medden tifarkiwin di tefsut, maca i ufiɣ ala : Tigert !

Maca, imi rriɣ u ilaq iyi a t-sqedceɣ, snulfaɣt-id : tazikennitt. Tazikennitt ihi d amek yedder umdan zik, u tazikennitt di taddart At Ɛisa, akken ad nuɣal ɣer wawal nneɣ, tella-d kan. Ur tettaččar ara tiṭ !

Xas akken tatrat tessaɣ akw di tmura n umaḍal, di tmurt n Uzwaw d tikli n tfiraɛqest i tetteddu. Tikwal ar zdat, tikwal timendeffirt u tikwal nniḍen di tṭarf, deg dis.
Di tikli n zdat, neǧǧa « ddaw wexxam » u nessali lkabinat deg ixxamen, nessers ayeddid uɣerrus u nerfeḍ abidun ukawačču, nesnes times n yesɣaṛen i usewwi u nessaɣ tin ifurnuten n lgaz,…
Di tin n deg dis, nekkes asarwal « aɛrab » u nelsa asarwal atrar, neǧǧa tiɣimit di tejmaɛt u nekcem ar leqhawi,…
Ma di tin n timendeffirt, nɣil ad nessenser di tzikennitt, ziɣ nettwaqqen ar ɣur-s : nugi as i tmetṭut awal d uzref, nehmel tameslayt nneɣ u nerfed awal s tid n medden. Nezga, ar assa n wussan, nettɣili d akken tira s tmeslayin n medden aɣ d-awi tilelli, tugdut, beqqu n usqardec n tektiwin, tabɣest d tumart akken as nesnerni di tsekla nneɣ. Maca netta tikli ya d-nedda deg ubrid n yir tirga, tejgugel yis nneɣ alami d-nufa iman nneɣ d asigwar i nleqqweḍ imi timeslayin-a tiwardanin neǧṛen yiss-ent imawlan nsent taɣanimt n tmuɣli nsen ɣar tlufa n tudert, u nekwnni nedda di lḥemla tiṭ tebbundel !

Cfu-k-id, am At Ɛisa am tudrin nniḍen n tmurt, yiwen wudem, yiwet n tikli,…yiwet n tzikennitt ! Acku myal taddart d yiwet kan gar yessis n Tmurt.

Am akken i t-id nniɣ yagi, tudrin At Yellilten myarfadent abeckiḍ mačči d tikelt ɣef temsalt n waman.
Deg ussegwass n 1990 d At Ɛisa d At Yegfilen i niqqal myefkan-tt di Ssed Ufella. Nerna assegwass mecqarwan At Tfilkut d At Uzsru s texnefyac. Kra n wagguren kan s yin, tekker gar At Tfilkut d At Yegfilen. Wanag At Ɛisa d At Ɛdella si zik ttmyezlazen, dɣa ɣef snat-a tineggura awwen-d awwiɣ yiwet n tmacahutt is issarfayen warrac At Ɛisa wid n At Ɛdella :
Zik (wissen melmi ?) At Ɛdella necfen. Myal m’ ar ad-aweḍ tmecredt di taddart At Ɛisa ad mɣen asen tt-ksen. Dɣa At Ɛdella ad ččen « Jijju », At Ɛisa ad ččen imetman d ileddayen.
Yiwen ussegwass, mi d-wweḍ tmecredt, am myal assegwass yezrin, At Ɛisa zsran i wumi ar a zlun akraren d yezgaren, dɣa xedmen akka myefkan awal ad zlun « Iɣwyal » akken ma usan-d At Ɛdella « ad retɛen asnus ». U akken i teffeɣ : iɣwyal mmezlen, At Ɛdella mgagin-d ad awin « tacriḥt » !
U assa, m’ akka d-ɣli talwit ger snat n tudrin-a, tamsalt-a n « uɣyul » teqqim-d d tamseḍsit. Wa yeqqar : zik nerna kwen u nekkes awen timecredt macci d tikkelt ! Wa yettara yas : Zik nessečč awen aɣyul !

Ma d tadyant n waman, ar assa n wussan, s nqqar n tiṭ i ttemyexzaṛen At Yellilten. U ahat d aya i idegren taddart At Ɛisa ad tessekcem aman-is ar ixxamen deg issegwassen n 1993-1994. Yerna di tallit-nni adabu aɛrab-ineslemizsri, stiṭ n tɣiwant, ccuren as tiṭ issafen yekkaten gemmaḍ-in gemmaḍ-a di tegrest.

Tura xas akka ar tteblagiɣ deg wawal ar wayeḍ, ayen rriɣ a t-id inniɣ d akken taddart At Ɛisa tekker as i yiwen usenfar anect-ilat. Di tazwarra, s wawal, nɣil-it akw ulamek-it, d awezɣi. Maca di tidett, di tigat, akken nniḍen i teffeɣ imi At Taddart akken ma llan s tezmert, s iɣallen, s idrimen, ay ameqqwran ay amecṭuh, ay argaz a tametṭut ddan akw yiwet n tikli ugar n sin issegwassen. Yiwen ur issris iɣessan is alami d assmi d-kecmen waman, yellan ttezririgen zik i waḍu, ixxamen.

U kra yečča usenfar-a d adrim, aṭenṭun ur t-id yefki udabu. Kra din gren as irebbi At Taddart iman nsen, s tirrugza d tissas.

Ass aneggaru, ass n tmeɣṛa, assmi wwḍen waman ar uxxam aqarni di taddart, begsen-d Imḍebren n taddart ad nemmren akw imezdaɣ n taddart ɣef ayen ssalin, ɣef ayen gan, ɣef ayen imi ḥekren u gan tameɣṛa i taddart anect-ilatt u acki-tt : ečč, ssu !

Maca ass-nni, ayen gziɣ nekkinni, d akken Tamurt n Uzwaw s umata ur tesɛi ara adabu u imezdaɣ-is ma yella ur ttkilen ara ɣef yiman nsen, ur ten id-ittawweḍ wara, u ur xedmen yiwet. U ayen iyi sdubzen diɣen, mi gziɣ belli leqbayel zemren i yiman-nsen m’ar a dduklen. Wwin-d iman nsen ama di tmecṭuḥin ama di tmeqwranin.

Am tudrin akw n tmurt, ismawen n twaculin di taddart At Ɛisa xarqen-tent « Irumyen » d Waɛraben ass-mi nedder ddaw uḍar umahras afransis. Xarbeqen asent udem s id-lulent maḍi. 
Llant d tizwawin, d timaziɣin, d tiquranin u seg wass-mi id-isbed Urumi “mmi-s n Bexta” ar temhalt neɣ iḥarkiyen-nni nneɣ « yeɣran » di zzawiyyat, yuɣal mmi-s n wedrar ur yettwafran, ur yettwafṛaz gar warraw n Lyaman neɣ n Lɛiraq…Ssrewten igar u yiwen ur asen yenni : Hemma ! U akka yuɣalen « Imceddalen » d « Mced Allah !»,…
Timti ur ssɛarben ara isem n twacult, ggarzen as afzim afransis ɣef unyir u akka i yuɣalen « At Ufella » d « Aït Oufela »,…

Atent-in ihi :

Tella-d yagi diɣen twacult At Ufella maca tenger. D Faḍma At Ufella I d taneggarut seg sen u temmut deg issegwassen n 80.

Maca ismawen n twaculin n taddart At Ɛisa ttusseqqant sya-u-sya, send u seld Fṛansa. Wanag ur yelli dacu ar ad yawwin isemawen am At Ramdan, At Rabaḥ, At Mesɛud neɣ At Aḥmed ar ul n Tmurt Umaziɣ. U xas akken sselsen yagi yir aceṭṭiḍ i udem n twaculin n tuddar nneɣ, Aɛṛaben ur arwin ara. Bedden-d ar tama Uṛumi, dɣa ddan deg wayen d-iqqimen : « At » d « U » rran ten d « Ould » neɣ « Ben » …

D aya kan ihi i rriɣ a t-id iniɣ ɣef taddart At Ɛisa « Uyaḥya », ma d ayen ddren imezdaɣ-is ama di ttrad n 54-62 neɣ deg win n 62-65, tigellel n wassa d waguren ttemlilin yelmezsyen-is, tudert tasartit di taddart, iderma d tmegraḍ d-wwi « tedrumt » neɣ « tṣeffit » ad as nanef i tikkelt niḍen.




#Article 88: Tasammart (129 words)


Tasammart (neɣ Tassameurt s tefrensist) d taɣiwant tamecṭuḥt, tuzga-d deg twilayt n Lburj Bu Ɛririj, deg ccerq n tmurt n Leqbayel.

Tasammart yekka-d yisem-is seg wawal asammar. Awal-a sseqdacen-t deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, yernu yessefk ad nẓer dakk-n llan waṭas n Leqbayel deg tama n Lburj Bu Ɛririj. Deg teqbaylit, asammar d amkan-nni n wedrar neɣ n yiɣil ay yettḥaz yiṭij. Yuɣ lḥal, adrar d yiɣil seɛɛun sin yidisan, yiwen tettḥaz-it tafat n yiṭij, qqaren-as asammar, ma d wayeḍ ur t-tettḥaz ara tafat n yiṭij, yedreg  ɣef yiṭij, qqaren-as amalu. Llan aṭas n yimukan umi qqaren asammar neɣ amalu. Tella  yiwet n  taddart deg Yiwaḍiyen, qqaren-as Tagemmunt n Lejdid', yella deg-s yiwen webrid qqaren-as Abrid n Usammar, acku abrid-nni yuzga-d deg usammar n taddart-nni, anamek-is idis-nni ay yettḥaz yiṭij.




#Article 89: Taglizit (101 words)


Taglizit (En: English language), d tutlayt taẓarant n tmurt Lengliz, tettiki deg twacult n tutlayin tiǧermanin, tewwi-d amur meqqer n wawalen seg tutlayin tilatiniyin (ladɣa si tefransist).

Tutlayt Taglizit d tutlayt tamezwarut n tussna d tdamsa deg umaḍal. Di tmura n lezzayer d Umerruk tutlayt-a ur ttwasselmad ara aṭas deg iɣerbazen iɣelnawen.

Tutlayt Taglizit ssawalen-tt 400 imelyanen n medden di Tamrikt (Marikan), Lengliz (legliz), Kanada, Ustralya, Zilanda Tamaynut, Irland, Tafrikt n Wenẓul i yellan ɣur-nsen d tutlyat tayemmatt (mother tongue), d tmura nniḍen am Sswid d Danmark d Finland i tt-isseqdacen d tutlayt tis snat labeɛda i tɣuri deg yiɣerbazen iɣelnawen.




#Article 90: Ɛebderreḥman Bugarmuḥ (428 words)


Ɛebderreḥman Bugarmuḥ (s trumit: Abderrahmane Bouguermouh), d amseḍru n isura n tiliẓri d sinima aqbayli. Ilul ass n 25 di Fuṛaṛ aseggas 1936 deg uqbu, tamnaṭ n Bgayet, yemmut ass n 3 Fuṛaṛ aseggas 2013 di ldzayer.

D netta i d-isufɣen asaru ameqqran amezwaru s tmaziɣt / taqbaylit deg aseggas 1996. Isem-is Tawrirt yettwattun (La colline oubliée), i yellan d adlis umyaru Mulud At Mɛammar.

Ilul deg uzellagen ass n 25 Fuṛaṛ aseggas 1936, yella d mmis n uselmad n uɣarbaz afṛansi aqbuṛ, yemma-s ur teɣri ara, maca d tin yesnen aṭas tamedyazt d Ccna aqbayli. Yekcem s aɣerbaz alemmas deg Ṣṭif anida yedder iwala ayen iḍran ussan n mayu 1945.

Asegwas 1957 yemmuger-d amaru Mouloud At Mammar, i yuɣalen d amdakel-is ameqṛan. Iɛedda seg IDHEC (Institut des hautes des Etudes Cinématographiques) deg useggas 1960; Bugermuḥ isker tidwilin i Tiliẓri RTF di Cognac Jay.

Aseggas 1963 yuɣal-d ɣer tmurt iwakken ad ittekki deg usnulfu n CNCA (Centre National Cinématographique Algérien), win seg anda tessufɣen deg 1964 ɣef tiktiwin ines. Aseggas 1965 seg uḍris n Malek Ḥeddad yessufeɣ-d (comme une âme) asaru s tmaziɣt, asaru agi ur yettwaqbel ara seg uɣlif adzayri i t-yebɣan s taɛrabt; Sinna yunag ɣer lpari yessufeɣ-d asaru s tefṛansist, ayagi dayen is-d yewwin astixer i tikelt tisnat, d-huddu n uaru. asrau yagi werǧin i d-yeffeɣ ar assa.

Seg 1965 armi 1968 isker-d amazrar n imselɣet yerna yewwi-d tamusni d imusnawen iqedcen ɣef timmuzɣa, gar-asen mass Ḥannuz, Ṭawes Amṛuc, Mulud At Mammar, Mulud Baṭuc, Muḥend Aɛrab Bessaɛud. Amseḍru yerra ddahn-is ɣer yiwen imselɣet (usaru) aɣermiw, sinna isker-d asaru la grive aseggas 1967. Asaru i d-yewwin aṭas n warazen, yerna d win yellan ɣur ineɣmasen d amenzu deg usarag Adzayri.

Aseggas 1968, issars La coline oubliée Tawrirt yettwattun anda yura dakken asaru yagi ur yezmir ad yettwaxdem ala s teqbaylit, maca asenfaṛ agi rran-t-id (ugin-t) mebla asegzi. Ayagi yeǧǧa-t ad yidir iseggasen mebla leqdic, armi d asegwas 1973 anida i d-isker d Mohamed Lakhdar Hamina deg Chronique des années de braises.

Issufɣed (isker-ed) i Tiliẓri wa deffir wayeḍ les oiseaux de l'été, aseggas 1978 d Kahla oua beida, aseggas 1980, i d-yemmugren tarennawet tameqqṛant. aseggas 1987, isker asaru ines ameqqṛan 35mm Cri de pierre, i d-yewwin aṭas n warazen berra n tmurt, maca di lezzayer wten-d deg-s. Deg useggas 1989 yewwi-d ttriḥ iwakken ad yessuffeɣ s tmaziɣt (taqbaylit) Tawrirt yettwattun i d-yeffɣen di 1996.

Seg iseggasen n 60' isker-d aṭas isura imecṭaḥ, d wiɣaḍ imeqṛanen in Tiliẓri RTA Les Oiseaux de l'été (1978) d Noir et blanc (1986), Cri de pierre (1986), La Colline oubliée (1996).




#Article 91: Muḥend Saɛid Fellag (280 words)


Muḥend Saɛid Fellag d anazur urasan (humoriste) aqbayli, d amyaru, d ameskar umezgun n urasan d teḍṣa. Daɣen Muḥend Saɛid Fellag yetturar deg isura. Ilul deg 1950 di Azefun, i d-yefkan aṭas inazuren n tazuri nniden, i cban: Ḥaǧ Lɛenqa, Rwiced, Iftisen, Buǧma Lɛenqis, Ḥnifa, Ḥsisen, Muḥamed d Saɛid Ḥilmi, atg. Baba-s yennuɣ di lɛesker n Fransa di tallit n trad umadal wis II. Yemma-s tella d yiwet iḥemmlen ad teḍs, ahat yeffeɣ-d ar ɣur-s.

Asmi yesɛa 8 isegwasen d uzgen, yekcem ar Dzayer tamanaɣt akked yiwen n gma-s. Ɣef 9 n yisegwasen di lɛemr-is yekcem aɣarbaz amezwaru di Ccraga. Di 1968, yekcem s aɣerbaz umezgun di Lezzayer tamanaɣt. Yella yeqqar aṭas imeskaren n tmura umalu, am Aristophane, Eschyle, Plaute, Euripide, ... ladɣa wid umezgun am: Jarry, Becket, Ionesco, atg. 

Deg 1978, iruḥ ar Fransa akked Kanada anda yexdem yal axeddim ur n sefuɣ s imal igerzen. Di 1985, yekcem ar tmurt-is iwakken ad yeqqim din i lebda di leḥsab-is imiren. Di 1986, isewǧed yiwet n tceqquft isemma-yas: les aventures de Tchop. Imiren tiyaḍ tebɛent-d.

Deg 1990, Muḥend Saɛid Fellag yezweǧ asmi yesɛa 40 isegwasen, imi abrid n tazuri ur tsefka ara akud iwakken ad yili send.

Di cutumber (tzayur) 1993, yuɣal d anemhal umezgun n Bgayet.

Di 1994, rebrab yexdem axeṣar di tmurt, asmi teṭṭerḍeq yiwet n lbumba anda yetturar yiwet n tceqquft, iǧan Muḥend Saɛid Fellag ad yinig ar tmurt n Tunes. Di 1995, yunag ar tmurt n Franṣa, din yuɣal isem-is mucaɛ nezzeh s tceqqufin ines n teḍṣa d urasan. Ticequfin i d-iḥekkun i ɣeblan n tmurt-is.

Ger idlisen d iḍrisen (livres et textes) i yura, d wi:

Muḥend Saɛid Fellag yurar deg kra isura am :




#Article 92: Ḥmed Ɛeyyad (411 words)


Ḥmed Ɛeyyad, isem-is unaẓur Rwiced, d yiwen unaẓur aɣerfan aqbayli n ccraḥa, umezgun, issura, akk d Ssinima. Ilul di 20 yebrir 1921 di Lezzayer Tamanaɣt. Yemmut ass n 28 yennayer 1999. Imawlan-is laṣel-nsen seg Aẓeffun, di Tamurt n leqbayel. 

Yekcem ar uɣerbaz amezwaru di 'Susṭara', di 'Kasba tunigt', ur iɛeṭṭel ara yeḥbes leqraya-s iwakken ad yawen imawlan-is i llan xuṣṣen nezzeh di teswiɛt nni udabu ifransisen, uqbel trad umadal wis II. Ixdem aṭas lecxal: ayeznuzu iɣmisen, ay ṣefeḍ isebaden, ayeznuzu iguma d tizegza, atg.

Zzehri-s i wwit armi d yiwen n wass anda anaẓur umezgun ameqqran Maḥbub Sṭambuli, yerra tamawt s wayen yezmer Aḥmed Ayad ad t-yexdem di taẓuri umezgun. Ur iɛeṭṭel ara isawlas-d, yessekcem-it s anar agi umezgun. Yewwi-d srid ar tazeqa 'La Majestic', tura yaka isem-is Aṭlas, di tama n 'Bab Lwad' di Lezzayer tamanaɣt. I semlalit d unaẓur wayeḍ yellan mucaɛ, wagi Racid Qsenṭini, i wakken ad yelmed yid-s. Segmi yuɣal isem-is Racid amecṭuh, neɣ s teɛrabt n Lezzayer Rwiced. Qqaren d tanaẓurt n tiliẓri Nuriya, i s-yefkan isem agi n taẓuri-ines. S isem-is yeqqim armi d tamettant-is. 

Timlilit n sin unaẓuren Aḥmed Ayad d Racid Qsenṭini, d tazwara umecwar ɣezifen n Rwiced, i ikecmen di yal aḥric n taẓuri: ccna, amazgun, tiliẓri, ssinima, atg. Yekcem isyin deg waṭas n temtilin (rôles), di 'les sketch', wala d tcequfin umezgun, ama s tutlayt taqbaylit, n lejdud-is, neɣ s tutlayt taɛrabt n Lezzayer, is i d-ittureba. Isegwasen ar zdat, yuɣal ikecem s anar isura, anda id yurar deg issura yettwasnen ines. Ama d issura imecṭaḥ am: Hasan Terru, Hasan Taksi, d Hasan Niya, neɣ wid imuqren n Sinima, am 'Opium et le bâton', i yellan d adlis n umyaru aqbayli Mulud At Mamar. D assaru anda id yurar zdat inazuren imuqranen wiyaḍ am: Jean Louis Trintignant, Sid Ali Kwirat, Maris Josée Nat, Meḥyedin Bacṭarzi, Mesṭafa Kateb, atg. 

Deg anar umezgun Aḥmed Ayad yurar zdat inaẓuren imeqqranen umezgun azzayri, am : Mulud Turi, Ḥasan Lḥasani, Nuriya, Keltum, Farida Sabunǧi, Yasmina, Larbi Zekkal, Muḥamed Unic, Sid Aḥmed Agumi, atg. Daɣen Aḥmed Ayad yella yetteka di tarbaɛt umezgun n Rrayu n teqbaylit, zdat n Ali Abdun, Muḥamed d Saɛid Ḥilmi, Qadri Ṣɣeyer, Ccix Nurdin, Samira, atg. Di tagar isegwasen n 50, netta d Muḥamed d Saɛid Ḥilmi, xedmen di Rradyu n teqbaylit yiwet n tedwilt n necraḥa d teḍṣa, isem-is Tlata izehwaniyen.

Daɣen Aḥmed Ayad icna aṭas n tuɣac ama s teqbaylit, neɣ s taɛrabt n Lezzayer, ladɣa tid n taḍṣa d necraḥa.




#Article 93: Ccix Nureddin (733 words)


Ccix Nurdin, isem-is n tidett, Nuredin Mezyan, d agerruj n yedles aqbayli : d amedyaz, d acennay, d asegbar yerna d aɣeyyaḍ (musicien). Ilul deg 1918 di taddert n ugemmun di Laṛebɛa n At Yiraten. D mmi-s n Si Muḥend Taḥar Ugemmun, illan d aselmad di taddart-is, deg uɣerbaz n Sidi Abderaḥman. Yemmut deg 1999, yeǧǧad deffir-es timaḍ (d 100-yat) n yezlan, isefra akk d tuɣac. Afares-is (sa production) yebda-t zdat (uqbel n) trad n umḍal amezwaru.

Alamma d 16 iseggasen, Ccix Nuredin yettruḥu s aɣerbaz n Leqran. Deg 1935 ikcem ar tɣiwant n Lezzayer tamanaɣt i deg yezdeɣ gma-s i ɣer yella. Illa a 'iserbay' deg waṭas n leqhawi d iseččayen. Illa yesɛa yiwen useččay amecṭuḥ 'gargote' di 'Port-Saïd (square Bresson)'.  Asegwas umbaɛd (1936), illa a yttɣenni mi isirid leḥwal, dɣa anemhal n 'Pathé Marconi' Mas 'Finkel' izedɣen ur ibɛad ara i syin, i slay-as i ṣut-is. Inna yas ma yebɣa ad isekles deg uxxam uzawan n 'Pathé Marconi', ansuf yis-ek. Imiren, i sufɣed i tikkelt tamezwarut tuɣac ines i yettwasnen 'Anef-iyi ad ruɣ', ak d 'A xali xali'.

Sin issegwasen mbaɛd (1938), isekles aḍebsi amezwaru ines, anda llant azal n 12 n tezlatin. Gar-asent:
'Alu Tsisiti', 'Yelli-s n tmurt', 'Anef-iyi ad ruɣ', 'A xali xali', atg. Ur iɛeṭer ara armi id isbed 
ayen umi neqqar 'orchestre' aɣerfan aqbayli amezwaru, netta d : Namus, Sidaḥ, Aḥmed Meǧul, Ḥaǧ Menwar. D nitni iǧan i waṭas n izuren ad ufraren, am: Kamal Ḥemadi, Yusef Abǧawi, Racid Mezyan, atg.

Deg 1960, yura yiwen n wedlis umi isemma 'Un Algérien raconte' ar Tizrigin 'Seuil'. Deg 1998, Amyaru aqbayli Yusef Nasib yerra yas tajmilt di yiwen n wedlis s wazal-is anda id yeḥka tameddurt-is u yura-d ugar n 200 isefra ines. Adlis-agi ifeɣ-d ar Tizrigin 'El-Ouns', isem-is 'Ccix Nuredin: Aẓruf, Amedyaz, Acenay', neɣ s tefranṣiṣt : 'Cheikh Noureddine, comédien, poète, chanteur'.

Deg 1938, Ccix Nuredin d yiwen seg wid yellan deffir n tlalit n Rradyu n teqbaylit i yellan di 'rue du Dr Saâdane (ex-Berthèzene)'. Tuɣal tin umi neqqar tura Amaṭṭaf wis 2 n Rradyu taɣelnayt n Lezzayer. Illa ixeddem degs aṭas umezgun, rwayat 'sketč', akw d tuɣac d tedwilin. Rradyu aggi, tella d tin ansi i d-tefɣent tinazurin timuqranin, am : Lla Zina, Lla Yamina, Nna Crifa, Ǧamila, atg.

Ccix Nuredin isekles ugar n 500 tezlatin. Illa iḥemmel azawan aɣerfan neɣ ayen umi neqqar 'Caɛbi'. Dɣa d netta i yuran unazur n 'Caɛbi' Ḥaǧ Mrizeq, taɣuct i yettwasnen imiren i lmend tarbaɛt n takurt uḍar: 'Lmuludeyya n Lezzayer'. Illa imsuder (coyoyer) netta d inazuren imuqranen am : Ccix Lɛenqa, Ameqqran Agawa, d Sadeq Abǧawi, atg. Axedmen yak tuɣac i Rradyu n Teqbaylit i waken attidir. Daɣen Ccix Nuredin ixedem aṭas n tcequfin umezgun i Rradyu n Teqbaylit, anda itturar-d acḥal iseggasen tamtilt n yiwet n ṭmeṭṭut “Xalti Aduda”, zdat inazuren wiyaḍ am: Muḥemmed Ḥilmi, Amar U Yaɛqub, Saɛid Zanun, Ɛli Ɛebdun, Saɛid Ḥilmi, Aḥmed Aymen, atg.

Daɣen Ccix Nurdin akw d Lla Lǧida Tamuqrant, i yeccnan abrid amezwaru deg yidles aqbayli jmiɛ, argaz akw tmettut. Snulfand le duo mixte, di teqbaylit s tezlitt umi seman : Serḥɣa-s i bu laɛyun

Ccix Nuredin ixdem daɣen aṭas n tedwilin i rradyu n teqbaylit. Gar-asent id yeffɣen deg 1956, illan ilmend icennayen deg webrid ulemed neɣ 'Chanteurs amateurs'. Dɣa d nnuba yagi i yuɣalen ar zdat tettwasen s yisem : Icennayen n uzekka.

Ccix Nuredin illa daɣen d asegbar muqren n Sinima. Amseḍru isura n Sinima i yettwasnen: Muḥemmed Lexḍar Ḥamina, iḥemel-it nezzeh. Dɣa ifek yas tamtilt deg usaru: 'Chronique des années de braise' ig bwin yiwen n warraz di 'Cannes' deg 1975. Di 1983, ifek yas daɣen tamtilt deg usaru : Tugna Tannegarut (La dernière image).

Ger isura wiyaḍ anda isɛa tamtilt, d wigi:

Llan daɣen sin isura 'Les Enfants de Novembre' d 'les Chevaux du soleil' i yettwaxedmen di tmurt n Spenyul akwed tnaẓurt n cnna taqbaylit Ḥnifa. Asaru-yagi n 'les Chevaux du soleil' iḥekku-d tudert n 'Lmuqrani', ar tura ur d yurar ara di Lezzayer.

Deg 1972 Ccix Nuredin yunag ar Paris di Fransa, anda yemlal d unazur Sliman Ɛazem, u bdan amecwar n ccna di sin d acḥal iseggasen. Skelsen azal n 96 n tezlatin, gar-asent tid n teḍṣa d necraḥa. Dɣa d anecta iǧan deg 1981 Ccix Nuredin megdul seg umuɣ/amulas n warazen ilmend n wid iqedcen i yedles azzayri. Tagi d yiwet ger tuɣac icnan di sin : Ccix Nuredin d Sliman Ɛazem.




#Article 94: Mḥemmed Isyaxem (125 words)


Mḥemmed Isyaxem d anaẓur aqbayli yettmahalen taklut. D anaẓur amekla seg wid mucaɛen ugar deg umaḍal. Ilul ass n 17 yunyu (sedyur) 1928 deg Dewwar ǧnan deg Iɣil Yezzan (ɣilizan), lameɛna laṣel-is seg At Jennad di Tmurt n leqbayel.

Yeɣra deg uɣerbaz n tẓuri di Lezzayer tamanaɣt ger 1947 d 1951. Yella d anelmad unazur Amekla Ɛumar Rasim. Deg 1953, yekmel almad n tẓuri ines di tɣiwant n 'Paris' di Fransa, alamma d 1958. Syin yuɣal-d ɣer Lezzayer i waken ad yesselmed deg uɣerbaz n tẓuri. Acḥal n tikkal i yuɣal d anemhal, neɣ d aselmad deg waṭas iɣerbazen, ama di Lezzayer tamanaɣt, ama di Wehran.
Ixdem d amsuneɣ deg yeɣmisen Alger-Républicain akked La République. Yemmut ass n umenzu n Duǧenbir 1985 di Lezzayer tamanaɣt.

 




#Article 95: ASCII (183 words)


ANGAL n ASCII, (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), d angal (code) ifehhem anagar tameslayt n uselkim (machine language).
Ameslay n uselkim d azrar n 0 d 1, d talɣa timisint (forme binaire). Mi ara neẓreg (éditer) azamul (d asekkil neɣ d amḍan..), azamul-a ad yettwasuqqel ɣer tmeslayt n uselkim ; yal azamul yellan ɣef unasiw (clavier), ɣur-s azal-is d angal (code).
Gar wengalen yellan : ASCII, tanselfat (sigle) n (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), angal s tizeɣt amarikan n usmeksel n tilɣa.
Anagalt-a d win n yemḍanen d yisekkilen d tecraḍ n usenqeḍ (signes de ponctuations) n tecraḍ nniḍen.
Angal ASCII, deg-s 256 n wengalen. Tebḍa ɣef sin yeḥricen, yal aḥric deg-s 128.

Seg 0 ar 31, d angalen n usenqed (control) n umyawaḍ (communication) d wayen yeɛnan tsaggazt (impimente). Ticraḍ n wengalen-a ur d-teffɣent ara ɣef ugdil (écran), d ilem.
Seg 32 ar 127, d angalen n tecraḍ n usenqeḍ d yemḍanen (0 ar 9) d yisekkilen imeqqranen, imeẓyanen n ugemmay Arumani. Ticraḍ n wengalen-a teffɣent-d ɣef ugdil.

Seg 128 ar 255, d tanaglin n wid i d-isnulfuyen iseɣẓanen (Software).




#Article 96: Anfafad asenselkim (333 words)


Anfafad neɣ avirus asenselkam (virus informatique) d ahil. Ahil-a, yezmer ad t-id-yaru umessihel (programmeur). S tiddi n wenfafad-a, tettbeddil tikli tamagnut n uselkim, neɣ a texreb telqut yellan deg-s.

Amek ineṭṭeḍ unfafad?
Anfafad ineṭṭeḍ-d seg berra i uselkim (aḍebsi, azeṭṭa), reffden-t wahilen yettwaselkamen (programmes qui s'executent), ahilen iqebblen asiɣzef (extention) .com, .exe neɣ .bat. Acu kan, ass-a llan ivirusen s siziɣzaf nniḍen udiɣ ẓeddmen q€f ifuyla meṛṛa akken yebɣu yella wanaw-is.

Anda ara naf anfafad?
Di tsenselkimt, ifuyla (fichiers) bḍan ɣef sin yeḥricen:

Anfafad ineṭṭeḍ ifuyla iteddun; akken tiddin-nnsen, tgellu-d s tiddin n unfafad yellan deg-sen. Anfafad yezmer ad yeẓẓu deg ugzem usenker (secteur d'amorçage) n uḍebsi aquran (disque dur) neɣ yiḍebsiyen ilwayanen (disques souples, disquettes); akken ma yecɛel uselkim anfafad ad d-yaki.
Ifuyla n yisefka ur d-ttawin ara infafaden, maca infafaden zemren ad sdermen isalan yella deg-sen.

Amek yebna unfafad?
Ahil n wenfafad yebna ɣef 04 yeḥricen:

Ismawen n kra yinfafaden mechuren:

Vendredi 13:
Anfafad-a iteffeɣ-d yal ass n lǧemɛa(ass n Sem) 13.

Anfafad-a iteffeɣ-d seld ass n 12 tuber.

Anfafad-a inetted deg tecfawit (mémoire).

Virus 405:
Anfafad-a isedram isalan n 405 itamḍanen (octets) imezwura n uḍebsi aquran.

Anfafad yettili deg ugzem usenker.

Bloody :
Anfafad-a iswaɣay agzem n usenker. Afafad-a iteffeɣ-d deg uwennez (reinitialisation) wis 128. Anfafad-a yettaru-d inez-ayi (message) « Bloody Jun 4 1989 », ass n tnekra deg Tienanmen, Pekin).

Jeddah :
Anfafad-a irennu azal n 1475 atamḍan i yifuyla .com, .exe. Anfafad-a yettaččar tacfawit yeddren n unasiw (mémoire tompon du clavier clavier).

Zerohunt :
Anfafad-a yettili deg tecfawit, d aḥerbebbu, yettbeddil amḍiq.

AMGELNFAFAD (anti-virus):
Amgelnfafad d aseɣẓan (logiciel) i d-yettafen ahilen yuḍnen. D netta itekksen infafaden. Amgelnfafad isizdig ahilen yettwaɣen.

Kra n yimgelnfafaden:
Virscan, Fprot, Unvirus, Scan, Pc 180, Virusafe, Norton, Vaccin, Novirus

Kra yiwellihen:

Ad s-nbeddel isem (amedya com.moc), ad t-neffer deg zzmam nniden (amedya PROTEC)
MD PROTEC
COPY C:COMMAN.COM C:PROTECCOM.MOC
REN COMMAND.COM SAUVCOM.BIN

Ad nernu ɣer ufaylu CONFIG.SYS, taladna(commande) : SHELL=C:PROTECCOMM.MOC /P
Ad nernu ɣer ufaylu AUTOEXEC.BAT, taladna:
SET COMPEC=C:PROTECCOM.MOC

ATTRIB +R *.COM
ATTRIB +R *.EXE




#Article 97: Muḥend Aɛrab Bessaɛud (383 words)


Muḥend Aɛrab Bessaɛud ilul deg useggas n 1924 deg Tgemmunt Lejdid, deg tɣiwant n At Dewala. Yella deg tegrawla-nni mgal tahrest tafṛansiwt d amaɣnas n Umussu Aɣelnaw Azzayri. Werǧin yefka afus deg wayen yumen d abrid n tidett, d abrid yessuffuɣen ar tlelli n wegdud. Deg Iggen n Uslelli Aɣelnaw (ALN) yerra-t Krim Belqasem d yiwen seg imeqqṛanen.

Deg useggas n 1966 yesbedd Agraw Amaziɣ, netta, Ṭawes Ɛemruc, Muḥemmed Arkun akk d Imaɣnasen nniḍen.

Deg useggas 1978, imsulta ifṛansiwen ḥebsen-t netta akk d wid yettilin imir-nni deg uxxam n Ugraw Amaziɣ, am Saibi akk d sin nniḍen. Ifṛansiwen d aḥṛas i ten-id-ḥeṛsen imir-nni wid yeṭṭfen adabu deg Lezzayer akk d Lmeṛṛuk, Bumdian akk d Ḥasen wis sin.

Snejlan-t seg tmurt n Fransa, yezger ar tmurt n Legniz anda yedder almi d tuɣalin-is ar tmurt deg useggas 1997.

Tazmert d tameɛlalt, aṭan yettnerni, terna-yas teqṛeḥ yenneqṛaḥ zdat n tmenɣiwt n ilemẓiyen deg tefsut taberkant, tewwi-t tmettant ass 01/01/2002. Ittwamdel amenzu n Yennayer n useggas 2952 deg Uqawej.

Agraw Amaziɣ seg wass mi i d-yennulfa yuɣal d taqeṛṛabt n umennuɣ ɣef idles akk tutlayt imaziɣen deg teɣremt n Paris. Deg iseggasen n 70, win i d-yefflen, deg imaɣnasen, seg tmurt nneɣ ar Fṛansa, lembat-is d Agraw Amaziɣ. Agraw-a yekka s waṭas deg takin i yukin iqbayliyen s twaɣit yeḍran yid-sen, tin i sen-yefka udabu azzayri. Agraw amaziɣ yefka i iman-is iswi amenzu a d-issaki agdud yeṭṭsen.

Ccna d yiwen seg wallalen yesseqdec Ugraw Amaziɣ akken ad yessiweḍ izen. Yessawal i icennayen iqbayliyen akken ad cnun ɣef timmuzɣa. Tugett seg-sen rran-d tiɣri. Ass-agi tanemmirt i nutni imi amennuɣ yewweḍ ar wezgen ameqqran deg iswi i yefka i iman-is.

Deg Paris, lamikkal n FLN deg Fṛansa tezga tettnadi amek ad teṛṛez ifadden i wegraw amaziɣ imir-nni. Tella tessexdam nniya n ixeddamen iqbayliyen deg Fṛansa akken ur d-ttarran ara i tiɣriwin n Wegraw neɣ a s-nerwin timliliyin iskarayen. Ma ɣas akken lamikkal tesɛa idrimen aṭas maca ur tessaweḍ ara ad teṛṛez amennuɣ.

Adabu s timmad-is ur yessaweḍ ara ar iswi-s ad iṛṛez amennuɣ n iqbayliyen ɣef timmuzɣa ma ɣas ar ass-a ur yegzim ara asirem. Asirem n udabu yeqqim-d ass-a deg wayen yerki uɣerbaz azzayri akk d ixxamen n ddin. Yessefk kan ur as-neqqaṛ ara: dayen adabu yefsi tiyersi, dayen newweḍ s iswi, nezmer a nuɣal ar yiḍes.




#Article 98: Eutropius (288 words)


Eutropius yella d anmezray Arumani yedderen deg azgen aneggaru n lqern wis rebɛa. 

Eutropius yella d amaray (magister memoriae) deg Constantinupolis akk-d afriq n umenkad Iulianus, Flavius Claudius Iulianus, (361 - 363) deg taslekt-is n tmurt n Ifarsiyen (363), yella yeder deg lweqt n tgeldit n Valens, Flavius Iulius Valens, (364-378) iwumi yefka-d taktab-is Breviarium historiae Romanae. Yewin unmezray n nidden, Georgios Codinos, deg De Originibus Constantinopolitanis yena-d belli Eutropius yella d amaray n Constantinus I, Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus, lameɛna ur iban ara lhal lammer ihder ɣef Eutropius agi. 

Breviarium historiae Romanae s ssifa n ɛecra n isuned, d lbir n ineɣmisen i d-yella ɣef tudert deg Amenkad Abyzanti akk-d umezruy n lweqt nni ; ɣef agi Eutropius yeqqim-ed d amedya i gjebbden atas lbal n imnadiyen n umezruy di ddunit merra imi yura-d s ddehn akk-d tamesɣara i meqren. 

Ɣas akken Talatinit-is temxalef, deg kkra n imedyan, ɣef ayen yefsan deg tutlayt, lameɛna ahric ameqran n iɣerbazen uddren, ɣef lmuda i meqren, iḍrisen-is imi selmaden Talatinit i inelmaden-nsen. 

Taɣzi n Lbreviarium temɣer armi n lweqt n Iustinianus s iffassen n Paulus Diaconus (illul azal n 720 – yemut azal n 799) akk-d Landolfus Sagax (azal n usegas 1000) armi n lweqt n umenkad Leon V (813-820) asmi teţwaru tigezmi yeţţusemmen Historia Miscella. 

Ger tisuqal merra deg tutlayt Tayunanit s iffasen n Capito Lycius akk-d Paeanius, taẓrigt n unegarru i g kemlen ɣef wiyad. Lameɛna taẓrigt n Eutropius i sɛan ccan deg ddunit merra tella n H. Droysen (1879) imi tesɛa taẓrigt Tayunanit akk-d n Paulus Diaconus d Landolfus. 

Llant daɣen atas n tisuqal s Tanglizit. 

Aḍris agi Ikker-ed seg yewin n weḍris n l asuned wis hdec ; tira i yellan deg ugzum n lbaylek. 




#Article 99: Ikikuyuten (468 words)


Ikikuyuten d yiwen si rebɛin-nni n yegduden ay yettidiren di Kenya, zedɣen di tmiwa ɛlayen n tlemmast akk d wenẓul (sud) n Kenya, yernu ttmeslayen tutlayt takikuyut ay itebɛen ɣer twacult n tutlayin tibantutin (bantoues). Llan wazal n 4.400.000 n Yikikuyuten di Kenya, dɣa wwḍen ɣer 20% seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt merr'a, yernu nitni ssawalen i yiman-nsen Gekoyo neɣ Agekoyo.

Ikukuyuten ttidiren s tfellaḥt, dɣa teẓẓun inili (mil), llubyan, tajilbant akk d baṭaṭa taẓidant, yernu ass-a, mi akka ay kecmen ɣer tfellaḥt tatrart (moderne), sfulluḥen diɣ taɣlust (lqahwa), akbal, igumma (fruits) akk d yeckan (lxeḍra), yernu ciṭṭaḥ kan deg-sen ay yettidiren s tkessawt.

Di tmetti-nsen tamensayt (traditionnelle), d argaz ay yesɛan azal imi ay d netta ay iḥekkmen tawacult. Argaz ɣur-sen yella iseɛɛu afrag i deg yettili wexxam-is, yernu yettaɣ aṭas n tilawin, yal yiwet deg-sent ad as-yeg taxxamt i yiman-is deg wefrag-is. Timetti takikuyut tebḍa d iderman (clans) i deg yettili wergaz d watmaten-is, tilawin-nsen akk d warraw-nsen, ma d tiɣawsiwin-nsen n tsertit d tajmaɛit ay d-ilehhun yid-sen. Tajmaɛit-nsen nitni ttilin deg-s yergazen yellan akk seg yiwet n tnudda, dɣa tikwal, d irgazen ilemmasen di leɛmer' ay d-yettṣaḥ ad sselḥun tiɣawsiwin n taddart, tikwal, d irgazen imeqqranen neɣ d imɣaren. 

Lejdud n Yikikuyuten llan zik zedɣen di tmiwa n Ugafa agmuḍan (nord-est) n Kenya, dɣa ger n lqern wis 17 d lqern wis 19, bdan a d-ttasen cwiṭ, cwiṭ ɣer tmiwa-yagi n tlemmast n Kenya i deg zedɣen ass-a. Mbeɛd ma ddren acḥal di lehna xeddmen tafellaḥt deg wakal-nsen, Ikikuyuten llan-d si ger n yegduden ikenyanen imezwura ay yugin ad asen-tettwakkes tmurt-nsen, asmi ay ten-id-yekcem umennekcam abriṭani. D anect-nni ay ten-yessawḍen ad kkren s imenɣi tikkelt tamenzut, deg yiseggasen n 1920 akk d yiseggasen n 1930. Ma di 1952, d Ikikuyuten ay d-yesbedden amussu (mouvement) n Mau Mau i lmend n ussuffeɣ n Yebriṭaniyen si Kenya, yernu imenɣi ay d-yeḍran seg yimir-n yefka axesṣar meqqren i udabu abriṭani di Kenya. Akken ad rẓen Yebriṭaniyen tanekra-yagi, bdan a ssuffuɣen Ikikuyuten si tudrin-nsen akken ad ten-zzedɣen di tudrin ay sen-bnan ninti akken ad zemren ad ten-qarɛen. D acu kan, imenɣi ikemmel alammi ! d 1963, asmi ay tewwi Kenya azarug-is, dɣa d yiwen n Ukikuyu, Jomo Kenyatta, ay yuɣalen d aneɣlaf amezwaru amenzu n Kenya, yernu seg yimir-n ay tennerna mliḥ tezmert n Yikikuyuten di tmurt-nsen. Ass-a, d Ikikuyuten ay yesɛan ikataren (cadres) imeqqranen yesselḥayen tamurt, yernu seg-sen diɣ ay d-frurin waggagen imeqqranen akk d yimer'kantiyen n tmurt. Aṭas deg-sen ttidiren di temdinin yernu qeddcen neɣ ṭṭfen imukan yelhan deg unabaḍ (gouvernement) akk d tdamsa. D acu kan, xas Ikukuyuten sɛan amkan igerrzen di tmurt-nsen, xas sɛan ttawil meqqren, tutlayt-nsen rran-tt di rrif, maca ass-a, mi akka ara d-ttenkaren waggagen (intellectuels) yettarun s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat, takikuyut attan a d-tettarfad iman-is cwiṭ, cwiṭ akken yiwwas ad taf amkan-is di Kenya. 




#Article 100: Imaziɣen (261 words)


Imaziɣen d imezdaɣ ineṣliyen deg tefriqt ugafa, d nutni i yellan d amur ameqqṛan deg yimezdaɣ n Tmazɣa, tutlayt-sen d Tamaziɣt, xas ma yella aṭas deg-sen ass-a la ttmeslayen Taɛrabt Tamazɣant. 

Imaziɣen ḥerren-d akal d ameqqran, yewwet seg wemda n Isiwan, deg Utaram (lɣerb) n Maṣer alamma d Targa Zewwaɣen d Muriṭanya, ɣef yiri n ugaraw Aṭlasi. Yuɣ lḥal, d Imaziɣen i d agdud n Tefriqt awḥid id-iḥerren anect-a n wakal, imi amur ameqqran deg yegduden ifriqiyen-nniḍen, tikwal sɛan kan akal d amecṭuḥ, tikwal bitt, cerken-t akked yegduden-nniḍen. Imaziɣen ttuneḥsaben d agdud n yiri (race) amellal, xas ma yella nettaf gar-asen aṭas n yimibriken d yiberkanen.

Aṭas n Yimaziɣen id-mazal la ttmeslayen tamaziɣt, rnu deg yiseggasen-a ineggura, aṭas n trebbaɛ timaziɣin id-yennulfan i wakken ad wtent ad ḥerzent tutlayt-nsent. Xas ma yella tantalyin (dialectes) i ttmeslayen Yimaziɣen mgaradent si tama ɣer tayeḍ, maca kkant-d akk seg yiwen n uẓar, seg yiwet n tutlayt, yernu yeshel ɣef waṭas n trebbaɛ timaziɣin ad msefhament gar-asent s tutlayt-nsent, xas ma yella mgaradent tentalyin-nsent. 

Imaziɣen mazal ṭṭfen deg waṭas n wansayen (lɛaddat), ladɣa wid yettidiren di Merruk akk d Uneẓruf (ṣṣeḥra), dacu kan, ass-a, aṭas n wansayen imaziɣen i yellan ɣef yiri n nnger, la ten-ttaǧǧan medden yernu ur d asen-ttgen ara leqrar. Nnig waya, ula d tutlayt tamaziɣt la tettuɣal ɣer deffir deg waṭas n tamiwin n Tmazɣa, medden la d-ttaǧǧan, ilmeẓyen ur ttlemden ara, dɣa yessefk ad yettwaxdem kra n leqdic s lḥir i lmend n ussukkes n tutlayt di tmiwa-a.

Ass-a llan azal n 45 imelyan n imaziɣen deg ddunit merra.

Daɣen




#Article 101: Tasertit (131 words)


Tasertit iswi-s d tuddsa d useggem n imadanen, d wayen yeɛnan iweẓla n taɣiwant. Dɣa isya dɣa id yeka wawal 'Politic', imi azar-is d awal agriki polis ibɣan ad yini taɣiwant, neɣ tiɣremt. 

Anamek n tasertit deg akud atrar d aseggem udabu s daxel n addad. S umatu, tasertit d tiskiwet d w'amek leḥun lecɣal n wegraw n yimdanen di tmetti, neɣ n wegdud.

Yal amdan ur nettmuqul ara kan iman-is, neqqar ixedem tasertit. Yal argaz, neɣ tameṭṭut i yettekan deg umusu n tasertit di tmurt n wezref, ilaq ad izrekket (ad iqadar) imenzay n tanaya n weɣref d tugdut. 

Anamek wayeḍ n wawal n tasertit daɣen i ttak ar umenɣi ɣef udabu ger irgazen d tulawin i gellan deg udabu amiran (n tura), d wid i gellan deg ikabaren imnagwa. 




#Article 102: Ferḥat Mhenni (208 words)


Ferḥat Mhenni (yettwassnen s Ferhat Imazighen Imula) d aselway n Umussu i timunent n Tmurt n Iqbayliyen (MAK), ilul-d deg 5 Meɣres 1951 deg Illulen umalu, n taddart Mzeggen deg tama n Buzeggen

Assmi i ifukk taɣuṛi-ynes deg tseddawit n Ldzayer (tamaneɣt) yebda tikli-ynes di ccna deg 1973 imi yewwi arraz amezwaru n tfaska tatrart n ccna n Ldzayer.
Kra n wukud sin akkin isbeggen-d iman-is d akken yella mgal unabad n yiɣil n Dzayer imi yebda-d abrid n tigwin, ɣef igiten agi yekcem-d ɣer temufrikt 13 iberdan.

Sakin (sin akkin) Tafsut Taberkant, imi Tamselta n Dzayer tenɣa yiwen weqcic amelsi yettusemman Masinisa Germah, Ferhat Mhenni isbed Amussu i Timanit n Tmurt, tuddsa ixeddmen akken a tessiwed ar timanit n tmurt n yekvayliyen. Llan wid i nnan d akken ɣef demma n wannecta i yettwanɣa mmi-s Amezian Mehenni deg 2004 di Tamanaɣt n Fṛansa, Paris.

Amussu i Timanit n Tamurt (MAK), Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut (RCD), akk-d Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen (FFS) d ikabaren isertiyen i lin (sann) azal deg Tamurt n Leqbayel.

Deg 4 Yunyu 2010, Aselway Ferḥat At Said yesbed-en Anavaḍ Aqvayli Uɛḍil. Deg Unavaḍ, llan 9 ineɣlafen: Arezqi At Hemmuc, Lyazid Abid, Idir Djouder , Lhacene Ziani , Djamila Amgoud,Mouloud Merhab akk d Makhlouf Idri




#Article 103: Alɣu aseddayan i yizerfan n wemdan (283 words)


Alɣu aseddayan i yizerfan n wemdan d arkawel azerfan agraɣlan i d-isgensisen alɣu amgani sɣur Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen deg wass n 10 dujamber 1948 deg weɣrem n Trocadero i d-izgan di temdint n Paris. Alɣu ayi ittmeslay ɣef turda n Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen ɣef izerfan n wemdan yettwaggẓen ɣer yimdanen yakk. 

Alɣu aseddayan i yizerfan n wemdan yegber seg 30 n imagraden, akken i d-ssezlamay turda n ugraw amatu deg wayen yezzin ɣef yizerfan n wemdan yettunefken i yimdanen.
Alɣu aseddayan i yizerfan n wemdan i d-innulfan deg useggas n 1948 yettumeggez seg gar n yirkawalen tigraɣlanin tigejdanin n yizerfan n wemdan i tegguni tuddsa n yiɣlanen yeddukklen. Yerna tewwi adeg s wazal-is deg usaduf agraɣlan (yakk d urkawal agraɣlan n yizerfan iɣarimen d isertanen deg useggas n 1966, d arkawal agraɣlan n yizerfan idamsanen d yimettiyen d yidelsanen deg useggas n 1966). Dɣa 3 n irkawalen-a ssiliɣen-d ayen yettusemman s tfelwit n yizerfan igraɣlanen. Deg useggas n 1976 , seld mi i d-yella ulkan ɣef sin n irkawalen sɣur waṭas n yiɣlanen, tafelwit n yizerfan igraɣlanen tewwi tadusi n usaduf agraɣlan.

Imdanen akken ma llan ttlalen d ilelliyen, mgadan di trasa d yizerfan, yessefk ad tili tegmat gar-asen.

Yal yiwen ɣur-s azref ad iɣellet tilelli d yizerfan i d-yeddan deg ulɣu agi war tarayit i d-ittasen seg uzdar, ini, aɣlan neɣ tutlayt yakk usɣa d turda tasertant neɣ turdiwin iden.

Yal amdan ɣur-s aẓref deg tudert, tilelli d tɣellist n yiman-is.

Ur yessefk ara ad yili wemdan d akli neɣ d aqeddac n wemdan iden. Tasakla d uzenzi n waklan ttwagdalen.

Imdanen yakk mgadan zdat n usaduf, yerna ɣur-nsen aẓref war afraz i wakken ad ten-yeǧǧen usaduf.

Ula d yiwen ur yettwaṭṭef.




#Article 104: Izem (608 words)


Izem (Assaɣ ussnan: Panthera leo) d aɣersiw amseksum n twacult n tserɣuda yeṭṭafaren Tawsit n iɣilasen, 
Izmawen ttidiren ass-a deg Tefriqt n unẓul n taneẓruft akken i mazal degsen taɣreft meẓẓiyen deg  [Asya tettwaggez s umihi n ungar, ziktallit n uzarmezruy llan ttidiren ula deg Turuft, aɣeṛsiw-agi yenger deg tmiḍi tis snat send n tlallit imi aṭas i yettazzalen deffir-s akken ad t-gemren i wakken ad kksen alemsir-is neɣ ad tesxedmen i tujjya neɣ i wsedhu kan

Izem yettusismel d akken-it d talmest yettwaggzen umihi n ungar s tseddaṛt taddayt anda afimidi n tdersi-ynes tuli deg snat n temrawin yezrin seg 30% ar 50% yerna asirem n tudert n tɣrfin yeffɣen i yfergan iɣelnawen isliw (yeḍɛef) 
Zik nni, Izem deg Tefriqt yella yettidir deg yal tama, deg yal tamurt ula di tneẓruft yakk d idurar am idurar n waṭlas. Maca ass-a grant-d kra kan n tɣerfin yessufin (yettwaɛezlen) aladɣa deg tmura n usamar n Tefrikt

ɣas ma yella izmawen ttbanen-d yakk ttemcabin deg weglam (ṣṣifa) maca llant waṭas n tdulemsin yemgaraden s imik gar yiwet d tayeṭ deg weglam d teɣdi d yini akk d tiddi. Gar tdulmas n yizmawen yellan yettidir deg Tefriqt yella yizemamaziɣ iy negren deg uzaɣar. D netta i d izem ameqqran akk yettwassnen
Izem n Katanga (Panthera leo melanochaita) d izem-nni ay yettidiren deg tsabant (savane) n Kenya d Tanzanya, deg Tefriqt tacerqit. Izem-agi meqqer ciṭṭ, yettidir deg uzaɣar anda ay yettṣeggid izgaren d yiɣersiwen niḍen. 
 
Deg Asya mazal izem la yettidir deg tmurt n Lhend, deg yiwet n tama qqaren-as Gir. Tadulmest-agi qqaren-as izem n Asya (Panthera leo persica) izem-a tettwaggez s waṭas s umihi n ungar acku gran-d xges anagar n 200 n yizmawen. 
Deg Tuṛuft, izem yenger azal n 20 tasutin ay-a, maca deg tasut-agi meṛṛa, medden akk la ttmeslayen fell-as, u mazal aɣersiw-agi yella deg tsugint-nsen.

Timesɣezt tamzikt yakk i wɣersiw yecban izem ufant-id imusnawen deg yiwet n temnadt deg tmurt n Tanzanya addar-is yettuɣal ar 3,5 n imelyan n iseggasen, Kra n imusnawen nnan-d d akken timesɣezt-a tettuɣal i yizem amiran n tidet u mači n umiru-ynes maca timesɣezt nni ur tettwaggeẓ (ur tettwaḥraz ara) akken iwata, Dɣa deg waddad-a imusnawen zemren ad ini-n d akken timesɣezt-a tettuɣal i yiwen n userɣud dgi id yekka yizem (d aẓaṛ amezday). Ma d timetɣezt tamzikt tanaftart yettuɣalen ar yizem n tidet deg Tefriqt yettuɣal waddar-is ar yiwen n umelyun n iseggasen 
Tiserɣuda id yettilin neɣ yudsen yakk ar yizem d tilmas nni yeṭṭafaren tawsit n uɣilas am weksil d uyagwar d uɣilas, Dɣa tizrawin tiǧiniyin d timssilɣanin beyynen-t-d d akken Aksel illa d aserɣud amezwaru id yennebra-n seg uẓar-a amezday send n 1,9 n imelyan n iseggasen s akin yennebda-d uizem d uɣilas send n 1,25 n imelyan n iseggasen

Llan imusnawen ssismilen azal n 12 n tdefrin timiranin n yizem, Tameqrant yakk deg-sent d izem amaziɣ i yellan yettidir deg Tefrikt n ugafa, Imgaraden s wacu i semgirriden yisent tidefrin-a d idgan n tudert, Talɣa n ucebcub (azag), ableɣ d tneẓẓi n unfufed. Maca tefrer n usemgirred n tdefrin s tarrayt-a id yessekren amdan ameqran deg-sent yirna tesseker-d ula d Imgaraden gar ismawen n yiwet n tedfert d ayen yessekren aɣnan deg tluft-a, imusnawen ass-a  ukzen-d (steɛṛfen-d) s 8 n tdefrin kan, maca yiwen deg-sen (Panthera leo melanochaita) yezmer ad yili yettusismel d agul (leɣlaḍ) d akken-it d tadfert tilellit, yirna ula d 7 nni n iden zemren-t ad ilin-t ttusisemlen-t s tuccda 

Tidefrin timiranin

Deg tmurt n Iqbayliyen, izem mazal yettwassen yisem-is yernu yettwabdar-d ama deg yinzan  deg tmucuha, iga d aɣersiw ilan (yesɛan) azal meqqren ɣer Iqbayliyen imi izem d azamul n tezmert akk d tebɣest (lkuṛaj).




#Article 105: Acbayli (377 words)


Acbayli neɣ acbali neɣ acbaylu, d yiwen ujeqdur yettwaxedmen s wemsel meqran s waṭas. yecba tasebbalt maca yugar-it ama deg tiddi neɣ  deg webleɣ, Acbaylu sseqdacen-t i wakken ad ffren deg-s tayla. Tteffren deg-s tasmekta d tameqrant n tayliwin. Wid ilan (yesɛan) aṭas n uzemmur zemren ad llun (ad sɛun) aṭas n yecbuyla. 

Acbayli d azuran yerna ur yerqim ara. Imaziɣen, s umata, reqqmen ijeduren-nsen, yernu Tamurt n Leqbayel d yiwet seg tamiwin Tmaziɣin anda ay ssunuɣen ijeqduren-nsen d isunuɣen. D acu kan, ijeqduren n ussewwi, am yemserbeḥ ay deg ssewwayen aɣrum, neɣ taccuyt d useksut, ur ten-reqqmen ara. D acu kan, deg wagguren-agi iɛeddan, rziɣ ɣef Tipaza yernu walaɣ dinna kra seg yijeqduren n ufexxar n Yicenwiyen, u walaɣ dakk-n ɣer-sen reqqmen ula d taccuyin ! D acu kan, acbayli ur yelli seg yijeqduren ay reqqmen, xas ma yella ur t-sseqdacen ara i ussewwi, maca yewwi-yi-d Ṛebbi dakk-n ur t-reqqmen ara acku yettɣimi deg yimukan yeffren, deg texxamt n lexzin neɣ deg teɛrict. 

Zik, Leqbayel llan zeddɣen deg leḥwaṛi. Yiwet n lḥaṛa zemren ad ilin deg-s waṭas n yexxamen d waṭas n twaculin. Dɣa tikkwal, tiwaculin-agi sɛant deg texxamt-nni taxxamt n lexzin, anda ay xezznen nneɛɛma-nsen. Taxxamt-nni ala amɣar neɣ tamɣart n lḥaṛa ay yesɛan tasarut-is. D acu kan, deg wexxam n Leqbayel aqdim, medden sɛan amkan niḍen anda ay xezznen, wagi d taɛrict. Taɛɛrict neɣ takanna bennu-tt medden nnig n uddaynin, deg wexxam-nni ay deg ttidiren. Taɛrict d taɛlayant yernu tikkwal ḥeǧǧben-tt-id s weɣrab u ttgen-as tawwurt. Tasarut-is, daɣen tettɣimi kan ɣer yemɣaren n wexxam, yernu deg-s ay tteffren rreẓq n wayt wexxam. Icbuyla nezmer ad ten-naf ama deg teɛrict neɣ deg texxamt n lexzin. 

Yuɣ lḥal, medden ttgen leqrar ameqran i zzit-nsen, acku zzit d yiwet seg lɣellat yesɛan azal meqqren akk ɣer Leqbayel. ɣef way-a, acbayli ttgen-as tadimt, messlen-as-tt-id am tbaqit (aḍebsi ameqran ay deg tetten), yernu srusuyen-as-tt sufella. Mi ara as-ssersen tadimt-nni i wecbayli, ad as-tt-selɣen, ɣef yiran, s zzbel n tfunast. Zzbel-nni, mi ara yeqqar, ad yeqqim d ḍḍmana ay d-yesskanen dakk-n tasebbalt-nni ur tt-yeldi yiwen. Medden ttcemmiɛen icbuyla s zzbel i wakk-n ur ttilin ara yiɛeggalen n wexxam ara yakren seg zzit-nni, yernu s umata, d tamɣart n wexxam ay yettalasen ad d-teldi icbuyla i wakk-n ad d-ddmen seg-sen zzit. 




#Article 106: Tiddukla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Ottawa-Hull (842 words)


Tiddukla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Ottawa-Hull (ACAOH) d udus ur nesɛi iswi d idrimen i yebɣan ad d-beggen idles Amaziɣ di Ottawa-Gatineau, yarnu ad tɛiwen imaziɣen i d-yettawḍen ɣer Kanada i wakken a sen-tishil temɛict di tmurt-agi. Iswiyen n Tiddukla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Ottawa-Hull d wiggi:

Yal assegwas, Tidukkla tettheggi-d aṭṭas n leqdic. Di tazwara d afeṭṭen n Yennayer. Akka, lɣaci ttasen-ed s lfeṛḥ d ameqran i wakken ad walin d accu i sen-d-thegga Tidukkla, yal assegwas yettili umaynut, tikwal d amezgun, tikwal d cna akw d cḍaḥ sɣur agraw Tilelli

ACAOH tettfeṭin Tafsut Imaziɣen akw d Tefsut taberkant. I lmend n tefsut, yettili daɣen wahil ar a yesfeṛḥen akw wid akw d tid i d-yettasen, lɣaci ttasen-ed akken a d-mmektin tajaddit akw d laɛwayed n tmurt. Ayen akka akw tettheggi ACAOH tettekki deg-s terbaɛt Tilelli akw d inelmaden n uɣerbaz n Tmaziɣt, mebla ma nettu tirebuyaɛ nniḍen i d-yettasen di yal amḍiq n Kanada.

Deg waggur n Dujember, Tidukkla tettfeṭin amuli ines akw d win n uɣerbaz n Tmaziɣt. Deg wass n umuli-s, ACAOH tettak i ynelmaden tirzaf yerna ttṣuḍun ticemaɛ n wengul n umuli. Daɣen Tidukkla ur tettu ara inaẓuren Iqbayliyen am Maɛṭub Lwennas, tettara-yas tajmilt i tettheggi deg waggur n yunyu. Tajmilt-agi ttekkan aṭṭas deg-s, amma d tarbaɛt n Tilelli, amma d Ferḥat Cebbini neɣ d icennayen nniḍen.

Deg unebdu, wid yettekkin akw d ACAOH, ttefɣen ɣer lexlawi akken ad d-ṭṭfen iṭij akw d ubeḥri. Sɛeddayen ass kamel beṛṛa, taggi d tagwnitt anda ttemyussanen lɣaci.

S lfeṛḥ d ameqwran a wen-d-tinni Tidukkla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Uṭṭawa-Hull belli llant temsirin n Tmaziɣt di Uṭṭawa. D Tidukkla i yewten ɣef izerfan n Tutlayt-nneɣ akken ad tekcem deg wahil n Tmeslaytin Tigreɣlanin i yellan di Unṭaṛyu. Ass-agi yal n win i yebɣan ad iɣer Tamaziɣt yezmer a tt-iɣer mebla lexlaṣ, ilaq kan ad isekles iman-is di tazwara n ussegwas.

Tidukkla ACAOH tettemɛawan akw d wid yettkelfen s Wahil n Tmeslaytin Tigreɣlanin akken ad yegmu uɣerbaz n Tmaziɣt sya ɣer zdat. Llan yedlisen s Tmaziɣt, llan iselmaden n Tmaziɣt, llan akw ttawilat i wakken inelmaden ad ɣren tameslayt nsen akken iwata. Snat n temsirin i yettunefken deg wass n sebt ṣbeḥ. Tella yiwet n temsirt i warrac akw d tullas imecṭaḥ (ddaw n 12 issegwasen) ma d tinna niḍen i wid yellan nnig 12 isegwasen.

 
Tilelli d tarbaɛt n cna akw d cḍaḥ n 11 tlawin. Iswi n wegraw Tilelli d asebgen n yedles Amaziɣ. Tarbaɛt-agi tlul-ed deg usegwas n 2001, seg imiren–nni ur teḥbis ara aḍfeṛ n yeswi-s. Diɣen simma trennu di cbaḥa, deg wahil. Tilelli tettagwem-ed di laɛwayed n lejdud, amma d isefra, amma afeṭṭen. I wakken anecfu yernu a nessider idles Amaziɣ xas akken di lɣeṛba. Tilelli, tettekka deg waṭṭas n tmeɣriwin ger asent:

Diɣent, Tilelli tettekka di tmeɣriwin tetthegi terbaɛt Tafsut n Muryal, tarbaɛt Berbanya d kra n tmeɣriwin n iɣerbazen n Unṭaryu.

Tidukkla tadelsant tamaziɣt di Ottawa-Hull terra-yas tajmilt i tgejdit n umezgun aqbayli : Muḥya, Shakespeare n teqbaylit amek is isemma Ferḥat, ass n sed tameddit, 7 di tuber 2006, di temdint n Uṭṭawa, tamanaɣt tafidiralit n tmurt n Kanada.

Deg ahil n tejmilt-agi, tamezgunt Si Leḥlu, d ccna akk d inebgi n tdukkla, d inebgi n Iqbayliyen merra n Kanada, Ferḥat Imaziɣen Imula.

Si Leḥlu d yiwet ger ugar n 30 tmezgunin yura Muḥya. D Inelmaden d tinelmadin n uɣerbaz n tmaziɣt i-tt yuraren  war akukru am yelɣuɣen, ɣas akken d tikkelt tamezwarut i sullin tamezgunt, yernu tuget seg-sen deg iseggasen n 80 i lulen. Fkan-d yiwen n wudem yessefraḥen aṭas, uraren-d tamezgunt  akken iwata, akken i tt-yebɣa lxaṭer i d-ters fell-as. Si tama-nneɣ, nettara-yasen tajmilt tameqqrant i tullas akk d warrac n tdukkla i s-yefkan azal-is i umezgun. War akukru, kkan abrid n teɣzi xas akken d tikkelt tamenzut i yuraren taceqquft.

Nedder timidi n tsaɛet d wezgen di tlemmast n imesdurar d'nniya-nsen, neḍsa seg wul, nezha. Taqbaylit tneddeh di tzeqqa Jack Purcel di Ottawa. Xas akken ṣṣut mačči dayen igerzen maḍi maca imyurar sgerzen-aɣ-ad tazwayt.

Ilmeẓyen id yuraren tamezgunt akk d iɛeggalen n tdukla tamaziɣt di Uṭṭawa-Hull fkanaɣ-d tamsirt amek yezmer ad yili umennuɣ assa f teqbaylit. Tikli i d-uɣen tgerrez, tif tid yekkan. Nutni ass-a, ḥerzen tutlayt d insayen n yiqbayliyen dayen kan. Ar iḍ-a tarwa uɣen abrid uɣen imezwura-nnsen. Iqbayliyen am wi nezmer a nzux yissen ass-a, a ten-nawi d amedya da di Kanada neɣ anda nniḍen. Abrid-is iban : S ucemmer iɣalen, s useqdec n tmeslayt-nneɣ d uselmed-ines i tarwa-nneɣ akken tebɣu tili tegnitt, akken ad tettwaḥrez , ad tenerni mačči kan d asuɣu deg iberdan nekni ur nessin ad naru ula d awal s teqbaylit.
 
Mi tfuk tmezgunt, deg lawan-nni i deg nella nettraǧu a ttkemmel tmeɣra s ccna akk d, Ferḥat, yuklalen a t-nerr d amazzan n Iqbayliyen deg umaḍal merra war tugdi acku nettkel fell-as, neserbeḥ i imyurar, neddem amur-nneɣ n tesfenǧtin d lqahwa. Nqeṣṣer d iɛeggalen n tdukkla, ḥmed (iɣ-d-isegzin amek i d-tlul tdukkla d wamek tsaweḍ a tt-sekcem tutlayt tamaziɣt deg uɣerbaz unṣib n Ontario), tamedyazt Farida At Harun (Lǧama), Karim Achab (aselmad n tmaziɣt) d wiyaḍ.




#Article 107: Takeddalt (757 words)


Takeddalt d yiwen wawal ur ssinen ara aṭas medden ass-a imi ay qqlen ur t-sseqdacen ara. Awal-a yeqqen ɣer tfellaḥt (takerrazt). 
 
Mi ara gen medden tafellaḥt (takerrazt) deg wakal yessawnen, yeḥḥecrurfen, yebded, sseɛdalen akal-nni, neqqcen-t u ttarrant d tikeddalin, meḥsub d tiṣeddarin, ta s nnig tayeḍ. Yal takeddalt sseqɛaden-as akal-is u d ay-a ara yejjen ifellaḥen ad xedmen akal-nni, ad t-kerzen u ad ẓẓun deg-s ay-n ay asen-yehwan mebla uguren. 
 
Zik, Imaziɣen n tmiwa timedrarin (n yidurar) ttgen akk ay-n umi zemren i wakk-n ad amden (exploiter) akal. Ay anda tella ciṭṭ n tkemmict n wakal, ad tt-sfullḥen, ad tt-xedmen i wakk-n ad tenfeɛ u ad d-tefk lɣella. Ula d imukan iweɛṛen i tkerza, llan medden ttamden-ten akk-n zemren. Amkan anda ur tezmireṛ ara ad tesɛeddiḍ asekraz (lmaɛun), ad ẓẓu deg-s ṭṭjur ara d-yefken igumma (lfakya) neɣ err-it d aɛerqub n uzemmur. Ma d timiwa ay deg akal ur yeṣliḥ ara akk i tkerrazt (tafellaḥt), Imaziɣen llan sseqdacen-t i tkessawt. D acu kan, deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, medden smenyafen ad ksen akraren d yezgaren yernu ur ḥemmlen ara aṭas tiɣeḍḍen. Yuɣ lḥal, tiɣeḍḍen ssexṣarent ṭṭjur, yernu deg Tmurt n Leqbayel kullec ɛziz. Tamurt n Leqbayel ur tesɛi ara aṭas n yizaɣaren. Anda yella uzaɣar, ad t-amden wid izedɣen din, ad ẓẓun deg-s irden d temẓin. Maca deg tuddar n yidurar, medden ttamden akal akk-n zemren u ttgen leqrar i kulci. Tibexsisin, azemmur, lxeḍra, igumma (lfakya) d yibiṣaren d lɣellat ay nezmer ad tent-naf deg tuddar timedrarin n Tmurt n Leqbayel, maca lɣellat-agi meṛṛa ɣlayit, leqdic-nsent meqqer u ɣef way-a Leqbayel ur zmiren ara ad qeblen ad asen-tessexṣer taɣaḍt tineqlin-nsen.  
 
Icebba-yi Ṛebbi dakk-n awal takeddalt yettuseqdac diɣ s unamek n tarekkabt neɣ taṣeddart n yisunan (ddṛuj), maca ur tḥeqqeɣ ara ɣef wanect-a. 
 
Gabriel Camps, ma ur ɣliḍeɣ ara, yenna-d dakk-n Imaziɣen n yidurar yessedacen tikeddalin deg tkerrazt-nsen (tafellaḥt) banen dakk-n d iqdimen, d ineṣliyen deg tmiwa anda ay ttidiren, acku, ɣef leḥsab-is, imi Imaziɣen-agi sɛan aṭas ay-a seg wasmi ay zedɣen adrar, qqlen uɣen tanumi yid-s, myezgen-d d tudert n wedrar u d ay-a ay ten-yeǧǧan ad sseqdacen tikeddalin i wakk-n ad sqeɛden akal yeḥḥecrurfen, u ad qqlen zemren ad t-sfullḥen. Camps yenna-d dakk-n kra n yimezdaɣen n Waṭlas aṣeḥrawi deg Ldzayer, ttgen tikeddalin u d ay-a ay d-yesskanen dakk-n imezdaɣen-agi d iqdimen dinna, d ineṣliyen. D acu kan, Camps yenna-d dakk-n llant tmiwa niḍen (am deg Waṭlas atelli), ay deg imesdurar ɣas d Imaziɣen maca takerrazt-nsen ur d-temyezg ara akk d wakal n yidurar, yernu ur ssinen ara tikeddalin. ɣef way-a, Camps yenna-d dakk-n Imaziɣen-agi ɣas ttidiren ass-a deg wedrar, maca deg laṣel ur llin ara d imesdurar wanag usan-d seg uzaɣar. Ahat Imaziɣen-agi ad ilin srewlen-ten-id seg uzaɣar, dɣa zedɣen idurar yili nitni ur uɣen ara tanumi d tudert n wedrar. 
Akk-n yebɣu yili, ulac ccek dakk-n Leqbayel n tama n ǧeṛǧeṛ d imezdaɣen iqdimen n wedrar. 
 
Yelha ma nessen amezruy n tikli n tewsatin (leɛɛṛac) d trebbaɛ n Yimaziɣen seg wemkan ɣer wayeḍ imi ay-a yezmer ad aɣ-iɛawen i wakk-n ad nefhem amezruy-nneɣ xir, ad nissin amezruy n yal tama deg tmurt-nneɣ (Tamazɣa) u ad nefhem ugar amezruy n tutlayt-nneɣ. 
 
Mi ara nɣer amezruy aqdim n Tmazɣa, ad nger tamawt dakk-n, s umata, idlisen la d-ttmeslayen kan ɣef yegduden d tewsatin tibeṛṛaniyin ay d-ikecmen ɣer tmurt-nneɣ d wassaɣ n yimezdaɣen ineṣliyen akk d yegduden-a, neɣ tikkwal, ula d imezdaɣen ineṣliyen qqlen deg rrif, ur d-ttwabdaren ara akk, wanag amezruy iḥekku-d kan ɣef wassaɣ ay d-yellan ger Ṛṛuman d Yifiniqiyen neɣ ger Yibizenṭiyen d Yiwendaliyen, ad as-tiniḍ tamurt-nneɣ ulac deg-s imezdaɣen. 
 
Maca, seg zik ay llant trebbaɛ d tewsatin timaziɣin la teddunt sdaxel n Tmazɣa u yelha ma nemmeslay-d ɣef way-a deg yiznan ara d-iteddun, ma yebɣa Ṛebbi. Yella yiwen wuṭṭun n La Revue Africaine, ay d-yemmeslayen ɣef way-n uran Ṛṛuman d Yegrigiyen ɣef tikli n yegduden d tewsatin timaziɣin deg tallit-nni. Amagrad-a yebder-d aṭas n yismawen n tewsatin timaziɣin yellan ttidirent deg Libya, Tunes d Ldzayer n wass-a yernu ay-a yesɛa azal meqqren. Ad d-nawi awal ɣef way-a tikkelt niḍen ncalleh. 
 
Bɣiɣ kan ad awen-d-iniɣ dakk-n tikli n trebbaɛ timaziɣin seg tama ɣer tayeḍ d ay-n ay d-yeǧǧan lateṛ deg tmura-nneɣ ar ass-a. Bedreɣ-d tikkelt-nni iɛeddan dakk-n tiwsatin tiznatiyin ad ilint usant-d seg Tunes n wass-a, u bdant la teddunt ɣer lɣerb n Tmazɣa deg taggara n tallit n Ṛṛuman. Tiwsatin tiznatiyin ǧǧant-d lateṛ meqqren mliḥ deg Tmazɣa imi, akk-n yebɣu yili, ssawḍent ad sselḥunt tutlayt-nsent deg qrib akk timiwa n Tmazɣa n Ugafa (nord). Ass-a, tacawit, tacenwit, tamẓabit akk d trifit d tintalyin tiznatiyin. 
 




#Article 108: Muḥend At Yiɣil (200 words)


Muḥend At Yiɣil d amyaru aqbayli ilulen deg 11 wamber 1960 di Bgayet. 

Di 1981 ifɣed si Batna s usileɣ umezgun. Aseggas seld (1982) i sufɣed tarbaɛt tamezwarut n umezgun s tutlayt taqbaylit, isem-is Imuzar di Bgayet. Tacuquft-is tamezwarut id turar isem-is Ineggura id iḥekun amecwar n ilemzi seg uɣerbaz ar Luzin. Deg 1983, isuqel-d ar tutlayt taqbaylit tacuqquft n B. Brecht umi isem-a « mère courage ». Deg 1985, isuqel-d « Voix de femmes » n Kateb Yasin. Ma di 1986, isuqel-d « Pour Jean Lmouhoub Amrouche » n Racid Sufi. Di 1987, itteka ar tarbaɛt umezgun Tadukli di yiwet n tcequft isem-is: Agerruj yigujilen.

Di 1989, netta d imeddukal-is sbedend Tadukli Tadelsant Tamaziɣt n Bgayet. Ger leqdic-is: tawafɣa n tesɣunt tamezwarut n wawalen inmigaden akw d talalit n tarbaɛt umezgun Tiɣri.

Deg 1994, yebbwi arraz amezwaru « Mouloud Mammeri » deg uḥric umezgun. Di 1995, yura tacequft Tamenkart. Di 1996, isuqel-d ar taqbaylit « Huis-clos » n J. P. Sartre. Di 1997, isuqel-d ar taqbaylit « Le Fhoen » n Mulud At Mamar. Si 1998 ar 2000, isufɣ-d 5 ungalen: Tazelmat texser, tayefust ur tarbih ara d anwa yextaren, Allen n tayri, Axeddaɛ, Atlanta, d Tchekhov s teqbaylit.




#Article 109: Smaɛil Meǧber (159 words)


Smaɛil Meǧber, amyaru s tmaziɣt, yiwen seg imezwura seg imɣnasen n tmaziɣt. Smaɛil Meǧber ittidir tagara-ya deg Franṣa anda yettkemmil amahil d unadi ines. 

Akk d imaɣnasen nniḍen (Harun, Ceradi, atg) yessuffeɣ-d s tuffra deg teɣremt n Lezzayer tisɣunin am «Iṭṭij », « Taftilt »… axaṭer adabu iḥewṣen kra yellan d azref n useẓreg, igedlen akk iberdan n usnefli n tutlayt tamaziɣt. Daɣen Smaɛil Meǧber isufɣ-d deg tasɣunt 'ABC Amaziɣ' i yelḥan d acḥal iseggasen (1996-2001) armi teḥbes. Anecta i senjmat-id di yiwen n idlis id yeffɣen ar tizrigin 'Harmattan' di Franṣa deg 2006. Isema-yas : ABC amazigh, une expérience éditoriale 1996-2001.

Smaɛil Meǧber illa, u mazal-it, ikat aṭas af tutlayt n lejdud-is. Ifka tadiwinit i weɣmis n Dépêche de Kabylie, deg uṭṭun 3149 ass n umhad 9 wenbeṛ 2006. Yerra-t-id wasmel n tasekla imyura.net ar tutlayt taqbaylit. Smaɛil Meǧber ifka-d degs tamuɣli ines af umenuɣ af tutlayt tamaziɣt amek ilaq ad yili ar zdat. Attan tadiwinit amek tella.




#Article 110: Gerruma (604 words)


Gerruma (Guerrouma) d yiwet n temdint d tamecṭuḥt, tuzga-d tuzga-d deg twilayt n Tubiret ger Lexḍareyya (Lakhdaria) d Teblaḍt (Tablat). Gerruma tuzga-d deg yidurar-nni anda akk-n tamaziɣt ur tesɛi ara aṭas ay-a seg wasmi ay tenger (ahat ur ttawḍen ara lqern d uzgen ay-a), yernu ar ass-a, mazal llan aṭas n yismawen n yimukan deg tmurt n Gerruma, d ismawen imaziɣen.  
 
Gerruma tuzga-d deg yiwet n tama tamedrart (anda ay llan yidurar), yernu ggtent tẓegwa (leɣwabi) deg tama-a. Llan sin yidurar ay d-iqerben ɣer-s : yiwen qqaren-as adrar n Mesgida (Mesguida) ma d wayeḍ qqaren-as adrar n Tamesgida (Tamesguida). Yuɣ lḥal, newwi-d yagi awal ɣef yisem n umkan Tamesgida, u nenna-d dakk-n awal-a anamek-is (lmeɛna-s) lǧameɛ s tmaziɣt taqburt. 
 
Deg way-n yerzan Gerruma, isem-is ulac ccek dakk-n d amaziɣ, ɣas ma yella ass-a imezdaɣen n tama-a la ssawalen taɛrabt. Yewwi-iyi-d Ṛebbi dakk-n Gerruma ad yili yekka-d seg Igerrumen, d asget n Agerrum. Deg tmaziɣt, agerrum d amrabeḍ, d amdan yesɛan liman iǧehden, yifen medden deg wamek yumen d wamek ixeddem Ṛebbi, yernu ɣef way-a, medden ttqadaren-t (saint). Yuɣ lḥal, mmeslayeɣ d yiwen umeddakel-iw seg temdint-a, yenna-iyi-d dakk-n din sɛan imrabḍen, dɣa d ay-a ay d iyi-yeǧǧan ad xemmeɣ dakk-n ahat, imi ay llan yimrabḍen dinna ay as-semman i taddart-a akk-a Gerruma (ara yilin yekka-d seg *Igerrumen). 
 
Tuɣ, ur netḥiqq ara ma yella d tidet, zik Igerrumen ay as-qqaren i tama-a, maca isem n Gerrumen (ara yilin ula d netta yekka-d seg igerrumen) yella daɣen deg yismawen n yimukan n tlemmast n Ldzayer. Gerrumen d isem n udrar aɛlayan akk deg tama n Ccriɛa (Chrea), deg Waṭlas ablidi (deg unẓul-sud n Blida). 
 
Yuɣ lḥal, imezdaɣen n kra n umkan, mi ara ǧǧen tamaziɣt, ula d ismawen n yimukan-nsen ad bdun ad ten-ttbeddilen : llan kra ttekksen-ten u ttarran-d deg umkan-nsen ismawen niḍen (s taɛṛabt), u llan kra n yismawen imaziɣen, ɣas qqimen-d, maca ad asen-beddlen anṭaq-nsen, ad ten-sxeṣ̣ren u ad qqlen weɛṛen i uɛqal. Yuɣ lḥal, mi ara yeqqel ugdud n kra n tama ur la yessawal ara tamaziɣt, ad yeqqel ur ifehhem ara anamek (lmeɛna) n yismawen-nni n yimukan imaziɣen, dɣa ad yeqqel ur d-yecliɛ ara ma yenṭeq-iten-id ṣ̣eggmen neɣ ala. Yagi, ula d iwerdaniyen (ibeṛṛaniyen), mi ara d-kecmen ɣer walbaɛḍ n tmura, imi ur fehhmen ara anamek n yismawen n yimukan n tmurt-nni neɣ ur uɣen ara tanumi neṭṭqen-ten-id, ad ten-szelgen (Sidi Fṛeǧ, Ifṛensisen rran-t Sidi Ferruch). 
 
Deg way-n yerzan Gerruma, llan sin yibeddilen ay d-yeḍran : tamezwarut, teɣli teɣri n tezwara (voyelle initiale) i (dɣa yeqqel yisem-nni qqaren-as Gerrumen, am yisem n udrar n Ccriɛa). Sakk-in, adfir-nni (suffixe) n usget (-en), ibeddel u yeqqel d a. Yuɣ lḥal, seg zik, wid yessawalen tutlayin niḍen ttbeddilen ismawen imaziɣen yettfakan s -en, u ttarran-ten ttfakan s -a. 
 
Deg tallit n Rruman : 
 

 
Ahat yella yewɛeṛ ɣef Ṛṛuman ad d-neṭqen ismawen imaziɣen yettfakan s -en, dɣa ssafessen ɣef yiman-nsen taɛkemt u qqlen neṭṭqen-ten-id u ttarun-ten s -a deg taggara. 
 
Daɣen akk-a ay gan Yifṛensisen d Waɛṛabwalen deg Ldzayer : 
 
Guṛaṛa d yiwen n umda (oasis) ay d-yuzgan deg unẓul (sud) n Tɣerdayt. Amda-a zedɣen-t Yimẓabiyen u qqaren-as Iguraren. D acu kan, seg zik aɛṛabwalen n Ldzayer qqaren-as Guṛaṛa, u asmi ay d-wwḍen Yifṛensisen, qqlen la as-ssawalen Gourara. 
 
Imceddalen d yiwet n temdint ay d-yuzgan deg ugmuḍ (ccerq) n twilayt n Tubiret (Bouira). Ifṛensisen llan la as-ssawalen Maillot, d acu kan, asmi ay tewwi Ldzayer azarug-is (indépendance), teqqel tedbelt (administration) tadzayrit la as-tessawal M'cheddala neɣ M'chedallah. Ay-a d amedy-a n ussezleg (asseɛwej) ay deg tadbelt tadzayrit tefka afus. Isem n temdint-a netta d Imceddalen, d isem aqbur (aqdim), yernu yessefk ad yeqqim kan akk-n yella zik.




#Article 111: Brahim Izri (144 words)


Brahim Izri d anaẓur n ccna atrar aqbayli, ilul ass n 12 yennayer 1954 deg taddart At Laḥsen deg At Yenni, di temnaṭ d Tizi Wezzu. Yemmut ass n 3 yennayer 2005 si sbiṭar 'Hôtel-Dieu' di 'Paris', s yiwen n lehlak n Cancer umhares.

Deg tagerda ines, Brahim Izri yawey-t-id jeddi-s ad yesmeḥses i ccnawi n tasɣanant n tazawiyat n Sidi Belqacem deg aẓi n At Yenni. Deg tanuba, yessebded s sin imeddukkal n tasnawit, Nat Ɛabdelɛaziz d Aɛziz Berreḥma, tagrawt Igudar deg tallit nni aṭas tigrawin ḍḍfent imenɣi adelsan, asnilsi d n tmagit di Lezzayer, am Isulas, Inasliyen, les Abranis, Imaziɣen Imula. Yebedda-d sakkin amecwar iman-is dɣa yesuffɣed iseɣraz ines imezwura. Deg useggwas 1999, yecna s Yidir d Maxime Le Forestier tizlit yettwasemman Tizi-Uzzu. Deg iḍrisen ines ad affem isental ɣef tamḥaddit n izerfan n tlawin dɣa ɣef tulut gar irgazen d tilawin.




#Article 112: Si Muḥend u Mḥend (243 words)


Si Mhend u Mhend nat Ḥammaduc d amedyaz, s ameɣnas, d afelsaf aqbayli, ilul deg useggas n 1845 deg taddart n Icerɛiwen. Yemmut deg wass n 28 dujamber 1906 di Micli

I wakken ad yerwel f yira (ttaṛ) n baba-s Mḥend Amezyan U Ḥamaduc, yeffeɣ seg taddart n ugemmun igra ad izdeɣ deg icerɛiwen . Deg 1857, iserdasen n Fṛansa sserɣen taddart n Icerɛiwen, rran deg wadeg-is taddart niden semman-as Fort Napoléon (Laṛebɛa n At Yiraten tura).

Imawlan n Si Muḥend u Mḥend gran ar Sidi Xlifa, deg tama n Weqbu. Anya-s (Ɛemmi-s) Cix Arezqi U Ḥamaduc yellan d amusnaw n tneslemt, isbedd yiwet n tmɛemmert (Zawiya) anda yesselmad Leqran.

Si Muḥend issurres (isseḥṛec) imezdaɣ n tmurt n Iqbayliyen mgal tamhersa Tafrensawt akken yessuter deg-sen ad t-zerber s yal tarrayt ayen yettaǧǧan Fṛansa ad t-itteṭṭf w ad t-salin (ad tɛettben). Akken izzugin (infan) kra n yigmamen n twacult-is ar Kalidunya tamaynut maca annect-a Ur yeṛṛiẓ ara tirat-is deg tira n yisefra d tmedyazin tislulliyin mgal tamhersa

Isefra n Ssi Mḥand ttusgerwen-d seld n tmekkist-is (lmut-is) deg telkensit n usefru anda ttusiggzen deg useggas n 1904, sin akin deg useggas n 1960 Mulud Ferɛun yules-as (iɛawed-as) asiggez sin akin Mulud n at Mɛemmer deg useggas n 1969 deg Tgelda n Umeṛṛuk. Deg useggas n 2000 yettusuɣel ar tutlayt Taserɣint. Talkensit-a tettales-d (tḥekku-d) ɣef unegriref d wassas (lḥif) n umedyaz d tussaft d timannest d tayri akken id yesmaneg amezruy amaziɣ d imenɣi mgal tamhersa




#Article 113: Ben Muḥemmed (1714 words)


Ben Muḥemmed (ism unṣib Benhamadouche Mohamed, mu ssawalen “Ben”) d amedyaz aqbayli d-ilulen ass n 10 di meɣres 1944 deg At Wasif, Tizi Wezzu.

Yekker-d Ben Muḥemed ger taddart akk d Lezzayer tamaneɣt anda yettmuddu afus i baba-s yellan yesɛa tahanutt di place de Chartres. Maca deg useggas 1958, terra-t tmara ad yeggaǧ akk d ttwacult-is u ad idiren di Lezzayer. Di tmaneɣt, yelmed asefrek anazraf1 d wayen d-icudden ɣer twuri taḍeblant2 am akken yeqdec deg aṭas imukan am Tnebḍadt3 n Lezzayer ger iseggasen 1963-1975 akk d Uɣlif n ttrebga taɣelnawt4 si 1976 almi d ass m’ iruḥ ɣer Fransa di 1991.

Aseggas 1958, d win iḥuzan tameddurt n Ben Muḥemed acku iḥulfa akken ilaq i wass deg yeǧǧa i lebda taddart deg d-ilul d wanda d-yekker. Tameddurt n temẓi-s di taddart d ttin mu yecfa, acku ulac ayen t-iḥuzan d wayen yesɛan azal ɣur-s annect n tjaddit, lḥerma d tegmatt yelmed di taddart, akk d ttmusni n yemɣaren sut wawal azedgan d umeslay iqeɛɛden. Werǧin yettu ass deg iwala i tikelt tamezwarut Sliman Azem d-yusan ad yecnu deg yiwet n lqahwa deg At Wasif. Ass nni, yuɣas-d baba-s yiwen wammud amecṭuḥ deg-s isefra n Sliman Azem. Ahat imirni i s-tekcem tmedyazt ɣer wul, imi 8 iseggasen kan ɣur-s mi ysel yakan i tuɣac u yeṭṭafar imeslayen nsent di lkaɣeḍ! Deg useggas 1956, isel i yiwet n tmeṭṭut d-irewlen ɣer taddart nsen, teččewwiq s taɣect i gezzmen tasa, twaɣit d lmeḥna d-yeɣḍel ttraḍ ɣef tmurt. Yenna-d fell-as “isefra d icewwiqen-is d ttaswast5 n wayen iḍerrun ussan nni!”. Anda i tedda iḍfer-itt. Timliliyin agi d-yeḍran di temẓi-s neǧrent abrid i ṣeggmen i wmedyaz nessen ass-a. Tahanutt n baba-s d ttin d-yezgan ger tsedlist6 akk d yiwen yeznuzun iḍebsiyen d ttesfifin n ccna. Yeffud taɣuri yeswa-d ɣer umezwaru, wis sin yesselmed-as tiwsatin uẓawan7 d-yufraren di tallit nni.

Ccna imu yettḥessis ɣer bu iḍebsiyen yeldi-as allen ɣer yiwet n taluft : yuki d akken imeslayen n tezlatin d ifessasen, yakan ur ifehhem ara akken ilaq, maca yezra ur d-tmeslayen ara ɣef ayen iḍerrun di tmurt deg tallit nni. Yettaru i yiman-is kan i lmend n wesɛeddi n wakud imeslayen s teqbaylit yettarraten i tuɣac i t-iɛjeben. D widak i d isefra imezwura n Ben Muḥemed. Icennu ɣef tegmatt u yekkat di tmettan yettawin ḥala wid lɛali. Di 1961, yebɣa Ccix Nurdin a-t-ikles di rradyu, maca ass mi d-yeḥḍer ukeččum ɣer ustudiu teksas-tt tebɣest acku werǧin yenna i yimawlan-is iḥemmel ccna. Yeffer fell-asen acku akken d-yenna netta “ccna di tallit nni d “lɛib” ” Di 1966, yettiki s timmad n ucennay analmad di tedwilt n Crif Xeddam “Icennayen uzekka”, maca ass mi yesla i taɣect-is di rradiu i yeẓra ur d-ilul ara ad yecnu.

Leqdic deg umaṭṭaf wis II n rradyu n Lezzayer

Tawuri n Ben Muḥemed deg umaṭṭaf wis II tebda deg useggas 1967 anda yettikki di tedwilt n Said Hilmi Timlilit imedyazen. Sin iseggasen kan d afella yeṭṭef tadwilt tamenzut iman-is, u yebda leqdic i ssnen wid yeṭṭafaren amaṭṭaf wiss II di tallit nni : seg tedwilt ɣer tayeḍ, leqdic n Ben Muḥemed ijeddel tikli i tedwilin tidelsanin tiseklanin8 n rradyu tis II mu d-yewwi udem amaynut. Di tedwilt ines taneggarut “Tamurt n imedyazen” (1982/83) i ɣer d-rezzfen aṭas n imeddukal-is (tigti d imedyazen izzayriyen yettwassnen), yeɣɣar-d tisuqliwin iga netta i waṭas n yedrisen igreɣlanen9, abeɛda wid n Neruda, Aragon, Prévert, atg.

Deg 15 iseggasen n leqdic, yufrar-d Ben Muḥemed ger imsedda10 n rradyu imeqranen di Lezzayer. Daɣen ad yeqqim d win ur d-yecbin ara infarasen11 nniḍen n umaṭṭaf wis II, ama deg tutlayt yesseqdac d-yufraren ɣef tin n imsedda nniḍen deg teqwa taẓayt akk d ttaɛrabt, ama deg isenṭal12 ɣef d-yettawi di tedwilin-is. Maca, tetbeɛ-it tedrest13 almi d ass m’ ilaq ad ijeddel izwal n tedwilin : myal ass m’ ara tebdu tedwilt ur “tɛeǧǧeb” ara iy imḍebbren, a-t-ḥettmen ad yeddem tadwilt nniḍen s wezwel amaynut, ayagi myal 6 wagguren. Maca, imi tidwilin-is sɛant azal meqqren, jebbdent-d aṭas n yemsefliden yeqqlen ṭṭafaren Ben Muḥemed di myal tadwilt, d azwel yebɣun tesɛa-t. Leqdic n Ben Muḥemed s umata deg umaṭṭaf wis sin yebna ɣef unadi n tajaddit, n iẓuran nneɣ imaziɣen akk d unadi n tnekkit14. Ayagi iḥulfa-t daɣen ɣer imsefliden-is. Ihi iwala ilaq a-sen-imud ula d nutni ayen d-ileqqeḍ seg temsirin n tmaziɣt yesselmad Dda Lmulud At Mɛemmer di tesdawit n Lezzayer akk d wayen d-yesquccud netta sya u sya. Isenṭal n umennuɣ n tnekkit banen-d di leqdic s umata n Ben Muḥemed tazwara n iseggasen n 70, imi aṭric ameqran n wayen s-ineǧren abrid ɣer wayagi d ameqqun n tebratin tiɣezfanin s-d-ttarun yemsefliden ḥuzant tedwilin-is, akk d tmusni yessen wid yekkaten ɣef tmaziɣt di tallit nni ama di tesdatwit n Lezzayer neɣ ɣer Wegraw Imaziɣen, (Académie berbère) di Lpari.

Ben Muḥemed d win iɛellen aṭas n tmeɣriwin tinazranin15 akk d icennayen Crif Xeddam, Yidir, Ait Manguellet, Imaziɣen Imula atg, anda d-yeɣɣar tamedyazt-is, akk d ttemliliyin akk d imedyazen nniḍen i tɣuri n isefra, ama di Lezzayer neɣ di Fransa. Yessufeɣ-d daɣen 6 tceqqufin i umaṭṭaf wis II n rradyu n Lezzayer. Yettikki di tririt ɣer teqbaylit (akk d Uṛeẓqi Si Muḥemed, Ɛmeṛ Mezdad d Saɛid Sadi) n tceqqufin umezgun n Kateb Yasin Ddem tabalizt-ik a Muḥ akk d Kahina. Am akken d-yerra ɣer teqbaylit iḍrisen n yiwen usaru ameẓyan iga Azzedine Meddour di 1991 akk d ttsuqelt n idiwenniyen16 i usaru iga Mustapha Mengouchi ɣef Ait Menguellat di 1990. Yelqeḍ-d u iṣeggem isefra iqburen tecna Xadiǧa i usaru n Mohamed Ifticen Les rameaux de feu, u yura tuɣac n usaru n Fawzi Sahraoui deg yerra tajmilt i Isiaxem.

Neẓra d akken amaṭṭaf wis II ɣur-s azal ameqran deg usakwi n yeqbayliyen, aḥric meqqren deg ayagi yurar-it Ben Muḥemed. Seg ass mi yebda leqdic di rradyu, Ben Muḥemed yettmeslay i yemma-s acku, akken i d-yenna, ur tetmeslay ula d yiwet n tutlayt nniḍen nnig taqbaylit. D ayen yeǧǧan tameslayt d-yufraren di tedwilin-is d ttin teččur lemqadra akk d ttiẓet n wawal, daɣen d tutlayt tazedgant deg ulac imeslayen itraren imi yesmenyif ad yezzi i wawal akken nniḍen wala aseqdec n imeslayen imaynuten.

Tamedyazt n Ben Muḥemed d ttin i t-igan d yiwen ger yitran n tsekla taqbaylit tartart17. Isefra-s seg tazwara n iseggasen n 70 d wid d-yetmeslayen ɣef umennuɣ n tnekkit, maca daɣen azal n tmedyazt-is yella di lehhu d ttiẓeṭ n imeslayen-is yekkaten ɣer wul. Aṭas n ilmeẓyen di tallit nni i tḥuza tiɣri n tmurt d tyemmatt deg yiwen usefru yellan d ttigejdit deg tsekla n umennuɣ ɣef tmaziɣt : Yemma yura di furar 1973. Deg usefru ya, (i d-nerra dagi) iḥulfa weqcic s wayen yeḍan d tyemmatt, tamurt d ttutlayt ɣef tikelt deg ayen igi d-gwrant, yiwen uɛekkaz i tent-yewwten, kraḍ (3) yidsent i yexnunsent, yettwakkes fellasent sser. Yezmer wemdan d tidett ad yessusem zdat n wayen iḍerrun d tyemmatt? Ala; ihi yeggul weqcic dayen ur yessussum, d wawal ineqqen ass-a t-id yini!

Deg useggas 1972, yebda Ben Muḥemed leqdic akk d ucennay Yidir (Hamid Cheriet) mu yura asefru yerra-t i yiwet n tmuzigt iga yakan Yidir. Akka dɣa i d-tlul di 1973 tezlitt A baba-inu ba yettwasnen ass-a ɣer aṭas iɣerfan18 di ddunnit imi tettwasuqel ɣer nnig n 7 tutlayin gar-asent ula d ttacinwatt. A baba-inu ba d tizlitt iɛeddan tilas n lehhu di myal tallit imi ɣur-s azal anaẓran aseklan19 meqqren, u daɣen d ttaɣect yefkan amedya i tlalit n ccna atrar s teqbaylit. D Ben Mohamled i yuran akk imeslayen n uḍebsi amezwaru n Yidir, kra n isefra yella yuraten yakan seg zik, wiyaḍ akka am Zwi-tt rwi-tt, Cfiɣ amzun d iḍelli, D izumal, d Yidir i s-ten-id yessutren. Isenṭal yesseqdec deg tuɣac-a, ɣas ma iga amur ula i tɣawsiwin n tmeddurt n myal ass am lferh d wurar, tigti kkaten ɣef yedles, tinekkit, akk d tteqbaylit.

Yiwwet ger tgejda nniḍen n ccna n teqbaylit mu yura Ben Muḥemed imeslayen d Nouara, abeɛda i wḍebsi ines Tameṭṭut n tmurt n Leqbayel d wurfan-is, 1980. Tizlatin akka am ǧerǧer neɣ Ssiɣ lmeṣbaḥ yernan di lehhu s taɣect n Nouara yeččerrigen ulawen, d ttiɣri i tufɣɣa n tmeṭṭut si ṭṭlam i waken attwali tafat.

Amar Sersour chante Ben Muḥemed : cfu ay ixf-iw d ttasfift d-yeffɣen di 1982 anda icennu Mass Sersour isefra n Ben Muḥemed u yeɣɣar-d idrisen-is. Asenṭel d-yufraren di tesfift agi d win n umennuɣ amazray20 n Tmurt n iqbayliyen ɣef izerfan-is.

Di 1983, yessufeɣ-d Ben Muḥemed deg yiwwet n tesfift (akk d Amar Sersour d Achour Fernane) idrisen yura s talɣa n tmedyazt yesɛan azal aseklan meqqren. Deg-sen i d-yedda usefru n Yemma yellan dɣa d azwel n tesfift. Ben Muḥemed yeɣɣar-d s timmad-is kra seg yedrisen-is. (Aneɛreḍ a d-ner kra n tukkisin i tmesliwt seg tesfift agi deg ussan i d-iteddun).

Ddan-d kra n yedrisen n Ben Muḥemed deg yiwen seg uṭṭunen n tesɣunt Itinéraires et contact des cultures d-yetmeslayen s umata ɣef tsekla taɣerfant di Tefriqt Ugafa; am akken d-yesseda Y. Nacib isefra-s akk d ttssuqelt nsen ɣer tefransist deg wedlis ines Anthologie de la poésie kabyle.

Tawuri taseklant n Ben Muḥemed yessuget-itt s leqdic ɣef izerfan deg annar umennuɣ, imi yettikki d wazal n snan (20) inaẓuren d waggagen21 (garasen Lmulud At Mɛemmer, Tahar Djaout, Kateb Yasin, Mhamed Isiaxem, Sliman Benaïssa…) deg usebded n yiwet n tiddukla tadelsant tamaziɣt di 1981, maca adabu n yimiren yegguma a-s-yefk udem unṣib.

Yettikki daɣen deg usebded n tiddukla tadelsant tussnant22 Tala, d-ilulen di Lezzayer di 1990; am akken yesselwi23 di Lpari tiddukla Tawrirt yettwattun (La colline oubliée) d-isslal i lmend n tikci ufus i wsufeɣ n usaru n A. Bouguermouh.

Tamedyazt d nettat i d-inudan ɣef Ben Muḥemed. Ilul-d ad issefru. Yakan d ilemẓi, yella yettargu ad yeqqel yiwen wass d acennay. Ssakin tawuri-yis di rradyu tḥettmit ad yemmeslay s teɣzi n wawal yiwet n tutlayt i ynuda amek ara teɛjeb yemma-s. Yella wayen yifen dɣa ameslay akk d imawlan s tutlayt tayemmatt ? Tagnitt deg i d-gra teqbaylit akk d yidles amaziɣ di Lezzayer n wass-a tḥettem arraw-is ad wwten amek ara ṭṭfen di tnekkit nsen. Amennuɣ n Ben Muḥemed yettkemmil.

Yella-d wesqucced i lmend n tira n umagrad agi seg tmeddurmant24 n Ben Muḥemed yura s tefrensist Ms. Slimane Hachi di DBK, Asuneḍ25 1, Tiẓrigin Ina-Yas/Edisud, 2001. Isefra ttwaksen-d seg udlis n Youcef Nacib: Anthologie de la poésie kabyle, Lezzayer, Tiẓrigin Andalouses, Lezzayer, 1993




#Article 114: Lḥusin Ukerdis (225 words)


Lḥusin Ukerdis ilul deg Tala Yaɛla, yiwet n teddart n lɛerc n Iflisen Umellil.

Lɛerc-agi immug am ukerdis s krad n teɣmar: Yesser (Isers), Mirabeau akk d Draɛ Lmizan. Tamnaṭ-a n Tmurt tefka-yaɣ-d irgazen am Ali Mellah n Taqa, Krim Belqasem n wat Yehya, Amar Amsaḥ n At Xelfun…atg
Lḥusin ukerdis iɣra deg yiwen seg ɣerbazen imezwura itga Fransa deg Tmurt: Iɣil bb Uɣmari (aɣerbaz ildin imrabḍen irumyen deg useggas n 1898). Sinna iɣra deg Lissi n Delles. Tamedyazt tebda tkečm-as ar wul imi issel i imedyazen n Tala Yaɛla ! Muḥ d Hemmu, Rabeh n Amar Qasi, Belɛid n Igallez akk d wiyaḍ. Lḥusin tɛedda fell-as lgirra nni mgal Fransa timsehrest akk d tinna yedran gar FFS akk d udabu n Ben Bella.
Deg useggas n 1971, Lḥusin ukerdis iffeɣ seg Tmurt izger ar Fransa and yella d-analmad armi d aseggas n 1980.

Ass-a Lhusin ittidir deg Kanada anda isselmad deg Tesdawit n Montreal. Deg wakud n 30 iseggasen, isbedd neɣ ikka deg usbeddi n qeddac d-tidukla:

Club Iflisen (1974),
Amitiés Amazigho-Française (1977),
Club Imazighen de Montreal (1980),
Tidukkla Averroès (1987).

Yura deg snat n tesɣunin i d ifɣen deg Temrikt Ugafa: Ildi akk d “Chroniques d'Averroès”
Issufɣ-ed deqs seg tmedyazt-is deg tesɣunin timaziɣin. Iseggasen-a ineggura, ttekksen ffad wid umi tefka tegnitt s tmedyazt talqayant n Ukerdis deg Amazigh-net i d ittarra war cehha.




#Article 115: Maǧid Allawa (133 words)


Maǧid Allawa d amyaru, d amnadi di tasnawalt Aqbayli yeffeɣ-d si tesdawit n Kopenhagen di tmurt n Danmark. La thèse de 'Doctorat' ines af tmeslayt n at Ziyyan di tmurt n leqbayel usammer. Yeqdec aṭas iseggasen d tama n Karl Prasse di tesdawit n Kupenhag di Danmark. 

Maǧid Allawa yesɣer tasnawalt tamatut di tesdawt n Odense di Danmark akk d tesnislist n tmaziɣt di tesdawt n Lund di tmurt n Sswid. Yessezri (Yesɛedda) daɣen aseggas di INALCO d amaggaz postdoctoral s taggazt sɣur unabad n Fransa. D amaru n waṭas imagraden ffɣen-d di Paris, Nurwij, Swid, Lalman akk d Danmark. 

Yettekka daɣen deg-simiraren ɣef tmaziɣt. Imira iqeddec d aselmad akk d amendar deg-ɣerbaz n tutlayin i iberraniyen di Danmaṛk. 

Ɣures yiwen n wedlis s wazal-is, isem-is  Afus n Tmucuha i welmad n Teqbaylit




#Article 116: Meksa Ɛebdelqader (1168 words)


Meksa Ɛebdelqader ilul di 4 yunyu 1954 di taddart Mira n tɣiwant Timizart i d-izgan di lɛerc n At Jennad di temnaṭ n Tizi Wezzu. Asmi i yeweḍ 6 isegwasen di lɛemr-is, idda d imawlan-is ar temnaṭ n Blida anda isɛeda aṭas iseggasen uqbel ad yuɣal ad izdeɣ di 'la pointe pescade', di tama n Buluɣin di Lzzayer tamanaɣt. Yella isɛa 22 iseggasen asmi yunag ar Franṣa, anda yella izdeɣ di Épinay, Paris. Din Meksa illa ixeddem di tasenselkimt (informatique) illa yettidir d yiwet n tefranṣiṣt isem-is Natali. Deg useggas n 1980 yesɛa-d yid-s taqcict umi yefka isem amaziɣ : Masiba.

Dɣa deg ṣenduq id yuɣal si tmurt Franṣa ar taddart-is Mira. Imi issufeɣ iman (tarwiḥt) ass n 30 tuber 1988 di yiwet n laksida n tkarust di Créteil-Paris. Ar assa tamettant ines illa deg-s asurdu (ccek) aken iqqar gma-s amecṭuḥ id yewwin ṣur-as (ljetta-s) ar tmurt si Paris. Kullec izmer ad yilli: izmer ad yilli anecta ikad si 'le racisme' n ifranṣiyen, imi imiren anecta iqwa nezzeh di tmurt n Victor Hugo.  U daɣen izmer ad yilli dayen nniden: ur ilaq ara a nettu tamettant n Dda Lmulud At Mamer id yellan deg kra n wagguren kan mbaɛd n tin n Meksa imi sebba n tmettant-nsen d yiwet. Ma nerra ar imeslayen n Natali, i d-nuder s ufella, tenna: af wayen i s d-nnan wid isexsayen times (Les pompiers), illa win i t-iwten maca ur zrin anwa. Ulac acemma n tbut af waya. Ayen ilaq ad tezrem belli imut deg yiwet n tesqamut n temsulta di Kritey (Commissariat de police de Créteil). 

Nek urjin ad ttuɣ ass nni asmi i-mut Meksa, cfiɣ d yiwen uɣmis i-ḥemleɣ ad-ɣreɣ nezzeh imiren i d-ifkan isallen n tmettant n Meksa: wagi d 'Algérie Actualité', i d-ittefɣen yal amalas aken tezram ahat.

Iwaken kan ad smektiɣ daɣen belli tasfift tanegarut n Meksa, isem-is Amɣar Azemni, u tefɣed deg useggas n 1988: kra imalasen kan uqbel ad yemmet. D lewhayem amek di tesfift agi, tella yiwet n tezlitt anda t heder-d af tuɣalin ar tmurt deg uṣenduq.

Meksa illa meẓẓiy asmi i s-tekcem tayri n ccna s d uẓawan s ul-is. Deg 1973 ikcem ar umaṭaf wis 2 n Rradyu taɣelnawt n Lzzayer i waken ad itteki di yiwet n tarbaɛt uceqquf umezgun. Deg 1975, ijja Rradyu s anar n ccna. Yella ger tasuta tamaynut inazuren id yufraren deg segwasen n 70, ger imezwura n ccna i fkan azal muqqran i tezlit taqbaylit tartart, am Ferḥat Mhenni, Mjahed Ḥamid, Yidir, ǧamal Ɛellam, Menad, Ccix Nuredin, d wiyad. Zemreɣ ad ini-ɣ belli Meksa illa d win i sexdamen di tezlatin ines ugar n wawalen neɣ imeslayen ur nesexdem ara s ṭaqa imiren. Ad smekt-iɣ kan belli deg seggasen n 70-80 macci aṭas, ladɣa wid izedɣen timdinin, illan i snen awalen am: Isalen, Agdud, Tagrawla, Tafsut, Dujenbir, Idles, Agellid, … Daɣen di tezlatin-is iḥekud Meksa lawayed-neɣ (Anzar, Yimecreṭ, …) d tmucuha-neɣ (Lunǧa, Zelgum, …) akw d umezruy imaziɣen d igeliden nsen am Masinisa d Gaya. Anecta ahat ur d yettili ara lukan ur yelli Mas Muḥ Cerbi, i yeklalen tajmilt muqren, d netta i ttaken imeslayen i Meksa. Usmekti kan Muḥ Cerbi, d yiwen umeɣnas n tmaziɣt  u d-amyaru af umezruy imaziɣen i ttwasnen.

Deg segwas n 1975 id isufeɣ adebsi ines amezwaru umi isem-a Tasfut. Asegwas id yernan, yunag ar Franṣa, anda i sekles adebsi wayed azwel-is: Taɣuzi deg idles, anda lant yakw tuɣac i-s-yettwasen Meksa am Asif Asif, Anzar, Timecreṭ, …ur nettu i lebda imi fazent nezzeh. Deg segwas n 1979, Meksa icna di tzzeqa n Aṭlas di Lzzayer tamanaɣt zdat n waṭas id yusan a s-inezhen. Deg segwas-a dɣa i sekles adebsi wayed umi yefka isem n: Tagrawla, anda llant tuɣac am Masinisa, Tafunst igujilen, Zelgum, … d tuɣac usagki id ismektayen aqbayli, neɣ amaziɣ s umata, amezuy ines d taɣarma ines iqburen. Anecta yussad swaswa kan imi asegwas wayed, aken tezram yakw ussant-d tedyanin nni n Tafsut n 80. Dɣa deg seg wass agi, i sekles Meksa adebsi ines wis krad izwel-is : Amnekcem, anda yerra tajmilit ilmezyen n tefsut imaziɣen. Isyin akin Meksa iḥbes d acḥal isegwasen armi d 1988 anda i sekles, aken id nenna s uffela, adebsi-is aneggaru (Amɣar azemni), kra imalasen kan uqbel ad imet.

Wid iḥedren asmi i yenṭel Meksa, qaren-d ayen i ttuɣaḍen, asmi imut ulac aṭas n medden, ula d yiwen unazur, neɣ uneɣmas id yussan ad iḥḍer i tenṭelt-is. Acku anecta imi Meksa illa di tudert-is d yiwen ur iḥemlen ara ad isken iman-is (être médiatisé), ad ittwasen, neɣ ad yilli dima deg iɣmisen neɣ di ôadyuwat, wama tilizri imiren ur d tṣaḥ ara i nekwni s imaziɣen. Meksa isɛa kan yiwen n iswi: ad isawed s ṣut-is d uẓawan-is i fazen, leḥmala n idles-neɣ  ar imezzaɣ n yal aqbayli i waken a t id ismekti yal tikelt ara s-isel belli isɛa amezuy meqqren, ur ilaq ara ad iḥqer iman-is. 

Tura nezmer ad n-ini izen ines atan yeweḍ imi deg seg wassen agi innegura, d ayen i sefraḥen ma nettwali aṭas n tejmilin i s-ittuɣalen i sya w sya. U aṭas i t-id ismektayen, ama deg ismal neɣ deg iɣmisen neɣ di tilizri n tmaziɣt neɣ. Dɣa ad smektiɣ kan belli tilizri agi t heḍred aṭas af Meksa ussan agi yezrin. Daɣen deg ussan n 23-24 uwenbir 2006, taddukli tadelsant Yusef u Qasi, n taddart Mira, akw d wexxam n yedles Mulud At Mamer n Tizi-Wezzu, heggan-d yiwen n wahil ilmend n tejmilt unazzur Meksa. Tagara yagi daɣen aṭas n-yeɣmisen n tmurt i d ihedren af Meksa. Di Muriyal tella-d yiwet n tameɣra muqren ass n 16 dujenbir 2006: ‘Kabylie Spectacle’ anda tellad yiwet tejmilit i Meksa s wudem ur usrid yiwen unazur icna-d kra n tezlatin n Meksa u waken tasuta tamaynut di Kanada ad zren d anwa-t Meksa.

Ayen i zemreɣ a tidernuɣ di tagara af Meksa, greɣ tamawt s kra n win i slan neɣ ara yeslen i tuɣac-is, s zux ad yini nek d aqbayli neɣ d amaziɣ, s umata. S kra n wid umi fkiɣ adebsi usid i sɛig n Meksa, u yufa-d lḥal ur t-sinnen ara uqbel, nnan-iyi d: Aqlaɣ n caṭew, dayen ifazen madi , neɣ aken id qqaren tikwal kra s t-franṣiṣit ‘C’est sublime, c’est magnéfique, c’est génial’. Lḥaṣul Meksa, ma s isel wemdan, i zmer ad yer yal yiwen iruḥen ad yeceḍ ad yuɣal ar laṣel. Tuɣac-is yakw katet s ul srid u smekt-ayen-d taneṣlit. Ayen yakw i yecna isɛa anamek, isɛa azal, ama af Tayri (Lunǧa, …), d lawayed (Anzar, Timecreṭ, …), d amezruy (Gaya agellid n Numidya, Masinisa), lferf d leḥzen (Tafsut, Asif Asif, …), Timucuha (Tafunsat igugilen, Zelgum, …). Dɣa ad ferṣeɣ tagnitt, i win urjin isla i Meksa, neɣ win ibɣan a s-isel i waken a t-id smekti, izmer ad yerzu ar wesmel agi: 

Amek ur tcerwem ara, ma teslem i meslayen icban wi:

Isem-ik d imesli-k (ṣut-ik) a Meksa atan ad yeqqim i lebda. 
D Dda Lmulud At Mamer id inna-n: Yella yiwen yella ulac-it, yella wayeḍ ulac-it yella.




#Article 117: Nadya Benmuhub (159 words)


Nadya Benmuhub, d tamyarut, d tamedyazt d tameɣnast n yedles. Temmut s waṭan n wul, ass n 27 tuber (mrayur) 2002, meẓiyet di leɛmer-is kan 33 isegwasen. D aṭṭan i t zuɣur yid-s si 1990. Tella tezdeɣ deg Iwaḍiyen, lameɛna aẓar-is si taddart Zaknun i d-yezgan deg At Wasif. Yemma-s Lǧuher d baba-s, yettwasnen s yisem n Muḥuc, d imedyazen ula d nitni. Baba-s d accenay daɣen, yettasen di talit-nni n 60/70/80. Nezmer ad nini belli d tawacult tqedec aṭas af yedles Amaziɣ, imi ula d weltma-s Lwiza d nettat i yellan deffir n tesɣunt Tin Hinan ur d mazal tura.  

Wid i snen Nadya Benmuhub di Tizi Wezzu, anda tella d tanelmadt, tella d ttin urǧin ur tḥebes si tazla deffir uqedec af yedles: ama
d tira, tacuquft umezgun, isefra, ... Tella tezga deg uxxam n yedles At Mamer di Tizi Wezzu. 

Lehdur ineggura i d-tenna Nadya Benmuhub i yemma-s, uqbel ad taweḍ tisureft n yakuc, d widi:




#Article 118: Ǧeɛfer Cibani (194 words)


ǧeɛfer Cibani d amyaru, d amdan n umezgun, d amyurar n isura d tmezgunin, d yiwen ger imeddukal n Muḥend u Yeḥya, yeqedec yid-s u yekki deg terbaɛt Muḥ Terri yuraren timezgunin-is deg iseggasen n 80 : Si Pertuf, Am win yettṛajun Ṛebbi, Si Leḥlu…am akken yurar deg usaru Muḥend u Caɛban (1994) iga Rezqi Harani i tceqquft n Muḥya id yerra ar taqbaylit seg udlis Le Ressuscité n umyaru n tmurt n Cenwa 'Luxun'. Yurar daɣen deg kra n isura irumyen am “L’amour tagué” (1995) n Bruno Carrière akk d “Avant l’oubli” (2004) n Augustin Burger. Deg useggas 1994, yessufeɣ-d adlis ɣer tezrigin SEELF i wumi imud azwel Ddeqs nneɣ (a d-nawi awal fell-as tikelt nniḍen). Ddeqs nneɣ yewwi-d ɣef tudert n yal ass, timsal yedder netta, timucuha timectaḥ ssawalen at zik…

Dda ǧaɛfer mačči kan d aya. D yiwen seg yemɣaren n tudrin nneɣ iwumi weznen lehḍur, wid ɣer tella tmussni. Taqbaylit ɣur-s d urar s wawalen, d ameslay s yinzan: Ayen yebɣu wemdan a t-id yini s tutlayt nniḍen, netta ɣur-s tiririt s teqbaylit. D agerruj wer nettfaka. Ass-a mi yewwi “lantrit”, yessawal timucuha di Fṛansa, timucuha izedɣen cfawat n temẓi-s.




#Article 119: Ɛmer Mezdad (1206 words)


Ɛmer Mezdad d yiwen gar yimyura imeqqranen i d-tefka tmurt n Leqbayel. Yessen taqbaylit akken iwata, yeldi abrid i tsekla tatrart, yettaru s tmeslayt i zemren ad fehmen akk medden, taqbaylit-is yesseqdac-itt s wudem atrar, yessexdam tatiknikit (technique) i ssexdamen yimyura imeqqranen n ddunit, idlisen-is deg-sen tamusni tameqqrant skanayen-d abrid ɣer teqbaylit i yellan d abrid n talsa (humanité).

Win yebɣan ad iɣer tasekla ideg yella unamek (amezruy, amennuɣ ɣef tmessi, tamagit..) iɣer ungalen. Yesɛa daɣen yiwet n tesɣunt ayamun, leqdic-is d win yelhan aṭas, tzemrem ad terzum ɣur-s ɣer usmel : www.ayamun.com

Ɣur-s daɣen ammud n tullisin d isefra.kfs

Amyaru ameqqran imeqqranen Ɛmer Mezdad yuklal aṭas n leqder, yuklal ad as-nerr tajmilt (mačči s tinna akken n wawal kan d ucekker) s tɣuri n yeḍrisen-ines d wayen akk yura. Nekk seg wid i t-iḥemmlen aṭas, ɣas ma werǧin t-mlaleɣ, maca ɣriɣ akk ayen d-yessufeɣ: Ungalen: Iḍ d wass, Tagrest urɣu, Ussan. Ammud n tullisin: Tuɣalin. Ammud isefra: Tafunast igujilen. Ɣriɣ ula d kra n yimagraden i d-ssufɣen yiɣmisen... Ayen yettaru d lebni di tsekla-nneɣ. Ddeqs i d-lemdeɣ sɣur-s, ttɛanadeɣ ad t-cbuɣ, ɣas ma yeṭṭef taqacuct di tsekla tamaziɣt. Ttwehhimeɣ deg-s amek i yessusem, iletha-d kan d uxeddim, yexḍa abrid n widak yessimɣuren ayen meẓẓiyen deg-sen! A wi yufan ad as-d-iḍer warraz n Nubal n tsekla, netta yuklal, tasekla-nneɣ ad tt-issinen akk leǧnas. Tegra-yi-d tamawt-agi, ilaq ad tt-in-rnuɣ: Acimi ur yesseɣtay ara agulen yellan di tira n yidlisen-ines?! Ẓriɣ d ayen i d-yessuturen aṭas n lweqt, maca ayen ilaqen ilaq. Amedya: Tagrest urɣu yeččur, iɛebba ayen i wumi ur yezmir n wagulen. Tikwal ad naf awal yura-t akka, seddaw, neɣ nnig ad t-naf yura-t akken-nniḍen ?! Temɣer n tsekla-s ur tessuruf ad ilint deg-s tuccḍiwin di tira. A yi-yessuref ɣef tamawt-agi, ḥsiɣ yugar-iyi di tmussni. Yiwwas ad n-fkeɣ rray-iw s telqayt ɣef yidlisen-is, ma nedder.

Ulac acu ur nettfaka. Kra i d-yeɣlin ɣer ddunit ilaq ad yiwsir. Ayen yeẓẓan, ttɣaren iẓuran deffir ifurkawen. Kra iteddun, neɣ yettmuruden, kra yettarran nnefs, tɣelli tgecrirt, iḥeffu uglim, yettruẓu yifer. Ma d amdan, tikwal yettwaɣ ula d allaɣ-is.
Iseggasen-a ineggura, tamɣart, cwiṭ cwiṭ, ixerreb leɛqel-is, mačči d tinna n zik. Kra tennuɣ d ddunit, ddunit taggara-ya terra-d deg-s ttar. Mi tt-yesni ad as-yales. Tura awal ma izad, ad iruḥ fell-as yiḍes, kra yekka yiḍ d asnirmet. Alamma yedden ccix, nettat tiṭ-is ur teqqin. Imir, ad teddem ssḍel i tẓallit. Ad testtettun, ur tferren azal d yiḍ.

Mi tfukk taẓallit, tikwal teggan alamma bdan medden tuffɣa. Syin ad d-tekker, bezgent wallen, aqerru-s amzun d tissirt. Mi ara yi-d-taf deg uxxam, tuget d nekk ara tt-yezwiren s ɛelxir ; tikwal ur yi-t-d-tettara ara. Mi teswa cwiṭ n lqahwa, ad tawi abrid n unnar, nnig Yiger-Usammer, din ara taf Nna-Faṭi. Seg wasmi temmut Tḥemmut, attan tuɣal ɣer Nna-Faṭi, yerna tamexluqt-nni ul-is diri-t, ur tt-ḥemmlen ara medden : mačči am tmettut am tayeḍ!

Abrid n Yiger-Usammer

Abrid n Yiger-Usammer ssya d ssya d inijel. Ilaq yal seggas ad yefres. Ma ǧǧan-t  akken itett yakk abrid. Abrid n Yiger-Usammer d abrid n leqbayel. Tehri  anda ara tɛeddi kan tyuga, neɣ zzayla s tteɛbiyya. Mačči di temdinin ! Abrid yezzi mačči d kra, yekcem gar tferkiwin, iferreq-itent, igezzem-itent, ifettet-itent. Ass ugeffur, tafat cwiṭ kan, ɣellint-d tillas deg-uzal. Abrid-a ɣur-s lhiba. Zik-nni deg-s i d-zwaren, mačči  yiwen neɣ sin i nɣan da, dagi i d-ttarran medden ttar. Win yettalasen i wayed ad as-yini Ad yi-iḥqer ubrid n Yiger-Usammer, neɣ Nekk yid-k ad nemlil deg Yiger-Usammer. Maca seg wasmi tefra lgirra, tagi n ttar tuɣal amzun akken ttun-tt leqbayel, wa ur d-izeggir i wayeḍ. Zik, adrum ara tekcem tagi n ttar ḥseb-it amzun yenger dayen. Wa ad t-id-yettaǧǧa i wa, lǧil i lǧil. Ad yekker walbeɛḍ  ad yessefqed i lexla, neɣ ad isewweq, akka kan yerra ccɣel-is gar wallen-is, tameddit ad t-id-awin deg-uferrug. Ad t-ssensen, ad t-ssirden, ad ẓallen fell-as, ad t-meḍlen. Awal ad yeffeɣ, d aṭṭan i t-yenɣan neɣ d tiɣirdemt i t-yeqqsen, neɣ  yeswa aman n terga, tewwi-t tawla n yiɣeẓran. Yiwen ur d-ibedder ttar neɣ lmut s uḥerbal. D tin n Rebbi. Teččur-as. D ayen yuran. Ayen i d-yewwi di twenza, meskin. Yebɣa-t Rebbi. Imawlan-is ur ttgallan deg-yiwen. Maca ẓran ansi sen-d-tekka tyita, ẓran anda ara tt-rren. Urɛad i d-itezzi useggas adrum axsim ad tt-yeṭṭef teḥma : yiwen wass ad ɛebbin albeɛḍ degs-en. Netta daɣen d tiɣirdemt i t-yeqqsen, neɣ yeɣli-d si tulmut, neɣ yettewt-d seg uẓaɣar. Ad as-xedmen akken xeddmen medden. Ad t-meḍlen d azedgan. Teččur-as. Ad run fell-as kra n wussan. Ad ssensen fell-as. Ttar ur t-id-ibedder, maca yezga irekkem deg wulawen. Akken, wa ad tt-id-yettaǧǧa i wa. Aṭas  n yiderman, yernu seg widak izemren, ggwten deg-sen yergazen, i d-yegran deg-sen anagar yiwen učamɣar ur yettaf win ara t-imeḍlen. Ad d-yeqqim i yiman-is, d inigi n tebrek deg zzren medden. Leqbayel wissen anda d-wwin deɛwessu, yerna tḥuza-ten.

ukkis si :

Ɛmer Mezdad: Iḍ d wass 
Adlis iffɣ-d ɣur Asalu-Azar di Ldzayer deg useggas 1990

Imyura n tmaziɣt bdan ttbinin-d.
Bab imeslayen agi d yiwen degsen.
Ma yella nettnadi ɣef tidett, di tegnitt agi ideg yal yiwen la yeqqar felli i tebna, ilaq aɣ a d-nini yiwet lḥaǧa:
Ɛmer Mezdad yusa-d ger wid isersen lsas amenzu i tira n Tmaziɣt. Cfiɣ di 72 nella d inelmaden di Ben Ɛeknun, Ɛmeṛ ittaru. Ittiki degsent irkwelli. Yurar yidneɣ ass-mi nessuli A Muḥend rfed tabalizt n Kateb Yasin. Yurar ulama yettkukru a d-ibin zdat medden.
Tefka-tt teswiɛt; Akka i tebɣa tmaziɣt.

Aḍref yekfa, tira tettkemmil.
Nebna-tt ɣef tidett d nniya.

Ungal agi ibna ɣef sin wudmawen. Yiwen wudem yuɣ-d azar di tirga n yiḍelli. Udem nniḍen ittnawal di tallit n wass-a d wayen i-ɣ ittraǧun azekka. Yiwwi-d ɣef ubrid ideg d nekka.
Akken i ɛeddant fellaɣ.

Llan wid icennun s taɣect nsen. Ɛmer Mezdad ittcewwiq s tira ines.
ɣiwel ssufeɣ-d ungalen nniḍen. Wid nni turiḍ ass-mi tfelleq tasa. Zṛiɣ llan, zṛiɣ wejden...zriɣ a d-ffɣen. ɣiwel...
ɣiwel ssufeɣ iten id.
Fellak at-tifsus taɛkemt. Fellaɣ a d-tifrir tagut.

Sɣur Saɛid Seɛdi

Ageffur ad yekkat setta wussan setta wuḍan, aman ad d-ɣlin seg igenni yerna ad d-alin seg uzegza. Kra yellan yumes ad yirid, kra yellan yerka, ad yuɣal zeddig. Iɣezran isaffen akken ma llan ad d-ḥemlen, aṭas ara iɣummen seg tɣezza d idurar; tugett n tzemrin, tugett n tselnin ad zzrent, isekla yakk ad d-qellɛen seg iẓuran! Lmal agugam, wid yettferfiren, wid yettmuruden, wid yessurufen, akken ma llan ad menɛen! Ma d imdanen arraw n wergaz d tmettut, amur ameqran ad ddun yakk deg waman: anagar urẓinen akked igellilen ara iselken; seg lehhu lhan d nniyya-nsen ur tezzren ara: mi ṭṭfen deg leɛnaya-nsen, ad ten-id-ssusfen waman!  
Mi yurad kra yellan, imir ad d-ters yiwet n talwit dayen kan, tamurt d wayen i tt-yeččuren dɣa amzun ass-nni i d-lulen. Ass-nni Rebbi-ameɛzuz ad yefreḥ ad t-id-tuɣal tasa fell-aɣ (...)
Ad d-iɣer i tgerfa ad as-yini:  Axx, a tagerfa, tikkelt nniḍen ad am-fkeɣ lamana: tayemmust-a, d tin n yedrimen d tmussni, ta nniḍen, d tin telkin d ilefḍan. Tin n telkin d ilefḍan, awi-yasen-tt i Nutni, smir-itt fell-asen, tin n yedrimen d tmusni smir-itt ɣef Leqbayel!  

Wayi d asefru af Yennayer yura-t Ɛmer Mezdad di 05 Nunamber 1975, ittwakse-d seg adlis n isefra ines Tafunast Igujilen. 
 

Ma yella tram a tt-ɣrem ugar af Mezdad d yedlisen-is, rzut ar wesmel i d-yesbed da: 




#Article 120: Ferruǧa Sudad (750 words)


Ferruǧa Sudad d yiwet tmedyazt taqbaylit, d tameɣnast af tutlayt n tmaziɣt. Tlul di 17 meɣres 1934 di taddart n At Lqayed, ddaw udrar n ǧerǧer di lɛerc At sedqa di tama Iwaḍiyen d Wegni Geǧran. Am tilawin n leqbayel n talit irumyen, ur i ttidiṣaḥ ad tekcem ar uɣerbaz. Lamaana aɣerbaz n dunit tezmer ad teselmed aṭas i medden imi tilufa ik 3eddan fellas mačči d yiwet : tamettant n gmas Ramḍan di trad mgal Franṣa (1954-1962), tamettant n gmas wayet Amar di yiwet n laksida n tkarust deg segwas 1993, lehlak n wergaz-is d acḥal isegwasen armi d tmettant-is deg 1985. 

Anecta yakw ig ɛeddan fellas, Ferruǧa Sudad tsuqlit-id ar isefra. Aṭas isental (sujets) af ayen i-t-sefra, gar asen: trad mgal irumyen, af watmaten-is imuten, af wargaz-is, tidyanin n tefsut tabarkant di tmurt n leqbayel (2001), af inig (lɣwerba) n leqbayel, tilufa n twaculin s umata. Tebda tamedyazt asmi tesɛa 24 isegasen, mi yemut kan gma-s Remḍan deg 1958. D tilufa n ddunit, akw d umenɣi af izerfan n wemdan d tutlayt tamaziɣt, d anecta yakw id yibwin Ferruǧa Sudad s anar isefra. 

Tidyanin n tefsut tabarkant i yebdan di tagara n ibrir (kuzyur) 2001 ar nant i Ferruǧa Sudad afud amuqwran i waken a ttkemel deg mecwar n tmedyazt. Imi anect-nni iqerḥitt nezeh, aken yakw iqreḥ iqbayliyen, u yal amdan isɛan ul. Asmi id ḍrant tidyanin agi, yufatt lḥal di tmurt n Kanada di Marikan ugafa, ar yellis. Din t-tteka di yal temesbanit id yellan din sɣur leqbayel, ama di tɣimant n Muriyal neɣ tin n Uṭawa, tamanaɣt n Kanada. Illa wanda teṭef ula d asawaḍ i waken ad sebgen urfan-is s isefra i texdem ilmend n tedyanin agi n tefsut tabarkant. A tnan kra isefra i texdem ilmend n tefsut tabarkant:

Ayen yeḍran di tmura

Nettwaḥqer

Ḥkemn-aɣ-tt Waɛraben

 Lɛaslama s lɣaci

Asefru agi tewit-id Ferruǧa Sudad asmi i teḥder i tikelt tamezwaru di yiwet n tmesbanit di Kanada deg yunyu (sedyur) 2001.

Aṭas i mazal gnen

Ferruǧa Sudad imi twala amek leqbayel gan afus deg fus di yakw timesbaniyin id yellan di Kanada akw d lwilayat n marikan ugafa (USA) di 2001, texdem-ed yiwen usefru af wanecta.

Iɣriben

Asefru agi d tajmilit i texdem Ferruǧa Sudad i leqbayel i gellan berra n tmurt, af uqedcen nsen af tmaziɣt
akw d izerfan n weɣref aqbayli. 

  	
Ferruǧa Sudad tsufri s tmettant n Yemma-s, , n wergaz-is, n sin n watmaten-is, n mis awḥid. T rebbad u tsekred krad (3) n tullas. Deg 1985, argaz d win i t sɛeda 28 isegwasen yebweḍ tisureft n yakuc. Mraw yan (11) isegwasen ar zdat, yellis tamecṭuḥt tuneg ar tmurt n Kanada. Anecta iǧad degs aṭas n leḥzen imi d nettat i gellan d amwanes-is deg uxxam acku snat nniden yufad lḥal fɣent zewǧent. Af tilufa agi yakw n ddunit: lɣwerba, iminig n yellis, tamettant n wergaz-is, d ttin n yemas, atg., tebbwid fellasen isefra, atnan kra seg sen: 

Lɣwerba

Tafsut Imaziɣen di Kanada

Asefru id iteddun af wasmi i temut yemma-s n Ferruǧa Sudad. Mi tekcem yemma-s ar ṣbiṭar n Tizi Wezzu, azekka-nni tesewjad i wakken a tterzu fell-as ar ṣbiṭar. Tekred af 5 n tifawin (ṣbeḥ) i waken ad taweḍ zik ar Iwaḍiyen, azal n 5km si taddart-is, s wanda lkiran (Bus) ttruhun ar Tizi Wezzu. Ihi tebbweḍ uqbel lawan s waṭas, tella tettraǧu, s wayen yakw i yasdeqḍa i yemma-s. Yufad lḥal tella temut, u srabes n ṣbiṭar sawḍen isalen (lexbar) ar taddart-is af tmettant-is mebla ma tezra yell-is Ferruǧa i tt-ittrajun di berra d acḥal n swaya. Anecta ijjad degs aṭas n later, ladɣa ayen id yernan mačči d yiwet: tazwara tawacult ilaq ad taf iman-is aṣenduq. Mi ruḥen a t idqelben uɣalend, yufad lḥal, ixedamen ay zemlen (signer) tawafɣa n tmerḥumt fɣen. Isyin akin anwa ara yzemlen, armi bessif i tuffa.
Imir-en akin, nnan asen belli ulac takaruct n Ambulans a yawin tamerḥumt. Tara tmara tawacult a-tt-tawi di tkarust menwala. Anecta yak tebbwid fell-as asefru, atan:

Asefru id iteddun af tmettant n wegaz-is Lemsawd. 

Asmi yemmut Lemsawd

Imawlan: iferraǧ d tsekkurt

Akend nenna Ferruǧa Sudad tlul deg 1934 d akud asmi i llan i Franṣiyen di tmurt irumyen. Tesɛa aṭas
n teḥkayin af traḍ mgal irumyen agi. Ura d tettat tetteka, tefkad amur-is. Amek yakw i tuder i traḍ, teḥkat-id di kra isefra.
Atnan kra degsen:

Amǧahed

Awi snen ad yessefru

Ur neqbil ara

Asefru yagi n yiwet n tmettut i sittilin i tmedyazt Ferruǧa Sudad, isem-is Faṭima n At Musa, umi d cfa fell-as. Atan ihi: 




#Article 121: Cendrillon (311 words)


Cendrillon d yiwet n tmacahutt taqburt i d-yura umeskar (auteur) alatini Élien (Claudius Ælianus) deg tidmi tis ⅠⅠⅠ seld tlalit n asar Ɛisa. Élien iḥka-d amezruy n yiwet n teqcict tamaṣrit, umi qqaren Rhodope (), umi yuker Igider taṣebaṭ-is, u yeweḍa-s ugellid ferɛuni Psammétique, i iwehmen deg ṣebaḍ agi. Dɣa yahed iwakken slid taqcict isɛan aṣebbaḍ-agi ur izweǧ ara.

Tamacahutt agi n Cendrillon telḥa d acḥal n tidmi u deg acḥal n tmura akk d imenzaw (continents). Tura akka llant azal n 500 ilqam (versions) ines, akk mgaraden-t : si tmacahutt n Rhodope, ar tin n walqem n tmurt n Cenwa i yettwarun deg tidmi tis ⅠⅩ, ar win n tmurt n Arminya n Bo Than, neɣ alqem n uṭalyani Giambattista Basile umi isemm-a Tamcict m’iɣiɣden (La Chatte des cendres) deg 1634, neɣ asummur (ballet) n Rudolf Noureev, i yellan d tumgi taskilant (mythe littéraire) i ssqedcen, umi yawden aṭas n imeskar atraren am : Luc Plamondon, ameskar usaru azawan Cindy, la Cendrillon des temps modernes i d-yefɣen deg 2002.

Isem n Cendrillon ikka-d seg awal Iɣed. Di tmacahutt n Ccenwa, taqcict nni isem-is Ye Xian (), i cuban ar w-awal almani Aschen, i bɣan ad yini Iɣed, dɣa am wawal n teǧlizit ashes i d-yusan seg iwen n wazar.

Tamcahutt n Cendrillon wid i s-yefkan iman, u aran-tt tettwasen ar ugar n medden di yal tamurt, d imyura n tmucuha Charles Perrault deg 1667 s walqem ines umi yefka isem Cendrillon ou la Petite Pantoufle de verre, akk d win n watmaten Almaniyen Jacob d Wilhelm Grimm deg 1812, umi fkka-n isem Aschenputtel, neɣ s tefranṣiṣt : Cendrillon.

Amyaru d umedyaz aqbayli Essaid At Maamar, yerra-tt id daɣen ar taqbaylit. Isemm-a-yas aken i yella w-azar n awal Cendrillon M-iɣiɣden. Di tmacahutt agi, anaf akk isem-awen, akk di medqan n tmurt tazawt. Atan wedris amek i gella (sɣuṛ imyura.net) : M-iɣiɣden.




#Article 122: Hänsel d Gretel (219 words)


 

Hansel d Gretel, neɣ s tutlayt talmanit Hänsel und Gretel d wiyet n tmacahutt mucaɛen si tmurt n Lalman (Jirmani), id yeffɣen deg 1812 sɣur imyura : Wilhelm Grimm d gma-s Jacob Grimm. 

Hansel d Gretel d yiwet n tmacahutt imucaɛn aṭas ger yakk t i yuran watmaten Grimm. Teffeɣ-d di Fransa deg 1985 ar tizrigin 'Michel Albin', teḥka-tt-id 'Sarah Hayes' s tugniwin n 'Colin Hadley'.

Amyaru d umedyaz Essaid At Maamar yessuqel-d u yemsas-d (adapter) tamacahutt agi ar tutlayt taqbaylit. Isem-awen n Hänsel akw d Gretel, yerra-ten s teqbaylit: Ḥmiṭuc d Duduc. Attan amek i tella temsast n tmacahutt agi ar taqbaylit. Atan wedris amek i yella (sɣur imyura.net): Ḥmiṭuc d Duduc

Hansel d Gretel, s tewzel, wigi d sin watmaten, aqcic Hansel s weltma-s Gretel, d arraw n yiwen umzenzu n tesfaḍ, sbeɛden seg wexxam i wakken ad qelben af yiwen ugummu di tisgi. Yufa-d lḥal d iḍ, dɣa ṭsen armi s tufat (taṣebḥit), zdat n yiwet n tiɣremt (château) iččur d cakulat d yal tawsit (genre) n tiziḍanin. Lameɛna ur ẓran ara belli d yiwet n temhergit (taseḥḥart : sorcière) i izedɣen din, isem-is 'Massepain'. Hansel i ttwaṭef d ameḥbus, ma d Gretel tenna-yas d temhergit ad sewǧed i usewwi, dɣa Gretel teḍqer-is ar timest, u tesefɣ-ed gma-s d yal aqcic i yellan di takurmut (prison). 




#Article 123: Takfarinas Ḥsen Zermani (547 words)


Ḥsen  Zermani, s yisem-is n taẓuri, Takfarinas, d yiwen unaẓur n ccna atrar aqbayli. Ilul deg taddart n Tqesray deg useggas n 1958. Tiqesray d yiwet n taddart i d-yezgan di Ledzyer tamanaɣt, teččur d iqbayliyen.

Lameɛna Ḥsen Zermani, yefruri-d deg wul n tmurt n Leqbayel, di taddart n Tizi Tɣideṭ, taɣiwant n Iɛekkuren di temnaṭ n Tizi Wezzu.

Ḥsen Zermani, akken d ameẓyan yufa-d iman-is d anaẓur am waṭas n iɛeggalen di twacult-is. Iḥemmel ad yecnu maca, werǧin yerra di ddehn-is d akken a d-yas wass ad yaweḍ ɣer wanida yewweḍ ass-a acku, di tallit-nni n 70, yeqwa-d lḥers ɣef tmurt labaɛda ɣef tutlayt n tmaziɣt. 

Ḥsen Zermani iḥemmel aṭas aẓawan, imeddukal-is d tawacult-is ladɣa baba-s, sḥersen-t akken ad iruḥ ɣer nnuba n iḥeffaḍen uzekka n umaṭṭaf wis II yella a yeselḥay unaẓur Crif Xeddam, acku walan-t icennu akken iwata.

Deg useggas n 1976 iɛedda-d di tesgilt-agi, anda yewwi arraz amezwaru.  Akken ad t-yessebɣes, baba-s yuɣ-as-d snitra-s tamenzut acku, yella yetturar s snitra i d-yexdem s tebelyunt n zzit. Dɣa dinna yekcem s annar n tẓuri s yisem i yefka i yiman-is Takfarinas, i yellan d isem ugelid deg umezruy imaziɣen. Mi d-yufrar  Takfarinas di nnuba n iḥeffaven, yessekles aḍebsi-ines amezwaru Yewwa ṛṛemman ɣer Maḥbubati d l’Oasis, maca, amahil-agi d win ur s-neɛǧib ara.

Deg useggas n 1979 iruḥ ɣer Fransa, din Yemlal d Yidir i d-yesnulfan axxam n usizreg Azwaw anda yessewjed ad iɛiwed i usekles n uḍebsi-nni-ines maca, ɣer tagara yessuffeɣ-it-id ɣer tezrigin Triomphe music.

S wakka Takfarinas yuɣal d iminig, am netta am tugti n icennayen iqbayliyen yerwa lḥif, yerwa aksar d usawen akken a d-iḥelli amḍiq-is. 
Almi d asmi i yexdem Yidir tameɣra di l’Olympia deg useggas 1980 i yebda yettifrir-d Takfarinas. Imi yecna di tmeɣqra-yagi. Deg wakken  yeɛǧeb aṭas i lɣaci, yenced-it-id Buǧemɛa Semɛun, neɣ Buǧma Agraw  akken ad cnun lwaḥid, yeqbel ad  yiki deg Agraw imir-nni i d-suffɣen tasfift Ccef n uparti maca  ikemmel deg usuffeɣ n iḍebsiyen i yiman-is: Aɛessas n zher-iw; Zzin d wedrim deg useggas n 1983. Yuɣal yemsefraq netta d tarbaɛt n wegraw.

Deg useggas n 1986 yessuffeɣ-d sin iḍebsiyen  Way telha; Arrac, deg-sen iɛawed yessefti deg umareg, akken ad t-yesnerni.  Deg wayen yeɛnan  isefra yexdem  d imedyazen imeqranen yecban Ben Muḥemmed, Muḥya, Bessaɛud Muḥend Aɛrab, Muḥend Umusa, Mulud Ayt Ɛmer, ma d tura  ixxedem d Kader.

ɣer tama n imedyazen-a Takfarinas yugem-d aṭas di tgemmi n ccna aɣerfan wid yecban Lɛenqa, Ccix Lḥasnawi, Sliman Ɛazem... atg.

Mbaɛɛd Arrac, Way telha, Aɛessas, Zzin d wedrim, Takfarinas yessuffeɣ-d aḍebsi Ṛṛemman s wayes yettiki deg tesgilt n Hit parade de world music Europe charte, din i d-iḥella  amḍiq wis ukuẓ  deg useggas 1994.

Deg useggas n 1996 yessuffeɣ-d Salamat, deg useggas n 1999 yerna-d sin iḍebsiye n Zaɛma zaɛma, Ddu deg wa d iḍebsiyen i isekren lhul deg umaḍal meṛṛa ladɣa di tmurt n Lezzayer. 

Deg useggas n 2004  yessuffeɣ-d ukuẓ n iḍebsiyen ideg yerra tajmilt i tlawin anda bɣunt ilint.

Takfarinas yexdem d inaẓuren n umaḍal am tarbaɛt Sixun i deg yella Michel Alibo, Louis Winsberg, Karim Ziad, atg. Ma deg uḍebsi-yagi aneggaru yexdem d umaṛṛuki Idbasaɛid, rnu ɣer-s inaẓuren n ddunit meṛṛa am Jef de la Cruse, Yin Jian, Jamaikan Sly Dunbar d Robbie, atg.

Takfarinas yefka isem n YAL i ccna-ines, ɣef wanect-agi yenna-d :




#Article 124: Yalla Seddiqi (111 words)


Yalla Seddiqi d yiwen umyaru d umnadi n tasuta tamaynut i zemren ad yefk iman amaynut i yedles aqbayli. Ilul-d ass n 1 yennayer 1970. Tira ines tettmekatay-d imyura imeqqranen am Ṭaher Ǧaɛut.

Yalla Seddiqi yettidir di Franṣa, yura aṭas n isefra deg waṭas n tesɣunin, u yarad yakw tizlatin n unazur Lwennas Meɛṭub ar tefranṣiṣt di yiwen n yedlis, umi isema Lounès Matoub, Mon nom est combat, id ifɣen ar tizrigin La Découverte, di 'Paris' di 2003. Isufɣed daɣen yiwen n wuṭun af Tamurt n leqbayel di tesɣunt Europe. 

Yalla Seddiqi, akw d umyaru Yazid Bekka, ssufeɣ-d yiwen n wedlis umi seman: Kabylie belle et rebelle, di 'Paris' deg 2006.




#Article 125: Muḥemmed Igerbucen (313 words)


Muḥemmed Igerbucen d argaz uẓawan aqbayli i yettwasnen nezeh ama di tmazɣa ama berra deg umadal.
Ilul deg 1907 di taddart At Uccen, taɣiwant Aɣrib, di Tizi Wezzu. Imut deg 1954. Asmi isɛa 17 isegwasen ill yeqqar timsirin uẓawan. Deg 1923, yunag ar tmurt n Leǧliz akw d yiwen n wergaz n Ikus (Ecosse), Mas 'Fraser Ross'. Illa yesɛa akal di Cercal. Yiwen n wass illa di tmurt leqbayel, yesla i tjewaqt n umeksa amecṭuḥ Muḥemmed Igerbucen. Icaṭew, dɣa yebbwi-t yid-s i waken ad yelmed aẓawan. 

Ikcem ar uɣerbaz ageldan uẓawan (Royal Academy of Music), anda yelmed azawan seg ufus n uselmad Livingson.

Mas 'Fraser Ross' illan isɛa akal di tmurt n Tuṭrict, yewwi yid-s Muḥemmed Igerbucen ar tɣiwant n 'Wien' i waken ad ikemel almad uzawan deg iɣerbazen uẓawan imuqranen i yettwasen di 'Wien',  sddaw ifasen n usnelmad 'Alfred Grunfeld'.

Muḥemmed Igerbucen ise 18 isegasen asmi ifka 'Concert' ines amezwaru di 'Bregenz' deg wasif n Konstanz. Mi ɛeddan 3 isegasen u ulmad, yuɣal-d ar tɣiwant n Lezzayer, i waken ad izer imawlan-is. Lamaana ur iɛeṭel yuɣal. Isem-is yuɣal mucaɛ imi yuɣal iqedec ula d Aẓawan n isura. Asaru amezwaru umi yexdem aẓawan, d 'Aziza'. Isyin ixdem win usaru 'Dzair' af umḍiq n 'La Casbah'. Amseḍru isura Mas 'Duvivier' i sutra-s i waken ad yexdem aẓawan usaru yettwasnen:  Pépé le Moko. 
Isyin ixdem aẓawan usaru Terre idéale af tmurt n Tunes.

Deg 1938, imlal d unaẓur Salim Ḥelali, yettwasnen imiren nezeh, i sekla-s azal n 50 n tezlatin. Isyin tebɛent-id inazuren wiyaḍ, ṭaqa deg-sen d leqbayel. Deg useggas agi, ixdem daɣen aẓawan n usaru   

Takubanit 'Metro-Goldwin' n marikan t sawl-as-d i waken as-yexdem aẓawan n usaru 'La Casbah', neɣ Pépé le Moko s marikanit. amaṭaf BBC n Legiz i sawlased i waken ad iselḥu 'orchestre symphonique' ines. Imnezhen igliziyen ur tǧeɛlen ara d aqbayli, ḥesbent d arusi, dɣa fkan-as isem  arusi Igor BOUCHEN.




#Article 126: Pablo Picasso (108 words)


Pablo Picasso (s Tespenyult: Pablo Ruiz Picasso), ilul di temdint n Malaga (Spanya) ass n 25 tuber 1881, immut ass n 8 yebrir 1973 di Mugins (Fransa) d imsuneɣ, d asreɣɣat yakk d anaẓur imeẓri Aspenyul , akken iga d yiwen seg inaẓuren yettwassnen yakk deg tsut tis 20 akken yettwasimes (yettwansab) ɣur-s ugalaz n usnulfu n amussu n tgesset deg tẓuri.

Pablo Pecasso ilul deg useggas n 1881 g temdint n Malaga deg unẓul n Spanya seg twacult talemmast n tegnatin. Pablo Pecasso yella d aqcic amezwaru deg twacult-is, imma-s d María Pecasso (dɣa yeddem isem-is) ma d baba-s d José Ruiz yellan d aselmad n ussuneɣ.




#Article 127: Dihya Tadmut (133 words)


Dihya Tadmut neɣ Tadmayt (s teɛrabt : El Kahina), aken i s-semman waɛraben asmi d kecmen Tamazɣa, tella d tagellidt tameknast (guerrière) tamaziɣt i yettmenɣan mgal unekcum n weɛraben s tamurt-is ger useggas 695 d 705. Tfrurɣ-d di lɛarc Igerwan n Iznaten di Wawras. Aken llan igelliden imezwura imaziɣen n Numidya, teffeɣ-d d tagellidt si tefranin n usqamu n tidukla n laɛrac d tudrin. 

Dihya d udem amenzawi, nettat d Aksil n wazbu amaziɣ di tefriqt n ugafa mgal unekcum n yemselmen seg usamar ger isegasen n 695 d 705. Asmi kan i d kecmen dɣa, tadukli tasartit d tadeblant n tmazɣa usamar akw d tlemast (Awras n tura) tela s daw ufus n Aksil neɣ Kusayla s taɛrabt. Asmi yemmut di 688 d Dihya i yuɣalen d aqerru n wazbu mgal iɛraben.




#Article 128: Tutlayt tacawit (169 words)


Tacawit neɣ Tawrasyant d tutlayt i ttmeslayen Icawiyen di temnadt n Awras deg usamar n tmurt n Lezzayer. Tacawit tettekki deg twacult n tutlayin timaziɣin. Asmi d-yura tajerrumt tameẓẓyant n Tcawit G. Mercier (1896) yenna d akken imaziɣen izedɣen Awras semman iman-nsen Qbayel, semman tutlayt-nsen haqbaylith. Awal n Teɛrabt cawiya yella kra n yir awal, anamek-is d imeksawen. Maca d awal i iseqdecen aṭas, alarmi tura ula d imaziɣen n awras semman iman nsen Icawiyen, yerna tutlayt-nsen Tacawit.

Timaẓlayin (lwilayat) anda ttmeslayen tutlayt-agi d: Tabatent, Xenclet, Suq Ahras, Um Lebwaqi, Tbessa, Qsenṭina, tiɣawinin di wenẓul n Sṭif d umur n ugafa n tmaẓlayt (tawilayt) n Tbeskert.

eg  ey sker ; 

mger  myer ; 

bzeg  bzey/bziy 

tagrest  tajrest ; 

mger  mjer  ; 

ajenna ( c : kem  cem; 

neknin  necnin nekni ; 

(a)kal  cal akal 
 

kkat  ččat wwet ; 

nekkenti  neččenti. 

Wanag, aznaɣri amaziɣ /y/ tezmer ad tuɣal d tiggeɣt tanɣant /g, gg/ : 

Zdat tiggeɣt taɛeẓẓugt – /y/ ad yuɣal /k/  [ç] : Tazdayt  Tazdaçt ; 

Tahyuyt  Tahyut, Taqcict...




#Article 129: Takfarinas agellid (103 words)


Takfarinas neɣ Takfarin yella d aqerru n trad mgal Rruman di tidmi amenzu baɛd talalit n Ɛisa (yemmut deg useggas 24).

Isem-is s tlaṭinit d Tacfarinas (ljenitif Tacfarinatis), anamek-is d win n Takfarin wissen yella Takfarin (neɣ Tikfarin) d isem n teddart ansi d-yekka.

Takfarinas yella d aserdas aqbur n lɛasker n Rruman. Yessemlal-d kra iserdasen yid-es, u ffɣen-d si lɛasker n Rruman, anda ruḥen ad nnaɣen mgal ugellid n Muritanya Yuba II, i ḥesben ixeddem ilmend Rruman, u d wigi i t-yesulin ar udabu n tgelda n Tmazɣa.

Mi ɛeddan 7 iseggasen n trad, yuɣal yenɣa-t lkunsul n Rruman di Tmazɣa Dolabella.




#Article 130: Tafrikt tasebgast (105 words)


Tafrikt Tasebgast d tamnatt n tefriqt ɣef way yettɛeddi usebgas (équateur).

Timiwa-yagi ttwassnent s Yefɣulen (pygmées). Wigi d imezdaɣen ineṣliyen n tmiwa-yagi. Xas ma yella zik, tamurt-nsen meqqret (tiẓegwa n Tefriqt Talemmast, Zayir, Kamirun, atg.), ass-a, ciṭṭaḥ kan maḍi ay d-yeqqimen deg-sen, imi aṭas n lumur ay ten-icewwlen. Ifɣulen d imecṭaḥ, ur ttimɣuren ara. Imeqranen deg-sen sɛɛan azal n lmitra d wezgen di teɣzi. Maci d aḍḍan ay uḍnen, wanag akka kan ay tga ccetla-nsen. Zik, medden llan ttewḥacen-ten imi ay d imeẓyanen yernu ttidiren kan di tẓegwa, anda ay ttṣeggiden ayen tetten. Ass-a, idles-nsen atan la inegger yernu yessefk ad d-rren medden lwelha-nsen ɣur-sen.




#Article 131: Aḥmed Ǧennadi (348 words)


Aḥmed Ǧennadi d yiwen ger imenzawiyen n tilizri iqbayliyen. D amseḍru isura d tasgilin. 
Mmis n Bgayet isɛan 50 n yisegasen, d bab n ṣaṭ (7) n derya.

Yeɣra tizrawt n umzenzi, u yesɛa agerdas di tusna usedhan 'Comptabilité' i d yewwi di 1974, d ayen icban lbak n tura. Isyin iɣra azal n kuz isegasen di yiwen uɣerbaz n Lyon di Franṣa anda id yebwi agerdas n CED (Diplôme d'Expert Comptable). Anecta yella-d s wudem amneɣray imi di talit nni tawafɣa ar berra tella s ttesriḥ sɣur adadu n Lezzayer n imiren.  

Di tuddert-is Aḥmed Ǧenadi yexdem aṭas n tasɣunin. Yella d asedhan, d amdebbar (aɣella) usedhan, d anemhal n tedrimt, d anemhal amatu n tkebanit deg weḥric n lebni neɣ usali alama d 1984. Seg useggas agi yuɣal d alellam (Libéral), dima deg weḥric usali. 

Seg usegas n 1980, iger idaren-is deg weḥric usliqqel (Audio-visuel). Imiren yella ixeddem s Kamira n 'Super 8' s wayes ixdem aṭas n tugniwin i yeffer d cfawat. Deg 2001, imi yella iteddu ar Franṣa imlal-d d yiwen uwaziw n tilizri yettwasnen Muḥend Tafarka deg unafag Aban Ramḍan n Bgayet. Yarḍit ar Rradyu n tmaziɣt n BRTV, i syin iɛedad di tilizri ines. Anecta ibeddel amecwar-is imi s tmusni ines  deg usliqqel, akw d teqbaylit, ur iɛeṭel ara yuɣal ger iɛegalen n tilizri n BRTV ifazen ar assa. Seg ass-nni ara assa, i sewǧad yiwet n tasgilt yal amalas, umi isemma Tamurt-iw. Ar tagara n 2006, tasegilt-agi tesɛa azal n 483 n tedwilin. Gar asent, ma nezmer ad nader tidiwinin i yexdem akw d uneɣlaf amezwaru iɛedan Aḥmed Uyaḥya deg wexxam udadu, d kra udmawen n umussu n Laɛrac, am Belɛid Abrika d Ali ɣerbi. 

Deg 2006, isufɣed yiwen ussaru ɣezifen s tutlayt taqbaylit, umi isema Aɛziz aken yebɣu y-ili.
Anecta yella-d s illalen ines d lemɛiwna n kra n tkubaniyin am CRISTOR n Burǧ Buɛririǧ, EPB n Bgayet, d SOVAC n Lezzayer tamanaɣt. Deg 2007, isufɣ-d assaru xezifen wayed isɛan mraw (10) iḥricen umi isema Ussan Nni. Ma d assaru ɣezifen wis krad atan deg ubrud u sufeɣ. Azwel-is Asirem.




#Article 132: Ɛisa (146 words)


Ɛisa (Taɛebrit : ישוע‎, yacuɛ) neɣ Ɛisa n Nazarit neɣ Ɛisa Amasiḥ, d amdan amenzu n ajjed n tamasiḥit. Ilul ger 8 d sin iseggasen send tazwara n tafada tameɣradant , yemmut ger 30 d 33 iseggasen umbeɛd. Isem-is daɣen 'Jesus-Christ' neɣ s wudem aḥerfi 'Christ'. S tyunanit taqburt isem-is Ιησούς Χριστός (Iesous Khristos). 

Aẓaṛ n wawal Ɛisa yusa-d si tutlayt taɛebrit : ישוע‎ neɣ - yacuɛ, anamek ines d Yehweh (rebbi) isellek. Ma d Aẓaṛ n wawal Amasiḥ d wawal n taɛebrit  משיח - macyaḥ, neɣ win ɣef d-ters tanebaṭ n Rebbi. 

Imasiḥiyen ḥesben-t d afessi akk d mmi-s n Rebbi. Wid yellan d 'Ikatulikiyen', d 'urtuduksiyen', akk d 'ibrutistaniyen' ttadren-t-id am wergaz n tidett, u daɣen d Rebbi s tidett. Ɣur yinselmen Ɛisa d aneggaru deg wsar beɛd Muḥemmed. Ma d udayen, ur t-ḥsiben ara d rrasul, wala d Afessi neɣ mmis n Rebbi. 




#Article 133: Ǧamila n Tferka (459 words)


Ǧamila n Tferka d yiwet n tamedyazt taqbaylit ifazen. Tlul-d deg taddart n At Yemɣur, deg tɣiwant n Amecras di tama n Buɣni (Tizi Wezzu). Tura yiwen n wedlis umi tsema Tiregwa n Nnfiḍ. Atan wayen yura fellas uneɣmas Salem Amran n weɣmis n Dépêche de Kabylie, di Yebrir 2007, tasuqilt sɣur Omar MOUFFOK.

Aṭṭuqqet n lxir ur yettḍurru. Akk-a ay as-yeqqar yiwen n wanzi inefɛen deg wakk inurar n tudert, ladɣa deg wenrar n tmaziɣt, imi s kra n wedlis ara d-yeffɣen s yiles-a, nesteṛḥib yes-s imi ara yejj tamaziɣt ad taf amkan-is u ad tejhed.
 
Ussan-a, yeffeɣ-d wedlis n yisefra n Djamila n Tferka, tamedyazt-nni yettwassnen deg tesgilt (nnuba) n « Tamedyazt war tilas », ay d-yettqeddim Muḥend Taferka deg BRTV.
 

 
Adlis n Ǧamila yesɛa 180 n yisebtar yernu ulac deg-s tisuqilin (asṭerjem) ɣer tefṛensist (akk-n nennum nettaf deg kra n wammuden n yisefra niḍen). Taqcict-a tlul-d deg taddart n At Yemɣur, deg tɣiwant n Amecras (Tizi Wezzu). Deg wammud-ines, tefka Ǧamila amur ameqran i tayri akk-n ad d-tessken i medden dakk-n ɣas ma yella nesmeɛreq nettu-tt, tayri dima tetteqqel-d, dima nesmektay-itt-id. Dɣa, Ǧamila tcennu ɣef wakk idisan n tayri, ula ɣef uḥemmel n tayri u mi ara nɣer isefra-ines, ur nettḥulfu i trutint, wala i uɛiwed. Isefra n Ǧamila ccuṛen d tamitafuṛt akk d tugniwin n tmedyazt.
 
Deg usefru-ines ”Mi iḍaq ṛṛuḥ”, teqqar-d :
 
 Aman leḥḥun deg lqaɛa
 Mi iḍaq seg-i
 Ccwal selleɣ-as yettɛeyyiḍ
 Taṛwiḥt ihennan, temḥa
 
Tettkemmil :
 
 Ur zmirent tejmilin
 Lxir-ik ad ak-t-rrent
 Neɣ aḥriq n tjejjigin
 Yal ass ma hdiɣ-ak-tent
 Ad yettwalas wul ddin
 
Tamuɣli-a tumliḥt ay tesɛa Djamila teddukkel d tmussni-ines ijehden deg teqbaylit. D ay-a ay d-yettafken isefra ẓiden i tɣuri.
 
Nnig temsalt n tayri, Ǧamila Taferka tessawal daɣen ɣef tmedyazt s timmad-is, ɣef tegnit n tmeṭṭut, ɣef waḍḍan, ɣef tmetti (société), ɣef lḥif, ɣɣef tudert, ɣef talwit d waṭas n tlufa niḍen.
 
Deg way-n yerzan tamṣukt (structure), Ǧamila tebna isefra-ines s yiberdan yemgerraden. Kra deg-sen d iskendriyen (alexandrins), maca tebna-d daɣen ifyar (vers) s 8 n tunṭiqin (octosyllabe), akk d yisefra itteddun s ṛebɛa yefyar neɣ s ttesɛa yefyar. Tameɣrut (rime) n Ǧamila d tin ay deg teṭṭuqqet temṣ̣ukt n AAB, u tesseqdec tameɣrut tanmidegt (rime croisée).
 
Yessefk ad d-nger tamawt dakk-n Djamila tesseqdec aṭas tamitafuṛt deg yisefra-ines, u llan kra deg-nsen, deg wezwel-nsen (titre) yagi ad tt-naf am “Ajejjig n Lekdeb”, “Tabrat i zzheṛ”, “Snulfu-iyi-d”.
 
Ammud-a (recueil) tessuffeɣ-it-id Djamila i ddemma-ines, d acu kan , tettekka deg-s BRTV. D tiẓrigin ”Le Savoir” [Tizi Wezzu] ay t-id-yessuffɣen. Axxam-a n ussuffeɣ  n yedlisen, melmi kan ay d-yebda leqdic u la yettnerni cwiṭ, cwiṭ.
 
Ǧamila n Tferka, tesɛa daɣen zzheṛ imi argaz-ines, Salem Saɛd, yebded s idis-is, yettɛawan-itt. Tanaẓurt-a la tt-yettṛaju waṭas n lxir ɣer sdat. Ihi a Ǧamila, ɣas faṛes !
 

 




#Article 134: Busad Abdic (130 words)


Busad Abdic d aneɣmas u d amyaru aqbayli, ilul di 17 yulyu 1943 di taddart Azuza, di Laṛebɛa n At Yiraten. Immut di mayu 1997, di rebraben i t yenɣan mi sṭerd.qen lbumba di ḥusin Day, di Lezzayer tamanaɣt. Ibda taɣamsa si 1965, ixdem i tesqamutt n tɣamsa APS, i tesɣunt Révolution Africaine, i weɣmis n Algérie Actualité. Si 1970 yuɣal ar weɣmis n El Moudjahid asmi i d yebbwi agerdas seg uɣerbaz n tɣamsa di Paris. Asmi i yarḍen s uḥetem isertiyen udabu n Lezzayer ad skecmen tagdut d tileli umeslay  si 1988 ar tmurt, Busad Abdic ixdem i yeɣmisen El Manchar (1991), d Liberté (1992), d Horizons (1994).

Busad Abdic yura idlisen, garasen:

Daɣen yesɛa kra n yedlisen mazal ur d-neffɣ ara, izwal nnsen d :

Aɣmis izuran-Racines




#Article 135: Tafelsaft (1110 words)


Awal tafelsuft yusa-d si tegrigit phylosophia φιλοσοφία philosophía yesɛan anamek “tayri n tussna” neɣ “tayri n tmussni”. Awal “tadyaliktit” (dialektikê, s tegrigit) d aḥric deg tfelseft i yellan seg zzman aqdim ; tin ɣur-s, wwin-d fell-as awal yimussnawen imeqqranen n umaḍal, am Socrate, Platon, Hegel, Marx, atg. Sqedcen awal-a “tadyaliktit”, ɣas akken yal yiwen seg-sen yefka-yas anamek amaynut.

Ɣas akken ulac wi d-yuran kra n udlis s tmaziɣt (s umata) ɣef tfelseft s umata, neɣ ɣef tedyaliktit, cukkeɣ timetti taqbaylit tla taktiwin tigejdanin i yellan deg tedyaliktit.
Deg teqbaylit, awal “tamussni” yesɛa aṭas n yinumak. 

Tamiḍrant-a (acku mačči d awal kan) tettmeslay-d ɣef tmeṭṭi taqbaylit taqburt akked wazalen-is (valeurs) ; tettawi-d awal ɣef wamek tebna tmetti, seg tama n uxemmem akked umeyyez. Yenna-d dakken llan 3 n lesnaf n yirgazen i yuɣen 3 n yiswiren yembabben wa nnig wayeḍ ; seg uksar d asawen, ad naf : 

Ihi mi ara negzi anamek i (d)as-fkan yimawlan-nneɣ i wawal “tamussni”, ad naf ur yemgarad ara d wawal n tegrigit philosophia “une discipline existant depuis l’Antiquité et développant un questionnement et une réflexion sur le monde et l’existence humaine. Considérée comme une science humaine, elle propose des théories et construit des concepts pour éclaircir des problèmes relatifs à la nature, à la culture, à la science, à la morale, à la politique ou encore au sujet humain, à son langage et à ses valeurs. », Wikipedia (

Nesḥassef aṭas imi ur urin ara lejdud-nneɣ ɣef tmussni, wala ɣef wayen-nniḍen. Maca deg wayen i d-qqaren, deg wayen ttgen yal ass, deg wayen ttxemmimen, ulac ccekk, tella deg-s tmussni, riɣ ad d-iniɣ tifeslseft. Imassanen Ifransisen izerwen timetti n Leqbayel, yecban Hanoteau  Letourneux, neɣ P. Bourdieu seknen-d tafelsuft-a. Ɣef lebni n tmetti n tmurt n Leqbaye(n zik), ad naf tezga tebded ɣef snat n « tɣawsiwin » yettidiren akken (lwaḥid) maca zgant mgaradent, ttemnamarent ; seg iweksar d asawen, ad d-nebder : axxam (lḥara) n wadda/axxam (lḥara) ufella ; deg yiwet n taddart, ad naf taxlijt n wadda/taxlijt ufella ; deg yiwen n lɛerc, ad naf, di tegti, sin n yimuren yemgaraden ; nnig lɛerc, ad naf taqbilt neɣ ssef, yeqqim-d deg wawal, deg umezruy : ssef n wadda/ssef ufella. Aya yella deg tallit uqbel ad taɣ Fransa tamurt-nneɣ. 

Qqimen-d daɣen wawalen-nniḍen yerzan tuddsa tanmettit (organisation sociale) : tamurt n wadda/Tamurt ufella (1). Sin n wawalen i tessettu Fransa i Leqbayel n wass-a d wid n yiḍelli, armi uɣalen seqdacen tura kra n wawalen ur nesɛi akkit assaɣ d yidles-nneɣ : “Grande Kabylie” “Petite Kabylie”(2).

Ma nger tamawt, ad naf, tamezwarut, awalen-a “wadda” akked “ufella” ur rzin ara laɛli n wadeg, acku lemmer d aya tili “tamurt n Ǧerǧer” ur (d)semman ara tamurt n wadda (!). Aredqal ad d-nuɣal ɣer usegzi neɣ asnimek n wawalen (adda akked afella).

Tin ɣur-s, ma nra ad neɣz nezzeh deg temsalt-a, ad naf daɣen ssenf-nniḍen n “tɣawsiwin” (yettidiren lwaḥid, maca ttemnamarent ssbeḥ meddi). Tiɣawsiwin-a d IRGAZEN akked TLAWIN. Aya yessegzi-ti-d mliḥ Pierre Bourdieu deg yidlisen-is. Snat n trebbaɛ-a n yimdanen i yettidiren lwaḥid deg deg yiwen n wadeg, i yettmeslayen yiwet n tmeslayt, i yesɛan yiwen n yidles, di tilawt, ttemnamarent, mgaradent am yigenni akked lqaɛa. Ihi d sin n « yimaḍalen » yemxalafen. Da daɣen amgired yellan gar sin n « yimaḍalen »-a lqay nezzeh : ur mgaradent ara kan deg wayen i (d)-asen-yefka ugama, mgaradent ula deg rray, deg taktiwin akked tmuɣliwin, deg tikli di tmetti, deg yiḥulfan, deg yizerfan, deg waɣanen, atg. Maca ...
Maca d aya i d iswi n tedyaliktit : d askasi ɣef temsalt-a n « snat n tɣawsiwin yettemnamaren », ɣas akken lwaḥid i ttidirent, meḥsub tezdi-tent tmetti d wayen i tla tmetti : tutlayt, idles, …
Am waken i d-nniɣ iwsawen, aṭas n yimussnawen i yesqedcen tadyalikt, gar-asen Socrate, Platon, Aristote, Hegel, Marx, … D acu kan yal wa acu n unamek i (d)as-yefka : “snat n tɣawsiwin-nni” yettemnamaren ur ɛdilent ara, yal amussnaw acu iɣef yessebded awal-is.

Ɣur Karl Marx, anelmad n Hegel, snat n tɣawsiwin-a d « les classes sociales », meḥsub « la bourgeoisie » « la prolétariat ». D amennuɣ gar « les classes » i d amseddu (moteur) agensas n tmetti.

Tadyaliktit d tarrayt n umeslay, n uẓeɣẓen (raisonnement) gar sin n yimdanen (neɣ : snat trebbaɛ) ; s umata deg-s 3 n tizza : 1. Tiẓriⵔⵉ (ⵜthèse) ; 2. Tamegliẓri (antithèse) ; 3. Tasemlilt (synthèse). Ad d-yefk yiwen tiẓri (rray neɣ tamuɣli), ad yekker wis 2 ad as-d-yerr, ad d-yefk tanemgliẓri (tamuɣli tis 2 ara ixalfen tamuɣli tamezwarut). S umeslay, s uẓeɣẓen, s usqerdec ad uɣalen ad msefhamen, ad mwafaqen, taggara ad siwḍen ad d-teɣli talwit, ad as-d-afen tifrat ; d tifrat-a, yiwen n wass ad tuɣal d tasemlilt (synthèse). Asmi ara iɛeddi wi iɛeddan, tasemlilt-nni ad tuɣal d “la these-nniḍen”, atg.

Tura ad d-nuɣal-d ɣer tmetti taqbaylit, ad nwali acu n « tɣawsiwin-a yettemnamaren». Wwiɣ-d yagi awal ɣef tuddsa tanmettit n Tmurt n Leqbayel, seg uxxam alamma d ssef neɣ, ugar, alamma d sin n yimuren n Tmurt (tamurt ufella tamurt n wadda). Rniɣ nniɣ-d belli afella (w)adda ur yerzi ara laɛli neɣ lqedd n tɣawsiwin , riɣ ad d-iniɣ mi ara d-yini yiwen Tamurt n wadda Tamurt ufella, aya ur yerzi ara “l’altitude” (laɛḷi n wadeg), lemmer akken tili d Tamurt n Ǧerǧer iwumi semman “Tamurt ufella”. D acu i d-ttnamaken ihi wawalen afella adda ?

Turda-inu, nekki, awalen-a qqnen s amezruy, ɣer lasel akked rray/udabu. D win yuɣen d amezwaru kra n wadeg i yettaɣen tama ufella ; dɣa win i d-yerzan mbeɛd amezwaru, yettaɣ tama n wadda, acku ma ur t-yeqbil ara umezwaru-nni, ma ur yeqbil ara ad yezdeɣ ɣer tama-s, ur yettili ara. Tin ɣur-s, win i d-yezwaren s amkan yettusemma d anesli (kter n wis 2), acku d bab n wakal , d bab n lasel ; ihi ma yella d netta i d bab n wakal, yettusemma daɣen d bab n rray, meḥsub d bab udabu. Aya yettili deg uɣawas n tiẓri (en théorie), deg tilawt yezmer ad yili wayen-nniḍen.

Iban-awen lḥal, win yuɣen adabu d netta d bab n rray, d netta i d-yessebdaden leqwanen, i ten-yesselḥuyen… Daymi i ttnaɣen medden ɣef udabu, i ttmettaten fell-as. Dɣa tawuri n yimussnawen-nneɣ n zik d ferru n wuguren i d-yettilin gar “tɣawsiwin-a” (ixxamen, iderma, tudrin, leɛrac, …) s wawal ; ma yella ur tt-yefri ara wawal, ad tt-id-yekcem udebbuz.

Mmeslayeɣ-d daɣen ɣef yIRGAZEN akked TLAWIN, nniɣ-d d sin n “yimaḍalen” yemgaraden am yigenni d lqaɛa. Da daɣen d tarbaɛt tamezwarut (IRGAZEN) i yernan tis snat (TILAWIN). Ma neḍfer tadyaliktit-nneɣ, ad d-nini: irgazen uɣen tama ufella, tilawin ṭṭfent tama n wadda.

Tamegliẓri

Init-d kra kunwi d kunemti …neɣ kunemti akked kunwi




#Article 136: Ɛebdelḥamid Ben Haduga (141 words)


Ɛebdelḥamid Ben Haduga d argaz aseklan, yiwen ger yergazen iseklanen imeqranen n tmurt n Dzayer. Ilul-d deg 9 yennayer 1925 di Menṣura yemmut deg 21 tuber 1996 di Dzzayer tamanaɣt.

Yeɣra g uɣerbaz arumi, yetbeɛ taɣuri-s s teɛrabt g al-ketania di Qsenṭina umbeɛd g tesdawit n Zituna g Tunes tamanaɣt, mmi d-yeqqwel ar tmurt n Dzzayer, yexdem kra n isallen s teɛrabt i mataf n BBC akk d ORTF aken ad iɛiwen iɣelnazrien xaṭar netta  yella d ameɣnas aɣelnazri, tmuqel-it temsulta imir-nni, yerwel ar Fransa g 1955, yekcem ar FLN asmi yella g tmurt n Tunes g 1958, iɛiwen g umataf n « Ssut n Dzayer »
Netta i yuran ungalen-is seg Rīḥ El-Janūb (Abeḥri n wenzul, Le Vent du Sud, 1971) ar Ɣadan Yawmun Jadīd (targuɣ yiwen wemdal, Je rêve d'un monde..., 1997, baɛd tmettant-is), isuql-iten-id ar tarumit Marcel Bois.




#Article 137: Tamrikt (118 words)


Tamrikt neɣ Marikan d amenẓaw deg idis ugafay (umalu) n umaḍal. Tebḍa ɣef sin yeḥricen, Tamrikt n Ugafa id Temrikt n Wenẓul.

Awal Tamrikt/Marikan yekka-d si Amerigo Vespucci. Isem-agi urant i tikkelt tamezwarut di 25 Yebrir 1507 deg yiwet n tkarḍa tarakalant . Yessufɣ-itt-id yiwen uressam n tkarḍiwin, Almani Martin Waldseemüller deg Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, isemma amenẓaw amaynut America ilmend n Amerigo Vespucci, imsilel aṭelyani.

Kanada, Iwunak Yedduklen, Groenland (Danmark), Meksik, Gwatimala, Salvador, Handuras, Kusta Rika, Panama, Kuba, Bermuda (Lingliz), Jamaika, Haiti, Republik n Dominik, Puerto Riko, Gwadilup,Martinik, Saint-Pierre ed Miquelon (Fransa), Tigzirin i India.

Gwatimala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Kusta Rika , Salvadur , Panama

Kolombi, Venezuela, Brazil, Tarjentint, Cili, Paraguay, Peru, Ikwador, Bolivia, Galapagos (Ekuator), Tigzirin n Falkland (Tabritanit Tameqrant), Tagwiwant, Surinam, Tagwinant Tafrensist (Fransa), Belize.




#Article 138: Tutlayt tacelḥit (195 words)


Tacelḥit d tutlayt i ttmeslayen isusiyen
deg tmurt n umeṛṛuk, Tasusit d yiwet seg tutlayin timaziɣin, dɣa tettas-d d nettat i d tamezwarut si tama n wemḍan n yemdanen i yettmeslayen s yis, anda amdan-nsen wakken yewweṭ ahat 12 imelyan, syin teṭṭafar-itt-id Teqbaylit s wazal n 7 n imelyan. Ma ɣas tutlayt tamaziɣt zik tettwaru s isekkilen n tifinaɣ, ila tura mas titaran s isekkilen ilatiniyen neɣ s isekkilen aɛraben, maca iseggasen-a igguran yelesd IRCAM iseffeɣ-d yiwen n ugemmay amahnu f tifinaɣ tamzikt. Imyura i d-yessufuɣen idlisen, nutni deg tuget deg-sen ttarun s isekkilen ilatiniyen n temɛemmrit.

Ɣas akken ula d tasusit kecmen-tt wawalen n taɛrabt, nezmer ad d-nini d akken d nettat yakk i d tantala ideg ttugẓen (ttuḥerzen) waṭas n wawalen imaziɣen iẓaranen seld n Tetergit,  amedya d izwilen (chiffres) i d-mazal deg-s ar assa, ayen yeǧǧan Iqbayliyen i d-yelhan d usegmi n tutlayt-nsen d usekfel n tgemmi tutlayant tamzikt ad d-agmen aṭas seg-s aladɣa seg iseggasen-nni n 70 ɣer da.

Tella di tmezdalt n Wikimedia .

Kra n wawalen i d-yekkan seg Teɛrabt :
 

Kra n yimedyaten akked awalen kifkif akked Talatint :
 
Kra n imedyaten umgirred gar tsusit d teqbaylit :
 




#Article 139: Tutlayt tarifit (181 words)


Tarifit (s Tifinaɣ: ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜ) (qqaren as Tamaziɣt deg Arif) d yiwet n tutlayt Tamaziɣt yeṭṭafaren afurk n tutlayin timaziɣin n ugafa, Tarifit ttmeslayen s yis azal n 4 n imelyan n Irifiyen deg ugafa n tmurt n Umeṛṛuk. 

Tarifit temrawas (tettemcabi) s waṭas ar Tcawit yellan deg ugafa asammar n Lezzayer acku i snat-nsent (Tarifit d Tcawit) d tutlayin tiznasiyin akken daɣen yella kra n umcabi gar-as d Teqbaylit 

Tarifit deg Tgelda n Umeṛṛuk d tutlayt tamaddudt seg 2011, Deg Spanya llant kra n tiddukliwin tidelsanin deg temdint n Mlilt d Sebta ssuturen-t seg udabu n temdinin-a asmudded (asenṣeb) n Trifit acku azal n 40% n imezdaɣ n Mlilt d 25% n imezdaɣ n Sebta ttmeslayen s tutlayt-a, Akken daɣen yeɣɣar usqamu n tiddukla n Uruppa tukza n Trifit d akken-it d tutlayt n tdersant acku snat n temdinin-a ṭṭafaren-t tamurt n Spanya igan d agman deg tiddukla n Uruppa

Seg useggas n 2003 Tarifit tuɣal tettwaru s isekkilen n tifinaɣ

imgirrden ger Tarifit d tutlayin timaziɣin nniḍen:

Lemmer tella tiɣra mbeɛd /r/ a t-nenteq, Amedya : nenṭeq /r/ n tamara.




#Article 140: Israyel (636 words)


Israyel (s taɛebrit יִשְרָאֵל‎, Yisra'el; s taɛrabt: إسرائيل‎, Isrā'īl) isem ines unṣib Awanek n Israyel (s taɛebrit: מְדִינַת יִשְרָאֵל‎ , Medinat Yisra'el; s taɛrabt: دَوْلَةْ إِسْرَائِيل‎, Dawlat Isrā'īl), tamurt tezgad g umalu n umenẓaw Asya d rrif asammer n ilel agrakal, tesɛa tilas d Lubnan s ugafa, Surya s ugafa asammer, s usammer Urdun,  s unzul asammer Maser , yezgad gar-as d tamurt n l’Urdun ilel amettan , Awanek n Israyel d yiwen awanek uday kan i yellan g ddunit, ulac wayed am netta, tajumma ines mectuḥet  maca llan g-yes tigwti n udayen d tadersi n  waɛraben inselmen, ineṣriyen, idruzen d isamariyen. Llant daɣen  tasfift n Ɣezza d tama tanẓulit neɣ tama turdunit.

Awanek atrar n Israyel mɣind iẓuran-is s takti n Tamurt n Israyel  (Eretz Ysra’el) i g-yellan g’allaɣ n udayen g azal n 3000 iseggasen deqqal amgaru amedlan amenzu, tametti n iɣlanen teǧǧad l'eḥkem n wegmuḍ alemmas d Falaṣṭin ger ifasen n ibritaniyen bac ad xleq axxam aɣelnaw i-udayen, g useggas n 1947, iɣlanen i dduklen bḍan tamurt n Falesṭin ɣef sin iwanaken, yiwen awanek uday, wayed aɛrab, g 14 magu 1948 teḍra taseɣrut n uzarug n awanek n Israyel s umtawa n iɣlanen i dduklen, deqqal-is krend iɛraben s umgaru mgal udayen axater ugin ad qeblen azarug n awanek n Israyel, rnan imgura nniden maca Israyliyen rebḥen g yal imenɣiyen, rnan sbaɛden tilas isen tefkan iɣlanen idduklen uqbel, g’imir nni udayen d iɛraben kecmen g yiwen azenzab n imenɣiyen ur yetfak
Tezmel Israyel imtawayen n telwit akk d timura n Maser d Urdun 
Awanek n Israyel yewweḍ ɣef kra imanzyen am tugdut timgensest,  angaraw awamni, afran amegradi,  Aneglaf amenzu d netta i gellan ixxef n unabad akk d l Kneset.
Tadamasa taɣelnawt n Israyel tella tis 44 g ddunit, taneflit talsant, tilelli n tifeffegt. Urcalim d tamdint tamaneɣt d tamdint i meqqren deg Israyel, din i yella asutel n unabad maca ammas n tadamsa d tiẓraf yella g tamdint n Tel Aviv.

Issem n Israyil ybined i tikkelt tamenzut g aẓru n Merenptah g useggas 1200 uqbel talalit n Ɛisa, issem agi yella d win n Tagelda n Israyel tamzikit.
Issem n Israyil d yessem i s-yefka illu i Yeɛqub ass mi yennuɣ ar tama n lmalayek n Illu anamek ines « win innuɣen ar tama n Illu »
Yeɛqub d babas n 12 n tiqbilin i yeffɣen s Maser imir semmanten arraw n Israyel neɣ « Israyliten »
G taseɣrut n’uzarug n awanek n Israyel id ixelqen g’useggas n 1948 yettef issem n Israyel yeǧǧa issmawen niḍen am Ṣehyun, Tudayt (Judea).

Tamurt n Israyl (awal-agi  itwassen s tɛebrit s Erets Yisrael) yella kra i sɛan azal ameqqran ɣur udayen; g Turat yura belli Illu yefkad amiru i udayen bac asen-yefk tamurt n Israyel faken a tili tamurt-nsen neg axxam-nsen

Deg lqern 19, akk d Theodor Herzl yexleq taṣionit (Ṣionism) : udayen bɣan a d-uɣalen ɣer tmurt taneṣlit-nsen. Assmi kksen yingliziyen Falesṭin seg ifassen n Tturk, udayen zemren ad ruḥen ɣer Falesṭin, uɣen-d akal seg weɛraben, bnan u zedɣen.

Di 1948, Langliz teffeɣ-d seg falesṭin, tuddsa n iɣlanen i dduklen U.Ɣ.D (l'ONU) tegzem akal-agi di sin : 

Udayen qeblen, aɛraben ugin beṭṭu-yagi, 7 timura n weɛraben ttnaɣen akk d tmurt tamaynut n wudayen : Israyel terbeḥ imenɣ (lgirra), terbeḥ akal s wazal n 28% kter n wayen i-ten-id-ifkan tuddsa n iɣlanen i dduklen(l'ONU). Kra n weɛraben i yellan deg Israyel rewlen, meɛna kra qqimen: tutlayt-nsen tutlayt tunṣibt. Akk udayen i yellan deg tamurt n Falesṭin rewlen ɣer Israyel.

G 1967, tskker Maṣer abrid n lebḥer n Tiran, ihi Israyel tebda lgirra amgal Maṣer, timura n weɛraben nniḍen bɣan ad ɛawnen Maṣer meɛna akk xesren, Israyel terbeḥ daɣen kter akal.

G 1973, aɛraben xeddmen lgirra tikkelt nniḍen akk d Israyel, meɛna xesren daɣen : lgirra d wakal. Israyel tuɣal-d tameqqrant zdat Israyel n 1948.




#Article 141: Tunes (287 words)


Tezga-d tmurt n Tunes (s teɛrabt تونس) deg Tefrikt n ugafa, tamanaɣt ines isem-is daɣen Tunes tamanaɣt, tesɛa talast akked tmurt n Lezzayer deg ama ataram, d tmurt n Libya deg ama amalu, ilel Agrakal s umalu, d ugafa, 40% n tmurt-is d Aneẓruf (Ṣṣeḥra), ameslay amensawi n tmurt n Tunes d tutlayt taɛrabt, lamaɛna, llant kra n tuddar anda ttmeslayen s tmaziɣt deg wenzul.

Dinna daɣen i yella Dduḥ n tɣerma taqerṭajt g timdi tis 3 uqbel talalit n Ɛisa.

Tewwi-d tilelli ines ass n 20 meɣres 1956 yella isem-is tagelda n Tunes, seg imir ass n 25 Yulyu 1957 tbeddel isem-is d tsertit-is, yeql-ed isem-is Tagduda tatunsit.

Tunes amezruy ines mitɛlleq s imaziɣen,si zik n zik imaziɣen ḥekmen di Tunes yerna llan deg-sen Iqabsiyen d imezwura n imaziɣen ,d iɣellaten imeqqranen Imaziɣen fɣen seg Tunes am Massnsen, Hannabaal, Dunatus, Aksil,Dihya, U Ɛerfa (Ibn Âarfa), U Seḥnun, Iziriyen, Iḥafsiyen, Ɛli Ben Ɣeḍehem... 
Tunes, isem-ines d Amaziɣ yusa-d seg yensa d tunes d amken anda ensen iqarṭajiyen qbal ass elli fɣen deg-s bec ddan zdaxel Tamazɣa.

Di Tunes llan imaziɣen , d lâdad nsen 168 igmimen di tutlayt d 6,5 imelyan di lɛireq ḥasseb test adn, d gar 800 igmimen d 1 miliun ssnen sawalen s tmaziɣt.
Tawssna tamaziɣt di tunes tella,maca ur llant tidduklin n Imaziɣen n Tunes d tella lbideya n lwaɛy af tamaziɣt di tamurt tagi.

Tagzirit n Ǧerba,iɣrmen n Maṭmaṭa,iɣrmen n Sened, Tameɣza, Cninni, Dwiret, Amekraḍ n Yezwawen (Zwawa) (Zriba, Takruna, Jradu), Idurar n Xmir, Icawiyen n Lgasrin d aṭas iɣermen de tsawal s tmaziɣt ar ass-a.

Di tunes ula aṭas tiqbaylin ɣur-sent aẓar amaziɣ am Wlad Jlass, Wlad Ɛayr, Lefracic, At Majer, Sewsi, Wlad Xmir, Iwerɣemmen (Werɣemma), Nefzewa (Inefzawen), Amdun, Wlad Ɛun.




#Article 142: Ajjed (133 words)


Ajjed neɣ asɣan d tagrawt n tektiwin d tifelsin id yesskanayen iswi n tudert d tallunt ɣer wid yettamnen yis, Akken yettwasen tikwal d Taflest yettwaqqnen ar tedfersengamt d tisunayin, Akken yeqqen daɣen d tɣara

Tudayt d asɣan amezwaru ideg ttamnen medden d akken yella yiwen n yellu kan. Isem-is s Thibrut Yehweh, Udayen ur zmiren ara ad bedren isem agi acku ɣur-sen d amuggi (leḥram). Yellu g tudayt ila (yesɛa) iylan i t-yettallen, yuzen amazun ɣur ifganen i wakken ad ttamnen yyis

G trumit yellu d amesnalfu yuderen ɣer medden s iman n wedmaw umi ssentayen yissu.

G tneslemt, Yellu d yiwen maca ur yudir ara, Muḥemmed d amazun aneggar yakk ara ad yazen yellu ar ifganen, i wakken ad t-defren yakk s umgarad n tgurmiwin-nsen d initen n sen d tutlayin-nsen 




#Article 143: Tudayt (204 words)


Tudayt d ajjed amezwaru ideg ttamnen medden belli yella yiwen Rebbi kan.

Isem Rebbi s tɛebrit d יהוה (Yahweh), maca udayen ur zmiren ara ad neṭqen isem-agi, axaṭer ɣur-sen ḥram. Inin nitni אדני adonay ('agellid-iw') deg tẓallit d השם Hacem ('Isem' s tmaziɣt) deg wawal.

Rebbi deg tudayt yesɛa lemluk i t-yettɛawanen, yuzen rrusel ɣur medden akken ad ttamnen yi-s. Yahweh yextar agdud : agdud n israyil akken ad zzuzren awal-is.

Udayen ttganin lmasiḥ,ara ten-iselek d ad yebnu tamurt n Israyil tamqqrant: Erezt Israyil, lmasiḥ-agi ɣur-s tazmert n wessidir wid yemmuten. Udayen ur ttamnen ara belli Ɛisa d lmasiḥ axaṭer ur yezmir ad yexdem ayen yettwuran deg wedlis-nsen (turat), ur yebni ara tamurt n israyil tameqqrant, ur ten-yeslik ara seg ifassen n Rruman, tella daɣen yiwet tamacahutt ɣef Ɛisa sɣur imasiḥiyen, mi asen-d-yenna bell netta d lmasiḥ, udayen ṭṭfen-t rnu ddan yid-es ɣer tameqqbert, nnan-as : ssidir wid yemmuten!. Udayen n tura ur qbilen ara Ɛisa d lmasiḥ axaṭer deg tmasiḥt, Ɛisa d mmi-s n Rebbi, ɣur Udayen, Rebbi ur yesɛi mmi-s.

Mazal ar tura udayen ttganin lmasiḥ. Yuɣ lḥal, udayen xelqen tamurt n Israyil mebla tallalt n lmasiḥ deg 1948, kra n wudayen nnan-d d akken ayen-agi d leḥram, yessefk ad gganin lmasiḥ.




#Article 144: Tamasiḥit (131 words)


Tamasiḥit d ajjed iy deg ttamnen medden belli Ṛebbi d yiwen, iṣubb ɣer medden s wedmaw n bnadem: Ɛisa. Imasiḥen (Imettumsen) ttamnen belli Ɛisa ur yesɛi ara baba-s : ilul ala seg yiwet n tmeṭṭut (Meryem) s tezmert n Rebbi. Imasiḥen ttamnen belli Ɛisa d lmasiḥ ay ad isellken Udayen u ad yexelq tamurt n Israyil tameqqrant, ɣas akken ur yexdim ara akk tiɣawsiwin agi, nutni ttamnen belli a d-yuɣal tikkelt nniḍen akken ad tt-yexdem. 

Imasiḥen umnen di Adlis Uɣris (iqedsen) neɣ Abenǧil (Inǧil), ayen isɛan tira s tɛebrit d tira s Tegrigt.

Ttwagent (ttwaxedment) aṭas n tsuqilin n Yinjil s tutlayt Tamaziɣt, s tintaliwin am Tamaziɣt Tarifit, Tamaziɣt Tacelḥit, d Tamaziɣt Taqbaylit.

Tasuqilt n Yinjil s Tmaziɣt Taqbaylit tella da:

Injil s Tefṛansist - Tamaziɣt Taqbaylit.

Llant tsuqilin Timaziɣin n:




#Article 145: Tineslemt (163 words)


 
Tineslemt d ddin ideg ttamnen yinselmen belli Rebbi d yiwen, ur yesɛi acrik. D Netta i d-ixelqen akk ameɣra, ala netta i yestahellen ad yettwaɛbed. 

Deg laxert, wid i yumnen s-yes, gan ayen i yefreḍ fell-asen ad aten-iger ɣer ljennet, ma d wid ur yuminen s-yes, ɛsant ad aten-iger ɣer jahennama. Deg Tineslemt, Rebbi ixleq-d Lmalaykat seg tafat, Leǧnun seg tmes, amdan seg wakal. Yuzen imazanen (les messagers) ɣur medden akken ad amnen s yes ad rnun ad at-ɛebden s wayen isen-id icareɛ d wayen id-asen d-mlen imazanen-is. Deg Tineslemt amazan (Rrasul) aneggaru i d-iceggaɛ Rebbi d Muḥemmed.

Isem n yemdanen i yettamnen s Tineslemt , Inselmen. Inselmen ɣur-sen 5 n tamara:

Deg Tineslemt, yella yiwen wedlis : Leqran: D adlis id yessuder Rebbi ɣef umazan Muḥemmed. Yella daɣen Lḥadit: D imeslayen, igiten, neɣ ayen ɣef i yessusem (Aprobations)Muḥemmed. Inselmen ttamnen belli Injil d Turat ttubeddlen, wer qqimmen amek i ten-id yuzen Rebbi.

~1% seg inselmen d Ibaḍiyen.

~1% seg inselmen d Aḥmadeyya.




#Article 146: Maṣer (188 words)


Tamurt n  Maṣer (s Teɛṛabt: مصر) tella deg Tefriqt n ugafa. Isem-ines unṣib d Tagduda Taɛṛabt n Maṣer (s Teɛṛabt جمهورية مصر العربية). Tamanaɣt-ines d Lqahiṛa , tutlayt-ines tunṣibt d taɛrabt, maca tutlayt taqburt-ines d taqibṭit. 

Di 2020 zedɣen deg Maṣer 95,000,000 n yimdanen.

Tamurt n Maṣer tettuneḥsab si tid i d-yecfan i tɣermiwin tiqburin maḍi, tɛedda-d ɣef waṭas n tilla deg umezruy : tallit tafeṛɛunit, tallit taṛuminit, tagrigit ( tabizanṭit), tallit n tneslemt, d tallit n wass-a.

Maṣer tella seg yimeḍqan imezwura i kecmen waɛraben segmi d-yennulfa din n tneslemt, dɣa syin i d-ldin abrid ɣer Tefriqt Ugafa s lekmal-is. Asteɛmer-is yeḍra-d seddaw unabaḍ n Ɛumar ibn Lxeṭṭab, ɣef ufus n Ɛemru Ben Lɛaṣ (592-682) mi tt-id-ikksen i Ibizaṭiyen i llan ṭṭfen-tt lawan-nni. Imezdaɣ n Maṣer imir tuget seg-sen llan d imasiḥiyen (tacḍaṭ taqebṭit) ttmeslayen tutlayt-nsen tajaddit taqebṭit i d-yeqqersen seg tin Iferɛunen ; ɣef wakken d-ttɛawaden imazrayen, nnan-dd akeččum ines yeḍra-dd es tekriṭ ed yidammen, ed yimyaten en yigiman imaṣriyen i yettwaɛdmen, ladɣa wid yugin ad ḍefren taddiyanit tamaynut i d-wwin imnekcamen.

Atmaten Inselmen Wid ixelqen tarbaɛt agi d Ḥasan Al Banna akk d Sayed Quṭb.




#Article 147: Istambul (112 words)


Tamdint n Istambul Sṭambul d tamdint  tis snat n Tmurt n Tturk . Zik tella tamanaɣt ines.
Tesɛa 13 imelyan n imezdaɣ (akken i d-tenna TUIK g useggas n 2007) 
Tesɛa yun uḍar g Turuft, wayed g Asya, ulac tamdint nniḍen g umadal amm nettat yebḍan f sin xas azgen i meqren yezga-d g Asya, maca Istambul tecba mlih timdinin n Turuft

Tamdint n Sṭambul tebḍa af 31 n timezzayin, garasent llant :

Tamdint n Sṭambul tezgad gar Asia d Turuft ygezmits g'ulemmas ilel n Marmara d ilel Aberkan abrid b'w aman Bosfor yessiweḍ garasen, tamdint n Sṭambul tmoqer aṭas tura g yal snat timiwin n'u Bosfor tswadlent s tamdint n Sṭambul.




#Article 148: Spenyul (216 words)


Tamurt n Spenyul d amaslaḍ di Tadukli n Tmura n Turuft (UE). Tezga-d deg unẓul utrim n Turuft akked deg Tefriqt n Ugafa. 
Tamanaɣt-is d Madrid.

Deg aneẓaw n turuft tḥerr amur ameqran seg tazunegzirt n Iberia. Ama deg tefriqt n ugafa, tesɛa snat n timdinin deg wakal n umeṛṛuk Sebta
akked Mlilt.

Deg Ilel Agrakal tesɛa Tigzirin Baleares. Ama deg ugaraw aṭlantik tesɛa Tigzirin Tiknariyin. 
Ɣef leḥsab n tmenḍawt n Spanya deg amagrad wis 3.1 n usaḍuf, el castellano Taspanyulit d tutalyt tunṣibt n uwanak. G aseggas n 2012 tella d tutalyt tayemmat n 82% n yespenyuliyen.

Ɣef leḥsab n umagrad wis 3.2 n usaḍuf aspanyuli, tutlayin tispenyuliyin nniḍen d tuniṣibin deg timnaḍin-nsent af leḥsab n uẓayer-nsent (Amedya : tutlayt takatalanit g tamnaḍt n Katalunya).

Spanya tesɛa anezmar ameqran i tmerrit (Tourisme), tella tamurt tis 3 anda rzan medden g 2016 s wazal n 75,3 imelyunen n yinerzafen. 
Annect-a n tmerrit yefka tayett tameqrant i tadamsa taspanyulit.

Adriz(latar) n bnadem amezwaru (win yegan am ṣṣenf n imdanen Homo) di tmurt n Spanya, yesɛa 1,2 n imelyunen n iseggasen uqbel tura. Ufan agamis n yiwen n umdan n ṣṣenf Homo di tama n Atapuerca g ugafa n tmurt.

G lqern wis 3, tekcem Ruma Rome ar tazunegzirt n Iberia

Plazas de soberanía (deg wakal n Umerruk) 




#Article 149: Cadli Benjdid (215 words)


Cadli Benjdid yella d aselway n Tegdut n Dzayer seg 7 furar 1979 almi 11 yennayer 1992. Ilul deg Sebɛa (Tadayra n Butelja, Ṭṭaṛef) ass n 14 ibrir 1929 yemmut ass n 6 tuber 2012 deg sbiṭaṛ n Usaka n Qsenṭina (Dzayer Tamaneɣt).

Di lweqt n ṭṭrad mgal Fransa yekcem deg ALN. Akked usarug n dzayer yuɣal ad yexdem g lɛesker. Asmi yemmut Hewwari Bumedyen, Cadli yella d yiwen amdan i yesɛan legrad ameqqeran akk: Colonel. Lɛesker deg lweqt-nni bɣan amdan am netta deg wemkan n Bumedyen.

Cadli yebɣa ad yeffeɣ seg Tanemla (socialisme) axaṭer dzayer texser aṭas idrimen, meɛna azal n lpitrul iṣubb aṭas di lḥekm-is. Idzayriyen inṭarren (deg tazwara-nsen ilmaẓyen) ffɣen-d ɣer iberden ass n 5 tubar 1988 anida yekker umennuɣ ameqqran. Ayen i d-yeḍran ussan-nni yettwasen s Tubar 88 (Octobre 88). Ihi Cadli yexdem tamendawt (constitution) tamaynut, yeǧǧa akk ikabaren, seg-sen FFS, RCD, FIS. Cadli yebɣa ad yerbeḥ lvoṭ s ukabar ines (FLN) lameɛna idzayriyen voṭan FIS.

Xaled Neẓẓar, i yellan d aneɣlaf n lɛesker g lweqt-nni, yura g wedlis ines belli yanna-yas i Cadli Ilaq-ak ad teǧǧeḍ amkan-ik akken ad neḥbes lvoṭ. Cadli yeqbel ayen yenna-yas-d Nezzar. Akabar n FIS ur yeqbil ara, bdan rrebrab mgal lɛesker u yebda ṭrad gar-asen. 

Ɣer taggara n tudert-is, Cadli yettili d tmeṭṭut-is deg Wehran.




#Article 150: Diana Spencer (143 words)


Diana Spencer, tageldunt n Yigaliyen tlul-d ass n 1 yulyu 1961 g Sandringham deg Legliz tejweǧ d ugeldun Carl Windsor ass n 29 yulyu 1981 tebra-yas g useggas n 1996, temmut ass n 31 ɣuct 1997 s ddaw tileggit n Alma g temdint n Paris akk d umdakkel-is ameṣri Dudi Alfayed.

Twasen s yisem n Lady Di neɣ Lady Diana, tiffefeɣt tella tqaras tageldunt Diana maca awal-agi mači n tides axaṭer neqqar issem n tgeldunt i tageldunt n idammen.

Tella daɣen tettwasen f cɣal-is n lxir d wayen yelhan i ugellilen d imuḍan.
Seg wass mi twaxḍeb d ugeldun Carl Windsor n lGal g useggas n 1981 armi temmut g useggas n 1997 sddaw n tileggit n l’Alma g Pari s laksida n tkarrust, Diana, tella tameṭṭut gar tullas timsunin g ddunit , d tin i thibi yal agdud, akter tagellidt Elizabet II. 




#Article 151: Kurya (115 words)


Tezgad tmurt n Kurya g unzul umalu n umenẓaw n Asya, tarakalt-is tecba tigzirt (tapeninsult takuryit) llant sin tikuryatin, Kurya n Wenẓul tamannaɣt-is Seyul, d Kurya n Ugafa tamannaɣt-is Pyungyang, s deffir imenɣi asemmaḍ tebda leqdic i wakken ad aḥyu s gar ayen i d-yugran i wanact-a qqaren-as, Kurya tadinamikit

Tutlayt n tmurt n Kurya takuryit ttmeslayen syis azal 70 imelyan n ikuryen, neɣ ugar, i zedɣen g tapeninsult takuryit akk d igzirin i d-yezgan zdat-is, d azal 5 imelyan g yal ddunit, llant tintalyin nniḍen maca marra i kuryen tmisfhamen gar-asen axaṭar temkacbin gar-asen.
takuryit, tejjad bac tinekkit-nsen atyli tiferdist

Agemmay n tutlayt takuryit isem-is Hangul neɣ Hangeul isulf-it-id g 1446 agellid jong ameqqran




#Article 152: Qsenṭina (139 words)


Tettwassen temdint n Qsenṭina (isem ines amziki: Kirta) s temdint n tiqenṭirin iy yettwaɛellqen agezdu 25.

Qsenṭina d-tamdint n wegmuḍ (ccerq) n Dzayer, tezga-dd ɣef yiran n yiwen n wezṛuf d-aɛlayan, nnig wasif n Rumel. D-nettat ay d-tamaneɣt n twilayt n Qsenṭina. Zedɣen tet 438.000 n yimezdaɣen.

Qsenṭina d-tamdint tameqqrant n tnezzut (ettijaṛa) akked temguri (industrie) yerna tella deg-s yiwet seg tesdawiyin timeqqranin akk n Dzayer. Zik, Qsenṭina d-yiwen seg temdinin wi ɣur dd-ttasen medden ad lemden

Tezga-dd teɣremt n Qsentina deg tma n umalu n tmurt n Dzayer, yella isem is Kirta (Cirta) deg twala n Yinumiden ass nni, tella tamanaɣt n tanumedt Numidia seddaw ufus n Mikiwsen (Misipsa) llan zedɣen deg-s yimzenza Iṛomanen, iderq iten Yugurten, dacu yejjan Caius aselway n umenkud n Roma ad et yekcem, semmant Ayt Roma daɣen Constantina ɣef yisem n Konstantin amezwaru.




#Article 153: Muḥemmed Buḍyaf (435 words)


Muḥemmed Buḍyaf, s taɛrabt  محمد بوضياف, ilul ass n 23 yunyu 1919 di temnaḍt n Wled Madi deg Lwilaya n Temsilt. asmi yeḥbes ulmud-is deg useggas n 1942, yekcem ɣer uxeddim ɣer srabes n Leɣrama di temnaḍt n Jijel. Syen yekcem ɣer ukabar n waɣref Azzayri (PPA) anda yuɣal d aɣalat n tudsa n lbaḍna (OS) di temnaḍt n Qsenṭina deg useggas n 1947.

Di 1950, icureɛ, anda i ḥekmen fell-as s lḥebs. 3 n yiseggasen mbeɛd (1953) yunag ɣer tmurt n Fransa, syen yekcem ɣer ukabar n MTLD. Ur iɛeṭṭel ara, ikcem-d ɣer tmurt n Lezzayer anda yuɣal d imḍebber aɛlayan n tudsa n C.R.U.A. (Comité Révolutionnaire pour l’Unité et Action), yella daɣen ger terbaɛt n 22 i yessekren tagrawla n tmurt n Lezzayer ass n umenzu n wember 1954. Deg tuber 1956 yettwaṭṭef netta akked yimeddukal-is gar-asen At Ḥmed d wiyiḍ di tmesrifegt i ten-id-yewwin seg tmurt n Lmerruk ɣer Tunes. Asmi tefra tegrawla tazzayrit, mass Mohamed Boudiaf islul-d Akabar n Tegrawla tanemlayt (Parti de la Révolution Socialiste).

Deg yunyu 1963 yettwaḥbes s wufus n Ben Bella, ɛezlen-t ɣer unẓul n tmurt n Lezzayer azal n 3 n wagguren, syen iruḥ ɣer tmurt n Lmerruk. Aseggas n 1972, yettruḥ yettuɣal ger tmurt n Fransa d tmurt n Lmerruk, iqeddec ɣef ukabar-is (P.R.S.) am wakken i iqeddec daɣen deg yiwet n tesɣunt El Djarida, anda yella d imḍebber fell-as. Mbeɛd tamettant n uselway Azzayri Hewwari Bumedyen deg useggas n1979, yerra talast i ukabar-is P.R.S, yuɣal ixeddem i lfayda-s deg lewzin n Lyajur di temnaḍt n Kénitra di Lmerruk. Ass n 14 yennayer 1992, Mohamed Boudiaf yuɣal-d ɣer tmurt n Lezzayer akken ad yejber iɣisi yewten di tmurt, imi lawan-nni yal tazɣunt tettɛummu di Lezzayer. Imḍebbren n tallit –nni teffeɣ-asen afus, gguman ad d-afen abrid ara yessufɣen ɣer tifrat, imi zzhir yuɣ tuddar d temdinin. Dɣa Mohamed Boudiaf yellan yettwanfa mi akken tufrar tagut ɣef tmurt imi tiktiwin-is mgaradent aṭas ɣef tid n wid yeṭṭfen adabu s yiɣil, yugi leḥkem n leɣder, leḥkem n ukabar awḥid, yerra-d i teɣri n tmurt-is, yenna dakken talwit d tifrat n tmurt n Lezzayer ad ilint s tugdut. Yewwi-d yid-s amecwar ɣezzifen, yebda lebni n tmurt ɣef tidet. 166 n wussan kan iruḥ niqal yerra-d asirem i ugdud azzayri, yerra-d ifadden i yimdanen i ifeclen niqal, yerra-d tayri ɣer wulawen, yesfeḍ asigna ɣef tmurt, maca iɛdawen n tmurt akked tudert zgan ɛussen di yal amḍiq di yal lawan. Imi, ass n 29 yunyu 1992 ɣef 11h15, tamurt n Lezzayer yeɣli-yas ujgu alemmas, yeɣli yiwen n urgaz yesɛan azal, yesrafeg usirem, imi Mohamed Boudiaf nɣan-t yemcumen di temdint n Ɛennaba.




#Article 154: Azemmur (imɣi) (175 words)


Azemmurt (assaɣ usnan: Olea europaea) d aseklu yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tzemrawt deg tfesna n timessferranin. Dɣa azemmur d imɣi ameɣlal n tizzegzut.
Yettwagru (yettwalqad) deg aẓiyen n unezwu agraklan i  ugummu-ynes, azemmur d-yettaken tayla i asexdemen aṭas ifganen acku meqqer wazal-is ɣer deg usewwi

Tazemmurt tettwassen s-ɣur imiẓranen imzikiyen ugar n 20 iwinsen send n tlallit, Daɣen, d yiwet deg yimghan(lehcawec) i bderen aṭas deg Tibibelt. Seg Taglest, tazemmurt d azamul n temdint n Atena dɣa n taṛebbit-is. Tuẓẓut n tzemmurt teṭṭef deg umaḍal  ihektaren i tafarest n  n iṭunen n izemran.

Tazemurt d aseklu id-ittaken tayla uzemmur.
Illa di yal tamurt n yilel agrakal

Azemmur d imɣi imezgi imi tezmer ad yidir ugar n 3000 n iseggasen

Deg tmurt n Ieqbayeliyen azemmur ila (yesɛa) azal ameqran. Timizar n Yeqbayliyen ččurent d azemmur i nessxdam ama i wučči ama i weznuz deg ilzuzen. 

Dɣa Tamurt n Yeqbayliyen tettwasen s wazal i fkan imezdaɣ-is i wzemmur d wammad-is. Aṭas n twaculin i yebdan suddusent (ttheggint) iman-nsent akken ad ffɣen ɣer urti ad grun (ad leqḍent) azemmur.




#Article 155: Lezzayer (tamanaɣt) (399 words)


Lezzayer d tamdint tamanaɣt n tegduda n Lezzayer, d tamdint i meqqren deg temurt, ssawalen-as daɣ-n imezdaɣ ines Lezzayer tamellalt neɣ L-Behǧa. Tezga-d deg yiri n yilel agrakal, tamanaɣt n Lezzayer tefka isem-is i yal agezday (tawilayt) n Lezzayer. Tella gar timiṭrubulin timeqqranin deg umenẓaw n Tafrikt s 2 030 000 imezdaɣ deg useggas n 2002, yettwaḥsab azal n 2.947.446 n yimezdaɣ deg useggas n 2008.
Di tamdint n Lezzayer kan ad d-naf azal n 4 250 000 n yimezdaɣ neɣ azal n 12% n ugdud azzayri. Di yal tamurt
tesɛa agezday n Lezzayer tillas akk d ugezday n Blida, s unẓul Tipaza, s utaram, Bumerdas s umalu.

Isem n Alger (Alji) d issem aɛewwaj arumi n yisem Alguère s takatalant ; aneggaru-agi yeffeɣ-d g teɛrabt ğazayer, Jazayer isem-is yefka Buluɣin mmis n Ziri, win id ixelqen tadinastit tazirit ass-nni mi yesekka tamdint n Lezzayer deg useggas n 960 f ugaluz n temdint taqdimt i yesɛan isem s terumant Icosium, yefka-as isem n Lezzayer At Mezɣenna, caḍen izegzziyen i yefkan anamek n isem-agi i yetwafken s ɣur Buluɣin Mis n Ziri. 

Azzegzi amezwaru yenna-d akken isem n Lezzayer yettwakkes seg tigzirin i yellan s dat n usagen n temdint n Lezzayer s teɛrabt (al-Jaza’ir) الجزائر, s teqbaylit, tigzirin n at mezɣenna, Neɣ awal n “tagzirt” yezmer (akken i ɣilen arakalen inselmen n tallit talemmast) ad yini igger i yellan ger illel d Ṣeḥra igger i yezmer ad tilli deg yes tameddurt, “tajtagzirt n tmeddurt”. Azegzi angegaru yenna-d belli isem ad d-illin fkan-t feljal tajmilt n baba-s n Buluɣin, Ziri mmis n Mennad , ihi, isem n Lezzayer ad yilli yusa-d seg Dziri, s tmaziɣt, Tiziri (anamek (lmaɛna) ines tafat n uyyur/uggur), Mezɣenna yezmer daɣ-n ad tili talɣa tetwaɛerreb n Imezɣen ayen aɣ-d-yefk : “Tiziri n at Imezɣan”. Imezdaɣ n Lezzayer tamanaɣt qqaren Adziri/Tadzirit (dziri/dziriya) fakken ad ssiwlen i imuzdaɣ n tamanaɣt.

Tadult n timerrit g temdint n Lezzayer mazal-itt texxuṣ, ɣas tesɛa aṭas ideggen i cebḥanen maca asefrek (gestion) nsen cwiyat, tesɛa (amedya) tiftisin ticebḥanin am taftist (rrif n'ilel) La Perouse g usamar, maca caḍen daɣen tiftisin ur necbiḥ ara am tin n Mazella neɣ n Miramar (Guilloville) anect agi felǧal n Asif n Lḥerrac neɣ Asif Mazafran atg... i tṣubbun ar ilel.

Tamdint n Lezzayer tesɛedda ussan iberkanen g umezruy ines yettwawet deg-sen idles tesɛa tura tamdint kra n timkurda tameqqrant merra deg-sent d 

Llan daɣen isalayen am 




#Article 156: Libya (116 words)


Libya d tamurt d-yezgan di tefriqt ugafa. Tesɛa 1,759,540 ikilumitren². Tettwazdeɣ s wazal n 6 yimleyan.
Amur ameqran d aneẓruf. Isem ines unṣib : tajamahirit talibit taɛrabt tanemlayt tameqrant. Isem-ines yettwasen seg zip yekka-d seg tmaziɣt. Imezdaɣ-ines imezwura d imaziɣen, ttwasnen seg tallit n imaṣriyen iqburen s yisem n Libu. Ma d tura amur ameqran d aɛraben.

Tamanaɣt n Libya d Ṭrables. Tutlayt tunṣibt d taɛrabt wanag Imaziɣen yellan deg wedrar N Infusen rwan lḥif imi tutlayt-nsen tettwagdel uqbel Tanekra n 2011.

Yekker-d wegdud alibi i wakken ad isuffeɣ Mɛemmer Lqeddafi, aselway n Libya seg 1969. 
S tallalt n tdukkla n tmura i ddukklen (ONU) akked OTAN, xemsa n wayyuren agdud alibi yessaweḍ ad yekcem Ṭrables. 




#Article 157: Itri (944 words)


Itri (Asget: itran) d tafekka tagnnawt n plasma, Meqqer, yetfejjij, yettwaṭṭef s tmentilt n teldayt, dɣa asfijjej-is ittekkes-it-id seg tfasa taɣisant i d-ittlalen deg-s, Anda ibelkimen n uhidṛujin ttenṭaṭen gugar-asen ayen i d-igellun s iferdisen iẓẓayen ugar n uhidṛujin am uhilium d ulitium d kra n iferdisen yefsusen am wuzzal, Tasedmirt-a tasengamt tettusemma s wezday aɣisan.
Itri yudsen (iqerben) yakk ɣer tegnit d tafukt, Acku d nettat i d aɣbalu n tfasa d tafat akken daɣen id tettaweṭ tfasa-ines ɣer yimtiwgen n iṭen i d-tgin udud anafuk, Kra n yetran d wid id ittbinen deg yiṭ mi ara ad iba (ad iɣab) ayen iten-itteffren am usigna neɣ tafat.
Deg umezruy, itran ssalɣen-d tigrawin yettwasemman tizedmin yakk d isurya deg igenni. Amdan amzik (aqbur) yefka ismawen i yitran ilan (yesɛan) affaw ussis akken i yefka ismawen i tzedmin d isurya, dɣa aɣref n imuhaɣ d yiwen seg iɣerfan yeggunin ɣef yitran i wakken ad as-nemlem iberdan deg wuṭan imsullsen n tneẓruft akken illan iɣerfan niden yeggunin ɣef yitran i wakken ad akzen (ad ɛeqlen) iberdan n yillan d igarawen, ɣef wanecta llan waṭas n yitran yettfejjijen lan (sɛan) ismawen s Tmaziɣt.
Imusnawen n tesnallunt sgerwen-d agbur ummid igebren ismawen n yitran ixataren amedya deg tajrit n Musier d tajurt n imazellawen d iguza imazallawen. S usnulfu n umsaddas, imesnullanen uɣalen zemren ad seked w ad snirmen itran ur nli ara (ur nesɛi ar) affaw uddis neɣ itran ur nettwaẓray ara s wallen.

Itri d tafekka i d-ittaken tafat s usrag n wezday aɣisan aẓeɣlaw n uhidṛujin i wfaris n uhilium deg wul n yitri ɣas ma deg kra n wamur meẓẓiyen kan seg tudert-is, s wanecta ad yebru i tfasa i keččmen ɣer wul n yitri w ad teffeɣ d izenzaren ɣer tallunt tuffiɣt. Srid mi ara ad ifakk uhidṛujin seg yitri, iferdisen yakk i d-isnulfan seg wezday aɣisan n uhidṛujin ttilin ẓẓay-it ugar n uhilium i d-yettwafarasen daɣen ama sɣur tamugri  taɣisant tatrawt neɣ s tamugri taɣisant deg usupernuva mi ara ad ṭṭerṭqen itran icafcalen s waṭas. Mi ara ad yaweṭ yitrr ɣer taggara n waddar-is (leɛmeṛ-is), yezmer ad yegber kra n ufimidi n tnegwa timafsayin akken i zemren imesnallunen ad akzen takura-ines d waddar-is d tsuddest-is takrurant d waṭas n teskanin niden s wannay n unwiwel-is d umussu-ines deg tallunt d waffaw-is yakk d waylalẓer-is, dɣa d takura tuɣridt n yitri i d amakaz agejdan n temhazt-is d twenza-ines deg taggara, ma d tiskanin niden am ukdu-ines, tuzzya-ines, amussu-ines d teẓɣelt-ines ttwakzen-d s umezruy-is, anda taẓɣelt n waṭas n yitran d tin i d-ittilin d a emgal n usfijjej-is, asesmel-a d win yettusemman s umeskan n Hertzsprung–Russell yettakez-d addar d waddad anamhaz n yitri.

Talallit n yitri tbeddu-d am usigna i d-itteɣlayen seg tnegwa tisagnawin igebren send n kra yellan seg uhidṛujin d uhilium d kra n yiferdisen iẓayanen niden. Mi ara ad yettwaẓenẓa wul atraw imir-nni kan ad yuɣal uferdis n uhidṛujin ɣer uhilium kra kra s temhalt n wezday aɣisan yerna ad iberru i tfasa., Ayen i d-igran seg wul n yitri ittaddam tafasa ɣer wuggug (lebɛid) n wul n yitri sɣur n urway n temhalin tizanzarin.  Adad agensaw atraw ur t-ittaǧǧa ara ad yernu ad yeɣli ugar s ddaw n teldayt-is,mi ara ad tfakk yakk tfasa n uhidṛujin deg wul n yitri ad yennulfu yitri s tkura yugaren 0.4 n tikkal n tkura n tfukt sin akin ad yettihriw alamma yuɣal d acafcal azeggaɣ, ma deg kra n tikwal yettili-d usefsi n iferdisen iẓayanen deg wul d tissi tamaggaẓt i d-izzin i wul-is w ad yemhez seg yitri ɣer talɣa yefsin.

Deg wakeden-a, ul-nni yettuɣal d ayen i d-igran seg yitri ama d agezlan amellal neɣ d itri aneutronan neɣ ma meqqren s waṭas yezmer ad yuɣal d amruj aberkan 

itran imisinen d yigtatrawen ttmagen-d seg sin neɣ ugar n yitran yeqqnen gugar-asen s teldayt, anda ttnwiwlen wa ɣef wayeṭ deg tmezziyin irekden. mi ara sin deg yitran-a ur tlun ara (ur seɛɛun ara) timezzit yudsen, yettili-d usemdu meqqren n tsedmirt n teldayt ɣef temhazt-is i tlallit n tmuski s teldayt meqqren am yiguza itrawen d imazellawen.

Anagraw amiran n usesmel atraw yennalfa-d seg tazwara n tsut tis 20 ass mi llan yitran ttwasisemlen s isekkilen iṛumaniyen seg A alamma d Q, Asesmel-a d win yeggunin ɣef wezlem n uhidṛujin acku deg wakud-nni imusnawen llan ur ẓrin ara d akken ayen yessemdawen ɣef tdusi n wezlem d taẓɣelt.
Tadusi n wezlem n uhidṛujin tettawaṭ ɣer yixef-is deg ugar n 9000° C, ma d adday-is iga d taẓɣelt-is isemmṭen yakk

Itran ttwabdaren-d deg isesmilen asufen s webray aseklan s unect n iylalen-is anda ibeddu s telmest O yettwassnen s teẓɣelt-is yeflalen s waṭas alamma yewweṭ ɣer telmest M yettwassnen s tesmeṭṭ-is anda icubranen-nni zemren ad mmagen deg tgnut-is. Asesmel agejdan yettas-d s unect n twadra n teẓɣelt O ,B ,A ,F ,G ,K ,M akken illant tegrawin tiylalanin drusen lant isesmilen niden, wid yettwassnen yakk d talmest L yakk d telmest T yettwasismlen d itran n ubleɣ meẓẓiyen yakk d igezlanen arasen isemmaṭen yakk.
Yal asekkul ila (yesɛa) 10 n ifurken yettusuṭṭnen seg 0 alamma d 9 n yidrasen yettwasnin s twadra n teẓɣelt maca anagraw-a n usesmel yetteɣlay yakk d tẓeɣlin yeflalin s waṭas anda yezmer ur d-ittili ara O0 d O1 deg kra n yitri.
S tmerniwt ɣer wannecta, itran ttwasisemlen s unect n isemda n waffaw yellan deg izelman-is iylalanen i teddun yajk d ubleɣ amalun tettakez-it-id teldayt tajummant. Tagrawt-a tedlec seg 0 (acafcal ameqran anafella) w ad tezri seg III (acafcal amagnu) ɣer V (igezlanen deg yilkamen igejdanen), Kra n imusnawen rnanVII (agezlan amellal).
Azal ameqran n yitran ṭṭafaren alkam agejdan igebren seg yitran n uhidṛujin yemmerɣen.




#Article 158: Tamaɣuzt (211 words)


 
Tamaɣuzt deg tesnallunt d afimidi n iferdisen i d-yettgin kra n tfekka tagennawt iẓẓayen ɣef uhidṛujin d uhilium. Imusnawen ssemrasen tanfalit n tmaɣuzt i weglam n tilin n iferdisen niden s umata acku amur ameqqran seg yitran i d-issiliɣen tanga yettwaẓren deg usedday tegber seg uhidṛujin d uhilium. S wanecta, asignew igebren seg weksujin d Niyun d ukaṛbun d unitrujin yezmer ad yettwaglem d akken-it yeččur d tamaɣuzt seg tama takrurant ɣas akken iferdisen-nni ur ttwameggzen ara d imɣuzen, akken daɣen ur yessefk ara ad yili urway gar n tmaɣuzt d imɣuzen d waqqan amaɣaz acku ulac aqqan akruran neɣ amaɣaz deg yitran (anagar deg yitran isemmaṭen yeṭṭafaren asesmel K yakked M) yerna aqqan akruran inessen deg tegnit ur d-izzag ara deg tegnatin n wul n yitran.
S tmusni n tmaɣuzt n kra n tfekkiwin tezmer ad tili tukza n waddar-is. Acku ass mi i d-innulfa usedday (s unect n teẓri n Big Bang) yella deg tazwara igber seg uhidṛujin, yerna s tarrayt n tseddast deg uṭerṭeq ameqran yennulfa-d deg-s azal meqqren n uhilium d kra n ulitium d ubriliu maca send n uṭerṭeq ameqran Big Bang ur d-lfin ara iferdisen iẓẓayen ugar-nsen. s wanecta, tamaɣuzt n yitran imezrayen tettili s ddaw n yitran itraren (i d-ilfan d imaynuten) am tfukt




#Article 159: Aṭebsi azzatraw (312 words)


Llant snat tbagustin n yesmilen deg wegraw aniṭij. Tamezwarut, tesɛa 32 imelyan km di tehri, tezga gar Meɣres d Yebter. Tis snat d Tabagust n Kuiper, teggug nnig n 5 imelyaren km seg yiṭij , tezga deg tlisa n unegraw aniṭij.

Imelyan n yesmilen yesɛan udem izelgen zgan di tbagust tameqrant, kra d imectiṭaḥ am uɛeqqa, tiyaḍ sɛant imiyyaten ikilumitren di tehri.

Ameqran deg-sen, Ceres, yesɛa 952 km d netta kan i d imneneḍ f idra n tudsa ines tameqrant.

Kra imusnawen ttwalin dakken kra tɣawsiwin yellan deg tbagust-agi, yezmer lḥal ttekkant deg tlalit n tudert deg wemtiweg Akal.

Tabagust ur temsawi ara : kra n temnaḍin d tilmawin akk ma d tiyaḍ ččurent d ismilen.

Tabagust n Kuiper tettusemma ilmend n umusnaw Gerard Kuiper, amezwaru i tt-ibedren deg iseggasen 1950. d acu kan nerğa alamma d iseggasen 1990 akken ad sbegnen imusnawen dakken tabagust-a tella s tidett. Tamnaḍt-agi tga am izebgaten, tesɛa ugar n 35 000 n iẓra yugaren 100 km di tehri.

Tadusi ines tugar s 100 iberdan tabagust tameqrant.Am tbagust tameqrant, d nettat kan i d-yeqqimen seg uḍebsi mi d-yennulfa wegraw aniṭij. Snat seg 3 yemtiwgen imceṭaḥ llant dinna: Eris d Pluton.

Tabagust n Kuiper tezga deg tlisa n wegraw aniṭij, yezmer tella taɣawsa taneggarut i s d-yezzin: asigna n Oort. D imelyaren n yeẓra yedlan s wegris yellan deg-s, yezga deg tlisa n wegraw aniṭij-nneɣ.

Pioneer 10, deg yulyu 1972, d taɣawsa tamezwarut yuzen wemdan ɣer tbagust. Iɣerruba Pioneer 11, Voyager 1 d 2, Galileo, Cassini, NEAR, Ulysses d New Horizons ula d nutni sawḍen armi tabagust n Kuiper .

Ɣas ugaden dakken iɣerruba cegɛen deg inigen imezwura ad ḥazen iẓra-agi .Imusnawen fehmen ɣef zik lḥal dakken f idra n tadusi tamectuḥt n tbagust ur telli tugdi fell-asen.

Ad nesmekti dakken Pluton tura yettiki i yeẓra n tbagust n Kuiper, kksent imusnawen seg wegraw n yemtiwgen.

Taɣbaylut :




#Article 160: Asfugel n yennayer (1946 words)


Yennayer am yismawen n wayyuren (furar, meɣres, yebrir, mayyu, yunyu, yulyu, ɣuct...) d awalen i d-terḍel tmaziɣt seg tlatinit (yanuarius, februarius, martius, aprilis, mayus, yunyus, yulyus, awgustus...)

Llant aṭas n tmucuha ɣef yennayer, seg-sent tidak iruḥen acku ur tturant ara. Si tidak i d-yeqqimen ad nebder :

Yal yiwen akken i d-iḥekku tamacahut n temɣart. Dɣa ad nebder tagi: Deg ass wis 30 (kraḍ n tmerwin) n yennayer, tga-yas taɣenant temɣart taɛekkamt i yennayer, tenna-yas : « Ah a ɛemmi yennayer! Truḥeḍ ur texdimeḍ kra! » Dɣa yennayer yefqeɛ iruḥ ɣer furar inna-yas : « Ttxil-k a ɛemmi furar, ṛeḍl-iyi yiwen seg ussan n nbeṛ, ad d-rreɣ ttar di temɣart m-lemrar! ». Mi is d-irḍel, yessufeɣ-d yennayer akk ayen yesɛa, inɣa tamɣart tamcumt ak d teɣaḍt-is.
Seg imiren, qqaren-as i wass aneggaru n yennayer ameṛḍil.

Akk-n dɣa it-iqqar yennayer i wayyuren niḍen yekkaten deg-s : « D nekk i ytellin tiwwura n useggas ». Yiwet n tikkelt, yeɣli-d yennayer ɣef wayyuren niḍen heddṛen fella-s alla yir awal, u nnan : « Yennayer a bu-lɛerka, ansi yekka t-tebɛ-it takka, si zzman n jedd-is akka ! ». Dɣa yenna-yasen : « Ma sresɣ-as w’ibɣan yerfed-itt ! Ma refdeɣ-tt w’ibɣan issers-itt ! ».

Ɣef wakken i d-ḥekkun yeqdimen, d yiwet n teqcict tukyist is-ireggmen i yennayer tiɣrifin di tenzikt (tṣebḥit) n wass amenzu n useggas ak d imensi tmeddit, amer ahat ad d-yeḥnin ɣef yimesdurar. Dɣa yerra-as-d yennayer, yenna-yas : « Ttnadiɣ ɣef usfel meqqren, d taččart n leḥwal, tiɣrifin, seksu, d umudd n win yunagen. » Dɣa, ɣef wanect-a i xeddmen tameɣra n usfel n yennayer (ẓer uksar).

Tameɣra n umenzu n yennayer, d-izggan deg ass n 12 ɣer 14 di yennayer n ugbur agriguṛi [2]. Ɣaf akk-n d-qqaren yemɣaren n zik azemz-agi [3] yettemgarad deg tama ɣer tayeḍ n tmurt n Leqbayel (Tamawiya) neɣ diɣen n temnaḍin niḍen n tmura n Tmazɣa.

Tameɣra-agi qqaren-as diɣen « tameɣra n yixf useggas ». Zik-nni, tameɣra tettdumu ṣa (7) wussan. Deg ass amenzu n tmeɣra, ulac axeddim. Win neɣ tin ur iquddren ara agdal-a [4] ad (t)yeɛiqqer. D ikerri neɣ izimer izzelun d asfel i Wakal isuṭṭuḍen i wakk-n ad tuget lɣela, neɛma d ṣṣaba deg useggas-nni. Akk-n t-qqaren deg anzi : « Yennayer d ṣṣaba ». Ɣef akk-n yi-d-inna jedd-i, aseggas n tfelaḥt yesɛa agbur-is, yettak anzi ɣer wallus abiyuluji [5] n useklu (ttejṛa), n uɣersiw [6], n uffrux akk d umdan.

Tameɣra n Yennayer d yiwet ger tmeɣriwin yesɛan azal meqqer ɣer Imaziɣen. Ass amenzu n useggas amaziɣ d win mu-sawalen deg ugbur amaziɣ : « Ass amenzu deg ussan isemmaḍen imellalen ». D ass d-yussan diɣen, d ay-n mi nezmer asen-siwel : « Ass n Wegraw n tlawin ». Nwala amek tussnamya taqbaylit tesbbab i temɣart daɛwessu d twaɣyin akk d-iḍran. Nerra-d ladɣa fella-s, sebba n tsusmi d tiqquẓelt n tɣawsiwin n ddunit akk d zzɛaf n Yennayer ɣef temɣart ɣef i-d-nettmeslay u mi-tteggarizent tilawin-nneɣ tamaɣra. Maca, qlil m’ar naf iggerdan iqbayliyen yessnen tiyayatin neɣ tisettiyin-nsen diritent neɣ weɛrit. Ur nezmir ara ad d-ninni d akk-n tamɣart taqbaylit, m’ar ad nezzi akk-n ɣef yiri lkanun deg uḍan-nni ɣezifen n tegrest, d akk-n ur as-nesmeḥsis ara neɣ « ur as-nefk ara azal i lehduṛ-is iččuren d ṣswab ». Ur d-neqqar ara d akk-n : « Axxam mebla tamɣart, am urti mebla tadekkart ». Inna-yasen Yennayer i yeqbayliyen-nni n zik : « Seg semmaḍen ar lɣezla ad wen-seṛwuɣ imeṛɣan ; dacu kan, i-mi tellam seg Imezwura, ad wen-d-awwiɣ leḥcaca, u awen-d-awiɣ lɣella ! ».

. Dɣa, deg ass-n, nzellu asfel, aksum-is ntett-yes seksu deg imensi n yennayer. Nettheyyi-d diɣen tiɣrifin d teḥlawit niḍen i lqahwa n ṣsbeḥ. M’ar ad d-uɣalent si tala, tulawin ssrusunt tiggaṭutin d-heyyat iḍelli-nni deg ufrag lḥaṛa. I ymekli, ttnawalent berkukes. Am uɛeqqa-nni n berkukes igemmun ma tḥazzen ifuṛan n waman inebɣa ad igmmu uɛeqqa n zzeriɛa deg akal akk-n ad d-ifek ṣṣaba. Lḥilat d igerwajen issefk ad ččaṛen d neɛma d wučči : d asfillet ad t-suget lɣella. Akk-n ti-d-imenna Yennayer, yal aɛeggal n twacult yella neɣ ulac-it, amur as-ittuneffk. Nxeḍḍuy-asen i ysufar qqeṛiḥen neɣ meṛiɣen, nesmenyif isufar ẓiden am teɣrifin akk-n ad iẓiden wussan-nneɣ.

Tameddit n wass, suffuɣen-d ɣer tejmaɛt tarbut n seksu d uksum, d amur i ymeɣban. Ma d wid neɣ tid i yulac am tweliyin, amur-nsent n weksum, n teḥlawatin d tququcin ttarran-asent di ṭṭeṛf i wass-n deg ad d-assent. Ad eččen akk medden arma ṛṛwan, ula d amesbrid ɣur-s amur-is. Tameddit n wass send imensi, tayemmatt tettak i warraw-is iɛeqqayen n yirden aten-ṭṭfen deg ifasen-nsen m’ar afken ddaɛwa lxiṛ : « Yiwen wass di ddunit, yekker Ugellid Ameqqwran ; ṭṭlam yerra-t d tafat, deg genwan izreɛ itran ; yekkes kra yellan dirit, alluḍ yurad s waman. Aluḍ yurad s waman, a Bab Igenwan !... ». Yal yiwen/yiwet ad ggerz tikli-is ur isnuɣni neɣ ur iserffu yara Aɛsas-Lḥaṛa, u ad meɣafar n wugar-asen.

Imi tameɣra n Yennayer tettdum 7 wussan, am akk-n d-nniɣ sgellin, nttṛaju ass n udfel ar « ar yezdin » Tamawiya (Tamurt n Leqbayel). M’akk-n idurar At-Wadda (Ğerğer Utaram [7]) akk idurar At-Ufella (Ğerğer Ugemuḍ [8]), Iḥḥerqan n Ṣummam, Idurar n Tewwura, n Ubabuṛ akk d Ugergur) ? issaɣay fella-sen (isdukkliten) wedfel : dɣa nzzelu izimer d asfel.

Deg Ṣummam tettilli-d deg ayyur n dujember akk d yennayer tmeɣra n umeyagger n udfel. M’akk-n adfel n Ukfadu d Ğerğer imllal d win Uceṭub d Tqinṭuct – idurar n Ubabuṛ, tama n Tizi-Wuccen, nzzelu izimer d asfel. Am’akk-n d-inna Yennayer, adfel d lffal yelhan, isffilit i wsuget n ṣṣaba d lɣella. Nniɣ-d : « Adfel yesemyagger snat n tamiwin-a n tmurt n Leqbayel u ydel-itent s ubernus-is amellal ». Zik-nni, di Yennayer, iqbayliyin cceɛlen times akk-n ad d-beggnen tumert-nsen [9] gar-asen.

Tameṭṭut taqbaylit, lmeṣbeḥ deg ufus ad d-ekk akk tiɣemar n uxxam akk-n asen-teserbeḥ Yennayer i yɛeggalen akk n twacult-is akk d yal aɣersiw n wexxam. Ad tezwir seg imarawen-innes. Ad tweddeɛ taftilt-innes deg udem n yal yiwen neɣ yiwet, u asent-menni ala ay-n ilhan : « Ferḥet a baba d yemma ! Fṛeḥ a yarggaz-iw ! Ferḥet a yarraw-iw ! Ferḥet a Yiɛessasen n wexxam ! Ferḥet a yizggaren ! atg. ». Arrac imeẓyanen tteglilizen deg udfel akk-n ad uɣallen ğğehden ur ttaggaden ara aṣemmiḍ ! Tetten adfel n Yennayer ! Tturaren gar-asen d tirebbuɛa s tkurin n wedfel ! Ma d imeqqranen teggen taɣyut n wedfel i m’ar ad d-serḥen deg ussawen arma tewweḍ s agni, ddaw taddart ; syin asecebḥen u as-tt-fken i Yennayer d tunṭict.

Yal tikkelt m’ar ad d-iɣlli udfel, asalu yeṛṛez, iberdan serḥen, arrac ilmeẓyen ttazalen deg izenqqan n taddart u ccnun : « A Ṛebbi effk-d ameččim, a-nečč ad neqqim, ad neffk i yezgaren alim ! ». Tturaren diɣen taḥnaccaṭ ! Tekkesen-d iẓeblac d-itteɛluluqen si tregwa n tisyar ! D ussan ur ntettu ! Ğerğer d Ukfadu akk d Uceṭub d Tqinṭuct d idurar niḍen n Leqbayel (Tiwwura, Ababuṛ d Ugergur) lsan abernus amellal. M’ar tebɣu aman tmeṭut taqbaylit tesefssay adfel ; tettaččar tasilt d’adfel send ad tt-terr sufella n tmes.

At-Zik, qqarer-as i wedfel « imetman n Bab-Igenwan. Deg tussnamya-nneɣ, d Bab-Igenwan i-d-isekkren adfel i wakk-n ddunit ad yiɣzif lṣemr-is. Aman n wedfel kečmen deg « iɣsan n wakal akk-n ad idum ». Ass-mi ar yenger udfel, akal ad ikkaw am umɣar uwessur. Iɣsan-is ad qceqcen u ad immet. M’ar yekkat udfel, a Bab-Igenwan i-d-ittṣuḍun abeḥri-s aṣemmaḍ ɣer lqaɛa ».

Taggara, tameddit n wass n Yennayer, tilawin ttmeslayent s leḥṛaṛ ɣef ass-nnsent. Tiwwura akk lddint, bṛaṛḥent ; acku ass-n d tafaska [10] mi qqaren « Amɣar uceqquf ». Imdanen mazal-iten di berra akk-n ad maggren arrac ilsan iseffaren [11], ittazalen ɣef yexxamen u ccnun ass amenzu n Yennayer : « Ay ixf useggas d tewwura igenwan. Adfel ar ammas, ad yefsi d aman. Ay axxam d uɛessas, necfa ɣef yiwen wass iɛebbaḍ ṛwan, iqqaṛṛa zhan... ».

Yal lall n uxxam, tettakk-asen timellalin d teḥlawatin u teqqar-asen neɣ teccennu-yasen : « Ixf useggas, d amenzu useggas. Ad necfu fell-as, a-neṛwu aksum ; ad nettu amalas ! ».

Arrac ittazalen deg izenqan n taddart deffir n yiwen seg-sen d-itturaren « Amɣar-Uceqquf » is-iggulen i « Yemma Yennayer » ad as-yilli d amekdi [12]. Ḥekkun-d ɣef Amɣar-Uceqquf d akk-n « d bu-tidett », u yezdeɣ ger tlawin, tulawin-nni yeṛṛwan lmerta. Annect-a akk ddaw tiṭ n Ugraw, u awal ur ti-d-yulli. « Bu-tidett », yiwwas kan ar mi d-ibbeɛzzaq-yes, inna-yasen : « Aḥeqq kra d-i-wansen, a taddart iwersusen, ur qqimeɣ ger-asen ! ». Dɣa yeffeɣ si taddart, iṛuḥ ad inadi axxam anda niḍen. Ur yewwi yides ala aceqquf n yirrij akk-n ad iẓẓiẓen... Deg ass-n, sawalen-as Amɣar-Uceqquf u ttaran-as tajmilt yal tameɣra n Yennayer. M’ar ad iɣlli yiḍ, at-taddart, lddin tiwwura-nsen u ttɣaman sdat umnnaṛ akk-n ad maggren arrac-nni ittazzalen deg izenqan, akk-n ad asen-d-innin awal n tidett. Yal axxam ad isel i wawalen-is n tidett, ɣas akk-n tikkwal, tiqquranen (dayɣef arrac-nni teffren udmawen-nsen). S waya, is-d-rran i tidett amkan-is, u rran i tajmilt i Umɣar-Uceqquf, mu-sawalen diɣen Aweqqaf n tidett, iyesmenyifen ad innejli wala ad iqqim deg taddart iḥḥedṛen i lbaṭṭel.

I axxam anda tameṭṭut teffeɣ i webrid neɣ tettwasen s yir ṭṭbiɛa-as, aqqcic bu-wudden uffir iqqaras-sen deg izli-is :

Atan wawal n Umɣar-Uceqquf :
A dda Waɛli ! A dda Waɛli !
Tameṭṭut-ik d m-xenfuṭ !
Ur tesɛi sser, ur tesɛi tidett !
T-tamecḥaḥt teqqur am tebselt !
Thedder yir lehdur ɣef widan i-tt-yifen !
Ma yella tebɣiḍ tidett, tecba taqerqurt ibekki !

I wakk-n ad as-surfen i tmeṭṭut-nni, issefk fella-s ad ssusem u asen-d-ffek timellalin akk d tẓidanin ! Ma d bab n wexxam asen-d-iffek idrimen. Mi dayen kkan-d akk i yexxamen n taddart, ad gerwen warrac-nni di tejmaɛt. Dinna, amnay gar-asen, izemren ad yilli d arggaz ameqqran, asen-ibḍu gar-asen timellalin, tiḥlawatin d tẓẓidanin-nni akk d-jemɛen.

Yella diɣen di tfaska-ya n Umɣar-Uceqquf, way-n mi qarren « Azal n tidett » : tewser ittḥazzen akk kra ittidiren di ddunit, d amdan, d aɣersiw, d aseklu, atg. Ula d arrac d tullas, yessefk ad akin di temẓi-nsen d akk-n ula d nutni ad iwsiren. S-ya ad ifrirent snat n tɣawsiwin. Tamenzut d tin ar naf di lemtel anda akk-n qqaren : « D temẓi i-yxeddmen ɣef temɣer ». Aneslmed i weqqruṛ amecṭuḥ ad iheyyi ussan-is n temɣer s wexmmal iɣalen, acku, m’ur d ijmiɛ ara ay-n ar a yečč di taggara n wussan-is ad d-yeggri d amattar. Taɣawsa tis snat, d tin yurzan ɣer ttṛebgga : d aqqader n wid akk d tid meqqren fella-s, akk-n bɣun illin, « xas llan di tefsut, xas llan di tegrest ».

Nwalla ziɣen, acḥal i d azal teṭṭef tmeɣra-yagi n Yennayer deg ttṛebgga d uselmed n iggerdan, akk d lwağğeb n imarawen-nsen ad ffken tazmart-nsen akk-n ad ssufɣen irgazen d tlawin n uzekka.

Di taggara n Yennayer, tilawin ttceyyiɛent arraw-nsent ad ccnun kṛad (3) tikkal deg ameẓẓuɣ ayefus n uzggar u sṭṭeṛḍiqen ɣaf aɛrur n tkasṛuḍt ; as-innin : « Yennayer iffeɣ a yazgger ! »

Tagi d tukkist seg yiwet n taɣect cennunt tlawin tiqbayliyin, d tajmilt i ugellid n wayyuren :

A Yennayer ! a Yennayer ! Keččini d bab n yiger,
A Yennayer ! a Yennayer ! Fell-ak i nerwa amdegger,
A Yennayer ! a Yennayer ! Eğğ amkan a gma i Furar,
A Yennayer ! a Yennayer ! Tettaggadeḍ Rebbi deg umɣar.

A Yennayer bu-ṣṣaba,
Aman-ik d isemmaḍen,
Tamurt n jeddi d baba,
I tt-ireffden d irgazen,
A Yennayer bu-tecrurin,
A win mi yezdi yisem,
Ḥemmlenk warrac d tlawin,
Mi i k-yesla wedrar d rrsem.

A Yennayer ! a Yennayer ! A lexyar deg wugguren,
A Yennayer ! a Yennayer ! Ḥader widak yunagen,
A Yennayer lehna tafat,
Tamurt tedda s tisula,
Win i ynudan f kra yufa-t,
Anda yedda Rebbi yella !




#Article 161: Tameṭṭut di Tesga n ṭṭlam (1126 words)


 

Tameṭṭut di Tesga n ṭṭlam n Ssaɛid Iɛemṛac d ungal yerra-d s tmeṭṭut ittwassnen si yal tamurt, s yisem-is d tufrikt. Tettunefk neɣ tettwaqqen d yal asɣan i d-yusan, tettamen s kra ɣef i s nnan ɣas akken nettat ur tt-ttamnen ara. Ulac uɣilif d ayen illan kan ay yellan. Ɣur-s tamuɣli s wallen-is am tmuɣli imelsi neɣ tinna n uɣersiw agugam, melmi iteddu ad yennefk d asfel. Udem-is am tfelwit iɣef yura wayen yuran. Yal ticredt tezzumel aktay, s tfekka teqqur tezza, tesknef-itt tallit ur tettukennay ara, la ɣer Tserɣint wala ɣer tefṛunsist. D tafekka n tmeṭṭut i d-yettunefken sɣur wakal n Tmazɣa.” [sbt.98] 
Neẓra d akk-en Tasga n ṭṭlam tezzin aṭas ɣef tikli n wergaz ger yergazen, imi d netta i yewwin tamasit ɣef udabu s umata, tamasit ɣef ubeddel n tegnatin, tamasit ɣef tudert d tiddin ɣer sdat… s wudem arusrid i tettekki tameṭṭut ula n nettat deg way-a s tmasiyin-is; “medden” yemmal imdanen i deg yesseday tameṭṭut s timmad-is. Maca amalay yewwi-tt ɣef wunti ilmend n wesdukel n wergaz d tmeṭṭut ɣef yiwet n tekti deg yiwet n tegnitt. 

Isuyas n wungal wwin-d ɣef tmeddurt n yemdanen tamirant n twinest-agi yezrin d wamek i tedda d wamek yessefk ad teddu : d tameddurt n tmetti m-tnemgalin. Ger tikli n Muḥend-Akli d way-en s temmal twacult-is tameqrant : taddart; ger tmuɣli n yelmeẓyen d tin n yemɣaren; ger tmeddurt n wid ilan d tmeddurt n wid ur nli kra; ger tudert deg wanguzen d tudert deg wemqelleɛ d usirem… Ɣef wakk-en walaɣ s umata, tikti tigejdit abeddel n way-en icemten iteddu yakan s way-en yelhan ssaramen ɣer-s. Deg way-a, ungal ur yeffiɣ ara i tilawt d tirga d usirem. Yessers-ed tawacult s iɛeggalen-is ɣer wawal, yesnerna-ten, yessedda-ten, yessemṣendaḥ-iten s tnemgalin d wurfan d tedyanin nsen. Ma nemmeslay-ed ɣef tmeṭṭut deg wungal, yessefk awal ɣef twacult meṛṛa anagar irgazen imi nutni d tikliwin nsen d ul n wungal yesni fell-asen d yis-sen. Acku d ungal n temsal n imeqqranen… ma d wiyaḍ d ugar n wawal. Yal yiwen d amek tettwali ɣer-s tmetti : Llufan (4 tikal), ladɣa ma d aqcic, d asali yelhan; d lfal swayes feṛṛḥen ak at taddart. D amaynut n tudert i tudert. D aneglus n leɛnaya i wid meqqren mgal tixnanasin nsen. D azamul n tezdeg d timmelsit.

Taqcict (yiwet n tikelt) d asmad i wawal. 

Ungal yewwi-d awal ɣef Tmeṭṭut s yisem-is d tamaqqunt n Ɛli Bu-Tlufa, yemma-s n Muḥend Akli, neɣ d Tamɣart n temɣarin. Ulac usebter deg ur temmeslay ara yiwet deg-sent neɣ asayes deg ur telli ara tekti n tmeṭṭut, azal n 50 tikal deg wezgen amenzu. Deg umaḍal-agi n yergazen, Muḥend Akli yefka awal i tmeṭṭut akken a d-tekfu taɛebbuḍt-is, a d-tefru neɣ a d-tessefru tignatin n tudert n yal yiwen d yal yiwet. Awal nsent tikwal qesssiḥ, rẓag,… am tidett. Tameṭṭut, nnig tucmitin d texnanasin n kra am “Muḥ Čermuṭ ittaɣ isnuzu di ssuq n ddel. Ssuq-nni I deg issenz yemma-s, seg imenza n timmunent n tmurt-agi tamanunt, neɣ aẓekka n tlelli… Ittnadi ɣef tmeṭṭut ugar tameṭṭut, tinna i d as d-qqnen yemɣaren-is, ur d as d-tezgi ara acku tessen-it di xemsa u-ṛebɛin deg wesgen n ttifis bu-telkin. Ittnadi ɣef tinna iẓerr di targit am tinna n tmacahutt-nni…” [sbt.116] neɣ ay-en yenna Ḥaǧ Ɛebdel : “… mačči d ugur, ɣurr agdud yuɣen tannumi d uɣurru. Tameṭṭut iḥemmlen axxam-is akk-en i d-teḍra yid-es ur tezmir ara a d-tini eḥḥ! acku d axxam-is.” [sbt.152].

Tamɣart n temɣarin tella-d i unebbeh d ccweṛ. Mi tewḥel tegnitt yaf-itt Muḥend Akli d lmendad, d tamalalt. D taɛessast n tmurt tessen, tecfa, tettḥarab, temmal,… Tettmeslay Muḥend Akli teqqar-as “Tukkest inek, a Muḥend Akli, attan deg uẓekka agrakal. Aẓekka-nni i wumi ur ttawin ara ijeǧǧigen igayemruten-agi illan nnig iqerray n tarwa n Ṛebbi. Yya! a mmi, a k awiɣ di tɣerma tamaḍalt, afrag n leɛnaya, afrag ideg greɣ ayetmak di tallit n ǧǧuṛ. Atnad ak dinna, yal yiwen s yisem-is, zdin wa ɣer wa am yetran n tterɣegga. Tagmatt n tidett. Fakk tamuɣli…” [sbt.59]. 

Temmeslay i Uṛumi : “Nniɣ-as, asmi i d-tusiḍ ad teččeḍ fkiɣ-ak tagella d lemleḥ. Tura imi d tugna i tebɣiḍ ad terrẓeḍ, tsemmaḍ i yiman-ik tamnukda taṛumanit. Ihi ffeɣ! tagi ur telli ara d tamurt-ik… 

Asmi i d-yusa Uṭerkwi s wemrig izdi ammas-is. 
Inna : Ad ɛasseɣ maca ad ččeɣ. 
Nniɣ-as : Ečč. Asmi d as fkiɣ ikeddusen neɣ igerrujen ibna-ten d Ɛenqara. Nniɣ-as : ffeɣ! tura, a baba lwali. Win ibɣan aɣrum, ad icemmeṛ i iɣallen-is ad yečč. Ma d win ibɣan iẓuran, yal wa ad yissin baba-s, yal wa inadi ɣef wayla-s.” [sbt.33-34].

Ma d Salima tineslemt, i uwanes d tarrawt, d aẓar n Muḥend Akli d watmaten-is swayes feṛṛḥen at taddart : “Ffɣent teɣratin seg wedrum ufella, cerrgent igenni : ilul-ed umaynut, d wis-ɛecṛa ger wayetmas. Tin i t id-yefkan d Salima Tineslemt. tameṭṭut n Ɛli Bu-Tlufa. D tameɛduṛt,…” [sbt.7]. Ɣas akk-en teṛwa tiqerḥanin d terẓaganin di tameddurt-is “Tewḥel tmeṭṭut deg way-en turew. Ula d sser illan gar-as d wergaz-is iɣli.” [sbt.39] neɣ “Turew-iten, wer tt uriwen/ Widen yeččan amur-is;/ Tumen-iten, wer tt uminen,/ Gan d Cciṭan wudem-is;/ Tesseɣrat mi ara d-lalen/ Widen irẓan ifadden-is.” [sbt.26]. Ɣas ma “tayemmatt tuddam tasa-s seg uḥulfu n tmeddurt taqjunt ger yeqjan… Di yal ṭṭrad neɣ tagrawla, ttṛeggimen-as tessaram di tlelli, am wakk-en dɣa s tidett ula d isem semman-as ḥuriyya -ḥḥay!-.” [sbt.104]. Asefru deg isbtar 24-26 iḥawec-d udem n tameddurt n tmeṭṭut s umata “… Salima tebna ddunnit, /… D tanegmart am tzizwit, /… Yal tikkelt ideg ara teɣli, /… D tameṛkantit imeṭṭi/…Tebna di ṣṣbeṛ axxam-is/ Deg ṭṭlam tuṛǧa tafat. /… Turew-iten, wer tt uriwen/ Widen yeččan amur-is/… Gan d Cciṭan wudem-is” [sbt.24-26]. 

D taɛebbajt tfukk awal i wergaz-is : “… D tameṭṭut am nek i ken iṛebban armi tmeqqrem, tuɣalem ... ur yelli usekkud ... i d awen d-yennan ɣurwat tameṭṭut d nettat i d Cciṭan. Tameṭṭut d tamurt, yess i tellam, fell-as i tebnam. Ma tesmenttem-tt ad aken tesmentet tmurt nwen, ... Tameṭṭut tettunefk-awen-d d tayri, mačči d tayaziḍt i tmellalin. … Irwi-yak akw allaɣ-ik Ccix Ɛmeṛ, ur d ak d-yeǧǧi iẓri i s ara teẓreḍ, ikkes-ak allen-ik, tettedduḍ s warquqen-is … Ayen? Ɛni ur zeddigit ara yeɣsan-ik i wakken a ten id-tessirdeḍ? niɣ qqaren lḥiǧ sdat tewwurt… Ur lliɣ ara d yelli-s n teḍsa i wakken ad sselmadeɣ imelsiyen! neɣ d aɣyul i d-yeǧǧan taḍsa....” [sbt.14-16]; i Ccix Ɛmeṛ “… ɣer tneggura-yagi ifukk way-en zeddigen gara-neɣ. Ɛli Bu-Tlufa issen kan tid iɣef yecfa, tid-en yeɣra di ǧamaɛ, sdat n tewwurt. Dayemmi yettwali kan ɣer tqamumt n tinzert-is. Melmi i t ugarent tlufa a d-ittmekti di tmucuha. Timucuha irran Muḥend Akli d akli. Timucuha irran tayemmatt d tayaziḍt. Timucuha izeṭṭen taɛeddawit ger watmaten. Timucuha iwwin amdan ɣer yilem... Tamacahutt n Qurraḍ, agellid iderwicen” [sbt.20].




#Article 162: Ḥmed Umerri (5253 words)


Ḥmed Umerri, seg yisem-is unṣib Ḥmed Belɛid, aẓar-is yekka-d seg Yemrabḍen n Wat Bu-Waddu (deg Iwaḍiyen).
Ilul deg tagara n tmiḍa tis 19 (19th Century) deg Wat bu-Waddu.

Tayri-s i Tlelli d ukasan mgal lbaṭel, wwin-t ar wannar n umennuɣ. Mi yebda Umerri tagrawla, yella d aqemmar, syin yetti-tt ar umakkar. Amakkar n wat-nnif akken i s-semman leQbayel deg wussan-nni. I-tt-ikkes-asen adrim i wid yesɛan, yettferriq-iten ɣef imaɣban.
Yiwen seg iserdasen n Fransa, isemma-yas «  Robin des Bois n tmurt n leQbayel ». Iga tarbaɛt wiked igezzen iberdan i tkeryas , ger-asen yella Wasel ɛli. Dɣa d aneggaru0ya i t-izenzen i Fransa.
Krim Belqasem, yewwet yewwet almi i yeqbel Umerri ad ittekki di l OAS, dɣa deg wussan-nni kan i ten-nɣan.
Wasel ɛli-nni dɣa, yettwaṭef kra iseggasen di taẓult. Iserdasen n Fransa, budden-as s tkerkas almi i s-sekcem deg uqerru, belli tameṭṭut-is iẓer-itt Ḥmed Umerri.
Si zɛaf akk d ukasan, yeqbel ad yeddu d Irumyen akken a sen-izenz Umerri.
Umerri yemmut s temrigin (rṣaṣ) deg useggas 1947 deg iɛezzunen deg wexxam n ɛli Wasel

Ilul Umerri di taddart At Jjimaɛ n temnaḍt n At Buaddu deg Iwaḍiyen. Ur ufiɣ ara anwa assegwass i deg ilul maca imi deg udlis n Useddiq inna-d d akken ikcem ar laɛeskar gar usegwass n 1937  d 1939 imi yufad-t-id ttrad amaḍlan wis-sin d aserdas di tnezruft. Imiren ɣur-es 20 isegwasen, nezmer ad nenni ihi d akken illul-d gar usegwas n 1917 d 1919.

Ass-mi illa d aqrur, itturar akw d tezyiwin-is di taddart uraren-nni n warrac n zik: tuqemca tufra, timqarqart, tiqqar, tebbib, atg. Yiwen wass, iṭṭef abrid iteddu s axxam, imlal-d ultma-s tettru, acebbub irwi war timeḥremt u isteqsa-tt: dacu i kem yuɣen? terra yas: d Aḥsen at I*... iyi-ewwten. Umerri xas d aqrur, xas akken meẓẓi u rqiq ɣef Aḥsen, ibarrez fell-as u ifka-yas tiyita s uqerruy isexnunes-it di tmurt. Limer ur as-tekkisen ara gar ifassen-is yelli atan ikkes-as ṛṛuḥ.

Tewweḍ ihi taluft ar tejmaɛt, baba-s n Aḥsen iggul ar d-yerr ttar ittwaksen ɣef mmi-s. Baba-s Umerri diɣen iggul kif-kif imi inna yasen di tejmaɛt ‘ihi ay tadart taluft tewweḍ ar tmegwḥal’. Maca imɣaren n taddart urzen-ten u rrant-ten-id s abrid dɣa teqqim kan akken taluft. D akud d tatut i tt-ifran.
Maca xas ur meqqwert ara taluft-a gar twaculin n Ḥmed d tin n Aḥsen, tejja-yas-d i Ḥmed terzeg deg imi. Ahat imiren i igza d akken taɣdemt d tayett u win ur nesɛi tayett ad tt-yecc d taṣemmaḍt.

Baba-s Umerri d amɣid ixedmen tamurt am netta am medden di tallit-nni. Seg-mi id-illa umennuɣ-agi d Aḥsen, iteddu akw d baba-s ar llexla u ixeddem yid-s. Issassay-ed s axxam am argaz.

Xas akken ihi ṭaqa n wakud-is isɛedday-it di tferka ar yidis n baba-s, mi yufa kan cwiṭ n wakud i yiman-is ad inser ar teẓgi ad iḥewwes neɣ ad icali. Ad yekk akw ibardan d wezzu, isafen d ixarban n taddart acku iḥemmel ad eqqim iman-is. Ittaf iman-is mi ara yelli iman-is kan deg umadaɣ. Itxemmim aṭas. Aṭas n wid t-iẓran afus ɣef lḥenk icexc deg ilem. Mi ara yilli ihi iman-is, allaɣ-is itezzi am tẓarbuḍt.
Win igan lmendad ɣef wamek illa di temẓi-s ad yaf ur imgarad ara ɣef wamek illa di temɣer. Izga di teẓgi u azday d waṭas n medden ur as essin tikli! Agwlaf ur as-yufi anamek!

Idda ussegwass ɣef wayeḍ, imed aṭas Umerri. Tazmert am ulɣwem. Ccurent tuyat-is, nnernan ifassen d iɣalen-is, tebda-t-id tamart u taɣwect-is tuɣal tesharhur cwiṭ, zuret. Mi i t-iwala akken baba-s, inna yas yiwen wass mi itetten imensi:

Yemma-s diɣen teddem awal u tenna-s 

Umerri irra kan awal i baba-s:

Azekka-nni di tafrara zrin ar ssuq n Buɣni. Dinna, ifka yas baba-s cwiṭ umesṛuf u msefhamen anda ara mlilen tameddit mi ara yefru ssuq. Umeri iddem abrid-is iteddu, ittemdeggar d imsewqen. Kan akka izga yas-d yiwen uterras anect-ilat deg ubrid u irra ad ittuɛeddi fell-as. Maca Umerri ur asent-ittanef ara i tigi. Iwesseɛ ifka-yas tiyita ar ibeṛdi. Ixmemmi din di tmurt uterras-nni amcum. Dɣa Umerri inser irwel ad iffer. Kra  iḥedren din ssexcen ad feṛzen anwa-t akka uqcic-agi iṣṣemken aterras s yiwet n tyita? Yerna aterras-nni ittwasen di ssuq n Buɣni u ttagwaden-t medden. Di tallit-nni qqaren medden fella-s isɛa lhiba. Di taddart-is ttargigin medden mi ara t-walin.

Syin ikcem Umerri ar lqahwa, iswa ttay. Iṭṭef abrid-is ar yiwet n tḥanutt yuɣed laḥlawat d tẓidanin i watmaten-is (ɣur-es yiwen gma-s d yiwet n ultma-s) u idda ittrajju baba-s. Tameddit, mi-id-uɣalen, ur t-id yuli wawal ɣef umennuɣ-a di ṛṛehba n ssuq. D baba-s, ar imesni, id-immuchen i at wexxam ayen iwala di ssuq. Ḥmed irra iman-is am akken ur ḍrint: ur iḥdir ur iwala. Icca am netta am at wexxam bu-zelluf, imi akka igan wansayen n tmurt: ass amenzu ara yekcem uqcic ar ssuq, nefqen-d at wexxam u ttaɣen-d aqerruy n uzgar. Am akken ttagan-as tameɣra i win yuɣalen d amuqwran, d argaz!
Ḥmed diɣen-netta issusem kan. Ibḍa tiẓidanin I watmaten-s akken ur sseqḍen ara, yuli ar taɛrict izzer di tnafa.
Mi d-irfed baba-s awal ɣef umcciqlel-nni di ssuq, Ḥmed ikukra awal ɣef temsalt-a acku yugad imahat iwalla-t-id baba-s. Akken ad ikkes ccek d usurdu isteqsa baba-s:

Tura imi aglam neɣ udem d-ifka bab n Umerri ɣef uqcic-a tezga-yas-d i Ḥmed am tcacit, wisen ahat baba-s iẓra d mmi-s i d lefḥl xas ur t-id-inni ara. Ma d at taddart ttawin akw aqcic-a deg awal war ma ḥsan d mmi-s n taddart nsen.

Idda akken cwiṭ n wakud, Ḥmed izga iman-is kan. Ur iteddu d yiwen, ur isḍuqqut awal d yiwen. Ayen ilaq-en kan ayen nniḍen akw d ashetref. Izga di teẓgi d waylaten nsen di taddart.
Ihi iɛya cwiṭ deg iman-is dɣa yiwen yiḍ inna i imawlan-is d akken ad iruḥ ar tamdint ad inadi amahil as d-iskecmen cwiṭ usurdi. Imawlan-is ddan-as kan di lebɣi. Azekka-nni di tefrara, ezzi abernus ɣef tuyat-is,  icca-tt-id di Buɣni. Simi  issers iḍaren-is di temdint yuzel ar lqahwa ad issu ttay. Issexc akw di medden acku iḥsa d akken wid izedɣen di temdint mgaraden cwiṭ ɣef wid id-yusan seg udrar. Imesdurar di temdint ttkukrun ula d tili nsen. Maca di tilawt iḥsa kif-kif-iten akw. 
Ites ihi ttay itmuqul di medden, dɣa immeslay i yiwen uqcic  iqqimen iman-is diɣen ar tama-s: 

Dɣa mmeslayen akken cwiṭ anwa-k, ansi dd-kkiḍ, ansi d-usiḍ, almi d ewḍen ar taluft umahil. Inna yas Umerri aqli ara ttnadiɣ aɣrum-iw dagi. Aqcic-nni, Muḥend Areẓqi, irra yas: “ak awiɣ ad txedmeɣ ar xali di lkuca maca ɣur-ek dagi medden ssexdamen iẓawaliyen war ma fkan asen ayen id-ḥella tidi nsen. Illa zzur d lbaṭel”. Muḥend Areẓqi d aneɣmas n PPA (Akabar n Ugdud Azzayri n Messali Lḥajj) u tektiwin n tegrawla rrekemnt di tmelɣiɣt-is am ibawen di teccuyt.
Fɣen ihi si lqehwa, uɣen abrid ar lkuca n Dda Ɛacur. Deg ubrid, awal ɣef medden d iqqeddacen iṛumyen izga ɣef yimi n Muḥend Areẓqi. Immel-yas-d akw amek ttwasknan yergazen di Buɣni, amek ttwaṛzan kra n wid d-yuli wawal ɣef war-tiɣdemt d miḥyaf.

Ixdem akken ihi Umerri kra n wussan ar Dda Ɛacur di Buɣni, ar xali-s n Muḥend Areẓqi, u yiwen wass ikker yurag ar Umecras ad icali cwiṭ. Lqahwa tamezwarut i iwala ikcem ɣur-es. Yufa din Muḥend Areẓqi isekkef ttay. Swan akken-nni yiwet n tɣellayt, qeṣren cwiṭ. Muḥend Areẓqi imiren yuki d nnda mi tekkat u awal asertan izga deg imi-s. Ikkat di Lqayed d Ccambiṭ d wid akw itetten deg fus uṛumi d wid iɛefsen aẓawali d ugellil. Xas akken, Umerri ur icekcem ara aɣbwel i temsal-a, iɣil d tiqwulhatin n wid izedɣen di temdint. D tawat kan d wayen txeddem wanag win illuẓen ilha kan d uɣrum-is. Yerna kra d-inna Muḥend Areẓqi inna-yas-t-id yagi di Buɣni ass-mi mlalen tikkelt tamenzut. Umerri itett-it kan s wallen ittecmumux. Inna deg ul-is : aqcic-a yuɣ-itent! Yerna am tfunast ittara di llifeẓ!

Iffeɣ-d ihi si lqahwa-nni u imlal-d Ccambiṭ bu uɛekkwaz ɣef umnar n tewwurt. Ccambiṭ, abernus azegzaw ittejgugul ɣef uzagur-is d ukras n unyir, ittwassen deg Umecras d yir sekka imi iḥeqqer medden u izga isrusuy d tirect kra n win ur nezmir ad yerr tiyita. Irna medden s tmerna n tfunast akken qqaren at zik. Ula d tineggura yagi akken ad issusem uqcic iccebwlen imawlan-is qqaren-as: ssusem ad t-aya Ccambiṭ! Dɣa aqcic ad ikmumes di tesga ad irked. Yuɣal ihi Ccambiṭ d aberaɛruɛ neɣ ugar: d amaɛmuc!
Immeɣ Ccambiṭ ihi iṣṣemek Umerri s uɛekkwaz. Umerri inkaḥ amzun d aqjun ittewten, imzaraz. Ikker, izdi lqed-is u ifka yas tiyita ar tgeẓẓal d tayeḍ ar umayeg u Ccambiṭ icca-tt-id deg ubaluz ittnazaɛ. Itti iman-is am llufan. Ixnunes. Iɣli wanza-s ɣef umnar!

Umerri irwel, yuzel u yuɣal ar Buɣni s tufra. D yiwen b-ukamyun i t-iselken imi ɣef tiṭ-is kra d-iḍran gar-as d CCambiṭ. Mi ewweḍ ar Buɣni, xas akken izwar-it wawal n wayen d-iḍran deg Umecras yuzel ar lkuca ad iddem lqec-is. Ur inni awal i Dda Ɛacur xas akken wagi isla, iẓra ayen iḍran. Yerna bu-lkuca, udem ur as fkin ara, ur isetḥa ur iwwura: simi tefka tewwurt Umerri issaweḍ awal i yemsulṭa. Akka i d tagmatt n wid isuzuren udem!

Iffeɣ si lkuca, iṭṭef rif-rif n ubrid almi d ijufar d Buɣni. Tiṭ-is ɣef ubrid ukarrus ittmuqul ma illa win ara  t-yawin ar Tizi. Akken kan ihi atan iteddu-d yiwen ukamyun, izwer-as ar ubrid Umerri ittwehi-yas ad iḥbess s sin iffasen. Iḥbes ukamyun, msefhamen ɣef ssuma akken ad iddu yid-s ar Tizi u irkeb ar deffir.Umerri inna-yas nek d Saɛid, Saɛid Waɛmer. Bab-ukamyun irra yas “ atan a Saɛid ma illa win iɣ-d iḥebsen kecc d axeddam-iw”. Akken dɣa id-teḍra, ar tewwurt n Tizi Uzzu, ttwaḥebsen, Umerri d axeddam n bu-kamyun u isɛedda taswiɛt akken. Ula d netta s timad-is, mi-d fɣen cwiṭ i Buɣni, is-teqsa-t-id  yiwen seg ijjadarmiyen i wumi ssaweḍ Dda Ɛacur awal, ma iwala neɣ essen Ḥmed Umerri. Umerri irra iman-is ɛit-ɛit.

Di Tizi wezzu, imi mazal ttnadin fell-as yemsulṭa iṛumyen d iɣallen nsen gar Iqbayliyen, ijja kan isem-nni n Saɛid Waɛmer akken ad ifer yis. Yufa-d amahil ar yiwen Uṛumi mi ssawalen Jean. Jean isedday di Tizi yiwet n taṛmist n uxnac u isexdem Umerri akken as tt-ittɛasa. D amahil fessusen i umesdrar.
Umerri am zik-is kan. Ur sḍuqqut awal, ur isɛi imeddukal. Ula d ucci d wid itefɣen is-t-id-ittawin si berra. Ula d Arrumi-nni akeswaḥ isker-s aɣwbel u isteqsa-t yiwen wass:

Ihi Jean ayen wallant wallen-is d ayen illan. Acku Saɛid Waɛmer macci kan iweṣṣat baba-s, tweṣṣat ula d tudart d wayen iwala yagi. Ur as-tefki ara tegwnitt ad iffeɣ. Yugad ad t-kkarcen u ad t-hawṣen ar taẓult.

Nneflen kra n wussan ɣef wiyaḍ, izri kra n wakud d Ḥmed illa di teglimt n Ssaɛid Waɛmer. Ixxeddem u ilha kan d yiman-ines. Irked kan iffer. 
Yiwen wass ibed ɣef umnar n lluzin isla i yisem-is sanwi is-d-issawlen: wa! Ḥmed! Waaa! Ḥmmed Umerri!. Ifrawes anwa i t-isnen s yisem-is n tidett. Iɣil sanwi i t-id iɛeqlen. Irfed allen-is iwala Mḥend, ɛemmi-s. Iwehha yas yusa-d ɣur-es u iḥka yas akw ayen illan. Ɛemmi-s agi ewwi-yas-d akw issalen n uxxam nsen d wid n taddart. Inna-yas-d yiwen yiwen amek llan at taddart u issaweḍ-as-d diɣen awal d akken sawlen-as-d ɣer lɛesker. D ijjadarmiyen is-ewwin lekwaɣed s axxam. Inna-yas d akken ilaq ad iruḥ Umerri ar ijjadarmiyen akken ad t-awin ar Maison-Carrée, Lḥerrac n wass-a.
Azekka-nni ifka yas taḥawact issurdiyen Umerri i ɛemmi-s iweṣṣat a tt-ifek i baba-s yerna ad as yenni aqli-yin ussan-a s axxam. Isseda-yas awal akken ur iqqar i medden taluft n Saɛid Waɛmer is-d-iḥka iḍelli-nni akken ur  skaren ara aɣwbel deg uxxam yerna ur ilaq ara ad tettawin medden d awal s yir iles.

Send ad iffeɣ a d-yuɣal s axxam ɛemmis Mḥand, Umerri yurag ad iwali Jean akken as-yinni d akken ad iḥbes amahil imi issufek fell-as, am netta am tezyiwin-is, ad iruḥ ad isɛeddi lɛeskar. Ira ihi ad iṭṭef tajarnanti-is imiren imiren akken ad ifek cwiṭ n idrimen s axxam.

Umerri iffeɣ akw d ɛemmis, yuɣ-d cwiṭ icettiḍen s axxam irna ifka yas i Mḥand kra iṣurdiyen ad ten-yawi i baba-s. Iweṣṣat ur iqqar i yiwen ɣef temsalt n Ssaɛid Waɛmer. Mḥand yuli s axxam, Ḥmed iṣṣub ar ijjadarmiyen. Azekka-nni icca-tt-id di Maison Carrée (Lḥerrac n wassa) deg ijufar n Lzzayer (tamaneɣt n wassa) yuɣal d aserdas gar tezyiwin-is.

Gar iserdasen ewwi-d iman-is: iḥrec, iẓwer, imɛen. Xas akken di tezwara ur iḥemmel ara talaba userdas, kra n wussan kan yuɣal innum-itt. Tekkes-as akw tilluxa d usras n yiman-is izgan ɣef kra n Iqbayliyen imiren.
Yufa Ḥmed iman-is. Iserdasen nniḍen mi i-t-walan akken icṭar, ran akw ad ilin ar tama-s, ad uɣalen d imeddukal-is. Maca netta, am zik-is kan, ulac tadukli, ulac awal. Maca ahat ur iḥwajj ara tadukli isardasen imi yufa iman-is gar ibeckiḍen d tmegwḥal. Iḥemmel aɛbar d rriḥa n dduxan d-tefɣen mi ara iffeɣ ukaṛtuc. Isbedday tibṛiqin di nnican, ittara znad u ikkat-itent. Imir at tafeḍ izmumeg ifraḥ.
Ilmed amek iteddun leslaḥ, amek ara ifsi timgwḥal d tmeẓyanin. Ilmed diɣen tamusni n tserdest, amek ara innaɣ, amek ara iffer d wamek ara issexdem tigwnatin n leḥris akken ad isselek iman-is. Anect-agi akw ilmed Umerri ad t-yaf deg ussan i t-ttrajjun ar zdat.

Tin ɣer-s, imi atan yuɣal d aserdas, iwala d akken yuɣal s abrid. Ikcem ar tegrurt. Yiwen ur ittnadi fell-as tura. Ur iteffer ur t-id-ifki. Izdi lqed-is u irfed aqerruy-is. Yufa iman-is. D laman.
Zrin 12 n waguren, ewwi-d ula d ttesriḥ. Serḥen-as-d s axxam snat n ddurtin. Yusa-d iɛawen baba-s deg umahil d userwet di tfarkiwin nsen. Ikkes aɣwbel i yemma-s u issefraḥ atmaten-is. Iḥewwes diɣen cwiṭ di taddart d imudaɣ-is akken ad d-immekti temẓi. Zrin wussan am ifeṭṭiwej almi d-yufi iman-is eqqim-as yiwen wass. Innuɣna. Azekka-nni ikker zik ad iruḥ. Tedda yid-es yemma-s almi d taqerniḍt n taddart-is, tuɣal-ed s imeṭṭi d tasa-s n tyemmatt temmecc.

Kra n wussan mi-yuɣal ar lkazerna n Maison Carrée, fkan-t ar tnezruft. Din tusa-yas-d semmumet imi ur innum aṭas n uzɣal d ujdi. Iṭij irna aceggeḍ i wayen iqqimen i tegwlimt-is. Maca Umerri akken is-d-usa tegwnitt iqqazem-itt. Irfed-tent issers-itent yufa-d yifit tanezruft d talwit wala ccwal n tudart gar medden di tmurt-is.
Deg usegwass n 1939, ikker uhetwil di Turuft. D ttrad amaḍlan wis-sin.  Sbegsen-asen Iṛumyen i waṭas n warrac n tmurt akken ad rḥun ar Fransa ad ḥerben ɣef tlisa n tmurt. Hitler icca-d tamurt sya-u-sya. Dɣa Umerri illa gar wid ibegsen iḥezmen , war lebɣi nsen, ad rren akk-in iserdasen n Hitler di tama n Starsbourg ar tiseɣlit Maginot.
Maca Wehrmacht tekka-d s ufella, s tmurt n Beljik. Akka isen ikellex Hitler i Ṛumyen d Igliziyen. Mugren-t ar usammer n Fransa u ewwin kra sɛan d aserdas iẓewren ar din u jjan amalu d ilem. Dɣa kra i ɣef izḍem Hitler ini isdarm-it, ihud-it, imeḥqit.

Xas akken, mbarrazen Iṛumyen d llalmaniyen deg usammer n Fransa, di tama n Strasbourg. Dinna dɣa i illa Umerri gar isardasen Iqabyliyen. Atan amek iḍra umbarrez-agi:
ɣzen ixejjḍan d tesrafin sdat nsen, heggan iman-nsen ad nnaɣen. Iḍudan ɣef zznad. Umerri iqqim, tamegwḥelt tres ɣef umessaḍ, tixenfyac ar igenni d MAS 36 ar tama-s. Allen-is ṛessant ar tama ucengu ittrajju am netta am isardasen nniḍen.
Mi d-iwwed userdas allman, ibda-d aṛsas aṣeffer sya-u-sya, isla Umerri i ccaf nsen isuɣ: ar deffir! ar deffir! Rewlen akw Iṛumyen d wid illan ar tama nsen acku ḥsan ur zmiren ara i Inaẓiyen ten-yugaren ten-yifen ama di leslaḥ ama deg uheggi n ttrad. Dɣa yufad iman-is Umerri iman-is kan, weḥdes acku ur iddi ara gar wid irewlen. Ur yuɣal ara ar deffir am netta am wiyaḍ. Mi d-iwweḍ ihi tizi leḥris ulac amwanes, ulac ameddakul. Yiwen ur d-illi ar tama-s.
Maca rrewlen akw ala netta. Ayen? ayen ur irwil ara am netta am isardasen nniḍen? Amek almi niqqal ifka ixef-is d asfel? Dacu i t-ijjan iqqim din? Wisen dacu id-iɛeddan deg uqerruy-is almi inta din am tagwest d ṛsas d acebṛuti ittreqriq deg igenni. Iseqsiyen-agi ahat mmuten yid-es. Maca limer d-illi unadi ɣef tudart-is ahat atan neẓra ayen iqqim ddaw ikamyunen d tkeryas illmaniyen.

Ikcem ar tesraft neɣ ur uxmujj ittwaɣzen ddaw tmurt irked din. Idda cwiṭ deg-s imi axmujj-agi ɣezzif almi iwala iman-s iffer akken iwulem issusem iqqim iman-is. Ur t-id-yuli wawal ur t-id-yuli umesli. Inteḍ din amzun d tadɣaɣatt.
ɣef  ubrid nnig tmurt, nnig uqerruy-is, ttɛeddin icaren d ikamyunen n Wehrmacht. D zhir kan i wumi issel d tmurt ittenhuzun fell-as. Tikwal ɣellin-d kra n ibruyen n wakal si sqqef n tesraft-nni. Iɣil ad d-hud u ad ittwarkeḍ din yerna yiwen ur t-ittaf. Ad iruḥ am aḍu. Maca, am arezg-is, isemnaɛ aqerruy-is.

Mi iẓra d ayen tefra nnig uqerruy-is, zrin iserdasen n Wehrmacht. Irjja iḍ iffeɣ-d. Yuzel ar teẓgi iffer d netta i ttwali sya-u-sya ma illa kra ara iwali. Idda akken cwiṭ iwala yiwen laɛzib neɣ lfirma. Iɛuss-itt cwiṭ ad iwali amek tella tegwnitt din, ur iẓri wara n wayen issagwaden. Dɣa yemmeɣ s uɣiwel iteddu s axxam-nni ibedden ar rrif n tfarka gar snat n tselnin. Isṭebṭeb, telli yas-d tawwurt yiwet n tmeṭṭut meqqwert cwiṭ di laɛmer. Inna yas ayen illan, tameṭṭut tefka-yas icca iswa. Tefka yas diɣen talaba n urgaz-is akken ad ikkes talaba-s userdas. Syin iṭṭef abrid-is ar tmaneɣt, ar Lpari.
Di Lpari, di Barbes, imlal d Muḥend Aṛezqi deg yiwet risṭura i deg iqqim i uḍebsi n seksu. Dɣa zedɣen akk-en akken ad myaḥkun ɣef uqbur d umaynut. Immuceh-as-d Muḥend Aṛezqi amek teṭṭfen ar taẓult ass-mi isres Umerri d tirect Ccambiṭ deg Umecras. Ittwaḥbes agur, iffeɣ-d. Syin iṭṭef-d lbabur ar Fransa maca di ljjib-is ur tettekkes ara Colt 45 ines. Izga ar ɣur-es acku imiren teqwa tmafyatt di Lpari.
Umerri diɣen ɣur-es di tbarizt, MAS 36 ifsi, d yiwen ujenwi anect-ilat, inebbeh-it u taqamumt-is tesɛa uglan d tuɛlac am umgar.

Inuda yufa amahil dɣa irked am netta am iminigen n tmurt: lxedma lluzin s axxam am aken qqaren iminigen n zik!
ɣer yimsulta n Fransa Umerri, imi ur t-ufin ara yuɣal d amerwal, d amẓerti. Yuɣal diɣen ar temsalt-nni n tuqemca tufra. Maca tin i t-ideggren ar tufra d tin ssalima. Iddukel netta d Muḥend Aẓezqi ad walin asaru akken ad ksen cwiṭ ɣef ul. Di ssalima, send ad ibdu usaru sɛeddan-d yiwen usaru awezlan ɣef imezdaɣ n ugafa n Tferka yunagen ar Fransa, imiren wa iqqar-asen Aɛraben wa iqqar asen kan Inselmen. Deg usaru yagi izga yiwen ubulis, bu-tkaskiḍt, ishetrif , itezzem, ikkat deg Imaziɣen d Waɛraben. Xarttum miḥyaf d usider deg imaziɣen almi ur asen- ijji yiwet. Mi walan akken Umerri d Muḥend Aṛezqi, ijbed-d Muḥ Aṛezqi tameẓyant itirri ɣef ubulis-nni deg usaru deg akken irfa, immec. Dɣa tekker ṭanṭana, ikker uhetwil. Wa ittsuɣu, wa ittmejjid, wa yettazal wa yeffer ddaw ikwersiyen. Umerri d Muḥ zṛan dacu i ten-ittrajjun rewlen send ar lemdent tewwura, send ad d-awḍen ibulisen.

Seg imiren, imsulta ḥsan deg akken Umerri idder. Ibda unadi fell-asen netta d Muḥend Aṛezqi.
Rekden deg yiwen usensu di Pigalle iṭṭef yiwen uqbayli. Qqimen ugar n 4 wussan ur d-ffiɣen deg ass. D iḍ kan iten iteṣren, tefɣen leḥḥun cwiṭ ad ksen lxiq. Ar wass wis 5, Muḥend Aṛezqi yeḥḥulejj (idisidi) ad yuɣal ar tmurt, inna i Umerri:

Seg wass-mi iruḥ Muḥend Aṛezqi, yufa-d Umerri iman-is iman-is kan i tikkelt nniḍen. Maca tiktiwin n Muḥend Aṛezqi bdant ttakkent imɣi deg allaɣ-is. Izga ittxemmim ɣef anect-a. Izemmem ixemmem, yufa d akken d Muḥend Aṛezqi u ɣur-tella tidett. Tamurt-is tettwaḥres, issekna-tt Uṛumi d alqayed d ccambit ar yidis-is.
Imiren ttrad amḍlan diɣen irekkem. Wehrmacht tezgel kra imennuɣen u tebda tettnaɣ timedeffirt. Umerri icum-itt tebda tqemmeḍ. Acku Iṛumyen d Igliziyen ttqejjimen cwiṭ cwiṭ deg Inaziyen ittnaɣen s tukerda n tqejjirt.
Izra d aken ar tagara n ttrad, ad tedyeq fell-as tegwnitt. Imi ad uɣalen ad ezzin fell-as yemsulta. Dɣa, 3 waguren send ad ifru ttrad, iṭṭef lbabur ar tmurt.

Mi d-ires di Lzzayer, iṭṭef imiren imiren lkar ar Tizi Wezzu. Mi tfujj tiṭ-is ɣef idurar i deg id-ikker, ireḍb-ed wul-is u tberreq tɛabuḍt-is. Iḥus am akken iqber cwiṭ maca macci d aqber-nni d-zeggwiren amɛuqu.
Irkeb deg yiwen uṭaksi almi d Tizi n Ttlata ikemmel deg iḍ uṭṭellis ɣef uḍar almi d axxam. Iteddu ittemdarkal, ikkat tiselnin d yeẓra almi issaweḍ ar taddart-is iṭṭsen, amzun d tilemt. Iddem abrid s axxam nsen isṭebṭeb ɣef tewwurt useqqif. D tawwurt n ubelluḍ d tahrawant.

Teldi-d tewwurt, kkren-d akw at wexxam mugrent-id, ssudnen-t. Yemma tessaɣ times u ikker ubahnanuz ittaweḍ ar ssqef. Qqimen akw yid-es ar yiri lkanun iḥka yasen-d amek teḍra yid-s. Deg uxxam yufa-d baba-d meqqwer cwiṭ maca ur yuɣal ara d amɣar awessur am aken iɣil ad t-id-yaf. Yemma-s kif-kif teṭṭef ula d nettat iman-is. Gma-s meqqwer s tezmart-is ma d uletma-s ur tt-id-yufi ara deg uxxam. Attan deg uxxam-is, “fkan-tt” tezwejj.

lḥasun kra ikka yiḍ, teqqim tumart d teḍsa ulac anwa ara tent-idmen. Carhen wulawen, ikkes uɣilif d lxiq: yuɣal-ed urgaz s axxam.
Azekka-nni at taddart akw mgagin-d ar ɣur-es di tejmaɛt imi cedhant, jjment akw. Tilawin kecment-ed s axxam s waddud. Ta tewwi-d timellalin, ta d timẓin. Ta d skkwer ta lqahwa acku akka i d ansayen imiren. Mi ara d-yuɣal iminig ttadedden-d medden ɣur-es u ssarbaḥen i mawalen tuɣalin-a n talwit. Qqarent tlawin i yima-s meqqar imi d-yusa bxir mmi-m! neɣ Ansuf s mmi-m ar wexxam, s tezmert-is! Yerna ur tyuɣ wara a negehh-im! llant tid diɣen is-innan: Ma nniɣ-am! Awid-ukan yuɣal-ed irza-d fell-awen! Lɛeslama-s!

Sin wussan ar yidis imawlan d at taddart, iṭṭef abrid ar Yiɣil Imula ad iwali ameddakul-is aqbur Muḥ Aṛezqi. Yufat di yir tagwnitt. Inna-yas-d:

Qqimen akken di sin tiremt. Mmeslayen akw ɣef ayen iḍerrun di tmurt d wayen iḍran di Fransa. Muḥend Aṛezqi tikkelt-a iwala d akken Umerri ifka-d udem i wawal asertan d-ewwi s lecwar kan. Icrah s umeddakul-is. Icrah ugar imi Umerri ur yugad ara ad t-imlil gar medden. Ugar anect-a iɛreḍ-it-id s axxam-is akw-ya.

Yuɣal-d Ḥmed ar taddart anda iqqim kra n waguren. Ussan ttazalen d wudem nsen yiwen. Yufa-d iman-is am zik: iman-is deg imudaɣ n taddart. Tudart n taddart ur teffiɣ ara fell-as. Macci tikkelt-a allaɣ-is itezzi, ittxemmim ɣef teɣdemt d miḥyaf ddren Iqbayliyen di tmurt nsen. Awal n Muḥend Aṛezqi isṭenṭun deg uqerruy-is. Yerna iwala d akken uɣalen medden macci kan di ṭṭarf, maca ula d illugan m tmurt n Iqbayliyen aṭas ur ten-nettqadar ara imi illugan Iṛumyen kkan-d nnig-sen. Irra umeḥras taqlaḍt i Uqbayli izzuɣur deg-s am...
Yufa diɣen aṭas n miḥyaf d lbaṭel i illan gar medden. Ameqwran icca amecṭuḥ. Amerkanti issexdem s wulac aẓawali, icca tidi-s. Wid inetḍen ar Iṛumyen am lqayed d ccambit rekḍen atmaten-is deg zal qayli. Tuɣal tirrugza d awal kan, tuɣal tirrugza d idrimen.
Umerri icca-t wuli-s ɣef wayen iwala. Ur innum ara tigi. Iɣuc-itent. Iɣunfa-tent. Dɣa seg-mi d-erna tyita n Gelma di 8 di magu ussegwass n 1945 igza ur d-iqqim wara. Ittwakkes sser u Aṛumi ibeggen-d udem-is amek-it. Yuɣal-as Uṛumi d ixwumasen-is d qeḍran. Sya d afella, nek yid-sen d taqbaylit!

Msefhamen d akken ala tufɣa ar udrar i d tifrat. Msefhamen diɣen d sin kan ara fɣen d yiwen neɣ sin imeddukal n Muḥ Aṛezqi. Ad ddun yiwet n tikli u d Umerri ara yilin d aqerruy n terbaɛt. Umerri iffeɣ-d takeṛmust-is imir imir:

Inna yas Muḥ Aṛezqi ak mlilaɣ ar lagar n Mɛetqas ass n lexmis id-iteddun.

Ass n lexmis, iruḥ Umerri as Mɛetqas zik. Ezzi-d yakw i imeḍqan  i wanida ara imlil d Ḥajj Ali Muḥend Aṛezqi d imeddukal-is. Netta iṭṭef deg uqerruy-is kra is-d-inna Muḥ Aṛezqi ɣef umdiq-agi. Inuda fell-as yufa-t deg umadaɣ.
Umerri ur ittamen yiwen. Iẓra ma illa win is-tt-yundin ad ittwaṭṭef am arruy di lɣar. D aya i ɣef izwar. Ad iwali dacu-tt akka takwatt-agi n Muḥ Aṛezqi d wamek ara ikcem ɣur-es d wakem ara d-iffeɣ seg-s. Mi ifka anadi d wannuy deg-s, issens tacemmaɛt ittezruruqen deg teɣwmert n tekwatt; iffeɣ iffer ittrajju ad d-awḍen wid akken i deg ara yaɣ abrid umadaɣ.

Mi iɣli yiṭij, aten-iyi teddun-d 4 iterrassen. Mi id-ssawḍen ar yimi n tekwatt iffeɣ-d Umerri deffir-sen inna yasen:

Muḥ Aṛezqi d imeddukal-is frawsen. Isduqqes-iten-id Umerri ur tuḥtamen. Mi d-iwweḍ ɣur-sen inna yas Muḥ Aṛezqi:

Kecmen ar tekwatt. Warɛad ssarsen iman nsen inna yasen Muḥ Aṛezqi:

Inṭeq uterras nni iqqimen ar tama-s inna:

Aterras wis kuz imgarad cwiṭ fell-asen. Issusem ikmed maca tamuɣli-is qessiḥet, tessagwad. Ṣṣura-as tettbin-ed amzun iffeɣ-itt rruḥ. Seg-mi id-iwweḍ d netta ɣef tiṭ Umerri. Dɣa inṭeq-d ula d netta:

Mi ikfa uterras-agi tiyita di medden, issekna aqerruy-is issusem. Umerri iẓra yir awal am wagi ur issuffuɣ ara ar wayen ilhan. Iḥus am akken ad asen-yuɣal uterras-agi d azrem uqelmun. Injjer taɣect-is inna yasen:

Iswi nneɣ macci d tukarda macci d tamḥeqranit deg ẓawali. Iswi nneɣ, s yiwen wawal, d tiririt n tissas i wid mi-tt-ksen Iṛumyen d ixwumassen nsen. Tikli nneɣ ad tili d tin zeddigen u ad ilin ilugan a tt-id-izzerben. As-d-ilin d tilisa. Tura imi d nek i d aqerruy n tarbaɛt, tura kan awin-ten-in-inniɣ yiwen yiwen u ad awin arnuɣ kra n wayen ttɣunfuɣ d wayen d wid ur iyi-d-nezgi ɣef tiṭ.

Qqimen di 4 di tɣarɣart, ɣef tyeggirin, zzin-d i tarbut n seksu d waftaten n uksum irsen ɣef ugartil. Iqḍa-d inefq-ed Aâli imi iâareḍ-ed imeddukal-is. Tarbaât Umerri d Muḥ Aṛezqi di sin, netta d âaemmi-s di sin. Tetten, ttnecraḥen, ttaḍsan. Yak d imeddukal. Iɣli-d laman gar-asen. Ur d-illi usurdu, ur d-illi ccek. D tagmatt. D tadukli ɣef tgella d lemleḥ. Maca Aâli izga itett Umerri s nqar n tiṭ. Amzun ittalas-as-tt. Amzun iceggeḍ-it kra. Netta tuɣ-it yunditt netta d âemmi-s. Ksan-d tundar yiwet yiwet, almi d-ssawḍen Umerri ɣer txenfuct ubeckid nsen di tesga n uxxam nsen. 

Umerri ur yuki d nda mi itekkat. Ur yuksan, d netta d umeddakul-is tuɣiten di nnican, gar tɣunam n tmegwḥelt n Aâli. Aâli Wasel, n Iâezzunen, d ameddakul-is iḍelli, d amedddakul-is assa. Ur d-yelli wayen ara a t-ikukru. ɣur-s, am akken ur ḍrint. Âait ɛait. Wanag, urjjin isrussuy tamegwḥelt-is ar tmurt. Tezga ar yidis-is, ɣef udem ufus akken mi tt-iḥwajj ad tt-iddem imiren imiren. 
Azal ttaken Iqbayliyen n imiren i tmegwḥelt am win ittaken i tlawin nsen: ur ittnuz ur irehhen!
Assen, isers-itt, isenned-itt ar udekkan di teɣmert. Ur d-lli ara ɣef udem ufus-is. Mi inuda fell-as, yuɣit ismar-as Aâli macci d yiwet n tarsast. Isḍarḍeq-as ibardiyen-is am netta am umeddakul-is. Teffeɣ swa swa akken i tt-undin. Wa iqqar d Aâli i itekkan ɣef znad wa iqqar d âemmi-s. Ama d wa ama d wihin, Umerri yuɣal d aquran di tɣerɣert. Icca-t waldun di tesga n ṭṭlam. Izirig ileddayen yuzel ɣef tamart-is. Immut. Si tiremt-nni d afella, tensa tafat n Umerri. Iquc usirem id-irra i watas n medden. D ayen d tagara.
 
Xas akken, ikmumes amzun d aqejmur, d ajdar, ɣef udem-is issaɣ-d yiseɣ. Ittban-d amzun immut s tfenṭazit neɣ am akken ur ibni fell-as. Timi-s tekres amzun ur yuḥtam ara ayen iḍran yid-s. D aya ihi i ɣef Aâli d âemmi-s ufan ulamek ara as-anfen akken. Ksen-as ula d talaba ines zeddigen, selsen as tayeḍ yumsen, ixnunsen. Ssufɣen-t seg uxxam u ewwin-t ar iɣzer akken ad ssidren seg azal-is. Ladɣa dina is-gan tafuṭuttt-nni id-iqqimen ar medden d tirni. Seg-s issenned ɣef tezṛutt amzun illa win i t-issarsen. Ur d-iban ara deg-s am win iɣlin, am win icca waldun.
Ihi ula di tmettant rran ad t-ssimsen. Dagi akw i t-ttwaɣ. Acku caḍen, ttḥarqen. Am akken tamgarḍt-is ur asen-teccur ara tiṭ.

Imi Umerri yuɣal i Iṛumyen d iqeddacen nsen d jenjar i tiṭ, d aṛejjaq di tgerjumt, llant-ed deqs n temliliyin fell-as. Lkumanda n Tizi Wezzu, ccambitat, lqayed, d iḥerkiyen nniḍen akw i tezzin fell-asen u ternuḍ-as s ufell-a kra n win i wumi ifka tiyita akken ad t-id yerr s abrid. Myal tikkelt, ad as-sennin kra illan gar wallen nsen nutni d ayen n dir, d ayen ifɣen i ibardan. Kra n wanida d-tella tukarda, kra n wanida id-illa imenɣi ad t-aebbin ɣef uqerruy Umerri. Xas akken, Umerri izdeɣ deg ulawen n medden u yiwen ur ifki deg-s afus.

Macci d tikkelt  tura i iḥeccem Umerri imsulṭa-agi umaḥras, i ten-id isban d iqwrar imi ur as-zmiren ara. Ur as-ttawḍen ara ula ar ugarz. Mâebbaren d tikti n tuṭfas macci d tikelt u tagara ur d-iffeɣ kra syin imi imezdaɣ n tmurt llan-d ar tama Umerri. Ansi is-kkan Iṛumyen d ixemmasen nsen, netta s ufus n medden, ad yekk ansi nniḍen. Isban-iten-id d wid ur as-nezmir d netta urjjin iḥbes acemmet deg-sen imi izga ucaqur ines n teɣdemt ittqeddir. 

Tusa-d tikti i lkumanda amek ara tsekertfen. Ẓran akken ad as-awḍen ilaq asen ubrid n laman:yiwen seg imeddukal-is. Ilaq as-sbedden. Maca anwa seg-sen?  Amek ara t-qenâen ad ibxes u ad ifek afus deg Umerri illan imiren d assaḍ gar wallen n medden d tirni? 

Refden sarsen ufan-d ilaq ad t-smarkin netta d yiwen seg imeddukal-is. Akken ad yilli usemmarki ilaq ad afen taɣwsa ur izmir umeddakul-is ad isemmaḥ. Ilaq asen ad afen  kra uxeclaw ur izmir as yanef Uqbayli ad iâeddi. Ilaq kra d amuqran, ara yawḍen i umdan ar tamart-is, ar isseɣ-is, ar nnnif-is. Ayen ara t-icemten gar medden ma ur d-erri ara ttar. Am tamgarḍt, neɣ tuksa n sser.
Xemmem as diɣen aṭas u gezmen di rray d akken zemren ad qqenâen yiwen seg imeddukal-is ma illa sbaben-as agejdur, ma illa gren-d tameṭṭut-is ar taḥsirt xas akken ur tuksan ara. Akka ihi ssalin tasraft, fernen Aâli imi d ameddakul amuqran  n Umerri yerna tella-d ɣur-s tmeṭṭut tecbeḥ nezzeh, akken d-nnan. Gren fell-as meskint ayen ur texdim.

Ewwin-t ihi ar Tizi Wezzu ɣef tqacuct iqerray nsen. Azal n 3 ussan d wuḍan i teṭfen ɣur-sen akken ad tessimnen. Dɣa rwin-as aqerruy-is akken iwata. Ssawḍen ihi almi iten yumen d akken Umerri ikcem-as s axxam u kkes sser ɣef tmeṭṭut-is. Netta anect-a yak ur d-illi maca di tegwnitt am tinna, ibundel Aâli . Idderɣel. Yuɣal ittwali kan amek ara ineɣ Umerri acku mawel ad ssufɣen awal ar taddart u as ittwagdel wawal gar yergazen. Akka i tella imiren. Isseɣ d nnif am tamgarḍt. Ma illa iffeɣ-d wawal macci d ayen fessusen ad tesfehmeḍ i medden d tikarkas. Ladɣa ladɣa ma ɣef tmeṭṭut imi kra illan d isseɣ n twacult, itti ɣef uqerruy-s nettat yerna ur tezmir ad tenni kra. 

Iffeɣ-d Aâli syin u deg uqerruy-is tban tikli: ad ineɣ Umerri, ad yerr ttar akken i wata. Ifra ssuq, tenza sselâa. Immeslay d âemmi-s imi tamsalt tâna akw tawacult-is. Emtawan amek ara t-ksen si tudart imi yuɣal-asen d ugur, d ayen iten ssarxan gar medden. 

Bernen Iṛumyuen d iqeddacen nsen ihi Aâli almi yuɣal irra iman-is d qebbaḍ lerwaḥ am winna n tmucuha. Win n tmucuha meqqar ittass ar win i wumi teccur, ma d Aâli iccur-itt i Umerri.
Akka ihi is-ihegga imensi. Yir imensi. Win n uɣurru. Yiwen ur yuksan wayeḍ ur yuklal. Umerri ur ixdem kra, Aâli Wasel seccen-t, ccuren-as taqerruyt d tmelɣiɣt almi ulamek ara yidir ma illa idder Umerri. Ṛzag-it wussan skud idder Umerri. Ufan-as abrid. Deg ussegwass n 1947. Di furar. Ass wis 16. Deg Iâezzunen. Swa-swa ass-mi id-issali Krim Belqasem tarbaât-is OS yulin s adrar send 1954. Yak mlalen netta d Umerri akken ad dduklen mgal amaḥras maca ur umtawan ara, ur zgin ara ɣef yiwet n tmuɣli. Maca ar assa ur neẓri ara amek id-teḍra gar-asen neɣ wisen ayen ur dduklen ara.

Iffeɣ yir awal d usali n wayen iḍran d Umerri u yuɣ akw timnaḍin n tmurt n Iqbayliyen d tin n Llezzayer d Fransa. René Leiber n uɣmis Le Journal d’Alger, yuli-d ar Tizi Wezzu u yura amagrad ɣef Umerri d tagara n “txidas, war-laman d yir sekka” di tmurt n Uzwaw. L’Écho d’Alger diɣen yura ayendin si yennayer ar furar 1947 ɣef Umerri d tarbaât-is. 

Tamettant n Umerri wa tesrut, wa isfenxer kan. Wa irgem-it wa iwwi-t-id d asefru. Xarttum ar ṭaqa n Iqbayliyen, Umerri ad iqqim i lebda.

Yennayer 1974

 




#Article 163: Faḍma n Sumer (1003 words)


Lalla Faḍma n Sumer d tameṭṭut Taqbaylit ikecmen deg umezruy n tmurt s ibeddi-is deg wudem n wemnekcan afransis aseggas 1857. Lalla Faḍma tlul deg useggas 1830 deg taddart n Werja di Lɛarc At Bu Yusef, di Tmurt n Leqbayel, temmut aseggas 1863, di temɛemmert n At Sliman.

Lalla Faḍma n Summer neɣ Faḍma n At Si Ḥmed U Mezian n Warja, d tameṭṭut i ikecmen deg umezruy n tmurt s ibeddi-is deg wudem n wemnekcan afransis. Tlul deg useggas 1830, aseggas ideg d-kecmen Iṛumyen tamddint n Dzayer, deg taddart n Werja, deg lɛerc n At-Buyusef. Taddart n Werja tezga-d deg webrid yettawin seg Aṣqif n Ṭmana ɣer Tizi n Tirurda, deg wul n Ǧerǧer. Isem n Summer i tewwi Faḍma, d isem n yiwet n taddart nniḍen ur nebɛid ara ɣef Werja anda i tedder Faḍma.

Tekker-d deg yiwet n twacult n yemrabḍen, nettat d yiwet n weltma-s d kuẓt (4) watmaten-is. Baba-s Muḥend Ameẓyan At Sidi Ḥmed, yeɣra Leqran, d aɛeggal n Ṭariqa Taṛeḥmanit, i d-yeskker Sidi Ɛebdeṛeḥman Bu sin Iẓekwan deg useggas 1715. Asmi tewweḍ ṣa (7) n yiseggasen deg usemmud-is, tawacult-is teǧǧa Warja, tṛuḥ ɣer Summer anda yuɣal baba-s d Ccix n taddart.

Faḍma tettuṛebba-d, am nettat am teḥdayin n tallit-nni, deg wansayen d leɛwayed n Leqbayel n zik. Maca, tewwi-d tikli nniḍen, yemgarraden d tin tezyiwin-is. Ur tettaɣ ara awal n yimawlan-is, tettefeɣ ɣer beṛṛa ɣer wennar n yergazen, ɣas akken tilawin n yimir-nni amkan-nsen deg wexxam, yerna dɣa ma yella d tamrabeḍt. Teffeɣ d tamnafeqt. Yuɣal d ttawin-tt medden d anzi, tin yekkren ɣer tayeḍ ad as-tini tuɣaleḍ d Lalla n Werja, ma deg yella tefka lebɣi i lebɣi-is, ur teṭṭif ara deg leɛwayed n zik. Baba-s d watmaten-is ḥeṣlen deg-s, tagi d tamsalt n nnif, gma-s akken ad tt-iɛaqeb, ḥebsen-tt deg wexxam acḥal n wussan.

Asmi tewweḍ 16 n yiseggasen, yenna-as baba-s : A Faḍma, aqli-kem-id tura d tameṭṭut, ilaq-am ad terreḍ axxam. Tenna-as : ur lliɣ seg tid yettarran ixxamen, a-t-an ara yi-d-ttasen kra n temsal meqqren d tid kan ara ḍefreɣ. Baba-s, tebda tkeccem-it tugdi, awal ara yettazal, heddren, qqaren-as, ahat ur teṣfi ara. Akken ad tbeggen tidet, Faḍma terḍa ad teddu d tislit. Yuɣ-itt Yeḥya n At-Buxulaf n taddart n Ɛeskker deg lɛerc n At-Yetturaɣ. Teqqim deg wexxam n wergz-is ṣa (7) wassan tuɣal-d ɣer Summer.

Deg tallit-nni, Aṛumi yebda yettaɣ-d tamurt n Leqayel. Deg 1837, yeṭṭef tamdint n Delles. Ssyin akkin, d nnuba n Budwaw, Tizi n At-Ɛica, Lberj-n-Mnayel, Dreɛ Lmizan d Tizi-Wezzu ad ɣlint ddaw tecḍaḍt-is. Seg yimir-n i iɛewwel ad yeɣḍel Adrar n Nnif, imir-n, i tekcem Faḍma annar umennuɣ.

Deg 1849, tesdukkel amennuɣ d Si Muḥemmed Lhacimi, yiwen n wergaz i yettekkan deg tnekra d-yeskker Bu Taɣaḍt (Bu Meɛza) deg Ḍahra, deg umalu n Lezzayer tamaneɣt. Wagi ṭṭfen-t Iṛumyen ɣer lḥebs deg Fṛansa, yessaweḍ yerwel-d, yuɣal-d ɣer tmurt anda d-yufa yeḥma useqi. Tadukli n sin yelmeẓyen-a, tessaɣ amennuɣ deg yal amkan deg Ǧerǧer, ssawlen i Yeqbayliyen ad beggsen ad nnaɣen mgal acengu. D amennuɣ ara idumen i teɣzi n yiseggasen.

Ssyin akkin, Faḍma n Summer tessunded tanekra n Bu Tserdunt (Bubeɣla) s yisem-is n tidet : Muḥemmed Ben Ɛebdelmalek, i d-yekkan seg tama n utaram. Tessudes amennuɣ deg Ǧerǧer, tuɣal d ccif ɣef yiserdasen i d-teskker, i d-yekkan seg leɛrac am At-Yetturaɣ, At-Buyusuf, At-Yellilten, Illulen-Umalu… Tebḍa-ten ɣef sin yegrawen : amenzu d imusseblen d wid tettawin isalen, wis d iɛerḍiyen i tmettant neɣ iserdasen s leslaḥ. Tessuter deg At-Yiraten ad ɣzen tisrafin, i At-Yellilten ad xedmen akal akken ad afen d acu ara ččen deg tegnit n umennuɣ, i At-Iḥitussen, Dderna, Illulen, Tiziḍt d Texliǧt-Iḥeddaden ad d-xedmen ibeckiḍen d lbaṛud. Ass n 7 Yebrir 1854, iserdasen n Lqebṭan Wolf ẓedment-d ɣef wedrar,. Faḍma yesduklen iɣil d trebuyaɛ n Bu Tserdunt, temmuger-iten ɣer Wasif Userdun (Sibaɛu), deg Yiɛezzugen. Ɣas akken ugaren-ten Yiṛumyen acḥal yid-sen, yerna ifen-ten leslaḥ, maca, lɛesker n Fṛansa yuɣal ɣer deffir zdat n tyitwin n yiserdasen n Faḍma n Summer.

Ger yimennuɣen imeqqran nniḍen i yekkren ger Leqbayel d lɛesker n Fṛansa, d win yeṭṭreḍqen deg wemkan imi qqaren Tacekkirt, deg At-Buyusef, ger 16 d 19 n waggur n Yulyu 1854. Din ččan Iṛumyen tiyita akken ur nwin, Marical Randon yeǧǧa deffir-s 25 seg yifesyanen-is, akk d wugar n 800 seg yiserdaen-is, ma d wid nniḍen selkenten iḍarren-nsen. M’akken yerwel yenna-asen i Leqbayel : “Ad d-uɣaleɣ”.

Ger 1845 d 1856, Ǧerǧer kkan-as-d seg yal tama, lɛesker d-yekkan seg Tizi-Wezzu d win d-yekkan seg Qsenṭina d-izegren ɣef Bgayet. Deg Yulyu 1857, lɛesker n Rondon d win n Faḍma mlalen deg Yiceṛṛiḍen, yekker imenɣi ger sin yemrigen. Amḍan n yiserdasen n Fṛansa yugaren s waṭas Iqbayliyen akk d leslaḥ i tesseqdec Fṛansa deg umenuɣ-a tessaweḍ ad tessenger yes-s almi d aneggaru seg yiserdasen n Faḍma. Tabɣest d tissas n wid yennuɣen ɣef tleli-nsen ur ay tezmir sdat n wehdum d-yeɣlin fell-asen.

M-akken i tt-senzen, Jeanne d’arc nneɣ akken i s-yessawal Rondon i Faḍma, yeɣli-d fell-as Jiniral Yusef, tameddit n wass, deg taddart n Texliǧt At-Ɛettu yeṭṭef-itt netta akk d tid-nni yellan yid-s. Wwin-tt ɣer Tmezgida, nnig Iferḥunen, anda yessers lekka-s Marical Rondon. Ssyin rran-tt ɣer lḥebs nettat d gma-s Si Ṭaher akk d 200 n yemdanen nniḍen i yettwaṭṭfen, deg Temɛemmert n Sidi Sliman deg Teblaḍt (ger Mdiya d Ṣṣur Lɣezlan) almi d asmi i temmut deg Ctembeṛ 1863, ɣef 33 n yiseggasen.

Ugar n ṣa (7) yiserdasen n umennuɣ, Fṛansa, seg twaṭṭfa n Faḍma n Summer, teṛza Tanekra n Yeqbayliyen ɣef tlelli-nsen, teṛza Adrar n Nnif, teṛza Tajmaɛt n tudrin, tṛessa deg wemkan-is tadbelt-ines deg tamurt n Leqbayel ugar n lqern.

Ass n 3 Yulyu 1995, wwin-d iɣsan-is ɣer Lɛalia anda teḍḍlen imeɣrasen n Tegrawla deg tmaneɣt. Almi d imir-n i yestaɛref uwanek azzayri s umennuɣ-is mgal amnekcan afṛansis. D acu kan anecfu aɣerfan ɣef Faḍma yezga yedder. Inzi: ɣer deffir d Faḍma ɣer sdat d tiṛṣaṣin, qqaren-t medden ɣef wayen i yettraǧǧun wid-nni yettnaɣen lawan-nni, ma yella rran taqejirt ɣer deffir. Akken diɣen ara naf ddeqs n yisefra fell-as, d tajmilt ɣef yiseɣ tla. Kra seg-sen :




#Article 164: Amurakuc (263 words)


Amurakuc neɣ Meṛṛakec (s tafransit : Marrakech , s taɛrabt : مراكش Murrākuš ) d tamdint tezga-d g unzul n tamurt n Umerruk. Neqqar as  Tamdint tazegaɣt  ( s taɛrabt : المدينة الحمراء , s tafransist : la Ville rouge ) .

Tella Amurakuc g tuẓumt n Merruk di tasga n Meṛṛakec-Asfi .

Uggar n 928 850 middn zdɣen g Amurakuc . Ɣur Amurakuc snat tasga : Tamdint tamzruyt d tamdint tamaynut.

Amurakuc d ism amazigh lan g-is snat n tiguriwin : Amur (s taɛrabt   ارض) d Akuc (s taɛrabt   الله) 

Ar neqqar imezdaɣen n Amurakuc  Imerrakciyin  s teɛrabt , d  Ait Merrakc  s tamaziɣt .  

Bab Ahmer neɣ Taggurt tazeggwaɣt ( s taɛrabt : باب احمر , s tafransist :  la porte rouge ) yella tama n ugemmiw ageldan . Bab Ahmer d agmam amensay yella g  La Médina  , Itussan s  daqqa merrakchiya .

Agmam n Gueliz ( s taɛrabt : ڭيليز , s tafransist :  Guéliz ) yussi assaɣ ness seg Jbel Gueliz ( Adrar n Gueliz ) , yella g Agafa utrim n lmdina taqburt .

Agmam n Lmdina ( s taɛrabt : المدينة , s tafransist :  La Médina ) d yiwen agmam ameqqran d axater n tamdint n Amurakuc . Lan g-is bezaf n imukan tmerritin . Uggar n 40 000 n inazuren xdemn g-is .

Agmam n Livernaj ( s taɛrabt : الحي الشتوي , s tafransist :  L'hivernage ) d yiwen agmam n tamdint n Amurakuc . Yella g anẓul utrim n agmam n Gueliz . Lan g-is villat d hotelat

Tugna:Koutobiya-Marrakech-MOROCCO.jpg|Timzgida Kutubiya
Tugna:Marrakech.jpg|Amurakuc seg ignna
Tugna:Marrakech banner.jpg|Jamaɛ Lefnaa
Tugna:Souk.JPG|Suq Amurakuc
Tugna:Marrakech - Menara.jpg|Menara n Amurakuc




#Article 165: Takatalant (134 words)


Takatalant di Katalunya.

Aseqdec n Tkatalant yeẓẓa iẓuran-is yerna simma simma la ttnernin di Katalunya. Di tallit-nni ideg Franco yeṭṭef Spanyul yegdel-itt, maca xas akken, tedder deg yilsawen n Ikatalanen . 
Di tmendawt(Constitution) taspenyult n 1978, Tameslayt-a tuɣal d tunṣibt di Katalunya d Tegzirin Baléares daɣen di temnaḍt n Valansya, dinna ssawalen-as “Tavanlansyant”. Tasekla s Tkatalant teğuğğeg, ayen din n yedlisen i d-yettrusun di tsedlisin, ula deg isupermarciyen znuzun-ten. 
Deg iberdan ukeṛṛus ipanuten ttwarun yakk s Tkatalant, ttwarun ula s Tkastilant (Taspenyult) maca seddaw n Tkatalant. Tisdawiyin smenyafent taɣuri (leqraya) s Tkatalant, tuget n tezrawin tgen-tent yinelmaden s tmeslayt-a, ula deg isura n sinima isutitrajen tgen-ten s Tkatalant.

Tilibizyuwat d yilɣagduden-nniḍen ttmeslayen s Tkatalant, seg imeẓyanen alamma d imɣaren zemren yakk yikatalanen ad slen, ad walin neɣ ad ɣren ayen i sen-yehwan s Tkatalant.




#Article 166: Vok Stefanovic Karadzic (110 words)


Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic, ilul deg 1787, imut deg 1864, D aserbi ig jerden abrid issufɣen iserbiyen si tebrek ar tafat.
D netta is ifkan nnuba d wazal i tsarbit, tutlayt temḥeq teslabit. Anida tyiwi
uḍar is, akal ibalkiyen yedda yafes, ileqqweḍ deg sefra d cna nat zik. Isers ilugen n tjerrumt n tsarbit, isnulfa-d iskilen ijdiden, issufeɣ-d amawal n tmeslayt n wegdud. Vuk ( Uccen aqabac, semman as imawlan is Vuk akken as texḍu tmettant imi mmuten akw wayetma-s t-idizwaren) isɣer iman-is imi di llakul ilmed kan amek ttarun d wamek qqaren.

Idder yeqqar: Piši kao što goviriš a čitaj kao što je napisano!
Aru akken tettmelayeḍ, ɣṛitt akken tura!




#Article 167: Miguel de Cervantes (118 words)


Miguel de Cervantes d amyaru aspenyul, ilul ass n 29 ctember 1547 g Alkala de Henares yemmut ass n 22 ybrir 1616 di Madrid, d’aneggal, amedyaz,  d msezgan, yettwassen ɣef lǧal n wungal-is Don Kicuṭ n Manca i yuɣalen mucaɛ di ddunit imi assa yettuneḥsab d ungal amezwaru deg umezruy n talsa i yettwarun s wudem atrar am wid n tura. Ma deg tsekla taspenyulit d yiwen seg imeqqranen.

Asmi yella meẓẓi, Cerventès yesɛedda-d xemsa iseggasen d lḥebs di Lezzayer tamanaɣt n tura, acku yiwwas mi d-yuɣal seg yiwen n ṭṭrad ideg yettekka ɣer tama n tmurt n Ṭṭelyan, ṭṭfen-T yefliseN imselmen netta d wiyaḍ deg yill agrakal, ur s-d-bran armi t-id-tefda yemma-s s kra n twiztin.

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#Article 168: Naruto (566 words)


Naruto (ナルト) d yiwen umanga shōnen n Masashi Kishimoto, deg win i d-yeffeɣ deg-s yiwen umestbaɛ akfuḍ s yiwen isem. Amestbaɛ agi yettawi-d tanfust n uninja dilemẓi akken, Naruto Uzumaki, yettnadi ad yettwasen s yawk medden s tuɣalin da Hokage, in ibɣan ad yini d anezmar n taddart.

Amanga yeffeɣ-d i tikkelt tamezwarut deg Japon deg nwember 1999 ɣef tasḍunt Weekly Shōnen Jump n umazrag Shūeisha. Ma s tefransist tella-d deg 2002 sɣur imazrag Kana, s ugellel n 5 isunad net ufɣa tajaponit. Ufaris Studio Pierrot ed Aniplex, tamekfadhut tafda l 03 n Tuber 2002, ɣef tiliẓri TV Tokyo mayela deg fransa degḍed ɣer Game One di 2 n yennayer 2006 daɣen ɣef NT1 di ukčum uɣarbazi 2007.

Amezruy n Naruto idarru deg yiwen umaḍal deg-s izri d imal anida, ɣas aken ffɣent-d aṭas n tiknolojitin n tura, iningaten d cwiṭ n isamurayen qqimen d nutni i d-tinezmarin tiserdasin.

Dduklen deg tuddar yal yiwet s tazmart-is ɣur-sen amzun timiḍi, iningaten skarayen imenɤi tikwal yeldi tikwal « semmed » gar tixarubin deg atas-aya.

Yiwen gar imrigen isexdamen deg taluft agi d aggay n tiza(9) igmusen, qaren-asen ccwaṭen s tjelhumin, ig zemren ad tswa swen s imdanen mbeɛd yiwet n tafugla taɣersawt iwaken ad sɛun tazmert-n-sen. mraw-d-sin(12) uqbel tazwara n tamacahut, yiwen n igmusen agi, imi qaren Kyuubi, itswa tef yerna itswa zzu deg yiwen uqcic aken id-ilul kan isemman Naruto Uzumaki s ufus n Hokage wis ukuz(4) n taddart n Konoha.

Tamacahut tbeddu deg tilemzi n Naruto, ɣer mraw-d-sin n isegesen ines. D agujil, deg mad ikker netsan d abessal d ambassi, ixedem akk tiwuɣa ig zmer iwaken at id-zren medden. Targit-is: ad yuɣal Hokage aken ad steɛrafen s-yes imezdaɣ n tadart-is. Laxater, cciṭṭan n i yetttwaḥebsen deg-s isekred aggad d akrah n at tadart, id, s wussan ttun lferq gar Kyuubi d Naruto. Ɣas akken, Naruto itstrini mliḥ iwakken ad yuɣal da genin, taseddart tamezwarut deg iningaten. Mbeɛd aṭas useyyi, igged ar taggara ad s-d-fken amenyir n Konoha akk d assali-nes ar genin. Yuɣal ini itsekki deg tarbaɛt deg-s krad iheppaden ninja, d Sakura Haruno d uḥric n Sasuke Uchiha. Cwit cwit, mlalen ajounin-nsen, win at n islemden : wini mu snen akk Kakashi Hatake.

Deg tazwara tsaggadent yarnu karhent at taddart, cwiṭ cwiṭ yerna deg tazmert yerna irebḥ-d lemqadra d leḥmala n at taddart s lfedel n unuɣen i yugar deg-sen iɛdawen imeqqranen n Konoha gar-asen aṭas n at taddart n zik. Cwiṭ cwiṭ, axetet n uḥkem n dunnit n yiwen deg-sen iban-d.

Tazwara n umeruy itekka f ukuz(4) udmawen imenzawiyen : Naruto Uzumaki d amunu, maca daɣen Sakura Haruno, Sasuke Uchiwa d sensei-nsen Kakashi Hatake, llan deg amzun akk aylan imezwura n umanga.

S akinna, ffɣen-d udmawen imaynuten, am Sannin, krad(3) ininjaten yettwasnen ad yuɣalen d iselmaden n krad(3) inelmaden deg usatu amaynu, ayen ad yawin asengara-nsen. Naruto aqlalaḥ ad yeḍfar Jiraya, d aninja amazuf s wul ameqqran, aselmad n zik n Hokage wis ukuz(4); Sakura, i yersen, at dfar aselmed n uninja amsejay Tsunade; Sasuke affakas ad yuɣal d immesten n Orochimaru, yettwasnen am usemdan, maca d amenɣiw yetwanudan, yellil tirmitin i yedlen yernu yexsa ad yawi tafekka n Sasuke.

Sya ar zzat n temacahut, udmawen imaynuten ffɣen-d, wid ad yuɣalen d imenzaɣ (Gaara, Rock Lee …), d imdukkal (Shikamaru Nara, Hinata Hyuga …) neɣ ad yuɣalan d icenguten imeqqranen, am imaslaḍen n Akatsuki, tuddsa ur nessin n iningaten irewlen izemren aṭas aṭas.




#Article 169: Tiwal (166 words)


Tiwal d yiwet taddart d-yezgan di tama wunzul n Bgayet, id yussan d tɣiwant n At Maɛuc. Ɣef ism-is mgaradent tmuɣliwin: wa yeqqar-d akken awal n Tiwal yussa-d seg At wawal, llan wid d-yeqqaren yekka-d seg awal tala, imi zik ugtent tliwa deg temnaṭ-a. llan wid d-iqqaṛen belli yekka-d seg awal yewwula neɣ iqubel, imi taddart n Tiwal tewwula ar tɣiwant n Tmuqra, ansa d-usan imenza n Tiwal, ssemman-as akk-a iw akken ism-a ad yili d inigi ɣef tayri-nsen d talsa-nsen ar wakal lejdud-nsen. 
Di tegrawla tazzayrit (1954-1962), am tuddar n Tmurt n Leqbayel, Tiwal tefka-d aṭas n yirgazen s wacu ad-tzux. Azal n 106 yimeɣrasen iṛuḥen d asfel i timmunent n tmurt n Lezzayer, war ma nsiḍen wid ur nemmut ara. 

Tura, Tiwal tesɛa kra n 1200 imezdaɣ, dacu kan tugwet deg-sen unagen ar yal tamnaṭ n tmurt n Lezzayer d tmura n umaḍal. 

Tugwet n at Tiwal ssuturen Tadsimantt i Tmurt n Iqbayliyen.

Kra n At Tiwal yettwasnen: Buqider Sliman, Celiq Lbacir, Akli Qbayli.




#Article 170: Tizizwit (106 words)


Tizizwit (Asget: Tizizwa), (assaɣ usnan: Anthophila) d aburɣas yeṭṭafaren tafesna n tedlafriwin, Tawuri-ynes d afares n tamment d uɣrum n tzizwa d ufarer, Ar tura ttwasnen-t wazal n 20.000 n telmas ttidiren-t deg yakk imenẓawen n tegnit anagar Antraktika, Ɣas akken azgen ameqran n telmas d timettyin maca llan-t waṭas n telmas n iden d timsufin (ttidiren-t iman-nsent).
Tizizwa n tamment yakk i d tawsit yettwassenen acku d talmest id yettaken tamment i wefgan

Tizizwa d asmil id yekkan seg twacult n yirẓaẓen ikarbuniden yellan d iburɣas imursanen 

Seg zik yella ubaɣr amyaɣ (nnfeɛ yettmbadlen) gar n ufgan d tzizwa 

Asuji s tzizwa

Tuqqsa n tzizwa 




#Article 171: Ccinwa (245 words)


Ccinwa d tamurt tameqrant ay d-yezgan deg wegmuḍ (ccerq) n Asya. Tajumma-nnes 9.640.821 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Zedɣen-tt 1.336.718.015 n yimezdaɣen (Icinwaten). D nettat ay d tamurt yesɛan aṭas akk n yimezdaɣen deg umaḍal.

Aselway: Xi Jinping
Aneɣlaf Amezwaru: Li Keqiang

Tamurt-a d nettat ay d tis kraḍ (3) deg umaḍal seg yidis n wakal (sdeffir Rrus ed Kanada), yerna 40% seg wakal-nnes ɛlay ugar n 2000 n lmitrat. Idraren iɛlayanen akk deg umaḍal (Himalaya) zgan-d ɣef tlisa n Ccinwa akked Lhend ed Nepal. Ccinwa tesɛa daɣen yiwen seg yineẓrufen (ṣṣḥari) imeqranen akk deg umaḍal, aneẓruf n Gubi, am wakken ay tesɛa ugar n 5000 n yisafen. Tamurt-a tesɛa tallit aydeg d-yekkat aṭas ugeffur (d tallit n tmusunt, deg unebdu), maca igefran-a ttgen, tiikkal, ixeṣṣaren d imeqranen.

Ccinwa tesɛa agdud ameqran akk deg umaḍal: ugar n 20% seg yimezdaɣen n umaḍal d Icinwaten. Maca amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen n Ccinwa ddren deg tama tagmuḍant (tacerqit) n tmurt. Ugar n 61% n Yicinwaten ddren deg ugama (beṛṛa i temdinin). Ihanen d nitni ay d tadersi (miniroté) tameqrant akk deg Ccinwa (ugar n 90% n yimezdaɣen), yerna d tantala-nsen (dialecte) ay ssawalen Yicinwaten akken ad msefhamen gar-asen.

Deg 1992, Ccinwa tekcem tadamsa n wulzuz (économie de marché): ula ma medden ttalasen ad sɛun tiṛmisin (tikebbaniyin) i yiman-nsen, maca anabaḍ mazal yeṭṭef ṛṛay ameqran deg temsal n tdamsa. Ccinwa d nettat ay d tanfarast (productrice) tameqrant akk deg umaḍal deg wayen yerzan imendi (céréales) am ṛṛuz, irden ed wekbal.




#Article 172: Tasnawalt (190 words)


ilugan n tira n tmaziɣt d zrar n yilugan yemseḍfaren - wa deffir-wa-; d ilugan i ilaq ad ten-yissin win yebɣn ad tt-yaru akken iwulem, war tuccḍiwin.

Tarrayt : deg tutlayt, menwala-tt, llan krad n yiswiren n tesleḍt, iswiren n tɣssa.

     ilugan n tira, d tidet, rzan  merre iswiren, wa cwiṭ , wa nezzeh. Mca, ur neṭṭafar ara abrid-a ussnan, da. Deg udlisfus-a , ad liln kra d n yisxwiren: agemmay, aswirn wawalen, aswir n tezrarin ( n tefyar).

 

I. Aswir n ugemmay:

 

Asekkil_______isem-is_______lmenṭeq-ines__________amedya

 

A, a___________ a, aɣra__________[ae] [a]_____________ Aman, Aḍar

 

B,b_____________ba_____________[b] [v]______________ Rebbi, itbir

 

C,c_____________ca_______________[ch]_______________uccen, aclim

 

Č,č_____________yeč______________[tch]_______________učči

 

D,d_____________da_______________[d]________________Tddart, Adrar

 

Ḍ,ḍ_____________ḍa_______________[ḍ]________________Ablaḍ. Aḍar

 

E, e_____ilem, tiɣri n yilem______[e]ur tettwanaṭaq ara______Ečč. Azrem

 

F,f______________fa_______________[f]________________Aferfar. Afus

 

G, g____________ ga______________[g] [ǥ]______________lgerra, agelzim

 

Ǧ,ǧ____________ veǧ______________[dj]________________Taǧǧalt, taǧǧewt

 

H, h_____________ha______________[h]________________ahat, ih

 

Ḥ,ḥ_____________ḥim______________[ḥ]________________aḥlalas, aḥllum

 

I, i____________i, iɣri______________[ i ]_________________itri, imi

 

J, j______________ja______________[ j ]_________________inijel, itij

 

K, k_____________ ka_____________[k] [ ḵ ]______________akal. elkaɣḍ

 

L, l______________la_______________[ l ]________________tulawin, alim

 

M, m____________ma_______________[m]_______________udem, aman

 

N,n_____________na_______________[n]________________nnif, annar

 

P,p_____________pa_______________[p]________________lpinsa,

 

Ɣ, ɣ_____________ɣar______________[gh]_______________iɣil, aɣrum

 

Q,q_____________qil_______________[q]________________aqerruy, aberwaq

 

R,r____________ra, rar____________[r] [ṛ]_______________amrar, urar

 

S,s____________sa, sar____________[s] [ṣ]______________tasa, aslaḍ

 

T,t______________ta______________[t] [ṯ]______________taqdaylit, aserwet

 

Ṭ,ṭ______________ṭar______________[ṭ]________________aṭas, iṭij

 

U,u____________u, uɣru____________[u]________________asurḍi, ul

 

W,w_____________wa______________[w]_______________awal, acwir

 

X,x______________xa_____________[x ][kh]_____________axxam, taxlalt

 

Y,y______________ya_______________[y]_______________ayyur, aylaw

 

Z,z______________za______________[z]_________________zrura, izem

 

Ẓ,ẓ______________ẓar______________[ẓ]________________aẓar, laẓ

 

Ɛ, ɛ______________ɛil_____________[ɛ] [aâ]______________lɛli, aɛu

 

 

 




#Article 173: Tusnakt (383 words)


Tusnakt d tussna yimḍanen s umata, tettwa sileɣ s tmusniwin timadwanin (connaissances abstraites) s tallat n izebzan imeẓlan (raisonnements logiques) ɣef tmiḍranin (concepts) am yimḍanen (nombres), tanezgit (géométrie), tiskiwin (structures) neɣ iseɣwal (transformation). Tusnakt tbedd daɣen ɣef taɣult n tegmi (recherche) iy ssendalen (developpe) timusniwin, akk d wayen it sselmad.

Tusnakt d awal id yussan deg sin wawalen ilelliyen tussna d kti (tussna= science, ket = mesurer; tusnakt= science de mesure (mathématiques), tussna n wektay).

Awal n tusnakt d awal amaynu iss nefka deg tmiḍi agi nneɣ, uqbel Imaziɣen neɣ Leqbayel d wid yesseqdacen tu'snakt d acu s tutlayin nniḍen, ama deg tusnakt ama deg tussniwin nniḍen, am augustin

Uqbel ad tili tira nezmer ad nin belli amdan (l'homme) yesseqdac yakan tusnakt. Taɣawsa tamezwarut id ibegnen tiwezatin n wesiḍen (compétences de calcul) d'iɣes n Ishangoig llan 20000 iseggasen uqbel tallit agi nneɣ.

tusnakt tzegerd krad (3) imecwaren (étapes) anida tura (amyag aru) tilawt (existence) ines:

Tusnakt tebḍa ɣef sin(2), krad(3) neɣ uquz (4) yeḥricen imezliyen(différents) i tezga tesseqdac : aljiber(algèbre) d wesebrurez(analyse) neɣ aljiber, asebrurez d tenezgit(géométrie) neɣ daɣen Aljiber, Asebrurez, tanzeggit akk d tadwala (probabilité). Tilissa ger weḥric d wayeḍ ur banent ara akken igerrez, axaṭṭer llan aṭṭas n igemmaḍ ig ssawalen ɣer tewzatin tusnakin(compétences mathématiques) id yussan m yal aḥric. Amaɣil n Wiles(théorème de Wiles) ittwa seɣser deg useggas n 1994, d amedyat anyari(arithmitique) d acu aneggaru-agi issaswal i kra n teɣawsiwin yellan deg iḥricen nniḍen am wesebrurez d tenezgit i wakken ad nbeggen tasenẓayt(démonstration) ines.

Tigmi tusnikt (recherche mathématique) ur d ḥudd ara kan ɣer tsenẓayt n imaɣilen (démonstrations des théorèmes),

Tusnakt tesseqdac tameslayt ig llan i nettat d tazedgant, uma yella tewwid kra n wawalen am aggay (groupe), tindert (anneau), d acu nbeddel asen anamek nsen i wakken ad begnen i wetta usniken (termes mathématiques), akken daɣen ig lla wassar-nneɣ(notre besoin) i wakken ad nessenfali(exprimer) kra n teɣawsiwin, nesmentil-d (nesnulfay) awalen iɣ iwulmen am ddutugdit (injection), nnigtugdit (surjection) neɣ allustugdit (bejsction), tugett n wawalen usniken rran tusnakt d tagermant (difficile) i wid ur nessin tusnakt.

Tameslayt n tusnakt tesseqdac daɣen Izumal (symboles).

Tusnakt tesseqdac assaben usligen d tussniwin nniḍen. Asebrurez n yegtilen (analyse de données) yessawal ɣer tewezzatin n tusnakt.
Merra tussniwin tiquranin, taragit n yegna ines tessawal ɣer wesebrurez usnik iɣ mellen ugar n yegtilen i mgal tajrut. 
 




#Article 174: Assenger n teẓgi n Ukeffadu (810 words)


Tawilayt n Bgayet tesɛa 122.500 n yiqeṭṭaren n tẓegwa ed yimudaɣ, d acu kan, assenger n tẓegwa deg twilayt-a yefka-as axeṣ̣ṣ̣ar i tgemmi-a (patrimoine). Amur ameqran deg ssebbat ara yessengaren tiẓegwa-a d imdanen ay tent-yettgen, u gar-asent agzam n ttjuṛ yeffɣen i lqanun ed usserɣi n tẓegwa. 

Tiẓgi n Ukeffadu d yiwet seg tẓegwa timeqranin n twilayt n Bgayet. Tuzga-d ɣef tlisa gar twilayt-a ed tin n Tizi Wezzu, yerna meɣɣret 5400 n yiqeṭṭaren. D acu kan, medden la igezzmen deg-s ttjuṛ s yicuqar ed tmencaṛin n umutur war ma qudren lqanun, swaɣen s tidet tiẓgi-a.  

Deg teẓgi n Ukeffadu, medden la d-gezzmen u la d-nejjṛen tirigliwin, ifassen i tɣawsiwin, la d-ttekksen tistirin (stères) n yiferki, am wakk-n la d-ttqeddiren asɣar i usseḥmu, i temguri (industrie) neɣ i yiqeddicen niḍen, war ma qudren lqanun. Yessefk ad d-nger tamawt belli tiẓgi n Ukeffadu, am tẓegwa n Ayt Ksila ed Sidi Σic,  qqnent akk ɣer tnebḍut (circonscription) n Udekkaṛ. 

Sdaxel n teẓgi n Ukeffadu, ad naf iberdan reglen, tikkwal, ɣzan-ten, yerna win ara ineṭqen ɣer wid yettakren asɣar, zemren ad as-gen kra ... Yuɣ lḥal, iɛessasen n teẓgi, tikkwal, ttemlilin-d ed wuguren imeqranen mi ara xeddmen ccɣel-nsen. D ay-a ay ten-yejjan ad ddukkulen, tikkwal, ed yifernanen (patriotes) akk-n ad kecmen ɣer teẓgi-a u ad gen deg-s leqdic-nsen n tɛessast. 

Deg 2004, tanebḍut (circonscription) n tẓegwa n Bgayet tekkes-asen-d i yimakaren 3000 n yifassen n wesɣar ara yettusqedcen i yiseɣzen (pelles) ed tqubac, 132 n yiqenṭaren n yiferki, ed 800 n yesɣaren iɣezfanen ay llan tteddun ad ten-ssenzen deg ssuq aberkan. 

Ssuq aberkan yettawey-d sselɛa-ines seg ubelluḍ n zzan n Tiniri, n Weẓru n Tgerfa ed yimukan niḍen n teẓgi n Ukeffadu ed tẓegwa niḍen, yerna ula d tiggitin n yimukan-a ur mniɛent ara imi la d-ttekksen seg-sent iferki. Imakaren n tẓegwa n tama-a ttnadin aṭas ɣef yiferki, yerna ttaddamen-d war lqanun, yili tukksa n yiferki tesɛa lqanun-ines. 

Iɛessasen n teẓgi n Ukeffadu ssawḍen ad d-ṭṭfen kra seg yimakaren n yiferki, yerna iferki-nni ay asen-d-kksen ssenzen-t i Teṛmist taɣelnawt (entreprise nationale) n yiferki n Bgayet, ay yeḥwajen tanga-a (matière). Iggi (ttejṛa-nni ay d-yettafken iferki) idel 42000 n yiqeṭṭaren seg wakal n tẓegwa n Bgayet, dɣa d netta ay d ṣ̣ṣ̣enf n ttjuṛ yeggten akk deg twilayt-a, d acu kan, ala tis ṛebɛa seg yiggi n Bgayet ay nezmer ad t-neḥseb mazal-it deg tegnit yelhan, wanag ay-n d-yeqqimen seg-s akk yettwaɣ. 175 n lexḍeyyat ay asen-gan i yimakaren n tẓegwa. Maca ala 42 deg-sent ay yettwaxellṣ̣en. 

Iɛessasen n tẓegwa ttxeḍḍin ula d wid izeddɣen neɣ bennun war ttesriḥ deg teẓgi, yerna deg useggas n 2004, ufan-d 48 n yemdanen ay igan ay-a. Lebni ed tnezduɣt deg wakal n tẓegwa d ay-n la d-yettilin ladɣa deg tmiwa n Ayt Sliman ed Ssuq n Letniyen, yerna ɣas ma ttwaṭṭafen wid yettgen ay-a yerna la ttucaṛaɛen, yiwen ur ten-yettḥettim ad gen ay-n ay d-yeḥkem fell-asen ccṛeɛ. Deg tnebḍut (circonscription) nnan-aɣ-d : Ur nesɛi ara ttawil akk-n ay yes ara nerẓ lbenyanat-a.

Ssebba niḍen ara yessengaren tiẓegwa nettat d times. Deg 2004, tekker tmes 198 n tikkal deg twilayt n Bgayet, yerna tecca 2030 n yiqeṭṭaren n wakal, gar-asent 500 n yiqeṭṭaren n tẓegwa. Yiwen seg yimukan yeḍruran aṭas d tiẓgi n yiggi n Tewrirt n Yiɣil (Adekkaṛ) ed tama n Tici ed Bgayet.  

Maca d acu ara yefrun ugur-a n ussenger n tẓegwa s wegzam yeffɣen i lqanun ? Tamehla tamatut (Direction générale) n tẓegwa n  Bgayet tga-d yiwen n usenfar (projet) ay tefka i unabaḍ (lḥukuma) u tessuttur deg-s ad rren tiẓgi n Ukeffadu d afrag aɣelnaw (parc national). Lemmer ad teqqel teẓgi-a d afrag, wid ay tt-yettɛassan zemren ad sɛun ugar n ttawilat akk-n ad tt-ḥudden xir, yerna imir-n, iɛessasen ad sɛun leslaḥ n lqanun, d win ay yes ara ḥaṛben wid yettakren asɣar akk-n ”ur yettimɣur ara uxeṣ̣ṣ̣ar” yellan yagi.  

Seg tama niḍen, akk-n ad yenqes uqedder n yesɣaren i usseḥmu ed ussewwi, iɛessasen n teẓgi la ttafken asɣar baṭel i wid izedɣen sdat teẓgi mi ara t-id-ssuttren.  

Ma d wid yesseqdacen tiẓgi i ttjaṛa, tadbelt (administration) tesnuzu-asen s wazalen ”ismenyafiyen” (préférentiels) ama d asɣar, ama d tiɣawsiwin niḍen d-yettwakkasen seg teẓgi am weẓru, imɣan yettusseqdacen deg udawi ed teqjemyar n wexlenj. Deg 2004, 966 n yesɣaren iɣezfanen, 461 m3 n weẓru ed waṭas n tɣawsiwin niḍen ay d-yettwakksen i yimakaren u tessenz-itent tedbelt.  

Ma d afraq n wesɣar baṭel i yimezdaɣen n teẓgi n Ukeffadu yebda-d, naqal, deg yiwen kan wemkan, sakk-in qqlen tura akk wid ay d-iqerben ɣer teẓgi-nni zemren ad ssuttren asɣar (seg Meɣres 2005 ar ass-a). Ugar n 200 n tjummiwin (surfaces) n wakal ay yettunefken i medden akk-n ad gezzmen seg-sent asɣar u ad ttxelliṣ̣ent tadbelt (administration), yerna ttwaqeblen 21 n yisenfaren (projets) ara iɛawnen tuddar n tama n teẓgi n Ukeffadu akk-n ad farṣ̣ent seg teẓgi-nni war (bla) ma ḍurren-tt, ɣef wakk-n ay aɣ-d-tenna tnebḍut (circonscription) n tẓegwa.   




#Article 175: Afgan (259 words)


Afgan (Assaɣ ussnan: Homo sapiens)  d amuddir amyiwen id yegran seg ufgan amasnag deg tewsit n Humu (ifganen), Afgan d afurk deg teɣreft n Izunefganen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tifganyin, Afgan d amuddir amyiwen iy lan (yesɛan) allaɣ yenneflin s waṭas, iy zemren ad issekti w ad issexdem tutlayt w ad yaf tifrat i wuguren id yettmagar, Yerna tafekka-ynes tbedd s ijufaṛ iwermanen ifellayen d iddayen issifrar awliwel-is (issisehil aḥerrk-is) s tenmeẓla d wallaɣ dɣa anecta d ayla yettgin deg ufgan d amuddir amyiwen iy zemren ad yessexdem tizmmarin-is tiggerruyin d tfekkawin d usexdem n ufus akken igerrez i tmugri d isnulfu n ifecka i yesri (i yuḥwaj) deg tudert-is, Akken ila (yesɛa) taɣect d tukrist sgi iy ttmeslay.

Tiɣri n timesɣaz tesseken-d anza d akken afgan yella deg Tefrikt send n 300.000 n iseggasen maca tura yettidir deg imenẓawen n tegnit s wuṭṭunyugaren 7,3 n imelyaren n ifganen 

Afgan am yakk tigjdanin tiflalin d amuddir amettan.

Deg usɣan
Wid yettamnen s isɣanen ttamnen d akken yillu isnulfa-d (ixelqed) afgan deg tugna-ynes tamirant deg yiwet n tsint, Maca timesɣaz qqaren-t-d s temhazt deg 200.000 n iseggasen i wayen umi qqaren imusnawen Humu dah n tiẓri n temhazt deg wakud dgi ttwalin imusnawen n usɣan inselmen d akken yerra fellasen yisem n Bashar- بشر acku ttwalin d akken afgan amiran yusad seg Adem igan d bab n ifganen yakk.

Deg tasnudert
Imusnawen qqaren-d d akken Australopithecus afarensis d yiwen n umraw n ifganen (yenger) i yellan iteddu s sin n iṭarren, Allaɣ-is yella meẓẓiy s tmuɣli ar wagla n ufgan amiran.




#Article 176: Stephen King (248 words)


Stephen Edwin King (illul di 21 ctember 1947) d amaru Amarikan, amaru isura, amusiqar, amaru imagraden, awadem, amsufagh isura d director.
Yezzenz ugar n 350 imelyan yedlisen yura, King yettwasen atas s leqdic ines yerzan ar ssenf n tugdi, yesbeggin degs- tamusni ines igerzen n umezruy n ssenf agi. Yura daghen tussna uferrigh, amezgun, tullizin, ungalen d isura.Nettaf atas seg wayen yira stephen king rrant d isura negh di tilizri s umata. King yura daghen kra n yedlisen s yisem Richard Bachman d yiwet tullizt s yisem John Swithen. Deg 2003 The National Book Foundation's fkan-as Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.

Illul Stephen King ass n 21 ctember 1947. Mmis n Donald Edwin d Nellie Ruth Pillsbury King. Asmi yella King d bab n isn iseggasen, yeǧǧa baba-s yemma-t-sen att rebbi i iman-is mmis Stephen d gma-s ameqran David i d-rebban, ttwaḥerṣen aṭas. Dɣa gguǧǧen ar West De Pere, Wisconsin, Fort Wayne, Indiana d Stratford, Connecticut. WhenMi yessaweḍ King 11 iseggasen,uɣalen-d ar Durham, Maine anda teqqim Ruth King ad telhu d imawlan-is alamma wwḍenn ar laɛfu Rebbi. syen txeddem deg sbiṭar imexlal .

Ttɛawaden dakken asmi yella d amecṭuḥ, King yeḥḍer mitewwet tmacint yiwen seg imdukkal-is, tenɣa-t, ɣas akken netta s yiman-is ur yecf'ara . At wexxam nnan-as dakken yeffeɣ ad yurar netta d wemdakkel-is mi yuɣal s axxam yeggugem. armi d mbaɛd i slan s wemxix yeḍran. Kra qqaren aneḍruy-agi i yerran King yettaru aṭas ɣef tugdi d lefqaɛ.

See also Books about Stephen King




#Article 177: Tabitha King (205 words)


Tabitha King (isem mi tlulTabitha Jane Spruce) (tlul 24 meɣres 1949) d tamyarut d tameɣnast tamarikant .

Tabitha King uqbel ad tezweǧ isemis yella d Tabitha Jane-Frances Spruce tlul di Old Town, Maine. Baba-s d Raymond George ma d yemma-s d Sarah Jane White Spruce.

Teɣra di St. Mary’s Grammar di temdint n Old Town, teffeɣ seg-s 1963. Syen tekcem ar John Bapst Memorial High School di Bangor alamma useggas 1967, tewwid lisans ines deg umezruy deg useggas 1971 seg tesdawit University of Maine di Orono.

Temlal Tabitha aragaz-is, amyaru ameqran Stephen King, di tesnawit deg wemkan anda tella teqqar txeddem di temkarḍit Fogler . Zewǧen di 2 yennayer 1971, ɣand have three children togetherursen tlata dderya: Naomi Rachel, Joseph Hillstrom, d Owen Phillip. Sin agi ineggura uɣalen d imyura daɣen.

King tura atas n ungalen, ffɣen ar imaẓragen Macmillan d New American Library. Tura daɣen adlis nniḍen d-yeffɣen ɣur Dendrite.

Deg wayyur n mayu 1987, King d wergaz-is ttunefk-asen Honorary Doctorates of Humane Letters sɣur  University of Maine di Orono.

Deg useggas 1998, fkan-as  Annual Constance Carlson Humanities Prize amezwaru i leqdic ines deg weḥric n tallalt n talsa.

Note: ungalen s uzamul * teḍra teqsiṭ nsen deg temdint tesnulfa  Tabitha King, Nodd's Ridge.




#Article 178: Karl Marx (138 words)


Karl Heinrich Marx, illul deg 5 si Mayyu deg usseggas 1818 di tmurt n Trier yellan di Rheinland tamurt n Lalman yemmut di 14 di Meɣres 1883 di temdint n London. Marx yella d argaz n tsertit u d amesnagay ameqṛan, d netta i d-isnulfan ayen i wumi neqqar Tazdukla le communisme, i d-yeqqaren belli ulac amgarad ger imdanen ɣas ulamma yella deg ixeddim-nsen n yal ass.

Ilul Karl Heinrich Marx di Trier aseggas n 1818. Yella d wis sin ger 8 Tam watmaten-is. Baba-s, Heinrich Marx (1782–1838), d abugaṭu, yefrurid deg yiwet twacult twudayt Ackenaz. Jedd-nsen Meier Halevi Marx yella d uday, ma d mmi-s d warraw n mmi-s uɣalen d imasiḥiyen, ẓẓiẓrgen isem-nsen ɣer Heinrich iwakken ad izmiren ad xedmen, yemma-s n Karl, Henriette Pressburg (20 Yulyu 1788-30 Wamber 1863), d tudayt n tmura n wadda.




#Article 179: Aɣilas (104 words)


Aɣilas (Assaɣ ussnan: Panthera pardus) d yiwet n telmest seg twacult n tserɣuda yakk d aserɣud ameẓyan deg 4 n telmas yeṭṭafaren tawsit n iɣilasen (acku izem, Aksel d ujagwar id t-yugaren) 

Yettidir uɣilas deg Tefrikt s anẓul n tneẓruft tameqrant d kra n yidgan deg Asya n wenẓul d usamar anda llan-t kra n tegdudin timeẓyanin deg Pakistan d Lhend d Indunisya d ccinwa alama d uneẓul n Tzunegzirt taserɣint seld mi tella tmezduɣt-is seg Kurya ar Tafriqt n wenẓul anect-a yeṭṭuɣal ar tuget ugmar-is, Dɣa tiddukla tagreɣlant i taggaẓt n tgama yessismil-d aɣilas d akken-it d talmest yudsen ar umihi n wengar 




#Article 180: Ecser (251 words)


Ecser d yiwet n taddart n 3 252 imezdaɣ, i d yussan di temnaṭ n Pest, Hungri, s zdat n Budapest

Ecser (tettwanṭaq Eččer) tesɛa daɣen isem niḍen asluviki: Ečer, tesdari daɣen kra n isluvikiyen.
Taddart-a tezga-d deg unẓul-asamar n Budapest, s zdat n unafag agraɣlan n Ferihegy. tiɣiwanin i as-d-yezzin d Maglud, Večes, Gyumru akk d Ullu. Abrid ameqran n MO yettawi s zdat n taddart. Taddart tussa-d rrif n rraya n tmacint 120a (Budapest-Szulnuk-Ujszasz).

lkaɣeḍ amenzu i d-yuddren Ecser yettwaru ass n 15 di ğember 1315, maca taddart tella uqbel seg 896, di tisin n iHungriyen. Di yiwet n tmacahut, qqaren-d akken isem n taddart yettunefk s Ugellid ameqran n idrumen ihungriyen Arpad. Ass mi yesteqsa anwa i d isem n temnaṭ-a, anda yeḥbes i wakken ad yesteɛfu, imezdaɣ n temnaṭ-a ur tessinen ara. Dadɣa Arpad yenna: Sya d assawen, ad tsemmim i temnaṭ-a s yisem n ubeluḍ (s thungrit: cser).
Taddart temmut s ddaw uzaglu n Ṭurk iɛutmaniyen (1526-1686), ass-mi teɣli Buda, ur yebɛiden ara aṭas fell-as. 
Imezdaɣ-is imenza ur d-ussin ɣer ɣur-s alammi d 1699. llan 11 iserdasen (iɛeskriyen) i yettekkan deg umennuɣ n Rakoczi ɣef timmunent (1703-1711). di tazwara n isseggasen 1700, Bab n taddart, lkumt Antal Grassalkovich, yessezdeɣ deg-s isluvakiyen.

Asbad n taddart i yellan, d yiwet-nni Tmesgida takatulikit taṛumanit, yettwabnan di 1740
Yiwen n cṭeḥ afulkluri yettwasnen aṭas d win n assuli di Ecser (Noces à Ecser, Ecseri lakodalmas).
Di imrigen n taddart ad naf tlata n tɣewsiwin mucaɛen: tamesgida, cṭeḥ afulkluri d ubelluḍ,




#Article 181: Ɛebban Ṛemḍan (525 words)


Aban Ramḍan neɣ Ɛebban Ṛemḍan d argaz asarti aqbayli, i gelan d amenzawi deg umezruy n tagrawla tazzayrit D netta i yellan d aqerru n tegrawla, d amsertay ugar n ukabar Tirni n Uslelli Aɣelnaw FLN.

Ilul Ɛebban Ṛemḍan ass n 10 yunyu 1920 deg Tmurt n Leqbayel; taddart-is d Iɛezzuzen i d-yezgan tama n Larebɛa n At Yiraten. Baba-s qqaren-as Muḥend u Ferḥat, yemma-s qqaren-as meradi Faṭima, tḥemmel-it aṭas acku yella d anelmad ifazen ger tezyiwin-is. Yesɛa sin n watmaten : Ɛmaṛ akked Lmulud,d yiwet n uletma-s : Ɛini.

Yekcem ar uɣerbaz amezwaru deg useggas n 1928, yewwi-d aselkin n ussinen amezwarue (CEP) di 1933. Yella d anelmad ifazen ladɣa di tusnakt akked tussna, meɛna ixuṣṣ cwiṭ di teɣdirawt. 

Mi d-yewwi aselkin n ussinen amezwaru, Ɛebban Ṛemḍan iṛuḥ ɣer Leblida akken ad ikemmel dinna leqraya-s deg tesnawit n Duveyrier (Tasnawit Ibn Rucd tura),acku deg lawan-nni, ulac aṭas n tesnawiyin imi tamurt n Dzayer tella ddaw temḥarsa n Fransa. Dinna i yemyussan akked Benyusef Benxedda,Saɛd Daḥlab,Lamin Debbaɣin,Mḥemmed Yazid akked Ɛli Bumenǧel. Ikemmel leqraya-s dinna daɣen akken iwata, yeẓwar ugar di tusnakt akked tussniwin meɛna ixuṣṣ di tsekla ladɣa taɛrabt akked tfelsuft. 

Yewwi-d Lbbak (BAC) n tusnakt deg useggwas n 1942.

Deg tallit-nni i yebda yettfaq s yir tagnit i ttidiren Izzayriyen, ayen i t-yeğğan ad yeḥbes leqraya-s, ad imal ɣer tsertit. Ikcem s Amussu i Unalak n Tlelliyiin Timagdayin (MTLD, Mouvement Pour le Triomphe des Libertés Démocratiques). Deg useggwas n 1947, yuɣal d imdebbeṛ deg ukabar-a, yerna yettikki deg tuddsa tuffirt (O.S., Organisation secrète) i yella tettheggi ttṛad mgal Fransa. Adabu n Fransa ifaq yes-s, dɣa yeṭṭef aṭas n yimeɣnasen n umussu, yeḥkem-asen s lḥebs. Ɛebban Ṛemḍan yettwaṭṭef ula d netta, deg useggwas n 1950. Yennuɣ deg lḥebs almi yuɣal yettuneḥsab d ameḥbus n tsertit, yesaa azref ad iɣer idlisen d yeɣmisen.
  
yettekki deg useqqamu n 12 id-yettwafernen iwakken ad iseddu tagrawla di tuber 1954 ɣas akken imir-nni mazal-it di lḥebs maca zran ur s-d-yegri ara aṭas i wakken ad d-yeffeɣ.Yeffeɣ-d deg yennayer 1955. Yerra ɣer taddart-is yeqqim kra n wussan s imawlan-is akked yemdukal-is. Syin iṛuḥ ɣer temdint n Lezzayer, anda i yuɣal d amasay n  Tirni n Uslelli Aɣelnaw sdaxel n tmurt. Seg meɣres 1955 ar mayyu 1956, yessaweḍ Ɛebban ad yesdukel akk imussuten d yikabaren izzayriyen yellan niqal ur ttemsefhamen ara, akken ad ttekkin deg ttṛaḍ n uslelli aɣelnaw. Yumen d tadukli i yessawaḍen. D Ɛebban Ṛemḍan i d-iheggan agraw n ṣṣumam anda i heggan lsas i tegrawla n Lezzayer,d netta i yesbedden aɣmis n Lmuǧahid,de netta daɣen i s-yessutren i Mufdi Zakariya iwakken ad d-yaru izli aɣelnaw azzayri Qassaman.

Mlalen yergazen d tlawin n tegrawla deg Uzellagen, deg Ɣuct 1956. 20 n wussan, nutni ttmeslayen ɣef liḥala n tmurt d umennuɣ n izzayriyen mgal amnekcam afṛansis. Dinna i d-ffɣent tektiwin sweyes ar a teddu tegrawla akwd tid iɣef ar a ters Lezzayer n uzekka.

Ɛebban Ṛemdan yemmut di leɛmeṛ-is 37 iseggasen, yettwanɣa di l'Merruk ass n 27 dujamber 1957. Ɛebban Ṛemḍan d netta i d bab n tegrawla, d netta i yessawḍen ad yesbed lsas i tegrawla n Lezzayer maca xedɛent yemdukal-is akken xedɛen merra agdud akw d tmurt n Lezzayer.




#Article 182: Kanada (310 words)


Kanada d tamurt d-yezgan deg ugafa n Temrikt, unagraw Atanltik deg usammar ar Ugaraw Amelwi deg usamar ar ugafa deg ugaraw Atlantik. D tamurt tameqrant akk tis snat deg umaḍal deffir Rusya. 

Akal yettusemman assa Kanada zedghent azal n alef iseggasen ihendiwen. Di tagara n lqern wis 15 bdant ibritaniyen d ifransiyen ttsasen akken ad nadin, syen zeghen deg rrif n unagraw atlanti. Fransa tedja qrib ayen thar deg Fransa tamynut i Britanya deffir ttrad n sebaa iseggasen n 1763.deg 1867, 3 temnadin deg temrikt ugafa tabritanit dduklent akken ad weqment tamurt tafidiralit n 4 temnadin. deg 1867, Nova Scotia d New Brunswick dduklent deg tfidiralit n Kanada.... .
Tafidiralit n Kanada s 10 temnadin d 3 akalen ines tesaa aberlman ,ixef n ddula d tagellidt Queen Elizabeth II . d tamurt yesaan snat tutlayin timensabin, taglizit d tefransist.Kanada tettekki deg G8, NATO, akk d Commonwealth of Nations, dFrancophonie, d United Nations. 

Di Kanada tella Tiddukla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Ottawa-Hull. 

Awal kanada yekka-d seg tutlayt tayirukwayt n St. Lawrence kanata, anamek nines taddart . deg 1535, imezdagh insaliyen n temdint n Kibik n wassa sqedcen awal agi akken as mlen abrid i Jacques Cartier ar taddart n Stadacona. syen Cartier yughal yesseqdac awal Kanada akken ad yemsslay ghef taddart nni d temnadt nni irkelli n Donnacona (ameqran n taddart n Stadacona); mi nessawed 1545, idlisen d tikardiwin tiurufiyin bdan ttsemayen i temnadt akk Kanada.

seg tazwara n lqern wis 17 d asawen,tamanadt n Fransa tamaynutd yegan rrif n wasif n Saint Lawrence d rrif n timedwa timeqranin negh Geat Lakes semman-as Kanada, tmanadt bdan ibritaniyen ghef sin, Kanada ufella Upper Canada d Kanada n wadda Lower Canada, armi n usdukkel nsen deg temnadt n kanada Province of Canada deg 1841. deffir n weskar n tkunfidiralin n kanada Confederation deg 1867, isem Kanada yettwafren ad yili d isem unsib n tmurt.




#Article 183: Kamal Buɛmara (726 words)


Tama-ya n Bgayet d tidet tefka-d aṭas n yimeɣnasen, i yennuɣen ama ɣef uslelli n tmurt-nneɣ neɣ ɣef tutlayt tamaziɣt. Akken i das-isemma Besɛud “une pépinière du berbérisme” 
Seg wid i d-teğğa temnaḍt-a nezmer ad d-nadder deg uḥric n tussna n tmaziɣt Kamal Buɛmara.
Aṭas n medden i yesnen argaz-a ama deg tɣuri n yidlisen i d-yura neɣ deg yisurag i d-yefka neɣ ulamma deg rradyu neɣ deg tiliẓri n tmaziɣt; maca llan wid i yesteqsayen ɣef umezruy-is; tameddurt-is d umecwar-is ameɣnasan ɣef tumast-nneɣ.
ɣef wakka ad neɛreḍ amek ara d-nsuk tiṭ ɣef yiwen i yefkan lğehd n wallaɣ-is i tmentelt tuɣdimt ɣef wacu mmuten aṭas.
Kamal Buɛmara, d yiwen seg yizmawen i d-teğğa temnaḍt n Tmeẓrit i d-yezgan deg tama n umalu n Bgayet. Argaz-a ilul mi tezɛef tegrawla n tmurt-nneɣ ass n 25 deg ɣuct aseggas n 1959. Ikcem ɣer uɣerbaz i tikkelt tamezwarut aseggas n 1965. Sin akkin yerra ɣer uɣerbaz alemmas n Sidi Ɛic. 03 n yiseggasen yekcem tasnawit n Debbih Crif i d-yezgan deg Uqbu. Ayen i yefka d lğehd d tɣuri ssawḍen-t ad yawi akayad n lbak deg yunyu 1980, tallit ideg teḥma tefsut n Yimaziɣen. 
Mi yekcem ɣer tesdawit, Mass Buɛmara, yeɣra deg tsuddut taɣelnawt n tfellaḥt (INA) i d-yezgan deg Lḥerrac (Lezzayer), anda i yeqqim ugar n 05 n yiseggasen s wayes i d-yeffeɣ s ugerdas (diplôme) Ajenyur deg tussna n tfellaḥt ( Aḥric n tdamsa).
Tayri-s i tmaziɣt, tewwi-t ad yeğğ taɣult ɣef wacu i yefka acḥal d aseggas i wakken ad d-yeḍfer abrid n tussna n tmaziɣt. Dɣa yella deg yimezwura i ixedmen tazrawt n nnig n turagt deg Tesga n Tutlayt d Yidles n Tmaziɣt deg tesdawit n Bgayet s wayes i yesɛa lmajister deg tsekla n tmaziɣt aseggas n 1995.
Aseggas n 1996 yewwi-d agerdas n tezrawin talqayin  (D.E.A.) deg INALCO, deg tmanaɣt n Fransa (Lpari).
Imi leɛtab ur t-id-nettader! Akken i das-yenna umedyaz, Buɛmara iwala dakken leqdic i iga deg tezrawt-is n lmajister ur yemmid ara, ihi iḥettem ɣef yiman-is ad yernu anadi deg tezrawt i iga akken ad d-yessekfel yiwen n umedyaz ameqqran aqbur n Leqbayel seg tattut Si Lbacir Amellaḥ. D tazrawt n Dukṭura iwumi isemma Littératude et société: le cas de Si Lbachir Amellah (1861-1930), un poète chanteur de Petite Kabylie.
Ma nuɣal-d s telqey ɣer tezrawt-a (la thèse), tella-d ɣef yiwen n umeddaḥ n Tmurt n Leqbayel i iɛacen deg tallit n unekcum arumi. Mass Buɛmara - ɣas tuget n wakud ideg yexdem leqdic-a  yesɛedda-t deg Tmurt n Leqbayel (Bgayet)- aseqdec n usentel-a i wumi i d-yezga i lmendad Ɛebdellah Bunfur, yella-d deg temdint n Lpari aseggas n 2003. Dɣa iwakken ad tt-yebnu d tazrawt, aselmad-a yefka seg tudert-is i uḥric-a n unadi ussnan ugar n 10 n yiseggasen. ɣas zrin yiseggasen, yeɛteb wallaɣ, terza-d lɣella. S leqdic-a yesɛan azal meqqer, amassan Kamel Buɛmara yesnerna-d ixulaf i tsekla tamaziɣt; am wakken i yeḥrez aḥric deg-s seg tattut, imi tasekla-ya, tella yerna mazal-itt deg timawit, ur tressi ara iman-is deg tira. Am wakken yefka yakan tudert i wawal n Léopard Sédar Senghor “Yal amɣar, yal tamɣart ara yemmten, d tamkardit i yettruɣen!” D ayen ara yeğğen, s udlis-a n Kamel Buɛmara, amedyaz – acennay Si Lbacir Amellaḥ ad d-ibin, ɣas ulamma , d iseggasen-aya ur yettwbdar ara, ulac win yuran fell-as; ad d-yeffeɣ ɣer tafat, ad ɣren fell-as medden, ad d-ğğen awal fell-as i warraw-nsen, ad yaɣ amur deg tsekla n tmaziɣt, s umata. Mi ara nesfeḍ aɣebbar ɣef yiwet n teɣmert seg umezruy-nneɣ, amassan-a yuklalen leqder s leqdic-is ussnan, d win ara aɣ-yilin d tallelt i tmuɣli ɣer yizri, yebnan ɣef wawal d timawit, ladɣa tallit n unekcum arumi i tegzi akken iwata, abrid ansa i d-nɛedda d wamek ara yili usirem i tikli ɣer sdat.

Deg tesga n tmaziɣt; Mass Buɛmara yesɣer aṭas n walmuden : tanfalit, tira, tiẓri n tsekla, tasekla n tmaziɣt ...atg.
Ma deg twuriwin i yeṭṭef nezmer ad d-nadder:

D ixef n Tesga n Tutlayt n Tmaziɣt seg meɣres 2000 armi tuber 2001;

D ixef n Tesga n Tutlayt n Tmaziɣt seg meɣres 2000 armi tuber 2001;

Mass Buɛmara d bab n umru, tira-s teğğa-d ixulaf deg unnar-a n tussna d tsekla. 
Dɣa seg wayen yura ad d-nebder:

Yura-d daɣ azal n 04 n tezmilin deg D.B.K Hommes et Femmes de Kabylie, iɣef i d-yezga Mass Caker Salem d lmendad.
Deg uḥric n tmedyezt:




#Article 184: Tasenselkimt (241 words)


Aselkim d tamacint taliktṛunant n usiḍen. Tezmer ad tselkem iseɣzanen. Iseɣzanen deg-sen tingalin i d-yeqqaṛen i usekkar amek ad yeqdec ɣef yisefka umḍinen. Seg ybenkan i d-yesbabbay usekkar iseɣzanen d yisefka i tkatut-ines. 

Awal Tasenselkimt d awal uddis yesɛan sin wawalen deg-s : sen i d-yekkan seg tusna (science), akked selkim (aselkim). 

D Charles Babbage, ajenyuṛ si Tmurt n Ungliz, i d-yesnulfan deg 1822 tikti n umutur n umgired, i usiḍen n yigetfulen n tusnakt. Syen akkin, deg 1834, isuffeɣ-d tikti n umutur usliḍ i yesεan akk tulmisin n uselkim. Ma d aselkim atrar, d Alan Turing, amusnak si Tmurt n Ungliz, i d-isersen imenzayen-ines deg 1936. D ayen iwumi qqaṛen Tamacint n Turing. Nezmer ad d-nini Turing d ababat n tsenselkimt. 

Dɣa aselkim amezwaru, Manchester Mark 1, yeffeɣ-d di Tesdawit n Manchester deg ussegʷas n 1949. IBM 360 d aselkim amezwaru i yenzan s waṭas. Yeffeɣ-d deg 1954. Taẓayt-is tekka nnig 2000 kg, ma d taččaṛt-is tewweḍ ar 3 m3. 

Syen akkin, seg ussegʷas ar wayeḍ, aselkim yettuɣal d ameẓyan, d afessas, d arurad. Aselkim i nessen ass-a, ur yewwiḍ ara kilu di taẓayt, yerna d arurad 2 imelyunen n tikkal ɣef uselkim amezwaru i d-yeffɣen deg 1954. 

Ass-a, aselkim yekcem deg yal annar n tudert. Yewweḍ-d armi d tilifun i nettawi yid-nneɣ. Sya ɣer zdat, yezmer ad yaweḍ ɣer daxel n wallaɣ-nneɣ. A win yufan arraw-nneɣ ad ɣṛen tasenselkimt deg yissegʷasen imezwura n uɣeṛbaz.

Amagrad n Amazigh Tazaghart deg 




#Article 185: Anẓar (829 words)


Anẓar d rreb n ugeffur.

Zik yella yiwen qqaren-as Anẓar. D netta d Agellid n ugeffur. Yera ad yaɣ yiwet teqcict : aggur deg genni, nettat di tmurt. Udem-is yettak ticci ; talaba-s d afilali asdidan.

Taqcict-agi mi ara d tenkker tecucuf deg yiwen wasif, aman-is d imzarfen. Akken ara d-yuder Ugelid-nni ugeffur ar tmurt ɣer teqcict-nni, nettat tettagʷad, dɣa ad yuɣal. 

Almi d yiwen wass yenna yas:

Terra yas teqcict :

Dɣa yenkker fellas Ugellid-nni n waman, yebrem taxatemt tettureɣ. Dɣa yeqqel wasif-nni d aɣerɣar ; Agellid iɣab. Taqcict tuɣwas, rruḥ-is d aman : tettru, tettru. Temmeɣ tekkes talaba-nni n leḥrir, teqqim tɛarit. Tessawal ar  igenni :

Dɣa cwit kan akka twala ifeṭiwej d ameqqran, yeqqel Ugellid-nni n lehwa. Iger taqcict-nni g iri-is. Asif-nni yeqqel akken yella ; tzegzew ak tmurt.
Dɣa teqqim d akken tisirit. Ticki yemmeɣ uɣerɣar ad nebder mebla leɛdil Anẓar. D aymi tettekkes teqcict ɛaryan ad astini teqcict nnii txilek qquyi iwakken ad ggagh agrud skecmiyi abbouchik gher uheccun iw akid ggagh agrud yetemchabi yak

Mi ara tnezruref tmurt, d aymi neqqar « aɣurar », ad nejmaɛent tlawin timeqqranin, ad meslayent f teswiɛt g ara weqment Anẓar.

Ata yebbded lweqt-nni, ad ffɣent tlawin g tmeqqrant alamma tamezyant ; ad rnun igerdan, ad teddun tɣennin :

Zik sseḥwasent taqcict tilemzit yerna tezyen : tin yebbwden tizi n zzwaj. As qqnent lḥenni, ssdaq n lfeṭa, ad as xedment akw ayen xedmen i teslit. 

Tameṭut ara as-icebbḥen i teslit n wenzar d lqibla n tadart : Tameṭut ḥemmlen-tt akw meden, tin zedigen g fɛayl-is. Ur ilaq ara a tettru, zeɛma ur s tefki ara tislit-nni seg ul yesfan i wenzar. As tefk i teqcict-nni aɣenja d aɛari a teṭef deg fus-is. Lqibla ad-tt-tebbib tislit n wenzar.

Neftat, aɣenja deg-fus-is, ad-t-teqqar :

A tent-tettafar deffir tecdibt i d yesran tjeggajet ; yeɛni akw lɣaci-nni i d yeddan deffir. Kra n timi n wexxam f ara d ɛedi tjeggajt-nni yerna adernun ɣurs, ad teddun qqaren :

Ansi kkan lɣaci-yagi asen d fken awren, aksum, acedluḥ neɣ aqedid, lebsel, zzit, lmelḥ… At wexxam ɣeff ara ɛedin asen id deggren aman ɣef uqqerruy, yerna kkatn ad leḥqen tislit-nni (i) i wwin yidsen. 

Mi wwdent tlawin-nni ar ljameɛ neɣ ar ḥedd iɛessasen, ad sersent tislit-nni. Ad kkrent tlawin ad sebbwent ak ayen i d mmetrent f tbbura : d zzit, d lebsel. Ad ččen ak wid d yeddan ar dinna. Mi fukkn učči ad sirdent tlawin ijqedren dinna. Aman-nni i ss i sardent a ten smirent ar targa.

Sinna tusawent lqibla ad-tt-teṭef tislit-nni, as tekkes ɛaryan akkn tt-id-nteğa yemmas. A tels tajemmaɛt ; zeɛma ifukk lwerq, ifukk wayn id ttağa lqaɛa, dɣa teqqel teswiɛt almi terra imdanen ar tjemmaɛt. Ad tezzi teslit-nni sebɛa tikal i jameɛ ; ad teṭef aɣenja-nni g fus-is, aqerruy-nni ad yezwir ar zdat-is am akkn ara tedleb aman, ad teqqar :

Ff ayagi qqarn-as « tislit n wenzar ».

Ihi tilemzit-agi ara d ibeddn akka ar wenzar, mi d fukk tuzzya n ljameɛ neɣ uɛessas (anda tfetn anẓar), as tini :

Tɣennint tlawin leɣna-yagi g ljameɛ mi ara tfakk teslit tuzzya n ljamɛ-nni :

Ad kkrent kra teḥdayin yellan af tizi n zzwaj, nutenti d teslit-nni yekksen ɛaryan, ad urarent zerzari s txennact iferki. Ad nejmaɛent g anda tella luda, dinna g ljameɛ neɣ g lemqam. Ad ṭfent iɛewzan, kul yiwet s yiwn uɛkkaz. Ad ṭfent taryalt iferki, ta a t tekks i ta. Ad idum wurar-nni alama tekcem txennact-nni ar uxemmuj i s heggant. Tislit-nni a tfeqqar :

Mi tekcem teryalt-nni iferki ar uxemmuj, as tini :

Ad as inint teḥdayin-nni yuraren akw yids :

Taxennact iferki i s leɛbent zerzari netlent daxl uxemmuj i s ɣzan yakan weqbel urar. Ad uɣalent tlawin-nni merra ar tadart weqbel ad yeɣli itij. Zemreɣ ad iniɣ belli tekkat ad lehwa kra n wussan deffir ufeten n wenzar.

Ma tura kksen meden Tislit-nni n sseḥ axater yugi yiwen n Sid zik-nni : yugi ad tekkes teqcict ɛaryan. Dɣa tcebbiḥen kan i uɣenja tarrant « d tislit n wenzar ».

Asmi tnaɣn At-Qasi, At-Jennad nutni d Turk, i lweqt-nni i sḥermen yemrabden tukksa ɛaryan teslit n wenzar. Akka i d ḥekkun imezwura neɣ. Akken, llant tudar ikemlen akkenni, llant tudar yugaden deɛwessu. Ad tawi lqibla aɣenja ajdid, as tewqem allen, aqemmuc ; as tcebbeḥ s leḥrir yettemserɣan ; as teqqen tafzimt amm akken taqcict-nni n zik. Mi s tcebbeḥ i wɣenja, ur s qqarn ara aɣenja meɛna Tislit n wenzar. D lqibla ara tt-yawin g tebburt ar tayed alamma d ljameɛ neɣ d lemqam. Ad teddu yids tecdibt tlawin igerdan, tiqcicin. Mi bbdent ar dinna ad sebbwent ayn akw i d jemcent f tebbura, ad ten ak wid-nni yeddan ar dinna. Imir ad urarent teqcicin tilemziyin Zerzari i d nebder ya kan. Weqbel ad yeɣli itij ad uɣalen akw lɣaci ar tadart. 

Mi g-fukk ufetten n wenzar, aɣenja at yeḍem bab-is, ad t-yejmeɛ i wfetten n wenzar kan. Ma d taxennact iferki nettlent daxl uḥemmuj i s ɣzan ya kan weqbel urar.




#Article 186: Louis Braille (141 words)


Louis Braille ilul-d ass wis 4 yennayer 1809 yemmut ass 6 n yennayer 1852. 

Yesnulfa-d agemmay n bray iseqdacen iderɣalen d wid ur nettwalli ara akken ad ɣren u ad arun yis-s. Bray qqaren s weslaf n iḍuḍan ɣef isekkilen yettwarun s wenqar n lkaɣeḍ. Assa qrib yal tamesalyt tesɛa agemmay ines n bray d acu kan taqbaylit mazal ur tesɛi wara agemmay ines n bray.

Louis Braille teṭṭef-it tiderɣelt mi yella bab n 3 n yiseggasen. Asmi yessaweḍ 10 n yiseggasen yekcem ɣer uɣerbaz ageldan n Paris i yiderɣalen d acu kan tagnit deg uɣerbaz-nni ur temgarad ara f ayen yellan anda nniḍen.
Akken ad iɛiwen iman-is d yiderɣalen deg uɣerbaz yeqdec f tɣara akken ad ɣren u ad arun iderɣalen ula d nutni.
deg 1839 Braille yessufɣed adlis yessefham deg-s amek zemren yemdanen ad arun s tira n bray.




#Article 187: Awertilani (1134 words)


Ccix Lfuḍil Awertilani (S tṛumit : Fodil El Ouartilani) yemmut ur iwala asirem-is wa ad yidir di Lezzayer tilellit. Ulac wid i t-id yemmektin, ɣas akken yefka tudert-is i tmurt-is nnig 30 iseggasen, yettwattun almi d 12 meɣres 1987 i t-id-yemmekti udabu-nneɣ, yerra-d tafekka-ines ar tmurt-is ɣer At Wertilan.

Ccix Lfuḍil Awertilani d yiwen seg wid id d-yefkan aṭas i tmurt-is. I lul ass 6 fuṛaṛ 1900 di taddart n Wanu deg At Wartilan (Sṭif), isem-is n tidet Ḥasanin Lfuḍil. Ikker-d di twacult yeɣran, baba-s yella d amasay n temɛemmert, yelmed leqran d wayen yeqqnen ɣur-s deg taddart-is.

Deg useggas 1922, wwin-tt ad isɛeddi lɛesker, irewwel-asen acḥal n tikkal. Din i yeẓra amgared yellan ger imsulta izzayriyen d wid iṛumeyen.

Sya id-yewwi tikti iwakken ad yili ɣef wudem unekcam arumi. Asmi yekfa lɛesker, ikemmel andi akken ad isegmu tamusni-is, yewwi-d tikti tamaynut i yimezdaɣ n At Wertilan. Tikti-ayi teɣza deg wallaɣ, ur yeḥsib yiwen ama d imḍebren irumiyen neɣ lquyad-nnsen. Ineggura ayi ttnadin fell-as, iruḥ iǧǧa tamnaḍt-is yerra ɣer Qsenṭina deg useggas n 1930.

Mi yewweḍ ɣer din yerra ɣer wanda yella Ben Badis akken ad ikemmel i tmussni-s. Din yebda yettufrar-d am zzit ɣef inelmaden akk yettili, syin akkin yuɣal d amasay ɣef inelmaden-nni. Aseggas n 1932, yeqqel d agensas n weɣmis Ccihab akk d ujemuɛ n yedrimen. D wayi id azal i yesɛa ɣer Ben Badis.

D netta id imceggeɛ-is ɣer tmurt n Leqbayel s isem n teddukli n imusnawen inselmen bac ad ilin ɣer tama-s, issexdam tameslayt n imawlan-is (taqbaylit), ilmend-is xilla id-ikecmen ar teddukli-ayi, ɣef aya yuɣal d aselmad (yettɛawan-it).

Di lawan-nni aṭas n imezdaɣ i irewlen si tmurt ar Fransa, tugett deg-sen ttun tamurt d wayen id-icudden ɣur-s.

Ihi Tadukli n imusnawen inselmen twala ilaq ad ceyɛen win izemren ad ixiḍ acerrig yellan, wa aten-d yerr s abrid. Ɣas akken ẓran yuɛer lḥal aṭas ma wḍen aɛdaw s axxam-is am win yewḍen azrem ar lɣar-is. Ccix Ben Badis yeddem, yessers, yuɣal igzem-itt di ṛṛay-is ; yextar Ccix Lfuḍil awertilani. Acku nenna-d yakan ɣef wazal yesɛa ɣur-s, rnu yessen 03 n tutlayin (tamaziɣt, taɛrabt, tafransist) akk d termit i d-yewwi seg tmurt n Leqbayel.

Di tlemmast n useggas 1936, yerza ar Fransa, tazwara yettemlili, ixeddem isaragen i iminigen (s twafra) s wannect-a i yessaweḍ ad issemlil iminigen n din deg tdukliwin. Yesker-d tazwara 06 n tdukliwin. Taɛekkumt ẓẓay-itt, iɣeblan ugten d ayen ur yezmzir at-yexdem iman-is, iɛedda yuzen-as Ben Badis wid ar t-iɛiwnen wa ad yili d netta i d aqerruy-nsen. Asmi yekcem useggas n 1938 ssawḍen ar 19 n tdukliwin s yisem EL TEHDIB. 15 di Lpari, 03 di Rennes, yiwet di Marseilles. D ayen i as-d-yeglan s wuguren d udabu aṛumi neɣ d waraw n tmurt-is, ur neqbil ara ad yufrar ger-asen am Messali Lḥaǧ (yuggad ɣef umkan-is ger iminigen) i yessawḍen armi yeccetka fell-as ar Ben Badis. Imi Ben Badis yessen-it amek iga, ur ten-yumin ara. D aya i t-yeǧǧan ad yerwel ar tmurt n Maṣer deg useggas n 1939, yerra ɣer lǧameɛ El Azher ansi id-yewwi agerdas.

Yerza sin iberdan ar tmurt n Yaman (tettidir uguren ger ugellid akk d ugdud-is). Tirza tamezwarut tella-d akken iwata yeẓra agellid-is akk d ixṣimen-is. Agellid Yeḥya yessuter deg-s as-d-iheyyi ahil n unegmi n tmurt-is di yal iḥricen (tasertit, tadamsa…).

Tirza tis snat yewwi yid-s ahil-nni ɣef wacu ara tebnu tmenḍawt n tmurt n Yaman. Ahil-a qeblen-t akk. Agdud yebɣa ad yili ubeddel s lemɣawla ixsimen-is ufan-tt d tagnit ssekren ccewal llan-d imenɣeyyen i yeglan s tmettant n uglellid Yeḥya ass n 17 di furar 1948. Yuɣal mmi-s deg umekan-is ur yeǧǧi ara ixsimen-is wa yenɣa-t wa yegra-t ɣer lhebs, yerra kullec ɣef Ccix Lfuḍil d netta i d sseba n ccwal yeḍran d tmettent n baba-s. Iceyyee akk i tmura taɛrabin ad t-ṭṭfent, tamurt ara yerr ttagin-as ad yeres yeqqim azal n 06 n wayyuren s ufella n lbabur, almi d aseggas n 1948 i t-yeqbel unebbaḍ n Lubnan s lemeiwna n kra yemdukal-is ad yili din s twafra almi tersa taluft n Lyaman. Ɣas akken, yettaru deg yeɣmisen s yismawen n weyyaḍ ɣef temsalt n tmurt-is, lawan-a yufa ugellid-nni mačči d netta i d sebba n wayen yeḍran di tmurt-is iɛedda isumeḥ-as.

S tirza-ines seg tmurt ar tayeḍ, issaweḍ ad ibeddel tamuɣli n tmura taɛrabin d tenselmin ɣef wayen i d-teqqar Fransa (agdud azzayri yeqbel s unekcam aṛumi) yerra-d deg yiwen n weɣmis amek ihi i llan-tt tegrawliwin seg Amir Ɛebdlqader (1830-1847), At Sidi Ccix ar Bubeɣla, Lalla Faḍma n Sumer ar tegrawla n Ccix Ameqqran d Ccix Aḥeddad (1871)

Ass n 10 mayyu 1945 yessuter seg tebratt i iceyyeɛ i Wegraw n tmura idduklen, ad nadin ɣef tidett n wayen yeḍran deg Lezzayer deg ineḍruyen n 08 mayyu 1945. Seg useggas n 1950 yessuget leqdic yerza nnig n 40 n tmura : Surya, Ṭṭurk, Swiss, Biljik, Hulland, Legliz… Yuɣal yerra tamuɣli-ines ar tmura n Asya yerza ar Lhend, Sɛudi, Pakistan, Sirilanka, Anduniz… deg useggas n 1952. Yal tamurt ar iɛeddi, ad imlil d imasayen-nsen, tugett n tmura-nni fkantt-d awal akken ad ɛiwnent Lezzayer bac ad tawi timunent.

Tebda tegrawla ass 01-11-1954, tadukli n imusnawen inselmen ur d tefki ara tamuɣli-ines. Ccix Lfuḍil d netta i yellan d aqerru n tdukli-ayi di Maser, iburk-itt ifka-d taɣuri ass n 02-11-1954 i wegdud ad yili yid-s i yegrawliwen izzayriyen ass-a d tamettant niɣ d tudert.  Iḍ n 1 n wember 1954, llan-d nnig n 30 ineḍruyen di yal tamnaḍt n tmurt, si tilisa n Tunes ar tilisa n Umerruk, ama di temdint n Lezzayer, Bufarik, deg temdint n Iɛẓẓuzgen d Tizi Wezzu akk d tmurt n Leqbayel, si Buɣni, Delles ar Tubiret, si Burǧ Mnayel ar Tcentirt, llan-d daɣen di Qsenṭina, Tibesekert, di Wawras akk d Tbatnet.

Deg useggas n 1956, tella-d temlilit n 4 n tmura timeqranin di Ssewis (Marikan, Rrus, Legliz, Fransa), yura-asen tabratt inna-asen : ilaq ad tafem tifrat i temsalt n Lezzayer, ad teǧǧem i wegdud ad yextir d wanwa ara yeddu wa ad tefkem timunent i Lezzayer akken itt-id tefka i tmura nniḍen. Mi yella di Lubnan, yerza ar tmurt n Ṭṭurk (tella deg ugraw n Aṭlasi) anda yessaweḍ ad d-yawi tamurt-a ar tama n tegrawla n tmurt-nneɣ wa ad t-id-ɛiwnen ad t-awi timunent. Yella daɣen deffir n usbeddi n Ɛmer Uɛemran d agensas n Lezzayer di tmurt-a.

Lawan-a yeṭṭef-it waṭṭan, imejjayen ssutren deg-s ad yeǧǧ niɣ ad isenqes seg leqdic-is, yugi ad iḥbes niɣ ad isenqes. Ɣur-s d tamurt-is i izwaren tizmert-is, almi d 12 di meɣres 1959 yewweḍ ar leɛfu n Rebbi deg tmurt n Turk.

D way i d Ccix Lfuḍil Awertilani yemmut ur iwala asirem-is wa ad yidir di Lezzayer tilellit. Ulac wid i t-id yemmektin, ɣas akken yefka tudert-is i tmurt-is nnig 30 iseggasen, yettwattun almi d 12 meɣres 1987 i t-id-yemmekti udabu-nneɣ, yerra-d tafekka-ines ar tmurt-is ɣer At Wertilan.




#Article 188: Jadu (146 words)


Jadu d taddart deg Wedrar n Infusen, zedɣen deg-s 170.000 n imezdaɣ.

Dagi i yellan asarag d alemmas n imaziɣen di Libya
Ffɣen seg-s irgazen meqqure am:

Tmura n Jadu tusa-d g wammas n Adrar n Yenfusen, d ɣur-es amezruy d ameqran si tisi ammas n tasertit n adrad. Di tagrawla n furar kkren imdanen-ines si imezwaren d fkun ixafuren deffir tilelli. Tagrawla di idemnansen, d tusna di iɣef awnen-nsen. Arannes am izmawen di amennuɣ. 

Di-sent n tattawin n waman udjun nnanas ezzerga d tidi nnan-as nanna tala. Tmura n itermisen taqaburt tus-d af iɣef n weẓru ttasunas s allaɣ n ddunit.
Jadu di-s Mezzu, Yujlin, Talat n Umiran, Ucbari, Iṭermisen, Jjmmari, Timezɣura, Wifat, Regrag, At Inedbas, Igennawen, Tamezda.
Medden n Jadu ɣur-sen azemmur aṭas, tteggun si-s udi am tlussi. D dis trfas.
Yella di Jadu tfaska teggun mi d-tettas tafsut, qqaren-as d Tamɣra n Tilelli.




#Article 189: CMS (103 words)


CMS (Content Management Sytem) d yiwen wahil s wayen yiwen yezmer ad yesnulfu yiwen usmel Internet. S wahil-a, yezmer yiwen ad yedbel asmel-is war ilɣi (yettusemma yeshel).

Ɣef umedya, aqeddac n usmel, ma yebɣa ad yernu yiwen umagrad ad yeqqen deg wagrudem n tedbelt (s yisem-is d wawal uɛeddi), ad yaru amagrad-nni, ad t-iẓer, dɣa ma yehwa-as ad t-yekles. Imiren zemren akk medden ad ẓren amagrad-a deg Internet. S CMS nezmer ad nernu taggayin anda ar ad yilin yimagraden, yal yiwen deg teggayt ines. Daɣen, imagraden zemren ad sɛun tugniwin (tikwal tugna tif inaw ɣezzifen) neɣ iseɣwan (ɣef yimagraden neɣ ismal ay icudden).




#Article 190: PHP (150 words)


PHP (PHP Hypertext Preprocessor) d yiwet tmeslayt n usihel n yiskripten, d ahil ilelli (”Open Source” am Linux neɣ Firefox), yelha i usnulfu n yismal Web ismussanen.

Afaylu PHP yesɛa aseɣzif “php”, amedya “afaylu_php.php”. Seddaw-a, d yiwen umedya n uskript php:

Aselkem n uskript-a deg yiwen uqeddac PHP ad yefk deg yimini ɣef Web:
Azul fell-awen

Ismal imezwura ttwarun s HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), d yiwet tmeslayt n usihel s ticraḍ, amedya:

Amedya HTML

Aql-aɣ deg umagrad ɣef PHP!!!

Afaylu HTML ɣur-s aseɣzif “htm” neɣ “html”, amedya “afaylu_html.htm” akk d “afaylu_html.html” kifkif-iten.

Nezmer ad nesdukkel tangalt html d tengalt php deg yiwen ufaylu, isem n ufaylu-a ilaq ad yesɛu aseɣzif “php”, amedya “afaylu_html_php.php”:

Amedya HTML akk d PHP

Aql-aɣ deg umagrad ɣef PHP!!!

Tura, amur ameqqran n yismal tteddun s PHP (akk d Apache d MySQL), am usmel-a akk d yismal merra ay yetteddun s Wordpress.

Ugar isalen deg usmel 




#Article 191: MySQL (203 words)


MySQL d yiwen unagraw n usefrek n taffa n yisefka tamasɣant.

S unagraw-a, nezmer ad nekles isefka n yiwen wahil sdaxel yiwet taffa. Deg taffa n yisefka, llant tifelwa anda ara yilin yisefka. Deg yiwet tfelwit llan yisefka yedduklen, amedya tafelwit “Udem” tezmer ad tesɛu isefka “Isem”, “Azemz n tlalit”, “Tansa”, atg.
Isem 	Azemz_n_Tlalit 	Tansa
Afrux 	10/02/2008 	1 aɣlad Asigna 00001 Igenni
Adeffu 	02/06/2008 	5 aɣlad Tibḥirt 00002 Akal

SQL (Structured Query Language) d yiwet tmeslayt n usihel s wayes yezmer yiwen ad yesteqsi yiwet taffa n yisefka. Ma nra ad nessin azemz n tlalit n yiwen isem-is Adeffu deg tfelwit Udem, nezmer ad naru s tutlayt SQL:
select Udem.Azemz_n_Tlalit from Udem where Udem.Isem = ‘Adeffu’;

Ad naf:

Iwakken ad nernu yiwen wudem deg tfelwit Udem, nezmer ad naru:
Insert into Udem values (’Tafunast’, ‘12/05/2008′, ‘25 aɣlad Adaynin 00005 Taddart’);

Tafelwit Udem teqqel:
Isem 	Azemz_n_Tlalit 	Tansa
Afrux 	10/02/2008 	1 aɣlad Asigna 00001 Igenni
Adeffu 	02/06/2008 	5 aɣlad Tibḥirt 00002 Akal
Tafunast 	12/05/2008 	25 aɣlad Adaynin 00005 Taddart

Akka, taffawin n yisefka, neḥwaj-itent iwakken ad nejmaɛ isefka n yiwen wahil neɣ n yiwen usmel Web sdaxel tifelwa. SQL d yiwet tmeslayt i taffawin n yisefka. MySQL d yiwen unagraw anda llant taffawin n yisefka.




#Article 192: Buɛfif (178 words)


Ussan send Amenzu n Tefsut

Buɛfif d yiwet seg leɛwayed n tmurt n Leqbayel. Buɛfif yettemcabi ɣer tmeɣra n « Halloween » n Irumiyen. Ussan ineggura n tegrest, ad tennulfu yiwet n terbaɛt n ilemẓiyen tin ara d-itezzin ɣef yakk taddart, tawwurt s tewwurt, ur tettağğa ula d yiwen n wexxam.

Anwa i yettilin deg Buɛfif :

Tarbeɛt-a mi ara d-taweḍ ɣer wemnar n wexxam, aberraḥ ad isuɣ :
Aberraḥ : Kker ad yeskker Rebbi seɛd-ik !
Ilmeẓyen : Wamin !
Aberraḥ : Ad aken-igg Rebbi am tɛeqqayt n ččina, suffela tecbeḥ zdaxel terbeḥ !
Ilmeẓyen : Wamin !
Aberraḥ : Ad aken-igg Rebbi am tqermudin, wa ad-yeddal wa !
Aberraḥ : A d-irr Rebbi lɣiyyab bxir weɛlaxir !
Aberraḥ : Ad aken-yekkes Rebbi seg lḥif !
Ilmeẓyen : Wamin !
Aberraḥ : Ldi tawwurt ad yeskker Rebbi seɛd-ik
Ilmeẓyen : Wamin
Aberraḥ : A k-iḥrez Rebbi arraw-ik !
Ilmeẓyen : Wamin
Aberraḥ : Ad iceɛceɛ Rebbi tafat-ik
Ilmeẓyen : Wamin !!!!

Ilmeẓyen (S ccna) :
Wa Ḥmami Wa Lmami
Ma d tamellalt ad tt-nawi
Attan deffir ukufi




#Article 193: Muḥemmed (101 words)


Muḥemmed (s teɛrabt محمّد - Muḥammad) s teɣzi (محمّد إبن عبد الله, Muḥemmed ibn Ɛebdellah), ɣer inselmen, d imcaeyyeɛ aneggaru n Rebbi i d-yesnulfan wajjed n Tneslemt. Ilul di Mekka deg useggas n 570 (Aseggas n Ilu) ass n 12 deg ayyur Rabiɛ al awal (tafsut tamenzut) (20 yebrir). Yemmut i Lmadina deg useggas n 632.

Ɣer wid yettamnen s yiwen rrebi, Muḥemmed yekfa timceggaɛt i d-yebdan s Brahim. i tudert-is, yella yeqqar Leqran (awal-is i d-iceggeɛ rrebi s yiles n Ǧebril) i yemdukkal-is (ṣaḥaba). Leqran yettwaru deg asmi yemmut. Muḥemmed yeğğa-d daɣen Ssunna, dayen yak i d-yenna neɣ i yexdem.




#Article 194: Abunsay (589 words)


Abunsay (seg tajaponit 盆栽, bonsai, asuddim seg tacinwat 盆栽, pénzāi, « aẓẓu, at lethud s yemɣi deg taqbuct »), yella deg wensay n ccinwa, d tejra s yezra , ma deg wensay n japun, d tejra deg taqbuct. Tejra neɣ imɣi yagi tarrant tetɣima kan d tamecṭuḥt s wefras, daɣen teqnen-as icegawen-is. tbeddil-as taqbuct iwakken as farsen iẓuran-is yefren akk d tid yellan sufel n wakal (nebari), iwakken atsarren am tejra deg umadaɣ.

Nezmer ad nini, timlilit n wemdan d tbunsayt  n ugama teḍra-d deg ugama. D tidet, deg tazwara d agama i d-yurwen isekla uɣricen  neɣ ayen i umi nettini tabunsayt n ugama. Meqqin isekla-a deg wakal n yidurar neɣ ayen umi neqqar amedɣaɣ.
Iger-asen tamawt wemdan, yufa, gemmunt tbunsayin n ugama deg wakal igellil ur neṣliḥ ara i yemɣan nniḍen s umata.
Acku mi ara yemɣi useklu deg yir akal, seg wakken yenḥaf, iɣerrec, yettxaṣṣa ama deg teɣzi ama deg tehri. 
Tlul-d tẓuri n ubunsay deg tmurt n Ccinwa. Snulfan-tt-id ineḍfaren n ddin acinway. D nitni ay yesduklen imɣan d useklu,
ẓẓan-ten deg uḥabus. Rennun i uḥabu-nni tawennaḍt ay deg ttidiren yemɣan d yisekla am  yedɣaɣen d waman...atg 

Iswi n waya akk d aslali n twennaḍt meẓẓiyen n ugama deg yexxamen-nsen. Yeḍra-d waya i tikkelt tamezwarut, ɣef wakken d nnan inmezrayen, deg tallit n tgelda n Ihaniyen (les Han). D tagelda yellan seg 2o6 qbel Ɛisa ar 220 seg d ilul. Ttbut n waya, Ufan yemnuda aẓekka deg 1971 n ugeldun Zhang Huai yemmuten deg 705. D ageldun yedren deg tallit n tgelda Tang (618 ar 907). Ufan deg uẓekka-nni yiwet n tfelwit n teklut icebḥen. Teskan-d tfelwit-nni, sin iqeddacen n ugellid, wwin-d ger ifassen-nsen iḥabusen n wakal. Deg iḥabusen-nni, llan yemɣan akked tbunsayin. Maca zwaren-ten s uẓu n yemɣan deg uḥabus yiferɛunen. Zik, teẓẓun yiferɛunen imɣan ssexdamen i wucci d tesnajya. Snulfan-d aḥabus ahat i wakken ad ttawin yid-sen imɣan-nsen mi ara beddlen amḍiq. Azal n 4000 iseggasen aya seg-mi teẓẓun iferɛunen imɣan deg uḥabus. 

Sakin, ɛanden-ten Yegrikiyen, Yibabiluniyen, Yifarsiyen d Yihendiyen. D amedya n ugama, d beqqu n wemdan ad d-yessemɣi aseklu akked teẓgi meẓẓiyen deg wexxam-is i d-yesnulfan taẓuri n ubunsay. Deg tallit-nni macci “Abunsay” i seqqaren, qqaren-as icinwiyen : Penjing (pénjǐng 盆景). Abunsay d isem d yekkan seg tutlayt Tajapunit. Deg tgelda n Qin (220 - 581) ay d-yennulfa wuẓu n yiwen useklu deg uḥabus. Ibeddel yisem n tẓuri, uɣalen ttinin-as Pansai(pénzāi 盆栽).

Tekcem-d tẓuri n ubunsay i tikkelt tamezwarut ɣer tmurt n Japun ger lqern wis XI d wis XII. Wwin-tt-id ineḍfaren n Tbudit, tedda-d d unekcum n ddin Abudi ɣer tmurt n Japun. Sakin, tekcem ar tmurt n Kurya. Deg tmurt n Japun i  tennarna tẓuri n ubunsay.

Fɣen-d deg tallit-nni sin yedlisen imezwura deg umaḍal yefkan ilugan i wesbunsey n tbunsayt, ssufɣen-d kra iɣaniben.

Ɛeddant tsuta n yinaẓuren, ar assa, yal yiwet deg-sent tewwi-d kra. Yal tasuta terna-as i tẓuri n ubunsay cbaḥa, tefres-as ayen ay icemten. Tennerna tẓuri n ubunsay, teḍfer akud am tẓuryin nniḍen deg umaḍal amedya n teklut , tasreɣta ...atg

Teffeɣ-d i tikkelt tamezwarut tẓuri n ubunsay seg tmurt-is Japun, Ccin akked Kurya ɣer umaḍal deg useggas 1909. Deg temzikent tagraɣlant  ay d yeḍran deg tmanaɣt n tmurt n Legliz, Londre, ay bdan ttissinen yemdanen d acu ay d abunsay.

Assa, ggtent tmura yesɛan iɣerbazen yesselmaden taẓuri-a akked tiyaḍ. Sselmaden tiẓuryin n yiǧuǧǧagen , tid n yisekla imudduren (Abunsay), n yimɣan izegzawen (Ikebana) akked yimɣan ikiwanen (Affar).

Afras n yiẓuran yettili-d s umata yal sin neɣ kraḍ iseggasen, neɣ tikwal mi ara nbeddel aḥabus i tbunsayt-nneɣ.




#Article 195: Ṭaher Aweɣlis (788 words)


Ṭaher Aweɣlis:الشيخ طاهر بن صالح بن أحمد بن موهوب السمعوني الجزائري الوغليسي

Tesmekta-d tidukla GEHIMAB amusnaw Taher Aweɣlis i tikelt tamezwarut.Aya yella-d ilmend n ssalun n tussna yitran n Bgayet ideg d-yella usekfel n udlis i yura deg uḥric n usiḍen n wakudDa-irat fi maɛrifat al-awqat wal ayyam. Argaz-a yettwasnen s yisem : Cheikh Tahar El Djazairi El waghlissi Essemaouni, ilul di tmurt n Suriya deg useggas n 1852.D baba-s Saleḥ at Ccix yeɣran di temɛemmert n taddert-is:Semɛun(Sidi Lḥaǧ Ḥsiyen) i d-yezgan di tɣiwant n Chemini,i yunagen ɣer tmurt-a deg useggas n 1847. Yelmed Ṭaher Aweɣlis tamusni-s tamezwarut ɣer baba-s yellan d lmefti n lmedheb amaliki din di Suriya.Rnu ɣef temsal n ddin,yesselmed-as baba-s taqbaylit i yes-s yettmeslay akken ilaq akked warraw n tmurt-is i yellan dinna s waṭas.Mi d-yemmed yekcem ɣer uɣerbaz amezwaru anda i yelmed taṭurkit akked tfarsit d tusniwin yecban:tusnakt,tussna yitran d tussna ugama.Syin yekcem ɣer tesnawit ideg yelmed tafransist akked tutlayin ticerqiyin-nniḍen.S wakka ad yuɣal yessen azal n tmanya tutlayin:taqbaylit,taɛrabt,taṭurkit,tafarsit,takučikit,tasiryanit,taɛebrit akked tefransist. Dɣa s tneggarut-a ara d-yeldi tiṭ-is ɣer tɣerma yennernan imiren di tmura umalu. Asmi yella d ilemẓi ixuleḍ aṭas seg lecyax n ddin,ladɣa wid ur nelli ara d imṭurfa.Aya ad t-yeǧǧ ad yuɣal d win ur nzeddi ara di kra n usekkud neɣ lmedheb ɣas ma llan wid i yettcuddun ayen i yexdem ɣer tirmad n umussu n yislamawiyen yellan di tallit-nni.Netta ixuleḍ akk tirebbaɛ n ddin yegten di tmurt n Ccam:cciɛa,dduruz,imasiḥiyen d wuwdayen.Ger yimdukal-is,amestecreq ahungri Ignace Goldziher(1850-1921) i werǧin yettamen s tesreḍin.Amusnaw-a,yerra ɣer tutlayt talmanit yiwen seg yidlisen-is i yura di taɣult n lfilulujiyaTawǧih annaḍer ila usul al-ater.

Yebda leqdic-is usnan,asmi i yella d aselmad deg yiwen uɣerbaz aṭurki i d-yezgan di temdint n Dimecq.Yeslul-d yiwet tdukla tusnant i d-yellethan s ujmaɛ n yidlisen iqdimen akked unadi ɣef tarrayin n uselmed s tutlayt taɛrabt.Ifures tagnit n wassaɣen yelhan i yesɛa akked lwali aṭurki Medhat Pasha(1822-1883) akken ad yeqdec mebla tugdi,u yerna iɛawen-it mliḥ wa yeṭṭfen adabu imi i iga ger yifassen-is akk allalen i t-ilezmen.S wakka ijmeɛ-d xilla n yidlisen iqdimen iɣef kebsen kra yimdanen deg yixxamen-nsen neɣ di leǧwameɛ.S yes-sen yeslul-d snat n temkerḍiyin timeqranin i mazal ar wass-a:Dar al-kutub adhahiriya di Suriya d al-maktaba al-xalidiya yellan di Yirucalim(Lquds). Deg 1871,yera-t lwali n ccam(Mithat Pasha) d amaswaḍ n yiɣerbazen imezwura.Di tallit-nni ur ggiten ara yiɣerbazen u yerna s tutlayt taṭurkit kan i yesselmaden.Rnu ɣur-s imawlan ur ttaken ara arraw-nsen ad ɣren ladɣa tiqcicin. Tilelli i as-tefka tedbelt n yimiren,teǧǧa-t ad yaf tifrat i wuguren-a n uselmed.Yesnerna amḍan n yiɣerbazen di akk timnaḍin n tmurt n Suriya,yelletha-d s useɛlem n yimawlan s tixuṭṭert n uɣerbaz,iqenneɛ-iten akken ad serḥen i tarwa-nsen ad tɣer abeɛda tiqcicin. Nnig n waya,ɣef wakken yura Dr Mazen Al-Mubarek(tasdawit n Doubai):Cheikh Tahar El Djazairi ilmend n leqdic-is,yessaweḍ di kra kan n lweqt ad yerr taɛrabt d tutlayt n uselmed s wudem unsib.Aya yella-d s sebba n leqdic-is di tira n yidlisen uɣerbaz d wahilen uselmed i werǧin llan weqbel s tutlayt-a.Yerna daɣen yessileɣ-d aṭas n yiselmaden iwakken ad smersen deg unnar asenfar-a amaynut. Wid i yuran fell-as,cehden-d akk dakkenD tamusni-is n tutlayt tafransist i t-iɛawnen iwakken ad yeg s taɛrabt ahilen n uselmed icuban ɣer wid n tmura umalu.

Rnu ɣef leqdic-is apidaguji,yura aṭas n yidlisen deg uḥric n tesreḍt akked umezruy.Yeslul-d daɣen ayen umi semman:Aqusis n Dimecqideg yessemliliy imusnawen d yirgazen n tsertit n tallit-nni.Deg uqusis-a sqerdicen timsal icudden ɣer tmetti d taluft n uslelli n tmura wwaɛraben yellan ddaw uzaglu aɛutmani.Taneqqiṭ-a taneggarut,tewwi-yas-d taɛdawit n udabu i yeqlen yetnadi fell-as akken ad t-yeṭṭef. Deg useggas n 1907,yerwel ɣer tmurt n Maser anda i yelletha d tira n yidlisen akked tɣamsa.Di tmurt-a yesɛedda ussan-is di lḥif imi yugi ad t-yesseqdec udabu i as-d-yettwehhin yal tikelt s yimukan ɛlayen.Netta yenna ɣef temsalt-a:Ad ken-wessiɣ ɣef leqraya.Acu kan yelzem ɣef yal yiwen deg-wen ad yexdem tafellaḥt neɣ tjara neɣ kra n ssenɛa akken ur d-yettegray ara d aḥlil ɣer wid yeṭṭfen adabu.Wi ma uḥwaǧen-ken ad ken-sxedmen neɣ mulac ad ken-ǧǧen i laẓ.

Ccix Ṭaher d win yuɣalen ɣer Suruya asmi tewwi timunent-is deg 1919.Din rrant d anemhal ɣef temkerḍit i d-yeslul neta yakan(Dar al-kutub al-ḍahiriyya),rnan fkan-as amkan di tkadimit n tutlayt taɛrabt. Acu kan ur yerni ara aṭas di tudert,imi yewweḍ leɛfu Rebbi deg 1920,aseggas mbeɛd tuɣalin-is.

S wakka,Ṭaher Aweɣlis ad yernu isem-is ɣer zmam n yimaziɣen umi tettunefk tegnit di tɣermiwin tberraniyin akken ad ufrarin di tmusni.Am netta am:Ben Ǧerrum,Saint Augustin,Apulée d wid-nniḍden i d-yeǧǧan limarat deg umezruy n talsa. Tamurt n Lezzayer iɣer ttuɣalen yiẓuran-is,terra-yas tijmilt s tukci n yisem-is i yiwen uɣerbaz alemmas i d-yezgan di Lebyir(Lezzayer tamaneɣt).Amagrad-a daɣen i nebɣa ad as-yili d tijmilt,ad t-nextem s wawal-is: Tuksa n tmusni ɣer yiɣerfan yetqeddmen d ayen yelhan s waṭas,mačči am wakken i ttwalin yibhimen dakken aya d aswiɣi.




#Article 196: Párvusz (131 words)


Párvusz (ilul s yisem n Norbert Kiss, 1 Meɣres 1981) d anaẓur amsuneɣ Ahungri.

Yeɣra di Budapest d Szeged. S umata taẓuri n Párvusz tebna ɣef lmidad n Cinwa, tikwal yesseqdac taklut n waman, maca iniyen lsas zgan d aberkan d umellal.
Anaẓur Ahungri Endre Szász d unaẓur Alman M. C. Escher ɣur-sen tazrirt (influence) ɣef tẓuri-ines. Di 2004, yufa-d aɣanib-is (style), imi zik yella yettales kan I tifelwa n sin inaẓuren-nni I d-nebder. Di 2005, yunag ɣer Lapland, sinakkin yuɣal-d ɣer Hungri anda I yebda asuneɣ n kra n tugniwin s izamulen n Saami. Tafelwit-is yufraren di tallit-nni d Saami Mona Lisa, I yenzan di Nurvij. Di 2007 sa (sebɛa) n tfelwa I d-yesken deg temsikent Tanurvijit di Tromsø.[5] Di 2009 yefren abrid nniḍen di tẓuri, yebda inneǧǧer deg usɣar.




#Article 197: Huang Xianfan (119 words)


Huang Xianfan, yella d anmezray n Ccinwa. ilul-d ass 13 nwember n 1899 g Fusui, yemmut ass n 18 janvier 1982 g Guilin, Guangxi. 

Deg usseggwas n 1926, Huang ikcem ɣer tesdawit n Pekin(neɣ Beijing) di Ccinwa, alamma d 1935. Huang, ilha-d s amezruy(stôria) d trakalt (géographie). Deg usseggwas n 1935, Huang ikcem ɣer tesdawit n Tokyo di Japon, alamma d 1937. Huang, ilha-d s amezruy d tafelsuft. Deg useggas 1941, Huang yuɣal d aselmad n amezruy di tseddawit n Sun Yatsen. Seg useggas n 1943 armi d aseggas n 1953 iǧǧa aselmed di Guilin, yuɣal ar tesdawit n Guangxi. Seg useggas n 1954 armi d aseggas n 1982 iǧǧa aselmed di Guilin, yuɣal ar tesdawit enseignants n Guangxi.

 




#Article 198: Tamɛadut n yiqbayliyen (108 words)


Tamɛadut n yiqbayliyen yiwen addud yeẓ aṭas g tmurt Dzayer. Meɛna-s tamɛadut n yidles uqbayli, d tutlayt taqbaylit, neɣ n tmurt n iqbayliyen amek tella.

Tamɛadut n yiqbayliyen tella usegmi unsib n kra n iwanaken izzayriyen areqqal uzarug n Lezzayer. Akter-as yella gar 1965 i 1980, ddaw leḥkem n udiktator Huwari Bumedien. Gar iseggasen-a, tapolitikt tansibt tella ad-sekked Dzayer am tamurt tajakobinit, ulac g-it umkan i tutalyin d ydlisen i xṭan taɛrabt d aɛraben.

Addud-agi yewwi i tafsut n Imaziɣen g useggas n 1980, d alama tafsut taberkant n 2001.

Areqqal tilluli n ikebbaren islamasiten g tagara n iseggasen 1980, tamɛadut n yiqbayliyen tekcem tanit i umusu apolitiki-agi.




#Article 199: Mark Zuckerberg (263 words)


Mark Elliot Zuckerberg ilul ass n 14 mayyu deg Dobbs Ferry (tamnaḍt n Westcher I d-yezgan deg New York), seg yiwet n twacult tudayt tamarikanit, imawlan-is i sin yid-sen d imejjayen, gma-s mazal-it deg tsedawit n Harvard. D asenselkam (informaticien), yerna d aɣella n tkebbanit (chef d’entreprise), d netta daɣen i yeṭṭfen amkan ameqqran deg usmel n Internet n uẓeṭṭa imetti n Facebook.

ɛla ḥsab n umsizwer n Forbes 2008 n sɛayat timeqqranin n umaḍal, sɛaya n Mark Zuckerberg tewweḍ ɣer 1,5 melyar n idularen. 23 iseggasen deg leɛmer-is, yewwi azwel (titre) n ilemẓi amerkanti yakk deg umaḍal.

Imi yella d anelmad deg tesdawit n Havard, tusa-yas-d tikti ad d-yesker yiwen uẓeṭṭa imetti I yinelmaden, dɣa yessihel-d (programmer) deg texxamt-is tasedawit talɣa tamenzut n Facebook, i d-yessuffeɣ deg useggas n 2004. Cciɛa yewwi-tt imir-nni yakan ɣur inelmaden n tsedawit, dɣa drus kan akka n wakud sseqdacen-t iɣerbazen nniḍen, send (uqbel) ad d-yeffeɣ i medden irkelli. Deg 2007, Facebook yuɣal d asmel wis-7 ɣer wacu i d-rezzun midden s tuget, dɣa takebbanit tessaweḍ ɣer 15 imelyaren n idularen. Mark Zuckerberg ɣur-s 20% deg imuren n tkebbanit.

Ɛla ḥsab n uɣmis n Wall Street, deg mayyu 2009, yiwen imsefti arusi yessumer-d (proposer) 200 imelyan idularen I waken ad yessiweḍ ihri (capital) n tkebbanit ɣer 10 imelyaren idularen, dacu kan yecreḍ ad yesɛu amkan deg usqamu n tedbelt (conseil d’administration). Maca Mark Zuckerberg yugi, acku netta yenna ur iqebbel ala isumar ara s-d-yernun deg cciɛa i uẓeṭṭa-ines imetti. 

Deg umsizwer n yimdanen i yesɛan afud deg umaḍal, i texdem tesɣunt Time deg 2008, yewwi amkan wis-52.




#Article 200: Sidi Sliman (401 words)


Ttebyita “zerda” n Sidi Sliman

Yal mi ara inessef waggur n ɣuct, tettili-d ttebyita n lemqam n Sidi Sliman, i d-ttheyyin 2 tudrin Lmecta d At Sellam, i d-yezgan di tɣiwant n Iɣrem tama Uqbu. Sidi Sliman, akken i d-qqaren, d yiwen lwali gar lawliya i d-yusan si Fas di tmurt n lmerruk ɣer tmurt n leqbayel. Yedder gar lqern w-16.

Di tirza-nneɣ ɣer dinna, yella-yaɣ-d umeslay d wid i d-iheyyan ttebyita. « Zzerda-agi, nxeddem-itt 2 yiberdan deg useggas ; tamezwarut tettili-d di tefsut, tis snat deg unebdu. Tikelt-a, nezla 9 yezgaren d 25 n yiqelwacen, tugget d sadaqa i d-ttusedqen. » i aɣ-d-yenna Dda Leḥlu Benamara, yiwen n yimḍebbar n At Sellam.

Ma yella d iswi-ines, yal yiwen amek i tt-yettwali ; temxallaf tmuɣli gar yimeqqranen d yimeẓẓyanen. Dda Salaḥ, yiwen n umɣar i yekkin deg ugraw n ddɛawi n lxir, yettawli-tt d asfillet ɣer wayen yelhan am wakken i aɣ-t-id-yenna deg wawal-is : « d tagnit n usdukel n ccmel, d useḥbiber ɣef leɛwayed iwakken ad d-qqimen ad tent-id-afent tsutwin i d-iteddun. ». Ma d Nna Ferruǧa, yiwet n temẓayert, tenna-k : « zik yeɣli-d llaẓ ɣef medden, dɣa ttgen lwaldin-nneɣ tameɣra-agi iwakken ad ččen s tawant, axi tikelt di tudert-nsen, ula d ameksa d umuḍin ttaǧǧan-asen amur-nsen. » Ma yella d ilmeẓyen, tezzi tmuɣli-nsen ɣer tullas kan : « di ttebyita kan i nettwali zzin uffir yeffren deg yixxamen, d tagnit n zzwaǧ, d acu kan ad tmuqleḍ kan s wallen, lehdur d ? interdit alamma yenɣel seksu. » i d-yenna Sliman seg taddart Lmecta.

Leqdic d wamek i d-yettili

Ar ass-a, leqdic deg ttebyita n Sidi Sliman, mazal yettili-d s wallalen d iqburen, d ayen i d-irennun di ccbaḥa-s. Amek ?

Di 2009, ad naf asewwi mazal-it ɣef yisɣaren. Ddurt uqbel ad taweḍ tmeɣra ; d imezdaɣ n tudrin-agi ay yettruḥun i uzdam n yisɣaren. « Times n tqecrin n ubelluḍ trennu-d lbenna i ṭṭɛam i ntett di Sidi Sliman », i aɣ-d-tenna Nna Messaɛd, yiwet n temḍebbert ɣef tneftalin n seksu. Maca, ayen uɣur tezzi lwelha s waṭas d tifeḍniwin ideg sewwayen lmerqa, ttwaxedment s nneḥḥas. Ɣef waya, yenna Dda Rabiɛ : « akka i asent-id-cfiɣ, yenna-k baba di ddula n uterki i tent-id-uɣen. »

Ttebyita n Sidi Sliman ur tettɛedday ara kan akka mebla ẓẓdiḥ. Ad yifsus yiḍ ɣef yiqeddacen yessewwayen alamma yuli wass, ɣef yimẓuyar yettɛawazen yid-sen. Tteksen jjiq s ccḍeḥ, d ucewwiq !




#Article 201: Tamedyazt d twaract-is (282 words)


Tamedyazt d twaract-is d ammud i d-yeffɣen ɣer teẓrigin Aframed, deg useggas 2009, i d-yura Ḥmed Lala.
Deg wammud tamedyazt d twaract-is, nwala Ḥmed ur icuḥ ara deg usnulfu. Ayen akk sway iḥulfa, yesnufa-d fell-as. Iṭerreẓ-as-d awal i d-yurwen tamedyazt neɣ inzan.

llmeɣ-d d arqaq,…,

ttleɣ-t jemɛeɣ-t d inzan. »

Asewzer-a, d tisukkest deg tmedyazt i yura Ḥmed Lala. Ur yuḥwağ yiwen ad isiɣzef awal akken ad yefhem acu yellan daxel-is. Ta i d ṭṭbiɛa n umedyaz. Ur yeḥmil asuget n wawal.

Ammud “Tamedyazt d twaract-is” yebḍa ɣef tlata yiḥricen. Aḥric amezwaru yeɛna tamedyazt. Ma d wiyaḍ bḍan ɣef yinzan d temseɛraq. Isental iɣef i d-yessefra Ḥmed ggten. Seg beṭṭu yerra ɣer tdukli ; seg tayri ɣer yir tagmatt, … Deg tira yeffi-d tamedyazt s uɣanib d amaynut. Tin yefkan azal meqqer i lɛaddat tiqbayliyin akked ugama s umata (ulli, ṭṭbiɛa, asuki, argul, tirrugza, zzit, …)

Deg uḥric yeɛnan tamedyazt, yefti armi d usebter 54. Ḥmed Lala ileqqem-d awal fessus, yeshel i twaṭṭfa yerna-yas-d kra n useḍs. Yura-d tijmilin akken i d-yerna ɣef ccbaḥa n tayri :

D wallen cbant lhend. » 

Syin yuɣal ɣer lecɣal i d-yezzin. Am wučči, lɛaddat, lqerḥ, lferḥ, … akken i d-yura ɣef leɛtab n lmal. Am tyaziṭ :

Tayaziṭ tbekker

Teẓẓul lefjer. »

Neɣ ɣef yimɣan :

yeɣli-d deg wayyur n sebɛa.

Azezzu yedda-d d inebgi

D aqeffaf s wafriwen. »

Ḥmed ur yettu ad d-yessefru ɣef tnekriwin d yimenkaren :

Uzzlen yidammen yilemẓi

Yewwi-d la démocratie. (tuber 88) »

Gezmen aseklu s ucaqur

Nnan-d yettarra-d tili. (Matub) »

Ɣef uḥric yizlan, yes-sen amedyaz yerba-d izlan ɣer yizlan. Yebɣa ad d-yerr lɛaddat n zik, anda medden sefrayen, ttmeslayen s lemɛun :

Lqeḍ azemmur qbel uẓerzur ;




#Article 202: Ɛmer At Zzay (201 words)


Aɛmar At Zay, deg yisem-ines di tzuri Amar Ezzaḥi. Illul ass amenzu n yennayer 1941 di tama n Alam b Udi ( Aṣqif n Ṭmana- Tizi Wezzu). Netta d amedyaz, d acennay n senf n Caɛbi s tutlayt taɛrabt taɣerfant. 

Seg mi i yesla i Bujemɛa Lɛenqis deg usegwas n 60, iḥemmel caɛbi. Di 1963 yamlal akw d Ccix Laḥlu uk d Muḥemmed Brahimi (umi qqaren Ccix Qbayli). Irgazen aggi fkan-as afus n talelet (lemɛawna) s leqṣidat, arnan-as lewṣayat ɣaf amek ig laq ad-ten yeccnu. 

Yiwan ufenan igarzen umi qqaren Qeddur Bactubǧi yattiki di tarbaɛt n uẓawan (orchestre) n Aɛmar Ezzahi ituɣzi n 15 isegwasen , yebda axxudim yides deg 1964.

Tasfift-ines tamenzut tafɣed deg usegwas n1968. Tasfift aggi isema-yas Ya Ǧaḥel leshab (a win yettun laḥbabis) ak d Ya  lɛdra (a tucbiḥt). Tizlatin timenza deg 45t ines. 

Azawan akw d imeslayen n tesfifin yaggi sɣur Maḥbub Bati.

Di 1971 issufɣed tlata n 45t. Deg usegwas n 1976, yesufɣed sin n 33t.

Yasɛa tlata n tezlatin di radio, rabɛa di tilizri.  Yesɛa daɣen yiwet n tkassit (K7) id yefɣen di 1982 (Ya Rab leɛbad -  A yilu n meden).

Tura yesuli (yeḥbes) di ccna. Urɛad yeskaray kra n temɣriwin di twacculin.




#Article 203: Ccix Muḥend u Lḥusin (174 words)


Ccix Muḥend Ulḥusin n taddart At Si Ɛmara deg Lɛarc At Yeḥya, d amrabeḍ amzuṛ, d amedyaz, d bab n wawal. Ilul deg useggas 1836 di taddart-is i illan zik d taxliǧt tamejtuḥ iqnen ɣer taddart n Taqa At Yeḥya, yemmut deg useggas 1901.

Axerrub At-lḥusin deg-s tlata yexxamen: At-Belqasem, At-Ɛmara, At-Ɛisa, Ccix n wexxam At-Belqasem.

Baba-s d Muḥend Lɛarbi At-Lḥusin, Yemma-s d Lalla Malḥa Tabuzeḥrirt n wexxam n Sidi Mḥemmed u ɛali si taddart n Buzeḥrir deg At Frawsen. Yesɛa tlata yessetma-s. Yiwet ladɣa mechuret d Lalla Faḍma ; yugar-iṭ Ccix di laɛmer ; tuɣ Mweqran n At Ɛmara si Ɛadni. Tayeḍ d Faṭima, tuɣ ṭaher At-Belqasem. Tayeḍ d Aɛwica, tuɣ argaz n At Ɛmara.

Asmi yella Muḥend d aqcic yella d ameksa, am neṭṭa am-marrac n lweqt-enni. Qqaren; mi yeksa alamma  t-tameddit, a-d-yerkebɣef yiwen deg-gezgaren nni ikess.

Deg tudert-is d amzuṛ, ttasen medden ɣur-s akken ad t-ẓuren, ad sen-ifru iɣeblan d tilla. Deg asmi immut armi d tura, gan-as taqubbett rrif n wexxam-is. Yal aseggas tegen-as zzerda!

Inna-Yas Ccix Muhend; Mulud Mɛemmri




#Article 204: Aderyis (260 words)


Yal mi ara d-taweḍ tefsut,leqbayel si zik-nsen ttmagaren-tt s lferḥ .Ass amezwaru n tefsut neɣ ‘’ amenzu n rbiɛ ‘’d ass n tmeɣra di akk tamiwin n tmurt.Tuget skaren deg-s imensi ɣef demma,llan daɣen wid itteffɣen d igrawen ɣer yigran akken ad ẓren agama zegzawen,yettwareqmen s yijeǧǧigen yefsan.

 

Tama n At Weɣlis,am nettat am waṭas n yimukan di lǧiha n Summam,imezdaɣ–is ttmagaren tafsut s ucɣal n yimensi iwumi qqaren ADERYIS.Aderyis,d isem n yiwet n teḥcict i d-yettemɣayen di lexla.Imenza  ḥekkun-d fell-as dakken deg-s dwa d waṭas n lmenfiɛa i tezmert n wemdan.Ɣef waya,tteggen s yes-s imensi ideg ara ččen akk wat uxxam.Ladɣa yal mi ara d-taweḍ tagara n furar,meḥsub di ddurt akk tamezwarut n wagur n meɣres,ad tafeḍ imezdaɣ akken ma llan ttḥerkilen wa deffir n wa akken ad sfuglen ‘’amenzu n rbiɛ ‘’.Wid izemmren,ttruḥun  ɣer lexla,akken ad awin iẓuran n teḥcict-a i d-yettemɣayen  di lbur aked ikeḍran ;llan daɣ wid i yesmenyafen ad tt-id-aɣen di leswaq i d-iqerben,yecban ssuq n Sidi Ɛic.

 

Tameddit n wass,tulawin yuɣ–itent lḥal fetlent seksu,heyyant-d leḥwal yecban : lbaṭaṭa,llubya,ibawen aked lḥemmeẓ .Ad sfurent kullec ɣef tikelt deg useksut yersen ɣef teccuyt irekkmen,daxel-is iẓuran n uderyis aked tmellalin.

 

Lawan n yimensi,ad d-nnejmaɛen akk wat uxxam ɣer terbuyt yeččuren d ameqful ifuren s uderyis.Yal wa ad yaɣ deg-s tiremt-is,ad yernu ad yečč  ayen i t-id-isaḥen seg tmellalin.

 

At zik,smenyafen dakken mi ara yečč  yiwen imensi-nni,ur ites ara aman.Aya ttwessin fell-as,iwakken aderyis yellan d dwa,ad d-yeǧǧ seḥḥa deg wid akk i yeččan.S wakka ansay ad iɛeddi di talwit d lisser aked tezmert.Ttiɛad ar umenzu n tefsut ara d-yezzin.




#Article 205: Mhenni n Wizgan (643 words)


Mḥenni, di tidett Mḥenni At Waɛmiruc, illul ass n 3 dujember 1938 deg Wizgan. Mhenni yesɛeda temẓi-s deg taddart-is At Wizgan, i d-yezgan 65 km ɣef usamer n Tizi Wezzu. Asmi yesɛa 8 yiseggasen, yekcem ɣer ulmud amenzu deg uɣerbaz n tlata iwmi sawalen tura At Yexlef.

Aseggas n 1952, yunag ɣer Fransa, tamdint n Marseille akked jeddi-is akken ad ikemmel almud-ines, rnu yelmed lḥirfa n uḥeddad neɣ alsaq n wuzal (soudeur).

Asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer tmurt deg useggas n 54, tendeh tnekra n Lezzayer. Lɛesker n tmurt n Fransa ttnadin ɣef Mhenni yellan iqeddec lawan-nni mgal-nsen. Ur sawḍen ara ad t-id-ṭṭfen, yuɣal ɣer wansa i d-yekka, ɣer temdint n Marseille aseggas n 1955.

Din kan, yekcem deg umenuɣ meqqren ɣer yidis n watmaten-is yellan deg la fédération de France n FLN aseggas n 1957. Ula deg temdint n Marseille ur yemniɛ ara, ttnadin fell-as iɣallen n laman n tmurt n Fransa, tettunefk fell-as ad yerwel ɣer tmaneɣt n Fransa Lpari, s lekwaɣeḍ ur nseḥḥa ara. Dinna, yekcem ɣer terbaɛt tanaẓurt n FLN i iqedcen s tuffra deg leqhawi akked deg yibisṭruten izzayriyen. Gar inaẓuren-agi, ad d-naf Ccix Misum, Ḥnifa, Abcic Belɛid, Akli Yeḥyaten, Yusef Abjawi, atg. Tarbaɛt-a tqeddec aṭas ɣef tegrewla n Lezzayer, ad sakin win yellan yeṭṭes, sfaqen win yellan yeɣfel s ccnawi-nsen d tceqqufin-nsen n umezgun, xas akken tegget fell-asen lɛessa d leḥris. Mhenni yesekles sdis (6) n tezlatin i d-yettɛeddayen lawan-nni deg radyu n Fransa gar-asent tamaɛzuzt n wul-iw, ay aberrani , ay abeḥri.

Asmi i d-yusa ɣer tmurt n Lezzayer deg useggas n 1963 akken ad yesteɛfu kra wussan, yemlal d Colonnel Muḥend Ulḥaj i as-yennan : « dagi ara-teqqimḍ i tmurt n Lezzayer nesɛa Radyu. » Mhenni yeqbel tiɣimit di tmurt-is. Syen Muḥend Ulḥaj iwessa Muḥemmed Ḥilmi, yenna-as « Ɣurek aqcic-agi, awi-t yid-k ɣer rradyu. » Deg lawan-nni, Mhenni yesɛa 24 yiseggasen kan di leɛmer-is. Dinna radyu tessekcem-d inaẓuren ixedmen s waggur, ideg llant trebbaɛ n uẓawan d trebbaɛ n umezgun ideg yekki Mhenni. Ticeqqufin n umezgun ttɛeddint-d yal ddurt. Taceqquft ideg d-yurrar i tikelt tamezwarut d tin iwumi qqaren “Amezruy n umeɣras”. Aseggas n 1964 , Mhenni iɛedda comédien profissionnel s wudem unsib.

Aseggas n 67, yesɛa tadwilt iwumi qqaren “Leɛyub n ddunit” iḥemmlen aṭas imsefliden deg lawan-nni, rnu ixeddem ticeqqufin n umezgun s ccnawi akked les Sketchs s wazal-nsen. Yelḥa-d amecwar almi d taggara n useggas n 79. Deg umecwar-agi i d-yewwi yegla-d s tlalit n yiwet n tizlit mucaɛen aṭas deg yiseggasen n 70 “Zejiga”. Mhenni yeqdec aṭas ɣer yidis n yinaẓuren meqqren gar-asen Muḥemmed Ḥilmi, Saɛid Ḥilmi, Ben Muḥemmed, Muḥemmed Ben Ḥanafi, Acruf Idir, Anissa, Ǧamila, Newwara d wiyaḍ i yesulin deg ccan n radyu n teqbaylit.

Amenuɣ i yuɛren d win n yiseggasen 70 ɣef temsalt n tmaziɣt, lawan ideg yeqwa lḥers, tuggdin tezdeɣ ulawen n yimdanen, fuden merra maca ulac anda ara d-swen. Maca Mhenni, Ben Muḥemmed d wiyaḍ rẓan asalu, bran i tuggdin, qublen tagnitt ɣas aken tuɛer aṭas, mɛawanen taɛkemt ẓẓayen almi tuɣal fessuset. Mhenni akked yimdukal-is i d-yeswejden amennuɣ n 80 (tafsut n yimaziɣen). Llan teddun ɣef tesdawiyin akked tesnawiyin, cennun i yinelmaden, senɛaten-asen-d ticeqqufin n umezgun, swayes i ten-sakayen ɣef temsalt n tmaziɣt. Tikti agi tekka-d sɣur Mulud Mɛemri, asmi i yenna i Mhenni: « atan arrac-nneɣ ad ten-awin, ɣurwet i d-yegra leslaḥ a Mhenni, ilaq ad sen-tecnum. » Deg yimiren yerna-asen tabɣest, qeddcen nnig tezmert-nsen. Dɣa, din Mhenni yexdem tizlit iwmi yeqqar “tcekreḍ-iyi jeddi-k” akken ad d-yessefhem i tarwa belli sɛan lejdud. Tallit-nni, daɣen, tadwilt n “Iɣennayen n uzekka” i d-sewjaden yal ddurt Crif Xeddam d Acruf Idir, texdem ccɣel-is, sakin aṭas n yilmeẓyen. Rnu tasuqqelt n umezgun “tawrirt yettwattun” di radyu.

Aseggas n 1998, Mhenni yeffeɣ-d lantrit. Yeqqim akken almi d asmi i d-tlul tiliẓri n tmaziɣt (amaṭṭaf w-4). Dɣa, yessawel-as-d Sid Ali Nat Qasi akked Muḥemmed Manesri akken ad yurar deg usaru “yak nniɣ-ak!”




#Article 206: Tuksitant (266 words)


Tuksitant. Iles n ok, taranit.
Agafataram n Katalunya, Anẓul n Fransa, Agafataram d unẓul n Iṭalya, Munaku.
D unṣib ak iles nneḍni: Agafataram n Katalunya.
D unṣib: Agafataram d unẓul n Iṭalya.
Ur zza-yes sqaren-ca: Anẓul n Fransa.

Tuksitant tebda teṭṭef ixef-nnes deg uwettay alemmas n wadday. Tedwel d iles n lidara d tussna deg Uksitanya. Qqimen-aneɣ-d iḍrisen uran s iles-a zi lqern 11, 12, d 13, iwweḍ ad yili d amesnawi d ameqran n tmesna. Maca, zi lqer 13 tsawentt, di marra awettay alemmas, Fransa tebda tḥewwas marra tamurt, tafransist tebda tɣellab di tmesna d tesnilsit.

Twaggent tzemmar ḥuma ad ḥyan iles, ktar ak tlalil wis sin taseklant n ummussu uksitan n lqern 20, id-as-yucan ccan i yiles, igg-as amkan di temyawat, tamezyida d tuffɣa taz'rigant. Âawed, isɛan iles a ɣar-es tili tandat-nnes tasmagnut, immersen x wawalen umi qqaren iles n Oc , maca iselḥen i marra ilsan uksittanen.

Iles agaskun n Tafrawt n Aran, id-yusin di Katalunya qqaren-as taranit. Aẓayer n Katalunya iqqim iticc-as ccan ar 1990, wami tedwel d tunṣibt ak tkattalantt d tkasttiyant.

Si zik (di 1882) ira ssexdamen deg-es aryaɣed uksittan iâedlen, s uyenni, tettwaḥsab tudes ar tuksittant, tuɣa ila bdan ssexdament di temezyida (di 1884). Iḍa, taranit ssexdament di lidara, d tɣuri, ɣar-es cway n umkan di imassen n temyawat. tettarin zzay-es tasekla. Abeddel alsawan imsaren di Uksittanya tafransist ur ilqif Tafrawt n Aran, mani ig iqqim iles iddar, ɣar-es inni ix-as iddafaâen. Waxxa amya, taranit ɛad ur tejhid aṭṭas. Aɣelleb n tkasttiyantt d tkattalantt issexdamen di temezyida, isnen iwdan ad ssiwlen, issumumi-tt zdat n tumanin am unetleâ d umsaray.




#Article 207: Aljiber (157 words)


Aljiber neɣ Aljiber d amur ger imuren n tusnakt ig zerwen s tugett tiskiwin tiljibriyin (structures algébriques), am tefekka deg Aljiber (corps en algèbre).

D awal id yussan deg tutlayt n taɛrabt el-ǧabr(الجبر), 

Aljiber yettwa seqdec yakan deg akud n iferɛunen, snen ad'd affen tifrat i temesmatt (équation) s yiwet neɣ snat n tefesniwin.

Aljiber yekk'd deg taɛrabt al-ǧabr, yuqal algebra s telatinit, anamek is yezzi ugar ɣer Asdakkel(la reunion) n iceqqfan, neɣ tuqqna (la connexion). Akken daɣen ig wwi inumak(sens) nniḍen deg tutlayin nniḍen.

D'awal ig llan ger wawalen imezwura i sqedcen s tutlayt taɛrabt,  adlis id yessufeɣ Xuwarzmi isemma-y-as al-ǧabr wa el mouqabalah, izrew dges aṭṭas n tenzeggit , i wumi ass agi leqdic ines nessemlal it ugar ɣer tenzeggit taljibrit.

Yiwet tikkelt Leonard de Pise i win mi qqaren Fibonacci yerza ɣer  tefriqt n ugafa, ira(aimer) amek ttarun izwilen deg tama agi n wemaḍal, deg imir yesseqdac izwilen akini, yerna yewwiten id ɣer Turuft.




#Article 208: Tawrirt n Buɛli (604 words)


Tawrirt n Buɛli  tira tarumit (Fr:Taourirt n Bouali) neɣ Tawrirt n Suq Ufella,  tesɛa azal n wagim (1 000) d amezduɣ. Ass-agi tezga-d d tis uqus (4) deg tɣiwant, id yezgan deg usamer n lɛerc n At Weɣlis.

Tawrirt n Buɛli neɣ Taourirt n Bouali.

Tawrirt yusa-d deg wemkan arakal n taddart (situation géographique du village) s tefransist (Coline).

Buɛli neɣ Bouali Muqel Amezruy n Taddart.

Ger Irmuden i leḥḥun deg taddart, ad naf deg sen Tidukla tadelsant tanaddalt n Tawrirt n Buɛli Suq Ufella (FR: association culturelle et sportive Taourirt n Bouali Souk-Oufella), Tidukla-agi tefka-d tamuɣli-ines tamezwarut deg iseggasen 90, d acu tewwi-d yid-s aṭas n yegna i tt-yerran temdel tabburt-is zik.

Deg akud ɣer wayeḍ tidukla tɛaweded talalait ger 2005 akk d 2006, s terbaɛt nniḍen i d-iqesden ad tesselḥun akken iwata lḥal. Ass agi tidukla agi tqeddec deg aṭas yeḥricen gar-asen :

Taddart n tewrirt tettusemma ger tudrin timecṭaḥ n lɛerc n At Weɣlis, Asmi id tekcem Fransa, Tawrirt tesɛa azal n  warim(20) ye xxamen , tebeddu deg tama ufella s Nnig ixxamen(ass-a d'amkan anda ttaǧǧan wat taddart tikeryas-nsen) ɣer Amessaḍ (ass-a yuɣal d talemmast n taddart) deg tama n wadda. Daɣen deg Tebburt n Weḥfir seg tama d tayeffust ɣer wezrug deg tama taẓelmaṭt.
Zik taddart tezzid akk s tebbura, aberrani ur yezmir ad tyezger deg tlemmast anagir ma yella yusa-d ɣer taddart neɣ d inebgi.

Buɛli, izmer ad yili d amdan a menzu id yussan ɣer taddart, nezmer ad nini belli d amdan amenzu neɣ d amdan amenzu yetwasnen deg taddart acku ar ass-a tella yiwet tala ddaw wexxam n Muḥend Akli Umusa rrif bbin n tburrebt ass-a yuɣal d ayla n Lewnis At Wejɛud, itin mi semman Tala n Buɛli.

Tawrirt tesɛa tilisa d waṭṭas n tudrin, tama ufella ad naf taddart Iɛeyyaḍen (Ayaten), tama tayeffust ad naf Tilwaqaḍi (Tiliouacadi) ...

At Wejɛud d adrum ameqran n taddart yesɛa azal n carit (30) ye xxamen, adrum-agi yebḍa ɣef krad (3) nneqmat (nom de famille) deg tira Tafransist gar-asen Adjed, Djaouani akk d Djaou.

ass-agi tawacult Adjed d nutni id yegran aṭṭas deg we drum acku tawacult Djaou udren akk ɣer Tqeriett ma d Djaouani akk d Adjed aṭṭas daɣen ig udren ɣer Tqeriett, dacu aṭṭas ig qqimen deg taddart.

At Ḥemmic d adrum wis sin meqren deg taddart yesɛa azal n warim (20) yexxamen, adrum agi yebḍa ɣef sin nneqmat deg tira Tafransist garasen ad naf Hamadi akk d Hamlaoui, adrum n At Musa (mouzaoui) d'adrum ig zedwen ɣur-sen, ass agi at ḥemmic akk d wat musa uɣalen d yiwen wedrum.

At Belɛid d adrum ig sɛan azal n mraw semmus (15) yexxamen, daɣen yebḍa ɣef krad nneqmat grasen ad naf Belazouz, Aouchiche akk d Belbahi. At Weḥmaduc d'a drum i win mi ssawalen sebḥi, izdew ɣer wedrum n at belɛid, ass agi i uqqus (4) d yiwen wedrum.

Adrum n At Musa d win ittawin isem n mouzaoui, deg taddart llan azal n mraw (10) yexxamen

Adrum n At Ḥemd uqasi d'adrum yettawin nnekwa neɣ immer n Kesri akk d Kisri, amgarad-agi ger sin ismawen yusa-d deg leɣlaḍ deg tira

Ariouate d immer n wedrum n At Weɛmiruc 

Messar d Menadi d imeriwen id yesbadun adrum n at Umenṣur, akken id nufa deg temucuha n taddart, qqaren-d belli d nutni i d imenza ig zedɣen taddart uma ɣas ass agi ger iderman ibesṭaḥ n taddart.

Touazi d immer n wedrum n at Ttewwati, ass-a deg taddart drus yid-sen ,zik d adrum meqqren deg taddart, acku udren (ṣubben) akk ɣer teferka-nsen nnig wassif n Sumam , xelqen-d taddart nnig n Tqriett i tin m i nsemma At Twati. 

 




#Article 209: At Wemɛuc (135 words)


At Wemɛuc (s teɛrabt : ) d taɣiwant n Tmurt Leqbayel, tezga deg tawilayt n Bgayet. 

Taɣiwant agi, tezga ar aḍar n udrar Actug. Armud agejdan n tamnaṭ agi, d tafellaḥt (iɣelmiyen, imaɣaḍen dɣa kra n izegrawen). Yerna, tettwassen aṭas s tbexsisin is akkw d zzit uzemmur.

Menɣir Truna, adeg-aɣella ines, taɣiwant n At Wemɛuc tessuddes s tidiganin agi : Bwikni, Tizeɣt, Agemmun, At Waɛmar, Tawrirt, Tiwal, Iɣil Watu, Iɣelden, Ǧebla Kelaɛ, Akur, Tagnit Iɣil, Bubrek, Iɛmaren, Ibudraɛn, Ibaɛzizen, Mzita, Laɛzib U Aɛlwac, Iǧedaren, Amegrud, Awrir, Tiksarin, Taɛzibt, Tala Tinzar, Laɛzib Sidi Sadeq, Iɣzer Ubelluṭ d At Buǧellah.

Tamnaṭ tettwassen i taɣara n tbexsisin ikkawen n At Wemɛuc. Ilaq yiwen attekki, di 1986, ar timzikkent n Cherbourg iwakken tabexsist n tamnaṭ nni at rmes asteɛṛef n imuzzag dɣa terbeḥed arraz amezzwaru deg umsazwar n timzikkent.




#Article 210: Draɛ Lqayed (177 words)


Draɛ Lgayed d yiwet tɣiwant i yegber tawilayt n Bgayet, d taɣiwant i tebɛen ɣer usun n Xerraṭa, tezga-d deg unẓul- asammar n ugezdu n Bgayet, tamnaḍt-a d taqenṭart gar snat n twilayin : Bgayet akked Sṭif, tebɛed ɣef tlemmast n ugezdu n Bgayet s wazal n 70 km, d tamenaḍt i yellan wessiɛet tajumma-ines ad taweḍ ɣer 120,16 km2.

Taɣiwant n Draɛ Lgayed tegber aṭas n yimezdaɣ ɛla ḥsab n tddadant ixedmen deg useggas n 2014 amḍan-nsen yeweḍ ɣer 29779 n yimezdaɣ, amḍan n yimdanen i yesɛan deg leɛmer-nsen ddaw n 6 yiseggasen yeweḍ ɣer 2362 n yimezdaɣ, wid yesɛan deg leɛmer-nsen
Yerna, gar 16 ɣer 59 n yiseggasen yeweḍ ɣer 20639 n yimdanen, ma d wid yesɛan seg 60 n yiseggasen d asawen ad naf azal n 1786 n yimdanen.

Taɣiwant n Draɛ Lgayed tegber aṭas n tudrin yemxalafen; ad nebder gar-asent: taddart n Sidi Buğri, taddart n At Nṣer, ad naf daɣen taddart n Snadla, tella dɣen taddart n Leḥrayec, Dradra,At Faḍel, Buzugla, Berzax (adeg-aɣella), Taqliɛat, Ajjiwen, Azaɣar, At Saɛda, Deba, At Belqasem, Drawat,




#Article 211: Buɣni (227 words)


Buɣni (Boghni s tṛumit), d tamdint n tawilayt n Tizi Uzzu, di Tmurt Taqbaylit, tella ar azal n 38 km deg unẓul-amalu n Tizi Uzzu, ar 15 km deg umalu n Iwaḍiyen dɣa ar 13 km deg ugmuḍ n Draɛ Lmizan.

Tihawt taṭerkit

Agadir aqbur aṭerki. Ar 6 km n tiẓgi n Tineglin.
Isem azwaran :Burǧ-Buɣni

Tihawt taṛumit

Taddart tamecṭuḥt n Tamurt Taqbaylit yettwaẓẓun deg waḍar n Ǧerǧer, taɣiwant tamasayt n Draɛ Lmizan tettweleq deg useggas 1876 deg ugezdu n Zzayer asun n Palestru.
Tuɣaled d taɣiwant n alaɣmu acuṛan, attili tettweqqen deg useggas 1958 ar ugezdu amaynu n Tizi Uzzu

Taɣiwant n Buɣni tella deg unẓul-amalu n twilayt n Tizi Uzzu. Tettweyezzi aka:

Tasureft n tamdint n Buɣni, taɣiwant tesɛa, deg usnulfu ines deg useggas 1984, 26 timdinin nniḍen :

Taɣiwant tesɛa ɣef akal-is taneɣraft n imra d ifarisen iɣurbizen, tineɣrafin n tissitin war iɣisem, taneɣraft n chewing-gum, daɣen tineɣrafin n igargucen, n ccikula, n ticulliḍin, n timedwazin, n ifarisen ukawacu....
Tesɛa daɣen taklinit aqsas-ucelleḥ agetugrinin yettwaldin tiggura-s deg waggur n mayyu 2011. D yiwet tamṣuka tudmist d timettit ugaren tiyaḍ deg tɣiwant.

Agadir aqbur aɛetmani yella deg ugafa n tɣiwant. Yella ar 500 imitriyen n asawen dɣa yettwubna deg tazwara n timiḍi wis XVIII sɣur Lqaḍi aṭerki n Taqbaylit n Wadda, Aɛli Xuǧa, d yiwen agadir ameqran ugaren wiyaḍ nniḍen yebnan iɛetmaniyen di Tmurt Taqbaylit.




#Article 212: Draɛ Ben Xedda (101 words)


Draɛ Ben Xedda (Mirabeau deg tallit tahrest taṛumit), d taɣiwant taqbaylit n twilayt n Tizi Uzzu, di Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella ar  deg umalu n Tizi Uzzu dɣa ar aqrib  deg ugmuḍ n Zzayer.	 

Ansakal n taɣiwant yetwezzi deg ugafa s Asif n Sabaw dɣa yetwezger sɣur [Asif bwagdur deg tama-s tamalut.

Taɣiwant n Draɛ Ben Xedda tella deg umalu n twilayt n Tizi Uzzu.

Taɣiwant n Draɛ Ben Xedda tesɛa 13 tudrin :

Mirabeau d alemmas n tasehrest, lbenyan ines yettweɣtes ass n 24 fuṛaṛ 1884 sɣur anabaḍ amatu n Lezzayer.
Amarud n 31 014 700 francs yettwefk i usenfar agi.




#Article 213: Azaɣar (Tizi Wezzu) (158 words)


Azaɣar (neɣ Ɛin Zawiya), d yiwet taɣiwant n twilayt n Tizi Wezzu di Tmurt Taqbaylit, tella ar  deg unẓul-amalu n Tizi Wezzu dɣa ar  deg unẓul-agmuḍ n Lezzayer.

Taɣiwant n Uzaɣar tella deg unẓul-amalu n twilayt n Tizi Uzzu.

Taɣiwant n Uzaɣar tesɛa 29 tudrin :

Deg useggas 1889, imi tella tasehrest taṛumit, semman-as i taɣiwant Pirette dɣa tella deg ugezdu n Lezzayer.

S tanaḍt deg uzmez n 7 meɣres 1889, isem n Pirette yettwefkad i ulemmas n umezdaɣ uṛufi yetwexelqen di Azaɣar taddart n taɣiwant tamasayt n Tacentirt, am tajmilt i umhares yezban ass n 9 dujamber 1839 mgal agim n imnayen « Haǧut » i ẓedmen leɛzib At-Seman aqrib agrir  n Arbah.

Taɣiwant tesɛa ɣef akal-is taneɣraft n imra akkw d imagraden iɣurbizen, taneɣraft n tigazuzin, taneɣraft n chewing-gum, daɣen aṭas iferdisen n aɣraf n ifexxaren dɣa tissirt n zzit d irden.

Uggug imeswi, yettwabnun deg iseggasen 1980 deg unẓul n tɣiwant, yesniref taneflit n tafellaḥt.




#Article 214: Tadmayt (103 words)


Tadmayt (isem-is nni aqdim aṛumi Camp-du-Maréchal) d tamdint n tawilayt n Tizi Uzzu, di Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella ar  deg umalu n Tizi Uzzu dɣa ar  deg ugmuḍ n Zzayer.

Taɣiwant n Tadmayt tella deg umalu n twilayt n Tizi Uzzu.

Llant 21 n tuddar di tɣiwant n Tadmayt :

Tadmayt s tmaziɣt anamek ines d tidikelt (neɣ tawsit n wufus), lamaɛna yesɛa anamek nniḍen : tazdayt-takeḍwant, yuɣ lḥal adeg-aɣella n tɣiwant d azaɣar i zemren ad yili yegelgel (ingayen deg iseggwasen 1970 ar 80) anda yetɛeddi Asif n Sabaw. Daɣen Tadmayt tettwezzi s idurar, ayen yettak as timeẓri agi am tawsit n wufus.




#Article 215: Tigzirt (232 words)


Ma yella nezzi-d ɣer tama n yilel, ad naf tamurt n Tigzirt : yiwet n temnaḍt yettwassnen aṭas, ama ɣef ccbaḥa-s ama ɣef umezruy-is neɣ af tmetti-ines.     Tigzirt tezga-d ɣef yijifar n yilel agrakal ; deg ugafa n tmurt n Tizi-Uzu ; limer ad tt-twaliḍ seg usawen ad twaliḍ d akken ters ɣef yiwet n lewḍa i izeynen s waṭas, ur tezmireḍ ara ad tt-teḥyuḍ s tmuɣli.

Taḥuski n Tigzirt weḥd-s ulac ayen i tt-yecban ; mi ara tt-tkecmeḍ ad ak-id mmagren yisekla d leḥcic yessan di tlemmast n ubrid, tiḥuna zzint-as-d si yal tamiwin, yal yiwet d acu i tesnuzuy, mi ara telḥuḍ cwiṭ ɣer zdat ad d-tt-mmagareḍ lɣaci d igrawen yal yiwen seg ansa id-yusa, mi ara tkemmleḍ ɣer zdat, ad tebḍuḍ ad tettwaliḍ ilel iṭilli-d si lebɛid, ad ttḥireḍ melmi ara tawḍeḍ ; tura abrid wezzil, ur d-yugri ara aṭas, syin mi ara tarnuḍ cwiya ad tafeḍ yiwet n tkessart ɣer tama taẓelmaḍt, dɣa ad tebḍuḍ ad tettsubuḍ alama iban-d rrmel adehbi ad as-tiniḍ d aɛeqquc awraɣ yettberriq deg yitij ; aman-nni n yilel d imidadiyen am yigenni, ur tettafeḍ ccbaḥa am tin ; lecḍuḍ-nni n yilel ttawin ttarran, mi ara d-wwet lmuja ɣer berra ulac ṣṣifa n yiẓra ur d-ssufuɣ ara. Mi ara taẓeḍ ɣer rrif n yilel, ad twaliḍ icarfan daxel-is, ttbanen-d ttneggizen-d deg-sen wid yebɣan ad uraren.
Acḥal yeswa win ara d-yasen ɣer da, ad iẓur tamurt-is zziɣ tamurt-nneɣ ur telli tin ittyifen. 




#Article 216: Alma Tegma (641 words)


Alma Tegma d taddart deg tɣiwant n Zekri.

ALMA TEGMA

village ancestral des Ath Hassaine.

Commune de Zekri, Wilaya de Tizi Ouzou

Alma Tegma est un village rural et rustique qui se trouve en Kabylie et appartient à un groupe de villages constituant la tribu (Arch) des Ath Hassaine. Ce village est situé à 4 km au nord de la commune de Zekri (anciennement Taaroust ou El Had des Ath Ou Malek), à 35 km à l’est d’Azzazga, à 80 km au nord-est de Tizi Ouzou , et à 30 km à l’est d’Azeffoun. Jusqu’à 1947, date de la création de la commune de Zekri, les villages de la tribu des Ath Hassaine dépendaient de la commune-mixte d’Azeffoun.

Vers 1890, l’Arch (la tribu) des Ath Hassaine était composé de huit villages, d’après Emile Carette (Capitaine-géomètre) et Louis Sicard (commissaire géomètre) envoyés dans cette région par l’administration coloniale française pour l’opération de délimitations des terres, des territoires et de la création des Douars. Ces villages sont : Alma Tegma, Aguemoun, Agouni Aissa, Ighil Makhlef, Tala Maala, Bounaamane, Tizaghouine et Bougharèche. Alma Tegma se trouve en contre-bas du Col de Djemaa Sidi Aissa, dans une clairière en face de la montagne de Bourouma, située au nord du village, et à environ 15 km à vol d’oiseau à l’est d’Azeffoun , au sud-ouest non loin des Béni Ksila et à l’est de Assif Hend ou Youcef, actuel Sidi Khelifa.

Le village d’Alma Tegma est composé  d’une cinquantaine de maisons ancestrales, construites avec de la pierre de rocher, travaillées et placées les unes sur les autres, parfois sans ciment naturel (bouse de vache mélangée à de la paille) et un toit constitué de tuiles rouges fabriquées le plus souvent dans la même localité par des artisans paysans. Les portes et les cadres sont en bois, ainsi que les poutres (Tessada ou Tikjda) et les madriers, fabriqués à partir de troncs d’arbres coupés et aménagés pour soutenir le toit de la maison. Dans ce village, il existe trois fontaines d’eau potable et trois bassins édifiés et dédiés comme abreuvoirs pour les animaux (chèvres, moutons, vaches, mulets et chevaux). L’une se trouve non loin de la place du village, appelée Thala. C’est un bassin d’où coule une eau fraiche. Ce bassin est protégé par un toit, quatre murs et une ouverture sans porte. A l’intérieur et au-dessus du bassin est bâtie une plate-forme qui sert de lieu de repos, de discussion et de prière. En été, comme en hiver, la température est relativement agréable à l’intérieur.  Ce lieu sert aussi aux hommes et aux femmes du village à faire leurs toilettes et à laver leurs effets, selon une organisation d’emploi du temps bien déterminé par les règlements du village. L’autre fontaine est située à 300 mètres à l’est et à la sortie du village, sur le chemin tribal menant aux villages de Tizeghouine et de Bougharèche. On l’appelle « El Ainser » ; elle coule en permanence et son eau est fraiche et très appréciée par les villageois. A mi-chemin de cette source, on trouve un bassin d’eau, à même le sol, qui sert d’abreuvoir aux animaux quand ils quittent le village pour aller paître dans les champs et les maquis avoisinants, ou quand ils reviennent en fin de journée. Ce point d’eau s’appelle « Tamjoujit ». Cette source sert aussi à irriguer quelques jardins potagers s’y trouvant en contrebas et aux alentours. On trouve aussi une source dotée d’un petit bassin, situé à 300 mètres en contrebas et au nord de « Tamjoujit », qui permet aux hommes de prendre leur bain en période estivale, loin du village dans un coin discret et caché. Ce bassin est appelé « Taghlat ».  A Tighilt, il existe une autre fontaine d’eau fraiche utilisée par la population habitant les hauteurs du village. On l’appelle « Tala n Tighilt ».




#Article 217: Tutlayt tacenwit (270 words)


Tacenwit (Aqbaylit, Haqbaylit, Acenwit, Hacenwit ) d tutlayt i ttmeslayen Icenwiyen, di temnaṭ n wedrar n Cenwa  di Dzayer. Tutlayt n-sen am tin icawiyen s irifiyen.

Tantala-yagi n Tcenwit, tṛuḥ amzun akken tengger maddi. Urd qqimen-ara aṭas n medden i-tt yesawalen tura di Lzzayer. Zik sawalen-tt di temdint n Bazar ( Tipaza), deg uɣir n Iyurayen ( Gouraya), Cercal, Sidi Ɣilas, Sidi Brahem, Nnaḍur, Damus, Ayt Ḥewwa d Brira d Bist (Bissa).

Kra n wawalen s Tcenwit: Ayyis (Aɛudiw), Hala (Tala), Arrac/Aḥzaw (Aqcic), Tarract / Taḥzawt  (Taqcict), Aqardal (Ameqqran, Amɣar, Aselway), Ɛita (Aṭas), Amemet (Tamemt), Aziri (la plein lune), Tini (Ṭṭmer), Aɛtrus (bouc), Aciɣer (Aslem/Lḥut), Ttɛadmɣ (Uḍneɣ/Helkeɣ),  Iğ/Ict (Yiwen/Yiwet).

Cṛa n wawalen s Tantala n Iyurayen g Tifeẓẓa : 
Xseɣ = Je veux / I want 
Xseɣ a-ččeɣ = Je veux manger / I want to eat 
Xseɣ a-sweɣ = Je veux boire / I want to drink 
Xseɣ a-fɣeɣ = Je veux sortir / I want to go out 
Xseɣ a-ṛuḥeɣ = Je veux y aller / I want to go 
U-xseɣɣ-ec = Je ne veux pas / I do not want 
U-xseɣɣ-ec a-ččeɣ = Je ne veux pas manger / I do not want to eat
U-xseɣɣ-ec a-sweɣ = Je ne veux pas boire / I do not want to drink
Lluẓeɣ = J'aim faim / I am hungry
Ffudeɣ = J'ai soif / I am thirsty
Uḥleɣ = Je suis fatigué(e) / I am tired
Qabel / Qbala = Regarde / Look
Essel = Ecoute / Listen 
Max = Pourquoi / Why
Melmi = Quand / When 
Mana = Qui / Who 
Mani = Où / Where




#Article 218: Sṭif (880 words)


Sṭif d tamdint di tamurt n Dzayer, Imezdaɣ-is d 350.000 (2006).

Listiɛmar aɛrab d lestiɛmar i d-iǧǧan tikta meqren akter n wiyad ɣef umezruy ni imaziɣen. Iɛraben xellfen ibizantiyen deg 705 almi deg azal n 972. Lestiɛmar aɛrab n tmurt n imaziɣen d yewit n twaɣit i tella ɣef imaziɣen di tazwara armi rebhen tlelli-nsen deg lqern wis VIII.

Takrit ni iɛraben ur tzgir ara tirugza n imaziɣen, lamɛna imaziɣen llan ɛyan imi ttnaɣen-ed atas n isegassen mgal iɛdawen i d-izzin-asen di yal tama daymi xesren amgaru mgal iɛraben.

Imaziɣen kemlen atas n leqrun mbeɛd amgar-nsen mgal iɛeraben seg wemkan ɣer wayed, mgal yewet n tgeldit taɛrabt ɣef tayed, armi deg (972–1148) imi yewit n tageldit tamziɣt , Iziriyen (972–1148) s timelwi n Ziri mmi-s n Menad, tettf-ed tazmart deg Lezzayer. Tallit agi tella yewit n tallit ur nesɛi lehna imi teččur s imenɣi akk-d tarkukitt, Lqern wis XI akk-d 13 walan-ed assexdem ameqran n tutlayt taɛrabt, imi yebda-d deg Lqern wis XI anbaz amenyut n yewin n wedrum aɛrab d-ikkan si Maṣer yettuseman Banu Hilal, deg zdaxel n ul tmurt n imaziɣen.

Imi ifatimiyen (yewet n tgeldit taɛrabt i g-hekmen deg Iɛraben imi staɛmren-d tamurt n imaziɣen) wexxren-ed abud-nsen ɣef Maṣer deg 972, mmi-s n Ziri ittusemman Buluɣin (971-984) yettwakelf-ed ɣef tafriqt ugafa. Awexxar n tanawt taɛrabt ɣef Maṣer ishel-ed asnulfu n tageldit n Iziriyen seddaw Ḥammad mmi-s n Buluɣin imi rebhen-ed imaziɣen tanaya-nsen.

Deg 1090 Iḥamadiyen, aferkaw n Iziriyen, xedmen-ed Bgayet tamaneɣt-nsen; Ihemadiyen hekemen-ed deg ɣef Dzzayer azal n lqern (1008-1152) armi nezfen ɣef ddemma n wanbaz n Banu Hilal. Deg azal n 1152 Amussu n Tdukli (Lmuwahiddin s taɛrabt) ihudd tageldat n Iḥammadiyen.

Deg uzzal n lqern wis 12, Mmi-s n Tumart (a*. 1080 - a. 1130), ccix amziɣ n lǧameɛ akk-d amalway n ddin i snulf-ed tarbaɛt tamaziɣt n Amussu n Tdukli; Mmi-s n Tumart yura-d ahric ameqran n tiktabin n ddin s tutlayt tmaziɣt.

Ɛabd Lmumin (1094-1163), yewin seg inelmaden-is i t-id-xelfen imi yemmut, i snulf-ed taglelda n Tdukli deg Tin Mal ( tamdint deg talemmast n tmurt n Merruk).

Tagelda n Tdukli temɣ-id almi thekm-ed ɣef ahric ameqran n Tafriqt ugafa; Merruk deg 1146, Dzzayer 1151, deg 1160 hekemed ɣef ahric ameqran n Tamezɣa. Deg 1163 armi 1199, tikkelt tamezwarut deg umezruy n Tamezɣa, ahric amerqran n imaziɣen ɛacen seddaw yewit n tgelda tamaziɣt.

Akter n azal 300 isegassen Iziyaniyen, aferkaw n Tagelda n Tdukli, hekmen-ed ɣef Tamezɣa armi 1516 imi Iɛetmaniyen kecmen ɣef Dzzayer.

Tagelda n Tdukli, ɣas akken d yewit n tdukla tamaziɣt i tella, si tazwar-ines armi taggara-ines, ur tesɛi ara leqsed n usellek n agdud amaziɣ, imi d yewit n tajmaɛt n ddin i tella, ɣef wagi assexdem n tutlayt taɛrabt yettnecni deg tamurt imaziɣen imi ahric ameqran n imaziɣen ttwaɛrben-ed.

Lqern wis XVI yezra-d daɣen talalit n Tamurt n leqbayel deg talemmast n tafriqt, imi ahric ameqran n tafriqt i ttmuqlen ɣef rrif n lebher yella seddaw n lestiɛmar aɛutmani.

Tanaya n yiqbayliyen tɛac azal n 300 issegasen armi taslekt tafransist deg 1830.

Cwit kan n ineɣmisen i d-nesɛa ɣef lmuda agi n umezruy n wegdud-nneɣ, ur neɛlim ara daɣen asmi tebda, imi ulac ikaramen ɣef agi. Ayen yellan mlba ccek, d wayen ixebbern iɣellaten n iɛetmaniyen deg tisekwla-nsen akk-d ikaramen-nsen deg lqern 16, Iqbayliyen herzen-ed ɣef telelli-nsen azal n 300 isegassen.

Yal adrum deg timura n yiqbayliyen yesɛa aseqqamu ameqran n tadart-is i ghekmen fell-as, yal asqqamu yesɛa tejmeɛt, Di tajmaɛt agi tella yewit n tajmaɛct ɛlayen, llan imalwayen-nsen. Gar-asen, llan yergazen yettwasnen atas deg timura n yiqbayliyen imi llan irgazen s tirgugza.

Deg 1830 Asqamu Ameqran n wagdud aqbayli, i hekmen ɣef wegdud aqbayli merra, issawal-ed i ccix Amɣar ad yilli d amalway n iɛsekriyen n Tadukli n Tamurt n yiqbayliyen ad harreb mgal Fransa akk-d ad iɛass ɣef tlelli-is.

Tirugza n ccix Amɣar tella sinnig taɣerfant-is sɣur agdud-s imi ihureb-ed almi tagara ɣef ayen yesɛn ccan; tilelli n tamurt-is akk-d n wegdud-is.

Deg tagara, agdud aqbayli ixxesr-ed ɣef ddemma n lqewa tatrart n Fransa akk-d lexdaɛ n ugeldun n weɛraben yettuseman ɛabd Lqader imi d-yefka takbabt-is ɣef Amtawa n Tafna wahid Fransa; ayagi yefka-d lweqt d lǧehd i Fransa at kemel ɣef ayen yeqimen deg lebɣi n yiqbayliyen.

Iɛetmaniyen seddaw n timelwi n Khairr ad-Din d w'ayetma-s ɛaruj, i d-xelqen atrar ussamer n Dzayer, bdan asseɣwel n tama agi am asutel n ifflisen n ddunit merra. Taflist-nsen ternu, temɣid ɣef lqrun 1600; taflist mgal lbaburat n Lmarican g Lebher-nneɣ sebba n Ttrad n Taflist Tamezwarut, akk-d Ttrad n Taflist Tis Snat, anda mutten atas n imddanen.

Sṭif deg lweqt nni ur tesɛi ara atas n lɣaci mi ahric amerqran n imezdaɣen-ines llan kkra d imaziɣen akk-d atas n iflisen d lɛasker iɛetmaniyen s tawacult-nsen.

Mbeɛd n lexsara n ccix Amɣar, Aheddad, akk-d Fadma n Summer, ahric amqran n inelmaden-nsen ttwanfan ɣef La Nouvelle-Calédonie; ɣef tagara n taslekt n Fransa atas n lɣaci xesren ixammen-nsen, akal-nsen, akk-d lherma-nsen.

ɣef agi azal ameqran n lebni n Sṭif d Fransa i t-yebnan imi thud ayen yellan aqbel n taslekt.

Fransa tebna-d lmersa n n Sṭif akk-d talemmast n temdint.

Fransa teqim deg n Sṭif azal n 100 n isegassen armi texser lherb deg 1962.

Imi irumiyen ffɣen-d iqbayliyen keccmen-ed ɣef talemmast n temdint; Sṭif tezra timeriwt tameqrant n imezdaɣen.




#Article 219: Agarsafen (2709 words)


Agarsafen d taddart (Fr: Iguersafène, Ar: اقرسافن) tezga-d deg umalu n Ukfadu di tɣiwant n At Yeǧǧaṛ id yezgan deg usamar n Tizi Wezzu, Deg wakl-is id tella tɣiwant. Teggug (Tebɛed) azal n 70km ɣaf temdint n Tizi Wezzu.

Agarsafen tezga-d gar sin isaffen : 

Asif n At Ḥendis id yettawin seg usamar ar wenẓul, 

Asif n Lɛebd Lɛali id iṣubben deg ugafa ar wenẓul, 

Sin isaffen-agi mlalen deg unẓul n taddart fɣen ɣer wasif usardun.

Ger + Isaffen, ( Ger-Issafen )

Di sin wawalen-agi i d-yeffeɣ yissem n taddart .

Agarsafen, zzint-as-d sdis (06) n tudrin am umeqlas. 

Taddart n wagarsafen ( Agarsafen ), ɣur-s 37 n yismawen n twacult, tebḍa ɣaf semmus (05) idarma : Imaṛjanen, At Urabaḥ, Ibaxucen, Iqessuyen, Iẓeniɛen, yal adrum ad naf deg-s ugar n ukuẓ (04) n yisemawen n twacult :

Deg-s, At wakli, Ibessa, At bubuḥ, At Wuccen, At muḥend, At imuhub.

At wakli ; s tefransist (Akli, Aklil, Akmoun)

Ibessa ; s tefransist (Bessas, Hemmache, Farhah)

At bubuḥ ; s tefransist (Bouabba)

At Wuccen ; s tefransist (Ouchène)

At muḥend ; s tefransist (Amimer)

At imuhub ; s tefransist (Saïchi)

At qasi wesɛid ; s tefransist (Sahed, Kanès)

Deg-s, At urabaḥ, At uqasi d At ucelhab, iẓenniɛen ufella.

At urabaḥ ; s tefransist (Raâb, Hemrani)

At uqasi ; s tefransist (M'hennache)

At ucelhab ; s tefransist (Chellah)

Iẓenniɛen n ufella, s tefransist (Zenine)

Deg-s, At lmesɛud, At uyaḥya, Iḥedducen, Iḥeddaden, At mraḥ d At mḥend.

At lmesɛud ; s tefransist (Messaoudène, Messaoudi)

Iḥedducen ; s tefransist (Heddauche, Haddou)

Iḥeddaden ; s tefransist (Heddad)

At mṛaḥ ; s tefransist (Amrane)

At mḥend ; s tefransist (Mane, Mohelbi)

At uyaḥya ; s tefransist (Bakour, Bakouche)

Adrum n Iqessuyen, deg-s, Iqesuyen. 

Deg-s, Iẓerriwen, At umeẓyan, At qasi, At Aḥmidan.

Iẓerriwen ; s tefransist (Zerioul, Zérifi)

At umeẓyan ; s tefransist (Mezine, Mezini)

At qasi ; s tefransist (Kessal, Kaïs)

At bṛahem ; s tefransist (Brahmi)

At Lḥusin ; s tefransist (Lahouazi)

At aḥmidan ; s tefransist (Hammidi)

Si zik ar ass-a taddart tebna s isuḍaf, ad d-naf tesqamut n taddart d nettat i yettḍebbiren, deg-s ad d-naf Lamin d ṭṭemman, yal adrum ad yesɛu ṭṭamen-ines, d nutni i iferrun timsal gar imezdaɣ, tasqamut n taddart neɣ akken i as-neqqar ass-a « imɣaren n taddart », d nettat i d-ajgu n waɛrur n taddart.

Zik imezdaɣ n taddart mmugren lhif n ddunit s lxedma n tmurt, tibḥirin d lmal,  imezdaɣ n taddart ddukulen akken ad tifsus teɛkemt fell-asen, am win yesɛan am win ur nesɛi, imezdaɣ yettili-d leqder gar-asen, ttilin isuḍaf iten-yesɛedlen akken llan.

Di tlata n tɣemmar n taddart ad d-naf mazal ar ass-a iɛessasen bedden d inigan n yal tallit, d ssellaḥ  i iɛussen taddart, mazal ar ass-a lɣaci ttqadaren imukan-agi, di tama ufella n taddart ad d-naf aɛessas n Txerrubt, di tlemmast n taddart aɛessas n Teẓrut, di ṭṭerf n taddart Sidi Ḥendris.

Si zik imezdaɣ n taddart tteklen kan ɣef yiman-nsen, d wayen yexdem ufus-nsen, mazal lǧarra n tesyar n waman tiden  s wayess ẓẓaden irden, d tisyer xedmen imezdaɣ n yimern-nni s ifassen-nsen, ad d-naf deɣaen lǧarra n lemɛansrat n zzit, tiden xedmen imezdaɣ n yimiren-nni s ifassen-nsen, tell aula d lǧarra n l’fur anda i d xedmen lqarmud, iqermud s-wayess qqarmeden akk yixxamen n taddart.

Tulawin n taddart ula d nunti ttikint di lebni n yixxam-nsent ɣer yidis n yirgaz, ttikint di lebni n taddart ɣer yidis n yirgazen.

Taddart si zik tebges i kullec, imezdaɣ-is zgan dduklen  iwayen akk i as-nilaqen, Asmi d-yeffeɣ ad bnun aɣarbaz di taddart, win id sbedden d amray akken ad t-yebnu, yugi, imi abrid ur yewwiḍ ara ɣer taddart, yenna-asen : aɣarbaz-agi ur txeddemɣ ara anda ur tettaweḍ ara sselɛa-w, ddmen imezdaɣ n taddart ṭṭfen di yiwen n rray, ad ad-ssiwḍen sselɛa-nni d nutni ɣer umkan, syinna Arumi-nni yeqbel akken ad t-yebnu.

 

Taddart n Wagarsafen d taddart yekren mgal Afransis di ssaɛa tamenzut asmi tekker tegrawla. Ḥekkun-d ɣef Bukeffus d yiwen umezdaɣ yefɣen ɣer umadaɣ mgal Afransis deg useggas n 1928, asmi yettwaṭṭef wwint ɣer lḥebs n Kayan, dinna i yemmut.

Asmi tendeh tegrawla n 54 imezdaɣ n taddart  terra i teɣri n Lmuǧahidin, tekker mgal lemḥella n Ufransis, tugi ad as-teknu i uzeglu-ines, ḍeffren atmaten-nsen yefɣen s adrar, amur ameqran deg-sen ur ɛeddan ara 30 n yiseggasen.
 
Taddart tuɣal d axxam n Yimjuhad, syinna  i yettɛedday kullec, tagulla, isallen, d ayfi lemḥella n Ufransis tessers-d lḥers d lɛessa meqren ɣef taddart-a.

Lqayed d laḥkum Afransis yeḥres imezdaɣ id yeqqimen akken ad alsen, ad ddun yid-s, maca xas akken alsan, alsan i lfayda n Lmuǧahidin, imi Imjuhad d widen d ikeččmen sya ɣer da ar taddat xas akken tella Lka sdaxel n taddart, maca widen akken yelsan ttɛassan ɣef widen yeffɣen d Imjuhad. Asmi agad-nni yelsan ugaden ad ttewkecfen, nnan-asen Yimjuhad ad ddum yid-sen uqbel ad asen-ifiq Ufransis. Fɣen taddart qqimen-d deg-s ala imɣaren , tilawin akk d igardan. Azekka-nni Afransis  yejjemɛ-d imezdaɣ d-yeqqimen, ttxemmimen amek ara asen-xedmen.

Amennuɣ n qennic d win yefkan tiɣrit i lmeḥella n Ufransis, ayen yeḍran ass-nni mačči akken id as-yenwa ad as-teḍru, yefhem akken imezdaɣ n taddert-agi ffɣen-as afus ddan d Yimjuhad, Afransis yejmeɛ lɣaci n taddart ɣer umkan iwumi qqaren ALMA, ggren-ten  ɣer sdaɣel n uɣarbaz akken ad ten-ssarɣen, iḥun Rebbi aya ur d-yeḍri ara, dɣa wwin 65 n yergazen d imeḥbas, di lḥebs n wa ɣer wa, alarmi d sebḥen di Barwagiya. Widen d-yeqqimen amur ameqran deg-sen d tilawin d igerdan, yessufeɣ-iten Ufransis si taddart dɣa sserɣen-tt, aya yeḍra ass n  4 décembre 1957. 

Deg usefru-yagi n Tedaḥmant, d tamezdeɣ n taddart-a, ad nwali deg-s amek lemḥella n Ufransis yessreɣ Taddart :

.Asefru n Nna Wenisa Tadaḥmant :

Nekk ul-iw yugi ad yettu

Lbaṭel iyi-tga Fransa

Teqqes-iyi tuqqsa n uzrem

Deg wul-iw teǧǧa ccama

Asirekyi amezwaru

Xdmen-aɣ-id lqewwa

Neffeɣ-d ɣef lxemsa n ssbaḥ

Lqahwa ur neswi ara

Neffeɣ-d s iɣil urẓu

Ihedreɣ-d lyuṭna

Ihedder-aɣ-d ur nefhim ara

Aɛlaxater ur neɣri ara

Yessfehm-aɣ-d Uqbayli

Yenna-d ad ttɛeddim s Alma

Nruḥ neqqim deg yifeǧǧi

Fell-aɣ tekkat lahwwa

Irgazen ruḥen d lesdur

Lxalat deg ttnasfa

Tekker laṭak i Qennic

Nɣan-asen-id lyuṭna

Trefd-it-id likupṭir

Ssersent i tala n wadda

Wwin-d lgaz d uceṭṭub

Ad aɣ-sserɣen d tama

At Rebbi zzin-d ɣef rrif

Xas caɛlen-tt nettat tensa
 

Mi d-yeɣra Muḥend Ulḥaǧ

Muḥend Ulḥaǧ Ibessa

Yeɣra-as-id i tḥaǧet

A yemma awiten d tama

A setti ddaklemt s axxam

Ruḥemt ur farqemt ara

Ṭṭlam yaɣli-d fell-aɣ yiḍ

Lɣaci ur yettwali ara

Newweḍ s iɣil urẓu

Nufa lɛeskar yeqwa

Yella Taher Iqessuyen

D amusebbel ɣef tewra

Ihder-asen s trumit

Yegga-d abrid nɛedda

Hudden taxxamt n txarrubt

Netta yettbabba-d ijga

Nruḥ mi newweḍ s axxam

Nufa tawaɣit teḍra

Xeḍlen rreẓq d leɣber

Tadyant i aɣ-tegga Fransa

Ttnaɣen ɣef Lzzayer

Lzzayer ur tt-wwin ara

Lzzayer wwin-tt yemjuhad

S idammen n ccuhada

.Wenisa Tadaḥmant

Ur nezmir ara ad d-nini s imeslayen, tiɣrit yessers Ufransis deg yimezdaɣ n taddart-a, akk d taɛkemt ɛebbant tlawin-is,  dayen ur d ttfakan imeslayen, mazal ar ass-a cwami n uɛekkaz Afransis, akk d cwami n tegrawla, lɣaci n taddart ruḥen tt-nemḍaren si taddart ar tayeḍ, akken alarmi d asmi tefra tegrawla. Asmi tefra imezdeɣ n taddart uɣalen-d ɣer taddart-nsen akken s leǧruh n tegrawla, ufan-d taddart yečča-tt uhicur d inijjel, ixxamen-is uɣalen d ixarban, aɣlin, yessaɣlin lemḥella n Ufransis, cwami n aressas d dduxan n tegrawla yessebrek izenqan-is, timest tessraɣ tizemrin d tneqlin d yal d aseklu yellan deg-s, kra deg-sen qquren beden d isɣaren.

Xas ma ufan-d taddart tuɣal d amadaɣ, xas ma ixxamen-nsen ur d banen ara deg yinijjil d uhicur, xas ma leǧruḥ n tegrawla mazal qqazen deg wulawen-nsen, xas ma tagrawla tessegra-d degsen tuǧǧal d igujilen maca imezdaɣ n taddart begsen afus deg ufus, argaz, tameṭṭut s-bedden taddart-nsen, bnan ixxamen-nsen, uɣalen zedɣen-tt.

Tegrawla teǧǧa-d imeṭṭawen d leḥzen, teǧǧa-d tuǧǧal d igujilen, teǧǧa-d cwami deg yimecṭaḥ d imeqranen. Imezdaɣ ttnadin ansi ara asen-d-yekk kra, ulac, uɣalen begsen afus deg ufus cemmren iɣallen-nsen, ssulin ixxamen-nsen. Di lawan-nni imezdaɣ n taddart bnan timeqbert d azamul  n leqder i ccuhada yeɣlin ɣef timunnent n tmurt n Lzzayer .

Ad naf deg yisefra-agi n tlawin n taddart, lḥif iɛeddan ɣef imezdaɣ n taddart sumata : 

.Iyi-iɣaḍen d mmi

.Iruḥ yeǧǧa-d abernus-is

.Ḥewwes-aɣ-d axxam n “refuge”

.Ur d-ufi tamtilt-is

.A yemma yelha “le courage”

.Yeǧǧa-am-d ttarix-is
 

.Iɣaḍ-iyi mmi ameɛzuz

.Iruḥ yeǧǧa-id lbista

.Ḥewwes-aɣ-d axxam n “refuge”

.Ulac iwumi d-zga

.A yemma yelha “le courage”

.Tag-i d lgirra

.Taɛejjuṭ

 
.A wi ḥedren i « l’attaque »

.Ddaw at Tewwurt

.Yeṭaki Rabaḥ at Urabaḥ

.D netta i yesnen tamurt

.Saḥḥit i Wagarsafen

.Fɣen-d argaz tameṭṭut
 

.A tamɣart mmi-m yemmut

.Idammen-is ur mḍilen ara

.Mmeḍlen-t lǧunud deg yiḍ

.Deg uzal ugaden Fransa

.Ma ẓriɣ-t-id ar d mxelleɣ

.Ma qqimeɣ d mmi n tasa
 

.A tamɣart mmi-m yemmut

.Idammen-is ur mḍilen

.Mmeḍlen-t lǧunud deg yiḍ

.Deg uzal ugaden Irumyen

.Ma ẓriɣ-t-id ar d mxelleɣ

.Ma qqimeɣ d mmi aɛzizen
 

.Lɛeslama-nsen i yimjuhad

.I d-yekkan Tigerwin

.S ufella alsan-d ibrenyas

.Ar sdaxel dlen-d tiḥzamin

.Lgirra ad tefru am ass-a

.Ad nawi tiɛellamin

.Lɛeslama-nsen i yimjuhad

.I d-yekkan Tala ufella

.S ufella alsan-d ibrenyas

.Ar sdaxel dlen-d lbumba

.Lgirra ad tefru am ass-a

.Ad nawi drapu s lahna

..Nna Faḍama
 

.Lɛeslama i yimjuhad

.Anda llan Wagarsafen

.Iceggeɛ-asen-d Aɛmiruc

.Di seɛɛa ad mlilen

.Xedmen lumbiskad

.Ɣeḍlen lkumba Irumyen

.Aɛmiruc yezga-d yefraḥ

.Di taddert n yimjahden
 

.Lɛeslama i yimjuhad

.Imi d Agarsafen merra

.Iceggeɛ-asen-d Aɛmiruc

.Ad mlilen di ssaɛa

.Wwḍen xedmen lumbiskad

.Ɣeḍlen lkumba Fransa

.Aɛmiruc yezga yefraḥ

.Di taddert n zzuɛama
 
.Wer neḥdir wellah ar yertaḥ

.I laṭak n tenɛimin

.Yeṭṭaki Cellaḥ Muḥend

.Bu laɛyun tiberkanin

.Yeɣḍel lkumba alarmi tfuk

.Yegga lkuraj I tudrin
 
.Yeɣli Muḥend Ucelhab

.Anwa ara iqelben ikumya

.Tarbaɛt-is ḥeznen irkel

.Ugin ad ččen lmakla

.Iɣaḍ-iyi umkan-is

.Imi ur yesɛi ddarya

...Nna saḥra

 

Imezdaɣ n taddart lḥif ɣef lḥif, xas akken tefra mazal laɛtab yeskarkiriten, maca ẓran ala tadukli akk d tegmat ara ten-yessufɣen d lḥif ttidiren, begsen argaz tameṭṭut, yal wa s wayen yezmer, yal wa akken yessen. Taddart ssulin-tt warraw-is , ciṭuḥ, ciṭuḥ, tettali taddart tettuɣal am zik-is, s tdukli n yimezdaɣ tebda tettifsus taɛkemt. Deg useggas n 86 tecɛel trisiti.

Di tallit-nni n rrebreb imezdaɣ n taddart ɛussen ɣef lḥerma-nsen, kkren mgal n rebrab, dduklen am yiwen. Deg useggas n 98 taddart tessekcem aman s ixxamen, tessenqes taɛkemt i tmeṭṭut. Imezdaɣ n taddart  ur arǧin ara adabu akken ad ssalin taddart, imi isurifen akk i gren, d asaḥnunef d uzuɣer, urǧin id qqḍan taɣewsa-nsen, begsen am akken uɣen tannumi, wa s udrim-is, wa s yiɣil-is wa s tektiwin-is, xedmen « un musée » d tajmilt i ccuhada, d yemjuhad, d tuǧǧalt, akken yal tasuta ad t-id aff , akken tasuta i tayed ad teẓẓer laɛtab sɛeddan imezdaɣ n taddart  di tallit-nni n tegrawla n Ufransis, d win ara d yeqqimen d inig n yal tallit i yal tasuta. Arnan bnan timeqbart anda ara meṭṭlen akk imezdaɣ n taddart. Deg useggas n 2001 arnan uzlen skecmen-d tilifun ɣer taddart.

Leqdic mačči d win iḥebsen, di yal tallit, iɛeggalen n tesqamut n taddart tqeddec deg usnerni d usegmu d ucebbaḥ n taddart, ad dnaf tasqamut n taddart, tuzzel akken ad d-ssekcem Lgaz, tufa-d ttawil i yiḍumman n taddart, texdem « une place public » di tlemmast n taddart, tseggem iberdan-is.

Leqdic mazal yettkemmil, s laɛnaya n tesqamut n taddart d imezdeɣ-is. Ugar n 50 n yiseggasen-aya seg wasmi tefra tegrawla, mazal taddart tbedd, tuɣal am aḥriq ijeǧǧigen, aya s laḥmala i ttḥemlen warraw-is, fkan-d tazmert-nsen, adrim-nsen, akud-nsen, tiktiwin-nsen akken ad tt-bedd taddart lebda, xas ma tegrawla tesnegrit, maca aḥyan-tt-id warraw-is.

Taddart n WAGARSAFEN  tewwi amkan amezwaru n temzizelt n Rabaḥ Ɛisat n tɣiwant akked snat n tuddar zeddigen deg useggas n 2014 s ugemmuḍ n 97/100 deffir-s terna-d taddart n Tizi-Umalu ( Abi Yusef ) deg umkan wis sin s ugemmud 87/100, taddart n Swamaɛ deg umkan wis kraḍ ma yella deg umkan wis ukkuẓ d taddart n at Waɛban. D timzizelt i d-ihegga wegraw aɣerfan n twilayat n Tizi-wazzu, anda ukan-t deg-s 12 n tɣiwanin akked 62 n tuddar.

Taddart tecbeḥ s warraw-is, s tdukli n yimezdeɣ-is, s tayri i ten-icudden ɣer ɣur-s, yal wa s wayen i umi yezmer, yal wa swayen yessen. Wa yefka-d kra si texriṭ-is, wa yewwet s yiɣil-is, yefka-d tazmert-is, wa yefka-d tikti-s, wa yefka-d rray-is… Iɛeggalen n tesqamut iqeddcen ɣef taddart d wid yettazzalen sbaḥ tameddit fell-as, d wid iqeddcen ɣef taddart war iḍes, war asgunfu, bedden, sbedden ccan n taddart. Ɣer yidis n yirgazen, ad naf daɣen tulawin n taddart iqeddcen ɣer tama n wargaz, tt-id yeggaren afud akked tebɣest i yirgazen akked yilmeẓyen. Imezdaɣ n taddart sumata akken, si tqernit n ufella arma d taqenit n wadda, aladra ilmeẓyen, warǧin smeɛẓegen i teɣri d ggaren iɛeggalen n tesqamut n taddart, ɣur-sen tabɣest am tyuga igerzen, yal ass wejden ad d-fken iɣallen-nsen d wayen akk iwumi zemren i taddart. Warǧin qqimen ur ḥdiren ara i lejmaɛ n taddart. Ula d igerdan imecṭaḥ ggaren iman-nsen akken ad xedmen ɣef taddart, ḥemmlen ad tt-ikin deg lxedma d-yettilin, aladra ayen akk fsusen fell-asen, ttawin-d amedya seg yimeqranen iqedcen, acku azekka d nnuba-nsen ula d nutni ad qeddcen ɣef taddart.

Ɣer waya akk, ad naf tiddukla tadelsant ALMA n taddart, tqeddec deg waḥric n yidles s umata, tt-in d-yettheggin timliliyin di taddart ɣef teɣzi n useggas, war ma nettu tiddukla ALMA-VERT, tt-in iqeddcen ɣef useḥbiber ɣef twennaḍt, d ugama, tt-in iqeddcen war ɛeggu ɣef tezdeg n taddart. War ma nettu aḥric n waddal, ad naf ilmeẓyen tt-heggin-d timzizelt n ddabex n uḍar yal anebdu, d timliliyin n tegmat akked tdukli ger yilmeẓyen n taddart. Taddart tesɛa asmel deg ugernet i widen yebɣan ad d-walin leqdic d cbaḥa-s s umata ( )

Leqqdic akken ma yella yettili-d s wafus n yimezdaɣ merra, irgazen, tilawin, s inaẓuren-is, s icennayen-is, s wid yiɣran akked widen ur neɣri. Iɛeggalen tesqamut n taddart d nutni id ajgu n waɛrur n taddart, syissen i tbedd taddart, d nutni i yettjerriden isuḍaf yesdukklen akk imezdaɣ n taddart, akken imezdaɣ merra ad idiren deg yiwen uswir, s ddaw n yiwen uzref, am wid yesɛan, am wid ur nesɛi, d nutni i yesseḥbibiren ɣef tuddsa ( organisation ) n taddart akked lḥerma-as akked yimezdaɣ-is, d nutni i iferrun timsal gar imezdaɣ, d nutni i yessexsayen times n ccwal gar imezdaɣ. Timsal ferrun-tent s wawal, s izɣer n tugdut, war ma wwḍent imezdaɣ ɣer teɣdemt, ad naf taddart tebna am tegduda.

Aya ur d yebdi ara ass-a, send tagrawla n 54 yal tasuta yezrin teqdec ɣef taddart, yal ta akken tessen. Si zik imezdaɣ ṭṭfen di tuddsa n taddart akken ur tettruḥ ara, imi ẓran ala tuddsa id yettawin taddukli akked tegmat. Ad naf iɛeggalen yezrin deg useggas n 1974, jerden ɣef lkaɣeḍ isuḍaf s wayes ara telḥu taddart, uran umuɣ ( liste ) n yismawen n yiɛeggalen n tasqamut n taddart d widen i ten-yettallen, ad naf lamin akked ṭṭemman, ad naf imɣaren akked d ilmeẓyen yeɣan, bnan lsas n taddart am tmendawt, ayen uran deg useggas n 1974 mazal-it yella d inigi, mazal-it yeqqim-d ar ass-a, tasuta ar tayeḍ tesnernay-it akken ad tt-sseḥbiber ɣef tuddsa n taddart.

Leqdic mačči d win iḥebsen, di yal tallit, iɛeggalen n tesqamut n taddart tqeddec deg usnerni d usegmu d ucebbaḥ n taddart, ad naf tasqamut n taddart, tuzzel akken ad d-ssekcem Lgaz, tufa-d ttawil i yiḍumman n taddart, bdan afran n yiḍumman n plastic, lkaɣeḍ akked wuzzal. Iswi n taddart ad kksen aḍummu ( la décharge ), ad tuɣal taddart war iḍumman.

Leqdic mazal yettkemmil, s laɛnaya n yiɛeggalen n tesqamut n taddart d imezdeɣ-is. Ugar n 50 n yiseggasen-aya seg wasmi tefra tegrawla, mazal taddart tbedd, tuɣal am aḥriq n yijeǧǧigen, aya s laḥmala i ttḥemlen warraw-is, fkan-d tazmert-nsen, adrim-nsen, akud-nsen, tiktiwin-nsen akken ad tt-bedd taddart lebda, xas ma tegrawla tesnegrit, maca aḥyan-tt-id warraw-is. S warraw-is taddart tuɣal d tacemmaɛt yeftin, s wunnuɣen di yal tiɣmert, s cbaḥa n lebni n tliwa-s, s tezdeg n yizenqan-is, aya akk s lebɣi n warraw-is iqedcen war ɛeggu, yesseḥbibren fell-as yal ass. Ayen akk yessefraḥen d tadukli n yimezdaɣ, d tadukli ɣef yiwen yiswi, d iswi d igennin icerrigen gar imezdeɣ n taddart, d iswi d iẓeṭṭen tagmat gar lɣaci, d iswi izerɛen tayri deg wulawen n yimezdaɣ, d iswi d-yesslalayen afray n telsawit di tmetti n wass-a, sarameɣ d amedya ar ḍeffrent waṭas n tuddar.




#Article 220: Ɛli Ɛemran (420 words)


Ɛli Ɛemran, s yissem-is unṣib (Ɛli Kulugli, s tefransist : Ali Koulougli), d acennay n tmurt n leqbayel, ilul-d ass n 20 Mayyu 1969, deg Igariden i d-yezgan di Mɛatqa (Tizi wezzu).
Ɛemran yella d isem n yiwen si lejdud-is. 

Yebda yettarra lmendad-is ar uẓawan si temzi-s, asmi yella isell i Radyu akked kra n tesfifin n kra icennayen yellan di teswaɛt-nni, Aladra isell i widen akken ḥarmen ur d-sɛeddayen ara tizlatin-nsen deg yimaṭṭafen n Radyu n tmurt n Lzayer, amedya n Dda
Sliman Ɛazem... d wiyaḍ nniḍen.

D ameẓyan yettaɛraḍ yetturar snitra, yessaweḍ yexdem-d yiwet s tebelyunt n zzit, am akken xedmen akk icennayen iɛeddan uqebl-is; Yettaɛraḍ, yeṭṭafar, yal tizlitt umi slan imeẓẓuǳen-is; D acu kan netta yesɛa zzher, imi yufa-d snitra deg wexxam si temẓi-s, xas akken d taqburt meɛna ar ɣur-s tesɛa azal meqqren; Tella niqal n d ayla n gma-s armi yuɣal ikesbi-tt, netta.

Asmi yeffeɣ i tillumẓit, Ɛli yettwassen d win yettarun isefra ak ttezlatin, imi tizlatin ines timezwura i yura, Kra deg-sent cnantent kra icennayen yetwasenen, gar-asen Lani Rabaḥ.

Asmi yella di tesdawit, dinna Ɛli i d-yebda yettbin-id, imi yella yetturar snitra, ixeddem aẓawan, icennu i yiwet n tarbaɛt umezgun n tesdawit n Dda Lmulud at Mɛemmar di Tiziwezzu, uwumi qqaren Meɣres ; Di tallit nni, yebda yetturar tizlatin n Yidir, Simon and Garfunkel, Moustaki, Cabrel, Inaṣliyen, Pink Floyd, Abranis, Cat Steγens,... S wakka Ɛli ilemmed u yebda isurifen ines imezwura deg-wubrid n lfen.

Di 2001, yesekles tasfift-ines tamenzut, anda is-yeqqar : Amsebrid, s wakka, s tesfift-agi, Ɛli yekcem annar n cna.Ur iɛeṭṭel ara yebda timaɣriwin di tmurt n leqbayel, deg-waxxam n yedles Lmulud at Mɛemmar, daɣen deg-wuxxam umezgun n Bgayet.

Ɛli daɣen yuka deg waṭas n tfaskiwin, s kra n wanda id iɛedda s waraz, imi cna-ines s ṣṣut-is d uẓawan-ines yufraren-d.

Araz amenzu, yewwit-id di tafska taɣennawt n cna n teqbaylit, araz wis sin, yewwit-id di tafska uẓawan n Ṣumam.

Deg useggas n 2000, Ɛli yeǧǧa tamurt-is, yeǧǧa taddart-is, yunag ar tmurt n Fransa, anda yella yezdeɣ di Lpari, ula dinna, am da di tmurt iqeddec, ixeddem daɣen timaɣriwin.

Aken assegas, ilemnd n tefsut tabarkant, Ɛli yecna di tzeqqa n Zinit (Zénith) di Lpari, s idis n ucennay ameqran Farḥat Imaziɣen Imula, Akli. D, d Gnawa Diffusion.

Zdat n lɣaci id yusan, tizlitt-is A xali sliman yufrar-d yarna taɛǧeb nezzah i lɣaci nni id yussan, yeslkelsitt yarratt di  weqbel ad yessufeɣ tasfift-is, tinna yessufeɣ di 2005.

Ɛli yessewjed tasfift tamaynut id-yefɣen deg useggas n 2009, anda is-yeqqar : Akka id amur.

...




#Article 221: Lwennas Ṣabi (438 words)


Lwennas Ṣabi, d yiwen ucennay n tmurt n Leqbayel, tamaṭ n Ɛeṭṭuc, taɣiwant n Makuda id yezga deg-wugafa-amalu  n Tizi Wezzu, ilul di 29 tubeṛ 1981.

Asmi yesɛa ṭṭam (tesɛa ) iseggasen di lɛemṛ-is, yebda isurifen-is imezwura yettaru tamedyazt, isefra ara yecnu ttizlatin akken kra iseggasen ; Deg-yiwen n tallit, yebda  ilemmed yetturar snitra.

Am icennayen ak n tmurt Leqbayel, yebda yettufrar-ed di tmaɣṛiwin n zwaǧ id yettilin di tudrin, imi dinna ttagnitt is id yettilin, imi yettemlil-id inaẓuṛen nniḍen, anda id ilemmed ugar n wayen yessen deg-waḥric-agi uẓawan d lfen s umata.

Deg-wuseggas 2005 i yebda umecwaṛ-is deg-webrid n cna, imi yessaweḍ yeskles tasfift-is tamezwarut,  anda is yeqqaṛ : « Semḥ-iyi », ttasfift yettujarden deg-wansayen n tezlitt taqbaylit, llant deg-s sedis (setta) n yizewlen ; ttasfift id yessuf-eɣ di tullizin n tefsut.

Aẓawan n tezlatin-is yettagemit-id si , aẓawan aɣaṛfan, d , yewwi abrid id wwin icennayen n Leqbayel iqbuṛen, am : Ccix Lḥasnawi, Lwennas Meɛṭub, Yidir d Lewnis at Mengellat.

Akken sin iseggasen, di 2007, yarna yessekles  tasfift-is tis snat anda s yeqqaṛ : « Muqlent wallen », anda id yesbeggen asaɣ it icudden ar ṭṭabaɛ uẓawan-is, d unadi lqayen deg-waḥric n tezlitt taqbaylit s umata. 

Lebda deg-wubrid n wesnulfu, Lwennas ṢABI yessewjed aḍebsi-s wis kṛaḍ (tlata), deg-wusaggas n 2010, anda is yeqqaṛ : « Tajmilt iy fennanen », llant deg-s mraw (ɛecṛa) n tezlatin ; Yessufeɣit-id di 16 fuṛaṛ 2010.
 

Deg-wuseggas n 2008, yewwi-d araz, ilmend n temzizelt « Prix Carlo Doualia » id yellan di Maṣaṛ, (Timzizelt n can iycennayen n agrakal, (concours de chant destiné aux artistes de la Méditerranée)), id yesewjed umaṭaf n  « Monté Carlo Doualiya » di 15 ar 16 tubeṛ 2008, yecna di temkaṛḍit Aleksandri (la Bibliothèque d’Alexandrie), zdat n waṭas n lɣaci, yecna deg-wudem n sin yemyezwaren : Nawal Ben Kraym (id yusan si tmurt n Tunes) d Ayham Abu Ammar (id yussan si tmurt n Sirya), (Nawal Ben Kraïm (Tunisienne) et Ayham Abou Ammar (Syrien)).

Timzizelt-agi ttagnitt is yarnan afud ameqṛan, ttagnitt is yefkan tamuɣli lqayen d waṭas n tektiwin ɣaf tezlitt taqbaylit, ttagnitt is yellin akken iwata tiwwura akken ad yarnu ad yessekles amaynut.

Xas ma ḥarcawet tegnitt, Lwennas ṢABI mazal iqeddec  s idis n tezlitt taqbaylit, deg-wusekfel n wansayen, aɛlaxaṭaṛ yeẓṛa d akken idles-is, yuḥwaǧ arraw-is ad ilin yides s idisan-is, d agarruj ǧǧant-id imezwura-nneɣ inekni, nufat-id, u nekni at id neǧǧ iy neggura-nneɣ akken at id afen zeddig lsas-is.

Ass-a, Lwennas ṢABI, yeswejd-aɣ-id yiwen uḍebsi   (DVD d VCD), azewl-ines : , yesɛa semmus (xemsa) n tezlatin Klip :

D aḍebsi ara ad yefɣen deg-wuseggas-a n 2011, di tullizin n Mɛatqa Aẓawan (éditions Maâtkas Music).




#Article 222: Urigami (3459 words)


Urigami d awal i d-yekkan seg tutlayt tajapunit. Yesdukel amyag [oru] = Ḍfes akked yisem [kami] = Akaɣeḍ. Zik, deg tmurt n Japun, ttinin-as i kra yellan d aḍfas : [Urikata neɣ Urigata ] = Taɣara n uḍfas. S tmaziɣt, nesmizeɣ awal ama deg tira ama deg ususru. Nerra [u] deg webdil n [o] acku asekkil ‘’o’’ ur yedda ara akked yilugan n tjerrumt n tutlayt-nneɣ mačči am usekkil ‘’P’’ yufa amḍiq-is . Asekkil ‘’o’’ ur d yemmezg ara akked usekkil ‘’u’’, yettḥaraf-it. Rnu i waya s, yessefk fell-aɣ ad ad nxemmem i usuddem n wawalen nniḍen ara neḥwiǧ sya ɣer sdat. 

Akka ihi i as-d-nessumer isem n tẓuri-a s tmaziɣt : Urigami. D isem asuf ur yesɛa asegget. Ma nsers-it deg waddad amaruz, ad t-naru akka : wurigami. Asmizzeɣ n yisem n tẓuri isashel-d aslugen-is. Seg neslugen isem n tẓuri, yeldi-d ubrid s asuddem n twacult n wawalen i neḥwaǧ, i yessefken ad ilin deg tutlayt-nneɣ.

	Ma neɛreḍ ad nesbadu taẓuri-a s yiwet n tefyirt, ad nini : Urigami d taẓuri n uḍfas n ukaɣeḍ. Maca ma nebɣa ad negzi d acu i d anamek n tefyirt-a, ad naf Urigami d taẓuri, tesɛa ilugan, amezruy akked tewsatin am akk tiẓuryin yellan deg umaḍal. Tin ɣer-s, d taẓuri ur nesbik ara, tmehhez seg useggas ɣer wayeḍ, aṭas n tɣawsiwin i d-yettnulfun. Ihi, ad neɛreḍ ad nsuk tiṭ ɣer wanda tessaweḍ tmuɣli-nneɣ. S uḍfas n ukaɣeḍ, kra ttinin-as daɣen abeṭṭen (awal-a yekka-d seg teɛrabt), nezmer ad d-nesnulfu tiɣawsiwin icebḥen aṭas. Mačči d yiwen n umedya i nezmer ad nawi. Nezmer ad nesnulfu amdan n ukaɣeḍ, aɣersiw, tasafagt, imɣan… tiɣawsiwin akk yesɛan talɣa. Mi ara neḍfes kra, yekfa, taɣawsa-nni, akken tebɣu tili talɣa-as isem-is tamudemt. Deg wansayen n tẓuri, afurk Ajapuni, ladɣa deg wurigami aqbur umi ttinin Urikata, ssemrasen agzam akked tnaṭṭaḍt. Ma d imir-a, deg wurigami atrar, ulac deg-s agzam n ukaɣeḍ neɣ asemlili s tnaṭṭaḍt. Mi ara yili d tamudemt n wurigami azegriran, ggten deg-s yiferdisen i umi nettini : izegriren (azegrir), yessefk fell-aɣ ad nsemlil sin, kraḍ neɣ ugar, nessemlalay-iten s usmikcem neɣ s yiḍefsen. Ma d tanga nessemras d tiferkit n ukaɣeḍ tamkuẓt. Ad greɣ tamawt ɣef talɣa tamkuẓt n tferkit, Seg ufuk Amaziɣ-aspenyuli i d wwin alugen-a akked d kra nniḍen... (Walim ixf III). Akka akka ad naf tamudemt yettwaḍefsen s tferkit yesɛan talɣa tusrimt neɣ talɣa takerdisant, aya yeffeɣ seg yilugan n wurigami Aklasikan.

Urigami, d taẓuri i d-yuɣen qrib akk timura n umḍal, ur tessin tilisa n wakal neɣ tid n 
usnulfu. Yal amdan, yeɣra neɣ ur yeɣri, d ilemẓi neɣ d amɣar, d argaz neɣ d tameṭṭut, akken yebɣu yili yezmer ad yelmed taẓuri akken ad yuɣal d ameḍfas neɣ d amurigam. Aḍfas n ukaɣeḍ, d taẓuri i wallaɣ akked yiḍudan, ad ak-d-teldi tiwwura ɣer tiẓeḍt akked lferḥ n usnulfu. Urigami mačči d taẓuri kan, d turart i usteɛfu, ad yennecṛaḥ yes-s yal yiwen deg-neɣ. D addal i yesleɣmayen allaɣ i wakken ad yelmed amek ara yerr takti d taɣawsa ger ifassen-nneɣ. 

Urigami ur yeḥwaǧ ara amḍiq n uḍfas am tẓuryin nniḍen, anda teddiḍ tzemreḍ ad tḍefseḍ tiferkit-ik. Maca yelha ma neɛzel-as tiɣmert deg uxxam akken ad neǧǧ deg-s akaɣeḍ akked tmudmin yekfan neɣ ahat tid yellan d asenfar i nettheggi akken ad tent-neḍfes.

Aḍfas n ukaɣeḍ yennulfa-d deg tmurt n Ccin, ttinin-as : Jiǎnzhǐ (akaɣeḍ ugzim). Awal-a yessegrew aḍfas akked ugzam n ukaɣeḍ. Taẓuri-a, ad yili teḍfer-d anulfu n ukaɣeḍ. Maca iban-aɣ-d tura, amhaz n tẓuri, anda ma ulac, yefka-d sin yifurkan, afurk Ajapuni akked ufurk Amuran neɣ ayen i umi nezmer ad as-nsemmi tura, afurk Amaziɣ-aspenyuli. Armi d lqern iɛeddan, deg iseggasen n 30 i demlalen yifurkan-nni, sakin dduklen, fkan-d Urigami atrar nessen tura s tewsatin-is. Ɣas akken llan yinmezrayen n wurigami, uran ddeqs n yidlisen ɣef umezruy n tẓuri, maca mazal d-tban akk tiwin d-yewwi ufurk Amaziɣ-aspenyuli. Yessefk ad ilin yinadiyen ilqayanen acku, ma yella Ispanyuliyen yufrar-d uttekki-nsen deg umhaz n tẓuri, ass-a, uɣalen d aɣerbaz am nitni am Yijapuniyen, aḥric d-wwin Yimaziɣen mazal-it yedreg. Mazal aṭas n tuttriwin i yeḥwaǧen tiririt. Ur yella ara deg yiswi-nneɣ, deg wedlis-a, ad nerr s telqey i yiseqsiyen akk yellan, maca ad neɛreḍ ad nefk kra n tektiwin ara inefɛen inadiyen i d-iteddun. Acku seg tama, wa d adlis n tectelt, seg tama nniḍen, xuṣṣen aṭas n yisallen deg taɣult-a. Yessefk daɣen ad nini, aseɣnew n tewsatin n wurigami yebḍa ɣef kraḍ (3). Tella tiwin d-yewwi ufurk Ajapuni, tella tin d-yewwi ufurk Amaziɣ-aspanyuli akked d wayen d-tewwi tallit tartar ideg ttekkan aṭas iɣerfan amedya n yimarikaniyen, ifransisen… Afurk Ajapuni seg-s i d-newwin Urikata (urigami ansayan), Sukudama (Urigami akuran), Urigami azegriran. Riɣ ad greɣ yiwet n tamawt ɣef wurigami azegriran, ɣas akken ilul-d deg tmurt n Japun, maca asetrer-is yeḍra-d deg tallit tatrar ideg kkin aṭas iɣerfan. Tiwin d-wwin yimaziɣen akked yispanyuliyen, d tawsit ideg ara naf cwiṭ seg tewsit tamadwan akked cwiṭ seg tewsit taddayan asmi llan deg tandalust, Spanya n wass-a. Tiwin n tallit tatrat tebḍa ɣef sin yeḥricen. Asetrer n tewsatin tiqburin amedya n wurigami amadwan, urigami azegriran… akked useɣnew n tewsatin timaynutin amedya n wurigami temsafga, urigami n tusnakt, urigami aẓuran…

Deg useggas 610 i yekcem ukaɣeḍ ɣer tmurt n Japun. Imir-nni ahat i tedda turart n uḍfas n ukaɣeḍ, deg tallit-nni mazal tuɣal d taẓuri. D ineḍfaren n Tbudit i yewwin akaɣeḍ akked uḍfas-is seg tmurt n Ccin, yedda-d akked unekcum n Tbudit ɣer tmurt n Japun. D ijapuniyen i yefkan isem i tẓuri n wurigami. Kkin deg uslugen n tẓuri armi tuɣal turart n uḍfas i yes-s dehhun d taẓuri. Seg yewweḍ ukaɣeḍ ɣer tmurt i tebda turart tettak aẓar, llan ttinin-as Urikata. D acu kan deg tallit-nni ɣlay ukaɣeḍ, mačči menwala yezmer ad t-yekseb. Acku akaɣeḍ d taɣawsa ɣlayen, ḍefsen yes-s ibudiyen kra n tmudmin, ttafken-tent d asefk i Yuc-nsen Buda. Ttafken daɣen yemdanen tamudemt d asefk deg umenzu n useggas neɣ deg tmeɣriwin, i yesli akked teslit.

Zik, aselmed yella s wawal kan, tettafk-it yemma-s i yelli-s. D imi kan i d allal n tẓuri, ur yelli wacu yuran deg ukaɣeḍ. Aḍris amezwaru deg umḍal i d yemmeslayen ɣef tẓuri n uḍfas d asefru awezlan seg wammud n yisefra n Ihara Saikaku i d-iẓergen deg useggas 1680. Deg usefru-nni ad naf iglem-d umedyaz yiwet n targit yeččuren d iferṭeṭṭa n ukaɣeḍ. Adlis-a d abdar kan i d-yebder taẓuri n Wurikata (urigami ansayan n yijapuniyen). Armi d aseggas n 1764 i d-yeẓreg udlis nniḍen, tikkelt-a asentel-is yettmeslayed ɣef uḍfas n ukaɣeḍ, azwel-is: Ijellilen d tkerrusin «Hoketsuk».

D adlis n Wurikata, deg tallit-nni akka i d as-ttinin i turart n uḍfas. Sakin ɣenwen-d isem n wurigami. Isem-a ur yelli d aqbur, iɣnew-d deg yiseggasen n 1880. Ijellilen d tkerrusin «Hoketsuki», d adlis yura Ise Sadataki, ad naf deg-s timudmin amedya n ujellil i yes-s ttɣummun tiɛenjayin, isefken… Tikwal ḍefsen akaɣeḍ amellal ideg yella usefru neɣ izen yuran akken ad t-cegɛen am tebrat… Muqlem tawlaft n udlis, uṭṭun sin (2). Deg tallit-nni Urikata (aḍfas ansayan) yella ssemrasen-t s tin n leḥdaqa mi ara budden neɣ ttqadaren amdan. Ssemrasen-t daɣen i udlag n tɣawsiwin. Taẓuri n Urikata ur ḍefsen ara timudmin am tid n tura, s umata, ala ajellil n usefk neɣ n leqlul amedya n teqrat n Ṣaki. Sakin, yeffeɣ-d 

udlis nniḍen yura Rokoan Gido deg useggas 1797, azwel-is: Lbaḍna n uḍfas n ugim (1000) n yiɣernuqen «Senbazuru Orikata». Muqlem Tiwlifin uṭṭun Kraḍ (3). Nezmer ad nini d wa i d adlis amezwaru n tidet n tẓuri n wurigami imi seg tama asentel-is akk yettmeslay-d ḥala ɣef tẓuri n wurigami. Seg tama nniḍen, llan deg-s uzenziɣ n wamek ara neḍfes tamudemt n uɣernuq n ukaɣeḍ. izenziɣen-nni i d-yeddan deg udlis, nezmer ad nini fell-asen d nitni i d ababat n umeskan. 

Terna teffeɣ-d deg useggas n 1845 yiwet n tsanayt i d-yesgerwen ansayen akked tẓuryin n Japun. Ddan-d deg-s akk timudmin tiqburin i d-yegran deg yidles Ajapuni. Llan deg-s azal n 40 tmudmin s wunuɣen-nsent. Azwel n tsanayt-a d wa : Tamusni rqiqen am tafat i d-ikecmen seg ṭṭaq deg tegrest «Ken no mado».

Ger wurigami atrar d wurikata, taẓuri n ujellil neɣ tansayant n Japun, mačči kifkif-iten. Zik, llan ssemrasen yiwen n ukaɣeḍ yettwaxeddmen s ufus, sawalen-as waci (washi) Mi ara ḍefsen yimeḍfasen n tallit-nni akaɣeḍ, ur yewzin ara uḍefs-nsen am win n wid n tura. Acku seg tama, akaɣeḍ ala winna i yellan yerna ur qeṭben ara yiḍefsen-is. Seg tama nniḍen, ur tellugen ara tẓuri am wakka tellugen tura. Rnu i waya, llan gezmen akaɣeḍ, ssenṭaḍen-t s usenṭaḍ. Armi d-yekcem lqern wis 20 i tellugen tẓuri s ilugan iɣef msefhamen akk yimurigamen n umḍal s tɣara tunṣibt, ilul-d wurigami atrar s tewsatin-is yemmeẓlen.

Aɣernuq yesɛa azal ameqqran deg yidles Ajapuni. D agḍiḍ imqeddes di tmuɣli n uɣref Ajapuni. Ttalsen-d yiwet n tenfust i d-yettinin aya : Win ara iḍefsen agim (1000) n yiɣernuqen n ukaɣeḍ ad yaweḍ s ayen yessarem. Ma yuḍen umdan ad yejji, ma iḥemmel ad yaweḍ lebɣi-is… D azamul n telwit ɣur yimurigamen n umḍal i lmend n yiwet n tedyant yeḍran di tmurt n Japun. Ta d tadyant n Sadako Sasaki. D yiwet n tegrudt tajapunit d ilulen ass n 7 yennayer 1943, temmut deg wass n 25 Tuber 1955 nettat di leɛmer-is mraw sin (12) yiseggasen. Yenɣa-tt waṭan d-yekkan seg uṭerḍeq n lbumba n ubelkin deg temdint n Hiroshima, Japun. Tella tezdeɣ Sadako di twennaḍt n wemḍiq ideg teḍra taluft-nni, azal n sin yigima (2000) n yimitren, d aya. Deg tallit-nni, tesɛa deg leɛmer-is sin iseggasen. Imir-nni tezgel-itt tmettant. Tedder Sadako ur d-iban fell-as waccemma armi d aseggas n 1954, tuḍen, tekcem ɣer sbiṭar. D tameddakelt-is i as-yemlan tanfust n uḍfas n wagim n yiɣernuq n ukaɣeḍ. Dɣa tebda aḍfas n yiɣernuqen n ukaɣeḍ, tɣil mi ara tessiweḍ agim (1000), ad tt-ɛawnen iyucen akken ad tejji. Teḍfes 644 n yiɣernuqen temmut. Tɣaḍ akk imeddukal-is n uɣerbaz, kren kemlen aḍfas n yiɣernuqen-nni armi ssawḍen agim (1000). Sakin jemɛen-as-d idrimen s ɣur yibalmuden n yiɣerbazen akk n tmurt n Japun. Bnan-as asebdad. Sreqten-tt-id nettat teṭṭef aɣernuq n ureɣ. Walim tawlaft uṭṭun Ukuẓ (4), semmus (5) akked seddis (6). S azadur n usebdad, ad naf urant tefyirin-a:

Ta d tiɣwist-nneɣ
Ta d taẓallit-nneɣ
Akken ad nebnu talwit deg umḍal.

Yal aseggas, igurdan akk n umḍal ḍefsen iɣernuqen, ttaznen-ten ɣer temdint n Hiroshima. iɣernuqen n ukaɣeḍ yettawḍen ɣer din, srusun-ten akk sdat n usebdad. Akka i yuɣal uɣernuq n 
ukaɣeḍ, ɣur yimurigamen n umḍal, d azamul agraɣlan n telwit. Walim tawlaft uṭṭun Sa (7) akked Tam(8), aɣernuq amuddur akked win n ukaɣeḍ.

 
Amuran, s tutlayt tafransist ttarun-t akk Mauresque, d arbib yesɛan amalay akked wunti. Nettaru amalay-is akka : Amuran (imuranen). Ma nsers-it deg waddad amaruz, ad t-naru akka : Umuran, yimuranen. Ma d unti-s nettaru-t akka : Tamurant (timuranin). Ma nsers-it deg waddad amaruz, ad t-naru akka : Tmurant (tmuranin). Amuran d awal i d-yekkan seg yisem Amuri yesɛan ula d netta amalay akked wunti. Asegget-is nettaru-t akka : imuriyen. Mi ara ten-sers deg waddad amaruz, ad ten-naru akka : Umuri (yimuriyen). Ma d unti-s nettaru-t akka : Tamurit (Timuriwin). D awal i d-yekkan seg yisem Amur.

Amur, anamek-is d akal, d ayla, d aḥric… Nettini : Wa d amur-iw, d ayla-w, d aḥric-iw…” Mi ara ad as-nernu ‘’t’’ n wunti yettuɣal akka : t + amur + t = tamurt” . Zik timetti-nneɣ, am akk timttiwin n yiɣerfan n umḍal, tella tebḍa ɣef sin. Llan wid i umi nettini Imuriyen (at Umur, wid yesɛan amur n wakal), d imdanen yedren deg yiwen n umḍiq. Ttidiren yimuriyen deg tiɣremt, bennun ixxamen-nsen s weẓru, xedmen tafellaḥt… ‘’Kkan-d seg teqbilt n Yibranissen, d taqbilt tameqrant”  . Llan daɣen wid i umi ttinin Imaziɣen, d imdanen ilelliyen yedren deg ugar n yiwen umḍiq, leḥḥun seg temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. S umata, Imuriyen dren deg ugafa n tmazɣa, ma d Imaziɣen deg unẓul. Igelliden amedya n Gaya, Masensen, Sifaks, Yuba amezwaru, Yuba wis sin… d Imuriyen. Takfarinas… d Amaziɣ. Tura d isem Amaziɣ i newwi d isem-nneɣ, ad yili ahat imi anamek-is d tilelli… Akka i d amdan, yezga yettnadi ɣef wayen i t-ixuṣṣen.

Am waken xedmen Ijapuniyen i xedmen lejdud-nneɣ imuriyen (imaziɣen ass-a), wwin-d taẓuri n uḍfas n ukaɣeḍ s ɣur Iciniyen. Tedda-d tẓuri-a akked unekcum n ukaɣeḍ ɣer tmazɣa ahat deg lqern wis X. Mačči s ɣur ijapuniyen i tt-id-newwi, acku ur nufa ara deg umezruy yella wassaɣ ger Imuriyen akked Yijapuniyen. Sakin, deg lqern wis XI, nessekcem akaɣeḍ ɣer Yurup. Ad yili deg tallit-nni i negla ula s tẓuri n uḍfas n ukaɣeḍ. Tawsit i d-snulfan imuriyen deg-s cwiṭ n wayen i umi nettini tura deg tallit tatrat urigami amadwan akked cwiṭ seg wurigami addayan. S umata d timudmin tinzegganin, acku deg tallit-nni yella yettwagdel usgudem n wemdan neɣ aɣersiw. D wa i umi nettini : Urigami ansayan n yimuriyen neɣ urigami amuran. Ttbut n waya d tamudemt n ugḍiḍ i umi nettini ‘’awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ’’ yesɛan deg leɛmer-is anda ma ulac VII leqrun. Tamudemt-a, d ttbut n tilin n wemhaz n tẓuri yemmeẓlen d wwin n yijapuniyen. Llan kra ssawḍen armi d-nnan, ula d aseɣnew n tẓuri n uḍfas mačči deg Ccin i d-teḍra maca deg sin imeḍqan, Tandalust (Spanya) akked Japun. Ma nwala s “Awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ”, ad naf seg-s i d-wwin ilugan i ɣef yebna tura wurigami atrar. Nezmer ad nini, war ma ikukra umdan, amhaz n tẓuri n wurigami, anda ma ulac, yeḍfer sin iberdan. Agḍiḍ-a taferkit-is d tamkuẓt, ulac deg-s agzam n ukaɣeḍ, ulac deg-s asenṭeḍ s usenṭaḍ am waken yella deg wurigami ansayan n yijapuniyen. D imenzayen n wurigami ansayan n yimuriyen neɣ afurk Amaziɣ-aspanyuli, i yewwi ass-a wurigami atrar. Awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ d tamudemt tatrart ɣas akken leɛmer-is, am waken i d-nenna usawen, azal n VII leqrun aya seg wasmi tt-d-snulfan. Aṭas n tɣemmar seg tmeddurt n tẓuri n wurigami iɣer mazal tewwiḍ tafat n umezruy akken yiwen wass ad iban wayen idergen.

Anwa i d amesnulfu n uwaqqur n ukaɣeḍ ? Ulac adlis i d yemmeslayen fell-as, ulac ttbut ala netta s timmad-is. Ayen i tebten, snulfan-t-id deg Tandalust, Spanya n wass-a, ahat ger lqern wis XI akked wis XIII. Tamudemt-a isem-is s tespenyulit ’’Pajirita’’ (agḍiḍ ameẓyan). Ifransisen ttinin-as ‘’la cocotte’’ (tayaziḍt). Ma d nekni nettini-as : Awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ. Deg kra imeḍqan n tmurt n yiqbayliyen yemmeẓli ususru-s n yisem n uwaqqur, kra ttinin-as : Aqqur neɣ aqqer. 

Ma neɛreḍ ad neṣleḍ tamudemt-a, ad naf deg-s kra iberdan i izemren ad aɣ-ssiwḍen ɣer bab-is neɣ amesnulfu-s. Amurigam i d yesnulfan awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ mačči kan d amdan iḥemmlen aḍfas, nezmer ad nini fell-as d anazbay. Acku deg tallit-nni, anaẓur-a yella yesɛa nnig uqerruy-is ugdilen n tesɣent (Ddin). Asgudem n uɣersiw neɣ n umdan s uẓru, s usɣar, s urekti n taleɣt neɣ s ukaɣeḍ yettwagdel deg tallit-nni. Ɣas akken, yeṭṭef taɣennant, ur yebra ara i uḍfas n ukaɣeḍ. Ɣef waya i nezmer ad nini deg tazwara, amesnulfu n tmudemt-a d ineslem mačči d aɛebri, mačči d amasiḥi. Tin ɣer-s, d ineslem menwala, lemmer yella d uẓmik ur yettili d anaẓur. D mmis n uɣref acku wid i ḥekmen ur d-lhin ara d uḍfas, ssemrasen akaɣeḍ i tɣawsiwin nniḍen. Walim ukessar-a tawlaft uṭṭun Tza (9), d wa i umi nettini awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ.

Abrid nniḍen, ad aɣ-yawi s imuriyen acku ulac later n tira. Aɣref amaẓiɣ deg tallit-nni, s umata d atlay. Win d-yesnulfan Awaqqur-a, lemmer d amdan ur nelli d amaziɣ, talli ahat ad naf idlisen ɣef wurigami yuran s tutlayt taɛrabt neɣ ahat s tutlayt taspanyulit. Ulac din ccek lemmer ad yili unadi deg umezruy n tẓuri-a, aṭas n tɣawsiwin ara naf zemrent ad aɣ-swehment. Tura, rran Awaqqur n ukaɣeḍ d azamul n yimurigamen n Yurup. Maca ɣur-neɣ, d azamul i yekkan nnig tẓuri s timmad-is, d azamul n tlelli akked uzbu.

Tura ad neɛreḍ ad wali acuɣer i yuɣal uwaqqur d azamul. Ɣur Iyurupiyen yuɣal d azamul n yimurigamen-nsen acku d tamudemt i d-ilulen deg tmurt n Spanya yellan am wakken teẓram akk deg Yurup. Azamul-a (Awaqqur), nettalas deg-s ula d nekni, maca yemmeẓli unamek i as-nefka. Tamezwarut, ilul-d s yiwet n tmuɣli neɣ deg yiwet n tallit n uzbu mgal n wugdilen n tesɣent am wakken i t-id-nenna usawen. Ɣas akken deg tallit-nni ideg yedder unaẓur, lihala tella teẓmek, maca yufa-d abrid anseg yekka. Seg tama, yessemneɛ aqerruy-is seg tmettant imi awaqqur yeḍfes ur yesɛa ara udem n ugḍiḍ, qrib ur iban d acu-t, ad as-tiniḍ d udem anzeggan, d aya. Seg tama nniḍen, ur yeḥbis ara aḍfas akked usnulfu n tmudmin. Yezger i tlilisa am tmilla, yekka nnig n tmuɣli n yemdanen n tallit-nni, d amdan bu tektiwin tilelliyin.

Tamudemt-a isem-is awaqqur acku d tajmil i nerra i unaẓu i tt-id-isnulfan. Am waken teẓram, awaqqur amuddur d azamul n tlelli acku ur iqebbel ara tameddurt deg lqebṣ. Akken ara yeqqim, ur itečč ur ites alamma yemmut. Isenyaf tamettant wala tameddurt deg lqebṣ am unamek i nefka i umaziɣ. Rnu i waya, Awaqqur d anaẓur n uẓawan, d amẓawen ameqran, mačči yiwet n taɣect i yesɛa. Mi ara as-tesleḍ, ad as-tiniḍ d tasanfunit n Bethoven. D azamul n uzbu i lmend n tmeddurt yedder unaẓur i t-id-yesnulfan. Rnu i waya, Awaqqur, s umata icennu s umata deg yiḍ. Amzun akken yebɣa ad yini, ɣas akken tebrek n yiḍ, nezmer ad nesnulfu, ad nesseɣnew tiɣawsiwin icebḥen aṭas, yesɛan azal...

Awaqqur amuddur d agḍiḍ yettinigen seg tmurt ɣer tayeḍ. Ulac tamurt ideg yettɣim akk aseggas. Yettaweḍ-d ɣer tmurt n Lezzayer deg tefsut, yettuɣal deg taggara n unebdu. Učči n uwaqqur amuddur d ibeɛɛac amedya n tweḍfin. Ibennu lɛec-is qrib s aswir n tqaɛet tikwal srid ɣef dqaɛet deg yimeḍqan idergen i tmuɣli. Yettarew s umata azal n wukuẓ (4) neɣ semmus (5) n tmellalin. Yesɛa deg lqed-is azal n 16 isantimitren. Ma nket iferrawen-is deg sin (2) mi ara ldin, nettaf-iten sɛan ger 22 ar 24 isantimitren. Taẓeyt : 18 ar 27 n yigramen. Ma d tameddurt-nsen tettaweḍ ɣer 6 iseggasen.

Awaqqur deg tsekla s umata yettban-d amzun akken d agḍiḍ iḥeznen. Wissen ahat imi s umata icennu deg yiḍ. Deg tmetti, ttaken-t d amedya. Ttinin-as i win neɣ tin yesɛan taɣect ilhan, yesɛa taɣect n uwaqqur.

Deg yiseggasen-nni n 1930 akked 1940 i bdan yettemlili ufurk Ajapuni akked ufurk Amaziɣ-aspanyuli. Sakin tqelleɛ tleslalit n tẓuri n Wurigami deg umḍal, niqal tesbek am akken i tt-id-ǧǧan d leqrun aya i teqqim. D amurigam Uchiyama Koko i d ababat n wurigami atrar. Deg iseggasen 1930 i d-ḍran inadiyen imezwura ɣef yizaduren. Yesnulfa-d daɣen timudmin timaynuten, iḍfes-d tijeǧǧigin. D netta daɣen i d amezwaru i isetnen izerfan-is n umeskar, yefka azal i wayen d-yesnulfa, yestenya-t. Acku zik ur ttestenyin ara tamudemt mi ara tt-id-snulfun, tettɣimi akken war isem. Sakin ḍefren-t-id tsutwin n yinaẓuren nniḍen, yal wa d acu i d-yewwi d amaynut i tẓuri n wurigami. Amedya n Yoshizawa Akira i d-iẓergen 18 yidlisen ideg ara naf akk timudmin-nni d timaynutin. Walim tawlaft uṭṭun mraw kraḍ (13), Mass Akira akked tmudmin i d-yesnulfa netta s timmad-is. Deg useggas 1950, d Akira Yoshizawa (Ajapuni) akked Sam Randlett (Amarikani) i d-yesnulfan izamulen n tɣuri ssemrasen tura akk yimurigamen n umḍal. Slugnen ameskan, yuɣal yeshel uglam akked tɣuri n yiḍefsen n tmudmin. Anagraw-a ttinin-as tura : Anagraw Yoshizawa-Randlett.

Tameẓla yellan ger urigami ansayan d utrar mmalen-ten-id kra tɣawsiwin. Amedya amezwaru d aslugen n tẓuri. Yiwen umenzay seg yimenzayen n uzadur n urigami atrar yettini-d : Timudmin akk ara d-yesnulfu umurigam yessefk ad ilint seg tferkit tamkuẓt. Ad tettwaḍfes tferkit war agzam neɣ asenṭeḍ n ukaɣeḍ s usenṭaḍ. Asnulfu n umeskan yessegrawel taẓuri. Acku asemres n umeskan yettalel amurigam akken ad yales i tmudemt akken tella mačči s ugacu. Yettḍafar umurigam n wassa ameskan ideg ara yaf akk isallen i yes-s ara yeḍfes tamudemt. Asnulfu n tmudmin timaynutin teldi tawwurt i useɣnew n tewsatin nniḍen amedya n wurigami aẓuran, urigami addayan, urigami n tusnakt… Assa, urigami yefrek d tiwsatin. Taẓuri, tura tesɛa ilugan ibanen, yettwasnen. Di tazwara d tiziknin tigraɣlanin kan i yessawḍen taẓuri n wurigami ad tt-issinen ugar n yemdanen. Tura rnan-d wallalen nniḍen amedya n Anternet, idlisen, tiliẓri akked yisalalen nniḍen, ssawḍen taẓuri ɣer qrib akk timura n umaḍal.

Da ɣur-neɣ nessen seg wacḥal aya d acu i d Aḍfas n ukaɣeḍ. Anwa deg-neɣ ur neḍfes tasafagt, tasebbaḥrut neɣ ahat aɣerrabu ? Anwa ur neḍfis tacacit s ukaɣeḍ n uɣmis deg uzal akken ad yesdari aqerruy-is seg ḥamu n yiṭij?… Aya akk d taẓuri n wurigami, aya akk yesɛa amezruy.

Taswiɛt-a ulac inadiyen ara aɣ-d-yemmel amek teḍra, amek temhez tẓuri seg tallit-nni tandalusant ɣer tallit i deg d-tekcem Fransa ɣer tmurt n lezzayer. D tallit taberkant yeḥwaǧen tafat. Deg taggara n lqern wis XIX, asmi d-yewweḍ uɣerbaz agdudan ɣer tmurt n Lezzayer i d-yegla s tẓuri n wurigami. D tisutwin n yigurdan i yellan ḍefsen akaɣeḍ. Grant-d kra n tmudmin mazal cfan fell-asent medden amedya n uɣerrabu, tasafagt, aqerru n umcic… 




#Article 223: Maziɣ (276 words)


Maziɣ, s yisem-is unṣib, Kasuri Ɛabdella ; S tefṛansist, KASSOURI Abdellah, d yiwen ucennay n tmurt n Leqbayel, n taddart n wagarsafen, taɣiwant n At Yeǧǧaṛ, id yezga id yezgan deg-wusamar n Tizi Wezzu, ilul di 17 mayu 1976, deg At wizgan (Buzgan). 

Di 1957 ; Lemḥella n wefṛansis tesṛeɣ taddart n wagarsafen, Imawlan n Maziɣ fɣen si taddart am nutni am imezdaɣ-is, ṛuḥen zedɣen deg At wizgan ( Buzgan).
Maziɣ yekred di twacult anda bab-as yetturar snitra, yemma-s tessefray, tett-dekkir.
Asmi yesɛa tam (8) iseggasen, yebda  yetturar abendayer ; Si temẓi-s yella iḥemmel aṭas ad isell iycennayen iqbuṛen am Ccix Lḥasnawi, Sliman Ɛazem d wiyaḍ nniḍen… Iḥemmel daɣen ad iḥesses iycennayen atraren id yewwin amaynut i tezlitt taqbaylit, am  Ṭayfa, Lmugaṛ, Inas mazel d Aɛli Ɛemṛan … 
Maziɣ, Ass-a yetturaren aṭas n wallalen n uẓawan, amundul, tajewwaqt d ddarbuka…

Deg-wuseggas n 1999, Mustafa Benaǧi yeldi-yas tiwwura yeskecmit ad yittiki di tarbaɛt n  (Groupe Algérie Berbère, (Le G.A.B)), dinna yella yetturar snitra, abendayer d darbuka…
Deg-wuseggas n 2001, tarbaɛt-agi n  (Le G.A.B), tessufɣ-ed tasfift-is tanezwarut, izwel-is «A qui le droit».
Deg-wuseggas n 2002, Maziɣ, yefɣ-ed si tarbaɛt-agi n  (le G.A.B), igezmitt di ṛṛay-is aken ad ikemmel tikli-s deg-webrid n can waḥdes, dinna yebda yettaru isefra i iwẓawan n tezlatin yessewjad.
Deg-wuseggas n 2009, yezzid s annar n can, netta d kra n yemdukal-is, d izli n tmaɣṛiwin ixdemen lwaḥid, kra degsen :

Laḥlu Ḥammudi (LAHLOU HAMMOUDI)

Ṣufyan Iǧri ( SOFIAN IDJRI)

Nafaɛ Kasuri (NAFAA KASSOURI) d Lyazid Buɛebba (LYAZID BOUABBA); llan yakan zik di tarbaɛt n Afṛuẓaf (AFROZAF)

Syinna akin, yebda yessewjad yiwen udebsi, izwel-is , ttajmilt i waṭas inaẓuṛen, Aladra inaẓuṛen n tmurt n leqbayel.




#Article 224: Tafukt (itri) (1587 words)


Tafukt neɣ iṭij (Azamul-is: ☉) d yiwen n yitri i d-izgan deg tlemmast n wudus anafuk, temmug amzun d tawinest (tadewṛant), tegber seg plasma iẓeɣlen yerna tesmunned (temcubbak) yakk d yiger adekran.Akdu-ines ila (yesɛa) azal n 1,392,684 km, ayen yegdan 109 n tikkal n ukdu n tegnit, ma d takura-ines 2×1030 kg, ayen yegdan 330,000 n tikkal n tkura n tegnit neɣ ayen i d-issiliɣen 99.86% n tkura n unagraw anafuk s timmad-is.

Tafukt d yiwet seg yitran n umazellaw n uɣaras n walim igebren seg ugar 200 n imelyaṛen n yitran
Dɣa amazellaw-a s iman-is yeṭṭafar tagrawt n imazellawen niden yettusemman s tagrawt tadigant anda tajumma tanamdalt i teṭṭef tegrawt-a d tuzza (tadewrant) azgen n ukdu-ines yettawaṭ ɣer 10 n imelyan n ifawatayen (iseggasen inafaten).
Ma deg wayen yezzin ɣef tekrura, ad naf ahidṛujin d win id issiliɣen kṛad n ikuẓen (¾) n isegra tkura tanafukt, ma d ayen id yegran amur ameqqran d ahilium yakk d wazal n 1,69% n iferdisen iẓayanen am weksujin d usinuksid n ukaṛbun d neyon d wuzzal d iferdisen niden.Tafukt teṭṭafar taggayt n igezlanen iwraɣen s unect n usesmel atraw isennden ɣef tissiwin tiggwawin. S udday, s unect n usesmel atraw, azmul G2 yemmal-d taẓɣelt n tiggi yettawṭen ɣer 5778° C, ma d azamul V d akken tafukt d itri n welkam agejdan. Dɣa imesnullanen ttmeggizent d akken-it d itri meẓẓiyen s wassaɣ, akken i ttɣilen d akken tafukt d tin yettfeǧǧijen ugar n 85% n yitran n uɣaras n walim igan deg tuget n tegnatin d igezlanen izeggaɣen. azal amagdez n tfukt d win issawaṭen ɣer 4.83, Dɣa d tafukt i d tafekka tagnnawt yettfeǧǧijen yakk s waṭas deg tegnawt n tegnit s wazal amaskad n issawṭen ɣer −26.74.Tamrest n tfukt tetteẓẓel s teɣlel deg tallunt, ayen i d-issiliɣen aṭu anafuk igan d tizelɣiwin tuzdimin yeẓẓlen seg yiri n  uhiliusfir ɣer wazal n 100 tiggtin tisnullanin, ahilyusfur-a yessiliɣ-d tamuski tamanṭaṭ i meqqren yakk deg unagraw anafuk.dɣa ammas agratraw yeččaray s waṭu anafuk.

Tafukt tettnwiwel (tettḥerrik) deg usigna agratraw adigan i d-izgan deg tama n tlilect tadigant ɣef yiri agensuy n yiɣil n umanar igan d yiwen seg yiɣallen atliwen n umazellaw n uɣaras n walim.

Tafukt tezga-d deg wedras wis 4 deg wayen yezzin ɣef tkura n 50 n yitran yudsen ɣer tegnit (itran i d-izgan deg usutem n 17 n  ifawatayen ɣef tegnit), anda itri yudsen yakk ɣer tegnit seld n tfukt iga d procima Centauri yaggugin (ibeɛden) s 4,2 n ifawatayen.
Timezzit tamazallawt n tfukt taggug (tebɛed) ɣef wammas amazallaw s kra n 24,000 ar 26.000 n yifawatayen yerna tsemmed (tettkemmil) yiwen n useggas amazallaw (akken i d-ittbin deg yimsidag n umazallaw) azal n 225 ɣer 250 n imelyan n iseggasen.
Amussu d unwiwel n tfukt s tazzla n 370 km/t ɣer tnila n tezdemt n weyrad neɣ ɣer tezdemt n tenhawt d win i d-yettilin mya amazallaw yettnwiwel s talɣa tamazgayt yakk d wammar n tudfirt amikṛuwan s tazzla n 550 kmt.Isig n westum gar n tfukt d tegnit d win igan azal n 149.6 n imelyan km. Imusnawen ttɣilen d akken astum-a yettbeddil s unwiwel n tegnit seg uceffalu ɣer ufafuk, Tafat d tin i d-ittfakkan tikli n usutem-a deg 8 n tesdatin d 9 n tsinin, Tafasa n uzenzar anafat n tfukt d tin i d-ittaken tudert s temhalt n tugnaddast,, akken daɣen i d-tgellu s unezwu d tignewt, Tigelsin n tfukt d tid yettwassnen deg tegnit seg tallit n uzarmezruy anda aṭas n iɣerfan d wadlisen meggzen tafukt d yellu.

 

Tafukt d itri yeṭṭafaren talmest n welkam agejdan G, Takura-ines tessiliɣ-d azal n 99.8632% seg tkura n wudus anafuk ma d talɣa-ines cki-tt d tuzza (meḥsub d tamduṛant) anda akdu deg tizgelt d win yemgaraden ɣef ukdu deg usebges s 10 km kan. Mya tafukt tga deg waddad n plasma anecta yennumk d akken-it tetezzi s urured deg usebges ugar n wayen i d-ttezzi deg tzeglin, dɣa tikeli ayi tettwassen s tuzzya tamgirdant, anecta igellu-d s tseddimt d unwiwel n tkura s usrag n wuẓeẓ meqqren deg teẓɣelt seg weɣyay ɣer beṛṛa. Takura ayi tettaddam kra seg yimir amussay.

Tallit tufrint n tuzzya n tfukt tettaṭṭaf 25,6 n wussan deg usebges-is d 33,5 n wussan deg tzeglin-is. Ma d tallit n tuzzya tamaskadt deg usebges teṭṭafaf 28 n wussa.Asemdu n tdusi tuẓẓlammast n tuzzya ayi talwayant tga 18 n imelyan n tikkal ddaw n tdusi n teldayt tajummant deg usebges. Yerna tadusi n tndeffert n yimtiwgen d tis ur nli ara (ur nesɛi ar) asemdu meqqren, ɣef wanect-a ur ssemduyen ara ɣef tfukt.

 

Tafat n tfukt d aɣbalu agejdan n tfasa deg tegnit ma d iɣbula niden gan d tinegwa tisinsinin deg wuln tegnit, dɣa tinegwa ayi tisinsinin gant d aɣbalu tarakaẓɣalt n tegnit i d-ittilin s tsedmirin tiɣisanin.
Timezgit tanafukt d tasmekta n tfasa i d-ttak tfukt i wfimidi n tigget n tjumma yettwafsaren srid i tafat n tfukt., Timezgit tanafukt n tjumma ɣef wuggug n tigget tasnullant yegda uggug n tegnit ɣef tfukt (azal n 1368 wat/m)2
Tignut n tegnit d tin yettekkayen deg usifes n tafat n tfukt s wakka ad tili tfasa i d-ittawaṭen seg tfukt tudes ɣer 1000 wat/m2 deg tegnatin tigamanin neɣ mi ara ad tili tfukt deg tdeɣra n umeddu.

Asemres n tfasa tanafukt d ayen izemren ad yili s waṭas n tarrayin timguranin d tgamanin. Amedya, tamhalt n tugnaddast d tin i d-igerrun tafasa seg tfult w ad tt-iterr d tafasa takrurant. Ihi tamhelt-a d yiwet seg temhalin i d-ittilin s tarrayt tagamant deg tegnit. Akken i yezmer ad yili usemres n tafat n tfukt i wfares n tfasa tazrurant s useẓɣel usrid neɣ s turrit n tafat ɣer tzarurt (trisiti) s usemres n tekwafukin.

Tafukt tegber seg uhidṛjin d uhilium. Deg tallit-a seg tudert-is sgensisen-d 74,9% d 23,8% seg tkura n tfukt deg tegnignut. ma d iferdisen iẓayanen yakk ittwasemman imɣuzen sgensisen-d ddaw n 2% seg takura-ines yakk d weksujin s wazal n 1% d ukaṛbun 0,3% d Neon 0,2% d wuzzal 0,2%.

Tasuddest takrurant taẓaṛant n tfukt d tin i d-immugen deg wammas agratraw, anda deg tazwara tella tegber seg 71.1% n uhidṛujin, 27.4% n uhilium d 1.5% seg yimɣuzen niden. Dɣa ahidṛujin d wamur ameqran seg uhilium yellan di tfukt ttwafarsen-d s temhalt n tseddɣisant deg 20 n tesdatin timenza n usedday, iferdisen iẓayanen llan ttwafarsen-d sɣur tisutiwin yezrin n yitran send n tlallit n tfukt sin akin nfufden deg wammas agratraw deg talliyin tineggura n tudert tatrawt yakk d inelfuyen (ineḍruyen) am supernuva.

Seg wass mi i d-tennulfa tfukt, tamhelt n wezday tagejdant tegber ɣef urway n uhidṛujin yakked uhilium ɣef teɣzi n 4,6 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen yezrin, takur-a d tansa n uhilium s agensu n tfukt d tid yenbeddalen kra kra. S agensu n weɣyay, yuli ufimidi n uhilium seg 24% ɣer 60% s usrag n wefsay. Ma d kra niden n uhilium d iferdisen iẓayanen rekdrn deg tegnignut ɣer tnila n wul n tfukt s usrag n teldayt. Ma yella d ifimidiyen n yimɣuzen ur nbeddalen ara.

Yettili-d usembiwel n teẓɣelt ɣer uzɣar (beṛṛa) n wul n tfukt s uzenzar deg wadeg n usseẓɣel, s wakka ur d-ittili ara usali n wefsay ɣer wezɣar s weẓɣal maca ad yeqqim deg weɣyay, Aɣyay agensaw n uhilium yebda yettmag-d kra kra yerna azday-is mači d ayen izemren ad yili acku ul n tfukt imir-a ur yeẓɣil ur yelli d aneẓẓaw s tesmekta ara ad yezdin ahilium. Ma deg tugnignut n tura yettili-d usedres deg uhilium (d yiferdisen iẓayanen) anda i d-issiliɣ 84% seg wayen yella deg tallit tamezwarut send ma ad tebdu temhelt n wezday aɣisan deg wul.
Deg yimal, ahilium ad ismed (ad ikemmel) asemnenni deg wul n tfukt, asemnenni ayi d tmerniwt-a ad teglu s tuffɣa n tfukt seg welkam agejdan i wakken ad tuɣal d acafcal azeggaɣ, anecta seld n 5 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen.

Tasuddest takrurant n tugnignut deg tuget n tegnatin d tin yemmerwasen i wsileɣ n wudus anafuk amenzu. Akat n tyawant n iferdisen iẓayanen n tfasa tanafukt s usemres n tesledt taylalant i tugnignut n tfukt yakk d wakat n tyawant deg iseffuden ur yettwaseẓɣlen ara ula deg teẓɣelt n usefsi. Imusnawen ttɣilem d akken iseffuden ttagẓen s usileɣ n yitrazwar ɣef wanect-a ur tettwasemdu ara s usbeddi n iferdisen iẓayanen. Akken illant snat n tarrayin mtawan fell-asent deg wayen yezzin ɣef usileɣ anafuk:

Deg useggas n 1970, kkrent-d waṭas n tegmayin yessezdyen ɣef tegmi ɣef isezdiyen n tegrawin n wuzzal deg tfukt. ɣas akken tigmayin-a wwint-d igemmuden igerrzen maca aguccel n isezdiyen n kra n iferdisen n tegrawt n wuzzal (Akubalt d umegnisyum) qqimen mrayen (weɛṛen) s usrag n tmuski-nsen tanegt n tseddi, alammi d aseggas n 1978.
Deg useggas n 1962 tennulfa-d tegmi tummidt tamezwarut i tezrawt n tdisiwin n umcalay ɣef yiferdisen n tegrawt tasemdant n wuzzal ittwa-ion-in, ttwasidnen-t deg useggas n 1976. ma deg useggas n 1978 ttwasuddmen-d isezdiyen n yiferdisen n tegrawt n wuzzal ittwa-ion-in.

Aṭas n imusnawen qellden ɣef tilin n wassaɣ deg userẓu akuran gar tsuddisin n yinyaten inafuken d yigazen inagrazen, amedya amyaqqan ver n yinyaten imtiwganen d Neon d usinun deg tfukt d yimtiwgen. 

Aɣili d akken tafukt tla (tesɛa) yiwet n tsuddest i d-tla tugnignut tanafukt d win yersan alammi d aseggas n 1983
Deg useggas n 1983 yettwadma d akken yella userẓu deg tfukt s usrag n wassaɣ aseẓran gar n tsuddisin n yinyaten n yimtiwgen d wezwu anafuk i cekkṭen igazen inagrazen., ma yella send n useggasa, yella yettuɣil d akken tafukt s timmad-is tla yiwet n tsuddest n tzugnut tanafukt.




#Article 225: Addad amaruz (826 words)


Addad amaruz d isem (mačči d tanzeɣt, mačči d amyag) i yettbeddilen talɣa; s ubeddel umagrad neɣ n teɣri tamenzut (AU. A WE…) neɣ s uɣelluy-ines (“A”).

Amek i yettbeddil?
Mi ara yili deffir:

Akk ismawen ibeddun s umagrad neɣ s teɣri « u » ( d asuf neɣ d asget) a sen-nernu kan « w »( azgen aɣri neɣ azgen n teɣri « w »).
Imedyaten :

Uccenwuccen. Uccanenwuccanen. Ugelwugel.Uglanwuglan. Udiwudi. Ungalwungalen.Ungalenwungalen. Ulmuwulmu…
Yečča-t wuccen. Teḥreci n wuccanen. Yeɣli-yas-d wugel-nni. Ffɣen-d wuglan-nsent. Mellul wudi. Yelha wungal-is. Aṭas wungalen i yura. Ɣezzif wulmu. Llum yellan ɣef wuccen.. Teẓgi zedɣen wuccanen.

Unti-nsen ur yettbeddi ara talɣa: Tarwa n tuccent; tarwa n tuccanin…
Addad ilelli: “tuccent”; addad amaruz: “tuccent”.

Akk ismawen ibeddun s umagrad neɣ s teɣri « a » deg umalay asuf d wesget; a sen-nernu kan « w »( azgen aɣri neɣ azgen n teɣri « w »).
Imedyaten :
Adal (leḥcic n waman)wadal; Adalenwadalen; Addal (sport)waddal; Addalenwaddalen; Azal*(ssuma/Lqima, mačči akud)wazal. Azalenwazalen; Allalwallal; Allalenwallalen; Ammaswammas; Ammasenwammasen; Affarwaffar; Affaren waffaren; Arrazwarraz; Arrazenwarrazen; Addadwaddad; Addadenwaddaden; Akliwakli; Aklanwaklan…
Tamda yuli-tt wadal. S wazal-is. S wallalen-is. Yeẓwer deg waddal. Yettleɣwi wammas-ines si ccḍeḥ. Yessa-tt waffar. Acḥal warrazen i s-d-yeḍren? – Yiwen warraz kan. Ur igerrez waddad ideg yella. Amek llan waddaden-nsen? Yemlal d wakli. Ɣur-neɣ ur ttilin waklan…
Tamawt: Akk ismawen n wesget i ibeddun s umagrad neɣ s teɣri « a » a sen-nernu kan « w »( azgen aɣri neɣ azgen n teɣri « w »).
Imedyaten :
Allenwallen; Amanwaman… “cedhaɣ tukksa n lexrif d waman isemmaḍen”. “Kecmeɣ di lḥebs n wallen-im”.

Dda Lmulud At Mɛemmer meqqer wazal-is. D bab n wazalen.
Deg uzal qayli. Deg izilan d ideflawen.

Akk ismawen ibeddun s umagrad neɣ s teɣri « a » deg umalay asuf ; ma teḍfer-it-id yiwet tergalt kan, “ a“ –nni ad yuɣal d “ u“ (“ a“ “u“ ) deg waddad amaruz.
Imedyaten :

Addad ilelli “a“; addad amaruz“u“)
Amaziɣ umaziɣ; mmi-s umaziɣ.
Amerguumergu; yerqem umergu-nni.
Amezruyumezru; isem-is yura deg umezruy.
Amadaɣumadaɣ; yerɣa umadaɣ.

Asget-nsen yettɣimi akken ur yettbeddil ara talɣa “I””I”:
Imaziɣen, imerga, imezruyen, imudaɣ.
Addad ilelli : “imerga”; addad amaruz: “lferg imerga”.
Unti-nsen yettili-d s uɣelluy n teɣri “I”:
Addad ilelli: “tamaziɣt”, addad amaruz: “tira n tmaziɣt”.

Akk ismawen ibeddun s umagrad neɣ s teɣri « a » deg umalay asuf ; ma ḍefrent-t-id snat tergalin, “ a“ –nni ad yuɣal d “ we“ (“ a“ “we“ ) deg waddad amaruz.
Imedyaten :
Amɣarwemɣar; yiwen wemɣar.
Axxamwexxam; wessiɛ wexxam.
Argazwergaz; yeḥrec weragz.
Adliswedlis; meqqer wedlis-nni.
Awren*wewren; yenɣed wewren.

Asget-nsen, „i“-nni yettuɣal akka“ye“:
Imɣarenyemɣaren; ixxamenyexxamen; irgazenyergazen; idlisenyedlisen…
Unti-nsen, yettili-d akka:
Taxxamttexxamt; tamɣarttemɣart… tixxamintexxamin; timɣarintemɣarin

Akk ismawen ibeddun s umagrad neɣ s teɣri « i » deg umalay asuf ; ma teḍfer-it-id yiwet tergalt kan; “ i“ –nni a sen-nernu kan « y »( azgen aɣri neɣ azgen n teɣri « y »).
Imedyaten :
Izi yizi; itezzi am yizi.
Iɣilyiɣil; d bab n yiɣil.
Iriyiri; s yiri-s kan.
Iɣiyiɣi; udi yettwakkas-d seg yiɣi.
Ilefyilef; yedderɣel am yilef.

Asget-nsen yettili-d akka:
Izan yizan “zzin-as yizan”.
Ma d unti-nsen yettili-d akka “ii”, amedya:
Tilefttileft “tejhed am tileft”.

Akk ismawen ibeddun s umagrad neɣ s teɣri « i » deg umalay asuf ; ma ḍefrent-t-id snat tergalin « i » ad yuɣal d “ ye“ (“ a“ “ye“ ) deg waddad amaruz.
Imedyaten :
Itbiryetbir; d urqim am yetbir.
Itriyetri; ireqq am yetri.
Ibkiyebki; yettǧellib am yebki.
Igmiryegmir; isax yegmir.
Irẓiyerẓi; yejuǧǧeg yerẓi s izemran-is.

Ula d asget-nsen kif kif-iten:
Itbiren yetbiren “sin yetbiren”.

Ma d unti-nsen yettili-d akka “iye”, amedya:
Titbirintetbirin “cebḥent tetbirin”.

Ismawen ibeddun s umagrad neɣ s teɣri « i » deg umalay asuf ; ma myugdant tergalin akk d teɣra, ladɣa ma llant ugar n kraḍet teɣra « i » ad yeqqim akken d

Ililiilili; rẓag ilili.
Inisiinisi; d bu usennan inisi-nni.
Ikerriikerri; Ɣur-s acciwen ikerri
Iniɣemineɣ; Iḥumm iniɣem.
Inijelinijel; yeṭṭef-it inijel.
Tamawt: I wakken a d-neṭṭef amaruz-nsen wigi, ur aɣ-iɛerreq ara, ad nesseqdec tanzeɣt “ddaw” (ɣas deg iqerray-nneɣ kan):
Ddaw inijel (d awezɣi neqqar: ddaw yinijel!).

Ula d asget-nsen kif kif-iten:
Imaziɣen imaziɣen “tafsut imaziɣen.
Ma d unti-nsen yettili s uɣelluy n “i”, amedya: Timaziɣintmaziɣin.

Unti-nsen: tuglacintuglacin; tungalttungalin…

Unti-nsen: taklittaklit; taklatintaklatin…
Walit dagi daɣen asget n wigi: Arracwarrac; amanwaman; allenwallen

Amaziɣumaziɣ. Asget-nsen (“i” –nsen) yettɣimi akken:
Imaziɣenimaziɣen..
Unti-nsen yettli-d s uɣelluy n teɣri: Tamaziɣttmaziɣt; tamerguttmergut.Timaziɣintmaziɣin; timergatmerga.

Amrabeḍwemrabeḍ; afruxwefrux…
Asget-nsen “i”ye”: Imrabḍenyemrabḍen; ifraxyefrax…
Unti-nsen, yettili-d akka : Tamrabeṭtemrabeṭ; tafruxttefruxt…

Seksuseksu; cilmumcilmum; ččinaččina; meddenmedden; SeɛdiyaSeɛdiya….

Wid iran ad arun tamaziɣt s yiwet talɣa, ulac deg-s tisuraf am tutlayin akk nniḍen, ahat ad afen da tisuraf i wumi ur zmiren a tent-kksen:
Imi amaziɣumaziɣ; axxamuxxam; ungalungal…
Acuɣer ttarun ihi: Arracwarrac? Tamziɣttmaziɣt? Taxxamttexxamt?.. acimi ur ten-ttarun ara akk s yiwet talɣa?!
I wigi amek ara sen-neg ihi?Acimi ur beddlen ara talɣa, ttwaɛqalen kan deg weḍris : talatala; taddarttaddart; tuddartuddar…

Yelha dɣa ma nessegra-d kra n tefyir umedyaz Ḥmed Leḥlu:

Mačči d timsirin
Neɣ d lewṣayat
Yezmer ahat d tuffɣa n leɛqel
Maca, mačči d tuffɣa i webrid”




#Article 226: Tazelɣa n tnila &quot;Ad&quot; (778 words)


TAZELƔA N YIMAL “AD” + URMIR AḤERFI = IMAL

TAZELƔA N YIMAL “AD” , ɣas llant kra n talɣiwin-nniḍen i nezmer a tent-nesseqdec akken ad nezger yes-sent ɣer yimal, yecban: “ARA”, ladɣa di talɣiwin n wurmir ussid akk d umaɣun:

URMIR AḤERFI+TAZELƔA N YIMAL »AD »=IMAL

aruɣ
taruḍ

ad aruɣ
ad taruḍ
ad yaru
ad taru
ad naru
ad tarum
ad tarumt
ad arun
ad arunt

(akka i yessefk)
ad urareɣ
ad turareḍ (mačči “a turareḍ)
ad yurar
ad turar (mačči “a turar”)
ad nurar (mačči “a nurar”)
ad turarem (mačči “a turarem”)
ad turaremt (mačči “a turaremt”)
ad uraren
ad urarent.
Imedyaten: Azekka ad kecmeɣ ɣer wesmel, ad afeɣ dinna dda Muḥend.

TAZELƔA N YIMAL+TAZELƔA N TNILA+URMIR AḤERFI.

Yusa-n (ɣur-k neɣ ɣur-wen) . Tazelɣa n tnila « D » d « N » teṭṭafar amyag neɣ yesseḍfar-itt wemyag ; deg yezri yessegray-itt wemyag : « yura-d, yura-n » . Deg yimal neɣ di kra n tenzaɣ, yezwaray-itt wemyag : Mi d-yuzen, mi n-yuzen ; ur d-nniɣ, ur n-nniɣ..
Mi ara temlil tzelɣa n yimal akk d tzelɣa n tnila, tamezwarut a s-nekkes « D » a d-yegri kan « A »:

a d-afeɣ/ a n-afeɣ
a d-tafeḍ/a n-tafeḍ
a d-yaf/a n-yaf
a d-taf/a n-taf
a d-naf/ a n-naf
a d-tafem/ a n-tafem
a d-tafemt/ a n-tafemt
a d-afen/a n-afen
a d-afent/ a n-afent

Akken yessefk:

a d-rewleɣ (mačči “ ad d-rewleɣ”)
a d-trewleḍ ( mačči “ad d-trewleḍ”)
a d-yerwel (mačči “ ad d-yerwel”)
a d-terwel (mačči “ ad d-terwel”)
a d-nerwel (mačči “ad d-nerwel”)
a d-trewlem (mačči “ ad d-trewlem)
a d-trewlemt ( mačči “ ad d-trewlemt”)
a d-rewlen (mačči “ad d-rewlen”)
a d-rewlent (mačči “ ad d-rewlent”)

Ɣurket tamsertit ( mi ara yemlil “D” aggaɣ n tzelɣa n tnila itett “T” n wudmawen n tseftit):
Deg wawal, neqqar: “ a d-rewleḍ, a d-rwel, a d-rewlem,a d-rewlemt” (iruḥen-asen yakk “T”-nni n wudem n tseftit), maca deg tira, yessefk akka: “ a d-trewleḍ, a d-terwel, a d-trewlem, a d-trewlemt”.
Tamawin: “D” n tzelɣa n yimal nessawal-it-id (di teqbaylit) d azenzaɣ “am “d”-nni yesɛan taneqqiṭ sufella di taɛrabt), ma d “D” n tzelɣa n tnila d aggaɣ ( am “D”-nni ur nesɛi taneqqiṭ di taɛrabt).
A d-yeddu neɣ a d-yefk isem-is!
TAMAWT: Tazelɣa n tnila “N” ulac-itt deg waṭas n temnaḍin n leqbayel: Bgayet, Sṭif, Lberǧ..; ulac-itt ula di yakk timeslayin-nniḍen n tmaziɣt.
Ur yessefk ad neɛreq ger waya:

TAZELƔA N YIMAL+AMQIM UDMAWAN+URMIR AḤERFI.
Asemmad usrid:
a yi-yekkes neɣ ad iyi-yekkes (mačči “ad yi-yekkes)
a k-yekkes neɣ ad ak-yekkes (mačči ad k-yekkes)
a kem-yekkes neɣ ad akem-yekkes (mačči ad kem-yekkes)
a t-yekkes neɣ ad at-yekkes (mačči ad t-yekkes)
a tt-yekkes neɣ ad att-yekkes (mačči ad tt-yekkes)
a ɣ-yekkes neɣ ad aɣ-yekkes (mačči ad ɣ-yekkes)
a ken-yekkes neɣ ad aken-yekkes (mačči ad ken-yekkes)
a kent-yekkes neɣ ad akent-yekkes (mačči ad kent-yekkes)
a ten-yekkes neɣ ad aten-yekkes (mačči ad ten-yekkes)
a tent-yekkes neɣ ad atent-yekkes (mačči ad tent-yekkes).

Asemmad arusrid:
a yi-yekkes neɣ ad iyi-yekkes (mačči “ad yi-yekkes)
a k-yekkes neɣ ad ak-yekkes (mačči ad k-yekkes)
a m-yekkes neɣ ad am-yekkes (mačči ad m-yekkes)
a s-yekkes neɣ ad as-yekkes (mačči ad s-yekkes)
a s-yekkes neɣ ad as-yekkes (mačči ad s-yekkes)
a ɣ-yekkes neɣ ad aɣ-yekkes (mačči ad ɣ-yekkes)
a wen-yekkes neɣ ad awen-yekkes (mačči ad wen-yekkes)
a went*-yekkes neɣ ad awent*-yekkes (mačči ad went*-yekkes)
a sen-yekkes neɣ ad asen-yekkes (mačči ad sen-yekkes)
a sent-yekkes neɣ ad asent-yekkes (mačči ad sent-yekkes).

Anda-nniḍen qqaren:
A kent*-yekkes neɣ ad akent*-yekkes (mačči ad kent*-yekkes)

Di kra n tuddar di Lberǧ n Buɛrariǧ, amqim di kra n wudmawen izeggir, yettegray:
A t-teččeṭ-it= a t-teččeḍ.

TAZELƔA N YIMAL+AMQIM UDMAWAN+TAZELƔA N TNILA+URMIR AḤERFI.
Asemmad usrid:
a yi-d-yaf neɣ ad iyi-d-yaf (mačči “ad yi-d-yaf)
a k-id-yaf neɣ ad ak-id-yaf (mačči ad k-id-yaf)
a kem-id-yaf neɣ ad akem-id-yaf (mačči ad kem-id-yaf)
a t-id-yaf neɣ ad at-id-yaf (mačči ad t-id-yaf)
a tt-id-yaf neɣ ad att-id-yaf (mačči ad tt-id-yaf)
a ɣ-d-yaf neɣ ad aɣ-d-yaf (mačči ad ɣ-d-yaf)
a ken-id-yaf neɣ ad aken-id-yaf (mačči ad ken-id-yaf)
a kent-id-yaf neɣ ad akent-id-yaf (mačči ad kent-id-yaf)
a ten-id-yaf neɣ ad aten-id-yaf (mačči ad ten-id-yaf)
a tent-id-yaf neɣ ad atent-id-yaf (mačči ad tent-id-yaf).

Asemmad arusrid:
a yi-d-yaf neɣ ad iyi-d-yaf (mačči “ad yi-d-yaf)
a k-d-yaf neɣ ad ak-d-yaf (mačči ad k-d-yaf)
a m-d-yaf neɣ ad am-d-yaf (mačči ad m-d-yaf)
a s-d-yaf neɣ ad as-d-yaf (mačči ad s-d-yaf)
a s-d-yaf neɣ ad as-d-yaf (mačči ad s-d-yaf)
a ɣ-d-yaf neɣ ad aɣ-d-yaf (mačči ad ɣ-d-yaf)
a wen-d-yaf neɣ ad awen-d-yaf (mačči ad wen-d-yaf)
a went*-id-yaf neɣ ad awent*-id-yaf (mačči ad went*-id-yaf)
A sen-d-yaf neɣ ad asen-d-yaf (mačči ad sen-d-yaf)
A sent-id-yaf neɣ ad asent-id-yaf (mačči ad sent-id-yaf).

Anda –nniḍen qqaren:
A kent*-id-yaf neɣ ad akent*-id-yaf (mačči ad kent*-id-yaf)




#Article 227: Buqider Sliman (1510 words)


Ameɣras Buqider Sliman: Imḍebber Aserdas Asertan deg Lwilaya tis-tlata
Ccaf i yettɛassan ɣef iǧundiyen-is
Talalit n umeɣras: Ilul-d umeɣras Ssi Sliman n Tiwal, isem i yefka i yiman-is deg tegrawla, ass n 06 Yennayer 1929 deg taddart n Tiwal, taɣiwant n tamnaṭ yettwagedlen, Tawilayt n Bgayet. D mmi-s n Ɛellawa akked Ɛabid Rqiya. Yetturebba-d deg yiwet n twacult iḥemmlen tamurt-is, d taẓawalit, tettawi-d aɣrum-is seg lxedma n wakal. Ssi Sliman yezweǧ deg useggas 1953 d Massa Crifa Dalil. Rnan-d ɣer-s sin n lwacul: Ɛellawa d Ǧamal.

Am deg yakk tuddar n Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen, mi d-yelha weqcic, yessekcem-it baba-s ɣer lǧameɛ akken ad d-yelmed tira akked kra n tsurtin seg leqran. Dacu kan Ssi Sliman iruḥ deg useggas n 1946 ad ikemmel taɣur-ines deg tmeɛemmert n Yeḥya Aɛidli; i d-yezgan deg Tmuqra. Akken d-ttɛawaden fell-as, Ssi Sliman yewwi-d iman-is deg tɣuri yerna yettqadar leqwanen n temɛemmert.
Dɣa, deg lawan-nni i yebda leqdic deg yiwet n tejmaɛt n umussu aɣelnaw, yeṭṭafaren timɛemmert taɛidliwt. 
Deg useggas n 1948, yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Zzeytuna deg Tunes tamaneɣt. Dɣa dinna, yettekka deg lagriv i xedmen inelmaden n Zzeytuna ɣef tɣuri, asmi qqimen 48 n timar (swayeɛ) ur ččin, i wakken ad seggmen anagraw (système) n uselmed.

Ssi Sliman ameɣnas: Yebda leqdic ɣef zik deg wannar asertan. Asmi yella yakan deg temɛemmert n Yeḥya Aɛidli, deg useggas n 1946, yekcem ɣer yiwet n tejmaɛt tabaḍnit  yeṭṭafaren Akabbar n Weɣref Azzayri (PPA). Ssi Sliman yeqdec deg-s s wul-is, yesban-d iman-is d argaz bu tissas, yesɛan iseɣ (nnif).  
Asmi kfan taɣuri deg temɛemmert, netta akked yemdukal-is rzan ɣer Tunes i wakken ad snernin tamusni-nsen, dacu kan ur ttun ara daɣen amennuɣ asertan deg Ukabbar n Weɣref Azzayri.

Asmi d-yuɣal seg Tunes, yebda axeddim deg taddart-is. Ixeddem d ccix n lǧameɛ yerna yesselmad lwacul. Akken daɣen i yesɣaray at Taddart deg ddin akked tsertit, yessefham-asen-d timsal. Dacu kan, lḥif n twacult-is d lqella ideg tettidir tmurt demmren-t akken ad yinig ɣer tmurt n Fransa. Meɛna, sseba n rrwaḥ-is ahat mačči d annect-a. Tidet yiwen ur tt-yeẓri.
Agrawli (amǧahed) Ɛabid Ɛumar, win iwumi ssawalen Muḥend Ameẓyan, yesɛan legrad n Sirǧan, yenna-d aya: “Ssi Sliman ssulin-t srid deg legrad, wer (mebla) ma iɛedda-d ɣef tseddarin nniḍen, acku yella yakan d ameɣnas i iqeddcen ngum (uqbel) tagrawla. 

Ssi Sliman yuli ɣer wedrar deg useggas n 1956, aseggas ideg d-nuɣal si Fransa, nekk, netta akked Malek Ɛabid.  Nekcem-d kan, nemlal d Lkumundu Ssi Ḥmimi deg taddart n At Xyar. Imi liḥala n wedrar tuɛer cwiṭ, Ssi Ḥmimi yeqbel imir-nni yakan ad yeṭṭef yid-s Ssi Sliman, yufa-t d bab n tmusni, yessen i tsertit. Ma d nekk, yeǧǧa-yi i wass nniḍen. Seg wass-nni, Ssi Sliman yuɣal d imḍebber asertan deg Tama tis-rebɛa n temnaṭ tamezwarut, i d-yeṭṭfen seg At Wertiran ar Xerraṭa. Yeqqim deg-s sin iseggasen, seg 1956, aseggas n walluy-is ar wedrar, ar 1958 aseggas ideg yuɣal d imḍebber deg Tama tis-rebɛa, s legrad Ddaw-Lyuṭna, seddaw Ɛumer Aḥafṭi, i mazal yeddren akka tura. 

Deg useggas 1958, ibeddel ɣer tama tis-tlata anda yuɣal d aqerruy ɣef iǧundiyen yakk n Tama tis-tlata akked tis-rebɛa. D netta i ten-yettawin ɣer imukan yelhan i ṭṭrad”. Ikemmel ugrawli deg awal-is ɣef ssi Sliman, yenna: “Cfiɣ mlaleɣ-t-id yiwet tikkelt deg taddart n At Jɛad, yessuter-d deg-i ad t-sɛafeɣ, nniɣ-as ulamek, acku fkan-iyi-d lxedma, yessefk ad tt-kemmleɣ. Netta yenna-yi-d belli ɣur-s lamer ad d-yejmeɛ yakk iǧundiyen akken ad ten-yessufeɣ seg Tama tis-tlata, imi sya d asawen ad tiwɛir nezzeh tegnit fell-aɣ. Syinna yesteqsa-yi-d anda i tedduɣ i wakken ad yi-d-yaru ttesriḥ. Imi s-nniɣ anda, yefka-yi-d lkaɣeḍ n uɛeddi”.
Ma d Dduktur Yeḥya Buɛziz deg udlis-is “Lɛerc n At Ǧeɛfer, Amezruy akked Tɣerma”, deg usebter wis 231, iwekked-d belli Ssi Sliman rran-t ccifan n Twilayt tis-tlata d imḍebber n Temnaṭ, yeṭṭef tlata n Tamiwin: tis-tlata, tis-rebɛa akked tis-xemsa. Aya ilmend n termi-ines (tteǧruba) deg wannar, tiḥirci-ines akked leḥmala-ines i lxedma. Wameg, mačči menwala kan ad yeṭṭef Tamiwin-a, aladɣa deg tallit-nni ideg qerriḥet teswiɛt.

ra seg ṭṭradat n Ssi Sliman: Yeḍra yiwen n ṭṭrad deg useggas 1959, deg leḥriṣ-nni n Jiniral Cal. Tella terbaɛt n Ssi Sliman deg Butwab, ma d tin n Seddiq n At Ɛli deg taddart n Tensawt. Deg yiwen n wakud (lweqt), kkren sin imenɣiyen, yiwen deg Tensawt, wayeḍ deg Butwab, seddaw tecḍaṭ n Ssi Sliman.  Yeḥka-d Ssi Muḥend Ameẓyan aya: “Deg ṭṭraḍ-nni, Ssi Sliman yettwaǧreḥ nezzeh deg uḍar-is ayeffus. Ruḥeɣ wwiɣ-t-id seg Butwab ɣer taddart n Tuddar, ɣer ugrawli Lḥaǧ Meḥmud Dulbar, win i sen-tt-yessnen i lbumbat. Dɣa, yeqqim dinna Ssi Sliman ass d akemmali. Syinna, tewwi-t terbaɛt n Ɛemmi Rrabiɛ seg At Ɛebbas ar Umalu, i wakken ad idawi ɣer tegrawlit Yamina Umalu, tameṭṭut n Lbacir Celliq. 

Yeqqim dinna almi d asmi yeḥla yakk. Syinna yuɣal-d ɣer terbaɛt-is i wakken ad ikemmel imenɣi d umnekcam arumi. Ssi Sliman yella ur yesserkad ara iman-is alma yekfa ṭṭrad akken yessefk. Yerna, d netta i yettɛassan ɣef iǧundiyen-is, mačči d iǧundiyen-is i yettɛassan fell-as. Akka i yeqqim almi i yemmut.
Ameɣras iwumi d-iqebbel Rebbi ddeɛwat-is: Yeḥka-d ugrawli Lḥaǧ Muḥend Akli, n Udrar n Sidi Yidir, yiwet n temɛayt tameẓaynt meɛna s wazal meqqren, teḍra-yas i Ssi Sliman imi yella deg yiwen n ṭṭrad ideg ten-ɣelben irumiyen. Imi yeḥḥulfa s twaɣit ara yeḍrun i yiǧundiyen-is, yerfed ifassen-is ɣer igenni, yenna i Rebbi “ma yella d tidet aql-ik ɣer yidis n yigrawliyen, sken-aɣ-d lberhan-ik”. D lewhayem, ur ɛeddant ara kra n tmercin (ddqayeq), agut iɣumm-d yakk adrar. Syinna ṭṭfen-as-tt d tarewla, menɛen-d seg lmut ur nreḥḥem. Tadyant-a imir-nni tettwassen nezzeh s yisem n Timeɣrest d Yiseɣ. 

Yenna-d daɣen ugrawli Ɛellawa Seɛdawi “Ssi Sliman yella deg Tama tis-xemsa aked tis-tlata anda i d-yessuget weɛdaw arumi tiyitiwin-is. I wakken ur ttwaṭṭafen ara netta d iǧundiyen-is, Ssi Sliman yesseqdec aṭas n leɛfayes n trewla i wakken yelḥu gar tamiwin-a.
Dɣa, sebba n temlilit-iw yid-s d lamer i ɣ-d-yettunefken i wakken ad d-ruḥeɣ seg Tama tis-tlata ar Tama tis-xemsa. Imi d-newweḍ ɣer Butwab, ssneɣ-d Lyuṭna Ssi Sliman. Cfiɣ yiwen wass, asmi nella deg taddart n Tuffirt, anda qqimen waṭas n yimḍebbren d iǧundiyen n Tama tis-tlata d tis-xemsa, deg-sen Ccix Yusef Ayeɛlawi, Seddiq Umeḥfi, Ssi Sliman, Yedris Axyari akked Ssi Lbacir. Neṭṭef deg rebɛa yid-neɣ taɛessast deg yiwet tiɣilt iwumi semman Tasra. Ɣef lewhi n rrebɛa n ssbeḥ, nesla i yimesli (ṣṣut) n licarat d ikamyunen n lɛesker, usan-d seg Ilmayen, teddun ɣer Tmuqra, Tuffirt akked Bicer. Imi msefhamen yimḍebbren amek ara xedmen, fkan-aɣ-d lamer ad nerr ɣer At Ǧeɛfer, imi amkan-nni ur isemmeḥ ara ad newwet deg-s arumi, aladɣa imi nutni deg waṭas yid-sen. Ass-nni, d lemziya iḥḥun-aɣ Rebbi kan, nexser anager (ala) rebɛa n yergazen. Kra n wussan kan akka ar deqqal, nekcem ɣer Butwab, neqqim deg-s tlata n wussan. Cfiɣ daɣen ɣef yiwet n tikelt, nekcem-d ɣer taddart n Butwab, yellan d tamnaṭ yettwagedlen (Zone interdite), ulac deg-s yakk imezdaɣ, nensa iḍ dinna. 
Ɣef lewhi n rebɛa neɣ lxemsa n ssbeḥ, ffɣen azal n 05 iǧundiyen akken ad sfeqden ma yella kra. Yiwen deg yiǧundiyen-nni nessawal-as Musṭac, n At Wertilan. Dɣa, tekker gar-asen d irumiyen. Imi nesla i uḥlalas yeṭṭerḍeq, nfaq belli yella wi ɣ-yessezen. Ṭṭrad imir-nni yuɣal meqqer. Amenzu i yeɣlin deg wannar n yiseɣ d ameɣras Ḥsen n Wasif Lmersa. 
Ar deqqal, neẓra belli ula d Ssi Sliman, Seddiq Umeḥfi akked Ṭaher Cawec Ɛli, amaray n Ssi Sliman, wwḍen leɛfu n Rebbi. Amḍiq umqit ideg ɣlin isem-is Bufenzar. I usmekti, Ssi Sliman yenna-yaɣ-d ilaq ad nerwel ɣer tiɣilt ɛlayen yakk i wakken ad neslek seg twaɣit, meɛna Seddiq Umeḥfi yugi, tesseɣleḍ-it tignewt ixesren ass-nni. Yefka-yaɣ-d lamer i wakken ad nerr ɣer wedrar Umizar. Imi newweḍ ɣer dinna, aɣemɣum yessa-d ddunit, afus-ik ur ttɛeqqleḍ ara, yerna nesla i lheffa n lɛesker. Imi d-nuɣal ɣer Butwab akken ad sen-nini i yimḍebbren d acu i nesla, yerra-yaɣ-d Seddiq Umeḥfi belli ayen nesla mačči d lheffa n lɛesker meɛna d tin n yilfan. Imi d-yeflali yiṭij, nufa belli lɛesker yeṭṭef yakan tiɣaltin yakk i ɣ-d-yezzin. Cfiɣ ass-nni, nwala sdat-neɣ amek d-ṭṭfen s ufus Lexḍer Makur, imi akken yeffeɣ ad isebbel iman-is, dacu kan tameẓyant-is texdeɛ-it, tettwaɣ, ur tekkat ara. Imi nwala belli lɛesker yeḥreṣ-aɣ-d nezzeh s tɣaltin ufella, neɛreḍ ad nerwel ɣer tama nniḍen. Ssi Sliman yella yeddem rradyu Philips. Tezzi-d fell-aɣ llavyu, tessefqad. Yewwet-itt Seddiq Umeḥfi s rrṣaṣ, terwel. Umbɛed, teqqel-d i tikelt nniḍen, tewwet-d Seddiq Umeḥfi tḍegger-it, yemmut menṭeq. Ɛerḍeɣ ad d-jemɛeɣ tamekḥelt-is, tewwet-iyi-d, dɣa yeɣli-yi sslaḥ-iw ula d nekk. Taswiɛt ass-nni teḥreṣ nezzeh. Ɣliɣ-d gar sin idisan n lɛesker, sliɣ i tiyitiwin n Ssi Sliman s tmekḥelt-is tamarikanit. Imḍebber arumi, ifaq belli tiyitiwin-a kkant-d sɣur yiwen seg yimḍebbren igrawliyen, dɣa yenna-yasen i yiǧundiyen-is ad d-zzin tixenfiyac-nsen ɣer Ssi Sliman. Awah mačči d tiyitiwin n Ssi Sliman tili ur yi-d-tufim ara assa gar-awen. Aya yesbanay-d amek Ssi Sliman, imḍebber, yettɛassa ɣef iǧundiyen-is.”

Ameɣras Ssi Sliman, asmi tefra tegrawla, semman ɣef yisem-is Tasnawit Buqider Sliman deg At Wemɛuc, Tawilayt n Bgayet. Akken daɣen i d-teffeɣ s yisem-is yiwet n terbaɛt n yinelmaden n uɣerbaz aserdas n Tici. Aya d drus kan n lxir i yuklal.
Ad yessers iɣessan-is deg talwit.
Tudert n lebda d yiseɣ i yakk imeɣrasen, yal yiwen s yisem-is.




#Article 228: Agerram Augustin (Saint Augustin) (771 words)


Ilul ugurram Augustin (Aurelius Augustinus s tlatint, Saint Augustin s tefṛansist,  di Taggast ass n 13 Wamber 354 (deffir n Ɛisa), yeǧǧa-yaɣ ass n 28 ɣuct 430 di temdint n Hippone (Ɛennaba). Yella d amesnagay, amaru, amasnakuc; baba-s d yemma-s d imaziɣen, maca baba-s yeṛṛummen (yuɣal d amdan aṛumi), ma d yemma-s ur teṛṛummen ara (teqqim d tamdant tamaziɣt) qqaṛen-as: sainte monique.

Yella d yiwen si kuz ibabaten n taknisa talatinit akked saint Amboise, saint Jérome Grégoire amezwaru I, daɣen d yiwen ger 33 n imejjayen (ṭebbat) n taknisa. Yettfuggul ass n 28 ɣuct n yal aseggas sɣur ikaṭulikiyen, ass n 15 yunyu sɣur urṭuduksiyen. Am umesnagay yugmed aṭas n tmussni sɣur Platon maca Augustin d amasiḥi daɣen, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yagwi kra n tmeḍriwin n Platon neɣ n Plotin am tin i d-yennan d-akken Akuc ur d-yesnulfa ara amḍal s umaɣzal, ayagi ur imsadan ara d wayen id-enna tisreḍt tamasiḥit akked tudayt.

Tinṭelt-is tezga-d di Pavie. Deffir Saint Paul; Saint Augustin d udem ameqqṛan n tisreḍt tamasiḥit, yettwannen (yettwaɣer) s waṭas di tallit nni n wemdur alemmas Moyen Age.

Ala netta deg babaten n taknisa i d-yeǧǧan anagraw n tesnezgimt i wumi neqqaṛ augustinisme. Tazrirt ines tḥuza ammur ameqqṛan n yimasnakucen n tallit n wemdur alemmas Moyen Age d wid n tura.

Augustin i wennened (ḥkad) temẓ-is di tmelkitin ines confessions.
Mi d-ilul Augustin, tamdint n Tagast di Numidia (ass-agi Suq-Ahṛas, Ldzayer) tellad seg 300 iseggasen, maci d tahrest, maca d tamdint n tefriqt taṛumit yesɛan timanit seg azal n snat timiḍa (200 isegwasen), tettekka ɣer temnaṭ n Numidia. Tamdint n Tagast tezga-d ɣef 90 agimkat seg illel d 600 isarakaten n ajagal.

Baba-s n Augustin, Amaziɣ aṛumi, d amdan aṛumi amgetyakuc umi qqaren Patrisius, ur yeɣri ara, tameṭṭut-is Monik d Tamaziɣt tamasiḥit, terra argaz-is daɣen d amasiḥi di tagara n tudert ines, yerna tezga tettnaḍaḥ iwakken Augustin ad yuɣal d amasiḥi.

Augustin yesɛa sin watmaten, weltma-s d gma-s umi qqaren Navigius, tutlayt nsen tayemmatt d talatinit, ɣas akken Augustin isbuduy iman-is am akken d amaru aqaeṭaji. maca ur neẓri yara ma yella kra yemmeslay tutlayin nniḍen n tefriqt ugafa, idels ines d alatini, yella d anelmad izewren s waṭas, maca yewɛer daɣen yerna i ksen teneɣrit, ittagwad tafgert d umennuɣ n yiselmaden.

Taɣara s wayes ad yali taserkemt d tin n tazrawt, baba-s ismun tadrimt iwakken ad ɣṛen warraw-is, Augustin ad yeffeɣ d abugaṭu, yeɣṛa di tazwara di Madaure (assagi M'dawruc, ldzayer) aked iselmaden amgetakucen, ɣuṛ-s 15 iseggasen mi bdant tezrawtin ɣef tkatut, etc
ayen fayeg i d-yewwet deg adlis ines Timelkitin:(Confessions).

Baba-s ixuṣ tadrimt, Augustin yuɣal-d s axxam ar twacult-is, ɣur-s 16 iseggasen. Di tallit-nni yeddukel akked yiwet n tarbaɛt ur imaɛnen ara, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yaker tifiras yiwen yiḍ, yuker maci acku yella deg assar neɣ yelluẓ, maca s tadfi kan iwakken ad igned.

Augustin yella ttikli ad iṣṣaweḍ 17 isegwasen, m-is yessegfer baba-s ayen s wacu ad yeɣlel tizrawtin ines di temdint n Qarṭaj, yeḥka-d dakken anezwu n temdint agi n tefriqt ugafa d-aḥmayan s tidefyin n tayri d umezgun.

Ad nar tamawt kan, ɣef awalen icebḥen i yesseqdac Augustin deg uɣanib ḥemlen iṛumyen n tefriqt ugafa, yesseqdac-iten akken iwata, yerna yetturar yissen, amakken nezmer ad nwali deg tefyirt agi : « Nondum amabam sed amare amabam et secretiore indigentia oderam me minus indigentem. »

Timezri agi ɣef tmeddurt-is, tskanayed yiwen uzaraf aluɣan sɣur amdan amengaḍ ɣef tiklisent tanubit n wayeḍ.

Yessen di temẓ-is tameṭṭut ukud yidir 14 isegwasen, yesɛa yid-s aqcic (Adéodat 'Adiyudat'), ur neẓri acemma fell-as, ula d ismis, ahat tella tamasiḥit ma nwala isem n mmit-sen

Adéodat 'Adiyudat' yesɛan anamek n Ayakuc.

Di Ṛṛum, Augustin yesɣeṛ inelmaden Tasnukyest (La rhétorique).
aseggas n 384, iṛuḥ ɣer Milan, iceyyɛ-at Quintus Aurelius Symmaque i yellan yesseḥbibir fellas.

Di Milan imirenni, llan ttḥuffun ɣef uselmad n tesnukyest, Symmaque yessen azal n Augustin, icegɛat. Dinna, Augustin ixuleḍ aṭas imedyazen, imesnagayen (wid izraren sɣur Platon). yemmas tḍedrit-id att idir yides. 
Yemmugred Saint Amboise n Milan uɣur yelmed aṭas, izrar fellas ayen-din, acu it yeǧǧan ad yeǧǧ tamananit u ad yeḍfer Tamasiḥit akken iwata, dɣa yebɣa ad yezweǧ (tahel) d yiwet tqcict tamaṛkantit, maca ilaq-as ad yarǧu sin isegwasen acku mazal-itt mecṭuḥet, yeǧǧa tameṭṭut nni ukud yella yettidir azal n 15 isegwasen, m-ad netta skud urɛad yezwiǧ yebwid tayeḍ.

Siserun/Cicéron ;
Adlis n tmasiḥit Bible, tasuqilt sɣur saint Cyprien n Carthage aked saint Ambroise n Milan ;
Tamennanit/Manichéisme ;
Platon sɣur Siserun/Cicéron ;
Néoplatonisme n Plotin akked Porphyre.

Tasnegzimt n ugurrum Augustin tbed ɣef tmeḍranin timedran id iteddun:

Taflest, liman.
Tayri, an ẓer d akken Augustin yebḍa ger tayri n timmad-it d win n akuc.
Anefray illeli.
Taɣszint




#Article 229: Masin U Harun (249 words)


Masin u Harun, isem-is unṣib Mohamed Harun, yella d yiwen n imeɣnasen imezwura ɣef tamentilt n Imaziɣen deg Lezzayer. Ilul-d ass 13 yebrir 1949 deg Tifrit, Aqbu (Bgayet). Yemmut ass 22 mayyu 1996.

Ilul-d ass 13 n yebrir di Tifrit, taɣiwant n Aqbu di agezdu n Bgayet. Baba-s, taselfest-is : Sergent Tahar, i llan d afesyan n Taslullit Taγelnawt (ALN) yemmut di amennuɣ deg 1958. Yemma-s tella d tasakrart asmi tella ṭrad n lezzayer, ttawi učči i iserdasen. Temmut di tamedrit n webrid asmi tṛuh ad tẓeṛ mmi-s (Masin) di lḥebs aseggas n 1976.

Yebdu amennuɣ-is (tazwara d amennuɣ n tamagit) am ccix n aɣerbaz di tasenawit n Tadelles (Dellys). Dinna,yeɛreḍ ad immeslay inelmaden ɣef tamentilt n Imaziɣen. Imadhalen (iselmaden iberraniyen) imaṣriyen nnejmaɛen iwakken ad creḍen tasuffeɣit-is seg tasenawit.

Sakin, s Smaɛil Meǧeber akked imeɣnasen nniḍen, ittekki i tuffɣa n tisɣuntin Iṭij d Taftilt s tutlayt tamaziɣt. Imeɣnasen i tweṭṭefen s tisɣuntin agi, Agezdu n Umel d Taɣlist (DRS) atni ccegaɛ ar lḥebs. Lameɛna ur ṭṭinezen ara iɣilen axatar, ciṭ ussan i iɛeddan, sekkeren-d Tuddsa n Tizmerin Timaziɣin (OFB) d tasɣunt Atmaten ig qqenen s tuddsa nni. Segmi, Masin U Harun d-imdukkal-is sɣeren amennuɣ nsen.

Ass 3 n yennayer 1976, tafezwayt ṭṭeṛḍeqed g-uxxam n-uɣmis El Moudjahid tayeḍ deg axxam uṣaḍuf n userdas di Cirta. Ḥusin Cradi d Masin U Harun i sersen tifezwaytin nni. Tafezwayt nniḍen telaq at ṭṭeṛḍeqed deg axxam uṣaḍuf n userdas di Wahran, lamaɛna Agezdu n Umel d Taɣlist yeṭṭef Smaɛil Meǧeber uqvel ad yexdem tiluf-as.




#Article 230: Iɣil n teryel (312 words)


Iɣil n teryel (neɣ Aṣqif n Ṭmana neɣ Ɛin lḥemmam)  d tamdint n twilayt n Tizi Wezzu di Tmurt n Leqbayel, tella ar 45 km deg unẓul agmuḍ n Tizi Wezzu d 95 km ar ugafa agmuḍ n Tubiret.

Taɣiwant n Aṣqif n Ṭmana tella deg anẓul-agmuḍ n twilayat n tizi wezzu. Tebɛuẓẓel ɣef akal aqdim n lɛeṛc n At Mengellat.

Tamdint tella ɣef udem ugafa n Ǧerǧer, ar 1080 lmitra n awrir. Tudrin n taɣiwant n Aṣqif n Ṭmana vnan ɣef abeṛdi n udrar, alamma 1800 lmitra n awrir.

Di tagazma tadeblant n 1984, taɣiwant n Aṣqif n Ṭmana tesɛa tudrin agi :

Tamdint tamecṭuḥt tamsedrart, i vnan Iṛumiyen deg 1881, semman-as Michelet d tajmilt af amazray aṛumi Jules Michelet. 

Asmi d-yussa azarug n tmurt n lezzayer, semman-as Ain El Hammam iwakken ad kemmelen asenfaṛ n tasɛurrebt n isemawen n imḍiqen. Imil, imdanen t-kemmelen as semman i tamdint agi Michelet neɣ Michli neɣ Michyi. 

Zikenni Michelet yella d amḍiq-aɣella n tɣiwant n Ǧerǧer i tevna tadbelt tamehrsant iwakken at sefrek tilufa tidbeltin d tiserdasin n tamnaṭ. Asqif n-Ṭmana d-isem aqdim n takcemt tagafat n tamdint (Taxlijt taqdimt n At sidi Sɛid d timeqbeṛt anda yemḍel amedyaz aqvayli Si Muḥ U Mḥend.

Di zik, tamdint agi tela d-amḍiq anda yella agduz n At Mengellat yal ddurt, semman-as zik Ttlata At Mengellat (Aram n At Menguellat). Kra d issegwasen sakin, tamdint t rmes agduz n At Yeḥya ig llan, zikenni, yal asiḍyas ar 3 km seg dinna, ar tama n At Hicem, ar amḍiq i yella tura amḍiq-aɣella n taɣiwant n At Yeḥya.

Taɣiwant n Aṣqif n Ṭmana tesɛa sviṭaṛ, akumisaria, tamsetla, snat tisenawitin, lbuṣṭa, leḥkma d 14 iɣerbazen.

Taɣiwant tesɛa tisellit i aẓeṭṭa n tiṛakniwin..

Taɣiwant n Micyi teffkad daɣen yiwen wergaz mucaɛen aṭṭas aṭṭas deg tzuri : Dda Qasi Abudrar. D adebal ameqqran, yeskren aḥdum n tmeɣriwin deg segwassen n 70-80.




#Article 231: Tagemmunt Ɛezzuz (368 words)


Tagemmunt Ɛezzuz, d taddart i d-yuzgan di tmurt n leqbayel tamdint n Tizi Wezzu, d nettat i d adeg-aɣella n tɣiwant n At Maḥmud.

Tezga-d Tgemmunt Ɛezzuz deg tiɣilt yesɛan kṛaḍ idisan, anda taqacuct tella af 805 m.

Taddart agi d yiwet ger tuddar timeqqṛanin i d-yuzgan deg iɣallen ger izuɣaṛ n Tizi Wezzu d wid Iwaḍiyen. Di taggara n timiḍi tis 19, llan azal n 1300 imdanen di Tagemmunt Ɛezzuz akken i d-yenna mass Henri Genevois deg udlis is Un village kabyle Taguemount Azouz ...  kter n wayen yellan di temdint n Tizi wezzu di lawan-nni. Aseggas n 1967 llan kan azal n 1650 yemdanen. 

Abrid seg anda ad tkecmeḍ ɣer Tgemmunt Ɛezzuz d win i d-ibdan seg Akal Aberkan di Larebɛa n At Dwala, RN 30/Avrid Aɣelnaw wis 30, d win yettawin daɣen ar Tizi Hibel d Tawrirt Musa Waɛmar.

Tezziyazd i Tgemmunt Ɛezzuz seg ugafa, Tawrirt Musa Waɛmar, seg unẓul-agmuḍ, Agni Ɛrus d Tizi Hibel, seg unẓul, Iwaḍiyen, seg Umalu, taddart Icardiwen, seg ugafa-umalu, taɣiwant n At Dwala, taddart n At Bu Yeḥya d Timegnunin.

M'akken teɣli Tmurt n leqbayel zdat udabu afṛansi (1857 - 1871), taneggarut agi, tesnulfa-d ayen umi neqqaṛ di lawan nni Les bureaux Arabes. wigi iwakken ad beddlen yark ismawen n twaculin iqbayliyen dɣa ad naf tiwaculin n tagemmunt ɛezzuz am tidak n tuddar nniḍen bḍan-t yark d ticriḥin:

Tajmayt n At Cemlul, zik-nni tella d tabburt n taddart, deg-s imɣaren sɛeddayen tigdi n ukud-nsen tqeṣṣiren gar-asen, daɣen ḍemnen taɣlist n taddart, deg unẓul n tejmayt n At Cemlul tella tin umi neqqar tajmayt n wadda.

Deg iseggasen 70', aman d trisiti kecmen-d taddart, Tagemmunt tebda tettimɣur, ixxamen n zik, ǧǧan amḍiq i lebni amaynut, imdanen ssaramen tudert tatrart, tikariyas, ikamyunen d ixxamen ɣef leryuf iberdan ttwakfḍen, annecta d-ayen iǧǧan ad yeḍru usefli axatar di tudert n yemdanen, di tudert n zik-nni s umaẓlay di tudert n tilawin Tgemmunt Ɛezzuz.

Tizi Asker neɣ Tizi n laṣkar, d amekkan yettwasnen aṭas di taddart acku dinna i tt-nejmaɛen irgazen taddart yal ass, ma nuɣal-d ɣer y isem Tizi Asker, yella-d si zman n Fṛansa, aladɣa di lawan-nni mi tella Fṛansa deg akal n tumrt n leqbayel, ssuffuɣen-d lɣaci ɣer Tizi, iwakken at ...




#Article 232: At Yeḥya (105 words)


At Yeḥya d taɣiwant di Tmurt n Leqbayel, deg ugezdu n Tizi-Uzzu. Tella ar 47 km deg unẓul-agmuḍ n Tizi-Uzzu, ar 33 km deg unẓul n Iɛeẓẓugen dɣa ar 4 km deg ugafa-agmuḍ n Aṣqif n Ṭmana. Amḍiq-aɣella n taɣiwant agi, d taddart n At Hicem. 

At Yeḥya tuɣal deg useggas n 1984 ɣer da d yiwet n tɣiwant ger 67 n tɣiwnin i tesɛa Tizi-Uzzu.

Taɣiwant n At Yeḥya tettwazger s ubrid aɣelnaw AA 71, i teddeden Iɛeẓẓugen d Aṣqif n Ṭmana dɣa s ubrid agezdan CW 150, i teddeden abrid aɣelnaw AA 12 d ubrid aɣelnaw AA 71 seg Caɛyeb ar At Hicem.




#Article 233: Photoshop (336 words)


Photoshop d aseɣẓan n ubeddel d useqdec n tugniwin, d wunuɣ yullen s uselkim (DAO) i d-yeẓreg Adobe. Yettwaseqdac s waṭas i usker n tfarut tumḍint, maca daɣen i usuffaɣ n tugniwin timaynutin.

Photoshop d aseɣẓan i yesseqdacen tugniwin tusriwin (Bitmap) acku tugniwin-agi gant am iẓiki n irden iwumi neqqar Pixel: aferdis n tugna.

Photoshop yuɣal yesɛa azal ameqqṛan ger isenselkimen acku yesɛa aṭas n testayin tinezmarin, ifecka udlifen lɛali, tura iɣerbazen yesselmaden aseqdec n useɣẓan n photoshop ufrarend s waṭas, gar-asen iɣerbazen imeqqṛanen, asuday n Les Beaux Arts d tifurra n merru.

Adobe tesnefli aseɣẓan photoshop i Microsoft Windows d Mac OS kan, maca lqem CS4 yezmer ad yettuselkem di Linux s Wine.

Aseggas n 1987, Thomas Knoll aselmad di tseddawit n Micigan yebda yettaru yiwen wahil iwakken ad ibeqqeḍ tugniwin s yiswiren n tkaẓaṭ ɣef ugdil ammaɣay. Isemma-yas Display, ahil-agi d win i d-ijebden tawnafit n gmas John Knoll, yellan d axeddam di Industrial Light  Magic. Yenna-yas John ad yexdem amaẓrag n tugniwin ummid.  T.Knoll yewwi-d dɣa sed wayyuren si lxedma iwakken netta d gmas ad qedcen ɣef wahil agi, i wumi i isemma imagepro, di taggara n useggas-nni  T.Knoll ibeddel-as isem i wahil ɣer Photoshop. Sinna kin yemlal akked umɣaraf n scanners Barneyscan iwakken ad isedger ineɣlan. 200 ineɣlan ttwasdegren akked scanners Barneyscan di tazwara.

Di twala agi, John Knoll iṛuḥ ar Silicon Valley iwakken ad isnat ahil-ines i Apple akked Russell Brown: anemhal n Adobe, i sin yid-sen iɛeǧb-asen wahil agi s waṭas, dɣa di Cutember 1988 Adobe teɣtes ad taɣ turagt iwakken ad tsegder ahil agi, J.Knoll yerna yeqdec ɣef wayen umi neqqaṛ plug-in ma d  T.Knoll yeqqim di Ann Arbor yettṛaǧu targalt taɣbalut. Akka di 1990 Photoshop 1.0 yeffeɣ-d i tikkelt tamezwarut.

Photoshop yesɛa amasal n ufaylu n yiman-is (Asiɣzef: psd) ayen i ɣ-yettaǧǧan ad neḥrez ticriḥin n usenfar i d-iselɣen tugna iwakken ad twasqedcent subrez. Ahil yettaǧǧa daɣan aseqdac ad ikter u ad isifeḍ ifuyla tugniwin deg imusal yettwasnen s waṭas am (Asiɣzef : gif, jpg, tif, png, etc.).




#Article 234: Tasnisnit Tamatut n Ugaraw (205 words)


Tasnisnit Tamatut n Ugaraw (English : general circulation of the ocean, neɣ, Thermohaline circulation) d tasnisnit n waman n ugaraw n uamaḍal. Tikli agi n waman, tagel ɣer (depend) taẓɣelt yuk d tisent (salinity) n waman, d ayen umi neqqar taneẓẓi n waman (density). Di tasmuḍi n ugafa (north) d wanẓul (south) n umaḍal, aman ttismiḍen, ttubbun ar lqaɛ n ugaraw. Aman agi leḥḥun si ddaw n ugaraw n ufella. Aman agi s immal leḥḥun, s imal trennu teẓɣelt nsen. Dɣa ttalind ar tajumma (surface) n ugaraw, akken ad zzin tikelt nniden ar ugafa d unẓul n umaḍal. Tiqit n waman t-tezzid ar s amḍiq ines amenzu, ilas-as tamudi 2 000 iseggwasen.

Snat n tɣawsiwin id imasayen af tikli yagi n waman : Taẓɣelt, yuk d Tisent. Acku taneẓẓi tagel ɣer-sent. Ma ternu tazɣelt neɣ tisent (am deg gafa yuk d unẓul n umaḍal), trennu taneẓẓi. Ay agi, yeẓẓaẓay aman. Ɣef ayen-nni, iɣellin waman ar lqaɛ n ugaraw. Ma at ader tazɣelt yuk d tisent, tettader taneẓẓi, dɣa ttifsusen waman, ttalin-d ar tajumma n ugaraw.

Tikli yagi n waman nefɛent tagnawt, acku tettawi lḥamu seg tiɣwezza i yeḥman (tropic) ar ṭṭeṛf n umaḍal (poles). Yuk tettawi tasmuḍi si ṭṭeṛf n umaḍal ar tiɣwezza i yeḥman.




#Article 235: Adobe After Effects (357 words)


After Effects d aseɣẓan n usudes i d-yeẓreg Adobe. Yettaǧǧa aseqdac ad ismentel (créer) isemda imeẓliyen d imrayen udlifen i yal tannalt seg yal tawsit taɣbalut. Tẓa ileqman i d-yeffɣen seg-s ar assa, taneggarut seg-sent d Adobe After Effects CS5.5 v11.5.

After Effects d aseɣẓan n usudes d isemda uwali i yellan d amenzu seg imrayen udlifen deg  uselkim n wemdan. Amecwaṛ yebda deg yiwet n tmetti tamecṭuḥt iwumi qqaṛen CoSA (The Company of Science and Art) id yuzgan di Providence addad n Rhode Island. seg asmi id sneflin aseɣẓan PACo (PICS Animation Compiler) Dave Herbstman, Dave Simmons d Dan Wilk bdan di tneflit n Egg i d-yefkan di taggara After Effects yennayer useggas 1993 i smahin di MacWorld (Boston).

iswi n useɣẓan agi d asmentel n imrayen i tiliẓṛi (tilivizyu) d ssinima deg  uselkim n wemdan. Di tawala (lawan) nni tifrat n usekker umḍin n tugna deg umḍiq imusnawen, sseqdacen arrumen yettwaxedmen iwayagi kan, yarna d-wid ɣlayen s waṭas d wid yesɛan ferru usviḍ. COSA tebwid tifrat: aseɣẓan agetferru n usekker uvidyu, ileḥḥu ɣef Windows d Mac.

Tuggdiwin deg uswir n imusal twakecma d twafɣa llant ttwajemqent ala si tnezmart tmacint d tmeska n : RAM (Random Access Memory). Aseɣẓan agi uɣent wa deffir wa Aldus Corporation, sinna Adobe Systems Inc. Tura After effects ittesdiwin yark aked wahilen n tseddart Adobe Creative Suite.

After Effects yesseqdac asegraw n usemnenni n iswiren iwakken ad yessuffeɣ asudes amray si tugniwin timeẓliyin. Ad naf ayagi daɣen deg aṭas iseɣẓan yecban After Effects, amakken yella di Photoshop maca After Effects yefka i useqdac tazemert ad ibeddel iswiren deg akud, yerna s weskar ur nessengar. Neqqaṛ-as ur nessengar acku afaylu n usenfaṛ di After Effects yesɛa ala tilɣa n usekker aɣbalu. Iwakken ad isiḍen amray ttagara, ilaq ad nesɛu si tama asenfaṛ n After Effects, si tama nniḍen tiɣbula tizedganin (tugniwin tusbiḍin, avidyu). Nezmer daɣen ad nexdem imrayen srid si After Effects mebla tiɣbula di tazwara. Ayakken yebɣu yella, m'ad tseqdaceḍ aseɣẓan n After Effects iwakken ad txedmeḍ amray ilaq ad tɛeddiḍ seg umecwaṛ n usiḍen yesɛan tazdagt tamattayt ittdukulen aked uxnaz n usenfaṛ.

Ifecka igejdayen i d-isummer After Effects d:




#Article 236: Tamurt n Iqbayliyen Tameqqṛant (136 words)


Tamurt n Iqbayliyen Tameqqṛant d akal i wumi qqaren iqbayliyen iqburen Tamawya taqbaylit (neɣ Tamawya). Awrir-is i d timeẓlit si Tamurt n Iqbayliyen Tamectuḥt, ar unẓul-agmuḍ, dɣa si Tamurt n Iqbayliyen Takewssart, ar umalu, dɣa tebuẓẓel, seg ugafa ar unẓul, seg taftist n ugrakal armi d tiqacuctin n Ǧerǧer. Kraḍ igrawen n idurar tčuren iẓir is :

 
Akal n Tmurt n Iqbayliyen Tameqqṛant i ɣum ass-agi tanebdaḍt n Tizi Uzzu d uzgen n tin  n Tubiret, t-ernad ilmmasen n Lexḍareyya, Qadireyya, Tubiret, Ḥizar, Beclul d Imceddalen dɣa, et tesebded s Aɣbalu d Ccerfa af tama n tanebdaḍt n Bgayet. Tinfalyin « Tamurt n Iqbayliyen Taɛlayant » neɣ « Tamurt n Iqbayliyen n Ǧerǧer » llant seqdacent aṭas am umegdu n « Tamurt n Iqbayliyen Tameqqṛant », tikwal daɣen i tama i llan deg unẓul n Sebau.

 




#Article 237: Anavaḍ aqvayli uɛḍil (312 words)


TANAḌT N° GZM/2010/02/ASAN/05
Aselway n Unabaḍ aqbayli uɛḍil

d yiḍrisen-is imenzayen yellan d Asenfar n Timanit n Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen (PAK) d Urkawal n Yizerfan n Wegdud Aqbayli d Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen (CDK);

s uẓarisem-is Ferḥat At Sɛid, d aselway n Unabaḍ Aqbayli;

IGZEM ITT

Amagrad I : Yettwasbedd-ed Unabaḍ Aqbayli Uɛḍil deg yinig, di Lpari.

Amagrad II : Win i t-yessulin d Aselway n Unabaḍ.

Amagrad III : Iswi-s d aslali n teɣsar tunṣibin n Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen d ugenses-nnsent ɣer udem n tejmaɛt tagraɣlant.

Amagrad IV : Ad idum alamma yeḍṛa-d usteɛṛef unṣib yiss d usteɛṛef s Tmurt n Yiqbayliyen d agdud yakk d aɣlan sɣur n Uwanak azzayri.

Amagrad V : Amḍan n yiɛeggalen-is ur yerkid ara. Taluft-a terza tamuɣli n uselway-is ara yeṭṭfen ṛṛay s uciweṛ n tseqquma tinselkamin n Umussu n Tmanit n Tmurt n Yeqbayliyen (MAK).
Amagrad VI : Ɣef leḥsab n wakken yella umagrad V n tanaḍt-agi ya, yezmer uselway a d-yesseḍṛu ijeddilen iɣelfanen acemma icaweṛ tiseqquma tinselkamin n MAK.

Amagrad VII : Seg wass-a d tsawent, tanaḍt-a tegga leɛnaya.

Amagrad VIII : Tanaḍt-a a d-teffeɣ deg Weɣmis Unṣib n Unabaḍ.

Imugg ass n 31 Mayu 2010

Aselway n Unabaḍ, Ferḥat At Sɛid

Iswi n weɣmis unṣib n Unabaḍ Aqbayli Uɛḍil d asufeɣ s webrid n tira n tgezmin tunṣibin yettaṭṭaf Unabaḍ.
Tigezmin-a rzant : 

Aɣmis unṣib n Unabaḍ iteffeɣ-d s tutlayt taqbaylit d tutlayt tafṛansist.

Seld timlilit n Wegraw Amatu umussu n timanit di Fransa n wass 18/01/09, i deg d-yella umeslay ɣef wesnulfu n TKARḌA N TNEKKIT TAQBAYLIT. 

Seld asqerdec i d-iḍefren asarg n Mass Ferḥat At Sɛid, Aqerru umussu, ass n 12/09/2009 di Tmeɣra n Talsa di Lpari ɣef yismawen n Yeqbayliyen di tmurt-nsen.

Imi nefren a nerr tajmilt i yimezwura nneɣ u a nefk azal i yesmawen i deg ṭṭfen d igiman n iseggasen s yiwen uzamul yecvan takarda n tnekkit.




#Article 238: Tamurt n Ibaskiyen (185 words)


Tamurt Ibaskiyen tuzga-d ger snat n tmura: Fransa akk d Spenyul (Spanya). Imezdaɣ-is isem-nnsen Ibaskiyen. Tamaneɣt-is Bilbao.

Amezruy n tmurt n Ibaskiyen yella-d di tlisa n snat n temnaḍin 
U terna-d :

[*yuɣ lḥal, Ispenyuliyen yennuɣen mgal n Yinselmen di Spenyul, llan ttwalin Inselmen d Wuwdayen d ikefrriyen.]
Si 1876 d asawen, beddlen wid yellan di tserkam yeṭṭfen leḥkem : anekcum  n tmurt n Yibaskiyen s ulzuz (ssuq) akk d usaḍuf (lqanun) aspenyuli yewwi-d yid-s yiwet n tegrawt (tarbaɛt) tamaynut n yinesbuɣar iqeddcen di temguri (industrie) akk d tbankiwin (banques), yernu wigi wwḍen alammi ay ṭṭfen imukan ɛlayen deg udabu aspenyuli. Iburjwaziyen-agi yennerna leḥkem d timmerkantit-nsen asmi ay d-sbedden anagraw n Conciertos Economicos (Iburaz Udmisen), d ayen ay ten-yeddjan ad rren tiseqquma n temnaḍin ddaw n leḥkem-nsen u ad sneqsen tiwsi ɣef wayen llan xeddmen-t-id u znuzuyen-t, dɣa anect-a yegla-d s uxeṣṣar ameqqran ɣef tserkemt n yiqeddacen akk d wegdud s umata. Tamsedrast-agi  tabaskit tuɣal d aḥric si tburjwazit taɣelnawt taspenyulit yernu aɣerya ad teqdec i lmend n lebni n tmurt timsihrit tatrart di Tmurt n Yibaskiyen, nettat teqdec i lebni n tmurt n Spenyul.




#Article 239: Tesdawit n Bergara (473 words)


Tasudut Tageldant tabaskit n Yimeddukal n Tmurt (Real Sociedad Basconcada de los Amigos del Pais), ay d-tesbedd trisṭuqraṭit n Azkoitia, tella d tagrawt tameqqrant akk ay yesselḥan tikta n Teftilin  di Tmurt n Yibaskiyen. D tasudut-agi ay s-d-yefkan amedya i ugellid asemmeskal  Carlos III akken ad d-yesbedd tisuda am nettat di tmiwa merra n Spenyul. Taburjwazit turruffit  tamaynut tella tettnadi ad d-tesbedd yiwet n tesnakta tanelsawt  d tamaynut i ɣef ara tebnu assaɣen-is akk d tḥerrsin , dɣa seg yimir-n ay yuɣal usseḥrres  yettwaxdam s yisem n ussiweḍ n tɣerma s igduden ur tt-nessin ara.

Amagrad amezwaru n uẓayer n tsudut-agi yeqqar-d : «Iswi n tsudut-agi netta d asnerni n usselmed akk d ussebɣes n Yibaskiyen akken ad lemmden tussna, tiẓuryin akk d tẓuryin icebḥen, d tukksa n wayen n d iri akk d usselhu n wansayen-nsen, d tukksa n lqella n ccɣel d lqella n tmusni akk d unaḍeḥ mgal n yixeṣṣaren i yes d-igellu wanect-agi, akk d ussedjhed n tdukli ger n tlata n temnaḍin n Yibaskiyen [tispenyuliyin] n Alava, Vizcaya akk d Guipozcoa». Leqdic ifazen akk ay xedmen yirisṭuqraṭiyen n Azkoitia di lqern wis 18 netta d asbeddi n Tesdawit n Bergara di 1767, akk d unagmay-nni-yines ussnan ay imechurren. Tasdawit n Bergara tuɣal d tasdawit talaykit tamezwarut akk di Spenyul, d acu kan, xas akken tettekka deg wesnerni n tussna akk d yedles, maca tarisṭuqraṭit tabaskit ur teddji ara tutlayt tabaskit ad tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt n usselmed akk d unadi di tesdawit.

Tangiwin ay llan sselmaden-tent di tesdawit n Bergara d tigi : tasengama tarmawit , takrura , tasnekfilt , tussniwin talsiyin, tusnakt, tasnagayt, tasniklit (ethique), llsisan n tesreḍt(n ddin), tamedyazt, tamesɣanibt, tasnadent , amezruy aɣelnaw akk d id fueros (isuḍaf neɣ leqwanin n Tmurt n Yibaskiyen), tutlayt tabaskit, talatinit, taspenyulit, tafrensist, taneglizit, taṭalyanit, aẓawan akk d ccna, aharag (gymnastic), imenɣi s tkuba (asekkim) akk d tedrest(ccḍeḥ).

Tasdawit-a tga-d inermisen  akk d wammasen  n unadi imeqqranen akk n Turruft. Atmaten Elhuyar, ay d-ilulen di Tmurt n Yibaskiyen n Ugafa (di Fransa) yernu mechurrit deg wennar n unadi, kecmen-d ɣer tesdawit-a di 1778, u di 1783 ssawḍen ad d-ɛezlen aferdis n wolfram, win umi neqqar ass-a tungsten, seg umaɣus (acide) n Wolfram, yernu lexbar n tegrut-nsen tessuffeɣ-it-id Tsudut Tageldant Tabaskit di tesɣunt-is umi qqaren Extractos.

Tasdawit n Bergara tettekka maci d kra deg wesnerni n yedles akk d tussna, maca terra tutlayt tabaskit di rrif deg wayen yerzan asseqdec-yines deg unadi akk d usselmed. 

Daxel n tesdawit, tabaskit tella tesɛa kan amkan n tutlayt n unagmay neɣ tecba taɣawsa ay yettrusun deg usalay , yernu axeṣṣar n wanect-a mazal nettidir-it ar ass-a, imi mazal akka ay twalin yiburjwaziyen ibaskiyen tutlayt-nsen.

Sdat n tḥeqranit n tburjwazit, ala kan d ansayen n wegdud ay yeddjan tutlayt d yedles ibaskiyen ad idiren u ad menɛen si nnger akk d tutut.




#Article 240: Ass n Tlelli (185 words)


Ass n Tlelli d imseɣret aɣelnaw n Tamurt n Leqbayel i d-yufraren aseggas n 2010 i d-iqublen 2960 deg tafada .

Ass n Tlelli

D ass-a i d ass n tlelli

D ass i deg aɣlan aqbayli

Yufrar-d ger tmura

Yal yiwen ad d-yettwali

Taseddaṛt ɣef i nuli

Nnig-s ur d-yekki kra

Xas ma tikwal nɣelli

Werǧin i neḥbis tikli

Nessawaḍ di tagara

Iṭij seg i d-neflali

Ass-a azekka ad nili

Mi nezga nbedd i tnekra

Nekni d aɣref n tlelli

Nekni d tafat i tmuɣli

Nekni d times d wuzzal

Nekni d tamurt d igenni

Nekni d agur d tziri

Nekni d iseɣ d wazal

Nekni d tiẓeṭ d tayri

D talemmast akked yiri

Nekni d illel d wakal

Nezmer i tniri d teẓgi

Afus ur yettergigi

Ɣef talwit nezmer i ccwal

Nekni d azref d isekkim

Ger imeqranen ad neqqim

Nekkni d tifrat d umtawi

Nekni d afḍis d ugelzim

Yeddan d tussna d ubelkim

Fell-aɣ teḥṛes neɣ d llwi

Isem-nneɣ d Aqbayli d afzim

Ɣef unyir d Amaziɣ d urqim

Fell-as lḥif ad d-t-nezwi

Kkert ak° ad ɣ-id-twalim

D nnuba-nneɣ ad ɣ-d-tezzim




#Article 241: Nuja n Tteryel (1155 words)


Tamacahut n Nuja, llan wid ay as-isawalen  Lunǧa , tettwassen deg Tmazɣa akk. Maca deg yal tamnaḍt amek ay tt-id-ssawalen. Ta d tamacahut n Nuja n Tteryel ay yura Hamid Oubagha, deg wedlis  Tacemlit .

 
... dɣa tuɣal-d Nuja am wakken tella : am wayyur n yigenni ! Yella deg wawal : Nuja u Tteryel. Azekka-nni, at wexxam, ay iwalan, wehmen. Ma d medden, ur tt-nwala ara, ugin ad amnen : nnan-as kan d taklit kan i yuɣ. Uɣalen kkren-d watmaten-is, s tismin, mkul wa anta ay yebɣa ad tt-yaɣ. Yiwen yenna-as i baba-s : « Ula d nekk ad aɣeɣ taklit ». Wis sin : « ihi nekk, a baba, ad aɣeɣ taqjunt ! ». Wayeḍ yini-as : « nekk ad aɣeɣ tamqerqurt »... Yenna-asen baba-tsen : 

Ula ay ken-yawin ! ...

Macahu ! Ad telhu ! Ad tt-yeg Ṛebbi amzun d asaru !

Yella yiwen sselṭan, sselṭan ala Ṛebbi ! yesɛa sebɛa warraw-is. Yiwen deg-sen isemma-as Yusef. Ihi, ttagaden, seḥbibiren-fella-s. Ttaken-as taḥbult ur nesɛi imassen ed tɛembubt ur nesɛi iɣsan. Armi d ass-n deg wussan n Ṛebbi, qqimen yeɛdawen n baba-s la heddṛen deg tejmaɛt, nnan-as : « flan yesɛa aqcic ifaz, yerna ur d-iteffeɣ ɣer beṛṛa ». 

Tenṭeq ɣer-sen Sstut, tenna-asen : 

 
Nnan-as : -iiih ! mer ad aɣ-t-id-tessiseḍ, ad am-nefk tacacit n wedrim. 

Tenna-asen : -ihi yirbeḥ. Tekker tṛuḥ ɣur-s.
 
Mi tewweḍ, tenna-as i yemma-s : -A yelli ɛzizi, tesɛiḍ aqcic isem-is Yusef, yella deg wawal, armi d deqqal : Ur t-neẓri ur t-nessin. 

Tinna tettnawal askaf, tessenɛet-as-t anda yella. Tuli sakin Sstut ɣur Yusef, tenna-as :

ad yeḥzen win ur necci adif n tɛembubin ed teḥbult n weɣrum s yiqecran-is. Yenna-as :

Mi tṛuḥ Sstut, yeddem Yusef iṣubb-d ɣer yemma-s, yaf-itt-in la tmessel askaf, ttekkes-d ticuftin. Iḍegger taqeccaḍt n ukebri yesteɛmel d aḥucciw yini-as i yemma-s : « ha-t-an a yemma uḥucciw yeɣli-n ». 

Mi temmeɣ ad t-id-tekkes : yebbeẓ-as afus-is s askaf yerɣan, yarez-as-t deg-in. Nettat tsuɣ, netta yeqqar-as : 

Ileḥḥu deg temdint, aɛawdiw yettṛabaɛ, aqcic yezzeɣzeɣ2 : yekker-asen akk i medden s teɣrit : wa yerẓa-t wa yesɛab-it, wa yerẓa-t wa yesɛab-it, wa yerẓa-t wa yesɛab-it… Armi uɣalen nnejmaɛen yelmeẓyen deg tejmaɛt, nnan-as : 

Ileḥḥu sebɛ yyam u sebɛ llyali. Tamurt i wumi ifel ɣas ta, tamurt i wumi ifel ɣas ta, tamurt i wumi ifel ɣas ta … Armi yewweḍ ɣer Nuja. Twala-t-id tenna-as : 

Rsem-d a yijeqduṛen d tirni ! ad awen-tewwet Nuja lḥenni ! azekka ad tebdu tikli !

Tsers-d ijeqduṛen d tirni. Ala asduz ed uceqlal ay tettu. Tewwet-asen akk lḥenni. Tuɣal tsers tineqqiḍt n lḥenni ɣef yiri n lkanun, tayeḍ deg tlemmast n tqaɛet, tayeḍ ɣef teɛzalt, tayeḍ ɣef wemnaṛ n tewwurt u taneggarut deg tlemmast n wefrag. Mi tekfa, terfed iman-is ed Yusef, kkan tawwurt : jjan-as-d i Tteryel ala aḍu. Mi d-teɛɛenjaj (1) seg yiḍes deg tlemmast n yiḍ, ad tsawal : 

Tsawel, tsawel, tsawel… ulac. Tewwet agejdur, tsuɣ : -Ah ! a Nuja a yelli txedɛeḍ-iyi ad kem-yexdeɛ Ṛebbi.

Tnuda, tnuda, tnuda… : ulac. Tekker tetbeɛ-iten. Yuɣ lḥal, Nuja ed Yusef zeggnen abrid s tikli1. Mi wwḍen ɣer yiwet teẓgi2, afen ulansi ɛeddin. Tenṭeq Nuja ɣer teẓgi, tenna-as :

Nuja d Yusef slan-as-d . Kemmlen ihi abrid-nsen armi d-mlalen iseḍḍalen, yekker ad iseḍḍel, tenna-as Nuja : 

Yuɣ-as daɣen awal, ur ten-yelsi ara. Rnan lḥan, lḥan, lḥan… armi d-mlalen sin yigudar la ttnaɣen, la ttemxezzaqen, ttiẓriren d idammen. Iga akka, yemmeɣ ad ten-yefru. Tugi Nuja, tenna-as : -Ur ten-tferruḍ ara, i wawal-nni ay d-tenna yemma ? Yenna-as : 

Iṛuḥ ad ten-yefru s uɣanim. Iga akka, iger-it ddaw yifer-is yiwen seg yigudar-nni, yewwi-t. Tenna-as : 

Texdem akken ay as-d-yenna. Taklit tekkes taglimt-is, nettat telsa-tt. Tedda-d ed lmal. Tuɣal d nettat ay d taklit. Mi d-yeḥdeṛ ad teqqen lmal, tini-as i lall n wexxam : 

Tuɣal Nuja, cwiṭ cwiṭ, armi tuɣ tanumi. Mi tekfa ass-is, ad teɛnu tameccuct-is ad tgen. Ma d Yusef, mi d-yeɣli yiḍ, ad t-id-yawi yigider nnig wexxam-nsen. Deg-in ay yettnusu. Dɣa ad yekker ad as-icennu i Nuja :

Sakin nettat ad as-d-terr daɣen s ccnawi :

Asummet-inu d iniy ! D iniy ! Taduli-inu d igenni ! D igenni ! A Yusef, txedɛeḍ-iyi !

Kan akken kul ass armi qrib aseggas. Asmi yessaweḍ Ṛebbi lweqt, ass-n, tizi n lefjer, yekker-d Ccix n Ljameɛ ad d-yedden i tẓallit, yesla-asen. Yuɣal iṛuḥ s agellid-nni yenna-as : -A flan, axxam-ik yetteɛmeṛ ! Winna yenna-as : 

Yeddem ugellid yexdem akkenni. Tedda Nuja, wwin sebɛa teṛbutin n seksu. Rsen-d sakin yigudar meṛṛa ɣer tiɣilt-nni ad ccen. Win yeccan deg-sen, ad yesrifeg ad iṛuḥ… armi d-yeqqim uwessur-nni ay t-yewwin. Yecca armi yeqbeṛ, yeddem la iferres iman-is. Ur yezmir ara ad yekker seg taẓayt. Gan-as kan akk-a s uɣanim sin yiberdan (5), iserreḥ-d i Yusef, yeɣli-d . Rran-t-id s axxam. Kettṛen-as deg lerbaḥ armi yeḥla seg weḍɛaf-nni. Ula anida ad k-gen a lfeṛḥ ! Yeqqim armi d-yuɣal ɣer tezmert-is, yehdeṛ ed Nuja ad tt-yaɣ. Yenna-as sakin i baba-s :

Armi tlata yiberdan. Dɣa tuɣal-d Nuja am wakken tella : am wayyur n yigenni ! Yella deg wawal : Nuja u Tteryel. Azekka-nni, at wexxam, ay iwalan, wehmen. Ma d medden, ur tt-nwala ara, ugin ad amnen : nnan-as kan d taklit kan i yuɣ. Uɣalen kkren-d watmaten-is, s tismin, mkul wa anta ay yebɣa ad tt-yaɣ. Yiwen yenna-as i baba-s : « Ula d nekk ad aɣeɣ taklit ». Wis sin : « ihi nekk, a baba, ad aɣeɣ taqjunt ! ». Wayeḍ yini-as : « nekk ad aɣeɣ tamqerqurt »... Yenna-asen baba-tsen : -A tarwa xzut cciṭan ! gma-twen d Nuja n Tteryel ay yuɣ macci d taklit. Iɛetteb fell-as, yelḥa deg yidurar ed tẓegwa armi qrib t-tecci Tteryel. Ula ay ken-yawin !

Ugin ad aɣen awal i baba-tsen. Yekker umezwaru, yuɣ taklit. Armi d iḍ, yeddem ijekḍan, la tt-yekkat yis-sen, yeqqar-as : « kkes lḥellasa, a weltennas, a taceɛlalt n yemma-s ! ». Taklit meskint tettnezluluf, tettru, teqqar-as : 

Daɣen ula d winna yekkat-itt armi temmut. Yekker winna yebɣan ad yaɣ taqjunt, iga tameɣra, yawi-tt-id. Yekker ula d netta yekkat-itt s yijekḍan, yeqqar-as daɣen : « kkes lḥellasa a weltennas a taceɛlalt n yemma-s ! ». Taqjunt tamcumt teskeɛwiw, teskeɛwiw, teskeɛwiw… armi d yiwen webrid, yerwi-d ujenniw-is, tedda fell-as, tecca-d affad-is (9). Txezzeq-it, tecca-d seg-s armi tellexlex, sakkin tɛejjeṛ fell-as. Armi yuli wass, tenna-as yemma-s n yesli i taklit : -Ṛuḥ rzu ziɣ ɣef wemcum-nni, tawiḍ-asen leftuṛ.

Tuli taklit. Mazal tekka deg yimi n tewwurt, taf-it-in akk-n, tsuɣ-d seg-in : 

Uɣalen deg yimeṭṭawen, ḥeznen fell-as. Ma d Yusef yejja akk medden hedṛen armi ɛyan… Assen, yenna-as i Nuja : 

aḥeddad yesserɣ afus-is ! Aɛdawen n Yusef caḍen akk seg tismin… Netta ed Nuja yegra-asen-d liser, ddren deg lehna am temẓi am tewser. Ha-tt-an tmacahut n Nuja ed Tteryel.

Tamacahut-iw lwad lwad !

sawleɣ-tt-id i warraw n lejwad !

Uccanen ad ten-yeqdu Ṛebbi !

ma d nekni ad aɣ-yeɛfu Ṛebbi !

ad necc irden n ukufi !

ma d wid n teylewt ur ten-nufi !




#Article 242: Microsoft Windows (496 words)


Windows (s tseklant isfuyla s tutlayt taglizit) d yiwen n unagraw seg yinagrawen n wammud i d-tesuffeɣ Microsoft i yiselkimen imṣudan (PC). Yerna-d deffir MS DOS.

Seg yiseggasen n 1990 (agim tẓa twines d tzat), d ttwafɣa n Windows 95, i  d-yemmugren rbaḥ ameqqṛan, dɣa imi amaẓrag-ines yestenya amtawa d waṭas n yimesraken n yiselkimen iwakken ad sbeddayen deg yifuras-nsen ala Windows 95 neɣ muyaf-asen gen tafagwit n tedrimt, ayagi yeǧǧat ad yawi amḍiq ameqṛan deg ugduz.

taseddaṛt n Windows deg-s aṭas ifurkawen:

Di 2001 Windows XP yeffeɣ-d, yuɣal ufurk agi sseqdacent yemdanen merra, ayen yeǧǧan Microdoft ad suffaɣ wa deffir wayeḍ Windows Vista d Windows 7.

Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.

Ileqmen imezwura n Windows ttwasekkaren si DOS, sseqdacen anagraw n ifuyla n DOS. Sinna Windows tsekcem-d kra n twura n unagraw n wammud, am umasal n uselkam n yimanis, asefrek n ukala multitaches, asefrek n tkatut tahlist d inuḍafen iw sefrek n ubeqqeḍ, asiggez, anasiw, imesli ... d wiyaḍ. Windows 2.10 i 386 yuǧwed ula d netta seg iketturen n Intel 80386, am usersi n yiɣes s uqqin imesten d uselkem n ahilen DOS di tmacinin tuhlisin s uqqin 8086.

Nezmer daɣen anesseqdac Windows di DOS wiyaḍ mači MS-DOS n Windows, am PC-DOS n IBM neɣ DR-DOS, maca ilaq ad neǧǧ di rrif yark inzan inezriyen i d-ittcegga uselkim deg usbeddi.

si Windows 95, agrudem udlif yuɣal susmenzi d-amadraw n MS-DOS. Dayen id yessekren ugur ger Caldera, ig llan d-amaẓrag n DR-DOS di lawan nni, yettaǧǧan daɣen Windows ad yelḥu, d Windows.

Si Windows XP, nezmer ad nini dakken DOS dayen iruḥ yark seg inagrawen n wammud n Microsoft, maca talalt ines tezmer adili.

Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.

A laǧay n yiɣes n NT meẓẓiyen aṭas d ugar n useqdec n wahilen ddaw MS-DOS, Microsoft tẓerged yiwen unagraw n wammud iwakken ad yettwaseqdac sɣuṛ yemdanen maṛṛa, d win id yebwin tiɣerwan yelhan n Windows NT u yeqqim d-amṣadan d-ileqman imenza n Windows d MS-DOS.

Inagrawen Windows 95 d wid it idiḍefṛen d-inemhazen iregnawen 16/32 ibitten n-ileqman Windows 3.0 d 3.1. Ttwasulin yark ɣef yiwet tmudemt inuḍafen: i VxD ten. Di 1995, Windows 95 yebwid aṭas tɣawsuwin timaynutin: tissi n uzeṭṭa id yesukkes si tin n Windows NT, agrudem udlif amaynut. Mači d anagraw n wammud amaynut, maca d tanemhazt n Windows 3.1. ɣuṛ Windows 95 tazmert iwakken ad yelḥu ɣef tiwilawin unekcum n tseddaṛt s wazal n 4 MO n tkatut tuddirt (RAM), lqem OSR2 n Windows 95 yebwid ttawil n tawadma n tezmart n USB d FAT32.

Lqem-agi amezwaru yettwasnen ussan-nni n tneflit-ines s yisem n Chicago u yeffeɣ-d s yisem n Windows 95, yemmuger-d tinemhazin timeqqṛanin, gar-asent Windows 98 d Windows Me (Millenium Edition), i yeǧǧan inagrawen n wammud n Microsoft ad ttwasnen xilla. 
Ileqman agi yark sɛan yiwen wugur ameqqṛan ninfafaden, ayen yeǧǧan Microsoft ad tsuffeɣ afurk n Windows NT 5.1 neɣ win umi neqqaṛ Windows XP iwakken ad tqazem ugur agi.

Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.




#Article 243: Racid Alic (160 words)


Racid Alic d amyaru s tutlayt taqbaylit, d netta i yuran ungal amezwaru s teqbaylit iwumi' semma Asfel aseggas n 1981.

Ilul Racid At Musa ass 7 Yebrir 1953 di Tgemmunt Azzuz taɣiwant n At Maḥmud deg At Dwala, Tizi Wezzu. Yemmut ass 18 di Meɣres 2008 di Lezzayer tamanaɣt.

Ilul-d Racid Alic ass n 7 Yebrir 1953 di Tgemmunt Azzuz, isɛedda temẓi ines di taddart is, maca kra isegwasen sinna iruḥ ar lzzayer tamanaɣt akked twacult-is, dinna id yewwi agerdas n l'BAC, yekcem ɣer tseddawit anda yeḍfeṛ tizrawin n Tliktṛunit, yebwid agerdas n DES di tɣarant (DES en physique) si tseddawit n lzzayer tamanaɣt, sinna kin iṛuḥ ɣer tama n Lyun di Fransa, anda id yewwi daɣen DEUG di tisekwla (DEUG en lettres) di tseddawit n Lyun II, dinna yarna yeɣṛa ɣef tesnawalt n tefriqt (linguistique africaine), Tasendugemt (sémiologie), (ethnologie). Arnu ɣef aya yetva timsirin di tutlayt talmanit deg asuday n Goethe di lzzayer tamanaɣt anda i yewwi ssartafika.




#Article 244: Avril Lavigne (542 words)


Avril Ramona Lavigne d yiwet n tnaẓuṛt-tacennayt n pop-rock n tmurt n Kanada, tlul-d ass n 27 ctember aseggas 1984 di Belleville, Ontario. Temmuger-d tarennawet deg umenzu n yisegwasen 2000, imi tezzenz ar assa azal n 35 Ifeḍ tkalasin deg umaḍal d 18 Ifeḍ n iḍebsiyen umi neqqaṛ singles.

Di tadra d taṛumit sɣuṛ baba-s Jean Claude Lavigne (i d-ilulen di Moselle deg Lorraine, tama n ugemmuḍ tmurt n Fransa), d tagyizit-takanadiant sɣur yemmas Judith-Rosanne.

Avril Lavigne tedder di temẓis di Napanee, tamdint tamecṭuḥt di Ontario nettat d gmas ameqqṛan Mathew d weltmas tamecṭuḥt Michelle.

Seg ass mi meẓẓiyet Avril tebɣa ad tuɣal tacennayt, imawlan-is ḍefṛentt, ddan yid-s. ɣur-s 12 isegwasen mi tura isefra-yines imezwura, tḥemmel cna s waṭas. Tetturar s snitra n baba-s di tazwara, alami d ass mi-z duɣ yiwet teḥbibt twacult-is snitra-yines d amezwarut. Telmed iyiman-is ad turar, yarna tefka aṭas n wukud iwayagi. Tella tetturar yiwet n tezlit yal ass fly away n Lenny Kravitz. Sinna tebda tettaru tizlatin ines timezwura anda nettaf tazrirt aladɣa n Goo Goo Dolls d Green Day.

Ɣuṛ-s 12 n yisegwasen mi tecna isefra di ligliz n taddart-is d tifeskiwin niḍen i d-iḍeṛṛun di tama-ines, daɣen tecna d yiwen unaẓuṛ ameqqṛan yettwasnen di Kanada ɣef isefra-ines ambigus.

Aseggas n 1998, Avril tewwi yiwet n temzizzelt i tt-yeǧǧan ad tali ɣer usayes d umsemmud-ines, tacennayt takanadiant Shania Twain. Turar s yidisan-is di Ottawa, tecna tizlit What Made You Say That. Teḍfer abrid-is tcennu deg aṭas n temdinin, ayen i tt-yeǧǧan ad arzu d tanebgit ɣer tkalast (Quinte Spirit di 1999) n ucennay n folk Steve Medd, tecna tazlit Touch the Sky. Tecna daɣen deg tkalast ines (My Window to You) n useggas 2000 di tezlatin Temple of Life d Two Rivers.

Yarzad ɣuṛ-s unfaras Antonio « LA » Reid, de RCA/Arista, i tt-iwalan di yiwet n tfaska, testenya yid-s agatu. Avril Lavigne tella deg useggas-ines wis 16, dinna tḥebsed seg uɣarbaz iwakken adelhu kan d ccna.

Teǧǧa tawacult ines, imeddukal-is d taddart-is iwakken ad tidir di Manhaṭṭan anda ad taru takalast-ines tamenzut. maca, tesɛa kra n wuguren akked ixeddamen-is di lawan-nni, ayen i tt-yeǧǧan ad tinig ɣer Los Angeles, anda tga tamusni d unfaras Clif Magness. Aseggas i d-yernan, tessufɣ-d Complicated i d-yeqqimen ar assa d tarennawet-ines tisnat seg i singles ines s umata, tḍefṛit-id tkalast-ines tamenzut Let Go deg ayyur n Yunyu 2002 i d-yemmugren tarennawt tameqqṛant, yussa-d d wissin di temzizzelt Billboard 200 Kṛaḍ wagguren ar zdat. Ma si tama n IFPI, Let Go tusa-d d takalast tis snat i yenzan s waṭas aseggas n 2002 deffir Sleeping with Ghosts n Placebo.

Di tagara, takalast-agi tenza s wazal n 16 ifeḍ ineɣlan deg umaḍal, yerna yewwi aṭas n warazen. S tkalast-agi, Avril Lavigne tekcem deg umezruy, imi tuɣal d tanaẓurt tis snat di ccna ala yesɛan Kraḍ n tezlatin di Top 40 i iḥerzen amḍiq amezwaru: Complicated (8 Imalas), Sk8er Boi (1 Imalas) akked I'm With You (4 Imalas). ala aggay Ace Of Base d tcennayt Lady Gaga i iṣawḍen ɣer waya.

Di mayu 2004, ɣuṛ-s 19 isegwasen, Avril Lavigne tessufɣ-d Takalast tis snat Under My Skin, i d-yemmugren tarennawet imi aggur kan seg ass mi d-teffeɣ tewwi amḍiq amezwary di Billboard 200. Avril tura d Chantal Kreviazuk tizlatin n tkalast agi.




#Article 245: Roger Federer (423 words)


Roger Federer d amyurar n waddal n Tennis tmurt Taswist, ilul ass n 8 ɣuct 1981 di temdint n Bâle.
Yebda yetturar d trebbut (terbaɛt) tameqqṛant aseggas n 1998 , yewwi ideg amenzu n ubellez n ATP azal n 237 imalas yemsedfaren (285 alammi d 6 Yunyu 2010). Ass n 8 Yulyu 2012, yewwi tadwilt n Wimbledon i tikkelt tis sat (7), yeqḍa-d amyurar Pete Sampras deg umḍan n tedwilin n Wimbledon i yewwi akked imalas i yella di tqacucut n ubellez n ATP (Imalas wis 286).

Yewwi ar assa 77 izwilen, gar-asen 23 imeqqṛanen (17 n Grand Chelems d 6 teqbucin n Masters) d 20 n Masters 1000. Yewwi kuẓ (4) n telɣuɣa n Grand Chelem i yellan deg umaḍal, win n Melburn di Ustralya, win n RG di lpari tamurt n Fṛansa, win n Wimbledon di tmurt n Lengliz, win Flushing meadows di Timura Yedduklen n Marikan.

Deg ubellez n Sports Illustrated n useggas 2010, Roger Federer yella-d d anadal wis sin yettxelliṣen aṭas n yedrimen deffir Tiger Woods imi yeṣṣaweḍ ar assa azal n 72 Ifeḍ n dullar deg izwilen yark i yurar.

Ilul Roger Federer ass n 8 ɣuct 1981 di temdint n Bâle, yemma-s, Lynete n tefriqt n wenẓul, ma d baba-s d aswisit, Robert. Isin yid-sen xedmen di taɣult n tnesfarit. Roger d weltma-s tameqqṛant Diana idiren di temẓi-nsen di Münchenstein Taswist Talmanit. 
Tura Roger yettidir di Wollerau, tama n Schwytz, netta d tmeṭṭut-is Mirka d yessi-s takniwin Myla Rose d Charlene Riva. Yesɛa tanaslit Taswisit d tin n tefriqt n Unẓul.

Di temẓis Roger Federer yetturar daɣen ddabax uḍar, yella yezweṛ s waṭas, maca d addal n Tennis i yefren mi yella di Tam (8) iseggasen di lɛemṛis, ɣas akken mazal-it yeṭṭafaṛ ar assa u iḥemmel aṭas tarbaɛt n ddabax uḍar n FC Bâle.

Roger Federer yeḥrez-d ar assa 75 azwilen deg ufrari d 8 (Tam) deg uslig irgazen. Yewwi azwel-ines amenzu aseggas n 2001, di dduṛt n Milan (indoor). Seg imir-nni yewwi 17 n tdurtin n Grand Chelem di 5 (sam) n tesniwin yemgaraden (si Talɣuɣa n Wimbledon 2003  ḥalarmi Talɣuɣa n Wimbledon 2012. Ala netta i iḥerzen azal n 6 sed n teqbucin n Masters Cup (2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010 d 2011) d wazal n 20 azwilen n Masters 1000. Aseggas n 2008 yewwi tazalɣi n uleɣ di talɣuɣa uslig n yargazen deg uraren ulampik n wezɣal 2008 di Pekin, akked umyurar Stanislas Wawrinka, asegwas n 2012 yewwi amḍiq wissin deg uraren ulampic n Londres mi yexṣer di tagara tedwilt aked Andy Murray.




#Article 246: Martina Hingis (1273 words)


Maṛtina Hingis d tanaddalt n Tennis Taswisit ilulen ass n 30 Ctamber 1980 di Košice (tamurt n Sluvaki, zikenni čekusluvaki). D nettat i d tanaddalt meẓẓilen i yebḍen ad teḥrez talɣuɣa n Grand Chelem si zman n Lottie Dod aseggas 1887, d nettat daɣen i d tanaddalt tameẓlant i yebḍen ɣer tqacuct n wedras umaḍan deg umezruy n Tennis.

Tettmeslay rebɛa n tutlayin, Tačikit, Talmanit (taswist talmanit), tagyizit d tefṛansist.
Tella d tamdakult n unaddal n Golf Serǧiu Garsia, sin akkin tessen amyurar n Tennis Radek Stepanek asegwas n 2006. Tezweǧ akked umennay afṛansi Tibault Hutin aseggas n 2010.

Tlul-d s yisem Martina Hingisová di tmurt n Sluvaki zik-nni čekusluvaki, seg mi tmenya isegwasen Maṛtina tettidir di tmurt Taswist acku yemma-s tɛiwed zzwaǧ. Deg useggas n 1999 tuɣ axxam deg temdint n Floride Marikan maca teqqim tettidir di teswist. D yemma-s i s-yefkan isem n Martina, imi tella tḥemmel tanadalt tameqqṛant n Tennis Martina Navratilova, nettat daɣen n tmurt n čekusluvaki. Yemma-s tella tetturar addal n Tennis, dɣa d ayen i tt-yeǧǧan ad tili d tasleɣmayt n Martina deg umecwaṛ ines meṛṛa.

Maṛtina telmed ad turar addal n Tennis si temẓ-is, ɣur-s 5 iseggasen di lɛemr-is mi tebda tetturar di tedwilin, tessaweḍ ad tuɣal d talɣuɣt n umaḍal n tullas aseggas n 1994. aseggas n 1996 turar akked Helena Suková deg uslig n Wimledon, dɣa tuɣal d tanadalt tameẓlant yessawḍen ad teḥrez talɣuɣa agi.

Aseggas n 1997 d win i iwalan urar n maṛtina ad yuɣal qessaḥ nezzah, terbeḥ 37 uraren wa deffir wayeḍ, iz d yewwin 6 telɣuɣa, tewwi Open n lustṛali mgal Mary pierce 6-2 6-2, tewweḍ ɣer tagara n Rolland Garros anda texṣer d Iva Majoli acku tuḍen cwiṭ di tagara, tewwi daɣen Wimbledon mgal Novotna akked US Open d Venus Williams 6-4 6-0; d ayen i tt-yeǧǧan ad tawi Clem amecṭuḥ.

Tewwi kṛad n telɣiwin n Grand Chelem yemgaraden, ala Rolland Garros it xṣen sin iberdan di tagara, aseggas n 1999 anda turar akked tanadalt tameqqṛant Steffi Graf i yellan di tagara n umecwaṛ-ines deg addal n Tennis, teqqim-d deg umezruy, acku Martina tɛac ass-nni yiwen wass ur tezmir ad tettu, tella terbeḥ urar deg weḥric amezwaru, sinna yella-d umgarad garas d unefray, ayen yeǧǧan ula d imfarǧen (imeshanayen) ad ddun d Steffi Graf, di tagara, Maṛtina texṣer talɣuɣa, teffeɣ seg urar s yimeṭṭawen, ayen werǧin n wala deg addal agi.

Seg ass-nni Martina ur tewwi talɣuɣa n Grand chelem, teqqim deg umḍiq amezwaru deg ubellez umaḍal, acku terbeḥ aṭas n telɣuɣa it tturar, maca ur tewwi ara talɣuɣa tameqqṛant.

Aseggas n 2002 texṣer daɣen di tagara n Open n lustṛali mgal Jennifer Kapriati, deg urar daɣen id yeqqimen deg umezruy aladɣa Maṛtina tella teḥrez aḥric amezwaru 6-4, yarna deg wis-sin tella tezwar 4-0, sinna 5-1, ar-mi dezzi fellas Jennifer, tifesniwin di temdint n Melbourne bḍen-t ɣer 50°c, ayen yeǧǧan Maṛtina att xṣer zdat Jennifer.
Lxṣara y agi d tin yeǧǧan Maṛtina kra wagguren ar zdat ad tḥbes urar n Tennis di Frurar 2003, mbaɛd mi tesɛa kra iɣeblan deg uḍar-is.

Xas akken, Maṛtina teqimed d yiwet seg tnaddalin n Tennis tameqṛant, dɣa imi ur tesɛa y ara lǧahd amakken tella Monika Seles neɣ Serena d Venus Williams, maca tewweḍ ad deg amḍiq-is gar asen-t, u ad tiweḍ ɣer tqacuct n ubellez n Tennis azal n 275 imalas.

asegwas n 1999 d 2000 tellad sɣur magazine FHM d yiwet ger 100 tilawin i icebḥen deg umaḍal, ma d aseggas 2005 ineɣmasen imarikaniyen n Tennis Magazine rran-tt d tis 22 gar 40 inadalen n Tennis imeqqranen di 40 iseggasen ineggura deffir Roy Emerson zdat Evonne Goolagong

Tella azal n 209 imalas d tamezwarut deg ubellez n WTA n Tennis deg umaḍal, ur turar deg tuber 2002 acku tella tesɛa uguren n ṣeḥḥa deg uḍar-is, asegwas n 2006, Maṛtina tuɣaled s-urar, di yennayer tebda urar di Anvers, tadwilt n Proximus Diamond Games, aggur sinna texṣer di Open n Ṭayland.

Di Gold Coast, i lemhegga n Open n lustṛali, tin yewwin 5 n Grand Clem tarbaḥ timlilit ines tamezwarut zdat Maria Vento-Kabchi 6-2 6-1, tarna tarbaḥ snat n temlilin igarzen armi tebweḍ zdat n Flavia Pennetta, tanadalt tis 23 deg umaḍal dɣa texṣer timlilit acku tesɛa uguren deg wammas-is.

Ddurt i dyernan texṣer zdat Justine Henin 6-3 6-3.

Di Open n lustṛali 2006, Grand Clem ines amezwaru segm-id uɣal s uran, Martina Hingis tesbegned d akken mazal-itt d tanaddalt tameqqṛant, imi dɣa tessaweḍ armi d dduṛt n wis 1/4 si tagara, uqbel ad texṣer zdat n Kim Clijsters di 3 yeḥricen: 6-3 2-6 6-4, maca Maṛtina Hingis ur duɣal ara seg Melburn ifassen d-imawen, aladɣa tewwi Tabuqalt n uslig (irgazn/tilawin) akked amyuran n tmurt Lhend Mahesh Bhupathi, tabuqalt tis 8 deg Open n lustṛali, 3 (kraḍ) deg Afras, 4 (kuz) deg uslig tilawin, 1 (yiwet) deg uslig irgazen/tilawin.

Di tedwilt n Ṭukyu, Maṛtina tessuffeɣ ta deffir tayeḍ, Naṭali Decy, Maria Kirilenku d Maria Caṛapuva di 1/2 si tagara, tewweḍ ɣer tagara n tedwilt i tikkelt tamenzut segm-id uɣal, maca di tagara texṣer zdat tarusit Elena Dementieva sin yeḥricen s ulac (6-2 6-0). Ayagi yeǧǧa Maṛtina ad ali deg ubellez n WTA seg umḍiq n 117 ɣer wis 48, sin wagguren kan segm-id uɣal s-urar.

Tewweḍ ɣer dduṛt tis 1/4 si tagara di Dubai, anda texṣer timlilit ines zdat Maria Caṛapuva, i d-yerran ttaṛ, ayagi maca yeǧǧa martina ad ali deg ubellez n WTA ɣer s-amḍiq wis 32. Tkemmel deg Indian Wells, anda terna Lindsay Davenport, maca texṣer di 1/2 si tagara zdat Maria Caṛapuva i iḥersen tadwilt agi di tagara, di tagara n tedwlit tuli-d s amḍiq wis 26 deg umaḍan.

Tewḍel ɣer tedwilin n wakal, anda Maṛtina tennad d akken ala Rolland Garros i tt-ixuṣṣen deg tedwilin n Grand Clem, u d yiwet seg tɣawsiwin i tt-yeǧǧab tuɣal-d ɣer wurar, deg Vaṛṣuvi texṣer di dduṛt tis snat zdat Venus Williams s ugemmuḍ: 4-6 7-5 6-4. Di Berlin tebweḍ ɣer 1/4 si tagara anda texṣer zdat Amili Muresmu:4-6 6-4 6-4.

Ass n Acur 21 Mayu 2006 Maṛtina tesbegned d akken tuɣal-d s wazal-is imi terbeḥ tadwilt n Ṛṛum di temlilit n tagara zdat tarusit Dinara Safina s ugemmuḍ 6-2 7-5, tagi d tarennawt ines tamenzut seg 2002, u d tis 41 deg umacwar ines; deg ubellez Maṛtina tulid ɣer s amḍiq wis 14.

Di barra n wannar, Maṛtina tellad d « come-back n useggas » deg Laureus Award n Barcelone, i tuɣalin ines ifazen ɣer wurar.
Sinna mi terbeḥ tamarikanit Lisa Raymond, tačikit Zuzana Ondrášková, takṛuatit Ivana Lisjak, tizraelit Shahar Peer, texṣer deg 1/4 n Roland Garros zdat tabeligit, tis nat deg umaḍan, Kim Clijsters.

Tuɣal ɣer Wimbledon 5 iseggasen si tikkelt taneggarut, tarbaḥ Olga Savchuk, Tathiana Garbin maca teɣli di ddurt tis kṛaḍ zdat tajapunit Ai Sugiyama.

Di tedwilin n Marikan texṣer deg 1/4 di San Diego zdat daɣen n Kim Clijsters. Tewweḍ ɣer tagara di Montreal, ayen i tt-yeǧǧan ad kcem ɣer 10 timezwura deg ubellez umaḍan.

Deg US Open texṣer di ddurt tisnat zdat tafṛansit Razzano.

Di tedwilin n Asia, tewwi tadwilt n Kalkuta zdat Pučkuva, tṛuḥ ssin ɣer seoul anda texṣer di dduṛt tisnat zdat Sania Mirza.

Martina tessaweḍ ad tekki deg Msters n Madrid, acku tuɣalin ines d tin i igarzen s waṭas, maca tuzgad deg aggay awṛaɣ, anda tella Ameli Muresmo, Nadia Petṛuva d Justine Henin texṣer zdat Henin d Muresmo, maca tarbaḥ Nadia Petṛuva di temlilit tis kṛaḍ.

Ass wis Kuz Yennayer 2008, tettwaḥbes seg urar azal n sin iseggasen sɣur amqun agraɣlan n Tennis, ɣas akken Martina teḥbes urar m'akken kan tesla ɣef wenɣad ines umdig, ITF tekssa-s arazen d tedrimt itebwi seg Wimbledon 2007. M-ad Maṛtina teḥbes urar n Tennis i tikelt taneggarut.




#Article 247: Rekku n uɣesmar (198 words)


Rekku n uɣesmar d aṭṭan ig ttaɣen iɣes umi neqqar Aɣesmar si tama n ufella d tin bwadda. Tifidiwin d rekku n yiɣes ttasend seg seqsef (lexṣas) n idammen di tama uɣesmar. Lehlak agi at narnu ɣer tagayt n rekku n yeɣsan id ittasen seg lexṣas idammen. 

Llant aṭas n talɣiwin n rekku n yiɣes uɣesmar ig ttugelmen di 160 isegwasen iɛeddan.

Talɣa yettwasnen si zik, d tin id ismentes ttawil n phosphore acebḥan, tettwassen ɣur Legyiz s yisem n Phossy jaw tettwabgen-ed di timidi tis XIX d tazwara n tis XX sɣur ixeddamen n zalamiṭ s ufus. Assagi s umennuɣ anmali ad naf d akken aseqdec n phosphore acebḥan yettwasenfel (yettwabeddel) s uzegwaɣ iwakken ad sseḥbibren ɣef ixeddamen marra.

Ttawil n Radium daɣen yella d sebba n waṭṭan n Rekku uɣesmar yufat-id i tikelt tamezwarut Dr H.S. Martland asegwas 1924 Radium jaw (Aɣusmar n radium), imi tixeddamin n tarmisin yesseqdacen taklut n radium cetkant ɣef uqraḥ n tuɣmas d uɣesmar, ak-d lǧarḥ deg uksum n tuɣmas, kra isegwasen akkin at id eḍfer Tigẓelt ẓẓayen n yiɣes (Ostéosarcome).

Isegwasen agi ineggura, aṭṭan agi yarna ɣur imdanen isseqdacen s waṭas ttawil n bisphosphonates iwakken ad dawin aṭṭan n uxenzir.




#Article 248: Azawax (148 words)


Azawaɣ neɣ Azawax neɣ Uska d aydi yettidiren di tama n Tefriqt ugafa, yekka-d yisem-is seg wawal amaziɣ Azewwaɣ (ayen yennumken: win yettzuxun acku talmest-a n yiṭan d win irán (iḥemmlen) ad isken iman-is). yettidir deg uneẓruf ameqran n tefriqt ugafa, ɣur itargiyen deg tmura n Mali, Nnijer, Burkina fasu yakk d unẓul n Lezzayer

Yella di temnaṭ n Saḥel anẓul tefriqt ugafa si zik, iban-d di Tuṛuft deg iseggasen n 1970. Aseggas 1981, amqun agraɣlan n teɣri n iqejjan (FCI) tga azal i y Iri Azawax.

Di tdra, Aqjun-agi yella yettwaxdem i wegmer, arured ines iwulem iw ḍfer n waniren d yefrax. Ccbaḥa ines teǧǧat daɣen ad yili d aywal n tamunt.

Isem Azawax yekk-ad seg tmaziɣt azuwax yellan di teqbaylit.

Fsus yerna d amegraw, d aywal izemren ad yaɛzel iman-is, abeɛda ɣef ibaṛṛaniyen. ur yettqellib ara ɣef usilef. D addfut yarna d apelfaf, ilaq-as usaɣad aṣebri




#Article 249: Polandball (354 words)


Polandball anamek: ddabex apuluni, yettwasnen daɣen s yisem n countryball, d agbur i d-yessukkus umseqdac internet meme i d-yekkan seg /int/ board n German imageboard Krautchan.net agraw n tugniwin di tmurt talmanit, taggara n useggas 2009. meme agi yettban-d deg aṭas n taffiwin n isefka. Aɣanib n tesfift tunuɣt yezmer asensemmi Polandball (ɣas akken ulac tapulunit deg unuɣen imrayen)

Polandball yewwi-d aẓar-is di ɣuct 2009 cyberwar: ṭrad iẓeḍwan ger imseqdacen n internet ipuluniyen d wid umaḍan merra deg asmel drawball.com, asmelweb i yefkan ahlis abeckil yeǧǧan imseqdacen ad unuɣen ayen isen yehwan, tikti tusa-d anda ad sleqdeḍ asenǧaq n tmurt Tapulunit ɣer ddabex, ayen yeǧǧan agimen n yipuluniyen ad arzun ɣer internet iwakken ad ṭfen unuɣ s yini acebḥan, s ufella-s azegwaɣ, yura deg-s POLSKA di tlemmast.

Krautchan.net d imageboard tafelwit tugniwin s tmeslayt talmanit anida /INT/ board (tafelwit) rezzun-d ɣur-s wid yettmeslayen s tegyizit. Tazwara n Polandball meme d ayla n Falco, yiwen wegyizi n /INT/, i d-yesnulfan di Ctamber 2009 meme isseqdacen MS Paint s tɣara n tsartit i troll Wojak, yiwen upuluni di tfelwit (board) nni yettekka s yiwet n tegyizit ixewḍen, sin akkin irusiyen sunɣen Polandball s wunuɣen imrayen.

Iswi n Pollandball, d asegnes n tmurt tapulunit d umezruy-ines, assaɣen ines d tmura nniḍen. Meme agi yewwi-d taɣerfant seg-mi id ɣli Ṛṛupyan tmurt tapulunit anda yemmut uselway n tigduda Lech Kaczyński, tamurt tapulunit tettwaru s uzegwaɣ yef ucebḥan, d asenǧaq tmurt s-uzyag, di tagara n unuɣ amray tamurt tettru.

Kra n wunuɣen Polland ball iswi nsen d akken tamurt n arruss tezmer ad tali s igenni ma d Tapulunt ur tezmir ara, yiwen s unuɣen imrayen Pollandball yettwasnen yemmaled d akken amaḍal ad tyewwet yiwen weẓru ameqqṛan. Timura yark izemren iyiman-nsent ad rewlent s igenni ad ttezzin ɣef umaḍal (akal), di tagara n unuɣ amray Tapulunt teqqimed deg akal tettru.

Pollandball yezmer daɣen ad yili n tmura nniḍen umaḍan, ɣas akken isem-nsent yeqqim d Pollandball, neɣ country ball s unamek n ddabex tmura, aṭas n tmura i wum-id snulfan Pollandball nsent Marikan, Serbya,Kaṭlunya,Singapur ... d wiyaḍ, am akken tzemrem ad twalim di tugna yagi, ula d Tamazɣa tesɛa Pollandball ines.




#Article 250: Meryl Streep (242 words)


Mary Louise Streep, tlul ass n 22 yunyu 1949 di Summit awanak n New Jesey, d tasnegbart tamarikanit. ɣer waṭas n medden, d Meryl i d tasnebgart tameqqṛant di tallit tafrart, yella-d yisem-is azal n 17 n tikal deg arazen Oscars zdat Katharine Hepburn, tebwi araz agi 3 kṛaḍ n tikal, isegwasen n 1980,1983 d 2012.

Deg asarug, deg umezgun d tiliẓri turar aṭas n temliltin, am di Kramer and Kramer aseggas n 1979 anda turar d tameṭṭut tamezwarut n Dustin Hoffman, asaru i tt-yeǧǧan ad tawi Oscar n temlilt wis sin iten-t yifen. Timliltin ines nniḍen igarzen d tid n Out of Africa, anda tella d tamyarut Karen Blixen ɣer tama n Robert Redford d Sophie's Choice (sɣuṛ ungal n William Styron) anda turar tameṭṭut ijaṛben imḍiqen n lmut di ṭṛad n umaḍal tisnat, ayen itt yeǧǧan tikelt-a ad tawi Oscar n tesnegbart usegwas 1983.

Deg usaru A Cry in the Dark n Fred Cepisi tewwi araz di cannes/fṛansa asegwas n 1989. Turar d tameṭṭut n wexxam i yeɣlin di tayri ɣef yiwen umseknaw deg usaru The Bridges of Madison County ɣer tama n Clint Eastwood aseggas 1995, daɣen deg usaru The Hours ɣer tama n Nicole Kidman d Julianne Moore, iseggasen agi ineggura turar deg The Devil Wears Prada aked Mamma Mia !. Asegwas n 2012 tebwi araz n Oscar tesnebgart useggas i tikkelt tis kṛaḍ ɣef usaru La Dame de fer anda turar taneɣlaft tamezwarut n Lengliz Margaret Taččer




#Article 251: Marilyn Monroe (173 words)


Marilyn Monroe, s yisem-is unṣib Norma Jeane Mortenson neɣ Norma Jeane Baker amaken yella di Nekwa-s, d tasnebgart d tacennayt tamarikanit, ilulen ass n umenzu  n yunyu 1926 deg Los Angels awanak n Kalifornia, yemmuten ass n 5 ɣuct aseggas n 1962 di temdint-a.

Tella di tazwara tqeddec am teknart, seg-mi i tt-iwala Howard Hughes is-yefkan tagnitt ad tezmel agatu akked 20th Centrury Fox aseggas 1947. Di tezwara n isegwasen 50 tuɣal d itri n Hollywood/Hulywuud, isura it urar yesɛan tarennawet tameqqṛant d wid n Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, The Seven Year Itch d Some Like It Hot i tt-yeǧǧan ad tawi arazn Golden Globe n tesnabgart usegwas n 1960.

Ɣas akken tettwasen nezzah, maca tudert-is tuqel d abrir, ma ad amecwaṛ-ines yeǧǧa-tt yal ass ur tesgiwen. Ar assa amentel n lmut ines mazal fella-s awal: tenɣa iman-is s yisufar neɣ d amenɣi aserti.

Aseggas n 1999 American Film Institute rran-tt d tasnebgart tameqqṛant tis setta tamarikanit n yal tallit deg ubellez AFI's 100 Years ... 100 stars AFI's 100 isegwasen ... 100 yitran.




#Article 252: Carl Friedrich Gauss (181 words)


Carl Friedrich Gauss neɣ (Yettwabdar: Kaɣl Fxedxic Gawss, Imesli: , ilul ass n 30 Yebrir aseggas n 1777 di Brunswick, yemmut ass n 23 di Fuṛaṛ useggas n 1855 di Guttingen. Yella d amusnak ameqqran, d amesnallum u d amussnagamaw. Ila (Yesɛa) tasmedna tameqqrant, yewwi-d tummutin yesɛan azal s waṭas di tusniwin agi i d-nebder (nuder) qqaren-as Ageldun n tusnakt, D yiwen seg imusnaken imeqqranen n yal akud.

Taɣara n leqdic ines d tin yesɛan azal meqqren ger aziten-ines, seg useggas 1856, agellid n Hanovre yexdem iderimen s tugna n Gauss ɣef udem nsent, yura fellas Mathematicorum Principi : Ageldun n tusnakt s tlatinit. Gauss yessufɣed ala ammur amecṭuḥ n leqdic ines, alarmi d aseggas n 1898 nada i yufan yark ayen yura s umata, ayagi yeǧǧa-t ad yernu n wazal-is di tussna.

C. G. Fleckeisen, Helmstadii (Helmstedt), 1799 ; aḍris deg internet : , , p. 3–30, , , 

F. Perthes und I. H. Besser, Hamburgi (Hamburg) 1809 ; , p. 1–261.
tasuqilt. par Edmond Dubois, éd. Arthus Bertrand, 1864 ; reprint, Jacques Gabay, 2008, ; aḍris deg internet : 




#Article 253: Mulay Muḥend (Muḥend n Ɛabdel Krim Lxeṭṭabi) (272 words)


Mulay Muḥend d anzbay amaziɣ d amerruki si temnaṭ n Arif. D aselway n tgduda n arif gar useggwas 1921 d 1926. imnaɣ akked Spenyul d Fransa.  g-inas assaɣ n izem n Arrif g-int d agledun imjahden yugi ad yili d agellid n  arif. Mamek yugi ad yilli d lxalif n inselmen.

Ilul deg tamdint n Ajdir deg useggwas n 1882. Yelmed af ufus n baba-s ikemmel tiɣri-s g uɣerbaz n ṣfarin d craṭin di Fas. Yuɣal-d ɣer Fas d akabar seg baba-s ssulṭan Ɛebdelaḥfiḍ iwsisfiw n umenɣi akked Bu Teɣyult ( bu ḥmara)

Isbedd Mulay Muḥend deg wass n 18 Ctember 1921. Tagduda taɛṣrit s Dustur D lbrlaman. Asmi ggin Imezdaɣ n Arrif tagrawla mgal Spenyul.Tamaneɣt-is Ajdir Tadrimt nns Rifan Tafugla Tanamurt ass n 18 Ctamber .  Di tira s Taɛṛabt semman-as « Jumhuria Errifiya », ma Irifiyen ddmen awal nni n Spenyul, rran-t d assaɣ ( isem) Amaziɣ: « Ribublik n Arif ». 
Ur illa imir nni wawal n « ribublik » di Tmaziɣt Tarifit, awalnni  nessen ass-a : tgduda n arif  .

Awal-nni s timmad-si ifra tamsalt tameqrant. Ur tella d tagelda i –id-ilulen seg idurar n Arrif. Abrid ibṛez, yenjeṛ yesuffeɣ: tegduda n Arrif  i-d-ilulen seg iẓuran n tmurt, si teqbilin akken llant. Adabu i-d ilulen yusa-d si teqbilin n tmurt, seg iɣerman akked tzeɣwa n tmurt n Arrif.

Deg useggwas 1926 ar 1947 yenfa  Muḥend Abdelkrim ɣer tegzirt n La Réunion, azal n 9000 km akkin deg ilel n Lhend. 
Isuter acḥal n tikkal ḥuma. ad yeffeɣ si tmurt-nni.

Yemmut Mulay Muḥend di Taqahirt (Maṣer) deg wass n 6 Yebrir 1963. Yemḍel di temeqrebt n Ccuhada dinna. 




#Article 254: Tinariwen (233 words)


Tinariwen (s ttergit neɣ tmaceq : « ⵜⵏⵔⵓⵏ » d asget n: Tenere) d yiwet n tarbaɛt icennayen i  d-yusan seg tmurt n Tessalit di Azawad deg Adrar n Ifuɣas .

Ccna nsen, assuf, tewwi-d cbaha ɣer blues, d rock d ccna itargiyen tamensayt. D tin i wumi neqqaṛ tura blues tuareg, axaṭar am blues ccna yagi yekka-d seg assuf d aṭṭan yuɣen imaziɣen n kel tamaceq deg akal nsen.

Llan sin iqaṛṛay deg tarbaɛt agi, yiwen  Ibrahim ag Alhabib « Abraybone » wayeḍ d Alhousseini ag Abdoulahi « Abdallah », maca ilaq an wali tinariwen am akken d tawacult tameqṛant, d tiddukla tadelsant.
 
Llan daɣen aṭas inaẓuren id yettasen ɣer tarbaɛt n tinariwen, am Mohamed ag Itlal i wumi qqaren «Ajapuni».

Tlul-d tarbaɛt agi aseggas n 1982, deg yiwet n tfaska i d-yellan di temdint n lezzayer, sɣur Ibrahim ag Alhabib, Alhassan ag Touhami d-Intayaden, Taɣreft Tinariwen, wigi llan d icennayen, maca daɣen d igrawliyen yennuɣen ɣef uzref n wegdud atergi amaziɣnsen iseggasen nni 1990, s ccna-nsen, arran-d asirem i watmaten nsen kel tamaceq.

Di tezwara, kṛad agi n yemdukal llan tturaren s snitra tasfeldant, sinna mmugren-d inaẓuren n voix du Hoggar is yefkan i Ibrahim snitra y ines elektrik tamezwarut. Di temdint n Tamenṛaset, gan kra tfaskiwin yidsen Kṛad n tilawin, sinna di tmurt n Libya mmugren-d Mohamed ag Itlal, «Ajapuni» di lawan nni id bda tagrawla nni isegwasen n 1990.




#Article 255: Tamikrest (218 words)


Tamikrest (s ttergit, s teqbaylit: tikarrist, s tfṛansist: noeud, coalition) d yiwet n tarbaɛt n Ccna tafriqt, pop d rock utrim, cennun s tutlayt Tamacaqt. Win yettarun tizlitin n tarbaɛt d Usman Ag Musa (aqarru n tarbaɛt)

Ccna n tarbaɛt yesseqdac aṭas n snitrat d wallalen nniḍen.

Imasladen n tarbaɛt Tamikrest sɛan 20 isegwasen ass m-id tennulfa tarbaɛt asegwas n 2006, kren-d di tama n Kidal Aẓawad, akken id kren deg uɣarbaz n Les enfants de l´Adra mi llan d-igardan. Aɣarbaz id sizref tdukliwin turufin di Tinẓawaṭin (tamdint tamecṭuḥt deg Tenere) anida lemden aẓawan. Di temẓi nsen, ddren tallit nni n tegrawla itargiyen isegwasen n 1990, aṭas ig uɣalen d-igujilen acku ssutren timanit n weɣref atargi

Mi llan d-imeẓyanen, tturaren tizlatin Kel Tamaceq s-umata, neɣ tidak n tarbaɛt Tinariwen yessexlaḍen seg-imiren Ccna amensay d win utrim (abeṛṛani).
Assa, nezmer ad naf di Cna n Tamikrest ugar n tezrirt s-ɣuṛ icennayen imeqṛanen am: Jimi Hendrix, Bob Marley, Pink Floyd et Mark Knopfler; ayen i-ten yeǧǧan ad maggren tarbaɛt Usṭralu-tamarikanit Dirtmusic di tfaska n Ccna atargi di tenere asegwas n 2008, di tɣiwant n Essakan, azal n 70 Agimkat seg Ṭumbuktu, ayagi yark yeǧǧa Tamikrest ad uraren deg takalast t-isnat n Dirtmusic asegwas n 2010 id skelsen di Bamako, ussan ni id teffaɣ takalast n-sen Adaɣ id yefres Kris Ekman.




#Article 256: Lla Lgida Tamuqrant (278 words)


Lla Lǧida Tamuqrant (isem-is aḥeqqani : Hini Merbouha), d yiwet n tcennayt tamuqrant n Teqbaylit, seg tmezwura yerẓan asalu ar ccna ar tama n Lla Yamina, Lla Wenissa, Lla Zina Tawertilanit. 

Tlul deg temnaṭ n udrar n Gergur, deg Sṭif deg 1912. Isem ines n tidett d Merbuḥa Ḥini. Tedder aṭas n lweqt deg Lezzayer Tamanaɣt.

Ger tuɣac-ines yettwassnen aṭas, daɣen yettwaskelsen deg Umaṭṭaf n teqabylit (radio Berthozène, ELAK). 

Teccna tikelt ak tamezwarut deg umezruy n ccna n leqbayel ak d wergaz. Tɣenna akw d Ccix Nuṛdin tizlitt mucaɛen umi qqaren : Serḥɣa-s i bu laɛyun.

Tella seg tullawin temenza yeccnan deg rradyu aladɣa deg nnuba n lxalat ar tama n Cabḥa, Lla Yamina, Lla Zina, Crifa, Ǧamila, Wrida, 

Iwaccu id cceyɛed ɣuri, a ṛbaɛ ajdid axuxi,

Asgi sliɣ ad assed, aqli theyiɣ lhenni,

Amek ara jjaɣ tarumit, s zzin-is tseḥriyi,

Iwaccu id cceyɛad ɣuri, a ṛbaɛ ajdid ayawa, 

Asgi sliɣ ad assed, aqli theyiɣ lfeṭṭa, 

Amek ara jjaɣ tarumit, agwad rebbi, 

Yarna tewwi-yi lhawa, 

Iwaccu id cceyɛed ɣuri a ṛbaɛ ajdid aɛbbas, 

Asgi sliɣ ad assed, aqli theyiɣ ameqyas, 

Ulamek jjaɣ tarumit, tsehriyi d ṣṣifa-s, 

Seḥriyi s drafas, 

Iwaccu id cceyɛed ɣuri a ṛbaɛ ajdid lemdaḥbi, 

Asgi sliɣ ad assed, aqli theyiɣ abidi, 

Amek ara jjaɣ tarumit, tenak ur yettaja waḥdi, 

(...)

Ay agetum n remman, 

N remman,

Ṛuḥ a lwali di laman, 

Di laman,

Uffiɣ snat n teqcicit, 

Grent iɣallen i deffa, 

Deg ssifa am tin am tin,

Mxallafent deg lebsa, 

Ay agetum n rreman,

Ṛṛuḥ a lwali di laman,

Uffiɣ snat n teqcicin, 

Grent iɣallen i tebburt, 

G ssifa am tin am tin, 

Mxallafent deg qendurt, 

Lɛeslama-k a xxuya, 

A lbaz id rebba tsekkurt, 

(...)




#Article 257: Novak Đoković (222 words)


Novak Đoković d amyurar n waddal n Tennis tmurt Serbi, ilul ass n 22 mayyu 1987 di temdint n Belgrad.
Yebda yetturar d terbaɛt tameqqṛant aseggas n 2003, yeḥrez amḍiq amenzu n ubellez n ATP azal n 90 imalas yemseḍfaren. 

Yeḥrez ar assa 45 izwilen, gar-asen 10 imeqqṛanen (7 n Grand Chelems d 3 teqbuct n Masters) d 19 n Masters 1000. Đoković yeḥrez azwel n Melbourne di Ustralya iseggasen (2008, 2011, 2012, 2013), win n Wimbledon di tmurt n Lengliz (2011, 2014), win n Flushing Meadows di Timura Yedduklen n Marikan (2011).

Ilul Novak Đoković ass n 22 mayyu 1987 di temdint n Belgrad, yemma-s, Dijana , ma d baba-s, Srdjan. 
Tura Novak yettidir di Monte Carlo, tama n Monaco, netta d tmeṭṭut-is Jelena.

Di temẓi-s Novak Đoković yella yetturar daɣen ddabax uḍar, yella yeẓweṛ s waṭas, maca d addal n Tennis i yeffren mi yella di Tam (8) iseggasen di lɛemṛ-is, ɣas akken mazal-it yeṭṭafaṛ ar assa u yḥemmel aṭas tarbaɛt n ddabax uḍar n FK Crvena Zvezda.

Novak Đoković yeḥrez ar assa 45 azwilen deg ufrari d yiwen kan deg uslig irgazen. Yewwi azwel-ines amenzu aseggas n 2006, di dduṛt n Amersfort (indoor). Seg imir-nni yewwi 7 n t dduṛtin n Grand Slam. Yerna taqbuct n Masters Cup (2008, 2012, 2013) d wazal n 19 azwilen n Masters 1000.




#Article 258: Tagduda n Arrif (135 words)


Awal iffeɣ akkin i tlisa n Arif, akkin i Taferka, yuɣa timura n Uôupa akked wagmuv ineslem. Tanekra nni n war isem, di kra waguren tbeddel udem. Deg Ajdir, di tazwara n Fuṛaṛ 1923 , tuɣal d « Re publica del Rif » 129 , Tagduda n Arif.

Di tira s teɛrabt semman-as « Jumhuria Errifiya », ma d Irifiyen ddmen awal nni n Sbanya, rran-t d isem Amaziɣ  : « Ri bublik n Arif ». Ur illa imir nni wawal n « ribublik » di Tmaziɣ t Tarifit, awal nni nessen ass-a : Tagduda n Arif . Awal nni s timmad-si ifra tamsalt tameqrant. Ur tella d tagelda i – id-ilulen seg idurar n Arif. Abrid ibôez, yenjeô yesuffeɣ : tagduda n Arif i-d-ilulen seg iéuran n tmurt, si teqbilin akken llant. Adabu i-dilulen




#Article 259: Tipaza (130 words)


Tipaza neɣ Bazar s Hcenwit, tella d tamdint di tmurt n Dzayer, tamudi 50 km ar utaram n Dzayer tamaneɣt. Tela (Tesɛa) ugar n 25.000 imezdaɣen deg useggas n 2008. Tamnaṭ-ines d tawalmaziɣt maca imezdaɣen n temdint bedden ttmeslayen s tmazɣit acku n iberraniyen i yellan di temdint, usan-d si temnaḍin tiɛarbin s wawal.

Agezdu n Tifeẓẓ yes3a εiṭa ( aṭaṣ / xilla ) n tiɣiwanin : 
Taɣiwant n Damus
Taɣiwant n At Milek ( Beni Milek) 
Taɣiwant n Larhat
Taɣiwant n Iyurayen ( Gouraya)
Taɣiwant n Weɣbal ( Aɣbal)  
Taɣiwant n Mselmun
Taɣiwant n Ḥejret Nnes
Taɣiwant n Sidi Γilas
Taɣiwant n Cercal
Taɣiwant n Baẓaṛ ( Tipaza)  
Taɣiwant n Fuka
Taɣiwant n Ain Tagurayet
Taɣiwant n Busmaεin ( Bu Ismail)  
Taɣiwant n Qliεa
Taɣiwant n Ḥeǧǧuṭ ( Hadjout)  




#Article 260: Faḍma At Menṣur (584 words)


Faḍma At Menṣur neɣ Faḍma At Menṣur Ɛemruc, Faḍma At Menṣur Ɛemṛuc yal tamnaḍt taqbaylit akken id tessenṭaq d tameṭṭut taqbaylit tamenzut i yuran adlis s tfṛansist iwumi tsemma tamacahutt n tudert-iw Histoire de ma vie deg useggas 1946 di Ṛades i d-yeffɣen deg useggas 1968, aseggas mbeɛd tamettant-is. 

Tazwert n udlis-agi yura-tt Vincent Monteil akked Kateb Yasin.

D adlis ideg d-teḥka tudert-is, tin n yemma-s d tin n warraw-is, tudert-is seg wasmi tella di Tizi Hibel armi d asmi tedda d tislit ɣer Yiɣil Ɛli d yinig-is ɣer Rades di Tunes d yinig-is wis sin ɣer Bretagne (Breṭany di tmurt n Fṛansa. Faḍma d tayemmat n sin n yemyura, inaẓuren imeqqranen i d-yeğğan isem-nsen deg tsekla tafransist d yedles amaziɣ, Jean Lmuhub Ɛemṛuc d Marie Louiz Ṭawes Ɛemṛuc.

Faḍma At Mensur tlul deg useggas 1883 di Tizi Hibel, d taɣtest n wagul tga yemma-s mi qqaren Ɛayni acku tesɛa-tt-id mbaɛd mi teğğel s wacḥal yiseggasen mebla nnaɛ n zzwağ. Di taddart-is, tenḥaf aṭas, timetti n yimiren ur tt-tqal ara sawalen-as taqcict n lɛaṛ, ɣef waya wwint-tt temrabḍin Iṛumyen yellan xedment di sbiṭar n Micli sekrent-tt-id, seɣrent-tt, dɣa mi temmed, tewweḍ 16 yiseggasen, fkant-as amḍiq gar-asent, txeddem dinna ula d nettat di sbiṭar, di lawan-nni dɣa i tt-yessen Belqasem At Ɛemruc i d wi tezweğ deg useggas 1899.

Mbeɛd zzwağ-is, Faḍma tban-as-d tudert-nniḍen, tufa win i d wi tecrek lferḥ-is d lqerḥ-is. Belqasem yella-yas d ayen akk tt-ixuṣṣen di tudert-is, yefka-yas tayri, leḥnana, tagmat, yerra-yas-d taflest d laman deg yiman-is. Tedder kra yiseggasen gar yiɛeggalen n twacult n urgaz-is syen unagen ɣer Tunes. Dinna, dɣa i tesɛedda tugget n yiseggasen n tudert-is, tessekcem arraw-is ɣer uɣerbaz, tefka-yasen ayen akk ilaqen akken ad ilin gar wid ifazen, ufraren-d s tegzi-nsen, s tmusni-nsen kesben, ḥellan-d imeḍqan ɛlayen.

Faḍma d Belqasem, d ddin amasiḥi i ḍefren. Ɣef waya ad naf yal yiwen deg tarwa-nsen fkan-as sin n yismawen, yiwen d isem amasiḥi, wayeḍ d isem amaziɣ acku Faḍma ɣas tebɛed ɣef wakal n lejdud-is maca teṭṭef deg yiẓuran-is, s wakka arraw-is ẓṛan ansi d-frurin. Dinna di Tunes, tezga tettcewwiq izlan n teqbaylit, tettawi-d timucuha n tgemmi n lejdud-is i dderya-s, tessaweḍ tefka-yasen idles-is, idles tuwret ula d nettat ɣef yemma-s. Faḍma iḥuza-tt aṭas yinig, ɣef waya tenna : zgiɣ sarameɣ, yiwen n wass ad iliɣ di tmurt-iw, di tlemmast n taddart-iw, gar lejdud-iw, d wid d wi ttmeslayeɣ s yiwet n tutlayt, wid d wi zdiɣ yiwet n tmuɣli, yiwen n yiman neɣ rruḥ n tlelli, n tdukli d tmunent, d rruḥ n Yugurten. Deg wakken tfud, neɣ tḥemmel taqbaylit-is, tessaweḍ armi tettali ɣer sufella n tɣurfett akken ad tessemḥas i yemsebriden yettɛeddayen zdat uxxam-is i d-yezgan deg ubrid ameqqran imi ara ttmeslayen s tcelḥit imi d tantala n tutlayt tmaziɣt yettcabin aṭas ɣer tantala taqbaylit.
Faḍma d adrar n ssber acku zyada ɣef lḥif i tt-iḥuzan di temẓi-is, rnu lɣerba i tt-yesbeɛden ɣef wakal-is, terna-d tmettant yettawin arraw-is yiwen yiwen, d urgaz-is Belqasem, tewwet ssiɛqa di tudert-is imi tezwer akk tawacult-is, d ussan irẓaganen i tessegra ala Ṭawes i s-d-yegran, tin i d wi tezdi lqerḥ-is.
Faḍma ur tunif ara i yir tudert tesɛedda d wussan i tedder di tmurt n Leqbayel ad ten-tɣum tatut. Ayen i d-teğğa d agerruj, ɣur-s aẓar n tmedyazt d tẓuri. Ass-a, teqqim-d d azamul n tmeṭṭut taqbaylit timinigt s tesreṭ tamasiḥit yefkan i warra-is ttrebga izaden, i ten-id-yessufɣen d aggagen n yal ukud di yal amkan.
Temmut Faḍma di Sbiṭar n la Bretagne di tmurt n Fransa deg useggas 1967.




#Article 261: Sus (147 words)


Tasga n Sus tella yiwet gar timndaḍin n tamurt n Umṛṛuk, tella af utaram. D yiwet lli aṭas ittuyssan s tmallayt d tasbbabt d tayerza. Iɣerman-ines imeqqranen llan Agadir, Tarudant, Warzazat, Tiznit, Tazaggurt, Ifni, Tinɣir. 
Lɛamalat-ines Agadir Id-Aw-Tanan, Inezggan-Ayt Mellul,Actuken, Ayt Baha, tili tsggayad f 70,880 km². Yili ugar n 3,113,653 n imezdaɣ.

D-tamnaṭ anda qwan aṭṭas aṭṭas Yimaziɣen, tuggar timnaḍin nniḍen n Tefriqt Ugafa. Imezdaɣ-is ttemslayen Tacelḥit. 

Tamnaṭ aggi tettwasen daɣen s inazuren-is, s yiwen n ssenf n ccna d ccdaḥ umi qqaren Aḥwac. Aḥwac aggi, d ccdaḥ, d ccna, n Yimaziɣen n Sus, anda ccenun, cceṭḥen s tarbaɛt. Yella Uḥwac anda argaz d-tmeṭṭut ttekin deg-s. Llant tuddar anda yella Uḥac n yergazen d uḥwac n tefraxin (tullawin). 

Tamnaṭ aggi tettwassen daɣen s yiwet n teǧra umi sawalen  Argan. S wargan skarayen zzit, skarayen deqs n tɣawsiwin nniḍen i weccbub, i weglim, i lmakla, i sseḥa.




#Article 262: Lla Yamina (292 words)


Lla Yamina d tacennayt ger tmezwura n teqbaylit. Isem-is n tidett s teqbaylit At Waɛrab Farruǧa, tulled deg temnaṭ n Yiɣil Aɛli di tama n wadda n tmurt Leqbayel (Basse Kabylie) deg usegwas 1905, temmut deg Yennayer 2008. 

Lla Yamina tekccem ar ccna asmi id wwed ar Lezzayer deg usegwas n 1924. Imiren di laɛmar-is urɛad ɛcrin. 

Anekccum-is a Radyu n teqbaylit yellad s lemɛawna n snat tullawin. Yiwet deg sent qqaren-as Lla Tassaɛdit ( nettat d-tarumit, isem-is aḥeqani d Madame Lafages). Tissnat d Lla Wenissa, umi qqaren Qdim Ḥlima n tmurt n Umalu (Akruma n wassa).  

Ccna n Lla Wenissa d Lla Yamina akk Lla Zina, yezzi kkan s icewwiqen. Ulac allalen imiren, ala tuɣac-nsent. Uyrna radyu n teqbaylit n yimiren ur tesawad-ara ar tmurt n leqbayel hacca ar tmurt n lɣurba kkan ig iteffaɣ ṣṣut-nsent.

Lla Yamina nettat tigjdit n ccna n teqbaylit, ger dit yerzan asalu ar ccna n tulawin di lweqt-nni anda ccna yella amzun d lɛar. 

Lla Yamina, Lla Wenissa akd Lla Zina, skerented tarbaɛt umi qqaren  Tarbaɛt n Lla Wenissa deg segwasen nni n 30. 

Sakkin arnanted ɣursent Lla Cṛifa, Lla Lǧida Tamuqrant, Cabḥa, Jamila, sekrented nnuba umi qqaren  Urar Lxalat yuɣlen d Nnuba Lxalat.

Lla Yamina tedda di ccna alami d asmi Imdebren n Radyu (Amaṭṭaf wis ssin) bgsend ad sngren urar n lxalat f lemwaǧi n radyu. Dɣa Lla Yamina teffaɣ si radyu deg segwasen n tesɛin. 

Amer llan igad yeccfan, 

D lfaḥmin yeɣran, 

Nettḥibi lward nettezut, 

Nneqbed tiregwa waman, 

Ar leǧnan iyi rran(t), 

Yefraḥ wergaz d-tameṭṭut, 

Mid negra deg laxxar n zman, 

Neḥdar mi-tt kksan, 

Ɛudna-s bab-is yemmut, 

Ma nruḥ nugad, 

Ma neqqim rebbi akka ig rad.

Ccaḥ ccaḥ a ṛṛay-iw

D kecc ig bɣan,

Mi teddid d win ik yehwan, 

Teǧǧid imawlan




#Article 263: Ǧamila (324 words)


Ǧamila, tacennayt taqbaylit, ger yiwet irreṣṣan lsas i ccna unti n teqbaylit. 

Isem-is n tidett d Ǧuḥar Baccen, tlulled deg ussan imenza n tefsut n usegwas n 1930 (2 maggu 1930), deg temnaṭ n At Buhini ( tama n Iɛẓẓugen). Tawaccult-is d yiwet n twaccult muccaɛen, yellan si zik di Lzzayer tamanaɣt. 

Ǧamila tezweǧ ɣur-es 12 n isegwasen kkan ar mmis n mmis n Ureski Lbaccir, argaz yenuɣen, yemmuten f tilelli.  Ddren akken yiwen lweqt di Buzriɛa di Lzzayer, unagen sakkin kra n lweqt ar Fransa. Cwit kkan, Lla Ǧamila tuɣaled ar tmurt, tfureq nettat d urgaz-is. 

Lla Ǧamila tewwded ar radyu asmi tella deg tama n Berthozène (La Grande poste d'Alger). D yiwet n tmettut umi qqaren Lla Cabḥa, yellan tettmediḥ imiren, i-tt-id yewwin ad twali amek ccenunt imiren. 

Liqal, Lla Ǧamila, tugguma ad-tekcem ar Radyu, si lxuf b awal n medden d laḥya n yimiren.

Tettɛawaded belli assen amezwaru igi id wwet ar Radyu, tuffa dinna: Lla Yamina tettawwid yiwen ucewwiq anda s teqqar:  Ay ul-iw nhed nhed, newwed ar tebburt nbed, ma d yemma aɛzizen ulaḥed, mad tagmatt llaḥ lḥed) , Lla Zina, Lla Lǧida Tamuqrant, Meǧdul Aḥmed, Qurici Zeṛṛuq, Sidaḥ, Ḥaǧ Racid. 

Yella daɣen Ccix Nurdin, is yennan i Lla Ǧamila: A taqcict, awi-yaɣed icewwiq.  Dɣa tewwid winna  A dicini, tewwid-iyid arriyi. 

Texdem dva nnuba n ccna akw d Ccix Nurdin, d netta ig yellan d bab n uzawan ( chef d'orchestre) imiren. 

Teccna daɣen deg Nnuba Lxalat i-teṭṭef Lla Tassaɛdit, ar tama n Lla Yamina, Lla Zina, Lla Cṛifa, Mimi Nabti, Tawes Nabti, Nwarra Nabti, Ǧamila Ḥassan (Massa Bugarmuḥ), Xedduǧ, Wṛida. 

Lla Ǧamila tekki deg waṭṭas n tedwilin, gar-asent  Les femmes au foyer, ar tama n Lla Tassaɛdit ( Madame Laffage).  Tettekki daɣen deg yiwwet n tedwilt Enfatine ar tama n Ɛebdelmaǧid Benasar. 

Tetteki daɣen deg sura s taɛrabt taɣerfant (Le Colonel Si Belaid, Rameaux de Feu, Les Hors la loi, Leila, le Vent des Aurès), d-taqbaylit (Tawrirt Yettwattun).




#Article 264: Ɛli Ceɛbani (592 words)


Ɛli Ceɛbani, s tefṛansist Ali Chabani ; d yiwen ucennay n tmurt n Leqbayel, tamaṭ n Mɛatqa, Taɣiwant n Suq Letnin, id yezga azal n 20 ikilumitṛen ɣaf Tizi Wezzu, ilul ass n  2 yunyu 1977.

 A nadam Arzu-d ɣuri
 Ay iḍes ddu-d yides
 Ar targit awit-iyi
 Di lemnam melba a duqqes
 Saweḍt-iyi kan eǧǧet-iyi
 Syinna sneɣ abrid ɣures

 Iyya-d qqim yidi
 Atteẓreḍ id iyuɣen
 D kemmi nni d tamuɣli
 D kem id mummu n wallen
 Iyya-d qqim yidi
 Ala kem id yeqqimen

 Zgiɣ leḥḥuɣ
 Ayḍul webrid-iw
 Ar zdat d agu
 Ar deffir d imeṭṭi
 Iyyan am d-aḥkuɣ
 ɣaf yiman-iw
 Bɣiɣ akem sɛuɣ
 D kem id amur-iw
 
 Iyya-d … Iyya-d …
 Qqim yidi

 Iyya-d qqim yidi
 Atteẓreḍ id iyuɣen
 D kemmi nni d tamuɣli
 D kem id mummu n wallen
 Iyya-d qqim yidi
 Ala kem id yeqqimen

 A tewwiḍ-iyi iẓri-w
 A tugiḍ ad waliɣ
 Teqqenḍ-iyi iẓri-w
 Tugiḍ ad waliɣ
 Isem-im deg iles-iw
 D kem kan ittnadiɣ
 Ttuɣ iman-iw
 Ttuɣ amek iggiɣ
 Ay cebbel lmux-iw
 Bɣiɣ akem waliɣ

 Iyya-d … Iyya-d …
 Qqim yidi

 Iyya-d qqim yidi
 Atteẓreḍ id iyuɣen
 D kemmi nni d tamuɣli
 D kem id mummu n wallen
 Iyya-d qqim yidi
 Ala kem id yeqqimen

 Ay ul-iw, ay ul-iw,
 Henna-yi ay ul-iw, ay ul-iw
 Baṛka-yi si tlifa-k dayen aɛyiɣ

 Ay ul-iw, ay ul-iw,
 Henna-yi ay ul-iw, ay ul-iw
 Baṛka-yi si tlifa-k dayen aɛyiɣ

 Ay ul-iw, ay ul-iw,
 Henna-yi ay ul-iw, ay ul-iw
 Baṛka-yi si tlifa-k dayen aɛyiɣ

 Baṛka-yi si tlifa-k dayen aɛyiɣ
 Aṭas ay ɛebbant tuyat armi kniɣ
 Imeṭṭi-k ur d-iggar tifrat ur ɣ-infiɛ

 Ah ! Acuɣer… Ah ! Acuɣer ?
 Ah ! Acuɣer… Ah ! Acuɣer ?
 S asmekti icud yeẓri-k
 Acuɣer… Acuɣer ?
 Tḥekmeḍ felli lɣebn-ik

 Acuɣer… Acuɣer ?
 S asmekti icud yeẓri-k
 Acuɣer… Acuɣer ?
 Tḥekmeḍ felli lɣebn-ik

 Acuɣer… Acuɣer ?

 Saked kan anda akka ay d wwiḍ
 Neɣ tettuḍ dg-i ay telliḍ
 M-akka ur naɛdil tamuɣli
 Aḥṣiɣ d-acu tettmenniḍ
 Aḥṣiɣ ɣaf acu i yid-ttcetkiḍ
 Ula d kečč tɣaḍeḍ-iyi
 A bezzaf, ay tessaɣzef iḍ
 Ugadeɣ mara d-akiḍ
 Ndama a k-id smekti
 Ak tarr ar wanda iy-teǧǧiḍ
 Dɣa imir ar ɣuri ad zziḍ
 Attebḍu lǧaṛṛa iɣisi

 Ay ul-iw, ay ul-iw,
 Henna-yi ay ul-iw, ay ul-iw
 Baṛka-yi a si tlifa-k dayen aɛyiɣ

 Ay ul-iw, ay ul-iw,
 Henna-yi ay ul-iw, ay ul-iw
 Baṛka-yi si tlifa-k dayen aɛyiɣ

 Baṛka-yi si tlifa-k dayen aɛyiɣ
 Aṭas ay ɛebbant tuyat armi kniɣ
 Imeṭṭi-k ur d-iggar tifrat ur ɣ-infiɛ

 Ah ! Acuɣer… Ah ! Acuɣer ?
 Ah ! Acuɣer… Ah ! Acuɣer ?
 S asmekti icud yeẓri-k
 Acuɣer… Acuɣer ?
 Tḥekmeḍ felli lɣebn-ik

 Acuɣer… Acuɣer ?
 S asmekti icud yeẓri-k
 Acuɣer… Acuɣer ?
 I taḥkmeḍ felli lɣebn-ik

 Acuɣer… Acuɣer ?

 Ma muqleɣ s ayen iɛeddan
 Seg asmi lliɣ d ameẓyan
 Ay ɛebbeɣ s nnig tezmart
 Arnan-iyi iɣeblan
 Saɛṛaqn-iyi ibardan
 Uqebl ay d-mɣi tamart
 Ay eǧǧiɣ ixef-iw ihan
 Briɣ i ṭṭbel deg aman
 A tarra-yi ddunit di ṭṭaṛf

 A ttawiɣ lewhi s wallen
 Aɛṛaqen-iyi yaḥbiben
 Aɛṛaqɣ i wid iyi sɛan
 A tiyita dg-i yarsen
 A tewwet-iyi tegla yiswen
 Uqleɣ d anagi yinɣan
 Mači d yiwet id iyi futen
 Seg ayen ak iyi d-iṣuḥen
 Temẓi-w d target yeḍṛan

 Yeqqars zzaṛb mkul amkan
 Qwant felli imeḍqan
 Mači d yiwen agma at ɛasseɣ
 Sser-iw yeqqim ɛaryan
 Ẓrant ak madden akken llan
 Ur sɛiɣ wara lummeɣ / Ur yelli f-ayeg a lummeɣ
 D aṛṛay-iw id iyi xlan
 Ur yinni abrid llewqam
 Ccah! Fiḥel ma ndemmeɣ

 A win yettḥuddun ḍaɛfeɣ
 Yak teẓriḍ ttwaqedfeɣ
 Ma beddeɣ ad ksent tecṛaḍ
 Ṭṭef aɣarbal saffeɣ
 Ay zad felli ukarfa
 Yegra-d ssagreɣ-t ifaḍ
 Mi senniɣ tura ad caɛfeɣ
 Deg iman-iw ad ṭṭfeɣ
 Syinna ay bedduɣ tiyaḍ




#Article 265: Tawerga (139 words)


Tawerga (s tifinaɣ: ⵜⴰⵡⴻⵔⴳⴰ, s taɛrabt: تاورقة, s tefransist: Taourga) d yiwet n tiɣiwanin n Tamurt Leqbayel (Lezzayer), tezga-d ɣer ugmuḍ uggug n ugezdu n Bumerdas. Tettabaɛ ɣer tadayra n Laɛzib n Ccix. Zedɣen-tt 7 882 n yimezdaɣ (uddun n 2008).

Tawerga tella gar uzaɣar n Sabaw d yidurar. Tebɛed ɣef tamdint n Bumerdes s 55 n yikilumitren, akked 20 n yikilumetren ɣef tamdint n Tizi Wezzu 

Llant kra n tuddar deg tɣiwant  : Bni Ɛeṭṭar, Lǧemɛa, Bouhbachou, Budciha, Tingrin, Lkudiyya, Mazzer, Leɣdayer, Wad Hlal. Imezdaɣ ttmeslayen aṭas s teɛrabt gar-asen (d zdi muḥ).

Deg uyyur n yennayer 1985, Tawerga tuɣal taɣiwant. Tella zik d taddart kan di tɣiwant n Leɛzib N Ccix (umi qqaren Baɣliya ass-a) deg utaram.

At Tawerga ggan aṭas n tekessawt di tɣiwant, zzit uzemmur dinna tela (tesɛa) aṭas n wazal, tella tafellaḥt deg idurar. 




#Article 266: Taɣzut (334 words)


Taɣzut d taddart id yezgan di tɣiwant n At Yellilten. 

Taddart aggi tezgad ddaw taddart n Tfilkut. Ifaqi-tt wassif nettat d At Yettura ( Buɛidel), akw d Ilulyen Umalu ( Agussim). 

Di taddart-aggi llant aṭṭas n twacculin gar asent llant : At Aɛmar, At Ali U Musa, At Taḥar, At Ben Ɛisa, At Salaḥ, At Uqasi, Icaɛllalen, At Buɛezza, At Ali. 

Taddart anda tettili timecret, anda yettili usensi n Sidi Ḥend Uɛbedellah, anda tettili temerɣa anda ccenun inazuren imeqqranen n Teqbaylit am Zedek Mulud, Ali Ferḥati, Ali Mezyan

Tasekkurt id yeccrurden deg udrar truḥ, 

Tebɛan-tt-id isegaden, id yeglan s lfuṛuḥ, 

Taggi ad-tt arnuɣ i yesyi, ay izem amectuḥ, 

Tasekkurt id yeccrurden deg udrar tulwa (?), 

Tebɛan-tt-id isegaden, id yeglan s leḥnna, 

Taggi ad-tt arnuɣ i yesyi, a mmis n Tsedda, 

Tasekkurt id yeccurden deg udrar tculla, 

Tebɛan-tt-id iseggaden, id yglan s lḥarma, 

Taggi ad-tt arnuɣ i yesyi, ay izem lḥara,

Msemellaḥ ad nebdu ccekran, iɣuraf n ttmar, 

D-acu id imenna wuy-iw d rebbi ad yeḥdar, 

Taggi as-tarnuɣ i yesyi (flan nnaɣ flan), a lbaz acmamar, 

Msemellaḥ ad nedbu ccekran, iɣuraf n lǧǧuz, 

D-acu id imenna wuy-iw d rebbi amaɛzuz, 

Taggi as-tarnuɣ i yesyi, a lbaz amekyus,

Acḥal ayyagi deg Malu Idurar, 

Ihelel waggur, tiziri tezwar, 

A win umi ferḥaɣ yassed ɣar wurar, 

Acḥal ayagi deg Malu Leswar, 

Ihellel waggur, tiziri d lefnar, 

A win mu ferḥaɣ yassed s amedhar, 

Acḥal ayagi deg Malu Tili,

Ihelel waggur, tiziri tuli, 

A win mu ferḥaɣ yassed yarriyid, 

Acḥal ayagi, deg Malu Iɣezzer, 

Ihelel waggur, tiziri tɛeǧǧar,

A win mi ferḥaɣ, yassed ad yeḥdar,

Tasusmi ay At wurar ma yekkat wegris, 

Uyama yekkat wugris, tikyi nnaɣ s yeqis, 

Fellawen ig ccbaḥ wurar ay At Ttaryis, 

Keccini ay Isli, a mmis p-g-b Ukyis, 

Tasusmi ay At Wurar ma yekkat wedfey, 

Uyama yekkat wudfey, tikyi nnaɣ s yaɛqey, 

Fellawen ig yeccbaḥ wurar, ay At Yemkaḥey, 

Keccini ay isli (...?)

Tasusmi ay At Wurar ma tekkat yeḥwa, 

Uyama tekkat yeḥwa, tikli nnaɣ s lyanna

Fellawen ig ccbaḥ wurar ay At Lhaṛa, 




#Article 267: Lla Ḥnifa (330 words)


Lla Ḥnifa, isem-ines unṣib d Iɣil Larbɛa Zubida. Semman-as ar Ḥnifa, weltma-s n Lla Lǧida Tamuqrant, iy ccnan cwiṭ deg iseggassen n 40.

Tluled deg tama n Yiɣil Mhenni ( Aẓeffun) deg usegwas n 1924. Tawacult-is truḥ ar Lzzayer am waṭṭas n twacculin tiqbayliyen n yimiren iwakken ad affen aɣrum d uxedim.

Asmi yebda traḍ urumi d uliman (2WW), tawaccult Iɣil Larbɛa tuɣaled ar Tmurt n Leqbayel.

Deg usegwas n 1957,  lla Ḥnifa tunag ar Fransa am waṭṭas n Inaẓuren di lawan nni. Mid tewwed ar Paris, tebda tamɛccit waɛen macci drus, tamɛccit n waccu id yefka wass yeccat yid. 

Deg usegwas n 1957, lla Ḥnifa temllal d Kamal Ḥemadi, yettnadin ɣaf ṣṣut n tmeṭṭut ara yeccnun yides taɣect Yidem yidem. Dɣa yuffa Ḥnifa. 

Asmi yekfa traḍ n timunent, tuɣaled Lla Ḥnifa ar wakal n tmurt. Teccna cwit di Lezzayer, tetteki deg tmeɣriwin, teccna di Nnuba Lxalat. 

Deg usegwas n 1973, lla Ḥnifa tuɣal tuɣalin taneggarut ar Fransa, anda temmut deg usegwas n 81. 

Abrid-is di ccna yebda deg temzi-s asmi tella di taddart. Ulac tameɣra anda ur tettɣni ara, anda ur teɛmir-ara urar. 

Asmi id uɣal ar Lzzayer deg usegwas n 1951, temllal ak d Lla Yamina, d nettat i-tt yewwin alami d radyu, anda tetteki di tedwilt  Urar lxalat ar tama n Lla Zina, Lla Cṛifa, Lla Yamina, Lla Lǧida Tamuqrant. 

Imiren daɣen i tebda ccna akw d l'orchestre n Ccix Nurdin, ukud teccna kra n tezlatin am tinna  Lḥeǧla Ilili. 

Alala, alala, 

Tura d nnuba n lxalat, 

Alala, alala, 

Tura d urar n lxalat, 

Ay abrid n Sidi Ɛic, 

Yelha i rrekba ukamyun, 

A taqareɛtt n ṛṛiḥa, 

Id yeddan daxel n uqelmum, 

Saḥit a bab n tmeɣra, 

Iweqmen urar i wedrum, 

Ay abrid n Sidi Ɛic, 

Yelha i rrekba u taxi, 

A taqereɛtt n ṛṛiḥa, 

Id yeddan daxel Ibidi, 

Saḥit a bab n tmeɣra, 

Iweqmen urar i lɣacci, 

Ay abrid iɛzzugen, 

Yelha i rrekba iɛudiwen, 

Ay abrid iɛzzugen, 

Yelha i rrekba iɛudiwen, 

Ssahit a bab n tmeɣra, 




#Article 268: Urar Lxalat (167 words)


Urar lxalat, daggi ad nebder snat n lemɛani. 

D ccna id-ttawint tulawin, tullas, lxalat deg tmeɣriwin, deg sensiyen, di mlal mara yilli lfarḥ deg uxxam, nnaɣ deg twacculin. 

Zik d myla taddart, mara yilli lfarḥ, tullawin ad duklen s amakan iwulmen am wenar, afrag, anda ara sekrent urar.

Tin yesnen ad tewwed abendayer, ad tedem abendayer, tullas nniḍen ad ccenunt, ad selwliwent. 

Tadwilt yebdan deg rradyu n teqbaylit deg segwasen imenza f tlallit n rradyu. 

Udem n tedwilt aggi am wurar n taddart, ad nejmaɛnt lxalat, ad awwint abendayer, ccenccina, tikwal tettili derbuqa, ad bdun ccna. 

Tadwilt aggi tebda seg mi teldi rradyu, tettwaḥbes deg usegwas n 90 asmi id yussa yiwen umdebar ikerḥen taqbaylit. Asmi tella tadwilt aggi, tacennayt id yenulfan, ilzem-as ad ɛiddi di tedwilt aggi, anda imsefliden takkend ṛṛay-nsen, anda daɣen ḥefdenṭ ccna, icewwiqen, aẓawan. 

Am Nwaṛṛa, am Ǧamila, am Cṛifa, llant ɣaf uqarruy n tedwilt aggi id yettɛadin di radyu tis snat, kull as ddurt. 

Gar lxalat i ccnan deg urar n lxalat: 




#Article 269: Faḍma Zuhra (134 words)


Faḍma Zuhra d tacennayt tabqyalit, i ilullen deg Lebyar (Lezzayer) deg useggas n 1906. Temmut asmi tewwed 94 iseggasen di leɛmer-is.

Tedder cwiṭ n lweqt deg yinig di Franca nettat d wergaz-is. Dɣa, deg yinig i tebda ccna deg leqhawi n Yeqbayliyen di Lpari. 

Deg yinig temlal daɣen d yinaẓuren iqbayliyen am Bahya Faraḥ, Dda Sliman Ɛazem, Ccix Aɛrab Buyzgaren. 
 
Ger tezlatin teccna Faṭma Zuhra, llant : 

Teccnan nettat akked Sliman Ɛazem tizlitt-nni umi yeqqar Nek akked kem, kem akked nek. Nezmar daɣen ad as-nsell deg tezlit-nni n Ccix Aɛrab Buyzgaren umi yeqqar Anfas, anfas. 

Asmi i d-tuɣal Faṭma Zuhra ar tmurt n Lezzayer, tettiki deqs n lweqt deg Nnuba n lxalat n rradyu tis snat, anda teccnu akked Lla Cṛifa, tiyyad daɣen. Tkemmel deg nnuba n lxalat, alami d asemi i tekfa tedwilt-agi.




#Article 270: Ɛellawa Zeṛṛuqi (673 words)


Ɛellawa Zeṛṛuqi  (ilul-d deg 5 yulyu 1915- yemmut deg 17 wamber 1968) d acennay aqbayli mechuren n timiḍi wis 20.

ilul-d deg 5 Yulylu 1915 (05 Juillet 1915) di taddart Ukerma id izgan di tɣiwant umalu laɛrec n at ɛidel, baba-s Sɣir zeṛṛuqi id yussan si taddart Izeṛṛuqen (Leflay)  di laɛrec n At Weɣlis, ar taddart ukerma akken ad iccix fella-sen, yemma-s ɛezzug weṛdiya (yelli-s n Ukerma).

Zik imawlan tgamin ad gren arraw-nsen ar iɣerbazen ifransisen qqaren makken tɛawalen ad sefḍen isem azzayri akk d ineslem.

Baba-s n ɛellawa ur ixulef ara f wiyaḍ, netta daɣen yugi ad igger mmi-s ar dinna, i-gger-it ar timɛemert umalu (zzaweya n aḥmed u yaḥya umalu) akken ad ilmed leqran akk d tutlayt taɛrabt. 

Cwiṭ kan akka yemut bab-s yegra-d Ɛellawa d agujil netta akk d gma-s Malek d yemma-s ig refden asawad, t-rebba- d arraw-is di lḥif d lmaḥna,
Ɛellawa  yewweḍ tura 15 n yiseggasen di lɛemer is netta lxedma n tfelaḥt ur s tehwi ara, it ḥibi cnna, akk d tgitart is dayma deg uḍan unebdu itruḥu ar yiwen n weẓru di ṭerf n taddart akken ad icnnu akk ad ikes f ul is netta d yimdukal-is [azru a d win i-seman azru n lejnun id yezgan gar taddart Ukerma akk d taddart n Tizi Weqdem (Amalu)]

Sina iruḥ ar tamdint n Weqbu,sin akkin ar Bgayet akken ad inadi aɣrum-is, dina ig xdem d aḥefaf g yiwet n tezniqt iqqaren Azniq Faṭima dina daɣen ig sɛa ccix Sadeq Abǧawi lqahwa, Ɛellawa illa ma ad it ḥefif i yemdanen ad icennu, asmi is -d -sla sadeq abeǧawi iɛejb as sut is ḥlawen ihi ifka -y-as afud igerzen akken ad ikcem ar ubrid a n cnna. 
Seg imi ɛellawa icennu di tmeɣriwen di bgayet, g ǧiǧel, deg uqbu icnna ulla deg Umalu (di tameɣra n wemdakil-is)

Cwiṭ kan iɣli-d llaẓ f tmurt, lqaɛa ur d tak ara, lxedma ulac, medden akk luẓen, gma-s n ɛellawa t-nfat fransa ar kayan, netta ilaq ad yawi aɣrum i yemma-s, ihi iruḥ netta akk d wemdakul-is ar Fransa anida ig xdem di lmina g Marseille, lxemda n lmina teɛteb t-semsax Ɛellwa innumen it beday ar iman-is yarna ur innumen ara leɛab amuqran, ur yewwi ara iwanect-a dina ig ǧǧa lxedma nni iruḥ ar Paris, ixdem dinna d aḥefaf, neɣ di leqhawi. Sina iruḥ ar Lyon anda ig xdem barman, dina issen yiwet n trumit  it iɛawnen aṭas.

Deg useggas n 1951 Ɛellawa yuɣal-d ar tmurt akken ad ixṭeb yelli-s xali-s newara illan tecbaḥ teɣra yarna d yelli-s umerkanti, acu kan baba-s n taḥbibt-is yugit acku netta d acennay cnna di lweq nni d lɛib amuqran, yarna Ɛellawa iznez akk taferka is-d iǧǧa baba-s, ihi ar at twacult is ur isɛi ara ṛṛay.
Ɛellawa ur iqdiɛ ara layas yuɣal ixeteb -d newara acḥal d abrid, akken baba-s n tina yeguma ad iḥnin fella-s iruḥ ar lqayed ben ɛli crif, icetka y-as  dina id iceyeɛ ar bab as n Newwara inna-yas as tefkeḍ yelli-k mulac ak nfuɣ ar kayan. Ɛellawa yuɣ Newwara, cwiṭ kan sɛan-d mitsen amezwaru 
sina akkin iwwi tawacult is ar Fransa, dina itwala Newwara tarumit-nni, ur t-qbil ara s liḥala-nni ur s yehwi ara at freq argaz is akk d tayeḍ, tuɣal-d ar tmurt tegguma at uɣal ar Fransa, Ɛellawa yuɣal ar Fransa akk d mmi-s, ma d Newwara -sɛa-d yelli-s di tmurt argaz-is ur ihdir ara 
newara truḥ ar trad n lezdayer temmut d tameɣrast. 

Ɛellawa netta daɣen it ikki di trad dina di Fransa, iznez akk ayen yesɛa akken aten imud i yemjuhad.
Deg 17 wember 1968(17 novembre  1968) yemmut yemṭel di tmeqbert n Thiais di Fransa.

Ɣas akken ɛellawa illa iḥemmel cnna, yerna icennu di tmeɣriwin akk d leqhawi maca ur -d yessufeɣ ara aḍebṣ ines amezwaru armi d 1948 dina id icenna snat n tezlatin yiwet s teqbaylit telifon ṣoni ṣoni anida id yeḥka taḥkayt is wezilin akk di lxedma n lmina, ti snat s taɛrabt laḥbab lyum 
sina issufeɣ d acḥal tasfift

.......
icnna deg seggas n 1964 di television maca ulac later is ass-a 




#Article 271: Ddabex uḍar (227 words)


Ddabex uḍar neɣ Football (futbol), Soccer di  Marikan ugafa d yiwen waddal tturaren-t snat trebbuɛa n 11 imyuraren deg annar. Iswi n yal tarbaɛt, d asekcem n ddabex imdewweṛ ɣer ucebbak n temḥaddit nniḍen kter is u mebla aseqdec n ifassen.

Yettwasengel sɣur legliz (igliziyen) di tagara n timiḍi tis XIX. Aseggas n 1904, ddabex uḍar yuɣal yesɛa Amqun agraɣlan FIFA, asegwas n 2006, llan azal n 264 imelyunen n yemyurar n ddabex uḍar deg umḍal, yerna yella d addal amezwaru deg aṭas n tmura. Di kra imenẓawen am tafriqt, turuft d tamrikt unẓul ddabex uḍar iɣmer addalen nniḍen acku urar-is d ushil, ur yesseqdac ara aṭas n ttawilat.

Llan-t snat n tewsatin n tirmitin di tfada: tidak n iswuten d tidak n trebbuɛa tiɣelnawin. Taqbuct n ddunit d tirmit tagraɣlant yesɛan azal ameqṛan nezzah. Tettilid yal 4 isegwasen seg 1930.

Uraren n ddabex s uḍar llant si zman aqbur (Taglest). D uraren kan illan maci d addal. Igrigiyen llan snen aṭas n wuraren n ddabex uḍar: aporrhaxis d phéninde di Athènes d épiscyre di Sparte. Ɣer Iṛumyen daɣen kifkif, llan tturaren pila paganica, pila trigonalis, follis d harpastum. Icinwaten daɣen tturaren ṣṣenf n ddabex uḍar i wumi qqaren Kuju. Iḍrisen icinwaten imezwura iḥekkun ɣef urar agi llan-d di timiḍi tis kraḍ uqbel Ɛisa. Di tagara n timiḍi tis XV, Kalčiu Florentin yellad di Ṭelyan, d netta 




#Article 272: Izlan (1099 words)


Izli ( izlan ma llan aṭas), d yiwent n ṣṣenf deg tzuri taqbaylit ( tamaziɣt s umata). 

Awal agi ssexdament i ccnawi id ttawwint tulawin deg tmeɣriwin ilmend n lḥenni. 

Deg kra n tamawin n Tmurt n Leqbayel, izlan sawalen-asen Asbuɣar, Tibuɣarin.

Ad selliɣ f nnbi, 
Yissek ay nbedu,

Accṛif Muḥemmed, 
Yeɣran lḥemdu, 

Ayyagi d lfarḥ, 
S rebbi ad as-neccfu,

Ad selliɣ f nnbi, 
Netta ig zdin lsas, 

Sidna Muḥammed, 
Iccbeḥen lahdur fella-s, 

Kemmlaɣ deg lfarḥ, 
Ay Agellid Aɛsas,

Arriɣed tiregwa, la siridaɣ lḥara, 

Ad kksaɣ laḥzen, yellan deg wacḥal ayya, 

Taǧmilt i rebbi, taǧnant tegred tara, 

Arriɣed tiregwa, la siridaɣ iseqfan, 

Ad ksaɣ leḥzen, yellan deg wacḥal n zzman, 

Taǧmit i rebbi, leǧnan yewwted s iẓuran,

Arriyed tiregwa, la siridaɣ imnaren,

Ad ksaɣ laḥzen, yellan deg yexxamen, 

Taǧmilt i rebbi, leǧnan yegred ixfawen, 

Arriɣed tiregwa, la siriday ixxamen,

Ad ksaɣ leḥzen, yellan deg ulawen, 

Taǧmilt i rebbi, taǧnant tegred afriwen

(...)

Izlan n Tfilkut (At Yellilten)

Wi llan lḥara yaggi, 

Yessan s lebyad, 

I-tt-id ikcmen d irgazen, 

Ay At ṣṣebaḍ, 

Keccini a bab n tmeɣra, 

A lbaz acmamar, 

Wi llan lḥara yaggi, 

Yessan s uɛequc, 

I-tt izdɣen d ilmezyen, 

Ay At Ukartuc, 

Keccini a bab n tmeɣra, 

Tissas n Aɛmiruc, 

Wi llan lḥara yaggi, 

Seqfen s lqarmud, 

Nnan-i n bab n tmeɣra, 

D ttefaḥ amgud, 

Taqbaylit tezwar-asen, 

Tezwar i leǧdud,

Izlan n Mniɛ (At Yettura) sɣur Nna Ṭawes Idinaren

Tasusmi, 

Tasusmi ay at wurar,

Ma yekkat wegris,

Uyama yekkat wegris, 

Tikyi-nnaɣ s yqis, 

Fellawen ig yeccbah wurar, 

Ay At Ttaryis,

Tasusmi, 

Tasusmi ay At Wurar, 

Ma tekkat yehwa, 

Uyama tekkat yehwa, 

Tikyi-nnaɣ s lyanna, 

Fellawen ig yecbaḥ wurar, 

Ay At yḥara, 

Tasusmi, 

Tasusmi ay At Wurar,

Ma yekkat wedfey,

Uyama yekkat wedfey, 

Tikyi-nnaɣ s yeɛqey, 

Fallawen ig yeccbaḥ wurar, 

Ay At Yemkaḥey,

Sbaḥlxir a tislit, ay udem n rrbaḥ, 

Ḥekkun ɣef wergaz tuɣed, 

Amzun d lemsbaḥ, 

Lexbar ad yawwed yemma-m, 

Ad teɛyu tferaḥ, 

Sbaḥlxir a tislit, aqadum n lehu, 

Ḥekkun ɣef wergaz tuɣed, 

Amzun d asaru, 

Lexbar ad yawwed yemma-m, 

Ad teɛyu zzehu.

Lehna yiswen, 

A lechur id illulen, 

Bab n tmeɣra, 

Ay azrar ɣef yefzimen, 

Waggi d urar, 

S lehna n taddart-nwen, 

Lehna yiswen, 

A lechur wid n tefsut, 

Ǧuǧgen lenwar, 

Leǧnan icbḥen tamurt, 

Aqliyi usiɣed (ad) ak ferḥaɣ, 

Ay afaruǧ n tsekkurt, 

Lehna yiswen, 

A lechur deg ccetwa, 

Zewǧen lenwar, 

(D) Leǧnan icbḥen lḥara, 

Aqliyi ussiɣed (ad) ak ferḥaɣ, 

Ay afaruǧ n Tnina, 

Nek mi ttɣeniɣ, 

Siɣertemted ar lkanun,

Axxam yeccur, 

D imcebḥen ak d At laɛyun, 

Aqliyin ussiɣed (ad) ak ferḥaɣ, 

A win si yezha wedrum, 

Nek mi ttɣeniɣ, 

Yeseɣret weǧgu alemmas, 

Axxam yeccur, 

D imcebḥen ak d ibrenyas, 

Aqli ussiɣed (ad) ak ferḥaɣ, 

A win si tezha yemma-s, 

(...)

Arriɣed isafen

Ur siridaɣ ixxamen, 

Ad ksaɣ leḥzan, 

I wul-iw bezaf yuḍen,

Taǧmilt a rebbi,

Leǧnan grand afriwen,

Arriɣed isafen,

Ur siridaɣ lḥara, 

Ad ksaɣ laḥzan,

I wul-iw bezaf aya,

Taǧmilt a rebbi,

Leǧnan yegrad tara

(...)

A tazanet yerructan,
 
Ar yiri n wassif,

Yerra-s bab-is tisulla,

Telluga s lexrif, 

Ad ccekraɣ Sidi ...

A lwiz n ttsarid, 

A tazanet yerructan, 

Ar yiri n yeɣzar,

Yerra-s bab-is tisulla, 

Telluga s ttmar, 

Ad ccekraɣ sidi...

A lmesk w lɛmbar, 

A tazanet yerructan, 

Ar yiri b umdun, 

Yerra-s bab-is tisulla, 

Telluga s lqlum, 

Keccini a Sidi..

A lwiz uqelmun, 

A tazanet yerructan, 

Ar yiri n tala, 

Yerra-s bab-is tisulla, 

Telluga s tara, 

Ad ccekraɣ Sidi .... , 

Ay izem lḥara, 

A tazanet yerructan, 

Ar yiri ugelmim,

Yerra-s bab-is tisulla, 

Telluga s wedmim, 

Ad ccekraɣ Sidi, 

Ay izem ay umɛin..

(....)

Wexreḍ da a yat Wurar,

Nussad ad nezḥu,

Ussan-d Yemnayen n Ḥemza,

Yenumen lhu,

Aqlaɣ newwid zariɛa,

Rebbi ad yeselhu, 

Wexreḍ da a yat Wurar, 

Nussa-d ad nɣenni,

Ussan-d Yemnayen n Ḥemza,

Yenumen acali, 

Aqlaɣ newwid zariɛa, 

Rebbi ad yesemɣi,

Wexreḍ da a yat Wurar

Nussa-d ad necdeḥ,

Ussan-d Yemnayen n Ḥemza,

Yenumen ameṛṛeḥ, 

Aqlaɣ newwid zariɛa, 

Rebbi ad yeserbaḥ, 

Wexreḍ da a yat Wurar, 

Nussa-d ad ncewwaq, 

Ussan-d Yemnayen n Ḥemza,

Iteddun d lbraq, 

Aqlaɣ newwi-d zariɛa,

I lbaz aṛemmaq, 

Wexreḍ da a yat Wurar, 

Nussa-d ad nfreḥ, 

Ussan-d Yemnayen n Ḥemza, 

Yenumen ameddaḥ, 

Aqlaɣ newwi-d zariɛa, 

I lqed n rwayaḥ, 

Wexreḍ da ay at Wurar, 

Nussa-d ad necnu, 

Ussan-d Yemnayen n Ḥemza, 

Yenumen anebdu, 

Aqlaɣ newwi-d zariɛa, 

I mmis ufalku, 

(...)

Ḥeǧbaɣed yḥenni, cced-is warɛad yeffsi, 

Zziɣed i lhara, Gi yella sbaɛa uremyi, 

Keccini ay isli, tisas n yizem aweḥci, 

Ḥeǧbayed lḥenni, qbey ad bezgen waman, 

Zziɣed i yhara, gi yella sbɛa yḥemam, 

Keccini ay isyi, tisas n yizem amezyan, 

Ad selliɣ f nnbi, ad yers lḥenni, 

Bwint ymuyuk, di tmura yhenni, 

Ad yeqqen yesyi, ay izem aweḥci, 

Ad selliɣ f nnbi, ad yers ymetred, 

Bwint ymuyuk deg wanda yebɛed, 

Ad yeqqen weqcic ay azrar n dheb, 

Keccini a baba-s, d-tiɣmart ɣef i-d yarna lsas, 

Ay itri imcaɛcaɛ, id yullin taggara n wass, 

Adrum igi tellid, ur yettgwad lweswas,

Keccini a baba-s ay aɣanim uẓetta, 

Ay aǧgu n dheb, yegren iǧga lfeṭṭa, 

Adrum gi tellid, ur yettgawad mi(k) yesɛa, 

Awi-d afus-ik, awi-d aḍad ayeffus, 

Brud i tqendurt, timgerrezt ar aggus, 

keccini ay isyi, tisas n yizem amekyus, 

Awi-d afus-ik, awid aḍad aziymad, 

Brud i tqendurt, timgerzet n lekmam, 

Keccini ay isli, tisas n yizem amezyan

(...)

Ad ccekraɣ, 

Tiduyan, 

Tilmeẓyin, Timeqranin, 

Arniɣed i teslit, m laɛyun tiberkanin, 

Arniɣed i yemma-s taderɛett seddaw uɣanim, 

Arniɣed i baba-s fella-s iteddu wedrim,

Ay aɛsas n lḥara, 

Nekcem-i-id s nnya, 

Ndelb-ik, nedleb rebbi, 

Muda-s arrac d-tayuga

Ay isli-nneɣ, ay ameɛdur, 

Ak neqqen lḥenni uqendur, 

Ay isli-nneɣ, ay amekyus, 

Ak neqqen lhenni iw yeffus, 

A tayugga tacerqit, 

Ikerzen  ddaw timezrit, 

Tefka-d ssba almi tmal, 

lḥeb yuggar tizitt

A tizizwit, 

Iyyad nek yidem ad meṛṛeḥ, 

Ad nekkes lenwaṛ, 

Ujeǧǧig mara ad yeftaḥ, 

Ay ameẓẓyan, 

Kecc d lmesk nek d rwayeḥ, 

A tizizwit, 

Iyyad nek yidem ad nccali, 

Ad nekkes lenwaṛ, 

Ujeǧǧig mara ad yeɣli, 

Ay ameẓẓyan, 

Kecc d lmesk nek d lǧawi, 

A tizizwit, 

Iyyad nek yidem ad nḥewwes, 

Ad nekkes lenwaṛ, 

Ujeǧǧig mara ad yenkes, 

Ay ameẓẓyan, 

Kecc d lefnaṛ n Tunes

Ad nselli f nnbi, 

Fella-s i nebdu, 

Ad nebdu ccekran, 

Ad nccekar kra dda, 

Ad ncekar At wexxam, 

Ad nernu At berra, 

Ay At Iderma, 

Buddaɣ-wen lehnna,

Assa d asaɛdi, 

Cekrent yemrabḍen, 

Awi-d aɣerbal,

I seksu n yirden, 

A bab n tamɣera, 

Ay izem ireɛden, 

Ttfaɣ lmesbaḥ, 

S uyuffus ayeffus, 

Zziɣed i lḥara, 

Ǧuǧgen leɣrus, 

A bab n tmeɣra, 

A lbaz amekyus,

A lal n tmeɣra, 

A teǧra n lyasmin, 

A teǧra n lim,

Yenqec ugarzim, 

Teswid mitayen, 

Lgelba d adrim, 

Win ik mi nusben, 

Wallaḥ war yendim, 

Kemmini a tislit,

Lmakla-m yecbaḥ,

Laɛyun n tnnina,

Tefɣed (ad) tmerreḥ,

Win ik (m) yuɣen, 

Ala lxir d rrebaḥ,

(...)




#Article 273: Iẓnagen (153 words)


Iẓnagen llan di zik yiwet n tdukkli n teqbilin timaziɣin akwd Iznaten d Imeṣmuden. Ar ass-agi aṭas n teqbilin d yimḍiqen d twaculin semman iman-nsen s yisem-nni.

Iẓnagen, «At Aẓnag», Aẓnag mmi-s n Abernus (Branis/Ibernas), d mmi-s n Maziɣ, lejdud n akk yimaziɣen. Amuzilg n yisem Iẓnagen yekka-d seg waɛraben n zik i wumi ur yezmiran ara ad susren imesilwen imaziɣen am Yag (G) ur yellan ara s teɛrabt. 

Ad nufa daɣen imuzligen-agi : Ifnayen, Znaga, Zenaga, Sanaga, Senaja, Senhadji, Sanhdja, Sanhadja, Çanhaja, Sinhâja.

Iẓnagen llan wehḥric n Nnumidiya n zik, zedɣen-tt si zik. Iẓnagen llan imir-nni ddren akk deg uxxamen di Tmazɣa akk d Leqbayel, Ijnaten, imṣmuden d Iktamen. 

Iẓnagen kkan-d seg unẓul-utraman n Uneẓruf, maca sakin d-yusin iɛraben, tiqbilin regglent ar ugafa ar Weṭlas Alemmas ar Aṭlas n Uneẓruf d Tmurt Leqbayel.

Isem n wasif Sinigal yekka-d seg yiẓnagen, s ufus n Tburtigizt Sanaga.

Gar teqbilin n yeẓnagen ad nufa :




#Article 274: Aɛumar (111 words)


Aɛumar d taɣiwant n twilayt n Tubiret i-d yezgan ar ugugas utraman (confin) n Tmurt n Leqbayel af wakalen n yinezliwen xas ttweɛraben aṭas imezdaɣ deg-sen d sruḥen tamaziɣt am tmiwa am Delles neɣ Lexḍareyya. 

Aɛumar tezga-d ar 95 km seg Lezzayer tamanaɣt, deg ubrid aneɣlaw wis semmus (RN 5) i d-yettawin ar Qsenṭina. Amkan agejdi n tɣiwant illa gar RN5 d RN25 (abrid i-d ittawi si Tacentirt ar Tizi Wezzu) ar wekan i wumi imezdaɣ qqaren-as Bracema (Aɛumar-Tamersiwet)

Aɛumar di 1998 tela azal n 20 532 imezdaɣ, tigti deg-sen reggwen taremɣa (terrorisme) deg tuddar d ixliǧen deg useggasen n 1990.  

D axliǧ agejdi n tɣiwant, bnan-it tama n tmersiwet (gare)




#Article 275: Ǧerba (101 words)


Ǧerba d tagzirt, di tama n Gabes azɣar deg teftist n Tunes. 

Ǧerba ɣur-es anezwi alegɣan adeg nufa akal d acebḥan. Tamaneɣt-ines d Ḥumt Suq anda zedɣen ugar n 65 000 n yemdanen. Tella aṭas n tamerrit deg tagzirt-a, acku tiftisin d yiṭij n tegzirt d tiɣerfranin s aṭas i yemerrayen seg akk n Turuft i d-yusan (Fransa, Alman, Ṭelyan). Yerna surrten usaru amzewaru n saga n Star Wars di Ǧerba (S tmaziɣt : Ṭrad n Yetran) deg useggas n 1977. 

Di tagara, nezmer ad negra tamawt belli deg tegzirt n Ǧerba llan ineselmen n ɛibadiya akwd kra n wudayen dinna. 




#Article 276: Agemmay amaziɣ alatin (150 words)


Agemmay amaziɣ alatin yefsa ɣef ugemmay alatini. I umaziɣ n ugafa (Merruk d Lezzayer d Libya), agemmay Amaziɣ Alatin isseqdac 23 isekkilen Ilaṭiniyen imɣulen d 10 isekkilen-nniḍen n ugemmay Alatin.

Agemmay-agi d agmud n uzdal n agemmay Alatin i tirawt n tileqmant timaziɣint am Taqbaylit d Tarifit, seg iseggwasen 1840. I ɛedda s aṭas isseɣwelen, uqbel ad yaweḍ ar lqem amiran.

Iqbayliyen semman-as Tamɛemmrit, tajmilt i Mulud Mɛemmri, amesnilsi i t-yersan deg udɣaɣ aseggas n 1973.

Agemmay Amaziɣ Alatin isseqdec abaɛda i tirawt n amzun akk tileqmant n tutlayt Tamaziɣt. Yezmer daɣen ad yeseqdic i tutlayin n Merruk (tid i seqdacen Tifinaɣ).

NB: Zik nesseqdec, ț, ʐ, maca mači tura (Kamal Naït-Zerrad, Tajerrumt Tatrart n Teqbaylit).

Tira: I ubeqqeḍ n isekkilen s Tifinaɣ, zdem afaylu agi : , dɣa ḥrez it ddaw C:\windows\fonts (beddel C s usekkil n uẓar ma Windows ur yeserkeb ara deg uḍebsi C).

(*) Agraw Imaziɣen




#Article 277: Puella Magi Madoka Magica (109 words)


Puella Magi Madoka Magica (魔法少女まどか☆マギカ, Mahō Shōjo Madoka Magika?, Magical Girl Madoka Magica) (2011) d yiwen u manga shôjo/magical girl (unuɣ yettembiwilen n Japun) i yura Gen Urobuchi.

Deg temdint n Mitakihara, yiwet teqcict n 12 iseggwasen akk d-temdakwelt-is Sayaka Miki mugrent yiwen u mexluq (isem-is Kyubey) i sent idisumren yiwen ugatu akken ad uɣal-ent ttiqcicin teseḥḥirin (Magical Girl), i wakken ad nnaɣ-ent tiseḥḥarin n diri, acku d nutenti id yeskaray-ent deɛwessu deg umḍal. Yiwen n wass, tusa-d yiwet n teqcict tamaynut ɣer uɣeṛbaz andi teqqar Madoka. Taqcict agi ur-tebɣa-ara at'teǧ attuɣal taqcict taseḥḥart. Ass id ɣtes Madoka atteqbel agatu n Kyubey, tfaq-ed belli tudert n teqcict taseḥḥart ur-tushil-ara...




#Article 278: Maison Ikkoku (116 words)


Maison Ikkoku (めぞん一刻 Mezon Ikkoku?) d yiwen u manga n Rumiko Takahashi. Yeffeɣ-d di Japun s takwebbanit n Shôgakukan seg 1980 ɣer 1987.

Yusaku Godai, yiwen unelmad ig 	xseṛen yak tikelt timzizlin akken ad yekcem ɣer tasdawit, yeɣtes yiwen n wass ad yeǧǧ tamezduɣt andi ig yettili netta ak d kṛaḍ yimedanen (Ichinose-san, Akemi Roppongi, d Yotsuya-san). Acku kṛaḍ agi ur-tettaǧǧan-ara ad iɣer.
Dacu kan, ass-nni, tusad tamasayt tamaynut n tmezduɣt-nni n Yusaku. Yiwet n taǧǧalt n 30 iseggwasen i mi semman Kyoko Otonashi.
Yusaku tehwa-yas aṭas Kyoko. Yerna, yesɛa yiwen amenzay ameynut, Shun Mitaka, yiwen uselmad n tennis. Yecbaḥ yernu d ameṛkanti.
Tamellayt tanafrayt agi att-nzeg sa n iseggwasen. Aniwa ara yawin ul n Kyoko...




#Article 279: Si Maḥmud Wazza (231 words)


Si Maḥmud Wazza d yiwen unaẓur ameqqran n tẓuri taqbaylit. D yiwet seg tgeǧda n uẓawan Aqbayli. 

Si Maḥmud Wazza illul deg tama n Yeɣbuliyen deg At Wartiran, deg usegwas n 1924.

Deg usegwas n 1938 iṛṛuḥed ar Lzzayer tamanaɣt f uḍar. Yeṭṭef lexdma deg Ben Ɛaknun. Di la Qasba n Lzzayer yemlal d inaẓuren am Ḥmed Meǧǧdul, Mulud Lbaḥri, Ḥaǧ Racid, Ḥaǧ Zerruq. 

Deg useggwas n 1944 alami 1955 yella di Fransa.

Yeccna deg Umaṭṭaf n teqbaylit deg usegwas n 1940 s lemɛawna n Ccix Nurdin.   

Yeccna kra n tezlatin am : Aguǧil, Jet-iyi ad ɣenniɣ (1958), Lɛiq Tamuqrant, d waṭṭas n tezlatin n ddin (Ameddaḥ) akw d Lla Cṛifa, Lla Yamina, Lla Zina, Ccix Nurdin. Yesɛa nnig 100 n tuɣac. Imeslayen n tuɣac-is n Ccix Nurdin akw d Aɛmar Uḥadda. 

Deg 1955 yesɛedda timzizelt (le concours), irrebaḥ-i-tt. Dɣa yekccem ar Rradyu n Teqbaylit. Di rradyu yekkat taǧewaqt, lefḥel, lɣida i marra inaẓuren n Rradyu n Teqbaylit.

Yettiki di tedwilt La Muḥamadya deg fus n Ccix Lɛenqa akw d Aɛmar U Yaɛqub, Muḥ Akli (n At Wartilan), Aɛmar Ujelwaḥ. Deg tedwilt aggi n La Muḥamadya ulac tullawin yettikin deg-s. Nutenti sɛant tadwilt n ccna n ddin waḥden-sent. 

Yexxdem akw d Ccix Leḥsnawi deg Fransa (deg usegwas n 1944), Akli Yahyaten, Daḥman Lḥarraci, Cṛif Xeddam, Ṭaleb Rabaḥ, Maɛṭub Lwennas, Lla Cṛifa, Lla Yamina, Lla Zina. Yessen daɣen wiyyad am Zerruqi Ɛellawa.




#Article 280: Aɛmar Uḥadda (173 words)


Aɛmar Uḥadda d yiwen unaẓur ameqqran aqbayli. D yiwen gar imezwura n Rradyu n Teqbaylit.
D acennay, yexxdem taɣen amezgun n ṭaḍsa s Teqbaylit.

Anwa-t ? Illul deg usegwas n 1921 di tezniqt n Laḥna (rue des martyrs ) deg Lzzayer tamanaɣt.  Izuran-is deg At Wartilan. 

Deg 1937 yezweǧ. Ɣures 15 n igurdan. 
Yella ixeddem deg le port n Lzzayer.

Deg usegwas n 1942 yettiki d adrabki deg tarbaɛt  n Meẓyan Buseksu. Yurar akw d Waɛrab, Muḥuc. 

Asmi yuden Ccix Buseksu dɣa yeṭfi-tt Aɛmar Uḥadda. 

Deg usegwas n 1945-1946 iṛṛuḥ ar tedwilt n Ccix Nurdin iwakken ad yeccnu s teqbaylit. 

Deg usegwas n 1948 iṛṛuḥ ar Fransa anda yeccna.

Yexxdem akw d Ccix Nurdin, Amrawi Misum, Ccix Aɛrab Awzelag, Yusef Abǧawi

Yexxdem ama tuɣac ama d amezgun s teqbaylit ( Taccequft umi isemma taqbaylit deg usegwas n 1981). Yesker daɣen les sketchs : Yefraḥ yezweǧ, Aɛmar di ssuq (1985), Aɛmar di la cite, Aɛmar di Remḍdan.

Da Aɛmar Uḥadda yesɛa azal n 30 n tezlatin deg rradyu n teqbaylit s teqbaylit. 

Gar-asent llant: 




#Article 281: Lla Cṛifa (205 words)


Lla Cṛifa, isem-is n tidett Wardya Bucemlal, tlul-d d It Ḥalla, taɣiwant n Ilmayen (di Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ) aseggas n 1926. D tacennayt taqbaylit yellan seg tmezwura yesulin ccan i w-cewwiq d uḥiḥa. Tecna ɣef ddel, tecna ɣef lgirra, tecna ɣef yargazen d lxalat, tecna ɣef Rabbi d lawliyat.

Akken id ţɛawad nettat s yimad-is, asmi tella tamecṭuḥt, t-kes tiɣeṭṭen g tmizar n xwali-s. Acewwiq-is musnaw di taddart ulamma imiren, di tmurt n leqbayel, d lɛib i teqcict ad tecnnu.

Anda tesla i yenzizen u bendayer, a ţaɣiţ tawla a-ţaɛnu afrag anda yella wurar iwakken a-ţecnu d lxalat nniden.
Asmi tessawwed 18 iseggasen di leɛmr-is, teǧǧa tamurt-is, teṭṭef abrid-is ar Lezzayer. Dɣa, deg tmaccint i tt-yewwin ar Lezzayer, tewwi-d acewwiq anda is teqqar Bqa ɛla xir ay Aqbu, tura ifukk zhu.

Kra n lweqt kan mi d sawwed ar Lezzayer, tameṭṭut n xali-s Lla Yamina n Yiɣil Aɛli, tewwi-tt ar Radyu anda tebda dɣa abrid-is di ccna. Tufa di Radyu Lla Zina Tawertilanit, Lla Wnissa Taxerfelliwt. Cwit kkan terna-d Lla Lǧida Tameqqrant, Ǧamila, Ḥnifa.
tettɛawad-d di lweqt-nni yella kan srid (en direct) ulac asekles.

Lla Cṛifa tettɛawad-d belli teccna ugar n 800 tezlatin. Assa, tid id-yegran ţid yellan di Radyu akk ţid teskles iw znuz.




#Article 282: Ɛebḍella Ḥaman (541 words)


Ɛebḍella Ḥaman d Amaru Aqbayli ilulen deg useggas n 1936 di taddart n At Dawed deg Iɛeṭṭafen, lwilaya n Tizi Wezzu. 

Ilul-d deg useggas n 1936 di taddart n At Dawed deg iɛeṭṭafen. D agujil n ubabat ɣer 9 iseggasen di leɛmeṛ-is. Yetturebba-d , am netta am atmaten-is, di twacult n Ddada-s deg Ihran (Wehran). Taɣuri-s yebda-tt deg uɣerbaz n Tmesgida deg At Aaqil. Abḍella amecṭuḥ, yella d uẓwiṛ, d uḥric, ilemmed s lemɣawla. Ger yiḍ d wass yufa-d iman-is di Lmadrasa El falaḥ di temdint-agi n Ihran (Wehran), ikemmel deg-s taɣuri.  Abḍla  yuki ɣef  yiman-is, yefti wallaɣ-is ɣef tnekkit-is (identité) ɣef ayen meṛṛa icudden ɣer tutlayt-is. Di temdint-agi n Wehran iḥus belli yella kra it-yessemgaraden netta d wid is-d-izzin, ama di tutlayt neɣ di kra n leɛwayed. Lxilaf-agi  iḥus-as am timmist di lǧetta, labaɛda  ass-nni deg  is-yugi Ccix-is deg uɣerbaz ad yemmeslay s teqbaylit “Tutlayt n lkuffar” (Luɣat El kuffar), rnu ɣer waya yewwet-it acḥal n tikelt ɣef teqbaylit yessexdem daxel n uɣerbaz-agi. Tadyant-agi  teqqim-as i Abḍella Ḥaman d cama deg wallaɣ-is.

Ass mi meqqar, yefhem ddunit ugar, yessen d acu d azref, d acu d tidett, yessen daɣen iberdan yettawin ɣer tmusni, yuɣal d win yeffuden tafat. Di tallit-nni yettwali atmaten-is nḥafen, agdud s lekmal-is yenneɛtab, yettwafareṣ sɣur ucengu  afransis,  dɣa yuɣal yefratt di rray-is akken ad yali s adrar, akken ad iḥareb aṛumi. Kra n isegwasen akken iserdasen n Fransa ḥebsent deg wedrar n Sidi Ali Benyub di tama n umalu n tmurt. Ḥekmen fell-as s 20 isegwasen n lḥebs. Isegwasen imezwura yesɛeddaten-id di lḥebs n Sidi Belaabas, syen akkin uɣalen wwin-t ɣer lḥebs n Lambèze, (Timḍelt n nnig tmurt akken is-isemma Muḥend Uharun). Dɣa di lḥebs-agi id-yerra Dda Abḍella Tira ger wallen-is. Xas akken yessen taɛrabt, yessen tafransist,  maca netta yefren tira s teqbaylit. Yura aṭṭas n isefra, yura aṭṭas n wungalen, yessuql-d aṭṭas n yedlisen ɣer teqbaylit am : Ṛubaɛiyat n Omar Xayyam. Abḍella Ḥaman yeḥka-d ɣef ass mi yella di lḥebs yenna : Yiwet n tikelt, seg waken iyi-fukent tewriqin, ifuk-iyi daɣen wemru, dmeɣ-d tacekkart n Ssima, ferqeɣ-tt, xaḍeɣ-tt am ukayit, rniɣ dmeɣ-d abruy n lbarud (tirgin), uriɣ yis isefra-w…(…)Aṭṭas iyi-sarɣen isardasen n Fransa seg wayen uriɣ.

Akken tefra tegrawla, di 1962, Abḍella Haman yeffeɣ-d si lḥebs. Yemlal d Dda Lmulud At Maamar, yemmeslay  yides ɣef teqbaylit, ɣef uguren id-tt-magaren iqbayliyen di Lezzayer. Abḍella Ḥaman yesteqsa Dda lmulud ɣef ssebba it-yeǧǧan ad yaru idlisen-is ḥaca s tefransist, acuɣer ur ten-yuri ara qebbel s teqbaylit? Dda Lmulud yerra-y-as-d, yennaya-s belli yuraten akken ad ten-fehmen merra leǧnas. Abḍella Ḥaman s wurrif d imeṭṭi, yeḥka-y-as tadyant yeḍran yides di Wehran, amek it-ttlaqaben ɣef teqbaylit-is, amek is-ugin ad yemmeslay s tutlayt-is,  yenna-y-as daɣen belli ilaq yal amusnaw aqbayli ad yaru s teqbaylit-is, mači ḥaca s tefransist kan neɣ s taɛrabt. Lmulud Maamri iɛuhed seg wass-nni Abḍella Ḥaman dakken tira-s ad d-tili ḥaca s teqbaylit, ma d ayen iɛnan tira s tefransist ad d-tili ḥaca i lmend n teqbaylit.

Ass-agi  Dda Abḍella  yettidir di Wehran, yesɛa 76 iseggasen di tudert-is. Ayen merra yura yefka-t i Useqqamu Unnig n Timmuzɣa (H.C.A) akken ad t-id-sizergen. Dda Abḍella d ameɣnas di tili, d win ur yettzuxxun s wayen yefka i tmaziɣt, d win yefkan melba ceḥḥa i tutlayt, i tsekla akwed yidles amaziɣ.




#Article 283: Aɛmer Imac (1393 words)


Aɛmer Imac (s tlatinit : Imache Amar), d argaz n tesertit Aqbayli, ilul ass n 7 Yulyu 1895 deg taddart n At Meṣbaḥ Tamurt n Iqbayliyen deg tɣiwant n At Dwala, yemmut ass n 7 Fuṛaṛ deg useggas 1960.

Deg yiwet n taddart, isem-is At Mesbaḥ n tɣiwant n At-Dwala, ass 07 n yulyu n useggas n 1895, ilul-d yiwen n llufan semman-as Aɛmer Imac. Tawacult-is d tin i ixeddmen tafellaḥt seg zik, am twaculin meṛṛa n temurt n Leqbayel.

Aɛmer, yekcem ɣer uɣerbaz, asmi yesɛa tmenya iseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is, aɣerbaz i d-yusan deg taddart n Tegemmunt Ukerruc. Yeffɣ-d seg-s deg useggas 1908. D yiwen i yezemren, sin iseggasen kan mi i d-yeffeɣ yebda leqdic deg useggas 1910, armi qrib ad yewweḍ ṭṭrad agraɣlan amezwaru n 1914, yekker yunag ɣer Fransa.

Yufa-d dinna axeddim, deg yiwet n teḥanut. Aɛmer yessen axeddim-is akken iwata. Ur yelli ara d aɣrib yeqqimen deg yiwen wemkan, ɣas ulama ixuṣṣ din kra n ttawilat, yessen ad iɣer, am wakken daɣen yessen ad yaru akken iwata tafransist. Armi d aseggas n 1926 i d-yufa amkan i t-iɛejben. Sutren-as ad tessalin d aqerru n yixeddamen.

ɣas ulama deg wuṭṭun wis ɛecra n weɣmis El Umma n wayyur n yebrir 1933, i d-iban i tikkelt tamezwarut yisem n Aɛmer Imac d amyaru aɣella. Aɛmer yettaru si zik, maca s yisem nniḍen. Yeqqim deg weɣmis El Umma armi d aseggas 1937, d aɣmis i s-yerran azal, i s-yefkan udem ama di tmurt ama di berra.

Tmenya n yiseggasen n lxedma, armi d aseggas 1933, anida d-yufrar deg wegraw n 28 mayu 1933 d amaray amatu n Yetri n Ugafa n Tferka. D aɣelnazri ɣef Lezzayer Tazzayrit, di tmurt n yeɛdawen, i lmend n umennuɣ-is s tuffra, yettwattef ɣer lḥebs ass n 5 deg unbir 1934, yerna ixelleṣ 200 frank n lexṭiyya. Mi i iɛedda di ccreɛ ttren-t, tirririt-is : « nefraḥ aṭas aṭas, mi d-tewweḍ tegnit am tagi, i tikkelt tamezwarut, i tikkelt tamezwarut, 101 iseggasen ayagi, ad d-nssuɣ lmeḥna-nneɣ zdat n teɣdemt tafransist, ad teslem awal-nneɣ s yimeɣnasen n ugafa n tfarka ». Setta n wayyuren i yeqqim, yeffeɣ-d deg wayyur n mayu 1935.

Ur yuɣal ara ɣer wemkan-is n lxedma, sebba ɣef umennuɣ aserti, yelha-d d Yetri ENA. D bab n tidet, yessawaḍ awal-is. Degmi i d-yufrar deg useggas 1935 ɣer tama n uselway n Yetri ENA Meṣṣali Lḥağ. Ma d aselaway amezwaru, seg useggas 1924 ar 1926, isem-is Ğeffal Muḥamed i d-ilullen deg useggas n 1885 di taddart At Ḥag n tɣiwant Irğen.

Seg asmi i iruḥ, Messali ɣer umdakkel-is Cekkib Arslan ɣer Genève, deg wayyur n wunbir 1935 ar yunyu 1936, d Imac, Yaḥyawi, Nwira d Rağef i iheddren s yisem ukabar n Yetri, armi d-yuɣal Meṣṣali di tallit n Tirni Taɣerfant1. yessaweḍ lḥal sin imddukkal-a, i tikkelt tamezwarut, ur msefhamen ara, anwa i d abrid ara awin deg unebdu 1936, ay-a sebba-ines d tamuɣli ukabar ɣef tkebaniyin n lɛesker agraɣlan2, anida Aɛmer Imac yugi ad yili ɣer tama n leḥkem n Tirni taɣerfant n Spanyul, acku aneggaru-ya yugi ad yeqbel timunent i wid yellan seddaw n laɛnaya-ines, ladɣa tamnaḍt n Rrif. Tugin-agi n uttekki n Yetri ENA ur yelli wemsefhem d Ukabar Azduklan Aṛumi (PCF) di tallit n Tirni taɣerfant.

Imac ur yessusum ara, yezga yeqqar-d ayen i t-iceɣben, di lweqt anida tamuɣli n Ukabar Azdukklan Aṛumi ɣef Blum Violet ur telhi ara. Deg tirririt n Aɛmer Imac i wid yellan deg-s, yenna: ṭṭfen amkan n yir rraṣa, ay imdukkal n yeɛdawen. Ma d tamuɣli-ines ɣef Blum yenna : ur yelli d ayen yelhan, d akellex kan fell-aɣ.

Seg tallit-nni, amennuɣ ger Aɛmer Imac d Messali yettnerni. Mi d-yehder wegraw n Yetri n Ugafa n Tfarka, i d-yeḍran ass n 27 di yebrir 1936, di temdint n Grande aux Belles, zdat n 500 n yimeɣnasen, Aɛmer yerfed awal, yesmekta-d deg-s amezruy n ukabar n Yetri, yenna: d nek i yellan s deffir n tlalit n Yetri ENA, seg tama nniḍen yenna, amek Messali ur yettwaṭṭef ara ɣer lḥebs deg useggas 1935, d acu i d sebba? Mi yesla ttɛeggiḍen kra n yimeɣnasen s uselway Messali, yerra-yasen : tiddukla ilaq ad teddu d wahil-ines  mačči ddaw n ufus n yiwen wergaz.

Ɣas akken yeḍra yid-s wannect-nni, Aɛmer yeqqim, yettkemmil amennuɣ deg ukabar n Yetri, d imenɣi mgal ukabar n Tirni Taɣerfant, acku d akabar-agi i d-yeglan s uselyen n Yetri n Ugafa n Tferka. Deg awal-is, d amaray amatu yenna : d akabar n Tirni Taɣerfant i d sebba n uselyen n ukabar-nneɣ. Amgirred ger Aɛmer d Messali irennu ula di lweqt n lḥeṛs mgal Fransa, messali yesuffeɣ-d yiwet n tikti ɣef tlalit n Umnir 1Azzayri. Si tama tayeḍ, Imac yessuter timunent i tmurt n Lezzayer. Ɣas ulama yella ger-asen wugur aserti, sawḍen ad mlilen, Aɛmer yesɛa kan deffir-s imeɣnasen d Lqbayel, ma d Messali yesɛa ula d netta wid n temnaḍt-is. Di temlilit-agi Aɛmer yerfed awal, yefka-d amedya n tmurt n Leqbayel yellan si zik, tessen amek tetteddu s tlalit n useqamu agdudan, d amgdul, ula d fransa neɣ timura nniḍen mazal ur ssinent walen-agi. Ugur aserti yellan si zik, maca iban-d aya-a kan, ger imeɣnasen, amek ara tili Lezzayer ɣer zdat, d taɛrabt d tineslemt neɣ d tin n yedles d tutlayt n tmaziɣt.

Mi yebda ṭṭrad agraɣlan wis sin, yal yiwen yesmuqul d acu ad d-yawi, d acu ad d-yaker neɣ ad d-terbaḥ, ma d Aɛmer ur d-yelhi d yiman-is, d win yettzidin di leqdic. Taggara n useggas 1938, yeḍra-d di Fransa wegraw aɣelnaw2 i d-yettwaheggan s tiktiwin n Imac d wemdakkel-is Yaḥyawi. Deg temlilit-agi, Imac, yewwet-d deg Fransa d tmura nniḍen i tt-yettɛawanen, tid yettwalin timura n Tefriqt Ugafa i nnfeɛ-nsent kan, yenna : « Ifriqiyen, yessaweḍ lḥal fell-asen, ad walin nnfeɛ-nsen di tmurt-nsen, ilaq ad ḍefren abrid n umennuɣ i wakken ad ḥarben ɣef tmura-nsen ». Mi d-yella uselyen n Ukabar n Uɣref Azzayri (PPA), Aɛmer yettwaṭṭef ɣer lḥebs, acku yella zik d amaray amatu n Yetri, ay-a yella-d deg useggas n 1940, yemlal dinna d yemdukkal-is n ukabar n weɣref, acku yugi ad yeqbel timlilit d leḥkem Vichy.

Axeddim aneggaru n Aɛmer Imac yella-d deg useggas 1942. Iruh ɣer Lalman, ulac win yeẓran d acu n sebba, yuɣal-d ɣer Fransa ur yettu tasertit. Ṭtrad wis sin mačči d ayen yelhan i d-yewwi ama i netta ama i Tmurt-is.

Ayyur n yennayer n useggas 1947, ikcem-d ɣer Lezzayer, ikemmel axeddim di Lezzayer Tamanaɣt. Deg waggur n fuṛar, yura tabrat n lefraq i yemdukkal-is yettidiren di Fransa. Yessefhem-d sebba n tuɣalin-is ɣer tmurt d temsalt yellan gar-as d Messali. D ayen yelhan i yexdem, yenna-d daɣen deg-s: « Ma tella tɣawsa, ilaq imenɣi fell-as, d wa i d abrid i weɣref akken ad yaweḍ ɣer lebɣi-s. D aya i d awen-ḍelbeɣ ! Ur yelli d acu ad aɣ-yebḍun. Ur ilaq ad tewwetem deg wayen yelhan, talla tɣawsa ur ilaq weɣref ad tt-yeğğ, ad tettwabeddel neɣ ad tettwaker,… »

Aɛmer Imac, yessuter talalit n Ukabar n Tdukli Tazzayrit1 (PUA). Iswi-s nniḍen, yebɣa ad yessizdeg tineslemt, yerna ad tt-id-yekkes seg yir ifassen.

Ma d ikabaren, Aɣref Azzayri d Umussu MTLD, iɣaḍ-iten lḥal ɣaf wayen d-yenna Aɛmer. Messali iɛedda-d di tudrin n tmurt n Leqbayel, yeqqar : « Aɛmer mačči d ayen yelhan iwumi d-yessawel ». Tiktiwin n Aɛmer Imac ttzidint, ttkemmilent, uɣent amkan deg ukabar n MTLD, kecment deg wallaɣen n yimeɣnasen seg useggas n 1949 ar 1951 akk d 1954 ar 1955. Ayen akk yexdem Aɛmer d iseggasen, d wayen yeḍran yid-s deg umussu-ines, ur yessawed ara ɣer lebɣi-s akken yebɣa, yuɣal yekcem ɣer ukabar UDMA n Ferḥat Ɛebbas.

Deg useggas 1950, i d-yuɣal ɣer taddart-is At-Meṣbaḥ, seg wasmi tebda tegrawla tazzayrit, aṭas i d-yettasen ɣer-s, seg yemdukkal-is neɣ d imjuhad i wakken ad awin kra n tiktiwin d tmuɣli-ines ɣef tallit-agi, d usuter n tesɣunin d yeḍrisen ɣef umennuɣ ad awin.

Aɛmer Imac yemmut ass n 17 fuṛar 1960, di taddart-is, At-Meṣbaḥ, taɣiwant n At-Dwala. Dda Aɛmer ilul-d d agrawliw, yedda s tiktiwin-is, yefka tudert-is i umennuɣ ɣef Lazzayer Tazzayrit, ayen nebɣu nini-t-id fell-as, ur nessawad ad d-neḥku ayen yexdem d iseggasen. Awal-is aneggaru i d-yenna di tebrat-is : « tanemmirt i kunwi, a ken-ctiqeɣ, kemmelt deg webrid n tegmat. Myeḥmalet akken iwata am tarwa n yiwet n twacult. Tanemmirt i kunwi ssarameɣ-awen tudert, ur yelli ad yid-wen yedru ad tɛicem deg tmurt-nneɣ Lezzayer…»

Yura Aɛmer Imac iḍrisen :

 

Idlisen ɣaf Aɛmer Mezdad :




#Article 284: Ɛmer n At Ḥemmuda (362 words)


Ɛmar n At Ḥemmuda, d yiwen n wergaz, n umeɣras n tlelli, n timunent n tmurt n Lzzayer.

Illul deg usegwas n 1923 deg tama n Tasaft Ugemmun. Yettwanɣa deg usegwas n 1956 axaṭer d yiwen n umeɣras n Tizzayrit.

Deg useggas n 40, yetteki deg yiwet n terbaɛt yekkaten ɣef Lzzayer Tazzayrit, anda ilaq ad yilli wemkan i Tmaziɣt (ladɣa Taqabylit).

Ɛmar At Ḥemmuda aẓar-is n taddart n Tasaft Ugemmun deg tama n Ibudraren, deg tlemmast n wedrar n Ǧerger. Yettili-yas i colonel Ɛmiruc (Ɛmiṛuc At Ḥemmuda). 

Ɛmar At Ḥemmuda yella yeqqar deg uɣerbaz Ecole Normale di Buzriɛa deg Lezzayer. Yeɣra daɣen deg  tama n Bufarik, Tamelyant akked Benɛknun.  

Di Benɛkun yetteki deg terbaɛt i wumi qqaren Tarbaɛt n inelmaden n Tesdawit n Benɛkun ar tama n Ḥusin At Ḥmed, Saɛid Cciban, Ɛumar Usediq, Muḥend  At Ɛemran, Bennay Waɛli.

Asmi yexsar akayad-ines n le bac, yekkcem dɣa ar ukabar n PPA anda yennuɣ ɣef Lzzayer Tazzayrit si tazwara n usegwas n 1942. 

Ɛmar At Ḥemmuda d yiwen n umeɣnas n terbaɛt n l'OS, tarbaɛt n umenuɣ tufirt, yettusemma ɣef uqarruy n terbaɛt-agi deg tama n tmurt n Yeqbayliyen (kabylie). 

Deg useggas n 1948, Ɛmar At Ḥemmuda yettusemma d amazwar (candidat) deg tama n Useqqif n Tmana (Micli). 

Cwit n lweqt, ifaq i tektiwin n ukabar n ugdud azzayri (PPA), dɣa yeɛreḍ ad yessekcem timuzɣa deg ukabar-agi akk di tektiwin n ukabar-agi.  S waya i d-yella gar wid i yessekren  ayen i wumi semman la Crise berbériste deg usegwas n 1949. Cwiṭ n lweqt kkan, Aɛmar At Ḥemmuda yettwaṭṭef ger ifassen n Fransa, anda yekcem ɣer lḥebs di Blida.

Asmi yella deg lḥebs di Blida, akabar n Ugdud Aɣerfan n Lzzayer (PPA), yessufeɣ-it di lufaq. 

Deg useggas n 1950, Fransa tserreḥ-as, yeffeɣ-d si lḥebs. Asmi i d-yefaɣ si lḥebs, yuɣal ixeddem di Lzzayer ar tama n Mbarek n At Mangellat akked Baccir Bumaɛza. 

Asmi i yekker ṭrad n 1954, yettwateḥem am wemdakul n tektiwin n Messali Ḥaǧ (yuggin di lawan-nni traḍ d umenuy ɣef timunent n tmurt n Lzzayer s leslaḥ). 

Dɣa yettwanɣa deg usegwas n 1956 ɣer f ufus n kra n yemjuḥad (ALN) deg tama n At Waɛban (Aqbil ).




#Article 285: Bennay Waɛli (155 words)


Bennay Waɛli d yiwen n umeɣnas n timunent n tmurt n Dzayer. Illul deg tazwara n isegwasen n ɛcrin, yemmut deg usegwas n 1957. 

D yiwen n umeɣnas daɣen n timuzɣa, n Lezzayer anda ilaq ad yilli umkan i Tmaziɣt. 

Bennay Waɛli illul deg taddart n Lǧemɛa n Sarriǧ deg lɛarc n At Frawsen. Asmi yella d amectuḥ, Bennay Waɛli yeffeɣ deg taddart. Iṛuḥ ar temnaḍt n Lezzayer am waṭas n Yeqbayliyen di tallit-nni. 

Yekcem ar Ukabar n Wegdud Azzayri (PPA) deg tezwara n isegwasen n rebɛin. Yettusemma-d d aqarru n ukabar-aggi deg tama n Ǧerǧer. 

Yettiki daɣen deg terbaɛt yettwassnen s yisem n Groupe d'étudiant de Ben Aknun, ar tama n Ḥusin Nat Ḥmed, Ɛumar Usediq, Aɛmar At Ḥemmuda, Mbarek n At Mangellat. Tarbaɛt-agi ad tuɣal ad tennaɣ ɣef umkan n Tmaziɣt deg Lzzayer.  D Bennay Waɛli ara yillin ɣef uqarruy n terbaɛt-agi.

Ɣef wanect-a Bennay Waɛli yettwanɣa deg useggwas n 1957 deg taddart-is.




#Article 286: Sadeq Abǧawi (182 words)


Deg yisem-is n tidett, Sadeq Buyaḥya. D yiwen unaẓur, acennay, i ilulen deg tama n Bgayet di 1907. Yemmut ass n 7 yennayer 1995. 

Baba-s n taddart n Kuku deg temnaṭ n At Yeḥya (Tamurt Ufella). Sadeq Abǧawi yennum yettruḥ ɣef taddart-agi nsen seg wasmi yella d amectuḥ. Tawacult-is, netta, ur qdiɛen-ara akk taddart-nsen ansi id-kkan. 

Sadeq Abǧawi zik i yebda ccna, laɣda ccna tandalusit (Andalou). Mucaɛ aṭas di ṣṣenf-agi n ccna. 

Deg useggas n 1933 alami d 1938, yella ɣer uqerruy n tarbaɛt n ccna Tandalusit umi semman Lmussilya. Dɣa deg webrid-is di ccna yaggi tandlust, iruḥ alami di Tala Yemsan (Tlemsen) anda yelmed kra n nnubat, anda id-yerna tamussni. 

Yettwasen daɣen s tezlatin yura s teqbaylit i waṭṭas n icennayen n tallit-nni. 

Asmi telli rradyu n Bgayet deg useggas n 1946, Ccix Sadeq Abǧawi yuɣal d bab n uẓawan (chef d'orchestre), yesɛday-d daɣen tidwilin di rradyu-yagi. 

Deg tedwilin-is i bdan deqs n icennayen id-yufraren tallit-nni amzun Abdelwaḥab Abǧawi, Yusef Abǧawi, Ameqqran Agawa, Ccix Lmuḥub, Lɣazzi.

Hommes et femmes de Kabylie, tome 1, sous la direction du professeur Salem Chaker, Edisud.




#Article 287: Muḥemmed Idir n At Ɛemṛan (123 words)


D yiwen ugrawliw azzayri, aqbayli, illulen deg taddart n Taqidunt deg tama n At Wasif. 

Yettiki di tarbaɛt umi qqaren Inelmaden n tsenawit n Ben Ɛkun, tarbaɛt ig ɛarden ad sekccem Timuzɣa (Taqbaylit) deg ummenuɣ ɣef tlelli d timunet n tmurt n Lzzayer. 

D yiwen i yerẓan asalu n ccna ɣef tmaziɣt. D netta i yurran ccan yuɣalen d azamul n Imaziɣen marra, umi isemma Kker a mmi-s Umaziɣ.

Yurra tizlatin nniden ɣef umennuɣ, tilleli, timuzɣa. 

D yiwen seg yergazen id yewwin aṭas n imeslayen sɣur tantaliwin n tmaziɣt yemxxalafen. Yewwid imeslayen n Tilleli, Amaziɣ. 

Yidir At Ɛemran yettwaḥbes seg 1956 alami d 1958. 

Yidir n At Ɛmran yella daɣen ɣef uqarru n Usqamu Unnig n Timuzɣa (HCA) deg 1994 alami di 2004. 




#Article 288: Orhan Pamuk (195 words)


Isem-ines n tidett Ferit Orhan Pamuk, d yiwen n umaru aterki. Ilul deg ass n 7 deg wayyur n yunyu deg useggas n 1952 deg temdint n Stanbul. 

Idlisen-ines ṭṭfen taqacuct n yedlisen deqs n lweqt. Nzan azal n 12 imelyan n yedlisen-is, ubayen, mucaɛ aṭas aṭas. S waya yuɣal d Amyarru aturki yettwasnen aṭas deg umaḍal.

Idlisen-is ttwaṭerǧment (ttwasuqlen-d) ar ugar n 60 n tutlayin, gar-asent tarumit, talimant, tanglizit, tatelyanit, taspenyulit...

Amyaru yagi yerbaḥ tlata n warrazen, gar-asent win n France Culture (1995), win n uɣmis n New York Times deg useggas n 2004, win n Medicis deg useggas n 2005. 

Yella daɣen yesselmad deg tesdawit n Culumbia Littérature comparée.  

Deg useggas n 2006, yerbaḥ araz n prix de la littérature, d amyarru aterki amezwaru i  irebḥen arras aggi.

Amyarru Orhan Pamuk illul di Stanbul deg useggas n 1952, deg yiwet n twaccult yesɛan adrim, yettekan, yesnen tarumit.

Asmi yewweḍ ar Tesdawit, yeɣra architecture maca cwiṭ n lweqt kan yeǧǧa leqraya-yagi, yuɣal yetbaɛa leqraya iwakken ad yuɣal d aneɣmas (journaliste). Asmi yesuli leqraya-s, yennum yettɣima deg wexxam-is ass marra, mebla ma yeffeɣ. Dɣa yebda isurifen imenza deg tira n yedlisen.

S tmeslayt n tarkit: 




#Article 289: Adam Smith (105 words)


Adam Smith (5 yunyu 1723 - 17 yulyu 1790) d afelsuf dɣa adamsan abriṭani n Tufawin. Yeqqim deg umezruy am baba-s n tussna tudmist tatrart, ayɣef amahil agejdan, Tabaɣurt n iɣlanen, d yiwen n iḍrisen imesbedden n ulellamẓri udmis. Aselmad n tafelsuft tazerfant di tasdawit n Glasgow, yefka-d mraw iseggasen n tameddurt-is i uḍris agi yehregen idemsanen imeqranen uḍfiren, widak Karl Marx yetsemmi « ikelsaken » dɣa ad rsen imenzayen imeqqranen n alellamẓri udmis.

Aṭas n medden ssnen Adam Smith asmi yura yiwen udlis g useggas n  1776 umi qqaren Wealth of Nations (Ayla n Iɣlanen); d bab n weḍru n tikta n talellamt (libéralisme). 




#Article 290: Lwalid Mimun (369 words)


Lwalid Mimun d acennay Arifi, ilul g Ayt Sidel di tama n Nnaḍuṛ g useggʷas n 1959. 

Yeɣra deg Fas. Netta tuɣa illa am maṛṛa iwdan n taddart ines : d ameksa (aniči s Trifit), issenta ittirar tamja (taqsebt).

Ittecnu ɣef amek teddren, tkkaren imaziɣen d irrifiyyen g tmurt nsen d lbaṭel. Ittɛawad tamara n yinni ihajren tamurt nsen iẓwan ɣer Turuft, yin iwyen tiṛumiyyin amak inna g uɣennih ines dewl dd a mmi inu. Ittwassen g Arrif am weni iyifen maṛṛa icennayen n Arrif. D netta g igin ansi tamedyazt n Arrif ttwassen g akk umaḍal, timura n Tmazɣa am Dzayer. Aɣennij ines amezwaru d Ajjaj, ifuɣ g iseggʷasen n 80, g Merruk aqel it ittwegdul (leḥkam ur t teǧǧi ad imzenz).

Ajjaj (1980)
Ametluɛ (1986)
Tayyut (Taggut) (1997)

Tizlit umi qarn Neccin Ssa

ah neccin ssa ! ah neccin ssa
lalla tammurt a nneɣ, nssudum akal nnem
ad nssu cjjur nnem s tidi nnɣ
ad nkerz timura, ad nbeḥḥar tibeḥḥar
ad cem nṣun, ad cem nḥḍa, s min ɣarneɣ d tizemmar
Ad neḍreq i yedbarn, deg ujenna nnem d azegza
wenni i cem icarhen, min yestahedj ad t iẓaṛ
Abrid a waxxa yeẓẓu, yeẓẓu s rḥarrac
ad neggur, ad neggur ar ɣar ad naf tinnewac
yurat  iɣenjit Lwalid Mimun

Tizlit umi qarn Bu Yidunan

bu yidunan, bu yidunan, la babak, la yemmak
bu yidunan, bu yidunan, la umak, la ultmak
tɣemyed di tzegurt, xf ak adfel d wunẓaṛ
tcarhed tudert, ul nnek iƐammer
Ṭṭram di tmurt, lmunkar yemɣar
Tisendect tḥart xf ak am ufiɣar
Bu yidunan a bu yidunan, ameṭṭa nnk d nwac
ɣa ad teksed iɣebnan, Ṭṭram ad ibarc
ad tnewwar cejjart, ad yesrewrew wedrar
ɣa ad tḍuw tedbart, zi leqfez ad tugut

yura-t  iɣenj-it Lwalid Mimun

Tizlit umi qqaren Idurar n Arrif

Idurar n Arrif i dihan ibedden
Idurar n ssif i dihan isedden
Iḍennaṭ tuɣa din ca n yiwdan qedden
Maca ass a aqqa din ca imeḍran hedmen
Imeḍran n tmaddiwin di tqicciwin ɣemyen
Maca aqqa ɣemyen din, xf ca n targazt cehden
Targazt n ɛabdekrim, targazt n irifiyen
xzart ɣer idurar in, xzart a imezzianen!
ass a yeqqim din ratar n wairaden
ratar n ɛabdekrim d ratar n yimjahden

yura-t  iɣenj-it Lwalid Mimun




#Article 291: Si Belḥanafi (107 words)


Muḥemmed Belḥanafi d yiwen umedyaz ameqqran n teqbaylit, d bab n wawal, n usefru.

Si Belḥanafi, netta isem-ines n tidett d Muḥemmed n At Taḥar.  Ilul di 1927 deg tama n At Wasif, deg taddart n At Sidi Ɛetman, deg yiwet n twaccult n yemrabden. Di lawan -nni n traḍ n Lzzayer, yella deg tama n Tihert (Tiaret) anda yella ɣef uqarruy n tarbaɛt n tsertit n le FLN di tama-yagini.

Yexxdem aṭas n tedwilin daɣen deg rradyu n teqbaylit, rradyu tis snat  tibḥirt iǧeǧǧigen, rrif lkanun,  tuksa n lxiq. Yexdem aṭas n tezlatin i waṭas n Icennayen akw tcennayin tiqbayliyen am Nwaṛa, Cabḥa, Malḥa, Ḍrifa, Wardya.




#Article 292: Ɛli Belḥaǧ (206 words)


Ɛli Belḥaǧ (ilul deg 1956 deg temdint n Tunes), d argaz n tsertit adzayri, yettekka akked Ɛebbasi Madani deg ussebded n Terni Tislamit n Ussukkes (FIS). 

Imawlan n Belḥaǧ rewlen seg Dzayer ɣer Tunes, yerna laṣel-nsen seg Muriṭanya. Belḥaǧ yezdeɣ deg Tqubbet (deg temdint n Ldzayer). 

Deg yiseggasen n 1980, yella yeqren ɣer Mustafa Buyali, yerna d aya ay t-yessawḍen ad yettwaṭṭef ɣer lḥebs i tikkelt tamezwarut deg 1984. 
Deg 1989, yessebded-d akked Ɛebbasi Madani akabar isenneslem (islamiste) n Terni Tislamit n Ussukkes (FIS), yerna yella yeqqar-d lxeḍbat deg yiwet n tmesgida deg Bab Lwad. 

Deg 1991, iger-d tiɣri i lɣaci akken ad d-snekren imenɣi imselleḥ mgal udabu, am wakken ay yettekka akked Ɛebbasi Madani deg ussenker n ccwal deg tmurt. D aya ay yejjan anabaḍ (lḥukuma) adzayri ad ten-yeḥbes deg sin, yerna akabar-nsen yettwafsex deg tezwara n 1992. 

Deg 2006, Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa yeɛfa fell-as yerna yebra-as-d seg lḥebs. Llan aṭas n medden ay t-yettwalin d yiwen seg wid ay yezzuɣren tamurt ɣer tallit-nni taberkant n yimenɣi imselleḥ ay d-yellan gar udabu ed tegrawin timsellḥin ay d-yefrurxen seg Terni Tislamit n Ussukkes. Seg wasmi ay d-yeffeɣ seg lḥebs, Ɛli Belḥaǧ yettwaṭṭef yerna yettwaḥbes acḥal d tikkelt ɣef wawal-nnes ayyes ay iɛerreḍ ad d-yessenker ccwal tikkelt nniḍen.




#Article 293: Muḥemmed Cikri (134 words)


Muḥemmed Cikri (s Taɛrabt: محمد شكري , s Tefransist: Mohamed Choukri) d amyaru d Amaziɣ yura ungalen s Taɛrabt. Muḥemmed Cikri ilul di 15 yulyu 1935 di At Ciker, di temnaḍt n Nnaḍur, di Arrif. Immut di 15 wamber 2003.

Deg wakud n laẓ di Arrif, tawacult-nnes terwel ɣer Tanja. Baba-s aql-it d askayri iccat tarwa-nnes d temeṭṭut-is.
Muḥemmed Cikri umi iẓṛa manaya irwel si taddart-ines, ibda ikkal itnus di zzenqet anda i yexs ad yečč, anda itettar neɣ izenz taḥcict.

Armi itwaṭṭef deg usekraf (leḥbes) umi aql-it ɣur-s 20 iseggwassen, isselmed-as yiwen umeḥbus tira n Taɛrabt.
Yura aṭas n idlisen gar-asen Aɣrum Ḥafi. Adlis-nni itwasuɣel ɣer 40 n tutlayin. Aɣrum Ḥafi itwagdel deg Umeṛṛuk deg wakud n Ḥasan wiss 2.
Di 15 Wamber 2003, immut Muḥemmed Cikri di usganfu n userdas di Rbaṭ.




#Article 294: Salem Chaker (173 words)


Salem Chaker (ilul deg 1950 deg Yiɛezzuzen, deg tɣiwant n Larebɛa n At Yiraten, Tizi Wezzu) d amesniles Aqbayli, d aselmad n tmaziɣt, d apṛufisur n tesdawiyin deg tesdawit deg Paris d Aix-en Provence.  
	
Yeqdec Chaker deg Tsuddut Taɣelnawt n Tutlayin d Tɣermiwin Tisemranin (INALCO) i d-yezgan deg Paris seg useggas n 1989, yeṭṭef amkan n yimassanen imeqqṛanen André Basset d Lionel Galand.

Deg 1973, yewwi tafesna n duktuṛa deg tesnilest Tamatut. Sakkin, seg 1973 ɣer 1981, yexdem d aselmad deg tesdawit n temdint n Lezzayer. Deg 1978 yewwi-d duktuṛa-nniḍen deg tsekla d [ Tussniwin talsanin. Gar 1981 e 1989 yeqdec d aselmad deg temdint n Aix-en-Provence (deg tesdawit n Provence akked Wammas Aɣelnaw n Unadi Ussnan [CNRS]). 
Sakkin, deg 1990 yessebded-d Ammas n Unadi Amaziɣ André Basset deg usudu n INALCO. Ma deg 2008 yebda iqeddec deg Usudu n Unadi ɣef Yimaḍalen Aserɣin d Yineslem n Aix-Provence. Salem Caker yura-d aṭas n yedlisen d tezrawin ɣef tesnilsit tamaziɣt. Daɣen, d netta ay d-yelhan s Tsedkalt Tamaziɣt (Encyclopédie Berbère) i d-itteffɣen g Fṛansa




#Article 295: Ayda (164 words)


Ayda d yiwet n tceqquft n l'opéra i yurra yiwen n utelyani umi qqaren Verdi.

Abrid amezwaru anda i d-ɛedda deg temdint n Lqahira deg tmurt n Maṣer deg useggas n 1871.

Taceqquft agi tettemeslay-d ɣef yiwet n tallit uqbel talalit n ɛissa. 

Deg tgelda n Maṣer, yella yiwen ugellid (isem-is : ) yesɛan yelli-s (umi qqaren: Amneris). Yelli-s agi teɛceq deg yiwen n usardas n Baba-s. Aserdas agi (isem-ines : Ɣadames), netta, iḥemmel yiwen n teqcict (isem-is : Ayda). Ayda nettat d taklit n yelli-s n ugellid n Maṣer. Dɣa yelli-s n ugellid n Maser (Amenris), tettasem deg tayri yellan ger Ayda akked Ɣadames. 

Yiwen wass akken, yekker traḍ ger tmurt n Maṣer akked tmurt n Tyupia (Ethiopie). Ɣadames yella ɣef uqarruy n iṣerdasen n ugellid n Maṣer (général). Iruḥ dɣa ad yennaɣ. 

Ɣadames irrebaḥ traḍ. Yuɣal-d dɣa. Mi d-yewweḍ, medden akk ferḥen yis-s ula d agellit n Maṣer. Iwakken ad yesnemmir (remercier) yefka-yas yelli-s ad-tt-yaɣ. 

Maca Ɣadames akked Ayda ur friḥen ara.




#Article 296: Sɛid At Mɛemmer (286 words)


Sɛid At Mɛemmer d amyaru, d amedyaz aqbayli i yettidiren di tmurt n Lalman. Ilul ass n 09 yunyu 1966, deg At Meslayen di Tizi Uzzu.

Sɛid At Mɛemmer d yiwen umedyaz atrar, d amyaru aqbayli i yettidiren di tmurt n Lalman. Yedder u yeqqim d aqbayli n tidett.

Tamedyazt ines tgerrez aṭas, u nettaf deg isefra ines yakw ayen yaɛnan taqbaylit; yewwi-d af ṭaqa n isental, ger wid yecqan taqbaylit. Essaid At Maamar iseqdac tamedyazt-is s uzawan i wakken ad yejbed tamezzuɣt n win a s-id-iḥessen,  ur llan ara aṭas i zemren ad xedmen akken. Taẓuri ines meqqret ama di taqbaylitiquren i yettmeslay, ama deg umgarad n isental ɣef i d-ittawi deg isefra ines, ama d Tayri, Tawacult, Imdukal, Ineɣmasen d inaẓuren iqbayliyen imucaɛen am Muḥend Arab Besaɛud, Lunis At Mengellat, Lwennas Meɛṭub, Ɛli At Ferḥat (Ideflawen)... atg.  Aseḥrireb af tutlay tamaziɣt d taqbaylit, i nettaf nezeh di tmedyazt-is.     
 
Essaid At Maamar issufɣ-ed yiwen uḍebsi usid s w-azal-is, isem-yas : I kečč a Lunnas. D tajjmilt i ucennay Lwennas Meɛṭub. 

Daɣen Essaid At Maamar yettsuqul-ed  si tutlayin tiwerdanin(tiberraniyin), ladɣa  seg talmanit, imi yettidir di tmurt n Lalman. ɣef umedya, llant kra n tmucuha yettwasnen di tmurt agi, i yuran watmaten Grimm. Yerra-tent-id ar tutlayt taqbaylit, admega d Hänsel akw d Gretel, iwimi yefka ismawen iqbayliyen: Ḥmiṭuc d Duduc, ak d Aschenputtel neɣ Cendrillon, iwimi isemma : M-iɣiɣden. Essaid At Maamar, ula d netta yettaru timucuha s taqbaylit. Ger tid i yettwasnen d Tiɣimit deg tiɣilt n wedrar. Essaid At Maamar yettaru aṭas imagraden, isefra, akw d idrisen deg ismal uzeṭa n Internet, ladɣa deg asmel n tasekla : imyura.net. Atnan izwal n kra n tmucuha, tijmilin, idrisen akw d isefra n Essaid At Maamar :




#Article 297: Igures (133 words)


Igures d yiwet n taddart i d yezgan di tɣiwant n At Yeḥya di tanebdaḍt n Tala n Sila (Michelet) deg ugezdu n Tizi Wezzu.

Aɛmer Ubuyaḥya d yiwen umrabeḍ ,tezdeɣ tarwa-s tama n wasif ddaw Igures , di tgerwla mgal amnekcem afransis (1954) tefka d taddart 32 imeɣraṣen am [Akli At Ṭayeb][Tasaɛdit At Ṭayeb] [Messaoud,Madjid,Yamina At Tayeb],[Muḥend Lɛerbi At amar] neɣ [Busɛad Ujidan]. Syina mi yefra ṭrad, ulin atas imezdaɣ d asawen seg wasif mi yuɣen tiferkiwin ɣer taddart n At Mlal id yezgan s ufella n Igures .

Taddart Igures tesɛa tilisa nettat dwatas Ljiranis : At Mellal , At Bu Yusef ( tiferdud+tazruts ) iferhounene (ibelqisen+ahduch)

Taddart igures tebda ɣef 6 Idermans  :

Tadert igures tesa 6 n yismawen         n twacult:

Tesɛa taddart azal (983 imezdaɣ)  deg useggas 2015 .




#Article 298: Saɣru Band (615 words)


Saɣru Band d tarbaɛt seg wanẓul-wegmuḍ n Umerruk. Saɣru Band xelqen-tt atmaten Mbarek d Xalid Ulɛrbi tsmun inaẓuren Mbarek Ulɛrbi, Xalid Ulɛrbi, Ɛmar, Fuad d Ɛli.

Ieɣf n Uzger !

Ur nudir ula n-dder

Ur ngin ula n-kker

Ur neɣri, ur n-semder

Ur ɣurneɣ mayed n-ffer !

Nekkni nugi ad nɣer

Iɣef-inu am win uzger

Ur nekriz mayed n-megger

Is tram ad n-g Lbeṛbeṛ ?

Ur nɛeqqal yad i bučfer

Tin Baddu ula Bugafer

Tirrugza d mas tessfer

Ur nsul dat-t n-bedder

Tamara tegna-ɣ g iɣmeṛ

Ur nɛeẓẓi ad as nɣer

Is tram ad n ttetter ?

G wakal g d nenker ?

Tabrat i Wbama.

Ubama nkk d ameẓyan

Yemmi ɛzizen tenna-yi

Mimmi wigan ka yafi.

Nekkni nuɣal d-ameqṛan

Neɣṛa nuli s ifadden

Awinit-t ayt idrimen

Sawleɣ dat Lbeṛlaman

Uwin-i-d ayt iɛekzan

Beddan ɣifi rad-i nɣen.

Awyati-nn s Marikan

Ad idireɣ amm imdanen

Ssufɣati-nn g ixeṛṛiqen.

Ḥellu issergigin akal

Abujadi Aṛeḥḥal

Aydas-n yenna Ɛellal.

Ameɣnas g ubniq iɣemel

Tarwa nneɣ mmuten s wetfel

Tidit n wi tdderɣel.

Nger aɣuyyi ar Agdal

Ad asin aqeṛyan ungal

Yaɣi uya seg Listiqlal.

Negr-ak aɛeban amellal

Asey ɣifi bu tḥellal

Hat sbiddiɣ acenyal.

Ubama nekk d Amaziɣ

S tmagit d yiles inw stiɣ

Ran wi ad digsen fsiɣ !.

Ad geɣ Aɛrab ur rtiɣ

Uridd Lyaman agd ddiɣ

Graɣ cigan d asettiɣ

Mimmi wanna-d ssegmiɣ

Ad as geɣ isem nna riɣ

Meqqar-d s idammen ɣiɣ

Ad ẓẓalleɣ i wanna riɣ

Ur ṛeẓẓaɣ nkk ula kweniɣ

Qqa-d qqimeɣ d Amaziɣ

Lalla Mimuna

G ubrid iǧan aɣezzaf

G ubrid nǧa akabaṛ

Tawrirt ad-t naley zik

Ur neǧǧid i fad d laẓ

Tawant tella yaɣ g wul

Ur neǧǧid i fad d laẓ

Mimuna lalla Mimuna !!

G uǧraw abadir nga-t

Diǧes asafar i kwu yan

Iqbilen urem-n akw ttečan

S uryaz ula tameṭṭut

S wunǧal ula amellal

S taymat nččar akw lxiṛ

Mimuna lalla Mimuna !!

Ntter i Mulana neɣra-s

Gin aɣ tisura xf uyeffas

Raren ul inw d afessas

Aferaḥ ufan aytmas

Maṛs iẓil ayaseggwas

Tizzwa xf uldjiǧ arras

Mimuna lalla Mimuna !!

Tayri tella yaɣ ǧ wul

Tayri n wa-nn d ta-nn d wa-nn

Tudmawin ur akw ḥlint

Win-nek a Rebbi ayd nǧa

Nemyaɣ ifassen ad neddu

Nemyiri akw afella

Mimuna lalla Mimuna !!

Abrid-inu !

Ageḍṛuṛ iney-i-id aqmu,

Issencef-i uẓru n leɛlu,

Ur yad yaṭfut umalu,

Iɣef inker ir'ad iddu.

Ggulliɣ ttbeddaleɣ ansa,

Ad nzel laṭer-inu i tmara;

Sbelyun neɣ d Fransa,

Nekkin yad giɣ ubeṛṛa.

Amalu, tga-yi tmara

Taɣect asiɣ tissufra

Ad nadaɣ nekk anfara

Neɣ d-zaydeɣ tayeḍ tmara.

Ka nɣan-t s rrṣaṣ d ssif,

Ka nɣan-t waman bessif;

Tiɛurrma yugin lḥif

Temmut g Laṭlas d rrif.

Umẓen-aɣ ayt tmezyin

Reglen ɣifneɣ tifelwin,

Ukern-aɣ tiwargiwin,

Ur aɣ-isul ɣas aẓey-inn.

Immut meskin g waman,

Immut tcan-t iselman;

Ur tekkul lḥhukuma,

Ur ibriy lberlaman.

Kker a mmis Umaziɣ !

Kker a mmis Umaziɣ !

Tafuyt nneɣ tuli-d,

Cigan aya wer tt-ẓriɣ,

Tawala nneɣ a gma tetti-d,

Azzel in'as i Masinissa :

Tamazɣa tuki-d ass-a,

Arraw-is mlalen dduklen,

G isenḍal n lejdud feṛḥen.

Kker a mmis Umaziɣ !

Tafuyt nneɣ tuli-d,

Cigan aya wer tt-ẓriɣ,

Tawala nneɣ a gma tetti-d,

In'as in'as i Yugerten

Arraw-is s annar ffɣen,

Idammen-is hat at-tni raren

Isem-is at-t-id-sskeflen,

Kker a mmis Umaziɣ !

Tafuyt nneɣ tuli-d,

Cigan aya wer tt-ẓriɣ,

Tawala nneɣ a gma tetti-d,

Ɣiwel in'as i Takfarinas :

Tilelli, a-nemmet fellas,

Tamurt nneɣ d tmust nneɣ

Ayd igan tudert nneɣ.

Kker a mmis Umaziɣ !

Tafuyt nneɣ tuli-d,

Cigan aya wer tt-ẓriɣ,

Tawala nneɣ a gma tetti-d,

S tutlayt nneɣ a-nili,

asekk' ad yaf iḍelli,

Timmuzɣa at-tegm at-ternu,

D itri dda s akw ntteddu.

Kker a mmis Umaziɣ !

Tafuyt nneɣ tuli-d,

Cigan aya wer tt-ẓriɣ,

Tawala nneɣ a gma tetti,




#Article 299: Asif n Mississippi (222 words)


Asif n Mississippi d asif ameqran akk deg Tamrikt n Ugafa. Ibeddu-d seg ugelmim n Itasca (deg Minnesota, deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen), yerna aman-nnes ttenɣalen s anẓul [1] arma d Abagu n Miksik. Isafen n Missouri ed Ohio ssenɣalen-d daɣen aman-nsen s asif-a. Mississippi ɣer-s 3.780 n yikilumitren deg teɣzef, yerna tajumma-nnes [2] tuweḍ ɣer 3,1 km2 [3].
D anaram [4] Hernando de Soto ay d Uṛufi amezwaru ay yuwḍen s asif-a deg 1541. Deg 1673, Ifṛensisen Louis Jolliet ed Jacques Marquette ssaklen [5] deg wasif-a yerna uwḍen armi d asif n Arkansas. Anaram afṛensis La Salle yuweḍ s adelta n wasif-a deg 1682 yerna d netta ay d Afṛensis amezwaru ay d-yesɣerten [6] tama n Mississippi ed Louisiana d ayla n Fṛansa. D aya ay yejjan Fṛansa ad teḥkem tama n ugafa n wasif-nni. Ma d tama n wenẓul-nnes teqqel ddaw udabu n Spenyul seg 1769 d asawen. Deg 1783, Iwunak Yeddukklen rran asif n Mississippi d talast-nsen tutrimt [7], sakkin, deg 1803, Fṛansa tessenz akal-nnes n Mississippi ed Louisiana i Yiwunak Yeddukklen. Deg 1863, deg tallit n Wemgaru Aɣarim [8] deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen, iɣallen imarikaniyen n Tdukli ḍḍfen tamdint n Vicksburg ay d-yezgan ɣef wasif n Mississippi yerna d aya ay ten-yejjan ad sbeɛden iɣallen Ikunfidiṛaliyen ɣef wasif-a. Ass-a, asif n Mississippi yeqqel d abrid ameqran n yiɣerruba deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen.




#Article 300: Arrif (112 words)


Arrif neɣ Arif d tamnaḍt tamsedrart tezga-d di ugafa n Lmerruk, tessajja ɣef Yilel agrakal, zeddɣen deg-s 4 imelyan n yimezdaɣ yessawalen Tamaziɣt.

Seg yiɣerman imeqqṛanen i yellan di temnaḍt n Arrif Ameqqran ɣer-neɣ: Nnaḍur, Lḥusima, Miḍar, Targist, Azɣenɣan, Seřwan, Zayyu, Berkan, Aɛarwi, Driwec, At Buɛeyyac, Qasita, Imzuren d Ajdir. 

Idurar n Arif udsen ar idurar n Ordillera Bética n wenẓul n Spenya. Akken daɣen i yudsen ɣer Yidurar n Waṭlas maca wer qqinen ɣur-sen wer llin d-amur deg-sen. Gar-asen tella Taza.

Iwdan yessawalen Tamaziɣt Tarifant di Arif qqaren i yiman-nsen “Imaziɣen” neɣ “Irifiyen”, maca tutlayt nsen qqaṛen as “Tamaziɣt” mačči Tarifit. Iwdan n berra i Arif d nitni i d-as-yeqqaren Tarifit.




#Article 301: Tirni Tislamit n Ussukkes (304 words)


Tirni Tislamit n Ussukkes (s tefṛensist: Front Islamique du Salut - FIS), d akabar adzayri aqbur ay yellan yekkat akken ad yerr tamurt n Ldzayer d awanak (ddula) islami. 

Akabar-a sbedden-t-id Ɛebbassi Madani ed Ɛli Belḥaǧ deg 18 Furar 1989. Deg tefranin n tɣiwanin n 1990, akabar-a yessaweḍ ad d-yerbeḥ amur ameqran seg tɣiwanin n tmurt n Ldzayer. 
Si 1991, ggan aṭas n tigawin (actions) n ccwal (tikliwin ed yisundiden [grèves]), dɣa d aya ay yejjan awanak adzayri ad ten-yeṭṭef yerna ad ten-yerr ɣer lḥebs.

Deg tefranin tiwamniyin (parlementaires) n Dujembeṛ n 1991, Tirni Tislamit n Ussukkes terbeḥ tuzzya tamezwarut n tefranin. Maca deg Yennayer n 1992, asmi ay yeffeɣ Cadli Benjedid seg wemkan-nnes n uselway n tegduda, ttwabeṭlent tefranin-nni yerna ttwafesxent tɣiwanin ay yeḥkem ukabar-a. 
Deg Meɣres n 1992, axxam n ccṛeɛ n temdint n Ldzayer yefsex akabar n Terni Tislamit n Ussukkes, yerna d aya ay yejjan ineḍfaren n ukabar-a ad d-snekren imenɣi imselleḥ i wakken ad ṭṭfen adabu s yiɣil, yerna sbedden-d Igen Islami n Ussukkes (AIS) i lmend n waya. D acu kan, deg tallit-nni, llan yineḍfaren nniḍen n ukabar-a ay d-yesbedden tirebbaɛ timsellḥin nniḍen (am Tegrawt Tislamit Timselleḥt). 

Imenɣi imselleḥ ay d-yebdan deg 1992, d win ay yegren Ldzayer deg tallit-nni taberkant n rrebrab ay yeglan s waṭas n tmeddurin. 

Deg 1997, anabaḍ adzayri yessuffeɣ-d Ɛebbassi Madani seg lḥebs, maca yerra-t ɣer tnezduɣt ddaw tɛessast. 
Deg 24 Ctembeṛ n useggas-nni, Igen Islami Imselleḥ (GIA neɣ GSM s tmaziɣt) yeḥbes imenɣi-nnes. Deg wass n 13 Yennayer 2000, Igen Islami n Ussukkes (AIS neɣ GSS) yejja i lebda imenɣi imselleḥ yerna wid yettekkan deg-s yeɛfa-asen uwanak. 
Deg 2003, awanak yefka-asen tilelli-nsen ama i Ɛebbassi Madani ed Ɛli Belḥaǧ. Deg wakud aydeg Ɛebbassi Madani yennejla ɣer tmura n beṛṛa, Ɛli Belḥaǧ yettwagdel-as ad yeffeɣ seg wakal n Ldzayer yerna mazal-itt ddaw tɛessast.




#Article 302: Albanya (188 words)


Albanya d yiwet n tmurt id yezgan deg wenẓul agmuḍan n Turuft, tezga-d deg Tzunegzirt n Bilqan. Tajumma-ynes 28.748 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Zedɣen-tt 2.876.591 (2017) n yimezdaɣen (Albaniyen). Tamaneɣt-nnes d Tirana.

Aselway: Bamir Topi.
Aneɣlaf Amezwaru: Sali Berisha.

Amur ameqran seg wakal n Albanya d idraren aydeg kra n tqacucin ttawḍent ɣer 2100 ed 2600 n lmitrat deg leɛlu. Izuɣar zgan-d deg utaram (lɣerb) n tmurt, ɣef yiri n Yilel Aderyati. Ugar n tis kraḍ (tis tlata) seg wakal n Albanya d tiẓegwa.

Tuget deg yimezdaɣen n Albanya seg weɣref (cceɛb) albani ay d-yudren seg Yilliriyen iqburen (d aɣref ahenduṛufi). Maca llan daɣen Yegrigiyen, Iziganen, Iserbiyen ed Yibulgaṛiyen deg Albanya. Amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt d Inselmen. Aṭas n Walbaniyen ay yeddren daɣen deg tmura tijiratin am Kosovo, Masidunya, Serbi akked Montenegro. Deg wemgaru-nni (ṭṭrad) n Kosovo n 1999, aṭas n Walbaniyen n Kosovo ay d-irewlen ɣer tmurt n Albanya.

Ass-a, Albanya d yiwet seg tmura tigellilin akk n Tuṛuft. Tadamsa n tmurt-a tebna ladɣa ɣef tfellaḥt yerna deg 1997, Albanya tenḍerr mliḥ seg yiwet n taluft tameqrant n tdamsa.

(c) Omar Mouffok - Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen




#Article 303: Talmat n Termitin (211 words)


Talmat n Termitin d talmat tameqrant ay d-yezgan deg wegmam n Lḥamma, deg tɣiwant n Belwizdad, deg temdint n Ldzayer. 

Seg yidis n wegmuḍ (ccerq), Talmat-a tecrek tilisa akked Usalay aɣelnaw n tẓuriyin tucbiḥin akked Usarir (stade) n 20 Ɣuct. Seg yidis n wenẓul (sud), iḥudd-itt-id wezniq n Mohamed Belouizdad. Seg yidis n utaram, iḥudd-itt-id usensu n Sofitel akked Temkarḍit Taɣelnawt. Ma seg yidis n Ugafa, iḥudd-itt-id wezniq n Ḥassiba Benbouali. 

Talmat-a sbedden-tt-id Yefṛensisen deg 1832. Deg 1900, iduba ifṛensisen ledyen deg-s yiwet n telmat n yiɣersiwen, deg wakud aydeg llan sfulluḥen deg-s imɣan ay d-imeɣɣin deg tmura yeḥman n wakk timiwa n umaḍal. 
Deg 1932, Talmat n Termitin tella-d d anrar aydeg ay d-uraren kra n yisuyas (scènes) n usaru n Tarzan. 
Deg 8 Nwembeṛ 1942, asmi ay d-ẓedmen yiserdasen imarikaniyen ɣef Ldzayer, rran Talmat n Termitin d amkan i tɣimit-nsen, yerna d aya ay yejjan Almanen ad t-wten s yisafagen-nsen deg yiḍ n 26 ed 27 Ɣuct 1943. 

Deg 2001, iduba idzayriyen ɣelqen Talmat n Termitin akken ad as-ɛawden aheyyi akked ucebbeḥ. Arma ay d Mayyu n 2009 ay tɛawed tettwaldey. Ass-a, Talmat n Termitin llant deg-s wazal n 3000 n tlemsin (leṣnaf) n yemɣan, yerna aṭas n medden ay irezzun fell-as.

(c) Omar Mouffok - Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen




#Article 304: Iddew (101 words)


Iddew (Assaɣ ussnan: Macaca) d yiwent n tewsit yeṭṭafaren tawacult n yibka n umadal amzik, Tilmas n tewsit-a ttidiren-t deg Asya (seg Lhend ar Yapan) d Tefrikt n ugafa (deg Lezzayer d Umeṛṛuk) yakk d Gibraltar id yezgan deg unẓul n Uruppa

Iddew d aɣersiw ur nli ara (ur nesɛi) asallaf ini-ynes ɣer wezgen ameqran n telmas-is d aras imal ar tewṛeɣ, Ar ass-a ttwassnen wazal n 22 n telmas n yiddew gar-asen kra ttwassnen s waṭas 

Iddew mači d aɣersiw yeṭṭafaren n humu am yibka maca d netta yakk i yettemcabin ar yibka deg twacult n ibki n umadal amzik 




#Article 305: Azrem (456 words)


Azrem (asget: izerman) d aɣersiw amrarad n tit idammen isemmaṭen yeṭṭafar adu-tfesna n tzermatin deg tfesna n tmeskebrin tafekka-ynes d tusdidt (tarqaqt) d taɣezfant, ur tli ara (tesɛi) iḍarren, imeẓẓuɣen, taɣect, wala irgalen. Llant 19 n twaculin n yizerman yerna ass-a, ttwassnen 2.900 n telmas
Amur ameqran seg yizerman tteddren deg tmura izeɣlen. Aglim-nsen d alewwaɣ yerna tdel-it tekbert. Izerman lan iẓri igerrzen, yerna ssuffuɣen-d iles-nsen akken ad fruyen i wemṭa n uzwu, imi s yiles-nsen ay zemren ad fruyen i wsekdu n wayen ay d-yezzin fell-asen. Amur ameqran seg telmas n yizerman tteddren ɣef wakal, maca llan-t kra n telmas ay itteddren deg waman, yerna llan ula d wid ay itteddren ddaw wakal. Izerman, am yekk tilmas n timeskebtin (tizermemmuyin, ifekren...atg) usren (ḥwajen) ad ssiẓnen tafekka-nsen i tfukt, acku idammen-nsen d isemmaṭen akken i yusren ad srekden taẓɣelt-nsen

Leṣnaf n yizerman ttemgerraden s yiniten-nsen (llwan). Kra n yizerman sɛan initen yeɣman (am uberkan, ademdam ed waras) yerna sseqdacen initen-a akken ad sdergen iman-nsen deg wemkan aydeg llan. Maca izerman ay izewwqen s yiniten icebḥen (am wewraɣ neɣ azewwaɣ) zemren ad ilin d leṣnaf yesɛan ihriren (ssem). Initen-nsen sseqdacen-ten d aɛeyyen akken ur d-ttqerriben ɣer-sen yiɣersiwen ara ten-yeccen. Maca llan kra n leṣnaf n yizerman ay izewwqen s yiniten icebḥen am wid-nni ay yesɛan ihriren, i wakken ad sbeɛden iɣersiwen niḍen ɣef yiman-nsen.

Simal yettimɣur wezrem, simal yettbeddil aglim-nnes, dɣa yettajja aglim-nni aqbur (umi ɣɣaren tislest), yerna yettbeddil-d wayeḍ. I wakken ad ibeddel wezrem tislest-nnes, yettḥukku iɣef-nnes ɣer kra n tɣawsa taḥercawt (am weẓru neɣ asɣar). D aya ara t-yejjen ad yesseqdec tislest-nni-nnes, sakkin, azrem yettkemmil yettḥukku iman-nnes arma yessenser-d tafekka-nnes seg weglim-nni aqbur.

Tilmas n yizerman s umata ttidiren s wegmar n yiɣersiwen niḍen. Kra n yizerman tteqqsen iɣersiwen id ttegmaren yerna neɣɣen-ten s uɣes (ssem). Izerman itteqqsen llan uɣes neɣ ihriren deg yeckaren yellan deffir wuglan-nsen. Mara ad ṭṭfen aɣersiw s wuglan-nsen, ad as-gren ihriren s agensu (daxel) n tfekka-nnes. Izerman lemmẓen (sseblaɛen) učči-nsen ɣef tikkelt yerna war tuffẓa. Mi ara yili uɣersiw-nni meɣɣer, azrem yezmer ad yessenṣel igumas-nnes yerna ad yesnejbad imi-nnes anect n uɣersiw-nni ara yecc. Izerman tteddun s udemmer akked uzzuɣer n tfekka-nsen, s tmeẓwalin (muscles) ay sɛan deg yiɛebbaḍ-nsen, yerna zemren ad ddun s tɣawla ɣef yiɛebbaḍ-nsen. Mi yessebleɛ wezrem tagemrawt-nnes (proie), ad teqqim deg tfekka-nnes arma texdem-itt tɛebbuḍt-nnes. Amur ameqran seg yizerman ttṣeyyiden iɣersiwen imecṭuḥen ay ttafen deg wakal am yiɣerdayen, tizermemmuyin neɣ igra (imqerqren). Izerman n waman ttetten daɣen iselman. Wid yettalyen ɣer yisekla (ttjuṛ) ttṣeyyiden igḍaḍ neɣ ttetten timellalin ay ttafen deg yigedfen (leɛcuc).

Ɣas ma yella izerman ttetten aṭas, maca zemren daɣen ad ṣebren i laẓ. Kra n medden ttṛebbin izerman deg wexxam (deg yisendyaq n wesmeɣ [jjaj]) yerna zemren ad ten-jjen ayyur war ma sseccen-ten.




#Article 306: Atletaẓri (168 words)


Atletaẓri (s tefrensist: athlétisme), d addal (neɣ d tagrawt n waddalen) aydeg ttilint aṭas n temsizzlin yemgerraden aydeg tella tazzla, aneggez neɣ azelli (aḍegger). 

Deg wenrar anda ay tturaren atletaẓri, iri n wenrar sseqdacen-t i tazzla, ma d talemmast n wenrar sseqdacen-t i uneggez ed uzelli. Llan daɣen waddalen niḍen n atletaẓri ur ten-tturaren deg wenrar-nni, wanag beṛṛa i wenrar (am temsizzelt n ugama ed umaraṭun). Atletaẓri d yiwen seg waddalen imeqranen n Wuraren Ulimpiyen. Deg umur ameqran seg waddalen n atletaẓri, yal anaddal yetturar i yiman-nnes, yerna deg temsizzlin, yiwen kan n wemdan ay irebbḥen. Gar waddalen n tazzla, tella temsizzelt taruradt, timsizzelt n umedwel ed temsizzelt n yifergan. Addalen n uneggez yella deg-sen uneggez aɣezfan, aneggez aɛlayan ed uneggez s tɣanimt. Deg waddalen n uzelli, yella uzelli n tefḍist, azelli n wextuc akked uzelli n uḍebsi. Llan daɣen waddalen n atletaẓri aydeg sdukkulen ugar n yiwen n waddal, am uhiptatlun (aydeg anaddal yettekkay deg temsizzelt aydeg ara yurar 5 n waddalen) neɣ adikatlun (10 n waddalen).




#Article 307: Paragway (155 words)


Paragway d tamurt tamecṭuḥt ay d-yezgan deg tlemmast n Temrikt n Wenẓul. Tajumma-nnes 406.752 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Zedɣen-tt 6.349.000 n yimezdaɣen (Iparagwayen).

Tamurt-a ur tesɛi ilel. Seg utaram (lɣerb) tḥudd-itt-id Bolivia, seg ugafa (nord) ed wegmuḍ (ccerq), tḥudd-itt-id Brizil. Seg wenẓul, tḥudd-itt-id Terjentint. Anezwi (climat) n tmurt-a d agrawi (humide) deg wegmuḍ yerna d akiwan deg utaram.

Kabelschälanlage 

Deg Paragway, medden ssawalen, s umata, taspenyulit ed teguaranit. Taneggarut-a d iles n Yihendiyen ineṣliyen n tmurt. Amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen n Paraguay d Ikaṭuliken.

Deg 1537, Aspenyuli Juan de Salazar yessebded tamdint n Asuncion (tamaneɣt n tmurt). Sakkin, Paraguay teqqel d tahrest (colonie) taspenyulit arma ay d asmi tuwey azarug-nnes (indépendance) deg 1811.

Gar 1865 ed 1870, yenker wemgaru gar Paraguay akked tmura n Temsisit n Kraḍ (Triple Alliance - Brazil, Tarjentint ed Urugway). Deg wemgaru-nni, Paraguay tesṛuḥ aṭas n wakal ed yergazen. Maca tessaweḍ ad d-tḥelli tama n Chaco asmi ay tga amgaru akked Bolivia.




#Article 308: Iflisen Umellil (112 words)


Iflisen Umellil  neɣ Iflisen n Wedrar d taqbilt i-d yezgan deg tama utrim n wezrir n Ǧerǧer. 

Iflisen llan gar yidurar n Tmezrit (822m) d wid n Tigremunt (1028 m), af izuɣar d yessafen n Sabaw d Yesser.
D taqbilt i yettnaɣ aṭas deg umezruy-yines, imezdaɣ-nsen d imnaɣen mgal Baylik n Iṭṭurken d yirumiyen. 

Irruman ufan-d semmus n temwayin g yidurar n Ǧerǧer gar-asen : Faraxen (At Frawsen), Iflensès (Iflisen) d Azus (ur nufi ara isem-nni ass-a). Qqaran Iflisen yusan-d seg tarwa n Isaflensès neɣ Iflensès.
 

Llant azal n 13 n lɛarc gar Yeflisen Umellil, a naf : 

Kra n medden rnan azal n 3 teqbilin aked Iflisen Umellil deg tmaya-nni : 

 




#Article 309: Agadir (294 words)


Agadir (neɣ Agadir n iɣil neɣ Agadir n iɣiṛ) d tadmint tamuqrant tezga-d deg utaram n Merruk di tasga n Sus. Imezdaɣen-ines ttmeslayen aṭas s tmaziɣt tacelḥit ar wass-a. 

Tella Agadir g 508 km g unẓul n Anfa ( Tigemmi tumlilt ) , d 173 km i Mugadur , d 235 km i Amurakuc . 

Ugar n 421 844 n medden zedɣen g Agadir , d ugar n 600 599 n medden zedɣen g Agadir - Ida utanan . Kṛaḍ n tutlayin ad sawalen imezdaɣen n Agadir : Tamaziɣt ( tacelḥit ) , Taɛrabt ( Darija ) , Tafrasist

Ar neqqar imezdaɣen n Agadir  Agadiriyin  s teɛrabt , d  Ait Ugadir  s tamaziɣt .

Awal-agi ugadir yella zik di teqbaylit, maca ass-a, uɣalen Leqbayel ur t-ssexdamen ara aṭas, d acu kan, mazal yella yiwen n wemḍiq di Tmurt n Leqbayel qqaren-as Agadir, yernu amḍiq-agi d lexla. 
Dɣa agadir anamek-is deg Yiwaḍiyen amkan ibedden, ur neqɛid ara (pente assez raide mais par où on peut passer), meḥsub, mi ara yili ufellaḥ la ikerrez, mi yewweḍ s agadir, ad yuɣal, acku dinna ur yeqɛid ara lḥal, akal maci d agdis i wakken ad tɛeddi deg-s tgersa. D acu kan, anamek aqdim n wawal-a netta d aɣrab (lḥiḍ), dɣa ɣef leḥsab n Salem Caker (Lybica), agadir ad yili yekka-d seg wawal afniq (phenicien), u nezmer diɣ ad t-nesseqreb s awal n taɛrabt ǧidar (= aɣrab, lḥiḍ). Dɣa, yezmer lḥal ad tili temdint-agi n Ugadir, di Merruk, semman-as ɣef leḥsab n wakal-nni yellan dinna, uqbel ma tettwabna, neɣ diɣ, yezmer lḥal ad tili tesɛa zik-nni iɣerban (leḥyuḍ) i d-yezzin fell-as, dɣa semman-as fell-asen.

Agadir Ufella (s taɛrabt : القصبة , Al-Qasbah ) d yiwen agmam iqburen g tamdint n Agadir .

G adrar n Agadir ufella iturra g-is s taɛrabt : الله الوطن الملك (Allah, al-watan, al-malik), « Akuc, Amur, Agellid ».




#Article 310: Ḥafez (157 words)


Xwaja Camsu ad-Din Muḥammad Hafez-e Cirazi (yettwassnen s yisem n Ḥafez - ilul deg 1325/26 deg Ciraz, Iran - yemmut deg 1389/90 deg Ciraz), d amedyaz afarsi ay yellan itteg-d isefra n wafrayen (sentiments) ed tayri. 

Tamedyazt n Hafed d tin ay yessersen llsas i tmedyazt tafarsit n leqrun ay d-iḍefren. Hafez yella yessefruy ɣef tsednan yettuḥemmlen akked liman, am wakken ay yella yekkat-d deg yemdanen ay yesɛan sin wudmawen. Deg Iran, Hafez d yiwen seg yimedyazen imeqranen akk n tmurt, yerna amur ameqran seg Yiraniyen sɛan ammud-nnes n yisefra (Divan). Deg tmurt-a, medden lemmden isefra-nnes am wakken ay sseqdacen kra seg yefyar-nnes (vers) d inzan. Seg tama niḍen, aṭas n Yiraniyen ay icennun tamedyazt-nnes, yerna llan yinuẓar ay yettcebbiḥen tifelwiyin-nsen (tableaux) s kra seg yisefra-nnes. Aẓekka n Hafez, deg temdint n Ciraz, d aqeddic icebḥen deg tsegda (architecture), yerna llan aṭas n medden ay irezzun fell-as. Tamedyazt n Hafez tettussuqqel-d ɣer waṭas n yilsawen n umaḍal.




#Article 311: Saskatchewan (117 words)


Saskačewan d yiwet tamnaṭ deg utaram n tmurt n Kanada, di walmaten imeqqranen.

Tajumma-nes d 651 900 km² u ɣur-es 1 010 146 imezdaɣ deg 1 yebrir n 2008, tigti seg At Saskačewan zedɣen deg wenẓul n temnaṭ. D Regina (193 093 imezdaɣ) d tamdint tameqqrant seg akk temdinin n temnaṭ. Seg iɣerman nniḍen a nufi, Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, North Battleford, Yorkton d Swift Current.

Saskačewan tella gar Akalen n ugafa-atraman af ugafa, Manituba af wegmuḍ, Alberta af utaram d iwunak imarikanen af wenẓul : Dakuta N Ugafa d Montana. Isen-is yusa-d seg wasif n Saskačewan, anamek-ines i d-yusi si tutlayt n Kri (Ikriyen i yellan weɣref amezwaru f wakal-nni) d wasif arurad (Kisiskačewan s Tekrit).




#Article 312: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (243 words)


Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (ilul deg 28 ɣuct 1749 deg Frankfurt – yemmut deg 22 meɣres 1832 deg Weimar) d amaru yerna d amassan almani, yura tamedyazt ed tmezgunin, am wakken ay yura ɣef temsal yeqqnen ɣer tfelsuft, tasekla ed tussna. 

Goethe yura-d yiwen n usefru umi isemma Faust, yerna llan wid ay t-yettwalin d netta ay d asefru aɣezfan igerrzen akk deg tsekla turufit. Goethe yesɛa daɣen aṭas n yisefra igerrzen, am wakken ay yettwassen s wungalen-nnes Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (Iseggasen n welmad n Wilhelm Meister) akked Die Leiden des jungen Werthers (Tidyanin yesseḥzanen n Werthers Ameẓyan). Goethe d yiwen seg yimura ay yuraren dduṛ d ameqran deg tsekla talmanit takelsakt (classique) n tgara n lqern wis 18 ed tezwara n lqern wis 19. Tallit-nnes teɣli-d ed tallit n Lqern n Teftilin akked tallit n trumantit. Goethe yura-d daɣen idṛisen deg tussna, am Tiẓri n Yiniten (La Théorie des Couleurs) akked yeḍrisen yerzan talɣa (forme) n yiɣersiwen ed yemɣan, yerna ayen ay d-yura deg wenrar-a iɛawen aṭas imassanen n ugama n lqern wis 19 (am Charles Darwin) akken ad kemmlen inadiyen-nsen. Goethe yeqdec daɣen d aneṣṣaḥ aɛlayan n yemḍebbren n uduci (duché) n Sachsen-Weimar. 

Seg yidis n tsertit, Goethe yella d amagaẓ (conservateur). Asmi ay tenker Tegrawla Tafrensist, Goethe yella yettwali agdud ur izemmer ad yeḥkem iman-nnes i yiman-nnes. Iqeddicen n Goethe deg yedles ed tussna zerɛen deg wakk timura n Turuft, yerna ttekkan deg wesnerni n tmedyazt, n umezgun akked tfelsuft.




#Article 313: Tazelmaṭ (565 words)


Tazelmaṭ d yiwet n taddart (isem-is Tazelmaṭ n Izarazen) deg tɣiwant n Tmizart deg ugezdu n Tizi-Wezzu. 

Tazelmaṭ d yiwen yisem i d-yekkan di tutlayt n tmaziɣt. Yusa-d deg wẓar ZLMḌ, zelmeḍ, isem amalay: azelmaḍ, unti: tazelmaṭ. Anamek-ines d idis mgal ayeffus.

Taddart-a tezga-d deg yiwet n tqacuct i ycuban s adrar. Akka i-s-qqaren: adrar agad i yzedɣen deg wzaɣar. Maca di tillawt ur yelli d adrar dɣa. Taddart-a d tiɣilt yeqqnen ar yiɣil ameqqran, iɣil n at jennad, akken i-s-yenna umedyaz. Ar tama-s kan ar umalu d taddart n Tiɣilt, tagi tuli ciṭṭuḥ fellas. 

Tudrin nniḍen i-s-d-izzin ddaw-s akw ay llant, am: At Rabaḥ, Bushel, Buɛisi. 
Tudrin agi meṛṛa i d nebder i-wumi sawalen tudrin n Izarazen. Meḥsub yal amezdaɣ di tudrin agi d Azaraz. 

Nezmer a d ninni: imezdaɣ n tudrin agi frurin-ed seg wzaraz, am at ubizar i-d-yekkan deg wmezwaru isem-is: Abizar( yegra-d ar tura d tasreɣta, Amnay Ubizar, ou bien le caɣalier d abizar ), am At Maɛmmer yellan dɣa sdat Izarazen, krad n tudrin i krad d At Maɛemmer ( Ibdac, At Musa, At Saɛid ), qqaren: frurin-ed deg yiwen isem-is Maɛemmer. Wigi s-umata llan d ixxamen, uɣalen d tudrin uɣalen d taggayin ( groupes ) n tudrin. Abizar ɣas akken ur yebḍi yara, maca tban d yiwet n taddart tameqqrant di tmurt n leqbayel, anwa ur nessin abizar? Ihi, ini taddart agi ad tezdi Izarazen d Wat Maɛemmer.

Iban-ed d akken Tazelmaṭ, d nettat i d taddart tameqqran ger tudrin n Izarazen, tban-ed d nettat i d talemmast gar-asent, ɣures ay d-rsen yemṛabḍen di timiḍi tis xI, tama-s kan ay llan, din ay uqmen taqqubbett d lǧamaɛ n tẓallit. Daymi taddart n tzelmaṭ aṭas i s yessawalen: IZARAZEN, ur yelli Tazelmaṭ, acku, qqaren kra n yemɣaren :  d tin ay d taddart tamezwarut , tiyaḍ ar deqqal ay d-lullent
Ixxamen n taddart-agi ( s lebɛad nettwali-ten ), rsen fellas am tbeṛqcin isunɣen ɣef weɛrur n userdun mi yekna ad issew, acku tiɣilt agi tettwagzem deg ixef n usamer, tenneqḍaɛ-ed daxel n yeɣzeṛ, ddaw-as deg yiwet n tama( ar ugafa ), d iɣzeṛ d umadaɣ,ddaw-s di tama nniḍen ar wenẓul d araru, iserwen d ikeṛmussen i-yellan kan din, ddaw uraru d Alma ( tura d tikli ad yuɣal d taddart ). Nnig wigi meṛṛa i tella taddart, i yella weɣref yebḍan ɣef kuz n iderma: At Lḥaǧ, At Qasi, At Mḥend, At Muḥwali. Iderma bḍan akken yessulef ula di tmezduɣ, yal adrum d amkan-is di taddart, akka i tt ssuddsen at zik, rsen akken yessefk usan-ed adrum sdat wayeḍ.
Kuz n iderma agi i d aɣref n taddart, ad ten naf zedɣen akk lwaḥid, acku ahat akken i-ten yurez uẓar, neɣ issemlal-iten-id wakud ad idiren am yiwen tamara fellasen. Maca yiwet n tutlayt, yiwet n tuda n tmetti, yiwen yedles, d Imaziɣen.

Ɣef tiɣilt agi a naf tettengugu teswiɛt, mehhlen akken llan argaz tameṭṭut, aqcic taqcict,amɣar d teɣart, yal wa d acu i yqeddec. Ad naf at taddart, ttemyullen gar-asen, ɣursen amkan anda ttemyaggaren di tejmaɛt, din dɣa i ferrun timsal nnsen. Ɣursen ansayen nnsen ttqaddaren s waṭas, am : tiwizi, tacemmlit, timecṛeṭ, laɛwacaṛ, timeɣriwin, tamḍelt, tallalit, artg. Ad naf yal taɣawsa deg wemkan-is tettedu s webrid-is. Ɣur-sen yiwen webrid deg teddun meṛṛa, yerna d abrid yettawin ar tafat ur yelli ar tillas,, yal yiwen yettqaddaṛ wayeḍ, yal yiwen s tugna-s, acku yal yiwen ɣures tirrugza, d tnifit, d tfenṭazit.




#Article 314: Tiɣri yettṛajun (206 words)


Tiɣri yettṛajun, deg temsawla, d tawuri ay yellan deg kra n yiẓeḍwan n utilifun. Lemmer ad yili yiwen yessawal yagi deg utilifun, sakkin ad as-d-iɣer wayeḍ, win akken umi d-ɣran - lemmer ad yili yessermed tawuri n teɣri yettṛajun - yezmer ad yeḥbes awal akked win wukud yessawal, ad as-yerr awal i wis sin-nni ay as-d-yessawlen, sakkin, yezmer ad as-yini i win wukud yessawal neɣ win ay as-d-yeɣran melmi ara as-d-iɛawed. S waya, tiɣri yettṛajun d tawuri ayyes yiwen yezmer ad yerr awal i sin yemdanen ɣef tikkelt, war ma yeḥwaj ad yesɛu sin n wuṭṭunen n usawal wuɣur ara as-d-ɣren. 

Tiɣri yettṛajun, mi ara d-taweḍ, ɣer-s aɛeyyen umi yezmer ad isel bab n utilifun, yerna itilifunen n ufus zemren daɣen ad d-snazlen aɛeyyen n teɣri yettṛajun. 

Deg umur ameqran seg yiẓeḍwan n utilifun deg Tuṛuft, akked yisawalen n ufus n GSM ed UMTS, amdan yezmer ad yessermed tiɣri yettṛajun s ussuddes n yengalen-a: 

I ussermed: *43#

I ussensi: #43#

I ussefqed n waddad: *#43#

I wakken ad iẓer wemdan d acu-t waddad n umeẓlu-nni, ad t-id-yaweḍ welɣu s taɣect, ad isel i uɛeyyen neɣ ad as-d-iban yizen deg tegdilt n utilifun-is. 

Deg yisawalen n ufus, tawuri-a tezmer ad tili d aḥric seg asefran n yemsektayen.




#Article 315: Inezeggan (108 words)


Inezeggan d yiwen iɣrem deg tama n iɣrem n Ugadir (12 km) i yellan di tasga n Sus-Mast g Umerruk . Inezeggan d almuggar (ssuq) n tsbbabt imqqeranen deg tasga-ya. Yiwen deg ilmuggarn lli baḥra ittwattas ufgan amaziɣ iɣ ira ad isaɣ kra n tɣawsa. Tasbbabt tella s tbḍit  wala s ugudi. Zedɣen deg-s uggar n 112 753 n imezdaɣ s uṭṭunen n 2004.
 
Yiwen wass n asinas neɣ Tlaṭ ass amqqran n ssuq. Maca ammussu n tsbbabt illa bdda deg Inezggan azal ar tuẓẓumin n ḍi yid. 

Ilmuggaren lli deg-s illa :

Iksimen d yiwet n taqbilt tamzwarut lli iskaren (i yeggan) almuggar deg uzaɣar n Inezggan.




#Article 316: Iwaṭṭasen (143 words)


Iwaṭṭasen (asuf: Awaṭṭas - s tefrensist: Wattasides), d tawacult tamaziɣt ay iḥekmen Merruk gar 1472 ed 1541. Iwaṭṭasen ulyen ɣer udabu deffir uneɣluy n Yimirinen, d acu kan, asmi ay ḥekmen Yiwaṭṭasen, timura tinselmin n Tefriqt n Ugafa yufa-tent-id lḥal ɣlint yagi deg tallit n ḍḍeɛfan, yerna Ispenyuliyen ed Yipuṛtugaliyen llan ẓeddmen-d ɣef tefsirin (côtes) n Tefriqt n Ugafa akken ad ḍḍfen timdinin ay d-yezgan ɣef yiri n yilel (ɣef umedya, Ipuṛtugaliyen ḍḍfen timdinin n Sebta ed Ṭenja deg 1471). Tallit n Yiwaṭṭasen d tin, daɣen, aydeg teɣli tgelda n Ɣernaṭa (deg 1492), d tin ay ifuken adabu n yinselmen deg Spenyul. Ddaw udabu n Yiwaṭṭasen, yeḥbes unnerni n temdinin n Meṛṛuk, yerna simal tella tettnerni tezmert n Yespenyuliyen ed Yipuṛtugaliyen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa. D aya ay yejjan tawacult n Yiseɛdiyen ad d-nekren, deg 1541 akken ad sseɣlin awanak (ddula) n Yiwaṭṭasen.




#Article 317: Allus n wazzun n teɣriwin (464 words)


Deg yitilifunen n ufus n GSM/3GSM (UMTS), talugent n GSM tesbaday-d ingalen n wallus n wazzun n teɣriwin ara d-yettwabedren swadda-a. Tilugan-a d ETSI ay ten-id-igan, ttwabnan ɣef yengalen uṛufiyen izɣen n wallus n wazzun n teɣriwin yerna cuban ingalen ay yettwasseqdacen deg umur ameqran n yizirigen n utilifun urkid deg Tdukli Tuṛufit.

Deg yitilifunen n ufus, tawuri-a tezmer ad tili d aḥric seg asefran n yemsektayen.

Ma yella azwir n tenzaḍt n wallus n wazzun netta d ** (deg wemkan n * ay d-yettilin s umata), uṭṭun n utilifun ad yettwakles deg uẓeṭṭa. Lemmer, sdeffir waya, imseqdec ad yessens allus n wazzun s tenzaḍt s yiwen n #, ad yezmer yemseqdec, sakkin, ad yales ad yessermed allus n wazzun-a s tenzaḍt n * war ma yella deg-s wuṭṭun n utilifun. Allus n wazzun ad yales ad yettwassermed deg wuṭṭun ay yettwakelsen deg uẓeṭṭa. Ɣef umedya, lemmer yiwen ad yesseqdec angal n beṛṛa n yiger deg tenzaḍt n wallus n wazzun: 

sakkin ad yessens allus n wazzun: 

sakkin, ad yezmer ad yales ad yessermed allus n wazzun n beṛṛa n yiger war ma yura uṭṭun n utilifun: 

Mi ara tettweg tenzaḍt-a ay d-yettwabedren sufella, akk tiɣriwin ara yettwawehhin ɣer utilifun mi ara yili beṛṛa i yiger ad ttwasɛeddint ɣer 7035551212. Yezmer yemseqdec ad yessermed tawuri ɣer kra n wuṭṭun ay yemgerraden ɣef wuṭṭun-nni ay yettwakelsen deg wakud aydeg ara yeǧǧ uṭṭun-nni ay yettwakelsen akken ad t-yesseqdec sakkin. Ɣef umedya, lemmer ad yeg tanzaḍt-a: 

tiɣriwin ad ttwasɛeddint ɣer 7185551212 (yerna maci ɣer wuṭṭun ay yettwakelsen 7035551212).  D acu kan, lemmer ad yeg tanzaḍt niḍen: 

tiɣriwin ad qqlent ad ttwasɛeddayent ɣer wuṭṭun ay yettwakelsen 7035551212 (yerna maci ɣer wuṭṭun-nni n tenzaḍt n wallus n wazzun ay yettwasqedcen yagi 7185551212).

Nnig waya, deg yiẓeḍwan n GSM, am wid n T-Mobile d ATT Mobility deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen d wakk iẓeḍwan n utilifun n ufus deg Tdukli Tuṛufit, yezmer yemseqdec ad d-yesbadu amḍan n tsinin aydeg atilifun ad yesserser uqbel ma yesɛedda tiɣri. Imseqdec yezmer ad d-yesbadu aya s tira n  *SC*XX uqbel # aneggaru mi ara yaru tanzaḍt n wallus n wazzun, aydeg SC d angal n tewsit n umeẓlu (11 i taɣect, 25 i yisefka, 13 i ufaks), yerna XX d amḍan n tsinin ay yettwaḥsaben s 5 n tsinin. Ma yella ad yettwakkes SC (yerna ad yili kan **XX), dɣa akk tiwsatin n yimeẓla ad ttwasɛeddint. Ɣef umedya, allus n wazzun n teɣri lemmer ur tettili tririt yezmer ad d-yili s: 

Deg kra n yiẓeḍwan, tezmer ad tili talast n 30 n tsinin ma aṭas uqbel allus n wazzun (anamek-nnes XX yezmer kan ad yili 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 neɣ 30; azalen imeqranen ugar am 45 neɣ 60 d wid ara yessiwḍen tanzaḍt-nni n wallus n wazzun ad tettwagi yerna ad d-yettwazen yizen n tuccḍa).




#Article 318: Pitch Black (128 words)


Pitch Black (anamk-ines s Tmaziɣt: Tallest tuẓẓift) d yiwen usaru (afilm) Amerikan n tsugint tussnant itwagg di useggwas n 2000, i -t David Twohy, yirar deg-s usegbar Amerikan Vin Diesel. Asaru-yagi itwagg s $23 imelyan, issidf-d $53 imelyan.

Asaru-a iggur ɣef yiwen ubekkaḍ i wumi qqaren-as Richard B. Riddick (Vin Diesel) itwaksi deg yiwet teɣbarrut (ababor) n tallunt ɣer tkurmut deg yiwen ublanit. Awaren i armi tuwḍa teɣrrabut n tallunt-nni g yiwen ublanit yuzɣen, Riddick irwel si tɣrrabut. Maca aql-it dinna kan iɣersiwen ttffɣn-d akid-sen xminni teɣli tfukt. Marra medden-nni i ttugha yellan di teɣrrabut fell-asen ad rwlen si ublanit-nni s yiwen usafag, maca manaynni iqseḥ aṭas.
Awaren i usaru n Pitch Black iffeɣ-d yiwen usaru nniḍen di 2004, yirar deg-s Vin Diesel, qqaren-as The Chronicles of Riddick.




#Article 319: Rafiq Ḥariri (216 words)


Rafiq Baha Eddin Al-Ḥariri (ilul deg 1 wamber 1944, deg Ṣayda – yemmut deg 14 Furar 2005, deg Birut), d argaz n yiweẓla (homme d'affaires). 

Yeqdec d Aneɣlaf Amezwaru n Lubnan seg 1992 arma d 1998, sakkin yerna yeqdec d Aneɣlaf Amezwaru seg 2000 arma d 2004. Hariri yurar ddur d ameqran deg tsertit n Lubnan n deffir n wemgaru (ṭṭrad), am wakken ay yurar daɣen dduṛ deg uɛawed n lebni n tmurt ay yenḍerren seg 15 n yiseggasen n yimenɣi. 

Ḥariri nɣan-t deg 2005, deg Birut, deg yiwet n tenṭagt (attentat) sdat n usensu n St. George. Ɣef ljal n tmettant-nnes, Iɣlanen Yeddukklen (Nations Unies) sbedden-d Tanefrut Tusligt (Tribunal Spécial) n Lubnan, d win ay yettuwekklen akken ad inadi deg temsat n tmenɣiwt n Ḥariri. 
Kra n yidisan nnan-d tettekka Surya deg tmenɣiwt-nnes, am wakken ay llan wid ay icikken Ḥizbullah yettekka daɣen, d acu kan, llan yidisan niḍen ay yettwalin timenɣiwt n Ḥariri ttekkant deg-s kra n tmura tutrimin (tiɣerbiyin) ay yebɣan ad d-snekrent ccwal d ameqran deg Lubnan. Lḥaṣul, timenɣiwt n Ḥariri tegla-d s yibeddilen d imeqranen deg tsertit talubnanit. D tadyant-a ay yessawḍen ɣer tmeskanin n Tegrawla n Yengel akked tuffɣa n yiserdasen isuriyen seg Lubnan. 
Memmi-s n Rafiq Ḥariri, Saɛd Ḥariri, yeqdec d Aneɣlaf Amezwaru n Lubnan gar 2009 ed 2011.




#Article 320: Amcic (120 words)


Amcic (Assaɣ usnan: Felis catus) d aɣersiw asuṭad amseksum yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tserɣuda, yessemgurd-it ufgan seg zik ɣef anect-a imusnawen ɣilen d akken yusa-d seg ubeṛṛay.

Amcic d aɣersiw meẓẓiyen maca ɣas akken yettusismel deg yiwet n twacult umi qqaren imcac imeqranen akk d yizem, aɣilas d weksil, iɣersiwen-a yakk  qqaren-asen Tiserɣuda. Llan yemcac izagiren akked yemcac imegruden.

Azuk n wemcic d win yettilin gar n 4 ar 7 kg (tikwal yettawaṭ ar 10 kg), yezmer ad yidir gar 12 ar 15 iseggasen. Maca llan waṭas n yemcac yettiwden ar 20 n iseggasen.

Amcic ila (yesɛa) accaren i yezmer ad ten-yesnejbad neɣ ad ten-id-yessuffeɣ melmi i yebɣa, tinli n tmeskiwt ɣer wemcic d tin yernan (iɣelben) s waṭas n tikkal.




#Article 321: Lord Byron (190 words)


George Gordon Byron (ilul deg 22 yennayer 1788 deg Dover – yemmut 19 yebrir 1824 deg Messolonghi, Grig), d amedyaz abriṭani yerna d yiwen seg yimeqranen ay yessefran deg tallit n tṛumantit (romantisme). 

Isefra-nnes iwezlanen She Walks in Beauty (Tetteddu s ccbaḥa), When We Two Parted (Mi akken nemsefraq) akked So, we'll go no more a roving, rran-t mechuṛ. Byron iga-d daɣen isefra aydeg texleḍ tesrit (prose) am Childe Harold's Pilgrimage akked Don Juan. Llan aṭas ay t-yettwalin d netta ay d amedyaz ameqran akk n Briṭanya Tameqrant. 

Ɣas ma yella d ameṛkanti, Byron yella yettṣerrif aṭas n yedrimen am wakken ay yella yettwalas ḍḍlaba d tameqrant. Yella iḥemmel aṭas n tsednan, yerna iḥettem iman-nnes ad yedder d imennejli. Lady Caroline Lamb, d tamarut yerna d yiwet seg tmeddukal n Byron, tenna-d [Byron] d ameslub, diri-t yerna tamussni-nnes tettawey s axeṣṣar. Asmi ay yenker wemgaru n uzarug (guerre d'indépendance) n Legrig (ay yebɣan ad tebḍu ɣef Umenkud Aɛetmani (Empire Ottoman)), Byron yedda ad yennaɣ ɣer yidis n Yegrigiyen. D acu kan, mi yella deg temdint n Messolonghi, teṭṭef-it tawla yerna tessaweḍ-it ɣer tmettant. Ass-a, Igrigiyen mazal ttarran-as tajmilt d tameqrant.




#Article 322: Tamesgida n Laqṣa (307 words)


Tamesgida n Laqṣa (anamek s tmaziɣt: Tamesgida Ibeɛden/Tubɛidt), d amkan imqeddes n wesɣan n Lislam, yezga-d deg temdint n Lquds, deg Falesṭin (yellan ass-a ddaw tuṭṭfa tisrayilit). 

Tamesgida-a d nettat ay d amkan imqeddes wis kraḍ deg Lislam, deffir Lkeɛba (deg Mekka) akk d Tmesgida n Umazun (deg Temdint). Deg wakal n Laqṣa tella tmesgida akk d Tqubbet n Weẓru. Seg wasmi ay yettwaṭṭef weḥric agmuḍan n temdint n Lquds, deg 1967, Israyiliyen bdan sseddayen ddiɛaya ay d-yennan tamesgida-a tettwabna deg wemkan aydeg yella, zik, ufakan (temple) n Sidna Sliman, yerna, deg yiseggasen n 1990 d 2000, bdan qeddcen akken ad kksen amkan-a i Yinselmen imi ay t-ttwalin d amkan imqeddes akk deg wesɣan (ddin) n Wudayen. 

Maca deg Lislam, amkan-a d imqeddes imi Amazun (Nnbi) Muḥemmed yusa-d yerna yeẓẓul deg-s deg Yiḍ n Lisṛa. Nnig waya, d Tamesgida n Laqṣa tella d lqebla tamezwarut wuɣur llan ttẓallan Yinselmen, arma ay d asmi ay ten-yumeṛ Ṛebbi ad rren Lkeɛba d lqebla. Sakkin, asmi ay kecmen Yinselmen ɣer temdint n Laqṣa, Ɛumar ibn Xeṭṭab, axlif n Yinselmen, yebna tamesgida deg wemkan-nni.

Umawiyen smeɣren tamesgida-nni, yerna fukken-tt deg useggas n 705. Deg 746, twet-d yiwet n tzenzelt ay tt-ihudden, dɣa ɛawden bnan-tt Yiɛebbasiyen deg 754. Deg 1033, thudd-itt tzenzelt niḍen, dɣa ɛawden bnan-tt Yifaṭimen deg wemkan aydeg mazal-itt ar ass-a. Deg 1099, Inmudag (croisés) imasiḥiyen ẓedmen-d ɣef temdint n Lquds, snegren imezdaɣen-nnes yerna rran tamesgida-nni d taklizt. Maca, asmi ay ten-yessuffeɣ Ṣlaḥeddin, Inselmen ɛawden rran tamesgida-nni d amjan n tẓallit. 

Deffir ccwal ay inekren deg 2001 deg Falesṭin, Israyiliyen gedlen i wakk Inselmen n umaḍal akken ad ẓẓallen deg tmesgida-a, menɣir Aɛraben n Israyil. Nnig waya, Israyiliyen ttkemmilen leqdicat-nsen n ussekfel ddaw tmesgida-a, ula ma Inselmen ugin aya imi ay yezmer ad ihudd llsisan n tmesgida-nni. Ma d imedḍurfa israyiliyen, ttgallan ad hudden tamesgida-a akken ad bnun deg-s Afakan.




#Article 323: Awras (270 words)


Awras d tama n yidurar i d-yezgan deg ugafa-agmuḍan (nord-est) n tmurt n Ldzayer (gar twilayin n Tbatent, Tixencelt, Um Lebwaqi, Suq Ahras, Tbesset ed Tbeskert. Adrar aɛlayan akk deg Wewras d taqacuct n Celyet ay yesɛan 2.326 n lmitrat. Idraren n Wewras kkan fell-asen yiɣezran d ilqayanen (am Iɣzer Amellal ed Iɣzer n Lɛebdi), am wakken ay llan deg-sen yicerfan d imeqranen am wid n Lqenṭra ay yellan seg zik d abrid gar ugafa (nord) ed uneẓruf (ṣṣeḥra) n Ldzayer.

Imezdaɣ n Wewras d Icawiyen, d tagrawt n Yimaziɣen ay mazal ssawalen iles amaziɣ (tacawit). Zik, d taqbilt tamaziɣt n Yeẓnagen ay izedɣen idraren-a, yerna nnuɣen s teqseḥ akked Rruman akken ur ten-ttajjan ad d-kecmen akal-nsen. D acu kan, Ṛṛuman ssawḍen ad bnun snat temdinin timeqranin deg Wewras: Timgad ed Taẓult. 

Deg tallit n Yiwendalen, Imaziɣen n Wewras nnuɣen daɣen akken ad ḥudden akal-nsen. Deg lqern wis 8, tagellidt tamaziɣt Dihya (ay yellan, ahat, tettḍafar asɣan uday), tennuɣ ed Yinselmen. Deg lqern wis 11, asmi ay d-uwḍen Waɛraben imessukal n Banu Hilal (ay yeddren ɣef tlisa n wenẓul [sud] n Wewras), snernan azraɛ n taɛrabt deg tama-a, dɣa d aya ay yejjan aṭas n Yimaziɣen ad walin iman-nsen ula d nitni d Aɛraben.

Deg tallit n wemgaru n Ldzayer (1954-1962), tama n Wewras d tin aydeg d-yella yimenɣi d ameqran aṭas gar yemjuhad idzayriyen ed yiɣallen ifrensisen. 

Tama n Wewras d tin aydeg terbeḥ tfellaḥt n yirden ed temẓin, yerna imesdurar n tama-a sfulluḥen daɣen isekla n yigumma (arbres fruitiers). Ma d timiwa n wenẓul n Wewras, d tikiwanin aṭas yerna imezdaɣen-nsent ddren s tkessawt n tɣeḍḍen ed wakraren.




#Article 324: Farid Dms Debbaḥ (258 words)


Farid Dms Debbaḥ, Ilul-d 19 di yulyu 1976 di Paris (Fransa), d Asegbar, d Amseḍru, Yettaru Isura, d Anfaras n Usarug azzayri d tfransist Yettwassen d amseknaw u daɣen d asertay.

Farid Dms Debbaḥ ilul deg useggas n1976 di Paris (Fransa). Iɛac tazwara temẓi ines di l zzayer anda iwalef amḍal amizli dɣa mi yessaweḍ 14 n iseggassen yessufeɣ-d akke gma-s Yassine d weltma-s tamuqrant Hadia 45 nnubat.

Iness amenzuMi yuɣal ar Paris, di lɛamr-is 16 iseggassen yeldi takubanit tamenzut- ines di tasenselkimt. D awnaf ,d anaɛmer di tviɛa-s , yeǧǧa tasenselkimt yuɣal d anfaras di lɛemr-s 18 iseggassen yakwed d amekfadu di tasgilt n umattaf. Arnou ɣer warmud agi, yiwi-d turagt n uɣemmas n uhanay ,di Paris d wayen id-as d yezzin aṭas n tmaɣriwin n uamaḍal amizli.

seg wasmi yella tmecṭuḥ ,farid yeṭṭef akfawel n tmetti d Tasertit iḍferen imawlan-is.asmi yesɛa 20 di leɛmer-is yekcem tidukkla management n inaẓuren ilemẓiyen (AMJA)2013,seg umesɣaru-is amɛiwen les talents ifriren ladɣa timura yellan deg ubrid n taneflit. deg akatar n warmud asduklan,yesɛa 21 di leɛmer-is ,d netta akk id ilemzi id-yevran sɣur uneɣlef n tedyanin tiberayinin zdat n umineg aseqqamu timeḍrit n lzzayer akked leqdic di tesmilt aɣan n tawtilt des binationaux.yetekka ɣer watas n les colloques di lezzayer kra n wagguren akka di tfaska timeḍrit di Lisbonne,amaray amatu n tuddsa nations unies Koffi Annan,leccɣel ɣef tawtilt n ilemẓiyen deg ubrid n teneflit.di 2008 yslaled tadukkla snezwi aslali ameslaẓṛaw timziregt(ADCAI)axeddim n Tamsetla d la convivialité ger Tikerziyin d usniref n tenezwit akked w asmil n usnulfu n ssinima n umaḍal.




#Article 325: Cilmun (106 words)


Amersin (Yettwassen s Cilmun) d agummu  i d-ittak yimɣi iwumi qqaren medden ariḥan. Imɣi ayi llan daɣen wid i yas-iqqaren .

 

, illa win rẓayen, illa win ẓiden. D aẓidan i tteɣẓaẓen imeksawen. Ur d-iwwi yara ad astuqqet yiwen deg učči ines, acku itbaddid (iḥettel), yerna isɣaray taɛebbuṭ.
 

Imɣi ayyi n uriḥan iṭṭuqet deg tama n wagrakal (Mediterranean Sea) n wadda d tin n ufella. D ajeğğig-is mellulen, m'ara ad ilal i yettuɣalen berrik-it m'ara yaweṭ neɣ yew, iwumi qqaren medden . Taqbaylit tferreq yar uriḥan (imɣi) yakkid d cilmun (agummu). Ariḥan itekkar-ed, iman-is, deg teẓgi: Ur ad t-iteẓẓu bunadem ur ad t-ineqqc, ur ad isewway. 




#Article 326: Nelson Mandela (430 words)


Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (susru s xhosa ), ɣef ayed isem n tamadla-s « Madiba », ilul ass 18 yulyu 1918 di Mvezo (Tadukkli n Tafriqt n Unẓul). Yemmut ass 5 dujamber 2013 di Johannesburg, d-argaz n Uwanek n Tafriqt n Wenẓul ; yella deg iɣellaten imezrayen n Imenɣi mgal anagraw aserti n apartheid uqbel ad yuɣal aselway n Tagduda n Tefriqt n Wenẓul seg 1994 ar 1999, sakin  des tifranin timezwura tiɣelnawin war beḍḍu n iri deg l'umezruy n tmurt agi.

Nelson Mandela yekcem ar Uswir Aɣelnaw Aferkan (ANC) deg ussegwas 1944, iwakken ad i nnaɣ mgal aɣmar aserti n tadersi tamellalt dɣa abeṭṭu n iran i t-seṭṭef taneggarut agi. Yuɣal d-abugaṭu, i ttekki ar ubellen war takriḍt mgal isuḍaf n apartheid, id i yesexdem anabaḍ n Ukabar Aɣelnaw seg 1948. Deg useggwas 1960, ANC yuɣal d-amegdul ; daɣen, abellen Amelwi ur d-yettak ara igmaḍ yelḥan, Mandela yesnulfa-d ageṭṭum aserdas n ANC, Umkhonto we Sizwe (Uzzal n uxtuc n uɣlan), deg useggwas 1961. Xedmen timhalin n wesfata mgal isgulaf izuyaz d-iserdasen. Ass n 12 yulyu 1963, yetweḥbes sɣuṛ lbulis n Tafriqt n Unẓul s-timula n CIA (Tafullut Talemmast n Umel), daɣen ḥekmen-as i lḥebs d imuhal n tmara alamma d lmut deg uẓmaẓ n Rivunia. Imir, y-uɣal d-azamul n ubellen i tulut n iran dɣa yermes tadhelt tagraɣlant i temɣeren.

Sakin 27 iseggwasen di lḥebs deg tiwtilin tiweɛṛanin, erran-as tilelli i Mandela ass n 11 fuṛaṛ 1990, sakin, aneggaru-agi yeḥuded amsuɣal d ustug s unabaḍ n uselway Frederik de Klerk. Di 1993, yermes (s de Klerk) arraz Nubel n talwit acku sseḥbesen (sin yidsen) deg talwitanhil n apartheid dɣa ssersen-d llsisan n Tafriqt n Wenẓul tamegdayt tamaynut. 

Sakin tukkit i wɛeṛen anda de Klerk d-netta ssinefen ṭrad taɣarimt gar imuɣlen n apartheid, wid n ANC dɣa wid n Inkhata s-uneɣmar zulu, Nelson Mandela y-uɣal aselway aberkan amezwaru n Tafriqt n Wenẓul di 1994. Yenheṛ tasertit n umsuɣal aɣelnaw gar iberkanen d-imellalen ; yennaɣ mgal tirgaddiwin tudmisin, lamaɛna yestehzi amennuɣ mgal SIDA, yellan deg tallit n urnay deg Tafriqt n Wenẓul. Sakin lmanda awḥid, yekkes iman-is deg tameddurt tasertit turmidt, lamaɛna i kemmel arfad azayez i Uswir aɣelnaw aferkan maca i kemmel ad i ssiẓer tifuliwin-is.

Yeddukel sakin deg aṭas tiddukliwin n ubellen mgal tileqqi nneɣ sida, yetwerfed ar usertatu n tigemmi tucrikt n talsa, Yeqqim d-yiwen udem deg umaḍal yetsmeḥsesen ɣef usentel n Izerfan n Wergaz dɣa yetwali am baba-s n Tafriqt n Wenẓul agetiri d amegday ummid, semman-as « aɣlan taslit n wenẓar », ɣas ma tamurt yesɛa weṛɛad igna n tirgaddiwin tudmisin, tussdiwin timettiyin dɣa tuqqla ɣer timɣiwan.




#Article 327: At Wertiran (165 words)


At Wertiran (s tifinaɣ: ⴰⵜ ⵡⴻⵔⵜⵉⵔⴰⵏ) d yiwet n tɣiwant deg ugezdu n Sṭif id yezgan deg usamar n Tmurt n Iqbayliyen,  Zedɣen-t wazal n 12,642 n yimezdaɣ (2008).

At wertiran d tamenrut (tamanaɣt) n wasun n At wertiran id yezgan deg ugafa utrim n ugezdu n Sṭif teflal ɣef yilel gar n 400 m (Agradu) ar 1300 m (Azṛu yeflan) 

Imezdaɣ n At wertiran d wid yettmeslayen Taqbaylit seg umeẓyan ar umeqran, Taqbaylit deg tamiwin-a d tin yakk i zeddigen ɣef tamiwin n iden s tagga n Mulud Mɛemmri

At Wertiran d awal Aqbayli uddis seg sin n wawalen (Urti= champ), (iran= lions)

Tagrest deg At wertiran d tin semmṭen s waṭas imi tiseddarin n wezɣal ttadren-t ar -10 (ar -15 deg udrar n Azṛu yeflan d tama n Akuf) akken daɣen id yetteɣlay wedfel s tuget gar n wayyur n nwembeṛ ar Meɣres yerna yezmer ad yut ula deg Yebrir d Mayu 

Llan aṭas n tudrin deg At Wertilan, gar-asen ad naf : 




#Article 328: Salvador Dali (138 words)


Salvador Dali (Salvador Domènec Felip Jacint Dalí i Domènech, ilul deg Figueres deg 11 Mayyu 1904 - yemmut deg Figueres, deg 23 Yennayer 1989), d amekla (peintre) mechuṛen n Spenyul. Dali yella d imsuneɣ (dessinateur) igerrzen, d win ay iḍefren aɣanib aflalwaẓri (surréaliste). Iqeddicen-nnes sskanayen-d tugniwin (images) d tiɣwaliyin (bizarres) yerna ssewhament. Leqdic-nnes yettwassnen mliḥ d tafelwit (tableau) n La Persistencia de la memoria (Tiɣimit n Tkatut) ay d-iga deg 1931. Dali iger daɣen iman-nnes deg ssinima, deg tesreɣta (sculpture) akked usseknew (aṣewwer), d inurar aydeg yeqdec ɣer yidis n yinuẓar niḍen.

Dali yella iḥemmel akk ayen yellan d imdehheb, am wakken ay iḥemmel iceṭṭiḍen igmuḍanen (icerqiyen), yerna yella yettwali lejdud-nnes d Imuriyen (d Inselmen n Spenyul). Leqdicat-nnes n teklut (peinture) uwyen-d daɣe cwiṭ seg teklut n tallit n Tsidert (Renaissance), yerna yella yesɛa tasugint (imagination) d tameqrant. 




#Article 329: Hewwari Bumedyen (155 words)


Hewwari Bumedyen (ilul seg yisem n Muḥemmed Ben Brahim Buxerruba deg 23 Ɣuct 1932 deg Ɛin Ḥsayneyya, Galma - yemmut deg 27 Dujember 1978 deg temdint n Ldzayer tamaneɣt), d aserdas azzayri, d aselway wis sin n tmurt n Lezzayer (deffir uzarug), gar 1965 ed 1976, yerna yeqdec d aselway n Useqqamu n Tegrawla gar 1965 d 1976. 

Deg tallit n Tegrawla n Ldzayer, yefka i yiman-nnes isem n Hewwari Bumedeyn yerna yuweḍ ɣer tfesna n weknaner. Deg 1959, yeqqel d Imḍebber Aɛlayan n Yigen n Weslelli Aɣelnaw. Asmi ay tuwey Ldzayer azarug-nnes deg 1962, Bumedyen yeqqel d aneɣlaf n temḥaddit ddaw uselway Ḥmed Ben Bella, am wakken ay yeṭṭef amkan n wenmazul n Uneɣlaf Amezwaru gar 1963 d 1965. Deg wass n 17 Yunyu 1965, Bumedyen yesseɣli Ben Bella seg udabu yerna yeqqel d netta d aselway n tegduda. Deg wass n 20 Yunyu n useggas-nni, yerna yeṭṭef ula d amkan n Uneɣlaf Amezwaru.




#Article 330: Charles Dickens (100 words)


Charles John Huffam Dickens (ilul deg 7 Furar 1812 – 9 Yunyu 1870), d netta ay d aneggal (romancier) mechuren akk deg Langliz deg tallit tavictoriant (tallit n Tgellidt Victoria). Aṭas seg wungalen-nnes llan ssawalen-d, ladɣa, ɣef lḥif ay terwa tmetti tanglizit deg tallit-nnes, yerna yella yessuffuɣ-iten-id deg tesɣunin. Tiḥkayin n Dickens ssawalent-d ɣef tɣawsiwin n tmeddurt swaswa kan akken llant deg tilawt, dɣa d aya ay yejjan kra n yimura d imeqranen n tallit-nnes ad t-id-cekren, am George Gissing, Leo Tolstoy ed G. K. Chesterton. 

Dickens yettwassen, ladɣa, s sin n wungalen d imeqranen, Oliver Twist akked David Copperfield.




#Article 331: At Waggag (176 words)


At Waggag d taddart taqbaylit deg tɣiwant n Ḥraza (Berǧ Bu Ɛririǧ). 

Deg-s illa lebni-ines d aqbur , aṭas n yexxamen i mazal bedden akken ttwabnan zik. Ass-agi tuget n At Waggag fɣen, ttidiren deg temdinin am Lezzayer neɣ Berǧ Bu Ɛrariǧ neɣ Sṭif ; wid yeqqimen deg taddart amzun ttwattun imi allalen n tudert ur ten-wwiḍen ara.

Taddart-agi Iwaggagen tezga-d lewhi n 10 Km akin i At Sidi Brahim i d-yezgan deg webrid yettawin ar Sṭif, qbel Lemhir iwumi qqaren zik Imaẓiten. Taddart n At Sidi Brahim daɣen d taqburt u tesɛa amezruy meqqren yagi deg Tegrawla n 54, dinna i llant Tiggura n Wuzzal (Portes de fer).

Tezga-d di tama n Yimaẓiten. Ur teggug ara, tamdint n Tamsilt ed tiɣiwanin n Herraza dd Ben Dawed. At Fḍala anida tella Tɣiwant i-ɣer cudden At Waggag. 

At Waggag fkan azal ameqqran s yiɣallen deg tegrawla n 54, aṭas deg yimezdaɣen-ines mmuten mi ttnaɣen mgal irumiyen i yexlan daɣen aṭas n yexxawen iqburen.
Kra n tuddar ittexlanen acku, imezdaɣ-is akk fɣen rewlen seg rrebrab deg iseggwasen 1990. 




#Article 332: Tazermemmuyt (176 words)


Tazermemmuyt (assaɣ ussnan: Lacertilia) d adu-tfesna n temraradin yeṭṭafaren asmil n tzermeskebrin deg wadur n temzikrin 
Tizermemmuyin d timraradin yettaken aẓaṛ neɣ i d-yettilin i yizerman yerna llant kra n telmas mmugent am yizerman anda ur lint ara (ur sɛint ara) iṭarren, ma d tizermemmuyin timeqqṛanin d tid yettemcabin ɣer yiɣucaf ama deg talɣa neɣ deg ubleɣ, akken i lant aṭas n tarrayin n tikli d westan ɣef yiman
Imusnawen ukzen-d (ɛeqlen-d) ugar n 3750 n telmas n tzermemmuyin, gar-asent ugar n 500 n telmas ttidirent g Ustṛalya kan 

Tizermdmmuyin ttumeggzent d iɣersiwen inaɣlalen, tifekkiwin-nsent ttwaddlent s weglim ikenker (aḥercaw) isem-is tikbert s ddaw n tekbert-nni yella weglim aleggaɣ 

Ssinifent ideggan yekkawen anda tella tfukt acku tazermemmuyt ur tettili ara turmidt alamma tezɣeld tfekka-s, dɣa mi ara ad tader tseddart n wezɣal w ad tismiṭ tfekka-ynes tkeččem deg unnegzi d tarurmidt adɣa deg tegrest anda ur tzemmer ara uma ad tečč
Deg yixef n tzermemmuyin llant snat n tenzarin. Ma d allen ttwaggẓent sɣur yirgalen yettewliwlen
tafekka ynes ɣezzif, d turmidt tettfakka s usallaf ɣezzifen
 
(Tazermemmuyt




#Article 333: Izerzer (119 words)


Izerzer (Assaɣ ussnan: Cervidae) d aɣersiw asuṭad yeṭṭafaren adu-telmest n tmesluffaẓ seg tfesna n tsenfednin. Izerzren d iɣersiwen imyiwnen ilan (yesɛan) iɣsan deg iqerruyen-nsen dɣa iɣsan-a gan d acciwen

Llan-t wazal n 60 n telmas n tzerzrin deg umadal am izerzer amaziɣ (izerzer amyiwen yettidiren deg Tafriqt), Amezzirez d tizerzert d waṭas n telmas n iden

Llan-t telmas yettidiren deg yidgan semṭen d tilmas yettidiren deg yidgan yemnummsen deg tẓegwa neɣ deg izaɣaren yeldin

Izerzren d iɣersiwen yemgaraden s waṭas deg ubleɣ maca d nutni yakk i d iɣersiwen izagiren iy meqqren yakk deg Uruppa d Tamrikt n Ugafa, Amezzirez n Temrikt n ugafa imeqqren yakk acku addud-is yettawaṭ ar 2,3 m ma d azuk-is yettawaṭ ar 820 kg




#Article 334: Ursu amellal (149 words)


Ursu amellal neɣ Ursu asafaylu, (Assaɣ ussnan: Ursus maritimus) d talmest n ursunen yeṭṭafaren asmil n temsutad  seg twacult n iɣelɣalen, Yettidir deg tamiwin tigersanin id yezzin ɣef Ugaraw Arktan (deg ugafa n Kanada, Rusia akk d Skundinavya). Ursu amellal d yiwen seg yiɣersiwen yeṭṭafaren tafesna n temseksumin timeqranin yakk deg tiggi n tegnit imi tiddi-ynes tezmer ad tiawed ɣer 2,5m deg teflel (mara ad ibedd ɣef yiḍarren-nnis udfiren), Ma d azuk-is yla azal n 7 n yiqenṭaren. 

Tafekka n wursu-a d tamellalt s umata, yerna anect-a yettalel-it ad yessedreg iman-nnes deg temlel-nni n wedfel d wegris aydeg yettiddir. Seg tama niḍen, aglim-is d azuran yerna d win ay yettarran fell-as asemmiḍ. Ursu amellal ireddeb deg waman isemmaḍen n Ugaraw Arkti, am wakken ay yezmer ad yazzel s tɣawla d tameqrant ɣef wegris. Yesɛa anzad ula ddaw yiḍarren-nnes i wakken ur ittecceḍ deg wedfel, yerna yettṣeyyid iselman ed yidemriyen




#Article 335: Abanɣu (441 words)


Abanɣu neɣ Azamur (Assaɣ ussnan: Hippopotamus amphibius) d aɣersiw amestugan meqqren s waṭas, yettiddir deg Tefriqt. S umata, Abanɣu d yiwet n telmest gar snat n telmas id yegran deg tewsit n ubanɣu (talmest n iden d abanɣu agezlan) 
Abanɣu d aɣersiw yeggunin ɣef waman deg tudert-is s waṭas anda amur ameqran n wakuden-is yettili-ten s agensu (daxel) n isafen d igelmimen yellan deg unẓul n uneẓruf ameqran Ula d amercel-is yakk d tarrawt-is tettili-d s agensu n waman, Zik nni yella yettidir ula deg wasif n Nnil alamma d Asif n Urdun, Abanɣu yettidir deg tegrawin anda yal tagrawt tezmer ad tt-awi azal n 40 n ibanɣuten,Mi ara ad yas wakud n udnunnes w ad adrent tseddarin n wezɣal itteffeɣ-d seg waman i wakken ad iksu maca ttilin d isufen s tmegla n wass mi ara ad ilin deg waman 

 

Abanɣu d yiwen gar temsuṭad i zeddiɣ (mazal) llan ttidiren deg tegnit yerna iga d yiwen gar iɣersiwen icafcalen ur nengir ara, Azuk agaman n uwtem n ubanɣu amawaṭ d win yettawṭen gar n 1500 kg ar 1600 kgma d iwetmen iwessura yezmer ad yaweṭ wazuk-nsen ar 3200 kg, tiwetmin ttilin-t meẓẓiy-it cwi ɣef iwetmen s wazuk igan gar 1300 kg ar 1500 kg, Ammas n teɣzi n uqerruy-is 3,5 m. Ma d addud ynes ar tuyat 1,5 m ayen yegdan addud n uzara amellal dɣa anect-a yesnulfa-d amray (lewɛara) ɣer imusnawen deg usideg n anwa i d asuṭad ameqran wis sin seld n yilew 
Asirem n tudert ɣer ubanɣu d win yessawaṭen seg 40 ar 50 n iseggasen. Maca abanɣu yettusismlen yakk meqqer idder deg Lalman d tawtemt isem-is Tanga yemmuten deg useggas n 1995 s waddar n 61 n iseggasen 

Alday n wanzaren d wallen d imeẓẓaɣ n ubanɣu zgan-d deg yixef n uqecrur ayen yettaǧǧan ad yessekcem yakk tafekka-ynes deg waman d waluṭ n twennaṭ tasbegsant izeɣlen i wakken ad yeffer ɣef twaqqsa n tfukt

Yettwassen ubanɣu s tafekka-ynes tawlellayt ur nli (ur nesɛi) azar d yiṭarren-is meẓẓiyen d ubleɣ-it acafcal, ɣas akken s ila isefka ayi akk ara ad tyeǧǧen d azayan d agezlan maca yezmer ad yazzel ugar n wemdan, Anda tazzla-ynes tettaweṭ ar 50 km/ts

Abanɣu d yiwen gar snat n telmas id yegran deg twacult n izamuren, Dɣa tawacult-a n izamuren tettwasismel (yakk d tid tfenza) deg tafesna d tsenfednin dgi llan iɣersiwen imestuga n iden am ulɣem d tfunasin d izerzer d yilfan, ɣas akken abanɣu ur yettwaqqen ara s wassaɣ yuddsen (ijehden) ar telmas-a 

Tamhazt n telmest-a 
Tizrawin titrarin ɣef uẓar n twacult n Tizamurin ssknen-t-d d akken abanɣu yezdi yakk d tizemkiyin deg yiwen n uẓar imezdi akelman 

Tilmas inegren




#Article 336: Usama Ben Laden (162 words)


Usama Ben Laden neɣ Usama bin Muḥammed bin Awad bin Laden (ilul deg 10 Meɣres 1957 - yemmut deg 2 Mayyu 2011 Abbottabad, Pakistan), d aserdas aqbur n Tgelda Tasaɛudit yerna d argaz n yiweẓla (homme d'affaires) seg twacult tameṛkantit n Ben Laden ay yesɛan aṭas n yiseftiyen (investissements) deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen. 

Deg yiseggasen n 1980, Ben Laden yella iqeddec (ɣer yidis n Yimarikaniyen) akken ad iɛawen Afɣanen ad ssuffɣen iɣallen isuvyatiyen seg tmurt-nsen. D netta ay d-yesbedden tuddsa timselleḥt n Lqaɛida ay yettekkan deg tenṭagin 11 Ctembeṛ 2001 deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen akked waṭas n tenṭagin niḍen ay d-yellan yimukan niḍen n umaḍal yerna glant s tmeddurin n waṭas n medden. Seg wasmi ay yettekka deg tenṭagin ay iḥuzan tinmuhal (ambassades) timarikaniyin deg Kenya ed Tanzanya (deg 1998), FBI yessers Ben Laden gar 10 n yemdanen imeqranen akk ayɣef yettnadi. Deg 1 Mayyu 2011, iɣallen imsellḥen imarikaniyen ssawḍen ad nɣen Ben Laden deg yiwen n wexxam deg temdint n Abbottabad, deg Pakistan.




#Article 337: Tifeṛḍud (165 words)


Tifeṛḍud (S Tefransist:Tiferdoud) d yiwet n taddart id yezgan di tɣiwant n At Bu Yusef di twilayt n Tizi Wezzu di Tamurt Taqbaylit.

Ttezga-d taddart n tiferdud deg ubrid aɣennaw uṭṭun wis 15 ,tebɛed ɣef tiɣremt n micli azal n 3k  ,zzit-as d tuddar :
seg ugafa igures d wat mlal 
seg ugmuḍ tazrutt akked wahḍuc
seg unẓul taxliǧt d wat ṣellan
seg umalu tawrirt ɛemran 

Tettwaɛeq taddat ɣef yilel s (1097m) , d nettat i taddart tunnigt merra di Tmurt n Leqbayel , d tis snat di tmurt n Dzayer deffir taddart n Ǧaɛfṛa (1460m).

Tesɛa taddart azal n 1515 imezdaɣ deg usemḍen aneggaru, tugett d wid yeffɣen ɣer lɣerba, llan 930 iɣriben yetttidiren di tmurt n Fransa ideg sɛan tiddukla s yisem « association Tiferdoud ».

Taddart ɣur-es yiwen uɣeṛbaz amenzu , azebriz ilmezyen ,tazeqqa tmeɣra ,tamkarḍit akked tamezgida. Tettufern-d taddart tazdgant tamezwarut di twilayt n Tizi Wezzu deg useggas n 2017 diɣen at temmager tafaska n Raconte Art i ussegas n 2018.

  




#Article 338: Ṣaḥariǧ (245 words)


Ṣaḥariǧ neɣ lemṣara (s tefransist : Saharidj, s taɛrabt : صحاريج), d yiwet n tɣiwant n tmurt n Leqbayel i d-yezgan deg twilayt n Tubiret. Tezga-d ar ugmuḍ n Tubiret s 50.3 Km, 73.1 Km seg unẓul n Tizi Wezzu, 104 Km seg umalu n Bgayet akked 153 Km seg Lezzayer Tamanaɣt , tlul-d deg unegzum adeblan n 1984. 

Taɣiwant n Ṣaḥariǧ tettwassen s yimjahden-is i yewwten uzzal ɣef uzarug n Lezzayer, tettwassen daɣen s uzbu-ines mgal taṛemɣa taneslamt (terrorisme islamique) deg umrawsegwas aberkan n 1990 ar 2000, d ayen i t-yeǧǧan tella seg tɣiwanin timezwura i yessutren imrigen (Armes) i udabu akken ad ḥudden taɣiwant-nsen seg yiṛemmaɣen.

Ṣaḥariǧ tezga-d deg yirebbi n wedrar n Ǧerǧer, anda tella tqacuct tunnigt Yemma Xliǧa (Tamguṭ) (2308 m), imezdaɣ n Ṣaḥariǧ qqaren-as Tamguṭ kan.
  
Tagnawt deg tɣiwant-agi d tin yeḥman deg unebdu, d tasemmaḍt s waṭas n ugeffur deg tegrest.

Taɣiwant n Ṣaḥariǧ yezger seg-s ubrid aɣelnaw U°30 i yeqnen Imceddalen ɣer Tizi Wezzu akked ubrid amecṭuḥ U°9 i yeqnen Ṣaḥariǧ ɣer taddart n Sellum deg taɣiwant n Aɣbalu.

Ixef-agi d ilem ...

Ixef-agi d ilem ...

Taɣiwant n Ṣaḥariǧ tezga-d deg yirebbi n wedrar n Ǧerǧer, dacu i tt-yeǧǧan tesɛa aṭas n yimuḍaq n tmerrit. Gar-asen nezmer ad nadder :

Deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, ama d tagrest neɣ d anebdu, aṭas n yemdanen d twaculin i d-yettasen seg yal tama ɣer tɣiwant n Ṣaḥariǧ akken ad zṛen imuḍaq-agi n tmerrit, ladɣa widak iḥemlen tawennaṭ d tulin n yidurar.




#Article 339: Numidya (172 words)


Numidya (202 uqbel Ɛisa. – 46 uqbel Ɛisa.) tella, deg tazwara, d tagelda tamaziɣt yezgan deg ugafa n Lezzayer tamirant dɣa tettṛuḥu armi d tsiga n umalu n Tmurt n Tunes tamirant d ugmuḍ n Tmurt n Umerruk tamirant armi d Asif n Melwit. 

Numidya tella tamaneɣt-is d Sirṭa (Qsenṭina tamirant, anda id ufan aẓekka n Masnsen). 

Numidya taṛumanit tella tezga ɣef iri agafa n Lezzayer d umalu n Tmurt n Tunes tamirant, s talast ar tamnaḍt taṛumanit n Muriṭanya (Lezzayer d Merruk deg ussan nneɣ) ar umalu, tamnaḍt taṛumanit n Tafriqt (agmuḍ n Tunes d Tatripulitant tamirant) ar ugmuḍ, Ilel Agrakal ɣer ugafa, d Uneẓruf ɣer unẓul. Imezdaɣen-is d Inumidyanen.

Numidya tella tesɛa aṭas igelliden, wid imulanen ugar wiy wiyaḍ nniḍen d Gaya, Masnsen, Misibsa, Yugurten, Yuba I, Yuba II d Ptulimi. Imaziɣen urkiden nneɣ azin-imsukal, Inumidiyen ferqen s leɛṛac imeẓliyen. Leɛṛac n uḥric agmuḍan n Numidya sɛan isem n Masyles (seg Mis d Iles, Iles d isem n deffir-jeddi-s n Masnsen) d wid n uḥric utrim win (isem) n Masaesyles.




#Article 340: Tagwaranit (771 words)


Tagwaranit d tutlayt i sawalen di kuẓ n tmura timarikaniyin am Paraguay, Tarjentint, Bulibya, Brazil, daɣ d tutlayt tunṣibt n yiwen n uwanak n Temrikt n unẓul.
D tutlayt n takat Tatupit-tagwaranit, ilan ddeqs n tantaliwin maca llant tegziwin gar-asent. 
Amḍan uɣrid : ad ilin azal n 5.114.000. n yemsawalen.

Tagwaranit d tutlayt tunṣibt di tmurt n Paragway, ɣer tama n Tespenyult seg useggas n 1992. Seg waggur n nwamber 2006 tuɣal d tutlayt tunṣibt n Merkusur, ɣer tama n tespenyult d Tpurtugit.
Di tmurt n Bulibya ur telli tutlayt tunṣibt, maca Taspenyult tufrar (d tutlayt n tedbelt, n wannan d wallalen n usiweḍ).
Di tmurt n Brazil tutlayt tunṣibt d Tapurtugit. Yella yiwen n usaḍuf ɣef tutlayin tiḍnin yerzan annan d uɣerbaz amenzu d amsinwal d agerdelsan (ger iderma yellan d iserwan n tmurt), di tilawt drus n iselmaden i yellan d imsinwalen yerna ffɣen-d deg iɣerbazen.
Di tmurt n Terjentint ur telli tutlayt tunṣibt, maca tutlayt Taspenyult tufrar-d ger tiyaḍ (d tutlayt n tedbelt d wannan d wallalen n usiweḍ). Seg useggas 1993 tamurt-a tesuddes-d ahil n wannan d amsinwal (s snat n tutlayin) i yegduden iserwan n tmurt, maca iswi n wahil-a ur yelli d tasmelt n tutlayt tasrewt n tmurt, iswi ines d asidef n yegduden di tmetti (neɣ deg idles aɣelnaw) s ugmey d useɣri s tutlayt n tyemmat.

MELIÀ, B. (1992) La lengua guaraní del Paraguay. Historia, sociedad y literatura, Mapfre, Madrid.
MELIÀ, B. (2002) «Usos y normas en el guaraní paraguayo», Congreso Mundial sobre Políticas Lingüísticas, Institut Linguapax, Barcelona, 16-20 ḍabril de 2002. Pàgina web de Linguapax.
SILVA, R. i ZARRATEA, T. (2006) Intervenció al «IV Fòrum de les Llengües Ameríndies. Llengües ḍAmèrica: ús i normalització», Casa Amèrica, Barcelona, 23-24 de novembre de 2006.

Di taggayt n tantaliwin n Tegwaranit llant :

Deg useggas n 1992, Tagduda n Paragway tessers tutlayt Tagwaranit d tutlayt tunṣibt n Uwanak ɣer tama n Tespenyult di tmendawt, amagrad 140. Anagar tutlayt-a ger tutlayin tihendiyin-timarikaniyin i ilan aẓayer unṣib. Ɣas akken tutlayt Tagwaranit teqqim d tutlayt n ger yemdanen neɣ d tutlayt n ubrid, d ayen i d-ibeggnen tutlayt Taspenyult d tutlayt n usiweḍ d tunṣibt. Tagwaranit ɣur-s azal d adday zdat Tespenyult d tutlayt n tmetti yufraren di yal tamurt n Marikan n unẓul. Paragway d tamurt mm-idelsan d tamsinwalt, maca Taspenyult tufrar-d ɣef tutlayin nniḍen.

Di tmurt n Paragway 88% n yemdanen sawalen Tagwaranit : 39,2% gar-asen sawalen anagar Tagwaranit, 48,9% gar-asen d imsinwalen, sawalen Tagwaranit d Tespenyulit, 6% deg ugdud sawalen anagar Taspenyult. Di tilawt imsawalen n Tegwaranit ad awḍen ɣer 95% yerna udduden ur d-sedduyen deg umḍan imsinwalen yessawalen tutlayt tis snat nnig Tespenyult. Asaka n tutlayt-a d asaka ur nelli di tmura n Marikan s timmad-is.
Tigti n yemsawalen n tutlayt Tagwaranit di tmurt n Paragway d imellalen neɣ d iɣewwalen (métis). Igduden iserwanen yessawalen tutlayt Tagwaranit n Paragway - ɣef isalan n Udduden ɣef Ugdud d Tmezduɣin n 1992 – tutlayin yellan : Tapayt-tabytera : 8.026, Tambyat : 4.744, taba-katut : 6.918, tagwarayt : 1.254, Tapyitit : 1.827; Tacit : 639.
Tutlayt Tagwaranit ass-a ttwalin-tt d tutlayt tagmaḍant iwmi fkan imawlan-is ugar n 35 n yismawen : s tespenyulit Yupara (tarwayt), Tripara (Tagwaranit-taspenyulit-tapurtugit), Tagwaranit tamagnut, Tagwaranit n tisreṭ, Tagwaranit n uɣerbaz, Tagwaranit teeti, Tagwaranit ymagwari, gwaranyiti, gwarani-gwarani, nyee indyu, gwaranyul, atg…
Tella Tegwaranit tamagnut n yal ass i d-yufraren ɣef Tespenyult ama di tmawalt ama di temṣukt maca tella deg-s terwayt n wawalen n snat tutlayin-a. Ɣef ayen i d-yenna Melia, tutlayt Tagwaranit imira tettuɣal d tapijint neɣ d takriyult di tmurt n Paragway.
Deg useggas n 1994, tekcem tutlayt Tagwaranit s aɣerbaz, maca aselmed di tigwti yeqqim s Tespenyult. Tagwaranit tusa-d d tallalt i ulmad n Tespenyult imi d tutlayt n uselmed n kraḍ iseggasen imezwura deg uɣerbaz amenzu. Taspenyult teqqim d tutlayt n uselmed n tɣuri d tira. Ɣer taggara anagar 55% n inelmaden ssawaḍen ɣer taggara n ulmad amenzu.
Tutlayt Tagwaranit d tutlayt yellan di rradyu n tmurt n Paragway ddeqs n iseggasen aya akken tella di kra n wahilen n Tilibizyu. Ugar n tmida ur tli Tegwaranit iɣmisen ar almi d yebrir n 2006 i d-yeffeɣ uɣmis amenzu 'Ara' (ad d-iteffeɣ s waggur di tazwara…).
Iɣlifen n yidles n Merkusur qeblen ass n 23 di nwamber n useggas 2006, asuter n tmurt n Paragway i usidef n tutlayt Tagwaranit d tutlayt tunṣibt ɣer tama n tutlayin Taspenyult d Tpurtugit. 
Di tmura nniḍen anida sawalen Tagwaranit am tmurt n Arjantina, tamurt n Bulibya, d tmurt n Brazil, tutlayt-a ur tli aẓayer unṣib. Di tmurt n Arjantina tella deg wallalen n usiweḍ : llan wahilen s Tegwaranit di rradyu d tilibizyu.




#Article 341: Mettijet (113 words)


Mettijet neɣ Mettict (Taɛrabt: متيجة) d yiwen uzaɣar n tmurt Lezzayer, di tama n Lezzayer Tamanaɣt. Isseket 100 km s teɣwzi yerna de 5 ar 20 km s tehri.

Deg wegmuḍ tilisa-s llan ɣef wasif Budwaw, deg utaram ɣef Yiɣzer n Nnaḍur deg twilayt n Tipaza. Llan sin yidurar gar uzaɣar n Mettijet : Aṭlas Ablidi d Ssaḥel n Lezayer. 
Azaɣar-nni yezga-d ɣef wakalen n twilayin n Tipaza, tin n twilayt n Lezzayer d tin n twilayt n Bumerdas.

Akalen-is yelhan aṭas i wager (tafellḥt) : medden kerrezen ččina, mandarin, ifeqqusen, talegguẓt (ddellaɛ), atg. 
Tella kra n temugri deg temdinin n Bufarik d Leblida maca drus-itent i yimezdaɣen i wakken ad tenger tacumart. 




#Article 342: Michel Polnareff (110 words)


Michel Polnareff (ilul deg 3 yulyu 1944 deg Nérac) d acennay afrensis yettwassnen s waṭas deg tallit gar n yiseggasen n 1960 alammi d tazwara n temrawt n 1980. Ula ma ass-a tigrawin-is (CD) ur ttnuznun ara am zik, maca mazal-it icennu yerna mazal 

Michel Polnareff yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult n inaẓuren. yemma-s d Simone Lane. tella d tamsiyist (taceḍḍaḥt), ma d baba-s Leib Polnareff (neɣ Léo Poll) yella iqeddec ɣer yidis n tcennayt Edith Piaf. Polnareff yelmed apyanu asmi iy la (yesɛa) semmus (5) n yiseggasen, yerna yella d anelmad iẓewren deg uẓawan. Naqal yebda yekkat agiṭar deg isuka. sin akin yebda-d akala igerrzen deg uẓawan n rock.




#Article 343: Tahungarit (225 words)


Tahugarit d tutlayt i yettmeslayen si 12.185.000 ar 14.370.000 n yimdanen deg Hungari, Rumanya, Kruwatya, atg. 

Hungarya (10.000.000); Rumanya (gar 1.000.000 ar 3.000.000); Anẓul n Sluvakya (gar 550.000 ar 700.000); Agafa n Serbya d Muntenegru (431.000); Ataram n Ukrayin (gar160.000 ar 187.000); Agmuḍ n Tutrict (gar 17.000 ar 22.000); Agmuḍ n Kruwatya (19.000); Agafagmuḍ n Sluvenya (10.000).

Adlis amezwaru i yuran s thungarit, iqqimen iddar, itedwal ar lqern 12 neɣ amezwaru n lqern 13. Di lqern 18 s ixf-ines, ibda unhizzi, ḥuma iles asmagnu n id'a ad isseɣser, adeg irekkez di wezgen amezwaru n lqern 19. Di lqern-a, tahungarit traḥ tferreḍ ixef-ines am tutlayt tunṣibt n tmurt.

Asmi tellul Tagelda Tahungarit deg useggwas n 1868, tutlayt-nni tuɣal d tunṣibt i lebda. Seg wakud-a, tanbaṭ tahungarit tebda yiwen n usmajyak n wakk iɣerfan illan s walliɣ n ufus n Hungarya, maca imezdaɣ d islaven d irumanen- ur xisen ara ula d talimantt issnen aṭas d ihungariyen, terẓa tizemmar-a.

Amenkud Ustruhungari deg umgarru amdalan amezwaru, iww-id aweddar n tgeldunt d umzireg n Hungarya i lebda, Hungarya tufa ixef-ines tettwaɣleb, uca teqbel, aseggaws n 1920, taxessart n marra tifuɣalin anda ihungariyen ur cmixen. Manaya issefham maghar, llant aṭas n tgemmumin n ihungariyen di marra iwunak icudden i Hungarya.

Tahungarit tella deg-s 8 n wawalen: utrim, Aghirin-Ddanub, agafataram, anẓulan, agafaugmid´, win n Tisza, n Tetrasilvant d win n Szekely.




#Article 344: Marlene Dietrich (189 words)


Marlene Dietrich (tlul s yisem n Maria Magdalene Dietrich, deg 27 Dujamber 1901 deg Schöneberg, Lalman - temmut deg 6 Mayyu 1992 deg Paris, Fransa), d tasegbart yerna d tacennayt talmanit. 

Dietrich tebda-d amecwar-nnes deg yiseggasen n 1920, deg Berlin, ama deg umezgun, ama deg ssinima. Deg 1930, turar-d deg usaru n The Blue Angel (Aneglus Aẓerwal) ay d-yesseḍra Josef von Sternberg, yerna d aya ay tt-yerran mechuret deg umaḍal. Aya yeldey-as abrid akken ad testenyi leɛqed akked termist n Paramount Pictures deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen, yerna s waya ay teqqel tetturar-d deg yisura imarikaniyen.

Deg 1932, turar-d deg Shanghai Express, deg 1936, turar-d deg Desire, ay d-yesseḍra Frank Borzage. Sin-a n yisura snernan tamelt (célébrité) n Dietrich yerna sbegnen-d ccbaḥa-nnes deg wurar. D aya ay tt-yejjan ad teqqel d yiwet seg tsegbarin ay yettaɣen aṭas akk n yedrimen deg tallit-nnes. Deg 1939, Dietrich tuwey taɣlent (nationalité) tamarikanit, yerna tkemmel tetturar-d deg yisura deg tallit n Wemgaru Amaḍlan (Guerre Mondiale) Wis Sin. Sdeffir Wemgaru, Dietrich terna kan turar-d deg cwiṭ n yisura, yerna tekka amur ameqran seg yiseggasen n 1950 ed 1970, tetturar-d deg yihanayen (spectales) s lexlaṣ d ameqran.




#Article 345: Jules Verne (149 words)


Jules Verne (ilul deg wass n 8 Furar 1828 deg Nantes, yemmut deg 24 Meɣres 1905 deg Amiens - Fransa) d amaru afrensis, amur ameqran seg wungalen-is ḥekkun-d ɣef tlufa ay iḍerrun deg tmura tubɛidin neɣ d tiḥkayin n tussna n ussugen (science-fiction) ay d-yessawalen ɣef wayen ara d-yennulfun deg yimal.

Deg 1863, Jules Verne yessuffeɣ-d ungal-is amezwaru Xemsa n Ledwaṛ deg Ubalun, d win ay yeqqlen dindin mechuṛ ama deg Fransa, ama deg tmura niḍen. Jules Verne yeqqim yettaru azal n 40 n yiseggasen, yerna yessuffeɣ-d 64 n wungalen, gar-asen Arraw n Uqebṭan Grant (1868), Tuzzya ɣef Umaḍal deg 80 n wussan (1873), Michel Strogoff (1876), Itri n Wenẓul (1884), Seg Tegnit ɣer Wayyur (1865), 20.000 Yifersxen ddaw Yilel (1870), Robur ameslak (1886), atg.

Idlisen n Jules Verne ttwassnen deg umaḍal akken ma yella, yerna ɣerna d netta ay d amaru afṛensis ay d-yettussuqqlen aṭas akk deg umaḍal.




#Article 346: Karim Benzema (114 words)


Karim Benzema (ilul deg 19 dujamber 1987 deg Lyon, Fransa), d amarir n ddabex uḍar afrensis, laṣel-nnes d azzayri seg At Jlil. 

Ass-a, Benzema yetturar d amenṭag (attaquant) deg Real Madrid yerna yetturar deg teɣlamt taɣelnawt tafrensist. Benzema yeffeɣ-d seg tkadimit n yilemẓiyen n Lyon. Deg 2008, yettekka deg telɣuɣa (championnat) n UEFA Euro 2008. Deg tsemhuyt (saison) n 2007-2008, d netta ay d amarir afrensis ay yeskecmen aṭas n yeswan (buts), yerna d aya ay t-yejjan ad d-yerbeḥ aṭas n warrazen. Deg Yulyu n 2009, Benzema yestenya leɛqed n 6 n yiseggasen akked Real Madrid yerna ass-a yeqqel d netta ay d amarir n tkurt n uḍar ay yettuxellaṣen aṭas akk deg Fransa.




#Article 347: Aix-en-Provence (110 words)


Aix-en-Provence d tamdint n Fransa, tezga-d deg wenẓul n tmurt, deg agezdu n Bouches-du-Rhône. Zedɣen-tt  n yimezdaɣen. 

Tamdint-a tella deg-s tesdawit. Tettili-d deg-s tfaska n uẓawan (lmuziga) mechurent. Aix-en-Provence tesɛa daɣen aḥemmam, am wakken ay llant deg-s lluzinat n yifarisen n tuccit. Takatidṛalt n Saint-Sauveur ay d-yezgan deg-s, tettwabna deg lqern wis 11. Tamdint-a tesɛa isensa d iqburen, ttwabnan gar lqern wis 17 ed wis 18, am wakken ay llan deg-s yisalayen. D Irruman ay d-yesbedden tamdint-a deg useggas n 123 qbel Ɛisa, yerna llan ɣɣaren-as Aquae Sextiae. Deg useggas n 102 qbel Ɛisa, yella-d, deg tama n temdint-a, yessaweḍ ujiniral aruman Marius, ad yernu Ituṭunen ay d-iẓedmen ɣef Gall.




#Article 348: Anden (139 words)


Idurar n Anden neɣ Andes (s Tespanyult: Cordillera de los Andes) d azrar n idurar ɣeziffen, Yeččuṛen d ifarnuyen, yezga-d deg umalu n Temrikt n Wenẓul, azal n teɣezi-ynes yessaweṭ ar 8000 n yikilumtren seg Venezuela arma d tigzirt n Wakal n Tmes. D tehri n 500 km, Akken daɣen illan-t tqacucin ugarent 5000 m di teflel

Adrar iflalen (iɛlayen) akk deg wezrar n Anden d taqacuct n Aconcagua s teflel n 6.959 n imitren

Azal ameqran n wid yettidiren deg idurar n Anden d Imezdaɣ iẓaṛanen n Marikan, ddren deg yegnan iflalen ay d-yezgan gar idurar-nni seg tkerrazt (tfellaḥt) yerna ssajjawen kra seg yifarisen-nsen am Tneɣlust, am akken ay ddren daɣen seg tkessawt. 

Akal n idurar-a n Anden ur ylullesn ara, Maca yeččuṛ d imɣuzen yerna llan waṭas n telmas n yemɣuzen am iɣir, uzzal akk d  Afitṛul 




#Article 349: Marine Le Pen (161 words)


Marine Le Pen (tlul s yisem n Marion Anne Perrine Le Pen deg wass n 5 Ɣuct 1968 deg Neuilly-sur-Seine), d tameṭṭut n tsertit tafrensist yerna d tabugaṭut. D yelli-s n Jean-Marie Le Pen, aselway aqbur n ukabar n afrensis n Front National (FN - Tirni Taɣelnawt) yerna d nettat ay d-ixelfen baba-s deg wemkan-a deg Yennayer n 2011. 

Marine Le Pen tekcem ɣer ukabar n Front National deg 1986. Deg 2000, teqqel d tamaslaḍt (membre) deg Useqqamu n Usselkem (Conseil exécutif) n ukabar-a, sakkin, gar 2003 ed 2011, teqqel d tanmazult n uselway (vice-présidente) n ukabar. Marine Le Pen teqdec daɣen d tamaslaḍt deg yegrawen n tmiwa n Fransa: gar 1998 ed 2004, tettekka deg Useqqamu Awaẓi (Conseil régional) n Nord-Pas-de-Calais, gar 2004 ed 2010, tettekka deg Useqqamu Awaẓi n Île-de-France, sakkin, deg 2010, tɛawed tettwafren d tamaslaḍt deg Useqqamu n Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Le Pen tettekka daɣen deg useqqamu n tɣiwant n Hénin-Beaumont (deg agezdu n Pas-de-Calais) gar 2008 ed 2011.




#Article 350: Brian De Palma (123 words)


Brian Russell De Palma (ilul deg 11 Ctember, 1940 deg Newark, awanak n New Jersey), d imseḍru (réalisateur) yerna d amaru amarikani. Yeqdec deg ssinima ugar n 40 n yiseggasen yerna yettwassen mliḥ s yisura n tmenɣiwt ed ususpens. 

Gar yisura-nnes yella Carrie, Dressed to Kill, Scarface, The Untouchables akked Mission Impossible. Deg yiseggasen n 1970 ed 1980, De Palma yeqdec acḥal d tikkelt akked yisegbaren (acteurs) Jennifer Salt, Amy Irving, Nancy Allen (ay yellan d tameṭṭut-nnes gar 1979 ed 1983), Gary Sinise, John Lithgow, William Finley, Charles Durning ed Gerrit Graham. 
Yeqdec daɣen akked yemsuddes (compositeur) n uẓawan n yisura, Bernard Herrmann. De Palma yessaweḍ daɣen ad yerr aṭas n yisegbaren ttwassnen, gar-asen Robert De Niro, Jill Clayburgh ed John C. Reilly.




#Article 351: Mariah Carey (256 words)


Mariah Carey (tlul deg 27 Meɣres 1970 deg Huntington, awanak n New York), d tacennayt tamarikanit ay icennun s uɣanib (style) n RB, yerna d tasegbart (actrice). 

Tebda amecwar-nnes n ccna deg 1990 s tellalit (uɛawen) n Tommy Mottola ay iqeddcen deg termist n Columbia Records, yerna tejwej yid-s deg 1993. Dindin kan, Carey tuwey cciɛa d tameqqrant yerna d teqqel d nettat ay d tacennayt yettnuzun aṭas akk ɣer termist n Columbia Records. Deg 1997, temsefraq d Mottola, dɣa tebda tessekcam kra n ṣṣifat n uɣanib (style) n Hip-Hop deg uẓawan-nnes, d acu kan, asmi ay teḥbes aqeddic-nnes akked termist n Columbia Records, deg 2001, tenqes cciɛa-nnes. 

D aya ay tt-yejjan ad testenyi leɛqed n 80 n yimelyunen n yidularen akked Virgin Records. Deg useggas-nni daɣen tga-d yiwen n usaru, Glitter, yerna d nettat ay d-yecnan tizlatin-nnes, maca asaru-a ur d-yessekcem aṭas n yedrimen yerna Mariah Carey tekka ɣef yiwet n tallit n leḥzen d taweɛrant ussan-nni. Deg 2002, testenya yiwen n leɛqed akked Island Records. Ɣas ma yella ur tessaweḍ ad d-tessekcem aṭas n yedrimen deg yiseggasen imezwura ay d-iḍefren, Mariah Carey tessuffeɣ-d album-nnes The Emancipation of Mimi deg 2005, d win ay as-d-yerran cciɛa-nnes tameqrant. Carey tuwey-d amecwar n wugar n 20 n yiseggasen deg uẓawan yerna tessenz ugar n 200 n yimelyunen n walbumen, iḍebsiyen n usinglen akked yeklipen (gar-asen 63 n yimelyunen n walbumen kan). Deg yiseggasen n 1990, d nettat ay d tacennayt ay yessenzen aṭas akk n yiḍebsiyen deg umaḍal. Carey terbeḥ-d daɣen semmus (5) warrazen n Grammy Award.




#Article 352: Enya (155 words)


Enya (tlul s yisem n Eithne Patricia Ní Bhraonáin deg wass n 17 Mayyu 1961 deg Gweedore), d tacennayt tirlandit. 

Enya tebda tcennu deg yiseggasen n 1980, asmi ay tettekka deg tegrawt n ccna n twacult-nnes, Clannad, sakkin, tejja tagrawt-nni yerna tebda tcennu i yiman-nnes. Deg useggas n 1986, tecna deg umazrar n BBC The Celts yerna d aya ay tt-yerran mechurt. Deg 1988, album-nnes Watermark, yerra-tt mechuret deg umaḍal, yerna teqqel tettwassen s taɣect-nnes tawḥidt. Deg yiseggasen n 1990 ed 2000, tkemmel tettnerni cciɛa-nnes. Deg useggas n 2000, tessuffeɣ-d album n A Day Without Rain yerna nzant seg-s 15 n yimelyunen n tsukan. Deg 2001, Enya terbeḥ cciɛa n tmeṭṭut tacennayt ay yessenzen aṭas akk n walbumen. Deg 2009, Enya tessaweḍ ad tessenz, s ujemmal, 70 n yimelyunen n walbumen (gar-asen 26 n yimelyunen nzan deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen). Terbeḥ-d, s leqdic-nnes, 4 n warrazen n Grammy Award, yerna tizlatin-nnes ttwacnant s 10 n yilsawen.




#Article 353: Rihanna (237 words)


Robyn Rihanna Fenty (tlul deg 20 Furar 1988 deg Saint Michael), tettwassen s yisem-nnes n tnaẓurt, Rihanna (yettwanṭaq [rihena]), d tacennayt n tmurt n Barbados, tcennu yerna tettaru tizlatin n uẓawan (lmuziga) n RB. 

Rihanna tedda ɣer Yiwunak Yeddukklen asmi ay tesɛa 16 n yiseggasen yerna tebda-d amecwaṛ-nnes n ccna s uɛawen n wenfaras (producteur) Evan Rogers, dɣa testenya leɛqed akked teṛmist n Def Jam Recordings. Deg 2005, tessuffeɣ-d album-nnes amezwaru, Music of the Sun (Aẓawan n Tfukt), sakkin, deg 2006, terna-d album-nnes wis sin, A Girl Like Me (Taqcict am nekk), d win ay yuwyen cciɛa d tameqrant ugar. Deg 2007, terna-d album wis kraḍ, Good Girl Gone Bad (Taqcict yelhan yeqqlen diri-tt), d win aydeg d-ddant aṭas n tezlatin ay yuwyen cciɛa d tameqrant, yiwet seg-sent d tizlit n Umbrella (Tasiwant) ay d-tecna akked ucennay n rap Jay-Z, yerna tuwey fell-as arraz n Grammy Award. Deg Wamber n 2010, tessuffeɣ-d album-nnes wis semmus, Loud, d win ay yuwyen cciɛa ama deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen, ama deg Briṭanya Tameqrant. Rihanna tessenz, s ujemmal, ugar n 25 n yimelyunen n walbumen akked 45 n yimelyunen n yiḍebsiyen n usingle deg umaḍal. Rihanna tuwey aṭas n warrazen imeqranen n uẓawan, gar-asen arraz n World Music Awards i tmeṭṭut tanaẓurt tamawayt (timxeyyert) akk deg umaḍal deg 2007, akked warraz n American Music Award i useggas n 2008. Nnig waya, Rihanna teqqel d tanmahalt tadelsant (ambassadrice culturelle) n tmurt n Barbados.




#Article 354: Lady Gaga (271 words)


Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (tlul deg 28 meɣres 1986 deg temdint n New York), d tin yettwassnen s yisem-nnes n tnaẓurt Lady Gaga, d tacennayt tamarikanit ay icennun aẓawan n pop. 

Tebda tekkat aẓawan n rock deg 2003, sakkin tekcem ɣer Uɣerbaz n Tẓuri n Tisch deg Tesdawit n New York. Deg tallit-nni, testenya leɛqed akked termist n Streamline Records ay yeqqnen ɣer Interscope Records. Naqal, tebda kan tettaru tizlatin i yicennayen niḍen, maca dindin gren-as tamawt tesɛa taɣect yelhan i ccna yerna testenya leɛqed niḍen akked termist n Kon Live Distribution akken ad tebdu ccna. Deg 2008, Lady Gaga tessuffeɣ-d album-nnes amezwaru, The Fame yerna teqqel mechuṛet yes-s imi ay d-yessekcem aṭas n yedrimen. Sakkin, asmi ay d-tessuffeɣ iḍebsiyen-nnes n usingle Just Dance akked Poker Face, teqqel tettwassen deg wakk timiwa n umaḍal. Deg 2009, terna tessuffeɣ-d album n The Fame Monster (d akemmel n umezwaru-nni), yerna terna-d yid-s snat tezlatin, Bad Romance akked Telephone. D aya ay yejjan cciɛa-nnes ad tennerni ugar yerna d aya ay as-igan abrid akken ad teg yiwet n tuzzya n yibarazen (concerts). Lady Gaga tuwey-d kra seg yicennayen n rock am David Bowie, Elton John akked Queen, am wakken ay d-tuwey kra daɣen seg yicennayen n pop am Madonna, Michael Jackson ed Amy Winehouse. 
D acu kan, Lady Gaga tesɛa yiwet n lḥeṭṭa d taɣwalit (bizarre) aydeg tettlusu iceṭṭiḍen yessewhamen (tikkal amur ameqran seg tfekka-nnes d aɛeryan), am wakken ay d-tettawey yiwet n tikli d taɣwalit ama deg ccna-nnes sdat lɣaci, ama deg yeklipen-nnes. Tuwey semmus warrazen n Grammy Awards, tessenz 15 n yimelyunen n walbumen ed 51 n yimelyunen n yiḍebsiyen n usingle.




#Article 355: Sophocles (146 words)


Sophocles, s tefrensist: Sophocle, (ilul gar 497 ed 496 qbel Ɛisa - temmut gar 406 ed 405 qbel Ɛisa), d amaru agrigi n tmezgunin, yerna d yiwen seg yimura n tkesniwin (tragédies) ay d-yuran iqeddicen ay d-yeqqimen ar ass-a. 
Ɣef leḥsab n Suda (d tasedkalt [encyclopédie]) n lqern wis 10, Sophocles yura-d 123 n tmezgunin, maca ala 7 seg-sent ay d-yeqqimen ar ass-a: Ajjaks, Antigun, Tisednan Tiṭraciyin, Oedipus the King (Oedipus Agellid), Elektra akked Philoctetes ed Oedipus deg Colonus. Sophocles yettekka deg tfaskiwin timasɣanin (festivals religieux) n Atena aydeg d-yettili wemsizwer n umezgun, yerna, gar 30-nni n yemsizewren aydeg yettekka, yerbeḥ deg 24 deg-sen. Aeschylus yella yettekkay deg yemsizewren-nni yerna yerbeḥ kan 14 seg-sent, ma d Euripides yerbeḥ kan 4. Timezgunin n Sophocles d tid ay yesnernan aṭas tamuggit (drame), yerna tadyant n tmezgunin-nnes ur tḍerru gar sin kan yemdanen, wanag ikeccem-d gar-asen wemdan wis kraḍ.




#Article 356: Akabar Asduklan Azzayri (179 words)


Akabar Asduklan Azzayri (s tefrensist: Parti Communiste Algérien), d akabar asduklan ay d-sbedden yimeɣnasen ifrensisen n Lezzayer (iḍarren iberkanen) akked yineṣliyen izzayriyen. 

Akabar-a ilul-d deg 1920 yerna yella d afurk n Ukabar Asduklan Afrensis. Maca deg 1936, yeqqel d akabar i yiman-nnes (s uttekki n Maurice Laban), yerna amaru-nnes amatu d ameɣnas azzayri Lbacir Ḥaǧ Aɛli. 

Deg tezwara n 1955, Akabar Asduklan Azzayri yugi imenɣi imselleḥ n Yizzayriyen i lmend n uzarug (indépendance) n tmurt-nsen, maca deg Yunyu n useggas-nni, akabar-a yeqbel imenɣi-a yerna iga ifadden i yimeɣnasen-nnes akken ad ttekkin deg yimenɣi ɣer yidis n Yizzayriyen, d aya ay yejjan Fransa ad t-tegdel. Imeɣnasen n ukabar-a ttekkan deg kra n tiytiwin deg wemgaru n Lezzayer, gar-asent tadyant ay d-yellan deg 1956, aydeg Henri Maillot, yiwen seg yimeɣnasen-nnes, yesserwel yiwen n ukamyun n yemrigen (leslaḥat) i yemjuhad. 

Deg 1962, asmi ay tuwey Lezzayer azarug-nnes, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) azzayri yesteɛref s Ukabar Asduklan Azzayri, maca deg 1964, yegdel-it yerna yefsex-it. D aya ay yejjan amur ameqran seg yesduklanen izzayriyen ad ɛawden ad msegrawen ed ad d-sbedden Akabar n Tnezwart Tanemlayt (PAGS).




#Article 357: Henri Maillot (319 words)


Henri Francois Maillot (ilul deg 1928 deg temdint n Dzayer, yemmut deg 1956 deg tama n Lkarimeyya, Cclef), d ameɣnas asduklan (communiste) afrensis (seg yiḍarren iberkanen ay ilulen deg Dzayer) yerna yettekka deg Tegrawla n Ldzayer. 

Deg 1956, Maillot yella d aserdas afrensis yerna yesserwel akamyun n yemrigen (leslaḥat) i yemjuhad ay yellan ttnaɣen i uzarug (indépendance) n tmurt Ldzayer. Maillot yella d amaru amatu n Tdukli Yilemẓiyen Imegdayen Idzayriyen (Union de la Jeunesse Démocratique Algérienne) ay yellan d tagrawt tasduklant, yerna yella iqeddec d amessiḍan (comptable) deg weɣmis azelmaḍ n Alger Républicain (aydeg ttekkan ula d Idzayriyen). Maillot yella daɣen yessawal s yisem n Ldzayer deg temliliyin n yilemẓiyen ay d-yellan deg tallit-nni deg Prag akked Warsu. 
Asmi ay yella deg yiserdasen ifrensisen, Maillot yettuwekkel (deg 4 Yebrir 1956) ad yawey yiwen ikamyunen iserdasiyen seg Tmelyant (deg twilayt n Tiṭ Ulili, ass-a) ɣer temdint n Lezzayer. Mi ḥebsen deg yiwen n wemkan akken ad sgunfun deg-s yiserdasen, Maillot yumer anehhar n ukamyun-nni ay d-ibubben imrigen akken ad yeqleɛ, sakkin ddan ɣer teẓgi n Baynam (deg utaram n temdint n Ldzayer), anda ay d-usan yemjuhad ay yuwyen imrigen-nni. Sdeffir tedyant-a, aɣmis asduklan n Liberté (ay yellan itteffeɣ-d s tuffra), iga ifadden i medden akken ad ɛawnen Tagrawla Tadzayrit s yemrigen i wakken ad tawey Ldzayer azarug-nnes (indépendance). 

Axxam n ccreɛ afrensis icureɛ Maillot (s uɣabi) yerna yeḥkem-as s tmettant deg wass n 22 Mayyu 1956. Deg 5 Yunyu 1956, iɣallen ifrensisen mmɣen ɣef yiwet n tegrawt n yemjuhad deg tama n Lamartine (Lkarimeyya (deg twilayt n Cclef), dɣa nɣan sa (sebɛa) seg-sen, gar-asen sin n yiḍarren iberkanen (Ifrensisen n Ldzayer): yiwen seg-sen d Maillot, ma d wayeḍ d Maurice Laban, yiwen seg yimeɣnasen ay yettekkan deg ussebded n Ukabar Asduklan Adzayri. Henri Maillot rran-as tajmilt deg Ldzayer imi ay fkan isem-nnes i yiwen n wesbiṭar deg Bab Lwad (tamdint n Ldzayer). Deg 2002, gan-as daɣen timenzit (stèle) deg Ldzayer.




#Article 358: Maurice Laban (312 words)


Maurice Laban (ilul deg 1914 deg Tbeskert - yemmut deg 5 Yunyu 1956 deg Lkarimeyya, tawilayt n Cclef, d ameɣnas asduklan (communiste). 

Imawlan-nnes llan qeddcen d iselmaden deg yiɣerbazen aydeg lemmden Yidzayriyen. Asmi ay d-yuwey lbak, Laban yedda ad iɣer deg uɣerbaz n yijenyuren n Marseille, maca yekka kan kuẓ (rebɛa) wayyuren deg Fransa, sakkin yeqqel-d ɣer Dzayer, anda ay yettekka deg ussebded n Ukabar Asduklan Adzayri deg 1936. Cwiṭ kan sakkin, Laban yedda ɣer Spenyul akken ad yettekki deg wemgaru aɣarim (guerre civile) ɣer yidis n wid ay yebɣan ad sbedden tagduda deg tmurt-a. Deg wemgaru-nni, Laban yettwajreḥ yerna yenḍerr snat tikkal. Mi d-yeqqel ɣer Ldzayer, deg 1940, Laban yennuɣ, s tuffra, mgal udabu n Vichy ay yeddan akked Yinaziyen, d acu kan, yettwaṭṭef yerna ccreɛ aserdasi n temdint n Ldzayer yeḥkem fell-as s lḥebs s teɣzef n tmeddurt. 
Deg wass n 15 Meɣres 1943 (kuẓ wayyuren sdeffir ma kecmen-d Yimarikaniyen ɣer Ldzayer), Laban bran-as-d seg lḥebs, yerna yeqqel ɣer Tbeskert anda ay yeqdec i lmend n ussejhed n Ukabar Asduklan Adzayri deg tama tagmuḍant (tacerqit) n Ldzayer. Deg tefranin n tɣiwant n Tbeskert n Tuber 1947, Laban yettwafren tikkelt niḍen d amaslaḍ (membre) deg useqqamu n tɣiwant. 

Akken kan ay yenker wemgaru (ṭṭrad) n Ldzayer, deg 1954, Maurice Laban (ay yellan yagi d ameddakel n umjahed Mustafa U Bulɛid), yella yessewjad-d lbarud i yemjuhad. Deg tezwara n 1955, Akabar Asduklan Adzayri iwet-d deg tnekra timselleḥt tadzayrit, d aya ay ixeyyben Maurice Laban, maca deg 20 Yunyu 1955, aseqqamu alemmas n ukabar-a yemlal s tuffra deg Bab Lwad yerna yeɛzem ad yebded ɣer yidis n yimenɣi imselleḥ adzayri. 

D aya ay yejjan Maurice Laban ad yaley s adrar. D acu kan, deg wass n 5 Yunyu 1956, iɣallen imsellḥen ifṛensisen nɣan Laban ɣer yidis n Henri Maillot ed 5 n yemjuhad idzayriyen niḍen deg tama n Lkarimeyya (deg twilayt n Cclef).




#Article 359: Tala Ɛetman (370 words)


Tala Ɛetman, d taddart ger tudrin n Tamurt n Iqbayliyen, d tin i d-yezgan 15 n ikilumitren ar usamar n tɣiwant n Tizi Wezzu. Angal n Tnazzant-ines (Code Postal) 15144. 

Deg iseggasen n 30, Tala Ɛetman tella d taddart d tamecṭuḥt, tesɛa drus n imezdaɣ, Iɣil n Ufella, Tadukart d Lexmis llan d iɛeṛqyab, kera deg-sen tteẓẓun-ten ma d wiyiḍ kssen deg-sen lmal. 3(Kṛaḍ) n tisutwin(Générations) ɣer deffir, at taddart zedɣen ixxamen yebnan s walim d waluḍ, am ixxamen urkel n Tamurt n Iqbayliyen, di lweqt-nni win yesɛan axxam d lɛali-t d win yebnan s weblaḍ akked uqeṛmud n leqbayel. Tudert ussan-nni tella qssiḥet mačči d kra.

Lawan n tegrawla, tella-d yiwet n temlilit di Makuda, i g-llan s ddaw n laɛnaya n lyuṭnu Amer Bessalaḥ, i wumi qqaṛen El Bass, igensasen(Représentants) n temnaḍin n At Wagnun d Makuda llan deg temlilit-agi. Tala Ɛetman tceggeɛ Mass Mula Ali(Ali Wamer) akked Mass Benziyan Muḥemmed(Ṛebbaṭ). Ssin-agi ttewakelfen ad jemɛen isurdiyen d isufar nniḍen i Tirni Tesllullit Taɣennawt(FLN). Mass Aṛezqi Kaceṛ rran-t d aqeṛṛu ɣef umussu-agi, imir yefren(Yextaṛ) wid ara yilin deg umussu-agi : Gawa Ḥend, Benziyan Muḥemmed(Ṛebbaṭ), Ǧemɛa Akli, Amer Xeyaṛ, Certuḥa Aṛezqi, Geṭṭab Ali. Wigi ttewakelfen ad jemɛen tadrimt akked leslaḥ(Ibeckiḍen, Timeẓyanin...), amussu-agi yeḍmen isufar n wučči d teɣellist(Sécurité) n imenɣan(Imjuhad) ma ara mlilen, neɣ ma ara bedllen amekkan. Di tazwara n useggas 1955, Tala Ɛetman teṭṭef amekkan axatar(Important) deg Lwilaya tis 3, i d-yefkkan aṭṭas i waken ad d-tawi temurt n Lezzayer timunent-is(Independence).

Akken kan tefra tegrawla, Lezzayer tewwi-d timunent-is, imezdaɣ bdan tteɛawaden lebni n taddart-nsen, ayen iwumi qqaren Abraḥ(Tala) yettwaxdem deg useggas n 1963. Leǧameɛ, d lebni i g-sɛan azal d ameqran di taddart, yettwabna ger 1979 d 1982 di tlemast n taddart, isem-is : Atman Ibn Ɛaffan.

Di tuber 2011, tella-d yiwwet n temlilit deg uɣerbaz amenzu i waken ad fernen tajmaɛt(Comité) tamynut i taddart. Tajmaɛt-agi tettewakellef i wakken ad d-tawi aṭṭas n isenfaren(Projets) i taddart, ger-asen : asufeɣ n waman ur nzeddig ara, asiweḍ n trisiti i ixxamen iḍeṛffen(Isolés), agudṛuni n iberdan, aɛiwed n tregwa...

Tala Ɛetman tesɛa yiwwet n tidukla n waddal (Association Sportive) i wumi ssawalen USTA Union Sportive de Tala Athmane, i g-sɛan deg teqecwalt-isaṭṭas n waddalen : Dabex n uḍar, Lekarati akked Lkik-buksing.




#Article 360: Alger Républicain (238 words)


Aɣmis-a n uzelmaḍ, llan qedcen deg-s aṭas n Yezzayriyen. Gar Tuber 1939 d Fuṛar 1943, yettwagdel (yettwamneɛ) deg tmurt, sakkin, asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer tuffɣa, yuɣal d aɣmis asduklan (communiste).

Deg Ctember 1955, imi i bedd ɣer yidis n Yezzayriyen i yellan ttnaɣen ɣef uzarug (indépendance) n tmurt-nsen, aɣmis-a yettwagdel tikkelt nniḍen, yerna aṭas seg wid i iqedcen deg-s ttwaṭṭfen (am unemhal-ines, Henri Alleg), neɣ ttwanɣan, am Henri Maillot, Georges Rafini, Ɛemar Xaluf, Ɛabd Lqader Ben Ɛmara, Muṛad At Saɛda d Ɛebd Lqader Cuxal. Deg 17 Yulyu 1962 (s deffir ma tewwi Lezzayer azarug-ines), Alger Républicain yuɣal-d ɣer tuffɣa, yerna yuɣal d netta i d aɣmis Azzayri i d-yessuffuɣen amḍan ameqṛan akk n tsukan (exemplaires) (75.000 yal ass).

S waya, Alger Républicain yella yugar aɣmis n Le Peuple (n Terni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw). Deg 1964, imḍebbren n Alger Républicain qeblen ad rren aɣmis-nsen d win n Terni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw, sakkin, deg 1965, s deffir ma tella-d tuttya-nni taserdasit i deg Hewwari Bumedyen yesseɣli Ḥmed Ben Bella, anabaḍ Azzayri yesddukkel iɣmisen n Alger Républicain d Le Peuple yerna yerra-ten d yiwen weɣmis umi isemma El Moudjahid. S deffir n tedyanin n Tuber 1988, Alger Républicain yuɣal-d ɣer tuffɣa, maca ɣef ljal n wuguren i d-yemlal, yeḥbes deg 1994. Seg yimir-nni, yuɣal itteffeɣ-d seg-a ɣer da, tikkal yal dduṛt, tikkal yal ayyur, xas akken mazal yesɛa uguren. Albert Camus d Kateb Yasin seg wid i d-yuran imagraden deg weɣmis-a.




#Article 361: Molière (302 words)


Jean-Baptiste Poquelin yettwassnen s yisem-nnes n unaẓur n Molière (ilul deg 15 Yennayer 1622 deg Paris - yemmut deg 17 Furar 1673 deg temdint-nni), d amaru n tmezgunin yerna d asegbar (acteur) n umezgun, d yiwen seg wuẓwiren imeqranen n tmellaɣt (comédie) deg tmura tutrimin. 

Gar tmezgunin yettwassnen n Molière llant: 

Moilère yenker-d deg yiwet n twacult d tamerkantit yerna d aya ay as-igan ifadden akken ad yekcem ɣer umezgun. Yeqdec 13 n yiseggasen d asegbar (acteur) ay itteddun seg wemkan ɣer wayeḍ akken ad yurar timezgunin, yerna aya iɛawen-it akken ad igerrez tamussni-nnes deg usseḍsi n medden asmi ay yebda yettaru.

Imi ay yella yessen kra n warisṭuqraṭen, iṣaḥ-it-id ad d-yurar timezgunin sdat ugellid n Fransa, Louis wis 14 deg leqṣer n Louvre. D aya ay yejjan agellid ad as-yefk yiwet n tzeɣɣa deg Louvre akken ad yetturar deg-s timezgunin. Sakkin, agellid iɛemmed-as i Molière ad yurar timezgunin ula deg Leqṣer Ageldan (Palais-Royal), dɣa d aya ay yejjan Molière ad yeqqel mechur mliḥ gar yimezdaɣen n Paris s tmezgunin-nnes yesseḍsayen, yerna tagrawt n Molière qqlen ɣɣaren-as Tagrawt n Ugellid [Troupe du Roi]. 
Maca, ɣas ma yella Molière yella yesseḍsay, llan kra ay yebdan kkaten-d deg tmezgunin-nnes yerna ttwalin-tent xulfent imenzayen akked ddin (gar-asen imḍebbren n Taklizt Takaṭulikt). 
Tamezgunt n Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (Tartuffe Axeddaɛ) iga-tt Molière akken ad d-iwet deg yergazen n wesɣan (ddin) ay ixeddɛen medden, dɣa d aya ay yesserfan taklizt. Seg tama niḍen, Molière yella iqeddec aṭas yerna aya yesseɛya tazmert-nnes, dɣa ɣef waya ay yeḥbes leqdic deg 1667 akken ad yesgunfu. Deg wass aydeg ara yemmet, deg 1671, Molière yella yetturar-d tamezgunt-nnes taneggarut, Le Malade Imaginaire (Amuḍin asugnan), dɣa teṭṭef-it yiwet n tusut d tameqrant (imi ay yella yuḍen tideggirt (tuberculose). Ɣas ma yella ikemmel urar arma ay tfuk tmezgunt-nni, Molière yemmut kra kan n tsaɛtin sakkin.




#Article 362: Kosovo (105 words)


Kosovo d akal ay d-yezgan deg wenẓul (sud) n Serbya. Ugar n 88% seg yimezdaṣen n Kosovo d Albaniyen inselmen, ma d 7% seg-sen d Iserben. 

Deg 1999, nnuɣen ed Yiserben akken ad awin timunnent-nsen (indépendance), d aya ay yejjan iɣallen n Temsisit Taṭlasit (Alliance Atlantique) akked Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen ad d-gren iman-nsen. Deg 2008, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Kosovo tesseɣret-d (déclarer) timunnent, maca aṭas n tmura deg umaḍal ur steɛṛfent yes-s yerna Serbya mazal-itt tettwali-t d aḥric seg wakal-nnes yellan ddaw udabu n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen. Tajumma-nnes 10.908 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Zedɣen-t 1.804.838 n yimezdaɣen. Tamaneɣt-nnes d Pristina.

Aselway: Atifete Jahjaga (2011).

Aneɣlaf Amezwaru: Isa Mustafa (2014).




#Article 363: Tabulgart (142 words)


Tabulgart (s Tebulgart : Bălgarski) d tutlayt i meslayen di Bulgarya, anẓul n Ukrayin, anẓul n Muldavya, anẓulagmuḍ n Serbya, agafagmuḍan n Legrig, Ṭṭerk, anẓul d utaram n Rumanya, Hungarya, Masidunya. Yerna d iles unṣib n tmurt n Bulgarya anida tettwaḥsab d tadersi taɣerfant.

Meslayen azal n 8.500.000 yemdanen di Bulgarya (8.100.000); anẓul n Ukraynana (seg 165.000 ar 275.000); anẓul n Muldavya (seg 65.000 ar 100.000); anẓulagmuḍ  n Serbya (31.000); agafagmuḍan n Legrig (30.000); Ṭṭerk (27.000); anẓul d utaram n Rumanya (10.000); Hungarya (3.000) ed Masidunya (2.000).

Iles atrar, illa ibdan itban deg idlisen n lqern 17 d 18, iṭṭef ixef-nnes seg uzgen n lqern 19. 

Tabulgart meslayen-tt di Bulgarya d tmura niḍen ( ), kkes kan tifuɣalin n Ifumaken. Di Bulgarya, tella iman-is d tutlayt tunṣibt, maca di tmura niḍen, sqqaren yis-s yiwet tutlayt n tsekla, ak uɣezdis n tutlayin tiyaḍ.




#Article 364: Tadanict (207 words)


Tadanict (isem aneṣli : Dansk) d yiwet tutlayt tagermanikt i meslayen di tmura n Danmark, ugafa n Lalman ed wenẓul n Sswid ed tegzirt n Grönland. Meslayen-tt azal n 5.200.000 n yemdanen deg Danmark (5.100.000), Lalman (50.000) ed Sswid. D tutlayt tunṣibt n tgelda n Danmark ed tama ugafa n Lalman (deg uland n Schleswig-Holstein)ed Grönland aked Tinwit.

Amezruy n tutlayt adanict tebda deg sin n wakuden: tin n tadanict taqburt (seg lqern wis 13 ar lqern wis 16) d win n tadanict tatrart (si lqern 16 ar ass-a). Tutlayt-agi tebda tettwari di lqern wis 13. Talmanit tebda tettaɣ deg-s seg uwettay alemmas. 

Ak tikli n umezruy, Danmark texṣar aṭas n wakal-nnes. Skanen, i tella deg tama wenẓulan n Sswid, tella si lebda d tadanict, maca di 1658, tekkes-tt Sswid. Aḥewwes-a izzuɣar ar uḥewwes aseklan d ilsawan imɣaren, alemma tura, tadanict tadigant, ur ɣur-es iqqim usqari ula d umsawaḍ ak iles asmagnu n Danmark. 
Tettwḥsab d yiwet tantala niḍen seg wawalen n Sswid. Ula d tutlayin ammen it-teḥṣaben. Ɣur-es iteqqnen arwas gar tadanict d taswidit. Imezdaɣ n temnaṭ-nni ur ɣar-sen iqqim laṣel adanic.

Tadanict tella deg-es kraḍ (3) n tantalwin : tutrimt, talemmast d tunegmuṭ (anda iccden tilisa aked Sswid). Maca ass-a, tantalawin-a ttmettan, teqqim kan yiwet.




#Article 365: Tafinit (196 words)


Tafinit (isem anesli : suomi) neɣ Tafinlandit, tasuwumit d tutlayt i meslayen deg Finland(4.800.000), agafagmuḍ n Sswid, agafataram n Rrus, Agafa n Nurwij, Agafa n Isṭunya. D tutlayt tunṣibt ak iles niḍen n Finland.

Tettwaḥsab d tadersi tagherfant: Agafagmuḍ n Sswid, Agafataram n Rusya.

Infinlanden, qqimen aṭas qqnen a Sswid d tsekla tugmiḍt. Taswidit, tutlayt n waṭas imsuggen i yezedɣen deg iftisen ifinlandiyen, tuɣal d tutlayt tameqqrant n Finland. Maca, tafinit ur twattu akk, di lqern wis 15, llan kra i yettarun-t, yerna adlis amezwaru i iqqimen yura s tutlayt-a nettat n tizi n lqern wis 16, asmi tebda tkennawt

Iles asmagnu itwasexdmen zi lweqt-nni, immers x wawalen anz'ulagmud'an. Di lqern 17 d lqern 18, taswidit tuɣal d tutlayt tunṣibt, n tsekla d tɣuri tameqrant. Mi tekcem Rrus f Finland di 1809, ibeddel lḥal. Tafinit, illan d awal n uzgen ameqran n medden, tebda th'ewwas igran usexdem deg ill n lqern wis 19. Di lweqt d yiwet, ak taneflilt n tseklant tafinit, s tmessna n wensay n wegmuḍ n uwanek, tebda imessel tutlayt tasmagnut, illan d tamunt (compromís) gar awalen inẓuligmuḍan d win utrimen.

Deg tfinit, iles irewsen di testunit, nettaf sin n waggayen n wawalen.




#Article 366: Albrecht Dürer (263 words)


Albrecht Dürer neɣ s telmant Albrecht Dürer der Jüngere (ilul deg Nürnberg, Bayern, deg 21 Mayyu 1471 - yemmut deg 6 Yebrir 1528), d amekla (peintre) yerna d amusnak (mathématicien) almani. Leqdicat-nnes n tẓuri rran-t mechur deg Turuft qbel ad yaweḍ 30 n yiseggasen deg tmeddurt-nnes, yerna ass-a, ttwalin-t d anaẓur ameqran n tallit n Tsidert (Renaissance) deg tmura n ugafa (nord) n Turuft. 

Dürer iga-d tugniwin yeqqnen ɣer wesɣan (ddin), am wakken ay d-yekla (peindre) tugniwin n wudmanen n yemdanen ay yettwassnen, yerna iga-d tugniwin i yiman-nnes ula d netta. Dürer yella daɣen ineqqec-d tugniwin ɣef yiɣir (nnḥas), am wakken ay inejjer tugniwin ɣef wesɣar. 
Deg yenqacen-nnes n wesɣar umi semman Amazrar n Tneggarut [Apocalypse] (deg 1498), Dürer yella mazal-it yettḍafar aɣanib aguti aqbur deg leqdic-nnes. Maca, deg leqdicat ay iga sakkin, yeḍfer aɣanib d amaynut. Tifelwiyin-nnes (tableau) mechuren am Amnay, Tamettant ed Uciṭan (deg 1513), San Hieronymus deg Tezrawin-nnes (1514) akked Melencolia I (1514) jebdent-d lwelha n yizaɣanen (critiques) yerna aṭas n wawal ay d-yellan fell-asent deg wayen yerzan inumak-nsent. 
Dürer iga-d daɣen tikla s waman. Tifelwiyin-nnes n waman d tid aydeg d-iṣewwer imeẓriyen (paysages), yerna Dürer d yiwen seg yinuẓar uṛufiyen imezwura ay d-iṣewwren imeẓriyen. Daɣen, iqeddicen-nnes deg wenrar n wenjar n wesɣar d wid ay yesnernan mliḥ taẓuri-a deg leqrun ay d-iḍefren. Dürer yella yessen inuẓar iṭalyanen ed yelsaẓriyen (humanistes) almanen, dɣa d aya ay as-iledyen abrid akken ad d-yessekcem aɣanib aṭalyani n tẓuri deg Tsidert (Rennaissance) n tmura n ugafa n Turuft. 
Seg tama niḍen, Dürer yura-d daɣen iqeddicen ɣef tusnakt. Albrecht Dürer yemmut deg temdint n Nürnberg.




#Article 367: Ameskan (446 words)


Amudlif (imudlifen), d awal i d-neddem seg umawal n tesnilest yura Mass BERKAÏ Abdelaziz Lexique de la linguistique Français-Anglais-Tamazight, agdazal-is s tutlayt tafransist d  Diagramme. Deg tẓuri n wurigami ila anamek n unagraw n uglam n telkam n uḍfas n tmudemt. D aɣawas ideg ara yaf umurigam akk tilɣutin ara as-yemmlen amek ara as-d-yales i uḍfas n tmudemt akken tella yakan. D netta ara aɣ-iwelhen akken ad neḍfes iḍefsen-nneɣ yiwen yiwen, akken d-mmizwaren, alamma tekfa tmudemt. Nezmer ad nini llan ukuẓet (4) tɣariwin i yes-s nezmer ad nesseɣnew ameskan. Yalla umeskan asunɣan, ameskan n tewlafin, ameskan asinan akked wayen i umi nettini asaru awezlan. Ɣas temgared talɣa-nsen iswi-nsen yiwen, d awelleh n umurigam akken ad yezmer ad yales i yiḍefsen n tmudemt neɣ amek ara tt-id-yeglem mi ara tt-id-yesnulfu. Yal ameskan yesɛa isem-is akked wanda i yessefk ad t-nessemres.

 
Takti tamezwarut n umudlif teffeɣ-d deg udlis d-nudder usawen i umi ttinin : Aḍfas n wagim iɣernuqen Senbazuru Orikata yura Rokoan Gido i d-yeẓreg deg useggas 1797 deg tmurt n Jjapun. Nnan-d fell-as inmezrayen, d netta i d adlis amezwaru deg umḍal i d yemmeslayen s yiwet n tmuɣli yemmden ɣef tẓuri n wurigami. Deg isebtar-a, yedda-d deg-s wunuɣ n tmudem, iwenniten akked yiɣawasen imeẓyanen n wamek ara neḍfes tamudem.

S umata d unuɣen ur nesɛa ara assaɣ gar-asen. Ulac win i d-yefkan amek ara neḍfes iḍefsen n tmudemt seg umezwaru alamma d aneggaru. Maca akken yebɣu yili, d netta i d ababat n umeskan atrar i ssemrasen tura yimurigamen. 
	
Sakin, deg tallit tartar, rnan-d yedlisen nniḍen i d-yessumren inagrawen i ɛerḍen ad mmlen amek i d-yettili umussu n uḍfas. D inagrawen ẓẓayen acku ggten deg-sen izamulen akked wunuɣen, yal aḍefs ssunuɣen-as aɣawas. Llan wid d yessumren ahdum n tewlafin i uḍefs… Ulac anagraw n uḍfas i qeblen yimurigamen n umḍal d amudlif. Armi d Aseggas n 1954 i d-yessumer umurigam Akira Yoshizawa yiwen n unagraw afessas i yes-s nezmer ad neglem tamudemt. Yessufeɣ-it-d deg tirawt i umi isemma : Taẓuri n wurigami amaynut ‘’Atarashi Origami Geijutsu’’ (New Origami Art) deg useggas n 1954. Yessemres aderrir s tneqqiḍin akken ad yemmel amek ara d-yili, ɣef umedya, uḍefs adrar akked uḍefs iɣzer. Yerna-as kra izamulen amedya n uzamul ‘’taneccabt n ucuffu’’...

Anagraw-a, iger-as tamawt Mass Samuel Randlett akked Robert Harbin imarikaniyen, segmen-t ugar, rnan-as kra izamulen amedya n uzamul ‘’tineccabin n tuzzya’’… Akka i d-yeffeɣ umudlif neɣ ayen i umi ttinin anagraw Yoshizawa-Randlett. Anagraw-a, yettwaglem-d i tikkelt tamezwaru, s wudem unṣib deg udlis n Samuel Randlett i umi isemma : Taẓuri n Wurigami, Aḍfas n Ukaɣeḍ, seg Unsayan ɣer Utrar (The Art of Origami; Paper Folding, Traditional and Modern). Iẓreg-d deg tmura yedduklen n temrikt, deg useggas n 1961. 




#Article 368: Amuran (100 words)


Tabadut n wawal amuran 

Amuran, s tutlayt tafransist ttarunt akka: Mauresque, d arbib yesɛan amalay akked wunti. Nettaru amalay-is akka : Amuran (imuranen). Ma nsers-it deg waddad amaruz, ad t-naru akka : Umuran, yimuranen. Ma d unti-s nettaru-t akka : Tamurant (timuranin). Ma nsers-it deg waddad amaruz, ad t-naru akka : Tmurant (tmuranin). Amuran d awal i d-yekkan seg yisem Amuri yesɛan ula d netta amalay akked wunti. Asegget-is nettaru-t akka : imuriyen. Mi ara ten-sers deg waddad amaruz, ad ten-naru akka : Umuri (yimuriyen). Ma d unti-s nettaru-t akka : Tamurit (Timuriwin). D awal i d-yekkan seg yisem Amur.




#Article 369: Urigami azegriran (385 words)


D acu i d urigami azegriran ?

Urigami azegriran d tawsit seg ger tewsatin n tẓuri n wurigami. D aḍfas n tmudemt s wugar n yiwet n tferkit. Yal tiferkit d aferdis ara nesdukel akked wiyaḍ i as-yeččabin s uḍefs neɣ s usmikcem n wa deg wa alamma tekfa tmudemt. Aferdis-a nettini-as azegrir, asegget-is nettaru-t akka : Izegriren. Akk izegriren s umata kifkif-iten. Asnulfu n tmudemt s yizegriren yebḍa ɣef sin yeswiren. Aswir n usnulfu amezwaru, yers ɣef usnulfu n tmudemt n uzegrir sakin ad neḍfes ssegsen aṭas. D azegrir-nni ara nessemres d azadur i usnulfu n tmudmin yesɛan talɣa i nebɣa amedya n talɣa n uɣersiw, n umdan, n tɣawsiwin nniḍen… Akken tebɣu tili talɣa n tmudemt i nebɣa ad nesnulfu, yessefk ad nheggi aṭas n yiferdisen neɣ ayen i umi nettini : Izegriren. Izegriren yellan deg unrar aẓuran n wurigami azegriran mmeẓlen, seg wa ɣer wa. Llan kra sɛan tazmert akken ad nesnulfu yes-sen aṭas n tmudmin yemmeẓlen deg talɣa amedya n uzegrir ‘’ Akedis uslig bu 4 leǧyub’’. Nezmer ad nini fell-as d azegrir ara yefken tilelli tameqqrant i umurigam ad yesnulfu tamudemt i yebɣa akken tebɣu tili talɣa-as... Llan daɣen izegriren nniḍen amedya n uzegrir ‘’Amkuẓ uslig n wudmawen’’, snat talɣiwin kan ara nezmer ad neḍfes yes-s, tamudemt takurant neɣ tin n ugasas. Ɣef umedya, ur nzemmer ara ad nesnulfu tamudemt n walbaɛḍ iɣersiwen… Yezmer ad yili uzegrir d asnulfu-nneɣ, am wakken yezmer daɣen ad yili yekka-d ansi nniḍen. Ulac deg-s aɣilif ma nerḍel-it-id ɣur umurigam nniḍen akken ad nesnulfu tamudemt-nneɣ. 
Aswir wis sin, d asnulfu n tmudemt i nebɣa s usemdey neɣ asali n yizegriren. Asemdey yettili-d s useḍfes neɣ s usmikcem n wa deg wa akken ad nessileɣ talɣa i nebɣa ad as-tt-nefk i tmudemt-nneɣ. D wa i d iswi ayiwen n uzegrir. Ugur yellan deg tewsit-a n wurigami, d ameskan. Aglam n usemdey neɣ asali n tmudemt deg wurigami azegriran akken ad yezmer menwala ad as-d-yales, taswiɛt-a, mazal i as d-nufa iɣef-is akken ilaq. Yal amurigam yettaɛraḍ ad d-yessumer ameskan ara yefrun ugur-a.

Amezruy awezlan n tẓuri

Adlis amezwaru i d-yemmeslayen ɣef wurigami azegriranr yura-t ujapuni Hayato Ohoka, iẓreg-d deg useggas 1734, azwel-is : Ranma Zushiki. Ad naf deg-s yedda-d ugasas n ukaɣeḍ yesɛan 6 izegriren yemmeẓlen deg yiniten. D agasas i umi fkan isem n tamatebaku (tamatebako).




#Article 370: Tamatebaku (253 words)


Tanfust n ugasas Tamatebaku (Tamatebako)

Tamatebako d tafniqt neɣ d ayen i umi nettini tabwaḍt n ukaɣeḍ, tedda-d deg yiwet n tenfust taqburt n tmurt n Japun. D tanfust n yiwen n uṣeyyad n yiselman isem-is Urashima Taro (asusru-s d wa : Uracima Taru). Ass-nni yella yettmerriḥ ɣef yiri n yillel, iteddu ɣef yejdi armi yufa igurdan tturaren s yiwet n tefkert n wanan, ssulin-as tasawent… Asmi iwala lbaṭel sɛeddan fell-as, yekker yekkes-asen-tt, yerra-tt s aman, truḥ. Maca tifkert-nni d tageldunt, d yellis n ugellid n yillel

I wakken ad as-ter lxir, tageldunt Otohim (asusru-s d wa :  Uṭuhim), akka i d isem-is, tenced-it-id ɣer tgelda-s yellan ddaw waman akken ad as-terr tajmilt. Mi yewweḍ ɣer teɣremt Ryugu-jo (asusru-s d wa :  Ryugu-ju) yellan ddaw waman n yillel, yewhem, iɣil d targit i yettargu seg waken tecbeḥ. Yeqqim din kraḍ (3) wussan, ixaq, icedha ad yuɣal s axxam-is, ad iwali imeddukal-is… Yekker yessuter i tgeldunt Otohim ad terr ansi d-yekka. Asmi twala akken, qbel ad t-id-err s akal n tmurt-is, tefka-as asefk, d tabwaḍt ireqmen s ureɣ akked yeẓra ɣlayen, maca tweṣṣa-t tenna-as : “Ḥader ad teldiḍ tabwaḍt-a”. 
Mi d-yuɣal Urushima s akal, yufa ziɣ mačči 3 wussan i d-yesɛedda maca 300 iseggasen. Kullec ibeddel, ixxamen, iberdan, imeddukal-is akk mmuten, ulac win i t-yesnen. Iteddu weḥd-s armi d-yemlal d yiwen wemɣar yesteqsat, yenna-as ma yella wasmi i yesla ttmeslayen-d medden ɣef yiwen wemdan isem-is Urashima Taro. Yerra-as-d wemɣar-nni, yenna-as ih, sliɣ nnan-d fell-as iruḥ s illel, 300 iseggasen aya, seg wass-nni ur d-yuɣal.




#Article 371: Aḍefs (117 words)


Aḍefs s umata d izirig-nni iɣef ara tili tigawt n uḍfas neɣ d win akken ara d-yeǧǧ uḍefs mi ara yeldi. D aḥric-nni yettin ɣef yiman-is n ukaɣeḍ neɣ n ubeḥnuq… Yettak deg taggara i tɣawsa-nni tuzert tusligt amedya n yiḍefsen n tsebbaḥrut. Deg tẓuri n wurigami, iḍefsen merra yellan sɛan isem d wamek i yessefk ad ten-neḍfes. Aḍefs yezmer ad yili d aḥerfi amedya n uḍefs iɣzer neɣ adrar. Am wakken i yezmer ad yessegrew ugar n yiwen n uḍefs amedya n uḍefs Zad, yesɛa sin. Iḍefsen yesɛan ugar n yiwen, nettini-as aḍefs uddis. Yalla daɣen uḍefs uɣḍim, d win akken ara neḍfes sakin ad t-neldi. Yeǧǧaǧǧa-d izirig iɣef nettawi lewhi akken ad neḍfes iḍefsen nniḍen.




#Article 372: Laguiole (takemmart) (186 words)


Laguiole (nṭeq-it layul), d tasiwelt n uẓar n takemmart (neɣ aguglu) taṛumit n uẓi n Aubrac s uyefki afraray n tfunast. Isem-is yekka-d seg taddart n Laguiole deg ugezdu n Aveyron di Fransa.

Iẓuṛan n takemmart agi tettalin-d ar timiḍi wis 15, asmi imunaken n ugni n Aubrac, deg amnaḍ n ansay n takemmart adigan aqdim, sneflan asiweḍ (n iseksaten) n izegrawen uyefki dɣa bedden aɣraf ines. Tafarest-is tesɛa deg timiḍi wis 19 asfari d ameqqran aṭas, daɣen ula d tisellat-ines tesɛa. Tisellat-nni ttwassebded ɣef ajmaɛ n tanzagt uɣzifen dɣa ɣef yiwet taɣara n ifarisen yecudden aṭas s wakal adigan: anezwu aweɛran, tiferdi tuzzigt n idurar, tifunasin n iri azegraw. 

Takemmart laguiole qrib tenger deg talemmast n timiḍi wis 20, ɣef ljal n atigen n uɣraf aɣlayen dɣa ilɣiten ad afen ixeddamen i uɣraf n takemmart deg ixxamen imensayen buron. Yuɣal-d, seg iseggasen 1960, s tallalt n infarasen idiganen, yebɣan ad snernin tukkest n timiḍiwin yezwiren. Tafarest tesniled seg iseggasen 1980 ɣer taɣara d tikemmarin n ujmaɛ dɣa gweḍen-d seg taggara n iseggasen 1990 ar tasmekta talemmast yetṛuḥun gar 700 d  n laguiole yenzan yal aseggas.




#Article 373: Iqbayliyen (1193 words)


Iqbayliyen neɣ Izwawen (llan daɣen imawtiyen aked Igelsisen) d aɣref amaziɣ yettidir deg Taqbaylit i d-yezgan deg ugafa-asammer n Zzayer.

Isem amziki n izwawen d Amaziɣ, awal-agi yekka-d seg uẓar MZƔ azaraw-is (lmaɛna-s) d iseɣ, d inzer, illi-d argaz n tidett ur yekna ara, illi-d tameṭṭut n tidett ur tettkerkis ara. Amaziɣ ur-id akli. 

Qqaren-asen daɣen i leqbayel izwawen, ɣer Ibn Xeldun, azaraw-is d aneflas (laɛskar), ɣur-nnaɣ Azwaw d aneflas yeḍfer tasuli (laɛda) n zik, ila (isɛa) azal n imezwura, yekkat wuzzal war kukru, yezmer i wiyyaḍ. Yella aẓar ZW, azaraw-is d win yetsuɣu g umennuɣ. 

Aẓar n wawal Amawti/Imawtiyen yekka-d seg tangaṭ (tamaziɣt taqurant n leqbayel), yera (yebɣa) ad-yini win n tawsit, acku zik isem n tmurt leqbayel d Tamawya, yera ad-yini s tarumit les familles, les tribus g tangaṭ qqaren ayt zik i la famille : Tawya. 

Aẓaṛ n wawal aqbayli yekka-d seg teɛṛabt قبائل anamek-is s Teqbaylit «tiwsitin». Iṛumanen ssawalen-asen d Quinquegentanei (semmus [5] n Iderman), (wid izedɣen neɣ yettidiren Mons Ferratus, Adrar n ğerğer), wissen isem n tura ma yekka-d seg win n zik neɣ ala. 

S umata ur llin ara aɣbalu ameqqʷran ɣef umezruy n yisem-agi, maca nezmer a nefk yiwet n turda yelan assaɣ s tawtilt n Tamurt n Iqbayliyen deg ukud-nni (tallit-nni) imi medden ddren seddaw n tezmert n tiddukla n iderman.

Amezruy n wegdud aqbayli, d amezruy ameqqʷran akk-d yewwin i g issewhamen, zran igiman n iseggasen, azal 10 000 iseggasen send talalit n Ɛisa ; d imezdaɣ imezwura n Tefriqt ugafa send n tlalit n umezruy amaynut, agdud aqbayli d yiwen wegdud gar yegduden imzikiyen i yeğğan later deg umezruy n yemdanen.  

Agdud aqbayli yedder, yerna yexlef Irrumanen, yiwen amenkud i yestaɛmren ddunit irkul, yexlef Ifniqen, ladɣa Yugurten yemmut s tidet agdud-is yedder, yexlaf Maryus; tura arraw-is kren ţlaɛin i wid ur numin ara; adgud aqbayli atan dagi andaţ Rum ? Dihya temmut, s tidet, yessi-is krent tura ttnadin; anda-t Ɛuqba Ibn Nafiɛ?  I wid mazal ur numin ara agdud aqbayli atan mazal dagi! Tidet amezruy n wegdud aqbayli yessewham acku d yiwen n umezruy yeţwebnan ɣef  taɣert, tuccda,  akk-d iseflan n imawlan-is.  

Ussan agi Iqbayliyen ttidiren g wakud (lweqt) n  n-sen, sennig aɣebbar n wakud akk-d d leqhar n iɛdawen, tteddun ɣer zdat, aqlaɣ nettwali tallit n aɣlan (ljens), Aɣlan aqbayli. 

Iqbayliyen g zik semman iman-sen  , , win ur neqbil ara lbatel neɣ akerwa.

Deg Amezruy Atrar, Iqbayliyen mači d inumidyen inumdiyen d icawiyen d icenwiyen lqbayel nutni des maures pas numides, llan iɣerfan n yewen uwanek, yeddren azal n 100 n iseggasen (seg azal 206 UL* di lweqt n tageldit n Masnsen, agellid di facto n Numidya, armi lexsara n Yugurten g 104 UL) awanek agi yettusema Numidya.

Numidya tella azal n Dzayer akk-d Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen lwahid.

Numidya tbedd meyya iseggasen, llan wid qqaren dakken meyya n isegwassen d wacemma, maɛna timura n ddunit merra ur sɛant ara akter n 30 iseggassen di laɛmer-nsent, amek yezmer yewin ad inni belli Numidya d ulac i tella? Numidya i gɛacen akter n meyya n iseggasen, ugar n Dzayer akk-d timura n Tefriqt merra, akter n uhric ameqran n timura n Turuft Tagmuḍant,  mi teɣli Numidya tsɛa azal n laɛmer n Kanada.

Lestaɛmar arumani yenzeg akter n 525 isegassen, seg lexsara n Yugurtan zdat irumaniyen g 104 UL armi uɣelluy n inugura agi s iffassen n  (agellid n ) akk-d inelmaden-is mi g kecmen ɣer Tafriqt ugafa g 429.

Geiseric yebnad tageldit tamezwarut n Ivandaliyen g Tafriqt ugafa s Saldae (Bgayet) am tamaneɣt-is; yestaɛmered , Sardenya, Kursika, akk-ed tegzirin n Baleares, yernad yekcem ɣef Rum yewid yides mi i gefeɣ, azal n yewen n ddurt g 455, atas n igerrujen akk-ed iseflawen  n  (iseflawen i yefkan Udayen i lğameɛ-nsen) i d yewi Titus ɣef Roma melmi igstaɛmered Lquds.

Ivandaliyen ţwakssent di Tafriqt ugafa s iɛsekriyen n , agellid n umekad Abyzanti; amenkad n ivandaliyen ydum-d 105 isegassen (429-534).

Yiwen lamer yesɛan atas n wazal di lwegt-nni; ahric ameqran n imaziɣen rebhen telelli-nsen, mi yal aggay yetsnaɣ mgal wayid.

 ydumed g Tafriqt ugafa s 534 armi i gxser amgaru mgal  wid bdan  g lqern wis tmanya (azal n 642 -705).

Iɛraben qetɛen lebher, staɛmren  g 642, kemlen alhu-nsen, zedmen ɣef tamurt n yimaziɣen, tamurt n leqbayel. 

Listiɛmar Aɛrab, am lbers, di tamuggit ɣef Iqbayliyen i yella; imi Imaziɣen rebhen kkra n lehna, akk-d tallalit, seqsefen azaglu akk-d alehu n amenkud abyzanti ɣer usamer n tilisa-nsen. 

Iqbayliyen nnuɣen-d mgal Iɛraben s wayen akk yellan, s tezmart, s tdusi (lğehd), s tudert-nsen, imi ţwallan simmal iţeddu aɛdaw simmal yexreb, yenɣa, yehreq, yeqher ayen yellan d amaziɣ, ayen yesɛan rruh n umaziɣ. Mbeɛd akter n sebɛa meyya n isegassen n tagrawla, Imaziɣen ɛyan, cban izem nni ur sɛin ara azuren merra imi tazzla n idammen-is texla ayen yeqimen di lğehd-is, ayen yeqimmen di tmanegt-is, ur yezmir ad yeker; izem aqbayli yeɣli-d ur yekkir ara, Iɛraben hesben d lmut i g yemut. 

Mbeɛd amerni aqher; ilulufen n imaziɣen, tilawen xesrent lherma-nsent akk-d asehru-nsent, ilulufen n warrac n Iqbayliyen imelsiyen ufan lmut si ifassen n iɛsekriyen Iɛraben, ilulufen nnidden zzenzen-ten aklan g leswaq n Mekka. 

Imi tfuk Taslekt ni Iɛraben, Tafriqt ugafa tuɣaled d amɣiz ni iklan ɣef leswaq n Wegmuḍ Alemmas.

Iqbayliyen am akken ad menɛen tudert n tarwa-nesn, akk-d ayen i geqimen di lherma n tilawen-nsen qeblen, ijenwiyen g ullawen nsen, ddin amaynut n iɛraben; iɛraben wwden anda yewin n lğens ur yewwi-d, zzuɣren telelli n yimaziɣen.

Syenna d asawen, tutlayt n yimaziɣen akk-d ismawen-nsen uɣallen d lehram. 

G 705 anbaz Aɛrab i-bereh belli tamurt n yiqbayliyen d yiwet n tamnatt tamenzut n umnkad aɛrab ara tilli; Tafriqt ugafa tɛeda g yiwen n ukala ig bedlen idles-is, tamuɣli-is, akk-d imal-is. 

Amnekcam Aɛrab yeqqim armi yetwabdal s lestiɛmar n Iɛetmaniyen seddaw n timelwi n Xayreddin d ayetma-s Ɛeruj, i d-xelqen atrar ussamer n Dzayer, bdan asseɣwel n tama agi am asutel n iflisen n ddunit merra. Taflist-nsen ternu, temɣid ɣef lqrun 1600; taflist mgal lbaburat n Iwunak Yedduklen g Ilel agrakal sebba n , akk-d , anda mutten atas n imddanen imelsiyen.

Deg 1830, s sebba belli Lbay n Dzayer yewwet amalway n tamahelt-is, Fransa tenbez Dzayer; lameɛna, azbu i g qquren n Yiqbayliyen, Amɣar Ameqran (El-Mokrani) akk-d Faḍma n Sumer, stɛetlen taslekt agi almi Agud aqbayli yeţwaxdɛen s ageldun n Yiɛraben yettuseman Ɛebedlqader imi d-yefka takbabt-is ɣef Wemtawa n Tefna wahid Fransa.

Amtawa n Tafna, 30 mayyu 1837, yeswejd abrid ɣef wanger n Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen ihi kan teqled agezdir n Fransa. Fransa, isegassen kkra mbeɛd, tefka-d Aguldun Ɛebdelqader amidag n la Légion d'honneur akk-d tajɛelt n 4000 Louis (idrimen n Fransa) mkul aggur armi yemut g 26 mayyu 1883.

Wagi d adris n Amtawa n Tafna:

Melmi amgaru mgal tamurt n Iqbayliyen ifuk, Fransa tezdem ɣef leğwahi nidden n Tafriqt ugafa terna texleq Ldzayer n tura; Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen, Timura n uguldun ɛabd Qader, akk-d d Uneẓruf Ameqran (timura n Twareg/Imuhaɣ). 

G 1954, Igen n Taslullit Taɣelnawt (ALN) tebda ţţrad n taslullit; mbaɛd n sebɛa isegassen n imenɣi, Fransa teğğa Dzayer g 19962.  Aḥric ameqran n 1,025,000 Iḍaren Iberkanen akk-d 91,000 iḥerkiyyen, azal n 10% n imezdaɣ n Ledzayer g 1962, rewlen ɣef Fransa g useggwas-nni.




#Article 374: Yusef Zirem (184 words)


Yusef Zirem d ameɣnas d umaru aqbayli, ilul ass n 16 ɣuct 1964 di tɣiwant n Akfadu

Ajenyuṛ n uwanak deg ilukaṛbiṛen (ɣef assileɣ), agurdis n IAP n Bumerdas, yebdda amecwaṛ awezlan deg uḥric n tamguri uqbel ad yuɣal d aneɣmas sakin tidyanin tikesnanin n tuber 1988. Yusef Zirem yettekki ihi ar tirawt n aṭas iɣmisen izzayriyen am Le Quotidien d'Oran, la Nation, l'Opinion, Libre-Algérie neɣ daɣen  La Tribune. yeḍebber daɣen deg useggwas 2003 tazrawt n umalsan le Kabyle de Paris. Yerked di Paris, Yusef Zirem yettekki ar aṭas n imidyaten iṛumiyen d igraɣlanen.
Daɣen di Paris, Yusef Zirem yeqeddem tasgilt tamalsant, Graffiti, ɣef BRTV.

D ameskar n du uṛuman, la Vie est un grand mensonge. Tasugna agi teḥkud amezruy n Lezzayer seg tazzwara n iseggwasen 1980 armi d ass agi. Yetwaru war tasnimirt, aṛuman agi yeččur tisummal, tikriḍin timeẓliyin akkw d tayriwin tiwezɣiyin. Abrid n sin ibusinen ɣef qrib snat n tmerwin n iseggwasen yetweglem.  
La Vie est un grand mensonge yekemmel inadiyen id yebdda yakan ameskar deg les Enfants du brouillard (ammud n isefra yeffeɣed di Paris deg 1995 ar Éditions Saint-Germain-des-Prés).




#Article 375: Arthur von Ramberg (279 words)


Arthur von Ramberg, yelule-d Arthur Georg Ramberg as n 4 ctamber 1819 di Vienne dɣa yemmut ass n 5 fuṛaṛ 1875 di Muncen, d ameklay utrici d amaslaḍ n ugaru n Muncen daɣen yexdem aṭas di Lalman.

Ramberg yekka-d seg tawacult n ifesyanen, baba-s Georg d agenses-marechal n igen utrici. Tawacut t-awey-d azwel n baron deg useggwas 1849. Gma-s d ajiniṛal-baron Hermann von Ramberg Hermann von Ramberg (1820-1899). Ramberg ula d netta yawey-d azwel n baron n tagelda n Bavaria deg useggwas 1875, yettssiwen ar taǧǧalt-is d arrawen is deg useggwas 1878.

Yeɣer di Hanover dɣa yexdem Grand Tour ines di Ṭṭalyan, di Majaṛ daɣen di Styria. Yekcem deg useggwas 1840 ar tasdawit n Prag. Yuɣal d abalmud n Julius Hübner deg takadimit n tiẓuriyin tucbiḥin n Dresde deg useggwas 1842. Deg tallit agi yesbeɣe-d  Zzwaǧ n ikeḍwanen (ɣef leḥsab n Goethe) d Amenkad Henri I deg taḥemla di Majaṛ.

Ramberg yeṛuḥ deg useggwas 1850 ar Muncen, anda yesseḍru tikla n tawsit dɣa yessuqqel imuhal n Schiller. Yetwasem aselmad deg ugaru n tiẓuriyin tucbiḥin n Weimar deg useggwas 1860 daɣen sḍis iseggwasen sakin ar takademit n tiẓuriyin tucbiḥin n Muncen. Yessemter i Albert Keller ad yuɣal d-ameklay. Ramberg yesbeɣ sakin Tasenbert n Frédéric II di Palermo, Hermann d Dorothée (ɣef leḥsab n Goethe), d Louise (ɣef leḥsab n usefru n Voss). Ramberg yella daɣen d ameskar n tafreskut n taxxamt n Luther deg Tiɣremt n Wartbourg.

Ramberg yella daɣen d imsuneɣ, am i Ageldun n imqerqren, yetssutren sɣur grande-duchesse n Saxe-Weimar. Yesɛa-d am abalmud Wilhelm Georg Ritter.

Arthur von Rambert d ayyaw-amecṭuḥ n umeklay Johann Heinrich Ramberg (1763-1840) dɣa d ɛemmi-s n umeklay n tagriwa, August von Ramberg (1866-1947)




#Article 376: Timibrikt n Liṭṭunya (161 words)


Timibrikt n Liṭṭunya d iri azegraw aliṭṭuni. Isem-is agraɣlan d  dɣa isem-is aliṭṭuni d  neɣ buraïa latviskaïa s trusit.

D iri aqdim, yexleq-d seg usegraw n tijlibin tidiganin tiqdimin n taciṭṭa tazegwaɣt n Baltik. Teḍḍfed tazrirt n angeln deg timiḍi wis 19 uqbel alday n usaklas asutwalan deg useggwas 1885 dɣa teḍḍfed isem-is amiran deg useggwas 1922. Seg zik, nettat d iri n uyefki deg aẓi, mazal t-genses aqrib 75 % n uctal azegraw aliṭṭuni. Iri yettwebḍa s kuẓ ifurkawen yettweṛebban yal yiwen deg umkan is iwakken ad ssineḍen imeccir asiwan. Afurk BL-1 yettwefren s tixxutert taɛlayant deg isubxuzen. Tettaked tikessawin n tafarest n uyefki am imzufɣawen. Tafest n iketmen tesgader. Seg  deg useggwas 1980, Tagrawt yeṣṣub ar  deg useggwas 1990Tafunast taɛlay ar 130 cm deg timezsmeḍt i 520 kg dɣa aramul 140 cm i 800 kg.

D iri i mmizweren i uyefki. Tettfaras 5200 kg s usuḍeḍ n uyefki yesɛan aṭas n tinegwa uzuren (4,16 %) d tifṛutinin. (3,45 %)




#Article 377: Ayyur (amtiweg) (626 words)


Ayyur (Azamul-is: ☾) d ayyur agaman amyiwen n tegnit  akken iga daɣen d ayyur ameqqran wis 5 deg unagraw anafuk. Anda yettumeggez d ayyur agaman ameqqran yakk deg unagraw anafuk deg wayen yerzan ableɣ-is s wassaɣ ɣer wemtiweg i yeṭṭafar, anda akdu-ines yettawaṭ ar ukuẓ (¼) n wekdu n tegnit, ma d takura-ines tga 1 ɣef 81 (1/81) n tkura n tegnit, yerna yettumeggez d ayyur wis 2 deg tneẓẓi seld n wayyur n Io. Ayyur n tegnit yettwassen s tuzzya-ines tamtawant d umtiweg-is (tagnit) anda i d-isbanay yiwen n wudem deg yal tikkelt, dɣa udem yettwaskaden seg wayyur yifrir s tama n ibuṛkanen yudren, yemmullsen. Tama ayi tezga-d gar n isawnen n yiclem akalan amzik yettfejjijen yakk d tikucin timackaṭin yeflalen. Akken i tella tamawt d akken ayyur n tegnit iga d tafekka yettfejjijen yakk s waṭas deg igenni n tegnit seld n tfukt ɣas akken tajumma-ines d tamsullest s waṭas, anda ila (isɛa) uɣul am tiregt.

Ayyur d tafekka tagennawt tamyiwent ɣef wacu yedda wemdan s yiṭarren-is, anda ɣas akken ahil n Luna n tiddukla n Suvyit illa d amenzu i wakken ad ismures deg tuwwṭa ɣer wayyur s temseddut tamalunt ur neddim ara imsallunen deg useggas n 1959, maca d ahil n Apollo n Nasa iy ssawṭen ad yessedru inig s tuɣdadin tilsanin yebdan s tuɣdadt talsant tamezwarut tamezzayt ɣef wayyur (tuɣdadt n Apollo 8 deg useggas n 1968), sin akin ṭefrent 6 n yinigen ilsanen ɣer wayyur gar n iseggasen n 1969 d 1972 - anda inig amezwaru deg-sen d Apollo 11 deg useggas n 1969 -. Inigen-nni wwin-d deg tuɣalin-nsen azal n 380 kg n yiẓra n wayyur yettusxedmen i tigzi temhazt asnaklan i yiẓuran d unulfu n wayyur, yakk d tigzi n temsukt tagensant n wayyur d tesnakalt n wayyur. Maca seld n usmures n wahil n Apollo 17 deg useggas n 1972, ur d-llin ara yinigen ɣer wayyur anagar s temseddutin war imsallunen, tuget n yinigen-a llan-tt-d s tmesdullunin yeṭṭafaren Nasa (Marikan) neɣ n Lunuxud 1 (tiddukla n Suvyit). Ma seg 2004, Marikan, Lhend, Yapan, Ccinwa yakk d tnegga tamalunt n Uruppa uznent timseddutin timallunin ɣer tmezzit n wayyur anda i ttekkant yakk deg usentem n tilin n waman deg wayyur deg imedwan utliyen.

Aṭas n teẓra i d-ittwassumren i ussegzi n usileɣ d unulfu n wayyur send n 4.527 ± 0.010  n imelyaren n iseggasen, yiwet seg turdiwin ayi teqqar-d d akken ayyur yennebra-d seg yiclem n tegnit s usrag n tdusi tamerwelmast ɣef tallit n 30 alamma d 50 n imelyan n iseggasen n usileɣ n unagraw anafuk i d-issuturen asebrin asiman meqqren i tegnit. Dɣa taldayt tessaweṭ ad tessers ayyur i d-innulfan deg ukala ara ad issutren asehri meqqren deg wadad agennaw n tegnit i wsencef n tfasa i d-immugen s usrag n wuggug n wayyur d tukkit-is, i wakken ad ittwasileɣ wayyur d tegnit deg wegra akunnran agejdan. D acu kan necta ur d-issegzay ara asniẓẓer n wuzzal seg wayyur. Yerna turda ayi ur tezmir ara ad tessegzu imir uɣmir meqqren n unagraw n wayyur-tagnit.

Afrari n wayyur deg tegnawt n yiṭ tamallast d wallus-is alugan n talliyin iga-y-as s teɣzi n wakud d talliyin asemdu adelsan s wazal-is ama deg tutlayin, deg teswaswt tanayyurt, deg tẓuri yakk d yimyayen n zik i d-ittwasgensen deg ikucen n wayyur am Xunsu deg tɣerma n Miẓra d Čang deg tɣerma n icinwiyen yakk d Mama quilla deg tɣerma n Inka

Ayyur sseqdacen-t seg zik medden akken ad ḥesben ayyuren n useggas n wayyur (am Yinselmen d Yicinwaten). Arma i d asmi i d-yennulfa utiliskup, deg lqern wis 17, i bdan yemdanen ttwalin ṣṣifa n tidet n wakal n wayyur. Deg Yulyu n 1969, imdanen rsen i tikkelt tamezwarut ɣef Wayyur, yerna kemmlen rezzun fell-as arma d 1972. 




#Article 378: Udus anafuk (1238 words)


Anagraw anafuk neɣ Udus anafuk d yiwen n unagraw amtiwgan i gebren seg tfukt d wayen yakk i tezzin fell-as am tegnit d yimtiwgen niden, akken daɣen i yegber seg tfekkiwin tigennawin meẓẓiyen am yimtiwgen igezlanen d iseffuden d yismilen yakk d ugedṛur anamdal, akken daɣen illan imṭafaren n yimtiwgen yettusemman s wayyur, anda llan ugar n 150 n wayyuren yettwassnen deg unagraw anafuk, amur ameqran deg-sen tezzin ɣef yimtiwgen icafcalen n ugaz. Maca tafekka tameqqṛant yakk deg unagraw anafuk tga d tafukt igan d itri i d-izgan deg tlemmast n unagraw yerna i teqqen igmamen d tfekkiwin n unagraw-a s teldayt-is, anda takura-ines tewweṭ ɣer 99,9 n tkura n unagraw-a s timmad-is. Akken i tga d aɣbalu agejdan i tafat d weẓɣal ittaǧǧan tudert tezmer ad tili deg tegnit, deffir n tfukt ttasen-d 8 n yimtiwgen s umizwar (s unect n wyggug ɣef tfukt): Merkur (neɣ Aziweɣ), Tatrit, Tagnit, Mezweɣ (Imtiwgen ineẓruyen) yakk d Yebter, Awihad neɣ Asturn, Uṛanus, Niptun (yimtiwgen icafcalen n ugaz). 

Llant waṭas n tfekkiwin tinafukin i yezmer wemdan ad ten-tt-iẓer s wallen-is (anagar Tafukt d wayyur) am Merkur, Tatrit,  Mezweɣ, Yebder yakk d uwihad akken i zemrent wallen n wemdan ad ẓṛent ula d kra n izunyuren yettfeǧǧiǧen yakk d yismilen imazrayen neɣ iseffuden anda i yezmer wemdan ad ten-iẓer mi ara ad kecmen ɣef tegnawt n tegnit w ad ṛɣen sin akin ad ssegren usuɣen. S tmerniwt ɣer wanect-a, snulfu n wemsaddas (atiliskup) d win yeǧǧan amdan yezmer ad iẓer aṭas n tfekkiwin niden ur yezmir ara ad ten-tt-iẓer s wallen

Imir-a, amur ameqran n imesnallunen ttɣilen d akken udus anafuk d win i d-ilulen send n 4,6 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen seg yiwen n usigna acafcal n igazen d igedṛuren yettwassnen s usignew anafuk. S unect n teẓri ayi, Asignew-a yebda-d s uɣelluy ɣef yiman-is s usrag (ssebba) n teldayt-is anda adad-is agensuy yella ur yezmir ara ad tt-yezbu.

I yigiman (luluf) n iseggasen, imdanen llan ttɣilen d akken tagnit i d-ammas n usedday yerna tbedd deg wadeg-is akken i d-temgarad ɣef tfekkiwin tinallunin niden, ɣas ma yella ufelsaf Anegrik Aristark n Samus iɣil d akken d tafukt i d ammas n usedday.
Nikola Kopernik d amezwaru yesneflin tamudemt tamusnakt ɣef tisselmest n tfukt d wudus anafuk.  deffir-s deg tsut tis 17, Galileo Galilei d Isaac Newton d Johannes Kepler gan d wid i d-isneflin irmawen isengamen, ayen yeǧǧan ad ldin abrid i wakken ad tettwiddeg (ad tettwaqbel) tekti n tuzzya n tegnit ɣef tfukt, yakk d akken imtiwgen d wid i kellun s isudaf isengamen s wacu tkellu tegnit. Sin akin deg tallit-a tatrart, asnulfu n yimsaddasen d win yeldin iberdan i wesnirem n tumanin tisnakalin am yidurar d tkucin timnaggasin yakk d tumanin n tesnignewt am usigna

Tafukt tgebber asger agejdan deg unagraw anafuk, anda i tga d itri yeṭṭafaren asesmel atraw G2, Takura-ines tessiliɣ-d 99,86 seg tkura n unagraw anafuk akken i d-tɣemmer ɣef umussu n tegrawt s usrag n teldayt-is. ma d takura n  yimtiwgen igaziyen (Yebter, Awihad, Uṛanus, Niptun) ssiliɣen-d 99% n tkura i d-igran seg unagraw anafuk, dɣa Yebter d uwihad iman-nsen ssiliɣen-d 90% seg tkura n 4 n yimtiwgen igaziyen.

Amur ameqqran n tfekkiwin timeqqṛanin itezzin ɣef tfukt mmersent ɣef weswir n tegnit yettwasemman Ecliptic , acku imyiwgen udsen s waṭas ɣer ukala n tfukt ma d ismilen d tfekkiwin n ubaggus n Kuiper ttilin (deg tuget n tegnatin) mmersen deg tɣemrin meqqren s waṭas ɣef ukala n tfukt. imtiwgen yakk d wamur ameqran n tfekkiwin tezzin ɣef tfukt yakk d tnila n tuzzya n tfukt ɣef yiman-is. Maca llant kra n tsurifin amedya deg wayen yezzin ɣef wesmil n Halley yakk d yimtiwgen niden (anagar tatrit d Uṛanus)

Anagraw anafuk d win i yemmugen s usrag n uɣelluy deg teldayt n usignew acubran acafcal send n 4,568 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen.A. Bouvier and M. Wadhwa. The age of the solar system redefined by the oldest Pb-Pb age of a meteoritic inclusion. Nature Geoscience, in press, 2010. Doi: 10.1038/NGEO941 Yerna ahat asignew-a d win izegren i waṭas n ifawatayen akken daɣen i yezmer ad yili yettekka deg tlallit n waṭas n yitran.

Tamnaṭ deg wanda i d-issemti usileɣ n unagraw anafuk tettwassen s usignew n tfukt azwaran, ass mi i d-trab tugeẓ ɣef wuntum amussay ayen i d-tiǧǧan ad tezzi s urured meqqren. Sin akin yemsegraw wamur ameqran n tkura deg wammas yerna tuli teẓɣelt-is (ammas-nni) anda taseddart n weẓɣal n wammas-nni tuɣal d tin yugaren taseddaṛt n weẓɣal n tseɣleyt n tagra. u yal mi ara ad yenɣes usignew, ad yernu seg tuzzya alammi i yebda yettuɣal am tagra tamtiwgant tamazzayt s ukdu n 200 tiggtin tisnallunin w ad yegri itrazwaran aẓeɣlan deg wammas. Dɣa imusnawen ttɣilen d akken tafukt deg tallit-a tella d itri T tauri. Tizrawin ɣef yitran T tauri mmalent-d d akken-iten teddun-d yakk d tagra n tnegwa n umtiweg azwaran s tkura imalen gar n 0.001 ɣer 0.1 seg tkura tanafukt, anecta yesskanay-d d akken tuget seg tkura n usignew teqqim deg yitri-nni yakan. sin akin nnulfan-d yimtiwgen seg unerni n tagra ayyi 

Deg 50 n imelan n iseggasen, adad d tneẓẓi n uhidṛujin deg wul n yitri amzawar yuɣal d win yugten s tfesna ara ad yeǧǧen tisedmirin n wezday aɣisan ad ssemtint. taẓɣelt d yisir n tisedmirt d wadad d tneẓẓi d wid yernan alammi iwwṭen ɣer wagaz n umnekni ahidṛustatik anda tafasa taẓeɣlawt tuɣal tessegdal tadusi n teldayt ayen yeǧǧan tafukt deg tallity ad teṭfer asesmel n welkam.

Tafukt yellan deg wass-a ad teqqim alamma tbda tmehhez s unect n usesmel n Hertzsprung-Russell, acku mi ara ad tfak yakk tumast-is tahedrujint tajummant ad yader usafaɣ n tfasa ayen ara ad yeglun s waqqaf n tfukt ɣef yiman-is, ayen yettaǧǧan adad d teẓɣelt ad rnun deg weɣyay-is. s usrag n wanect-a yakk, tamhalt n truɣi d tin yettruruden akken irennu wesfijjej-is s wazal n 10% deg yal 1,1 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen.

Seld n wazal n 5,4 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen seg tura, Ahidṛujin yakk illan deg wul n weɣyay n tfukt ad yuɣal d ahilium s wakka ad tfak tallit n welkam agejdan mi ara ad fakkent tsedmirin n uhidṛujin. Aɣyay ad yettwaseqqef ugar i wakken ad yernu wadad d teẓɣelt sin akin ad ilint tsedmirin tiɣisanin i whilium itṛuɣen deg weɣyay deg tseddart n wezɣal yeflalen (ɛlayen) i wakken ad yiɣur usafaɣ aẓɣlaw s waṭas ɣef wanect ig yella deg tallit n welkam agejdan, Dɣa deg tallit-a, tissi tuffiɣt n tfukt d tin yettihriwen s wazal n 260 n tikkal seg ukdu-ines agejdan i wakken ad ad tuɣal tfukt d acafcal azeggaɣ s usrag n tmerniwt tameqqṛant deg tjumma n tiggi-inesmaca taẓɣelt-is d tin ara ad yadren s waṭas ɣef wanect yella deg tallit n welkam agejdan (kra n 2600° C)..Deg taggara, ahilium ad ifakk w ad yettwačč deg weɣyay ugar n uhidṛujin d tseddart anda timerɣiwt n uhilium tesgensis amur meẓẓiyen seg wakud n tmerɣiwt n uhidṛujin. yerna acku tafukt ur meqqer ara s wayen ara ad yeǧǧen ad tili timerɣiwt n iferdisen iẓayanen seg uhilium, anecta igellu-d s tdersi n tsedmirt taɣisant deg wul n tfukt d unesses n tissi tuffiɣt ɣer tallunt i wakken ad tegri tfukt d agezlan amellal s tneẓẓi yeflalen (ɛlayen), s wakka ad tili (tfukt) s wezgen n tkura-ines taẓaṛant yakk d ubleɣ yegdan ableɣ n tegnit , ma d tissiwin tunessisin ssiliɣent-d asignew amtiwgan ma d kra seg tnegwa i d-issilɣen yakan tafukt ttuɣalent d tinegwa tigratrawin




#Article 379: Ḥmiduc (424 words)


Ḥmiduc, neɣ s yisem-is aḥeqqani Ḥmed Xeddim (Ahmed Khedim), d acennay n teqbaylit yerna d amedyaz. Ilul ass n, 14 ɣuct 1956, deg Ugni n Waklan deg taddart n Ɛeṭṭuc, taɣiwant n Makuda, deg lwilaya n Tizi Uzzu, deg tmurt n Leqbayel. 

Ilul-d deg yiwet n twacult talemmast kan, yella diɣ d ababat n 04 n warraw-is. D ilemẓi n 45 n yiseggasen kan d leɛmer, asmi medlent wallen-is, tcelqef-it lmut, yeǧǧa ddunit ur tt-yeṛwi, yezger ɣer laxert.

S ṣṣut-is ḥninen, yeččuren d sser d wawal iweznen i yezdeɣ ulawen n medden. D acennay n tayri zeddigen d wuguren n tmetti taqbaylit. 

Yemmut ass n, 05 yunyu 2002, deg temdint n Marseille n tmurt n Fransa, di leɛmer-is ala 45 n yiseggasen. Ma d ssebba n tmettant-is d aṭṭan n tgeẓẓal, i t-yeṭṭfen acḥal d lweqt. Ass n 11 yunyu 2002, wwin-d lǧessa-s s axxam-is yellan deg taddart n Taksebt, wallan-t medden i tikkelt taneggarut. Aṭas n yinaẓuren imeqqranen i iḥedren tamḍelt-is, yecban : Lewnis At Mengellat, Baɛziz, Amar U Rabaḥ, Buǧemɛa Agraw…at. Yettwamḍel deg taddart-is tanaṣlit Agni n Waklan.

Deg useggas n 1964 i yecna i tikkelt tamezwarut ɣef usayes akked ucennay Racid Meṣbaḥi, dɣa yefka-as afud meqqren akken ad yecnu. Tizlit akk tamezwarut yecna d asefru-nni « A Wiza semmeḥ-as » i yura s timmad-is. Syin akkin yebda asekles n yiḍebsiyen armi yeṣṣaweḍ 11 n yiḍebsiyen. Amezwaru yecna-t deg useggas n 1980, ma d sin ineggura yessuffeɣ-iten-id deg useggas n 1993. Yesɛa yiwet n ṣṣut dayen kan, d win n waqqur. Ulac ilemẓi neɣ tilemẓit ur yesuzen ara, ḥemmlent akk yilmeẓyen. Yecna gar 1978 armi d asmi yuḍen di 2001. Deg useggas n Tefsut n yimaziɣen (1980), yessuffeɣ-d tasfift-is tamenzut i wumi isemma « Kret ay ayetma ! », ideg llant 09 n tezlatin. Gar-asent : A Wiza semmeḥ-as, Kkert ay aytma ! Seṭṭac di leɛmer-is, Lbumba, Nadya ruḥ…atg. Syin akkin, seg useggas n 1980 armi d 1986, yessuffuɣ-d tasfift di yal aseggas. Ffɣent-d akka myezwarent ; Inna-as inna-a 1981, Lemḥiba-w temmut 1982, Kker a gma ad nruḥ 1983, Sidi Lmir 1984, Lezzayer-Tunes 1985, Targit 1986. Tin ɣur-s, yeqqim armi d 1988, i wakken i d-yerna tasfift-agi Ayayay, syin yerna 3 n yiseggasen d wakken i d-yessufeɣ album wis 09, i wumi isemma « Le parti ». Sin n yiseggasen mbeɛd, di 1993 ikemmel-d sin-is iḍebsiyen ineggura ɣef tikkelt, wigi d « Azzayri » akked « Tafat ». Syin akkin, seg useggas n 1993 armi i d-tewweḍ Tefsut taberkant deg aseggas n 2001, ikemmel kan yecna deg tmeɣriwin, maca ur d-yessuffeɣ ara.




#Article 380: Taserẓut uzumba (182 words)


Taserẓut uzumba neɣ Aṭeggal azegzaw (Assaɣ ussnan: Sitta ledanti) d talmest n igṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren tfesna n ijqiwen deg twacult n tmeserẓatin yakk d tewsit n temserẓa, Učči-ynes yezzi af iɣlifdaren deg unebdu yakk d yifsan deg tegrest. Tasemhuyt n usegdef n telmest-a tettili-d gar mayu d yunyu. Ibennu agdef-is ɣef wuruzen n isekla , deg yal tikkelt n usegdef tawtemt tessrusay gar n Kṛad ar kuẓ (3- 4) n tmellalin. 

Taserẓut uzumba d talmest tamyiwent n yigṭaṭ  amuɣel n Tmurt Taqbaylit, anda ur tesegdud kan (tura) kra n tiẓegwa n taydiwin n ugafa n tmurt. Isem-is ussnan yettak aslulli (tajmilt) i Jean-Paul Ledant amussanw amaswaḍ abiljik i d-yesnarmen talmest-a deg wayyur tuber 1975, aglam n ufrux yetwexdem sɣur amesnaylal Afrensaw Jacques Vielliard. Isali n tagrut agi yessewhem aṭas amadal n tasnaylaly daɣen isali agi yexdem tuzzya n umaḍal. Taserzut uzumba tella tudes (teqreb) ar Sitta n Krüper (Sitta krueperi). yegra-yas yiwen kan azwu n uzuzer (i ufrurex d tudert), yettwaggezen sɣur times, arad d tigawt talsant ; talmest tettwali dɣa am « deg umihi » sɣur Tadukli tagraɣlant i tagaẓt n ugama.




#Article 381: Talmest (170 words)


Talmest (s Tlatint: species) deg tesnudert d yiwet n tigget n usismel asnudran agejdan, Akken i tga d adras amessarti agejdan deg tsensartut, Talmest tettwassen d akken-it d tagrawt n imuddiren ig zemren ad mmreclen gugar-asen w ad farsen tarwa, Ɣas akken asenmel ayi ur d-ikeffu ara deg waṭas n waddaden maca yella wemray (ṣṣeɛuba) deg usenmel n irem n telmest, Dɣa anect-a yettwassen s wugur n talmest acku deg waṭas n wakuden ttwasxedmen wawalen n iden am tasnasileɣt d ullun areygaman 

Tilin n tufutin timsezgiyin timazzagin i kra n twennaṭ yettawi ar ugzam n telmest ar temsurta s ddaw n uswir n telmest am adu-telmest (neɣ timsurta n iden yettusxedmen deg tesnimɣan am irzi d talɣa tusligt)  

Tilmas yeṭṭafaren yiwen n uẓar ttusisemlen-t deg yiwet n tewsit anect-a yettili-d s uguni ɣef umcabi gar-asen

Tilin n usenmel amellil i yirem n telmest d wayen yellan s ddaw-as d ayen yellan d imsefki i wefran n telmas d tussna-nsent i wsersi n turdiwin tisnudranin yakk d wakat n tuggtudert (biodiversity)




#Article 382: Tagelda (tasnudert) (116 words)


Tagelda (S Tlatinit « regnum ») deg tamessartut d aswir wis sin deg udras amessarti, tezgad s ddaw n taɣult, Tigeldiwin ttugezmen-t ar tegrawin meẓẓiyen yettwasemman adur

Ass mi id yefka umusnaw Carl Von Linné ismawen ibedden ɣef iswiren deg tesnudert, Yefka aswir amenzu yakk i «tgelda» ṭṭafarent-id kuẓ n yiswiren igejdanen: Asmil, Tafesna, Tawsit, Talmest, Sin akin s kra n wakud ttuskecmen-d sin n iswiren igejdanen n iden s wakken ad tili tezrart: Tagelda ɣer Ustirf ɣer Usmil ɣer Tfesna ɣer Twacult ɣer Tewsit ɣer Telmest, U deg iseggasen n 60 n tsut tis 20 rnan-d aswir sufell n Tgelda igan d taɣult s wakka Tagelda ur tuɣal ara deg ixef n uswir n unagraw-a




#Article 383: Adur (tasnudert) (111 words)


Deg tesnudert, Adur d yiwen n wedras amessarti seg usesmel asnudran i d-izgan s ddaw n tgelda d nnig n wesmil, Asesmel deg wadur ur yegguni ara ɣef wudem n tfekka tuffiɣt maca d win yeggunin ɣef wudem n tfekka tagensut n umuddir, ma deg tasnimɣant yettusemres yirem n wegzam deg wadeg n wadur s talɣa tanasayt ɣas akken deg umedru agreɣlan i yimɣan i d-illan deg useggas n 1993 yettwaddeg (yettwaqbel) deg-s yirem n wadur Tafelda taɣersawt d tin igebren seg wazal n 35 n yidurra ma d Tagelda tamɣawt d tin igebren seg wazal n 12 n yidurra, llan sin n yidrasen imessartiyen i d-ittekken seg wada-dur gan d:




#Article 384: Asmil (tasnudert) (144 words)


Deg tesnudert, Asmil d yiwen n wedras amessarti deg tsensartut, yezga-d s ddaw n wadur d nnig n tfesna, tegber seg sin n yidrasen ifurkanen:

Dɣa irem n (Class) deg usesmel asnudran d win yettunefken daɣen i tigget tasertut (tamsartut) deg wesmil-nni, anda tamsartut tga d tigget tasuddsant deg tsensartut 

Imazzagen n tsensartut d wid i d-ittakzen isegra d igburen n yal asmil. Dɣa deg waṭas n tikkal ur yettili ara umtawa yeddukklen anda imazzagen yemgaraden ttawin turdiwin (leṛyuy) yemgaraden acku ulac ilugan ufrinen ara ad yeǧǧen yal amazzag ad ten-yeṭfer deg tukza n wesmil, cwi kan yettili-d umtawa deg wayen yezzin ɣef yiɣersiwen yettwassnen anda i d-ittili umtawa deg turdiwin

Ismawen n yismilen yettfakka s usdfer -opsida ɣer Tuga, -phyceae ɣer adalen dɣa -mycetes ɣer igersalen.
I tgelda n uɣersiw, idfiren s ersen kan ddaw asertatu n afel-tawacult (ICZN amagrad 27.2).

Imedyaten :




#Article 385: Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen (109 words)


Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yedduklen (neɣ Iɣlanen Yeddukklen) d tuddsa tagraɣlant iqeddcen i lmend n tallalt (wemɛawen) gar tmura deg yinurar n usaduf (lqanun), n teflest, n tdamsa, n tmetti yakk d izerfan n wemdan akked tmuski n telwit deg umaḍal. Tuddsa ayyi sbedden-tt-id deg useggas n 1945 assmi ifuk wemsenɣi amadlan wis sin deg yideg n Temɣunt n Yeɣlanen i lmend n usebded (weḥbas) n yimenɣi gar tmura. Ass-a, llant 192 n tmura  yettekkan deg Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen. Tuddsa-a tla (tesɛa) daɣen aṭas n tuddsiwin yeqqnen ar ɣur-s, yal yiwet tqeddec deg wenrar-iss. 

Ammas n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen yezga-d deg temdint n New York deg tmurt n Yiwunak Yeddukklen.




#Article 386: Ferḥat Ɛebbas (157 words)


Ferḥat Mekki Ɛebbas (ilul deg wass n 24 Tuber 1899 deg Ṭahir, Jijel - yemmut deg 24 Dujember 1985, deg temdint n Ldzayer), d argaz n tsertit aqbayli yerna d ameɣnas ay iwten i lmend n ussuffeɣ n Fransa seg Ldzayer. Deg 1946, yesnulfa-d Tadukli Tamegdayt n Teskint Tadzayrit (Union démocratique du manifeste algérien). 

Deg tallit n wemgaru (ṭṭrad) n Ldzayer, Ɛebbas yettekka deg Terni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw (Front de Libération Nationale). Deg 1958, yeqqel d aselway amezwaru n Unabaḍ Uɛḍil (gouvernement provisoire) n Tegduda tadzayrit, yerna yeṭṭef amkan-a arma ay d 1961, asmi ay t-id-yexlef Benyusef Benxedda. Deg 1962, yettwafren d aselway n Wegraw Aɣelnaw (amni [parlement]) amezwaru n Ldzayer. Deg 1963, yeffeɣ seg wemkan-a ɣef ljal n yiwen n umennuɣ akked unabaḍ n Ḥmed Ben Bella. Ɣef ljal n waya ay yettwaḥbes deg Wedrar. Deg 1965, cwiṭ kan qbel ad d-tili tuttya-nni taserdasit n Hewwari Bumedyen, Ɛebbas bran-as-d seg lḥebs, maca yejbed iman-nnes seg tsertit.




#Article 387: Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw (111 words)


Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw (s tefrensist: Front de Libération Nationale) d akabar adzayri. Asmi ay tuwey Ldzayer azarug-nnes (indépendance) deg 1962, akabar-a yeṭṭef adabu yerna yeqqel d netta ay d akabar awḥid deg Ldzayer arma d 1989. Ar ass-a mazal akabar-a yetturar ddur d ameqran deg tsertit n Ldzayer. Deg 2005, Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw terra Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa d aselway n ukabar, ma d Ɛebdelɛaziz Belxadem yeqqel d amaru amatu n ukabar-a. Deg useggas-nni daɣen, Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw teddukkel akked yikabaren n Wemsegraw Aɣelnaw Amegday (n Ḥmed Uyeḥya) ed Umussu n Tmetti n Talwit (n Bugerra Ṣṣeltani) akken ad d-sbedden tamsisit (alliance) ara ibedden ɣer yidis n uselway Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa.




#Article 388: Agraw n Euro (170 words)


Agraw n Euro (neɣ Euragraw) d timlilit tamaggurt (dɣa awarseklant) n ineɣlafen n teẓraf n Iwunak imaslaḍen n asun euro, deg iẓri n ussemyuddes n tasertit tudmist nsen. 

Yetwexleq sɣur Aseqqamu uṛufi deg useggwas 1997, Agraw n Euro yeswerwer de facto deg tanga-s Aseqqamu n ineɣlafen n teẓraf uṛufiyen yettilin azekka-nni n timlilit n Agraw n Euro, ayɣef yesismur iɣtasen. Aselway yettwafren i anna n sin iseggwasen d wezgen (taynayt id yernan sɣur amtawa n Lisbun).

Ahulandi Jeroen Dijsselbloem, 46 iseggwasen, aneɣlaf n teẓraf, yettwafren ass n arim (letniyen) 21 yennayer 2013 aselway n Euragraw.

Deg useggwas 2008, Euragraw yesfaydi ibeddilen imaynuten, imi id yetwajmeɛ ass n 12 tuber, deg uswir n iɣellaten n Uwanak d wid n unabaḍ, dɣa yemmager i uzgen n ssaɛa Gordon Brown, Aneɣlaf amezwaru aqdim n Tagelda Yeddukklen, yiwet tamurt ur llan ara deg asun euro.

Euroagraw mačči d tasudut tanaggayt. Sakkin tettwers Tadukli tudmist d taqariḍant (UEM), timura n asun n euro imal ḥwaǧen ad ssegrewen iwakken ad meslayen ɣef isental yerzan ɣef euro. 




#Article 389: Iseɛdiyen (160 words)


Iseɛdiyen (asuf: aseɛdi; s tefrensist: Saadiens, saadides), d tawacult ay iḥekmen Merruk seg 1554 arma d 1603. 

Iseɛdiyen sseɣlin tawacult tuḍɛift n Yiwaṭṭasen deg 1554, yerna bdan ttḥaraben Ispenyuliyen ed Yipurtugizen ay yeḍḍfen kra seg temdinin n tefsirt (côte) n Merruk. Tamaneɣt n Yiseɛdiyen tella deg temdint n Merrakec. Deg 1578, agellid Sebastian Amezwaru n Purtugal, akked ugellid Felipe wis Sin n Spenyul ddukklen akken ad sseɣlin agellid Ɛebdelmalek n Merruk. 

Deg yimenɣi n Qṣer Lekbir, Ɛebdelmalek yessaweḍ ad ten-yernu ma yemmut, yerna ula d agellid n Purtugal, Sebastian, yemmut deg yimenɣi-nni. D aya ay yejjan agellid Felipe n Spenyul, ad yeḥkem ula d tamurt n Purtugal. Ma d agellid Ɛebdelmalek yexlef-it-id gma-s Ḥmed Lmenṣur. 

Aneggaru-a yeẓdem, deg 1591, ɣef temdint n Timbuktu, yerna d aya ay yejjan Merruk ad teḥkem abrid n tnezzut (ttjaṛa) n utaram (lɣerb) n Uneẓruf Ameqran. Asmi ay yemmut Ḥmed Lmenṣur deg 1603, banen-d wuguren deg twacult n Yiseɛdiyen ɣef wanwa ara yeqqlen d agellid.




#Article 390: Tasdawit Ɛebderraḥman Mira n Bgayet (248 words)


Tasdawit Abderreḥman Mira n Bgayet (taɛrabt : جامعة بجاية neɣ جامعة عبد الرحمان ميرة) d yiwet tasdawit taqbaylit yellan deg tamdint n Bgayet di Tmurt Taqbaylit. 

Teṭṭfed isem-is seg isem n uknaner aqdim n ALN Abderreḥman Mira.

Tettwexleq deg useggwas 1983 am ammas asdawan, tesɛa 205 inelmaden d 40 isselmad deg useggwas amezwaru.
Deg useggwas 2006, t-uley ar  inelmaden d 698 isselmad. I tuqqla 2012, teḥseb aqrib  inelmaden, deg-sen 600 ibeṛṛaniyen, d  isselmad, s 208 issumren n issilɣen. Tasdawit tettweẓẓel ass-agi ɣef sin ideggen : Targa Uzemmur d Abudaw. Teṭṭfed isem-is seg uknaner Abderreḥman Mira

Tasdawit n Bgayet tesɛa sin iwurta : Targa Uzemmur d Abudaw.

Tasdawit Abderreḥman Mira n Bgayet tesɛa tamet tiɣinawtin :

Tamhazt n unadi ussnan deg tasdawit n Bgayet tella deg usfari ameɣlal, tettwegenses tura sɣur 20 inegmiyen n unadi, yetwanesgerzen sɣur Uɣlif n Usselmed imineg d Unadi Ussnan. Asselhu n tafarest tussnant (am ɣef uɣawas n tasmekta am ɣef uɣawas n taɣara) d yiwen n iswan igejdanen i tebɣa ad ttawey tasdawit deg ukatar n ussisen ines i tallalt n unadi ussnan. Tafarest tussnant n tasdawit n Bgayet tetwesbuɣer deg useggwas 2008 s 76 tisufaɣ tigraɣlanin d 231 tiɣwalin tigraɣlanin.

Umuɣ n Inegmiyen n unadi n tasdawit n Bgayet :

Tasdawit n Bgayet tella deg timezziraz namyalel ussnan agraɣlan ameqran. Deg axleq ines, tasdawit tezmel imtawayen n imyallen ager-isdawanen am s tisdawiyin tiṛumiyin, tispenyuliyin, tikanadiyin d timarikaniyinTasdawit n Bgayet d amaslaḍ n aṭas iẓeḍwan igraɣlanen isdawanen : Averoès Erasmus mundusTEMPUS, CMEP, DEF/CNRS, PCIM.




#Article 391: Ccerfa (Tubiret) (115 words)


Ccerfa (s tefransist : Chorfa) d yiwet n tɣiwant i ɣef d-iɛedda webrid aɣelnaw wis 26 deg twilayt n Tubiret deg tdayra n Imceddalen di Tmurt Leqbayel. Deg 2008, taɣiwant n Ccerfa tesɛa (tela) azal n 16.173 imezdaɣen. 

Yerna, Ccerfa d yiwet n taddart i yezgan tettimɣur, lhasun akken d-qqaren imusnawen n umezruy-is tlul-d deg lqern wis 12 (1100 lsɛl), imezdeɣ-ines imezwura llan di yiwet n tiɣilt i wumi neqqer tura Taddart (isem-agi n taddart d win yellan akw di tmura leqbayel).
     
Ma d tallalit tunsibt n tɣiwant n ccefa s wazalis d taɣiwant tella-d deg useggas n 1984, akal-is ass-a yesɛa azal n 3063,91 ha, ma d imezdeɣ-ines tesɛa tura ugar n 16000 imezdeɣ.  




#Article 392: Andorra (126 words)


Andorra neɣ Tagelunt n Andorra (s Tkatalant: Principat d'Andorra) akken i tettwasemma daɣen s Tageldunt n iɣzṛawen n Andorra , (s Tkatalant: Principat de les valls d'Andorra) d tamurt meẓẓiyen ur nejbi ara ɣef yilel tezga-d deg unẓul utrim n Uruppa g tlemmast n idurar n Pirinus. Tettals-itt-id Fṛansa d Spanya. Tajumma n Andorra d tin yewweṭen ar 468 km² ayen i d-tittaǧǧan d awanek wis 6 gar n iwunak meẓẓiyen n Uruppa, zedɣent wazal n 77,243 n imezdaɣ deg useggas n 2019. Tamenrut-is d Andorra la Vella igan d tamenrut yeflalin yakk di Uruppa s 1,023 m sufell n weswir n yilel. Tutlayt tamaddudut n Andorra d Takatalant maca Taspenyult d Tafrensist d tis yettusemasen s tuget

Tageldunt n Andorra tettwasileɣ-d deg useggas n 1278 




#Article 393: Busnya ed Hirziguvina (242 words)


Busnya ed Hirziguvina d tamurt n wenẓul (sud) n Turuft, tezga-d deg Tzunegzirt n Balqan. Tajumma-nnes 51.209 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Zedɣen-tt 3.842.566 n yimezdaɣen. Tamaneɣt-nnes d Sarajevo.

Agensas Aɛlayan (haut représentant): Valentin Inzko
Iselwayen: Nebojša Radmanović (d Aserbi), Željko Komšić (d Akṛuwati), Bakir Izetbegović (d Abusni ineslem).
Aneɣlaf Amezwaru: Nikola Špirić

Amur ameqran seg wakal n Busnya ed Hirziguvina d idurar (Adrar n Maglic, deg wenẓul-agmuḍan (sud-est) n tmurt yettaweḍ ɣer 2.387 n lmitrat deg leɛlu. Busnya ed Hirziguvina tezga- deg tama aydeg ggtent tzenzlin.

Imezdaɣen n Busnya ed Hirziguvina llan deg-sen waṭas n yiɣerfan (ccuɛub): 45% seg-sen d Ibusniyen inselmen, 30% d Iserbiyen uṛtuduksiyen, ma d 15% d Ikṛuwatiyen ikaṭuliyen.

Busnya ed Hirziguvina tella d yiwet seg tegdudyin n Yuguslavya taqburt. Deg 1992, imḍebbren-nnes sɣerten-d (déclarer) azarug-nnes (indépendance), dɣa d aya ay yejjan Iserbiyen ad d-snekren amgaru (ṭṭrad) akked Yibusniyen inselmen ed Yekruwatiyen n tmurt-a. Asmi ay ifuk wemgaru, tamurt-a tettwabḍa ɣef sin yeḥricen: Tafidiralit takruwatit-tineslemt (51% seg wakal) akked Tegduda taserbit (49%).

Ar ass-a mazal Busnya ed Hirzigivina tbennu ayen ay ihudden deg tallit n wemgaru (ṭṭrad). Zik, Busnya ed Hirziguvina tella tesɛa tamguri (industrie) ijehden (uzzal, aluminyum, takrura), maca deg tallit-nni n wemgaru, amur ameqran seg lluzinat ihudd. Ɣef ljal n yidurar n tmurt-a, yewɛer ɣef medden ad gen tafellaḥt, ɣef waya, ala d takessawt n tfunasin akked uɣellet n wesɣar n tẓegwa ay irebḥen deg tmurt-a, d acu kan, Ibusniyen sfulluḥen daɣen irden, tidal (lxeḍra) akked yigumma (lfakya).




#Article 394: Tabarka (118 words)


Tabarka (s taɛrabt : طبرقة) d yiwet tamdint n Tunes, deg utaram n tmurt-a, teqreb ar tilisa gar Tunes d Lezzayer (tawilayt n Ṭṭaref). Deg useggas n 2004, ɣur-s azal n 15,634 imezdɣen. D amɣiwan-is (lmir) d Cuqri Zwawi. 

Tezga-d ar 175 km si Tunes Tamaneɣt deg twilayt n Janduba, deg wul n Yidurar n Xmir. Agdud-is deg tigti seg-sen d At Xmir i ṣubben seg idurar ar temdint n Tbarka.

Snuflan adeg n Tabraka inumiden deg wakud n tigeldin tinumidin n Masnsen. 
Deg 702 yeḍra deg Tbarka tikkelt nniḍen imenɣan gar imaziɣen (ay ḍefren Dihya) d inekcamen aɛraben n Ḥasan Ibn Numan i yesɛa azal n 50,000 iserdas ugar i yimenɣi seg axalif Ɛebdelmalik mgal imesluben imaziɣen. 




#Article 395: Adalaylama wis 14 (154 words)


Adalaylama Wis 14, yettwassen daɣen s yisem **Tenzin Gyatso, ilul s yisem n Lhamo Dondrub deg 6 Yulyu 1935 deg Taktser, Qinghai, Ccinwa), d netta ay d adalaylama (imḍebber n wesɣan [ddin]) n Yibudiyen n Tibet seg wasmi ay yesɛa sin n yiseggasen. Deg 1989, yuwey Arraz n Nobel n talwit yerna yettwassen s yimenɣi-nnes aɣezfan i lmend n beḍḍu n Tibet ɣef Ccinwa.
Itibetiyen ttwalin-t d tarwiḥt n lejdud-nnes yerna yes-s ay d-yesskanay Ubuddha n Rreḥma iman-nnes. 

Asmi ay d-tella tnekra n Yitibetiyen deg 1959 mgal Ccinwa, Adalaylama yerwel ɣer Lhend yerna yessebded-d din anabaḍ (lḥukuma) imennejli n Tibet. Seg yimir-nni ay yebda irezzu ɣef tmura yemgerraden n umaḍal yerna yekkat i wakken ad yeḍmen tilelli i Yitibetiyen, am wakken ay yesselmad tabudit tatibetit i medden. D acu kan, anabaḍ acinwat yezga iḥeṛṛes timura tibeṛṛaniyin akken ur ttemlilint yid-s, yerna llan aṭas n wid ay d-iwten deg-s ɣef wassaɣen ay yesɛa akked CIA.




#Article 396: Tteryel (143 words)


Tteryel, neɣ tamẓa, d udem asnamyaw yellan aṭas deg timucuha tiqbayliyin dɣa n Tafriqt n Ugafa. D tameṭṭut s icebbuben i xebblen  i teččen iɣersiwen d ilsanen. Tameṭṭut turmidt, takerwat n « lmektub » ines, tafulmant, tummidt dɣa tanebbudert.

Arma d tallit tinayt, mazal n-umen tesɛa timili n tidet.
Di Agwni Ggeɣran, maci mebɛid n taddart n At Lqayad, yella amdiq mazal n-semmi Axxam n Tteryel ; d ifri anda n-umen udem agi amsiɣur yezdeɣ. Ɣef leḥsab n imezdaɣen, tidyanin n yiwet n timucuha deg aẓi agi id drant. Tamacahut tetḥekud tamɛayt n yiwet tamẓiwt i tɛiwenen taǧalt ad tẓeḍ. Sakkin i ttid ɛiwen ad ffeɣ seg lḥif, tamẓiwt tssutered mmi-s n taǧalt nni am anil-igzey. Taǧalt t-uffad taḥṛaymit iwakken ad tqareɛ Tteryel at ečč mmi-s. Tenna-yas i mmi-s ad yeṭṭeḍ tabbuct n tamẓiwt akka ad yuɣa d mmi-s dɣa ur tettečč ara.




#Article 397: Hiempsal II (208 words)


Hiempsal II yella d agellid n Numidya deg uzgen amezwaru n timiḍi amezwaru uqbel Ɛisa, yemmut ɣer 60 uqbel Ɛisa.. D mmi-s n Gauda, d arbib n Yuɣurten, dɣa d baba-s n Yuba I.

Deg useggwas 88 uqbel Ɛisa., sakkin tarennawt n Sylla, imi Marius d mmi-s rewlen seg Roma i Tafriqt, Hiempsal yemmager-iten s uqader yili yebɣa aten yeṭṭef d imeḥbas. Marius yefehmen asenfaṛ ines, yerwel swaswa kan deg wakud s tallalt n weltma-s n ugellid.

Hiempsal yettwaẓẓ̣eɛ seg usadbu sɣur ugdud-is, neɣ sɣur Hiarbas, imḍebber n yiwen umur n tagelda tanumidit yettwalelen sɣur Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, imḍebber n ikabranen n Marius deg Tafriqt. Maca, deg useggwas 81 uqbel Ɛisa., Sylla yeceggaɛ Pompeius iwakken ad yeḥaṛeb akabar n Marius dɣa yerrayas asadbu i Hiempsal, ayɣef akal yemmerni sɣur yiwen amtawa yettwazmel s Lucius Aurelius Cotta.

Imi tribunus plebis Publius Servilius Rullus yesenteg isuḍaf tigranin ines deg useggwas 63 uq. S.-Ɛ., akal agi, yettufken s usakran i ugdud aṛumani sɣur Scipio Afriqi, ur yenza ara, ayen yessenker urfan n Cicero (De lege agraria, I. 4, II. 22). Ɣef leḥsab n Suetonius, (Caesar, 71), Hiempsal II yeḥkem dima ar 62 uqbel Ɛisa..

Ɣef leḥsab n Sallustius (Yuɣurten, 17), d amaru n udlis ɣef Amezruy n Tafriqt s tutlayt tapunikit.




#Article 398: Taqa (120 words)


Taqa d yiwet taddart n tmurt taqbaylit tɣiwant n At Yeḥya, deg tdayra n Uṣqif n Ṭmana di twilayt n Tizi Wezzu. 

Taddart tezga-d ar 10 km seg Aṣqif n Ṭmana ed 50 km seg Tizi Wezzu. 

Zikenni, Taqa n At Yeḥya am akkw tuddar n Yiqbayliyen ɣur-es imir-a 7 n txelajatin : 

Tafrawt – Iṣendlen – Agni n Yesɛed - Lemxarda  - At Si Ɛmara - At Buteččur ed At Ḥmed, si zik qaren as Taqa n sebɛa iwegiḍen. 

 
Llan kkuẓ (4) iderman di Taqa  :

Llant azal n 13 taliwin deg Taqa n At Yeḥya : Tala n Weẓru, Meqqucca, Agwni Ḥegini, Akhemchane, Tala n Yilef, Tala n Tirḍa, Lɛinṣer, Budmuyen, Ɛebbas, Tala Ybuba, Amcerir, Afarzal, Tala Lemxarda.




#Article 399: Vincent van Gogh (215 words)


Vincent Willem Van Gogh (ilul deg Zundert, Timura n Wadda, deg 30 meɣres 1853 - yemmut deg Auvers-sur-Oise, Fransa, deg 29 yulyu 1890), d amekla (peintre) ahulandi ay iḍefren aɣanib n deffir temsamzunt. 

Leqdicat-nnes d wid ay yezraren (influencer) mliḥ taẓuri n lqern wis 20, ladɣa s usseqdec n yiniten (llwan) iqesḥanen akked tugniwin ay yessewliwilen ul n yemnezzeh. Arma ay qrib ad yaweḍ 30 n yiseggasen ay yebda Van Gogh amecwar-nnes deg teklut, yerna amur ameqran seg leqdicat-nnes n tẓuri iga-ten deg sin n yiseggasen ineggura n tmeddurt-nnes. Van Gogh iga-d ugar n 2.000 n yiqeddicen n tẓuri, gar-asen 900 n tfelwiyin (tableau) ed 1.100 n wunuɣen (dessins) ed yibeckilen (esquisses).

D acu kan, tanefsit n Van Gogh tella tcewwel mliḥ yerna yella, seg-a ɣer da, ad t-id-taweḍ tisselbi. Deg tgara yenɣa iman-nnes asmi ay yesɛa 37 n yiseggasen, yerna asmi ay yemmut, amur ameqran deg medden llan werɛad ur ssinen leqdicat-nnes ifazen.

Arma ay d asmi ay yemmut ay bdan medden ttessnen ayen d-yejja. Ass-a, llan aṭas ay t-yettwalin d yiwen seg yinuẓar imeqranen akk deg umaḍal yerna d yiwen seg yimeqranen ay yettekkan deg ussebded n tẓuri tatrart. Ass-a, aṭas seg yiqeddicen-nnes (gar-asent tifelwiyin n wudmawen, imeẓriyen [paysages] ed tjejjigin n umagriṭij) qqlen seg yiqeddicen ɣlayen aṭas akk deg umaḍal n tẓuri.




#Article 400: Aselway n tegduda tatunsit (900 words)


Aselway n tegduda tatunsit d aɣella n Uwanak n Tagduda tatunsit seg assebded n tawuri ass n 25 yulyu 1957. Deg uzwel agi, yeḍebber adabu aselkam s unabaḍ yetsselwayen sɣur aɣella n unabaḍ. Ɣef leḥsab n umagrad 77 n Tamenḍawt tagdudant n wass n 10 fuṛaṛ 2014, yeḍebber daɣen anzaḍ aɛlayan n tidusiyin yettwassemregen.

Ɣef leḥsab n Tamenḍawt, yetwafren s afran ameɣradi srid i anna n semmus iseggasen, ayzmaynu yiwet tikkelt kan. Seg assebded n tawuri, aten-id wid yeṭṭfen amkan nni :

Burgiba dɣa Ben Ɛli sselwayen daɣen akabar deg udabu, yettwasemman Amay-Dustuṛ, Akabar anemlay adustuṛi dɣa Amsegraw amenḍawan amagday, seg azarug deg useggas 1956 ar tagrawla n 2011.

Akabar amezwaru aɣelnaẓri, Dustuṛ, yettwassebdeden deg useggas 1920 yebɣa yakan asaselgam n yiwet tamenḍawt id tḍwelen ar tanaya timeẓwit dɣa imenzayen n udabu amagday war ad ḍḍesen ar umenzay n tagelda. Akkw am Amay-Dustuṛ yexeddmen agzam deg useggas 1934 ddaw tamehla n Ḥabib Burgiba, yettkemmel ad yessenfali tabbanit ines i unhil yellan deg tawuri. Aswir n Umay-Dustuṛ yellan di Sfax seg 15 ar 18 wamber 1955 yesnezgem : 

Ɣef afermes n unhil sɣur amezdaɣ, Muḥsen Tumi yura : 
 
Ihi, imi id yettwakmer kan id yezmel Lamine Bey ass n 29 dujamber 1955 tanaḍt id yesawelen ar tafrent n Ugraw ismatteran. Mɣar sakkin azarug d tafrent n Ugraw, tanarit tasertayt n Amay-Dustuṛ yessegrew ass n 10 yebrir 1956 yeḥettem agellid ad as yinni i Burgiba ad yessileɣ anabaḍ amezwaru n Tunes tazarugt. Ihi Burgiba yeddem amazrar n isuḍaf am taggara n iglamen n tawacult taḥusinit (tanaḍt n 31 mayyu 1956) neɣ tadbelt n taɣult tusligt n umuɣ aɣarim n bey (amarud amseggas id ttwafken i akkw imaslaḍen n tawacult tabeylikalt (taɛetmanit)) daɣen taɣult n uqacuc sɣur yiwen anedbal yetxeddmen deg aɣlif n teẓraf. Charles Debbasch yura ɣef waya: 

I lmend n umulli wis sin n tuqqla ines ar Tunes, ass n 1 yunyu 1957, Ḥabib Burgiba yebɣa ad yesseɣret Tagduda, maca tazɣint n assaɣen iṛumiyen-itunsiyen id yussan seg uḥbas n tallalt n teẓraf n Fransa, yetwexxer tadyant. Ass n {22 yulyu, tanarit tasertayt n Amay-Dustuṛ tesseɣret taseɣra n imazanen n Agraw ismatteran ar tiɣimit tafeɣnamit yettwassuddsen ass n 25 yulyu. Tiɣimit tebedda af 9 h 23 deg tazeɣɣa n usgeld n leqṣer n Bardo ddaw taselwit n Ǧelluli Fares d tihawt n tafekka tadiplumatit. Aneɣlaf amezwaru Ḥabib Burgiba d imaslaḍen n unabaḍ ines, slid Becir Ben Yahmed ur llan ara d awamni, qqimen ɣef uɣalad n imaslaḍen. Imi-d yeldi tiɣimit, Fares yederrer belli imaslaḍen ilaq ad innin anta talɣa is ilaqen i unhil. Ahmed Ben Salah, anmazul n uselway n Ugraw, yenna-d tidmi ines akagi :  Awalen agi ttwasergegen sɣur tigermanin tidfirin. Af 15 h 30, Burgiba yebeḍḍa aẓmaẓ anarray n umnakel n beys, yerduten af ddell d taxendallast. Yeffuk deg tagara s taseɣrut n Tagduda:  Deg taggara, afran s unemzel yeser anhil ageldan aqdim 252 iseggasen dɣa yessebded anhil agdudan yersan ɣef Amay-Dustuṛ kan. Aylaten n bey ttwakksen-as dɣa ṣleḥen i urẓam n umerwas n Uwanak. Burgiba yekcem srid deg tiwura-s n uselway deg timeṛjiwt n tirawt n Tamenḍawt id effken sin iseggasen sakkin tumast taselwayant n unhil amaynu.

Ass n 8 wamber 1959 llant tifernin timezwura tiselwayin d timsuḍaf. Sakkin, sin isniɣesen agi ttwadrun deg unsay deg yiwen wass kan, ass n acer (lḥedd).

Seg isniɣes amezwaru, Burgiba yesɛa-d abeḥri n umalway amszarug, netta kan i d-amazwar anwarmirm. Ad yeqqim akken armi d 1974, agmuḍ ines ur yeḥbes ara ad yerni seg 91 % deg 1959 ar 99,85 % deg 1974. Armi kan ass n 10 ctamber 1974 yella wayeḍ amazwar nniḍen i ɛerden ad yesssissen mgal aselway. Cadli Zwiten, aselway n Taxxamt tilemẓit tudmist n Tunes, yesseɣret aɣtas ines deg asseɣret ar taɣemsa yili yettwaḍfer sɣur alɣu n yiwen umaslaḍ n tiddukla nni yetssumelen aɣtas n uselway ines. Am yettwarǧu, tirtit ur tettwaḍḍef ara sɣur tasmilt ad hoc. Isniɣes agi ad yilli d aneggaru acku yettwaḍfer aseggas aḍfar sɣur taseɣrut n Burgiba am « aselway ar tudert ».

Ilaq an arǧu snat n tmerwin iwakken an ẓer aneɛruḍ wis sin n Munsef Marzuqi, aselway anaffaɣ n Tamɣunt tatunsit n izerfan n wemdan, yebɣan ad yessissen mgal Ben Ɛli deg useggas 1994. Yili, ur yezmer ara ad yessegrew amḍan n izmalen yelaqen iwakken ad yettekki ar tafrent dɣa sakkin yettwaḥbes daɣen yettwagdel n upaspuṛ. Zdat isedrigen agi, ilaq ad rǧun isuḍaf imenḍawanen yetwadɣeren « s uzwel asɣasan », dɣa yeksalugen ar umagrad 40 n Tamenḍawt, i tifernin n 1999, 2004 d 2009, iwakken imazwaren nniḍen ad zemren ad ssissnen iman-nsen ar tinneflest tanafellat.

Sakkin tagrawla id gweyn ar tagellawt n Ben Ɛli, Agraw ismatteran yefren aselway n Tagduda s taqiḍuft tuffirt, ass n 12 dujamber 2011, s tigti tamagdezt n imaslaḍen ines. Mraw imazwaren ssissnen-d maca, tam ur d ssegrewen ara mraw semmus izmalen yelaqen dɣa yiwen umazwar ur yesɛa ara leɛmeṛ yelaqen, yiwen kan yesɛan tiwtilin yelaqen i tirtit. Munsef Marzuqi yettwafren s 153 tuɣac, kraḍt mgal, snat taggalin d 44 idɣaren imellalen, yesmezri aken i Fuɛad Mebazɛa yellan deg tawuri am imedzi.

Sakkin tuddma n Tamenḍawt tamaynut, adɣar yettwahel ass n 23 wamber 2014 i tafrent n uselway amaynu n Tagduda. Ass n 21 dujamber, sakkin tuzzya tis snat, Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi, aneɣlaf aqdim ddaw Burgiba dɣa aselway n Taxxamt n imazanen ddaw Ben Ɛli, yettwafren deg tuzzya tis snat s 55,68 % n tuɣac, aselway Marzuqi yegweyd 44,32 %. D aselway amezwaru yettwafrenen s umagday deg tamurt.




#Article 401: Imezzayen (189 words)


Imezzayen, imawlan n wakal n yiwen n lɛerc i yed-izzin i temdint n Bgayet am uzebgi: Seg Amsiwen deg tama n ugafa, alammi d Asif Aɛebbas ɣer wanẓul.

Ayagi dayen illan alammi d tagara n tmidi wis 19 neɣ d tazwara n tmidi wis 20.

Tamdint n Bgayet iɣef i yed-netmeslay dayi, dayen i yed-igran deg teɣremt i yessuli Naser n Walinas deg aseggas n 1067-1068, iwimi i yeqqar Nnasiriyya. 

Imezzayen bṭan ɣef qrad (tlata) n leṣnaf:

D yiwen n Rbaṭ neɣ n Tiɣremt wuɣur llant 6 Tewwura. Deg nneqma n yireqqasen n ssaɛa:

Ɣef akken i yed-tɛawadden imeqranen neɣ akken i yed-necfa, ceffu n temẓi, nekni daɣen, ɣas akken mezziyi-yaɣ, „Tilist“ akken i yas-inna wyaẓiṭ[18] „d amnaṛ“: Iffeɣ umezdaɣ n temdint tewwura ayi, iwwi-d ad iruḥ qbala kan ɣer cceɣl-is. Ur ed-iwwi ad ir nnig n webrid, ur ed-iwwi ad irr ddaw n webrid! Acku akal ɣures imawlan-is, imawlan yettaran lbal fell-as. Caṭenṭ tlufa, maci d yiwet a t-ed-iḥku yiwn d ayi,  i yed-ttawin imeqranen ɣef ayagi, ulamma d Lamir Ɛebelqader idda-d deg yiwet dey-sent. Teṭra deg Laɛzid Umɛemmer – ɣef yidis[19] n wemtiq iwimi qqaren Iḥeddaden ass-a.




#Article 402: Kulumbya (127 words)


Tagduda n Kulumbya d tamurt tameqqrant ay d-yezgan deg ugafa n Temrikt n Wenẓul. Tajumma-nnes 1,141,748 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Zedɣen-tt 47;847;177 n yimezdaɣen (Ikulumbyanen). 

Tamurt-a tesɛa ilel n Ikarbien deg ugafa. Seg utaram (lɣerb) tḥudd-itt-id Panama, seg ugafa (nord) akked wegmuḍ (ccerq), tḥudd-itt-id Venezuela akked Brazil. Seg wenẓul, tḥudd-itt-id Ecuador akked Peru. Anezwi (climat) n tmurt-a d agrawi (humide) deg wegmuḍ yerna d akiwan deg idurar.

Isem n tmurt n Kulumbya yekka-d seg isem n wawlal ameqqran Kristufuru Kulumbus neɣ (Cristóbal Colón) s tespanyulit, Christophorus Columbus s tlatinit.
Yefka isem-agi af akk timura n umaḍal amaynut yellan ddaw leḥkem n Spanya i tikkelt tamezwarut agrawli n Venezuela Fransisku Miranda neɣ (Francisco de Miranda) s tespanyulit.
Yuɣal d isem unṣib n Tagduda n Kulumbya deg useggas n 1886.




#Article 403: Mahatma Gandhi (277 words)


Mahatma Gandhi neɣ Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, d imwelleh aruḥan di Lhend, yella daɣ d argaz aserti meqqren di lawan mi d-yekker umussu  n teslullit deg tmurt-is ; ilul ass wis 2 deg tuber 1869 di Gujarat (Lhend), yettwanɣa ass n 20 yennayer 1948 di New Delhi. 

Gandhi yeqdec d abugaṭu deg Tefriqt n Wenẓul, yerna din ay yessnen lbaṭel aberkan n tmeḥyaft gar yemdanen yemgerraden deg tneṣlit. Asmi ay d-yeqqel ɣer Lhend deg 1914, yebda yekkat i lmend n uzarug n tmurt-nnes ay yellan ddaw udabu abriṭani. 

Ghandi yettwassen s ubrid i d-yewwi deg uqazem n weqmaḍ akked temsbaṭlit ala s weɛṣay aɣarim n wegdud ; aselḥu n tiẓri-a-ines deg umennuɣ yebna ɣef trekrriṭ (tarkriṭ = nonviolence), dɣa annect-a yettwaḥsab gar wayen yessawḍen tamurt n Lhend ad tḥelli timunent-is. Mzḥsub yella itteg ifadden i medden akken ad nnaɣen mgal tuṭṭfa tabriṭanit war ma sqedcen iɣil, d acu kan, leqdic-nnes deg tsertit yessaweḍ-it ad yettwaḥbes acḥal d tikkelt. Gandhi iwet daɣen akken ad iḥudd irunnilen (intouchables), wid yettwaḥeqren deg wesɣan (ddin) ahendusi. Asmi ay qrib ad tawey Lhend azarug-nnes, bdan-d yimenɣiyen imeqranen gar Yinselmen ed Yihendusiyen n Lhend, d wid aydeg mmuten aṭas n medden. 

D aya ay yejjan Gandhi ad yeg taḥemla akken ad yeḥbes yimenɣi-a, yerna iga asunded (grève) n llaẓ i lmend n waya, dɣa d aya ay yessawḍen ixṣimen-nni ad ḥebsen imenɣi. D acu kan, Gandhi yenɣa-t yiwen n umeḍḍarfu ahendusi aɣlenaẓri deg wass n 30 Yennayer 1948,acku iwala-t d netta d ssebba n beṭṭu n tmurt ɣef snat (mi d-tlul Pakistan) d tuɣalin-is ɣer deffir deg tnezmar. 

S tesnagt-is Ghandhi yeqqel d azamul n talwit ama deg Lhend, ama deg tmura n beṛṛa.




#Article 404: Taqliɛt n At Ḥemmad (1324 words)


Taqliɛt n At Ḥemmad d yiwet n temdint taqbuṛt ay d-yezgan deg tama n Msila, deg tlemmast n tmurt n Lezzayer. Ar ass-a, mazal nezmer ad nwali llsisan n kra n yexxamen, ɣas akken, kullci deg-s yessusem tura : ad as-tiniḍ werjin yeɛmiṛ wemkan-nni. D acu kan, Taqliɛt n At Ḥemmad, tella, zik-is, seg temdinin mechuṛen akk deg Tmazɣa. D tamaneɣt meqqren, yesɛan tasɣent s wazal-is deg umezruy n Yimaziɣen.

D tamdint n Teqliɛt, yellan d tamaneɣt n temnaḍt-nsen, zik-nni, ay rran d tamaneɣt n uwanek-nsen. Ḥemmad yefka-as azal meqqren i tmaneɣt-is. Yebna-as isensa igerrzen ay deg sgunfuyen yemzenza ay d-yettasen seg tmiwa ibeɛden. Teqqel Teqliɛt d tamdint mechuṛen deg tnezzawt, d d ulzuz ameqqran ay ɣer d-ttasen medden seg yal tama. 

Ḥemmad Ubuluɣin icebbeḥ-as diɣ timesgidiwin i Teqliɛt, ay yerra d tamdint n tmussni ay ɣer d-ttasen s waṭas yimassanen akken ad lemden u ad slemden deg-s. Maca, ayen icebḥen akk deg temdint n Teqliɛt, netta, d tamesgida-yines tameqqrant yakk ed xemsa leqṣur-nni ay yebna deg-s. Tamesgida tebna s yeẓra imeqqranen ay iselɣen s ljir, cebbḥen-tt s uɣanib n tmesgidiwin n Tmazɣa, bnan-as ṣṣumɛa d taɛlayant. Ma leqṣur-nni, gar-asen Leqṣer n Lumaṛa ed win n Lmanaṛ, d wid ay d-yesskanen alameɣ ay deg tella tettidir temdint-nni. Asmi teqqel Teqliɛt d tamaneɣt, teqqel d tamdint tanesbaɣurt yeddren acḥal n yiseggasen deg lehna ed liser.

Tamazɣa yezga yegguni-tt ccwal. Tagnit ay deg tella tettidir ur terkid ara s tidet. Yuɣ lḥal, deg tallit-nni, timura n Tmazɣa, imi ur jhident ara, zgant ttidirent ddaw leɛnaya n tgeldiyin timeqqranin n Wegmuḍ. Tageldit n Yibadisen, yellan naqal s ddaw n tmaɣda n Yifaṭimiyen n Maṣer, qqlen s ddaw tin n Yiɛebbasiyen n Beɣdad. D ayen ay yesserfan aṭas axlif n Yifaṭimiyen n Taqahirt. Akken ad iɛaqeb Ibadisen, yuzen-asen-d tiqbilin taɛṛabin n Banu Hilal akken ad asen-d-kecmen tamurt, ad asen-tt-rwin. Ma d Iḥemmadiyen, imi qqimen ddaw tmaɣda tafaṭimit, menɛen, taswiɛt-nni, seg yixeṣṣaren n Banu Hilal. D acu kan, tamurt-nsen kecmen-tt-id waṭas n medden ay d-srewlen Yihilaliyen seg Tunes. Aṭas seg yimerwalen-a ay iṛuḥen ad zedɣen deg Teqliɛt, tamaneɣt taḥemmadit. Asmi yemmut Ḥemmad deg 1028, d mmi-s, Lqayed, ay yulin s amkan-is. Yemɛawan ed ugellid n Tunes akken ad nnaɣen mgal n Yihilaliyen. Asmi yemmut Lqayed deg useggas n 1054, yexlef-it-id mmi-s, Muḥsen. D acu kan, imi aṭas ay t-ikeṛhen, ur d-zzin ara fell-as ttesɛa wagguren, yenɣa-t mmi-s n ɛemmi-s, Buluɣin Umḥemmed. Bdan sakin Yihilaliyen, ay d-yettwaznen deg tazwara ɣer Tunes, ad d-ttaẓen cwiṭ, cwiṭ s ataram armi ay d-kecmen tamurt n Yiḥemmadiyen. I wakken ad ten-yerr Buluɣin Uḥemmad, yesdukel iɣallen-is ed Yimaziɣen Iznatiyen n utaram, yessaweḍ ad ten-yernu deg 1059. Yuɣ lḥal, xas ma yella Buluɣin Umḥemmed d argaz yesɛan tabɣest, yezmer i yiman-is, ur yettuɣal ara deg wawal, maca yewɛeṛ aṭas yernu ur yesɛi ara ṛṛeḥma, alammi ay qqlen ula d wigad-is keṛhen-t, ttagaden-t. Yiwwas, asmi yemmut gma-s, icikk d Tanemmirt, d tameṭṭut n gma-s-nni yernu d yelli-s n ɛemmi-s, ay t-yenɣan. Dɣa, ula d netta yenɣa-tt. Gma-s n tagi, Naṣer Walennas, xas iɣaḍ-it lḥal, ur d-yessebgen ara cceḥna-is imir-n kan i Buluɣin Umḥemmed ay yenɣan weltma-s. Deg useggas n 1062, iṛuḥ Buluɣin Umḥemmad ad yennaɣ ed Yemrabḍen n Merruk. Mi d-yuɣal seg yimenɣi, yeqqim-as-d, Naṣer Walennas, deg Tesala, deg tlemmast n Lezzayer, yenɣa-t.

Yuɣal sakin deg wemkan-is d agellid n Yiḥemmadiyen. Seg wass-n, ur tufi tmurt-nsen talwit ed werkad am zik-nni. Yefreq Naṣer adabu n tmurt ed watmaten-is : yal yiwen yefka-as tama ara yeḥkem. Yerra igen s ddaw n udabu n gma-s, Lqasem. Naṣer yella yesɛa daɣen yiwen umatu iẓewren, isem-is Xaled. D netta ay d-iḥeṛṛen idurar n Zab ɣer tmurt n Yiḥemmadiyen. D acu kan, ur iɛeṭṭel ara Naṣer : yenɣa-t. Acuɣer ? Acku zzenzen-t-id icaweṛ kra ma yella ad kksen Naṣer i wakken ad d-rren Mɛemmeṛ, gma-s n Buluɣin Umḥemmed, deg wemkan-is.

Yekker yimenɣi, deg useggas n 1065, ger teqbilin tihilaliyin. Naṣer yedda ed teqbilt n Atbaj, deg lweqt ay deg mmi-s n ɛemmi-s, agellid n Tunes, Temmin Umuɛezz, yedda ed teqbilt n Riyaḥ. Yeffeɣ Naṣer Walennas ad yennaɣ mgal n mmi-s ɛemmi-s deg tmurt n uneggaru-yagi deg 1084. Yewwi yid-s imsisan : kra d aɛṛaben, kra d Imaziɣen iznagen, wiyaḍ d Iznatiyen. Yennuɣ Naṣer yiwen yimenɣi meqqren deg Sbiba, sdat n Qayrawan, maca yettwarna imi t-xedɛen Yeznatiyen-nni yeddan yid-s. Yemmut-as-d din, i Naṣer Walennas, gma-s Lqasem, yernu din ay n-yejja diɣ igerrujen-is. ḍefren-t yexṣimen-is alammi d tama n ḥuḍna, syin ula ɣer tmaneɣt-is, Taqliɛt. Dɣa zzin-as-d i temdint : ur qbilen ad as-ttixren alammi ay yeqbel Naṣer ad asen-yefk imuren imeqqranen seg wakal n tmurt-is. Yegra-d Naṣer, yesṛuḥen amur ameqqran seg yiɣallen-is, ed yiserdasen ay as-d-yeqqimen. Widen, ɛyan, werɛad sgunfan seg wayen akk ay d-yeḍran yid-sen, i wakken ad qablen acengu nniḍen. Dinna ay ifuṛes tagnit Lmuntaṣir Uxezrun, yiwen Umaziɣ aznati (n utaram) akken ad d-yekcem s akal n Yiḥemmadiyen. Yeṭṭef tamdint n Msila, idurar n Zab ed tama n Riɣa. Naṣer Walennas, terra-t tmara yeqbel ad isemmeḥ deg tmiwa-yagi akken ad d-ters lehna deg tmurt. Ma d Lmuntaṣir Uxezrun, ur tent-iɣellet ara : akken kan yekcem ɣer Msila, yenɣa-t Ɛaṛus Usindi, yellan d amesnabaḍ n temdint-nni, d ameddakel n Naṣer.

Asmi ay iwala Naṣer Walennas tageldit-is tezga tettidir deg tugdi ed umihi inuda ad yesserwel tamaneɣt-is. S wakka ay yefren Bgayet deg useggas n 1067 neɣ 68. Yuzen ɣer din iserdasen-is, yessebded dinna yiwet n temdint umi isemma ɣef yisem-is, Nnaṣiriyya. D acu kan, medden meṛṛa kemmlen ssawalen-as Bgayet. Ma d Taqliɛt, xas terna teqqim acḥal d iseggasen teɛmeṛ, mazal llan widak iḍemɛen ad d-teɣli ger yifassen-nsen. Ɣur Yiḥemmadiyen, Taqliɛt-nni yellan d agerruj ɣlayen, yeɣli imir-n wazal-is, d Bgayet ay cebbḥen deg umur-ines.

Igelliden Iḥemmadiyen n Bgayet mgarraden deg tikli ay d-wwin. Llan wid yessawḍen ad as-d-rnun akal i tgeldit-nsen, ḥerzen ayen sɛan zik, rnan swesɛen-t. Llan wiyaḍ, ttwarnan, aṭas n wakal ay jjan i yexṣimen-nsen. Deg yiseggasen iqerben 1130, yennuɣ ugellid At Ḥemmad, Yeḥya Uɛebdelɛaziz ed ugellid n Tunes, Mulay Ḥasan. Teḍra-d twaɣit ed ugellid aḥemmadi. Yerẓa Mulay ḥasan iɣallen iḥemmadiyen, ihudd-asen tizemmar akken ur ttankaren. Ixeṣṣaren imeqqranen ay asen-yefka d tiɣrit ur nzeggel. Amek ? Asmi ifuk wemgaru, Uɛbedleɛziz yezder deg ṭṭlaba ar iri. Tadrimt ulac, awi-d ayen a yerr, yebra-d i waṭas n yiserdasen-is seg yigen : acku ur yesɛi ara s wayes ara ten-ixelleṣ. Yuɣal simmal ɣer deffir. Aɣerya ad d-yelhu ed uɛiwed n lebni n tmurt-is, netta yefka-tt i jjiḥ. Akessar d akessar... d agrireb ay isehlen. D agus-a yefsin ay d-igan abrid i teqbilin n Banu Hilal ad d-kecment s izuɣar n Lbuṛj Buɛṛiṛij, Mejjana ed Ɛin Taɣruḍt. Yewweḍ Uɛebdelɛaziz alammi ay isemmeḥ, deg useggas n 1148, ula deg Teqliɛt, mbeɛd mi d-yesserwel seg-s igerrujen n Yiḥemmadiyen ay d-yeqqimen din.

Ṛebɛa yiseggasen sdeffir waya, deg 1152, kecmen-d Yimaziɣen Imweḥḥden n utaram ɣer uwanek aḥemmadi. ṭṭfen deg-s aṭas n wakal. Igen n Yiḥemmadiyen, yefcel seg yemgura iɛeddan, ur yessaweḍ ara ad yeṭṭef tuṭṭift sdat yiɣallen ijehden n Yemweḥḥden. Dɣa deg useggas-nni s timmad-is ay wwḍen Yemweḥḥden ɣer Bgayet. Teɣli tmaneɣt-a ay deg yifassen-nsen. Ma d tawacult n Yiḥemmadiyen terwel ɣer tmaneɣt-is taqbuṛt : Taqliɛt. Dɣa d win kan ay d amḍiq aneggaru ay deg zemren ad ffren, ad kemmlen ad qablen acengu. Akken ad ḥudden iman-nsen seg Yemweḥḥden, dduklen ed teqbilt tahilalit n Atbaj. D acu kan, d tadukli ur ten-nessemneɛ. Din din : yettwanɣa uɣella n teqbilt-a, Dahas, ttwarnan Yiḥemmadiyen. Teɣli temdint n Teqliɛt ger yifassen n Yemweḥḥden. Rewlen-d akk wid ay tt-izedɣen. Kecmen yiserdasen imweḥḥden : tamdint rwin-tt, ayen ufan wwin-t. Seg wass-nni ay teqqel Teqliɛt d tamdint yexlan. Ur yeɛriḍ ḥedd ad tt-yebnu s wadda tikkelt nniḍen. Ayen ur ihudd ara ufus n wemdan, ihudd-it zzman, kemmlen-as waman. Ass-a, ala kan d ṣṣumɛa ɛlayen n tmesgida tameqqrant n temdint ay d-mazal tebded. Deg 1980, qqlen yexriben n Teqliɛt n At Ḥemmad, ttuneḥsaben seg yisekta iqburen n umaḍal ay teḥrez tuddsa n Unesco. Isekta n Teqliɛt n At Ḥemmad seg yigerrujen n Tmazɣa. D inagan ara asen-yemmalen amezruy-nsen i warraw n Tmazɣa, tasuta deffir tayeḍ.




#Article 405: At Ḥemmad (244 words)


At Ḥemmad, neɣ Iḥemmadiyen, d yiwet n twacult tamaziɣt n tallit talemmast. Isem-nsen yekka-d seg umaraw-nsen amezwaru, Ḥemmad, ay yeddren deg leqrun wis 10 d wis 11 mbeɛd Ɛisa (Slam n Ṛebbi fell-as). Deg useggas n 973, d Imaziɣen n Ikutamen ed Yeẓnagen ay iɛawnen tawacult n yigelliden Ifaṭimiyen, yellan deg Tunes, akken ad nnaɣen mgal n Yiɛebbasiyen yellan deg Maṣer. Asmi ttwarnan Yiɛebbasiyen, yefka Lmuɛezz, agellid afaṭimi n Tunes, i Buluɣin Uziri adabu, n Tmazɣa seg Tunes alammi d talemmast n Tmurt n Ldzayer. Imir-n ay yerra Buluɣin tamdint n Ldzayer d tamaneɣt i tgeldit-is : imir-n ay d-tlul twacult n yigelliden Iziriyen.

Yuɣ lḥal, deg tallit-nni, timura n Tmazɣa, imi ur jhident ara, zgant ttidirent ddaw leɛnaya n tgeldiyin timeqqranin n Wegmuḍ. Tageldit n Yibadisen, yellan naqal s ddaw n tmaɣda n Yifaṭimiyen n Maṣer, qqlen s ddaw tin n Yiɛebbasiyen n Beɣdad. D ayen ay yesserfan aṭas axlif n Yifaṭimiyen n Teqahirt. Akken ad iɛaqeb Ibadisen, yuzen-asen-d tiqbilin taɛṛabin n Banu Hilal akken ad asen-d-kecmen tamurt, ad asen-tt-rwin.

Asmi yemmut Ḥemmad deg 1028, d mmi-s, Lqayed, ay yulin s amkan-is. Yemɛawan ed ugellid n Tunes akken ad nnaɣen mgal n Yihilaliyen. Asmi yemmut Lqayed deg useggas n 1054, yexlef-it-id mmi-s, Muḥsen. D acu kan, imi aṭas ay t-ikeṛhen, ur d-zzin ara fell-as ttesɛa wagguren, yenɣa-t mmi-s n ɛemmi-s, Buluɣin Umḥemmed. Bdan sakin Yihilaliyen, ay d-yettwaznen deg tazwara ɣer Tunes, ad d-ttaẓen cwiṭ, cwiṭ s ataram armi ay d-kecmen tamurt n Yiḥemmadiyen




#Article 406: Iziriyen (333 words)


Iziriyen d yiwet tadinastit n yigelliden imaziɣen deg tallit talemmast. 

Deg useggas n 996, d Badis, mmi-s n mmi-s n Buluɣin Uziri, ay yeqqlen d agellid n uwanek n Yiziriyen. Tuɣ imir-n, yufa-d lḥal, baba-s ed jeddi-s jjan-as-d akal d ameqqran, yewwet seg Ṭrables, deg Libya, alammi d ataram n Lezzayer. Dɣa yebḍa Badis adabu n temnaḍin n tmurt-is ed leɛmum-is. Ḥemmad ed Irufet, yefka-asen ataram, ma d Felful yefka-as tama n Ṭrables. Tegra-d ɣer Ḥemmad Ubuluɣin, yefren yiwet n tama ara yeḥkem, deg wenẓul n Temsilt akken ad yebnu tamaneɣt-is. Amḍiq ay yefren yezga-d ger n Temsilt ed yidurar n Ḥuḍna. D yiwen wegni ɛlayen ay deg yezmer ad yebnu tamdint ur nettishil ara i yicenga ad tt-awḍen. Dɣa, deg useggas n 1007 ay yebda ibennu tamaneɣt-is. Yernu, ɣef wakken ay d-yenna Ɛebderreḥman Uxeldun (Ibn Xeldun), sin yiseggasen kan ay yekka deg lebni-s.

Sin seg leɛmum n Badis, Muḥsen ed Zawi, ur qbilen ara timura ay ten-id-iṣaḥen. Dɣa dduklen ed Felful, amesnabaḍ n Ṭrables, kkren-d mgal mmi-s n gma-tsen. D acu kan, Ḥemmad, ɛemmi-s-nni iḥekmen ataram, iɛawen Badis akken ad yennaɣ mgal n leɛmum-is ay as-d-yeqqlen d icenga. Yessaweḍ Ḥemmad ad ten-yernu. Yuɣ lḥal, seg wasmi ay d-kkren ɣur-s leɛmum-is, yeqqel Badis ur yettamen yiwen. D annect-nni ay t-yejjan ad yerr mmi-s, xas d agrud n setta yiseggasen kan deg leɛmeṛ-is, d agellid ɣef tmurt,. Akken ad yesteɛṛef ugellid n Yifaṭimiyen s wannect-a, yefka-as Badis tamdint n Qsenṭina ed weḥric seg wakal n ɛemmi-s-nni ay t-iɛawnen, Ḥemmad.

Dɣa seg yimir-n ay iḥulfa Ḥemmad yexdeɛ-it mmi-s n gma-s, yernu yekkes-d tamurt-is seg udabu n Badis. Deg useggas n 1015, yekker wemgaru ger Badis ed ɛemmi-s, Ḥemmad. Xas yemmut Badis, ikemmel wemgaru ger Yiziriyen ed wid yeddan ed Ḥemmad alammi d aseggas n 1017. Deg useggas-nni, gan Yiziriyen amtawa ay deg bḍan tawacult-nsen ɣef snat n terbaɛin : Ibadisen (imɛiwnen n Badis) wwin tama tagmuḍant n Tmazɣa (Tunes), ma d Iḥemmadiyen (imɛiwnen n Ḥemmad) wwin tama tutrimt (agmuḍ ed tlemmast n tmurt n Lezzayer).




#Article 407: Aferrun (112 words)


Yekka-d seg uẓar (FRN).Ur d-nufi ara anamek n yisem-a akked unamek n uẓar-is. Llan kra n yimsulɣeyen i aɣ-d-yennan isem-agi aferrun yekka-d seg yisem Ferɛun (ferrun = ferɛun).  Qqaren-as akka acku yewɛer, Yeǧhed yerna yeḥṛec aṭas. Amdan ara t-yewten, neɣ ara t-yjerḥen ad as-yeṭṭef cceḥna; mkul mi ara yeḍgger acebbak-is deg yilel akken ad d-igmer iselman, ad as-t-yefri akk.Aferrun d amsuṭṭaɣ. D netta akk i iḥercen gar yiɣersiwen n umaḍal.Yesɛatafekka d taɣezzfant.Yezmer ad yaweḍ deg teɣzi alamma d sebɛa n yiɣallen(talata n lmitrat d wezgen), ma deg taẓeyt yettaweḍ 150 n kilu. Aqerruy-is iṛuḥd imdewer, ur yesɛi ara aqamum. Yettemcabi aṭas ɣer uddenfil.Ini-s amyiɣiɣden neɣ d aberkan; tikwal iseɛɛu ccwami d ticebḥanin.




#Article 408: Amagraman (300 words)


Amagraman (Dittrichia viscosa) d imɣi i iḥemlen imeṭqan i ittuneddan. Imusnawen n yimɣan, qqaren-ed, belli seg Lazi i yed-itac, akken ad yaɣ iri n yilel agrakal akked Lurup neɣ amadal s umata. Imɣi n umagraman ittak anzi ɣer imrɣi n buzduz akked taysa: Ad ttwalem seg yiwet n txerrubt i d-cetlen. Iferrawen n umagraman d izegzawen. Tizegzewt nsen ḥemqit. Mayella d talɣa nsen truḥ s teɣzef. Teɣzef i yettuferyen afray n tuɣmest deg usettu n umdan.

Amagraman d awal uddis [taguri tamawalt tuddist] i d-ikkan seg sin n wawalen: “ amager + aman: Imɣi i ittmagaren aman. Taseklut [Ccejra] n umagraman qqaren-as medden Tamagramant. Awal ayi n umagraman d amay amgut. Amedya: amṭiq ayi yeṭṭuqet s umagraman. Amgraman ur t-itett ara lmal; am uɣelmi, am ibeqri am umaɛiz.

Amagraman d imɣi i iḥemlen imeṭqan i ittuneddan (: Entomogame, autogame

Ayagi n yemr-it-id s ɣur:   . 

Amagraman d imɣi amdawi: Ifer n umagraman iskussum tiggest (lğerḥ). Zik, m’ara yigges yemdan, deg lexla - anida ur yelli la qej la waj - ama d argaz neɣ d tameṭṭut, d aqcic neɣ d taqcict, ad iḥuf tamagramant, ad ilwu iferrawen-is, imir ad ten-ig ɣef tiggest i t-yuɣen, ad t-en-iṭṭef tiremt - akken meqqer tiggest: azal n 5 alammi d 10 n dqayq -, imir ad tekkusem tiggest ines. 

Assexzen, ssexzanent medden d taɣebbart, neɣ d asɣar (n iferrawen).

Aẓar n umagraman iddukul akked dwa n iḥetwacen. Ttdawin medden yes tusut, turin, tgr.

Rret tamawt: Imɣi ayinni ur d-iwwi ara ad t-sxedment lxalat i irefden akked tiden i iṣṣuṭuṭen. Siwama yella s ladan n ṭbib, ɣef usexṣer ines, am tuzla n tɛebbut, iriran akked ingaẓen n wammas.

Tamagramant maci d imɣi i yeggaren iẓuran lqayen. D ayesmi qqaren madden i wayen yak ur nesɛi lmeɛna neɣ ur nebni yara ɣef ṣṣeḥ: Iẓuran n tamagramant.




#Article 409: Aneẓruf Ameqran (343 words)


Aneẓruf Ameqran d taneẓruft tameqrant akk deg umaḍal, yezga-d deg ugafa n Tefriqt yerna tajumma-ynes tesduri ugar n 8 n imelyunen n ikilumitren imkuẓen. Aneẓruf Ameqran yeṭṭef akal seg Aṭlas aneẓraf arma d Tafriqt taberkant, seg Ugaraw Aṭlasi arma d Ilel Azeggaɣ. 
Timura ay yettekkan deg-s nitenti d Amerruk, Aneẓruf Utrim, Dzayer, Tunes, Libya, Maṣer, Sudan, Ččad, Nijir, Mali akked Muriṭanya. Aneẓruf Ameqran d tama yekkawen mliḥ (ala 100 n yimilimitren n wenẓar ay d-yekkaten deg-s yal aseggas), dɣa d aya ay t-yejjan ad yeqqim d akal ur yeṣliḥen i tfellaḥt. Imezdaɣen-nnes zemren ad sfullḥen ala cwiṭ-nni n wakal ay d-yezzin i yimedwen (oasis), anda ay ttɣelliten tizdayin n tini. Ala d Nil ay d asif ameqran ay izegren Aneẓruf.

Talemmast ed wegmuḍ (ccerq) n Uneẓruf Ameqran d akal ɛlayen, yeccuṛ d idraren yerna llan deg-s ula d kra n yiburkanen (Ahaggar, Ayer ed yedraren n Tibesti). Deg ugafa (nord) n Uneẓruf Ameqran, yella yejdi (Areg Ameqran) ed yizuɣar imeqranen yeccuṛen d aẓru. Azal n umelyun ed wezgen n medden ay izedɣen deg Uneẓruf Ameqran. Zik, amur ameqran seg-sen llan d imeksawen imessukal, maca ass-a, tenqes tkessawt deg tama-a, yerna amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen zedɣen deg yimukan irekden. Tamguri (industrie) icaɛen deg Uneẓruf Ameqran nettat d assuffeɣ n upitṛul ed lgaz.

Aṭas n yeɣsan n yiɣersiwen akked tɣawsiwin ay sqedcen yemdanen n zik ay d-ufan deg Uneẓruf Ameqran, yerna aya yesskanay-d tama-a tella d tazegzawt yerna tejjujjeg deg-s tmeddurt deg tallit n uzarmezruy. Deg tallit n Wegles (Antiquité), Aneẓruf Ameqran yebda yettkaw. Imezdaɣen-nnes ay yellan, naqal, kessen iysan (iɛudiwen), jjan iɣersiwen-a, yerna bdan kessen ileɣman deg lqern wis sin qbel Ɛisa. Seg lqern wis 7 sdeffir Ɛisa, d asawen, bdan Yinselmen keccmen-d ɣer Uneẓruf Ameqran yerna skecmen amur ameqran seg yimezdaɣen-nnes ɣer Lislam. Deg lqern wis 19, Ifṛensisen ssawḍen ad ṭṭfen cwiṭ, cwiṭ, akal n Uneẓruf Ameqran, yerna deg 1894, uwḍen arma ay d Timbuktu (deg Mali). Deg 1884, Ispenyuliyen ṭṭfen akal n Uneẓruf Utrim. Deg 1911-1912, Iṭalyaniyen ṭṭfen Libya. Maca gar 1951 ed 1976, akk timura n Uneẓruf Ameqran ffɣent-tent tmura tuṛufiyin.




#Article 410: Game of Thrones (219 words)


Game of Thrones (Game of Thrones) sulfent-i-d imarikaniyen aseggas n 2011 sɣur George RR Martin. Iḥekku-d taqsit n twaculin yebɣan ad ḥekmen Westeros, gar At Stark, Lannister, Baratheon. Jon Snow i ikecmen ar taɛsast n yiḍ (Night's watch). Akk d Daenerys Targaryen di Essos, tesɛa 3 les dragons. yellis n uselway n Westeros i-t-wanɣan. nettat tebɣa ad tuɣal tageldunt.

Taqsit agi tesɛa aṭas les personnages, gar-asen:

At Stark: Ticin di Winterfell

Eddard , tameṭṭut-is Catelyn, arraw-nsen : Robb, Sansa, Arya, Bran, Rikon. Akk d Jon Snow.

At Lannister : Tiicin di Casterly Rock

Tywin akk d warraw-is : Cersei, Jaime, Tyrion. Cercei akud Jaime sɛan arraw-nsen stufra; Joffrey, Myrcella akud Tommen

At Targaryen: ala Daenerys id mazal

Daenerys akk d gma-s Viserys, babat-sen d Aerys II, sɛan gmat-sen ameqqran yemmut; Rhaegar. yella daɣen Mestre Aemon di taɛsast n yiḍ (La garde de nuit).

At Baratheon:

Renly akud sin wetmaten imuqranen; Robert, Stannis yesaa yellis Shireen.

At Tyrell : di High Garden

Olenna, mmi-s d Mace, arraw n mmi-s d Margaery akk d Loras.

At Greyjoy: The iron islands 

Balon greyjoy. Arraw-is d Theon akk d Yara. Yesɛa gma-s amecṭuḥ; Euron.

At Mormont:

Jorah akk d baba-s Geor. Tella yiwet taqcic tameẓyant isem-is Lyanna.

Wiyaḍ:

Melissandre, Sandor Clgane, Missandei, Khal Drogo, Mestre Pycelle, Mestre Luwin, Sam Tarly, Brienne n Tarth.




#Article 411: Tasnilest tamatut (499 words)


Iwakken ad negzu amkan n tutlayt d wazal-is deg tudert n umdan, ilaq ad nwali assaɣen yellan gar tnekta-ya (tutlayt) akked snat n tnektiwin-nniḍen : ameslay d temetti. 

Ameslay, yemgarad ɣef tutlayt. Imusnilsen (Ferdinand de Saussure; Noam Chomsky), ttwalin ameslay am wakken d tazmert tabyulujit i d-yettawi yal amdan deg wallaɣ-ines mi ara d-ilal. Tazmert-a, terza anagar amdan; ur tt-nettaf ara ɣur imudduren-nniḍen. Talɣiwin n taywalt ara naf ɣur kra n yimudduren, am tzizwa neɣ ibkan, mgaradent aṭas ɣef tulmisin n umeslay n umdan. Daɣ, ameslay d tagrumma n yilugan imadwanen s i yezmer umdan ad isayli tutlayin, ama d tin n tyemmat neɣ tid-nniḍen.  

Am wakken i nwala, d tazmert n umeslay (ilugan imadwanen) i d-yettaken tutlayt neɣ tutlayin (ilugan ikmamen). Ihi, ameslay d yiwen, yezdi akk imdanen. Ma d tultayin, ugtent, mgaradent akken mgaradent tmettiyin d yigduden i tent-yessawalen deg umaḍal. Tutlayt d allal n taywalt gar yimdanen n yiwet n temɣiwant tamutlayt.  

Amdan ɣas yettawi-d yid-es tazmert n umeslay mi ara d-ilal, ur issawaḍ ara ad issayli tutlayt ma ur d-yekkir ara gar yimdanen. ɣef wakka ur tezmir ad tili tutlayt war ma tella tmetti. Am wakken daɣ tudert tinmettit teqqen ɣer tutlayt acku s tutlayt i ttmsefhamen medden; s yess i dssenfalayen assaɣen yettilin gar-assen. Yal agdud, meẓẓi neɣ meqqer, ila tutlayt i yessemras d allal n taywalt.  

Ugten tutlayin deg umaḍal akken ugten yigduden d temɣiwanin i tent-yessawalen. ɣas azalnsent yiwen, ur telli tin i d-yekkan nnig tayeḍ, tutlayin-a mgaradent deg waṭas n tulmisin : amḍan n yimsiwlen, asermres d twuriwin, aẓayer, atg.

Imusnilsen mgaraden kra deg wayen yerzan amḍan i d-ttaken ɣef tutlayin yellan deg umaḍal. Llan gar-asen wid i d-yefkan amḍan n 5.000 n tutlayin ; wiyaḍ ssulin-t armi 7.000. Tamgardaya tekka-d seg wugur i d-nettmagar mi ara nebɣu ad neg tilisa gar tutlayin neɣ gar tantaliwin. Deg wanida kra n yimusnilsen ttwalin snat neɣ krad n tantaliwin icudden ɣer yiwet n tutlayt, wiyaḍ zemren ad walin snat neɣ krad n tutlayin yemgaraden.

Nezmer ad nebḍu tutlayin n umaḍal almend n umḍan n yimsiwlen-nsent. Llant tid i ssawalen nnig n mya n yimelyan n yimdanen : tamandarint, taglizit, taspenyulit, tahendit, atg. Akken llant tid i ssawalen kra n 1000 neɣ ddaw n 1000 (kra seg tutlayin n Wamaẓun d Tefriqt). Gar sin n yixfawen-a, ad naf tutlayin-nniḍen : talmanit (95.000.000), taṭelyanit (80. 000.000), takatalunit (10. 000. 000), tabaskit (800.000), atg. Ma d tutlayin ur nli wid i tent-yessawalen, ttusemmant d tutlayin yemmuten.

Deg tadra-nsent, tutlayin akk d timawin. Almend n yinmezrayen, tira d tamaynut deg umezruy n talsa; tennulfa-d i tikkelt tamezwarut deg Sumer (Asamer Alelmmas) azal n 5.000 n yiseggasen aya. ɣas akken tira tettak afud i tutlayt, d allal n tneflit n yidles d tɣerma, drus n yiɣerfan i tt-yessemrasen. Dɣa amur ameqqran n tutlayin qqiment ar assa d timawin. Gar yigduden yessemrasen tira, llan wid i tt-isekcmen deg yal taɣult (tasekla, tasreḍt, tussna, taywalt, atg.). ɣur wiyaḍ, ad tt-naf anagar deg kra n taɣulin kan.  




#Article 412: Tadayṛa n Yiwaḍiyen (174 words)


Tadayṛa n Iwaḍiyen tezga ḍi Tawilayt n Tizi Uzzu deg nufa  di Tamurt Taqbaylit n Lezzayer. 

Yerna adeg aɣella ines (chef-lieu) yezga deg Taɣiwant n Iwaḍiyen

Tiɣiwanin Tadayṛa n Iwaḍiyen :

Amezdaɣ : 55 377 medden di ².

Taɣiwant n tmurt leqbayel. Tezga deg twilayt n Tizi-wezzu.

Daïra  : OUADHIAS

Tjumma : 139,5400 km²

Amezdaɣ : 55 377 hab

Densité : 397 hab/km²

Tjumma : 32,8300 km²Amezdaɣ : 15 771 medDensité : 480 med/km²Isem : Awadhi ,Tawadhith .Iwaḍiyen s ujemmal tuweḍ ɣer 3283 hectares neɣ 32,83 km²(yikilumitren imkuẓen)Tella ḍi tenat sfa N Tizi n Tlata, At Douala atuk Agwni Ggeɣran, 
Taleqqayt tafellayt ar 425 mitra
sexagésimales
                                   Latitude: 36° 33' Agafa 

                                   Longitude: 4° 4' 60 Agmud.décimales
                                   Latitude: 36.55° 
                                   Longitude: 4.08333° 

Adeg aɣella : El Hed Iwaḍiyen

El Hed Iwaḍiyen machi tadarth iwaḍiyen. Ziɣ ḍeg souk ḍaya.

Tjumma : 39,3000 km²

Amezdaɣ : 14 435 hab

Densité : 367 hab/km²

Tjumma : 26,9000 km²

Amezdaɣ : 15 479 hab

Densité : 575 hab/km²

Tjumma : 40,5100 km²

Amezdaɣ : 9 692 hab

Densité : 239 hab/km²




#Article 413: Asfugel n tefsut (296 words)


Di Tmurt n Leqbayel ak d waṭas n temnaḍin n Tmazɣa, zik-nni, sfugulen medden mi d-tewweḍ tefsut. Amagger n tefsut d ansay, yella assaɣ ak-d ugama. D tagnit ideg d-mmalen medden tumert-nsen imi d-yuki ugama seg umeɣrud n tegrest, ama d imɣan, ama d ibeɛɛac. Ansay-agi d asfillet i lɣella ak-d uǧuǧǧeg n tudert.

Deg umenzu n tefsut, ttenkaren medden di tafrara akken ur yeggan ara sseɛd-nsen. Uqbel alluy n yiṭij, ad yebdu umeslay d unecreḥ. Tilawin ad serḥent i teɣratin akken ad d-sakint igerdan yeṭṭsen, yerna ad kksent tuggdi i yezgaren, ladɣa qqarent-asen ɣer umeẓẓuɣ : « Beccreɣ-ken ay izgaren tekcem tefsut, teffeɣ ccetwa. » Di kra n temnaḍin, ass-ni, ttagant tilawin timmi s yimeṭṭi n uzezzu neɣ tkeḥḥilent s taẓult.

Tilawin d yigerdan ttarran tiɣrifin d tḍellaɛt, tteṭfen abrid ɣer lexlawi d tɣezza akken ad maggren tafsut. Ad leḥḥun ad cennun:

Qqaren daɣen:

Dinna di lexla, tilawin gemrent-d imɣan, igerdan tteksen-d tijeǧǧigin d texlulin. Kra seg yemɣan ad ten-sewwent d tiremt n wass-nni, kra niḍen ḥeǧǧbent-d yis-sen tistan akken ur asent-ittruḥu ara uyefki. Igerdan, ad ṭṭfen tixlulin-nni i d-kksen ad selfen yis-sent i wallen-nsen imir ad as-inin:  Mi ɛyan di tikli d ccnawi d unecreḥ ad qqimen ad ččen tiɣrifin-nni ay uwin yid-sen. Imir ad d-uɣalen s axxam.

Tagella i d-ttagan medden (ama i yimekli, ama i yimensi) deg umenzu n tefsut temgarad si tembaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Sewwayen-d tiɣrifin neɣ taḥlult n tbidest d uwren iwumi qqaren « tabazint » neɣ « tiẓemmi ». Sewwayen-d seksu s uderyis, am wakken i d-sewwayen daɣen acewwaḍ s uyefki. Acewwaḍ-agi s uyefki d tgella swayes sfilliten ad yimɣur uqḍar, yerna ad ifukti uyefki. Nezmer daɣen ad d-nebder « aɣrum bu-leḥwal » neɣ « bu-yisufar », ttarran-as daxel aṭas n yimɣan: lebṣel, ticcert, ifelfel, nneɛneɛ, felgu, timejja, zzeɛter...




#Article 414: One Piece (296 words)


Taqsiṭ n One Piece t-ḍerru di ddunit taneɣlant, anda tarakalt d igarawen ig-meqqṛen deg-s, di ddunit-agi ak iflisen ttidiren di tallit ideg ssaramen ad sɛun tilelli, tallit imi qqaṛen  awetay awṛaɣ  n yeflisen . Tallit-agi tebda s uselkem n Gol D.Roger, agellid n yeflisen. Uqbel ad itt-w-aselkem, Roger iberreḥ i ddunit meṛṛa akken medden ak zemren ad ṛṛuḥen ad an nadin-n ɣef igerrujen ak id icellef deg tudert-is,  One Piece . Ɛeddan 22 iseggasen ɣef lmut n Roger taɣedweft n One Piece tett-enqaṣ cwiṭ cwiṭ, aṭṭas ig hebsen anadi fellas, llan maḍi wid id-yeqqaṛen akken ur yelli ara s tidet. Ɣas aken iflisen simal ttuɣalen d amizi ( danger ) ɣef yegduden n ddunit, Tagrima ( la marine ) tuɣal d tamlilt uggar mgal ẓedmat-nsen ɣef ukkuz n illelen ( East Blue, North Blue, West Blue, ak d South Blue ).

Dagi i tebda teqsiṭ n Monkey D.Luffy, yiwen ilemẓi  i yebɣan ad y-illi d amseḍfar n Roger, aka i yebda assikel deg igarawen, amesɣaṛu-ines ad yesɛu Aɣlam n yeflisen akken ad i-ṛṛuḥ deg ubrid n Grand Line, anda aṭṭan n  temdeswelt tameqṛant n iflisen  mazal teqqaz uger, amekan ideg ɛummen iflisen imeqṛanen i yettnadin ɣef One Piece.

Luffy iffeɣ-d si tegzirt ideg yella akken ad yuɣal d aflis seg asmi yemlal netta d Shanks bu uceččuy azeggaɣ, aɣella n uɣaṛabu n iflisen id-iɛeddan ɣef tadart-is, d netta it id-iselken seg yiwen n lweḥc n lebḥuṛ, almi ig sebbel afus-is di tedyant-agi. Seg ass-nni Luffy itt-rrusu tacacit is-yefka Shanks aken ad zemlen tagalit is-yexdem Luffy aken ad y-uɣal d-agellid n iflisen. Tacacit-agi d tin ara yuɣalen d azamal n uɣlam-ines. Di lawan-agi  ideg y-ečča yiwen n ugumu n cciṭṭan i yellan ɣer Shanks, agumu n Gum Gum ( agumu ukawčču ) i y-erran tafeka-s d alwawaḍ.




#Article 415: Bill Gates (354 words)


William Henry Bill Gates III (ilul-d ass n 28 tuber 1955) d amdan n iweẓla ameqran amarikani, imsefti, ameskar d amuhak. Deg useggas 1975, Gates akked Paul Allen azdisbedden Microsoft, id yuɣalen d taṛmist n iseɣẓanen i iselkimen tameqqrant ugaren tiyaḍ nniḍen deg umaḍal. Deg umecwaṛ ines ɣer Microsoft, Gates yeṭṭf-d tanarit n uselway, aselway anemhal amatu (CEO) d aɣella amasdag n iseɣẓanen, daɣen d netta yesɛan aṭas tafulin ugaren wiyaḍ nniḍen armi d mayyu 2014. Gates has authored and co-authored several books.

Seg useggas 1987, Bill Gates yekcem deg wumuɣ Forbes n imdanen inesbuɣar ugaren wiyaḍ nniḍen daɣen d netta yella d amdan anesbaɣur ugaren wiyaḍ nniḍen gar 1995 d 2007, daɣen tikkelt nniḍen deg useggwas 2009, daɣen seg 2014. Gar 2009 d 2014, tabaɣurt ines t-ulli seg 40 imelyaṛen ar ugar n 82 imelyaṛen. Gar 2013 d 2014, tabaɣurt ines terna s 15 imelyaṛen. Bill Gates ass-agi d anesbaɣur ugaren wiyaḍ nniḍen deg umaḍal s tabaɣurt n US$90 imelyaṛen ar waggur n ɣuct 2016.

Bill Gates d yiwen aṛemmas n tagrawla taselkimant ugaren wiyaḍ nniḍen. Gates yeṭṭef-d aṭas n izaɣanen ɣef tataktit ines n iweẓla, ayen ttwalin medden am mgal anemsazwar, tannayt deg kra n tijṛa sseɣretentt aṭas izrafen n tinefra.  Ticki deg umecwaṛ ines, Gates yeḍfar aṭas n isenfaren imuhaken, yefka-d tallayt tameqrant n iṣurdiyen i aṭas n tuddsiwin n ṣeddeq akked ahilen ussnanen n unadi seg Tasbeddit n Bill  Melinda Gates, ttwassebd-d deg useggas 2000.

Gates ittixer leqdic ines n aselway anemhal amatu n Microsoft deg waggur yennayer 2000. Yeqqim d aselway, dɣa yesnulfa-d amahil n aɣella amasdag n iseɣẓanen i iman-is. Deg waggur n yunyu 2006, Gates yesseɣret ad iɛeddi seg wakud ummid di Microsoft ar wakud amuran, daɣen ad iɛeddi ar wakud ummid di Bill  Melinda Gates Foundation. Yessekki s ufesnan tiwura ines ar Ray Ozzie (aɣella amasdag n iseɣẓanen) d Craig Mundie (aɣella n unadi d tasuddest). Ozzie later left the company. Gates's last full-time day at Microsoft was June 27, 2008. Yettixer leqdic ines n aselway n Microsoft, deg waggur furar 2014, yeṭṭfed amahil amaynu n asemtar n tisnetwilin iwakken ad yedhel CEO amaynu Satya Nadella.




#Article 416: Ned Stark (1992 words)


Eddard Ned Stark d awudem n talalest deg adlis amezwaru n George R. R. Martin. Yettwassidef deg uṛuman A Game of Thrones (Tirart n usgeld s teqbaylit) n useggwas 1996, Ned d lord n Winterfell, agadir aqbur deg the North (Agafa) n umenẓaw alalas n Westeros. Ɣas d awudem axatar n uṛuman d assezgi amazrar, tuttya n lḥala n Martin yerzan Ned t-uɣaled d amyewwat i imeɣriyen n uṛuman akkw d imeshanayen n umazrar n tliẓri.

Ned yettwurar sɣur Sean Bean deg tasemhuyt tamezwarut n ussezgi HBO n umazrar, Game of Thrones, dɣa imi d ameẓyan dɣa ilemẓi sɣur Sebastian Croft d Robert Aramayo deg tasemhuyt tis sḍis. Bean yettwafren i tafrayt n Saturn Award i Asegbar n tiliẓri i yifen wiyaḍ nniḍen dɣa i Scream Award i Asegbar n Fantasy i yifen wiyaḍ nniḍen i tamlilt is. Netta d isegbaren nniḍen n umazrar ttwafranen i tafrayt n Screen Actors Guild Awards i amlazmar agermaw sɣur taɣlamt deg amazrar n Drama deg useggwas 2011.

Deg A Game of Thrones (1996), Ned Stark d aɣella amaẓul Wuxxam Stark dɣa d ababat n sḍis igerdan. Tabuṣult n taɣɣadt deg taḥkayt, lebɣi ines : ad yeqqim mebɛid n tiddas tuḥdiqin daɣen d aralwiwaḍ deg ṛṛay-is n takdit akkw d iseɣ. Anamek n isem n twacult ines, Stark, d azbu mgal asurdu n taɣɣadt, maca tilisa ines simal ttwaweḍent deg uṛuman. Yufa-d iman-is d asegbar axatar deg usenfuffed n tiddest tasertayt n King's Landing, imenɣiyen n  Ned am anamek ines n iseɣ jebden-t ar igiten imeggufsa n tanefrut. Deg lxiḍ n taḥkayt, yebedda ad i ẓer tixxutert n taɣɣadt d amsefham iẓrilew iwakken ad iḥaz tuffɣa yelhan, dɣa di taggara iḥettem ad yexter gar taɣellist n twacult-is d waxeddim n ayen yellan d azref.

Sean Bean yenna-d ɣef awudem ines, d argaz yelhan yetɛerḍen ayen igerrzen deg wulemmas n usgufsu, d aḥutiw beṛṛa n waman, innum yella deg ugafa di Winterfell anda imezdaɣen llan d iḥerfiyen akkw d isekrawanen, dɣa yufa-d iman-is deg wumkan anda imezdaɣen ttleLeɛben timlilin d tixdeɛin … d argaz n imenzayen yetɛerḍen ad yeḍḍef tadukli. D assikel id yexdem alama takdit ttawey-t-id ar uɣelluy ines di taggara.

Publishers Weekly yegred tamawt deg useggwas 1996 af, ɣas tagermant taṣeḥḥit n Ned Stark deg tasenbert tasertayt, ula d kra n tasḍa neɣ nneyyat yelhan ur yezmer ad yeḍḍef tagelda ddaw aḥkam. Seg aflali ines amezwaru, Ned yettwaglem am asaḍ ahaggar dɣa yettwassidef iwakken ad yilli d wul n taḥkayt. S mraw semmus n iɣfawen yettwarun i ṛṛay-is, ugar n yal awudem deg uṛuman nni, yettwassissen am awudem agejdan deg umazrar, dɣa asinaṛyu agejdan n A Game of Thrones, tamuggit di King's Landing, yettwaḥka seg iẓri-s. Deg London Review of Books, John Lanchester yura-d belli ayen yellan ɣef Ned yettwaxdem i usserbeḥ n tibeddit i tamella, seg anamek ines ujhid n iseɣ. Tettawin imeɣriyen iwakken ad amnen belli Ned ad yilli d awudem agejdan n umazrar, maca di taggara netta yella, seg amnad aseklan, asaḍ ukellax akelsak. Sakin yeḥaṛeb iwakken ad qqimen netta d tagelda deg ubrid n tuzzma alama d asebter aneggaru n uṛuman, afran ayiwen kan yesɛa iwakken ad yessukkes tawacult ines ilaq ad yeǧǧ iseɣ ines ɣef tama; d ayen yexdem, maca yettwaxdeɛ ɣas akken. The New York Times, isemma-d asselkem n Ned d amyewwat, deg useggwas 2011 yenna-d belli aṛuman yella mechuṛ iwakken ad yefk awudem imgerrez aṭas armi imeɣriyen ttwaɛqilen deg-es. Deg yiwet tadiwennit i Entertainment Weekly, ameskar George R. R. Martin yenna-d ɣef taɣda agi tucciḍt :

David Benioff, anfaras aslekman d amaru n ussezgi HBO, yenna-d i Entertainment Weekly belli imi-d yeɣra aṛuman nni :

Deg yiwen azɣan n Baelor n aḥric n umazrar Game of Thrones, James Poniewozik yura-d deg Time belli asselkem n Eddard Stark d anzeryan i taḥkayt akkw d isental ines dɣa akkw ayen iḍeffeen, maca d meta-izen daɣen i umeɣri : Ur teddem ara kra am aken d ulkin d agi. James Hibberd n Entertainment Weekly yessekned belli akellex n umeshanay aken ad yesnezgem belli Ned d asaḍ dɣa nɣant, d waya id yerran taḥkayt n umazrar agi d amaway. Yura-d belli aɣayan ameqran macci d lmut n Ned Stark, maca anwi i d asaḍen n tidett n Game of Thrones, Hibberd i ssekned belli amazrar yeslummes ar tasuta tamaynut n iɣellaten, deg umaẓlay tarwa n Stark maca daɣen Daenerys dɣa ahat Tyrion. Yenna-d:

Aken yeɣser deg A Game of Thrones, Eddard Ned Stark d mmis wis sin n Rickard Stark, Lord n Winterfell. Iseggwasen uqbel n uṛuman nni, asusam d imsetḥi Ned ilemẓi yettummager di Iɣzer n Arryn sɣur Jon Arryn. Deg tallit nni Ned yuɣal d ameddakel aqrib n Robert Baratheon, amekkasu ar Stormlands d yiwen ward nniḍen n Arryn. Robert yettuṛeggmen agaran i Lyanna weltma-s n Ned, maca uqbel ad yezmer ad yezwej yid-es, Ageldun amekkasu Rhaegar Targaryen (izewjen yagi dɣa yesɛa sin igerdan ilemẓiyen) yerwel s Lyanna. Baba-s n Ned akkw d Brandon, gma-s ameqran ṛuḥen ad ẓren Agellid Aerys II Targaryen dɣa ssuteren as ad yeslelli i Lyanna ; win i semman medden Agellid Aderwec yesselkem Rickard d Brandon, acku yettwaqenneɛ belli Stark tettnadin ad atakren. Ned, Robert d Arryn ssenkren tanekra, s tallalt n Axxam Tully s zzwaj n Ned d Catelyn Tully. Ned i ṛuḥ ar umgaru azekka nni n zzwaj ines.

Deg imenɣi aferray n Trident, Robert yessiweḍ ad yeneɣ Ageldun Rhaegar dɣa yemewziwez igen n Targaryen. Robert yettwajreḥ deg imenɣi, ihi Ned yeddem anzaḍ dɣa yekemmel tikli ɣef tamaneɣt. Deg King's Landing, Ned yufa-d belli Axxam Lannister — seg taxeddɛit — yesswaɣ tamdint nni, dɣa yenɣa Aerys d akkw tawacult tageldant. Yegehem sɣur tanegzart timseɣlit, Ned yeṛuḥ ad yekkes asutel n Storm's End, agadir n Baratheon, dɣa sakkin, yeɛred ad yessukkes Lyanna maca yufa-ttid tettemtatt ; awalen is ineggura d Ṛeggem-iyid Ned. Ned yuɣal ar Winterfell s mmi-s afɣul Jon Snow ; deg taswiɛt nni, Catelyn ttarwed i mmi-s d amekkasu n Ned, Robb.

Sḍis iseggwasen sakkin taggara n uɣewwiɣ n Robert, Balon Greyjoy, Lord n Tigzirin n Wuzzal, yesseɣret azarug seg Asgeld n wuzzal. Ned yeɛiwned Agellid Robert ad i ssens Aɣewwiɣ n Greyjoy. Balon yessers imrigen, dɣa amekkasu ines ayiwenand, Theon, yettwawey ar Winterfell am amummu d ameṛhun n Stark. Ned yeḍebbe Agafa i tẓa iseggwasen nniḍen uqbel tidyanin n tawezlant.

Imi id yebdda A Game of Thrones, Catelyn tesselɣu Ned belli aselmad (mentor) ines Jon Arryn yemmut, dɣa belli Agellid Robert yebɣa ad as yefk i Ned axeddim aqbur n Jon : Afus n Ugellid. Yeɛjeb imi-d yella mebɛid seg tiddas n tanefrut, Ned ikukra ar aqbal i usefk agi arma id yeḍḍef tabṛat n taǧǧalt n Arryn, tecikk belli d Axxam Lannister i s yefkan acecci i argaz ines. Umbeɛd Ned yeqbel axeddim i ammesten n Robert. Dɣa yessikel deg Wanẓul ar King's Landing s yessi-s Sansa d Arya. Catelyn ticki t-ussad ar tamaneɣt s uffir, ddaw leɛnaya n umeddakel is n tagerda Petyr Aḍad Amecṭuḥ Baelish, iwakken ad-as-t-ini i Ned belli yella aneɛruḍ n timenɣiwt mgal mmi-s ameẓyan Bran. Aḍad Amecṭuḥ yessaki-d ahareb aqdim n Ned mgal Axxam Lannister imi id as yenna belli d Tyrion Lannister i d amli n tafrut yettusseqdecen sɣur aneḍlib ameckuk. Simal yenneɣjaf si tiddas tisertayin di tibeddit, agaran Ned yettixer seg axeddim ines imi Robert yesseḥṛes iwakken, agrud aneggaru n Aerys i tteddren mazal, tilemẓit Daenerys Targaryen, ad tettwenɣ di lɣurba. Gar waya d wayen niḍen, Catelyn ttawey ameṛhun Tyrion ar Eyrie, dɣa i tiɣawyin Jaime Lannister yenṭeg ɣef Ned dɣa yejarḥ-it s tewɛaṛt deg yiwen wubriḍ uqbel netta d yessi-s kkren ad ṛuḥen ar King's Landing. Imi Robert i ṛuḥ ad i ẓer Ned yettwajerḥen, yerr-as axeddim n Afus.

Agaran Ned yefhem belli akkw imekkusa n Robert s Cersei d iklucen, d agmuḍ n assaɣ amegdul gar nettat d gma-s iken Jaime. Ticki, Ned yecikk belli Arryn yettwacecci iwakken ad tffer tidett. Ned yesseqqabel Cersei s ayen id yufa dɣa yefka-yas-d talemmiẓt ad terwel di lɣurba s igerdan is. Uqbel Ned ad as yini i Ugellid, Robert yettwajraḥ asmi d-i-ṛuḥ ar agmar dɣa uqbel ad yemmet yesemma-d Ned am amastan n Tagelda, deg waxeddim n ameksaw alma mmi-s Joffrey ad yaweḍ ar leɛmeṛ ad yuɣal d agellid. Ned yebeddel tiɣest n Robert, yebeddel isem n Joffrey s amekkasu uzrif inu iwakken axlaf nni ad yilli d amenzar. S leqṣer deg tawernaḍt, Ned yegguma aṭas n issumren iwakken ad yemmerni adabu ines, wala ad yefren ad as yefk aqacuc i gma-s n Robert, Stannis Baratheon, iwakken ad yilli d agellid. Cersei, imil, tessiɣreyed  Ned, dɣa Aḍad Amecṭuḥ aḥṛaymi yessuter i imḍiren n uɣaram ad sseḥbsen Ned wala Cersei. S akkw tawacult is tettwenɣ, Sansa d tameṛhunt d Arya di tarewla iman-is, Ned yettwatthem s tixeddaɛt. Ufan-d anmekni ayyes  Ned ad yemneɛ dɣa ad yettuceggaɛ ar lɣurba ma yeqbel ad yesseɣret d agellid uzrif. Imi yugad i yissi-s, Ned yexddemed taseɣrut tanagdudt n tixeddaɛt ines. Amunner Joffrey, imil, yenɣat ɣas.

Deg waggur n Yennayer 2007 targa HBO t-uɣa-d izerfan iwakken ad tessezg amazrar n Martin i tiliẓri. Imi timekkest tettuceggaɛ ar afares deg useggwas 2009, taseɣrut n casting tis tamezwarut tella af Sean Bean deg dduṛ n Eddard Stark. Tagensest tamezwarut tettwassihel deg useggwas 2011, Los Angeles Times yesemmi Ned n Sean Bean the strong and brooding headliner of the series (itri ujhid d abuḍḍlam n umazrar).

Am deg tawezlant, Ned yetwaɣemmeḍ deg Baelor, aḥric wis tẓa n tasemhuyt 1. Ula d angar n awudem is yettuhenna i tazrirt ines deg taɣerfa n taḥkayt nni, James Hibberd n Entertainment Weekly yenna-d ticki belli

Hibberd yessared taseɣrut n unfaras n amazrar belli tadyant agi tesbeḍ amedya amuggi i umazrar : ula d yiwen yesdari. Ye semmi waya d igi amenci iban ad yesɛerreq imeshanayen id ḍefren amazrar i Bean, maca ad yejbed widak i wehmen sɣur takayist n waya. Anfaras aslekman d ameskar D. B. Weiss yenna-d i Entertainment Weekly deg useggwas 2011 belli imi netta d Benioff xedmen pitch n umazrar i HBO, tadyant belli awudem agejdan Ned yessefray ad yemmet d afakul amsenzi i nitni.  Mi i wala targa nni tenɣa iwudam igejdanen deg imazraren nniḍen yesɛan lerbaḥ, yenna-d belli tanila nsen n umihi yessuli aswir s waṭas ma yiwen awudem yella deg addad yeqenḍen ma teẓriḍ awudem nniḍen deg addad am winna, ur d-yettidir ara. Aselway n ussihel n HBO Sue Naegle teqbel, tenna-d belli lmut n Ned yerra-d amazrar ameɛjab ugar uqbel, t-erna-d belli Aṛuman yeččur s iɣayanen d takunin. Hemmleɣ-d takti agi nebɣa ad nessegrew iwudam, dɣa ict n twala t-umneḍ iwudam n asaḍen, tekkseḍ tuga ddaw iḍarren nsen.

Deg tasemhuyt 1, Agellid Robert Baratheon yessutred i ameddakel is aqbur Eddard Ned Stark, Lord n Winterfell dɣa Amḍif n Ugafa, ad yeqbel axeddim n Afus n Ugellid sakkin yemmut aselmad nsen, Jon Arryn. Ur yekna ara ɣer tasertit neɣ tiddas n tinefra, Ned yeqbel mgal tiɣest ines, yeqbel daɣen iwakken ad yaf amek yemmut Arryn. Robert yettweneɣ seg mi Ned yefhem belli kraḍ igerdan id yesɛa s Cersei ababat nsen d gma-s iken n tagellidt, Jaime. Uqbel Ned ad yezmer ad yesseḥbes Cersei dɣa ad yers gma-s n Robert, Stannis, ɣef asgeld ; yettwaxdeɛ sɣur Aḍad Amecṭuh, dɣa tagellidt tessḥebsit i tixeddaɛt. Ned yexeddmed taseɣrut tanagdudt iwakken ad yessukkes yissi-s seg urfan n Cersei, maca Joffrey yeɣemmeḍ-it ɣas.

Deg aḥric Axxam n tasemhuyt 6, Bran yewala timeẓriwt n Ned (Sebastian Croft) imi d agrud s weltma-s akkw d gma-s, Lyanna d Benjen. Deg aḥric agi, Amerẓaw n Tagallit, Bran d anagi n imenɣi gar Ned ilemẓi (Robert Aramayo) d amnay Ser Arthur Dayne di Taneḍḍaft n Lfeṛḥ. Di taggara, deg aḥric aneggaru Ibeḥriyen n Tagrest n tasemhuyt, Bran yewala Ned yettwassemlil s Lyanna (Aisling Franciosi) yettmettaten deg taneḍḍaft. Tessgall-as ad yeḥudd mmis (n nettat)—Jon Snow.

Bean yetwasemmad i Saturn Award i Best Actor on Television dɣa Scream Award for Best Fantasy Actor i dduṛ ines. Netta d imaslaḍen nniḍen n taɣlamt twasemman i Screen Actors Guild Award i Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series deg useggwas 2011.

	




#Article 417: A Game of Thrones (101 words)


A Game of Thrones (s teqbaylit Tirart n isgelden) d adlis amezwaru n tamɛayt A Song of Ice and Fire yettwarun sɣur George R. R. Martin. Adlis, s iswaɣ n tallit talemmast, yeffeɣ-d deg lqem aneṣli deg useggas 1996, dɣa deg lqem taṛumit gar useggas 1998 d 1999. Yerbeḥ arraz Locus n uṛuman amaway n fantasy deg useggas 1997.

Adlis yettwagzem s sin imuren sɣur umaẓrag Pygmalion :

Sin isunaḍ agi twassuffɣen-d  deg tiddi tamecṭuḥt sɣur umaẓrag J'ai lu :

Sin isunaḍ nni ttwamlilen deg yiwen ableɣ yettwasemman Le Trône de fer, l'intégrale 1 iwakken ad yecbu ar uṛuman aneṣli :




#Article 418: World of A Song of Ice and Fire (210 words)


Amaḍal asugnan aydeg iṛumanen A Song of Ice and Fire n George R. R. Martin dran yetwagzam s aṭas imenẓawen. Amur ameqran tedra deg umenẓaw n Westeros, neɣ Sat Tigeldiwin. Yesɛa idetti tẓat tigeldiwin (Agafa, Tigzirin n Uzzal, Akal n Isafen, Iɣzer, Akal n Ataram, Akal n Tizekkiwin, Targa, Akal n Tikuṛunin, d Dorne).

Agafa (The North) d azgen n ugafa n Sat Tigeldiwin dɣa yettwaḥkem sɣur Axxam Stark seg Winterfell. Agafa d ameqran qrib anect sḍiset tigeldiwin nniḍen ttwassemlilent, maca yesɛa cwit kan n imezdaɣen. Martin yequren Agafa s Tikust. D asemmiḍ deg Ugafa; yekkat wadfel s uskir maca deg akkw tisemhuyin, yili tigersin ttwaglament am aken d tiweɛṛanin macci d kra. Talast tagafat n aẓi d New Gift, azawag n wakal n 80 km yettwammestenen sɣur Taɛessast n Iḍ.

Winterfell d tamdint tazaykarawant n axxam Stark, inebbaḍen n ugafa n Westeros. Yettwabnu sɣur Brandon Stark « ameṣkaw » (), d yiwen n igelliden imezwura n Ugafa, d netta yellan deg taneṣlit n Aɣrab. Ɣas anezwi n Ugafa, imezdaɣen n Winterfell ur tenyenɣa ara usemmiḍ acku tamdint tettwabnu ɣef tala n waman aḥmayan yettɛaddan gar iɣerban sɣur anagraw amegzu n iẓeṭwan n tregwa|, i ttsseḥmun aka tizeɣwin d tixxamin dɣa yetssinef tagrist n lqaɛa, deg unebdu am deg tagrest.




#Article 419: Taɣerdayt (125 words)


Taɣerdayt d yiwet n tɣiwant n ugezdu (tawilayt) n At Weɣlan (Mẓab) deg tlemmast n Lezzayer. 

Tamedint-agi tezga-d ar 600 n ikilumitren ar tama n wadda n Lezzayer tamanaɣt. Taɣedayt d nettat i tamanaɣt n tmurt n Waɣlan (Mzab).

D yiwet n temdint yettwasnen aṭas, dɣa tettiki deg wayen umi qqaren Patrimoine de l'Unesco, di lmaɛan-as d yiwet n temddint yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umaḍal.  

Tezga-d ar 600 n ikulimitren ar tama n wadda n Lzzayer tamanaɣt, ar 190 n ikilumitren ar tama n wadda n Leɣwaṭ, ar 190 n ikilumtren ar tama n usammer n Wergla.

Isem n tɣardayt yussa-d si tmeslayt n Tmaziɣt (Tumẓabt). Isem-ines yettwaɛreb ar Ɣardaya.

Imezday n temdint agi, neɣ ar tura ssawalen-as s yisem-is amaziɣ ad zwiɣ ɣel Tɣerdayt 




#Article 420: Ɛumar Xaleq (315 words)


Ɛumar Xaleq (s trumit : Omar Khaleq (Izem)), ilul-d ass n 28 ɣuct 1990 g iɣrem n Ikniwn g Ṣaɣṛu anẓul ugmiḍ n tmazɣa tutrimt. Issnta taɣuṛi nnes g tgrumma tanmlant Bugafer dffir as iddu s usinan n usmuttg Ɛssu Ubaslam illan g Ikniwn (ⵉⴽⵏⵉⵡⵏ). Ismd Yizem tiɣṛi nnes g usinan n usmdi Bu-mal n Dads allig yumẓ Bakaluṛya nnes g tskla d tussniwin tinafganin g usggwas n 2011. Izem am netta am qaḥ imezrawn n usammer wenna d yiwin Bakaluṛya nnes iqqn t inn ad immuddu afad ad ifukku taɣuṛi nnes g tsdawit, Izem netta idda s Amur n wakuc (Marrakech ). Istey Ɛumar Xaleq asaka n umezruy d tɣerma allig digs yumẓ turagt nnes asggwas n 2015. Yamu Yizem g mayd igan tirsal irar d iman i Umussu Adelsan Amaziɣ g wayaw n Umur n wakuc isbdd as aḥmmaṛ, iddeɣ ntta d yan sg imeɣnasen ixatarn n Umussu adelsan amaziɣ sg temẓi nnes (ikka g umussu n inelmadn d tweɣni n Ayt Ɣiɣuc). Aya ayd yudjan Izem ad ittnaɣ af tmaziɣt s idammen nnes.

Tadggwat n wass n usiḍyas 23/01/2016 ittut Yizem d imeddukkal nnes dat n tsdawit s ifassen n icenga n tmaziɣt (winna ittinin i iɣfawen nnsen gan imezrawn n tgdudt taɛrabt taṣḥrawit/ Ljumhuriya Lɛarabiyya Ṣṣaḥṛawiya). Zrin kan wussan idrusn ffɣen yiman tafgga n Yizem acku ittunbar s ijenwiyn d tkuba d mayd akw igan amrig n wuzzal ass n 27/01/2016.

Ass n 28/01/2016 yuder Yizem g iɣrem nnes Ikniwn gr idurar n Ṣaɣṛu g wakal n imarawn nnes d ayt mas iẓẓeln iṛumiyn g isggwasn n 1933 1934.

ass n 5/03/2016 ittuga usmmekti n wass wiss 40 n tmettant n Yizem g Ikniwn manen nn akw imeɣnasn n Umussu Adelsan Amaziɣ ad sefsisn xf tawja n imeqqzi. Iffeɣ d yan udlis igan amud n tmdyazin assaɣ nnes IⵣM ismun kullu timedyazin ittyarun af Ɛumar s tmaziɣt d tfranṣiṣt d teɛrabt.




#Article 421: Neǧma Tafat (149 words)


Neǧma Tafat (neɣ Nedjma Tafat s trumit) d yiwet n tmedyazt n Ǧerǧer ittwassnen s yisem n Ǧamila Taferka deg yiseggasen izrin. Tebda asurif-is amenzu deg tira n yisefra aseggas 1999 s tedwilt n tmedyezt war tilas i d-yetttheggi yal ddurt umekfaḍu Muḥend Taferka deg usadrar n tmaziɣt brtv. 

Neǧma Tafat d yiwet n tmeṭṭut ifkan azal meqqren i usefru iččuren d leḥnana akked tayri zeddigen, tamedyezt-is d lɛinser n thuski af uya i tḥuza aṭas n yemdanen i d as-isellen di lawan-nni s ttawil n tiliẓri d umaṭṭaf n brtv.

Neǧma Tafat isem-is aḥeqqani Ǧamila Saɛad tlul di buɣni, deg yiwet n twacult isɛan sebɛa tullas am wakken hekkun di tmucuha tiqburin. Tessufeɣ-d sin yedlisen s tmaziɣt s yisem n Ǧamila Taferka (tiregwa n nnfiḍ) deg useggas 2006 ar tezrigin le savoir deg Tizi-wezzu, wis sin (Af yiri n usigna) deg useggas 2014 ar tezrigin tira di bgayet. 




#Article 422: Aɣyul n wureɣ (343 words)


 d yiwen n ungal i yura umyaru amaziɣ Afulay (Apuleius) deg uwines wis sin seld tlalit. Yettuneḥsab d ungal amezwaru maḍi yakk deg umezruy n talsa. Yura t  s tlatint.

Ullis i d-yeddan degs yettales-d (iḥekku-d) ɣef yiwen n ilemẓi iwumi qqaren Lusyus (d isem uymaru s yiman is) i yunagen ɣer tmurt Igrigiyen ɣef kra n ccɣel, yuɣ lḥal Lusyus a d awnaf aṭas, ira (iḥemmel) ad yegzu u ad innekcem g kra yellan, akken i iteddu yettnadi armi yurem (yeɛreḍ) ad yekcem deg lumuṛ n ssḥur d wid i ten ixeddmen, dɣa yessen dd yiwet n tmeṭṭut, d taqeddact n umdakel is Milu uɣur yerza, tezdi ten tayri kra n wussan deg uxxam nni, akken armi d yiwwas teɛreḍ ad t tɛiwen s ukerrer akken ad yuɣal d igider ;  maca i twenza tamcumt, yuɣal d aɣyul, ihi din i dd bdan yingazen is d icaliyen is n leɛtab akked wid i dd yemlal gar imakaren, iqettalen, imeksawen, iɛebbaden n yilluten, imeṛkantiyen d wiyaḍ ; ayen ur nfukk armi tetterra tillut Izis (d tillut tamaṣrit)  ɣer ṣṣifa s tanaṣlit n wemdan. Deg teqsiṭ, akken yella deg tfekka n uɣersiw bab n 4 n iḍarren, allaɣ n Lusyus yeqqim d win n wemdan kan, daymi yessaweḍ ad dd yedlu ɣef ayen yeffren deg tmetti, cceṛ akk yettmaggan ideg ilaq ad yettekki tikwal netta s yiman is,  yerna mannect d abrid i yewweḍ ɣer yimi n lmut, s twenza kan ig sellek. Ihi d tilufa iwumi yeḥḍer i d-yewwi deg wullis is anda i yesserway tiqsiḍin d tmucuha iwumi isell daɣen ɣer wiyaḍ ssya ɣer da. Taxatart gar asent d tin n Psici (Psyché) d Cupidu i dd iḍehren i tekelt tamezwarut deg udlis a syin tuɣal terna ɣer tmitulujit taqburt. Aɣanib n umeskar yeččur d asaran; s kra la d yettales, yettarra kulci ɣer yir tawenza i t yeṭṭafaren anda yekka send ma ad fakkent fell-as. Dɣa di tagara yuɣal d axewni ameqqran ibedden i tillut 
i d-t-isellken seg yir tumelt  i gkaber aṭas n wayyuren.

Taɣbalut : ablug n Samir Tighzert, 




#Article 423: Anzaren (Gogol) (130 words)


Anzaren, d tullist i yura umyaru arusi Nikolaï Gogol ; d yiwet seg wayen yettwassnen nezzeh gar yeḍrisen-is, teffeɣ-d deg useggas n 1836 deg wammud iwumi isemma Tullisin n Saint-Petersbourg. Yella yura-tt gar 1832 d 1835.  Di tazwara ugin-as-tt ad tt-yessiẓreg deg uɣmis n Umsiked n Musku, acku nnan-as d taqsiṭ ur nemɛin ur d-njebbed aṭas n imeɣriyen. Maca yesswaeḍ yessufeɣ-itt-id deg yiwet n tesɣunt (Amiran), di tuber 1836, uqbel ad tt-yesdakkel deg yiwen n wammud akked tiyaḍ am: Akebbuḍ, Aɣlad ameqqran n Nevski neɣ Ussan n umeslub.
Deg tullist-a iḥekku-d umeskar ɣef yiwen unawur i d-yekker yiwwas ṣṣbeḥ yufa-d anzaren-is ulac-iten, d wayen akk i d-yemmuger d iɣeblan syin d asawen.
D tullist yettusuqlen  yakan ɣer teqbaylit sɣur Samir Tighzert ; zemren imeɣriyen ad tt-afen deg uzeṭṭa n Internet.




#Article 424: Xalil Ǧebran (148 words)


Ǧebran Xalil Ǧebran (s taɛrabt : جبران خليل جبران) d amyaru alubnani, yella d amedyaz, d ameklaw ; ilul ass n 06 deg yennayer 1883 di Bacari (Lubnan), yemmut ass n 10 deg yebrir 1931 di New York ; yura s taɛrabt d tneglizit maca yettwassen ugar s udlis-is Nnbi i yura  s tneglizit deg useggas 1923.

Xalil Ǧebran yella d amasiḥi, iɛac acemma deg Tuṛuft, maca tuget n tudert-is tɛedda di Marikan. Ma deg tira ayen iss i d-yufrar d tiktiwin-is yettnadin dima ɣef tlelli d umaynut akked tuffɣa si “leqwanen ireṣṣan”, seg wayen icudden ɣer ddin d kra n wansayen iqbuṛen i yessenqed deg idrisen-is ; yuɣ lḥal d ayen i yeǧǧan adabu  aɛetmani deg lawan-nni ad s-yesserɣ adlis-is Tirwiḥin timɛaṣiyin, di Beyrut, gar medden, akken ara yexḍu i ubrid i d-yewwi, maca netta ikemmel kan armi d-yeǧǧa lexyar deg tsekla tamaḍlant.

S taɛrabt

S tneglizit




#Article 425: Naǧib Meḥfuḍ (218 words)


Naǧib Meḥfuḍ (s teɛrabt : نجيب محفوظ) d amyaru amaṣri, ilul di Lqahira ass n 11/12/1911, yemmut daɣ din ass n 20/08/2006. Yella d anaggal maca yura daɣen imagraden yemxallafen, ladɣa deg tfelseft, ɣer tama n wugar n 40 wungalen d wammuden n tullisin. Deg useggas 1988 yewwi arraz Nobel n tsekla ɣef lǧal n tlata wunagalen-is icudden gar-asen iwumi qqaren tamakuẓt n Lqahira(1- Gar snat n ssṛayat- 2- Ssṛaya n lxiq-  3- Lḥuma n Ssukkariya ) anda d-yewwi ɣef tudert di Lqahira, tamanaɣt n Maṣer. Ar tura d netta kan i yewwin arraz-a gar wid yettarun s teɛrabt, yerna ula deg Tefriqt d yiwen seg imezwura ur neggit.

Naǧib Meḥfuḍ deg tuget n yedlisen-is yettawi-d s umata ɣef tmetti tamaṣrit i yesleḍ s telqey akked d umezruy n tmurt-is, ladɣa deg tallit n Iferɛunen. Maca yettwassen daɣ ɣef tira-s icebḥen, tebna ɣas in’as ɣef ubrid n teẓrilewt (réalisme), maca tegget deg-s tesnalfa (poétique) d teɣmi tarumansit.

Deg useggas n 1995 wten-t  sin irebraben islamẓriyen i iɛerḍen ad t-nɣen s lmus ɣef lǧal n yiwen wungal mucaɛen i yura di 1959 nni : Arraw n taddart-nneɣ ; imi tuɣ llan lecyax i d-yeftan belli ameskar  yestehza deg-s ɣef Rebbi, ihi sskfren-t rnan sḥellen idamen-is, maca yemneɛ, yejreḥ kan, ma d irebraben-nni ttuɛedmen s tmettant sɣur udabu n Maṣer.




#Article 426: Don Kicuṭ (656 words)


Don Kicuṭ n Manca d ungal i yura umyaru aspenyuli Miguel de Cervantes deg sin yeḥricen (amenzu yeffeɣ-d deg useggas 1606, wis sin deg useggas 1616). Ungal-a yettuneḥsab d win i d amezwru yakk deg tsekla tatrart ɣef leḥsab n tɣara n tira-s d wudem iss i d-yedda deg-s wullis. Yewwi-d deg-s umeskar ɣef yiwen wergaz akken bu-nneyya, iwumi qqaren Don Kicuṭ n Manca ,  asmi iɛewwl ad yeg am yemnayen iqbuṛen, imi d isaṭṭen  iɣef yeɣra deg tektabin. Ameskar yenna-d dɣa seg tazwara : Don Kicuṭ yeɣra yeɣra deg teqsiḍin-nni armi icuf iqerru-s, meḥsub yemxell, ihi iɛedda ad yeḍfer abrid-nsen, ulamma tuɣ tɛedda tallit n yicaliyen am widak.

Akken ad yefhem yiwen taqsiṭ n Don Kicuṭ ilaq ad iẓer acu d ungalen n  « temneyt taḥewwast », anda teffɣen imnayen akken ad d-fdun wid akk yettwaḥeqren ɣas ma ur ten-ssinen, iwakken kan ad sbedden lḥeqq u ad d-beyynen tabɣest-nsen. Azgen deg-sen ttawin-ten-id  kan d timucuha deg tallit-nni tanammast, maca Don Kicuṭ i iselben si tɣuri-s, yerra-tt d tidet, iɛewwel ad yeg am nutni, ad d-yerr taɣdemt i lɣaci. Yessufeɣ-d ihi aɛudiw-is ihezlen akk iwumi isemma Rusinant (Rocinante s tspenyult), yekkes-d asekkin d waɣer  i yellan din deg uxxam tuli-ten tɣebbart seg wissen anwa zzman,  takurazt  d wayen akk yettiḥwiǧ umgara  deg lawan-nni ; syin yessawel-d i yiwen n lǧar-is yeččuren d nneyya daɣ am netta ɣas ma di leɛqel-is yella, qqaren-as Sancu Panza, iḥemmel inzan aṭas, d win i yextar ad yili d amɛiwen-is deg icaliyen-is, imi akken i ten-sɛan yemnayen iqburen, yerna winna ɣef uɣyul i yeṭṭafar deffir.
Yuɣ lḥal imnayen iqburen i yettḥaka, yal wa tettili tin i iḥemmel, iɣef yettxemmim m’ara yili deg imennuɣen d unadi n lexlawi ; ihi ula d Don Kicuṭ yextar yiwet kan akka n tfellaḥt tameɣbunt din deg taddart, yerra-tt d tin d « tarfiqt ixemmimen-is », isem-is Dulsinya (Duclinea s tspenyult). Syin ata yebda ihi acali deg lexla, yettnadi w’ara d-isellek ; netta s nneyya-s yetthummu kan, ur yeẓri ma s tidet i yeḍra kra, ma ilaq ad d-iger iman-is neɣ ala, maca itemmeɣ ; dɣa yal tikelt yettaf yeɣleḍ deg leḥsab-is, yeggar iman-is deg wayen ur t-nerzi armi yeṛwa tiytiwin. Di tilawt, kra din yettenbeddal gar wallen-is seg wakken yuḍen, am tikelt mi yekcem deg yiwen usensu n wedrar, yufa din timesdurar yenwa-tent d yessi-s n sslaṭen ukud i ilaq ad yissin amek ara yelḥu, ihi ula d din ixelleṣ-itt. Daymi taqsiṭ-is tessaḍsay nezzeh, tugart imi aɣanib n Cervantes yebna ɣef usaran , ahat ulac lemtel-is deg tira. Ɣas in’as d ayen i t-yeǧǧan mucaɛ, maca yeččur daɣen d tamusni lqayen n wawal, inzan d tengalin i d-yettuɣalen daxel n wullis agejdan, ladɣa deg idewenniyen n Don Kicuṭ d Sancu Panza i yettekttiren deg wawal, acku ula d netta yettekka deg tedyanin akk i d-mmugren.

Annect-a yakk yerra ungal-a  yeṭṭef amkan meqqren deg tgemmi taseklant tamḍlant, imi ula d kra n yismawen izeddiɣen kecmen deg tutlayin tuṛufiyin uɣalen d awalen n menwala, amedya deg tefransist : dulcinée (taḥbibt, taxḍibt), rocinante (aɛudiw). Llant daɣ tenfaliyin i d-yekkan syin qqiment d lemtul, am m’ara s-tiniḍ yettnaɣ ḥedd d tessirin n waḍu, meḥsub yekkat deg wulac, acku teḍra-yas i Don Kicuṭ asmi d-yemmuger tissirin n waḍu s yiɣallen-nsent meqqren, iɣil d ḥedd igehguhen , ihi iɛedda ad yennaɣ yid-sen. Syin i d-tekka tenfalin mucaɛen : anuɣ d tessirin (se battre avec des moulin.

Yerna ahat izen amezwar n wungal d wa ; imi ulamma imeɣriyen n lqern wis 17 ḥesben-t tagnit kan i taḍsa d tukksa n lxiq, wid i d-iḍefren, tugart deg tallit-nni n tegrawla tafransist ; walan-t d amedya i umdan izemren ad yesɛu lḥeqq weḥd-s mgal timetti  s lekmal-is. Lḥasun, ayen i d-yewwi d ayen icerken talsa merra ; ahat ad yili ḥedd ssya d asawen ara t-id-yerren ɣer teqbaylit am akken yella deg tuget n tutlayin umaḍal, maca aya d asenfaṛ meqqren, ma yefka-yas ḥedd akud yessefk ad ad ilin imeɣriyen ara t-id-yafen

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#Article 427: Arraz Nobel (120 words)


Arraz n Nobel (s Teswidt: Nobelpriset, s Tnurwijt: Nobelprisen) d tagrawt n warrazen igraɣlanen i d-ittunefken deg waṭas n taggayin sɣur tsuda tiswidin d tnurwijin i turrit n tnafut (n tejmilt) i yisedṛuyen  ikadimyen d idelsanen d wussnanen.

Amesnulfu n warraz n Nobel d amesnulfu n udinamit aswidan Alfred Nobel anda iy deggi ɣef warraz amseggas deg usmagel-ines iy ssemli deg wesrir aswidan anurwijan deg wass n 27 wamber 1895. Dɣa arraz n Nobel yettunefk-d deg tekrura  d tsekla d  telwit d tussna n tsenwurit neɣ tasnujjya yakk d tfizikt i tikkelt tamezwarut deg useggas n 1901.
Arrazen n Nobel ttumeggzen imissisen yettunefken deg tɣulin n tmuzzegt-nsen.

Deg useggas n 1968, yesnulfa-d Sveriges Riksbank arraz n Nobel i tussniwin tidamsanin.




#Article 428: Imeɣban (102 words)


Imeɣban (s tefransist Les Misérables) d ungal n Victor Hugo i d yeffɣen deg useggʷas n 1862. Deg uḍris a ameqqṛan n tsekla tafransist i d igelmen tudert igellilen n lqern wiss XIX di Paris d tmennaḍin nniḍen n Fransa, ameskar yelha d ugar d uwadem is Jean Valjean i yellan yettuḥasef s ukeṛfi. D ungal amazray, amestan, afelsafi, ideg llan daɣen wuktuyen n trumansit akked wid n Victor Hugo s umata ɣef ayen yerzan tumest n wemdan. Ungal a aṭṭaṣ

i d yessezgen i ssinima d tliẓri akked d umezgun.

Yenna Victor Hugo deg usissen n wungal-is (deg uḥric amezwaru) :




#Article 429: Voltaire (137 words)


François-Marie Arouet, iwumi qqaren Voltaire, d amyaru afransis, yella daɣen d afelsafi ; ilul ass n 21/11/1694 di Paris, yemmut ass n 30/05/1778 ; yeǧǧa-d later meqqren deg lqern wis XIV imi d i d agensas n tfelsafit n tifawin, yerna yezga d netta i ḥemmlen iburrjwaten iṛumiyen ama qbel neɣ mi tɛedda tegrawla tafransist.

S ubrid-is i d-yewwi mgal tiṭṭurfa tamasɣant (n ddin), amennuɣ-is yeqqen ugar ɣer tissumḥa d tlelli n wawal. 
Ma d tira-s teṭṭef-d deg umezgun, tamedyazt, amzruy, d tsekla-nniḍen yebḍan ɣef wungalen d tmucuha anda i d-yeggar tikta-s tfelsafiyin. Aɣanib-s seg wid iqewwan, tikwal yeslusuy-as kra usaran ; aya merra yerra-t d yiwen seg imyura icaɛen nezzeh di lqern wis XIV. Yerna ar tura mazal-is seg wid i d-beddren medden s tuget.

Tifelseft :

Amezruy :

Ungalen/Timuchuha :

Tamedyezt :

Tibratin :  6000




#Article 430: Charles Darwin (448 words)


Charles Darwin d amusnaw n umezruy agaman, d amesnakal Abṛitan ilul g tmurt n Unegliz deg wass n 12 fuṛaṛ 1809 di Shrewsbury. Yukkes (yemmut) deg wass n 19 yebrir 1882. Yekker-d deg twacult tussnant, baba-s Robert Darwin yella d amessuji ma d dadda-s (jeddi-s) Erasmus Darwin yella  d amessengam yerna d amaskar, Charles Darwin yell-d (ikeseb-d) tamusni-ynes s wesnulfu n teẓri n temhazt i d-yeqqaren d akken yakk imuddiren i d-yellan deg teɣzi n umezruy kkan-d yakk seg yiwen n uẓar,. Akken i d-issumer tiẓri i d-yeqqaren d akken inawen-a yebṭan s temhazt mmugen-d s usrag (ssebba) n yiwet n temhalt umi yessemma afran agaman.

Imenɣi i lmend n weslak daɣen ila (yesɛa) yiwen n usemdu n wefran amguran yettekkayen deg umyaraw ufrin n imuddiren.. S wannay n imuddiren, Darwin yegra-d tazrawt i wesmuti (abeddel) i d-yettilin deg imuddiren sɣur n tdermisin. Deg useggas 1838 yessnefli tiẓri-ynes (afran agaman) yettwassnen acku yeẓṛa d acu i d uguren id tezmer ad teglu yissen tiẓri ayyi aladɣa deg wammas n yimasɣanen. ɣef wanect-a i yeǧǧa tiẓri-ynes d tuffirt deg tazwara ifesr-it gar n wayyawen-is kan. Deg wakud anda iy ssemd tigmayin-is (ikemmel inadiyen-is) i wakken ad iheggi tiririyin ɣef tsentilin i yettṛaǧu af teẓri-ynes. Deg useggas n 1858 yewweṭ-as-d isali i Darwin d akken yiwen n wergaz isem-is Alfred Russel Wallace ixeddem ɣef yiwet n teẓri yemmugen am teẓri-ynes ayen yeǧǧan Darwin ad yefser igemmad n tegmayin-is imir-nni yakan
Darwin yettumeggez d asnudran yettwassnen yakk, Dɣa yesseker-d aṭas n yidlisen deg tɣult n tesnudert d acu kan tiẓri ayyi tegla-d s waṭas n yizɣanen aladɣa deg tlemmast n imasɣanen (imrabṭen n ddin) deg umadal yakk.
Deg wayen umi yessemma assaɣ imezli, Darwin yeqqim deg uɣilif i wakken ad yaf assaɣ-a iy teqqnen kar n wemdan atrar d yebka, deg useggas n 1859 ifser tiẓri n temhazt s yinzaten uzmiren (ijehden) deg wedlis n aẓaṛ n telmas ayen id t-iǧǧan ad yerna (ad yeɣleb) tugit i d-immuger deg wammas n tmetti tussnant ɣef tiẓri ayyi.. Timetti tussnant d tin yeddgen (iqeblen) tiẓri n temhazt d tin yellan s tidet deg useggas n 1870 maca aṭas deg-sen llan d wid iy smenyifiyen issegza niden alammi i d-telfa tuddsa tanamhazt tatrart (1930 - 1950) anda i d-yella umtawa meqqren d akken taɣlelt tagamant tella d amsedday agejdan i temhazt.. S tsileɣt niden, Asnirem ussnan n Darwin tga d tiẓri tameslugant i tussniwin tisnudranin yakk akken i d-tessegzay i tugta yellan deg-s. 
Anezgum-is ɣer twennaṭ i d-illan deg temẓi-ynes yessedda-t ad yeǧǧ tazrawt-is tasnajjyant deg tseddawit n Edinburg, Acku deg wadeg n tezrawt n tesnujjya yegra tallelt deg tezrawin n tseddawit n Edinburg ɣef termaɣlalin tiwlalin ayen yesnernan g tayri-nes i tussniwin tigamanin




#Article 431: Nizar Qebbani (310 words)


Nizar Qebbani (s taɛrabt نـزار قـبـّانـي ) d amedyaz asuri, laṣel-is d aṭerki.. Ilul assn n 21 deg meɣres 1923 di Ssaɣur i d-yezgan di Dimacq, yemmut ass n 30 yebri 1998, di London, tamanaɣt tabriṭanit. D yiwen seg imedyazen iziten imeqqranen n tutlayt taɛrabt. Deg tudert-is yeɣra deg izerfan, maca yexdem d anmahal di tmura yemgaraden armi yeṭṭaxer deg useggas 1966. Yettwassen s tutlayt-is tasehlant i ifehhem yal yiwen ulamma s taɛrabt taseklant i yettaru ; maca ɣas akken, ccbaḥa n wawal-is d tugniwin yesseqdac d ayen ifazen akk ar assa, ladɣa m’ara ten-tiɣer yiwen s taɛrabt neɣ ad sen-tisel yettini-tent-id. Yebda yettaru seg wasmi yesɛa 16 isaggasen di leɛmer-is, syin mi yesɛa 21, deg useggas 1944, yessufeɣ-d ammud-is amezwaru iwumi isemma : Tenna-yi-d txemrit. Syin yerna-d aṭas n wammuden-iḍen d yedlisen n tesrit. Yuɣ lḥal aṭas icennayen i yeddmen  isefra-s cnan-ten ama zik, am Ɛebd Lḥalim Ḥafeḍ deg taɣect “qari’at alf-finǧan” ; am d wid n tura am Majda Rrumi deg taɣect Kalimat( awalen).

Isental n Nizar Qebbani tezzin ugar ɣef tayri ideg yessen ad ifeṣṣel, maca iwet daɣen ɣef izerfan n tmeṭṭut segmi temmut uletma-s i yenɣan iman-is ; am akken yura ɣef tsertit d kra isental imestanen, dɣa yella yiwen usefru mucaɛen iwumi qqaren : Aɣrum d usebsi d wayyur i s-d-yessusen iɣeblan. « Asefru-ya di tilawt aṭas i t-yerran ɣer tutlayin-nsen seg wakken ameskar iwet-d deg-s s leqseḥ deg yir tikli i d-wwin Waɛraben d yimslelmen s umata i yeṭṭfen ala deg wansayen iqburen akken bɣun ilin, rnan zzin s uɛrur i tɣerma mi d-lhan ala d ddin. Asmi t-yura ssawḍen armi t-sbedden ɣer teɣdemt, yuɣ lḥal amedyaz-a yella icaɛ belli d arnaflas  i yella ; ma deg uparlman n tmurt-is kkren-d ula d wid i d-yessutren ad s-kksen tiɣelnit tasurit (nationalité), maca ur teffiɣ ara akken. »
Yenna :

Taɣbalut Ablug n Samir Tighzert




#Article 432: Mark Twain (140 words)


Mark Twain,s yisem-is aḥeqqani Samuel Langhorne Clemens, d amyaru amarikan, yella daɣen d amsaran, ilul ass n n 30 deg duǧember 1835 di Florida i d-yezgan di Missouri (Iwunak yedduklen), yemmut ass 21 deg yebrir 1910 di Redding. Yettwaḥsab d yiwen gar imyura meqqren n tutlayt taglizit n lqern wis IX.

Deg tutert-is, yebda-tt-id d asedas, yuɣal d amziggez, syin yegra-d d aneɣmas ɣur wat lminat n Nevada. Ma deg tira yettwassen tazwara s wungal-is i ibudd i imecṭaḥ : Icaliyen Tom Sawyer (1876)akked d wayeḍ iss i yettkemmil, Icaliyen n de Huckleberry Finn (1885). Isental-is ideg yeqwa usaran d usqecmeɛ, ttawin-d s tuget ɣef tmetti tamarikant n wenẓul d umalu i d-yeglem akken ilaq deg iḍrisen-is, imi din i d-yekker. Iḥekku-d s umata ɣef ayen i d-yettmagar deg isiklen-is, maca yessenqed daɣen tikli n yemdanen d kra yettwaɣen deg-s.




#Article 433: Émile Zola (111 words)


Émile Zola d amyaru afrnsis, yella daɣen aneɣmas ; ilul di Paris ass n 02 deg yebrir 1840, din i yemmut ass n 29 cṭember 1902. D yiwen seg ineggalen ifransisen mucaɛen ugar, i yettusẓergen s waṭas yerna yettwasuqel deg umaḍal. Yetwaḥsab d ameqqran n ṣṣenf aẓrilew deg tsekla, imi d ungalen-is yewwi-d ddeqs ɣef waddad aḥeqqani n iqeddacen d lmeḥna i d-ttmagaren am ayen i nezmer ad naf deg ungal-is Germinal i ss-yettwassen. Maca deg tegrurma n wayen yura, yettwabdar-d ugar s tqebbiṭ n 20 n wungalen anda i d-yeglem tameddurt n yiwet n twacult, les Rougon Maquart, iɛacen deg tallit n wayen iwumi qqaren di Fransa tamnekda tis snat.




#Article 434: D Tayri Kan (308 words)


D Tayri kan! Dacu icerken imdanen deg umaḍal? D anadi ɣef tayri. Waɛli d Magnus, wa di Tizi wayeḍ di Copenhagen, xas akken ur myussanen ara tecrek-iten tayri n lmuziga, tayri n tudert, tayri n temdukkal-nsen. Ana d David, Muḥsin d Raja, imezwura di London, wiyeḍ di Naḍur, xas akken yal yiwen amek i tt-yettidir, d tayri kan i ran ad idiren. Tayriwin mgaradent akken megrandent tirga. Targit n Alexandra, yeǧǧan lḥif n tmurt-is Ikwaṭuṛ, d targit Tamarikant, ma d Saṛa, d targit n tlemẓit tamarikant yebɣan ad ekk amaḍal i tuksa n lxiq.

D Tayri kan d iberdan n usirem d tudert. Tudert n Loco, ɣef larulma-ines, yessishilen abrid i ikamyunen ɣef idurar n Patio Bonito. D tudert n Amadou yessishilen abrid i tkeṛyas d medden di tɣaltin n Maristes, di Sinigal. Dacu yifen tayri d unecṛaḥ n Mama Sima i igujilen-nni n ṭṛad i tettrebbi di lḥif n uɛecciw-is? D Tayri kan d tabɣest n tlawin-nni n Nirbhaya i d-sbed Bhati i uḥuddu ɣef tlawin n uzniq-nsent di Munirka di New Delhi. D tabɣest n Sheida, Nasrin, Nesiba...atg. Ama di Iran neɣ di Oslo, di Isṭanbul neɣ di Chicago, ksent, ta dačadduṛ, ta d lḥiǧab, ggan-t tiwlafin, cerken-tent di Facebook i wakken ad begnent asirem-nsent n tlelli! Ma d Jimbut d Yen, tayri-nsen d tayri n isekla. Mi fukken tuẓẓut, ad uɣalen s axxam, di taddart n ZHUXINZHUANGCUN, ad swen kra n lkisan n Baijiu, ad cnun tizlatin n Liu Yi Fei.

Akka! Iberdan mgaraden. Wa fessus wayeḍ ẓẓay. Fessus-as i Karine, i Julien, i Caroline, i Mumu d weltma-s Fifi. Fessus-asen ad ruḥen ɣer uɣerbaz. Kra di lkaṛ, kra akked yemmat-sen, kra akked unehhaṛ. Ma d Arief, Yuri, Edenjevy, Faṭma Zahra d Ɛali, kra ɣef uḍaṛ, kra ɣef weɛrur n waɣyul, xas teḥṛes teswaɛt ttmagaren-d ifeṭṭiwjen n tumert, cennun tuɣac n tudert.

Ameskar: Noufel Bouzeboudja




#Article 435: Ahya ssimra (201 words)


 !

Ahya Ssimra d azwel n yiwen n wamud n tullisin id yefɣen ussan-a (Maɣreṣ 2013) deg tmurt sɣur Tizrigin Tira. Tullisin-a yura-ten-tt umaskar Nufel Buzebbuǧa. Ɣas akka yezdeɣ deg tmura n yinig, Nufel yettaru s teqbaylit. Amud-a, yesɛan 8 tullisin, yura-t s tutlayt n yal as, maca nezmer daɣen ad neḥulfu belli yella waṭṭas unadi di tutlayt. Daɣen, tamawt ma negra-tt, ad naf belli di tira n Nufel yella lebni amaynut, yemgaraden ɣef wayen neqqar ɣer umyura nniḍen. Ahat acku tamusni n tutlayin akked tirmit i yesɛa di tsekliyin tiberraniyin i yeǧǧan lebni n tira-s ad yili akka?

Nufel yettmeslay ɣef imdanen n yal as deg tmurt, yal yiwen s tirmit-is, s tmuɣli-ines, s tirga-ines, s wawal akked tutlayt-ines. Aɣanib n tira deg umud-a d aɣanib fessusen, maca id yettawin timuɣliwin n iwudam (personnage) akken tella (amzun deg umezgun), mebla tarewla ula ɣef wawalen-nni iqebḥen. Nufel ur yerri iẓerb i wawal-is. Neɣ ahat i wawal n iwudam id yefren deg wamud-a? Ihi tadrest (censure) ulac acku amaskar yebɣa ad yili d amekdi (fidèle) i taɣect n daxel, i taneffut (âme) d wallaɣ (esprit) n iwudam-is. 

Aɣbalu: Imyura (Tamcumt)

Di tezwart yura Mass: Aɛmer Lɛufi 

Ameskar: Noufel Bouzeboudja

Tiẓrigin: Editions TIRA




#Article 436: Allegoria tugna (110 words)


 s teqbaylit!

Asaru Allegoria i d-yewwin aṭas n warrazen igraɣlanen, i yettwafernen s wudem unṣib deg waṭas n tfaskiwin, yettuhegga-d s teqbaylit. 

ALLEGORIA-TUGNA d aḍris leqqayen ɣef talsa d tuffirin-is. D aḍris ɣef udabu, ɣef tlelli, ɣef teɣdemt... Tugniwin yemlalen akked uẓawan abaḥan d tɣuṛi, tikwal s taɣect iǧehden, tikwal s taɣect taṛeqqaqt, slalayent-d deg-neɣ axemmem, asirem n tigawt, talwit.

Allegoria-Tugna d asuɣu n usirem, d lebɣi anazmar n tnekra! 

Wali asaru di Youtube: 

Awal ɣef Allegoria s teglizit di TTIF: 

Arrazen igraɣlanen: Awardeo, Hollywood Independant Film Festival, Finesterra Arribada, Best Experimental, Best Online Film Festival...

Aḍris d tɣuṛi: Noufel Bouzeboudja

Afares/Asuffeɣ: Nobilis Bellator

Aẓawan: Bamboocha

Tallalt tatiknikit: Nenad Novaković




#Article 437: Guy de Maupassant (710 words)


Ilul Henry – René – Albert – Guy DE MAUPASSANT ass n 05 ɣuct 1850 di teɣremt n Miromesnil di Tourville-sur-Arques, ɣer tama n Dieppe, deg Ugafa n Fransa. Imawlan-is msebḍan mi yesɛa 12 n yiseggasen. Yesɛedda temẓi ines taseɛdit d yemma-s deg ugama n La Normandie, anda ixuleḍ at taddart uɣur i d-yessen tameddurt n yifellaḥen d yinsayen nsen.

Yekker-d ger lecḍuḍ d lberr, tesḥer-it tugna n waman. Mi meẓẓi, iteddu d yiṣeggaden ɣer ceṭṭ i tegmert, d ilemẓi inehher taflukt deg wasif n La Seine, yessikil deg Ugrakal.

Mi yekfa almud-is, ssawlen-as, yelsa d aɛsekri di tallit n umgaru ger Fransa d Lalman. Acḥal d tikelt i d-yebder tirmi-s n tallit-a di tullisin-is anda i d-isugen lfetna ; d lɛada taweḥcit, imenɣan ger yiɣerfan d tifrat n tkerkas ur nettwaqbal.

Mi yekfa wemgaru, yexdem deg Weɣlif n tegriwa (la marine), sakkin deg Welmud azayzan (publique) anda yettwali tudert tabiruqratit iɣef iqejjem di lehmum d lɛeqliyyat n yimdanen i yudes di tirawin-is tiseklanin. Ɣas akka, yeqqim d axeddam amedyan ; iquder iman-is, qudren-t yiɣellaten-is. 

Segmi d-tufrar tullist-is : Takurt n Tassemt (Boule de Suif), MAUPASSANT yebda tira deg yeɣmisen iɣer t-iwelleh Gustave Flaubert i yas-iseknen iɛewwajen n tsekla, yeḥbes seg uxeddim-is akken ad yidir d imserreḥ aḥrur. Bdan-as wuguren n tezmert. Imagraden i yettaru di tɣamsa, uɣalen-as d asluɣmu d tannant i t-yullen ɣef tira.

Di temrawt 1880-1890, yura setta wungalen : Une Vie deg 1883 ; Bel-Ami deg 1885 ;  Mont-Oriol deg 1887 ; Pierre et Jean deg 1887-1888 ; Fort comme la Mort deg 1889 ; Notre cœur deg 1890 akked 305 ger tullisin d tmucuha. 

Iweddeb-it waṭan n nnaqsa (névralgie) i yas-isewlellsen allen-is, yerna yesnulfa-yas-d amerɛun, ikemmel-as Syphilis, armi yuɣal yezzer di lweswas, yezga yettwali tamettant-is ; dɣa yeɛreḍ ad ineɣ iman-is weqbel ad t-tekcem tselbi d wekraf armi yemmut ass 06 Yulyu 1893. Yettwamḍel di tenḍelt n Montparnasse s tilin n yimeddukal-is, gar-asen Émile Zola.

MAUPASSANT, isebgen-d tidmi-s ; yebɣa ad yili d ilelli ibeɛden ɣef yikabaren isertanen, ibeɛden ɣef yiɣerbazen iseklanen d yiculen inuẓar (courants artistiques). Ɣas yettunebgat sɣur timetti tunnigt n tallit-is, iḥemmel agama, iḥemmel taywennit (solitude), iɣucc axaleḍ d wuḍan n zzhu n yinesbaɣuren. Yenna deg yiwet si tebṛatin-is :

Kra n wemdan yebɣan ad yeḥrez iman-is, ama d tilelli n tekti, taɣawsa, tudert, talsa akked umaḍal s tiṭ n umannay ilelli, ilaq-as ad yebɛed maḍi ɣef yenna-tenna. Ad yebɛed ɣef teflas d tesraḍ yettwawṛaten. Ad yebɛed ɣef uxaleḍ d wassaɣen n tmetti, ayen ?

Imi tuccḍa akked leḥmeq, neṭṭḍen amdan s zzerban bla ma ifaq ; ad yaɣ abrid nsen, ad yelḥu deg-s tikli-nsen, ad yettxemmim s ttxamim nsen.

Yenneɛtab seg yilem i yas-d-yezzin d wulac n tudert, MAUPASSANT, izdeɣ-it lweswas, hban-t wumran ; d ayen i yas-yekksen asirem n ḥellu. Yenna ɣef waya :

Yettuneḥsab ɣur-s uḥulfu n teywennit d lmektub, di tedmi-s ur yumin tella leḥmala ger yemdanen ; wa ur ikeccem deg wul n wayeḍ, amsefhem gar-asen d awezɣi. Ayagi, yettban-d di tirawin-is s tmuɣli n layas alqayan ɣef tudert akked tmetti.

MAUPASSANT, yeɛǧeb-as aṭas Gustave Flaubert, ababat-is aseklan uɣur yelmed asekfel n tilawt s ttfaṣil, yeskad amaḍal i yaɣ-d-yezzin s tmeẓra-s, _ tucmitin d tucbiḥin _ yesɛa tamuɣli tuzzigt (spécifique) ɣef teẓrilawt (réalisme) akked teẓrigama (naturalisme), d win yettxemmimen s tekdit ɣef ugama ideg yettidir, ideg d-yekker, tid i wumi ur ifaq yiwen weqbel-is. Yella d amdan yettḥussun mačči d win yettḥulfun. Yeqqar :

Taẓuri ines, tezdeɣ asugen ilaw n tɣawsa d tekli n wemdan akked tmetti. Ur yeḥbis ara deg usugen n yal amkan i yudef : agama d yinsayen n yimezdaɣ-is, timetti n Lpari d leɛceq ines, lgirra d lfejɛat-is…

Ma d isental-is i d-yettuɣalen s ṭaqqa deg wayen yura, ggten, gar-asen : Tayri d wassaɣen-is, igen d wemgaru, takdit d lexdeɛ, tigullelt d wayla, tamgerḍt d ttaṛ, tagmert d usgunfu, jjiḥ d tlawin, aman d yillel, tamettant d tselbi, atg. Maca, deg waya akk, MAUPASSANT, yemmug am unaẓur ; ur yebɣi ara ad aɣ-d-yesken tugna n tudert, maca ad aɣ-d-ifek tamuɣli-s lqayen yemmden, tin iqerben yettqerriben ɣer tilawt.

I wakken ad yaweḍ iswan-is, MAUPASSANT, iseqdec aɣanib asehlan d uweɛran. Tafyirt-is d tafessast tefses d leqniɛa n tudert n yidgan igellem. Maca, isental-is qqnen s initen d yinsayen n Fransa n tallit-is, ladɣa wid n temnaḍt n La Normandie, tikwal yuɛer, neɣ ahat d awezɣi ad yenfali wemdan ɣef tefses yellan akk di tutlayt-a s tutlayt-niḍen.




#Article 438: Dmitri Mandelyiv (101 words)


Dmitri Ivanovitch Mandelyiv (s trusit : Дмитрий Иванович Менделеев) d amusnaw n tekrura n Rusya. Ilul deg wass n 8 furar 1834 di temdint n Tobolsk, yemmut deg wass n 2 yennayer  1907 di Saint-Pétersbourg.

Yettwassen ugar ɣef umahil-is deg usmal awalan iferdsen, i yesseẓreg deg useggas n 1869 ; qqaren-as dɣa Tafelwit n Mandelyiv. Yenna-d imir yakan belli iferdisen ikimanen akk zemren ad ttureqqɛen almend n yiwen n webrid ara ɣ-yeǧǧen ad nissin taɣara n yal yiwen deg-sen, ɣas zeddiɣ (ur ɛad) ur t-id-ufin. Yerna syin ɣer da, s tidet, uɣlen ttafen-ten-id kra kra, ggaren-ten deg umkan-nsen yettuheyyan deg tfelwit-a.




#Article 439: Tasnallunt (113 words)


Tasnallunt d tussna n wanay n wayen akk itezzin neɣ yettilin deg tallunt neɣ ayen yeffɣen yakk i tignewt titriklant n tegnit , ama d itran d imtiwgen, d iseffuden, neɣ d ismilen

Tasnallunt d tussna tamzikt s waṭas i d-yennulfan si tallit n teglest, mi bdan imesnallunen imezwura ttmuqulen s webrid azrawan s igenni, dɣa gzan deg-s aṭas n tlufa i ten-iɛawnen ula deg tudert n yal ass am yinig deg de yillel, maca tezga texleḍ d wayen iwumi qqaren aneǧǧem i icudden ugar ɣer ukerrer. Yerna yelfa-d usufeɣ n utiliskup d ayen ilaqen, dɣa segmi d-yella  i tṣadd tesnallunt tartart s tidet. Tura yiwen seg yiswiyen-is, d afham n tlalit umeɣrad.




#Article 440: Fyodor Dostoyevsky (138 words)


Fyodor Mikhaylovitch Dostoyevsky (s trusit : Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский) d amyaru arusi, ilul di Mosku assn 11 wember 1821, yemmut di Saint-Pétersbourg ass 9 furar 1881. Yettwaḥsab seg ineggalen imeqqranen maḍi yesɛan tazrirt ɣef yemyura n trusit, maca ula deg tsekla tagraɣlant n lqern wis XIX.

Deg tira-s Dostoyevsky yettɛaraḍ ad d-yawi tigzi lqayen i tnefsit, cmaca iga daɣen tasleṭ meqqren i waddad amestan, asertan, n tmurt-is di lqern ideg iɛac, am akken yessafer aṭas n isental-iḍen ifelsafiyen. Di tilawt, yella d amisiḥi yettamnen, maca asentel n tilin n Rebbi d teflest s umata, yettuɣal-d s tuget deg iḍrisen-is ɣef yimawen n iwudam yemgaraden wa ɣef wa, ama s tnefsit-nsen neɣ s uskasi i d-slalayen.
Yettwassen ugar s kra n wungalen am Anɣa d uḥasef (1867) neɣ Ungif (1874 ) neɣ Atmaten Karazov(1880) anda i d-ibeyyen taẓuri-s meqqren.




#Article 441: Friedrich Nietzsche (112 words)


Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche d afelsafi analman, yella d aɣen d amedyaz, d afilulug. Ilul ass n 15 tuber 1844 di Röcken, yemmut di  Prusya ass n 25 ɣuct 1900 (tamurt n Lalman).

Yettneḥsab seg ifelsafiyen imeqqranen i qqaren medden s tudget ar assa ; imahilen-is bnan s umata ɣef usenqed n yidles aɣerbi atrar d wayen akk i yejmel d azalen n lmeɛna i d-yekkan seg ufesser n wesɣan amasiḥi, i yettnadi netta ad ibeddel s wiyaḍ i d-yewwi d imaynuten, am akken i d-iwet deg tanga d wassɣ-is d umdan. Si tama nniḍen yura daɣen ɣef trumanṣit tanalmant, acku yella yelha-d d tesnilest d wayen akk yerzan tutlayin d warraten iqburen.




#Article 442: Tamhazt (1669 words)


Tamhazt Di tesnudert, d ayen yelfan di tulsa (yeḍran deg ineddel) i d-yettilin deg telmas d tfekkiwin n imuddiren  ɣef teɣzi n wakud, d yiwen umazrar id yeṭṭfen seg talɣiwin timezwura maḍi armi d imuddar n tura. Amezruy n temhazt n tudert yezmer ad yettwiglem s yiwen waddag meqqren neɣ aṭas n waddagen n tgetjinit (poygénie).

Tamhazt tqqen ɣer usnulfu n telmas, maca seg-s daɣen i d-itekk ungar-nsent. Dɣa d turda n wefran agaman id yessumer Charles Darwin i yettilin deffir inbeddalen-a, ulamma aṭas  ineḍruyen i itekkin Send n tuffɣa ɣer tsemlilt taneggarut i d-ijemmlen tiẓri n temhazt. D acu tura aṭas isnudranen i yettagin ula d awal-a n « tiẓri » imi ɣur-sen d ayen yessurfen amecwar-nni s wayen i d-tufa tussna tineggura-ya s wallalen atraren, ladɣa s igmaḍ n tesnudert talayant (biologique moléculaire) i d-yufan s tseddi, d amedya, amek yecrek w ADN n wemdan d yibki. Maca si tama nniḍen, d udem-a n lqerban gar umdan d uɣersiw i yeǧǧan aṭas n leṣwat ad ilin mgal tikti n temhazt ; llan gar-asen ula d imusnawen i iɛerḍen ad gen tizrawin-nsen s webrid-iḍen iɣef teɣleb tezrirt  n teflest d tektiwin timasɣannin (n ddin). Amedya, qqaren belli d tidet, amdan yezmer ad yili iɛedda-d ɣef waṭas n tsurifin uqbel ad yaweḍ akka d amdan, maca yella kan w’i iwellhen inbeddalen i d-yeḍran si tazwara, meḥsub d Rebbi-nni iss i ttamnen ; aya d ayen iwumi semman « asɣiwes amegzu » ( le dessein intelligent).

M’akken i d-yesnulfa tussan-yi tamaynut ara yuɣalen d taxatart maḍi syin d afella,  Darwin yella d amnadi kan amecṭuḥ ifukken leqraya-s deg uɣiwen  n Ṭṭebba n tesdawit n Edambourg, ihi yedda deg uɣarrabu  Beagle i yeffɣen  deg tuɣḍaṭ  unadi i tikelt tis snat, ɣer tnila n Temrikt n Wenẓul, iruḥ s yisem-is d amesnakal  kan imi d wayen i d-yelha imir. Maca ayen i t-iwellhen tikelt tamezwarut, d ayen iɣer yerra tamawt deg tgzirin n Galápagos ɣef kra n telmas n yiwen wefrux. Afrux-a llant kra n tlemas-is ɣur-neɣ ; deg tama n usammar n Bgayet qqaren-as abulkettan, deg Ǧerǧer abuferriw neɣ amenferriw (pinson). Ihi mi imuqel yaf sin ispisimanen i d-yekkan si snat tegzirin yemqaraben, ttemcabin deg kullec ala deg uqamum : yiwen zur, wayeḍ rqiq. Syin iwala yal afrux ggtent telmas-is deg yiwet n tewsit (genre), dɣa yesteqsa iman-is : ma d win iwumi qqaren Axellaq i igan akka annect-a, amek yeɛni ara s-yini wayi ad s-geɣ aqamum akka, wayeḍ akken nniḍen, neɣ ad ten-ssemxlafeɣ kan deg teɣmi n rric ? Yerna mačči kan ɣur yefrax i llant lewhayem, ula si tama n iɣersiwen imeqqranen : amek yiwen deg leḥcic i ikess wayeḍ yettseyyiḍ iɣersiwen-nni at leḥcic s yiman-nsen ? Yuɣ lḥal tamella  ur telli deg teẓgi neɣ daxel n yillel, ayen izemren i kra-iḍen yečč-it !

Akka, Darwin mi yekfa tazrawt-is deg imenfarrawen i d-igemmer, yufa belli ayen i ten-yessemgarden d abrid kan i d-wwin deg tudert-nsen d twennaṭ ideg ɛacen ; dɣa win i d-yekkren deg tegzrit anda yeqwa lḥebb n yemɣan, iṛebba aqamum zuren iǧehden swayes ara yerẓ tuččit-is, ma d win nniḍen iɛacen anda akken txuṣṣ, itetten kan ibɛac, ayla-s netta iruḥ s teɣzi, yemmug i tseddi  amek ara d-yeṭṭef ayen meẓẓiyen. Wa d amedya kan amecṭuḥ, maca Darwin ssya i iṣadd armi yessegrawel tussna n imudar s lekmal-is. Yufa ziɣ d agama i d-yelhan s kra din ; yella wanda ḍerrun lumuṛ s usamma  kan d wamek i d-yewwi lḥal, maca dima d talmest iǧehden deg iɣersiwen, meḥsub tin iḥerzen tigemmi tajinit (patrimoine gnétique) yelhan i d-igerrin tettidir. Daymi aṭas i inegren segmi d-tebda tudert ar assa. Ma d tigemmi-a tajinit i yeṭṭfen amkan deg tsilunin  n wudus , neɣ amek tettɛeddi gar tsitiwin, Darwin netta ur tt-yefhim ara di tallit-is, d taɣnwt-is (instinct) kan tamassnant d termit-is deg uḥekker d ufraẓ n lumuṛ i t-yeǧǧan ad yaru fell-as ; d acu ur ssawḍen ad tt-fehmen armi d talemmast n lqern wis XX, ad d-nuɣal ɣur-s.

Di tilawt, ur d-yeḍḥa yewɛer i waṭas n medden akken ad gren tikti n temhazt di lbal-nsen, armi d-tettbin tumelt -is akka sufella d ayen ur iqqebbel wallaɣ, ladɣa ɣer wid i d-yekkren s tikti tamensayt  n wexlaq imudar. Imi deg tidet-is, tamhazt tettarra laṣel n wemdan d wayen akk yeddren ɣef akal, ama d aɣersiw neɣ d imɣi, akken yebɣu yili meqqer neɣ mecṭuḥ, alamma d yiwet kan n tsilunt si ṣṣenf abaktiri ideg i d-tebda tudert deg waman ahat ma drus 3,5 imelyaren iseggasen. Ayen i d-yettxebbiren ɣef waya d imikrudusen (microrganismes) i ttafen ar tura deg ifuṣilen, yerna tikwal irennu yettibɛid later-nsen deg wakud.
Lḥaṣun ɣef akken d-teqqar tussna tatrart, d tabaktirit-a  tamikruskupit i yebdan tettimɣur mi d-tufa iman-is deg waman ur nmelleḥ armi tuɣal s talɣa n twekka tusbiṭ yettbinen ; syin mi tkemmel deg unegmu teṭṭef ṣṣifa n yislem. Ifuṣilen  n « iselman-a » ttafen-ten dɣa s waṭas ɣer tamiwin igarawen (océans) ; ihi d kra seg-sen i d-yeffɣen, seg wid yesɛan tiferrawin tičaranin, zgan tteḥnunufen-d armi d-gran deg wakal aquran, dɣa d tifarriwen-nni i yuɣalen d iḍarren syin d afella. Yiwen uspisiman seg iqburen i ufan deg usammar n Groenland ahat wwḍen 460 imelyan iseggasen segmi iɛac.

D widak i d-yeǧǧan igḍad, iḥraraden , ikalmanen  yecban imqerqar, akked isaṭṭaḍen ; syin akk i d-kkan. Deg tallit-nni tamezwarut d idinusuṛen i igman s tɣawla, yerna tuɣ llan am yegḍad kan, ma d wiyaḍ merra wwin-d acḥal di ṣṣifa n uɣersiw-nni i iṛebban tiḍartin yuɣal ileḥḥu ɣef rebɛa, yella d ameɣẓaz  icuban s aɣerda, d netta i d ajaddi n isaṭṭaḍen merra ideg nella nekni. Ur yebda gemmu-s d inbeddalen-is ɣer waṭas n telmas armi negren idinusuṛen si 66 imelyan iseggasen-aya. Dɣa ɣef teɣzi n imelyan n lesnin, yebḍa ɣef waṭas n twaculin tiɣersanin, gar tid yettseyyiḍen d tid itetten leḥcic, d wiyaḍ ukud llan iprimaten, asellun  yesdukklen amdan d waṭas n yibkan. Maca iprimaten mgaraden, llan imecṭaḥ, llan imeqqranen, ihi seg imeqqranen-nni i d-yeqqers umdan.

Yella da lɣilaḍ mucaɛen ideg ilaq ad d-nebdu. Tuget n medden seg wid ur nwala tussna si lqerb, deg tmettiyin akk n ddunit, qqaren ma seg yibki i d-nekka s tidet, amek armi ibkan n wassa ur ttuɣalen ara d imdanen ? Netta da llant snat n tlufa i ilaqen ad ttusegzint. Tazwara, anbeddal-a mačči d ayen i d-yettilin deg teswiɛt kan akka, d inig ameqqran deg imyaten n luluf n lesnin, ur iẓerr yiwen s wallen-is ma ur inuda ara deg ifuṣilen, imi yettili-d s leɛqel maḍi. Tin ɣer-s, mačči seg ibki-a n tura s yiman-is i d-iruḥ umdan. Ma d tura akka aɣersiw i ittemcabin maḍi ɣer umdan si tama tansudrant, d acampanzi (chimpanzé) i yettidiren deg Tefriqt, acku send ayen ara yilin gar 6 d 8 imelyan n lesnin, yella ujaddi-nneɣ yiwen. Meḥsub kra seg telmest-a i ɣ-icerkan yella wayen i d-yeḍran deg udus-nsen ; ladɣa taḍermist (mutation) i yerzan allaɣ, d tin i yellan deffir n tilin n wemdan, ulamma amdan-nni amezwaru yettemcabi ugar ɣer yibki.
D acu, mi d-yeffeɣ si twacult tasnudrant iwumi qqaren homonidae, amdan yebda yettenkar ɣef sin iḍarren, yessemras allaɣ-is, ikemmel tamhazt-is deg waṭas imecwaren, segmi yuɣal d tawsit (genre) iwumi qqaren homo : dɣa yella : homo-habilis, uqbel azal n 2 imelyan n lesnin deg Tefriqt usammar d wenẓul  (i isqedcen yakan times, yenjer ablaḍ d amrig yerna yeffeɣ si Tefriqt) ; homo-eretcus uqebel 1,8 imelyan, d netta i ikecmen Turuft ; ma ɣer tagara d homo-sapiens i d-yellan si 300 000 iseggasen, i yuɣalen yettxemmim s tidet, d nekni dɣa akken nella tura ; yella neanderthal ɣer tama-nneɣ deg tewsit homo, iɛac ula deg Turuft, maca winna yenger.

Iban, akken ad ɛeddint ṣṣifat si tsuta ɣer tayeḍ gar imudar, ilaq kan ad tili tanga  ara tt-yawin. Aya ifhem-it Darwin, maca win i d-yeldin tifrat ɣer tmukrist-a i tikelt tamezwarut, d Uṭrici Mendel (1822 - 1884) i yellan d aqessis (prêtre), d acu yelha-d daɣen d inadiyen-a i iḥemmel, imi tuɣ yeɣra deg tfellaḥt . Dɣa d netta i igan llsas i tussna tamynut ara d-ilalen syin d asawen, iwumi neqqar tajinitit, ulamma imahilen-is ruḥen ttwattun acḥal iseggasen d wamek ɛawden gan-asen ccan. Lḥaṣun, d netta i d-yufan isuḍaf  iwumi qqaren ara assa Isuḍaf n mendel, d ayen yerzan abrid n umcabi gar umudar d baba-s, neɣ jeddi-s, neɣ gma-s (deg yiwet n tsuta) atg. (ad d-nawi fell-as deg umagrad-iḍen). Yerna netta ɣef yimɣan i iga tirmitin-is, meḥsub d ajilban i yebda iteẓẓu-t ɣef waṭas n tikwal armi d-yessufeɣ igmaḍ ineggura.
Maca wid i d-yesfehmen tajitinit s tidet, d Watson akked  Crick deg useggas n 1953, asmi d-ufan amek yemmug w ADN s tseddi. ADN d alay  asnudran aɣezfan, n uɣurmi (nayau) n tsilunin akked kra ivirusen, deg-s i yettwaxan yisalli ajini s wudem akimyan. Ihi ma zik imusnwen tuɣ zerrfen s tmuɣli kan d ufraẓ n termitin, seg yimir uɣalen sɛan tanga yettwallasen iɣer tcudd kra yellan d ṣṣifa yesɛa umudar, izemren ad ssrewsen seg telmest ɣer tayeḍ ; dɣa tura mačči kan d iusḍaf n Mendel i yuɣalen ttwazrawen s wudem ufrin, ssawḍen yimnuda fehmen yess ula d anda zedɣen kra n waṭṭanen yettɛeddin si tsuta ɣer tayeḍ, ayen ara iɛiwnen i uɛqal-nsen ɣas qbel talalit ; dɣa kka i ssulin ijinumen (génomes) n kra imudar. Ajinum d ayen i d-ijemmlen isallen ijiniyen icudden ɣer kra n telmest, win n wemdan fkan-t-id di 2003. Asmi t-srewsen ɣer win n yibki acampanzi ufan ttamcabin alamma d 99%, ayen yesswehmen lɛamma tamassnant, imi tilawt n temhazt tuɣal tban-d s wanzaten ufrinen, ur d-teqqim ara tettwaḍfar s ifuṣilen kan d tɣessiwin tiqburin, ladaɣa ma neẓra belli widak yettili lexṣas deg-sen ɣas akken ttaken-d isalli iqumen m’ara ilin.
Yerna am akken yenna Richard Dawkins , win yebɣan kan ad s-d-yessukes kra i tidet-a, ad iruḥ ad d-inadi taɣessa n wemdan ara yesɛun ugar n 8 imelyan di leɛmer ; d lmuḥal, imi amdan tuɣ ur yewwiḍ ara talɣa i nesɛa tura. Kifkif ula i iɣersiwen akk i nessen, aqjun neɣ awtul, ur ttafen iɣsan-nsen ala seg tilla-nni kan mi qqlen s tumelt-nsen n tura.




#Article 443: Racid Ḥituc (175 words)


D mmi-s n taddart n Yiɛemrac, Racid Ḥiṭuc, ilul deg ass n 09 deg ayyur n mayu n useggas 1962, deg ugezdu n Bgayet, deg tmurt n Yiqbayliyen. Seg temẓi-s i ḥemmel ayen icudden ɣer yidles d tɣerma n tmazɣa sumata,taqbaylit ladɣa. 

Zik yella icennu sya ɣer da, yessaweḍ yesekles tasfift, d acu kan ur yessaweḍ ara a tid yessyfeɣ, imi deg akud-nni xussen walallen. Yekkr-d d ameɣnas akken d aleqqaq deg umussu adelsan amaziɣ, yekki deg tikliwin i d-yettilin di Bgayet d Tizi Wezzu d wanda-niḍen.

Ixuleḍ aṭas n wudmawen yettnaɣen ɣef tutlayt d yidles, tettunefk-as tegnit ad yemlil daɣen xilla n yinaẓuren d yimeɣnasen, gar-asen Ferḥat Mhenni d mmi-s Ameẓyan, Meɛtub Lwennas, Taher Ğaɛut, d waṭas-niḍen yal yiwen s yisem-is d leqder-is.

Rnu ɣer yessefra, yerra tijmilin, yella d aɛeggal deg aṭas n tdukliwin tidelsanin, iga xilla n yisaragen d temliliyin ɣef yidles d tnekkit. D ameɣnas n yizerfan n umdan d tlelli n umeslay, ibedd ɣer wid yenḥafen, yura imagraden s tefransist d teqbaylit deg uɣmis Tiɣremt-La Cité akked uɣmis alikṭruni Siwel.




#Article 444: Mhenni Xalifi (152 words)


Mhenni Xalifi d yiwen n yilemẓi i d-yefka Udrar n Fad deg temnaḍṭ n At Smaɛel, ilul deg useggas n 1990. Ɣas yufa-d iman-is d ameɛḍur, ur yettekker ara, maca allaɣ-is ibedd, yenjer abrid n Belɛid At Ɛli d wid icuban ɣur-s imi yesdukkel-iten-t i merra. Yessefra, yura, yecna.

D amedyaz, d amaru, d aneɣmas s tutlayt tayemmatt (taqbaylit) akk d tefransist deg Uɣmis n La Dépêche de Kabylie, d yisebtar n Tiɣremt deg La Cité, d bab n umagrad ‘‘Nnhda n acer » d yimgraden-nniḍen i d-yettawi ɣef yidles d waddal, timetti, adiwen-nni, yimeɛḍar d tejmilin.

Yekki deg aṭas n temzizlin d tfaskiwin i d-yettilin deg tmurt n Yiqbayliyen ɣef tmedyazt (Tafaska n Udrar n fad) d tullisin (Tiregwa tasbeddit takanadit i tmaziɣt).

Yewwi arrazen, yerna yessuffeɣ-d yiwen uḍebsi n ccan azedgan s Teqbaylit anda yekki unaẓur ameqqran Zedek Mulud, yessnulfa-d arraz n umagrad ifazzen ɣef tudert n Dda Lwennas Meɛtub.




#Article 445: Amyag (681 words)


Kra n tɣawsiwin ɣef wemyag

Amyag yesskan tigawt nexdem, taɣara neɣ addad n kra tɣawsa. Akka, amyag di tmaziɣt yebḍa ɣef sin isufar:

    amyag amagnu, yemmal dacu yexdem (neɣ ara yexdem) umeggay, am: yeffeɣ weqcic ; ssiwel i gma-k ; a d-yawi lɛar...
    amyag n tɣara, yemmal-d amek iga umeggay, neɣ addad-is, am: yugar ucerrig tafawet ; yettiwriɣ wudem-is ; ɣezzifit aṭas...

Amyag ifetti s:

    talɣa tilawt: yella wayen i ɣef d-nettmeslay;
    neɣ talɣa tibawt: tigawt neɣ taɣara i ɣef d-nettmeslay ur telli wara, neɣ ur tt-temmed ara.

Llan sin n yesmilen n yemyagen, mxallafen kan di tseftit:

    amyag alugan (anezmar), taseftit n yezri am tin n wurmir, kecmeɣ (izri), ad kecmeɣ (imal)...
    amyag arlugan (anammum), taseftit n yezri temxallaf ɣef tin n wurmir, nniɣ (izri), ad iniɣ (imal)...

Talɣa taḥerfit, d tin n wemyag ur nefti wara, ur tesɛi wara imattren udmawanen, amedya: kcem, ali, ddu...

Timeẓri, temmal-d amek teḍra tigawt, ma wezzilet, ma ɣezzifet, ma teḍra yiwet n tikkelt neɣ tettuɣal-d, ma temmed neɣ ala...

Akud yemmal-d melmi teḍra tigawt.
akuden n tseftit

urmir ur yettuseqdac ara aṭas weḥd-s, di tigti s tzelɣa n yimal ad i ifetti. A t-naf kan di kra n isuka am: win yebɣan ad yečč, yečč ; qqimet ar azekka, truḥem...

urmir (anaḍ) nesseqdac-it akken ad nmudd tasunḍa neɣ lewṣaya, amedya: awi-t yid-k! ; xdem tid lɛali a tent-tafeḍ...

urmir (imal) nesseqdac-it akken a d-nessken ayen ara yilin ɣer zdat, tigawt mazal ur teḍri neɣ ahat ur tḍerru wara (imal = ad/a + urmir), amedya: tameddit-a ad jbuɣ ɣur-s...

izri nesseftay amayag deg yezri akken a d-nessken kra n tigawt neɣ n waddad iɛeddan, yemmden, amedya: yuli ; tusa-d ; werriɣit...

izri ibaw, talɣa tibawt n wemyag deg yezri, amedya: ur yuki wara ; ur ẓriɣ s anda yerra...

anaḍ ussid, talɣa tussidt n wemyag, amedya: ttali (ali) ; keččem (kcem)...

urmir ussid nesseftay amyag deg wurmir ussid akken a d-nessken s umata tigawt i d-yettuɣalen, yettkemmilen, ur nemmid ara. Amedya:

    tigawt neɣ addad yellan imira, atan yettmeslay d gma-s.
    tigawt i d-yettuɣalen dima, s tasift i d-itekk yal ass.
    ṣṣifa yellan di kra n tɣawsa, anners yettɣar belxef.

imattaren udmawanen

Amyag, yeftin di kra n wakud, yeddes s umatar udmawan akk d ufeggag, tuddsa-yagi neqqar-as talɣa tamyagant. Amatar udmawan, yesskan-d anwa udem wuɣur yefti wemyag.

Talɣa tamyagant turgamt = t + urga + mt, t - mt, imattaren udmawanen
urga, afeggag n wemyag argu deg yezri

Imattaren udmawanen n yemyagen n tɣara am wid n yemyagen imugna, anagar deg yezri i mgarraden.

Ad tafem imattaren n yakk udmawen n tseftit deg imedyaten i d-nebder di taggara.
amaɣun

Amaɣun d yiwet n talɣa n wemyag i nesseqdac mti yella umeggay d amassaɣ, amedya: d argaz-nni i d-yusan ; tusa-d tmeṭṭut-nni yettun mmi-s...

Amaɣun d armeskil, ur ifetti wara, ur yettbeddil ara s ubeddel n tewsit neɣ n wemḍan. Yezmer ad yili d ilaw: inudan (izri), ara inadin (imal). Neɣ d ibaw: ur nezmir (izri), ur nzemmer ara (imal).
tazelɣa n tnila

Nesseqdac tazelɣa n tnila d/n i wakken a d-nmel s anda neɣ ansa i d-tekka tigawt.

Tazelɣa d tettweǧǧih tigawt ɣer win i d-yettmeslayen, amedya: iruḥ-d iḍelli (iruḥ ɣer win i d-yettmeslayen).

Tazelɣa n tesskanay-d belli tigawt terra ɣer win i d-isellen, neɣ terra ɣer wemkan nniḍen, amedya: iruḥ-n (iruḥ ɣer tama n win i d-isellen neɣ s amkan nniḍen).
Imyagen izelman

Imyagen izellumen ttwasilɣen seg yemyagen iḥerfiyen ama d imugna neɣ n tɣara. Ilugan n tseftit-nsen am yemyagen nniḍen.

amyag aswaɣ yettwasileɣ s wezwar n s neɣ yiwet seg talɣiwin-is sse, ssu... amedya: ssekcem (kcem), sluɣ (luɣ), ssider (ader)...

amyag amyaɣ yeskanayen amyebdal n tigawt: myuzzamen = mbadalen tuzzma (wa yezzem wayeḍ). Yettwasileɣ s wezwar n m neɣ yiwet seg talɣiwin-is: mye, myu... amedya: mbeddal (beddel), myezwir (zwir), myuṭṭaf (ṭṭef)...

amyag attwaɣ yeskanay d akken tigawt tettrusu-d ɣef umeggay. Yettwasileɣ s wezwar n ttu, ttwa, neɣ daɣen tt, mm, n, nn. Amedya: ttwakrez (krez), ttucudd (cudd), nnẓem (ẓem), mmečč (ečč)...

Nezmer ad nessileɣ azellum seg wemyag yellan yakan di talɣa n uzellum, d aya umi neqqar izelman izelman, amedya: ttunefk Ader:

Eḍs:




#Article 446: Aḥeddad n lqalus (411 words)


Taddart n Lqalus tura trav. Qqaren ass-mi itt-mazal tevded, yella deg-s yiwen uḥeddad yesɛa cci, yerna ɣur-s tameṭṭut tzad di ṣṣifa.Yiwen wass qqimen kra n lɣaci la heddren di tejmaɛt, inṭeq-d yiwen yenna-as :

Nnan as: 

Yenna-asen: 

Lɣaci ṛeggemn-as( weɛden-as).
Iruḥ ar tejmaɛt n ccraɛ,yenna-asen:

Nnan as : 

Yenna yasen belli ẓṛan medden.

Nnan as : 

Iruḥ yewwi-d inagan-nni i as-iṛeggmen di tejmaɛt. Cehden-as. Tajmaɛt teḥkem belli tennevra tmeṭṭut n uḥeddad lqalus. Truḥ. Imir yuɣ-itt urgaz-nni. ɣer taggara uɣalen armi kksen i uḥeddad ula d tiferkiwin-is.

Tella di taddart n Lqalus yiwet temɣart tegra-d weḥd-s, ur tesɛi ḥedd. Tewweḍ-d tefsut; vdan medden la teffɣen ɣer tferkiwin-nnsen. Ala tamɣart-nni acku ulac win ara  teğğ deg uxxam-is . Ass-nni truḥ s aḥeddad tru-yas. Yenna-yas :

Tenna-yas :

Yenna-yas :

Di lweqt-nni tiwwura ttsekkirent kan si sdaxel. At taddart, akken walan tamɣart, mi tsekker tawwurt-is ad truḥ ar lexla mebla akukru. Imir vdan ad d-ttazzalen ɣer uḥeddad iwakken ad asen-ixdem tisekkarin si veṛṛa ula d nutni.

yexdem- itent, maca mkul yiwet yuqem-as snat n tsura, yiwet yeğğa-tt ɣur-s, tayeḍ yefka-tt i vav-is.
Yiwen n wass amesvaṭli-nni d tmeṭṭut-is txuṣṣ-iten tmes,yenna-yas i tmeṭṭut:

Tenna-yas :- Annaɣ! Anwa udem iyes ara t-qableɣ?
Yenna-yas :- Nniɣ-am ddem aceqquf truḥeḍ.
Truḥ. Mi tewweḍ  tvedd, tegguma ad tqerrev. Aḥeddad iwala-d tili-s,yenna yas :

Tenna-yas : d nekk!
Ynna yas :- Nniɣ am qerrev-d.
Tenna-yas :-Nniɣ-ak d nekk.Ur iyi-d-teɛqileḍ ara?
Yenna-yas :- Ẓriɣ d kemm, qerrev-d.
Tekcem, tenna-yas:

Yerra-as s tmeɣrut agi:(-uz-).

Xeddmeɣ i medden akk lxir
nekk d aḥeddad si Lqalus

Ul-iw Yettagem ineqqel
ha-t-a di lhemm ur ixus

Ad kwen-ttreɣ a lawliya
At Mraw akk d wat Ɛrus

Aqli la neğğṛeɣ azduz
Ay at Ṛebbi get-as afus

Tuɣal tmeṭṭut s axxam. Yenna-yas urgaz is:

Teḥka-yas, tules-as-d ifyar i as-d-yenna uḥeddad. Dɣa yenna-yas:

Di tama n Lqalus tella yiwet n taddart temsaɛdaw yid-s; wwḍen armi qriv i tt-xlan. Iruḥ yiwen n wass uḥeddad ɣer yimḍebbren n taddart-nni, Yenna-asen:

Nnan as :
 

Yenna yas : 

Yiwen n yiḍ aḍu la issafag iqremyad. Medden akk ṭsen. Aḥeddad yekker, yevda-d i taddart si ṭṭerf. Axxam iɣef iɛedda isekker-as tawwurt si verra.Yuli ɣer taɛrict n uxxam-is, yeddem tadla n yiɣlel, yessaɣ- itt, yessɛedda-tt-id si tṭaq. Aɛdawen walan-d ajajiḥ mebɛid, uzzlen-d s sslaḥ. Zzin i taddart si mkul idis, mekknen-as times. Tendeh, tleḥḥu armi d-yewweḍ s ixxamen imezwura n taddart.Laɛyaḍ yekker.Win yemmɣen ɣef tmekwḥelt, ad iruḥ ad d-yeldi tawwurt, ad tt-yaf  tsekkeṛ si veṛṛa.

Aḥeddad n lqalus yerra-d ttar n wayen texdem deg-s taddart-is.




#Article 447: C Sharp (104 words)


C Sharp neɣ C# d tameslayt n usihel sɣur Microsoft. Designer n tameslayt-agi isem-is Anders Hejlsberg.

Akk d C#, Microsoft tebɣa ad tesnulfu tameslayt n programmation tugar Java n Oracle, di 1999 teffeɣ-d version tamezwarut n C#, version-agi tella tettcabi s waṭas ɣer Java.

Di les versions nniḍen, C# yettembeddal u yerna aṭas les fonctionnalités i ixuṣṣen di Java am :

C# d tutlayt teddu g lFramework .Net, llant 3 les versions n .Net :

Akken yiwen ad yeprogrami mebla ad yessen lFramework gar 3 les Framework-agi, Microsoft teffeɣ-d .Net Standard.

using System;

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(Hello, world!);
    }




#Article 448: Nils Holgersson (Anime) (165 words)


Nils Holgersson (ニルスのふしぎな旅 Nirusu no Fushigi na Tabi) d Animé yettawi taḥkayt-is seg tamacahutt n Selma Lagerlöf: Inig n Nils Holgersson. Yeffeɣ-it Studio Pierrot g 1980 u yesɛa 52 épisodes.

Nils d aqcic aḥdaqar, d afenyan, yewɛar akk d lmal n lfirma n baba-s.

Yiwen wass, ass n lḥedd, Nils ur yebɣi wara ad iruḥ ar taklizt akk d imawlan-is, baba-s yeqbel ma Nils ad yeḥfeḍ ciṭuh n tbibelt. Mi ruḥen imawlan-is, yettu iman-is u yeṭṭes, mi d-yekker yufa yiwen akeḍwan, yeṭṭef-it, yugi ad s-iserreḥ deg wakud yefka-yas akeḍwan idrimen, Nils yebɣa kan ḥaǧa: ad yeḥfeḍ tibibelt qbel ad d-yuɣal baba-s.

Akeḍwan yugi ḥaǧa am akka, yezɛef u yerra Nils d amcṭuh am netta.

Mi t-walan lmal n lfirma, ḍsan fell-as u bɣan ad t-wten. Di lqweqt nni, Morten, awezziw n lfirma, yella iheyyi iman-is ad ining akk d iwezziwen n lexla, mi yufeg, yeṭṭef-it Nils u akka yezmer ad yerwel seg ifassen lmal n lfirma. 

Di inig-nni, Nils yebɣa ad yuɣal ameqqran am zik.




#Article 449: Anagraw n yisem (156 words)


Anagraw n yisem

Amgared gar yisem d umyag deg sin n yiswiren : talɣiwin d twuri

Timesɣariwin tigensanin:  

Tamesɣaṛa n tuzzuft: amalay / unti

Tawsit, deg tjerrumt, d asmil (‘‘catégorie’’) yersen ɣef umgired n tuzzuft. Da tawsit d n ugama, i nettaf tikwal kan deg tutlayin tigamanin: axxam~taxxamt, izi ~ tizit, uzzal ~ tuzzalt  ur yelli ara d tanmegla n tuzzuft. Da tawsit, d talɣa kan, ur telli deg unamek. Deg tefṛansist, taṭelyanit, taspanit, taɛrabt, llant snat tewsatin n talɣa : amalay d wunti. Deg talmant, tarusit, llan tkradet (tlata) n tewsatin : amalay, unti, arawsan. Deg tesnilest, deg tefransist d amedya, s umata tawsit ur telli d awalec (awal n tjerrumt : ‘‘monème’’), axaṭer ur d-ittekk seg ufran deg tmeslayt. Ma yella yisem kan, tedda-d yid-s tewsit-is : ur yezmir yiwen ad d-yini poire war ma yenna-t-id deg wunti, ur yezmir ad as-d-yefren amalay. Tawsit akked tuzzuft mgaradent : cuisinier ~ cuisinière deg-s tanmegla n tewsit, deg-s tanmegla n umawal.




#Article 450: Ḥmed Lala (113 words)


Ḥmed Lala (neɣ s trumit Ahmed Lala), ilul deg waggur n yulyu, aseggas 1967, d mmi-s n taddart Tiwririn, yezgan deg tɣiwant Ifnayen. Yeqdec aṭas deg tdukliwin. Ayen akk yesla, d wayen akk yeɣra ama s teqbaylit ama s tefransist, yenğer-as-d abrid ɣer usefru.

Ḥmed yezdeɣ deg tzeqqa asnulfu. Ɣas akken yenna deg yizli : « Yebɣa ad iferfer am lbaz, s wafriwen warẓaẓ ». Netta ixemmem yufeg s lecɣal s wafriwen n lbaz, akken ad d-yefk tiktiwin s tament n tzizwa. Yuzen-d tilufa s tektiwin timaynutin i tɣawsiwin tiqburin neɣ timiranin.

Akken daɣen i d-isellek kra wawalen seg tatut. Wid yebdan ttɣiben acku ur ten-nesseqdac ara aṭas. Gar-asen llan (cetfu/ccah, herwet/zleɛbeḍ, uɛqim/yettwaɣ…).




#Article 451: Abyannu (520 words)


Ač yiɣef n usuggas, seg wuduf n Muḥeṛṛem ar ass fayd (wis) mṛaw di uyur, tiddar n At Mẓab tteggent tfaska n Abyannu niɣ Αbyahannu: d igget tfaska tus‑aneɣ‑d seg zik n zik, tteggen-asen-tt midden i tarwa tazdadt. Mi wannan (nekḍen) ass seg wussan deg yigget si teddar, ad aznen i at ɣer‑sen d at weɣlad:  Iwat int-asen i tarwa-nwem ad d‑asen ass n wayflani ad ggen yid‑neɣ Abyannu! Ihi, mi yiweḍ wass‑nni ad d-asen imar‑a ayen tarwa ssya d ssya, ad gerwen ay ulun (akk) di teddart-nni, ad d-bbin ayen at teddart ad ssun cra s ddaw yimi n itran (cebbak), asen‑wcen i yicidwan (irbaten), ač yigg si‑sen, bessi (imik) n ibawen, bessi n kawkaw niɣ n tcicet (lluz), bessi n temziḍin n wejḍiḍ (leḥlawi n ubuɛud) niɣ ucin‑as d lgaṭu, bessi dex n ikeṛṛayen ma llan, bessi n ssukker, ač yiggen d wayen i yexs ad yegg.. Asen‑ccaṛen d aweḥdi (mliḥ) uṛan‑nsen d yixemmalen n tcebrin‑nsen d iɛebban‑nsen, ač arraw yqas ad ycemmeṛ ujar n aytma-s... Ihi, ad alin imar‑a ay ulun ɣer nneǧ‑wadday (aswir unniǧ n wexxam) as‑nneḍen i weyder n lsas (cebbak) ad ntan ssenǧuǧuyen uṛan‑nsen d wayen i d-cemmṛen, cennun qqaren: Aaabyaaa haaa nnuuu.. lalla-nnu, ṣadaq-ḷḷaaah wa tɛallaaa... Haay! (awal‑a ɣer At Izǧen, maca ač yiɣrem d way i qqaren midden‑s). Ihi, tarwa ad qqimen cennun iwalen-nni ttɛawaden‑ten, rennin ujar d ujar aẓagga,... aaar mi nnan Haay taneǧǧarut, timirt-nni kan, ad d‑klin (ad d‑ggren) akk ay i gerwen deg fassen‑nsen! Ad at‑cetteḍen ɣer uǧenna ad d‑yuḍa ɣer wadday seg yimi n itran am wenẓar. Ttwannan akan s tiṭṭawin‑nsen, ur yettessen bab‑s melmi ɣ ad klin m'ur yelli yid‑nsen. Mi klin, ad zzelen mzawren tisunan ɣer wadday, ɣer wassu (taferracit) i asen‑ssun ddaw yitran, ad wḍan ɣef wayen ifsan di‑s gerrwen‑t, d netnin ttferɛenen ḍessen, taneǧǧarut, ad wcen akk ayen i gerwen i At teddart‑nni, asen‑t-ẓunen (bḍan) d tizgibin d timeẓyanin ač iggen yaɣ tunt‑nnes (tnuba) yeẓwa ɣer‑sen d netta yesba yettgeẓgeẓ... yettjur yeqqar deg wul‑nnes : Awissen mani ɣ ad yili Abyannu n uzečča ?

Ulsen At zik ɣef tenfust n Abyannu, yella wa iqqaren : tedwel ɣer yimar n Baba-nneɣ Νuḥ Aser, seg mi yersu uɣerrabu‑nnes tamurt teqqur, yegrew bnudam d imudar i d‑usin yid‑s akk, yebbi‑d yenta yekli‑asen‑d si uǧenna n uɣerrabu ayetli d wuccu i d‑iwin yid‑nsen,...  ilin ttezzlen, ttnaqqan, ač umexluq yettebbi tunt i yili.., ilin icidwan deɣ netnin ttbibizen ɣef‑s ar as‑ttinin s yiles‑nsen ukrid: Abi a Nu, Abi a Nu, Abi a Nu, ... (Awi-d a Nuḥ). Ur nessin n tidet niɣ uhu.

Amezwar n Muḥeṛṛem, qqaren midden twatra n yiɣef n usuggas. Mi tudef Taɛacurt (ass n mṛaw di uyur), ad d‑kkren midden zik s yiḍes, ad ssirden s waman n Tzuggart (ssedret) i tewwet tafuyt, ad ɣren ibedduren n Uyuc ɣbecca‑nni, ggen twatra, wcen Slam jar‑asen d wi mlilen akk deg wass‑nni, ẓwan ɣer tenḍal d tiǧrarawin, irǧazen - tisednan - tarwa, bac ad mmektin imriwen‑nsen d ilmeɣriwen illan ass‑a ddaw ucal... mmektin i yella zeddiɣ (mazal) ad ten‑ḍefren tarzeft ula muqqel mennect i zedɣen di Tdunnit.

Abyannu amimun. Ar yimal, ters‑d tnemmirt.

Banuḥ Nat Ḥemmi Nuḥ, 




#Article 452: Xaled Mecɛel (203 words)


Xaled Mecɛel d aselway n ḥamas. Ilul deg 28 mayyu 1956 deg taddart slwad g teɣremt n ramallah g falesṭin, yeɣra dis asselmd amenzu ar asseggass 1967 acku izug akk d twacult-is ɣer Lekwit, yedder ɣin deg aswir adamsan ɣif anammas ikemmel dis tiɣri-ines tanammast (tamenzut) d tasinant, d ikemml tiɣri-ines tasdawant ar ma yiwi abaklaryus deg lfizik n tasdawit Lekwit. tga tasdawit Lekwit deg aseggas n 1970 n tasut izrin iktaren s  ikabaren isertanen n taɛrabt dis yattuyn, d tfilisṭinit iẓlin, d tẓra abuɣlu n imḥḍaren nna igan amussu yellan din d tsul tmatart iẓiln nna ɣef n yddr ar assa. tiws tad azmez n wurɣ s wanaw ameqqran deg usgmi n twessna nnes d tnfalit n uswingm nnes, acku teẓra afa n tikki nnes d aswingam d umusdu asretan, yesbeff amussu amuslem afilisṭini deg tasdawit lekwit, d yedra deg assuser akabar azrfan n tamuslemt nna tminafsen umuɣen amussu n fatḥ ɣef tamɣuri n wamun yattuyn n imḥeḍaṛn n filisṭin deg lekwit, nḍ akabar nna yezreb ma yuɣaln mbeɛd usufɣ-nnse nn yetussan s tamsmunt tamuslmt imeḥḍaren falisṭin. isufeɣ Mecɛel deg assgwass 1978 yeswuri asalmad n lfizik dg lekwit, awd imɣra mbaɛd sin iseggasen ɣur-s 7 n arrawen, kraḍt tirbatin d kkuẓ iferxan.




#Article 453: Ḥebrun (106 words)


Ḥebrun neɣ lxalil tiɣremt tafilisṭinit, d wamemas n tɣiwant n lxalil. Tezga di agmemuḍ utrim ar iẓelmḍ seg lquds s tugut n 35 km. Skant ikenɛaniyen di wakud abrunẓi azayku, tga asesa tamqqrant n tiɣrmin n ugmiḍ utrim seg uṭeṭun n imzdaɣn d tiɣzi, acku gan uṭeṭun imzdaɣen nnes seg aseggas 2014 nig n 200 ifḍ umzedaɣ, tiweḍ tiɣzi nnes 42 2 (km). tecna tɣrmt s tadamsa nnes, acku tga seg mqeqran d amemasn idamsanen dk agmuḍ. d lxalil ɣur-s kṛaḍ, isgdan ibrahmiyn acku g wamems n tɣrmt timzgida tabrahimit nena ɣur imaqamn n imazanen n ṛbebi : ibrahim, d isḥaq, d yaɛqub, d timɣarin nensn.




#Article 454: Mass-nsen (118 words)


Mass-nsen neɣ Masnsen (s tira n Tmaziɣt taqbuṛt: MSNSN, ⵎⵙⵏⵙⵏ) d agellid Amaziɣ Anumid n tmurt n Yinumiden (Numidya) i d-yezgan deg wul n Tefriqt n Ugafa deg yimir n tmiḍi tis kraḍet send talallit n Ɛisa. 

Mass-nsen ilul deg useggas n 238 S.Ɛ. deg tgelda n Yimasiniyen. Yesdukkel tamurt Tanumidt n Tefriqt n Ugafa i tikkelt tamenzut deg umezruy. Yettwassen Mass-nsen s yinzi-ines aɣerfan i d-yeqqaṛen: Tafriqt i Yifriqen.

Yemmut Mass-nsen deg useggas n 148 S.Ɛ. Yesker-as uɣref-is yiwen usemḍel d uẓekka ameqqṛan deg temnaḍt n Sirṭa, Qsenṭina n wass-a.

Tamurt : Tanumidt ( Numidya - Tafriqt ugafa ) 

Tamanaɣt : Sirṭa (Cirta) (Qsenṭina)

Imezdaɣ : Imaziɣen, Inumiden, timettiyin timaziɣin-nniḍen. 

Tutlayt : Tamaziɣt taqbuṛt, Timaziɣin-nniḍen, Talatinit, Tagrigit.




#Article 455: Tamurt umaziɣ (1622 words)


 Amezruy : ayen ur gan lejdud i tmaziɣt

Abrid i d-wwin Imaziɣen deg umezruy d yiwen seg wid yeččuren d tasḍiwin, maca tikwal yessewham s kra n lexṣas i nezmer ad d-nessukkes, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan tutlayt d tsertit.

Di tilawt, ulac Amaziɣ yefkan azal s tidet i tutlayt-is uqbel lqern wis 20, ula deg talliyin mi ḥekmen nutni s yiman-nsen. M’ara nẓer kan belli tamaziɣt (s tantaliwin-is yemgaraden) ur tuɣal d tunṣibt di kra n tmennaṭ deg wakal-is segmi d-tella armi d aseggas n 2011 deg Lmerruk syin teḍfer-d Lezzayer, yewwi-d ad nefk tuttra tabɣast i iman-nnneɣ u ad d-nqirr anda « ḍelmen » lejdud-nneɣ.

Yuɣ lḥal, am akken i ten-mazal ar tura, Imaziɣen si zik ttwassnen s tsefkt i sɛan ɣer tutlayin seg wasmi ttwassnen deg umezruy (ladɣa gar Iṛuamniyen d Igrigiyen), meḥsub isehel-asen ulemmud n tutlayin n lǧiran-nsen. Meslayen tafiniqit n Qerṭaj iwumi qqaren tafuniqt, talaṭinit, tagrigit, taɛrabt, tafransist, d tiyaḍ di kra n talliyin am tsepenyult. D acu, aya d ayen i ten-yeǧǧan, ma nenna-d akka,  ad rren ayla-nsen ɣer ṭṭerf. Yuɣ lḥal gar yegduden imezwura iɛucren Imzaiɣen, d Iqerṭajiyen i ten-id-iqerben ugar di tmennaṭ n tmanaɣt Tunes n tura. Ihi s Masensen s Sifaqs llan d imdukal-nsen, deg yiwet akken n tallit. Cerken yid-sen kullec, mɛucaren deg twaculin, uqmen assaɣen ara d-nini assa d isertanen ; dɣa yiwen am Masensen i yesseḥbabren ɣef tgelda-s amek ara twenneɛ, yeddem aṭas seg termit Iqerṭajiyen i d-wwin nutni sɣur lejdud-nsen Ifiniqen, ladɣa ayen yerzan tafellaḥt d tnezzut, maca yesseqdec ula d tutlayt-nsen tafuniqt i yuɣalen d tin i d tunṣibt ama deg uɣrem-is neɣ di tmanaɣt-is Cirta s umata, tugart ma llan ibeṛṛaniyen, ulamma tezga tmaziɣt deg ugdud.

D tidet, uran s tfinaɣ imiren, maca mačči d iḍrisen, d ismawen kan akka d wwalen ifriḍen i ttarran yess tikwal ɣef yeɣraben ifakanen, ixxamen unṣiben, iɣran ttawin yemnayen, d wayen nniḍen ; yerna dima tettili ɣer tama-s tfuniqt neɣ talaṭinit syin ɣer da. Lejdud-nneɣ deg leqrun-nni lemden tutlayin i d-nenna, uran yes-sent idlisen am Ḥiemfsal wis sin i yuran s tfuniqt, agellid Yuba wis sin i yuran s tlaṭinit, d wiyaḍ i d-iḍefren syin d asawen am Ufulay (lqern II ), d ugerram Ugustius (lqern wis IV), maca widak banen, imi llan seddaw tecḍaṭ n Ruma.

Akken i kemmlen deg tallit Iwandalen d tin Ibizanṭiyen, ma d tawaɣit tasnilsant tameqqrant teḍran-d mi d-wwḍen Waɛraben. D acu aɣbel mačči deg ukeččum n imhersanen i yella kan, acku dayi ilaq ad d-nesmekti yiwet n tidet tamazrayt i ntettu nekni s Imaziɣen, yerna llan wid ur tt-nessin.

Ihi mi d-wwḍen Waɛraben akal n Tmazɣa seg unṭag amezwaru n useggas 647, yuqeɛ-itt imenɣi, qqlen ṭṭfen tamurt. Maca yewweḍ-d lweqt anda ɛawden Imaziɣen refden-d iman-nsen, ladɣa deg tama umalu, ɛewwlen ad kksen azaglu n ddula Tamawit (Omeyyades) d uqerru-s deg Dimecq, yerna ssawḍen rnan Aɛraben imawiyen, tugart segmi tt-gezmen di rray ad sen-lḥun s tin n ddin i ḍefren segmi sen-teffeɣ afus, meḥsub win n tneslemet, maca deg terkent Ixerriǧiyen i d-yerran azalen n teɣdemt yettwaɛfsen si tazwara ; yuɣ lḥal asɣan n tneslemt  ur d-yeqqar ara belli d Aɛrab kan i ilaqen ad yeḥkem, ihi s wakka i sellmen Yimawiyen imi si tama-iḍen ur d-grin ara ǧehden am zik.1

Dɣa din i tella tuzzma deg Imaziɣen, acku deg wayen ara nadin ad reṣṣin ayla-nsen s tidet, tamagit-nsen i yebnan ɣef tutlayt uqbel ayen nniḍen, kemmlen ɣlin deg texfet n ddin i tikelt-iḍen. Nenna-d si tagara n lqern wis VIII, amur ameqqran n Tmazɣa yegra-d ɣer yimawlan-is, ternuḍ ula d Landalus i ṭṭfen i ṭṭfen yemslemn di Spanya, ala deg Tunes de Libya i qqimen cudden ɣer Usammar aɛrab imi aṭas i istqerren  din n Waɛraben i d-yekkan si teqbilt n Ɛuqba ben Nafeɛ. Ihi ɣas akken, wid i d-yerran timunent-nsen, mi kkren sbedden iwunak imezwura, d ibeṛṛaniyen i rran d Iqerra ! Akka, wid yellan deg tama n Merruk n tura d Idris amezwaru i d-irewlen si n tmurt taɛrabt i sbedden m’akken i sen-yenna yeqqers-d si twacult n nnbi Muḥemmed, Ibaḍiyen n Tihert ssulin Ibn Rustom afarsi, imi t-tuɣ deg ubrid-nsen amasɣan i yella. Dɣa kullec ikemmel ileḥḥu s tutlayt n Leqran ; am widak n teglest, Imaziɣen n tallit tanammast werǧin i meyyzen ad arun s tutayt-nsen, d tutlayt-iḍen tabeṛṛanit i d-yernan teṭṭef-d agnes. Ulamek ara nini d lbaṭel i yeḍran fell-aɣ, imi lawan-nni d Imaziɣen i iḥekmen ; ula d ddulat i d-iḍefren : Ifaṭmiyen, Iziriyen, Iḥemmadiyen (di Bgayet !), Imweḥḥden, Imurabḍen, Izeyyanen, Iḥefṣiyen ; neɣ di tama n Merruk daɣ : Iminiren d i Iseɛdyen d Iwaṭṭasen, uqbel ad tt-ṭṭfen Yeɛlawiyen si 1631 ar tura… kemmlen ttarun arraten-nsen d tebratin s taɛrabt.Yerna mačči d ayen kan ; ula m’ara yili d Amaziɣ i d sselṭan neɣ i d ageldun, yettɛerrib isem-is am akken uɣen tannumi wid yessezwirin tineslemt deg ukersi-nsen ; amedya seg wid yettwassnen, d aḥemmadi Nnasir ibn Al-anas ibn Ḥammad (1062-1088) i yerran Bgayet d tamanaɣt-is, imi di tilawt isem-is Anzir. Maca ur ilaq ara nenker, ulamma drus, llan kra i yeǧǧan isem-nsen am Yeɣmurasen di Tlemsan (1206 – 1283), ɣas akken yerna-yas « Ibn Zeyyan » nni. Nnan-d belli Utumert n waṭlas amerruki (- 1130), imsebded n ddula n Imweḥḥden, i isemman i iman-s Ibn tumert, yura sin yedlisen-is Lɛaqida, d “Lmurcid” s tmaziɣt, uqbel ad ten-yessuqel ɣer taɛrabt.

Limaṛa i d-yeǧǧa ddin deg Tmazɣa d taẓegzagt; imi ɣas akken tantaliyin timaziɣin ssawḍent ddrent deg ugdud akken ilaq, deg timawit kan i qqiment. Nnig wakken, imeyyazen n lweqt-nni mačči kan uran s taɛrabt, wten ula fell-as akken ad tt-ssjehden, am Ibn Jerrum i d-yeǧǧan tajerrumt taɛrabt i yesɛan azal ar assa ɣur ikadimyen aɛraben, si lqern wis XIV.

Ma segmi d-kecmen Iṭerkiyen, kra din yensa deg tmazɣa talemmast, imi Lmerruk n tura ur tt-wwiḍen ara. Deg idurar ur tesɛiḍ w’i yessnen ad yaru ala kra n lecyax iteṭṭfen ɣer yiman-nsen, ladɣa imṛabḍen i d-ikecmen tuɣ tamurt taqbaylit, imi di lawan-nni win yessnen acemma taɛrabt yerna yeḥfeḍ kra n tsurtin, d win kan i d amusnaw, nnig-s ulac. Yuɣ lḥal widak ur ttjerriden ula d asefru ma yella-d, ɣas d adekker i yettdekkir bab-is. Akka i zedrent tmeslayin timaziɣin seddaw uzaglu n taɛrabt i d-ssusen wat tmurt s yiman-nsen. Armi d-tekcem Fransa i bdan mehhzen lumuṛ ulamma deg snat tamiwin tinemgalin. Imi si tama tamharsa tafransist tɛewwel-d ad tɛerreb akk Tafriqt Ugafa, aya d ayen ibanen, s yismawen i tbeddel d tnariyin taɛrabin i tesbedd di yal amkan, dɣa ula d inmezrayen-nsen imeqqranen am Stéphane Gsel cehhden-d ɣef akka. D acu si tama nniḍen, si tallit-is i d-tebda tira n tmaziɣt. Ɣas deg tazwara d ayen ikecmen kan iswi-nsen astaritiji, imi akken ad ẓẓlen aḍar akken ilaq yewwi-d fell-asen ad ssnen tutlayin akk n tmurt, ama di Lezzayer neɣ di Lmerruk. Maca tuɣḍadin n unadi deg tutlayt-nneɣ d usekcem-is deg tira, d tid i s-yerẓan asalu i tikelt tamezwarut sɣur ifransisen, gar ibabaten imellalen, iserdasiyen, d wiyaḍ.

Dɣa Adolphe Hanoteau (1814- 1897), ajiniral i yuran s teqbaylit gar imezwura maḍi  tagara n lqern wis XIX, yetewhhem asmi inuda deg tmurt n Leqbayel ad s-d-mlen ma yella kra n wedlis yuran si zik deg tmennaṭ-a, ur yufi ula d tajridt ufus ! Yerna ula mi yesteqsay imdanen, ur yefhim ara amek armi ur d-yegri wayen ara s-d-ḥkun ɣef kra n taluft ibeɛden deg wkud ; meḥsub taktawt-nneɣ tanbazt ɣas in’as teqqim d tilemt. « Werǧin ẓriɣ aɣref ur d-necliɛ deg umezruy-is am Leqbayel. » i yenna deg tezwart n wedlis-is anda i d-iḥawec isefra d ccnawi. Dɣa ma yenna akka, mačči d astehzi, d lewhayem kan i yewhem. Imi di tilawt, Leqbayel neɣ Imaziɣen nniḍen, mačči d tasmuḍi i semmeḍ wul-nsen ɣef wayla-nsen maca d tira i ten-ixuṣṣen. Tidet kan, ɣef igiman n lesnin, cehhden-d fell-aɣ ibeṛṛaniyen amek i nfaz deg waṭas n taɣulin, am tid n nnif, tabɣest deg umennuɣ d wazal nettak i wakal ajaddi, atg. Maca deg wayen yerzan idles, tafawet meqqret, yerna ssebba mačči dima sɣur imhersanen i d-tekka.

Ccwi kan seg Iṛumiyen-nni imezwura, deg tmennaṭ taqbaylit uɣalen kkren-d Leqbayel s yiman-nsen mi ifat ufan ttawil n tmusni, si Bulifa ɣer Mɛemmri armi d wid n tura. Assa taqbaylit teɣrem-d acḥal seg wayen i tesɛa d lexṣas. Segmi s-bedden imeɣnasen imezwura i iḥebbren ladɣa i tmawalt tatrart i sbuɣren acemma, tuɣal treffed iman-is kra kra. Yerna mačči d lmuḥal ad nqaḍeɛ wiyaḍ deg yal taɣult. Amedya meqqren deg tutlayin yellan am ayla-nneɣ deg tgellelt, i ilaq ad nmuqel, d win n tɛebrit n Isryil. Imawlan-is skeflen-tt-d si tillas n wakud, anda tella ur tettwaseqdec ala deg ddin d wayen icudden ɣur-s, tura uɣalen sɣarayen yess ula d tusniwin ɛlayen. Awi-d kan lebɣi ad yezdeɣ ulawen u ad ggten imeɣnasen icuban wid yellan yakan, ara d-iɛiwnen yal wa deg uḥric-is, dɣa ayen i ɣ-iruḥen ɣef tizi n leqrun nezmer ad t-id-nerr di kra n tnemrawin iseggasen kan.

Yerna tura yettuḥettem fell-aɣ ma nebɣa ad tidir tutlayt-nneɣ ula deg umeslay kan. Amedya deg tutlayt taqbaylit, ma zik lejdud ur uran ara, iles-nsen yezga d amaziɣ, tugart deg idurar, seg wakken ur yelli wayeḍ ara s-yekksen amkan… tura d tuggza-iḍen i ɣ-yeggunin. Si tmunent ɣer da, taɛrabt tekcem iɣerbazen deg tudrin, wid yettmeslayen ala s tmaziɣt, am tyemmatin i tt-iḥerzen zik si tsuta ɣer tayeḍ, uɣalen heddren daɣ s tefransist d taɛrabt ; yeshel ihi maḍi ad ruḥen wawalen ma ulac ajerred-nsen deg idlisen. Acku ɣas yebda uselmed n tmaziɣt yettaɣ tagnit, ma ur tewwiḍ ara d tutlayt tamezwarut n tɣuri anda i tella d tutlayt tayemmat, yewɛer akken ad teḥrez tallunt i s-tekksent tiyaḍ si yal tama. Wa d addad n teqbaylit kan, maca d ayen yerzan tutlayin nniḍen akk  timaziɣin, am tcelḥit (Merruk) d tcawit i yettwaḥersen deg temdinin armi uɣalen kra imeḍqan tenger maḍi tmaziɣt deg-sen.




#Article 456: Aɣlan (604 words)


Wa d tukkist seg usarag i d-yefka Ernest Renan ass n 11 meɣres 1882 deg tesdawit taparizyanit n La Sorbonne.

Aɣlan d iman, d tigejdit taruḥanit. Snat n tɣawsiwin, deg tidet, i d-ibennun iman-a, tigejdit-a taruḥanit.

Yiwet attan deg zik, tayeḍ tezdeɣ tura. Yiwet tessezdi imdanen s waṭas n yismektiyen i yesɛan, tayeḍ d lebɣi n tura, d lḥir n tudert akken jmiɛ, d lebɣi n ukemmel n werfad s igenni ayen i ɣ-d-ǧǧan imezwura yessezdi-aɣ. Amdan, ay imdanen, ur d-yesnulfu ara. Aɣlan am wemdan, d leqrar n waṭas n leqrun n leɛtab,n yiseflan, n tayri. Taẓẓalit i yimezwura d azref ur nezmir ad t-yekkes yiwen; d lejdud i ɣ-d-ifeṣṣlen akken nella akka tura. Amezruy, irgazen, iseɣ is-s ara nzuxx, d wi i d sɛaya n yemdanen akken ad snernin tikti n weɣlan-nsen. Amezruy i ɣ-yessizwiɣen udmawen-nneɣ i ɣ-yezdin seg zik, lebɣi i ɣ-icerken akka tura, asbeddi n temsal timeqranin s tiwizi, lebɣi n ukemmel seg webrid-a, atan d acu ilaqen i waken ad nili d aɣref. Nettzuxxu s leɛtab i neɛteb, s ideddicen i ɣ-iqerḥen. Nḥemmel axxam i d-nebna, win ara-d-neǧǧ i yineggura. Ccna n Sparte: “Aql-aɣ d ayen tellim, ad nili d ayen tellam”, ɣas akken d afessas, d netta i d imseɣret n yal tamurt.

Zik, d ttrika n zzux d ndamat i ɣ-yezdin, azekka d yiwen n webrid ara nawi, lqerḥ, taḍsa, tirga i ɣ-yesdukkulen, atan wayen yifen assezdi n ladwan d tlisa i sbeddent tikta tistratijiyin; atan wayen nfehhem ɣas nemxallaf deg ccetla d tmeslayt. Nniɣ-d seglinna: “lqerḥ i ɣ-yesdukklen”; ih, lqerḥ yesdukkul ugar n lferḥ. Ladɣa ismektiyen n tmura, leɣbayen ifen nezzeh lerbaḥ, axaṭer ttḥettimen-aɣ ad nili ɣer yidis n tmurt, slalayen-d tadukli gar-aneɣ.

Aɣlan, ihi, d tiwizi meqqren, i d-yettlalen seg yiseflan i nefka d wid daɣen ara nefk sya d asawen. Aɣlan yeḥwaǧ iḍelli, dacu kan assa yeḥwaǧ yiwet n tɣawsa s wazal-is: aqbal d lebɣi n tidet n ukemmel n tudert jmiɛ. Amdan yessefk ad iwekked tudert-is yal ass, akken daɣen aɣlan, tudert-is d tifranin n yal ass. Deg usettef n tekta i wen-d-mliɣ, aɣlan ur yugar agellid deg wezref ad s-yinin i taddart “Kemm d ayl-aw, ad kem-awiɣ”. Ɣer-nneɣ, taddart d imezdaɣ n weɣlan, axaṭer ma yella win yessefk ad ncawer deg taluft-a d amezdaɣ, d netta i ilan azref. Aɣlan weǧin deg lfayda-s assezdi neɣ tuṭtfa n tmurt sennig wul-is. Lebɣi n tmura, ulac akk ayen nniḍen, d netta kan i d llsas, d netta kan iɣer yessefk ad d-nettuɣal yal tikelt.

(…)

Ad siwezleɣ awal, ay atma. Amdan ur yelli d akli n ccetla-s, n tutlayt-is, neɣ n ddin-is, n wamek ttazalen isaffen neɣ amek i bedden idurar. Tirect n yemdanen, s wallaɣ-is iṣeḥḥan d wul-is yeḥman, txelleq-d yiwen rruḥ umɛin, nefka-as isem n weɣlan. Skud rruḥ-a umɛin yesbanay-d afud-is s yiseflan i yettḥettimen i wemdan ad yeknu i tirect, dɣa ɣer-s azref ad yili, ad ibedd. Ma yella cekk ɣef tlisa-s, ciwret imezdaɣ iɣef tettnaɣem. Ɣers-sen azref ad d-inin awal-nsen deg taluft. Atan d acu ara d-yesseḍsen imeqranen-a n tsertit, wid akken ur nɣelleḍ ara ɣas akken tudert-nsen yakk d tuccḍa, s tinzert-nsen seglalzen akal-nneɣ deg lqaɛa. “Ad tciwrem imezdaɣ, aha ziɣ! Atenta daɣen tikta-nni tiḍeɛfanin n Fransa i yebɣan ad ibeddlen ssyasa d lgirra s ttawilat iḥerfiyen am irellucen n warrac imecṭaḥ.” Rǧut, ay atma, anfet-as i leḥkem-a n isertiyen i ɣ-d-yettwalin akka sufella; eyyaw ad nissinet ad nqabel tamḥeqranit n wid iǧehden. Ahat sdeffir mi ara nessalay nesṭaray mebla ma newweḍ ɣer kra imeɛnen, ad d-nuɣal ɣer tfessassin-nni i nessen zik. Abrid is-s ara nesɛu lḥeqq azekka, deg kra n tsaɛtin, yessefk ad nissin ad nuɣal ɣer teqdimin. »




#Article 457: Montesquieu (1374 words)


 Tamuɣli n Montesquieu ɣef udabu

Deg tmuɣli n Montesqiueu, isaḍufen neɣ leqwanen d nutni i yesselḥawen tilufa gar yemdanen, zgan-d sufella n kra yellan. I wakken ad nefhem isaḍufen i d-sersen yemdanen, ilaq ad nerzu ɣer teɣdemt axaṭer dinna i yettbedday lḥedd.

Isaḍufen n yemdanen mgaraden ɣef wid n ugama, ur d-ttnulfan kan akka. Leqwanen i d-sbedden yemdanen, ɣas ur ttemcabin, resen ɣef yiwen n llsas. Wa icudd ɣer gma-s. Asaḍuf yettḍebbir, d netta i d assaɣ gar wid yesmendiwen (wid d-yesnulfayen lqanun) d yineḥkamen. Asaḍuf d aseɣwen i d-yefrurin seg temsal d wamek d-ḍrant, am win yeqqnen Rebbi d yemdanen neɣ win n yemdanen deg aygar-nsen.

Montesqiueu yettwali isaḍufen s wudem n tussna; ur ten-yettmuqul ara mfaraqen, yeqqar iseɣwan i ten-icudden wa ɣer wa. Yettaddam-d lmul ussnan, ad t-yessers syinnakin ɣef yemdanen. Iseɣwan yakk yellan ger leqwanen d nutni i d iman, i d rruḥ n yisaḍufen. Asaḍuf i ten-id-jemmlen yakk d ṣṣwab n wemdan, imi d netta i yettḍebbiren ɣef yemdanen yakk n lqaɛa.

S ttexmam-a, Motesqiueu yeɛreḍ ad d-yesbeggen ṣwab n tmettiyin n medden d yisaḍufen. Timsal n tsertit d taluft n umusnaw; tussna n tsertit ur yezmir yiwen ad tt-iɣer alma yekkes-as lhiba i tidet n ddin.

Asenqed n yinhilen (iduba)

Montesqiueu ur yebni ara ttexmam-is s tsertiyin tiqdimin, dacu kan yugem-d s waṭas seg tfelsafit tasertant n zik imi yeɣra 03 n leṣnaf imeqranen n udabu :

    Adabu agdudan :

Deg udabu-a, d agdud neɣ cwiṭ deg-s i iḥekkmen. Deg-s, ad naf sin n leṣnaf: arisṭukraṭ ( adabu n kra) d tugdut (adabu n yakk);

Deg tegduda tagdudant, leḥkem d ayla n wegdud, d acu kan ikennu deg taggara i leqwanen i d-sersen iɛeggalen d-yesbedd. Ɣer Montesquieu yella wemgirred gar tugdut tusridt d tin n yiɛeggalen. Netta yettwali agdud yessefk-as ad iḍebber ɣef kra i yellan gar ifassen-is, ayen i d-yegran d tamsalt n yineɣlafen-is. Tigejdit iɣef yebna udabu-a d ṣwab, lmeɛna-s d sivizm i yettarran amdan yessizwir nnfeɛ n medden yakk d tmurt ɣef nnfeɛ-is netta. Tayri n sɛaya d ayen ur nettumekken deg udabu yecban wa imi d tezdeg i t-yesseddawen.   Dacu kan, adabu-a ur yezmir ad d-yili ala deg tmura timecṭuḥin.

Deg tegduda tarisṭukraṭ, anager drus i yeṭṭfen leḥkem. Ṣwab, ɣas d tigejdit daɣen deg ṣenf udabu-a, ur yeǧhid ara imi deg drus n tlufa kan i ikennu i lebɣi n wegdud.

    Adabu ageldan :

Yiwen i yettrayin, i ilan leḥkem, d netta kan i yesselḥawen tilufa s lemqadra n leqwanen ibedden. Agellid ur yezmir ara ad yexdem ayen akk i yebɣa, imi tazmert-is tesɛa tilisa. Tilist-is teqqen ɣer tezmert yergazen yesɛan ccan deg tgelda-s, am: Lqaḍi, At ddin d yimeqqranen nniḍen. Tigejdit n udabu-a d iseɣ d wayen i iḥemmlen lɣaci n tgelda. Ageldun ur yezmir ad yessuter deg yemdanen ad xedmen ayen iwumi ur zmiren i wakken ur itekkes ara fell-asen sser.

    Adabu n udebbuz :

Yiwen i yettrayin, meɛna mebla tilisa. Yettḍebbir kan akken yebɣa, akken s-d-ddnen uqerruy-is d wul-is. Deg udabu-a, win iḥekmen ur yesɛi d acu ara t-id-iḥebsen neɣ ad s-iḥettmen xerṣum d ayen i iṛeggem neɣ yewɛed. Yezmer ad yefk yak tazmert-is i yineɣlafen-is. Tigejdit n ṣṣenf udabu-a d tegdi, d lxuf.

Yal ṣṣenf n udabu yebna ɣef wedɣaɣ n lmul-tigejdit : d ayen i yessezdayen isaḍufen n kra n udabu. Tijɛelt n udabu tbeddu deg tazwara s tmesɣiwt n tgejdit iɣef yuli udabu-a (amedya : deg tegduda tagdudant, imdanen yeffeɣ-asen ṣwab)

Montesquieu yezzem nezzeh adabu n udebbuz, yewṣef-it am wexxam mebla tiɛerstin. Adabu-a ur yesɛi ara taɣessa tasertant-taɣademt (la lqanun, la aseɣwen ger uneḥkam d yisaḍufen, imi imdanen knan kan ar nnefḥa n uqerruy i ten-iḥekmen). I t-yeččuren d tasusmi kan d tigugemt ideg yeṭṭenṭun lebɣi n yimḍebber, ulac yakk deg-s ayen iwumi qqaren taɣessa timettit. Deg udabu n udebbuz, wid yellan yakk swadda kifkif-iten deg wazal. ɣer Montesqiueu, d aseɛdel ger yemdanen i yesseččayen adabu-a. Acku mi ara ɛedlen yakk yemdanen, tettruḥu-asen tazmert i wakken ad qablen win yuɣalen d Rebbi fell-asen.

Dɣa seddaw n Udabu Aqdim, igelliden ttaɛraḍen ad d-sersen leqwanen wer ma fkan azal i tseddarin n yemdanen (tisegluyin), aya i wakken ad sefḍen icelqem yellan gar medden, ɣilen d ayen fessusen. Montesqiueu iwala-d aseɛdel-a ger medden yettawi ɣer leḥkem udebbuz.

Tifrat ɣer-s d aleggen n lǧehd i yesɛan yemdanen: yessefk lmizan ara yesserkden timetti d wefraq n tzemmar n ddula.

Afraq n tzemmar 

Ɣer Montesqiueu, tilelli mačči d timunnent, iswi mačči d tazmert ad yexdem yiwen akken i s-yehwa. Tilelli i nettnadi d tin ara yefken tazmert i wemdan ad yexdem ayen akk i s-yessuref lqanun. D lqanun ihi i d-yessrusun tilisa n tlelli.

Aserrus n yisaḍufen iṛessan ur yettaǧǧa ara adabu i yebnan ɣef tgejdit n tegdi ad d-ilal. Win yettḍebbiren ilaq ad yeknu i yisaḍufen.

Montesqiueu yettwali deg wefraq n tzemmar n ddula yesnernay deg tlelli n yemdanen. S tmuɣli-a, ad naf belli llan sin n leṣnaf n yiduba: adabu ireẓnen (am tugdut d trisṭukraṭit) d win ur nerẓin ara. Anager adabu ireẓnen i izemren ad yeḍmen tilelli n wemdan. Ala s tmendawt iweznen d yisaḍufen i iḍemmnen laman i terwiḥin n yemdanen i s-izemren ad d-ḥellin tilelli-nsen. Ɣer Montsequieu, ilaq tifin n ttawil ara igen tilisa i tezmert n ddula.

Dɣa ɣef wannect-a i d-yettmeslay ɣef wefraq n tzemmar i d-yebder uqbel-is yakan Locke. Aya yekkat i wakken ur tettemttuttul ara tezmert ger ifassen n yiwen n wemdan kan. “Tazmert tḥebbes-d tazmert nniḍen”. Dacu kan, tezmer tmurt ad t-tfeṣṣel aya akken s-yehwa, tezmer ad tesdukkel ger snat n tzemmar deg umedya, neɣ ad tger azeṭṭa ger tzemmar.

Montesquieu yettwali deg Yiman n yisaḍufen 03 tɣawsiwin i yessefken i wefraq n tzemmar. Yeddem-d amedya n Tmendawt taglizit:

    Aberlaman: tazmert n usnagal, tira d useɣti n yisaḍufen.
    Aselway n Unabaḍ: ixeddem s yisaḍufen i d-tessers tezmert tasnagalt. Yecqa-d d tlufa n wezref n yemdanen (tadiplumasit)
    Taɣdemt: tettḥasab, tḥekkem, tferru iɣeblan d yimenɣiwen ger yemdanen. Telha-d d tlufa yeɛnan azref aɣarim.

Wid d-yusan deg leqrun wis-19 d 20 (Durgit, Carré de Malberg, ..) fehmen s leɣlaḍ afraq n tzemmar i d-yemla Montesquieu. Ɣilen afraq-a n tzemmar yessefk ad yili d ugzim, netta dɣa aya d awezɣi ad d-yili deg tilawt, axaṭer aya ad d-yeglu s uẓerreb, yal tazmert deg tama-s. Ulamek yal tama n ddula ad tesɛu tazmert-is i yiman-is, neɣ ad tili d tilellit s wudem igezmen (yiwet ur tettɛawan tayeḍnin). Aẓerreb-a yeslalay-d yiwen udabu d aɛeẓẓug , d tisselwit d tejmaɛt-is kan i yettrayin (ala adebbuz i izemren ad d-yessufɣen tamurt seg tnexxart-a) neɣ adabu ara yesselḥaw wegraw kan (tisselwit d lexyal ubeɛli kan).

Ur yessefk ara ihi usemnenni n snat n tzemmar ger ifassen n yiwen n wemdan. Asemnenni yezmer ad d-yawi dder, aladɣa mi ara yiwen ad yejmeɛ 03 n lxedmat ɣef tikelt. Meɛna, yelha mi ara yiwen ad d-yeṭṭef cwiṭ deg-sent: amedya, azref n Veto. Aya yessuruf i yal tazmert ad teḥbes tayeḍnin, ad teslek seg lbaṭel-is.

     Afran n udabu

 Deg tmuɣli n Montesquieu, ulamek yakk ad d-tbedd tugdut tusridt deg tmettiyin-nneɣ tatrarin seddaw n Unabaḍ ageldan, acku wessiɛit nezzeh. Tagduda daɣen ulamek ad d-tili deg ṣṣenf n tmettiyin-a. Yerna, tigejdit iɣef tebna tugdut d ṣṣwab; ṣṣwab deg tmetti tartart ulac-it. Yessefk ihi ad yesseḥseb yiwen i tudert tajdiṭ d-wwin yemdanen n tura ( idrimen rran-ten yal yiwen yettxemmim i yiman-is, awi-d kan ad d-ddren wer ma cqan-d ma telha tudert-nsen neɣ xaṭi). Lmeɛna n zik truḥ, yeǧǧa-tt zman.

S tiṭ n wemdan atrar, Montesquieu yettwali tilelli ur d-tettas ara s uttekki deg udabu d tsertit. Amdan atrar yettwali tilelli mi ara yerwel seg tsertit d mi ara yeɛzel iman-is deg lehmum n wexxam-is.

Deg udabu n udebbuz, imdanen kennun imir-nni. Deg tgelda, kennun s ṭṭul. Tegdi tettili-d deg udabu ideg ur d-tettbin ansi ara d-tas tiyita. Yessefk ihi usbeddi n leqwanen iṣeḥḥan ara isefḍen tegdi, ad d-yawin talwit.

Udem n tsertit yettban-d amek ttqadaren medden isaḍufen ibedden. Ɣer Montesqiueu, ur nkennu ara i lqanun, meɛna nxeddem ayen yessuruf lqanun. Afraq ger tzemmar yezmer ad d-yawi tadukli, i waken wa ur yettali ɣef wa. Deg taggara, lqanun yella-d i waken ad yesḥirbeb amdan, ad t-yesserked.

Ma ɣef yedrimen, Montesquieu yettwali belli d ttawil yelhan i userked d useggem n lemxalṭat ger yemdanen, yettarra-ten wa yettnadi ɣef wayeḍ. S tmuɣli-a, Montesqiueu yesnulfa-d ajdid deg tussna tasertit, imi yessuẓa ar sdat “lmeɛna”.




#Article 458: Lagwanc (256 words)


Lagwanc d urar n lkarṭa. 2 ad qablen 2.

Llant 32 lkarṭat bḍan af 4 n li couleurs : 

 
Mkull couleur tesɛa 8 lkarṭat : 

Azal n mkull lkarṭa yettbeddil ɛla ḥsab n l'atout i ttwaxtaren deffir leɣna, 

Atu : Lvali (20), 9 (14), Llaẓ (11), 10 (10), Rrwa (4), Ddam (3), 8 (0), 7 (0)

Mâci latu : Llaẓ (11), 10 (10), Rrwa (4), Ddam (3), Lvali (2), 9 (0), 8 (0), 7 (0)

Di mkull lleɛb, tella yiwet n la couleur atu akk d 3 mači atu, azal lǧemɛ nsen 152 n tneqqiṭin, ma d-nernu dix-de-der ad yuɣal 162 n tneqqiṭin.

Kull yiwen ad yini acḥal tneqqiṭin ad yerbeḥ, azal n tneqqiṭin minimum swacu ad yebdu 80, ma yella win deffir-s yefka-d azal ketr-is, wid d-i-ttabaɛen ilaq ad fkan kter nsen.

Aneggaru nsen ilaq ad yawi azal nni i d-yefka tazwara mulac ad yexṣer.

llan 4 n imyuraren : Akli akk d Muḥend ad qablen Ameqqran akk d Azwaw.

Amezwaru ad ileɛben d Akli, wis sin d Ameqqran, wis tlata Muḥend, aneggaaru d azwaw.  

Umbeɛd ula d yiwen ur d-irennu. Taswiḥt nni, tarbaɛt n ameqqran akk d azwaw ilaq ad rebḥen lqima i d-fkan (120), u  latu ad yili d ♥.

Ma yella tarbaɛt n Ameqqran d azwaw rebḥen azal nni i d-fkan neɣ kter ad awin azal nni i-d-rebḥen + azal nni i d-fkan tazwara.
Ma xeṣren, tarbaɛt n Akli d Muḥend ad rebḥen azal nni i d fka tarbaɛt Ameqqran d azwaw (120) akk d 160 = (azal lǧemɛ n akk lkarṭat).




#Article 459: Aseggas n Ilu (164 words)


Aseggas n Ilu, neɣ Ɛam Ulfil (عام الفيل), d isem i d-yefka umezruy Ineslem i useggas iqerben ɣer 570 seld talalit n Ɛisa. Amezruy Ineslem yeqqar belli deg useggas-a nnbi n Tneslemt Muḥemmed (taɛrabt: مُـحَـمَّـد‎) ilul. Isem-agi yekka-d seg ayen yeḍran di Mekka. 

Abraha n Ḥabaca, amenbaḍ Amasiḥi n Yaman, igḍefren Tagelda n Aksum di Ityupya, yelḥa ɣer Kaɛba di Mekka s yigen ameqqran, deg igen agi llan yiwen neɣ aṭaṣ n ilaten n umgaru, iswi-is ad-tiseɣli (Kaɛba). Akken yeqqar wensay ineslem, ilu amezwaru, yettwasnen s yissem n Meḥmud (Taɛrabt: مَـحْـمُـوْد), ibedd ɣer unekcum n Mekka, d yugi ad yekcem.  

Isenmezruyen fkan tiẓri yeqqaren belli yiwen waṭṭan yeṭṭef yilu nni d ur yeǧǧa-t adyekcem ɣer Mekka.In turn citing:   

Iferrayen imaynuten deg Unẓul n Tuzunegzirt Taɛrabt ttciciden belli Aseggas n Ilu yeḍra-d di 569 neɣ 568, imi Tgelda n Isasaniyen tseɣli inabaḍen di Yaman igḍefren Tgelda n Aksum di tama n 570.  

Maca, isenmezruyen ass-a ttamnen belli tagunit agi teḍra-d mraw n iseggasen send talalit n nnbi n Tneslemt.

Adlis uɣris n inselmen (Leqran) imeslay-d ɣef tgunit-a di sura tis 105, sura n yilu.




#Article 460: Lmulud Zeddak (429 words)


ZEDDAK Lmulud (fr: mouloud Zedek)

Yebda tira n isefra-s d amẓyan,deg useggas wis ssin n uɣerbaz amenzu (2ème AM), di leɛmer-is 12 neɣ 13 n iseggasen.
Ma d ayen yeɛnan lmuziga yeqqim ḥalami d aseggas deg iṛuḥ ad d-yesɛeddi lɛeskar i yebda yesnulfu-y-d tuɣac. Warǧin yelmid lmuziga deg uɣerbaz, maca am akken it-id-yenna ulac aɣerbaz yifen Ath Xelfun, labaɛda amekkan wumi qaren Tala n Berzal akked Tiɣilit n umadaɣ. Tamedyazt akked Lmuziga d ayen is-izedɣen ul. Tizlitt m'ara d-t-as tettas-d akken tekmel, iteddu-d deg-s usefru akked lmuziga, ma teqqim-as deg wallaɣ lmeɛna-s d tizlit yelhan, ma yettu-tt hatan ihi fiḥel-itt...  

Ccix Lḥesnawi, Sliman ƐAZEM, TALEb Rabaḥ akked Ḥnifa d wid swayes yenǧer abrid-is Lmulud. Ass mi yuɣal ula d netta s timmad-is d anaẓur, iḥemmel ad yessl i tezlatin n AT Megellat, Lwennas Maɛtub,Yidir akked waṭṭas nniḍen.

Yessekles takasiṭ-is tamenzut ass mi yesɛa 23 iseggasen, swaswa kan mi d-ifuk lɛeskaṛ. S tkaṣiṭ-agi dɣa is-d-iban ubrid ara yawi, abrid n ccna akked umennuɣ aseklan. Asekles-agi amenzu d win is-d-yewwin lxir ar zdat, acku imdebbeṛ n uxxam n usekles iweɛdas 3 iseggasen n leqdic yid-s. 

Xas akken abrid n unaẓur yessawen maca laɛtab warǧin it-id-yudder, yezga yebɣa ad iɛaned imuqranen, yezga yettmuqul ɣer Lewnis At Mengellat yellan d anaẓur is-iceɛlen tafat. Llan daɣen wiyaḍ d wid is-yellan d tigeja wuɣur isenned seg wass-mi yebda, uɣalen maḍi d imdukal-is, am Maɛtub Lwennas akked Crif ḤAMANI is-yefkan aṭṭas n ufus n tallelt. Lmulud, yal tikelt yettara-y-asen tajmilt.

Lmulud d win wumi tezdeɣ teqbaylit deg ul, adrar n ǧerǧer d win swayes yezga yettzux,ulac lɛerc yeǧǧa, tameɣra tettak-it i tayeḍ, amundul ddaw teɣruḍt yekka-d meṛṛa tudrin n tmurt, ulac taddart ur yessefreḥ ara s tezlatin-is, si Tizi ar Lezzyer, si Tubirett ar bgayet. Yecna ula di Wehran anda yewhem dɣa ɣef tzeqqa yeccuṛen ḥalami d ulamek...Wamag tura ulayɣer d nebder tiseddawinyin, yal mi s-d-sawelent netta ad asent-yerr tiɣri...

Yiwet n tikelt dɣa di Tizi-uzzu, deg yiwet n tejmilt is-yuɣalen i ḤNIFA, Lmulud yezdi aṭṭas n tmusniwin akked inaẓuren it-yecban. Yeḥka-d, s tujma akked ucmumeḥ, dakken tanaẓurt NEWWARA tenna-y-as belli tikelt tamezut ass-mi it-twala, tenwa meqqar di laɛmaṛ Beaucoup plus bieux, acku cbaḥa n tezlatin-is akked telqey n tmedyazt-is amzun tekka-d seg iles n umɣar azemni. Deg useggas n 1990 daɣen yecfa-d Lmulud ɣef tmeɣra yexdem deg uxxam n tnelmadin di MDUḤA netta akked umdakkel-is M.FELLAG yesnecraḥen taswiɛt...

Yella daɣen Yusef ABEǦAWI i iwalan di Lmulud anaẓur izemren ad iruḥ ɣer lebɛid ass-mi yebda.
Ass-agi Zeddak Lmulud d isem yessen umeqran d umeẓyan, isefra-s d wid lqayen. Lmulud d win ijerden abrid-is yerna warǧin is-yexḍa.




#Article 461: Tagelda n kuku (654 words)


Tagelda n Kuku tella d tagelda g tmurt n leqbayel.

Gar tasut tis 14 d tasut tis 15, tallit ideg bdant tigeldiwin timeqqranin n Tefriqt : Iḥefsiyen deg usammer, Imirinidiyen deg umalu, ttenququlent, tetteftutus tezmert-nsent. Deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, banen-d yigelliden d tgeldiwin nniḍen i d-yufraren ugar deg tallit-nni : tagelda n Kuku d tgelda n At Ɛebbas.

Drus n yisallen i nesɛa ɣef tgelda-a d waẓar n twacult «At Lqaḍi», maca ɣef wakken i d-yenna Boulifa deg udlis-is, Jedd-nsen amezwaru qqaren-as Abu Lɛebbas Lɣubrini, d amrabeḍ, seg lɛerc n At Ɣebri. Yella d amusnaw ameqqran n uzref, yedder deg Bgayet deg tasut tis 14 . D ayen i yeǧǧan ad isel yis-s ugellid Aḥefsi, dɣa yesseqreb-it-id ɣur-s u yefka-as tiwuriwin tunnigin deg tedbelt almi yessaweḍ ad yili d ameqqran n yinezzurfa n tgelda taḥefsit. Seg yimir-nni, i d-yeqqim yisem-a «At Lqaḍi», meḥsub «At uzref».

Asmi i yettwanɣa s leɣḍer s ufus n wid yettasmen fell-as, yeǧǧa-d deffir-s tameṭṭut d mmi-s, dɣa rewen ɣer Tunes, dinna ddren ddaw leɛnaya n yigelliden. Iḥefsiyen bedden ɣur-sen, xedmen-asen lxir i wudem n Lɣubrini, acku yemmut ɣef tgelda taḥefsit. Maca seg tedyant-a, ulac kra n ugellid i d-yettwabedren deg umezruy almi d asmi i d-iban Sidi Ḥmed u Lqaḍi, win i yesbedden tagelda n Kuku deg useggas n 1516.

Deg tasut tis 16, imi yeqwa yimerẓi d umbiwel ama deg Tefriqt ama deg Landalus, dɣa Ispenyuliyen fursen tagnit akken ad d-kecmen ɣer tmurt. Ula d Iṭerkiyen, akken kan i d-kecmen bdan ttaṭṭafen isugan: asgen n Delles d usgen n Bgayet.

Asmi i teɣli temdint n Bgayet gar yifassen n Spenyul deg useggas n 1510, yuɣ lḥal imir-nni tella teṭṭafar tagelda taḥefsit. Ḥmed u Lqaḍi yella d anembaḍ (lḥakem) ɣef temdint n Ɛennaba. Ihi iceyyeɛ-it-id ugellid aḥefsi ɣer Bgayet akken ad yefk afus n tallelt i watmaten Iṭerkiyen Barbarus akken ad ssuffɣen Ispenyuliyen. Akka i d-yekcem Ḥmed u Lqaḍi ɣer tmurt n lejdud-is, anida yeḥsa ad yesɛu azal d leqder meqqren.

Xas ulamma ur ssawḍen ara ad slellin tamdint n Bgayet, maca, annect-a yefka-as tagnit akken ad iẓeḍ assaɣen n tegmat d tdukli gar-as d Yiṭerkiyen. Ula d asmi ẓedmen watmaten Barbarus ɣef temdint n Lezzayer akken ad tt-ṭṭfen deg useggas n 1516, Ḥmed u Lqaḍi yefka-asen afus n tallelt. Asmi i ressan iman-nsen deg temdint-a (Lezzayer), Ɛerruj yebḍa akal i ṭṭfen ɣef sin yimuren. Akken ad as-yerr lxir i Ḥmed u Lqaḍi, yefka-as tama n usammer, dɣa yerza-d ɣer tmurt n Leqbayel anida i yesbedd tagelda n Kuku deg tama n At Yeḥya i yellan deg Tala Lḥemmam n wass-a, d acu kan tilisa-s d tid i d-iḥewsen akk Tamurt n Leqbayel, teṭṭef ula d Clef, Blida d cwiṭ seg temnaḍt n Lezzayer. S wakka, ad negzu dakken tamentilt n tlalit n tgelda n Kuku d tawaṭṭfa n Yispenyuliyen i temdint n Bgayet .

Deg useggas n 1518, yekker yimenɣi gar Yiṭerkiyen d Yispenyuliyen deg tama n Tlemsan, dinna i yettwanɣa Ɛerruǧ. Dɣa Iṭerkiyen sbabben-as taluft-a i Ḥmed u Lqaḍi, amzun akken yefka afus fell-asen. Deg useggas n 1520, yekker-d Xeyr Ddin Barbarus akken ad d-yerr ttar n gma-s, dɣa yesker ṭṭrad mgal Ḥmed u Lqaḍi deg tama n Yesser, maca rrbeḥ yella-d ɣer yidis n ugellid n Kuku, ma d Xeyr Ddin yerwel ɣer Tunes .

Asmi i iḥulfa Ḥmed u Lqaḍi s tgelda-s teǧhed, dɣa yebda yessihriw deg tlisa-s almi yuweḍ yezger seg Tizi n At Ɛica ɣer Mtiǧa, syin ikemmel abrid-is almi yuweḍ ɣer temdint n Lezzayer, yeṭṭef-itt deg useggas n 1520 almi d 1527.

Adabu n Ḥmed u Lqaḍi ur iɛeṭṭel ara aṭas, acku yuɣal-d Xeyr Ddin, ikcem-d s tuffra akken ad d-yerr ttar-is, maca yesla yes-s Ḥmed u Lqaḍi, dɣa ihegga-d iserdasen-is u yemmuger-it ɣer tama n Tizi n At Ɛica, iɛuss-it dinna. D acu kan, deg yiḍ-nni, yettwanɣa daxel n uqiḍun-is, s ufus n yiwen seg yiserdasen-is. Annect-a yessenɣes deg lǧehd n yiserdasen-is, d ayen i ten-yeǧǧan ad xesren deg ṭṭrad-a .




#Article 462: Xamarin (124 words)


Xamarin (Anṭaq s tegnizit: Zamarin) d ccarika spécialisée deg software, tettwaxleq g 2011 u tuɣ-itt Microsoft g 2016. 

S langage n C#, mkull développeur yezmer ad yaru application tezmer ad teddu g Windows, Android neɣ iOS.

Deg 1999, Miguel de Icaza akk d Nat Friedman xelqen ccarika Ximian, ssenzen les application i iteddun deg GNOME (Linux).

Mi d-yeffeɣ C# akk d .Net, Icaza d Friedman xemmemen af protaj ar Linux. Version tamezwarut teffeɣ-d g 2001 u semman-tt Mono.

Ximian tɛedda ar ifassen n Novell g 2003 umbeɛd ar ifassen n Attachmate g 2011. Attachmate tessufeɣ aṭas n les développeurs i yellan deg usenfar n Mono. 

G 2011, Icaza d Friedman xelqen ccarkia tajdidt : Xamarin, aṭas n les développeurs usan-d seg tarbaɛt n Mono.




#Article 463: Bahya Faraḥ (377 words)


Bahya Faraḥ (1917-1984), s yisem-is awaryan Bunwaṛ Faṭima-Zuhra d yiwet gar tnaẓurin tiqbayliyin i yecnan s teqbaylit. Tlul deg Tubiret deg useggas 1917. Imi d tagujilt, d ɛemmi-s i tt-irebban, yewwi-tt yid-s ɣer Tunes. Dinna dɣa, deg yiwen n uɣsur n usileɣ n tẓuri (centre de formation artistique), i telmed cḍeḥ.

Deg useggas 1931, deg leɛmer-is 14 n yiseggasen, tunag ɣer Lpari, anda i tufa iɣriben i tt-iɛawnen s wayen i zemren akken ur tettmenṭar ara deg yiberdan. Syin akkin, tettekka deg la troupe artistique maghrébine i yessedda unaẓur atunsi Muḥamed Lǧamussi seg 1910 ar 1988. Ɣas akken d cḍeḥ i tḥemmel, testufa-d daɣen i ccna. Tuɣac timezwura i tecna, s teɛrabt, d tid n unaẓur Muḥamed Lkamel (1919-1935) : Sɣira mesrara, Bent ammi, Eddunya d Zman EL youm. Deg 1937, temlal d win ara yuɣalen d argaz-is, anaẓur Muḥamed Temmam (1915-1988), tuɣ-t imir-nni d anelmad deg l’école supérieur des arts décoratifs de Paris. Deg useggas 1949 sawlen-as-d deg teẓrigin Pathé Marconi ad tsekles iḍebsiyen-is imezwura, s teɛrabt : Rayeḥ maɛdum, Ya umri lik d Yali qeleqtu.

Ɣas akken, tebḍa la troupe artistique maghrébine, azekka-nni n ṭtrad, ur teḥbis ara Bahya Faraḥ. Twala dakken di tallit-nni i tt-ḥwaǧen mliḥ yiɣriben, i tt-teḥwaǧ Lezzayer. Aṭas dɣa n yinaẓuren yeddren di Lpari i iwufqen ṛray n Bahya. Dɣa tesnulfa-d La troupe artistique du FLN. Di lawan-nni i d-temlal d Slimane Azem. D timlilit-nni i tt-yerran tettwassen ugar, ladɣa ɣer Leqbayel. Tecna d Slimane Azem tizlit yufraren kemm d nekk akked aṭas ay ṣebreɣ.

Deg useggas 1965, tuɣal-d ar Tmurt. Din din, terra ɣer RTA, texdem d Ccix Nureddin deg ṛradyu tis-snat. Tecna daɣen kra n tuɣac i as-yura Crif Xeddam d Ccix Nureddin. Tsekles di tilibizyu snat n tuɣac, maca ar ass-a ur nwala ara isura-nni. Deg useggas n 1967, uqebl ad tebru i RTA, tsekles tizlit Tfuk lɣerba, tfuk, d taɣect-is taneggarut. Seg wass-nni, yekkfa wawal ɣef Bahya Faraḥ: imḍebbren ur as-fkin ara azal d ccan i tuklal. Ma d nettat yejreḥ wul-is : mačči akken i tɣil ad tidir di Lezzayer i d-ḥerren yirgazen d tlawin i tt-yecban. Tesɛedda taggara n tudert-is deg tatut, ɛeggu d waṭṭan i d-yeɣlin fell-as, ssexsayen-tt cwiṭ cwiṭ almi d asmi i tewweḍ s anda ara naweḍ ass amenzu n yibrir 1984.




#Article 464: Ḥusin Luni (883 words)


Ḥusin Luni ilul 11/02/1983 deg taddart n At Ɛṭella, taɣiwant n At Yeḥya Musa n Draɛ Lmizan dug yiɣir n Tizi Wezzu. D amedyaz-amaru, imsuqel n waṭas n yiḍrisen ɣer teqbaylit. Iḥemmel taẓuri d yidles s umata. D ameɣnas n tutlayt tamaziɣt-taqbaylit.

Yebda yessemlalay awalen n teqbaylit d ifyar (ur d-neqqar ara d tira !) ɣef leɛmer n 10 yiseggasen, ibennu-ten d tamedyezt s uẓawan (tizlatin), i icennu gar-as d yimdukal-is asmi yeqqar deg uɣerbaz amenzu. Akken yura daɣen di tallit-nni timucuha s tutlayt n taɛrabt, imi d tinna i d tutlayt swayes sɣarayen deg uɣerbaz. Syin yuɣal daɣen yettaru tamedyezt s tutlayt n taɛrabt seg wasmi i yeqqar deg uɣerbaz alemmas d asawen, akken daɣen i yerna yettaru tamedyezt akked kra n yiḍrisen s tutlayt n tefrensist di tallit mi yeqqar di tesnawit. S teqbaylit daɣen ur yeḥbis ara tira n tmedyezt, acu kan tagi ixeddem-as aẓawan, icennu-tt, imi di tallit-nni daɣen yelmed-d urar n snitra.

Netta, ɣef wakken i d-yeqqar, ur yeḥsib ara iman-is yettaru tamedyezt s teqbaylit, xas ma yura tizlatin, armi d aseggas n 2004. Ssebba-s d adlis « Les Isefra de Si Mohand » n Mulud Mɛemmri i yeɣra deg useggas-nni n 2003, dɣa amzun akken yella kra i t-id-inebcen di tmedyezt-nni, yuɣal ula d netta yettaru-d isefra am widin n ssi Muḥend, xas ma ar sdat yuɣal ibeddel akk talɣa i tmedyezt, yesnulfuy-d talɣiwin n yiman-is.

Dɣa d ta i d tawsit swayes yebda, d ta i d tawsit akk i wumi yefka azal gar tewsatin-niḍen i deg yettaru.Dɣa deg yiwet n tdiwennit i d-yeddan deg uɣmis La Dépêche de Kabylie, ass n 02 ctember 2013, di tririt i yiwen n usteqsi, yenna : « ... tamedyezt ɣur-i d asemres (pratique) am tẓallit ɣer win itebɛen kra n usɣan (religion), anda, ma zemreɣ ad d-iniɣ, d tasekla i d asɣan. Tiwsatin-nniḍen di tsekla d tigawin akk am wuẓam d tikci. S tmuɣli-nniḍen, ma nebɣa ad nessemden (personnifier) tamedyezt, ad tili ahat d amdakel-nni i d-yeddan yid-i acḥal d aseggas, i d-ilulen asmi d-ilul ugrud-nni i d nekk, uraren lwaḥid deg uɣebbar di tzenqatin, imɣuren-d akkenni, mɣunzan uɣalen acḥal d tikkelt, mazal-iten ar ass-a ttemserfuyen sya ɣer da, maca zgan d imdukal. »

Ayen i t-yeǧǧan iga aṭas n wussisen i unadi deg taɣult-a, d inadiyen i yerra d ahil swayes yeqdec mi yella d imḍebber n usakwu (atelier) n tmedyezt deg uxxam n yidles n Tizi Wezzu, seg useggas 2011 armi 2014. Ayen daɣen i d-yuwin lɣella-s deg usnerni n uswir n wayen yettaru, imi seg useggas n 2009, mi yebda yettekkay di tfaskiwin n tmedyezt i d-iḍerrun di yal tama di tmurt, yewwi arrazen ḥseb di yal tafaska i deg yettekka.

Akken daɣen i yura tullisin, armi yessaweḍ yuwi :

Ungal daɣen yefka-yas azal-is gar tewsatin akk i deg yura. Dɣa adlis akk amenzu i d-yessiẓreg, d ungal « Tfuk ur tfuk ara ! » deg 2013. Akken daɣen i yerna yessiẓreg-d ungal wis sin s uzwel « Asebbaɣ » deg 2017.

Dɣa ɣef waya, yenna Ḥusin deg wawal-is : « Tikti n wungal neɣ d tullizt ɣur-i, ur telli ara n wass-a imi ɣef 10 yiseggasen uriɣ tullizt tamezwarut, sey-in akkin ɣas ma ssugteɣ di tmedyezt, yiwet n tallit akkenni yella kra iyi-qerḥen deg yismektiyen n yisefra-w, kkreɣ sseṛɣeɣ akk ittafttaren-iw. Qqimeɣ aṭas ur uriɣ ara, asmi iyi-d-tuɣal tehregt tewwi-d yid-s “Tfuk ur tfuk ara !” i zemmreɣ ad d-iniɣ d nettat iyi-d-yerran ɣer tira. Si tama-nniḍen walaɣ mačči aṭas n medden i yesɛan anekcum ushil ɣer tmedyezt imi ẓẓayet tussna-s, meẓẓiyet talɣa-s, rnu ar waya mačči aṭas aya mi d-llan yimeɣriyen n tutlayt-a nneɣ i yeǧǧan amured n timawit melmi kan, akken kan i d-teqɛed iman-is i tikli. Nniɣ ilaq-aɣ ad d-nrebbi imeɣri ass n was-a, akken i d-nettrebbi alufan s wayen fessusen di tazwara, sey-in akkin simal yettimɣur (yettissin) nettak-as seg wayen ẓẓayen. »  

Di tazwara ur yelli ara yettaru s teqbaylit kan, maca yura aṭas s tutlayt n taɛrabt, ladɣa tamedyezt. Yura daɣen s tutlayt tafrensit, armi yiwet n tallit akken gar yiseggasen n 2007 d 2009, yettceggiɛ tamedyezt-is s tutlayt tafrensist ɣer tesɣunt tamesnaggurt (bimensuelle) Les Nouvelles Confidences, i d-tessufuɣ tkebbanit Le Soir d’Algérie.

Ɣer taggara, yefren kan yiwet n tutlayt swayes i yessufeɣ idlisen-is. Tagi d taqbaylit, i ɣef i yesmeɣnis s wayen i as-yettunefken n ttawil d tezmert.

Asmi yebda yessuqul-d iḍrisen neɣ tamedyezt n Baudelaire ɣer teqbaylit, yella ixeddem anect-nni i yiman-is kan, imi iḥemmel ad d-isenṭeq s teqbaylit amedyaz-a ameqqran muceɛen n tutlayt tafrensist. Taggara, mi iwala di tfaskiwin n tmedyezt tettili temsizzelt n usuqel, yeddem ula d netta kra n yiḍrisen ittekka yis-sen. Syin iga asenfar n tririt ɣer teqbaylit n tmedyazt tarumanit Maria Dima-Bendou, i wumi d isuqel, akked kra n yimdukal-is imedyazen, ammud « DRAGOSTE DE OM LIBER » (Tayri Umaziɣ), ammud i yeffɣen di tmurt n Rumaniya s tlata n tutlayin : tarumanit, tafrensist, taqbaylit. Deffir tsuqilt n udlis Le Prophète n Ǧubran Xalil Ǧubran, i d-yezziẓreg deg 2014, yerra-d daɣen ɣer tagi-nneɣ tullist n Emille Zola « La mort d’Olivier Bécaille », akken iga taseqlebt (parodie) i tullist « Ana lastu zahra » n umaru aɛerbawal azzayri Ɛezdin Ǧellawǧi ; d ayen i d-yeddan deg wammud n tullisin « Seddaw n treccact » i d-yessufeɣ Ḥusin deg 2015 ɣer teẓrigin Richa Elsam. 




#Article 465: Winston Churchill (107 words)


Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill d argaz n udabu n tgelda tabriṭanit, ilul ass n 30 wamber deg useggas n 1874 deg temdint n Blenheim (Woodstock, Oxfordshire, Tagelda Tabriṭanit Yedukklen), yemmut ass n 24 yennayer deg useggas n 1965 deg Lundun. Gar tlufa i t-yerran mucaɛ ad d-naf: Amennuɣ-is mgal tamnaẓit, ayen yexdem asmi i yella d aneɣlaf amezwaru n Tgelda Tabriṭanit Yedduklen seg useggas n 1940 ar 1945 deg Ṭrad Tamaḍalant Tis Snat yesɛa azal d ameqqran, rnu ɣer-s, yeqfez aṭas deg wayen i yerzan cbaḥa n wawal d uheyyi n yinawen igerrzen akked tira. D anect-a i t-yerran d argaz n tsertit yettwassnen deg umaḍal deg tallit tis 20.




#Article 466: Mezweɣ (992 words)


Mezweɣ neɣ Imzuyeɣ (Azamul-is: ♂ ) d amtiweg wis 4 deg wuggug (lbeɛdan) ɣef tfukt deg wudus anafuk, Mezweɣ iga d anarag uffiɣ n deffir n tegnit, akken i yettusesmel d amtiweg anamur yettemcabin i tegnit. Isem-is deg tutlayin tmaziɣin yekka-d seg tezweɣ acku yettbin-d d azeggaɣ deg igenni s usrag (s ssebba) n wakal-is d tegnewt-is, Ma d yisem-is Alatin (Mars) d isem n yellu n umsenɣi ɣer iṛumaniyen, akken i yettwassen daɣen s yisem n umtiweg azeggaɣ deg tlemmast n imusnawen acku ini n umtiweg-a d azwawaɣ imalen ɣer tezweɣ s usrag n ugedṛur n ukṛuksid n wuzzal yellan s tuget deg tiggi-ines d tignewt-is.

Akdu-ines yettawaṭ ɣer wazal n 6792 km, ayen yegdan azgen n ukdu n tegnit, akken iga d amtiweg ameẓyan wis sin deg wudus anafuk send n uziweɣ anda tajumma-ines tla (tesɛa) azal n wezgen n tjumma n tegnit.

Mezweɣ itezzi ɣef tfukt deg tmezzit yaggugin (ibeɛden) fell-as s wazal n 228 km (1,5 n tikkal n westum gar n tegnit d tfukt). Amda agafan deg ugafa n tuzza iteddel azal n 40% n umtiweg, ayen i d-igellun s usemdu meqqren fell-as.
Mezweɣ ila (yesɛa) sin n wayyuren, amezwar isemis Dimus (anamek-is d arameɣ s tutlayt Tagrikt) ma d wis sin d Fubyus (anamek-is d Tugdi), isin-nsen meẓẓiy-it ur myegdan ara deg talɣa akken izemren ad ilin d izunyuren i d-ildey am 5261 Eureka, igan d atṛuyan amazwaɣ.

Taẓɣelt tajummant tafellayt deg umtiweg-a d tin yettawaṭen alamma d 27° ma d taẓɣelt taddayt -133°, ma d tignut-is d tin igebren seg usinuksid n ukaṛbun d unitrujin d wergun d yirragen n waman d kracn igazen niden.  Azamul-is asnallun d ♂.

Ussan d tsemhuyin n useggas deg mezweɣ d wid yemrawasen i wayen yellan deg tegnit acku tallit n tuzzya d umili n tedɣert n tuzzya d tid yettemcabin s waṭas, Dɣa imusnawen ttɣilen d akken amtiweg n mezweɣ yella yeččur d aman send n 3,8 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen ayen i d-ten-iǧǧan ad brun i teẓri n tilit n tudert deg-s ɣas ma zik-nni, akken illant deg-s idurar yugaren wid yellan deg tegnit yakk d isafen yeqquren. Akken i tella deg-s teẓrumest tameqqṛant yakk deg wudus anafuk isem-is Olympus Mons yeddmen isem-a seg wedrar n ulimpus,Akken ig yella deg-s wasif n Marineris igan d yiwen seg tiɣa meqqren yakk deg wudus anafuk.

Asekkud n Mezweɣ s wallen d ayen yefraren (isehlen) s waṭas, Azal-is amaskad yettawaṭ ɣer -2.94, dɣa azal amaskad n Yebter  d tatrit d wayyur d tafukt ugaren agla n Mezweɣ. 

S unect n tezrawt n sin n imusnawen n Marikan, Mezweɣ yezmer ad yili d amtiweg ur yesmid ara (ur ikemmel ara) gemmu-ines seld mi ig slek seg waṭas n imickaṭen yakk d yesmilen d iseffuden d tfekkiwin tigennawin niden i d-illan seg wass mi i d-innulfa wudus anafuk (ayen i d-iglan s temɣer n yimtiwgen akken ma llan), Anecta yessegzaw-d temẓi n ubleɣ n mezweɣ s wassaɣ ɣer tegnit d tatrit, Dɣa sin n imusnawen-a ffɣen-d s ugemmud-a seld n tezrawt taminigt i ifuras n werjan imezzerzen deg iseffuden

Tajumma mezweɣ d tin yugaren amacemma akuẓ n tjumma n tegnit (28,4% n tjumma n Tagnit), yerna tineẓẓi n mezweɣ de tin yemgaraden ɣef tneẓẓi n tegnit, anda ableɣ-is isgensis-d  azal n 15% n ubleɣ n tegnit. Ma d takura-ines tegda amraw (1/10) neɣ 11% n tkura n tegnit, ma d taldayt tajummant n mezweɣ tegda 38% s umerwes ɣer teldayt n tegnit, adad agennaw deg tjumma n mezweɣ 0,75% n wadad agennaw deg tegnit.

Udem azeggaɣ/ačinay n tjumma n mezweɣ yegla-d yis  n mezweɣ yegber seg 95% n usinuksid n ukaṛbun, 3% uẓut, 1,6% argun   d kra n wuksujin d waman. dɣa deg useggas n 2000 kra n imusnawen ssawṭen ɣer igemmuden i d-iqqaren s tilin n tudert deg mezweɣ deg yizri seld n tmuɣli n tgezmiwin n yiwen n useffud ufant deg Antraktika yekka-d seg mezweɣ, maca tiẓri ayi mači d tin deg wacu i d-yella usentem ummid.

Mezweɣ yettumeggez d amtiwen anamur, u tuget n tjumma-ines zeggaɣ-t anagar kra n icamiṭen imsullsen s usrag n wakal-is d yiẓra-ines. Ma d tineẓẓi n adad-is agennaw d tamidrust, tegber s talɣa tagejdant seg usinuksid n ukaṛbun d kra seg yirragen n waman. Anezwu n mezweɣ semmeṭ ugar n tegnit ma d aseggas degs 687 seg wussan n tegnit.

Yeṭra i mezweɣ ayen yetran i tegnit seg tmagarda tamtiwgant, tamagarda dagi d tamhelt i d-ittfarasen amgirred deg tneẓẓi d isegran n yal tissi n tiddiwin n umtiweg, anda ul n umtiweg yettili tneẓẓi-ines teflal ma d ayen i d-izgan dennig-s tineẓẓi-ines tettili ddaw n tneẓẓi n wul.

Gar n yimtiwgen n wudus anafuk yakk, tisemhuyin n mezweɣ yettemcabin s waṭas i tsemhuyin n tegnit, s usrag n wannuz yemgadan n ugellus n tuzzya n sin n imtiwegen-a. Tanzagt n tsemhuyin n mezweɣ gdant snat n tikkal n tenzagt n tsemhuyin n tegnit acku amaccaq n mezweɣ ɣer tfukt yugar amaccaq n tegnit ɣer tfukt (yiwet n tuzzya n tegnit ɣef tfukt, tettqabal-itt snat n tuzzyiwin n mezweɣ ɣef tfukt). Dɣa taẓɣelt deg mezweɣ temgarad seg izaduren anda tettili -143 C (-225 F) deg tegrest tasafaylut alamma d yiswiren anda tettawaṭ ɣer 35 C (95 F) deg unebdu asbegsan.

Amgarad hrawen deg tezɣelt yettuɣal usrag-is (sebba-ines) ɣer wadad agennaw usdid ur nezmir ara ad iffren aṭas seg teẓɣelt n tfukt d waẓaẓ drusen n wakal n mezweɣ. mezweɣ yaggug (yebɛed) 1,52 n tikkal ɣef tfukt seg wala tagnit, ayen i s-d-itfarasen 43% kan n tesmekta n tafat n tfukt.

Awah tmezzit yecban agla n tegnit i mezweɣ, tili tisemhuyin-is ad ilint am wagla n tegnit acku annuz-is agellusan yemmug am tmezzit n tegnit.

Llan deg mezweɣ iluɣluɣen (aṭu n wakal) imeqqren yakk deg wudus anafuk, anda tettawaṭ tazzla-ines ar ugar n 160 km/t. Zemren ad mgaraden seg iluɣluɣen deg tjumma meẓẓiyen alamma d iluɣluɣen icafcalen i zemren ad ffren amtiweg s timmad-is. iluɣluɣen-a ttmagen-d aladɣa mi ara ad yades (ad iqerreb) ɣer tfukt .




#Article 467: Timsennent (404 words)


Timsennent neɣ Timerqemt (Assaɣ usnan: Carduelis carduelis) d talmest meẓẓiyen n yigṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren twacult n tbenferriwin, Yettidir seg Uruppa n umalu ar Sibirya u seg Tafriqt n ugafa ar Asya talemmast yerna yettusekcem ar waṭas n yidgan deg tegnit am Ustralya d tmura n Temrikt n Wenẓul, Tettusismel deg 
Tiddukla tagreɣlant i taggaẓt n tgama d akken-it d talmest ur tettwaggez.

Deg wučči-ynes tegguni ɣef yifsan n yimɣan imegziyen am yifsan n ubsis d isennanen d kra n igumma

Addud n Timsennent d win igan gar n 12 ar 13 cm, Afriwen-is mara ldin ttilin gar n 21 ar 25 cm, azuk-is gar n 14 ar 19 g, Timsennent d aylan iẓlin (icebḥen) s waṭas, udem-is d azeggaɣ s uqerru d aberkan. S sin n wafriwen d iberkanen yal yiwen dges azawag d awraɣ

Timsennent tettidir deg yiger, anda llan yimɣan yerxan am ucikaw d ubsis, Tra (Tḥemmel) daɣen ifergen n urtiyen d yiran n iberdan d tregwa n waman. 

agdef-is yetteg ɣef tseṭwa yerxan, tama n yimɣan yessefruruyen absis.

Timsennenin ttidiren-t eg tegrawin, ttafgent akken, ttrusunt akken. Anda yella ubsis dlant fell-as. D tifregtin daɣen i ttinigent, seg temnaṭ ɣer tayeṭṭ. Ttɣimint akked alama d tafsut. Imir ad bṭunt d tiyuga. Yal awtem d tewtemt ad ddukklen deg sin akken ad sefrurxen. D tawtemt i ibennun agdef. Ma awtem izegg-as-d kan i lmendad, yettarra amihi fell-as. Melmi i frurxent tmellalin i sin yid-sen seččayen ifrax-nsen.

Seg tazwara n unebdu tawtemt tbennu igedfen ɣef useklu. Tetteg-itt d tameẓẓyant. Teggar-itt s wadal n waman d yimɣan, usu-ynes d afraw neɣ d taduṭṭ n wulli. 
Tessrusay gar n 4 ar 5 n timellalin tzeddel fellasen-t gar n 12 ar 14 n wussan. Ad teqqim akken alama tfukk tallit nni. Kra tekka dinna. Deg tallit nni d awtem id yettawin učči .

Llant temreqmin timezgiyin, llant tminigin. Ttidirent gar Tefriqt n Ugafa akked Turuft.

Aggaz d usmun

Timreqmin, teddunt ad negrent. Zik-nni ggtent deg laxla; ass-a, jlant gar wallen. Tteggiden-tent medden; ggaren-tent deg laqfus i ccbaḥa. Deg ssuq n yefrax, d timreqemt akk i yeɣlayen gar yifrax. Rnu daɣen, anekcum n wakal iburen i yettuɣalen d timizart n tfellaḥt neɣ d adda i usali n tudrin d yiɣerman swaɣayen tudert n tmerqemt.

Ass-a, ccetla tettwaḥrez, tanduyt tettwagdel. Maca, iseggaden ttkemmilen ahdum-nsen, ɣas barra i usaḍuf i ggaren aḍar. Ar melmi ?

Adlis n tmaziɣt n useggas wis 3 n ulmud alemmas n tmurt n Lezzayer (sb 66-67)




#Article 468: Yemma Xliǧa (553 words)


Yemma Xliǧa neɣ Lalla Xliǧa d tameṭṭut Taqbaylit tamegdalt (sainte) seg taddart n Yibelbaren deg tɣiwant n Ṣaḥariǧ deg tnebḍit n Tubiret, tedder deg yiseggasen n 1500.

Tella d tameṭṭut tamegdalt, tefra ger waṭas n yemdanen, tuddar d laɛrac. Teǧǧa-d aṭas n wawalen d isefra. Ɣef wakken id talsen fell-as, tella tettwali neɣ tẓer ula d ayen ara d-yeḍrun ar zdat.

Yemma Xliǧa seg lɛerc n Yemceddalen, teddar deg yiseggasen n 1500, yemma-s seg At Laḥcen seg taddart n Yibelbaren. Deg taddart-agi i yesbed baba-s axxam-nsen, deg-s dɣa i tkemmel tudart-is.

Yemma Xliǧa d tameṭṭut n Belqasem n At Buḥrereb n taddart n Yibelbaren, Aẓekka-ines mazal-it ar ass-a deg tlemmast n wexxam-is ɣef yidis n tala n Buḥreb (yiwwet n tala deg taddart n Yibelbaren).

Yemma Xliǧa teǧǧa-d aṭas n tarwa-s (ugar n 10), win yettwasnen aṭas gar-asen, isem-is Zennati, i yellan d ametrad (guerrier) neɣ d argaz n trad, yemmut deg yiwwen n yimenɣi (bataille) mgal Iṭerkiyen deg Tayda n Lemṣara deg tɣiwant n Ṣaḥariǧ (deg tnebḍit n Tubiret). Trad-agi yekka-d seg tuqna (promesse) n tiddukla ger Sidi Ḥmed U Lqaḍi (Agellid n tgelda n Kuku) akked Isbenyuliyen.

Jeddi Ḥmed (seg uẓar n Yemma Xliǧa), d argaz n tlelli, iruḥ yezdaɣ deg taddart n Yiɣil Ḥemmad deg tɣiwant n Ṣaḥariǧ, sin akin iruḥ ɣer ugafa, s amḍiq i mu-qqaren Taliwin-Aqbil s deffir n Tizi n tirurda akken ad yeffer seg Iṭerkiyen akked Isbenyuliyen. Yeǧǧa-d 3 n tarwa : Muḥend i yunagen ɣer wexxam n yillu deg Mekka, dɣa yeqqimen din, ur d-yuɣal ara akk. Seg waken ɣezzif uraju n jeddi Ḥmed i mmi-s, yegzem usirem-is. Ɣef 70 n iseggasen, jeddi Ḥmed iɛawed zwaǧ seld mi temmut tmeṭṭut-is tamenzut, yeǧǧa-d seg-s 2 n warraw-is : Belqasem d Saɛid.

Belqasem (mmi-s n jeddi Ḥmed) ɣer taggara n wagim wis XVIII, yeǧǧa-d sin warrac d taqcict : Muḥend, Ḥmed d Saɛdiya. Ma yella d Saɛid gma-s n Belqasem, yeǧǧa-d aqcic akked taqcict : Qasi d Feḍḍima. Feḍḍima tedda d tislit ɣer taddart Ibehlal, yiwwet seg yessi-s semman-as daɣen Yemma Xliǧa, d tameṭṭut n Ccix Ɛli Ben Ɛisa, jeddi-s n Lalla Faḍma n Sumer, am wakken i d-yedda deg usefru “Ilyadat Elǧazayer” n Mufdi Zakariya.

Ass-agi, widak i d-yefrurin seg Yemma Xliǧa d Belqasem n At Buḥrereb, ddmen isem n twacult Waɛrab.

Ayen i d-teǧǧa n yisefra qrib yengar ass-a, Mulud Mɛemmri yeskfel-d sin kan seg yisefra-ines, isedda-ten-id deg udlis-ines “poèmes kabyles anciens”, i yellan d sebba n tilin n tefsut n Yimaziɣen (1980).

Isem n Yemma Xliǧa yettunefk-as i tqacuct tunnigt deg udrar n Ǧerǧer, d tajmilt i s-yuɣalen i Yemma Xliǧa, acku deg udrar-agi i d-tekker, din i d-tegma, xas akken ɣer waṭas n tudrin i d-yezzin, mazal sawalen-as i tqacuct-agi Tamguṭ.

Aṭas n tucḍiwin i yettilin deg tira n yisem-agi « Yemma Xliǧa », ladɣa deg yedlisen n trakalt (géographie) i yuran s taɛrabt, tikwal ttarun-t « Xdiǧa », tikwal « Xrediǧa », atg.

Yemma Xliǧa tella tefka tudert-is i tmuɣli d tigzi n tmeddurt, tettali seg uxxam-is alma d taqacuct n wedrar (Tamguṭ) akken ad tegg tiẓilla-ines. Aṭas n yimezdaɣ n tuddar n leqbayel, ladɣa Imceddalen, ttalin ar tqacuct n wedrar yal aseggas ger waggur n yulyu d ɣuct deg wass n waram (mercredi). Amzun d tamaɣra, teggen tiwizi d wurar.

Yemma Xliǧa (Tamguṭ), taqacuct tunnigt (2308 m) deg udrar n Ǧerǧer.




#Article 469: Karim Tizuyar (123 words)


Karim Tizuyar, neɣ Karim kan s yisem-is d anaẓur, neɣ Karim T, d ameẓẓawan, d amedyaz, d acennay aqbayli. Ilul ass n 02 deg meɣres 1963, di Sidi Mḥemmed (Lezzayer tamanaɣt), laṣel-is seg At Ksila deg tama n Bgayet.

Karim Tiziwar yettwassen s umundul i yekkat s tɣara ifazen. Yekker-d deg taddart n Tala n Tazart i d-yezgan s 9 ikulimitren ɣef Leqṣer. Yella yesɛa 21 isaggasen asmi yerza ɣer Paris, anda ixuleḍ kra ifennanen armi d-yemlal d Buǧemɛun Semɛuni i t-yewwin ad yekcem deg terbaɛt Agraw. Deg useggas 1985 yettekka di kra n tmeɣriwin yid-s, yerna deg tesfift i d-yeffɣen : Lexmis d Lǧemɛa.
Karim yuɣal yeṭṭaxer seg terbaɛt-a, deg 1987 yessufeɣ-d tasfift-s “Ay agiṭar” i yelḥan akken ilaq, syin yerna-d wiyaḍ.




#Article 470: Tuddsa n UNESCO (215 words)


Tuddsa n yeɣlalen yedduklen i usegmi, tussna d yidles (s tnglizt: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) s usegzel: UNESCO d tanegga yemmuzzgen teṭṭafar Tuddsa n yeɣlanen iddukklen. Tanegga ayyi tekkr-d deg useggas n 1945  
Iswi agejdan n UNESCO d attekki deg usersi n telwit d teflest s werfad n uswir n tallalt gar n tmura n umadal deg tɣula n tezrawt d yidles i wsersi n uzrekki (lemqadra) d teɣdemt d tugdut d izerfan n wemdan d imenzayen igejdanen n tlelli 
Azal n 195 n iwunak ṭṭafaren tuddsa n UNESCO. Ammas-is yella di temdint n Paris, akken daɣen i tla (tesɛa) ugar n 50 n tnariyin d kra n isuda n tezrawt deg kra n tmura n iden. 
UNESCO tla (tesɛa) 5 n iswiyen igejdanen gan d: Asedwel, Asrzrew (aselmed), Tussniwin tigamanin d tussniwin tilsanin d timettiyin, d yidles , akken daɣen id t-dehhel neɣ id t-ttall kra n isenfaren am usgemmay d usluɣmu atekniy yakk d wahilen n ussiɣer n isezrawen (iselmaden) yakk d isenfaren imazrayen d irakalen d taggaẓt n izerfan n wemdan

Yiwet gar tuɣdaṭin (cceɣalat) n UNESCO ad taleɣ umuɣ n ideggan n tgemmi n talsa. Ideggan-a gan d ideggan imazrayen neɣ igamanen dɣa taggaẓt-nsen d ayen id t-ssutur tmetti tagreɣlant maca mači d tawuri neɣ tuɣdaṭ n UNESCO  




#Article 471: Afus (197 words)


Afus ɣer ufgan d agman gar yegmanen ifellayen, yezga-d deg taggara n yiɣil. Yal afgan ɣur-s sin  n ifassen, afus ayfus akked ufus aẓelmaṭ, yal afus ɣur-s semmus (5) n iṭudan d idikel, s yessen yezmer ufgan ad yeg aṭas n tigawin (ad yeṭṭef, ad yaru ...) neɣ ad t-issexdem deg  tutlayt n izmal. Afus d allal ilan (yesɛan) azal ameqran ɣer ufgan.

Addad amaruz : Ufus
Asget : Ifassen

Yesseqdac umdan ifassen-is aṭas deg tudert-is n yal ass, gar tigawin i yezmer ad yeg ufus : Arfad n tɣawsiwin (tudma), tuṭfa, tira, aktili, učči, atg. 

Afus d aḥric aneggaru deg yiɣil, deg-s tidikelt, ɣur-s cudden-d semmus (5) n yiḍudan :

Afus n umdan amengaḍ (adulte) ɣur-s snat n tmarwin ṣa (27) n yiɣsan, bḍan ɣef kraḍ (3) n yeḥricen : acaṛuf, timceḍt n ufus akked tɣessa n yiḍudan.
Acaṛuf ɣur-s ṭam (8) n yiɣsan imeẓyanen, timceḍt n ufus ɣur-s semmus (5) n yiɣsan ma d taɣessa n yiḍudan ɣur-s mraw kuẓ (14) n yiɣsan iɣezfanen.

Afus ɣur-s seg yiwwet n tama, snat n tmarwin yiwwen (21) n tgeltyam tummasin (muscles essentiels). Seg tama nniḍen, llan yidedden (tendons) n mraw semmus (15) n tgeltyam tisnawanin (muscles secondaires).




#Article 472: Aẓru (taddart) (464 words)


Aẓru d yiwet n taddart seg tewsit n At Ɣebri, teṭṭafar  tɣiwant n Yiɛekkuren, deg wasun n Iɛeẓẓugen, agezdu n Tizi wezzu. Tezga-d tama n unẓul-asammar n tɣiwant-a (Iɛekkuren). Tggug fell-as azal n 7 n yikilumtren. Seg umalu yettals-it-d Aḥmil, anẓul-is d Cbel. Tezga-d tilist ɣef tilist akked ugezdu n Bgayet, imi tekka-d gar-asent teẓgi  n Akeffadu i yesdurin aṭas d ameɣras d igrawliwen ɣef tlelli n tmurt. Ma seg unẓul asammar d At Yeǧǧer.  

Taddart-a izzi-as-d umadaɣ am txatemt , d teftist gar yidurar, tla lewḍa d tẓegwa, yeget deg-s ulba (chêne zen ) d waṭas n yimɣan n iden. Teflal (Ɛlayet) ɣef yilel azal n 870 m neɣ ugar,  diɣ netta yal tagrest ideflawen tessun-as tugniwin i yettaččaren tamuɣli n umdan. Yal tasemhuyt tslusuy-as initen yemgaraden ayen i as yettbeddilen udem si thuski ɣer tayeḍ. Mi ara tt-id-twaliḍ seg tiɣilt n taddart tettbin-d teddukel temmeẓd, ixxamen netḍen ad as-tiniḍ ttwaxdamen ɣef yiwen n uɣrab; iberdan almi d tineggura-aya i hrawit . Tla azal n 1200 d amezdaɣ, tuget nsen ttinigen ɣer tmurt n Fransa.  Amezruy-is lqay, d aqbur akken qedmen yiẓra-s, seg tallit taqburt almi d tizi n wass-a. Ar ass-a llan kra yinestimen i d-yeqqimen seg Teɣremt n Ṛṛuman. Imazrayen Irumanen d Yifransisen yuran fell-as nnan-d tettwabna deg taggara n lqern wis sin (350 seld talalit n Ɛisa). Ixerban n tneṭlin d tmezduɣin n zik n zik llan deg-s ar ass-a: Tizi n At Mraw   neɣ arraw n bu Ɛecra, imenɣen izumal yekkaten uzzal ur ddarayen, wigi issefk ad ilin d tawacult nniḍen n yimerkantiyen Iqbayliyen i yennuɣen mgal Ṛruman ɣer tama n twacult n Nubel d mmit-sen Firmus akked d tgellidt Sirya. S ddaw umkan-a kan i tella temɛemmert tamecṭuḥt niqal ad tefti, tuɣal tedrem di tallit n At Lqaḍi,yeqqim-d kan yisem-is d kra seg yiɣerban-is Lǧameɛ n Ṭaleb...Fransa diɣ aṭas i teqher s tbezrin n lbaṭel almi i tsegguǧa kra seg yimezdaɣ-is ɣer tmura niḍen deg useggas-nni n 1871. Ansi tɛedda thudd tebna,teǧǧa ixxamen n Ccwambeḍt ad ɛassen imezdaɣ ula ɣef tkessawt, akken llan diɣ seg wasmi ttwabnan deg yiseggasen-nni 1920...

Taddart-a terɣa deg useggas-nni 1957 s lbumbat i d-kkaten di lka n At Ɛica  tebbikwi ( village brûlé et évacué ), gguǧan diɣ imezdaɣ-is ɣer At Buɛḍa, ǧǧan-tt s tmara d wul iḥerqen d tasa yezzan irun  imeṭṭawen n ẓẓɛaf d tmuḥqranit n lbaṭel afransis, akken la ttwalin seg-s tɣelli tuɣal  d iɣiɣden. D ayen i d-yeslulen lɣiḍ n tarwa-s i yefkan iman nsen d asfel i ṛṛṣas akken ad tt-id-rren i tarwa nsen ad idiren deg yiḥerqan nsen di talwit am zik...Tura tebna s lebni atrar: ixxamen zewwqen,iberdan wesɛen,taddart tettimɣur kra kra tettnejbad akka akkin, isenfaren-is meṛṛa d ticemliyin s tddukli n tarwa-s i ttwaxedmen, am yaltaddart, wid yellan deg-s ttaken-d iɣallen, ma d iminigen  bezzren-d tadrimt.




#Article 473: Ssinima (159 words)


Ssinima d yiwet si tẓuriwin uhanay, qqaren-as daɣen taẓuri tis sebɛa ɣef akken i tt-id-yeǧǧa Riccioto Canudo deg iseggasen n 20. D taẓuri yebnan ɣef uhanay i d-sɛeddayen i imferrjen deg talɣa n usaru, meḥsub kra n wullis (asugnan neɣ anarrat) i yettawi kra n usemlel (tasfift timleɣwit, tasfift tameɣnaṭit, anagbar umḍin) i yettuskelsen yerna yettwaɣra-d s umikanism i d yesnulfuyen marur n tugniwin yettḥerriken, neɣ n usekles akked tɣuri n yisefka n tsenselkimt yettkemmilen.

Asaru amenzu deg umezruy i yemmugen s tewlafin yettḥerriken i walan waṭas n medden deg ugdil meqqren, d win i d-sɛeddan watmaten Lumière deg useggas n 1895, meḥsub syin i d-tebda ssinima s tidet, maca uqbel-nsen tuɣ llan-d yakan inadiyen deg uḥric-a, d usnulfu n wallalen am ukinotugraf n Thomas Edison i tettmenniḍ i igan yess kra yeqqar isura imecṭaḥ. Seg tzwara n lqern wis 20, yebda ihi usufeɣ n yisura ur nessawal, arm d aseggas n 1929 i yebda ṣṣut iteddu-d d tesfif.




#Article 474: Amezgun (143 words)


Amezgun d yiwet n talɣa  n tẓuri yettmaggan s webrid n twizi, ideg tekkin isegbaren d tsegbarin akken ad d-mettlen tarmit n kra n uneḍru ilaw neɣ asugnan zzat uhanay n medden, deg umkan iheyyan i wakken, iwumi qqaren asayes. Inaẓuren imir zemren ad gen taywelt akked wid yettferrijen s usdukkel n yisɣal, awalen, tizlatin, aẓawan d  ccḍeḥ. Llan iferdisenntẓuri yettwaseqdacen deg-s i uwenneɛ umettel, am idikuṛen, asiɣi n tafat, isuyas umezgun.

Amezgun ilul-d deg tmurt n Legrig, anda tuɣ llant temzizzlin n tetetrajidit di lqern wis IV send Talalit. Ma deg Ruma iban-d deg lqern III sendd Tal. Amettal yella iteddu-d deg uraren n usfugel i d-yettilin deg temdint. Deg Ruma ixxamen umezgun tuɣ-iten bnan s wesɣar anda ur ggiten ara yimferrjen uqbel ad bnun imeqqran-nni n ublaḍ am win n Pompeus, neɣ win Sabrata deg Tmazɣa taṛumanit (Ṭrables n tura).

Aɣbalu:




#Article 475: Tamacint (190 words)


Tamacint d yiwen n ttawil usiweḍ yettawin imdanen neɣ alzazen (sselɛa) seg umkan ɣer wayeḍ. Yemmug s umazrar n yifuga icudden gar-asen, ileḥḥun ɣef rrayat n wuzzal, la ten-tezzuɣur temseddayt yesɛan amutur. Tinelliyin n rrayat teṭṭfent s umata snat tniliwin yemgaraden, yiwet i rrwaḥ, tayeḍ i tuɣalin ,maca tikawal yiwet n tnelli kan i  yellan, tembaddalent fell-as tmacinin, daymi d-yettili umihi n laksidat.
 

D ajenyur afransis Nicolas Cugnot i d amenzu i d-yesnulfan « takeṛṛust » ileḥḥun weḥd-s kan s ifuṛan (lefwaṛ n waman), segmi tuɣ iga-d James Watt tanaɛurt ifuṛan deg useggas1765, i yessǧehden seg yimir tagrawla n temguri, ɣas akken tuɣ llan wid i tt-id-yebdan uqbel-is. Maca tamacint tamezwarut akk deg deg umezruy d tin yelḥan ass n  21 deg fuṛar 1804 deg tama n Merthyr Tydfil di tmurt n Wilz (Tagelda Tabnnriṭanit), i d-yeṣneɛ Richard Trevithick deg Legliz. Tamseddayt-is tella tezzuɣur 10 iṭunnen s truredt n 04 km/sɛ. 

Deg Fransa, tinelli tamenzut din yeldin deg useggas 1827 gar Saint-Étienne d Andrézieux i usiweḍ n lefḥem si lmina.
Deg useggas 1850, azeṭṭa amaḍlan yewweḍ 3800 ikilumitren. Ma seg uzegen n lqern d asawen yennerna armi d 800 000…




#Article 476: Iferzizwi (108 words)


Iferzizwi neɣ Ifferr n tzizwit (Assaɣ ussnan: Melissa officinalis) d talmest n yimɣi asaɣur imezgi yeṭṭafaren tawsit n iferzizwi deg twacult n temsefranin. Talmest-a tettemɣay-d s talɣa tagamant deg tamiwin yezzin i yilel agrakal.

Ageṭṭum (tadra) n uferzizwi iga d akuẓdis. ijeǧǧigen-is d imellalen neɣ d izilluyen deg tikwal niden. Yal agummu deg-s ittaddam 4 n yifsan, ma tiddi-ines tettili gar n 70 alamma d 150 cm. Tikdi-ines d tin yemmugen am yismim akken daɣen i tudes ɣer tmersa. 
Deg taggara n unebdu ttufraren-tt-d tjeǧǧigin ččuren-tt d amɣus ayen yettaǧǧan tizizwa ad trusent ɣef yimɣi ayi s tuget, dɣa s yagi i d-yusa yisem-is uddis iferr + tizizwit.




#Total Article count: 475
#Total Word count: 199939